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Whanavar poaaibia. theaa hava baan omitted from filming/ 11 sa paut qua cartainaa pagea blanchaa ajouttea iora d'une reatauration apparaiaaant dans la taxte, mats, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pagas n'ont pas 4t6 filmAaa. L'Inatitut a microfiimi la mailleur exemplaire qu'ii iui a 6ti poaaibia da aa procurer. Lea details da cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui pauvent modifier une imaga reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger una modification dana la m^thoda normala da fiimage aont indiqu6s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pagas de couieur Pagas damagad/ Pages endommagiaa Pages restored and/oi Pagas restaurdas et/ou peliiculdes Pages discoioured, stained or foxec Pages dicoiortes, tachet^es ou piqu^es r~^ Pagas damagad/ I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pyj' Pages discoioured, stained or foxed/ I ~T\ Pages detached/ Pages ddtachies Showthroughy Transparence r~J] Showthrough/ r~7\ Quality of print varies/ Quality indgala de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du matdriai supplimentaire D D Only edition available/ Sauie Mition disponibie Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partieilement obscurcies par un feuiilet d'errata, une pelure. etc.. ont iti fiimies d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meiiieure image possible. r~7| Additional comments:/ L^ Commertaires supplimentaires: There are some creates on the maps. Irregular pagination : [i] - viii, [5]- 62, 69-72, 69-116, 115-118, 121-492, •491-*492, 493-652, 649-688, 693, 690-812, [8] p. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est fiimA au taux de reduction indiquA ci-de^sous. 10X 14X 18X 2tX 26X 30X J 12X 16X ' . 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed h«ro ha* bean reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Seminary of Quebec Library L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grice A la gAnirosit* da: SAminaire de QuAbec Bibliothique The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las Images suivantes ont 4t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de l'exemplaire f llmA. et en conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de filmage. 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Un dee symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le ces: le symbols — *- signlfle "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signlfle "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams Illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableeux, etc.. peuvent Atre fllmte A des taux de rMuction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film* A psrtir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenent le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 FROINTISPIE This Elegant FRpNTispTECE .'mm^jMu^. :,mt: f//*:^A.- :^U-^f-M/ m ^l^'^J n /- '^A- ■'■^- ^ The Whole pnbliflied iriei, the HiHory, Meflrj. P and capiu ihe ir.oft \ by Mr. A THE ^tllW ANb UHlVfi STEM OF GEQG Y iON BEINO A COMPLBTli HISTOIiY AND DESGRI - O F T H R WHOLE WORLD. C O N t A I I* I N C A pirticular, fiin»MCurate, eireamftutial, wad CBttminHg Account, Including the antlcflt and prefcnt St>te, of all the varioUi Counuiet of EUROPE, ASIA^AFRICA, and AMERICA, AS DIVIDED INTO EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, REPUBLICS, and COLONIES, AND AS tUBPIVIDBO INTO Continents, Iflands, Provinces, Pentnfulas, Ifthmufes, Seas, Oceans, Gulphs, Straits, Rivers, Harbours, Deferts, Lakes, Promontories, Capes, Bays, Diftri£ls, Governments, Principalities, &c. &c. TOOBTHER WITH Their Situations, Extent, Boundaries, Limitc, Climate, Soil, Natural and Artificial Curiofities and Produflions; Laws, Religions, Revolutions^ Conquefts and Treaties, Antiquities, Revenues, Naval and Military Force, &€• LIKEWISE All the Cities, Capital Towns, Villages, their Diftancc and Bearing, Univerfities, Fortifications, Caftlcs, Forts, Sea-ports, Mountains, Volcanos, Metals, Aquedudts, Docks, Arfenals, Minerals, Foffils, Ruins, Palaces, Temples, Churches, Struc- tures, Edifices, Public and Private Buildings, Roads, &c. contained in each Part. ALSO An ufefnl and entertaining Hiftorica! and Defcriptive Relation of all their Cufipmi, Manners, Genius, Trade, CommeTce. Agricnltnie, Learning, Policy, Arts, Science*, ManufaAurei, Tenipen,_Diibo{itioni, Amufementt, Habits, Statue, Shape, Colours, Virtue*, Vices, Richei, or Poverty, Entertainment*, Language, and fingnkr Ceremonie* at Birth*. Marriages, and Funeiab, Titles of DifiinCkion, tec. ofthe different Inhabitant* : And a genuine Hiftory of all Sort* of Bird*, Bead*, Filnes, Reptile*, In&ds, Vqittable Pro- duftioai, Flowers, Herbs, Fruits, Plants, Gums, &c. found in the variou* Region*. INCLVDIHO ALL THB VALUABLI DISCOVERIES MADE IN THE MOST KIMARKABLl VOYAGES and TRAVELS To difFerent Parts of the World from the earlieft Times to the preicnt Year 1782; particularly all the MODERN DISCOVERIES in the Southern and Northern Hemifpheres, &c. by CapUin COOK, Lord MULGRAVE, WALLIS, CARTERET. FALCONER, BYRON, ANSON, FORREST, WRAXALL, HANWAY, CLERKE, FURNEAUX, BOUGAINVILLE, IVES, BANKS, COXE, DILLON, BARRETTI, SHARP, THICKNESS, ALGOROTTI, DRUMMOND, BRUCE, CARVER, SUCKLING, CHANDLER, JOHNSON, TWISS. OSBECk, THOMPSON, SOLANDER, Dr. COOKE, FORSTER, PARKINSON, , BURNABY, IRWIN, &c. &t.; ■T ■■' ■ V, COMI>RISINO it i Not only all the late Difcoveries in the Fox, and variou* other Iflands in the South Seas, and wwards the North Pole, but aln^ . tliorenudein the Jafanrss Ocean, in the New Northern Archipblaoo, in North America, die West Indib9,V and thole made by Order of ihe Empref* of Ruffia in the Red Sea, the Indian Sea*. Eaitbrn Ocean, &c. && Alfo a ^leat Variety of curious Particular* communicated to the Author of thi* New Work, by Military and Naval CooiBanden, Captain* of Ships, Noblemi;!!, private Gentlemen, ingenious Traveller*, &c. and every Curiofity extraAcd from various Languages relative to the difl^rent Parts of the Univerfc. The Whole being brought down to the prefent Time, and forming the utjift extcnfive and original ProduAiea on the S ubjeA ever publiQisii,. wherein a great Variety of Improvement* are included, not to be found in any other Work of the Kind. A Niw, CoMrLiTi, aatf.'9«iT iN' the Principles and Termi of'bbih' Ure of Maps the fcompafi, the auibcatic ParlicuUr By G1B^ TO waicH WILL as aaoip, DUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY t givlag a* •fcfol aad celcrttiBiag Explanation of ^ce>, their Relation to etch other, the Figure, Motion, Sec. Mihe Banh, Planet*, Ac. Latitude, Lonciiode, of Wind*, coBSaat aad variable, of brthqaak**, Coaett, Mttaon, Thooder, Lightabg, Ab, and odier GE HENRY MI L L A R, Efq; Gkogkavht, particularly Aflifted bv feveral Gentlemen, celebrated for their Knowledge in the Science af WILLI AM LANGFORD, Efqt who accompanied Capt. Cook in making Ne«r Difcoveries. Calculated to convey ufefu^and entertaining Knowledge to all Ranks and Degrees of People, for u a celebrated Author juftly obfervts, ^ Tbtrt it Mt M StM «r « Dtughur »f AoAM hit bat fmi anttrm in GEOOftArMY.** The Whole embelliSied with upward* of Oni Hunosio end Twihtt caoital BnRravinn, bnng: the noft elegant Set of COoper, PfaMt cv«r publiihed in a Work of thii Kind, and confiftina of beauiifal Views, Land and Water PtofpeSi, DreSe* of the varloui Inhabiunu of diltaew Ceaa« tries, their fingular Cercmoaiet, Amalemenu, Caaom*, &e. Alio aeceflary Maps, Chans, Drai^hls aad Plan*, with ihcdiffieicat Oijcfi* ia Natuial Hiflory, fcch as Birds, Bcafts, Fiflies, Amphibiom Aaimalt, tct. I'hefe ekcant EoibclIilhnMata are tailhed in the bcS Maaaer I9 the rnh hi tmt MefTrj. PtlUri, Tajhr, RtniuUfim, Smilb, WMir, CMttr, IF—4H»{, Ptn, Sttrwi*, Grinitm, Gtfdtr, aad ethers, fitom catiom orMnal De6glW~ and capital i'aintings made by Mr. Hamilln, lAt. Wif, Mr. DUi, SnutlWah, Elb. &c. 1 he ncceirary Maps, tee. (abfohltely fewniag of thfria w a the moll v;>luable and complete Atlas ever delivered with any fimilar Work) are all newly drawn and engraved acceidiag (o iks laiaft DUcomJv by Mr. Kiukm, Geographer and Hydrographer to hi* Majefty, Mr. Mtiaim, Mr. Ctrndir, Mr. Ltdgt, &c. PRINTED FOR L ALEX. O N D O HOGG, No. i6, M DCC LXXXII. N: PAT&RNOSTBR>ROW; r J ;. ^ H H V I H !^ CI V' A ¥^ H f :i :i V ■•^ f"r r^\ r"\, ^'''cc r \, , *j- '■ r^ Xi H I i- .' 'i :, ; WJl ^1 ^^J v-V * ■( / , II ! 'n-". .if>' ,aff;' -•J .i.,, ..r-lTji/t^^^ jn/r^^. ^ :, .^:..i 1 t:< C \.. 3fpl. fi,"' ,»ll / J ■»l^ii*-i 'm . n *w I -■■ . T*5a» fewsi ,. : K •' ' o " a' " :'vi"' o; ■/ J' - V* C A - a a T B O VI il a T A 4 , ' uVC tQ D O 11 ^* H iWMxil«-- "'•'' ■ ■ i fhfi t t i '''''"^ -'■ ■ I !■■ ■•^• r a t r"" iai ff ll l i | ii j i i > . INTRODUCTORY P R E FA C E; TH E Study of Geography has a peculiar Claim to'the Atrention of Mankind in general, and cannot be too farneftly recommended to ail Ranks of People. This pleafing, ufe- ful, and delightful Science, difplays to our View, in the mod entertaining and profi- table Manner, a general Knowledge of the World. A good Work of this Kind, exhibits to; Perfons of every Capacity and Situation in Life, an authentic *Account of whatever b worthy of Notice, in the various Countries of the Univerfe. It not only fumifhes a Defcription, but alfo an Hiftorical and Political Reprefentation of all the feveral Provinces, Diftridh, and Subdivifions of every Country ) together with a clear, natural, and methodical Detail of the Cuftoms, Manners, Drefles, Ceremonies, and prefent State of the Inhabitants' ; the taofk re- markable Events that have tranfpired, from the earlieft Period to the prefent Time, and the Confequences that have attended them : Alfo an accurate and impartial Hiftory and Survey of their Laws, Government, Maxims of Policy, Forces, Revenue, Trade and Commerce, and a great Variety of other important and interefting Particulars, fome of which are emimerated in our Title Page. ' ' . . •■ The Public in general are fo thoroughly convinced of the Utility of this Subject, that it might polTibly be thought Impertinent to dwell long on the Recommendation of it. The Pleafure, as well as Profit, attending the PeruCd of Books of this Sort, has made them more univerfally Read than any other Branch of polite "Literature { and the Study of Geography has now become one of the moft fafhionable Purfuits of the prefent Age, for both Sexes. In ihort, this is a Subje£l in which every Man is materiatlfioterdled } for, as a celebrated Author juftly obferves, " There is not a Son or a Daughter of Ajiim, but has fome Concern ia Geogra- phy." ^J However, amidft the Variety of Publications on tlus Subject, which have made their Ap- pearance from Time to Time, it has been Matter of great Aftoniflntaent to many, that no one has been written on an improved Plan of genenil Infbi-mation, containing all the recent Difcoveries, and which may be fuitable to fuch as wifli to gun a perfect Knowledge of Men and Things in every Part of Europe, Afia, Africa, and America. This has been, moft certainly, a general Complaint throughout this Country ; but, without p, updn fuch an improved and extenfive Plan, as has bein long wiihed for. ,:lj; Our Readers will have no Re^fon to comphuiji, that they have been caught, hy an, inviting Title Page, or that they have received leis than Wbf promifod themfelves, from the Perufal of tliis new and improved Performance. We acknowledge that we have promifed much, but we likewife confidently afTert that our Performances will not be .found inadequate to our Propofals. •—The moft ample Forume of the richeft Man, and the longeft Life of the moft laboripui 4 i Travello; Tv^^: ¥ R & F - A C fi,. ; 'T^mreUet MtendiMilnth 'lAl diatpSucceii wKj^h his moftfin^'me E]^^(ioWtoii]r. wfohl b« bfaffiiMMiidiMe httfi acaiMiriMil with the tw«itifeth fm uf what'wUl kt found in cMa N«r Work. iHOdi U cakataM ror fM«r«l Ittik ittdedtt AiMlttrv«««ildhave been wiwly o iiuwJ W ffy . a^MbH^al^i^gU M thin tetideci it AiMlM->«««ild have been eaiiMljr ontwdAi^. acM^MbH^a aiid Othora concannd in ^Im extornat |hRc^iM- o| it i .•!/ tjitMritb^^^ traerdinary lacfi and dcfaitt Siae ia witkh tha^JSwdt it piiaiiaJi JgUae nanafcill^ amitmi (he tedioui Errors of other Writeri, particularly long and injudicious poetical Quotations from Authors, who never were allowed by People of any Difcernraent, to have aimed at Authenti- city in their-^ancied iocal OefcriptionV), So that thps Wo^is n^only the Ct^cnpeft bf the Kind, but alfo the moil ' Complete and Elegant in every RefpeA whatever. We (hall, therefore, fiibmit the Whole to the Patronage and Protection of .the unprejudiced, difinterefted, and dif- ceming Public, who will, no doubt, gf neroufly give the Preference according to Merit. ' *■■"»"" " T .'^^f That Turn for Reading which' now fo uni\i|eT&lly prevaih .throughout thftfe King(!bmp, is certiinty very Laudable, and cannot but be atteiMied with Srery great Ad^anTagcs. It tsim- pofliblc that vacant Hours can be better filled up, than in the Perufal of well-chofen Qooks ) and a very little Reflection will (hew, that next to the Sacred Scriptures, nothing can have a gtvatsr Claitt to our gpeneral Notice, than the Work which wie noifr ofbr to the FobDc. 1 ' \ W« (hall begin with a New Hi(lory and Defcription of Afia, that Quarter of ebq Globe, which on many Accounts demands our carlieft K^ard. Africa will make the Tecond Part of bur Work ) and, attending to the regular Order, of Thiogs, we (haU next come to tltc E,ur<»pean Countha, whofe Inhabitants, becomii^ more Bold in the Spirit of Enterprise, t^ian thoie Qf, the other two Parts of the Globe, di(€oyer(4 ^hc fytnitth grapd Divifiqn of th|e World, namely,. AnK?>C4i with a more complete Hi(iory and Der(;fiptHm (including the prefcnt, a^ w^l Aa. tntient State) of which than is to be foutid in any fimiLir..Ferfonnanpe, we (hall conclude tliis New Syftero of Ceography^ra Work, fbund«4 on $he moft rekical JNDja toSiUthePtocisi wUhgiiun'dttbtCimituJi^^gig,^^^^^ :i^' ,•|^^ , I '-'l^Pgp^vlWf-'ilWJjil^ti.: j ' i ij ipj!W gji |i W BWwww» ' - '-'^ M mmms f^f- in .-"■:'> find, riCAL lEW KiiPNip"f^P|li>i!'U PUIIIH ■ \ > MOM cMMi w iM Mridte. yM «« M k to iki italifc, «» wptf ja |ldt» mdij » frfM Ik* |taU ftr IMi liilM^. *« yM art «lm» ik« MM fdi » M IM wUI fcHiir iiiijili y*. ^^^ ^^^^^ ^. »MI.. A»Stmm» VtnUi. '^i* kmktA ^•vaL* |*miA«m «m mW4Im, M m0 tt^ fUtti, t0t>bv itt/imi Im^hJ*:] ThU U ^M* tftw iIm &M ■MMV M Um MlNri «al» Imm A, a»him wilt k« M ik* Miiugr, ii| mtmn «pm«m ik« aMtUiaa. I woald know what ptuM km tk« bm» lM|ilii^M|lMit«,M4ik*baMkMglnrf«a»klD«»wr TkaMkb, kriM LmUm w dM oMridiw. ikm •» ikola pUcu oo ih* jktw (frwi ikfMttkMUwiktfeaikpanertkakoriioa) ikM !!• wmUt ik« adM oTik* OMiidlM, k>v« ik« &m katitad* m Loadon t ikat Fun NiAa. - -- vHvaaarlfihafiMMiangitadaaaUadafc Aa4 Mafuw. U kforcwu, kai vary ncailyika Sum I, AaiiOBli, wU Tripaii, la Sfria, ika Rttltk HlfV W two tl^rtMMMa loe|i(ada, vis. ibirif-favca dcgiaaa ikitijr i Fif*. irdMphca*liabMkMft.arbMk«iii«,orck« ■a4 Fort Mfawt ia Qaiaa*. kawikaiaaM, h agtwda ■» Ahppay >i Syria »»Mb Vae». 6. TiHttihtilj/^rtau*/Uafiuiih»ffUtu.'] ^ llA awridlaa, or wkaia voa nckoa tin iaagituda fnm, vis. if ikajr botk ba atH. ot belk ba waA loagiiaUn, tkaa lub;fai\uaa Aom tka oiktr, yaa kavadMdICmne*. Tkiu I find Jiralakn kai thirMb dqnan AAaaa aiaatst aU kMcitada Ama Lmuioa. sad Pakia oaa kandiad *ad un da- giaat Ifty.taro siiaaM aaft Iaagituda i thanfen faStma Mitf** dagnai Mm* ariaaM fma om kundiad aad tan dagnn iftytara niaaia*. •ad tkaia mnaiM lavaal^ibar dcgraai tkfat^iat«a aaaata* daknnc* of langhada asi at wcAi iksi U, PtUa i* Unmn4omt d^gnn, ikiity. ftvaa ai^aatat taft imgitodt of Jvuialaah m Jaraftlaai k Avaaqr-fcar digiaat uuny-iavaa auauttt araft kwgliada of Pckin. Saccmdiy, If ooa plMabtaaA. ud tkaotkar weftlaagiiadaaf AaiiAaMridiaa, (fappoA teadoo, or say oikar matidiaa) ikan add ibaif kwgitadai togatltar, aod ika r«« ia tiM dilTeraDca of longitada ra^aliad. Faok. 7. Titdirtt/tt»mtmkrimmi»/mlih/birtjlatthitit€UfHt.] Rula. Tkadayaf tk* aoaik bain|givtn. look on iba inaar ca- laadar 00 tba saw giobat, aad you bi*a tka figs, and tka dagiaaof tku figa that the fua if ia for tkat day, accordiag to tka naw Ajric. If it ba apaa old gk>b(M. look oa ika ouiar caltadar, yoa kava tkaCga, and dagiea of the iTga. N.B. You may fij^karoUtm, tkal tkacalaadar aftd tkio|igkoat fiuiopa ii ikc caiaadar fof aaw l^la, vis. naw ttyla it alway* kaowa from tka oikar. kacaafe u kWtki ihiagt iafcribad on ike horii I from tka oikar. kacaafe u Ilftke faiau dayr, aad ftvarU otka%. P*aa.8. ntJm'tfUutivmm JbtdtUJaf»f titmtmki\ Tbiiboaiyika rcvarftof ikafarwrpaoblaai 1 ibrkavisgtkaran'iplacagivta, Mikia the aiKlaanaag tka ligat, tkaa agauA that dagiaa is tka ealaaiiar, naw ftyla, yoa ba«« ik«4iy of tka sMatk rtoairad. Esample. X woald kaowwkatiuaaafjUM year ihafMt ia la oa< d^ne of Oeaiini 1 at alio whao ka aann Arfaa, Caactr. Libra, aad Capricora. Piocaad Rub. Fiad Ika fta'a . aad.fcad ika Guoa figs tka bnse^. Buridiaa, aiad . globaraOlM fat tkat day. •■dtkadagKeof the aeltpiicikai liat asdar tl>a aqaatoc lapiafcaw ika fuBt placa at aooa, or twatva o'dack'tkat dar. Note, Tka altoaoawr'a dayi«rsckoB(dlnMa,orbagiMa:,ttml*eo'cleck|aadif yaaiistkaqu4draatof aliitada ta tka laikad* ia Ika aaaiik, tka globe win ka corn* plMalyicaiSed. pa* a. 10. TtiMihJitUutUM»tftl»ftmmmHfJnttiktynr, Rale. Haviag fbaad tke fca'tplacaiadwadlplic fiif tkerivaaday, brhf it to tka braam oNtidiaa, add obienM what d^Ms of the mrridiaa it U« ander, aad wkatkar k k* oa tka nenli or oia ibe loath fide of Ik* e4aator, for thai it the declination accordingly. Thui, on April 11, the fan bat eleven degrea tkirty aiisBlse north dadioatioe, aadeaMaysi, ka h«i twenty dcgrcntkiriy aaiaulet dcclinuwn, but oo OckoMi 17, ke bai twelve degraei thirty miaawa foaih daclinaiioa. PaoB.ii. i.iUliitUitudil.n dtf rata, bat oaNovaaiber tka fiftk, ke kaafcat tweniy-tkree degraea thirty minaiet altiuid*. ^ ' . PaoB. lai ThiUlilMdiMul4ly*/iitmuik gh>m,HltlttitfiaftsUllmdtatmMiimt.i ..Kaai|a*. Oa May tkaa i ft, U ala* ia tk* mora* ing, and at five in tki aftcrnoan, at Londoa, I wnold know tka fin't altitude, or haigjhtf Kale t^eOiiy ikagioba for the laikude. aad bring dM fan'apUca (ooa dcgiae gemini) to tba naridiaa, aad tka iadex to the upoer twdv* oa ika dial-phte 1 ikaalcraw tha^uadiaatof aldtndaoa tka acntih, vis. tka left edge of the nat mail k* foiad on the sMridiaa, at ifty-on* damaa tUrty ariaatat, tkaa taia ika^globe till tha iadax pointa to the hoar, vis. nine ia tha moraings .thiadeaa, fix tbe^Iaba.by thtaOlnga auill k ui aaia it aad tk* korfamn : lat^ tarn tka ^aadtaat aboat till ike graduated or figured edge touch the fun'* place, (vis. eiie degree gemioi] and tka dmaei on tka f uadranti caotad fiMa die hariate ap> watdtootha^uadraat, ukiakeigktstthattiaM, vis. fmty.ikraiadMtamtkirnf minaH*. iTMa tarn tka iltks all Ike iadas poinm at Av« in tt* afiamooa ; aad alfo tarn tka ouadrant on tha weR.fid* (MibOM *nKica4ng it) till k loackaa tkaiaaV places and yoa kaea akoai tweaty-fiiur degree* on tka qnaJrant, kit altkade at tka; tima> N.B. AiNonkcapa, (nortk latkaJe, (maiy.4wo di gi i a i «t aia* ia tfc* awraiag) Miqrika sift, he will aoi babul aboatlkirty.twodtnatahigk. . . PaOB, 11. Tit UuUU$tiiMm, II li/lthri/UfmJ /tiling YltiJkm.mJ Itiffitfthd^mJ Kigtt, at MfiiMY*^.J^ Aula. Refiify ihe globe, (vis. elevate it for the laaiude i bring the fna'a place to the oaiUiaB, aad iadea to ika upper Melva) 1 tken tarn it till ikcfilO^plaCC •■'■ —•—--'- :-A-i-: ._ .V_ „« tj- _».■.- u-_i .,. ,.-._j jii «. 1-.<_ fan's riling ( liBM, countl a>arfob*M< _ drttatnigkt. (low double what he anaitaf twelve at rifiaa, vis. eigkckouri,'andtegi«ettk*kngtk«f tkatdayl Tnoy. 14. Tt nil ttt/mt't rifki m/tt^fim.1 Bring tka Aii'a placa to tks' brasaa naridiaa^ •adaowarkald^tcedf tkaaqtaior i ateiUiaa, for ikat i* kk right alccnfioa taqaind. I wouMkaow ika faa^a r^ afoahfiteaa Maick tka sil^ Jnaa tkc ait, 1 ii cut by tha nbertheatd. andDeoaabartbcaiAf I find the fun't place for ikafcdifttaatdayi, and bring it 10 tka meridian i I findthamcriifiaifCuti tke'eouator in (o), iB(9o), in (ito), and in (tyo d^reei) hu right afoanfion reoairsi. Nota. WkeaikafnaailaraArfo^Marck^aiAikehatnongktafcenfioa, becauHkkcauaicd&offl, orb^iniaiAiksi tkanfat»on Matdiikasoik,kea»atk«vakkgi*aiaftrigknfeaataat wa, tktaakaaAadandfifty- aine degrcai. Paoa. 15 rt/nJlitfif'i aU^mfnnfim mkldffit^m t lit lim*, aaiiumf iMkmh.} lials. Raaify Ae gkhafer the lBdiade,andbrin(; Ike foa'l bIm* down lothceaAem vei)(eof ihehorisonf then obArva what degree tbakoriaon cuia tkoe^aatar ia, far tkai k dM' oblique aicen* Son Ttqatnd. That on March the aift, luae (ke siR, S ep ae m fce i die sad, and December ike sift. via. wkan '"^ ' ' — * ' iobe(a), (s6). (i«e), BadCxH). 1 Ttqati**. Thai on March laa aitt, luae (Ae siR, S ep ae m be i 1 librs, aad Ciprioom, you will find kk olilifue aibaafion at Lt * dafocnfioB will be (o), (isj.) (180). aad (ajy) aa4 a kalf. PaOB. u6. Tit ItiiliuU andtay tf lit mtati flvtmt HM*iifm*t tt/aa/maat J^tnmif, mM4n^/ifMatlflttilliittui]flitftiiilt!ft,fif^/tlitrim>inmMl*t0tit-tUt.'l Rule. By 1 nfcenfion ; then fubuaA the oblique from the ngnt albeBfion, or the eoatrary, and the remainder k tkc afceafioaal difetcat* NouSiaiit wkick i «ida by fifteen, tke degrcei of ike equator ikat pafi Umagk ik* ■aridma 'flfoaa hoar< (orfiivcaaad a kalf for kalf an ko«r) j^vca thvaafwer ik dsN, Aat tke fun rilei and Alt kefore and afiar As. Tkaa, aa Mqr a6, ifiad ikafoaAs degraea af Gemini, aad kk right aftinfioa k Any-fgar dsgiaaaandondiefameday, kk oMJoae afccafioe k iMrty-feiit da g i n i i i now tkirty.foar digteaa Awai Asty«A»ur da gw e * tk*^ awaaiat Aktv da. grata, kk afcenfional diAitrtBce » wfcidi divide by fifteen givaa tare boaw, the tim«llatkerifo« t ! ififg. srfe;saga». Paov. 17. nr/tf>l&BT dqiae* s \. \ -; W(^»f >■■: r- i MAatatfiiNKlMiittwiiilkMk. Tti r >'t '"T i'^ frr 't rf "- rli i-'i tt< tV »~it V- fnn | Mm TB gkba UU ilMMca foian M iIm gMs Imim I i|Ui Mag 4«m, iw« *Im ^MalMMriill I«« Imimmaf tmkm Ami «nm», e*l|r ikM RV MNP JWWt fw MB 4pUlv4 aAHMMW' y MPnNipa^4^'^M^|pVMHwVHICiPvMf ^' MHi|M I aiiM te M ika tek. ,« wkMill lk««^ liiiAiklkw«4MUlifliK lMUM||idk I, balltb«UbaiwliAfM|ir. , ., ^ . , ■ .. i.W '"j ,' . ■T Tit hm-'glw»vittrt itiTmrt It lilt i MaM anJarika^MtAdUa, alMtht iaia> wi|lpJ|RLMtika •aiiMt. Kxainpl*. VVkm it b tafo o'clock In ika aftwaaaa H Loadaa. kwaaid ka«w iha ifaw M jtraiaitn, aa|l M P«i% AwU |a« ■toMMtt Vmioa, b b I««ai)r4«« aUMta* paA M«r «> ■l i ii Hg ,. «••• Ika iaa caaai arkk ilgkiaw i I aal y laagw i»k«a Jay* iacrtifc ta lawg ik, ' Paaa. ai. .■Idfattkal Iwal iiwa raquiMt* BbxAinprat * ' mm H w iwv o cum* in im « . Paot. I J. 7*4* ^Mjr »f tit mtntigliHt It ttit titji mitJUiimti Maf :«ka(k |a tUfiicK m k«*« ifa(Maaiy«lhiM dagnai ini in hiff if lii|nj^ aiikcr aorth or Ibuib. ll«l«. ftriog the r«n'i piKc to (he aieridita, lad oMarvi *Mt&\y kit decliaition for ikil diy, Umb turn tka 'giaU aa*i way, uiii obierve whil plicu pib itadcr thMdagretof daUintiMi aa An flMridlA i lai all Iktk will ktva ika faa rigkt dnrikcir ktadt Amii(l tiow or ollwr on iku diy^ ... <. ' Pana.tA. ntJi^iuulinnlviiiimaigflatitiliUti^iniaiiHmUiirltMfUii, ftnitUtilit/lmll iitit virtical,%la..iH tiiimiiii^ Rat*.' Bring iktgnaa'piaca 10 ib« bniaa aMrioian, and turntba iadoi leiliagivak kMBilkl* daa^ianklkaglobc till tka iadi« poinuiribtiippapi Mfiiaf or aooa I thckjook under tba.dc|t«a of dcclinMion-oa iki gbbaaf ika|d«)^ Avtkalii ika very fjioi, br ^laga to which the fun U (h««' verliaJ. Bsaaipte. On May i j. at -tMii auautei jmA ive ia tha aAeraoon at Loadont ( areald know what place k« the fan in th*ir^ni|iw< Amiuet, Port Royal la Jamaica. Thua jw> yoa will and, wkci) it ta tkitiy ikraf viinale* p*A tx in ibe awraiDg at Landea, on.Aaitt i^l aa^ Aueuft i8, the inhabitant! ol' Candy, ia tke ifl.indof Ceylon, will kavc the fun nearly in their leniik. i r.'^^ u Cmttmitx lii Mauaar tr LoikDi^OHi.1 The Ibadllona it found in ihm min«i, and fi much of a colour and «»tigbt wtAi Jrali. H aw an i , U i< obt to be iiwlied and hammered out like ii«n, but Diet to piecei uader tha kamaer, aod lurni tA a cajx in tbe fim, which Omwi, that iu parte* axcccdi ihofeof iron for iurdneti, jigidnefi, and. an iniriols combinatioo ana with another. Iti known propartiei arc theic : hrti, whan iv MBvailicely and wiihoat anyobAafAJb it poinu nor.ih and fouth, fo at that pan of it which ftandi to aoe pole never turni lolheothcrj Thewav' togivcit a frM motion, it to fwiaif' it in ine water upon a piccruf wood. Philofimhen have obbrved, thai the loadAoaa doai not alwayi poln* fall adrth and Ibuih, but iomeiimei inclioci to the ead or wefl without any rule, rl'htagk a loatlKone gantratly kaa tteo polei pointing north m *i AWcaandbidia, aad the laft batweebChiiia, Japani tad tha coaft of America. Tkerebinihe Atlantic ■mI Btkiopic feat batwaea tha Tiopia a general aaScfty wind all ika year, cxeeptlng thai itb liibjeA to vtry aad deflefk fomafew poioii towaitia- ibtitatlkarfcnth, anwntlngioya poution of tkarpltce. Tka wiadi in tke IndUn ocean arc partly general, and in the Ethiopie ocean partly ■aaodical'l iktlie^kiifllkajraarlhey MowoMway, aad tke Mkar kaif near upon the oppofus poinu i and thafe poinu, and timet of IhiitiBg,' aadiAtMMf mdiMat,|«ro of lUio«aui{ thaliadu of enck m*& of fea,. fubjea to the lame change, or moniooa, ai tha nativci call it, ai« m^Mintf katiiaAM— fan. .: TTk*fM»UiitMiM«Mta«At]rfcad, aadbfadi^tratf thaAaaeareaAlkootUielimiuof Am conftant windh to ika north and (batht 4Mt hi in tka a*ld» ^ana nf th» dimu, and all over iii antmpA btyt, thepmcipal of whickaie tke Mediteiranaaa aad Bailie ! Ib^ne a*' llMUlttn M. dl eoBBWiM* 04|trf.«iaaNn pecul|u.to fqaM.pinicular paftu . Of jikb latiar fort tha naft famoni aia the hurricaaeti which chiefly' Uiil Ika Caiibbaai. bat are nbt aanivarTaiy. nor cqaaUy frequent. Their fary U fo great, thai they throw down all befbr* thaaii tair up- tt^' fvtnfll konlH mA lkipapiadi|^«itody^ end bktar abool thiagi nf vail waighi. They are not even, but blow in iii it itt bat far a fW dayt; and fomctimatonly a itw koon,. Tkey are more common in America than any where, though Biiropa- •ad AikoiM'nat alng«hcr wkkoatibcm. "^ ', Wind (M|inA properly defined lo be tht ftieam, orcurrent-af ibe air, and where tucb a current U perpetual, and fined in iti coorle, it ii necefluy ikM it,niBtiadinom apetmanent, naiatermittiag caoiit, wUch we conceive to be theaaionof tke fua beami upon the air and water, at he paAlu' MMyaay-oM^tkeOBMni, caofideiMlageiher wubtkeaatunof thefiul, and fitaatkn of the adfolokig contincnu : tkercfbre, firft, acctmlinr' wthelawioflblici,lhtairt which b left rarifiad or expanded by beat, and cOnfcqaently man poddtroni, miiA have a motion towenti thoio ' ^arti ihereof, wkicb aia mora rarijied and left ponderout, lo bring il to an eqalUbriura ; aiid, fecondly, the prcfcnce of the (to. continnallylkifyiij. to the wailward)' the welterly wind it made perpetual. Wlthrefpaaia'tbdcomiBoillphainomentof windi, ike dry onei are fuck, aa carry ftw vaponn along with them, and therefore diliiroBf tbe mciA-partidea ftam.badiei ovarWhiUi they paft. That in Holland ihe.north and call windi, with the intermediate ^inti, are dryinfr, becaure' iJiceald northern fimyJaldt but view vipoori, in comparifon of thole which come from wirm«r parti of the ocean j ind from thence towtnli the aaf aM.vaA u*£U of land, where the heat at Midfummer b but very fmall. Bat the other windi, tCptaMy the wellerly, are moiA. bRaufe ihey ifae from warm and rapouroui Parti. Tlie Weftern Ocean feldom faib to (end ut rainy windf} kowaver, this property variei accMing to the' firiou fituttisn of eounbict. Such' windi gather doada ai blow from the ooarien wkcia thevapoan arife, which, in conjunAiOn with tha vnoara of onr own region, fill the air. X}n the other fide, thofe windi make fair weather, which bno£ little vapour along with them, and b ar' away ihatmbich kangi over at. When lb* air geuToorefrom-thole broken bubblei in whieh it watbefim impriroaed, that which happeni to be pent In betwixt the doudi b' aao^iiriiy eery much dilated by the igSannuble fubflancci, and tbenfare being heonnad in on every lide by thick cloodi, which contrary windi ' Iwap together round it, or by the falling in of one cloud upon aniMher, doer, by in expanfive force, burll its pnlTage through them with a vtotenl' ' axpfofion, andcaufcs that crack or rumbling which we call thunder, Tka clap feemi continued of raiteraied by reafon of the found being leJ- flefied from the furfaoe^ different datadi, which canfti To manyrepeti.tioas orechoei,->Whena flaiki* projeaed through-e brge extent of air or feti fin ton uaifl Qf other infiammablematur within the fpheie of ill afiion, it ia what we call lightninK.—4f the ndgn;,*; ' cf Sci-y r^rrirjei' iAaing 6«m the bubblei of water upon the oollifiaa of two dsu;b bs T:«y •u>>>S> forming only a little globe of fitc, which ihoots onlf i,itu ^ ilMc trainot iightin the air, and ftfai^way diAippcari, tkb b wkai ik« ctmanen people call a nlling ibr, ' ' ,' "*' ■^ ?■•-■•- • ■ ■ ^- - - tnti s sAm mmmmmiikmiiiitii Ike A( ylnj like oioii .tkarunitth««' >• ihit in parte! kr<>> wken if ''CT' 'i'he way' < alw«yt point tieg neriii .aj '»»"«««»•/ -• and la ><« afoot , windi ai« Adaadc and fiwtk.yct wtwceii Atlamic itowat^a- o<«M pertly of fliktiBp, •caUii, a^ 1 •nd fcith , •! ftiflieaf 'kick chiefly' "■•i leai" ttpr •ch iMdcaly ipe. 4. ior ><>Sl> Biirepv ' l» nece/Taiy' ** ke paAt' • ucordinr' ""r* thoi; •UrIkiftiDC » "Wg Im. lb* l^oir the 'Ji becaufe ow»rd». the «»«fo they "'"g to the' n with the >> -and b.ar e cloudi h' wy wind, "•wolenk' bdnj je^ !of «l^, Of i r^ftifiei' OMtjuiO^' -^ /?^i^ '/ -i^,. f ' * e •' ',.^*V -k' . , n ■«.*' ■fi'- t ■# ' .^ :}'^' V.',; ,^ .^' »!: .'■'^ .^- ■F, ■^^ ,*■' ■«» i • ';K'' sr ■ il^V'Sv V t 1 :^ , V- •' ',""J^!»J| ■' « mKm \ wfi^mmmm mmmmmf"^ ' '///ff/t ^vA\ ^^p^^*^' ^' Hf'ft'fn/t/* of <"iKO*«ll.»l'll\- * V.,*, ■ '^■•.'/i««WM!»' ^':i.^ X ./ #■', , <>' /f*'tf/rf/*t* \! K. jtch firft came among >K- i/^'tt' t^Tible for any natioa \ ili,i ♦*T'Ki government (whid» '^Mni J, tat that vaft country) • ■^J^W'"'"'^ 3W| <;>».("■» republican one. '^./A^./ ^»>a'ls in Afia, a great V N--!»_ hometinifm, particu-' and Tartary i Aey empire of the great fm «n wliich, in feme rc- ■ft^Ti— P"''"' Aoughb©thof j.JwiiirW' I their lawgiver, and _^ riUV**"'!^''' *"** praAice. la .. **;«<3«. iF . ^'•*nne moft extiwannt " '"^"isL^.f' "W2ulJ»^fliall haveoccafionie ^pgtre, that their mul^ ^rt*"'""^ ^fcmoniet attcndihg^: woSitfi f*!.*^ ■'.< t.:-. % p '.i-h'^::..i. •if* ^i • ;v-r'"'" ■ WS.'f , ( 5 ) fv. The new akd UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY; BEINOACOMPLETE H I S T O R Y and DESCRIPTION OF The whole WORLD. BOO k:"^ I. THE NEW AND COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF A S I A. CONCEKNINO ASIA IN O B N B R A L. rpi (HOUGH it ii natural for the inhabitants of that X quarter of the globe in which we live, firom an in- nate fondnefs, to give die preference to Europe, neycrthe- lefs Afia is efteemed to be, in all refjpeAs, nie mtift con- iiderable part of the world, »nd is intitled to the firft rank, on account of its many fingular advantages above the reft. toT inftance, in a few particulars ; in Afia, the Creator of the Univerfc planted the delightful garden of Eden, wherein he placed the firft parents of mankind, front ifhom the whole race of human beings defcendcd. Aiii, whofe countries are iirft enlightened by the riling fun, became the nurfery of the world after the general dclugCi and from thence the defcendants of Noah difperfed their various co- lonies into all other parts of the habitable globe. In Afia, God nude choice of that fertile fpot Canaan, wherein he placed his favourite and antient people the Jews. Here, alfo, the great and ftupcndoua work of our redemption, was accomplilhtd by his divine Son i and from hence his difciples and followers diffufed the light of his glorious gofnel amongft the furrounding nations. Here, likewife, were founded the tirftchriftian churches; the iirft councils were held ; the iirft biihopricks erefted, and the chriftian faith miraculouOy founded, promulgated, and watered with the blood of aglorions armyofmartyrs. fnihort, in Afia the iirft edifices were reared, the firu cities built, and the iirft kingdoms and monarchies founded, at a time when the other parts of the world were the haunts of wild bealll, or but very thinly, if at all, inhabited. Befides tlie above-mentioned advantages, Aiia furpailes the other parts of the world in tlte extent of its territory, the richnefs of its foil, the fcrenity of its air, the delicious flavour of its fraits, tlie falutary quality of its drugs, and the fragrancy and balfamic nature of its plants, fpiccs, gums, 8(C. the value, beauty, variety, and quantity of its gems ; iinenefs of its iilks, cottons, ice. tlic richnefs of its metals, befides various other excellencies ; all which peculiar ad- vantages, rendered it fo charming and delightful an abode, that it was fur a long feries of years tike reiiaence and feat of the greatcft monarchies iivthe world. Butfmce the Turks, who arc enemies to all plolitenefs and the fine arts, have ItofTcfreJ a confi(IerabIc part of it, much of its ancient fplen- (lor lias been entirely loft ; the looft fruitful and delightful fpot in all Afia, refemblcs a wild, uncultivated dcfert, and fince that time, is only remarkable for the rich commodi- ties it affcrd:, but i:'{iiU viiitcd and reforted to by mer- chants of other nations, on that account. Such, parts of t\m country as have cfcaped tlie barbarilin of the Turks, No. I. ' It. are ftill in a flourifhini; iUte, notwithftanding the inhabi< tants are juftly cenfu' cd for their indolence, eiieminacyi and luxury : fo that this advantage may be radier afcribed to the richnefs of the foil, than to the induftry of the intu'* bitants. Hiftorians in general, impace the eiTemiiMcy of IM lutivesof (his country, chiefly to the warmth of the eli' mate, heightened by cuftom and education ; coiiieqiientiy it is lefs prevalent, the nearer they are iituated to die north : ' lience the foutliern countries do itot produce fuck robtiil natives as the northern ones v from which it is inlettcji that thofe Afiatics who live nearly in our latitude, are, in this refpef), not much inferior to us : and that the nor- thern Turks and Tartars, particularly, are very ftrong and courageous. Wemuft, however, obferve, that theywha> live in the more fouthem regions of Afia, experience the deficiency- of robuftnefs in their betdies, to be in a great mcafure fupplied to them by the vivacity of their mind, and their ingenuity in various kmds of workmanfhip, whiehour moft expert mechanics have in vain endeavoured to imitate. We will not pretend to determine, whether the relledion which iscommonly caft on all the Afiatic nations, that they are naturally fordid admirers of monarchy, be tltogether juft i fince their princes have always kept them in fucti ab- jeA flavery and fubjeflion, that they never had the kaft opportunity of difplayihg thcit love of liberty, which we , may fuppote to be as congenial with them, as with 4^^ reft of mankind. It muft, howcN-er, be confeAixI, that many of thofe people, when the Dutch iirft came among them, could not conceive how it was poiKbk for any nation to live under any other than a defpotic government (which is the only one eftablifhed throughout that vaft country) or how that people could fubfiil under a republican one. A ftupid kind of religion now prevails in Afia, a great part of It being over-run with Mahometanifm, particu' tarly Tarky, Arabia, part of India, and Tattary : (hey profiifs the fame in Perfia, and the empire of me great Klogu', but are of the fe£i of Hali, which, in fome re- fpedts, differs'' from that of the Turks, though both of niem acknowledge Mahomet for their lawgiver, and the alcoran for tlteir divine rule of iaith and praAiee. ^la China, Japan, Siam, &c. they are, for tlie moft part, heathens and idolaters j have ftrange notions of tlie Uehy; or rather of their dritits, aod ufc ihe moK eXtrvraguMI rites in their worfhipof them, as we ihali have occafioatai' Ihew heieaiter ; but muft obferve here, that their mul# plicUy of idols, and fuperftitious certmoniet atieadlli|j' '**liiiPMi

paarance, thk^ art oi iMI°^ilbfhlie-a Urn of nund not to-defpife them in their heart*. There are, 6tfidu, feveral leAt of the antient Perftci,' or follower! of oiffev mv4^ all«v«r I|(aii»fndrAlii,#hitf' -b* ani(a|jl^ie l^i^. ^nd if«ftilke» itV ihi* vaA-ext«M arak-variei^ of^na- tions, we can, with truth affirm, th.t Alia has, by far, the fewtik of ah)! ptiier part of the world ; tliis is chiefly owing to the very extenfive empires coinprifed in it, each of which, ftrivs* to introduce 93^ ui^foituity of language aiam||thc fu^£ls of it The principal ohet are, the Perfian, Arabic, Tartitrian': Chincfe, Jnpanefe, 'Malayan, and Malabarian. The European languages, viz. the ror> tuguefe, Spanilh, Englilh, and Dutch ; the Greek and Latin among the chril\iai\s, and the Hebrew among the '$,, are only ufed by thefe foreigners who have>intro- tkm for their otfn convenielice, and are little lOWn (D the natives. ^ As Afia extends itfelf quite from the equator to the poUt circle, and even beyond, confe<^uently the climates muft be (b various, that a miiiute detail of them, and their pecu- liar products, would, in this pbee, be tedious, and lead us irOo too great a length, fince the foils muft naturally' vary, according to their difl^rent fituations. We (hall, therefore, only fay at ptefaut, till we come to doforibe each part in a more particular manner, tliat 'Afia comprehends all the temperate, the larger half of the torrid, and gicat part of the frigid zone ; (b that it enjoys no lefs than> twenty -four climates ; vet, upon the' whole, tlic country is rich and fruitful, and fome parts of it exceedingly fo, if we except fome parts of Arabia and. Tartary, and fome of the more northern traAs. In erdec to avoid as much as polTible the fcrupuloua niceties, and, in fome cafes, the miftakes and errors of other eeographen, we (hall, in our divifion of titis great part of the vtOrld, confider it with refped to die diSmnt dominiotu it it at prefent fubjcA to ; namely, I. Perfia. II. China, which is divided into north and fouth. IK. India, comprehending, i. The pcninfula of Indiai beyond uie Ganges, containing Cochinchina, Tonquin, Pc^tt, and Siam, the laft o£ which, is fabdivkled into MartdbiB, Siam, and Malacca, a. The pcninfula on thi» fide the Ganges, containing tHc £>tcan, Golcorxa, Bifna- gar, and Malabar. IV. Hindoltan, or the empire of the Great Moguls as, it is generally, though improperly, called in Europe-, the title not being afliimed by the emperor there. In this great empire, are many petty kingdoms, lately ereCled into free ftates, or fallen under the jurifdiAion of the Engliftv Eaft India Company. V. Great Tartary, Siberia, Samojedia, and Afiatic Ruflia. , VI. Turky in Afia, which is divided into eaftem and wcftern ; the eaftern contains Diarbeck, Tutcomania, and Georgia. The weftern comprehends Arabia, Paleftine, Sy- ria, and Anatolia. VII. The Afiatic illanda are divided into four dades : I . The illand, or empire of Japan ; 2 . The iflands of the eaftem ocean 1 viz. the Marian or Ladrone iflands, For- nio(a, and the Phitippiiie iflands ; 3. Thole in the Indian Ofsean, which are the Molucca's, namely, Tydore, &c. and the Spice iflands ) viz. Banda, Ainboyna, Ceiam, I'emate, Timor, Gilolo, &c. Celebes,. Borneo^ Java, Sumatra,. Ceylon, the Maldivia iflands, &c.. 4. On the coafts o£ A^ and in the Mediterranean, as Cyprus, Rhodes, Lef- bos, or Mytelene, Chios or Scio, Samos, Coos, and fome- others of lefs note, with the new difcoveries. Thefe laft divifions not coming iato any of the fbrmar daflea,. muft be fpoken of in feparate articles. It is not unlikely that fome may objeft here, that Tai> tary is not undet one government ; that India, beyond the Ganges, is independent of the Great Mogul, as Arabia is of the Turks ; and that Georgia, Mingrelia, &c. are fubjcA partly to the Turks, and partly to the Perfians, and confequendy that each of thefe fliould be divided into its refpcAive parts. But, in this introduAory part of out work, we think it more eligible to avoid clogging out readers' memory with too many diftinAions, which will be more properly introduced, when we treat of each parti- cular part. However, a clear idea of die continent and iflands. Sec. of this quarter of the globe, may be obtained from the feveral following tabks ; A . ''V-^'^ '"- ^::m^- dafln: I of the For- llmHan Jtc. and leraate, finatta^ aftt of Lef. I uiine< ormar : Tat- eyoiiifc Viabis |c. aie i, and ittoita If oin; |g out IhwiU 1 parti* ,it anLoi»dp* fptlun - ■I >> I I IT Siam • Dehli -~ lOnSffln Chynian - Tibet - SinMrcaad Mecca - ►4^'S8e-»: Jcrttfalem - 5040 '-'*r' ^-^. ao Tito _j78o_ aSoo 2640 18A0 XTT "Ti: T-r t-e: tte: "ET Smyrna Bagdat Eizeruin - Telba ^910 1440 iibo i860 lyao TIC "5-E" XT- "K^wSSTT I Malto i iS w iw. SI MiMlf Mab.&Pagani Pagana. ^ :aiii. raganl. Mahomctani. xi: xe: "Cht itt&Matr "Cbrift.&Mah Mabometani. Mahometant, with Tome Cbriftiani. A Ntw and Co>mpi.bti TABI^E of the Islands, &c. of ASIA. t W»laea. Fbrmofai U 4)' J . ...'iff, ■ Vivs' ■■ : The Molucca or'Sfnoeif-, ' larida ^ Sundaiflandi If PhilippiNn Banda Amboyiu Celebet Gilola Machian Moiyer Tcmate TydDW Borneo Sumatra Java Andaman . > . Nicobar . . - CeyloR , - - . Maldivta - - • Bofflbajp . . • K'^C^^kal^^-" ; New Holland New Guinea 6c Papua New Britain - ■• New IrdaAd • - New Hebrides - • New Caledonia New Zealand • • . ■*■««• Fwnwily T Lately dif. Socielja.. S""""* Cyprus . - - .^.imjf\* Rhodes - - - • ?T. » LeflKM Of Mytelene - - Scio Samoi .----- Niearia ------ Slanchio • - ' - - _ Usief 1 ow«i». ^cddo '• -V, - t Guam * -'.,-. " Tai>euan'-foi4 - - Maitittar . - - Lautor . . • Ambwna - - - Macsfllair . - - Gilolo - -, - - ■ i r.iUill V! ,1" • f.o'. '■• ■ Borneo, Acbeii, Bencool- 1 en, Baiavta, and Bantam | Andtman - - - - - Nisobaf - - . - « Candy ------ Ckridon - - - - - Bombay - . - - - Notbinc worthy the name of a town. Nicofaa . . - . Rhodes - .• - - Ctftro •*{'..» -i" - - Sci© »?- '+ ■» - - Com - - - - . No town wordi naming Staaebio - - - - • Btlongiuft to,, qr trade with. Uuich ^ Spain China .V. Spain Dutch Ditto Dinq Dittv .,■.11 li.. ' i .'!■■ .1! ■ . All nations ; particularly the EngTilh Mul Dutch. All nations Ditto DtMcb V AU natwus Englifli Ruffians .E .. O ff"-> ■;«¥ A Gbnsral table of Ssas, Lakbs, Rivers, &e. Seas and Lakes. Cafpian Dead Sea ElCaiif Sea of Gslilee Samochonites Gennefafe » » hiftorf and dei^ipiioa •f the kingdom of Perfia, a kingdom of very confidenUa im|iOftanai on which accownt, u welt at tbat we may not be-ihonght mere oapytft*. like former writcn on itiiilab* jeA, we give thafe cxtenfiTC and celebrated pnwineee, the lead in tile Afiatic part of owr work. ^ I 9a» _ CHAP. I. TH« new'h^t<>iiy AND'b^SCIlIP^toK 6r !i. A. I :a SECT, h •--rrsrrr' \l ' Cnttlrint « tItJiripi'iM rf ihtium; tttmiMn muftjumi fitHOtitilt prruiiuii, air, tlimati, bt*. fiat, rivtrt, hIi- UMid ijhnit, and ihtir truiiut, tftht tmfirt if-Ptrfia,- I, hithvAthrtffta ttitnmti4iuaiidprifmtjittf. ■ - T is highly probable that Perfa deirrci its name either from the province of Perfii, now called Fan, or from rfepoli* which wai anciently the capital city of this pro- vince, anti th4 feat of it* monarchs, when Alexander the Great cwquercd Darius, and fubdued the whole country. Some daflic writers deduce its name from Peifeus, the fon of Jupiter and Danae i while others take it firom Paras, a horreraan, becaufe the Perfian troops ferved on horfeback, and were fomous for their (kill in horfemanfliip. |t Though the boundaries of this empire will be better 1 1 underfiood from the defcripltbli'of its refpeCttve provinces, , yetfome geographers affirm them to bo as follows- ; viz. ; \ lndia» or the dominions of the Mogul, towards the eaft ; j ;the occaa, or Pctfian gulf, or Boflbra, towards the fouth ; ' ' the Turkilh empire towards the weft ; and CireafTn, the 'Cafpian fea, and the river Oxus (which divides it frem the country of the Ulbeck Tartars) tov/ards the north. We muft allow tliat this defcription would be tolerably juft, were die bounds of the Mogul's dominions on the !'eaft, and thofe of the Turkifli empire on the weft, once ' fettled^ As leveral provinces of India lie to tho weftward I {Of Ipdus, and fome of the Turkilh provinces extend to the caftwvd of the river Tigris i conrequently diofe writers muft err, who make the river Indus the eaftem boundary, and the Tigris the weftem; to which we mayalfo fubjoin, thatJMit of the Arabian coaft, on the fouth of the gulf of Boflora, is fubjeft to the kin^ of Periia. The moft (buthem part of Petiia Iving in twenty- five degree* north latitude, and thcf mou iiorthem part in forty-five degrees, it may be juftly reckoned to be twelve hundred miles in extent, from nortli to fouth ; and as the * tweftern part of it lies in forty-five dcgteet of longitude, j ;calciilatii^ firom the meridian of London^ and tlie mod i eaftem paiit in fixty-feven, die length and breadth is nearly ^ .equal ; and the foqji of tlirc«u(itry trOOld be almoit ' fqoare, were it not far the Cafpien Cea, -which brides the north-eaft parts of Perfia 6om the noitfa-wefi. Tiiey are certainly egregioufly miftaken, wbo extend it thirteen de- ' grcei faierond our moft accurate accounts i for by that , means, Uiey make it to contain diirty-five degrees of lon- ■ girade, and the length greatly to exceed the breadth. The Perfian protriiiotc m»y all be comprehended in , twelve' diftriAsk in the following order j Chorafaii, Sa- bleoftimi Sigifbm, Mdieran,' Kermah, Pars, Chufiftan, Curdeftan, frac-Agem, Ghilan, Ad^rbcitzcn, and Shir- van.i We V. Kerman ; which is bounded, toward* the eaft, bjr the province* of Sigiftan and Makeran i towards the fouth, by the ocean ; towards the weft, by the province: of Fan I and, towards the north, by a deleit in the pro.' vince of Irac-A^m. The chief towns are Kerinarv Chabis, Salem, 1 ubaran, Jafqiies, and Databegerd, wliiclk was the andent Pafliigardi. V). Fars, or Farnftan i wliich is bounded, towards the eaft, by Kerman ) towards the fouth, by the gulf of Perfia, called Boflora ; towards the- weft, by the province of Chufiftan i and ton'ards die north, by the province of Irae-Agem. The -chief -towns arc the fOlloM ing { I. SchTraS) ]which- lies in- thr- latitude of twcnty-nino de- gi ee s ;- fifty minutes, about thirty m les fouth-weft fronti Pericpolis, wtljofe magniticeiit ruins excite the admiration of travellers \ but of this we (hall have occafion to (peak hereafter, 2.' Lar { ^bout a hundred miles fouthward of Sehinw, Gombeen, or Bander AbalG, in twenty-feven degrees thirty tnitmits nordi. 3. Ormps 1 which (lands • .. on « ftmdl iflitndof the fame name, in the gulf of Perfia, , oppofite to Gombi^n, and a/bout fi:^ miles from it. , 4. Bander Con^ 1 Which alfo ftand* o» the Perfian gulf, : about thirty miles weft of Gombron. It may not be- im., ! proper to take notice here, of a fmall territory bclongirtg to the kingdom of Pctfia, which lies on tlie Arabiaik t Ihore,. on the other fide of the gulf ; the chief towns of it arc Gatenfei and Bteatif. from Whence this fea foiuetimet ' takce the'naifiH; in tlie province of Fars, may bu cont-i i prchcnded the diftriAs, of Lar and Ormos. ' VII. Chufiftan j which is bounded, on die eaft, by the provinces of Fan ^d Irac. Agem 1 on the fouth,. by the gv.!f of Ps.' fit • oh the weft, by the territory of Boflbin ; :z^-:^ -.*■*-■" city Kreate fiavei No *A.. kvnM he nottti lUtbeck iftan I on : Cafpian at, Meti , Indion* le antieni jr may *W by Cho-i CaW, ill Sigiftan i ac-Agem. the chief r Muttuv' rlaVceran ; KcfKiau^ north, by )f BuckoH le ocean tj an. Mi-i [This prort le eaft, bf jwardi the le province the pio- KennaiV :rd, whicK tovfai'Ji be gulf of lie provinca Lrovincc of E'6llQ»'>rig»< ly-nino ae-\ l weft from i Tadmiratiou tn to fpealc Jathwara of lenty-fevet» ■uchftanda' ' of Herila. from it. . fian gulf, j Inot be-iwii i belongirtg lie Arabiaik ' Itowns of it ^ \ fometime* ■ |y bt com- j llie eaft, by ' fouth, by ofBoflbia; and* •:±i .■-■ ' ■». - i ■■y.-t\ i.^. .•,.,,. _^. ■s'^ri '■•-i^' >^.^->'' m^: ■ s irt,. «ity tH«y havb a eonMec^le totrn, aAi W Manne-nnr^ Kreateft mrrcheRt: in the Pcrikn uouiiniont i and as they Eave their agent» and iaAota in almoft every {jace ttuongh- No. I. \fia, tltcy may With propriety be eftccBM^ rt in the whole world. lip of Perfu readies froiu the twenty-fifth degree of latitude, the lon^eft day in the 1 hovn and an half i and, in the north, in t fo that it ii very natural to fappofri aft extent of country, the air and (eafoiw hich we find they i-eally do. Their winter* the kiiigdoui, bc|(in9 in November, and aKh, with I'rvcrc tiufts and Itiowi the laner 1 great quantitiei on their iroantaim, but 1 the.plaini. From March till May, the Illy high ) and from that time till Septem- acalti) ferene aunofphere, without fo much e heavens t and thouf,h it be pretty hot in le rcfrclhing bicczes, which blow conftantly and evenine, and at night, make the fum- pleafant, elpecially a> the nights are nearly The air ii very pure j and the ftat« Ihine ;, that one peifon may know another very ghti and people in 'general, find it much nt and agreeable to travel in the night, than fddora any hurricanes or tempcfts in the |a, and very little thunder or lightning t nor f carthquaket) and the air is fo extremely dry ifon, that there is not the lead moifture thins that is laid abroad all night, or even andthey have very little rain in the winter a common obfervation among foreigners, clled to the heart of Perfia, that thoie who on their arrival thither, continue fo i and are fick, fcldom recover ; which is a mani- 1 of the falubrity of the air and climate, and iri from the hale complexion of the natives, g and robuft, and generally enjoy a conftant thcrn part of Perfia, the air Is vtfry unhealth- iring and fall, particularly about Gombron { I factors never pnfs a year without a dangerous , which frequently proves fatal to them. At always expeclcd to happen, two of them com- that if one die, the fortune of the dcceafed to the furvivor. This is no great prejudice >m ; for if a m.in leaves piivate tmftees, or impany his executors, the heir of the deceafed :r of tliofe cafes, meet with great difficulties in he effects of the teftator. The months of and Auguft, are pretty healthy, but fo very th natives and foreigners get upon the moun- time. The hot winds, which come from tho :r a longtrafl of fandy dcferts, well nish fuffb- and fometimes a peuikntial blaft finkes the d in an inftant. It feldom rains here in any rear ; and tli'; water tliey fave when it does, is \hjtae. It has been commonly remarked, that s near the tropics are much hotter than thofe ne ; which is accounted for, from the fun't anger near tlie tropics, than tlie equator i and ng of a greater length in fummer near the tro* inder the line ; which are certainly very fub- Fons. But a great deal muft be attributed to of the foil, and the fituation of the country, rinds blow over large, fandy, and fcoiching de^ :fpecially between die mountains, which refle£t m one ude to tlie other ) and there ate no re- xzcs or Ihowers to cool the air, as there ge- near the line ; fo tliat it is no wonder that thofe re much hotter than any that are under the thofe near the Perfian gulf certainly are. The ible reafon, therefore, that the antients never uiy cquittry in the fouthern latitude, is, they t> excelfively hot about the tropics, that they if they ftiovud proceed much farther fouth, the ; have been intolerable ; and it feems to have :eived opinion among them, that part of tho ; was not habitable. But we find, on the con* in many countries, which the antients wer* with, the luiats were greater than thofe under very incredible that all countries in the foathero le uninhabited till within fome hundred yean ally in Africa, where no fcas intervened to prevent ^ m.^m' '• "U< it appears no lefs ilrange, on the other ._ ,i if n«»)!e hsd crSTcltcu inio the fouthern parts ojf Africa, that none fliould ever return from tholb parts, to, give the antients aa. account of thcfe countries, and inforai C ihem. I.' HOVR A'/«///-.»i .///-r Miu.iM* SiH li'tHjiftt, \ I mtrt:tiif,\ 7** fl \ ,'A1 r?i i 4>i Wa. .* r I x hU**"' It. JtA uw ^!^ K -«,»r" r; Haitt .■ v\ y ^■Jkv J;;^/'-\jUP^:^">i;^'^* *..♦ /Vi ^f*^^ ^,' ,.*:f W '/v; i •a;^' *^"^-^ '■^ ."sS •'fXmr IL\N f^Km- , i-^' .*"<. J ,v- tfttf' • *• * ■ ^ / «^,. WrftMt JfLff P- .#/. ffvrt* .♦^ ti.y •J5.. .. /^ ' <^' jrt^A,«r' ^Vhu' > tt^//A tHi>ftti \ I M»t*tntfMsrK*l'Jl't.>i.tfUttt A^i Lt'HfUt Mif/t /U'ti, /',, a*' \ > //' ^\3rrMAP/yJ _ithe latfH A1TH0IUTIR2 ^r T. KtTVJUS (M>g. Hvdragraphn- to hi. ^ frf- Mt f .1- 4»' .J" '*" 7* MftmtM Silitttr Milt\i. itfti hut Drar^ J.T'-' * ^ M»* ^«> »*• »ip jrti -^ — >v/' '♦ M.*iM» Ihm )>'->» MmA.r, :u-«. -i».*V, ii'^^A -6ww'' ^S^^'*^/ V /i/ .^-^ ,/ VJCw/m* 1 -n ,\ / ttJ ^/;/7 "A Jitutim i IKtf ,.«••' .tr^—j.^ n<»ft^ M' y-x^^--. '^'"\ '' di-. •WW. 4 «b>< "f^/;^. ^«A i*<"i i.i*f» V*^.../. 'T 4:v A^Am . ' f'*U>4Af V>1 H^' •jC ^ .V MilTfUUt JJ r / ^i «.I/j4<>/< •altna J V •W n-fi V 1^. H^ti: •^rf M^l A***Jt^9 i Sjf^'^/h*M*A,tjt /IH^MCT^M ••V <».«»' v.. fHuti AMi *^.utt.tJUt /•td'urtt <:i* v^^ ^Vj>j /wj '•rJ. •^ ^ u«(i>4^ ":?. >l/lM|^4r jk./ rsTi^i^j c \\'"^'j' /' '/fttJnurui ^ /-.v/.' 'd/4« '/fau/Aa //»j ^». /I i/^'/'/'i jXi^^jW«i'.«« Iff''*" lyi'^/,'- ' • • • ».llaA.d/i »«lr»M / / Thb new and U( U h ii n h if KaTinc lhti< prrfantrd to the view o Letch of the pUn we metn to iiurfue, ii w« •!« about to give of iIm Aliatir dotn whicbt we Ihall ctidcivnur to he Co clear five, that notliing matirial Ihall br nmitte fta«e*«l to give a full aiui complete hiftoq I B;v / '> ' ' Cmltlnini » dt/iripilm tf llit namt, tmnJari JlluaiitH, p'tvintii, air, tlimale, Hi. fnif , ' irattJ ijhndi, and ihiir prtJytt, cflht tmpk w ttti with rtjpill /< ill OHlitnl and prtfinl^aU i,TT ii higlily p I * I from the pro ,1 Perfrpulii, wliich i I hielily probable that Perfia darivd iti I iioviiicc of Pcrfu, now called Kai ch wai anciently the capital city I (jvincci and the feat of iti monarclis, when Alt ' I Great coiiquercd Dariuj, and fiibdued the who I Some clairic writcrt deduce it« name frnni I'crfq ''of Jupiter and Uanae \ while ntheri take it froi liorfcman, bccaufe the Pcr>e the fcvern provinces as follow ki ■■<••'# ! •.;i<»t£I-j;'i f ^. 1 on the tcnitorv • mn \} t~^'8Trj:.: .:zsgg:- ic feveflT,' -, ..^« oi rars and Irac-Agem 1 ^1* tTTe gi:;fofFc(ia; on the well, by the iis/lhli^/ " -.1 .:x.^ ibtith,, by- of Boflbra ; audj 3-1^ iea, ; 4. T. ill to grcos 5 K upon gei Ii or \, v.in. provi that the \ 8. -Ii pha, mhab city t Kieate have t No tA 8 ^ A.] .,.:.fl i nuth, by I Boflbia . tml, oi\ ilie north, hy «h« pro»mct ofC'urdcftan. 1 li« chief towni arCi I. Suffer, or Silwiurtcr, fiippofcd lobe •ifM llunni i Shiilhaii, wlirf^ AiiMutrui ini cilletl lafitxi* by »he anilenM, VIII. Currfeftan ; which in hounded, on iha eaft, by Irai \|cm t orithrfoiith, liyChul'itbn i onihawel), by TutWilTi Curdeftani arul, on the north, by Adc;b«iUcn. Arnnvu and Comnii'hiiH arc the cliiel' towni in it. 'I hn province wa« iho Airyin of the antienti i the wrlktn piiil Ol it bclongn tu Tiitkv, and thcruAarn to I'orfia. IX. Ir.u. or F.rack.-A|jen> 1 which ii bounded, on the north, by ArUiVit/m and Ohiltn (.inticnlly called llyr- cmij) iiti till- r.ifl, by the jirovinio i4 CUoraf^n i on tho < Hitii, by Chutitbn and l-'uififluni and, on the well, by I uiJcdan. The chiit tDwni ill thii province arc, i. If|>a- luii, tho metropolii ol the kingdom, in thirtv-two decreet foity minuter north htitiule, and the fiftieth dcgiec oriou- gitiidc, n-ckoninn fnim the meridian of London, i. Calbin, or C.ilwin (w'licic the aniicnt Atl.itm ftood) iti tliirty-lix dcfjrcfs odd miniitoi 3. Com, litiinte in thirty-four de- greci thirty niiniiti-t. 4. Sava, ahnolV cxadUy Utween Calbin andC'om. 5. Ihinudan, .ibout a himchcd niilei north-wrll of Com. (>. C^Hlham, al>out fevcnty niiloi north of Ilpahan. 7. Ycld, alwiit one hun.lred and five miles to the eallwaid of Ilpahan. Irac-At,cm wa» the antiont Parthia, and i^ now reckoned the principal pro. vince of the empire, brina very extenfivc, atmolt in tlie centre of the Pcriiaii dominions, and tile province where the capital city ftand.<. X. Gillian, or Kylan, (in which \T,i».indcnin, or T»- brillan, ni»y be conipuhendcd) which is bounded, on the north, by the Hyrt.mian or Cai'nian tea ; on the ealV, by the province of Choufan, or Haftiiai on the foiith, by the province of Inc-AErm, orFaithiai and, on the weft, by Aderl)eit/.en. ItscTiief towns are, 1. Relcod. 2, Ghi- lan, iitiiate in thirty-eight degrees north latitude, and two hundred miles rail of lauvis. 3. Mar.aiulcran, one hun- • dted miles futtliereaft. 4. Aflicrol, within two niiles of the Cafpian fea. 5. Tabriftan i and, t>. I'er.tbat. 'I'hii pro\ince(:iswc hinted above ) wit antitntly called Hyrcania. XI. Aderbeit/eii, or Adirluion ; which i^ bounded, on tlir nfirtli, by the province oi'Shii van i oji the eall, by tiliilan aiul n:irt of the Calpinn fca j on the lonth, by Itac- Agem and Curdelbu ; and, on the well, by the river Aras, or Ariti'i, which li-pantcs it from part of CJcorj^ia. 'I'he foUowinj^ are its cliiel towni. 1. I'auris, or I abris, fup- pofnl to be thcaiilimt Kchatana, formerly the loyal refi- dence of the Median and Perlian monarchs, and eilcemed little inferior to Hibylon, eThcrfor its antiquity or magni- ficence ; it lies in lhiiry-tii;lit derrecs odd minutes of north latitude, and is ahout four hundred miles north-weft of Ifpah.in. 2. Aulcvil, or Ard.bil, Itandj about thirty miles eaft of TTOris. 3. Sultania, which is fix days jour- ney to the foutli-eart ot' I'auris, in thiity-fix dej^rces thirty minute', north latitude. '1 his province is tlic foutliein part of theantient Media. XI[. Shir\'an, or Schirwan ; which is bounded, on the north, byCircalFia, and the .Mul'covitc dominions ; on the eaft, by the Cafpian lea ; towards the fouth, by Adcrbeit- len i and towards the weft, by 'I'urkilh Armenia and Georgia 'J'he chief towns in this province, are, i.Der- bcnt, or Debircan, which fignifies an iron gate ; it is a very ftrong pafs between the mountains and the Cafpian fca, in forty-two degrees north latitude. 2. Schamachie, which is fituate about fifty miles to the fouth of Derbent. 3. Baku J this town fomctiincs gives n.ame to the Cafpian lea, and ftan.ls a little to the fouthward of Schamachie. 4. TalTlis, or Cala, the capital of eaftern Georgia i itftands in forty-four degrees of north latitude, and forty-eight de- grees of longitude, reckoning from the meridian of London. 5. Krivan, or Irvan, lies in forty degrees odd minutes, upon the river Sargi, near the Ixirders of Armenia. 6. Gan- ge,« lies between Krivan and Schamachie. 7. Nackfivan, or Na/.iwan, is fituate twenty-one leagues fouth of Eri- van. This was anticntly the capital of an Armenian province, nnd the natives alEnn, from an antient tradition, lliat Noah built the city, when he firft came out of the ark: tl\c word " nackfivan" fignifying a ll.ation for (hip'i. 8. Taiku, which ij the capital of Dagilhin. 9. Old Jul- pha, wlii-li is, at prefent, a heap of ruins; the Armenian inhabitants having been tranfplantcd to Ifmlviii, near '.vhieh city they have a confidcrable town, and are become the greateft merchants in the Perfian dominions i and a.s they Have their agents aiul factors in almoll every plttce through- No. I. out K^irope and Alia, they may w'lifi uiopilct) be eftttmc^ tilt giiiteft traders in the whole v uilj. At lU'i ki iitdom ul I'eifu irailici fnini the twrnty-fifih to 111* fuit\ lifth dcgiee of latitude, the lnn{;rft day in Ilia fouth ii thiiiirn huuK and an li.,lf , and, in the north, rfliovr rirtt-en hoiiri i fo Ihil it i, vrry naliiral to luppofr| that, ill fuch a vaft extent of rii iiitry, tlit air and frafotui greatly differ, whiih wc tind llir) le.illv do. Tlirir winter. Ill the middle (>l the kingdom, Im'.ihh m Novfinbcr, and contiiiuci till Mauh. wiihh'%rrr Ih'IIs tn,l liiow, the Utter ofwiiieli tails in uii'jt (juantitiet »n their mountains, but not lii much in tno plains. Iroin .March till May, tho wind Is commonly hi);h ; and from tliat time tilt Septcm' her, they enjoy acahn fetene alinofpherr, without fo much as a cloud in tne heivmi 1 and thou) h it he pretty hot in tlie day time, tfic i, fr>'lhin<; bice/r«, which blow conftantty in the morning and rvcniiiK, and at night, make the fum- nicr tolerably plcafant, er|iecially at tlie nights are nearly ten hour.! Ion,;. 'I'he air it vriy purei and the Oatt Ihlne with fucli luftre, that one prtr<,n may know another very wrlllythcii light I and peoul.' in*general, find it muca more ronveiiient and a;^ecablc to (ravel in the nii^hl, tliaa ill the day tunc, 1 here me fcldom any hurricanes or trmpefts in the middle of IVifM, and very littln thunder or liglitniiig j nor li.ivelhey nuny carthijuakcsi and the air is fo extremely dry in the fine li-au.. , tint there ii not the Icaft muillurt tuund on any thing that is laid abroad all night, ur i .en on the grafs ; and they have very little rain in the winter fcafoii. It ii a common ob'bi vation among foreignen, who h.avc travelled to the heart of Peri'ia, that thole who arc healthful on their ariival thither, continue fo { and that tliofc who arc liek, ''Jdoi.i recover t which i: a mani- fclt indication of the faliihiily of the air and climate, and fuilher aji|Kars fioiii the halo complexion of the natives, who are ftrong and lubuil, and genu ally cnju; : conftr.nt fciies of health. In the fuulhcrn part of Peril, the air is very unhealth- ful ill the fpring and fall, pirticulaily about Gombron } the I'.uiopcan failors nevei puis a year without idangeroui lit of illnefs, which fni|ueiitly proves fatal to tlum. A» tlii.> event is always cxpctlcd t(j hapiieii, two of thein com- monly agree, tli.it if one die, the fortune of the dcccafed lliah devolve to the furvivor. This is no great prejudice to the relations ; fur if a man leaves private troftecs, or makes the company his executors, the heir of the dcceafcd will, in either of thole cafes, meet with great difliculties in recovering the elTcils of the teftator. The months of June, July, and Aug\ift, are pretty healthy, but fo very l,(jt, that both natives and foreigners get upon the moun- tains at that time. The hot wind^, which come from tho eallward over a long; trafl of fandy dcferts, well nighfufTo- cate them ; and fometimes a peftiUnlial bhft ftrikes the traveller dead in an iiiftaiit. It fcldom rains here in any pait of the year ; and the water they favc when it does, is vciy unwliolfome. It has been commonly remarked, that the couiitiic} near the tropics are much hotter than thofe under the line ; which is accounted for, from the fun'i remaining longer near tlic tropics, than the ei]uator ; and the days being of a greater length in fummer near the tro- pics, than under the hnc ; which are certainly very fub- ftantial rcafons. But a great deal mull be attribiitcd to the nature of the foil, and the (ituation of the countiy, where the winds blow over large, faiidy, andfcorching dc- ferts ; and efpeciallv between the mountains, which retlcft the heat from one fide to the other j and there are no re- lielhing breezes or Ihowers to cool the air, as there ge- nerally are near the line ; fo that it is no wonder that thofe countiies arc much hotter than any that arc under the ei|uaior, as thofe near the Pcrfian gulf certainly are. Tho moll pKibable reafon, therefore, that the antients never dil'covered any country in the fouthcrn latitude, is, they found it fo cxccHively hot about the tropics, that they inuigined, if tlicy fliould proceed much fartlier fouth, the heat would have liecn intolerable ; and it feems to have been a received opinion among them, that part of tho torrid zone was not habitable. But we find, on the con- trary, that in many countries, which the annents were aci|u.uiUed with, tlie heals were greater than thofe under tlie line. It fecms very incredible that all countries in tho fonthem latitude were uninhabited till within lome hundred years part, cfpecially in Africa, w l-.erc no feas intervened to orevpnt uilcovciies ; but it a^ipears no Icls ftrangc, on die other handv if people had travelled into the fouthem parts of Africa, that none Ihould ever return from lliofe parts, to. give thcaiuieuts aa account of thcl'e countijes, and inform C' them, i*^'' lo The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM dF GEOGRAPHY; m ,.; Ir h^ m r • * il -• the: bitcd. at Icaft, diat they were capable of being inha- wlicre it is nvift wanted ; andthey dig very deep and broad wells, out of which they draw the water with oxen, iit It is a received opinion among philofophers, that the wind is nothing elle but the air put ni motion, and the air inuft receive a great addition of heat from the rcflcflion of the burnin;^ fands ; tliis, therefore, being the cafe, it is not more furprizing tliat the wind thould blow warm at noon day, when it has pa(I<:d over a parched country for feveral hundred miles, tlian that thofe which Come from tho fea, or from fome frozen climate, Ihoiild prove cool. We (hall not dil'pute that feme people may have been fuf- focated by thefe hot winds, as travellers inform us ; but do not remember to have heard one inftanc? of it from thofe pcifons who have been feveral years in India, where tlie hot winds likewife blow annually in May and June. It is certain that the chilling cold winds thathappen in the night, fometimcs after an exceflive hot day, have been '■ very fatal to Kuvopcans, who have imprudently lain ex- pofed in the open air. There have been alfo iiiftances of people lofing the ufc of their limbs, and fome of them their lives, by a fudden pcftilcntial blaft, as well at fea, as on fliorc. About forty years ago a gentleman, who held a confi- dcrablc port in India, under the Eaft India Company, h.id the ufc of his limbs taken away in the following manner; a company of fix or fevcn perfons, of which number he wa; one, were drinking a glafs of wine en board, when two of them were fuddenly ftruck dead, and the others feized with a kind of dead palfy i and, for his part, he had not the leaft feeling in his limbs; but when he was carried on ihore, the Indian phyfician ordered him to bcftrctched out in the fcorching fand at noon, for feveral days fiic- cedlvcly, placing an umbrella over his head only, and two or three fcrvants were ordered to rub and pinch his flcrti in every part, for fome hours; and thou;5h ho was fo very bad, that when one of them flood upon his brcaft, he did not ti;el him at fiiU, yet, by chafing and nibbing him with oils in the fun, and bathing and pinching of him in this manner, for feveral days, his feeling at length re- turned, and the ufe of his limbs, except one hand, the Tjfc of which, he was in a great meafure deprived off. With refpciJl to the temperature of the air in the north part of the I'crfian dominions, we fliall here remark, that the provinces of Georgia, Sliirvan, and Adcrbeitzcn, arc very warm and dry in fuinmcr ; but in winter they are fubjeft to violent tempefts, and to as fevere frofts for fix months, as any country on the continent, in the (lime latitude ; but as this part of I'eifia is very mountainous, there is frequently a great difference bctw cen the air on the noitli and fouth fije of the mountains ; and, after travel- ling a few miles, people imagine thenifelves to be in a different climate ; but how cold focvcr the mountains on tlie north may be, they are extremely healthful. The in- habitants of the flat country of Glylan and Mazandoran (which lies upon the Cafpian fea, and was the antient Hyicania, in the funimer retire into the mountains, all the water thcv have being foul and corrupted in the hot feafon ; and it is faid that here, and in Chorafan, earth- quakes are very common. This part of the country is alio very damp, full of ilinking moralles, .ind unhealthful. Though Perfia exceeds moft other countries in the world in extent, yet there are very few navigable rivers in it, there not being one in the heart of the country, that will carry a boatof any burden i and, in fome parts, people may travel feveral days joHrnev together, without meeting with any water. The river Oxus, it is true, which divides Perfia from Ulbock Tartary, is a large ftream ; but as none of tlic branches of it arife in the Perfan do;.iinions, it is of little ufe to thcni. There are, however, feveral fmall rivulets which fall from the mountains, and aic conveyed by fuhter- raneous channels, or othcrwife, to their principal cities. The rivers Kur and Aras, antiently called Cyras and Araxes, which rife in the mountains of Ararat, and run through Georgia, Shirvan, and Adcrbeitzen, and having joined their ftreams, fall into the Cafpian fea, are much the moll confiderablc rivers in the Pcrfian dominions. As tlie government in Peifia have the care of the convey- ance and diflribution of the waters, they have appointed a great officer in every province, who has the charge of it. And as there is a great fcarcisy of this ufeful article in this tountry, fo there is no place where they are more careful of it, or have more ingenious contrivances to convey it to tlieir cities, and into tin ir corn fields and gardens. For the more copi;!us ?.'.\'l gcncirl fiinnty of water, the Perfians alfo turn their little rivulets a»id fprings to fuch parts of the country great leathern buckets, which they afterwards empty into ciUerns, and let it out for the fervicc of the country, as there is occafion. Subterraneous aiiuedufls are alfo pro- vided, throughwhich the water is conveyed tothediftance ofncar thirty leagues. Thelu are arched with brick, and are two fatljoms high; at the diilancc of every twenty paces, there arc large holes like wells, made for the conveyance of carrying on the arch, without working under ground too far, and for the more cafy repairing them. The liver and fpiing water is diltributed to different quarters of the town alternately, as occafion re(iuircs, when every pcrfon opeils the canal or refervoir in his garden to receive it; and for this benefit every garden pays a yearly Aim to the govcrn- I ment, particularly about lljiahan; and as it is very eafy for [ any perfon to turn his neighbour's water into his own channel, that fraud is very fevercly punilhed. Ai the fpring water is not found fo proper for the grounds, they therefore pay a higher rate for river water. Two fca.s, Ixfides the ocean, belong to PerCa ; namely, the Cafpian fea, and thegulf ofBolToia, or Perfia, one on the north, and the other on the fouth weft. The Cafpian ica is about a hundred leagues in length, from north to fouth, and ninety leagues in breadth, anli has near a hun- dred rivers running into it, of which the chief is the Wol- ga, at the moutli of which ftands Aftracan, but this fea has no communication with any other ; and though fo many rivers fall into it, the way by which it difclurges its redundance of waters is not known, for titey neither ebb nor flow, but are always of the fair.e l.eight. It is navigated chiefly by the Mui<:ovites, who live on tlie north fide of it ; and the late Czar was cutting a channel benveen tli* Wolgaandthe Don, or Tanais, whereby that monarch propofed to ojpen a communication between the Euxine and Cafpian feas ; but this projeft is faid to be at prefent ful'pended. As to the Perfians, they feldora apply them- fclvcs to navigation, and have few vcllels upon this kn j but they are not altogether fo negligent of the gulf of Bof- fora, upon acco .t of the pearl filliery there, whicli, be- ing reckoned the 'bell in the world, they arc very jealous Ci'. The pearl filhery lies near the ifland of Baharcm. Ormus IS the mofl famous of the reft of the idands in the bay ; it is fituatc at the entrance of the gulf of Boflbra, and is about thirty miles in circumference. While the Portuguele were poffelFed of this ifland, they commanded the pearl fillicrv, and all the trade of Perfia, and had built one of the moft elegant cities in Alia upon it. There is now only an indiflcrent cafllc upon the ifland, which the Perfians keep poffellion of, in order to prevent other na- tions from iiifulting them, as the Portugucfc did formerly, the u^dc being removed to Gorabron, from which it ia about two leagues dilUnt. The ifland itfclf never pro- duced any thing but fait, which grows in a folid cruft, two inches deep, upon the furface of tlic ground ; and the hiUs, at a diftauce, appear as if tlicy [were covered with fnow. The Portugucfc fetclied moll of tlie water they uled from the continent; for there is noih drop of water upon the illaad but what is prefcrved in ciflerns. The king of Perfia, by the afiilUnce of the fhips be- longing to the Englilh Eaft India company, reduced this irt^nd, about one hundred years ago, to his obedience } and ex|)eUed the Pottuguefe ; for which fervicc the Per- fians allowed the company great advantages in trade, and half the cuiSoms of Gombron for fifty years fuccefTively, f amounting, it is faid, to forty thoi.tand pounds per annum ; but tliefe cufloms were afterwards taken from the company, whowerc allowed three or four thoufand pounds a year, as an acknowledgment of their fervicc at Ormus. 1 he Englifh werr deprived of their fhare of the cuftoms, under pretence that they did not afterwards proteft th« Peiiian trade againft tlie Portugucfc and Arabs, as they had llipulatcd to do ; but tlie fuin of three thoufand pounds and upwards per annum, was paid till the civil war commenced. Several illands are difperfcd over this feaj but none of them arc of any note except two fnuU ones, the one called Kifmilh, and the other Lareca ; the former of which is faid to yield abundance of wheat, and tu be iU fruitful as Ormus is barren. -Jl.-lK^r SECT. II. ■;. - ,:-:^ .^ Containing a tircumflantial account of iht puhl'ic and tnvaU huilding!, chief placet, houfrt imJ furniture, Jlrccts, bridgts, fquarii, talacn ; alfo thijlaturt^ complexion, drtfs, food. Wr. of ih Pirfian,. ^ > J * J •>% PERSONS of quality in Perfia generally erefl their houfes ill the middle of a garden elegantly laid out, fo tliat they make little or no appearance in tlie llreet, no- tliing '•'^vtmam MMMIMkiw.t empty iiitd couptry, as irc alio pro- - the tliftauce brick, and vcnty paces, nvcyancc ot grouiid too lie liver and of the town )crfon operts it i and for the govern- ,-ery eafy for to his own :d. A< the sunds, they la; namely, :rfia, one on rhc Cafpian ira north to near a hun- is the Wol- but this fea d though fo lifeharges its neither ebb t is navigated north fide of beween tli« iiat monarch . the Euxine be at prefent apply them- lon this ica i gulf of Bof- whicli, be- very jcalou* Baharem. the iliands !n . IfofBoflbra, While the commanded md had built L There is which the ;nt other na- lid formerly, v^'hlch it >» never pro- folid cruft, nd ; and tlie covered witk water they rop of water IS. he ihips be- rcduced thi* obedience ; ice the Per- trade, and fuccefllvcly, pounds pev :n from the ifaiidpoundii at Ormus. he cuiloms, proteft th* as they had md pounds civil war rer this fea i fnuU ones, the formct md to be as and pr'ivatt ccts,bridgel, drift, food^ eredl thcif ly laid out, ftreet, no- tltiofi tA S I A.J R I A. It .tiling *beine feen but a dead wall with a great gate in the middle, and perhips a fkreen or flieht ere^ioh within the gate, to prevertt their being overlooVed. Ry their fondnefs lor privacy and retirement, they differ greatly froni the Eu- ropeans, who generally expofe their felts as much as pofH- ble to the view of the public, and fccm t* intimate, tlut they can enjoy no pleasure in the tiiteft palaces, but what refults from the admiration of the fpeAators that pafs by the gates. The Perfians alfo differ tiom us, in that they have feUlom more than one floor, which is difpofed in this manner : In the front of the houfe (lands the virando, being a large plaxza or cloifler, open before, where they fit and conduct their ordinary affairs. Beyond this is a large hall eighteen or twenty feet high, which is ufcd at great entertainments, or any folemn occafiohs. On the farther fide of thi: houfe is another virando, or piazza, with a bafon or fountain of water before it ; beyona which runs a walk of fine trees, as there likewife does from the front of the flreet to the houfe. At each corner of the hall is a par- lour or lodging-rooirt, ferving indifferently for both thofe purpofes : between thefe parlours, on the fides, there are doors out of an hall into an open fquare place as large as the rooms at the corners ; there are alfo leveral doors out of the hall into the virando or piazza, before and behind the houfe i fo that in the hot feafon they can fet open in the great hall nine or ten doors at once ; and they will have the benefit of the air, if there be any ftirring. There is a handfome bafon in fome palaces, and a fountain play- ing ill the middle of the hall, which adds ftill more to tne cooliiefs of the place. The walls of the houfes are of a confiderablc thickiicfs, and fometimes built of burnt bricks, but more commonly of bricks dried in the fun. The roof of the great hall is arched, and five or fix feet higher than tlie other rooms about it. The vaah ai the build- ings on each fide of the hall are flat ; and there is a pair of ftairs up to the top, where the Perfians walk in the cool of the diiy : they fof\ictimes lie there all night on a m.ittrafs, as there is a wall or baluftrades all round the top of the building. The kitchens and other ortices arc at a diftance on the right or left ; and it is obfervable, that all their rooms, except the hall, (lartdfcparatc, and there is no paf- fage out of one into another, except from tlic hall. In- flead of a chimney, they ufually have a round hole about four or five feet broad, and a (cot and a half deep in the middle of the room, in which a charcoal fire is made, and the place covered with a thick board, or table, about a foot high, fo clofe that no fmoke can get out. Over that table a large c.rpct is tlirown, under which they put their legs in cold weather, and fit round, there being a paflage for the fmoke by pipes which are laid under the floor. The doors of the houfe arc narrow, and feldom turn upon hinges as ours do J but at the top and bottom of the tioor thite.is ^ round piece left, which is let into the frame above and be- low, on which they turn ; and the very bolts are fre- ijuentlv made of wood. Their furnitWe confifts only in carpets fpread on the floor, with culhioiis and pillows to lean on ; and at night there is a mattrals brought to fleep on, .and a quilt or t\vo to cover them, but flicets are feldom ufed. T heir fervants lie aljout in any paflTagc on mats, and take up very little room. The floors of the rooms are either raved or made of a hard cement, on which they lay a coarle cloth, and a car- pet over it. The fides of fome of their rooms are lined with fine tiles, not unlike tlic Dutch tiles, about a yard hijh.and the reft of the wall paintedor hung with piSures. From the above defcription, the reader may form a tolera- ble ii'.ca of a Perfiin houfe. Thofe of the inferior clafs of piopic cannot be expefted to be like thofe already defcrib- cd ;:'. every particular; but they endeavour to imitate their fupeiiors as nearly as thev can. The"'p»l»ces of the princes fccm t» be built much after the fame mAimcr, only they are more lofty and magnificent. We proceed now to defcribe fome of their principal towns, the firft of which is Ifpahan, or, as it is commonly pronounced, Spahawn. It is fituated iii thirty-two de- grees forty iliinutes north latitude, and tlie fiftieth degree of longitude, reckoning from the meridian of London. It (lands in a fine plain, almoft furrounded with mountains, which lie about two or three leagues from it \ and the form is prcttv nearly oval. The river Sendcihout runs by it at al>out a mile dift.ance ; but their arc fcvcral channels and pipes above the town, which convey the water from it into canals and bafons, for the fervice. of tjii; court and city. 1 he town is w ithout walls, and about tenor twelve miles in circumference. Thofe who extend it ten leagues, take in the town of Julpha, and feveral otlicrs, for which 3 we fee no manner of reafon ; for Julpha lies a mile front Ifpahan, and on the other fide the river, and can no more be reckoned a part of tlie city, than Cbelfea may a part of Weftininfter. Were we to take in all the villages witliin tlic weekly bills, the circumference of all London would very probably be little lefs than fome travellers reckon Il'pahaii'. Tnere were formerly tivclve gates to tlM town, but four of them are now clofed up, the others aro always open. With refpeft to the walls mentioned b]r fome gentlemen, it is probable tliere was formerly a mud- wall ; but a merchant who came not many years ago from thence affirms, that there is ho part of it vinble at prefent. There is indeed an old cafile without artillery, run to ruin, which is no better fortified than the town. Moll of the ilreets of Ifpahan arc narrow and crooked, and as few of them are paved, they are eitlier exceeding dirty or dully j and the paffilgc is rendered very unpleafant by the number of people of falhion who ride through tlicm with great trams of fervants, notwithffanding there are no coaches or carts. There are, however, feveral very fine fquares in the town, particularly Mcydan, or the royal fquare, of which we (hall now give fome defcription. Two of the palace gates open into this fquare, whicli is one third of a mile in length, and above half as r.iuch in breadth. On the fide of it are buildings refembling the Exchange in the Strand at London, with (Iiops on both fides, where every trade has a diftinft quarter aflign- ed ; there is alfo a fecond (lory, where the mechanics have their working iliops. There fcems to be little difference between the(e exchanges and ours; except that thofe at Ifpahan have no windows, but great openings at proper diilanccs to admit tlie light, and people ride through them as along the Areets. There is a market for horfes and cat- tle ill the middle bf the fquare, and all manner of goods and' eatables are expofed to (ale ; though tlie great Shah Abbas, who build this fquare, defigned .t for manly exer- cifcs, particularly thofe of horfemarifliip, and handling tlie bow and lance, at which no people are more (kilful than the Perfians. There is a fine row of trees planted, and a handfome bafon of water, on that fide of the fquare next the palace ; and fome great brafs gates, which were taken from the Portuguefe, icrve to make a fine fliew. A great mofque (lands at the fouth end of the fquare, and'aiiothcr on the call fide, over-againft the great gate of the palace Several (Ireets in Ifpahan are covered and arched over, which makes them pretty dark, and this feems to be pe- culiar to the Perfian towns. In the Indies, it is true, the tradefmeii have little piazzas before their houfes, where they expofe their goods to fale, but tlicn tlierc are wide (Ireets before them ; though in fome places there is no other ftreet than thefe covered ways through which people ride. Another peculiarity among them is, that their houfes and drops are never in the fame place, fo that it is very common for a tradefman to go half a mile in tlie morning to the hazar or market-place, where his (hop is i and at night they lock up their valuable goods in chefts and counters, and the meaner fort they leave packed up, fometimes in the open fquare ; for it feldom happens tliat any thing is loft, fo careful are the watch appointed to guard their market places ; or fo very little given to tliiev- ing are the people in this part of the world ; and no doubt the fpeedy and exemplary punifhments in(li£led upon pilferers, is one great means to deter them from it. Foreign merchants lodge their goods in the public cara- vanferas about the city ; which (erve them alio inikead of inns, for lodging and diet ; but there is this dilFerence be- tween an inn and caravanfera, tliat people find their own bedding and cookery in the caravanlerav whereas we have not that trouble in our inns. Two things, however, render z. caravanlera prefcrabl* to an inn ; one is, that a perfon is not fubjeft to the extortions of an inn-keeper, but buys his provifion at the beft hand ; and tlie other is, that let the merchants occupy never fo many rooms, he (hall not be dillurbed in them ; pays only a (iiiiall fum for his warehoufe or lodgings, and pays nothing upon the road. In Ifpalian there are one thoufand five hundred public caravanfcras, which have been built by cliaritable people, for the ufe of ftrangers ; moft of them are built after one model, and differ only in the dimonfions. There is a handfome portal at the entrance, on each fide of whicli are (hops, from whence you enter into a fquare, about which there is a cloifterr or pia/za, and within ar< lodgit^ rooms, and warehoufes for goods , there ccnveniciicics and tt.ibhng tor hortcs, aiiii other beafts, on the outfide, or they may be brought into the fquare, and faftened there, as is frequently done on the road, where there is danger of robbers. There are Ifn 12 The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. I* '.'■! m I t Hi- ii t 'i,' 7 ■4 !| !«>■. Tlicre arc no taverns at Ifpahan, wine being proliibited hy the Mahometan religion ; nevertbclcft foiile of the Pcrfian'i drink pretty plentifully of it inmivate. TKere are, however, very handfomc coffce-houfcs in the princi- pal parts of the Wwn, where people meet and convcrfc of politico, though they have no printed papers in tlicni. In thofc arc to he met with, fome amufements peculiar to the co-jntiy, as the harangues of their poets, liiftoriaiis, aiid 'pricfts, who frequently, by their oration.i, collefl a great numlnr of people about llu-m, and expert, for tlj=ir in- 'ftrjftions, fome gratuiry from their audiencs The palace, with the buildings and gardens belonging 'to ir, otcupy above a league in circumference. One of the gairi which comes up to the royal mcydan or fquare, is calloJ Alicapi, and tlic other Doulct Cuna ; over one of them ir. a gallcrv, where llic Sophi ufed to fit and fee mar- tial exorcifc pei formed on horfcbac!<. No part of the palace where the court refides, comes up to the royal '(juare i but within the principal gate there is a hall, or court on the kft hand, where tlm Viiir and other Judges, adminifter juftice on certain days ; and on tlie right hand arc Vooms where offenders arc allowed to take (ailfluary. From hence to the hall, where the Kinc; ufually gives audience, is a handfomc wlilk : it is a long room, well painted and giUM> and f\ippnrtcd by forty pillars i it is , 'divided into thrc;^ parts, one- a ftcp higher than the olhej, ' "on which the great officers ftand, according to their rank. There arc no hereditary nobility in Perfia. On the third afcent is the royal throne, raifed abtjut a foot and an half above the floor, and about eight feet fquare, on which is ftvcad a rich carpet j the King lits crofs-Iegged here upon ((dcmn occafions, having a brocade cufhion under liim, and another at his back. No perfon is permitted to enter the other apartments of tlie palace, particularly the htiram, or women's apartment, none bu^ eunnch's entering tliem; fo that they cannot be exaftly defcfibed, but we underlhnd in general, that they are compofcd of fcvcial pl'jjfurc-houfes difperfcd about the gardens, nearly rcfcmbliiig the houfes firft dcfcribed; their great tx;autyconfirti in tlu line walk;, fountains, and cafcades about them. The ladies Imnt and t ike their pleafure with the Prince, in a large park walled in, which is beyond tlie above mentioned gard.ns. " 'J'hcre arc upwards of an hundred and fifty Mahometan mofques, or temples, in this city, which are covered witli domes or cupolas, and, appearing through the trees that are planted almoft all over the town in the (Irects and gardens, afford a noble profpeft ; but the common build- ings are fo low, that they are hardly difccrned by a p-erfon who views the town on the outlidc. Chriftians are pro- hibited from entering their mofques, or even coming witii- in tlieir courts under fevcre pcniltics, fo that our readers cannot expert a minute defcnp^ion of them. The great mofqqe In Ifpahan, called by w.iy of emi- • ncnce the King's, or becaufe it Was built by one of their i Kings, has been viewed by travellers in dif^iiife, who in form us, that there is a gate which leads to this niofiiuc, covered wilh filver plates ; tlirough this you proceed to a icourt with a piazza or cloifter on each fide of it, where the ■pricfts lodge who belong to the niofque. Oppofitc to the great gate are three large doors, which open into it • the five illes, of which the mofquc is compofed, are heauti- Hed with gold and azure : in tiie middle is the cupola, fup- portcd, by four great fquare ("liars : the ifles on the fide are lower than that in the middle, and borne up by thick columns of free ftone ; two great windows towards the top of the middle iflc gives light to the whole mofque : on the lefr hand, towards the middle, (lands a kind of pulpit, with > flight of rtone fleps to go up to it : there are no Icats, or pews, as in Chrillian places of worlhip, nor any kind of Imagery or pirturcs. The bricks and tile? on the outllde of the building are. painted with various colours after the Peifran manner, and the floor of the mofjue is covered ■with carpets, all perfons putting off tlieir Ihocs as they en- ter it. 'I'he outf de of the mofijuc at the fouth fide of the royal ineydan is (lone, and the form round, it is divided ii.to ifles: the walls are lined fifteen feet high with white po- Ijlhed marble, and in the mitldle of the fquare bcfoic the ■ mofjue is a large bafon v.here they wa(h themfclvcs l>efore they enter the temple, i'lvc mofques have moll of them cupola's with (leeplcs or towci-s, whither the Molla's go up to fiimmon the people to their devotions, but make no ufe , of l)clls ibr that purpofc. Another fubiert of the traveller's admiration, is, the nu- ■incroiis bagnios, called hummums, in tliis city. Some of thefearc fquare buildings, but mod of them globular: tlie tops arc covered witli tiles painted blue ; and tiie (lone of which they arc built is ufu illy white, anj wfll po'.Ulied. Tlie infides are dividcil into many cells, or chambers, jbmc foi" pleafure, ar>d »)tliers for fweating : the floors arc laid with black and white m.niblc. As the Perfans el^ceni bathing to be extremely healll.ful, ami an cffeflual remedy for colds or aifics, and many utiicr dillcmpers, tliey there- fore repeat it almofl every day. The Charbag, whicli is a walk above a hundred yards wide, near lf|).ihax i- greatly admired by foreigners ; it extends a mile in Icm;;i1i, fitni the city to the river Zendcr- houd ; double row-, of treci ?.:; pLmted on each fide of it, and in the iriiddls runs a canal, not continued upon a level, hut at every furlong diilance the water falls into a large bafon, and forms a cal'cadc ; the fides of the canal and bafcn arc lined with liewn ftone, broad enough for feveral men to walk abreaft upon tJicm. On. each fide of this walk are the roy:ii gardens, and thofe of the |;randees, with plcafure-houlcs at fmall diftanccs. TIkIc, when viewed together, afford a very agreeable prgfpcrt to the fpeflator. At tMeciul of this walk is. a bridge, over the river Zciulerhoud, \yliich kajs to the town of Julpha; there Are alfo two other bridges, onC on the right, and the other to the left, by which thp ncii^hbouring villages ha.e a conmiunication with the city, though tliey are dillaiit about a mile from it. 'J'hc aichiieflure of tliofe bridges is extremely remark- able, for on both fides, both above and below, are aichcJ paffages, throu?,h which people ride and walk, from one end of tlie bridge to the otliei- ; as in. tlie covered ftreets of the city, and at little diflant-cs, there are openings to re- ceive the light. The aichei gf thefe bridges arc not very high, there being no velllls to pals under them ; for this river is not navigable, any more than the reft in Perfu. At 'the latter end of tlic fu'iiiiner the channel is exceeding narrovv and Ihellow, infomuch that there is not water enough for the gaidcni". belonging to the city j to fupply the want of ir, they have abundance of wells about Hpahan, which cont:iiii very good water for nil ufes. But i." the fpring, on the melting of the fiKiws on the mountains, it make; a pretty good appearance, being almoft as broad as the Thames at Londjii. The town of [ulplia flands on the fouth fide of the river Zcnderhoud : it n inhabited by a colony of Armenians, which were tranfplanled Ijithcr by the great Shah Abba.s. This town is .about two miles in length, and not much leCs in breadih, being for l!ie ijipft part better built, and the ftreets wider than thofe of Ifpaiian, but tlie trees that are planted in the ftreets, and the large gardens they have near their houfes, give it more the appearance of a country vil- lage than a town, f icrgian.;, .•'Ji J feveral other Chriltiaiis, inhabit here, as well a; Armcniain j and there are fome convents of I'.uropcans, but no Mahometans. This colony his flonrifhed prodi.iouTly f ncc its fiift ftttleraent here by ,Shah Abbas ; the\ being now the inoft confidtrablc merchant ^ in the world ; and v,e meet w^ them in almoft all countries of Afia and Kurope. The King at iirft pro- vided theiu wilh flocks to traelc with, and partook of tlieir iiroiits, fo that they were little belter than the king's fartors ; but thev now onlv pay a yearly tax to the government. Tliey enjoy a privilege above all other Chriftians, being al- lowed to purchafe eflatcs. '] he fartors belon;;ing to the Er.ft India company have a handfome houfe in Ifpahan, the model of wliich is thi fame with the houlc firft dcfcrilx'd ; bat fincc tlie civil wars broke out, the ufuqie rs have fo haraflcd and oppreJTed them, th.at the company have ordered their fcrvants to retire from tl.cnce : they have alfo withdrawn nioft of their fcnants from Gomhron, and made Boflbra (at the bottom of the gulf of the fame name) tlieir principal fartory on that fide. The city of Boflbra ftands on the 'I'igris, two davs journey below Bagdat, and tlie territory is governed by its own prince, but tributary to the Graiiil Seignior. Schiras, or Shcra?., according to the modern pronun- ciation, lies aUiiit two bundled miles to the Ibuthward of Kpahaii : it is fituate in twenty-nine degrees fifty minutes of noith latitude, and is ufually reckoned the fecond city of the kingdom, and is the capital of the province of Fai>:, or the antieiit Pcifia : fouie deduce the name froni Cyrus the Gieat, there being a tradition that he was buried there ; others fay it isderivcd from " (hcral)," which in thcPcrfiau tongue figiiificiia grape, bccaiife that fruit abounds in this place; and others from the word " iheer," which fignifies milk, 'J he town is featej iij a plcalant fertile valley, about twcntv mlies in ieiigih, arid irx in breadth : ;t hsr. a rivulet running through it, wlr. 'i In tlie Ipring appeals like a large river, and funietiiiie^ ii.wrcalirs to iuch a torrent. if uiii:i: i"1 r; •rV -* :^..^ jany have lich is tlii the civil k1 ());prcfl<;d llrvants to mod of Uoirora (at r principal Js on the H :^' [A S I A.] at to bear down the lioufes in its courle ; but in the fiim* mcr it is ahnoft dry. I'heic arc no walls about this plucc, which contains on! iliout four thoufanJ houres: the compafs of it is reci. cc on tile top of the fecond ftair- cafe, which has been' furrounded with columns, feveatecn of which Diily arc now d.anding, but there are an huivhcd pcdcllals : foiuc of tliofc that are Wt arc lixty, and otlieri ^t I A. ^3 r N\.. ffventy fe«t high, and twelve of them rtear tliree fathom ia eompafs » they are of red and white marble fluted. An- tiquaries fuppofe that thefe fupported the temple of th« fun. Near thofe columns, on the fame floor, is a place fifty feet fquare, inclofed with walls fix or feven feet thick, of a much finer marble than any hitherto mentioned, and fo wonderfully carved, that it would take up feveral days to view all tlie figures : which way fo ever,a man turns him- felf in this fecond floor, there appear figures cu tin bafs and half'telleve. Tn one place, are men fighting with lions ; in anothe., a man holding a unicorn by the hornt in a third, are the figures of giants ; and in a fourth, a prince is rcprefented giving audience to his people or to ambaflit- dors 1 belidcs a multitude of other fccnes. Here are like- wife abundance of infcriptions, in lading chacaAers, many of which have been tranfcribed, and brought into Europe, but fcarccly any of them are underdood at tliis day by tlie learned, any more than they are by tlie people of tlic country. Gonibron is a town and port the mod reforted to of any in the Perfian dominions. The Englidi Ead India com- pany have had a faflory here for upwards of three hundred years : they have a jud claim to half the cudoms of this place, by virtue of the before-mentioned treaty, inconfi.- deration of their having aflided Shall Abbas in the reduc- tion of Orinus ; but of late years thoy have received the an- nual fum of one thoufand tomans, or tliree thoufand thrpe hundred and thirty-tlwce pounds, fix fliillings and tfight pence in lieu of it. After the conqued of that ifland, Gombron received tlie name of Bandar- Abafli, or the port of Abbas (Bander fignifying a port) that prince having transferred the trade hither. Gombron is fituatc in twen- ty fevcn degrees thirty minutes nonh latitude, and didant about three liundrciiniles from Schiras. It is about thiea miles in compafs ■, and dands on a level ground clofe to the Ita i tlie country at mod every way rifing infenfibly for fome miles, without any confiderable hill, except towards the north : .near this town is tlie narrowed part of the Per- fian gulf, or Boflbra. The coad of Arabia lies oppofite to It, at about ten leagues didance, but does not feem to be farther aciofs than from Dover to Calais. Befides the natives, it is inhabited by Englifli, Dutch, Portuguefe, Arabs, lews, Armenians, Banians, and feveral other na- tions, of which the two lad mentioned are much the greateft merchants. Towards the land it has a wall, which is in a ruinaus condition ; and towards the fea there are three finall forts, mounting five guns each, and a platform of eight. There is a cadle mounted with thirty-five guns» for the fecurity of the road. The people here have tlie fame humour as i:i other parts of Periia, in letting the houfes of their anceflors drop, and erefting new ones for theinfelves ; for they have adopted the fuperflitious opmion, that if the pcrfon who inhabited the lioufe before was deemed unhappy, they are apprchenfive that the Uke ill fortune will attend the pertbn who next occupies itj ia that the houfes in many of the dreets are tumbling down, and others going to decay. Their bed houfes are built of done brought from the iflands of Kiftimee, or Larrak, but they arc for tlie mod part built of bricks hardened in the fun. They confid fomctimes of two dories, and have a wooden contrivance on the top of the houfe, to force the wind down into the lower rooms. Thefe machines are about ten feet high, and at a didance look hkc towers. The houfes belonging to the Engliih and Dutch Ead India companies are as well built as mod in the town. 1 auris is the next town of note. It is called by the Turks and Perfians Tabriz, and was tlic metropolis of Media. It is fituatc in thirty-eight degrees odd minutes, north latitude, and is fuppofcd to be tlie antient Ecbatana. Some of tlie antients were of opinion tliat it was founded by Semiramis, who with incredible labour brought tlte water thither from the mountain Orontes, a branch of Taurus i but a celebrated Jewifh writer adiires us, that it was built, or at lead a royal palace in it, by the prophet Daniel. It was bed known formerly by the name oftc- batana, and was then in its greated fplendor. The an- tients obfervc, that it was fittren miles in circumference, and had walls feventy cubits high and fifty broad, with many noble palaces ; but there is now little or notliing re- maining either of the walls or palaces. However, Tauris is dill a confiderable town, being about five miles in cir- cuit, populous, and a place of very groat trade j but it is not near fo well peopled as^mc late accounts have msds it. The inhabitants, incKiding men, women, and chil- dren, do not e."ceed fourfcore thoufand, though their num- ber has been exaggerated beyond all credibility •, for during the late civil war neither the prince or ul'urp'er Iwve been U . abi« r4 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. I m k t i mm aUa n> Iwy tt imjr ef fotty ihiM&iid men, not»»ifhfliiMti htg th* ne«r»-writtrs have latrly found in thi* ci^MW hundccA' thoiirand men capable of bearing arms. Hen arc fevwnl' nttblc me^ndans, or iiiuarcs, one of them almoft •fMi tb lit* reyal meydan of Ifpalwn : dioy have alfoi their flM«i*d4tMti, •remnnget, viiiei e abunda n ce of rich mer. •btiidMrtt tmoM to &>• i and their mofoues and bagnioi r«flMiMsikawii((M)»r«itie(, of which we tiavc made men* Tlwoitf of Taoria, Kke moft other* in Perfia, ttands xA • plain fMrrowAded by mountain*, from whence tliere hil% a ftnaK ft teaw , ivkick' ruaa thnoogh die middle of it i but, on the malfia* of the fiiowi, it i» increafed to a mighty tor. rent. Tnviity hot often chang^ its matter, having been fometimm fttuKeA by the Turk, and at others by tlte Per- ian : but aa the citisetis fcem chiefly incli ned 00 the Pev- fiani, the Ttwk* lunc feveral times burnt and plundered it #ith(M]t mercy, but the great Shah Abbas, upwards of a hundred years ago, drove the Turks out of this part of PMnr, from Which time Tauris reraaiiMd in the peaceable >eAefl(on af the Ferlians till a few years ago, when the Turks again fnrprized it, exerciiing their ufual cruelties on the* niiferable inhabitants. I'lie caravans ufually travel in ibur and twenty days to and from Ifpahan to Tauris, which lies abont four hundrad miles to the northward of the wther. W« harealrrady obferved, that Tafflis is the capital city of Georgia, but fubjeA to tiie Perfians, and inhabited chiefly by Chriftians ; intbmuch tliat there is not one Ma- hoitietnnF mo<<]ue in the place, except that of the caftle, though there an no lefs tlian fourteen Chriftian churches. It ii fituate in fourteen degrees of nortli latitude, on the MverKur, or Cyrus, at the foot of a mountain : k is not of ve»y large extent, but elegantly built. On the fouth iide, en the declivir/ of the niounuin, flands the caftle, which Was ones a ptaoe of firength, but is hardly tenable M prefeiit, and therefore liable to be feized by the' next in> vadcr, whether Turk or Mufcovite, if they are not already poUeffed of it. It is a biihop's fee, and has a handfome cathedral, built in fbnn of a crofs. The other churches belongpartly to the Georgians, and partly to the Armeni- ans. Thefe, u well as the other public flruAnres, are buik of (lone, fuch u their baaars, caravanferas, bagnios, he. SEC T. m. CntttMiig afmtiitr atutmt tf tin Pet-^ni, miith ufftQ h thiir diJMait* ami nutttal ^ualilies, tlri/i, ftaturt, ftaft, and nm knint ; toietbtr vmlh thtir Jiit, liqiurt, fuilit ant prhtali Jivtf/Uttt, ruratfitrti, and arimeiiiti,faiutatiiiiSt ■ gaming, (Jt, alfi tf ihiir travtlUng, carriagis, roads, and feUkat. IT is nniverfally allowed, that the Perfians are in gene- ral endowed with bright tarts, have abundance of viva- city, are fond of glory, and furpafs their neighbours of India in point encourage, infoniuch that the Great Mogul prefers tnem to thegreatcftpoftsbothin hit court and army 1 and as they were oMerved to be of all men tlie moft civil and oU^ittg, they retain the fame difpofition to this day ; cTpecially towards foreigners', who caitnot bM admir* their hofpitality and benevolence. They are far from being guilty of that brutifli hehaviour-wiikh is fo common among Sic Turks ; they are, however, moft juflly and univerlidly Charged with vanity and profofeneft in their apparel, equi- pages, and number of fcrvaAti. Voluptnoufneu in eating and drinking doe* not appear to be their diftinguiihing vice, at leaft the European* are much more addiAed to it ; for the greoeeft part of their food is rice, fruit and gardeii- iliilF : mey have not any g>«at variety of Helh, neither havt they many way* of dreffing it : pilo feemi to be the ftand- tng diih, even among thiofe of the heft quality. And as for fireng liquors, though they drink them now and then by flealtfa, yet dnmkennefs is very far from being common among them ; every man may retire from an «n> tertaiiimcnt without ceremony, when he thinks proper, without a breach of good manners ; no perfon being urged to take more liquor than he finds convenicm and agreeaMa to hinifelf. It h univerfally allowed, that the ?erfians have a genio* well adapted to poetry, infomuch that a poet ii intnxluced at every fi;ft':val or entertainment, and is defired to oblige liic companv with his cempofition! - snH thefe oerfons are frequently found with a crowd about them in coffee- houfc*, and otiier places of puUic refort. Thoagli the Perfians are by fome people charged with being very covetous, thi( muft Certainly be underftood with refpeQing tlie acquifition of riches { for as to keeping and hoarding up money, they aT« generally abfolved from it. They only get that they may fpcnd I and when theyjiave fumifhed tlicmfelves with an equioage, houfc and ganms, fuitable to their mind ; they chufe rather to lay out tmir money in building caravan- ferits, moli]ue3, tad on other public occiifioiis, than let it lie by«tbom i fo t&al fome travellers obferve, that no people in tKe world take- leli thought for tomorrow. A man, for inftance, who ha* lately come to the poffeflion of eight or ten thoufand pound*, will in a few weeks lay it out in purchafing wives and fTaves, clothing and furniture, with- out confidering where he fhall meet with a fupply in future, and in two or three months afterwards he will difpofe of them again (or fubfiftcnoe. The Ketiians have a great command of their pafReni : they are not enlily provoked to anger or refentment 1 ani when they are, it never proceeds to a duel, and very feldom to blows. When angry, they generally call each other Jews or Chriftians, and their quarrels commonly terminate in ill language, which is fometimes intermixed with hearty curfes. Few Europeon nations are in general more polite, they being of a veiy engaging addrefs and moit obliging behaviour : they are alfo meek, peaceable, mode(^, grate- ful, generous, enemies to fraud, and courteous and uTable to Chriftians as well as others > are moreover fair and punSual in their bargains, and treat foreigners with great humanity. I'he ftature, (hape, limbs, and featuret of the Perfiam are agreeable and well prtxiortioned. In Georgia, and the nor- thern provinces, they have an admirable complexion } to* wards the fouth, they incline to the olive : but tlie great men havine had their wives and concubines chiefly from ; Georgia and CircafTia for an hundred years paft, the breed is very much mended in the fouthern provinces. Their '• eyes and ia\x are generally black, and they wear'only one cock on the crown of their he.ids, like other Mah'ome*- tans, by which they cxpeA Mahomet will lift them up . to paraaife. The kuig, great pfficers of ftate, and foldiery, wear only long whifkers on the upper lip, which, joined to a tuft of^hair on the upper part of^ their cheeks, grow to a very enormous fize, infomuch that fome of them, it is faid, an near half a foot long. The common people clip their beards pretty fhort ; but none of the Perfians fuffer anj hair to grow upon their bodies. Their mollah's and reli- i'^', |ious people wear their beards long, only clipping them ; -. >, mto form. -^* The large turbants, which the Perfians wear overtheiv ' heads, are fome of thera white, and others flriped with red V' : or other colours, ar.d the great men have flowers of gold and filver woven or worked in die cloth. They have alA * ' ■ a Icull cap under their turbatit, and nil together does not weigh lef* than feveii or eight pounds, foiivetimes a great '•.. deal more. They wear a kind ot fhiit of coloured fillc or callico, ucnerally olue, next to their fkintt> which they feU ;||(^ doin wafh white while it is fit to wear: tliis Ihirt hasati open bofom. but neitlier neck nor wrii\bands, and is made ciofe to the arm : they have alfo a pair of breeches, or ra- tlier drawers, clolc liefore, reaching half down their leg*. Their llockiru^s are made of woollen cloth, but not at all fhaped to the leg : over the fhirt they wear a waiftcoar, and upon thefe a coat witli lleeves, and buttons &nd loops be- fore, tied with a (alh { this is wide at bottom, and hangs like a bell a Uttle below their knees . Belides this, thcy put on another coat frequently without Iteeves, the uppennoft coat being (horteft ( over all thefe tliey have anntner loofe coat, lined with fun. Infteftd of (hoes, tiiey have peeked dippers turned up at tlie toes, and made of Turkey leather, which are neither tied nor buckled ; and whe^ tliey ride, they have boot* of yellow leatlier ; their bridles, laddies, and houfmgs are inunodcrately fine ; and almofl covered witli gold : the houfing is fo large, that it almoft hides the hinder part of the horfc ; and whether on foot or on horfe-, back, they wear a broad fword and crice or ptyiiard i the latter of which, it is faid, the ladies alfo wear; The drefs of the women nearly refembles the men's, ex- cept tliat they neither wear turbants on their heads, nor fames about their waifts 1 and their coats, or vefts, reach almoft to their heels. When they go into the ftrcets (which women of quality feldom do) tliey arc covered from head to foot with a white vail. The girls wear a ftiffcned cap upon their heads, turned up like a hunting cap, with a heron's feather in it, their hair being made up in trefle*, and foiling down their backs to a very great length : the quality have pearls and jewels interwoven with their hair. The flurried women comb their hair back, and, having bound it about with a broad ribbon, or rich tiura fet with jewtb. t i'i;A™i^^:r-'i,'i.''*rf-f ■'■• •i' ■,>"■- rtheit lwithte4 I of gold lalfB I not her loofe tkve peeked ey leather, jtlieyride, iaddles, {&. covered t hides the I on horfe-> jiiardi the nen's, ex- [kciuls, nor lefts, reach khc ftrcets tertd from la (tiffcned pap, with a I in treflet. ngth : the iiic'if hair. Id, having Ita fet with jewels i^.'H,^ ■^ ffi '"''MA '■jfcji^', 4 J'* ,t;1l. / /-? -^ ','7 *if I!*. ( ■^ \r 'A :'*^o. ' ■/ , V. y / :>1 *«•■■■ ■ / ''m^ri ^ J / ) <■ , > . y\'r V '■* u: 1,-U-- , /:' ^ ■.^.■■ / /^ ( -r // ty'- >c. 6? / / ■f». / V. A 7. /. /^ [A S I A.I te jsweb, which looks like • corontt, fat the idt of their hair £ili gncefully down their ihouldert ; which it a very be- coming ind. Both men and women hove a great minjr rings and bracelets on their arms and fingers i but neither of Utaoa wear gloves . Blacli hair is in greateft eftcenl, beiiig the moft comnwii, and the thtckaft and broadeft eve brows are thought die fined i the women will dye their eye-brows, if they ate not black, and it is verv cuftomary with tliem to paint their ficet i they alfo niD their hand* and feet with an oran^ coloured pomatum. Some have feathers fet up- light in their tiara i and othcn have a ftsing of pearls, oi' ytedoua ftona iaftBrnid to it, which bangs oown be- tween their eye- brows : they likewife wear jewels in their ears, and rows of pearls h\k down their tiniples as hnr as the neck \ and in fome prowinees, which are en the oonfinet of India, they wear jewels in ilieir noftrilt, which have a very difagrteaUe appearance to Earopeafls t fat as they hang down lo the mouth, it makes them look as. if they had hair lips : butthr kdie* of Ifpahan never wear nofe-iewe)i. Tneir ncckiates GUI upon the bofem, and have aWrayl a littte golden box b*nging to them, -■whicb a filled with fragrant and reviving pmnmet : thefc necklatca are eitlier gold er pearls. Drefs is no inconfiderable article in FcHIk ; fbr tile dothes of both men and women confift of the richeft flow- end and brocvled liUu ; and people of mean fbrtuhcs en- deavour to V, . vith thc'qaalitT, and will have fine ckHhdst though they . int food. The purchafe of an ordinary tnrbant, itifrfaid, anaounts to ten peaiMb^ and they fre- quently coft twice at much i and thev inuft alfi^ have a eariety of them, icU, at ^ proverh is, dicy ihould be known by their clothes. . 'I'httr fiiilies alfe are bretiaded, and coft from twenty to an hundred crowns ; and over this they have frequently anodter efcamrl's hair, which colls nctiriy the ikilie fumi on account of its preferve their credit, and conduA their afliiirs fnccefs- fiilty, are under a neceflity of conforming to thefe expen- live cudoms at Ifpahan ; and the accuftoming themfelvet IP fb much expenfive gaity nikht prove of ill confequence tti them when they return to Europe, were it not that they nfually acquire fortunes in this country, fuf&cient to fnpport - ta equipage in their own. We now proceed to give fome account of tHe food and hquors of the Perfians. They commonly drink a difli of come early in the morning \ and go to dinner about eleven 6'clocl(, when they eat melons, ftuit, fweetmeats, cheefe- curd, or milk ; but their principal meal is in the evening, when a difh of pilo is always ferved up ; this confids of boiled rice vsell buttered and feafoned, with a fowl, apiece of muiion, or kid, accompanying it : they have an excel* Ittit way of boiUng tlieir nee all over the coad : the water is (luite dried away by the time the rice is enough ; af^ which, they feafon it with fpiees, and mix faffWm or tur- merick with it, giving it a yellow, or what other co- k>iir they pleaife : but, as we have already obferved, there h very hrile variety either in their food, or the manner of drefSng it. If they have a large joint, it it baked, inflead of being roaded ; out tlieir ufual way is, to cut tlwir flelh into fmall dices, and fpitting, or fkewering them togedier^ road them over a charcoal fire : and, whether they Mil or foad, it is always done to rags -, as tlie phraie is, or h would be impoMUc to pull the meat to pieces with their hands, » they do ; tiling neither knives nor forks. Pork is never eaten here, nor veal ; neither do they eat hares, or other animals prohibited to the Jews ; and ocef is eaten but feldom : they do not deal much in venrfon, fifh, or wild fowl : they drefs only plain dlfhes, being Orangert to halhes, ragouts, and other compounds : and feldnm have ai>y other lance than a flice of' lemon, or fome pickles. Theyeatth^ bnad, which is made in thin cakes, the it A. ij ■ioflNnt it it baked ; but eat mucli more rioe. They ifii no beeten peppery only the whole fort i and not mock Ml in their icafoningi nor it there any bronglit to table i thtir meat is never lalted before it it dretled, at with tw. They generally kill their Meat and fewlt the fiuae day they nfe them ; and (et by no(hiiu| dll the Heat, to be eaten cold t atid if any meat it left, they give it to the peof . 1'hcy fit down croft- legged at their amb, having a cledi fpread upon the carpet : then fome petibtt, who hat die provifion before him, didribotet rioe and fkfh to die c«a^ pany. J bev ufe no ^Moni, except for foitp and Uonidt i ml take up weir rice by handfolt, like the people in India. Thev iiildom fit above half an hour at their meali : bdbec wbioi they wa(h, making uCt of then' handkerdhieft tt wine on, indead of a towel. ' The common people of Ifpahan feldom dteft thcit food at home; bat when they have fhut up their (hope in the evennig, go away to, the cooks, of which there art great numbers in that city, and buy pilo for their fiimilier. The oooks have ketdes, or coppers fixed in brick- work in their fllept and doves^ over which they drcls mod of thclt meat, feldom making any ufe of chinuiiet. To the commetWation of the Perfians, we huy ob> ftrvei diat they are fo fiir frem fhiltting their doors at theit neah, that they invite every one to (.vt with them, who happens to come tothelr houfes at that time : they remem- ber to this day, and imitate, the hofpittlity of Abraham; obfervlng, diat if l,ehad not been or that communicati\e iMpofition, he had prebaMy miOed the honbur of tntet*- tainirig three angels When .my of the Ferfiani aie diipofed to make an en- tertainment, it is generally in the evening; and though a flipper, the guells ufually comeat nine or ten in the morn* Ing, and fpcnd the whole day at the ptace to which they are invited. They dlfcourfci fmcke, eat fweetmeats, and pafs away the time with a variety of anmfements ; fome* dmes they ate entertained with heroic poems, repeated in honour of their prince i fometimes nnging-women are introduced, who fing, dance and pUy, and exhibit a thou- fiind antic tricks to divert the company , and if any of the gtiefts are difpofed to withdraw with any of thofe dancing S'rls, they are fhewn into a private room , and when ey return riot the lead notice is taken bf it. When fuf ' peris ferved up, the fon, or fome rebnienof tlwinafler of the houfe takes the management of the fieeft upon him, luid helps the gueds to their meat: they generally provide a variety of flKrbet on thefe occafions. It is the employ* ment of great numbers of people about Ifpahan, to culleA vad quantities of ioe together in the winter feafon, and keep It in repofitories under ground all the fummer, when they fell it to greet advantage i for the ufual drink of the Perfians is nothing but fair water, which they drink with loci We haVe already obferved, tint wine is made in feverai provinces of Perfia ; but it is chiefly ulW by the Armenians and odier Chridians. The officers ef the army will indeed fometimes indulge themfelves with this liquor, and other people drink it as they pretend for their health ; but that It feldom done : the greated part of it it fent to die neieh* bonring countries, or drank by thofeChriftians who are dif^ perfed throughout the Perfian dominions. Thofewho abdain from wine for coiilcienee fake, bccaufe it is prohibited by law, exhilerate their fpirits witli opium, bang, poppy-feed, and other intoxicating ingredients ; it being almod uni- verfally allowed, that diey cannot fudain the cares and in* quietudes of lifir, without an expedient of this nature. The Perfians, like other eaftem nations, take pillt of opium, which fome of them gradually increafe to Kich a dofe, as would dedroy half a doaen Europeans. In an hour afier they have taken the pill, it begins to operate, and a muhitade of romantic fcenes prefentthemfelves to their imaginadon : they laugh and ling, and repeat abundance of humoreus exmeffions, like men intoxicated widt winc| but after the efleft of it is gone ofF, they find tlieir fpirits exhauded, and grow penfive and melancholy dll they re- new the doie : fome, we are toM, have made it fo necef- iiuy to them, that they cannot live without it. A decoc- tion of poppy-feeds is fold in mod cities of Perfia ; and in thefishoalet you will fee people ading and talking as ridi* cuoufty as men ufually do vnieii they are drank. Surely, if there was any reafpn for prohibiting the ufe of wine, it mud have been, in order to prevent people's playing the tool, and dedroying their healdis, which we perceive can be at effisfbially done by an opiate : ' but as long as they keep to the Icitcr of the few, and amtain from Wine, it matters not how much they diforder themfelves, fiac^ thief thhdt they nevet flull be accountable for that. Thi •'.i*. V. I mi' '.i ■ *'-t r' \ ' jift The new and » N I?E RRS AL'18 YaTE Nf of GEOGRAPHY, ,' Theyfongtetntlemen of PcriU in geiicisl, ui wtll M ' itfttt pfowibcc inhabited b/ tlic ddccndanti of tht intalat i ;?trthini8, codcavour with ercat diligeiice, to MComottfll • ,«tieinfelvaiji the u(c ol'tlicbow and noH'ctiianlhipt wnidi • •ra exeicil'ei thuthe Petliant m extremely fond of nt tliit ■ dwf. Their grettdl kiiiK> have'condefceitacdto come into the fneydani btfon the inlaoc, at certiin tiincb in overjr week, to be.witiiifti oMhe ajkireft and aQJvity of their iilbje£ki« and ifin>|«f ntly theiitfilTo coiitendetl for the ^i«. They bii^ with teaching the young pupil to bend ,the bow, ftrft tweaker, and then a ftront;er : he it ifbr* wardi Mugbtto Ihoot forward)^ backwards, fidcwayn, and <«ln>«ft in evety pofture : they are eaerciicd for fume tinic in (hiwbng upwards intotlie air, to try which of them can Ihoot liighctt'i after this, they are iimrufled to Ihoot at a nurk, tuul to deliver their arrows fteadily without Ihakin^. Tlw arrowi for tlielc exercifcs have blunt iron heada | but thofe for fcrvice are (haped like the point of a fpcar. They next teach the pupil to mount a horfe with dexterity, to have a good feat, gallop with a loofe rein, ilop Ihort, and fum fwiftly to the right or left, upon the leail fignal, with* out being difordered in their faddw. They are alfo taught to play at a game aimoil like bandy on hori'eback : every gentleman ha* a Ihort bat in hit hand \ aiul a ball being ttii'owa anior^ft tliem, they ride after it, and (looping aimed to the ground, llrike it in a full career ; and he who fUikc) it ofteneft before it comes to tlie end of the inall, wins the prize. They arc likewiTe taught to manage the iabre or back-fword, and to throw the laiKc : the ftaff tliey throw by way of exercife is witliout iron, and about five feel long, and witli thele they engage on horfebaek i and though Uiere be no fpear at the end, they frequently give one another very dangerous wounds. When they have«one Uirough their exercifcs, they are permitted to fhoot for the prize in tlic royal mcydan, be- fore thf kiiM and court. Inthisfuuare is ercAcd a high pole, hke the mall oi a (hip, and upon it is fet a cup, fometimes of mafly gold, efpecially if^ the king and neat officers -tefiiin to fhoot at it, as they frequently did, tul of late. Thofe who contend for the prize, ride full gallop witli their bows and arrows in their hands ) and when ^ley are got % little beyond the pole, without ilop|>ii>g or turning their horfes', they bend tbemfelves backward fithertothe tight or left, and let fly their arrows at the cup, and Itc who brings it down grxins abundance of lio- jnour. As the Perlian troops arc thus conilantly prsAifed in fhooting backwards, they may poflibly take their aim better this way than any other : it is therefore no wonder that the Perfian troops luve been a* much dreaded wheii they retreat as when they charge. The rural fports and manner of h^ntine, or ntber pouffing, 9f the Pctfians,.feems as remarkable as tlieir martial exefcifes. Their greyhounds very much rcfemble thofe of the Iriih \ but the ilags and antelopes they hunt, •re fo very fleet, that the dogs cannot come up with them without the afliftance of tlieir hawks : of tliefe tliey have various kinds brought from Circaflia, Mufcovy, and the northern pait of the empire: tliefc hawks are taught not prdy to ny at partridges, quails, rabbits, hares, &c. but even at deer and wild beaAs \ and, in order to uain tliem up to it, tliey take tlie (kin of one of thefe bcalls, and haviiw ftulTed it, faAen a piece of flelh on the head of it, with, which they feed the hawk, drawing the Aufted tkin along upon wheels at the fame time, to ufe tltem to fix tbem- felves on the head while it moves. When they have ufcd the young hawk to this for foine time, tliey carry him to the (port with an old (launch hawk that i; uled to the game : the dogs being let go, the hawks are foon after thrown off, who Men upon the nofe of the deer, and flriking their taloiu into hit flelh, keep beating their wings about his head, fo that he cannot fee his way ; which give the dogs an opportunity to come up and fcize him ; the fcntlcmen ufually carry a little kettle-drum at their (addle ow to call off tlieir liawks ; iame of them, it is (aid, have formerly been tauglu to fly at men. The governor of .Tauris ufedto divert himfelf with this fport, not fparing his^ fiiends fometimes ; and one day lettinjg his hawks fly at a gentleman, they tore his face and eyes m fudi a man- ner ^t he died of it \ but the king being informed of it, lefcnted it fo far, tliat he was turned out of his office. When a grand hunt is ordered by tlie king, at wliich the great omrahs are prefent, the country-people for ten or fifteen miles round, are ordered to drive all the wild beafts and game into a certain place, which is furroundcd with ilrong nets and fences i and when they have tlius inclofed ihsui, every one of the company (hoots at which he pleafes, and tliey make a terrible flaugliter of then ; there are often fcveral hundreds killed at one o^ thefe hunting-matchen i but they ufually (lay till the nun of th« heft quality in the field cnines up and ditcharges an arrow, after which every one difcharfres a* £iil as he can, tlicre being generally a . Arange variety of deers, antelopes, wild tu>gt, wolves, fwes^ harcf, &g. aUdtivtn tofethar in a crowd. They fsoqncntly biitM up the leopards and panthen to hunt tlie game, or nSbrit fiarprife it ; for tliey creep fttim one eover to anotWf till they can jump upon tlieir prey, as a cat doM Mon a aiwile, out never run after it in a conti- nued oourfc. At for hounds, and hunting by the fcent, thev know nothiitg of it t and indeed thr^ir coaiitry fcer to be too dnr for this liind of tgott, if tbay liad dogi which were fit fbr it. l°h« Pcrfiant are not much addided to ganing, and fome of the moft (brupulttvu look upon the garnet of diance to be unlawful : liowevcr, fome of them play at card*, dice, tables, chefs, and other gamei not in ufe among u«. Thekiitg and people of quality ' alfo fome- timet divert themfelvci with tlie ligfatt of wild btafli, at it pmAiftd in India. The common people alfo amulis themfclvct with jnggUrt, tumblers, and rope-dancers ^ but as their tridu nearly reiemble thofe piaAiftd in Eu- rope, it it needleft to take up our reader* lime with a re> hcarlatof them. In Perlia, they ufually falute eadi otiier by bowing the body a little, and clapping tlie right hand ta tlieir breail; bqr they never Air their cap or turbant -, they how their facea three timet to tlie ground when they approach tlie king, the viceroys of provinces, and other great men. They expcA from Europe.-AS, the fame reverence they (hew t» men of quality in their own country ; and if they are not clothed in the Perfian drefs, they look for the motion of their hats, as a token of refpefl. Tlte Perfiana do not fail to vrlit each orher, and people of condition always exneA the compliments of their Jepen- denta, onoccatioiK of mourning or rciuidn(>. They ar« introd-Jced into a large hall, where coffee aiiu tobacco are fet before them, with which they amufc therafelves till the great man appears ; as foon as they fee him, every man rifos up, aiid Aandt in his place ; he bows to them, and every one bows much lower to liiin again as he palTet by | and after he has taken his feat, he makes a fign to the com- pany to fit. If th«mafter of the hi>ufc be already in hia ball, the vilitor comet in (bftly, and, ilepping to the next vacant place, Aands gravely with his feet clofe together, and his hands acrofs, till the mailer of tlie iKivifc bcckona to him to (it down. But if a perfon receivts a vifit fronk his fupcrior, he rifes as foon as he {t:cs him, and meets him lulf way ; and foraetimet receives him at the gate, if he ha» iMtice of his coming -, and, in fiiort, the refpeft (hewn it generalty proportionable to the quality of the per- fon, as it it widi us ; but they differ m this, that they' place thofe on the left hand for whom they have the gieiteu rel'peft. They have frequently (luols oroiigh* for Eu- ropeans, who vifit them, to fit upon, but die Perfian* tlicmfelves fit crofs legged. I'he people in this country travel upon camels, herfev mutes, or afles, as they have no wh>,-el-caniagei. That women, who are always concealed as much as polTible, are put into a fonare wooden machine, one of which the^ hang on each (iae of a camel ) they are about three feet deep, and juft large enough for one to fit down in ; uid over-headare three or four hoops, like tLofc which fup- uort the tilt of a waggon, with a cloth dirown over them. Their aflet, it foenis, are much larger and nimbler tlian ours, and will trot ten milevat a pretty good rate ; but they ate very obAinate and unruly, and frequently throw their riders. A coiiunon method of travelling ir< Perfia, is with the caravan, confifttng of four or live hundred came't, be- fidet other beafta ) and there is no place where thev travel with greater fecurity aiid left expcnce, there being cara- vanferas at proper a-fiances, where they have their lodg- ing gratis, and purchafc provifion at tKe bcA hand i and though tlie roads are frequently ftecp and mountainous, yet fuch care is taken in laying bridges and caufeways, and to level atul enlar^ tlic ways, tliat a traveller feldom meets with any dilEculties but what areeafily furmounted. Here are no general pofls , but if a perlbn has letters to fend, he diipatchcs a (hatir or footman with them oit purpole, who will travel a thoufaiid miles in eighteen or twenty days : fome families make tliis their only em- ployment i and breed their children up te it,pra£lifing them to run from their infancy. Thefe perfons carry witli tlieni a bottle of w^'ter, and a littlt ba7 of oruvifions. which fervcs tltcm tt^Kty qr futy houif.; tl^cy g«;icrally 3 leave 4 Trt qiMi bo rcco his t man (ion and he i Gov N •3»rj?iW(«M*.v.<-.\.. r/t chm t n th< every h\ly a olves, Ihey I hnnc none , M » conti' (bent, fcer 1 dogt net of play at m ufe fonie- afli, aa ainuia nccTi I' in Eu- h a te- ng the ift ; bqr :ir facea le king. They ihew tO' ' are not otion of r depcn- rhey ar* acco aie> :s till the ery mui em, and ifTes by | he com- iy ia his the next togetlier, bcckonai ifit fron» meets gate, tf re 1 pen tile per- that ther ceieitcK or Eu- 'erfian* herieiy % Th« )oflible, ch they- •ee feet p^^ and lich fup- er them. ler than te i but; , ly throw, with th« ne'», be- lev travel ing carar it lodg« ^i and ntainouSt: vays, and oro meett ed. letters them oit htecn or nly cm- praftifmg ons carry rovifions, gejierally leave ILo IJioinifed to aflemble their troopsr _ , Re enterprize ; but the city of Candahov being Tontier towards India, and a confldcrabic body of troops (juartcrcd thereabouib, he was in doubt whether he Ihould be able to carry the place by force ( whereupon he had rccourl'c to the following ftratagem : When he received his tirnian ur commilVmn for reindating him in his com- mand, he pretended alio that he had received a commif- fion to fucceed the Governor ofCandahor in that province, and accordingly marched t^hat way with his troops. When he came wittiiii a iiiilc ur two of the town, he lent to the Governor, to apprile him of iiis pretended commiffion ; No. 2. in his event had pr fatal to the cautc, if not fuperior to himfcll Mahamood, the fon and ,^ confcious of tlie great reputatior. tlie furprife ofCandahor-, «nd the vi-. though't tk to conceal his death, ana in his fiithcr'i name, till his own rci E l^\ L.i^J,» • ' ■•:i ■ f ,.;.i\'t'' f"' N I'' ' •• • ' .11 ; - ^ . " '^ '. ■ *• ♦>• *i of it, Aing, at which the ^•ftry-peoplc for ten or . lo drive all the wild beafti .c, whicli is furrounded with .d when they have tlius iiiclofcd .ompany (hoots at which he ple.ifes, jic UAugliUr wt uiciui ilicic 4ic uiicii 'iw,^*,' ^ ^th'e roads are frequently tteep -~. . /Stfuch care it taken in laying iKtdges andcau?cW4)., to level and enlarge the ways, that a traveller I'eldoni inect^ with any difficulties but what are eafily furinounted. Here are no general polls . but if a peribn has letter* to fend, he diipatches a Ihatir or footinan with tliem on purpofe, who will travel a thoufand miles in eighteen or twenty days : fome families make tliis their only em- ployment i and breed their children up (e it, pra^ifmg them to run from their infancy. Thcfe perlons carry with them a bottle of water, and a little bag of provifions, which icrvcs rucm th^y or turty houif,i t^cy geiieraiiy 3 leave , . ^M( I /•IWIWB'** [A S t A-l E I A. «7 t * kmectk jlctter* 1cm oil l:en ot em- c»rry Jifious, lieraiiy leave |c:ive the liit'h roaJ, ind crolt over the enuiitiy the nc»rtft w.iy, F.ach of tlicin cImrRci no mora iliiii twrnty-psciie or two Ihillln^i a (I'ly tor hli trnuhle. The K'u\^ «nj *ll the great men have feveral of (ticfc Ihaliri or footnien in their retinue. Before a man can l>e ailmitlcrl one of the king'i foot- men, he nuiU Rive a very extraordiiury pioof that he neither waptt heeli nor breath i for he mini run from the great gate of the pnlace, called Alv Capi, to a place a league and a half from the city, twelve limei in one day, and every time biinj; an arrow slong with him, which i» delivcTi'd to him liv tliofc who ftaitd at the end of the race, to Ihcw he hai rtni tho whole coinfa ; and ihit lie performi between fun rife and fun let, ii> thirteen or fouitern hotiri at mnft, being no left than one hundred and eight milei. Tliit honour ii alwayi bcflowed upon fome fa- vourite fcrvant of the king. On the day of trial, the clephantt and horfenlen al'e drawn up in tnc royal fi|^uarc, with the nuilic, drums and tiumpetfi founding, as it it wai fome feftivali all the great men make prefcnti to the (hatir (fome of whom have ob- tained above athoufand iKiundt on fuchanoccaAon), and i'everal of them ride the courle with him, to ingratiate thcmfelves with the Prince; and the populace attend him, every time he reiurns, with their Ihouts and acclamations. The Chami and Viceroys, who admit of a (hatir into their fcrvice, make him run the fame number of milei, and they are carcflcd, and prel'ented by all their dependents in the fame manner as the King's Ihatirs arc, though, wt may well fuppofc, not to the fame amount. SECT. IV. CintHixIng a r/lalitn tf tht civil war in Pirjia, which Itr- minoledin ihi dtfoiiiig ef Sultan Htjfiin bf AiahmoiJ, uiht k/iirftJ ih* fivi.'tiiKty. SHAII Sultan HolTcin, the late Sophi, fucceeded his fa- ther Sultan Solym:in. This Prince chofe to pafshii time in an indolent, ind inaflivr manner among his women in the harnin, leaving the adminillration of the government intirely to his miniAers, who promoted and difplaced whom they thought fit ; opprcding the fuhjcdts with taxes and impolitions, though in a time of profound peace, and letting every thing to falc; fo that a general corruption fpread itl'elf through the whole magi(lrncy,and jullicc was as often bought and ibid as any other commodity -, the public buildings were ncglcftcd( and even the ordinary excrcifes of the young nobility and gentry, which ufcd to be per- formed in the royal prefcncc, were difufed ; hunting and all rural (ports were laid afidc ; and fo unive.fal was the degeneracy, that while one part of the people, following the example of their Prince, fpci\t ilieir whole time in the harams with their women, others were employed in de- vouring and preying upon their fcUow-fubjefls. The famous Merewcys was one of the pcrfons, among others, who were difcarded for notofTeiinga bribe, or prc- fent, as it is called in Perlia, fuitable to the expefkation of the minillry. This gentleman was a Tartar by dcfcent, or at lea(\ commanded four or five hundred men on the utmolV bounds of the Perfian empire towards Ulbcck I'artary, where the PciTians live in nords, or clans, as the Tartars do on the other fide of the river Oxus, moving from place to place with their ten s, as they can find provifion for their cattle. Mereveys, underilanding that he was removed only t.> make room for another who had procured to himfelf .i preference by prcfents, ap- plied to all his friends ; and railed fuch afuro, as in a (hort time cauCed him to be reinllatcd in his comra.tnd. He was however, fo impoverifhed by this laft prefent, that he found himfelf in very uneafy circuniftances ; and taking advantage of the fupinenefs of the government, and his di(>ance from the court, he determined to I'cizc on tlie neighbouring province of Candahor, and let up for himfelf. Accordingly, he communicated his dcfign to his friends the Tartars, who promiled to aflemblc their troops, and ulTift in the cnterprize ; but the city of Candahor l)cing a frontier towards liulia, and a confidcrablc body of troops tjuarteicd thereabouts, he was in doubt whether he (hould be ahli' to carry tlic place by force ; whereupon he had rccfiurl'e to the (ollowing ftratagcm : When he received his finnan or comuiiflinn for reinftatin^, him in his com- mand, he prctcndi'd alio that he h.id received a commif- fion to fuccccd thcGovernn ofCandahor in that province, and accordingly marcl'.eJ that way with his troops. When he came within a niiic .>r tuio of the town . he lent to rhe Governor, tu apprll'c hiin of tiis pretended conimidion ; No. .'. well knovting that the Governor, *< was ufu.il in ftich caies, would come out to meet him i which he accordingly did. Aficr fome compliments between them, Mareweyi ' who had polked his men Co ai to prevent the GovciikmI retreating into the town, fell upon hit guards, and cut tlirin to pieces t after which, beloic the city Could be in- formed of what had lutp;Ti<-il, he marahcd torward tu Candihnr, and had the trites immediately opened to him. Merewrys hud no fa ther views at this time, ih.in th« ercJIing the province o. C'andtlior, which had formerly belonged to India, intr an mdcuciidcni (late . but tliis he could not expe>^t tn a.coinplilh, without forming foma powerful alliances : ir ordei, therefore, to protcO liiinlelf againll the lurccs of the i'erfians, which he had rralbn to expeA would be luddcnly biAught down againi\ him, h* difpatchedan Oinrah to the Mogul's court, to give ndvico of his fuccefs, and tu propofe an alliance againft I'crfM, the antieiit enemy of India. This in'elligence was joy- fully received by the Mogul, who began now to entertain hopes of recovering the province of Candahor, and re- ftoring it to his dominions, which would be no hard matter to effieA, if he could make Menwcy] dependent on him. He therefore ofl'ered himwhat number of^troops he thovight fit to demand for his funport, giving him the title of Prince of Candahor, which he then afpircd to ; and more- over fent him all imaginable aflurances of tiis affcAion and elleem. Advice being received at the Perfian "tourt, of the fur- ftiie of Candalior by Merewrys, the minidry detached a tjody of four or five thoufand horfe to endeavour to reduco himi but Mereweys (being joined by the Ulbeck Tar- tars, and fome others, who daily flocked to him in hopes of meeting with abundance of rich plunder in Perfia) did not (hut himfelf up in Candahor, but attacked the Per- fians in their inarch, and defeated them. This fuccefs induced him to extend his views, and he fcemed nov/ to aim at a revolution : to this end he diliiatchcd his cmilTa- ries into all the pioviiices, and even to ICpahan itfclf, who_ complained loudly of the perfonal vices and indolence of the bophi, who, he infinuatcd was unworthy to govern the true believers, -•■' remonlUated ap-'inll the male-admi- niilration of public affairs, through . corruptioni and opprelfive condufl of the minifters, Ihe late tranfaflir is threw the miniftry into the utmo(\ confternation : but they had, by their paft behaviour ren- dered themfelves fo obnoxious to the refentment of the Chanu and Omrahs, that they knew not whom to confide in. Should tl/ey order them, withthdrtiuips, to allemble and make head againfl this formidable rebel, they were un- der appiehcnfiuns he would recei-e additional Itrenph by their joining him. or that they would at lead cxpole their adminiilration, if not demand their heads as an atonement for their crimes. Ifon the other hand, they fufFercd him to m.iich forward without oppofition, they knew tlic con- feijuence would prove no le(j fatal. They therefore dif- p.itclK'd another general, whofe fidelity, and (kill ia milita- ry affairs, they had a great opinion of, to watch the motions of Mereweys, and awe the country at lead, that they Ihould not go over to him, or funply him with provifions ; but this detatchment fucceeded no better than the former, being furprifed by Mereweys, and mod of them cut to pieces. In confeouence or tlicfe two engagements, Merewayj furnilhcd his followers with arms and accoutrements, who were atfirft little better than a defencelefs rabble. He be- gan alfo now to talk of advancing to the capital of Ifpahan; but as there was a vaft extent of country between Candahor and Ifpahan, and his troops did not yet amount to more than eight or ten thoufand horfe, he thought proper, firft of all, to ftrengthcn himfelf with an alliance with the Grand Seignioi, and put llie city ofCandahor into a condi* tion to r«fil\ any attempt that might be made upon it in his abfencc. His negotiations at the Porte fucceeded to hil heart's defire ; and the BaiTa of Bagdat was immediately ordered to alTcmblc an army, and march to the frontiers of Perfia. Mereweys now began to throw o(F all difguifes, and ftyle himfelf Protcflor of the kingdom of Perfia, and to prepare for his march to Ifpahan ; but in the midd of all his projefls, and while he was grafping at the whole world in his imagination, death put a period to his view*. This event had probably difcouraged his adherents, and proved fatal to the caul'e, had he not left a fon behind him equali if not fupcrior to himfelf, in every lefpeft. Mahamood, the fon and fucccftor of Mereweys, being confcious of the great reputation his father had gained by the furprifc ofCandahor, and the viftories he had obt2;.''.ed, thought (it to conceal his death, and to tranfaft all affairs in Ills fathcr'i name, till his own reputation fhould be £ eftabliflicd ., ■■!•,■ l8 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. l:|. ■ *■;• tflalilifhcJ. AccorrtltiRly, ill lhing« w«m on w i^Vfer*- wcyi lutl hccti mil alive : the prriiarilioni fir marching lolfp han wcrccontiiuiril, iirw ulliiinceii mtrr cuilivalrd, liiil iii-w force* i.iH'rd. Knr ilnl tiM Turkt iiid Mulco- ti»e« niTjkiJ lo improve ihcfc diflraAioni iit Herfu lo their own advaiiML^r. The Mulcovitct furpiixcd Deilxnt anil t'iirkii, wliiili !.iy iwxl to them on the wtM tide ol the Cal- pi^iii fca i and .ifti:rw.irda rxti-mlrj tlieir Mnu into (ihilan, Ml aloni{ the luiith oiaft iil the l^n <■ Ira. The Tuik, M> ihc other luiid, (onk pullciritin of llamadan, and fevrral nthrr iVoiitier placea tindiiiK ''"'* '"' "" np|M>liiiiiit. The I'lTfiwi miniOry were now teriihiy alatinrd, tmt knowlti;; wlut nwaliim to putfue , and, lo add tu their iniifortuitei, the trealury \ni* intircly cxhautted. 'I'hey came, howerer, at Iriinih to the icfohition, to let the I'roii- ticii Ihill for lltcmfdvci, and tn aflemhle an irniv ol eight or ten thouraix) horic in the neighliuurhond of Hpahaii, tn oppufe the UI'uriKr, of whom they received repeated ad- Ticci. thm he wai in full march for that caiiit.il. TneKii)K,sThcii lie uiidcrftood tlutthcl'fiiiper'a army, nndcr the cominaiid his croWn, and fet hit cidelt Ion upon the throne. Tliii was generally approved of i hut the poor young gen- ricman, who had iievci hrrn out of the lcra|;h(>, and wa* fulhriently tenificd with the reprcreiitation the eunuch* ni.ulc of the Ihength and power of the Ufurper. declined the offer, l>eing apprchenfivc th;it he wjs only let up to ht nudeal'acrificc to tiu: race of a powerful enemy. Sultan Th.imas, or 'I honias, the King's fccond fon, wai not a"ageth<-r of fo pufillaniiuous a Ipiiit; hut was con- tented to fucceed his father in the throne, and put himfelf at the head of the army, which ciuam|ied in that fine walk called the Char Bag, hetween Unahan and Jiiluha or /ul- plia. Here the army continued Ionic time, ann an engage- ment hetween the Royal troops and the Ufurper was daily ex[>cAcd. Shah Tttomas, in the mean time, endeavo\ir- ed to difcover how the gre.it men and officers ftood affcft- ed to his caufe ; and, anion;; other', he fcnt to the Knglilh fafloty, remiiidini; them ot the privileges they had enjoy- ed in Ferlia under his aiiceftcis, and let them know, that he expc^cd all the alClf ance they could give ; and in ihort, things bore fo favourable ari afpcA, that it was expcAed he would have driven the Ufurper from the neighbourhood of Ifpalun ; when news was brought one momine, that Shah Thomas, with foinc few of his friends, had left the army the night before, and had Hed, nobody knew whi- ther; whereupon the officers of theRoy.-U army, as well as die citizens, thought of nothing elfc hut making their peace with the Ufur|)er, and inviting him into tlie town, which he foon aftert«ok pofleflion qI, making the old King and the whole court hii pi ^loners. This Mahamood aifefl- ed with fo linall a force as lix or fcven thoufa.id hoi-fe. Mahamood, finding an empty trealury, and being, under a neceflity of raifiiig more forces for the fupport of Ins utur- pation, coniifcatcd the goods of all thofc who were not in nis iiitcreft , he alio cut off the heads of the prime niiniftcr and his adherenti, who for fever.^l veais had been flcecinig rile people, whereby he rcpleiiilhc'l ' coffers, at the fauK time that he gained the applaufeot the people, who feldom confider the juilice of the caufe on thtf» occafions. but never fail to rejoice when they lie their opiiuilcr'. punilh- ed. The Ufurper, having lent the King uiidcr a guard to Candahor, took polFeflion of thcKuyal paJice ; money was extorted from the foreign merchants, (l| p< li.lly the En^lifh, infoniuch that the faftory was, in a mariiicr ruined Sultan Thomas, with his few friends, having quitted If- pahan, took the road of Tii iris, where he affembled a body ot horfc, and made a Ihrw of oppofing the Turk, whicd drev/ over many of the Ferdaiis to hi; intf.eft ; but the Turks were fo much fujicrior to him, thnl he could do little towards flopping the progrefs of their arms ; and the towns, being for the molt part witliout walls or garrifons, became an eafy picy to ilie Grand Seignior's forces, who foon afterwards took 'I'auris, and put the iulubitants to the fword. ■ ' S E C T. V. OfthiPfrJian htm 'i-ade, mtchanic arti, and maHufalturts ; alfo tf thiirforti^ tradt, navigalion, pear l./ift>friei, Enilijh trade in Perjia, j'lt^ht tj goods frtm Gomir it Sural, price o/gttds at ijemortn, pttldutiet, wtighli, and coins. •nd order* Tclattn|f lo ttie protvlfion are duly ehfcrved. When any pcrlon intends io let up a trade, hr gori tn the warden, and rcgiftcn hu name and place of abode i and iiociii|uiiy ia made who wa» hin nuflcr, oi whetlitr he un- drrltands the bulinrli, or not, nor is there any rcflrainl laid upon them, that (hey Ihall not encroach upon anyothti protcirion , thus, for inltaiKC, the l>raarieli of their iire-armi are not aniifi ; they make them very Mrong, and as thick at the muzxie ai the breech. Their ftockt are but ill-contrived, being thin and light at the butt end, and not At lo clap to a man's (houldcr i ai for locks to their guns, or any locks that have fptingi, Ihey do not pictend to make them, any more than they do watches or clocks, which they riilier putchafe abroad, or employ Kurojpean workmen lo make for ibem. Kiiivci, ralbri, fcilfari, and fome other cutlery ware, they make very well i and little i\eel mirrors, which they ufe iiiftead of looking- glallet : ihelic are almoft all convex i and the air is lo per. feAly dry, that they leldom ruft, or grow dull. They do not underftand the art of making looking-glalTet, but have them from F.urope : they have, however, a maiiulaiiture of glal'f, which lerves for windows and bottles. 'I'he uIl- of ihe bow being what the Ferfiaiis greatly value thrmlclves upon, there are no where belter bows made than among Ihem : the chief materials are wood and horn, with liiiswi bound about them: their quivers are of leather, embroider- ed or worked with filk. The bow-ftring ii of twitted lilk. oflhebigneff of a goore-<]uill, Their howi ate painted and varnifhed, and mads as fine as polTible. The Periians are at well verlird in embroidery ai in any art whatever, efpccially the gold and lilvcr embioidery, either on cloth, filk, or leather : they cover their liiddlci and houfinct almoft with embroidery, and the ftitching of Ihe leather by far exceedi any thing done in Europe. Their fiddles are madi after the Klorocco mo be rank- 'ill draw » d:cd Per- Im was a id can cul )d in Eu- I clearnefii I and fixe* lam i the lered and Ithout tho bevond ' work oa I their car- |)cti, culhioni, and wln<)«w-euriaini fo v«ry nicely, thai thry look at if ihey weie paiiiltd. 'I'hrii barlxri aie no Ufi cactllcnl in their way i for ihty will (have ihe had t\- moft ai ball a doacn lltukci, and have lo light • hand that a perlbn can li-arce Ircl them. They uk only cold water, and hold no bafoii under your chin, ai with ui i but have their water in a cup about the biKneli of a little china dilh. Alter ihey have Ihavrd a man, they cut the naili of hii fret and haiidi with a liiilc iron inftrumciit like a bodkin, Ihaip at lh« end I then they flrelch hit arma, and rub and chafe hit llelh , which, in Ihefc hot couiiirirt, it an operaliuii very plraliiiK at well to the Kuinprani at the iiativet. 'I'hcir Koldlmiihi are in genrtil very unlkilful and auk- ward workoMii i what thay prilorm hcl), it in the tilligreen way; they alio make Kone iiii:it> lit of a merchant degrading to them : even the Kih)i I hi« had his faAors and agents in the neigh- Wjuring k . .nut exported filki, nrocadci, carpets, and oili . I ch ^nodt ; and his .igcnts at the Mogul's court, and('i> «hrtn r..iiKert and ftockjobbert, who are a very cunning aiul fuUtle daft nf people, generally carry on the trade in Perfia. After they have talked over and Icttlid Ihe matter atthe felki's boufc (for lliere is no exchange for the lendetsvoui of mer- chants) thev agree about the price upon their Kngeis, put- ting their hands under a cloth j the hngets' end, it feem , Aandt for one, the bent finger for five, and the ftrait for ten, the hand open for a hundred, and, if (hot, a thou- fand ; and it is impolfible for a by-Dander to gather anv thing from the circumftances, becaufe they retain foeve-i a countenance all the while thry are tranfaAing the affair. 'I'he Armenian Cliriftiant, and Baiiiani of India, have by fiir thegrraleil (hare of the trade, notwithftanding the Mahometans are the governing part of the country. The Mahometan Pcrfians trade from one province of their own country to another, and to India not a little) but the Ar- meniani manage the whole European trade : one rcafon whereof is, that the Mahometans do i.et care to eo into Chriftian countries, becaufe they cannot there oblerve the cufloms their religion prefcribet i for their law, it feemi, forbids them to eat iiefh killed or dreflcd by a man of a different religion, or to drink out of the lame cup with bim ; and even prohibits the touching of perfont in fome circumftinces, whom they look upon to be polluted. Ano- ther thing, which is a difadvantage to their trade, is, that the taking up money at intereft it unlawful, though they are at liberty to make what advantages they can in buying and felling. But the hu6n?r. ef trade never entered into tlie tlioughtt of their lawgiver, he lived in a part of the (•ttiitry wbcry they dealt chiefly in herds of cattle, andh* 3 did not forafte the adviitla«M hit dtCciplei might make by fcreign trade and merchamine. The governnMnt, there- fbrr, find ihcmrelvet under a neccflity of protecting tn4 encouraging their Chiilliaii lubjc^i.at they value their fo- reign trade, and the trvcnua it luingi in i andCliriftiani« it itoblitrved, live mucliealiha near Ifpahan. >'egging about the Areets ; and as they come from a hot climate, many of them probably peri(h in the winter feafon. Such praAices as thefe are dilgraceful to any na- tion, and give more caufe to Indians to brand us with the epithet of favages, than we can have to give them that ap- pellation. The gains made by the Englifh Eaft Iniiia company, in carrying the eiFc£ts of the Armenians, Moors, Banians, tic. from Gombron in the gulph of Perfia to Surat in India, is one grear branch of the company's prolit ; and they rarely fend a (hip from Gombron to Surat, but (he is as deeply laden as (he can fwim, full of palTengcrs, and (he has a vail quantity of treafure on board, fomctimes to the value of two or thrcehundred thoufand pounds ; infomuch that the Englilh (hips going from Per(ia to India in Oflo- ber and November annually, are fuppofed to be the richcA VclTels in that part of the world. I'he orders and regulations the Eaft India company made, in relation to this voyage, about the beginning of the prcfcnt century, were as follows ; viz. " That as often a$ any (hip of ours is let to freight to or from Perfia, our council on the place take care an agreement be made before them (of which they are to be judges) that it he reafonable «\hat the captains (nail be allowed for the paflagf and ac- commodation of fuch Armeniani', Perfians, or other paf- fengcrs ; and to that end they are to fend a proper perfon on board each (hip, to fee their accommodations be as they ought. That when the paflcngers return, the faid council enquire whether the captain has complied with his agree- ment i and if he has failed in any part, they muft take care fuch palTengers have juftice done them ; and that the council on the place from whence the (liip proceeds, advife thofe, who refide where (he is configned unio, with the terras of fuch agreement. If, when this is done, the cap- tains (hall treat thofe padengcrs unrcafonably, or will not do them that Judice which the council (hall award, let the council protelt agawift fuch commanders for their injullice and failure ; and therein fpecify the damage liic company fuflains by the lofs of freight, occafioned by I'uch difcou- r.igemcnts to the freighters, or their vakeels or fervants i or the hazard that may in probability happen thereon ; and the council have then fo far done their part ; and wc (hall upon notice which muit be I'enc us irom time to time, do the reft. Although wc muft farther put you in mind, that you have, by charter-party, liberty to difplace com- mandcn when jim tcafou offcrti and if their oppreflioni 4 P are fevere, we know no better realon to difplace them, than the curing fuch a growing evil." The weights ufrd by the company are maunds only, and thefe dKFcr according to the nature of th« commodities to be delivered by them. All bargains at Ciombron are made for (habees, and the company keep their accounts in them, reckoning theiti worth fotu-penceeach, though that coin is rarely met with, but in its flcad coz's and mamooda's are. current every where. Horfes, camels, honfes, &c, are generally fold by the toman, which is two hundred Ihahees, or fifty abalTees, and they ufually reckon their eftatcs that way : luch a one is worth fo'mahy tomans, they fay, as we reckon pounds in England. Tht (hahee, in the company's accounts, is reckoned worth four-pence Englifh money. I'he company do not at all interfere in the trade between Perfia and India : this they leave entirely to their faAors and fervants, and to fuch country (hips and private traders ai put themfelves under their protcAion, and are content with paying the port duties. Eor ilie better regulation of thii trade, orders are hung up in the confultation of Gombron. SECT. VI. Givitg a McriftUn oftht ttunlry la gtniral, and thi quality efthtfiili alfi ef ihiir hujbanilry and gardinlng i includ- tng graiHt fruit, trni, Jinutrt, plants, drugs, (3ft. alfi an acctunt »f thtir animals and miniralt. PERSIA abounds with mountains, but has very few rivers : fome of the mountains are fuppofed to Ije the higheft on the face of the earth. Mount Taurus, which frequently receives different names, as it branches itfelf out intodiirerentprovincet,runs through the country from weft to eaft. The lofiieft of thefe mountains arc Ararat in Ar- meriia, the five mountains which tcparate Media from Hyr< cania, and Parthia or Irac. 'I'bole which divide Ears or Perfia from Carmania are exceeding high, the moft (amout of which is called mount Jarron ;but they are generally dry barren rocks, without trees or herbage upon them, except thofe of Ghilan or Hyrcania, and the mountrins of Curdef- tan, which are covered with woods, and very fruitful where they are manured. There are vaft fandy deferts feveral days journey over in this kingdom, where there is fcarce ■ drop of water to be found ; and the land in general upon the frontiers lies uncultivated, to difcourage their enemies from invading them j for there is not the leaft fubfiftence to be met with for feveral miles, in travelling into the king- dom either from Turky or India. There are, however, fome fruitful plains and vallies, in which their principal cities ftand, which yield plenty of grain and herbage : and no country is more fruitful than the provinces which lie upon the Cafpian fea, as we have already obferved. But Hyrcania is very unhealthful in fummer time, which fome apprehend proceeds from the multitude of fnakes and in- fcfts which lie rotting upon the ground when the waters are dried up, as well as from the (oulnefs of the water itfelf, which at that time of the year is fo thick and muddy that it is unlit for ufe. Though there is not a tenth part of Perfia cultivated, at prefent, y>.t when greater care was formerly taken to turn the waters into thofe vallies which now produce neither grafs nor grain, thefe were extremely fruitful. In fome provinces there arc hundreds of fine aqueduAs choaked up and buried in the ruins ; fo that it is not fo much a defca in the (oil, as the want of people, or at leaft of hulbandmen and tillage, which renders Perfia fo barren. The foil in fome parts is a hard gravel, and in others a. ftiff whitid) clay almoft as hard as a ftone ; but either «f them are fruitful when well watered, and will bear oitcn two crops, and fometimcs three in the (pace of a year. If wc give credit to antient authors, there was not a more plentiful country in the world than Perfia i the reafon of this alteration fome afcritie to the different dilpoiitions of the people who have inhabited it. I'he antient Pcrfiana, the fire- worlhippers, it is faid, were obliged by the precepts of their religion, to cultivate the ground, and it was bjr. them accounted a meritorious ilX to plant a tree, to bring the water into a field, and make a barren fpot of earth pro- duce grafs or grain : while the Mahometans Iccm to have no genius for improvements, or even to prcferve what their anceftors have built or planted, but let every thing run to rum ; liOWcvcf, oriv fcMion oi iliis iivgiCv% Susy uC, that ths property of the people is not lecure to them ; (o that it is no wonder they have but little inclination to make iniprr ve- ncnts, when they can have no ceitainty of K*ping any ad- vantage '■■JJJPWWI*'""'-* ■'■■ •*«"M^«l- tA 6 I A.j ^P-':: jl|.,; /H.-^A^iJ :t'.' : -A.. '■.tf4 aVr 4f: ling run to be. thst s!i5 fu that It ii leimprf ve- )ing any ad- vantage irnwtiJD tioito tlwm ^ ifiifti •iijti nij^nraly itiiuaa an A Wttily for ibfM guwntioiU; Near Brett ;»;«ni they inmMVi tbeW gntindi with tli* dang and itti oHbe ftreeratnejr carry out ; bm at * giMter diilaR&a they thnnr their fi»ldt into l|ttl« level fi]tunt, Which thcv banic ^tiwat, efiit thert hirfi the mie'r int^ them, letting it ftand In t^ $eld all night i which having foakcd it, the water ii Im oat the fiuit mortiing, and the (un ihin- ing with alinoS pbrpdidicnlar rayi upon the moiii earth, renders it fit for' t|ie pradnCkion of any fort of ^r8ii»«r planti. When the ground ia light, they plow with two or three oxen or buffidoe* ; but in Ghilan, and other cbun- triet, where they meet with aitiflrclay,m(l tbtf loiighib«<- ipg very larjge, it ii u mua!! m eight or tm pxen can do to draw them. ' The princiMl, anJ atnbft the only kin^ of gruni prci* auced in Pcrfia, are rice, wheat, and barley ; they have rto «M)ts, and very little rye. Their fcafoni are not the fame in the noith u in the fouth i but when they are fowing in Ane part of the country, they Mt reaping in another, (fid in ftiffle p^ce* it it nw more inan thice montha helween the i^-time and the harveftt Tbair land i^evcr lift fallow, but it fbwn every year at letft, it It I9 nM^orated and en- riched by being flowed, and the heat of tfie ran,alfterwardt «tot\ing on the mud, that it it never ont of heart at ourt it I and though we have not fo warm a fun, yet if we were to overflow lome of our ammit at they do, it would be a vaft improvement, ^fpeciSliy wltcreduiig ana other manure it wanting. R,ice mu(t be eooftantiy lunnlied with water fill the harveft, but the land ia only flopcd before the fow- ing, to render it prolific fat Other'kind bf eraini Mod of the roott and faDMt We have in England, grow In great plenty in the kitchen girdrnt in Perfia : they have no left than twenty (fcveral forti r,'t mcloiit, during (the fea- ibn they laft, which it abov* four montht { the common ^ple make them their cb'iftant food : tbow Which come to maturity firft in the fp ring, are round andfmall : ibofe Aat are ripe in the latter part of the fcalbn are the beft and lareeft ; fome of them weigh eight ur ten poiihdt, and are ■1 fweet at fogar : at the tables of perfont of tjuality they have them all the year round, there being a way to preferve them under groonid till the (nfon returns. The bed me- loni grow in Chorafto and Tartary, and they are carried •a far as Ifpahan for tht King's ufe, and as preJentt to their ireindt. Cucumbers are another firUit much eate^t by. the common people ; otie fort of tHem hat fdi'roely any fecdi in it, it eaten without paring ordrcffing, and it not reckoned tinwholcfome. Some perfont will eat eight or ten pounds of melons at a meal, without being lick. They have feveral kinds, of grapes in PerliS, fome of Which are fo large, that a finele grape is a moufhfuL The (vine at Ifpahan is made of kil'mith s, a little round grape, ind without any flones that can be perceived ; but the beft w ics are nSade at Schiras. They keep their grapes all the winter here } and let them hang a confiderable time on the vines, wrapped up in linen bags ; the air is fo dry, that they can for a very long time preferve all kinds of fruit without fpoiling. Themoft delicioUi food in thin countrv are dates 1 thefe are no where fogood as in Petfia : the pulp which inclofes the flone it a cUmmy fubftance as fW^et as honey : they are hid on heaps when thev are ripe, and melting they candy, or preferve themfelves without fligar. Foreigners are adviied to eat moderately of them, becaule they heat the bloodi and occafion ulcers in thofe who are not ufed to them, and Ibmetimes weaken the iigbt, but are obierved to have no ill effcAs upon the natives. The tree does not bear them till it is fifteen years old. It is flender, but very tall, and like other palms, has no branches but on the top, and the fruit grows in clufters of thirty or forty pounds weight. Moft of the fmitt eaten in Europe mar be had in Perfia, and would be there in much greater perf^cKon, if they knew any thing of gardening} but they niKKrfUnd neit h er gr aft ing, nor ionoouhting, or iiianMing dwarf trees t all their trees grow to a great height, and art loaded with wood. Their neAarioM and peadies weigh fiateen or eighteen ounces a |Hecc : there it an apricot red within, which it called the ecg of the fun 1 thefe are dried and exported in great quan- ttties t they are boiled in Water, which is thidKned by the juice of the fruit, and makes a pcrfcA fyrup without (ugar. They have iieveral kinds of excellent apricotSi Which are in feafon one after the other. In the north part of rei€a, applet and peart chiefly grow : they have alfo pomegranates of fevtral kindt, alio oranget, qoincet, and prunes : thev have fuch agreat variety of fruitt,thU4bot»iny di(ftt«m wm hart beat ftcnat an No. a. eB^tainmenttfome of which glc* a| die difiaUti Df thart t^ hnndrad kagoea. -'1 '^^ OlivM grow ii> Hyrcania, htar the Cafpian fbl j hfl Aief neither know faow to pcefenra them, or extract the oiL They have alfo plaittatioi|a of ^, ters, and for other ufes in buildifigi ,, The trees that are moft cemanon in Pertia, are tde pltnt tree, the willow, the fir, and the cornel tree. The Peififna imagine that the plane treeisa-prefervative upittft the plaguo and t^ber contagious diilcmpers ; aiid oSferve, that the- plague has never raged in Ifpahan fince this tree was planted in their fireets and gardens. The tree alfo whicn beara the gall-nut is very common in many parts of Perfia ; and thete are trees Which yield gum< maftic, and fdipkiraenlis ( that Which produces fraokinoenre veiy much relcmolesa pear tree, and is found chiefly in Carmania. ' .' ■, Thei« are trees in Perfb whioh produce mannai9l(icveraV forts : the heft manna hat a yellowidi cal^, a large coarfa griin, and comes. from ChotalaH or Ba Aria ; thoe i* an- other fort called tameiiik, becaule the tose it draps i^om ia fo named, an|d is feund in large qokntities in the pravinco of SuGana: and there is a thirdfortgatlwred about Ifpahan* Which fallsfrom a tree much like the tameriiki but]arg|sr» The leiives of this tree drop liquid (D^nna in fbmver-tima. which the natives uke to be thq fweat of the tree congMed Upon the haf: it has as fweet a tafie as other manna. In the morning the ground under the tree is peiii^y fat anil greafy with the droppings from it. The cotton tree is com- mpn all over Petliai and they have another little trntahtch yields a kind of filkeii down ttled for oullting aitd n^mng( of pillows. There it Hlfo aplant called hani\^, ^tb^a, a 'feed which they beat to poWd^r and colbur their handa and feet, and fometimet rub over their facet with it, appte-' bending it keeps their flcin fmooth, and pieierve* tneir complexion ; they bmctime* put the kavaa of i^ wbcit' brUlfed, (o the faibe oft. , , . ' In the delerts of Carmania kije tonrA hfo little fhrubi ot a poilbnous i]ualily i the fird it called galt^ famoor, 6t the flower that poifons the yvjnd 1 fonts people imwinii)({ that this occafions thole killing winds which blow in tbia province in tlie hot leafon i the other fhrub is tilled ker- zebre, the trunk whereof is about as big as a man's leg, and grows about fix feet high : its leaves are almoft round, and Tt bears a flower like tlw fweet-brier. Thet« af6 fcaToely any trees to be found on the moun- tains, or Wild fields in I^a < tbaiit are, foir the moft part, deflitute- of all manner of verdure 1 while in their citi^, and the villages for three or four leagues round them, fli« ftrcets and gardens are foWell pianfed, that the hodfts ant hardly to be dilcerned at a diftanca. After ttattUinslbme few leiguci, indeed, there is neither hisuft, trees ot ibrab* for many milcS, but all looks like a ba^n dedirt, not« Withftanding which great part of ^is feemin^y barren foil, were it watered and cultivated, it Would be at fruitful as the other, as it aiitiently Was, when a more induftriotta people poflellcd the couritry. Flowers are found iit great variety In fome of tbe pro- vinces. The fouth part of Peiiia has the fewefi, the ex-* cefllve heat beiitk there as defbuAive to them at fever* cold. But ihe fields of Hyreinia are beautifled and en- riched with whole groves of oraii^ trees, jefliifflins, and all the flowers we have in Europe. Matenderan, which it the eaft part of the Countrv, is one continued parterre front September to April, ana at (bat time it covered with flajwrrt i and though tbit be their wiiMR Woft, it it, ne- vehheleft thebeft time fer frnitt ; in the otha^ lAondlt tb« neat it exceflSve, 'and the air fo unheihlifnl, dutt the aadvat find ibemfelvet Under rileitooeflity of nx\nn% «b tbaMitm>* tains. In Media th« &*d! prsdscc tsiigs, Ssut S iifi n, and ranunculnfet 1 about Ifpahan and fome other town* jonquilt grow wild 1 they have alfo daffodils, liliet, violett, and pinkt in their fealbn, and ibme perennial flowert t but they have the greatcft quantity of uliei and lofet. i'bey «fc- The NtW and tJ^I Vfefe SAL f YSf E IVt^'oF GEOCJRAPrfi^. ta^fm i b Mii W WM tif Ki(t WAerto ottierenMhniet, tn Ae' fpringtiiere ii plenty of yellow and red eill^-fletrers j and ■iiomcr ^ed (tower, which reftmbin a clove, of a beautif\il fear)d| eolouri every fprig bear* thirty of theft tlower«, 'vrbMh-^ortn • fine head ai hiVe as a tennii ball, 'i'heir rbfiif^fe-t^hitc, yellewr, «nd rcfd ; and othets, white en one Mir, ani yellow vti thebther'; but, notWithflxnding all this great variety of beautiful flowers, their gardens are not cbltipiirible to' thbfe of Eltirope. Flowers are very little ripitdtd by them ; fo that they are often inttirmixed with f7uit trees and rofe buflies, without any order. No bor- ' 4ers, or knots of i(owers, are to be feen in their gardens, bat large walks planted with trees ; fountains, canals, caf- CJid^, and pletmre houfes, are all that muft be expeCted ih''thtir ftneft' gardens ; which being fo comnTori, the PbH^mrtake no' pleafure in walking in them, any more tKi^iV 'they do in the fi81,ds s but place themfelves in fome, akove, or fnmmerhonfe, as foon as they come into them, Kgardlefs of that exquifite yariety that every foreigner is enaipou^ed withv ^, ' " ■ This cfountr^affbtdsereit plenty of phyfital drugs, as cMi>,' fenna, aminion^t'iitix vomica, gum armoniac, gal- bajjium, ial armoniac, and ^ kind of rhubarb, with which they purgc'their cattle : the be(t rhubarb comes from China, or* rather from eaftern Tartary, which lies to the north- Ward of it. Perlian poppies are in gieat efteem, from the . ^antity^.of'jui9e they yicW, and ^he ftrength of it : they erow fbar'fect high in fome places, and have white leaves. They draw the juice from ttrtm i^i Juhe, whan fht, the fmcll is communicated to them, how clofe foever they are wiapped up, and it is almoft impofliMe to clear them of it ; nay, it effrfl^ the colour of them to fuch a degree, that fome rich fluffs of gold arid filver (the latier of which ,are turned pcrfcflly blafkl.have been fariiifhcd.with it, not\«ithftand!ng they w^ere iacjorcci jn c6ttoU', , a]|id C6yer(d with* (cvcriil fold; of tn the fapds.of Cnorifan 6r the antieht BaAria, mum- inv is freqnsr)tly.fp,und. This is human flefh enibnimed, W^ch UwUTn fc'veral ages in dry earth. Some of the bo- «IifS, itjs'fa'd arciip liltlijltcred, that the feature; may b« plaiply, djHinMi.W«f5.,. ' ftclTJes this, common mijm.myi' tli'ere is a preciou^g}ini>^'hi<^i diflilsfrom a rock, to wluidi. thvPerii'ans gi|Ve the nanpe dit mummy. This is faid. to perform miraculous cures ; and is reckoned to he fo' valu- able, that the Governors of the prpvlnces where it is found, fend it to court under (beir fcals, and the King engrofles moft of it,. . TIxe l*?pjwilo'ne of TerCa has fcvef al thm .f oats over It ; it is foimdjn. the bodies of goats aiul other ahiiptis ; it is ip mqcK Gigper eflccm th»n tnp Indian hczoar. Several Kin^ of beafls. birds, fifties, and infefts, are fpund in Perlia. Among their cattle, the mufl fcrviccable jue canqcU, horfes, mules, aflo, oxen, and bulTaloes ; but theca,mcl, for a, bead of buiden, much excels all the rell, whethcj; we conuder the weight he catTtics,, the difpatch he i{iakcs|, 01 the little.pharge iakc^piiu; liim. Of thefe^a- ip^ l]|f re areJevcral kinds ; fomp of thcnx have two bun- ches lufc^u tlicu; backj, and others but aiip^ I aud tliereisa tbirdlort, engendcied between a dromedary or camel with two buijCu£3, iuu « fciTmic Willi uiic, \vuiCii arc cuccmcu njiuch the beft, and are fold for twenty or thiity povndi a pit^e, for tUcy are fcldpm tired, and wilj carry nine lUindfcd or one thoufand Weigl^t. Tlwfe which travel befvrteA Wie Peiflim^nff IhiillJMtefff, ar'ebt' a much lift fize, V\d do not carry above five or fi» Hundred weight ; yMxhefirare al'ipoft as ferviceable i% the others, for they aie niueh fwifter. and will gallop like a horl^, whereas the othtffi feldoihexceetjafoot pace ; thefi; fw.ifl camels ^'re,kept by the KinJ; iii)t!^ip«f meh i thipy ftrve t|> fcttnvey theff wo- men from place ■ tb place,' And earrj^ tWeit , baggige : thef ar^ ufualiy addn^ed with eii)bfdidcred 'dtUhs, and (ilver' bells about their necks 1 aftrfiigipf 1?* . ;■ ftVen of (hem are tied together when they travel, end i^jveined by one man: they ufe neither bridles nor halter to hold them in, nor whips to drive them i but tliey attgoyerned by the driver'* voice, 'who fih(|s bt* plays to tl^em as they trkvet : it is iit vain to beat thWl if n>«y titfe, 'they vi^ill go never the better for it. VVh^n they are totake.up llieir butdtS, the drivel* I touches their'knees, whereupon kbey- lib tkmnj'on theic * bellies till they are loaded, groaning, however, ahd giving' ; ligns of uneamiedi, under a feniis of the fatigue they sr6 about to undergo. They let them grase by the road fidd. ^ with their "biir^ns on their Irtijks, on '.vieds and thiftles. \ and fometinlcs th^ feed 'them with balls compounded of , barley-meal and cnafF made up. into a pafle, with whjcli : they ofhn litix the Cotton feed'; , b'llt fa'e is the leaft' feeder of any beiiif, conlidefin^ his bulk. Iris very happy alf'o thai the camels irill live without \Viiter two. or three day.s to- , ^her, there being fcarcely any to be met with in thofe de- lerts the caravfiis ate forced to paft'. They fhed all thcit hair every ^ring; and arepcrfcftly naked. Thef? crea- tures are vtr^tame and tt;attable, except when the luflfuf fit is HipDhtlliim, which hifti thirty or forty days, and.thei> they arp very tinruly, '^^hlcJiL lUltkeS their drivers iucrcafe their burdensa^ that time to keep,tbcir flefh under. VVhejij^ once the male has covered the fdrnile, he grows fluggilh,| ahd does riotcare.to ftit out Of the flahlf . They copulati| as oth^r fouHbbtcd animals dpi except that ilic female lUi, do^^n on bet b<:'ll^. as Ihe dbes to re'cejvcheir bucden : tfaej; do not ehgendtfr backvvardii, as loitie.n'nters have et>o>; nioufty aireitcd. They go wit^i yoiing devcti, or, ai^ fome ray, twelve months. Oxen, buflfiiloes, alTei, and mules, aroufed indlflxrently^ for carryiiig of paflengers or burdens.; and theirland be- ing ^lbwcdT)VbuiS&loes and o^teri, there beafls ' are vcxjl fetdo.m killiU fof fbod. Th'e ai^s'.of Pcrfvi are mucfi largir and fwlftcr tff/mQurs, and will pcrfouu a j'lurneji', very well. But th^.lincA bcafi's afe Jlicir libri'es : xU'rfe an beautiful creatures, and no Virhcre oettcr, in.ma^ed than in Perfia. They liave fine foreheads, and are exuAly well proportioned, light and fprightly, but only fit for the laddie, or at leail not uTed lor, any other purpofe. They aie ni:\er gelt, and wear (heir uils at the full length : but lUuu^ they are lovely creatures to look on, Ihey aie neither I'a fwift as the Arabian h'orfcs, nor fo hariJy as tliufe of rac- taryi and the King has always a flalile of tbt; Aiabian breed. Horfes arc vary dear in Perfia, fjiuc of tiieui being Ibid for two or three hundred pounds, and I'eldom tor lelii than fifty. The felling fuch number of ihcm, to India and Tu.ky contributes more lo'enhance the price, llian the Icarcityof them. Their oiujes (^arry very wetJ, and Ibine of them are valued af thirty ocifony pounds a pic^sc : fome alTes arc not valued at much Irfs, after ' thcjr have been taught to pace. The oidirury food for horlcs is barley ana chopt ilraw ; theyluveno mangers in their AabJes, but give thcit horfes tlicir earn. in. bags, as our liackucy* Qpaphiuun do. In tlic fpringthey.qut^fruengraiii for theic hnrfcs, but never make ajiy into hay to be catea drys Iqmetimcs tlicy feed tU^irliorfcs with balU made of barley» meal, as in Indian Iit(tci>d. of litccr, tlicir own dung i» diiod and beaten tb powder, aud Laid a foot deep foi? them to lie on ; and it any of it be wetted, it is dried in the fun the next day. 'Fhcir horfes hoofs are mucU founder and harder thaa onrs.^ and Utey are Ihod with tliin plates, as the oxctf a(c alfu^ . o» accpunit of tbei' tra- velling ovcr'thedoayioountajB^. ,tn W4ater« tlicy daub their Itorfcs witli a ycUow herb caliini' lj^nnah, and foiuei times anoint their bodies witlf il as high. as tltc kreafl, to keep out the coldi but it i'cems ratlierta be by wry of or^t nament. Large flahlcs of hurfes belonging to the King, aredif-^- perfcd througliout tlie kingdom, tor the public l'crvii>. A horfe is feldom denied tu any inan wliu demands one, if . he will keep him i but fuch wfluius are accuunt4bi9 to the government for thtm when tiiey ihall be called out , bu( they have the liberty of riding them in the inimn time. Thci'c troopers iiorlcs are tontetimes quartered upon peo- ple againft tlieir content, wuo would gladly be uxLtiled from the tru.ublc and clurge of keeping t^wm; and if any, horfe dies in tlicir hands, oath inufl be made tliat |ie .!(<>' ,.^.nS^<, "'f:''''*^*^^?«r»i»».- are dif-^- |vk>. At oue, if >1« to the >ut, bull an time, oil pco- uxckilcd J it' any. that |ie Viil [A sr A.f''"^^ ■ ' ^ t K was well treated, ani tHA not die for want of com of look- ing after, Tticir horfes are fubjcdl to many diilempen : fometimes their legs fwell, and a humour riibs on the bre;ift, which it is faid proceeds from eating too much- barley : in this cafe, they clap a hot iron to the fweliing, or laitce it, and keep the fore open, by running a yellow twig tlirougb ft i but for lame or diftempcred horfes, a hot iron applied to the pan is the moi\ general remedy. , . There are great plenty of flieep and goats in Pcrlia ; the natives fcldom eat any other meat. Their fheep are large, and remarkable for their fat tails, which weigh eight or ten, and, accoidingto fomc, above twenty poun^ weight. In fome parts cf Pcrila alio they have more horns than ours : fonje (if their Jhpep have fix or fcven horns, fome projcft- iiig ftrait from their fbrelieads, fo that when the rams en- gage tkcre^s eeneraliy a great deal of blood fnilt in |1ie battle. The Periian goats are not only valuable for their ^elh, buttbc fine wool they yield, of which great qoan- t^iesare.exportcdfrom Carmania annually. . Ac the Ma- hometans, who are tlic governing part of the country,, nave an averfion to hogs, thcii Chriftiaii fubjefts do not «:'ndeavour to.encrcafe the breed of that animal, unlefs to- M[ards Georgia and Armciva, where the Chriftians are n»- raerous ; fo that it is no wonder, there are fcarccly any to be met with. . Thcte are not many wild' be'afts either in tlie mrddle or Ibuthern part of Perfia, there beiiiR no cover tor thcip. They have fome deer and antelopes, which are mudt of the.fanie nature, except that they are fpottodi and have finer limbs.. InHyFcaniaandCuTde{un,the woody parts of tlie country, wild beads abound, fuch as lions, tygers, leopards, wild hogs, jackalls, &c. In Media and Armenia there are abundance of deer, wild-goats, hares, and rabbits ; and there are fome, but not many, fout)d oa the mountains in almoft every pari of tlie country. * In tl»e heart of Pcrfia which is very dry, they are not il>uch troubled with infcds, uniefs it be witli fwuiqs of locuft.?, whicji fonietinus vifit Aem, they fly iiifiiift num- bers, that they appear like a cloud, and p€j-fc£lly obfcure tlic fun ; and dcllroy the fruits of tlie earth, wherever tlicy fettle > but tlierc arc certain birds which generally vifit the country about tl^c fame time, andpreyqnt.tlie ruinof dwhuibandman, by.wting.up.tlie locuus. , There, are great nunibfers of ferpents, toads, fcorpions, and other venomous reptiles, in that part of the country which lies upon' tlic Cafplan or Hyrcanian fea i but many o/them die iafuinincr time for want of water, and in- fijft the air, rendering that part of the country very un- htalthful at tliat time. The fcurpioiis arc of an initnnde- ratc^ze, and tlieirAingis mortal if proper remedies be JVOt imnjediately apphed J and a perfoii Itung by one of t£ipm is in fuch toi tui'c, tliat he becomes raving mad for lome time Mufloctoes, or mats, are very troubleforae i6 the Hat county near the Cafpian fea. And tliere is a white fly in Pcrfta, no bigger than a flea, which nukes no iii»ife, wliofe fting is like the prick of a pin. 'I here are alio the millepedes, ahnoft Ukc a cateriiillar (the Pcifians calLtlieai liciar-pai, or a thoofajid feet) } their bite is as' {u^nuc'ipiu aS' the {ling of a fcorpjon. Tame and wildfowl,, fuch a^ geefe^ hens, duckt, par- tiidges, foipcs, i(c. are almoft an the fame plenty and va' rlety in Pcrfia as in Europe ; but more oi them in the north tlian in the fouth part of the country. Turkeys Iuv« been imported, to Ifpolian, but they do not thrive^ there. They take all imaginable, care to encreafe and pru- pOute the breed of pigeons on account of their duns, wiui which they raife their melons. Their dovehouies' are five times as iari;e as ours, of a round figure, and hand- fomely built of brick ; it is faid there are not lefs than three hundred of them in the city of Ifpahan only. The lUuig.b uluaily fold for four-pence the billy, or twelve {HJUuds weight ; and the government, it feems, lays a tax upon it. '1 heir partridges are rcckor.ed the lar^ieil and heft tiilWd that are any lyhcre to be met with. 1 he pelican, which the Periiauh c;dl tacob, or the draw -water, is, as re- iMrkable as any of their fowls,' for the body of it is faid tg be as large as a fhecp, and his head is at the fame time L'xtrciiicly fnull ; but it has a Large bill of (ixteen or eigh- teen inches lung, as big as a man's arm, and under the bill there is a largi- hag, which, travellers tell us, will hold a |i4tl of wiif^r : they build tlicir nclU in the del'erts for their ilcurity, n lieie tlicru is neither water nor inhabitants : and f^^qucntly go two days journey for watpr for their young onesi but thcv bring enough, in the above-mentioned re- ceptacle to lal\ a cunliderabtc time. In the province of Clioralan tluit; is auuthcr extraoidinaiy bird, which has fi|Lhaaa£^utitc towatds llic water of a ccitain fpiing in s k i3 I that eoutitrv, »nd fo much fagwity in difcorering it, that they will follow any perfon that carries it in a bottle ieveral hundreds of miles. We (hall pafs over in filence many extravagant and improbable ftoriei related by travellera n this bird. No country in the world abounds more than Perfia with eagles, hawks, falcons, and other birds of prey, nor are, the^ any where better inftniAed to take thtir prey. The King has eight hundred or a thoafand of them } and no man of the leaft diftiniSion is without hit hawks and (idconers. The Perlians breed up their very crows to fly at the game. We have already taken notice of the dexte- rity of their hawks in flying at birds and beafts, &c. under the article, of rural fports i to which we refer the reader. The fame kind of linging-birds are to be found in Sttr- fia as with us, fuch as thf linnet, chaffinch, nighfingde, lark, &c. fome birds arc alfo taught to fpcak; but we can- not learn that there are parrots or perroquets on thisfidai India. There arc, however, feveral parti-coloured birdSi to be fcen in Perfia, with a plumage of blue, green, an^ yellow, beautifully mixed. There arc fuch number.s o| fparrows here, that they are very troublefome to tlie hufr> bandmen; who are forced to place their fervants i|i th» fields all day long, to keep them from their corn, when thii harveft approaches. There are fcarcely any fifli to be met with in the heart of Perfia, tfif few rivulets they liave liardlv fupply the country with water for neceflary ules, and in the fummer they are for the moft part dried up : even the river Zenderhoud, tO| which the governmental a prodigious expence, have joined other ilreams for the fupply of the city of Ifpahan, is per- ft&ly loft in the fandy delerts about twenty leagues from. tliencc,and it is more than probable there is not one ftre«m» that rifes in tlie middle of the kingdom, which ever reaches tlic fea in tlie fuinmcr i though m the fpring, when the fnow melts on the mountains^ they may make a confider- able appearance. Some writers affirm, indeed, Init with- out the leal^ colour of proof, .that the river Zenderhou4 though it difappears about twenty leagfoes from Ifpahan,, rifcs agun in Carmania, and falls into the ocean. There is great plenty of fea fifh in the Perfian gu.'f and the Caf- pian fea : the rivers Kur and Arras alfo, fhich fall intoi the Cafpian fea, are well ftocked with river Bth; but u^ thcfe lie at too great a diftance from Ifpahan to fupply tha^ city, tliey are confequently deprived of that delicacy. Among the many vau mountuns in Perfia, we; nuy, reafonably fuppofe that there may be fome mine» of gold and filver; but it feems there are none open, neitlier have tlicy any account tliat ever any were wrought, unlefs their lead mines may be denominated filver, whidi yield an in- confiderable quantity of that meul, as all leaid m :sdo» but not near enough to countervail the charge of extraftuig; it. They have, however, good mines of iron, fteel, copper, and lead : the iron and fteel mines are in Hyrcania, Me- dia, and the provinces of Irac and ,Chorafan ; their fteel is fo full of fulphur, that if the filings are tlirown into, the. fire, they will give a report hkc gun powder : it has 3lj fine delicate grain, but it is as brittle as glafsj and the I*cf;-^ fian artificers, who do not undcrftand how to give it a duitf temper, cannot for that reafon make wheels or fpriAgs,^ac ahy minute pieces of workmanihip. Moft' of uicir cop*^ per-mines are near Seris in the mountains of Mazenderan ;' they mix it with Swcdifti and Japan copper, and the pro- portion is one part foreign to twenty of^ their own mctah The greateft quantity of filver is found in their letd mineii^ moft of which arc near tlie city of Yefd. In tlie mountain Damaverd, which divides Hyrcania from the province of Irac, fulphur and faltpetre are dug. Antimony is found in Carmania, but it is a baftard fort. Emery is had near Niris : tliey liave no vitrol nor meT<< cury i and their tin is imported from abroad^ There afe two kinds of faltin Pcrfia, the one unonthe fhrfiice of the ground, and the other dug out of the rock : the fait is fo luuti-infome parts of Carmania, that th« poor people tntkr ate of it initeadof ftonc to build their cott^es with. Then are plains often or twelve leagues over, quite covered wit& fait, as others are with fulphur and alum, The Perfian marble is either white, b'ack, or red, and fomc veined with white and red : it is dug near Hamadan, and in Sufiana: fome of it will break iiuo large flakes or tablet, like flate ; but the heft comes firem Tauris, which is almoft as truifparent as cryftal: this kind it white mixc-uwiili green. In tile country about Taurit aUb it found the mineral azure ; but this is not fo good a* that which comes from I'artnry, as it lofes its colour by degrees. In tlie provinces of Fars and Shirvan tlicro is fouitd abund- ance of bole armonioc, and a marie which tlic country , ~ people i4 tMENfiWAND UNJVEJISA.1 SYSTEM o^ ClEOCIRAPH i'. r jMople ufe inftetd of fonp. There tn foifle mineii of ifiiig-glafs in the fame coumry. In fcvenrf-JMntj of Prrfut wt meet with naphtha, both white and black, it \i tifed in painting and vamijh, and fometiitie^ in phytic : there ii^ oil extrafted from it, which is ntade nfe of on virions ^c' cafions. Thoft mind !h IVriii, vrhere the ttiquoh ftone) we found, are the moft valuable ; there Is one of them at Ni* fapour, hi the province of Chorafan, and artother in a mountaift between the province of !rac and Hvrcariia : there has of IMe yesn been a third difcovercd, but theftones Are not ib fine and livelv as tholi; in the old mines; All that come out of the old rock are preferved for the King; and when he has taken thofe he likes beft, he orders i£e reft to be fv»ld to the mercl^t^ts, or dthers who chvfe ttr pilrehtie them; There wis ftn -Jy the fined pearl -fiflierv Iri the Wtfrlif irt the gulf »f Ftr>;«. We are told by a judrcioUi and cu- rio«t traveller, that it did not produce lefs than the value of a million of livrti one year with mother, and that he kimrelf faw a pearl taken out of it that weighed fifty grains, and was perfeAly round ; but the largeft that were afually met with in that fea did not weigh above terr or twelve grains^, all above that weight the fifhermen were obliged, 4inderthe fevereft penalties, to lay by for the King. But whether the peari banks are now exhaufled, or, in the late indoleni reigns, the people are become as inactive .as their governors ; or, laftly^ whether it is that the Arabs, having made themfelves maflera of this fea, and moft of the iflands )n it, the fiihcrmen are interrupted in their bufinefs, the p^rt-fifhery feems wholly to be difufed at prefent, and there are as few pearls to be met with in Perfia as m any other place. We are informed, that there t*ere two ftafons for filh- }hg I the iirft in March and April, and the other in Au- guu and September ; though a writer of credit mentions Onlv one; hamely, from the latter end of June till the end df septnnber'; and there were fornfcfly to be feen, near the ifland ef Baharrn, twtf or three tho'ufand fifhing-boats, in everyone of which wa» a diver. They fi(h for the pearls !n the foHowing manner ; the boats are brought to an an- chor in five Athom water, and then the diver ftrips him- lUf naked i and having fixed a piece of horn, like a pair of foeAacle* to his nofe, which prevents any water getting in inat way, and tied a ftone to one of his feet, that he may fink to the bottom inan iilftant, he takes a net or a bajket with him, and defeeftda to the bottom^ ther: being a rope ihftcned under his arms, and another to the baflcet. Hav- ing flipped the cord which faftencd the ftone to his foot, he preiently falls togathering up the oyfters, or nacres, and puts them into his baflcet } and, having remahied under water as long as he c«n^ m^tkcs a d caii- l>ot be the fame with thofe of the antient Perfians, iiiafniuch as they underftand none of the infcriptions remaining at Perfepolis, neither are the charaAers of the prefent Gaurs any thing like thofe at Perfepolis. The Arabic is the leirn- «! Jangnwe 1 and in this the Alcoran and other books of divinity, as well as their books of morality, phyfic, and ^hilofopby, are written. The Turkifli language is ufually Ijpoken at court, and in the provinces adjoininf; to Tuiky. i % They gcnerdly fpeak the Perftin tonoR at Schirai,,tl4f ortionubly wide at the gnat end, and as inucl. <'u a man can hold up: thefe and their di uuij nearly drown all other founds ; though as we liave oblervcd, the lelfer inllrumcnts have no great h.ir- mony in them. Their inulic, as it is called, fcrves chiefly iniVead of clocks, to let people know the time of day or night, founding conftantly at certain hours, for t!-ey have no IkIIs. Whci) the FCing or any great man goi 3 out of his palace, you li.ivc alw.iys notice of it by thefe drums and trumpets, wliiili arc placed over the |)aU':c-gate, or in ionic balcony or gallerv, siul are founded upon fuch occanons, being heard at a great dillame. Mufic and dancing j;irls are in ibme places appoiiitcj to (ioiietbre a great man when he travels, and coiiiUtute part nf his equipage. The firings of tlieir indruments arc never made c' 'at. No. 3. I A. the miuhing of any thing belonging to a dead animal, ef^ pccially the entrails, being accounted a pollution ; they inake them, therefore, 6f twitted filk, or brals wire. The playing upoii amulical inttrument feems to be prohibited by their rcjiKion ; for which reafon their eccleliattics and devotees willnot be preli;nt at entertainments where they are ufed; fo that we need not wonder that the fcience is not arrived at greater perfbftion in Perfia. Except fome of 'the King's, tlieir mufic is hardly worth the hearing ; it being chiefly performed by a ragged ftrolling rabble for a livelihood, cither upon feftivals, the circumcifing of a child, or other joyful occafions. The people of the eaft look upon aftrologyas the key to futurity, arid tlicy have an infatiable curiofity for prying into things to come. The Periians term aftrology the revelation of thcftars; andattronomy is ftudied in Perfia purely for the fake of it. This feems to be the principal end of their ftudies ; and they look upon a perfon to be to the laft degree ftupid and ignorant, who fpeaks flightly of this fcience, falfclyfo called. The aftrologers of Perfia, at leaft the moft celebrated, are all natives of rhe province of Cho- rafan, or Baftria, and of the town of Genabed. The King never entertains an aftrologcr who is not of that town. The i-^afon that the aftrologers here have more flcill in their art than elfewhere, is, we are told, becaufe the air is drier and purer, by which means they have a better op- portunity of obferving the motions and afpeft of the ftars. If we confider the number of aftrologers that are in Perfia, the rank they hold, and the large penfions fhey receive from the crown, we may eafily account for the ccnfidencc the people put in thtin : they receive from the government no lefa than four hundred thoufand pounds per annum. To the poft of chief attrologer to his fvlajefly there is annexed a penfion ot ten thouiand pounds per annum, and to the fecoiid aftrologer five dioufand pounds per anunm, and to the reft according to their fkill. They receive alfo in prefents annually from the King, one year with anotlier, two hundred thou fand pounds; and yet they are fome- times arbitrarily punifhed and put to death, according to the caprice of the Prince, lor the moft trivial of offences, and even for nftions the moft imioccnt in tJiemfclves ; of which we fhall give an inftance. In the reign of Scphv, on a day when the King and all the great men were alTembled to fi" fome criminals of ftatc cut in pieces, and the chief of the aftrologers was there among the reft ; tlie King, viewing attentively the countenances of his courtiers, obferved, that the prin- cipal aftrologcr (hut his eyes at every ftroke of the (abre, as not able to l«:hold fo horrid a ilaughter: the Kin^ there- upon called to the Govemorof a province who fat near him, and commanded him to put out the eyes of that dog who fat at his left hand, fince he did not ufe them. It is evident that tlir ftars had never revealed every part of the aftrologer's deftiny to him ; for tliis cruel order was exe- cuted upon him in .in inftant. A certain number of aftrologers ire conflantly retained in waiting at the Royal palace, and fome of the' chief of them about the King^s perlbn, except when he is in the haram with his women, wiio advertifc him of the lucky or unlucky moments. Every one of them carries an aftrolable hanging at his girdle, in a li'tle neat cafe, not bigger tlian the hollow of one's hand ; they are confulted not only in affairs of importance, but frequently upon the leaft trifles : f>r inftance. If his Maiefty ihall go abroad I If it bean aufpicious hour to enter the haram ? If it be a proper time to eat, or to give tudieiKe ? &c. When thefe qucftions are afkcd, the aftrologer iinmediately takes out iiis aftrolalie, ohfcrvcs the fituation of the ftars, and, by the afliftancc of his tables, makes his allrological conclufions, to wliicli intirc and implicit fa^th is always given. Eclipfes of the fun and moon, are in general pretty juftly cslcubted by the Perfian aftronomcrs, who often foretrl the very moment wherein thofe luminaries will be obfcuted ; thou;;li there have been inftaivxs of tlieir inif- tikinghalf anliour, efpeci»Ity ineclipfcs of the fun. But fhey differ from us in nothing more than in the calcula- tion of the vcni'l equinox; there being fometimes an hour's difl''creiKo !>etween tlicm and the KAiiopcans. Co- lli?;':, they appiehfiid. alway." portend fome great calamity; but generally iuppofc tlieir malign i:ifliieiiccs are diri-tli d .igainft Ibine other kingdom, rather than their own. They h.id ncittier ccleftial globe?, or charts, or telefcopes, for obferving the conllcilations. till the Ei.ioivans imMorte-i tlicni; tiiey have fince indeed eiidoavoured to imitate the celeftial globes ; iiavini; had before oiilv fomc rcprefenta- tions of tlie conftcllations in a book called, 'I he plans O ot m ■IS*- "j ' a6 Th* new and universal SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. fit cm; ' tof AlxLil Raluncn. It is oblcrvablc, however, that the figures were nearly the fame as on our globes ; the longi- , tudes and latitudes of the ftars are alfo marked, but a little different from gum. They generally make forty-eight xonftellationii ; and the names of thcai, for the moft pai t, arc the fame we give them : but fome of them are different. The onlv iitftriunenti thev ufeinanyof their operations are the astrolabe and Jacob s ftalF; and as witli thefe alor- tfiey take the elevation of the pole, it cannot be fuppo' tliat their latitudes are very cxaQ.' Their aflrolabes au very curioufly made, being chiefly tlic workmanfliip of the mathematicians thcnifelves. Takunii is the lutne given to the Perfian ahnanac, which contains the ephcmerides of the enfuing year. It contains properly a mixture of aftromony ana judicial aftrology, givine an account of the conjun£lions, oppo- litions, aiiKifts, longitudes, latitude^, and the whole difpo- fition of tlie heavens. It alfo contains prognoftics on the inoft rcmarknble events, as war, famine, plenty, difealcs, and otlier occurrences in human life ; with the lucky or unlucky times for tranfaAing all manner of affairs, whe- ther of importance, or not; direding tlte people to regu- late tlicirconduft accordingly. Thefeltivals alfo are marked as in our ahnanac ; but whereas we divide tlie year into four feafons, they make only two, fununer ana winter. Though there aregreat numbers of thefe almanac-makers, and though tliey frequently difa^ree even in their aftrono- mical calculations as well as their alh-ology, they are iie- verthelefs looked upon as infallible. Their prognofiica- lions are gcnei-ally taken from the moon, believing that this fublunary world, as it is termed, is much more in- fluenced by this planet that by the fun. Thefe aftrologcrs, like other oracles, generally deliver tliemfelves in dubious and equivocal expreflions, which may bear half a dozen meanings ; and if their prediQions prove true in any feiife, or but in part, they are lure to meet with applaufe, though they Ihould fail in fome inilances. Tliey (crm to regard the earth-more than the heavens, and to be governed by probable circumfiances, rather than the conftellations, in the prediflions they make ; and their prediflions on that account frequently prove true. For inflance, their alma- nacs are always publilhed in the fpring, when the winter is pafled, and, according to the weather tliey have had, it is no difficult matter to foretel whether they fhall have good or bad crops in the fummer, efpecially in a cliiiute where the weather does not vary as in Europe ; and from the fame premifles they will be able to pafs a tolerable judg- mnit on the health or ficknefs of the enfuing feafons. As the afliolugcrs are always about the court, and have fo great a Ihare in the adminillration of affairs, and are in fuch credit with all the world, they may be fuppofed to make very Ihrewd guefles in relation to politics. I'lu-y cannot but obferve the humours and difpofition of the Prince and his favourites ; the likelihood there is that one will be reflored, and another difgraced. Nay, they very well know what an influence they have in thefe cafes, info- much that there very rarely happens a confidcrable altera- tion in the (late, but it is brought about, and indeed is the cffed of fome prediflion of their own. There are feveral kinds of diviniation in ufe among the Persians ; for they do not only believe that the ftars reveal, and arc indeed the caufe of every accident and moral ac- tion 1 but alio, that God is pleated to let them know their fate by lots, by tlie tlirow of a die, or even by tolling up a piece of money ; when thefe are done with due foleimiity, and a religious ferioufnefs. The aftrologers are alfo pio- felTors of the art of divination, though the Mahometan priefls come in for a (liare by this gainful trade -, and for this purpofe the very alcoran, tlieir moft facred writings, are prouituted. When the prieft is applied to, he makes a preparation fuitable to the quality of the perfon who c«n- fults the oracle. He purifies himfelf by battling, puts o 1 a clean rolje, and, having repeated certain prayers, he takes the alcoran in his hand, and opens it at a venture ; and if the place he calls his eye upon contains a pofitive command, the prediflion is favourable, and tlie perfon may undertake the thing ; but if it contains a negative, the contrary, and he ouj;ht to lay afide the dengn. The greateft Doflors, from a regard to their learning and fanfli- ty, arc the moft fought after on tlicfc occafions. There are ofticcs for the diviners and aftrologers in all the great towns of Perfia, where they tell fortunes, and in- terpret dreams. Befidcs other methods, they have alfo a folio book, containing about filty piAures, fome reprefent- irig the jigiis ui tiic zouiac, ariu otucis trieit propucts aim faints ; from this they pretend to give the interpretation of dreamt, and difcovcr all that is demanded of tlicm. Ahothcr part of the Pci-ftan fuperftltion confifts in cliarlns and amulets. Thefe amulets have certain infcriptions on paper, and fomerimes on precious fionei, and thefe in- uyiptions they wear in little bags about them : they con- uin fome palFages of the alcoran, or fentencei of their faints or prophets, .-inplicable to the difeafe or enchahtment complained of. They depend alfo much on the diviners and aftrologers with refpcct to the obfervance of days and times : and the aftrologers, when the King is oh a journey, will fometimes make him rife at midnight, and begin his march in the worft weather that can happen, and perhaps out af the high-road, to avoid tlie unfortunate hour, or his evil Amts. The Periians reduce their phi lofophy under three heads; namely, phyfics, metaphyfics, and logic. Their great maftcr isAnftotle.whom they have tranllated into Arabic, Till very lately, tliey did not believe there were Antipodes: but are of another opinion fince the Europeans have vifit- cd them. The philofophy of Pythagoras, witicb prevails in India, is' here taught by a feA ot Mahometans, called Sefy's. Thefe underftand the alcoran, and all its pre- ' ccpts i and, whatever regards external worlhip in religion, in a fpiritual fenfe ; and though they pra^ife corporal pu- rifications with tlie ather Mahometans, they do not loolc upon them as elfential to their religion, which occafions the reft of their church to hate them mortally. They pre fefs love to all the world, and to hate no man, 1 hey conlider all men as proceeding from one common father, and people of different fefts and perfuafiona as all fcrrants of the fame mafter ; they teach that the joys of Paradite confift in an intimate knowledge of, and a lirid union witli, God I and that hell confifts in a regret for being feparated from him. Ethics, or moral philofophy, feems to be mci« cultivated than any otlier in Perfia. Thofe who profefs it, (hew a |)erfeA refignation under all misfortunes, and fpcak of death, and even fufl"er it witli great evennefs of temper. Moft moral virtues, particularly patience, forti- tude, and teuipe,vance, feem to be deeply iinprelied on them. Little can be faid of the geography of tlie Periians, as they had neither terreftrial globes, maps, or planifpheres, till the Europeans introduced them, i'hey thought thei« was a fmallpart of the earth habitable ; and compared it to an orange Iwimming in a veffel of water, the grcateft part whereof remains under water. Hiflory is but little cultivated in Perfia. They are fo far from knowing any thing of the hiftory of Europe, or any diftant country, that they arc ignorai^t of that of tlieir near- eft neighbours j nor has the hillory of tlieir own nation any thing of certainly in it, till the cftablilhmcnt of the Mahometan religion amongft them. 1 heir hiftories, be- fore that time, are but fo many legends, without tlie leaft appearance of truth. They pretend that tlie world was created feveral thoufand years before Adam ; and that it was lirft inhabited by daemons and fpirits, who, rebelling .-igainft God, were thrown into hell, and that God intro- duced Adam and his pji j>rtrtgativt and ahfctiiU fwaj ef iht Ptrjia t in Ptr- j ^ , . '*r/iaH mt- ariht^m'.nijltr:, gtvernmtni, and fuccijpon of fbi erium, tij: tl'ir yiilh a (tnlinuatiin of tht Piifian kijitryy u iht priftnt tiint. IT is a received opinion among the Perfians, eiSecially by their clergy, that none but prophets, their fubfti- tutes or fucceffors, have a right to dominion. They ob- ferve, that God has in all ages governed his neople by pro- phets, whodire£lcd both the fpiritual and temporal affairs i as Abraham, Mofes, Samuel, David, Solomon, and IxUly Mahomet, to whom, as tlkcy aflert, fucce^tded Haly aiid the twelve Imams. In order to give fome account of the rife and eftablilh- mciit of the.prefent Royal family, we muft obferve, that Tamerlane luving dcfcacd Bajazet, and inarching tluougb Ptrfia witk great noinl'urs of Turkiflt and Pritian cap» tives. Chick Aidor, a dodinr uf law in KrcAt reputation tur his fantUtydinong the Mahometans, olitaiiuil of him the releafe of moft of his prilbners, which lUll iiicreafcd tlia fame of the Chick ; inloinuch tliat wl.on Tamerlane marched away, the Chjck entertained thoughts of alfuni- iiig the fovereign power. '1 tie better to accomplilh his dc- lian^ he g ive out, that he was lineally delcendcd from Italy, tijc ibn-iii-law and only legal fucccllbr of Mahoiiieti and took upon him the title of Calif, which rigiiilics Prieft as well as Prince. Ifinael Seti, or Sojihi, fnlUiwed his father's ftcps, and, being fuccclsful in levtral ha'tlcs, eftabli(hed himfclf in the government ; and is reckoned the firll King of the nrefcntdynafly or family. To Ifmacl Sophi fucceedcd Shan Thomas who, being a cruel Piiiice, was dcpofed, and fucceedcd by hi» brother Mahomet Cod.thuiidi, whowas a weak man, and famous for nothing but being the father of the great .Sliah Abl>as, who reigned .tboutaii hundred years ago. This piince enlarged the empire on every fide. He look the province of Candahor from the Great Mogul, cot\qucred the kingdom of Lar and Orinui, and drove the 'lurks alinoft out of Armenia And Georgia. He encouraged all aru and Icicnces ; inj as he found the Persians were not at all inclined to foreign trade, he tranfpUnted the Armenians of julpha to Ifpahan, and made them his faftors and merchants in every part of Europe and Afia, where there was any traffic : and as he obferved the pilgrimagrs to Mecca carried great quantities of treafure out of hi> dominions, he went himlclf a piU grimagctoihe tomb of Imanrezez, which is lituatcd in Pcrfia, in hopes his fubjeOs would carry tlicir pious aim* thitlier, and the money might circulate in his own coun- try : he was alfo feverc againft thofe who were guilty of tlia leaft fraud, that he ordered a cook to be roafted alive, and a baker to be baked in his own oven, for keeping of hWe wciglits. But with all his virtues. Shah Abbas has been giiiei ally charged with cruelty, el'pecially towards his fon Sophi Mir/.a, a Prince of gre.it expeftations, and the darl- iii;; of the people. Sell Mirza, by being bred up r.mong the foldiery, and fre'jueiitly commanding them in the moll hazardous en- tcrprizes, became extrcniclv relpcftcd in the army. Whe- ther he was really concerned in any confpinicy with the gc- nerals to depofe liis father, does not appear i but the King was fo apprehenfive of it, that he did not think himfelt Ax:ure while his fon lived. Some writers tell us, tlut Shah Abbas having rendered himfclf odious to the princi- pal Chains by his rcpc.-itcd cruelties, tlicy made an ofler of advancing Seti Mirza to the throne ; 'which the father bting in.ids acquaiiitcil with, commanded a nobleman, who attended liiiii, to bviii;; him his Ion's head : but he excufed himfclf, another courtier, named Bcbut Bey, un- dertook to do it, and, furprifing Seii Mirza as he came oiu of th^ bagnio, atti'iidcd only by one page, acquainted him it W.1S his father's plealure he Ihould die, and imine- di.itely f'.izcdthe iiiifortimiie Prince, and threw him upon the floor, who, lifted up his eyes to heaven, cried out, " Good God I what h.ive I done to merit this difgrace i Cuil'e on the traitor who was the occafion of it : but fince it is Ciod's will, his and tlie Kiii^-.'s lie done." The woiiN were fcarcc ended, when Bebut ftabbcd hiin twice with .1 poniard, and, cuttinj; off his head carried it to his fatlif r. This tragical event the people were no fooner ac- quainted with, than they alfeinbled at the palace giites, and it liad well nigh occalioned a general infurreftion. 'I'hc mother of Sefi Mirza upbraided the King with his cruelty and tyranny, and, in tlie tranfport of her paflion, flew in his face, all which his Majcfty took ver\' patiently, and with tears in his eyes demanded of her, " What flie would have had him do, when he was informed tliere was a coiil'piracy againll his life : befidcs, it was now part re- drefs : that none had a greater lh.irc of grief than himfelf, and of two evils he had chofen what he then eftcemed the leaft ; though if his Ioti was alive again, he would run any hazard, rather than take the fame meafures." And indeed he difcoveredall the li^ns of grief imaginable : he covered his face and would not lee the light tor fevcral days; he mortified himfelf by falling, and mourned a whole year; and in the place where his fon was killed, he built a fanc- tuary, endowed it with large revenues ; and, to revenue hinilelf on the Perfian lords, who had inlUlled thefe fc.^is and jealoiifics of his fon into his head, he ordered them to be invited to a feall,, and to mix poifon with their wine, and faw every one of llieni expire before his face. The King commanded Bchut IJey, who had lAiirdeicd the young Prince fo re.idilv :md officioudy, to cut oil the luaj of hi^ own fun : and v.'hcn he bi'ou(;,ht it to bis Majefty in his f ^^?^liw»#«*,.. f I lull cap' )utitiuu tur ol' hiiii tl\« created the ■I'limerUnc R of alTum- jlillihisdc mdcd trom f Mahomet; cli figiiilkj li, Followed cral l)S'tles, is tcckuncd I'o Iftnad rucl Pi i lice, ■ Mahomet for nothing who reigned rilacKcd tlie <( Candalior lorn of Lar of Armenia icncca ; and d to foreiRii 1 to irpahaii,_ very part of : and as he It quantitiet imlclf a pil- is fituatcd in r pioui aUn* I own conn- guilty of tli« cd alive, and ping offalfe bm has been ards hiH fon ind the darl- oldicry, and izardouj cn- aimy. Whe- ■ with the pe- but the King (link himlelf tell us, tliat the princi- e an ofTer of ,» the father |a nobleman, icad : but he lut Bey, Un- as he came , acquainted and iminc- w him upon ji, ciied out, !iis difgrice i It : hut fmce lone," The Id hiin twice ied it to his lo fooner ac- e gates, and ion. |ing with his her pafllon, !r>' patiently, ■ What (lie id tliere was low pad re- ran hiinfelf, ■ftcf incd the luld run any And indeed he covered ■al days; he [whole year; Ibuilt a ianc- to revenue Id thefc fears :'cd them to their wine, face. 'I'lie Lirdcicd tlie oti the head \i Majefty in hii [A S f A.) " P fi R bis hartd; he tnid him, fhat the reflexion of what h« had doiw, would certainly bring him to hii grave; the King replied, that now he was capable of judging what his grief tnuO be, and bid him comfort himfelf, that in this paRi- cular he wan equal to ais Royal mafter. Shah Abbas, hav- ing reigned about forty yean, died anno i6j8, ' ' "'inting hiigrandfnn Shah Sefi, or Sophi, the fon of 'tm, hiaruccefTir, who was at that time not fifteen years cf aje. The adminiftnition continued in the fame hands Shah Abbas had left it in for fome time : but Shah Scfi was no looner come to man's eflate, than he began to call the principal miniftera to a fcvere account, and cvit off the nead of Ali Kouli Chan, viceroy of Perfia, who had dc- ferved well of his country, and contributed as much as any general, to the conquefts that were made in the late reign : he alfo fent for the heads of his three fon.i, and of fcven other great lords of the court. His reign was violent and tyrannic'al ; and he drank to that excels, tirat in one of hii debauches he killed the Qjieen, for which he was under the deeped concern when he grew cool, and prohibited the drinking of wine in an^ part of his dominions ; but in a year's lime he fell again into the fame courfei, which put a period to his life, after he h.id reigned fourteen years, and was fiiceeeded by his fon Shah Abbas It. being then about twelve yearj of age. This Prince was greatly refpefted for his bravery, and hofpitnlity to (Irangers, efpecially ChrilUans ; but fo ad- di^ed to his father^ vice uf drunkcnnefs, that he ordered tliree of his women to be burnt becaufe they refnfod to drink as long as he did. According to fome, he died of an inHammntion caufed by hard drinking ; while others affirm, that he was carried off by the vcneic;d difeafc, after he had reigned one and twenty yean. Shall Scti, the fecond, fucceeded bis father. But the grandees, apprehending that this Prince had been dead, were .about to advance his younger brother Hnm/.el Mir/a to the throne, till they were undeceived by an old eunuch, who aflured them that Shah Sefi was alive. This Prince changed his name, and took that of Solyman : it is obferved, that in his reign the kingdom was affliAed with war, famine, and epidemical difteiupers ; but his government v/a much milder than that of his immediate predecelTors : he died on the 2gth of July 1694, and was fucceeded by hi^ fon Shah Sultan Hoflein, whom his father cxprefsly enjoined, not to ut in praAice that cruel cuftom of putting out the eyes of lis brothers j but whether he obeyed his commands is uncer- tain, it being difficult to know what is done in the feraglio. We have before related, that this Prince, after a long and indolent reign, was depofed by Mahamood the fon of Mere- weys; who bein^ aflaffinated byUfdritF, oneofhis officers, who fucceedcil hira, Shalt Thomas, the young Sultan, in- vited Kouli Khan or Shah Nadir, to join his forces ; which he confenting to, EfdrifF was defeated, and put to a cruel death. Kouli Khan afterwards defeated the Turks ; elated by his fuccefs, and afpiring to the empire, he depofed and afterwards murdered Shah Thom.is. As there are fevcral remarkable and well authenticated circumitances, of more recent date, relative to this Ufurpcr Kouli Khan, we Ihall here introduce a particular account of him. He was born at Chalat, in 1687, which princi- pality he was heir to. Being offended at his uncle's treat- ment of him, he repaired to Chorafan, and entered as a private foldicr in the Perfian army in 1711, and was in 1719 promoted to tite rank of colonel. The Governor of Cho- rafan afterwards gave him the command of the Perfian troops in that province; witli which he defeated the Uibeck Tartars. Being afterwards difguftcd at the conduA of the Governor, who contrary to his promife, had promoted a young nobleman to the rank of general in preference to him, lie upbraided the Ciovernor in fcurrilous terms, who ordering him to be baflinadoed, he afterwards fled to the mountains, where he headed a bandof robbers, with which he ravaged the country, and plundered the caravans. His uncle having obtained his pardon for thefc outrages, he re- paired to Chalat, where he foon afterwards murdered his uncle, aiid poireifed himfelf of the place which had been deemed impregnable. Becoming exceedingly formidable by the addition of fix thoufand bold and hardy troops, he attacked and took the city of Ncchabar by llratagem. In 1728, he was appointed commaiuler in chief of the Shah's forces, and receiving the diftingviilhing title of Tachmas, or Thomas Kouli Khan. After the murder of Shall Thomas, he declared Abbas Mirza, an infant fix months old, and the Ton of the late monarch, emperor, but re- fcrved tiic power and riches of the empire in his own hands. He .ifterwards marched againll the Turks, drove them before him, and bellcgcd Bagdat ; but was defeated Ho. 3. 1 A. 39 E in a mofi bloody battle, on llie iStli of July 173^, by To- pal Ofman, at the head of one hundred thoufand men 1 nis army confiding of feveniy tlioufand t but he afterward* defeateJthe 'l ..rks in two battles, In the lad of which they lud forty tlioufand lUfn, with all thftircainp, Mtd tlie brave Topal Ofman was among the Qain, He afterwards iTUirched to Schiras, where ne crulhed a powerful rebel- lioni and in 1734, gained great advantages over tlie Turks and Tartars, reducing the open country of Georgia and Armenia. In 1735, he dedroycd great part uf the i urkilk arniynt Arpa Kavi ; and in 1736, tiie youngShah AbbasdjTo ^ iiig, he was eleQed emperor by the Periian cliieit and nobltn. ' After his acceffion to the throne. Nadir Shall became t mod defpotic tyrant, deflroying the Royal family, putting many of^the nobihty todeatli, and feized their efluLcs, not even fparing the church-land*. He concluded a peace with the Turks and RufTuns, and reduced the revolted Agtiins to obedience. After tliefe exploits, he defieated the armies of the Great Mraul, whom he took prifoncr, poflrlfed hiinfelf of Delhi the capital of Htiidedan, put multitudes to the fword, and plundered the empire of its riches to the amount of cighty-fcven millions fux hundred thoufand pounds derling. Among other valuables was the imperial throne, imircly fet with jewels: he alio took tlitee hun- dred elephants, ten thouland horfes, the fame number of camels, and a great quantity and variety of cannon and warlike (lores. Thefe immenle trcafures he dcpofitcd in his principality of Chalat, putting them under the care of twelve thoufand Georgians, who were Chridiana : he next ninde the Uibeck Tartars tribut.iry to Peflia. He quelled Icveralinfiirreflionsin tlieyear 1741. In 174a, his elded fon attempting to murder him, was aiterxVards brought piil'oner to hill father, who ordered his eyes to be put out. He exer- cifi'd the mod lliucking cruelties in aU his expeditions : friends and enemies, armed and unarmed, wcru alike the ob- jeAs of his baib.iiity: he demuliihed whole cities and towns, laid wade fertile provinces, plundered people of all ranks, and tnuidered feveral millions of the I'erlians, and people of other countries. In 1744, he defeated and took priloner a pretended' Prince whom the Turks had fet up againd him; but, to the fuiprife of every one, permitted him to efoapc punifhment, though he beheaded two hun- dred and eighty-two of his followers. He defeated the Turks in 174^, and in 1^46 and 1747, was engaged in fup- prctTing rebellions, and intedinc commotions. After this time he was judged to be in a date of intimity v his actions being for tlie mod part abl'urd and unaccountable ; and though a gleam of humanity would at certain times appear for a moment, yet avarice and the mod detedablc cruelty generally marked his conduA. As this cruel and blood- thirdy tyrant teemed to outdo in barbarity the mod in- hunun monders of antiquity, he was at length become infupportable i and that on the I'ocond of July 1747, five of his principal officers alTaflinatcd and flew him in his clumber, but not before lie druck off the head of one with his fabre, and wounded another. I'he people were over- joyed on hearing of his death, put to death his blind fon, his grandfon, and even his women, tlut ncne of fuch a de- tedaole flock might be found to fuccccd Iiira, and prove tlic fcourge of mankind. We have inferted tliis account for tlie general fati( my ojninC- fiuii or fex ere juil^iiiciMi executed upon Ihefe ; hut tt>^ feem to enjoy m mudi I'ccnTity m in iity country ip (h< world ; aitd ix-rh^pi ttie nwgiAnrtrv *rc the innrc mcliiird 10 gnvccii cauM*bly, in regard th«y air (rtirthle thlt niitliing can fcrodtk them from the rcfeiitinrm of their Sinrrrign, it' tlicy are iuund to have aiftcd < 'iiitrary to law or ciiuity. 'I'bc Kiiig't ordrii>k with Itim, he excufed l.iinrrlf, telling the King that he had l>reii a |ii4grrtna;^ to N(cc(-:j. *nd could not drink without vi'ilatiiig the hiw^ of ttuit religion. To which the Kinp; anfHrrcd, ThoudnJ< luve gone in pilgriii>*ge to Mecca, siid yet drink wine : drink, thctefore, whou your Sorercign miomand!! yoo Hut this gcnticraan flill leKiling, the King abufcd him in thegroQcU manner, in^de tlie litrvantA throw the wine in his face, nnd dowi> \m hnbim, and pour it into hi ^ mouth by ibtcc. Then lie threatened him with irrmedint'- Arjtth, towhich he anfwcred,Thc Kim|> had a.ighttohis i ,but not to hit religion -, and he chofe rather to die than di ink. And though hM MajeOy did not think fit to put hit threats into execution, he turned him out of hia employment : however, he wa» afterwards reftored with ariundaiu . .f honour, and tlte King fccmrd to value him the more < r afterwardi for hii refolution. It is recorded by an hiilorian of credit, that Shah Sefi, without any provocation, ordered that one of the greatell officers of the crown Ihould have hit ears cut on in his prelence bykisownlbn, which was immediately executed. Then he commanded the fon to cut off his father's iiol'e, which he alio execttted. Whercu|)on the old gentlciiiiui, finding himfelf thus ahufetl by his own fon, ami by uid^r of the King, whom he had not oflx-iided, faid to thecrin! Prince, Ah, Sir, after this, I ought not to live anyl.ingci, caufe me therefore to be put to death ; which he had no great trouble in obtaining i but that it might not feem a favour, he added to the cruelty of the order, bv appointing his own fon to be lus imniediarc executioner, ^liildiiig him cut off his father's head, and he lliould have his whole cilate i which was readily complied with by this unnatural parricide. Another proof of the tyranny of the I'crfian govern- ment, is, the cutlom of executing the (Tovcrnors of pro- vinces, and great officers of Hate, without giving them an opportunity of making their defence, or being informed of the crime they are charged with. It is ufual for the King, two or three times in a year, to fend every Governor tlie calaat,or Royal veil ; and thefe are fent by I'ucli iKrfons as the court intends a favour to j for the Chain, or Gover- nor, to whom they are fent, always makes a confidcrable prefcnt to the melii:ngcr. When he comes within two or tliree miles of the place where the Governor rcfidcs, the meflenger fends him word to come a'd receive tlie calaat ; but, inllcad of a fine coat, tbe Governor is foinetimes pre- fented with a halter, and is difpatched without any farther ceremony. This makes the Governors very watchful over their conduft ; and they are always under diGnal ap- Ereheniioiu when they hear the calaat is arrived, knowing ow common it is to have their beft af(ions mifrcprefcnted to tlie Prince. 'I'hc Perilans fay in defence of this prac- tice, that tlie court feldoin proceeds with that Icverity, but in extraordiiury cafes, where the fail is notorious, and there is danger of a rebellion, if they lliould cite the ncrfon ac- cufed to anfwer ; that if it be otlierwife, they always give him an opportunity of anfwering the charge. The King looks upon tliofeabout the court as flaves he has purchafed, and dooms them to be punilhed or put to death as he fees fit, not tliiiiking himfelf obliged to ebferve tUofc forma- lities. There is no privy council of flatc in Perfia, as in the European govvrumciits ; but the KingaAs as he is advilcd by the prime mitiitlcr and great officers : that which iiintl perplexes the minillry, is, the cabals that arc carried on l)y tlie women in the luram: the refolutions that are t'ormecl here frequently thwart their beft laid fchemes ; and llie nii- iiifters do not only run tlie rifque of having their cuunlcis rejcfted, but tliey very often turn to their own deftruflion, if tlicy arc not juiiabk lo the iiilcreii or inclination ot the moll favourite ladies. With refpefl to the fucceffion of 'he crown of Petfia, we mud obfervcthat i( is hercditaiy in the male brancltca, but the frnialcs areexcliided ; Iml ihe fon of a daughter may in- herit, though his mother (*'-M not. Wlut U'tiiii mott |i»ili(ularin thiir lawsuf ft.... .lion in Veilia is, that ablim) man fliall not inherit . and a« tliiilc iiialis who proceed fiura the female braiK'he>.aieascapaTilv of lucceedingai thole who derive theailclvcs fiumthc nuliis. that ciucl (Kilicy of pnl- ing out the eyes of all that arc allied In tji* crown is cxe- attd upon every uulc of the Royal Uiiily, whether tJiey proceed fiolti Ions in daughters. As there are no cuininun Ciccutioners wi Pcifia, tlie orders (ot putting out the cyea of tbe Royal infants arc executed by any one the Kiog hap- pens to pitch uuoo > and they arc nut content witli doing itby a hot iron held tg tlum as fonucily, but titc veiy eye bails .ire fcoped clean out witli the puint of a kniie or dag- ger, a< cording as the |>eifon is provided who is l<:nt on the bMliiH-rs , but who not being uled to luch o{)crations, die I" or cliililren are put to incxpicflilile toiturc, and Ivntc- tinies lul'e ihcirlKes under their lunds. 'I'he Pcrfians feem lo excufc this barbarous tuflom of nutting uuttlic eyes of thcRuyal infants, by telling us, that It previrits all difpiiK s about tlie fucceflion, aiid a great deal of blood Ihcd , and that they arc more mcrcil'ul thais llie Turks, who dtftroy every branch of the Royal f,iinily. On the other hand, the Pcriians permit them to live, give tliem wives, and I'ufTer them lo enjoy all the pleal'atcs tlut Mind men are capable ot in the harain. Unt how mclan- elioly mull it be for thefe mirernbic Princes to rericA, that all the males which proceed from them will lie fcrved in the lime manner lluiufetves li,ive been, and have th«it eye- balls tui'U out of llicir heads I I,, 'i SECT. IX. WfJ ,<»»»: I'll*. Giving an acnuni tf thipumpeut til If of thf Ptrfmn manarth, tht arnii he njiimfi, lie. aljt «/ iht Princti if thi lilud^ frimt mimjitr, great offiien af Jiatt, gen4iall, t«l(fuyiuai tffteri, (ivilmagijlrani, (sft. -. vn' ci u,i'.' THE ufual title of tlio King of Peilla is Shah, or Paflia, the dili>ol'cr of ki'ij^doiiH, which is the highell title kitowa in Aua, and equivalent to tliat of Rmperor in Ku« u>|ie. Ik is alio llilod Sultan, Khan, Caun, or Cham. One of their kings, in his letters, ftiled himfelf, vidoriou* f.ord of tlie wuild, tlic moll valiant PriiKe defu.-ndcd froinCUrik Scp^iy, MoulUaiid llallein. His fubjcih, in their addrc(les,c«llliiin, tlie moftrenownedof all men living, the fourcc of power, majelly, and glory, equal to tlie fun, fuMlitute of Iicaveii, obje^l of all man's vows, &c. He. With thel'e, or fucli titles, all petitions and rcprefentalioni to the throne abound : but when they ilKak to the Kiii^, they ufually Ayle him the Lieutenant of God, or the Prince by w hoiti God difpeiiles his grace and favour to men. Tha Princes of the blood Royalare called Mirza, &c. fignifying the I'ou of a Prince. I'lie arms of the King of Pertia are a lion coticliaiit looking at tlie fun as it iiles over his back. The Perfians, like the Romans, prefer nil men indif* ferenlly to polb intlic (late and army : the gown-men fonie- times command as generals, and foldiers lit as judges in tlie couils of jullice, and the fame perfun has been prima minifter and high |uicll. Regard is leldom paid to a pcr- foii's birth and fortune in his promotion i but the Kinj; difpofes of jplaces a.s he apprehends his fabjc£)s qualified for tlieai. "I'hey enjoy their jioft during life, and fomc- times their children alter them, where they luvc behaved wcIL The comminion of a great man, intended to be invefl- ed in an office, is lent to him w i iitcn on a roll of paper twa or tliiec feet lung, in a line large charafler, mixed with gold and colours, and put into a purl'c made of gold bro- cade ; and witli it is fent the cala.it, or rich habit which the King ahv.iys gives to thole he deligns to honour The new officer inimeiJiately j;()es to couit clothed in the Royat habit, ami, when tlic King appears in public, he prof- trates hinilelf three times hel'oK; him with his face to the ground, after which he rills \ip .ind takes his place in the prefinco-ihauilicr, or room u! Ilatc, according to his rank. vVhen a perfon is difgraceit, it is done by lending for hit eomniillioii, or the leal of Ins ollice, .is the cafe is, and fonieljnus he is ordered tocoiiline himfelf to his houle till his Mnjtlly's pleafure is farther known. If a great man it apprehended for any crime, they take all his family and near lelHliuiis into cullodv, and eonfii'r.iK' thrir nnods and efl:ite>, if found guilty ; ylhcrwire, tlic owners have them relloied. 4 'I'he 'er(i«, we cl»>, but r may in- itii moli itt nbliixl cccii I'lom iholc wli«» cy of pot- Ill ii fit- eihcr thtf I coiniiiun the eye* villi (luini; K veiycyc lie or Jag- cnt on tlie itioii»i (lie uiJ luiM- cuflom of iltuus, lliat rd a great rciful tliuk iy»t family, o live, give cal'orci tliat low iiictan- cricd, that .'ivi'it ill tlie IS Uuw. tyc- vi»i -..ri' •'■'' fd/i mtnarth, tf tbi bUiJ, , ticUfuJIUal .t i»f . *-i »".. jh, or Paffui, IurIicU title pcror in Eu- L or Cham, vidorioua dcfixudcd I'ubjetts, in mcnliviiigt to tlic I'un, &.C. he. ircleiitationi _ the Kiiip, )r the Prince men. TUa fiKniiying Feriia are a hit back, men indif* , men fonie- as judgci in been prime id to a pcr- Lt the King :£ls quahhed . and lonie- .vc behaved :o be inveft- ut paper twoi mixed witli it gold bro- habit which iiour 1 ho la the Royat ic, he prof- face to the place in the to bis rank, iding for bit :al'c is, and lis houl'c lilt ■great man it J family and Ir OOOGS Srtll Is have them The (A S 1 A.J -r^K \ p E R The Afamadoolet, Orand Vhlr, or Vitir Aiem, li the frft niinifttr in (Im kingdum. No bufinef* of confeciuciice ill ill* ftai* ii tranfaAed hut by the ditrOion of thii nii- nilVer, nor any grant or an of ftate of the Kliig'i held to hr Valid till cotinter-fealed by him. I'he prime niinlfter in I'rilia, If it be thought tit to difcharge hint, ii nfually pernMtted to retire and end liii day* in peace with bin fa- mily i whereat, on the other hand, the (>r:«nd Viiiri in 'i'urky leldoni die a natural death. The Divan Beghii or Hey it the fecond |)oft in the go- vernment : hir office is ul'ually compaicd to that of Lord Chief Juftice or Lord Chancellor i but they are fumKifed to centie in the fame pcrfon in Perlta. The word Beg or Key fignifiei Lord, and that of Divan a council or court to whom the adininil>ratinn of juftice is committed. 'I'lie Cicnerals are ol the third rank : in time of war, a Ciene.aliflimnis appointed. 'I'he next place is nnflcfled by the General of the courtcliii, which are a body of thirty tlioufand hnrf': of Txirkilh or Tartar original. The third place among the Ibldiery is the General of the m'ifi|Ueteers, a body which fervc on hnifehack, but fight on foot, like our dragoons. The fourth is the Cieneral of tlie coiilars, or royal Oaves, ;u they arc called \ and ihc laft, the Matter of the ordnari'.x-. The Vacanavilh, or Secretary of ft.ife, occupies the next peft. Thii ollicer regiders the public aA«, and has the cite of tiic records : he alio appoints a depntv in every pr - tfiiice of the empire, who tranfmits nil affairs of confe- qtirnce to him, to be laid l>efare the miniftry. Th« Mirab, or lord of the water, is tlir laft great officer. Every province has its pailicular Miriib, who takes care to diftribute tlie waters of the rivers niil aqxieduAs in fuch proportion, that aveiy part of the country may have an oquul Iharc. Thcfeatethe piincipal officers of ftatc in Fctlla. 'I'he officers of the houfhoUl are, the Nazir, who feems to be both Lord 'i'rcafurer and Steward ; and all ambaliladurs and l'oreii;ncr» tranfaft their affairs with this gentleman : but iliere is a comptroller, and feveral other officers which •re a check upon him, as he is on the Prime Minifter, and thofe two have a very great influence in the court ot' i>crru. 'i'he Ichicagafi BaflTa commands all that attend in the outward palace ; as the niaftrrs of the ceremonies, porters, ulhcri, and the guards theinfelves. When the King goes out, tliti Lord nurchcs before him with a gnat I'tafF covered witli gold and precious fiones. He always ftands ready to obey his Majclty's orders, and fee them executed ; but never iit> before the King, as feveral other officers of in- ferior qualit)' do. The next office is the Mafter of the horfe. All the ftuds and flablcs of the horfes in the kingdom are under his govcrnmrnt, and that of a great number of officers who aie fubonlin,ite to him. The great huntlniaii is the fourth officer of the King's houihold : lie h' .lOt let's than a tlioufand huntfmen and followers under him. They carry to the chafe, when the King hunts, lions, ounces, pantJicrs, and dogs, who are all bred to fnllow the game. The principal plivliciaii and chief aftrologer, which are polls ot great honour and profit, take place after the girat biinttman. 1 he hi);h chamberlain is always a white eunuch, and has as gnat an intluence on affairs as any officer about the court. He ftrves the King at t.ible on his knees, tal'tcs his meat, dii lies and uiuIitH'cs him, has the overfigbt of the waidiolvj, and the government of all the eunuchs in the palace. The chief ecclcfiaftical officers are, the (uand Pontiff or High Prieft, the Aiitient of ttie law, the Cadi, and the Miil'li. The Grand Pontiff is ufually ftyled the Sedre in Perfia: thcyallogivebiintlic title of Prince of their religious lighta, ?Iead of the true church, I'ubftitute of Mahomet, and lieutenant of the twelve Imans or Caliphis who I'uccecdcd their patriarch Haly. The lupreme judge in the ecclefiaftical courts is the Seilre, who takes place in all public aifcmblics next to the Ataina- doulet or Prime Minifter. The fecond ecclefiaftical judge is the Anriint of the law, whom the Perfians ftylc Clieik Illani : his jiirifdiftion is little inferior to the Scdre's. The Cadi is the third eoekiial'tical judge in Perfia: he takes cog- ilil'ance of the fame caufes witli the two former : but bis au- thority is confined to fome particular town or diftiifl. '^I'lie Mufti is ttie fourth officer, who has not the fame amluiri'y !;crc as in Turky ; for he cannot controul or reverfe the proceedings of iiifuriur courts. The other digiiiiarics and I A. S« Vcclefiaf^ical officers have no nunner of jurifdiAion, and a|e kept pretty much in lubjcAion to the temporal |iower, upsMi account of thole prctenlioni they make to tlie lupreme authority, and other principUi tliey maintain, ndt ver/ conlifient with the power of tlie crown. TlieCluiiK, in their lelpcAive piovliicei, live in u much Ibite as tlieir Sovereign, having ei " m» ja Tilt NEW AND UNIVIiRSAL SYSTEM or CEOGRAPHY. .\\ Vi ' I SECT. X. Trtmiaj tf tht PtrJitH Ittui, «*>«< tf ju/lUt, fruttJinjii in trimimi »/>>, »Htt fniujhmtiil if ^titJiri, TMF. chief Uw-book refoittj to by llio I'crfiin* i-. rlv :ilt.'oian : \f tlicv i.'o mil finil the dtcifion clear tlicie, they li .vc rccotirl'e to the bookcalK-il, 'I'he Ciyingi ami afXt of i\l iliomet, aiiJ afl(rwirii> tu itie raying* aitii a^)i iti the I mans , atui they luvc yrt annlhrr honk called ( heiaict, whirh n a collection of juiuKKni* lM>th civil and crnniiial. bvit tlif y arc rotichcd in fiicli ohlcurc ind equivocal terim, th.1t the jiulgci in their i^terptetati'^n^ make them fiK'ak Willi language they picare. 'I here rrciiii indeed but titila occation to cniifult ihele Ixiokl at all) for llic King, the Ciovcrnori ot'inovincti. and Viiirs, firi|uciillv fit in judR- meiiT. and (klermiite arbiiniily without ic|;ard tu tlie alco- in 01 any other law booki. Thoa< and it is a common thing, alter the Judge has attefled a writing by putting his feal to it, for the parties to dcfirc all perfoiis who hap|>en to be about the court to add their feali ) fu that there arc fomclimw three or fourl'core feals tu one deed : but they do nut (igii ihcm as iviih ui. There are neither notaries, clerks, or regiftcrs in Perfia to record any kind of contrails except mariiage contracts, which are rc- gilkrcd before the Cadi, but the partiei uliially keep au- thentic copies andcounter-paiti by uay of caution. As there are no public prifons in Perfia, fo there are no fherilTi or gaolers who have the cuftody of prifonert ) but every magiflrate who has the cognifance of thefc oftenccs, confines the prifoner in fome part of his own houfe till he is brought to his trial, which is ufually in twenty-four hours after he ii taken, and fcntence u no fooner palTcd than it is executed : fo that there is veiy little occafion for a common gaol, and the Judges fervants perform the office both of gaolers and executioners. The proceedings in the criminal courts are much the fame at in the civil. l°he party aggrieved exhibits his pe- tition to the magiflrate, who orders a fervant to apprehend the ofTcnder, and bring him before him ; and when he has been examined, fonictimcs the fame day, or at fartheft the next, he is ordered to prepare for his trial. Criminals of ftate have the carcan or three-cornered yoke put about their necks, to vviiicli ilic right hand is faAencd ; and the King j ufiinlly fits in pcrl'on in judgment on fuch offenders, at Which time he is alwayi clothed in red. '1 umults and | diforders are Icvcrely punilhed in Perfia, which Is one rra- ion they very rarely happen ; and murder and houli:-brcak- \ttrr ^rm i'l' t r /• lt\ it ^t *■! \*^-iTA t\f .••f, ... .>......; .. It a pel Ton is fo unfortunate as to kill .inolher, and the faft be proved before the Judges, the ofTendcr is not pu- 3 nillird bythccoail, but dclivcrrd up hi lli« rclaliont of the drceafcd, to put him to ileaih in lucli iiiinner at Ihcy Ut lit. On fuch an occafiun %% this, all tli rclaliont and ffiriidt of the dcctaled allenible, and with loud ciitt dr inand (list, according to aiwiciii cuftoni, they may hiv< the liluod of him who ha' muidricd ihcir kinlnian \ winch the inagiilrate Uldum (aili tu pioiliile them: but Inme- liniet the murderer, by pitfcnlt tu the Judge, and iilfrii of laigelunit lu ihe rclaliont of lliedccralcd, procurria pardon. I) the relaiioni will be latiificd with noiinng left ilian hit blood, the Judge fays to ihcni, " I deliver lo you tin muidcrer according to law, make yuurlelvci falitfaOinn with hii blood fur lh« blood lliat ha hath I'pili i but rr- niembcr that Ciod i< nieicilul." 'Ihe Judge's fervanit hereupon arc ordered to obfcrvc the dircClioni of the piu- fccuturt, and guard him to (he place they delire i and they follow ihe criniiiial with a thouland cuilei, beating and abufing him all the way he <;oei. When he it come to ihe place appointed, lie a dchveted op lo the rclttioni, who Ibmeliniet intliCt the mull cruel tuiiuret thay can invent on the niilisrablc wretch : and even iliu women, it it faid, nho Icarccly ever appear abioad on any other occafion, wiH come and imbrue their hatidi in the ofTcndcr'i blood. Oidinaiy ciinies are ufually punifhed by tines, where ih« panics are men ol fubftancc ( but where they are nui, they give them a certain numl>er of blows with a cudgel on th« folcs of their feel, not under thirty, and iitil exceedin|r ihice hundred, Their feet are fwollcn with the blows ana turn black, and foinctimes the hails of their iocs come ofTi Pickpockets HiiiJ little pilfeiing roguci are maiked with allot iron in the forehead, and houlir-breakeni hive their right- hand cut »C The fame punilhmerit it infliOcd oit thole who cnui icrfeil or debale the coin, for the tiill cf« fence ; but for 'lie lecond, their lielliti arc lipped open. I'hit is the ufual punifliiilciit l.ji capital olTencci : and Uiey execute it alter this niannrr ; The cnminal't fret art tied to a camel, and his head hanging down to the giound, his belly is ripped open, lo that all his bowels come out, and lung over hit head : he it dragged in this manner through the priiii ijial flieeti of the tuwn, an officer marching bclor* him, and with a loud voice iiifumiing the people of the nature of his Clime. He is aftcrwaiJs hanged up by tht heels upon fome tree, and itii lonctinics leveral llouri be- fore he expiics. They have other kinds of punifhments for capital crimes, as impaling, letting them up to the chin in the earth, cut- ting oil' the hands and feet, and leaving the criminal in this condition till he dies. They lomctinics precipitate the ma- Icfjftni liom a high tower, by which he is darned lo pieces : this puiiilhmcnt is commonly inlliiilcd on w.ifdoi|. I'l lliaii lilt to ynii III* Cuitfatii'in illi but ft- e't ftrvaiiM of tlie pto- ci tnU tlicy • belting and come (0 the a!ioni. who in invent ot» II I'aiO, >\li« ECifion, will I blood. cj, wlieic til* 110 liui, they udgtl on th« »t excerdmK lie blowi *ii^ !oes come offt maiked with :ra have their I infliOcd on r the Hift cf- lipped open. cct : and they '« Icet »rt tied le (;iound, hia ome out, and anncr through nrching befor« people of the ;cd up by iht xt«l Uouri bc- I capital critne«, he earth, cut- minal in thii tatc the lut- ed to piecet : wameii'wlio me» iiCc tor- otf the flelh y way of ex- tUc Ibiei of pic travel with Ion happens to I, arc imme- icc of it from fed upon ihcin ids to concetl ire the robber he is appre- overnor of • to the place uirei them to fccuritie* they bend to make itted in their irdert them to on the neigh- ore as there is his oificers iliged to make eturning him immitlcd in > ftion, or pro- ■unl r.f tin Wt- Rc\iit patati ef \,h, (Jfi: in the royal lion with each |eii who rtfKle Oiere } [ASIA.] P F R Iherti namrly, I. Tli« J»r!iice(l»s who are barn in th« placr, whom ihry call Hti^uin, as ihty do iha pmiceirt* of (he blood Koyal in the Mojiil'i court, t. Tliott by whom ihe King has any children, or who are hit miftr«llii ( Ihrfc hare the lilie of Caiium, whKli ii •quivaltnt to that •f Cham or Chan among the iiKn. Th* third and lowcft rank, whom th* King has never taken to his embracea, and many of whom ha hardly knows, have the tide of Katun, or ttdios only. All il •• reft have the common ap- prllalion »( tiavet, and lie rmploycd in fervile offices. When I King di«i, thofc lidiis he his convcrffd with M wnrta ire Ihut up In a quirter ■.)y themlclvti, from whence they lie not permitted to Hi- out as long as llwy live, except the mother ol the fuccceding Princ*, who has pneriiiy i mighty iiiHuence on afr4ir*. ind ilmolt fitve- r«ign authority, «v>thin the limits of this palace. A great variety ot hcauiien ire confined in the King of Perfia s haram i for iIk Chans and (iovernoii are conti- nually fending up i frclli fupply of young virgins from ill parti of the empire. 1 1 lliey have intelligence of a womin of Angular beauty in any family, they immediately demand her : and il is 'aid, their parents are not very tverfc from pirting with their daughters, but rather proud Ihev hive »n opportunity of ohlifppiner> very much depends ; but when they iiiu. the King hasfeveral chilJicn already, they do all ihcy ca,> to pre- vent their being with child, or to procure abortion when it bippensi for, except thetirfl hippy womin thit has achild, the reft, after they have my, ire contined to an apartment, where they live in perpetual apprehenfiont of hiving their children murdered ot deprived of fight it lead, upon b«r- biroui maxims of flatc, which feldum fails to be executed fooner or later, either in the rrign of the prclcnt King or tliat of his fucceflbr. Mence the ladies of the hirim prin- cipally aim It lieing married to fome greil man i which they tomctiines accomplith by iiifmuatlng ihemfelves into the good graces of the King's mothei, the mother of his cldcftfon, or the King himtelf. The women of the haram are alfo fometiinet married to clear the palace and IcITcn llie cxpence, when ilicy grow too numerous : but they feldom fend thrm out of the haram who have been with child by llie King; which is one leafoii that they are not very foiitl of his favours. The guards of the haram confift of three bodies -, name- ]v, I. 1 he white eunuchs, who guard the outward gati- tliefc never come within fight of U»e women, left it flioiild excite tome amorous inclinations in them. 2. The black eunuchs ; thefo come properly from the coaft of Malabar in India : tlieir ftation is in the fecond court i ar;* the cidcft and muft deformed of thefe arc picked out to uttend the ladies, and urty meflages backwards and friiwards: Ihe reft are employed either in the gardens, litrhens, or otlicr places remote fi- m the women's apartments. The third and inncrmoft ^uard. it is fiid, is compofed of wo- men who arc commended l>y fome antiquated matron that leceives orders from the Piince himfelf, .md, by the eunuchs which attend, conveys his Majefly's commands to the guards without. The women of the haram are ^11 lodged 111 fepaijte chambers, or two in i chamber at moft, and then they put an old woman and a young one together. 'I'hofe laJici who delight the King moft with their ring- ing, their dancing, or their wit, are fure to become the envy of the reft. The King is never formally married to any of his mif- trefles, but takes which of the ladies in the haram he lees fit to his lied, without any manner of ceremony. The niillrcirLS he is intimate with ate but a fmall number : the others indeed fing, and dance, and play before him, and contribute to his picafures in another manner ; but from Ihe diftr.ifltons he meets with from a variety of conforts, lie generally fixes upon fome one wim may properly enough be ftyled the cjuecn of liic haram. The ladies in the haram pals their litei in idlcnefs and No. 3. S I A. SI -m luiury, lolling ilnofl lh« «liole day on carpets, wiih their little liavea rulilnn| and dialing them, which is ih* moft common arnuU Mriii m the eaft. They lometimes tak* opiate, o( Imoke their country tobacco, which is fo mild, that il may he taken from morning till night without dif< lurbing their heads. Their food 11 diefled by their flavee, who alio make and walh their clothes. Th* ladies never vilil out of the palace, but they are vifited by their rela- tiuiis. Othir ladies of the greateft quality in Perfia fcim ever go abroad but upon foiiw extraordinary occafions, a* to a wedding, a lying-in, or upon fotu* feftlvil : but their vdiis MtuilJy lift fcven or eight houii I'hey take with tbcm tbrir nmale flaves and eunuchs, and the hulband ufually lienda a goveriiaiile and lunucbs of hit own to ob- liive their cundu^ till their return. The King's ladies liildom fct out from the haram but ill the night : a lioop of horti ufually marches a hundivd patri before them, and aiiotlui troop in the rear, CTyin| out, Courouc, courouc, by which every man underftandt he is to retire to a proper dillance : the eunuchs whh tbeir batloont alio on hoileback utatch between the guard* and Ihe women 1 and il any man it found in the way, orwith* in the limits prohibited, Im ccttaiiily lofcs his life. If th«f march llirough a city, the men of III* ftrect they march through, and thole adj>.iiiing, arc all obliged to leave their boulci and fly to fome uiber part of the town, it thofe of IIm villages ill the count. y are for a league together on tht right and Ittt of the road through which ihcy are to march| . and a detachment jf dragooiu is ufually ftnt hall a day be* . for* to drive ihein away. They fiic their muflcets at littlA intervals as they naicb, to givi notice of ibeir approacht and all meit tlia; heat it liy as fift »i iioftibly they can | and it is laid. ' cic have be frequent iiidanccs of peopla being killed by the cunuciii ^ ho have not been fo »ile, or rather fo foitunale, as to p-r u at of the way in lime : for if a man ftiould be faft afi ,,, or dangeroufl^ ill, he is liable to be killed. We are to ', that in the eign of Abbas II. one of the fc . 'm, whole employment was to fet up the tents, bein$' >v with the march, al.i he had put the lent in Old'- laid \m(d( down to deep, the King and hit women bcii.,; then at a confiderable diftance : but the fellow happening to overileep himfelf, and being found there by the eunuchs, they wrapped him up in the carpet ht lay on, and buried him alive. I he re are a vaft number of eunuchs difperfed through llic whole kingdom of Peifia, efjKcially in ihe King's pa^ laces, and thofe of tlie quality, wheie they have almoft . every thing < .' value intrufled to their care, and in a man« ner conduA the afTairs of their mafters. The women never ftir abroad without them, cither on a vtfit, or evea to the bath : but they are not permitted to interrupt their privacy in their chambers. Tlif eunuchs alfo teach the children of the family to read aud wiite, and it\ftru£l them in the principles ol their religion, till it it thought fit to put them into the hands of the learned) and even then the eunmlis have the care of the young gentlemen, not fuffer- ing them to be at any time out of their fight ; and the 'ling's children, who never ftir out of the haiam till they . aim to the throne, have no other mafters. Some few n ihele eunuchi are verfed in the liberal and mechanic ant t am* it is happy where the Prince who fucceeds fills into the bands of one of them, for othcrwife he coroca as a mere novice to the throne. In Perfia, aneunudi between eight and fixteen years of - if,e is fold for a hundred pounds at leaft i and fometimei for two hundred, according to their capacities : they chuft to buy them young, becauTe of breeding them up to their hands, and they feldom change their maflert while they live. The King dors not entertain left than three or four tboufand eunuchs of one fort or other : men of the firft rank have ufually half a dozen i and thofe of inferior qua- lity, two or three in their houfes. They are generally very diligent in their refpcAive employments, and faithful to their mafters. Their whole dehre and ftudjr feems to be, to procure the efteem and confidence of their lord, which their prudent management feldom fails to obtain. But with all thefe good iiualiiiet, it is faid, they are found to be revengeful, deccitlul, and unmerciful, and that it il very rare to find a man of true courage among them, SECT. XII. 0/ iht ptwtr and natural fimglh »f tbi UngJtm §f Ptrfit ; ill ftluatiiH luilhrtfpeH It tht tircumjectnt ttuiUriti, aitd tht Pirjuim •xsxntr sf •nj«{inj iirrr aumin. PERSIA is not a defpicable kingdom, if we confider in vaft extent, tituation, or the condition of iti neigh. I bQon "^4 Thk new and universal SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. 5.F ? ■ !n -boiiri. At to its (iiaiitiflni h it defelnled «r every fide >mt|)er by reas, deferti, or lofty moantdni,' which render ,lbe approach to it extremely diflicDiti and with refpeft to jhcir neighbours, they have none except the Tnrk, tbat they need iiave any apprchenfion of. The Tartan on the north are divided into abundance of little difiinft princi- .palitiet.orhords, and only make incurfioni in fmall bo- din, but will feldocn (land a pitched battle. The Indians are a conteinptible enemy, whom the Perfians have alwajrs beaten ; and the Turks have been fo taken op with their wars with the Chriftiant, that they have not been at leifure lo turn their arms agaiiift Perfia for many years. _ The wart between Feriia and Turky ended with the taking of Babylon, or B;igdat, by the Turks : Perfia hat enjoyed a profound peace on tbat fide ever fince. This town was conftantly the bone of contention between thefe two mighty powers ; but the Perfians Hndrng great difficulties both in taking and keeping tkis place, were at length contented to give it up. ■ The Perlian forces confift of the troops of the Rate, and the King's troops. Thofe of the ftate are entertained by the Governors of the refpe£tive provinces, and paid out of certain lands appropriated for that purpoli;, and are di- vided into militia and regular troops. The regular troops are called courtchis : they were originally of Turcomania, or Tartary { a ftout haray race of people who lived in tents. Thefe are 'he foidiert which are properly called ^oofelbafhet, or red heads, fo Ailed whv-n they came to the alTiftancc of Chick Sefi, the firft Prince of the late Royal family ; ht which fervice he Allowed them the ho- nour of wearing red caps or turbans of a particular form, like that he worehimrelf. They held the firil ;'ank in the kingdom till the reign of Abbas the Great, who endea- voured to diminifh and fupprefs them, on account of the unreafonable influence he obferved they had in all affairs of fiate, depofing and fetting up what Princes Ihey thought fit, like the Tuikiih janiUries. The niufqueteers, or troops of the crown, confiit of twelve thoufand men : though they march on horfcback, they fight on foot. Thefe ufed to be oppofe J to tite Turkifli jaiufaries, and were of great fervice in engage- inents. The other body confifts of ten thoufand borK .- thefe were called coulars, and, like the mufqueteers, car- yied fiie-arms, inftead of bows and arrows. They are tall andwcll-madei and the King has a particular confi- dence in their courage' and fidelity. They were called coulars, or flaves, to f^nify their particular attachment to their Sovereign; thetermflave in Perfia, as well as in In- dia, being an honourable title, and prefisrable to that of fubjeA i nay, we are told by a French author, that Cou- iam Shah, or King's ftave, is equal to that of Marquis in France, bccaufe all that have that denomination are fare to be preferred to fome pofl, if they behave weH. There are two other fmall bodies, the one intient, called .fophies or fephies, inftituted for a guard to the King's per- ioD by Chiek SelL They are not above two hundred men, and wear the Sophi's cap on their heads, and for their arms have a fabre, a poniard, and an ax, which they icarry ou their fhoulders. i be'fecond body are called the siezairi, ot the fix hundred, who are all of the fize uf gre- nadiers, and flout young fellows. The King finds all the troops with horfcs, arms, an-) accoutrements, but every man provides himfelf with clothes according to his fancy : the foldiery have no particular livery, any more than the Servants of the King s houfehold, or rf any great man. Confidering the extent of the kingdom, the Perfian ar- mies were never large ; Abb?^ the Great had never more than one hundred and twenty thoufand men in his fer- vice at once i but the fotdiers have fince that time been fb ill paid, that many of them have entered into foreign fer- vice, or applied themfelves to other employments ; fo tbat at this time it is fuppofed that all the troops in tbat vaft kingdom do not amount to upwards of forty thoufand Bien. The difcipline of the Perfian troops is very unlike that of the Europeans, who excel them as mudi in tlie art of war at the Macedonians did the Perfians. Not being en- ciimbered with artillery or baggage, they make prodigious fwift marches, and frequently fall upon tl>e enemy in bis campor quarters with incredible fury, when he leafl fuT- peAs fuch a vifit. At other times they will cut off his piovilioiis, and turn their waters from their ufual courfc; and having fufiiciently harrafled them in a long march through a defert country, will fall upon him when he is fatigued and difpirited. When an enemy makes head ,againu ihsm, ihcy will f.y ti!! they have drawn him into | vine difadvantageout ground, and thcu ictura to the | charge again. They never throw up any intrenchmenn about tlieir camps, which are commonly defended by foina mountain, or difficult pafs; but tliey intrench in ficges, and ufually take a place by undermining it, at which they are amazingly fkilful. As they do not trouble tbemrdvea with artillery, fo neither have they any waggons or fultlers, their camp being fupplied by the country-people with pro- vifions, which chieny confift of rice and fruit. The conftant method of the Perfians is, when they ars apprehenfive of an invafion, to caufe all the people to withdraw from the frontiers, and deftroy the country in fuch a manner, that the enemy fhall find nothing to /ub« iiA on, not leaving fo much at a blade of graft or a tree upon the ground. The Perfian colours are made of rich filkt for a device, they have fome pafiage of the alcoran, or part of their con- fefmn of faith; and fometiines a lion. With the fun rifing over his back, wrought in them. The great flandard- bearer, whom they ca!l Alemdar BafTa, is one of their principal military officers. The pay of the foldiers does iMt pafs through the officers bands ; but every man re- ceives it of the farmers of fuch lands as are appropriated to that purpofe : the officers pay is very good, the General of the mufquetecrs, and the General of the coulars, hava each of them upwards of three thoufand pounds a year. The Perfians are excellent roarkfmen, as well with their fire-arms as with their bows and arrows. They ufually, in time of peace, keep a body of fix or fcven thoufand men in Chaldea towards Babylon, to pre- vent the incurfions of the roving Arabs. The Governor of Armenia has about five thoufand men under his com- mand, and the Governor of Georgia a like number. In Chorafan, the aiuient BaAria, they have ufually eight thoufand men, to bridle the Ufb.-ck Tartars ; v>V Cf thi rtvtnua of tht crnun tf Pirfia ; tht iltffirmt tinurit ef landt ; alfc tftht landi biltHging it tht Kins, '^* church, privaii perjijii , and unoccupied lands, (ic. WE fhall, in the firft place, confider the feveral te- nures, by which the lands are held, and what kind of property the fubje£t hath in his efiate. The lands in occupation are of four kinds ; viz. Firft, The linds of flate. Second, The king's demefne lands. Third!' Thd lands of the church. And laftly, Thofe belonging to pri- ' vate men. The lands of the ilate are much the greatefl part of thofe which are cultivated, and are in pof- feflionof the Governors of the provinces, who take their own falaries out of them, and affignthe reW fpjr the payj ment of the officers aud troops they maintain. The de- mefne lands are the King's particular eflate, for the pay- ment of tlic officers of hi^ houfehold, tlie-Troopa he main- tains, and other purpolcs. The church lands are the dona- tion of tlteir princes, or private men, and are accounted fa- cred, being never taxed or confifcatcd. The lands of pri- vate men arc holdcii of the crown for the term of ninety- nine years, paying an inconfiderablc annual rent; at the expiration of the term, it may be renewed for the fame number of years, on advancing oru: year's income. 'I'ht: unoccupied lands are let by the King's officers to perfuns whochufe to build on them, ui convert them into gardens or plotved fields, on the fame tci ins as thofe laft mentioned. ThcKing's officers exafta third | art ofilic annual produce of the lands let to hulbandmen ; but ilie rent is fometimcs lefTened, according to the particular agreements of the par- tics, or an abatement niade'whcn any f;reat dcftruftion is grafshoppcr fuc an thi af the for fca leCtS ; ana, u any uiip'uu ife, uj5on ati anpeal to cour^. order* lY. itrenchmenn Kled by loitw :b in lieges, t wbkb tbcy le tbemfelvcit It or futtlers, tie with pro- (hen they ara lie people to le country in thing to lub- afs or a trea for a device, of their con- the fun riling eat flandard- one of their foldiers does very man re- I appropriated , the General coulart, hivs unds a year, ell with their »dy of lix or lyloit, to pie- rbe Governor uler his corn- number. In ufually eiehi ; ifld another wards India ; if the empire, pretty good ; country, they I uot the air of three hundred 1 on the north, )r any (hips or e vclkis on ths acks ; but they . The Muf- lerchandize in navigation ol hM facilitated difficult for the coaft, and can (om Mufcovy. afftrtnt Unurn 'ing, tb$ ehurcb, the feveral te* eld, and what ite. The Unds The Mnds of ThiiJr Th<* elongingtopri- ch the greateft id are in pof- \vha take their ft f9r the p»y^; ain. The dc- !, for the pay- rroops he main- ds are the dona- te accounted fa- hc lands of pri- crm of ninety- al rent ; at the for the fame i income. The cers to ptrfoua cm into garden* : laft mentioned, annual produce :nt is fometinics Knts of the par- at dcftruftion n en, or other in- anncil to courf. order} [A S I A] PER 'Order* ate given to make fuch allowance ai the nature of the. ^e require*., Tba King ha* like wife athird part of the hufbandman'* cattle, and a ftill greater ihare of the fruit. Hehai allb.the feventh lleece, and the feventh of the breed of the cattle in tbofe lands which ate not ap- propriated to hi* ufe, which it a great addition to hi* re- venue ; for the fhepherds of Perlia, like the antient patri- arcHt, pofleft vaft flocks and herds, on which they conti- nually attend. The people of the call: call thcfe wealthy Ihep- heid* faranet chin, from whence we have the word faracen, meaning, an inhabitant of the fields. The King has an officer called Ichomban Balhi, or chief of the Ihepherds, refiding in every province, who take* tlie feventh of the cattle for the Kiit^'t ufe, viz. of Iheep, afles, mule*, camel* and goat* : the Kmg is alio intitled to every third coltj and to a third part of the lilk and cotton. The King of Perlia ha* the fole property of minerals and precious ftones, and two per cent, of all the money. The money raifed by the waters is another confiderable part of the revenue. A tribute of a ducat per head, is alio paid to the crown by all people who are not of the religion of the country, whether native* or foreigner* : and a tax of ten-pence i* impofed on every Ihop of the working trades, and twenty-pence on the other*. A* the Perlian* have no confiderable port' except Gom- bron, confequently their cuftoms and port-duties do not amount to much. The merchandizes carried into or r>t;: of Perfia, by land, pay only a fmall Turn for a camel'* load, and proportionably for every miile or ox. Tne cafual part of the revenue exceed* all the reft i it eonfift* in what arifci from the confifcated eftate*, and the prefent* which ate made by the great Lords, Governor* of province*, ice. and particularly thofe which are made on new-year'*-day. They prefent the' King with wrought filk«, horfes, afle*, beautiful boys and girli, gold, filver, precioui ftonet, perfume*, and every thing rich and curious, and which may ferve for ufe, ornament, or plea- fure. Several handicraft trades, fuch a* carpenter*, mafont, and fome others, pay no dutie* to the crown ; but thcfe are obliged to work for the King when he requires it, without any pay : whatever building* or palaces the king erefts or repairs, he ha* only the materials to find. The main- tenance of anibafladors, and the providing them with car- riages, iadone alfo at the charge of the country they paf* through, and cofts the King nothing. When the King has a mind to reward a perfon for any fignal piece of fervice, thi* is alfo done at the expence of another : he fend* him perhaps to one of the Chans, or greac courtier*, with thecalaat or Royal veft ; for which the Chan ufually makes the meflcnger a prefent of ten times the value, or more, according to the pod he is in. The King fometimes exptefle* the very fum he expcds ftiould be paid; which 's moft commonly exceeded, at the perfon Talues the Prince's favour. The levenue of Perfia, one year with another, amounts to upwards of four millions fierling of our money; which confidering that their troops are meft of them paid out of the lands of the ftate, which are not reckoned into this ac- count, is very confiderable ; but at the fplendor and mag- nificence of the Perfian court is much beyond any thing «vc have feen in Europe, polfibly very little of it may re- main in the treafury at the year's end. We Ihall here take notice of the feal* under which a£ls of ftate are pafled in Perfia : they have five feals which are ufed in five feveral branches of bufinef* : one i* ufed in alt fuch affair* a* concern the demefne lands. A fccond for commifiions, letters patents. He. The third only in mi' Jitary affaiis. The fourth about the revenue. And the fifth in thing* relating to the houfchold. There arc no arms engraven upon them ; jut on one of them there are the name* of the twelve Imans or Patriarchs, on the other* a fcrap of the alcoran, or fome piout expreflion, ihewing their depend:".cc un God and his prophet Mahomet. I'he form of^ one of the feal* is round, two other* are fquare, and the other two of an irregular form. The largeft are of the fize of a crown piece, and the other* about half that bignefs. They are made of turquoifes, rubies, emeralds, or Ibme other precious Hones. The principal feal the King always wears about his neck. SECT. XIV. I .m M 0/ tbt riligitn »/ tbt Pirfiani, AHOMETANISM is the Perfian religion, as ex- plained and interpreted by Haly, tlic nephew and fon-irt-Iaw of Mahomet, and one of h!i fuecel&r*^ the empire, and, according to the interpretations of ths eleven Imans, the fuccelFort and defcendant* of Haly in a right line. The Perfian* and Turk* differ a* much about the inter- pretation of the alcoran, at they do about the fucceflbri oi Mahomet ; the Peifiani hold that the comment* made by Haly and his fucceffbr* the Iman*. ou);hr only to be re- garded i while the Turks adhere to thofe of Abobeker, Omar and Ofman, and thcfe in many point* are direCily oppofite to the other. The Perfian feft, or the follower* of Haly, are called Chia i and the Turk*, who rely on Abubeker, Sunni. Neither of thcfe fcAj will believe that thofe of the other can be faved, but hate one another to a greater degree than they do Chrilliant or Pagan*, and feldoni fpeak of one anotlier tiut with imprecation* and curfeSt ,•■ The Mahometanf'call their religion Iflam, wbicb fign!' fie* fubmiffionto the commands of God j but the ordinaiy appellation which they pive themfelves i* that of Mulfel- moon, which we pronounce Muflelman, and fignifies the being of the number of ihe faithful. In the beginning of Mahometifm, ihe difciples of that religion weie more cruel and fanguinary than they are at this day. aflbrding no quarter to thofe who did not make a profeffion of their faith in thcfe words, namely, *< There i* no other God but God, and Mahomet is hi* prophet." They have two artidas of faith, and five of praflice. _i. That there i* no other God but God. 2. That Ma- 'liomet was fent from God. 3. That they ought to ob- ferve their corporal purifications. 4. That iliey pray to God at the appointed times. 5. That tliey give alms to the poor. 6. That they fall .ill the month of Ramezan. 7. That they go fn pilgrimage to the temple of Mecca, if tliey can. To which the Perfians add another article of faith, viz. 8. That Haly it the vicar of God. On thcfs eight heads, therefore, I Ihall colleA what the Perfians hold moft material. The Perfians hold, that good works are neither the caufe nor the mean* offalvation; but that our good works are only a fign we are intended for happinefs. and a mark of God's favour toward* the petformertof them i and, on the contrary, that wicked afls are a Itgn of eternal reprobation. They alfo maintain, that all fouls were created long before the world was made; and many of their dodors believe the metempfydiofis, or tranfmigration of fouls \ erpec'ially in relation to the fouls of the prophett, faints, and good men. The generality of them ate of opinion that the creation was begun upon the fiift day of the week, as the Chrifiian* do, and that then God cieated the earth in the form we fee it, with mountains and valley*. . That the fccond day he created the trees, plants, flowers and her- bage. On the third minerals, light and darknefs. On Wednefday the rivers, cattle, filh and fowl. On Thnrf- day the heavens, with the fun, moon, ftars and angels. And that on Friday he created man, male and female. They believe that both good and evil angels were made of the fubftance of light or fire : that they are compofed o£ foul and body, and that their xrial bodies may be fo con- denfed as to become vifible. I'hat the firft time the evil angels difobeyed God, the good angels fought with them, and brought them captive* to heaven, where God pardoned them : but God afterwards creating man, and command- ing all the angels to worlhip him, the evil angels, through pride, rebelled again ; whereupon God curfed them, and precipitated them from heaven into that place which their defpair and fury ba* made a hell of. A* to what we call original fin, they will not allow it to be a fin in our firft parents. They maintain thu that aA was only a deviating from perfection, or leaving the better for that which was not io good .- and they found their opinion upon tliat fuppofilion, that the prophet) were impeccable and free from fin; being fanAified from their mother's wombs, and they efi^em Adam a prophet of the bigheft rank. As to the day of judgment, they believe that there is a private judgment paifed on every grown perfon foon after death. That in the mean time the fouls of the faithful are filled with joy and comfort, while the wicked, on tlie con- trary, fuffer the cruelcft pangs of remoife. They fay, the foul wanders from place to place till the body is interred ; and that after it has undergone the firft examination in the tepulchre, it enters into a fine xrial body prepared for it, where it continue* till the general rel'uricfiioi), when it will be reunited to it* former body ; tor the foul, fay they, can never. a£l but by the mediation of roiiic botly : and they will by no iiieant have it remain in a Hale of inreulibilitv ■:m^- ^ ■^ The NEM and UNIVERS AL JTSTENf or OEOGRAP HT, m 'jHH the l»ft day. Bgt ibi P«i Qtnt, it kaus, arc iMl all flf ;jM>e inin4, eitbsr a* to the pU«a w-ltcre departed (emit flnii ' rcnain, .or their kappinef* vr -nifcry during thii interrd : but they bavt a middle ftate for thofe who have done neither good nor hurt, m infMtii and tboit i tbefe, they fay, roffcr neitbtf plcafure nor pain, an they have deferved neitker Ihe ,9iw nor the other. They alfo believe, that in the rerurrtAion the Tonl Ihall be i«iiaited to the very Taine body it (Mrttd with : but liiey fay our bodiei ihali not be changed in any material ftoint, they will neither bs tranfpatent nor«rial{ they will not, indera, be crooked or dekmned, or fubjeft to old age or infirmitiei, ortro>abled witbexcfeaaenu, Sec. bm, % tNy, if you deprive the body of all iti Tenfea and appetite*, and every thing that is imteria', with what pro- priety can you call it the fame body ) Alter the faift jud^ aient, they hold, that alt men muft pafa over a oertan bridge .nil wider than aravpr'icdge; thatAmbklicvert and Ihe wicked will infattiWy fall in their paflage into hell, «r the bottonlers pit, at we call it, where they will be ever- faflingly tormented : but the faithful (hall be fo gnidcd and Aipporlied, that they (hall pafs through th« bridge' fwiftcr than a bird filet tbroogh the air, and enter into heaven. Some believe that none can be faved but thoTc who believe in Mahomet t othcri, that good men of every religion may be favcd i and a tbi^d fort allow faKation to all thofe who have been difciplet of tftic prophet*, tk. .he Jew* andChrifr tians tliey acknowledge were: ethers believe that 6n\y atbeifls will be damned : and tbcy fay, that God wiM call to hi* alSftance in judgment, Mahomet, Haly, and the Imans, his lawful fucctflbr* ( and all other true prophet*, who will every one intercede for their rcfpeaive di^ ciplei. , The Petiians difier among tbenfeNe* with refpcA to the fieatific vilion : the general opinion is, that God will not be vifible, even to the happy, who will only behold a bright raviihing light, fuch a one a* the imagitiatioii an- not at prefent conceive ; but all their doftort hold, that there will be degrees of rewards and puniflunents, according •t men have deferved ; and as the akoran make* feven heaven* for tlie blcfled, according to the virtue they have attained to, fo fome of tlKir donors make feven hell* for the wicked. Many of their doctors alfo take the promifet and threatening* m the alcoran, relating to another life, in a fpititual and allegorical fenfe j and that tlu bappinef* of heaven conlifts in being employed about fuch oGjeAs u we proper for the foul, as in tke knowledge of idcnce*, and in the lublime operation* of the underftanding ( and after the body, it (hall be furnilhed with pleafare* I'uitable to its nature, and receive as much- fatitfaftion u it i? capable of, btit not bjr meat and drinks, and itnfible enjoyment*, a* in tbi* world. That hell alfo confifts in a cruel regret and defpair for the lofs of paradife ; and that the body will be aiBidrd with the moft violent pains. If you demand of Attn whether they do not think that the beatific vilion will be a thoufand times more ravifhing and delightful than all the pleafures of fenfe : theyanfwer, there can be no fuch ^rifion, becaufe there muft be fome proportion be t ween the power aiid the objcA ; and tha? there is no proportion be- tween a finite created b'iiig and an infinite, and oonl^- qnently man can never fee God. If you aflc then how they can foppofe that in Paradife, where it is agreed on all hand* that immortality reigns, we ihould be taken op with cor- poreal tilings, which endure but for a rime, and pcrifh in the enjoyment : they bol te!l us, dsat thofe tfainjp are not made to fupply any necciuties of nature, but for plea- fure ; and that all thofe pleafures we enjby in diis life, w« fhall enjoy in a much higher degree in heaven ; for thi* world, they bold, is but a type of heaven, and aU that we fee came from thence, although it be extremely degetterited from the original. If it be objeAed to them, that if we eat and drink in h^ven we fhall be fubjeft to fome neceflities whiieh follow eating and drinking : they anfwer, that thofe delicious meats ihall evaporate in a perfiimed fweat by the pore* : and tliough it be generally faid that the Mahometan women are excluded heaven, this ii only to be uitderflood of the wo- men of this world, who wilt not be in the fame lieaven with thv men, but in anotlier place will enjoy equal pleafures : that tliere will be alfo other ccteflial women created for the faithful, far excelling any they have fecn below. As to the duration of the world after tlie laft day, die greateft part of tlie Perfian doftors hold that it will not be difTolv- cd, but changed and purified ; and IhoU ^tcrwards be the habitation ofl>leired fouls to ail etamity. As to the prophet Maltomet they Mtch, that God fent him into th« world tmlearned and ignorant in every I 4 ' fgf ncr, to be hia AmbaflUor to anpcoyla, M wdl Afeab* ^^rbariaiu : and that thi* Ambaflldor taa* abfofat*d all ooier religions, except in foch poini* ak hare been efl*' bliihed and nuified by him afrefh. That diis unlearned prophet wa* divinely conilititted Lord of all mankind, and that God ha* MMRie the belief and profeffi«n of all thofe things which the propliet taught and comoaanded jieccf- bry to falvatioiu - The Perfian* pictend that their pnpfaA HrH bred up in fuch ignorance that he did not know a letter; and this they nuke a great evidence of the divininr of iiis million. I'hey (i^r alfo, that he was poor and friendlef* -, and appear won- derfully furprized when they hear a* by, that tlieir legif- ■alor eftaHifhed his leligion by the fword. And a* our Saviour is faid not to have preached till he was two and thirty years of age, they fay, their prophet did not bcgia to preach' againft the worfhip of idols till he was forty years old. 1 hev teU us that God havii^ intended from all eter^ nity to fend their prophet Mahomet into the world, he gaw notice of it by all tlie prophets which preceded him : but that the Clffifliitns on one hand have applied to Jcfua Chrift, and the Jews to tlicir Meflias, thofe thing* which were foretold of hioi, and which couU not agtce with any INK Mafaoiaet : and thai they had f uppw ftd and attend fieveral other paflages which treat oThint: and ttiif the Mahometan* in geneialfinDlybclievCt Attodteoonuaolk people, th^ admire that any on« cab dmy Mahomet to De a pttn^iet i bat much more that be Ihotdd be thong^ an impoSlor. Wc, Uj diey to the Chriftians, acknow- led^ your ptopbtt and bononr hiia, and avow bis ailEon, why wen will you not acknowledge ours i and petfuade tfaemfelves, that this can only proceed from pare nttlioa : which i* thottcht to be the occafion they fo much deteft and abhor dtofe of tour reUgton. The third article of the Perfian caeed it, < that Haly k tiie Vicar or Lieatenant of Godt' and indeed they exak hiaa fbaoetiiiKi i^ve Maboiaet himfel^ and luaka hioi almoft equal with God. The Perfian* iKver fpeak widi that deteflatitoa f^aaf thing as they do of Abubeker, Omar, and Ofinan, wllk» were the rival* of Mahomet in power, and whom the Turks believe to have been the true fuccelTors of their pro- phet, but die Perfian* hold them to be no bener tlian ufur- pers ; however, the Turks do not equally abhor Haly, but acknowledga i^ to be the true fucceflbr of the prMhat after'the three former, and frequently call them the four friends and companions. The fuperftition of the bigotted part of the Perfian*, rO- fpcAing thrir u>:^totions, is fo extravagant, thatifthef were all equa'i', ,i^* £led witli it, itwonldbe impoflible for people oi anoi.'^v -.eligion to live amongfl them ) for thejr look upon tliemfelves to be defiled by tlie touch of a per- fon of another religion, or by any tiling that fuch a oite has touched, and by coafequence they will ufte no food drefled by one of another perfuafion, or even drink out af the cup that he ha* ufed. Notwithftanding the drinking wine IS fo exprefly forbidden by their law, and their com- mentators are fo very fevere agaiuft the praftice of it, feva- ral of them, and particulaily the men of the fword, wiil drink pretty freely of it ; and when they are afked by « Chriftian how they do to difpcni'e with thi'; precept ; may anfwer, in the fame manner as yo\i difpen. witli drunken- nefs and wenching, which is no lefs forbidden Chriftiaiu. The bigotted Peiiians lay a much greater ftrefs upon tiv ^remoniu pait of dieir law tlian the moral ; dieir walli ing* and purifications muft be obferved, whatever is left undone ; having that maxim of dieir prophets frequendy in their mouths, " tint religion is founded in purity, that one half of religion confiAs in keeping one's feif^undefiled." They fcarce perform any aft of devotion witliout wafh- isig ; their prayers are vain and criminal which are offered up with unwafhed hands ; and it is the higheft profimatian to touch die alcoran in fuch a ftate of uiickannefs ; which is the teafon that there is frequently written on tlie covet of the alcoran and other books of devotion, thefe words, viz. " Touch not this book with impure hands." Their corporeal purifications are called teliaret, which fignifies oU marmer of purifications on account of religion, whether done with water or eartli ; for when they cannot meet witlL water,, as in the dclerts foroetimes, then dicy are al- lowed to fcour theml);lves with earth : and as they are obliged to pray five tQnes a day, fo they are obliged to clean themtelvcs as often, uiilcfs they are fure diey have notjpoliuted thcmfclvcs between one prayer and aiiathcr. Thofe things which, in the opinion of the Perfian doc- tors, render a man unclean, are fummed up togedicr a* follows : viz. Tlic urine of any animal, the bloiid of anjr animal m • 1 . ( ;; ■ ■. 1*^.»' 1 ^^ ';»'':'■ .';-;'«'„ '• v>'\\ ^*tt^ «^ *, i m \m CnBOGBAPKT. f GriVNd Procession .//!<^ Persian AMiiAssADou r L C>/// > /T^*;//- ,trf/r/fi /fft^f.t^t'/ I'ublic 'fif/A 'i^ii [A S I A.] £ ssKsr. (i^-»' *??* •i »!(_ >• *^- '■^ «* *. OR ♦^ animal but inreAt. except What re jiaim in the flelh after it h drelled for food ; the feinen coitua of any animal ; a tlcw ancl a hog are reckoned intpntc creatures, and all infi- dels ; tliough many of the Perfwnt except Jews and Chrif- tiaiit, and do not look upon their touch ai impure, be- caufe thkv allow their religions to be of divine inftitution : me;td and beer are alfo reckoned impure, as being intoxicat- ing liquors ; but opium, becaufe it is not liquii^ is cfteem-. ed pure, though it intoxicates no lefs than wine. And laftly, the touch of anv dead animal, as well as a dead corps, defdes a man : out wufliing, it feems, will purify things inaniuutc that have been polluted, as if a iof have drunk out of a veilel, or licked a diOi, If It be (coured firll with fand, and walhed afterwards twice with water, it becomes dean again > but fome of their doAors have fuch an averfion to a hog, that they fay, ' the vedcl he drinka out of ought to be walhed feven tinket : if blood or urin* happen to be fpilled on any clothes or furniture, they muft be well walhed and fcoured, at lead tlie places foilM, be- fore they can be ufed : the eating out of gold and. filver plate) is laid to defile the meat, but if the meat be taken out of a gold plate and put into a china dilh it is not un- cleant And notwithftanding gold and (ilver utenfils are prohibited, the King and court and other grandees of the kingdom ufe them frequently, which their doAors tell us they atone for by their alms : but great men in moil Coun- tries feem to a& as if they were fuperior 'botli to the reli- gion and laws of the kingdom where they live. The officers in Periia declare the times of prayer from a terrace, and not from the tops of high towers or fleeples, as other Mahometans do^ On common days there is not moretliaii one Or two of thefe criers employed, but upon fellivals there are lomctimes ten or a dozen of them, pat'- ticularly on Fridays^ their fabbathi and in Lent ; aad it is not to be conceived how their voices are heard, for they rend their throats with all their might. When the people hear thefe crien Call to prayers, every one rlfes up and goes to his prayers, not to the nlofque or temple, for thoy are not called tliidier, but in their houfes, or wherever they think fit : however, tlidre are cii'ht things faid to be reqnW fitc towards prating acceptably, namely, applicatiot) of the mind or attention, the affcflion of the heart, faith, mo- defty, reverence, hope ; and two outward qualifications, viz. purity of botly, and of every thing one touches, or is furrounded by, imd proper geftures, as turning their taces towards Mecca, the motion of their hands, theprof- trating their l>odies to the eartli, 8cc. They divide their prayers into nro kinds, i. Thole which they are indifpen- fibly obliged toofierup, and, 2. Thofe which a'rtadvife- able or expedient, in ordei to arrive at a greater degree of perfeAion, which are termed by fonie prayers of fupercro- gation : however, thefe are not dilFercnt forms, but only a repetition of the otlier. Every man is obliged to pray five times a day. /eckoning fironk twelve at noon to twelve die next day ; for the Mahometans begin their day at noon, as Our mariners do. The firft hour of prayer is exaflly when the fun is in the meridian. The fecoiid h in the evening, viz. from the tirte the fun is forty-five degrees above die horizon, till half the di(k appears. The third, when it is fo dark l r. cannot diftinguifh colours. The iburUi prayer is to ' /. made on lying down to fleep, for which no fixed time is limited. And the fifih in the morning, which, may be performed at any time between the difappearing of the flats ami noon. Though the Perfians are not at tt;?? time ignorant of the nature of eclipfes, yet they ilil' ■<■ Mn and ufe certain prayers at fuch times, as if they ftill thought they portend- ed fotne dreadful calamity, or at leaft that it is a mark of God's difpleafurc, to be deprived of the light of the fun or moon. They pray every man for himfelf, either in the temple or a private houfe, as they pleafe; maintaining, &M no perfon ought to read the alcoran or prayers in the temple to ttie congregation, but an I man (a patriarch or prophet), or one lineally defcended from him. They look upon it in general as an-afl of piety to commemorate their deccafeJ firiendsat certain times, and fome of them a."e of opinion that God will increafe the happineft, or leflen the mifery of departed fouls, at the importunity of their furviving friends, but they are not all agreed as to tliis matter. They do not pray to their faints, or ev«n to Haly or Mahomet, as mediators to intercede for them ; but believe they may receive fome advantage fromthe prayers of holy men on earth, and that their own 4KBf- lions may be luppofed by others. The Perfians lay out their alms chiefly in public build- ings, as upon caravanferas, or hoafes of cnterainment for uitvetien m gtcu towns, and on the road, where they are No. 4. S I A. lodged gratis ; in making bridges, caa|e«^,dSi receptacles of water, mofqu^, coltcg^, *nd ' they have nohofpiuls for the fick, as in Ei The dervifes and fiiquirs in Mahometaiv a kind of bMging friars, who axtort the ^ .^ _ from them abnoft by force, looking upon th«awhres » be much holier, and in many refpeAi fupttkr to thofe they demand ah alms of; they travel in lucll' large com- panies, that it is hardly fiife for people m villages to deny whatever they alk, and they may be faid rather to levy t- tribute, than to live upon charity^ Thf^ aloM which an afcertained by tlicir religion are a kind of ^'Jua of corn, cattle, money, merchandife, &c. thou|^ t&cy do sot a- mcUnt to near a tenth, and are only taker; of the neat' profits after all the rent and chaiges.dednfied t and theftr are not given to the prieft, but applied to pio"' "nd cha- ritable ufei, like theothsr, from wbenoe ^icy have re- ceived the fame denomination of, alma: the clergy liv* upon the glebe or revenues with which their chnrcbes are endowed, and what they get by the aducMion of children; but they colleA tht tythes and have tite difttibution of tliem. The tytlics are ipplied to the maintenance of the Ma- hometan faquirs, or begging friars, to the redeemihg flavea hardly ufed by their matters : for the relief of infolvent debtors 1 and for the relief of ftrangers who happen to be in difttefs in their country. The reH are employed in pub- lic buildings, in erefling temples, caravanteras, colleges, &c. There is alfo the quantity of feven or eight pounds of rice, or other grain, or fruits, annually paid tor every head, the day after their great fail or Kamezan, which it applied to tlie fame ufcs the tythes are ^lied : their faints and devotees. Who fet up for an extraordinary piety, pay fevcral other fums to the ufe of the poor, bcfides thole exprefly commanded by law, and of (poils that are taken in war a fifth or double tythe is paici for the above pur^ pofes. The PeHian teltgioti does not exprefly eomhiand any other fafl than that for the month of Ramezani unlefs upon fome extraordinary occafion, as by way of penance, or to avert any calamity, or the like : but the diicijples of this religion, are adviled to perform many other tafls) which their zeilots do not fail to comply with : this word Ra- mezan is the name of the ninth month of the year, and their Lent is fo called, becaufe the faft is obferved firom th»_ beginning va the end of it : wheti tliis moon firft aj which is ufually in the evening immediately) after ( it Is proclaimed by the holy criers in gimt numbers, the terraces of their raofques, who publifh'itas a furpriiing piece of news, and fing certain hymn<: otodloni the people anfwer in joyfiil crieS) and illumii _ the ftrects, and from the terraces of the bagnios the horrts found to give notice that tire ba lis are ready : for they be- gin their fafts, as all other a£)s of devotion, with Walhing and purifying themfelves, which is ordinarily done at the bath : the end of the fafts is folemiiized in much the fame ma;\r' , as tht beginning ; the criers give notice of the fuci ' ' ;ig mt>on ^oni the mofques, tlie people teftify their joy i.; their acclamations, the found of mufical inftni- ments, and the like. The difciples of the Perfian religion arc required to make a pilgrimage once in their life-time to Mecca : this is tlie town In Arabia where their fiilfe prophet Mahomet was born : the principle end of the pilgrimage to Mecca is to vifit the kabba or chapel of the patriarch Abraham, and perform certain afis of devotion, in the courts that fur- round it, and not on act'" ' f Mecca being the birth- place of Mahomet, mucl • scaufe his tom'i is there, for that is at Medina, above . hundred miles- 'the iiortli of Mecca. The principal tilings the pilgrim:, perform, when they come to the town, are the •■^■. -ving ; namely, The going in proceflion fiven timi md Abraham'* chapel', the kifhng a black ftone the, m which more hereafter t the fpending a certain portion offime at mount Arafat ; the facrificing a fheep upon mount Mcnah in re- membrance of Abraham's going to facrifice his fon i the drinking of the water of the well Zeinzen ; the taking feven tunts between the little hills of Safa and Merva ; ana the throwing ftones over their heads in the valley of Me- nah, all which, it is faid, they do in imitation of the pa- triarch Abraham, and which God has enjoined them as an indifpenfible duty, particularly that of the facrifice. The wi; '"iC pilgrims go at prefcnt is by BofTora or Bozra, feated OMMtt bottom ot the Perfian gulph : they were forced t» j|^^B> thoufand infults in this paflage ; the Arabian priaHPBirougli whofe territories tliey paifed, extortiiu money from them almoft every dayi onone pre- ^1^- ■f I -¥ The new Anb UfltVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. 1^ im m^ ri.li' »eno." 'it other, »r » ^hey tud the left mercy on them on account cf their b^.'g heretici : whereupon the court of Pecfi4 for fonSe time *' irbad the pilgrims to 20 hy land to A4ecct!, bnlering ihcm to fail round Ari!i'a mto the Red- f^i, :ii the pilgiii.vs of India: t iiereu < 'i the Arabian tirini-cj finding their revenues much lei]' >ed, lent Am* Dilliidors f I Hi "crfian court to afliire tl.tr. that all abufei (buuld b<* -ru!:t d. and the pilgrims m);i,ht have a free pada^e ; ]:''>.■ -A ■'Y^.r. exorbitant exaflions. Ifany _ r. ii •;> in Perfia who has not ^on« in pilgrim- •ge to Mec tivV.er iti perfon or by proxy, the Cadi or Civil Magiit.,'ii> .cjzc-. on fo tiiuch of liis fortun'; as the durges of the pil;;rlmage would have amounted to, for tlie SDod ofhis foul, and ;,ms he employs ir, fniding one to- lecca for liim ; but thi:> is to be undei Hood of men of fubftance, for the inferior fort of people i tc not obliged to go in pilgrimage. The cai»v,ir< of pilgrims fets r .. t from 6>'i:Ta on a certain day, in onirv to be at Mecca at i .e time tlr; law requires, and is com'oyej thither by the Arabs, who Vecps them in she defcrts f-.rty or fitly da\s, though the 1 'urney migfn fifily be pert'.i''n';d in twenty ; they are guidi d by the Uars ill their pafTa^i;, and for that reafon, as weU ;:, 0:1 accourit fA the tieats, thsy travel in the night time, ami .1 . the air is dry and pure, flic ftars afford them light encigii ■ there ;i ? !" inns or caravanfcras in this defcrt, bur :hc i>ilgrinrt 1<-- ir tents, as they do alfo till they have j.-cvfovmca tlicir Hcvotijns at the kabbaj '},, the day time they" pitch 'htir te'"M luar foma v»«U by the Arabs ;.inip, vherc thc^ lave ftii ii.> «ila»y provirioiH Hrovght tlun by the natives. The i>iJj^i.')n^, (v-vinfj j,al?:d the il'fett, pitch their tents 81 a little (iii'ir.f.' '. '!;5t Ul^tcx, anj .n the day ajjpoii.ted /or prrfoi.i',ii!j ^l,; ,..; u),)v«-;nei>t!'jncd, which is always ,011 thi! tirll liy of tl oHinrh ? "' -h, ihcy -tui r (Fall their flothes, and perform V.;k jjuf- .riorvj rrfju'-i.] in a great bafi~ 0; rec,:|;tacie r.f wa'cr *».oi'J, haviiijs no rtgard c/ their ornaniLAts, ■ !• reliih id j-'.)' t!n.';.g b.i! heavenly tilings. rhe;r nriiicij^ial religiou;- feftivals are, that in commc- . moration of '^ibranaai's faoificing his fon, and that of the martyrooro o) tn; two Irams, Hollein andl^adcin. This l.irter fefii'v:! is celebrated in memory of their patriarch HoflTein, wi.(;, having loft a battle, retreated with his roken troops itito a defert near Babylon, called Kerbele, ||here, havmg n-.en purfued fourteen days, he fell at l%gtli into thi. iiands of his enemies, and died fighting "lantly, having firlt received feveral woundc. Jtcon- Kinue. the firtl ten days of the montli Msharara, during ■i-hich time there are no trumpets, or m jfica] ii^iir'^imenrs, ;Vnmded at the iifual hours ; and thofe who obferve it ■ .-Iriflly, neitiier fliave their head or face, or go to the bag- ni) 'i"hey will never begin a journey, or undertake any thii)g of coiifcq.'.cncc at this time ; many of them rend tlicir, clothes, paint their fkirts black, and appear with fgrr-}wfu' Jcjeued looks, as in a time of public mourn- . ing : you will fee from morninj til! night, in all tlie ftreets, p.irtie« of the mob, fome almoit naked, otliers fluined with mood, and others in armour from head to foot, with naked Iwordi in their hands ; fome ap^>ear faint, and ready to pitrifh, 'vith th<4r tongues hanging out of thei.- mouths, ptd all the figns of defpair and anguilh, cryint with all their might as they pafs by, Hoffei;! I Haflcin! (HaiTein . v-HS the elder brother of Hoffcin, who loft his life in tlie . fiuijC war). What they endeavour chiefly to exprefs is, the heat and thirfl witli which the legend reates HclTein was afllifted with in the defert, to fucfi a degree, it is faid, that be became black, and bis tongue bung (ut of his , mouth. During this feflival, the Peiiians arc ;xtjemely ..charitable : they look upon it as a crime to refufe a poor ... uian an alms at tliis time. Before the houfes of the great men iilfo Hand great vcflels of ice and water, that none m;y fuRer thirft, as llieir great ."^ ' ~ HofTein did -, and the King every day entertains at |( ur thoufand people, who attend the proceflioiis. T .re abundance of ma< chines .ind pageants carried .^ '.><> .caft, diiefly to move . the cqmpailion of the people, and excite tlieir rage againft their enemies the Turks. i Wc Ih.-".". here take notice of fome religions which are toie rated ) . Perlia. And firft, of the Gaurs, or anticnt Ptrlians, generally fliled Igiiicoix, or worfluppers vf fire, being diltinguilhe'd thereby from ^Lother people. They are difperfed throughout Perfi aj^jjjgi* have colonies in . tlie.fuburbi of feveral great townKHtil particularly near Ifpaliiui there is a village inhabited only by Gaurs. Many ! ot tliclc people, who refulcd to fubmit to tlie Mahoinptar> a next o 'nd, :;(0)- ntle- irliiion, fled irwo Tndia, and are fettled about Surat. It is obferved of the Gaurs, that they are neither of fo good » complexion or make as the Mahometan Perfians, which is thought to proceed either from their not intermixing With the Cieorcians, tee. as the others do, or from their applying thcmfelves principallv to hufbandry, and labori- ous employments, in -which tney are more expofed to the weather. The men wear their hair and beards long, a fhort clofc veft, and a cap not much nnlike our hat>< ; tliey are all of them either hiilbandinen or mechanics, never ap- plying themfelves either to the liberal arts or merchandize, arid their language and chsmfler'; v.r in.ierftood by none but themfelves. They i'-.;. vihicb tho gods (lie •i'i'lves have the grcitefl regtiti : rtu -ni^fls te* i> thefl. fa to the bcfretting of i."iiluf«n, t^le manurima; ;U more friiitfiil undf. *he dpmli.i' n of die anticnt Perfians than h 1 ; at prefinr ; tV-v entoungid nothing more tlian agri- • ■ ve and hulbandry, planting and gat^enin^, and tlieir ':c;;i.m taught them that riirfe things were mfiptr: 'ins ; wiii)K the Mahometan liCf lnok no f;i't;icr un thi pre- I'enr >;enet.>, D, ant' do not fo much aa ami at improvc- HU.V. , '(lieGa- ■», whoares. reronjiit c-f rnenr PrfiaiTs', are an innocent hau.'.'.eft people, and . ^ '.cd to Ire under their own i:'.vs aim magi-fti;;f.'s conh.mcd iiy ui'-, prcfent government ; their 'cligioii u'! )ws th-^ni to diiiik win?, and cat all manner of flcf h, except beef ; nor arc they fcrn- pulous about the drefling it, as the Maliomctans and Pa- gans are, who woi:ld thii>k thcinlclvcs polluted, if one of another religion or feft was to cook their meal, they do not c?re, howevci, to mingle with another people, and efpeciilly the Mahometans, but match alw.iy.s in tticir own tribe; ncithir a plurality of wives, or divorces, are fufl'cr- ed by their religion, qnlefs the firft wife has remained barren nine year: , nid then they arc allowed to take a fe- cond : thefe people ate as ignorant as other ruftics ufually are, and can give huf a very poor account even of their own religion or hrftory. Tmiir principal temple is on a mountain near the ci'y of Yezd, and there the High-prteft of their religion refidra with great numbers of his "clergy, who live in a kind of convent, or feminary. The priell* are employed there in much the fame fervice the veftal vir- gins were at Rome, namely, in keeping in the facred fire, that it may never be exfinguilhed ; and according to their traditions, this fire was firft lighted about four thoufand years ago on this mountain, by their great prophet Zo- roafler, and they live in hopes of his return, and of feeing their religion and artient government triumphant again in Perlia: they diSei fiom other Pagans, in their averfion to certain animals, for they look upon it as tlieir duty to de- ftroy all noxious vermin, and el'pecially fuch as fpoil the fruits of the earth. We fhall now take fome notice of the religion of tlic Armenians, who form a confiderable body in the Pcrfiait empire, rfpecially if we include all thofc other Chriftians who liave joined them on the account of ;hc ;aige privi- leges granted them by the Perfian govcniment. I'lie Ar- menians wire originally of the (ii«ek communion ; but tliey arc faid to differ of late in Cevei al particulars both fro.a t!ie Latin and Greek church*$ ; they have two patriardi* of their own, who have under them many archbifhops and bifhops, but the archbifhop of New Julpla and his fuTragans, it is faid, the Perfian governu an influence on th? as theChrlflian pr this part of the ... been inc' ' '.•■ab!' meniaii ciii .' and in fo but for til .,^ more fct ajai.i Romilh mi.«;i>r v .. ;. Their cl;i ;;■ <(>•'! (hops, priefts, an^ ■ Mttiy U hardl\f ' tw pati iarch, it ^ goveriit.2ent by bi not fubjcft toeiiticr ui them, and 1:-ough Mahometan, has as great J of their patriarchs and bifliops, ..: ve in the elcflion of bifliops in The Popilh niiirioiiarics have ..cir eiulcavnurs to procure the Aj'- eknowkdge the I'ojic for tlieir head^ jMr -^fji^ •:•*:- %^^^k%«*w union ; but orli fVoiii ),itiiarcln rchbiflv>ps plia and his thcni, and has as };rcat id liifliops, bifliops in urics have uic the Aj- their head^ j)rcviilcil pha art i->t agaiud th« ifliops, 111" DaTii. Si- loiij; them ; )a fiKin t)ie nks ar« the liige : buf a fevcil davs udaiiniflcs ■ it, [A s I A.I p n n. it, he i> (hat up in the charchior fivs tifm, and fomctimcs the King himfelf h.-is appeared at t, ' ; 'blcumity. The Armenian bifluips and their clergy gu iii procctfion on tbrfe occafions to fome ^riv.t rcfcrvatory of water, x> '\ a crofs carried be- fore them ; and hiving read prayers '-.itable to the occafion, and fung feveral anthems alter their manner, to the fuiind of the country mufic, the bilhop plunges the crofs into the water feveral times, after whicli, Ivippy is the perfon *lut is fprinkled by it ; their own baptifm, it is thought, can fcarce convey greater pri lieges to them. I'hc Armenians luarry their ciiildreo ufually in thfir ialancy to prevent tlieir b^ingcarrkd into^nelurams of tile great men ■, for citlter the rerfuin = are fo ^ufl that thc:y '-'ill not take any in^i's wife froio him, or tliev ai^ too '.inddle with f woiiMB.^ho h..s bee;., in ne pofftf- a-;other: but though the paities are frcqirntly ; 'i at four or five years of a^e, the marriage is fel- ; I atcd tiirtUcy aj;e eiaht OS ten. • I'lys after the wejdiiig, tlie portion ftipulated to 8 t i% (■.Cl I be given with the britkt m fcBl ^ the hufbtnd'i boufe, conlifting of fine clothes, gold, ftW^r, »ild jewels, accord- ing to the quality of the parties. They ad-1 alfo ufually fome firuiti and Iweet- meats, whid.h are all carried in fiita boxes and cabinets, attended by fuch muTic as the coun- try affords ; fonietimes this is deferred till the birth of the firft child, when a tkh cradle is provided, aiul all other necelTariei proper for a new-bori uifant. When an Armenian dies, the perfon whofe oflice it is, urafhet tlie body with confecratod water Uken out of tlie church, and puts on the corps a new white fhirt, and other linen. Then having fewed it up in a new linen bag, it is carried to the church on a bier, without a coffin attended by the priefts and relations, with lighted tapers ill their hands ; and having placed it befo.'c the altar, a prieft reads the fervice appointed, and then they leave the tiody in the church with the candles burning about it aU night. In the morning after mafs is faid, it i* carried to tlie archbifhop or biihop's gate, who fays a pny^r for the repofe of the deceafcd'* foul > afier which it is canicd to the burying-place, the bilhop and priefts finging their prayers till it is laid in the grave -, then the bilhop taking up a handful of earth, throws it on the corps, faying thrw times, ** From earth thou cameft, and to earth th<>u (halt return, remain there till the coming of ouT Lord." Then tliey fill up the grave, and tlie relations and friends return to the houfe of the deceafcd, where they find a good dinner, and are fplcndidly entertained for feveral days faccelTively, if the relations are people of fubftancft. TheGeorgians who adhere to the difcipUne of the Greek church, are very numerous, but they are not found out of their own country of Georgia (the ancient 'beria) which is the moft northerly part of the Perfian empire : as for thofe of them, which come to Ilpahan, they go under the eeneral name of Armenians, and communicate witli themt but of tlic Greek and Georgian churches I (hall fpeak more largely when I come to treat of Turky. There is ftill another people in Perfia, who go under the name of Chriftians, whole religion feems to be a compound of Chriftianity, Judaifm, and Mahometifm : they are call- ed Chriftians of St. John, and fometimes Sabean Chrif- tians, and inhabit near the gulph of Perfia, iq the province of Chufiftan, where it is computed there are not lefs than twenty thoufand fiimilies of them. St. John Bap'ift is their great faint, from whom they pretend to derive their original, and they have a tradition that his fiepukhre is at Chufter, the capital of Chufiftan, or Suliana. They do not acknowledge Chrift to be the Son of God, but efteem him to be a prophet, as the Mahometans do ; and the refk- fon they are called Chriftians, is fuppofed to be firom their great veneration for the crofs, which they reverence even to idolatry. The Perfians hold that circnrociTion is not abfolutelv neceflary to falvation 1 but however they do npt omit it, I'f there be an opportunity of performing it accord- ingto their rites. The Perfian mofques or temples are never confecrated ; but when they are built, the people are invited to perform their devotions there, which is all the ceremony ufed; but as their religion does not oblige them to pray in temples, the great men feldom come thither j and their molia's preach as frequently in the ftreets and public places of re- fort, as in their mofques ; the common people, however cliufe to perform their devotions in their temples, efpeciatly on Fridays, their fabbath, and upon the great teftivals when there is ufually a fisrinon, or a good moral difcourfe delivered by fome molla ; but the people are not very at- tentive tQ thefe preachments, for fome will be reading, others lleeping, and perhaps others fmoking or eating in fermon tiive ; every one does what he pleafes fo as he does not difturb the preacher : their moUa's are never confe- crated, but take up the office of preachers, and lay it down again as they fee fit : thofe who dofign for the prieflhood, begin with ddtbing themfelves in a plain modcft garb, a white turbant, and a kind of caflbc of camblet reaching down to their heels ; then tiiey apply themfelTes to ftudy, and obtain the title of talebolm, or feaichets after know- ledge ; they alfo live abftemioufly, and put on a grave pharifaical look ; afterwards they go in pilgnttiage to Mecca, or to the tombs of their Imans, if thev can raife money enough to defray the charge, and at tlieir return get them- felves rcgiftcrcti in the Swdre's books, in order to obtain pi. ferment when it falls, cither \r\ fome convent or endow- ed mofnuc, and they are advanced higher ufually accord- ingto tlieir Jii'^jence or merit. There are three,]pH]iK;ipal officers in every great mofque : !. The Monttlcvv, wlio takes casi of tiie fiimiture and ornaments, a. The Molb or Freaclier. 3. The Moa- zein, :■#; ir.i.ita.i.ii;^^..=_. y 40 Thk new and universal SYSTEM at GEOGRAPHY. ! 'I Mi m Rm, who caiU the people (Q pritjrtfi. The cUrgy of Per- fia in general are not rich, raceiving no duei from the peo- ple, but depending altogether upon the endowments of their houfes or churches, and what they get by tlie inftnic-' tlon of children, either as private tnton, or maftcrt ot ftma public fchool. Befidei the molla's, there are feveral other fortt of peo- ple in Perfia who pafa fer ecclefiaflici, u the mir'i and the aeriffa, who are of the family of Mahomet by the male line ; and the fa«edi, wira are the defcendanti of Fatima, Mahomet's daughter ; the rail's ha*e the privilege of wear- nig a green tiirMnt, but are tKtt (o much honoured in Per- fia as in Turky, bccanfe they arc looked upon to be m the Turkilh inlereft ; the den'ife* and faquirs, which a< fiir as I can perceive ace but two names for the fame profeffion, are alfo looked upon as religious people ; but, with all their pretences to a fevere, abftemious life tii public, they are difcovered to be proteft libertines in private The Jews are alto difperfed throughout Perfia : tiiere tre reckoned to be about twerkty thoufand families of then, a poor miferable people, manv of them artificers, others of Ihem pretend to magic, ana tellirkg of fortunes. Their Women inliitiiate themfeWes into the good opinion of the ladies in the lirraglio's of the great, who it is laid give great Mth to their prediAioiw ; they alfo prepare love potions, and fuch trumpery for the (illy creatuMi, who iludy all, ways to gain the anedion of their tyrants. The Jews were' formerly the ufurers of tlte country, but fince the arrival of the Banians of India, they have had little to do with any thing oi that kind, and are forced to take up with Icfs beneficial employments : which brings me to fpeak of the Pagan Indians in Perfia, who have now engroflcd ahnod til the ready money cf the country. Thefe are difperftd all over Perfia, and it is computed, that tliere are not lefs than (ixteen thoufand of them in the city of Ifpalian. They are allowed the like liberty in the profeiTion of their reli- gion, as the Jews and Chriftians are. The Perfians en- deavour indeed to gain profelytes, by granting rewards and privileges to thofe who will embrace ^Iaholnetanifm ; but •n this country no reftraint is laid on the confcience ra- fpeAiiig inattert of religion. - • . i ) - . SECT. XV. 0/tii HurrlagH $/ th* Ptrfiani, (it, and tflht cmdit'un tf thiir cbUJrn. THE Perfians ate allowed feur legal wives, with whom they may enter into formal contraA before the civil magiftrate ; but they have feldom more than one ; for the reft of the women, who wait upon her, have in like manner the honour of their mailer's bed, and their iflue ate equally legitimate : fo that there is no fuch thing as a baflard in Perfia, thofe born before and* thofe after marriage having the fame privileges 1 nor is it any difadvantage for a fon to be bom of a concubine, or even of a black Have, in regard to his inheritance. Love is the leaft motive for entering into 'a contrail with a lawfiil wife, as (he is called, efpecially among the creat, nor does Ihe expe£l much of*1t, but it is the num- ber of flaves, tlie clothes, the equipage, and the figure tlie man makes in the world, which are great inducements for the woman, or her friends, to match into any family. The Arineniant marry their children in their infancy, when they meet with an advantageour match : tliis they do for a political reafon, left tlieir daughters Ihould be fent to tliu haram ; but tiie parties do not cohabit till they arrive at a fuitable age. The Perfian marriages ace attended with the following ceremonies. When both the parties liave given their con- fent, and the terms fettled by the mediation of fiiends, proof thereof is made before the Cadi or civil magiftrate, who caufes the fame' to be regiflered ; but as far as I can find, the parties tliemfelvcs do not appear in perfun before him, or go to tlie temple to folemnize the marriage, as with us : but the bridegroom the day before he takes home his bride, fends her a habit, ornaments and jewds fuitable- to her quality ; and the next day towards the evening, mounting on horfeback, with the rlcheft furniture lie can procure, and attended by his friends, the mufic and danc- tug girls, he goes to fetch home his witc, who meets him |Mrt of the way mounted alfo on a camel or horle ; but fo vailed, that her face cannot be feen ; flie is alfo attended by her friends and relations in their gayeft equipage, w'th V^cr Haves, clothes and baggage : 'both companies being join '. they marcli tu tlic luilband's houfe, with lighted turcl .;:s. tile drum* Md mnnpeti founding, «s4 mufic playing be • fore them, the mob following with joyful acclanititioiis, and wilhet for the happincft ufthe new married couple. When they arrive al tlie Iwufe, the bride is led to liet apartment, where the hulband follows foon after, and this is the firft view Im has of her face 1 tlie company fuend tlie remainder of the evening, and fometiines fevcral days fuci ceflively in fiftfting aivd rejoicing at the bridcgrooir.'i lioufet but the men and women are in feparatc apartments , th» mufic, dancing girls aitd mob are alfo generally well en- tertained, if it lutppcn to be the wedding of a man of quality. Thefe ate the only wives the Perfians have, according to the notion we have of a wife : but they have alfo a kind of wives or concubines, whom they agree with cither for life or for a certain time, to fcrve them in the capacity of bed-fellows. Thefe contrails alfo, it is faid, are regifter- ed before a ungiflcale ; and where a man parts with ono of thetc, ihe muft remain fingle forty days before ihe con- trails with imtlier, to fee if Uie be with child ; for in this cafe, the firft man muft keep her till ilie is brought to bed* and her children afterwards. The laft kind ofwives are a man's Haves, whom he takes to his bed, and difpofes of as he pleafe*, without any ceremony : but tlie children of thefe are in as good a condition as the reft, inheriting ac- cording to their feniority i lb that if the fon of a llave be the eldeft, he has an elder brother's portion. If a woman be divorced witliout any flult on her part, ihe ihall lta>ve the dowry her huiband ftipulated to give her, whidi after her death will go to her children. Divorces are very eaiily obtained here, efpecially where both parties agree to it : the ufual fuggeilions for a woman to obtain a divorce, are that the huiband takes up too much time with his flaves and concubines, and does not afford her due be- nevolence, or elfe that tlie huiband is impotent 1 in either of which cafes the magiftrate will grant a divorce, and both the man and the woman are at liberty to marry cH'cuhcre. By the Perfian law the girls are held to be of age at uins years of age, and the boys at thirteen, and no longer un- der the direflion of their guardians ; and where a guardian dies, the magiftrate will fumetimes admit them to be of age iboner, upon examination. Tfic eldeft fon is always guardian to the younger children, and inlants have that privilege, that their cftates cannot be fcizcd for the debts of the deceafed till they come of age, and are able to plead for themfelves. Where a perfon dies irttrftate, there is an officer in every city and province, who takes care to fecure the efiate and eife£ls of the deceafed, and fee them diftri- b«ted among hia relation*, in iach pioportion^ as the law requires. With refpcA to the funeraT rites of the Perfians, and tbeir behavioiK towards the dying and dead, we muft here obferve. That when a rich man is drawing towards his laft hour, they fet up lighted lamps, or make little fires on the terrace of liLi houfe. v.i^t the people in the neighbour- hood, and thofe thut paiS by, may pray for hrm. They alfo fend for a molla, or pricll, who puts him in mind t>( reviewing his paft life, and repenting of his fins i to which the dying tiun ufually anfwcr;, taube, or, I repent. W hen he can fpeak no bnger, they continue to read fome chapters of the alcoran to bim till he expires. His death is foon known by the difmal groans and lamentations of thofe about him : the relations immediately let up a great howl, rend their clothes, tear off their hair, beat their breafts, arul aA like people in the utmoft defpair, dpccially the women, intermmglii>g fad complaints, and uttering the inoft tender exprelHons to the dead corps, as if it was really fenfible of their grief. The corps is afterwards wrapped up in a new linen cloth, or winding ihcet ; and if it be a man of figure, theie are certain palliiges out of the alcoran, or out of fome other of their facred books, written upon it : aud they tell us of one of their great miiiiOers of ftate, who was wrapped in fo laree a Iheet, that the whole alcoran was written on it. Tn this condition the bodv i<: rcpofited in fome pbce at a diftancc frc^m the houfe ; and if it be to be buried a great way off, it is put into a wooden coffin filled up with fait, limes and perfames to prefcivc it ; for they embalm their deaJ b , dies no otherwife in V' "a, nor do they ever embowel thorn, as with us. If they are buried near I'.i place where they dk; they are carried thither diredly fro. . tne place where they are walh- ed without much ceremony, the people who attend the corps following iir no manner of order ; indeed at the in- terment of people of diftrhflion, tlie enfigns of the mofque are carried before them on long pikes, one has an iron hand at the end of it, which they call Haly's hand ■, others have ctcfccnts i and on the reft are wtitteu the names of Ma-» homot. II-- SECT. xvr. tht tanitnl Jtriiiluris, ruins, Jeptilehrtt, imreUt anttqititia of tht Ptrfia »nd tih/r m- 'lani. THE paUce antiently called the houfe of Darius, which waR tlie lefiddice of the Per fian monarchs, is called, by the modern iiiliabitants of the place, Chil-mina, or' the palace ot i'orty Pillars. It is fituattd at the foot of a mountain, c;iile»l the Rayal moaatain. It extends three tlioufand feet from north to fouth ; and from eaft to weft one thojfand, nine hundred and n-netjr-five feet, to the mountain itfelf. But having before .ji\'en a large account of tliia celebrated CMiticc, moic genera'' Vinown bv 'ho [A S I A.J PER hornet, his daughter Fatima, and hit twelve ftKCsffors : they have alio Ureamers of (ilk, and led horfes, which carry Um turbantand araw ot tin dtoMM : ttMR aw im bacnra appointed on purpofe for carrying the corps to the grave, but the neighbours offer their fervice, and if a pcrlon of falhion meets a funeral, he will alight from tri* horfe, atij help to carry the corpfc to the place of interment, 'I'hey lay thao«rM in iM wtriding Iheet without aooffi a, with the face towards Mecca , and if it ))c a great man, they lay by him bis turbant, his I'word, his cjuiver, and hit bow, and aii iTch is built oit that lid:: near the grave. The Kalbn of making this arch is upon the fnpiiofition that the foul re-animales the body foon aker tlie interment, and h examined by certain angels, concerning his faitii and manners. Thbir mtjuminc nlViany lafts fbrty days ; h does not con- fift in wearing black clothes {fbr hhiek They dCTcft, and look upon it to be the tJevil's colour, an infernal liabit) but their moumrng confifts in lamcntationj for thedeceafed in « »BOi and dcfpair, which they tt^at two or three timtj • week during the time above-mentioned j after wJiich th«y bathe and fhave, and drefs thcmfelves in their ufual iMbiu, and the mourning is finifhrd : their wives are the moft inconfolablc, for a widow feldom marries a fecond time. W« ftiall now give a defcrijmon of the mourning of the Armenian; at the gTavfe difccrned, about two or three hours before day, came to the ChiilHan burying-pliicc, bringing with them wood, coals, tapers, aud incenfe ; there thev made fires by the tombi or their refpen them, continually throwing incenfe on the fire, lamenting their loft, and addTcfltng tlicmfclves to the deced'ed, in wrc moft atider and affeftionate expref- fions : then they threw thcmfelves on ^\t graves, and em- braced and bathed them with their tears. TTiis was fuc- ceoded by the moft dlfntal groans and cries that can be imagined. At a little diftance, the place where this was tranfai^ed looked like the ruins of fomc town juft deftroy- ed by the rian\ej in a dark night, there being fuch an inter- mixture of Hones and fire, with the cries and lamentations •f people in the utmoft defpair. The men, it ferms, remamed at home while the women were employed in this folcttmitj, but ffcnt perpetually, after their wives, under pretence ot enquiring how they did, poffib)y left the daiitnel's of the ni^ iliould give them .an oppoitwiity of jmriiiing Their intngties, inftead ofvifiting their departed rriends. There were ilfo a multitude of prieth attending at the burying-place, to ofTef up pravers fcr thofe \v1k> delired it ; and thefe being all cloUied iu black, as the women were in white, made an odd fort of a lmniii and moancaint. The earth it covered with the fragments of Icvcnty-fix columns in the midft of thefe ruins. And about one hundred and elghtecr^ feet to the fouthwar4 of thefe it an edifice elevated above tlie reft of the ruins, on an hill. 1 he front is compofe4 of a range of ftc/net eight feet deep : it extends one nun-t dred and thirteen feet from eal\ to weftt but is not embellifiw ed with any ornaments, I'liere are fome fubterraneous palTaget oretty far to th« fouthward of the laft mentioned ruins ; which, from a ri> diculous notion that no light will burn in them, the native* vnH not enter, though it is fupnofed that immcnii: tKlfui9a are lodged in them -, bin fo-eRuropeantravelldn, having ventured to enter them with lights, which were not extin- guithed by an invifible power, as the natives abfurd^ imagined, perceived that ihcfe paffiiscs terminated in it fmail, narrow, and ImpatTable Vind of aqueduft. There are two antient fepulchres of Perfian monarchi near the mountains, the ftonta of which are omamente4 with various figures reprefenting men and different kinds of animals -, and at about two leaguci firom thefe fepulchres are four other tombs refenibling the others, ohiy cut higher in tlK rock. I1iis place derives its name from one Noxi Knftan, a fabulous pcrfon, who is reported to h»ve been s potent prince of gigantic ftature, that he was forty cubiu nigh, and fiv:d one thonfand one hundred and thirteet) years. The fleure of a man on horfeback, which the peo- ple fay, reprclents Ruftan \ hi is in a Roman drefs, anc| lias afib a bonnet rHing from a crown, with flowing hair, a long beard, and his left hand upon tlie hilt of bit Iword { but notwithftanding the report of his prodigious fiature, both he and hit horie are of the coininon Me, Before him is a woman with flowing hair, wearing a crown -, fh? is drefled like Minerva, and holds up part of her drapery with her left hand. A tliird figure rcprefentt a warrior with a tiara on hit head, and his left hand placed on the hilt of his fword. In another compartment is an imper- fe£l appearance C men fighting on horfcback. Ail thefe figures arc carvtu .u thcruck. This toant' of Noxi Ruftai^ is fuppof;d to have been ercAed by Darius HyDafpet,. as it correfponds v.'*'> •'! ' ' Htun given of it by Hera» dotus andotlier antiei' ' .s. At two hundred pat i. .i-ncr, on the weftem ftde of the mountain, are two rabies cut in the rock. That to the left reprefents two, men on horfe>back., one of whom trafps a circle, of which tlie other hal quitted the hold, come imagine that the fitft is AleiCander, and the other Darius, wlio by this aflioX refigns to him the empire. Near the city of Seamaihie, at a place callH Pyrmaraas, ire the tombs of Scid Ibrahim and Tiribabba nis tutor, both whitli ate vilitcd by a great Aumber of pilgrims, who perform their devotions there ; and near the city of ArdobH is the fepulchre of SJiah Sefi, which is 'ifited with great pomp by the Peifians on Whitiun-mondav, This tomb IS three feet in height, nine in length, and four in breadth, made of whitt Tiirhlr. and coveted with crifflfon velvet { i great variv:. nd filver Umps hang down fronj the re >f of it, . >.. och fide are two very huge candlc'i flicks of mafly gold, with wax candles in theni, There is alfo a fpacious arched gallery finely gilt, M^ich is ufcd us ^ library, containing a great number of ina^nufcripts in th^t Perfian, Arabic, and Turkilh tcnj-j"!. fome written oij parchment and others on paper, all fuperbly bound, beauv tifully painted, and elegantly covered with plates of gol4 and nlver. There are alfo above four hundred pcrcelaii^ vcffels, many of them capable of containing teiigallons, in various niches on the fides of the library. 'There is near this fpot, another tcmb ercAcd to the memory ot Seid Tzeibrail, who was only a peafant, but the father of Shah Sefi. This tomb is fix feet high, of an oval form, raifed ten fleps, adorned with zlafs of feverai colours, and fbrrounded with iron grates : the roof js of azure gilt, an4 in the midft of it there is a Urge tower of blue and green ftones ; the floor is covered with rich tapeftry ; apd roun4 the walls are vaults or chambers for the education pt chiU drtn. The gold and filver lamps hang-about it, "a ■ yiirh there are lights every night. The tombs of n;anY o; Shah Sefi's tamily anccentaiAC'l ina finaUchapeji , /; tothj". .-;."'' 4t Tmb NBW amb t)Nl?BR8AL ftTSTSM or GEOGRAPHY. CHAP. II. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OP THE EMPIRE OP C H I N A. SECT I Inn j ^Viiuit, gTMl vmU, •■ nmHgillinif and f*€i if tht TrMllig •/ /*/ ifUKdarUi, i i/h»iu, riun, ttHtltf I'l' ttUHlry. 3pHIS opulent mi<) extenfiv* empire, which *pPMn I to be a world within itfelf, and which incliulei Clii- e Ttrbtfy, is bou'.ded by the dominioni of Rofli*, on (he north t bjr thf \ ici^ Ocean on tlie eaft t by thr Vt ■ 'dian and Chincfe ica, on the fouth -, and by the ^iof^u i..^ of Tonquin, Ta tarian Thibe% Ruffian Tartary, and part oflndoftan and India beyond the Ganges, on the weft. It lie* between niuety'five end one hundred and thirty-itve degree* of eaOvrri longitude, and between twenty -one and fifty-five d' ^ ^<*s of north latitude ; being about ofie thou- faiid eight h' led imile* in Un^h, and one thoufand five hundred in i<':^dth. It take* it* name from a Cliinefe word, whici- G '.niiiei central ; as the native*. fu{>pofing the wor i to be flat, fancied it wu fituate cxaAly in the niddle. This country i* divided into fixteen province* ; tu. 9. Shan-fi, 10. Shen-fi, 11. Se-chucn, Pe-ke-lr, Kyang-nan, Kyang-ii, Fo-kjrcn, Che-ky-angr Hu-quang, Ho-nan, Shang-tongy 12^ Quan-tong, 13. Quang-fi, 14. Yun-nan, 15. Qiiew-chewt 16. Ly-au-tong. The 'wrthemv called the Tartarian provinces, tre fe- jttrUeu ti'>m proper Chin^ by a wall of brick and ftone ftiU •Imoft entire, one thoufand 'ti"« hundred aulM ia lengtB, being carried over mounuin* and vallie* firMn Monml Tartary in thr weft, to the Rang fea in the eaft. Thi* Will was built by the Chinefe to prevent the incurfione of Um northern Tartar*, but i* mit of much uf* at pffent, fence Chiiu and thole TattarianprovincM have k>cen uiKed wider one prince. Pe-king, Shsn-4, and Shen'fi, are the n*xt three pro- vinces which lie wiftiin the grc t v-ill. Th^* three pro •ince* of Shang-tora, Nan-ki. , -r.i Cht icy-ang, lie upon the eaflern coaft of the Chinefe fea : Ho-nan, Hu- quang, and Ryang-fi, are midland provinces ; Fo-kyen, Quan-tong or Canton, and Qjung-lT, upon the footh-eaft, •re maritime province* ; and Se-chu' n. V/,.ew-chew, and Yua-nai ; are (ituate in tfte foutU-weft, and adjoin to Tonquiit and weft cm Tartary. Thofe ifland* m China, which are the mod extenfive, frr, Formofa, near the weft of Fo-kyen ; Ay-nan, foiith- ivcH uf Cantoit ; Macao, a fmall ilhnd in the mout of Canton river, inhabited by the Portugueic 1 and the J •• illand*. which lie between Formoli and the Fbilik: i The chief river* are, i. Yamour, whicfi divide aefe from RufTian Tartary on the north. 1. .'Vri uu, Irbidi divide* Chiaefe from Ruffian Tartaiy, on the rtcft. *. Crocceus, or Ho-am-bo, which rifes in the coniinet c .tern Tartary, and, ninniig iftward througli the kingdom of China, falls into the Kang fea. 4. Kiam, v.hich alfo rife* i!i wefi'irn Tartary, and, running eafl- H ud, difchar^es itfelf uKo the gulf of Nan-kin. 5. Ta, which, rifing m the province of Qoew-chew, runs fouth- «sft, and falls into the bxy of Canton ; on this river are Ihe mountains and flraits of Sang-wan-hab. Of thefe, Ihe rivers Croccc'is and Kiam are vaftly large, and not fa- Aomable in fomc places, if we may credit the Chinefe ac- li, and Shen-ii, have more mountains dw\ vaUay*. SECT. il. TrMtt »f tb* frintitai Itums, palmtt, imf-lii, litiit^ aui Mmmtfr tf ftifd, in Ckimi. THE Chinefe twsrns are afually built in one form, that is fquarc, where the ground will admit of it ; and the principal gates open toward* the '"uur cardinal points, eaft, weft, norths and fouth; and rpaciousftreets.croirine each other, rua the w>Mle length of the town. We Ihall here mention the chief towiu of every province, and give a particular delcription of ihofe which have been thought beft deferving tUi notice of travellers. Niucbe is the capital af the provinee of the fame name. Pitehee it the capital of Corea, and Chin-yan ot Lea-tonge. Thefe ate ffduted without the wall. The capital of the province of Pe-king, and of the whole empire, is of tl . fame name. It it fituaie in one hundred and eleven degrceHof eaftern longitude (making London the firll rariiaian) and in fo-'" triireet J north latitude. Ir ftar>Ji in a fruitful plain, not far "buth of the great wall. "^ le towi> confiftt ot two cities omcd together, one called -- Taiur city, and the otlici the Chinefe city; for when > ic Tartan conquered thii country, about one hundred and xty years ago, they drove out the Chinefe, but gave thena »v' to build another city contifjuoui to the old town, b was then pretty near the form of a fquarc, but (ince I . addition of the other, makes an irregular figure. Thefe cities are t«wnty miles in circumference, befides the fu- burbs : the whole contains two millions of people. The emperor's palace, including the parks and gardens, iY>wO ' -'^v 1*-W i3^«|mi^ri*W' I. * / y^l^ 'S % : 'Jj fi _ULJ^_ ^^ -.^alf \J i I I ^ ">. « >iw ■:-:'<■♦•, ^■■^ \-^\ .i'^Ki )\- W 1' X % ■'is^' '/'■■ri^ c .-■ .. ', -,7'- -.« i.'«>*i*%'«c%4 * . < r . * . o • • . B, % ^1* > . ■■•^ I '■'% r ■ ,, J ■«?i ^ ' ■i I m^.^ ' ■■^mg^ H, ir^ % s- ■II ■ r ^^• 4^ t- 1p .# i I- 1^ tA 8 I A.] IC it floor, IWcadfe Tcking Im Aiibrm much by evtbqiukei, Which are frcqutnt here. The ctici ofthii ciiy are ftill higher tlitn the walb, tml tiave a fort of equal height buiit before them: the arch (if each gate ii built with marble, bat the walls are of brick : they have no oMworki beyond the wtlli, but then are iijuare Mwwi iit them U proptr diftancei from each other. The ftnMti of Pe-kiitc Ut perpetiiaily crowded, thoorii a woman it /cidoiti iiecn m ihtm, the reafon whereof may M that all provifiona are l^rou^t thither by land carriage, no river or canal coming within three mitet of the city, which •ocafioni the tirct '% to be filled with carti, camelt, horfef , and other heafti o^ burthen, with their driven, infomuch that it i* diiScolt paffing the gate* in a morning or evening. The artificers or handicraft traderf alfo contribute to in- creafe the eioud, as they work in the houfei of thofe that employ thero, and are perpetually looking out for bufineft. The magiftrates alfo have their guards when they appear abroad, and all people of difiinftioh a numerous atten- dance, which makes the lowti appear ftill more populous and thronged. The emperor's palace is three milet in circumference; and confifts of nine vaft courts, in the fartheft of which he refides. Thii apartment is Ivipported by large marble pil- lars, the roof coveted witli gilded Ihinitig tiles, which look like gold, tt is afcendt^ by white marble ftepst the rooms, adorned with carvings and paintings, make a very grand appearance, and three or four thoufand mandarins or great officers are always attending when the PriiKe gives audience on puUic occanons. The chief mandarins have very magnificent palaces, %hich take up a great otent of ground, as they have but one floor; theyconfift of feveral open courts, in which the buildings are not contiguous ; they are fo fond of privacy, that they have no windows towards the (Ireet i and will not fufFer their neighbours to have any, that can look in upon them ; and within the gate is always a (kreen, to prevent aftranger's looking in: the furniture of their hoafes con- Tifts of piflures, japan cabinets, chairs, tables, and var- nilhed ikreens, and their beds are exceeding fine. In rum- mer their curtains are filk, finely wrought, or tite fineft gaufe to defend them againft the gnats j in winter their curtains are of thick coaife filk, and their dounttrpanes of the fame. They have no feather-beds, but lie upon quilts or mattrciles. I'his great cit) is guarded both day and night by foldiers, who patrole the ftreeta with their fwordt ; they alfo carry whips in their hands, with which they lafh without diftinftiun all perfons concerned in any riot or outrage, to the difturbance of public tranquility ; there is, befides, in this city, a garrifon of flxty thoufand men, to preferve good order, and prevent irregularities. No clubs, balls, or other noAurnal meetings are permitted here. In the principal ftreett they found the five watches ot the night on a drum of an ektraordinary fixe, or elfe on a large bell, fuppofed to be llle largcft in the world, except the great bell of Mofcow. This great bell of Pe-king was caft near four hundred years ago, and weighs twenty thoufand pounds ; but the Chinefe bells afford a veiy dull found, having only wooden cU(>pers. Awalch coimtUof two hours Nui-kin, the capitU of the province of that n.ime, and lierdRfore of the whole empire, is called the foutli court, as Pe-king is the north court, fituate in one hundred and eighteen degrees of eaftern longitude, and thirty-two de- grees of north Untude. It it uUl more populous than Pe- king, Oanding on the river Kiam, which it here three miles broad, and forms a very commodious port. Here filk, and all other Cinnele manttk^uies, may be purchaTcd at the bel^ hand. Befidettbc river, tlKre are abundance of navi- gable canals, Which bring the merchandize ef every pro- vince thither. Before the gates of this, and almoft every other great town, are two magnificent towers ereftcd, and near them a pagod, or idol temple, dedicated to the genius, or guardian angel of the place. Triumphal arches alfo are erected to the honour of fuch great men as have becnefteemed ornaments to their country. Temples alfo are erefled to the memory of Confucius, the philofopher, and other bencfafiors. The grandctl of all tlic Chinefe buildings, is the porcelain tower, which frauds before one of the gates n( Nan-kin, being above tn-o hundred kti high, of an odangular ficure, Cuntsining nine (lories, <:ach (lory benching in, and de- crcilingin birai'th, as It incrcafes in height, Arming a kind of pyramid , it is faced with porcelain, or china-ware, from Whence it has its name ; al>ovc the eighth ftory is a cu- pola, which I lies thirty feet higher than the tower, with a gilded ball over it ; litis tovtet h:;s ilood upw/irds of tliiee ! W A. ii I '.u'l yeart, and it efteeme^ tihe ino^ elegant ^uitdinl ea(l. Near this city is the moft famous tMnpte oT Panhn-Shi, in which are ten thoufand imager. The capital of Quan-iong is Canton, fituatt irt the fouth of China, near the mouth of the river Ta, and it th* moft reforted to by Toreign merchant! of any part df Chinl. it is almoft the only town the PLuropeaitt iraide to at pr«-> fcnt, and confequentiy is immenfely rich ; it it faid to Ml* eeed all the cities of Afia in the number of ptgodt ot idol templet, palates, or pOblic buildings, and there aik in it b6, fewer than thirteen magnificent triumphal anhcai . Th* ftreett are paved, but narrow ( the lhaiOta0U a fine imewk and thofe tradefmen, who deal in tMpBekind of goodn ufually (land in the fame qiianBIg«, and fcrapod and poliihcd with abundance of care ; by peo- ple of condition, this being looked upon at one ol the dilii^uilhing maiks of a gentleman in tliii part of the world. • r 1. • The Chiaefc were mighty proud of ilu: hau of their keadi, and ulcd to tie it up at our women do in a roU ; but the Tarur iovereigni kave compelled tliem to lha»e their headi, kaving only one lock on the middle of the «rown, oyer which they wear a cap ihaped like a beli, which doe* not come So low as their cars, and lheree- ■112 afhamed, that they will laugh at the man they have biibblctL. A fbreigixr goes in great dar>|i^ of being cheated it' he truOs lo his own juai<;inrnt, and If he em- ploys « Chinefe faAor, as is ufual, both faAor and mer- chant will fomctinies combine together to deceive the ft ranger. They continuaUy "Vply ihemfelves todifcowr.lheliicH- natioas, humours and terapen of thofi: they have any commerce with ; and keep up a fair cofrefpondence even with their grratcft enemirs. However, tliere do not want iniUnces of feir dealing, and open gcneroas ufage, and a fidelity not to be corrupted. There are no duels «i0(n)gft them i all rhcir revmte is fecretly managed, and they can n'lt only dilTemble their malice, but feem patient even to infcnfibility, till they have a favounble opportunity to ftrike home. Their great men are engaged in a perpetual purfuit of placelerve they are part of the conlUtutfon, and con- tribute towards civilizin); their people; that thofc outward condckcnlions and obliging cxpreflions, rcijuircd of all ibrtit of people, in hi^h or low life, tend to promote peace and good order m the (late, as well as in every neigUlwurhooil I that the prohibiting courfc and fcurril- oui language prcventi a great mai'.v quarrtls, and at for oathi and obli:enr "'-ourfe, thcle are never heard if amongfl the Chint. They falote one another by layirtg (he right hand uii ihf; ba'aft, and bov^ini; a little -, and wlien they approach a prince, or great man, they kneel open one kucc', till they are bid to rife i but it would be an affront, it I'cemi, to falute a great man a^ he palTcs along the ilrects, unlefs the pcrfon hat particular bulincfs witli him i but the people ftand up when fucli a ono palTcl by, hxiiig their eyes upon tlie ground, and with their arms acrofn. When a gentleman defigns to vifit another, ho fends a fcrvant to meet him with a note, intim?ting liis intoution ; ami being informed he is at home, he fits out, and is received according to his quality. If the nerfon he goes to vifit is much above him, the pcrfon vifitcd docs not ftir out of his clnirj if ihey arc eqiirl, he receives his gucil at the hall-door i and if the viii'nr be much his fupcrior, he goes out intc the rtrcct to me^f him, where they cnibiacc each other witl: a great deal cf feeming alfe£\ion, and a let of fhort compliments pi, , which are prcfr.riJKd them; the one knows what he is to fay, and the other what he is to anfwei, and they flop at every door, where their bows and cringes are trpcated ; on? favs, " Pray walk," and the other anfwers, " It nnift not be';" which being repe.ited three or four times, the ftranger fttlfers himlcif to be overcome, anl goes on to the next door. If there be more gucils than one, when they come into the room where they are to Iw entertained, the nc;{t (lifpute is w!io lliall fit uppormolt ; and after a great deal of cringini;, cvrry one takes the place which belongs to him, accordiiii; to the potl or employment he has in the go\ernment; they are obliged to fit upright, with their eyes fixed upon the grmuul, their hands flretchcd out on dieir knees, and their feet even : they are to look grave and compoicd, and mutt not Ire too talkative ; and f'ome- tinie;- there is not a word fpoken more than the compli- ments prcfcribcd. Wlup they dofpcak, it is with all the fubmillion imaginable, and never in firft or ft., -fl pcrfon i ft>r intlance, inl'.ead of laying, " ! am oblisci" /you for the f.votir you have done mc," they will fay, -''he fa- vour my lore? has done me, who am h much btneai.i him, h;',s laid his lerv.int under the highcft oliligati' :is." And infte.id of fayine, " 1 ureCcnt you with thii curiofit, which my country prodnrcs, xhey will fav, " Permit the' fervant to ortcr his lord thi'. curinfity whicii his pcwr country af- fti.tls." Again, whatever comes frmn lii ; lordlhip's no- ble province is well wrought, or extrauidinary fine. And never lay, •' 1 " or '• you ," but " your fer\a' " or " your fcholai" did Inch a thing, and, thoduftoroi .ny lord faid this or that , and not, you 1; '4, or you did it, this would be reckoned the height of incivility, and a manner of fpeaking only to be ufed to (laves. Tea 13 tlie ufuai liquor orunk upon a vifit; and much ceremony there n ul'cJ in taking the dith, carrying it to ■one's mouth, .ind letting ii down, or returning it to the it'r\aiUi anf^her, they take leave, much the fame cringes are repeated as wh'.'n tl' ^uelis arrive. Amba. .ors are aiiowcd maft''!,- of the ceremonies to inflruA them forty days b'.foif they are adtnitted to their audience, th t they may cr:n.nit no blunders, and ma.iv of the Chinetc will be offended with ftrangerN if ihoy omit to cringe and fawn, accnrd'ug to the rules prefcril>ed them. The Chinjfe are fo far from putting off tlicir caps when they falute one another, tliat it is reckoned very indecent to appear hdorr their liettcrs barcbesf'c.' vd ipon this ac- count, inc ifrniiilty to the ciiftoi . I tl'.i c try, the Fopc tlioughr tit tt: difpcnfe with B'. ' '< I <d »!nongrt the- if thofc who have foUov.eo i No. 4. * « have played away their cflafCT, wlw, and children ; «rhlch they win fometimei hazard «p hed^. \. here it coinca up too t'. •> ;'ieul much, titty finljilant it into their fields. ^ ..^.i i( ii Krmvu fit or .ifht inchei hi|h, ami fopplv the fieldi with water, in which it grows till th- < ice it almoft ripe i atier which the water being driei* .,> m the fair feafon, they cut and ihrclh it out, ufually in the fields where it grows, and in feveral «irovineei have two crops in a year. The rice is more tike iiati than my other grain) the ftraw hard and folid, of which whifllt are maile ) and we frequently find lome grains of rice left in the draw. I'here needs no dinig to render the land firuitful which is fown with rice ', the water fup- plics the place of dung, as well u rairtt but for wheat and D.irley, they ute all manner of compoft, and frequently burn the turf, the aihes whereof are eiteemed a good iiu- nure. In the com fhlds we fee neither tree i; in |': -at efleem among the Chinefc, and is pecv'w (■ t!« 7>..jrtry. It is a kind of plum of the fire of a U-/* 'sulrnit, the meat iifoft and wa- terilh, and has a moft di:U::'o'.'. JUvonr, and has a long ilone : this fruit being dried t\iriis black and wrinkled like a prune : they preferve them all the year to eat with their tea, to which it gives a (htrpnefs mucn more agreeable than fugar. The largrft fruit that grows in China, it the jaka, which hat within it a great many yellow nuts, that afford a deli- cious kernel. This fruit grows to the body of tlie tree, for, it is faid, the tree is too weak to bear it. There are trees in the province of Quang-fi, which in- ftead of pitli, have a foft palp, of which they make flour of a pretty good taftc. The vamtfh-tree, whofe leaf and bark refemMedie rifh, fcldom grows more dun fifteen feet high. When it is about a foot in compafs, they make incilions round it with a pruning-k nife, and hang vcflfcls underneath them in dte evening, and find a confiderable quantity of the liquor in them the next morning ; but the people who draw the var- nifh, or work in it, are forced to cover themfelves from head to foot, or they endanger their healths, if not their lives. This vamilh prefcrvei the Wood, belides giving a beauty to cabinets. An oil is alfo drawn from another tree almoft like var- nifh, which has not thofe ill effeAs which the former has : this is fometimes called lack, from whence things wafhed in it are called lacquered ware ; but the words lack and var- nilh are moft commotily mixed together, and ufcd indif- ferently for each other. China is remarkable for a fort of white wax, not made by bees but 'gathered from trees, which they have in fueh atiaiidafice, diat it ferves the whole empire. It is found thtcfly in the province of Hu-quang and Shang-tong : it i^ produced by an infcft not bigger than a flea, which has • ititif fo fharp that it pierces dte bark .md even the body of thelmt. Tkecountry otofU gather the tgg* of ihit infeO in the fpring, from wnciue piciuetl wnrmt, which they place at the foot of the trees lliat arc proper lor thein i they creep u|> *nd difp« it ihctuli^lvca through aU (he brancltes, and |>uietialtiig lo the «cry pith, convert th«ir neuriflimont into wax as white a* fniiw, which tliey work out of the bole tliey Juuc nade i It hang* coivgcalad in ilrop* about the trti, amt tiwjMopW gather it and m.Ve It into cakes for tlic market. Tticir tallow, which i . • disced by a certain tree, will be loentionrd under .. .eai head of plaiiti. Neither doves, uuLmegt, mace, ur cin- namon, ^ow in China, Tliere is another fruit McuUar to them called touy«f», or ''ragon't eye, it itexaAly round, ytllowilh when it i» T, full of juice, and very cool and inotfcntive. Of their trees, their ' -tree i« tlic moft reinarkalile : it ia of tlic neight , herry-tree, lite Itat' Ihaped like a hcvt, and of . uvuly rod ; tht fruit it encloled in a rind divided tntu three iegmeiits, which open wiien it is ripe, and difcovcr three white kerne li a« bl| v • fmalt nut; tl^fc trees beiitg plwted in a ft rait line dit- quer-wife, this mixture of white and red makes them took idle a parterre of flower-pou at a ditUuce ^ but what this tret it moft valued for it the kctnel, which ha« .ill the qualities of tallow, both inrmcll, colotu, and conliUcncy, and they make their candlci of it) but the wick licliif made of a linall dry flick inftead of cotton, they ciiiiuit- pofliblt burn fo clear u ours, aikl create a very oiTeikliYf rinell. They have alfo n tite like tlte walnut-tree peculiar t» this country, which bears a feed -bout as bi^ at a pea, much like pepper, and wliich the inhal>itartf$ ule ii>ftead of it. Their Kitchen gardens aboimd in all manner of herbs and falladi, rooti, peas, and beans, and a variety of other pulfe. No fountains are to be met with in any part of China« except in the Emperor's gardens. 1 ea or tcha, ia a plant peculiar to this country : it ufually grows at the foot of fome mountain, and the heft upon a ftony foil ; the root refembles that of .i peadi-tree, and its flower that of white wild roles. Tlie tree is of all fixes,- from t>«-o feet to an hundred in height, and fome of them arc fo tliick, that two men cannot grafp them, ac- cording to the Chinefc herbal. But though Uiere may lie feme very high and large trees, as thorns will fomctiiiu-s rifeto a great height : it it accounted but a bulh or ihiub, and grows about as liish as a rofe-tree generally. It it planted upon little hillt, each plant about tlucc feet dif- tancc from another, and docs not commonly grow wild. A judicious traveller telli us, he faw this plant in the pro- vince of Fo-kyen, wliete it grew iiuon the fide of a liulc hill, and the plant was not above five or fix feet high ) that feveral ftalks an inch tliick a-picce weie joined tl^- ? [ether, and dividing at the top into I'everol little branches ormcd a kind of duflcr like our myitle : that the trunk fecmed dry, but bore green branches viid leaves ; the Icavci are narrow, ending in a point, and were an inch, or iniU and half long, and indented; that tlic oldcft were white and brittle, and tafted bitter ; the youug ones were foft, fmoodi, redilh and tranfparcnt, and pretty fvvcct to tlie tafte. The three forts of tea commorUy brought to Europe, are all from the fame plant, and only the feafons of the year when it is gathered, the different manner of curing it, and the foil makes the difTerence. liohea or voiij, fo called firom fome mountairu in the province of Fo-kyri, where it grows, is the very firft bud gathered in die hc-< ginning of March, and dried in the made : the imperial or bing tea is the fecond growth in April ; and fingle or common green tea the laft, in May and' lunc, which arc both dried i» little paiiti over tli; fire. The tea Uu ub is »\x ever-green, and is in the flower from Oflobeikto laiiuaiy. The feed it ripe in September and Oflober following ; but for one frelh and full feed there are a hundred naught Its feed veflelt are tricapfular, each eapfula containing one jiut or feed ; but though there be the veftigcs of feveral, oiil^ ' one comes to perfetl ion. It nay be necclliiry to oblcrvs further, that we are alTurcd the bohca is cured by laying the leaves on hot copper plates, and the other is dried in the open air, and both the green and bohea Ikivc fome in* gredient mixed with them, which may contribute to pro-, dace the ill effeAs complained of; ior though all tea be iMturally green, yet that colour is heightened by fome in- gredient, and the bohca is changed yellow by another in* gredient) but how or with what drugs this is done, the Chinefc have hitherto concealed from us. We (hall onl^, add, that this fluub do'cs not grow cither in die coldeft or di^ y^ y^: ' .fkl ur ein- line ; ■ Sr * lolei I Ir^"^-^ «l • I R^ Ci)t. ^B ^ ^^d look H # 3] tthii ^B H "^ tlip I V ^ iicy, King I ■ b4 llllot. 1 X ^ %: a**i>-. .»Ju»i!fc**««*«»T,«- ,>-*' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. {./ /. „*■ **% .sr /4i l/j Ze -% 1.0 isn- l.l 1.25 2.5 ^ lU III 2.2 lU ■ 40 1.4 2.0 1.6 V <^ ^ /a °\ s>* 9mf ^''■y w . "^f Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 .^^ . *" ^ c^ w> ft-./; ■ < *»•■»■'•,•■*■ ;i ■ .■.«;v-.«,rv;_--1>*.'«« V ^ "''JK-'""! " i:^' »! . .1,, ., i:"^^ ■:. • I '■<-*■-. *■'■"*' '■'■^fj.^i''" '--t^'t , 1 I Isl 'i ' t .' 1'/ t " * w ^ i :.' .1". - 4i % ^, 11! i 3f J 19 1 t^': .V . •'■(^J««*.-. (A S I A.] H I H 47 w 991 9 Wi In^ -I as the hotteft parti of die country, but Utwwn tw«tlt3r*t (fo aiki, be«raft it^ iMil 4i9 vides into two inindiiiiriaiteUint; • foaii'^ tt>ii^) *•,' ufed as • tea by tht Cfapocfet whom that pvrpoie iiumfe the leaves, and (bmetupn dMMW^tio.Mling water. Tiw natives afcribe the viitue ofeMrf (Hberfimpleto this planti but it is fo fcaree, uid eM^vMif 4i»t, that non* but the eouit, and people ptnnMmn, oa afford to puicbaft it. A fmgle duh it ^noiKh t(t «inl( at • time : m«rc wooU produce ;iU effitAt.' >:'Tw* i»8at|iei«d in Tarvirr» and the provintws >b6|^lfffiiK#l>nilt ftenativM c^ it tlie phnt whkb di|ftiiiHH|ia||pwtality|^^il«fidti other fom- I' •'"• ( ■ I'he weeping.wUlott fmiintifch admired bj theQu- nefe, who plant ii onitlliiii^dai'of all their eanala and riven, and near motl (Mtt^Mnds in their gardens i thejr deem its (hade the moil pMfing^ any* *dA their p«((eral poets mention it witllfaBalikr le&tA. &>. iThe iron-triie is aUb i ftttiee of thia cotmtry : ito wood ■3 fo extremely hai(ljUld>4bindile^!ti^lMKhort are formed of it, vhich, tiie Ghinew tttuta, will lafi longtr than thofe which are mad* (rfiron. -. The bamboo or cOWrtree, is MM^high and thick i the bud has an excellent#|V«ur, aafWjMt is very a^reeahle,^! eating i it grows in mtar&y gt ^ vm0k itvSeA in'.hwldincs,j and the tubas of it aM «ften ^vetted into mtif-fiMt. The herb of a thMhnd years alfo gtons^ in China. This, the nadvea |^iiMid« tevac dies ; andttny have a flower called mu>tin|/lbiKn •^tanted* which lacns like, arofe : and it it of «parple colour, IbeakedtM, white, and yellow, wMicl^t'*>*>*'^^'>P*>i* * ^^^ *" ')>*>' S"Ai*» • but this countfy d^ not p>^^odnce a great variety .«£ flowers. • ^^ Some of the Cbi^' teiMrort lute not thpoghk huT- bandry below their care. Their hiflories relate, that the Emperor Ven held theploiigh himfelfi and that his Eta- _prels planted mnlberry-trees, bred filk worms, aiid clotth- ' ed her fuaV-y with the filk they prodnoed i and they have « yearly ielbval at the vfmal eqamoy, vrtien the Mverttors of^townt and pravinees, march in nroccliiili, td&the-in. * ftruments of hnfbandry carried bc^ne them. The Em- peror Hiaen, it is related, appliedhiiii&lf to the ploughing and fowine the ground three yeart (vcoeffivt 7, and fent petfons Ikilled in hufbandry, to tbe^moftntiftant ptovincet. to teach the people how to improve dieir grpiwdr: and many books have been wrote, by their prince*, on the ftb- je£t of tillage. Their animnls are, camels, horlet, oxea. (heep, hogs, fome few ele-|>liants, and all manner of wHd beaAs. I'heir beft hories are brought from Chinefe Tartary : thofe in tl^e fouth of China are aimall breed, not fit fordrauglit, or to carry burthens. The bhck hogs, with bellies that touch the ground, come from this country. Their Iheep ate like thofe of Turky, haviM; great tails. that weigh ii:/eral pounds. Here are alio rabbits and hares in great num- oers. They have ^U manner of poultry, and hatch their eggs in ovens, heated with horfc-dung, at in Fgvpt ; and here is an odoriferous ftag, which produces joSL. They abound alfo in fea and river fiih ; and befidet the common way of taking fiih in nets in their rivers and ^anals, they make ufe of a large fowl, orcormonnt, whidii (lands perched on the fide of a boat,'anii!! when (he ijufier (^ives the fignal, the biM takeahit flightt andlodu out tor game, and having ftised a iiliit bnngt it to hit maf« tcr : fome fly great Ruil^en of thefe birds at once, and they will divide a river, at lake, amongft theto, and letam to their maftenwiditfw fifli they have taken t and if the fi(h are large, th^ will hdp one anodker IN> bring it to the boat, after whidt dwftalu their fiight agun in feaich of more : having fbtli^t afcont their necks, which prevent their fwaUowihg any. till dieir maftff kave* oiF, and then they are fufTcred to prey for themielvet. Bofidet the iifli we have, there are fiwie forts we want, particularly tb^ gold and filver filh, viiiich gentlemen keep in bafoqa in tlicir gardens. They are not much larger than a tnatt^i finger : the male it of a fine red to the im4dlc< aai die reft. With the tail, of bright yellow or gpM ccjour : me female is of a filver white ; the tailof eitter, gathered thick like a nofegay: but thefe need no fiirtherdefcription, at fome of tlKm have been brought alive, and are now to b^ icen in England. The Chmcl'e have auoet of copper, lead and iron ; '^ a and a mittcna «alhMl tBtMm, «rfiidi hai iIm iWemblanco of tin ) and ifil iald there am geld mine*. It it cettain^ gold it More olentifisl inChina than in any otfier csofKiy, which is the leafon that private merchants, whan th«f have made their fertiwet by trading in India, brinrhome their iMtb in ield 4dL «Ueh niejr MRhafe nlMBaeed aU &«^^ ' Mm the hiUa i0»lMHiri#cli bong a bdt thtfon,'the mtivee iei|^iert(bt a giett va- lue on Aat of Capntu Qictt qnantitiea of rnr filk are hnported from thenw at prdent, at the tltiiiea (whkb were la^ foliigh diat diqr aoaounted to a prahlbition) have been ittdneed by aA of parliainent wroudiit^lib V ate alio imooflMl frwn Cbina by theEndifii E« ^!^: company j«|it thefe are exported again, being jtrchiMM' to be worn her*. Bodi plain and flowered filka art brought over, but the figutrt ate not railed, confifling only of dif« fcrentc61ourt and Oiadctj the pnncipal^pM i* nfually a dragon^ being the imperial armt whic|i Fo^i, die foun- der of the empire, pve, it is faid, four tbiwfiuid vcatt ago. They work another dragon in their filkt, called maav with four claws, which every one is pegnitted to vrear. They have alfo manufiifturet of velvet oepet, dri^gett, fergts, and ilammiet \ but they make Mo doth, though they have exceeding good wool. In tfie northern pro- vinces diey fet a great value upon Engliih datfa, of wnidi tht India company have bean obliged to fend ovet a great deal, and it was dearer than filk in China ; but fince fo many other European nations have traded to India, the demand for the Engliih doth hat greedy decreafed. There it a very great mannftAure of cotton linen in thia country, and tmomer fort of linoi made of a plant ctlltd to, which a«*s the bignefs of a man's finger, and it fiwnd nowhere eUe. When it it dry, they bindit up in (heaves, and water it like flax or hemp. _ The firft fldn oeing peeled off and thrown away, they divide the fiives of me next into fmall threads, and, without beating or fpinning, make a kind of linen of it \ which is tranfparent, and exceeding cool and light. The comnum people ufuallv near oeaite blue linen quilted with cotton, or lined wioi fliaepflunf in the winter ; and people of condition line their veftt and gowns with the fables or fox-fldns in cool weather : they only turnup their fleeve*, or border their ve(b vrith er- mines, which ate very fcaroe here. The Chinefe have two forts of raw filk ; one it made by wild wonnt in the fields and upon die tree* of ttw foreft, which hct no gjhilt, is of a grey colour, very fbong, an4 wafliet like liaeh i it it highly valued, aiid coiU more than fattin : ibr die odier' filk, diey ietA the wonnt in their honfet, vrith mnlbeRy«Intet, forty dayt, and mam^ it attnEnrope. Th^ are ignorant of dw art of wiie-draw- ti^ and cohfequently have no gold and filver-thread : to fupply thit dcfeA, diey roll their filk in thin wire platet^ to give it the tiiwe ; arid fomedmet, infieed of gildiiij| ther thread, diey apjriy the leaf gold to die (ilk in the ^tce. Thit fp^lendid iineiy foon tami(hes, and is worn only by \ mandarint of high rank, and the ladiet of their &miiy. Another very confiderable manuiafture in this catiutrjr, it the porcelain or china-ware. It is made of a very fiiff day, or ladier, foft white (lone, found in the i^uaniet of the pravinoe of Kyang-fi \ the pieces whereof being wa(h- tA^ and fepaiated firom die other earth wherewioi it i$ mixed, an beaten to a ve^ fine powder, wbiehdicf nuke int^apalle, and knead and beat it a loi^ time aftei ii ai Jt , diat the water may die better incorporaie widi iC ' lliey ufe a particular water, which it not to be found in die (anw part of the countrv the eartli is ; it ■• imprMntatsd with s peculiar fort of £iit which purifies and rafinet the cky more than any other. W hen the pafte it faffidcndy knta^ •%■-'■ ^.% The new and U^IVEttSAL STiSTEM op GEOGRAPHY. •d, itxej fohn their veffels, iittf npafc ^heifn to rti« fim ■mming tiv4 evening ; but tiiu tlwni in wiien Ike i«M h ««o hot, or'it will vrtrp tlieiil. f hut they iliy llic veM» V r ftar thejr flMulf iMeHw anjr ouMgeAoiathe air, tiMy-d«not diaialjr aft«r ituj are baked, but let than cool xradurily bafort Ihay erpofe themtp the ah: ( firoib wheiuie ft apMm that it fcmiina a great iaal of eare and patiaMs to Mm ihia neat wafe U> perfc^m I but if U agraat MiiOalM t» thinlc it take* vp a hundred years, as fome have -npeitMtk nay, it it evident that it it not many nKutbs ^bont ; for we fend them the patteioi of fevcrai yefSa from Europe, which they imitate, and return at the Vinds we propofed in a very Ih^it time. The voyaRt which formerly tooj^ up nine month*, it not* aeeempliflicd in «bo« fire. Their china-ware is of three different forts ; atkl it dif- tinguiihed \fy the different. colonn.: the firftis yellow, and though &it IS coarfer than cither of the other, yet it being the imperial colour, it ahvayt um in die Enmeror't court, and is not allowed to other neoipl;. The (eeond fort it grey, with abundance of iinall irregular line* m it crcHffing one another ; thcfe are the moft bekotifdl, but very rarely brought to Europe. The hit and Moft Common fort it white, painted with flowers, trait; and bird*, of a pure blue, which our merchants principally buy up. 'I'hit ware it valued according to itt fine^nuit, it» whiienefs, the fmoothnefti the painting and fi^ton. The ftienelt is difcovered hj the tranfparency, which may be judged of by the edget wnere it is thineft. The whitenefs it not to be judged of by the outward varnifli, but the earth itfelf is to he examined^ and this appears tlie whiter the older it Is, when the varnifh is m iome neafure vwrn e; when thay write they rub tfib ftiek ki a NiMe water, tni it will make a iTmiing black ink« whieh urtwr flprcadt beyonu tiu llroke of the pen or pencil, ihou^ the paper it {o Am that it fiamctimea link* tlutiugh, and 4iigiw:ct the wiiting. Tka apkiitg«liak ia efieetiMd ■ very reputable emnk)y> mentin Chbuii and it even nnfced ajnong the liberal aim, 6tbm in vMtf.m the icitncif, we may icafoiiabl* Aiifgfr. hMlNlclqi u'Hoe^xbeoH, fimou* ioi the fincft inM, tka4nki> Hktf .ne«cr make any long iwftigtt tkcMclMct. AVkUktit merchandifc ia tranlported •ofiwaf»l>rEimiMii|iMi bvtwilbaU tbenatkintor tedi* dMrChaaiA'tMe 'mmm MM boiMn*, tmd no peo- pleare more induflrious, or will run greater baaardi to inriieafe their fbrtunea ttua dwic ^pie will m the Indian Aw : ikty h*M Ufo « v«ft inUnd trade, irom «ue pro- vinee W aiotker, bf dieir candt, every province beiue fi yf W^d , bjr water>CHriagF>«'^ the mtKhandiae of tbok that li^the mofk^Oadtt imm them, The prait they make 'of the Aika, chiMuwaae^ ModNr paoduee of their coantry. i* iaameafe: aafcircoupjriet produce the fame artidet, aheyiet.what price. dte^.p)eafe upon them, and receive chiefly filver in return ; and yet fa cautious they are, that tkey williMt ft#s'*r»atiQns that bring them all thit wealth to emer tktte nr/t]jied all ita lich produce. The Vuarii krould, ub ved, are quatificationt very nccefiary for oar To- pcrcargoet ; tliey will do well to imitate the Chinefe in tbefe articles, who ar* greater ptoficicnta in tiie att of diC- fimuU'iion, Vci]> littic i* gained by aaiy merchandiie f:ni to China, the prc^tariA* if the goods imported from China ; and there ia the giaaim care in the worM icqniicd in the (mfu- earga ta pmvcnt hir being iaipolcd on. If he doc* not view Ike goodt wUb ah imagiMbie cantion, and examine their weight* and mcafaret, ke maft cspeA to be chcatrd: and atlaft they have fo many iticka, that it feemt need- fary to weigk.thegeodt iAEntlifltfcaieiaAeribem. Where men have ttnfted to tkcir padiag*, they kaac been m much deceived at in their weight*. They have, found chrfta, boxe*, andcaniflcrt, (kesaAly cauMatfeiMd and madK^ that they have not doubted of ifccir bcictE thtir own, whew they have been cbartMd for other*, iMed with damaged geodt, in the room c« tliob they bre«ght with them. Ow nMf«heiitt,befidesehin»-watat,te»^fiik«,and Ucqnered ware, brtna home quickfiiver, cay p ety campbire. fans, pic* tai«*, fev, Boras, lipw taaoi^ gaiineal and.ta«tna& atidv iiotwi(huflndkig> tha eiipe«tktia<» of g^dtit^aabihittd, iheii governor* themi-hiet wilt <%ll it claiidruinafy, and our metchant* may gain near fifty per cent, by it. Pieces of tiiicoincd filver ar» taken away by VNigbt, inftcad of money. When paymentt ar* made in plate, fuch at ditties, bowts^ tankards, bafons, &c. they will cut a piece out of thrm^ and try tlie finenefs of the fiivcr. Goods tA S I A.] tt . t r U^ \ M \7 :i -A 49 Cioods Oobdi carried MCiiin*, befidu platt and bullion, an cloth, perpeiuanat, camteti, red, black, blae and vioht coloart, which do link more than pay the duiiet, and bring the prime coil. Lead lumi to the bed account of dials, which were divided into four parti, each |mrtconuin* ing twenty four fubdivilions, which added to the four larger diviiions made the whole to confift of one hundred partti But they havfe of late reguUied their dials, and teckoil their time almoft as we do. The months in their almanacs are lunar ; and in theft are fpccificd the times when the fun enters into every fignt together witli the equinoxes, folftices, tbe cuurfes of rh4 planets, and their places in the ecliptic, their oppofitions, OonjunAions and neighbourhood to fome . remarkabU fixed ftars ; but before &e miflionaries taught them, their tables of eclipfes were very incorreft. The people ima-> gined, when theVe happened an eclipfe of the fun, thatthettt ftood a great dragon m tbe heavens, ready to devour him t and therefore beat upon tlieir brazen pans and drums, to ' drive him away; and dill it is (did, the magiftratfs and ' great officers at Pe-king, when the fun is cclipled, fall upoil their knees, and looking towards the fun beg tbe dragon to have compaffion on them, and not deprive them of the be^r neficial inriuence of this glorious luminary, ^ Inflead of letters, the Chinefe ufechara£ter$, which com- poft a kind of Ihorthand, where one word figiiifiesa word orafentence; and though they have a different dialed ill different provinces, fo that the people do not undeiftand eacd other, yet tbe charaAers in writing are underftood by every one, as a figure of 3 oi 6 is underftood in every cour.!ry in Europe. There are 1 ■'ore than twenty tbou- fand of thefe charaAert ; and he is elleemcd a very learned man that is mafler of fifteen thoufand. Indeed great part of their hves is taken up in acquiring their ov^n lan- guage, which is tltought to be one reafou of iheir not be- ing better proficients m the fciences j but there are fehlont more than two or three hundred of them underftood by the common people. The method of printing in China is very different from that praAifed in Europe. The author of a book iit this country firft gets it fairly tranfcribed; then the engraver glues each leaf upon a fnlooth board, and cuts through tlie written paper ; fo that the cliaraAer perfcAly refcmblcs thd original copy, nor is there any difference betwwn the print and written handi Hence the boards ufed in priiiting a book of an ordinary fiie would fill a large room : whereat we fet a Ihect with the twenty-four letters, and having madd ah impreffion, diftribute the Utters, and fet another Ih«et with them ; but then their way of printing hat this ad- vantage bf ours, that they can have as many imprefliont as they pleafe ; there is no occafion to fet the prefs again, and there can be very little occafion for • correAor; for tho author having hit copy fairly tranfcribed, the engraver fpreadt the leavet on a board, and cuts through the pa- per, and, confequently, the copy pcrfeAly relcmbles tho manufcript. Where men ftand candidates for preferment, they are required to have fuch learning as the country affords. Mo* ney will not do alone, where a perfon is perfeAly unqua-' lifted to execute the office he dclires ; though where two are equally qualified, a prefent, judicioully applied, will have its weight. When a young fellow has made himfelf, in fome meafure, mafter of the language, and been examined b» the magiftrate of the place where he rcfides, he is admitted a ftudent in fome college. For a fecond degree, he paflef an examination before the chief magiftrate of the proviiice. On taking a third degree, he is examined by tbe Emperor's comniiffary. And the laft degree is taken at the capital city of Pe-king, their travelling charges beirtg borne by the government. Here the Emperor frequently examines the I canuiiiaic in pcifcn, fci tus dignity of tbe prince is set- I tho- peans came amongft them, but hardly knew how to mk them till the miflionaries inftruAed them : and it is fup- pefed, they were infliufted in the uf* of the compafs, a* Well as ii> makiag gun-powder, by the Arabian* and Egyp- tians, who IcMTtt thef* things of the Europeans, and had dblonies in the iflands 'm the Chinefe fea* when the Por- tugucfe arrived there, if they had not on the contineat of China. A gentleman who travelled to the Eaft Indie* in the reign of his late majelty George 11. hasciven the following cha- M^er of the people of China. The Chineie, by* he, ara a very ingenious and indoftritni* people, a* is evident from the great number ok curious mxnufaQuie* eflablilhod a- mong them : but thouck (kill in the handicraft art* fcea* ID be the moft valuable qualification in thi* people, yet their latent* are but of • fecond rate kind, for uey are much outdone by the Japanefe in thoiie manofiiftuie* which are common to both countrie* ; and they are in many in.. ftance* incapable of rivalling the mechanic dexterity of the European*. Their principal excellency is in imitation, and they accordingly labour under that poverty of genius which conftaiitly attends all fervile imitators. Thi* is confpicu- o4s in works which require great truth and accuracy, as in clocks, vratches, fire-arms, Sec. for in all thefe, though tbey can copy the diffisrent parts, and can form fome refem- Blance of the whole, yet they never could arrive at fuch a juitnefs in their fiibric as was necefliiry to produce the de- fired effeft. In (tatuary and painting, they feem ftill mace defedive ; their painters, though in great efteem, ively focceed in drawing or colouring haman figure*, or in the grouping of large compofitions ; and though in flower* and birds their performances are OMoh more admired, yet even in thefe, fome part of the mmit may be impiit«it to the native hngbtneii and excellency of the coloan, rather thatt to the flcUl of die painter, fince it it very unufual to fee the light and Ihade junly and naturally handled, or to find that cafe and grace in the drawing, which are to be met with in the work* of Eurc^iean artvfts : there is a fliffnefs and rai- Hutcnefs in moft of the Chinefe produAions, which are extremely difpleafin^ ; and it may be truly al&rted, that thefe defeAs m thetr art* are crxirely owing to the pecu- liar turn of the people, amongft whom nothing great et fjpirited is to be met witli. This people are remarkable for their diievifh difeofitioA; an inftance of which we fhall here infert : foon after com- mo'dore Anfon arrived at Canton, he perceived that fome perfon or perfons had ftolen a topmaft from the fhip's ftem. A reward being offered to any one that would dif- eover where >. was, the (hip's mandarin thereupon inform- ed' the "rx-wmodore, tliat fome of his attendaato had found the topmaft, de(iring that he would fend his boat for it ; whereupon Mr. Anfon gave the mandarin's linguift a fum of money to deliver to his nwfler as a reward ; which the linguift thinking fit to conceal, Mr.. Anfon dileoveted his rop^ery, and the ~iandsrii~> feized ail tliat the iinguift tind gained in the commodore's fcrvice^. which was near two 1 ilMaflMMl dttUkr* ; and he WOT fofcverety baAiraKlecd, thai IM wa* in daiyr of being killed. The fdlsw aiicrwanit caM* a hcggitw to Mr. Aniim, and, being «pbc«idcd with ki* knavery, laid, •• Chintie nan be very great rogue," but intimated his betters vreie a* great villatM* a* k* wai, Thi* writer prMeed* to vriad, Omt «ke OkiiMfc felling every itiing by weight, tkey cramaMd ih< duck* and fowl* ihcy fold to the com«od*re with fokate (way. Among the rdft of hia tide*, the En- pemr i* ftiled. Son of bcnen, Sol* Governor of the Earth, Great Father of hie peo^, tct. Hit tfaioae i* keccriitary unkf* he ihwk* (it to pais by tke next licit, and appoint another to foccecd him. If he akcr* the fuccefton, the aft nwft be ratified by hi* gueat council, confifting of tho prince* of the blood and great oficei* of flafr, who feme- time* take upon them to cppofe hi* defina, and atiempt to fet afide thofe whom he deemed to be kit nc>t heir*. If be cannot prevail with ihem to agree with him, he dif- E laces them tilt he gets a majority that will compljr with im i but this, it (inm*, i« nick a defpcratc experiment, that he feldom prooeeda to fechenreom*. ■ ' Notwithfianding the Empetot and moft of thcTartm, in the grand councS, were readjr to allow theChrilUans » toleration, yet ^cre being a majority againft it, the mo- tion WH dro p ped : and as thete a*e boards oi councils (or every branch of bufineis, the priiKe feldom t&t arbitra- rily, but lefera all matt*** to th* decilion of the court* to which they refpcAively belong ; neither doe* be apply the revenue loany particular ufe, until hi* orders are ratified by th* commiffieaer* of his treafiiay. Hi* forces are not fent on any capedition, without the concurrence of a council of war : but notwithftanding it i* related of thefe Emperors, that they are indc&tigable in bufinefs, they are furrounded, Uke other caAern monarch*, it appears, by crouds of ladie*, and (cldom llvew themfelves to &c people above once a week ; perhaps they retire, that they may be more at leifure to confider the complaint* of their fubjejts . And he ha* attendant* ot agenu in every court to overfiie the proceeding* of the jodge* and officer*, of whom, it it faiJ, the greatcfi ptinee* ftaad in awe. Governors of province* or town* arc oUige4 to (end faithful account* of thcB adminiftratioB to court, and a roifreprefentation, it is (aid, would be fiual ; but tliey are fo dextrous in blinding the eyes of thofe whofe bufinefs it is to be a check upon tkera, that their adminiflratien i* very feldom difiipproved ; and iadeed, uuleft the prince i« a fuprrioT genius to hi* miniftert, andean penetrate into their dark fchcmes, the beft kw* and regulations that can be made will be evaded, and they are evaded with a wit-> ne(* in China. Evcnr tkkig i* carried by bribery. Thejr tnay hove good law*, but they areliiaree ever put m execu- tion t the magiftratm, as well a* people, aft in open defi- ance of tliem , a ciecuhtion of baoeiy run* through every court. Large funu of BMMey are frequently extorted from the governors of provinces by the great oiCcers and prefidents of the faperior courts ; and thofe governors no iefs opprei^ and fleece the goveraors of the town* in their provinces, who are obliged to do the like by their i-^feriors, in order to make up At fumt required of them ; d whoever com'-. plaint, runs the faaianl of being ruined : a general conni. Vance prevails amongtbe officer*. The Emperor, probn~ bly, is die oitly peifon that it not acquainted with dieir extortions. Seme of the diildien of viceroy* and great men aic al- ways kept about the court, on pretence of giving them a good education, and thi% indeed, is one very good reafon ; but it is luppofed they liave a better,, namely, "die fecuring the fidelity of their paceutt.a •i.vn^i-.i *t-- v : Theia tA S t A.) t H Ai There are courts of juftic* in every province) h&mblihs thofe in the capital ; but no I'cntcnce of reported to the Emperor, and he ratifiei it. No law ii more religioudy obferved among theChlnelii Uian that of fubmiflion to pventsi If a father complaint hit fon ii difobcdient, there needs no forthar evidence to put him to death : if a matt Ihould deride or ftrilu a pa- tent, the whole neighbourhood ii inuncdiatcly alarmed, and rifa to bring the criminal to juftice t he ii fentenced to b« cut in pieces, and afterwards burnt, his houfes and lands deftroyed, and to rcnuin fo to deter others from committing the like crinici The fovereign himfelf it under a neccility of giving oiKdience to this law. It it re- lated, that one of their F.mperor's having banilhed his mo- ther for fot>e gallantries Ihe had been guilty of, the people ne«r left petitioning him, till tliey had compelled him to lecal her. They would not defift, tliough he had caufed feveral of them to be beheaded for their infolent advice i fo tenacious are the people of this tenet of their law. The Chinefe punilh trcafon and rebellion with the greateft rigour , tlie criminal being condemned to be cut in pieces, the executioner ties him to a flake, aiid firft fleas nil forehead, letting the Ikin hang oveir hit eyes j for a very wife reafon, as foroc pretend, namely, that he may not fee bow barbarouHy he it mangled ) and having cut and tormented the oSenaer till he is weary, what remains of him is torn in pieces by the mob : and where the crime is very great, the children of the offender fuffer with him. They punilh murder by death, which is infliAed dif- ferent ways ; the mealier fort are beheaded, at being deem- ed the mod ignominiout punilhment: and perfoni of quality are flrai\igled, which of all deaths it looked upon to be the moll Teproachful witli us. Theft or adultery are not puniflied to death, unlefs fome great violence is done to the party, but by the baflinado ; or the offender has a thick board hung about his neck, and cxpoied every day, the crime being written on the board.-- As no criminal is executed but by the Emperor's expreft order, malef^or'i are confumed m prilbiu : the prifont in the great cities arc fo large, that ttiey coniift of feveral itreets with market places. In Canton alone, it is faid, there are not left than fifteen thoufand priToners. The offiuidert are allowed to work in the day time for their livings i the Chinefe not being much given to aAs of cha- rity, and the Emperor's allowance it but mean. A very common punilhment among the Chinefe is the baftinado, or feveral blows of a cudgel on the buttocks as they lie on their facet on the ground, from which the man- darms are not exempt, nor it it reckoned very fcandalout among them. The offender, if he be able, atter this dif- cipline falls down befere the magiftrate and thanks him for this kind correction, though one blow is almoft enough to lame him, if the ext-cutioner be not bribed, which it is faid he frequently is. It is a common tiling for men to kt themfelves out to be baftinadoed in the room of the cri- minal ; which, if true, difcovers no fmall weaknefs or cor- ruption in their magiftrates, thus to defeat the intent of the law. In China, courtezans are allowed by public authority, and are under the regxilation of tlie fame officers who take care of the temples and the Emperor's facrifices. They have no lawyers or advocates, but every man ma- nages his own caufe : for we arc told, tliat the plaintiff having drawn up his cafe or plaint in paper, in fuch a form as cuftom requires, comes to tlie tribunal ; and hav- ing beat on a drum at the fecond gate, falls on hit knees, raifmg his hands as high at his head ; after which he deli- ven his paper to an ofhcer, who carries it to the mandarin. If the fuit appear to be frivolous and vexatious he is feverely baflinadocd ; but otherwife it is given to the proper offi- cers to examine, who having made their report, it is either confirmed or altered by the judge But thefe writers are not pleafed to inform us, whether tlie defendant be fum- moncd to anfwcr, or in viliat manner he makes his de- fence, which is I'ucli an omiflion as can hardly be forgiven: but as it is impoffible to determine juflly in any caufe with- out hearing both fides, we inufl conclude that no man it forejudged without being pcmiitted to offer what he has to fay in his dctence, among fo polite a people as the Chinele are reprefcntcd to be. There is a liberty of appeal, it feems, to the fuperinr tribunals, or a man may pafs by the infisrior courts and bring his caufe bctbre the higher judicatures at firft, if ho apprchaids juflice will not be done him at home. Th? I»W« of China nr§ fo niain, and tlicir T^licvfuch- that the Emperor may dilpatcli all the buiinefs relating to the empire by applying lumlelf to it but two hours in a di^t thtt to Mty dM wh« etMUm Am oiultita^ b^ p^k pie under hit goVcnunenli uA cMkfequentlr the gntt Va- riety of bufindt hcrii irtaft kt txka on i» bupoffibU i neither * few houn or t whota Am tin be r«flkS«at to km over the petition* only th«t aif M foppoM to be pnftftt- ed him in thli n& empirt. ntmvtt teftunly be Inform- ed of the purport of thedt bf hi* oflkers, and deterhlilM ai Ihcv are pltafed u nprt&nt £iA* to him. Thus It it iti all kin^domi in Europe, aild eanhot be otherMrife in Chitut which 11 much larger tJian anv of them. The moft that can be expcAed of a prince wnofe dominiont art hot ex^ ceeding fmall, it to make choice of able minlfters, and Id prefetve his people from notorious oppirflions : as for read* ing all petitions, and determining of all caufes which leomd by appeal to the fuperior courts himfelf, the J«foits nujr al well tell us he worlu miracles, which they themfelVes alftf pretend to in that part of the world, and they will M equally believed. When the Empert>r of China, attehded by a muttltVide of tlie great officers in their robes, the prince of the bloody and tributary kings, who fallproftrate on tlieir faces before him, gives audience to arobafladors in a large room of ftatet fupported by four rows of varnifhed pillars, whcte thi tlirone it placed, and the roof it covered with (hinihg ycllo# tiles. The throne is about three or four feet high)_ in di4 falhion of an altar, and covered with fables, on which tli# Emperor fits crofs-legged, after the manner of the Taitari. When the Czarifli ambaffador had his audience Of leavCi the Emperor was featcd on his throhe, and 1 herald hUed aloud to the lords of the court to fland up and boW to t|M earth ; uhich they did three times i Ad in the mean tiin# the drums beat, the bells rung, and the mufiC played; and the ambaffador being brought within eighteen feet of the throne, was placed between two Tartar princes, while h* made hij compliments to the Emperor. At he returned* he obferved the Emperor's guards flood in the fourth court, clothed in red callico, with figures as big u a crown printed upon them ; and that tliey had little caps with yellow feathers, being the Emperor's colour, and wera armed with fcymitars and lances. The ambaflador wai conduced in one of the Emperor's chariots drawn by an elephant, from the palace to his apartment. The Emperors ol the prcfcnt Tartar family (hew thetti« felves to the people about four times a month ; whereat thoft of the Chinefe race feldom appeared in publici The Emperor vifits the frontiers of Tarury almofl every year, at which timet thirty or forty Tartar jprince* attend to do him homage. He commonly ridet poll whert he vifits the orovinces, with a frw of his officer!) guards being planted along the road fo' his fecurity. But the Em- peror never appears in that fpl.-ndor, we are told, as when ne goes to facrifice in the idol temples. Upon this occa- fion there marches firft fojr and twenty trumpet* with golden coronets, and as -nany drums ; then twenty-fouif men witli gilded trunch'.ons, after v i -v coitie one hun- dred foldiers with fine halberts ; aftei u'- w hundred fer- ieants at mace, who are followed by fi n hundred fin «/|io]« Iniiltrt on their ihouldcrt, while they indulge thcftifelte* ih cafe and pleafure ; they are indeed obliged, by thrkwSOf theif «ottntry« ^•-•^ ii The new and UNIVERSAL feVSTEM" er CEOORA^rtV. couituV, (0 tkLe « confMertble f1)ar« of the troubM uport tlieinfislvet. ind to read mif anlWcr petitiont and rrmon- Arincei, H'lic itccellity of ^ll\ice m him tendj to iiMk« Mqi wife and bitelligeftt, and rendcri hhn the idol of hit peopit : • he dnea Hoi pofTeff. hii authority as a conqueror or a Icgillaturc, but as a fiithtr ; il a parent he reign*, go- «eriu, rcwarda, tfnd punifhet Nil two fovereign couirHi in, |. The extra-couhcil, tfompofed 6f the prtncci of the blood roval ; and, 2. The council in oidinarv, which con- iM[» of tliofe priiicta, and fevcral miniften, wno jointly in- veOigate rtiatteri of ftatc, and make report to ttic Emperor «if their proceediiwf. The revenue ofthe Eilineror it hnrnenfe, amounting to tipwan)' of tv«cnty-\hich is to cflcil thi:» change, and prefcrve them from all corruption ami decay, convince them of the folly and abfnrdity of rlnir opinion. One of their Emperor's, v»ho wai confident he had pur- chafed the immortal draught. Was cured ofthe wliimfy by one of his favourites in the followini; maimer; The Em- peror having a cup of this water of lite before him, and declaiming upon the virtues and excellency of it, while he turned his back, the favourite had the aliurance to drink off part of it ; whereupon the Emperor in a ra^c threaten- ed him with immediate death : to which the witc miniller calmly replied. Do you fuppofe yon can deprive uic of Hfc now I have drr ik of the immovtal cup ? If you can, what hare you lod : if you cannot, I am tiecome equally immortal with you. Ihij Ihort way of reafoning, ic feems, reduced that prince to his fenfes, when all other arguments feemedto be ineficflual. Mahometanifm has obtained a great fov;'ing in China, fome of the I'artar tribes on the frontiers being of that religion, and there was rcafon to imagine that the Kmperor of Chiita was a Mahomet-tn. 1'hcrc are aUo great num- bers of Jews in China. Without the gates of every city almoft there is an idol temple, and others on the (ides of highways far from towns, where travellers are hofpitably entertained ; and near every temple is a tower erci(ed to the memory of for.ie faint or hero, filled with im.iges, and lamps that burn coiitinuallv. To every temple belongs afocicty of priefts, who oHef Ti- qnor, rice and other provifioiis to tlie genii of the piaic, of whom people come frequently to imjuirc what lucceli they may expert in their undertakings. 1 here are cloif- ters alfo of religiour devotees, who unjiergo -.inheard-of penances to obtain the name of faints among the people, and merit the happincfs of annthijr ftarj '1 lie C hinefc liave as great i'aitii in tlicir aflrologicn ntid fottUliC- I "^ ^-S^^^p?!!^.''^'*^'**^*^^' (At I A.J tnOS U t K A. iT fl is an idol fom towns, ] near every tic Taint or Diuinuallv. hootfef i\~ the piacc, liat I'ucccla are. cloif- linheard-of pe people, logOTS nnd fottUliC- lbttunc«t«llen ■• in th«ir (odi : lh*f govtm *U thtlr, irtd will not undertake ■ i journey, or »nv hiifineCi of rantncnt, without firft con- fujtiiig when will b« the moft fot tuniite day ot hour to be- sin it. Thefe tortune-tcller^ alfo pretend to cikulite n» livhiet, and, by knowinR the d«y ofanian'i kirih, will lill him what Ihall hereafter befall him in Ihewnrld ; nor tlori itafTeA their credit, how often lb ever the people are deceived, for, lilie their 'brethren on lliin (idc the kIoIm, Hiey flill follow the deceiver, and will not be {lerluadcd Ithey Are impofedon. The Chriftian relicinii wan TirA introduced into China by the I'ortuRuele, who aliout the year 1498 made fertral fettlementi, and planted k\tn\ eol^ntei, on the cotft of the farther India, and in the Spice illand^, and arrived at Canton, in China, in the ye»r 1517, where thev were per- mitted to traffic, and fix a colonv on the little ifland of Macao, at the mouth of the river of Canton, which the Por* tuguefe poflefl at thi< day ; but ai fnhieAs to the crown ot China. Their miflionjriei Were not permitted, however, to go over to the continent, till fotnc yeart after l''rancis Xavicr, from hii infe, and, at the »omb, exprerted his acknowUdgmentt of tlie great fervices he had contributed to himl^lf atid thi Itatv, the great affection he had fur him, and how much bewailed his death. When Kang-hi. the fon of Xun-chI, the flrft Tartal" Emperor, afcended the throne, Ad.iin Slin«I was niaJil preceptor to tiic young monarcli, who w.!* then but eight years of .ige, and the bonzes (priefta of Fo) were ex- pelled the palace ; whereupon they prcfented a petition to the rcgcnu, letting foitli, that tl-.c Jefuits had been ba- niflied their country for their ililWcflitm to their natural princes, and would infallibly railb a rebellion in China: that they had introduced a multitude of foreigners inta the empire, who travelled through the pitvinces, and made plans of their ftrong towns, and that they only Waited a favourable opportunity to raife a reb:l]ion. To this petition lliey annexed a book publilhed by Adam, con- taining a lill of tlirlr churches, and of tlie converts they had made, which the bonzes fiiggcftcd was the muder-roU of an army, which they could bring irito tlic field on tlt9 firft fignal; that their beads were ftutks Whereby the coii- fpinitors knew one another, and (licwed, in the popifli books they diftributed, the pidlureof Chrift enicified, fay- ing, " Behold the God of the Chriflians nailed to a croii* " for attempting to make hinifflf king of the Jews ; thli " is the God they invoke to favour their trcafonaUi) " confpiracies ap:iinft the government." This charge againil the Jefuits being brought bcftre the tribunal of rites, they were imprifoned and laid In irons, and the Chrinian religion was declared to be a falfe and pernicious doftrine. Adam Shaal was condemned to die, and though tli4 fentencc was never executed, he died under the hard' fhips he fufFercd in the year 16661 twCnty-five of th(» mitlionaries were banilhed to Macao ; but four were nUI permitted to remain at court, who fome time afterward* procured an order for recalling the reft of tlieir brethren* and procured a declaration troni one of the principal tribunals j " That the Chriftian law had been un« " juftly condemned, and that it taught nothing incon- " iiftent with the wcUare of the ftate." The Clirifti.ins were thereupon tolerated, and put into polTclTioa oif their churches again, in the year 1071. Father Verbioft, as we obfctvnl before, taught the Emperor matlicmaticsj and caufcd light brafs cannon to be ciilt, which gained tho Emperor gre.it advantages in his wars, by which he bccams fo much in favour, both with prince and people, that mul-* titudes of converts v»-erc daily made, aud Verbicil wrote to Europe for more miflion.iries, whereupon Lewis XIV., fent over fix Jefuits from France, atAoug whom was Lo Compte, who refided in the Chincfc court many ycar*< and wrote the beft hiftoty of that kingdom which has beea publiflii><}; Thtfejefv.its irrivru ai Wimpo in China, in the year itSS ; Vcrbicft bein;; dead before their arrival, they were prcfented to iltc Emperor fooiVafter, who alwava' O kepi i- 14 Tiu NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. i'-'t :l -y keyt fomc ot lliem ncai lii« ptrfoiii wlio improved liiin (o far ill the matliciUiilict, tlut he wrote a book upon that fubieit. Some of the viceroyi in the ttiOant priivincea, how- ever, raifc'ti i pcrfccutiDii a^aiiill the Chtiniaii«, iii which they were cuiiiitenunad by lome tribtinala, aiiU it waf m much at tlw Km)icror coulJ their coiiduA, and give at little ofTcncc at poiril)lr, or hii appearing their pro- IcAor mi^ht cndaitKcr hit throne. The niilTionurict luving received great encouragement from the KmjKror, nioie of them were fent over from FratKc ) and tlie h rtnch King, Lewit XV. fettled an an- nual revenue of nine hundred livrei a year upon twenty of them that were fcnt to China and India. The fa- then Gcrbillon and Hourct having cured the Emperor of an ague, he gave them a large fum tnwardi building a chuiui, which they finithcd, and made it one of the fincll templet in that part of Alia. Such was tlic coinplaifaiice of the Jcfuit miflionariei to the Chinefc Chri(llan«, in fuflfcring them to retain the woilhip of Cuiifuciui, their anccllort, the heaveni, (*c. that they might have remained iii China, and made pro- fclytes to this day, if the Dominican and Francifcan (riari had not oppofcd tUit pra£lice, and charged the Jefuitt with countenancing iUuIatrVt which created great fcudt among the fathen i fo that they profccutcd one another in the courtt of China with great violence, reprelenting their opponenti a* difaffcAcd to the government, and fevcral of tliem were imprifuncd, and feverely ufed bv the Chinefc inagillratet. At length both partiei appealed to tlie Pope. The Icfiiiti rcprcfcntcd, that unlefi they complied with the Cnincfe in thel'v articles, the Chriflians would infalli- bly be expelled the country ; and infifted, that thefe com- phaiKca, when thev proftrated themfelves bcforehii image, out only to |ay iheir rcfpefls to him at a legiflator ; that the libation) luid ceremoniei obfcrvcd before tlie imaget of their parents, only cxprclTed the veneration and affec- tion they had for their dcceafcd relations ; and this they procured the Fmpcror of China to certify to the Pope. Whereupon hit Holincfs, deputed tlieCardiiial de Tournon hit vicar in CJiina, with fuU authority to examine and de- icrmine this matter. The Cardinal having admonifhed the miffionarict to lay alide tlieir animofitici and difputes, which had given preat fcandal to the infidels, as well at to tliofe who had been converted to Cliriilianity, he decreed, and commanded all tlie miflionarics, cfpeciaJly the Jefuits, I. That in their writings and fcrmons they fhould dif- •pprove and condemn only fuch doArincs and cuftoms of the Chinefe as were inconfiflent witli the Chriflian faith. a. That they (hould declare, that the offerings m:idc by the Chinefc to heaven, the moon and other planets, to fpi- rits and inventors of arts, were only due to God, the creator of all things ; that they Ihould condemn particularly the offierings to Confucius, and the adoration of the pic- tures of dcccafed men, as inconHftent with the fcrvice of the true God, and with the declaration of the Pope, the only infallible guide of the Chriflians in all matter! that concern religion. This decree was dated at Nan-kiu, 38th June, 1707. and figncd Charles, Patriarch of An- tioch, Cardinal, ttc. The Jefuitt and miflionaiies of other order* conti- nued to wrangle on thefe heads until the year 1720; during which time the Jefuiti were careiTed at court, while the others were thrown into prifonsand feverely perfecuted. Atlength a deputation being fent to the Pope, to know if he would admit of no alteration in the decree of Cardi- nal de Tournon, Cardinal Mcflaharba was litft fern over with the Pope's anfwer -, but the Jefuits fo managed mat- ten, that he was not permitted to fee the Emperor for fome time, and could only read the anfwer of hit Holinefs to the mandarini. The following it the explanation of the decree, I. The miflionaries may tolerate In private houfet the ufe of tablets, containing only the name of the dead per- fon, putting on the Cde of it a convenient explication. a. I'hey may tolerate all the Chinefe ceremonies to> wards dcceafcd perfons, which arc not fuperflitious, but merely civil. ■ 3. I'liey may render to Confuciui a worfhip merely civil, adding a convenient explication; and it may he lawfiil to light candlet, burn incenfe, and offer meat, by way of oblation before the tablets. 4. They may permit the reverencei of genuflexion niid proftration before the correfted tablets, the tombi, or the dead bodies themfelvei. meatt and fruiia before the tombt df the deceafed, ai a cU vil honour and aii of piety towards ihtra, without ob- ftrviniaiiy fuperflilioui rile. Thit drcico wat ligiMd, "CA. Aleitndrinui It Lf gaiui Apollolicut," 'I'hcle atlKlri having been fubmiitcd to the judgment tit the mandarini, they declared, that the F.iuperor would bu fatisfied with ihii aiifweri but iiuaics the Jefuil oblervcd to them it wat all a Hick, for the woidi, ■• I'hi* it th« feat of the foul of the deceafed." were to be omitted 1 however, the Jefuitt and iiiandaiiiit being of another opi- nion, the anfwer wat tranflated, put in writing, and carriMi to the Emperor. T'hc Legate wat admitted to an audience on the )oth of Nov, i7ao, and direAed loappaar in the famceccleliatlical habit he wore in Italy 1 but the Emperor prcfenteJ him with liii own robe at the audience, put it over hit Euro« pean habit, and afier an entertainment, at which hit M»> jetty gave him a giaft of wine with hit own hand, he pro- ceeded to alk the Legale Icvcral cjueftioni, particularly* whom thole piAuret rcprelcntcd, which the miffionariet brought from Europe / He anIWcred, They might be th* piQuiei of the Lord Jelui, the blelicd virgin, or of fonM faiiui or angcli, *' fiut why," lavi ihe Emperor, "do you put him on wingi I Tbii it what the Chinele cannot underttaiid : it it ahfurd to give wingi 10 men." Tha Emperor than taking up three piccet of (ilk ofl^ the table, one white, the lecond red, and the third yellow, and ad- dreflin^bimrelf totheafleinblv, faid, " If any one (hould maintain that the led wat white, and the while yellow, what would any of you think of it i" intimating, ihatth* miflionitie* required them to believe inconliftenciei, In their pretended explanation of the Chinefe ritei, u well at in the dodrinei they taught. The Legale anfwered, Chrift being afcended to heaven, had conUiiutcd the Pops and hit luccriTuit hit vicars on earth, to deierniiiie con- troverfies ; and that Clement 11. enlightened by hit Spirit, could not be deceived. The Emperor replied, " Can tna Pope judge of the met of China, which he hat never had any pcrfoiial knowledge of, any more than I can judge of the affairs of Europe J" The Legate anfwered, " fie doe* not pretend to be judge of the afTairt of China, but of what cuflonis and ufaget the Chriftiant fhould be allowed to praAili:, and wliat ought to be prohibited, as inconliftent with Chiillianiiy." 1'he Emperor told Ihe L^ate, that be had tried to unite all the miflionarics of dilierent na- tions, Purtugucfe, French, Italian* and German* ; but they wcic always quarrelling among thcnifelve*, and even the Jefuits could not ngree together i he was furprized at their dil'union, at they all protefled to propagate thd^fame religion. And he wondered the Poiiccould give any credit to tlicm, (ince fome alfii med what the other denied : From fuch contradi£kory rrprefentaiion*, how can the Pope taks upon him, fays hit Majefly, to judge o> the affairs of China i the Legale anfwered. He wa* affifled in hit de- terminations by the Holy Spirit, who never fuffered hit Holinelt to err in religious matleri. Hit Majefly anfwered, " I love your religion much, I adore the lame God y6ti do, and if there be any thing you do not underiland in ouriitct, 1 will explain it toyou)" intimating again, that tlic Pope could be no judge of them, for wantoffufficient evidence ; adding, that the decreet concerning the Chi- nefe ritei, had not been made with a view 10 religion, bat were levelled purely againft the Jefuitt. At another ao- dience, the Emperor faid, he Ihould not fufTer tlui Pope to determine any thing concerning the Chinefie rite* 1 that be- longed to him, hit viceroy* and goveinort ; and when Mefljdiarba defla'd he might remain fuperior of ihe mif- fionariet in China, he received no anfwer to that, and tho Einperor confirmed the dicrcc of the tribunal of rite*, " That no Europeans fhould for the future be fuffcred to propagate their law," which he apprehended might pro- duce fatal eifeAs : and the Legate was foon after infulted by the mandarins in a moft outrageous manner, for main- taining the authority of the Pope's bull, and declaring his determinations inf.illible 1 and feveralofihe Domini- can and F'rancll'can milTionarics were li:nt to prifon 1 Mcf- fabarba, however, obtained the rcleafeof the prifoneri, and then retired to Macao, where he refidcd lix months, and ill the year 172} ictuiiied to Europe , about which time tlie Emperor Kan:;- hi died, and, being fucceeded by Yong- tchin, ali ihc milfiunaiis* weicbmiifhcd to Macao in 1723, and upwards of thicc hundred chutchct were ciiher rafcd tolheground, or convened, to profane ufes. Some Eu- ropean niatlieinaticians, who were ufeful to the court I (namely, the jcfuiis) were fulTered in remain at Pc-kingi They may pcr.-nii tiblci iu uc fei with ail manner of ji but the Chinclc convcitt who tcfufed to apolUtize, and " return muin [A S I A.] H N A. 5S -•C'liigi tize, and rettiin tctarn to their tntierii niptrflition, tnMonling to iboot three haiidrcd thouCjml fouli, Wf t« ufed with grctt rigour i oiieof theprincctol the blood, in partictthr, with hit ft- mily, (mouiitinp to three hundred of lioih feici, wertb**- riilhed lu the dclcrli ot Tarliry. Many convert* were impiifonrd, unHrrweiit the iMtlinado, and other punilh- menu : but the Cliinclt had more mercy on them, than Chrifliani m thi< part of the world have on one another, for few of them were condemned to die for I'.it religion they profeflrd. 1'Im jeAiiti were the chief prnmniert of the profecnilonof Cardinal Tournoii, formerly the Popc'i vicar inChlna,,for ihey did not ceafe to accufe liiin to the Emperor, till they *f- leAed hit ruin i and however the Jrfuiti may apologitw for their conduA in thit and otiirr intlaiiceiof the like nature, itappeari that the late Pope K'liedin confirmed the decrcci of nil predecefTori aaainfl the worlhip of Confuciui, re- preacbmg the general of the lefuiti with the praAicea of their order in China, and prohibited hit fending any more iniflionarlei thither without hii leave ; from whence and fe- veralothcr circumflancei, we may conclude, that the Jefuiti have never been intirely expelled from China, but arefufTer- ed to make a kind of halrChrinianiftill; that ii, fuch ai worfhip both Popifh and Chinefe idoli ; which hat pro- bably given birth to the aflertion, tint Chtiftianity ii lole- raieti in China I whereat, on the contrary, we are inform- ed, ihaifince theabove-tnentioned fatal period, theChrif- tian religion hath been I'o far from gaining ground there, that it ii more peifeculed now than ever, anifthit thofe are expofcd to the mot\ fevere crueltici, who have courage enough to appear in iti defence. SECT. XII. 0/ iht Chlnift marritigti and iivtreiu THE union of the fexei by marriage, or rather the bringing them together, is ihoucht of fo much id- vaniace to the Hate, by incrcaling population, that it ii dif- graccful for a man to live fingle twenty yeara \ but thefc niatchei are very improperly termed marriagea, becaufe the confent of the partict ii never aflced ; the parent or guardiani enter into a contraft, when both the boy and girl are infantt in a literal fenfe ; and when Ihey come to }eart of maturity, the young gentleman fendt the lady a prefeiit fuitable to her quality ) a fplendid cavalcade ia made, the bride it conveyed to the houfc of her fpoufe, and thii it all the cerrmonv that it ufed on thefe occafioni. Her fpoufe never feei her tilt Ihc enterihii doort ; then he uiilocki the chair that hringi her, and ii either furprixed with her beauty, or fbockcd with the fight of fomeihing he does not like. However, he ii at lilxrty to return her to her friends that moment, if hr it content to lofe the prefeiits that have beeit made her, with which he may be faid to have purchafed his wife; for he never receivea any fortune with her, befidcs her cloaths. The lady hai not the like option ; if her hulband will keep her, (he it not allowed to retreat, how muchfoever he proves to bt heraverfion, and how many wives and concubines foever he may have bcfides. Thus it is in all eaftern nations, wh;re a plurality of women is allowed bylaw. There feemi, however, to be onr, who may properly be faid to have her hufbind't heart, to whom he gives the command of all the reft ; fo that the lady inftcad of being his companion, if (he is not the favourite, may more properly be ftyled his (lave than his wifb i nor are her children in a better condition than the children of h>* concubines, who have all an equal title tohis eflate. If it be demanded, where they find femalei fuflicient to let cVery man have a number of wives, (ince the Chinefe do not follow the praAice of the Turks and Perfians, by importing them from other countries f it maybe confideied, that at tlie men marry at twenty, and Xiie girls at twelve yeari of age, all the females between thofe ages are fuperiiuraeraries ; belides, the poor- people in mofi countries, who are much the majority, are forced to content lliemlclvci with one wife apiece, and then it will be no difficulty to furnith their fupcriors with a variety of females, out of thofe th.it are above twelve, and under twenty, nolwithlianding it is admitted that there arc as many men born as women in every nation. The friends jf the parties, before every marriage, en- quire of I'ome prieft or pretended conjuror, whether it is hkcly to prove a happy match, and wbidi it the luckieft day or hour for conCummation: when the man hat once rrcrivcd his wife, he cannot turn her off, unlcft it be for ^uttery, orlbiuc notoi lout crime i but in thefc cafes ho .* 4 mtv fell h«r, and purcbaA anotbtf with ibii nwMj, not* witnftanding lb* Chinefe women arc iifuall|f|uardM with grmt Itiiftnefi, and not fufltred to let lh«ir nearclt mala rrlationt i yet fonie hulbandi have given tbtir gillanti ftm lihcrt^to vilii them ) and th«re are women who havt ore* vaileJ on thofe that have the difpoAl of tb«m, to infill vk the lilwrty of having her admirers rtfoit 10 hitr after ti>tr< riaga ; but thii it fo much abhjrrcd by the ctncrallty ol the Chindic, that their ilFue are not allowed the priviMfM that other children have. At to the common people they feem to be fo much alhamed of living (Ingle after lh« ajp the cuftom of their country rtquirei Ihem to marry, or Ihey have fuch a ftroiig propenfity towards matrimony, that ihev willfometimei confent to become (Uvti, on con- dition they may have a flave in a family for * wife, when Ihey are not in circumliancei to purchale one. The Chinefe Udici being feldom fuffered to appear in company, either within doors or without, never have any concern with trade, but aroufii themfeWes with painting or necdlc-work, or with birds, dngi, or otlier ajtimali, at fome of the fcK do here. It is cuftomaiy in China to give three names to their fons : I . The common name of the family, or furname ; a. A proper lume ; and a third when they are advanced to any preferment or employment. The daughters are called by their father's furname, even after marriage, and drftincullhcd only by their fenioritv, being called the firft, fecond, or third daughter of their fa'*- .r. I'here In'ing a great number of eu'.uchs in the Em- peror's court, and in the families of the great, who have not only the care of the women, but the management and direAion of mofl of their affairs i the poor women fre- quently caftrate their fons, in order to qualify them for preferment ; which is almoft at barbarout a cu(iom as ex- pofmg them in the ttreett and highwayt ; or (InfiglinK them with their own hands, as they fumetimes do, iftl y find they are not able to maintain them ; for poverty feemt to them worfe than death. SECT. XIII, CtnUlni an «ce»uni if iht fi/tivali, fmurali, and l»mli •/ thi Chiitift. THEIR two principal fe(\ivals are celebrated, one in the beginning, and the other about the middle of January. 1 he furiuer is celebrated by vifiting, fcafting, making prefents, ftc. The otlier is called the feaHs of tho lanterns, when evciv fiimily, both in the city or country, on the fra-coa(t oron the rivers, light up Urge painted lan- terns (luck full of wax candles or fmall lamps which re- prel'cnt cavalcades, (hips under fail, armies ennging, horfet galloping, fpcAret, and other objeAs ; thcic reprefenta- tions or figures are fet in motion by perfoiis ' "ncealed, by means of (Iringt or pulliet that cannot be perceived at a diftance. Some Chinele doAors have aderted, tliat thi* feai\ of tho lanterns originated from the hanging up lan- terns in the ruins of the palace of Ki, Emperor of China, who, being an effeminate prince, ercAed a lofty towor adorned with guiu, for one of his concubines, wheio living for fome time in (hameful eafe and indolence, hit fubjcAt caufed him to be depofed by a neighbouring prince i and the magnilicent palact being afterwards pvUed down, lanterns were hunt up in every part of tite city to perpetuate the event. Ouiers derive it from the fbllowing- circumftancc : A ccitain mandarin, who was greatly ca- reded by the people, having an only daughter driwned by fiilling into a river, he looked for hei a whole night by the light of lanterns, all the tnhabitintsof the diftriA tbllowing him with Lintems and torches to .iflift in fearching for the lady. The particular aflisAion which the people had (or their mandarin, or ell'e the fmgularity of the adventure, fet thcin to work with their lanterns the fame night of the following year, and this cui^om cradually fpreading, occa- fioned .1 public annual feftival to be obferved in the manner above- mentioned . At a third leflival, the Emperor himfelf always attends. Afterthe example of his ancellors, the prince goes every fpring in great pomp and folemtiity into a ticld, and plows up a few ridges ot land. This is in order to encourage and animate the pealUnts in the bulinefs of agriculture ; and the mandarin:, intheir refpedive provinces, go through tlie fame ceremony. Another felUval is alfo kept by the Chinrfpeopl« and laboorcrs, who drag after them tlicir , fcveral .implcinents of hufbandry. , With rciseft to the funeral ceremonies of the Chinefe, we muftobferve, that no fooner do tttefc people come to years of difcretion, than they make proviiion for tlieir deaths) every man furnifhes his houfe with a coffin, imiong otiicr moveables, to put him in mind of his fportality : and wealdiy people inclofe a piece of land for a burying-grounti, wlierc they ereft a tomb, and a magnificent tempi* over it, to which tl»ey are brought when they die, though at never fo great a diftance from home ; but fuch tombs are generally ereftcd in folitary places, or by the highway fide, at a dillancefrom towns. None are ever buried within the walls of a city. The poor have a common burying-place, ;dfo, at fome diftance from the town they die in. Their coffins are made of a very lading wood, feven or eight inches thick, which raaKLS them appear much larger than ours ; but tliey aac of the fame form, and finely japanned without, which virry much picl'crves tile wood, and makes it the more durable, as well as beautiful. The f-gyptians, as well as tlie.Chi- r£fe, we find endeavoured to preferve their remains as long as pullible, imagining, we are told, that as long as any part of the body is left, the foul continues about it. The death of a gentleman is no fooncr known to liis relations, but they meet and perfume the curpfe, drefs it in the bell cloaths, and, having placed the body upright in a chair, his wives, children, .and friends, fucccflivcly fall down before him, and lafhent their lofs. Three days after, a large room is hung in mourning, that is, with white linen ; and the third day, the corpfc, being put in the coffin, is laid there in ftate, an altar erefted before it, and an image of the deceafed placed upon the altar. The rtslarions then attend again, bringing lighted wax-torches and incenfe, whici) tliey burn, and proftrate themfelvtes Kforc the corpfe : the fons then place themfelves on one iide of the coffin, doathed in white, and his wires and daughters (\and on the other, behind a curtain, bewailing themfelves in moft moving ftrains ; the prieft at the iiime time tinging mournful hymns, fuitable to the occafion i difhes oT meat are fervcd up for feveral days fucceffively, and placed upon a table, arid at night the priefts divide the meat among them. The coffin being very thick and clofe, no olKufive fmell can be perceived. The funeral is iireqoently put off for feveral montlis, and fometiraes years, a paper being fet up over the gate of the houfe, reciting the virtues and commendable qualities of the deceafed ; the fons lleeping upon mats about the coffin feveral nights, and eating no flelh, or drinking any ftroog liquors, or hav- ing any commerce with their wives ; nor can tlie fon en- ter upon any office or employment for three years after the dtath of his father : and it is reckoned impious even to laugh, or take any manner of pleafure, during the time of mourning. Ij^ The friends and rehtions of the deceafed, being invited " by the Ion to attend his father's corpfc to the grave, the pcoceftion begins with thofc that carry the images or pic- tures of men, women, beafts, and birds, attended with a great number of torches ; trophies, triumphal chariots, pageants and tables, with difhes of meat, alfo arc carried l>efore tlie corpfc. Then fallow the pricfts with drums, mufic, and jinglmg bells, and next tlie coffin, under a large arched canopy, carried by twenty Of thirty men, tlie fons follow the coffin on foot, fupporting themfelves with crutches, as n«t able to fiiflain themfelves without. The women then advance in clofc chairs, covered with white filk, rending the air with tlicir cries ; and befides thcfc, OK Other women, who are hired to make a difmal roourn- iul noife on thefe occaliot)';. Hcing arrived at the tomb, vhich may be taken for a p.ihcc, the company enter it by ' a grand portal, having a Wis gate on each fide of it ; and tlie corpfc being dcpofitcd ill it, an altar is erefted before Jr, and lights left bnrning on the altar; the friends of the deceafed vifiting the toinb at certain Icafons, and iiroftrat- ing themfelves before it, with their faces to tlic ground. They burn incenle, pour out witic, and offer difhes of meat to the deceafed, which they are iu>t ignorant becomes an entertainmei^libc the priclh when tliey arc gone. The cbarafler of the deceafed being engraved ou marble, i^ placed bcforetlie altar. Every man alio has a tablet in his houfe, whereon are engraved the name.i of his great grand- father, lus grandfather and f.alier, whom they worlliij), ■ and their great men have teiuplcs erefled to tlieir memory^ and a yearly facrifice offered to them. Both men and women, during the £rft year of mourn- it)g, wear white courfe linen, almoll torn to rags ; the l'iibje£l to the wortrv that it will not laft many yeari^. Wliat they have recorded therefore of later years, are only copies of copies; thtic are no originals to be found. If we might credit tliofe wljo prctciul fr.ch care hajr been taken to preferve an impartial liillory, as never was obferved by any other people, the hiftory of China, would exceed all others ; for they relate, that there are a certain number of regifters appointed by the govcrnineut to record all material tranfa^lions, and daily to minute down the words and actions of their princes, with their refpcflivc remarks upon them; and that without contult- tng one another, they throw tljeir fcveral papers into an office, which is never opened while the reigning prince, or any of that family remain upon the throne ; but when the crown devolves on aiiotlicr houfe, the doon are opened, and all thefc records are put in order and examined, out of which tlie hiftory of tlie pstceding reigns are compofed, and the exarnplcj of their lieft princes recoininended to their fucceflbrs, whilft (ho coiidu£l of others is fcvcrtir animadverted upon. Thus their princes, like ihofe of Egypt, undergo a kind of formal trial aftir their deatlu, for the inftruaion of their predccclfbrs. Our time would be employed to little purpofe, werewetrt tike notice of auv fails which are faid to liave been tranf- a£lcd above four t)ioufand years ago, lieeaitfc they admit that hufbandry, and all ni;uinet uf arts nijd fcienccs, weie introduced within tlut period. If tht- world had continued more than one hundred thoufand years, as fome of tlieir hiilorians relate, no doubt but planting, fowing, cloittliiiig,, and other ufeftil and nt-CBlliny .irfs, muft have tiourilhed much fooncr; hut the Cliiiid'e, hoivevcr, appear fome- thing wifcr than manv of tlic ..ntient philoliiphers, wl'.o lield that the wotld was made by chxice. Mofl legillatorsand founders of kiiii^doin'-''aving judged it neceifary to derive tlieir origin and a.ittiotitv from heaven, to induce their fubjefls to fulimit to their do- •;w r.tr.. iitt^iiafviit r U-Ulf who U i*Li;]pafed to lave Uve4 about Uo uinc oi tlic tioodU pretended i.£Xir^3u " ::-,u,:--^_.?^ii.---.' ,**«■■', flY. . ^ olTcr dithcs of imraut becomes »rc gone. Tl«s ou marble, ii i a tablet ill his lis great grand- 1 thty worlliiji, tlieir muniotyf ^ear of mourn- n to rags -, tlic litter, uud tlia li of a hnfliand. For a brother. 'W it, crcft tem len a yearly la- to (even of hii a luundarin to Kift autunlt, a mars. ''iii i ago, as little with the conti- s we owe tlie jwledge of the iety have been r though it waa pc, neither the : Icalt iiitima- h a country on hen the Kgyp- ia, and brouf^t meet the Clii- ey vi filed thofe it i» in fa£t : my nation but. ccnth century ; ittic mort than of princes that )c alTured that lolous, and for ords have bcca ft to the woiin^ ' have recorded copies thtic at .e ily fr.ch care ha» as never was oiy of China, there arc it governnieuc to rauiute with their thout confult- pcrs into an gning prince, but when )rs are opened, xamincd, out lue compofcd, rainended to rs is fcvcrtiy like thofe of ,cir deatlu, for fe, were we to ;e been tranf- 'c they admit fcisnccs, weie !iad continued lorn; of thcii- iig, clor.thiiip,, ,ve tiourilhed appear fonie- tijpheis, wlo ''aving judged ithorirv from to their do- » ,:>-*• tivii, i'U-UI, of tlic liood, prctcndc4 • ■.J 1 -'. • V , ■ ¥ ■ .' ^ ■ »•■ ■ r '■ ' ! . in i ■ ■ > ' ' 'ff ■ ■f .if.. ,-i ■1 X ^ J w ■5^ •Wr 1 "^'i. ,f^:*- ::f\ ■ i'PM % ,^' .-M*^ % - .Jt.„ ^ ■■■'v^i.^T -''^rs.^^ -^:': ,■.^- •ijJf: '^sri [A S I A.] tt 1 .N Ar 5S MeMif^d that he wm feiit from heaven to inftruA and gO' tern mankind. Their hiflorieg relate, tltat this prince tauduthem toufecloatliine, and diOinguifh the fexes by diwhabits, and tliat he firA invented their charaAert and mafit i and after he had reigned one hundred and fifteeen yean, wa» fucceeded by C.'-ing-tongi and in thii they ^gree with facred hiltorvt tliat tlie antit,)'- lived to a great age. The Emperor Ching«tong taupl' n hufbandry and pby toong, their prince, made Pe-king the feat of his empire. He caufed the ereat canal to be cut, which runs from Canton almoft to uis city of Pe-king, being one thoufand miles : he alio cut abundance of other canals* for the convenience of tranfporting merctUndin ttga oncprovince to another. Tai-ting, who was the laft Emperor of the Tartarian race, loft his crown by attempting an alteration in religion i he countenanced the Lama's, or Tartarian priefts« which united the Chinefe againft him. l°heir leader was • bonze, or Chinefe prieft, who, about the year 1400, having driven the Tartars out of the country, mounted the throne. In 1408, the Portuguefe, having doubled the Cape of Good Hope, began a trade with China, and, poljeffing themfelves of the iiland of Macao about the year isfit monopolized the whole traffic to that country for upwards of a century. Several Tartar nations, having in the mean time united under tlie King of Niu-lche, invaded the northern pro- vinces of China, again in the year 1640, under pretencd of having been impofed upon and cheated by the Ch'mefd merchants, for which they could obtain no icdrefs at tho court of Pe-king. The amies thereupon taking th* field, feveral battles were fought, but none of them deci< five, until a ft .nine happening in fome of the fouthern provinces of China, occafioned an infurreAion : and Ly- cungz, one of the chiefs of the mal-contents, marched with a numerous army up to Pe-king, and laid fiege to that city, which was betrayed to him by the eunuchs of ths court. The Emperor, and moft of his family, feeing all refinance vain, chofe to die by their own hands, rather than be made prifoners by the rebels ; wliereupon Ly- cungz caufed himfelf to be proclaimed Emperor, and then advanced againft Ufanguey or Ou-fang-gucy, the imperial . general, who receiving advice of the ufurpation of Ly-. cungz, made peace with the Tartars, who confented to join him againft tlie Ufu'rpcr. This obliged Ly-cungzto retire to Pe-king, and not thinking himfelf ftrong enough to defend that city againft their united forcesj he plundered the town, and marched into the province of Chen-fi, whe- ther he was purfued by Ufanguey ; but Xun-chi remaining at Pe-king m the mean while, caufed himfelf to be pro- claimed Emperor in his abfence : however, upon the re- turn of Ufanguey, after the defeat of the rebels, Xun- clii offered to divide die kingdom with him, and Ufanguey not being then in a condition to force the Tartars to aban- don Pe-king, fecmed to confent to tlie propofal, and re- tired to the provinces which were allotted him, where he raifed forces, and having augmented his army, required Ly-cungz to quit the kingdom, and on his rcfufal levcral battles were fought, in which Ufanguey was generally fuc-» cefsfuli but being killed in a futtire engagt. nent, his army difperfed, and the reft of the provinces were reduced under the dominion of Ly-cungz, the Tartar, about the year 1644 ; but he did not long enjoy the tnrone, he died foon after the conqneft, and was fucceeded by his fon, an infant of fix years of age, leaving Amavan, hia uncle, regent, till his fon fhould come of age : and the regent dil'charged his tnift with that fidelity, that every thing remained in peace during the minority, and his uncle had the pleafure of^ delivering up the kingdom to him en-> tire, both the Tartars and Chinefe princes fubmitting to his government. Amavan did not uiink fit to make any alteration in the laws and cuftoms of China : he only compelled the Chinefe to cut off their hair, and take the Tartar Ivkbit, that it might not be difcenied how inconfi- derable^ a P'op'^ '''^ Tartars were, when compared with the ChinMc. In every thing clfe, he rather Courted than oppreffed the natives ; he fuiTend many of them to retain their pofts in the government, and remitted feveral fpecies of their taxes. 1 he Chinefe feemed to be rather gainers than lofes by the change. Their country was t'.ie fesit of government. Tartary became a province to China, and they were exempted from tlie charge of maintaining ar- mies upon the frontiers after the union. However, the Chinefe, who were moft averfe to the Tartar government, fled to the Philippines, Java, and othei iflands In the In* dian feas, where ki.cy retain their hair and former habits ; and the pofterity of Ly-cungz remain upon the throne of China to this d.iy. China having acquired great additional fhength by her union with Tarsary, lass now no enemy todrcwii iKirWeip P *,viBr t j6 The N£Wand UNiVERSAL SYStfeM of CEOGRAPHy. PU,| ever the opalence power, grandeur, andglory of the Clli- Sefe empire greater than at prefent ; at home, it hath all the leflings of peace, and abroad it isrefpefted: it hath en- joyed a pertba tranquility for upwardu of fevcnty years, and is unrivalled by all otlicr nations for its pulilic works gfart, having thirty-twro royal jialaces.'^o hundred and feventy-two grand libraries, fevcn hundred and nine Halls, one thoiifand one hundred and fifty^hie triumphal arches, three hundred and one I)cautiful htWges, and fix hundred and eighty curious tombs. The Emperor Yong- tchiii (that is, Lilting peace) the name he took on his acceflion to tlie throne in 172*, mtwitliftanding his de- crees againft tl>e Chriftians, is generally acknowledged to Be a prince of .great virtue, and an excellent governor; and that he conuantly applied himfclf to promote the hap- pinefs of his people. According to Uu Halde, . tliere happened a dreadful earthquake at Pe-king in this reign, in the year 1731, which demolilhed g?eat part of that capital, and buried itiore tlian one hundred tnoufand of the inhabitants in its ruins : but there i j fome reafon to doubt of the trutli of this writer's account of this event, becaufe feveral Eaft- 1 ndia daptains who 'were at China in that year, had heard notnihg of it : and though Canton, the part the Europeans trade to, be a thoufand miles fouth of Pe-king, yet a calamity fo remarkable as tliis mud have been known by the cap- tains of fhips and merchants trading to that city. The Chinefe empire hath been fucceffively governed by twenty-cwo imperial families, and hath been eftablilhed three thoufand nine hundred and eighty-four years, dur- ing which fpace, tv'o hundred and tliir^ Emperors have reigned. ... .....',.'. . .. S E C T. XV. ■ / ' ' --^ 0/ the iJJands fubjtll h China. FotMOSA, Aynan, 011^ Macao, tre tht principal Cbi>if/i ijlandt, THE ifland of Formofa is fituate in the Pacific ocean, between one hundred and nineteen and one hundred and twenty-two degrees of eaftern longitude, and between twenty-two and twenty-five degrees of north latitude, one hundred miles eaft of the province of Fo-kyen in China ; its circumference is between four and five hundred miles. It abounds inthe fame kind of fruits as the fouth of China does, near which it lies, and is agreeably diverfified with hills and vallies. The Spaniards fent fome colonies from die Philippines tliither ; but they did not think it worth their while to continue there. The Dutch afterwards at- tempted to bring it under their dominion, but were driven from tlience by the Chinefe. The Dutch relate, that the people of this irtand were republicans ; that every province, and every town in the ifland was an independent (late, re- fembling thofe of Holland ; but finCc they luve been re- duced under the dominion of China, tliey are governed by a Chinefe viceroy. They are Pagans, and have their bonzes, that is, priells andprieftefles, as on the neigh- bouring continent. The Dutch relate, they had many Chriftian profclytes j but it is probable there are no Chrif- tians tliere at prefent, or the Popilh miflionaries would have made tl)ein a vifit from Macao, and have mentioned them in their travels. Their mountains, it is faid, arc full of brimftone 1 which makes the idand fubjcft to eartliquakes. The women here plow, fow, and manure the ground, and the men fpend tlieir time chiefly in hunt- ing. Their boufet are built with cane, and arc but one ftory high. Their female priefts pretend to a knowledge of tuturity, and are often conl'ultcd as oracles. The next ifland we (hall mention is Aynan, or Hay- nan ■, it is fituate in the Cliiaefc fea, between one hundred and feyen and one hundred and ten degrees of ead longi- tude, and between eighteen and twenty degrees of north latitude, fifty miles fouth of the continent of China ; be- ing of an oval form, and about three hundred miles in circumference. It is faid to be a plentiful country, and to afford both gold and pearls ; but as no travellers have given us any particular account of the reft of the produce of the ifland, -or of its inhabitant'!, we mvt conjcflurc, from its fituation, that the principal grain is rice, and Miat cocoas, mangoes, giiavas, plaiu^iln^, oranges, aud other tropical fruits abound in it. Alacao is fituato in one hundred .-ind thirteen dtijrees of caft Ifdigitudc, and twenty-three degrees of nortli latitude. It is a Imall jllaad in the mouth cf the river Canton in China. The Portuguefe tobkpnlTciTionof it in tluir full voyages to China, and have carried on a great trade tliere H fb'r upwards of one hundreij veal's ; and though they ir^ now fubjeft to China, tliev are permitted to govern tHeil' own people by riie Itvvs of Fortug*!,- iiid to proftfs the Chriftian religion ; when the Popilh miflionaries are drivcii out of China, they rcfort to this place. There are a great number *>f very finall iflandsi tlmt lid between Formofa and the Philippine ifland. As the chan- nelsamongft themarebut little known. Lord Anfon ndvifes rather to pafs to the Aorthwsrdor fouthward, than through' them i the Centurion (liip of w.ir nafled through them be- tween Grafton and Monmouth iflands ; but in getting through, the fea had a very dangerous sifpeft, for it rip- pled and foamed with all the appearance of being full of breakers 5 but this agitation of the fea, which had alarmed them, being occafioned only by a ftrong tide, tliey got through it very fafely. Having before barely nientioned the great Chinefe walH *e (hall here give a fuller defcriution of that amazine work. It wr»s begun about two thoufand years ago, and is a mafter-piece of induftryand genius : It is principally built of brick, and cemented with the (Irongeft mortar, ilifomtich tliat though it has ftood many centuries it ftiU- continues firm. It is about five hundred leagues in Icrigth;'- including is many turnings and windings, nnd itsintermc-- diate fpaces fupplted by the mountains, which reduce* thrf real wall to about one hundred leagues. TheChinefe, befbrrf the conqaefl, guarded this wall with a million of foJdiers, but only particular parts of it are now defended from in- vaders. Its grcatel^ elevation is about thirty feet, and its breadth is nearly fufltcicnt for eight men to ftand abieift on it. Some parts of this wall being built on high ntoutt- tains it confequcntly rifes and finks with the farnce of tbtf ground ; which circumftance accounts for the ftupendon* height given it by fome authors. When Iflrand Ides« the Ruffian ambaflador to the court of Chitu, faw this wall, he tells us it was iii as gsod repair ai if ic had not' been built twenty years. tU' SECT. XVI. CtHlaining an acceunt if Chintfe Tartary, CHINESE Tartary 'extends from forty to one hnit- drcd and thirty- five degrees of eaftern longitude, atii lies between tliirty • five and feventy-two degrees of northern latitude ; having the Frozen ocean on the north ; the Pacific ocean on the esril ; China, India, Perfia, and the Cafpian fea, fo«th ; and European Rufiia on the well : but in dirs chapter we (hall only treat of Chinefe Tiirtnry, which is fituate between one hundred and five and one hundred and thirty-five degrees of eaftern longitude, and between forty- one and fifty-five degrees of north latitude j being bounded by Ruffian Tartary, sr Siberia, upon the north-, by the Pacific ocean, eaft; by the Chinefe provinces of Ly.«a-" tong and Corea on the fouth, and by Ruffian Tartiry oit the wefl J the river Amour and Yamour, called bv the Chi- ' ncfe Sagahan Ula, feparating it from Ruffian Tart.^rv on the north ; and the river Argun dividing it from the Ruf- fian dominions on the wcfl : and hears the general name ofNiu-tche, or Manchew Tartai^ ; but i/ uf'tially fubdi- vided into the provinces of Keching Tartarv on the cart j and Tigurran and Solon Tartary on the weft. Chinefe Tartary coiilills, for the moft part, in barren mountains and defcrt plains : tliere h-avc been fome good towns in it, but moft of them run to ruin after the Tar- tars coni|uered China, whither the feat of the go\enimcnt being removed, all the Tartars of diftinttion have followed the court tliither, and are advanced bv the fovercign to the chief pofts in th.it eiiipirc j and by their intermarriage and coinmereb"with the Chinefe a.e become the fame people in a manner, and look ujion tluir original country as a. province of China In tli.,- north, the people differ littla from tlie Laplanders of Europe. They hunt fablcf, er- mines, and other animals for their furs in winter, and fpend their time in fifhing in the fuiimier. The gentlemen in the fouth of Tartary make hunting of deer, and other gam, >, rather their eirtployment than diverfion, and procure the bcft part of their food tlist way ; but their hunting differs much from our*; for they fiinim m all tlieii vaflkls and de- pendants to attend tliciii, 'and lurroinid a larj;c trail of country, driving the game Ixjfore tlieni, until they have brought them into a very fhi;\ll coinpafs ; then they ilioot, or take them with n:ti ;u plcalur.-. Kirinula is the chief town at prefent, and is (ituate in forty-four degrees noftlr l.ititude, on a iiionntain, the an- tieiit feat of the Manchcw or Niii-tcluan Taitars ; and here are the tombs of tlu anccftors of the picl(;iit Kmperor. I'll! Tartars are a much mcr; robuft and harJy p;ople- till a HY. )ngh they irS I govern theii' profefi the rics ate drivcil ■ndr, tlmt lid As the chan- Anfon ndnfcs than through' ugh thetti be- ut !n getting ft, for it rip- bclng full of h hud alarmed ide, tliey got Chinefe wall", that amazine rears ago, and : is principally ingeft mortar, ntaries it (liU- ;ues in Ici^th^- id itsintermc-- cl\ reduces' thrf :;hinefe, befortf }n of foldiers, nded from in- f feet, and it* (land abreaft n high tKoun- ifnmceofdjrf he ftupendou* Iftrand Ides« lina, faw this if k had not' irtary, y to one hnn- ongitude, atiJ !es of northern th J the Pacific d tfie Cafpian l\ : but in this tary, which is e Hundred and ictwcen forty- icinp hounded lorth ; by the ■ tes of [ y-tiu- n Tar' ry on A bv the Chi- iit Tartary on [■fpin the Ruf- gcncral name iil'imlly fubdi- on the cad j Irt, in btirera pn feme good fter the Tar- ^ gmcrnmcnt liave followed I'crcign to the narriagc and fame people I country as u ke ditfer littla kit fabK-i, cr- ier, 'avc almoll a certainty of meeting with preferment, and 'confcqucntly their native country is abandoned and left in a more wr thole are fftt the mcft par( Maliotnetaiis which lie next to . Mongalia and Ulbeek I'artanr. , . , . Ulbcck Tartary is bounded on tlie nbrtti, hy the coun- try of tiie Calmuoks ; on the eaft, by Tliibet i on the, foiltli, by India; and on the weft, by Periia and theCaf-" pi m fea. The moft iconfiderable rivers arc tliofe of the Oxus, which divides it frbni Pertia ; and the Silhin, whicH runs from the fo^' '.h-e^ to tbe nbrtli-weft, and discharges itfelf into the Cafpian fea. It is a fine fruitfi;il country, lying between thirty-five and forty-five decrees of nortli latitude, and carries on a brilk trade bqtb with the eaftem and weftern countries of Afiai The chief town was Sa- marcand, fituate in Hxty-fix degrees of eaftern longitude, And forty degrees of north latitude, once tlie tcfidence u^ , thegreat Tamerlane, and the nxetropolis of his crnpii«. The prcftnt Capital is Bochiifk, fituatE on the river Oit- us, about fixty miles fouth-weft of Samarcaud, and fre- quently gives name to the country. The people here, as in other T^ir countries, are divided into a great many hords or tribes, butfubjeA to one monarch, their grand Cham. This is a polite nation ; and their ftature, fba- ' tures, and complexioii hotto be found fault witli, efpe-' cially if compared with the Calmucks, their northern neighbours. The religion of the Ufbecks is Mahome^- ifm, arid their rites and cuftoms much the faihe iis thofe of their brethren in Turky; Their great leader, or peat Cham, I'amerlane, Was the fort of Zam, Cliam or Chan, the chief of all the Mogul tribes : he flrft diflinguUhed' hlmfelfby repulfing tlie Ruffians, who liad invaded his country, and having given them li total defeat, obliged tllcm to fubmit to fuch terms aj he thoiight fit to impofc. He married the daughter of his uncle, another Cham or Chan of the Moguls, whole dominions he fucceeded to on- his uncle's death : the Chinefe invading his country, he was not content with repulfing them, but carried the war into their own country, and demolilhed part of the wall they had erefled for tlie defence of it,»Tnade himfelf mafter of the capital city of Pe-king, and the Chinefe Emperor tributary to him : the fame of his actions having reachcif the weltern kingdoms of Afia, they feht ambaludors to him, to implore his proteftion againft the furious B^^.jazer,. emperor of tlie Turks ; whereupon he aflcmbled moft of the_ Tartar tribes, and being joined by a body of Ruflians, it is computed his army amounted to near a million of men, with which he marched throueh the countries nortK of the Cafpian fea, and then hendrng his march to th& foutliward, palled mount Caucafus, continuing his match through Circaffia and Georgia, and the countries fituate between the Cafpian and Euxine feas : thefe countries be- ing in alliance with him, and furniHiing his army with provifions in tlieir march, and as they were Chriftians, looked upon Tamerlane as their deliverer frotii Turkiili ty- ranny J he did not, however, rely entirely on his confe- derates to furnifh fo vaft an army witli provifions } but his fleet, on tlie Cafpian fea, attended the aniiy in their march with all manner of necefliiries, infomuch that his foldiers were not fuftered to plunder, or take any thing by violence in the countries Arough which they pafled : if a foldier took but an apple or bowl of milk, wiuiout paying for ir, he was put to , friendly to ftrangers, but treat barbaroufly thole who are fo unfortunate as tobefliip-wreckcd on their coaflt. I'hey are at the fame time efFcminate, much given to plea- fure, and of a timid difpontion. People of condition drefs in a purple-coloured filk gown with long and wide (leeves, and a fafh ; they alfo wear fu' uaps and linen buf- kius. The common people wear cotton or hempeitcloth. In the country, th . houles are mean, except thofe belonging to people of diftir Aion, which are handfome and fpacious. Contrafts for narriage are made at the age of feven or eight years ; br : are prohibited to the third degree of kin- dred ; the femr les are in that cafe brought up by the father- in-law, excep . an only daughter. A man is allowed to have feveral ,vives, provided he keeps only one at home ; but the grariees are permitted to keep three or four at hi;i Houfe, one of whom a£ls as fiipreme miflrefs. I'hey in general treat tlicir wives as Haves, and divorce them at plcafure. The moft confiderable part of the fitther's fub- fiance devolves to his eldeft fon, and the reft amon^ the other male children, the daughters beit^^xdudr'!. The Coreans bury their dead only in ^fing and autumn, and in the mean time place die ccrpfe in a kind of hut made of rufhes, raifed upon four flakes in tlieir courts or gar- dens. The deceafed lies in a double coffm, clofely cement- ed together, drclTed in his beft apparel, with fome toys ly- ing near him. They f«t out in procefTion with the body at day-break, the bearers finging all the way, keeping exau time with their fteps and voice, while the- reft of^ the com- pany fill the air with doleful lamentations. 'I'he graves for the common people are five or fix feet deep, but people of rank are depofited in ftone vaults, at with us. After the funeral is over, they make their offerings to the de- ceafed monthly, at the full of the moon. Children mourn three years, with great folemnity and abftinencc, for tlicir fathers, theiT drefs, daring this time of fadnefs, being very mean. They do not much concern themfelves about rdigious worfhip, the whole of whidi confifts chiefly in external ceremony. But here arc fome of the followers of Confu- c'ius, and others who efteem the religion of Foe, tliere being many' temples confeerated to this deity. Moft of them believe the do£lrine of tranfmigration, and a future ilate of rewards and punifhments : they have alfo a great number of monks amongft them, who go bareheaded, and refrain from any conncftion with the female lex ; neither arc they allowed to eat the ficfh of any animals. There are alfo two monafteries for religious women : one for daughters of the nobility, and the other for young women of inferior rank. The Coreans are exceedingly igtroranf of geogia|tkyv fuppofing the globe to confift otrly of twelve kIngdonM, and extend their maps no fiirther that* SvUtt. Thar lan- guage hat a fet of charaAers peculiar to itl'rlf 1 but the lite- rati adopt the Chincle, whole method of printing they foU low. The education of their children i« free from all fere- rity : they implant into their tender Aiindr a fcnfc of hon-- our : the principal part of their learning confift* in the knowledge of moral philofopky,! taking the great Confu" cini for Uieir model. Their chief trade i> with the' Jtpanefe, particularly with the iflandcfs of I'fairima fubjeA' to Japan, who bring to their h&oryy at Poufiin in Corea, fweet-fcented wood, alum, paper, pepper, buffaloes horit»>. &c. and receive cot* ton and ginfeng in exchange. The only fpecies of money ufed by the Coreans are criU ed cafis, wnicn are' current no fiirther than the frontiers of Chinar : in other parts they make tkeir ]^yiiieuts it vn-* flamped wedges or ingots of filver.. Tiiough uie king of Corea is AO more than « VafTal to the Emperor of China, he rules with abfolute fway, keeps a great nfinber of houfliold troops in his fitrvitc, which guard his palace, and attend him wherever he goes, '^'heit his Majefty is pafTing, none muftprcfume to look at him.. He ir lord of all the lands in the kingdom, and beftowa them on wftonifoevcr he pleafes, and for whatever t^rm of' years he thinks proper : he has n council of ftate co^pofett of feveral minifiers ; but none may give his opinion till firft afked by his Majefty, nor meddle in any Itate cor>- cern without his permifTion. It they behave well, they ar« continued in office during life. The Coreans diufe their magiflrates of cit'res, arki go- vernors of fortified places every (bird yer.r. Theft are either banifhed, or fentcnccdto lufltr death, if found guilty of mal-praflices. I'he revenues of the crown confift principally in the rents of land granted to the people : tlie king has, befides, the tythe of every tiling prodndivc of profit, cither by land or fea. In Corea, the penal law* are extremely rigorous. Re- bels and traitors, together with their whole families, are cut off widiout the leaft mercy, and their kibitations le- velled with the ground. If a wife kills her hufband, fhe is placed up to her ihouMers m the earth in fome high ready md a hatrhet is placed dole to licr, with which every on» except thofe of noble family, is obliged to give her a chop' at he paffes by her ; and where a murder of this kind is conmitted, tne magiftrates of the place is fufpended front the execution of their office. But though a woman is fo fevcrely punifhed for murdering hec hulDand, yet the laws jullify and proteft the man who kills his wife deteded ii> adultuy ; or if be gives lier up to juflice, fhe i« condeinn- d to die, but is allowed to chufe the mode of her fufTciing death, in which cafe they generally cut their own thrtotst It is afferted by fome writers, that hufbands, efpccially if they arc,of fiipcrior quality, are punifhed with death for adultery. If an unmarried man be detected in criminal converfation with a married woman, they punifh him liy ftripping him down tothcwaift, and leaving, him only a- pair of druwers on ; after which, they linear hks- face with lime, pierce an arrow throv.gh each of his cars, and tic a kettle on his b.ick, which is beat upon as lie palTes throuplv the ftreets, and lafl of all he icecives the baflinado. T he perfon who kills a frec-mtn is obliged to l^.allow a t|\ian- tity of vinegar with which the botly of the muijercd per- fon has been waflied, then the criminal is trampled unJcr foot, and kicked on the belly till he dies. N«iiy the lams ptiniflimcnt is inflidked for tlicft. ■^I'he baftlnado here is (generally given on the poftcriois, and fbmetimes on the Itiins and loles of the fc.-t. VVlieu on the fhins, they hind the fiiffcrer's k\i to a couple of benches, the one at his feet, anj the othrt unJer hi j liJ^ms ; and ill this pouure they flriU him on tlw U,^$ with a Ibrt of =% IT. ry, and die J tranf(ftk>M ft Ihall treat patt of our t^ 4 I A.) i N X. W r gecpmpfcjr^ ekingdooM, Thar lan- tmt the Ute- ing they fol* rom all feve- Icnfc of hon-- nfifis in the ;reat Csnfu" icularly with rho bring to ented wood, 1 receite cot* 'cant are caH'' e frontiers of acuta ia un- >n a taflid to : fway, lieeps ;rvi*c, which g«es. Wheit look at liim. and beftows, ifevcr tprm of :ate co^pofed s opinion till ly Hate con- well, they ar«f ties, ani^ go- , Theft are f found guilty illy in the las, befides, [ither by land (row. Re- jfamilies, are tbilations le- luftand, ihe le high roady :h erery on» le her a chopt this kind ia tended fron* roman is fo yet the laws deteded ii> condeuin< lier fuficiing ]wn threats t ifpcciaily if |h death for in criminal lunifli him |e.hini only lis face witl» and tic a fcs t1iroup,h »do. 1 lie bw a tjvian- rdcred per- olcd under By the fame I poflcriors. It. When 1 couple of I hi; liains ; (ivich a l>>rt of Ia(h, but not more Qiait thirty Al'okei at a time, which they repeat two or three hours aftci-wards, till the whole oftlie lentence is executed. WheA an olTender receives the baftinado <)n ihc foles of his feet, they compel him to fit down on the ground, and then tyiiig hi} two great toes together, fix them in a wooden friinc, and thus infllA tlie Sunilhment. Women and ipprentices ccnrrally receive je baliinado on the calves of their legs. Perl'onj irt arrears to the king, or wli -> rcfufe to pay their debts, are baftina- doed on the (bins every fifteen days till they pay the money. Sti'c criminals are tried by the grand royal council. 'The n^ilitary government in Colca very much refcmbles the civil. Each province has a general, or chief of the thilitia, with four or five colonels under him, each of Whom commands a rcgiihcnt ; and that the King mAy know the exa£f number of foldiers he has in pay, the in- ferior officers 4rc obliged to keep ar\ accurate lift bf all the men belonging to their refpeftive corns, which they trinf- mit at ftated tiinei to their fuperior officers. Their fhips of war hav< commonly two mafts and about thirty oars, with fire or fix men to each oar, which, with (he mirines, make about thice hundred men in each Ihip : their ftores chiefly confift of cannon and pot-granaJocs i and every province has its particular admiral, who is ob- liged annually to leviftw the Ihips of war belonging to his province. They have always a number of (hips in commilfi- on, every city being compelled to fit out one complete (hip. Corea was originally inhabited by difl^erent people, who each had th%-ir refpcftivc princes, law maxims, and cul^oms i but they afterwards became one nation. The moft confiderable of thefe early n.-itivcs were defcended from the I'artars, and named Kau-kiu li. The firft king of Corea is faid to have been a nephew 6£ Gheon, Emperor of China, who, for fome mifdc-' itteandbK feiiied and tlvrew him into fome Chlnefe prlfohi but (th'con, hcihg afterwards dethrotkd by Vou-vana ttii founder of the thirtefnth family or dynaiiy, the nephew, whofertame wAs Ki tfe, was reftored to his liberty. He retired to Corefi, where he introduced the Chinefe laws; civilized his people, and conduced the public affairs with great wifdom and prudence; but at the fame time har- boured the reflc^ioii thatVbii-vang>*aS an ufurper, anit had deprived his family of the imperial crown. Tliia event took place in the year before Chrift 1 1 ao; Ki-tfe's UiftelWrs enjoyed the throHe of Corea ntkt nine hundred years ; but Trhuang-fiang-vang, I'^ltnperot of China, ^t iertgth fubdned tlie Coreans, and reduced the title of their king to that of HcAn, ot' Codnt, with a very limited authority. A prince of the family of Ki-tfet nimed Chun, aflunietl the title of King, but wat foon tf- ter dethroned, and the race of Ki-tfe became extinft it his death. Vcy-nan, who vtia i rtative of Chini, then felted hit way to the throne nf Corea ; and, in order to fccure hii ufurpation, courted an alliancewith the Emperor of China; and obtained the title of Vang or King but thcfovereigntf did not long continue in tlie family of Vty nan ; for hu grandfon was malfacred, aiid the Chin.-fe profiting by the confuriot\ ariling firom this event, conquered Corea a ft- cond time. In procefs of time it was reftored to its an- tient monarchical forrn of covernment ; artd the King fub* mitted to pay a tribute to the Lnipcrors 6f China. Sinai that period, Corea has undergone various revolutions i being fometimcs uhder vafliilage to the Cliinefe, at otlier time* tributary, then independent, and alnioft always at war With that nation. It is tributary it thi$ time ; and the King of Corea, on his acccflion to the throne, receive,! his con- firmation upon his knees from the Emperor of China; CHAP. IV; THE N£w and COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF IN D I A. SECT. I. ^ivijim »/ Tonquitt, itsfilualltn and btundariis, rivirs, (!!■ matt and proi/iiicts \ dtfcripthn tf tbt natives, iheir haiils, manu/ailuris, prtduci of tin ctuntry, animali, language, Jciinces, governmtnl, t^c, GEOGRAPHERS ufually divide India into two parts; numcly, India beyond the Ganges, and India on this fide of it. Wc (hall lirft enter upon tlie defcrip- tion of tltat divifion which lies beyond the river Ganges, becaufe it adjoins to China, which we have laft treated of. This country comprehends, i. 'Ihe kingdom of Ton- quin. 2. Cochin-China, and Chiampa. 3. Siam, in- cluding Malacca, Cambodia, and Laos. 4. Pegu and Martaban. 5. Ava, Arracan, Tipra, and Acham, e xlu- five of tlie idaiids ; the whole lying bttw;en ninety-two and one hundred and nine degree; of callcrn longitude-, and between one and twcjuy-eight degrees of north latitude. The kil^gdom of Tonquin, which is the firft of thefe divifions, is bounded by China on the north and caft ; by the bay of Cochin-China, t. neral, and have orders luit to fuflcr any of the leftof h!» fubicfts to come near him. The (ieiieial diriiofcs of all offices, civil and military ; has a guard of two hundred elephants, befides his horfe and foot guards, and ul'ually has aftanding.irniy of thirty thc)u!"i:i.l men in and alout the capital city, .and fixty or fevcnty thoufand men in other parts of the kingdom, partiolaily en the fmutiers of China, which is the pf/wer.they Hand nirjft in fi.ir of. When the army marches, the geiurals and ,r;ri..it c'iiccrs are mounted upon elephants j a c.nllle orralhcra ircat lomii- being fixed upon the b;ick of this mondrciis (K-all, ilk. which a dozen men may be accommodated, andciiiihargc- their mutkets or (hoot their arrows. '1 hcv have no naval force, only fome little coalling velTels, with which thev never venture far out to lea. They have no fails, but make ufe of oars only. Among a great numlier of fcfli\als celebrated by the Tonquintfe, two of them are kept with more than onlT- nary folemnity. The Hift is h:ld at the bepinning of tht- year, which w!xi whatcvsr an eunuch has fcrtpcl tO!;etfcDr, falls t) the frov::nmcr.t, when he (i\t~ . he ha-^ not even the j or.vr to djlpofc of ;iny part of it by v:ili ; ^ni this i-i tl'.w realba thit their extc i- itcil by the than orilT- ii;; of tht- ncw mnoii cs thico or. L-lvc d.iys i tlian ru- eeting with. ;ht prove to On tlie booths and ifprcffnted ird but tlie ■oar of riot kept ill ihii nent. Fx- ■, in which tlicl'c fcalts _ provificn'; ' ts i.i callffd itncdiiftion with h'.i urc. Ttic iroparatimi. i;',oiibtc^'y in o'.ir ut- Tcnquin of pcopIc» Jough tiicy and in- have tl e hatcvtr 2u |v::nmcnt, lorcof uny Lif cx;t 1- iion» and oppitir.ini art (o rouch connived at : but to tJief* hial-pni£ticc4 arc imputed the extreme poverty ami want of trade in the lower claf» of people, who have no citcoura|;e- mcnt to work, ppfli , nothing they can call their own. The religion of . '; .opleofToiujuin differs but little from that of the CIi i..'.i:, Confucius i< adored with equal veneration by one part of thcni ; while ollien are wor- fllipperi of roe ; but they have foine iinagcn that arc not met with in China, particularly the elephant and thchorfc. The temples or pagodas arc very Imall, fomc of thcni but jult big enougti to contain the image. Their pridls have cells about the temple, where they attend to oifi'r.up the prayers of the devout, who liring thciu their petitions in writing, which the piieft reads aloud before the image, while the difciple lies prollratc on the ground in a fiippli- cating pofture. People of figure feldom come to the pa- goda, but peifoim their devotions before an ihiago placed upon an altar in one of the courts of their own houfcs ; fome dependant reading tlie petition inflead of a pricft, while his maftcr proOratcs himfclf on the earth. On the paper are enumerated (he fcveral inAanccs of the petitioner's good fortune, for which he returns his thanks to heaven, as for riches, honours, prel'ervation, iic. concluding with a prayer for the continuance of them ; after which, the paper ii burnt in a ptn of inccnfc, and then the poor neighbours and de|)Cndants arc called in, and made to par- take of an entertainment the inalter has provided for them. 'Whenever they make their addrclles to heaven, the poor are lure to be relieved ; the devout fupplicant looking upon this as the readied way to obtain a favourable anfwer 10 their rcquefls. The Tonquincfe areas muchaddif^ed to fuperftition as their neighbours. They, like the Cliinefc, confult the *ftrologer, or pretended lortuno-tellcr, whenever they are a,bout to undertake any thing of moment, and have their lucky and unlucky days , and as every hour of the day has the name of foinc animal, as the liorfc, or the like, the beaft thi'.t marks the hour a man is born upon, is always carefully avoided by them. It appears from the relation of a late traveller, tliat the i court of Tonquin flicwcd no inclination to einbiace Clnif- ( tianity, but lie fuppofed that many of thv poor jicoplc had been induced to profefs it, on account of the rice the milii- onaries diftributcd among them : that the fathers lived as merchants at I lean, and tho,ight prppcr to conceal their lliilTion , apprehending, probably, they were nut accept- able to the court, who made no other ufc of them, tliaii to karn fome branch of tire invhematics. Young people arc not fuffered here to marry without the confent of their parciUs ; and females arc Icldom dif- pofcd of in marri.ige before they arc fixtecn yeais of age. VV' hen a youth ib difpofcd to marry, he £rU ;tpplies t» tlie fitthcr of the maiden, and makes him a prcfeiit. After tile articles are agreed upon, the man fends to the houfc of tlie young woman fudi prcfents as have been lUpulatcd ; and on the wedding-day the fathers of both parties, accom- panied by their friends, conduft the bride to the houfc of the bridegroom, where the ceremony is performed in great hafte. They have always a feaft, which lalls for Jirec or more days, on thefe occaiions. Here, as in mod other Pagan countries, a plurality of women is allowed, and very little difiiprencc is made be- t\vccn awife taken upon contraft. and acoucubine. Their children are equally entitled to inhciit, and the iutive.< arc fo far from being didurbcd by jealoufy, that it is laid, they will offer their women to the European merchants, or ra- (lier let them out, for tli(y expert fome conlideration for the favour. Here men arc allowed to take temporary wives, as the Dutch do, to tiaufaft their affairs in their ab- fence. And by this commerce the women fometimts raifc fortunes, and ;iflcrwards become matches for the moft confidcrable nun in the country. The men are alfo at li- berty to di\orce their wives for any Iritle almoft, but then they inuft reUoic the ciTcfls Ihe was polIi:fied of at the ^ime of the marriage, and keep ilic children ; but the wife f annot obtain a divoicr unlets the hulband is diargcd with fome very notorious crime. 'I'lic punilhment of a \vo- pan convided of adultery, is to be thrown to an elephant bred up for fuch executions ; who, taking her up with )iis trunk, toflcs her up in ;.hcair, and when (lie falls, tram- ples her under his feet,.crulliing her to pieces with as much cafe, as oiic might kill a moth. A man may fell both wife and children here, which makes a divorce very unnecellary on the man's pait ; for tliis amounts to fomc- thing more than a divorce. In a fcarcity, the j)oor people fell their children with very little reluflance; tor by this jneau!:, they tVequcnlly lave their children's lives, as well at tbcir cing built of very flight materials 1 and then tlkd people fit down to an entertainment, which is provided for them. I'ifty hogs have been drel'cd and diftributcd at a funeral, with the grcatcll quantity of fruit that ever he favr together. When the King dies, he lies in l^atc Ilxty-five days af' tcr his dcceafc, and his table coitlinues tc be fcrved evcry day as if he was alive ; the meat being dil\ributed every evening among the prltfts and poor people. After whicli a very fpleiulid procclGon is begun towards the roval bury- place, which is about two dnys journey fnun Cachao : but they feldom reach the tombs under fcvcntecn daysi Tba mandarins, great officers, and magillratej, are obliged W mouin three years for the i-iincc, the gentry lix months, and the common people ihi'T-c, and nodiveriions are alloW' cd for thicc years after the iuneral. There is great emulatioiii.mong the opulent, in provid-' ing cofTins fur themfclves ; in tVu.uing tiiefe cofiins, they cement the boards to;.;c'.her ; but make no ufc 01' nails, Iclt that Ihould have the appcaiancc of layitig a conflraiiit oil the deceafed. With refpcft to the origin of the Tonquincfe, and th« revolutions in their kin!;dum, little can be laid with ccr- t'.inty, as they were for many ar.cs ignorant of the art of wtitiiij. One of the llill kin^s mtniioivd in their hifuiry was Din-;, laid to have reigned ico years bcl'orc Chiil>« and to have been raikd to the throne by a troop of lawlel's robbers i but a.s he peeved a tyrant, his lubjcas revolted, and nuirdered him. Long wars enfued ; aftur which, Lc- day-h.iu was vleOud Wing, in whole reigii the Chinefe in- Y.idtd and ovLT-ran Oie kingdom 1 his prince, however, deli'iided hiinlelf with great bravery, and defeated thtm fe- veral times, but could not drive tlivm out of the country. On the death of Lc-day-han, Li-hal-vic was pl.iccd on ths throne, who vaiKiuilhrd I'.ie Chinefe, and drove thcin out of his territories. The pollirity of this prince leign.-d peaceably for teveral gcneiations , and the Lift king ot this family le.iving behind hiin but one daughter, this princefs Ihared the throne with a nobleman whom l'-' cfpouliid ; but another grandee, named Ho, confpired againft tho queen, fubdued her hulband in Ij^ttle, put both of thein to death, and topk poffefiiou of thecipwn 1 which treachery and cruelty or^^oncd a reyoit of his fubjcfli, who applied to the Chinefe fiir aid, and theaby occalioncd their en- trance into the kingdom wit!) a numerous army, which drove uway the tyrant, and aj a reward for their lervices, poifefied tliemlelvcs of the govcrr»ment, obliging the Ton- quincfe to accept of ,1 viceroy from China, who introduced till Chinefe laws and culloms, and iniircly changed tho form of tho coiiltitution. In procefs of time, however, the Tonquincfe, headed by Li, who was a man of a moft intrepid fpirit, revolted from the Chinefe ; and, taking up arms, put them all to the fword, and compelled the hmpcror to confent to a dif- honourablc tieace. Li was tlicn crowned King of Ton' quin i and all that the Chinefe were able to obtain, wa», that the Kings of Tonquin Ihould hold the crov/n in fealty under the Ewpcrors of China, and pay them a triennial tribute. This treat) was concluded about tha ^-car 1 2CO after Chtift, and both nations liavc faithfully • bfervcd thtf articles ever iincc. \'v'hen tlic Kmpcror ot China fcndi ills ambairndois to Tonquin, to coUcft the tribute, they behave with the utmoft haughtinefs ; infonivich that when the King has oecafion fo treat with then* on any matters of importanue, he is obliged to wait upon them, inftead of their attending on him ; and a prince of Tonquin muft previoully obtain a contirmation tioin the hand of the Em; peror of China, before he can afccnd the throne of his an- ceftors. The dcfcendants of Li fat upon the thrniie tor two centuries, . after which enfued u;u;iy Kvoluiions. j • About ' ".^ ':-','-Ci^?. si.i^!at^\^'^ «l The new and UNl^feRSAL SYdTfiM br GEOGRAPHY. Ahont »h» ytir 1400 of the CWlftUi* »rt, a Ample fifti- ermaii, nimed Nfick, ufurixd the crown, h«i( wm dc- Ihroned by t'rlng, and the ufut'per, who coloured hit ufur- pAiion wtth the pretence of rcuoring the fiimily of Li to the throrte, md accnrdinitly caUrcd a young (irince of tlui ht>ufe to be crowned; hut he i«):Tvea to himirll'ihe re(;4l power, under (lie rtainc ol chova, or geiMral of tlie renlni, ohiy bcliuwingon th« prnice the bnre title nflbvcteign. Thi< ul'irtper, TritiK, hadl ftroiher-in-law, whole name wa« Hoavingi fcn « it go»enior of the pvovtiicc of I ing- vra, to Whom 'I'ring liiy ander forae particular (ibliL-ntionst for this gnvcrrwr had not only thevm great fiicndiliip to him, in utHlttng him in hit entcrprilo wtlli the trnopi of Irit province, but likewife gave him hii daughter in ninr- liage i and, befidei, on hif death-bed, ciitrulted to lilni the guiirdianlhip of hi« only fon, who was the above-mention- ed Hoaving. UcfleAirTi; with great roiicrrn on the con- diifl the eaft and fcruth ; :iiid by Laos and CamlK>dta, on the weft, being about four hundred miles in length, and one hundred and fifty in breadth. It was originaify a province of 'I'oiK|um, but has formed a dilUnfl kingdom for upwards of tltrce hiin- «lrcuch hotter tlwn thole tlist lie near the equator; for the countries which lie under cither tropic have the fun over therr heads iie.ar three months, wlierea; the funpalfcsfwil'llv over llie countries near the cijua- tor, and does not return thither again for near fix months ; and it may add to the heat near thetropics, tiiat the days are an hour and half Iriiger w the tropic than tlicy are at the equinoftial, and the raims and cloudy er continues loiiger tlierc alfo than it does at the tropic. This kingdom is divided into five or fix provinces, nnd h well-peopled. 'J'hc King refides at the capital of Kc- hue. Along the coaft ate feveral iflands fubjeft to this kingdom, which produce mariy \ifeful fruit tiee«. Thil couAtry prod\K:ei great pl«nty of rice Mid fugar ; and ih<-)r have gold ajid fdtfer mines. i'.agle-worHl, oiUnibac, .111 ordinary fort of tea, And fever il kind* of drugn ^row lieic. An inundation hapneni regularly every year in Cochin- Cliina, about the middle of kutumn, leiving l)chind it a kind ofHime, which fertilbci the land. In thii wet fca- Ion, the people tail about the country in htrkt: and, in order to be Ircure in their limtfes, ire obliged toe:eft thcin on piles, that the water niav How beneath tliein. '1 hey iHiild their houfei chteffy with tlu: hainlHio eahe, one llory high i the window frames ire doled up with |i|>aii |>a|K'r. or ihelU ground tianlparent : tltc paititi uis of thcii clum- bers are lormed of fcreens, and their Itoors covered with matts, which ferve them fhr Icati nnd beds ; but the room'; of the rich arc more elei;antly furnilhed. They have nj kitchens in their houfcs, for fear of accidents by file, but drefs their provifions by the river fide ; they are obliged to exting'iifh tluir fires on heiiring the be.ir of a drum, when- ever the vvilul blows from the lea. They arc a temperate people, and live chiefly on liceani filh, wliich they have in great plenty. Thoui'h they aie but I'inperfcftiv civili/ed, yet they poflcfs that lelirity which might excite the envy of more polillKd t()ci(;tie> : they have neither thieves nor beggars -, and are remarkable for their hofpitahty. Though they do not encourage piide and luxury, yet the wealthier lort entertain friends in a fump- tuons manner. At public fellivals, the common people meet in flie ftreets, where in a circle they eat tlicir provifion on iii.itts, while tumblers uiul morry-andiews divert them with tlicii antic- trick's. The monaichs of Cochin-China are dcfp^itic, anj very difficult of .accefs. We gives audience at his palace, gate in a fort of llate-litter, fupcrbly gilt, and rcfeiiibling a ca!»e. No perfon mult ;ipproiich nearer to liini than at the dii\aiicc of cijihtv paces. He keeps his fera.'lio at his palace where it is i;uarJed by eunuchs. He rides fide-ways on anelcphanr, when he goes ahro^iil, and is accompanied by guards ; he wean a turban of the fineft callieo on his head, pendants of the richelt brilliants in bis cars, and brafelci* on his arms ; but his body is alinort b.ue, having (jiily ■» covering round his middle, and in his left hand he hold-. a fpcar, or rather a long javelin. All the provinces in the kingdom, and crnirts of jiiftic?, are governed by mandarins, who, if convicleil of malad- ininiflration, are lure to be puililhed with death. 'J'hc King has tl\e intrre difpofal of all the olficcrs of Hare, and even the lives and fortunes of the peojilc. Treai'oii aiKf rebellion are not only punilhed with the moll drcndful tortures, but very fcvere penalties arc likewile inlii^tcd oir all the kindred of the traitor*. Otlier heinous offences are< inmiihed with death, o» the lofs of a limb : rhout'.li it mull be acknowledged, that the almoft irrefiflibic inlluvnce of money too otten fereen the guilty from pivnifhnionr. Notwithllanding the Cochin-Chincfe are inrirely igno- rant of the fcicnces, they are very (kilful meiliaiiiis ; aiut far furpafs the Tonquinefe in tlie manufafluie of filk- They make fugapt-mills anrfwafer-engrnes, b*it can m.ikc iTo fort of fire-amis. Their foreign trade is nor v.t\ eon- fiderable ; the chief articles they export, ;ire, filk. cotton, betel, aloes, wax, japan-wood, caflia and fugar ; the thief pan of whiclr arc purchafcd by the Chirteic, who have in- groffed almoft the whole of this rr.Tdc to thcml'clves. The only money cuncnt in Cochin-China conlifV; of pieces of copper ftnick by the Chinefe, which refenil-.le thole ufcd bv the Tonquinefc. Silver is extremely fcirrt; with them ; for a man who is poffeffed of eighty or a hun- dred piaftres, is deemed wealthy. With refpcft to the religion, marriages, funeral v-ercmo- iiics mourning for tlie dead, he. of the Cochin -Cliiiicfe, they are the fame as in the nii^lvbouriii^ kingdom o( Tonquin. SECT. IH. dntnhltif^ n Afciiptlin ef tht Jllunlion anif exttr.t cftl>frm- pile nf Sinm, tht pitmiiicei It is ii, lawi and policy, |>pr. I'oni, manner* and cuftums, have very little tu diftinguilh them. 6iain extendi from the firft if^rte of rlortli latitude to the twenty-fifth, if we ri-ckon from the fouthcinmon point of Malacca to the northcrniiioll part ofl.aoti the lon);i- nide is not altogether lb ceitain. Thij city of Slam here- tofore being reckoned to Ik in the one hundred and foity- fifth dejrree of longitude, and by Lite ohfcrvationi in one hundred and twenty-one, and II ill Kf*'" miftakct have been difcovered in the lituation of China, which ii now found to be five hundred Icaguci nearer ui than former ac- counts made it. Siam including Mal::cci, Cambodia and Lao*, ii bound- ed by Tonquin and Cochin-China, towardi the cart, hy the gulph of Siam, and the Indian lea towards the foutli, by the Day of Bengal towards the wci>, and by tlu^ king- domi of I'e^u and Ava, towards the north and weft. Siam in its full extent, is laid to rcl'embic a crefccnt, of which Proper Siam and Laos may be rcckonecf the body, and Malacca and Cambodia the two horns ; but tlicn Ma- lacca, or the weftcrn horn, is much the longeft, extend- ing feveral degreei furtlicr fouthward than Cambodia, or the eaftern horn. There are alfo feven provinces in Projieror Upper Slan), which receive their names from their refiicftlvc cupital cities, viz. Profelouc, Sanguelouc, Lacontai, Canipiiif;pct, Coconrepina, Pechebonne and Pitchia. Porfeiouc includes ten little diftii^ls or counties, San- guelouc cifjht, r.acontai fcven, Campeiinpet ten, Cocun- rcpina five, I'ecli'jbonne two, and Pitchia fcvcn , and Iw;- fiJei thcfe, there are in the Upper or Proper Siam one and t^venty other diflri^s or counties, which are not fubjeft to the former, but arc under the jurifdi£lion of the capital city and province of Siam. There arc reckoned feven provinces in Lower Siam, viz. Jor, Patana, Ligor, TenclTerim, Chautcbonne, Petelong or Bordelonge, and Tchai. The province of jor contains feven counties or diftriAs, Patana eight, Ligor twenty, Tenederim twelve, Chautcbonne feven, Petelong eight, and Tchai two ; but geographeri do not take upon them to defcribe the boundii of the refpeftive provinces. We (hall proceed therefore to defcribe the lituation and extent of Cambodia and Laos, which, being inconlidcrahic jn tliemfelves, are included under the general name of Siam. Cambodia extends from north to fouth upwards of three hundred miles, and i^i about two hundred miles broad. It is lituated on the caft fide of the guU'of Siam, and hound- ed on the weft by Cochin-China ; by the Indian ocean on the fouth i and by Laos and the Kemois mountains, on the north. Its chief town is Cambodia, ritu,ite on the river Mecon, in about the twelfth dc^^rce of north latitude ; Laweck or Ravccca is fomething hichcr up the river Me- con. The poft towns of Terrana, Langor, and Caiol lie on the fouth-wcft of Cunbodia. The ifland of 'Pula- Condore lies off the coaft of Cambodia ; it is between four and five leagues long, 'i'hc natives of this iHandarc wcll- Ihaped, their complexion fwarthy : they have ftrait black hair, fmall eyes, high nofes, thin lips, and white teeth, and go almou naked. This idand, as well as Cambodia, is very fertile ; producing various kinds of grain, particu- larly rice and corn ; alfo feveral other rich commodities, and precious ftones i wil;* elephants, and boars, lions, ty- gers, wild cattle and buffaloes, horfcs and deer, are very numerous in Cainlwdia. They worlhip the fame deities as the Siamefe. Laos is likewifc a very plentiful country; lieing bound- ed on the eaft by Cociiin-China and Toncjuin ; on the weft, by Brama ; on the north, by the l.ikc Chamay ; and on the fouth, by Cambodia and Siam Proper j but its boundary towards the north, is not agreed upon. It is about fifty miles in breadth from eaft to weft, though it is reckoned to be ten dcc^ree'i in lem;th from north to fouth : the capital city is by lomc called Lanchang, and by others Lanjeng. It is a (ovcicign ftate, whole king prelervcs an unlimited power. lie confiders hinifclf as lupcrior to all other fovereigns •, and the charafteriftic, by which he dif- tinguilhes himfelf from other princes, is from the length of liis ears, which liang upon his Ihoulderi. But to return to Siam. The vallies which Ilc,at a diftaiice from the fca, are cx- No. 6. A K4. I| ceffivcly hot, and the mountaint Mel i but thalptit of the country which lies near the coaft, ia rrfrvfhed grvat part of the day by the fca-brecM>. The annual raini alfd contribute to cool the air, or tbii pecciiib«r, when the fun Is at the grcateft diftaiice front them . the moft ftornif weather is at the Ihiftingof the monfoons, Mhich ufually happens about the eijuinoxcs, or witliin a month fooner or later, when the (hipping runii the hazard of being dalhed to pieces, unlefs it gets into the harbour. I'hc metropolis or chief city of Siam, fdmetlme^ called Odioa, and by the natives Sivothiya, is in fourteen de- grees north latitude, aiid one hundred and one degrees five minutes longitude. It is fituate on the river Meiun, and ia three leagues in circumference, fortified with a wall and towers, and furroundcd by feveral branches of the river Menan, which render it almoft an ifland, except ttiwardl the eaft, where there ii a caHl'ey to pafs out of the town by land without crofting the water : tliat which is properl/ the town docs not take up above a fixth part of the ground within the walls. On the reft of it are built between twd an.l tlir'.e hundred temples or pagodas, furroundcd by ai many corivents of t.ilapoiilt : alfo are their buryl.ig places, with pyramids crciiKd over them, which with their fpire* and the towers of the pagodas mjjte a vcrj- agreeable proP; pec>. The flrcets .-iro lar;;c nnd Cult, a:iJ ftut'e oftliertipRved with brick, at«l cailals cut tlirough them, over which aru feveral hiijliill built bridge- , \\ tiich has occafioncd the com- paring this city to Venice. Tlit' llouf.^i are moft of tlieni Duilt of bamboo, or over-grown cuie, and ftarid Upoil fiillars of the fame thirteen feet above the gioUlid, die ower part underneath the houfe liclng put to no manner of ufe : the houles arc not contiguous, nor do all the fa- mily, if it !k large, lodge under one roof, but every man's ground is paled irt with baiilbdo; and vtithin this inclo- lure are feveral little tencni:nts creftcd on pillars, accord- ing to the quality of the perl'mi and the number of his de- pendants and flavcs ; their lait'c alfo are kept in upper rooms, it is faid, to picvent ihcir l)eing carried away ill the time of the inuhdation : 'I'here are fomc few houles in tlte town built by foreigners with brick ; and the King has creAcd others of the fame fort for the ufe of foreign ambanfadors. The royal palace at Slam is a mile and a half in circum- ference; it is a moft fplcndid edifice; lituate orj an emi- nence, and, for its extent, rcfembles a city. It ftandj on the north fide of the city of Siam, has feveral grand pyra- mids, towers, ftc. and is incompaircd by three walls, with laige courts or fpaccs between the feveral w.tlls. The Kingrcfides in the innermoft court. Which is called the Vang, and contains Ipacious gardens, groves, and pieces of water ; whoever p.iflcs in or out of the Varig fiills dowti on his face before the gate. The Siamefe never build above one ftory high ; but then as you pafs from one room to another in the King's palace, both the floor and roof of every rgom is raifcd : the iirft rftom is the loweft, from whence you afccnd by fevcftl fteps to the fecond, and fo on to the third, &c. There arc feven fuch rooms in the royal palace, and in the houles of pcrfons of diftinftion there arc three floors, in pafling to every one of which we afcend by ftcps. The grand room where ambafladors aro entertained, is open on all fides, for the benefit of the air, and the roof is fuppoi ted by llender pillars ; It is fur- rounded alfo by water and fljady groves. '1 here are feve- ral fuch rooms in the gardens of the palace, where the mandarins, or great officers attend, while they are in wait- ing. The hall of audience, beyond vt-hich foreigners art ftldom admitted, is wainfcotted, vsrnilhed, and paint- ed red, with panncls of looking-glals in it, and the floor covered with rich carpets. Thi guuds have orders to ad- mit no man into the palace who is armed, or has diank .iny' arrack or fpirits: the olfjccr therdbie fujcUs every man'i iPjl^-*^ ■ ^^.iMmit. •^ Tm NEW AMD UNIVERSAL StSTfiM or CEOGRAriir. I ' I t ' f i brtitli Iwtbie be fulTcit liitn rr> paft tiM gite. Tltc RMe* tor ihc Kii)|('t cli;|iliiiiit< aiul hoilc« are wiiliin ihe (irft cacliiluit ot the (mUcc. Ill * gallery at iIm uy ' r end of tlic liitit of »u duio .<:kI uiidicfi him, putting eik Imi iii)(ht-cip, wliich lie does liunlclf, »« ii<> miUy iiiul\ touch liu i'acreJ head. His wnincii alfo dreft hit incit, atid waic on hiii' 'ibic : the provifioii i> carried ill to the euiiuclii, and i' iver it to the fenMlei i Imi the KiiiK liai iMvcrtlivlii tcincii i^ the wardrohc, tu the muftdiOiiiguilhed of mImjui tlic caieof hia MajrAy'i guMcii cM|i i«cuiiniiittrd. !luving;i(i«cii an atcount of th^ >y and palace (ifSiani, wc Ihallitfxt priAictd to dcl'cribr the fitu. > of tin- reft of the LcMindcralilr tu^vl)1 of thii kiiigiloiii , ..nd,of tlulc, Mciiaiiulaiii; lici the motl northerly of anytowii in Pro|>ri Siani, (icing fituati'd in the twenty -feconu dearee of iion'i btiludr, upon the livcr Mniaii. 2. Laconlai flaiidi upoiv the fame tiver, in about the twenly-AiA degree uf north taiiiudc. 3. I'rulckiuc ia Htuatcd upon the fanie river, latitude twenty. 4. Campengpet about the eighteenth degree. 5. Prauat auout the fixtcenth, and 6. 1.ouv* almut the Utitude of fifteen, thirteen miiiutei, wliere tlie King ufually rrfides in the hunting fcafun : ihcfc all, except Louvo, lie upon the fanic river, idjuve the city of Staui. 7. Oaiicook, which lies about fifty miles below ,Sinin, on the fainu river, and may be accoiinlcd the port town to Siam : here ail Ihippiitg receive tluir pcrmiirioii to ttjde, and their difchargt's when they leave the country. 8. Nhir- lalan, fituated on the bay uf Bengal, in about the fixtcenth (Icgree of north latitude. 9. Tenefleiim, which lies on the fame bay, at the mouth of the river 1 ctielferiin, in about the btitudc of thirteen north, lo. Lifior, fituatc on the well fide uf the gulf of Siam, iivtiic eigliih degree of nnrth latitude. 11. Cantebon or I.i.un is (itiiated at tlic mouth of a river of the lainc n.iinc in the twelve de- gree of north Utitude, on the caft fide of tin; E>ilf of Siam. i^.TaLntie, whi(hlicsontli< caftfidv of tUi pcnmfiilaof Ma- l.tcva, in fix degrees thirty minutes north latitude. I3.(jiu.'da, tics upon the wellcrn tide of Malacca, in about tlic feventh dcgrr': ul° uoith latitude. 14. I'hc town of Malacca, whicn gives nuiue to the |Kiunfula, lies in the latitude of t%/o degree], thirty minutes north. It was talten from tlie I'ortugucfe by the Dutch, Oflober, 1640. VVlicn it was in the poflclTiun of the crowi> of Portugal it was a place of rreat trade, and fre(|ucntcd more than any other town in India, except Goa, here being the rendezvous of theic fhipping from Clikia, Japan, the Spice iHands, ^c. Thev built the caille, and fortihed tlie town with a wall, and it had live parochial churches, a college of Jefuits, and was a bilhop's fee, but tlie Dutdi have let all tbeclniTchei rim to ruin, except one 1 and tlu: traJe is removed to B-itavia: it is now only inhabited by two or three hundred families of Dutch, Moors, Portuguefc, »s ' Chincfe, with Come Malays, who live in tltc luburbs, «i\d h.n a garrifon of t%vo or three hundred foldicrs. This place is naturally Very ilroiig, and by its fituation, commands tlic {Ircit^hti of Mabcca : the Dutch, who arc maflers of it, over -awe all the little princes on thofe coalls, and compel thciu to (leal with tlicni on their own terms ; they look upon thcm- fclves to be lords of tliatpart of the world, and alinoft ex- clude nil other Europeans from any Ihare of the trade, as will be obferved in treating of the trade of this country. 1 ;. Sincapora i;> fituatc in tlu: firft decree of north latitude, at the moft foutherly cape of tl* cf:)*.ine;-t of Alia, and gives its name to the eaftern part of 'Ivj . '(;hts of Ma- bcca. 16. Johr, which lies to the estlv.?(v f Sincapora in about one degree, thirty minutes. Thii ■ ^u the province it gives name to, have thrcwn fCh,^ ■ .^.laiKc Ut the King of Siam j but tlu: Uutc'i h -c p< v>> 'o «i- ■ laws to tlicni when they pkale. Cambnri *'»<} . ..fOiM.* Uc lu tiie uurtii uf Siaiu. SECT. IV. Containing a gtiural accsuni 1/ tht King efSiam, hit ^leen, gnardi, annual prscijfuni, army, navy, mtnuti, mliliiy, ijiars ofjlati, andamba£adiri. HE King, when he goes abroad, either rides upon M u rirlily r.itwit iiinu .1. (.I' is Carried in T ^giniJ chu.ii'. ?L- iiaiTcs through the ^ity once a year, .i,.„i, with anumeroiM train of eUphairts, and bands of innfir'. Th« people fall prollrate at ((r ii|iit of Ini Maj-ny, during tht proCelTlon, and rife to gate at hiRii, iftcr lie lui palled. He alfo once a year flicws hinif the nativi • of C'hinele 'I'.iitaiy and Indollan. riiefe tiorfc-gunrds Iwayt accuinpajiy his Majclly wheu lie goes abroad I'.verjr pcilon in Siam i« iiirolled, lliat notie may cfcanr the pcrloiial (crvice he owei bis prince lix months in t'la year: they iwe divided tirll into tight and left, and thefe Ixidies arc agaiitfiiUlivided into bauds or companies, which Ili c rach tl^ir nai or governor. Every conimandci of a bui[;'' liu aH'u a certain number of rowers or pa^aycuit uiuKt liiin,wlioarc marked with a hot iron on their wrilli: tlicfe their nai or comtnander dilinifTci, if he thinks tit, lix months at a time in every year, or by tingle months. I'lie Siamefe armies coiiiift chietiy in elephants, anJ a n.iked half-arinrd infantry. When they go to war, tlieii order of battle ami uianner of (i^hiiiig is as follows TlKy diaw up in three lines, each tine ronnniiig of ihicu li|uarc battalions ; and tlie gener»l i>o(l;> hi infilf in the centre of the micklle battalion, which is com puled uf their bell troops : tlie red of the coimiiaiiiling olfiLers place theinl'elves in the centre of their refpcAive Uidics ; and where thcfo nine battaliona are thouglit too large, tacll batt.ilion is again fubdividcd into lelFer bodies : each bat- talion has lixteen nulo elephants in the rear, and two Ilic elephants to attend every one of theui, without which it would be dilficult to govern tlicio. 'J heir aitUlery is car- ried in waggons drawn bv oxen or buffaloes, having no carriages for it 1 with tlicic the liglit begins and ulually cndti if not, they draw foinethiiig itrarer and nuke ufe of their finall tbot in tiK .naniier already obferved, buthuidly ever come to a clofr In'' i; and if there is a nccellity of making a Oaixd, tb" aie forced to place ofhi irs behiiii^ their nKii, Mid to thrcMcu tltem with uuincdiate death it tliey turn their ' .icki. The Siamefe do ikm, like fome other Indians, take opium to ii>fpire them with courage i they will run nn fuch hazards, death they think >> equally to be dreaded whether drunk or folier ; and he Uiat drinks to raifu liii courage, or rather to commit a raih extravagant aflion, in accelTary to his own death. When their body is broke they Hy into tltc woods, wliither the other tide is feldom fo hardy as to follow then>i and as the arniie.; arc very nu- murou.s, and coidi'quently tind it ditiicult tu fubfilt, the conqueror is foon forced to retreat, and then the vamiuKhcd rally again, and perhaps return his viiit. The elephants are their grcatetl llrength ; but then ao they cannot be nuin.igcd with bit and bridle as a horfc is, when " ' an: wounded they will olren tnrii back upoi. tlieii . 1 -• and put tbc whole a: . into confulion , and it w 'i uligion infpircs them with a horror of bloo: wat<;i:. Ik Ltu »1):ul one liuudtcd and tlt clio cMcft Hi Ijulgtiie- aticubiuc UiAt lintft gaxrJiv iiil, coiu|K>rcd uii \iiaol\ikU. Majerty wl»e'» nc iiuy cfcapc lell, mkd llicfe iipaiiiuii, whicU iiiiiiiandci ut • rs or p*n»yeut» on tlicirwrilli: ■ he tlunkt tit, iglc moutli». epliants, and a ) to war, tlitii ii M followu >rining<>f thiet hinifilt iiv tlic iiniiulcil ol their »g olfitcrJ place ve liodiet ; and too \itf,e, taclv (lies ; each bat- ir, »nJ two iha ritiinut which it ,r ait lilt ry is cajr- ilocs. having no ^ina anJ ulually r iiiJ inaWc iil'c of crvcJ, buthaiJly i] a ncctffitv of : <)fii< r* belling iixcaiatc dculi it sr Indian!, take icy will lun no [ly to be dreaded ink* to raifo lii* Inagant aftion, U Lir body is broke let lidc IS feldom mic; arc very nu- ll to lubfilt, the .11 the vanijuifhed The elephantu ihcv cannot be is, wlicn til :' an: ... thcii iV'i'rr ■ and it in *L ■•■i* Llld fir ''.'^Mi,' Inbout : ' • Lht. Ithc iKigbbouriiig L are chiefly de- rm. riioJ ot' mak- Lions in diff>:rcnt [ir v.luile villa^;cl Ipatilc of carrying I- a (ilacc, or lur- fwithlhc trcaclici- 1 horror of blooil, but higher, and I to it liy iictLlIity, ipult'c them , and tlicir own death. fids of hut about Ll.ich are forcii n- l. about fixty fni.iU [cii, which lieini;; jlni;. to iiiaka it liuii'dtcd and ht'y (A S I A.j i t M. V royal halniM, or pleafure -hiiUM. which wt v«fy (niffniO- cent. In hit naval eifcdiliont, the Kin^ onlv mikci re • rrilili on fuch of hit neiglibourt u injure itim in hi* omiiterre. I he King'e trraftiry it immenfely rich. Hii revenuet, irllc from cultivated Undi, rxpurti and Impoitii valleii, gardcni, fruits, tineii confifcaiioiia, tic. In Slim, nuhiliiy it cnniliiuted by the prlncei favour, or by opulence, and tiei by birih. People of the meinell ealraAionareloinelinici ennobled by the King, if ilieyhii|i- I'm to have iny particuUr Irrvicel to reconimond iIkki I la give* to Ihefe ■ gold or lilvcr boufcltc, to bold ihc.i l>ciil. It a mark of diftlnftion. The nobility cnnfilt of five degree* | namely, t. The Oyaf, who pollel'i the highell pUcei, and whofe golden b'xiireite or boa ii much better wroiiahl than thofe of the Inlcrioiclallei. a. The Okpra*. which are confiderably more niimeront than the Oyai. The King's imbtlTidoii «xtraoidiiiary are cliolen from the Ukprai. 3. The Uk- louaiii, which have only filvcr hnufTelie, chafed with fcftonm and branchei. 't'he 'vi,i nd Okinunctare Ihettiutth ■nd nith orders: lb' Uakniiilte 11 quite unernimcntcdi out v( iIkI'' the y n tin' :| "r, judgoi, governori, (tc. The Kin^oi KM t1 I ly lords, who are peculiarly ■itKhed i'il^v!<>ni it.'i always Uv« withiti (lie palace. Othe <■<.. itpln««ii withocr to |ovcin affairs, and pre- fervegocl d,' ' '.ng the people. . here ar<. eig, ,reat officers of (lata in Siaill, vit. the It .;, I Ommarat, who it the neii to the King in autho- i . ..id fits in his prefencat the Cliakri, who regulates I ■ altaiit of war andjuftKe i Ih* Aahoon, who is ^eiicra- litfimo both I7 ' 'id and Tea 1 the Okya-Vang. who fu- perintcndt the affairs of the palace; the Okya Prackliiid, who has the care of forci|;n affairs and the royal niagi- tineti the Okya Pollaiep, who has the charge of the King's revenues; the Ukya lombaral, who is head judge of all ciiminal matlert 1 and the Okya Pakdi, grand tiea- ftirer. 1'hefe prime officers, with the King's appiohatiun, (tifpofe of all other polls of the realm, and ans tcfponlible for all errors that may be committed in them. All ofhceii of government, redding in the capital, mud daily attend in lome part of the palace, exceut they have leave of ab- ieiice, on pain of being whippea with fplit rattans, which make deep incifiont in the body. It is aneftabiilhed rule in this kingdom, that no officer prefumeto come into his Mljefly's prefence without leavci nay, the great officers are not allowed to vifil one another but at weddings and funerals ; and then they are obliged to f|)eak aloud, and in the prefence of a third perl'on, to pre- vent all cunfultatlons againft the (late; and every one is obli(^ed to turn informer upon pain of death, if he heart any thing that may endanger the goveuirilent : numliers of f^ies alio there are, to Inform the prince of what it fpoken in all companies. On the other hand it is dangerous, be- ing the bringer of ill news, or to let his Mijclly know the Wcaknefs of his government t nor dare any officer tell him, it is iinponible to execute what he commands, but they do what they can, and endeavour to exculi- the mit'carriaget afterwards : and when there is a nccell v of acquainting the King with ill newt, they do it graidually, and in as foft terms as poffible •, for he feldom fails to punilh who- ever ollcndi li'ti' with the cxtrenKfl ni^ouri and wheie I >fs are doubtful, will fometimes otdcr both the in- 1 , .i«r and the par^ acculed, to be thrown tothetygcrs in his prefenCe, and infult over their dead carcallct. At Siam, an ambalFador is regarded no otherwife than as a royal mefTcnger ; the letter lie carries has much greater honour paid it, than his perroi : the French ambafTa- dors obl'ervcd, that while their King's letter and prefents \sciecarried in the body barge, with feverat others of the fameclal's to attend it, they thomlclves were carried up the ilverof Siam inordinary vclUls. T'he Sismcte never lend ambalTiidots to rcfide at any courr, but only to dil'patch fome particular buflnefs, whirl iiually relates (o trade ; and upon thcfc occifioni, they U.id three, though (he iirfl has the dire^ion of the affair, and on his death is luc- cicded by the I'ccond, and the fccond by the third. On the arrival of a loicigu aiubaflador at Siam, he muft nut let forwards towards the court, till the King is appri.jd of his coming -, and if he is accompanied with Siameic ainbafljdors, as the French were, the Siamefc ainbal- fadori go up to court firft, and acquaint hit Majefty with their arrival: the foreign ambaUadors arc lodged and maintained at the King's charge, and arc allowed to trade duking their 0»v, but they arc not fuffered to enter the city, cr ira!i'4ii << oihtr places, ar« accounted piivat* audiences, whera uic^u'idsdui attendant* are not numerous. Thofaam^ balUdoit "lio roine from the iieigbbourlng foverel|ni, '•>t aradepana..!! >m, 01 coiincAcdwilh the P.mtieror of II sreobligtdtupi .(^fr themrelves befuie htm, Ind 4dv*iKe totvardt hint crrrt)iii;i upon llicli hai.dt aMj kr1et to open their lips till the Kiiii>' tor list flrftfpokent arid, -x ft tbey do 'peaki are letjmici' 'u be exceeding laconic, a lon^ 'i'' liigue being deemed an .gregious infitlt. Ambafladors liom inJi'i'T' dent Aflatic monarch's art alfotieated with Tome degree of iffpeA. 5 t C T. V. TrMlttf t^gnMHi »ifd diAtJiiioH,Jlulitr4, («mfii»itii,jkfUf and drtfi •/ tki Siamijii alj't 0/ iMr etrtrntiiittt vijhtt tHlnltiHHumitfui, iivtrjitm, vr, THE people of Siam have a ready and clenr concep,^ tion, and their repartees in coiiveilation are quick and fmart : it it faid, ihev can imitate any thing at light, and in one day become tolerable woilkinen. They ar>. iia> totally kind and complaiUnt, but arc apt '" he haughty when too much fubmilfion it fhesMi ihcin. I'hry irbhur druiikeiineft and adultery ; and a llnceic air'^flion ruMiftt between men and their wivet, who bring ii|>ii . olfiprinj) to be niodell, temperate, obliging, and aiTrillii iie. 'Fhc^ aic, however, timeiuiii, and iiulolcnl; audi t« m aver* fioii to Ihedding Mood, very feldom come to hi >wt, molt ol their quarreli ending in ill l.it>g>i lookcit U|>on aflo at an ornament. They have thick lank haii which both men and tvomen cut fo Ihort that it reaches no lower than their ears, and the women make it (land up on their foreheads : the men fliavc their beards, and do not leave fo much ts whiflcers. They bathe themfelvei two ot three times a day, or oftciier, and never make a vifit be- fore they have bathed ; fometimes they go into the water It we do, but at others they have water pouted on theif heads, which they will continue rn horn together; they afterwards perfume their bodies, ar.d ufc a fwect pomatuig, which makes their lipi look paler than they naturally are. A petfon of condition wears a piece of callico or filk about two ells and a half long, which reaches to lii^ knees 1 this is called the pagne. He has alio a madin fhirt with- out acollar, with a wide fleevc and no wiill-bandi, and the befuiii open. In winter th.y wear a breadth of (luff or paintci. Imen over (heir Ihouldcrt like a mantle, and wind it about their aims. Tbt King of Si.im wears a vcft of brocaded lattin with tlrait llccves, which reach down to the Willi, under fuch a Ihiitas it dcfciibed aliove, and it It not lawful fur any fubjcA to wear this veil, unleft th«i King prcfcntt him with it. Slippert are worn with pic- oiled toes turned up; but floclcingt they are Hrangers toi To the gciieralt the King fometiincs prefents a military vcd, which it buttoned before and teaches to the knees, the 111 eves whereof are wide and conic no lower than thtf elbows : and either in •.•••!" ar liuiiiini; iiic prince and all his retinue are clothed in ted. 'I'he King wears a cap in ihelorm of a fuj(ar-luaf, ending in a pointy with aciicta 4-4 ik'SL^ii-iS^i {i..^Ji i^kr iiaii. ■J n- 7a The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of C^OQRAPtHt. P|i \k m- coroliet of precious ftonet about hi *ni tboft •( hit officer* luve eirclei of gold, (Tlver or vrrmilion gilt, to diftinguilh their qivility, which are fitftened 4rith a (lay under the chin. Thefe caps are only worn in tlie King's piefence, or when they prefideincenrtsof juftice, and on other extraordinary occalions ; bat their flippers are al- Mray- !:ft off when they ente* * perfon's hoale for whom they have any rcrpeft. Tfaey have hats aHb for travelling ; but very few people wHJ beatthe tremble of covering their heads though the fun fliines with that fcorching heat. The women alfo wrapa elothorpagnr about their middles, which hangs down to the calf of their legs; the men bring up the end of this cloth (trait between their legs and track it into their girdles, which makes it fomeihing refemble a pair of breeches. The inferior people cover no more of thetr bodies than luodefty^ requires, and have neither (hoes nor flippers on their feet. The Siamefe ladies bathe in the rivers, and fwim as the men do, but never without their pagne about them, and are much commended for their modefty, as a greater affront cannot be offered them, than the introducing in their hearing lewd fongs or obfcene converfation. Their l^agnesare of fine linen, and make a great > (hew : thofe made of embroidered fitk are only worn by fuch perfon^ as the prince prefents them to. The women, wear as many rings on the three laft (ingcs of each hand as they can keep on, and bracelets or rings of gold, let. upon their wrifts and ancles, with pendants in their ears falhioned like a pear. Thefe people areextreracly ceremonious, likcthcChinefc. The way of falutation here, as in moft Indian nations in the Salam, that is, the liftii^ up one or both hands to their head^, and bowing their bodies. If any one ad- drelTcs another, who is much bis fuperior, he falls down upon his face before him. To (land upright when we at- tend a greit man, is the higlieft piece of infolence : the ul'ual pofture is, fitting on their heels, with their heads a little reclined. They have an uncommon refpeft for their headsand ever for their caps, when they have been autho- rized by their Sovereign to wear them. The cap is a badge of authority, and feldom worn but on public oecafions, or when a magiftrate fin ma court of jtmice; and as it is efteemcd the rudeft thing in the world to touch or (Iroke a man's head, fo his cap is treated with uncommon refpeA. The fervant carries it above his head, artd puts it on a cane ■nade for that purpofe. The principal food of the Siamefe is rice, and R(h : tlie fca affords them good fmall oyfters, turtles or tortoife, and lobfiers, and feverat other excellent kinds of (Hh, un- known in Europe : tl>ey have alfo great plenty of river fifli, efpecially eels, but they make no great account of them. Balachaun, which is made of fmail fUh, corrupted and reduced to a ma(h, has been already defcribed in Ton- quln, and is in much edeem amongft them. They choofe to eat dried falt-fifh, though it iiinks, rather than frelh ; nor will they retufe rats, mice, locufts, iizirds, or almoft any infefts, any more than theChinefe. A pound of rice will fcrvc a Siamefe a whole day, which may be bought tor a farthing, and with as much falt-lifh as he can purchafe tor a farthing more he is very well fatisficd, and a pint of arrack or fpirits is not worth abovs two-pence; (o that the meaner (brt of people having but little care to fake for a fubfiHence, nothing but (inging is heard in their lioufes of an evening. Their fauces are made only of water, with a little fpice, garlic and fweet '-erbs, or capi made of decayed Ihell-fifh, the fame with i;,e nukemum of Ton- 411111. Their liquor is river-water, rain-water, and tea. Mock-fights of elephants is one of the divcrfions of the Siamefe. They were formerly very forrd of cock-figlifing, till their prie(h procured an order againft that cruel fport, eilceming the killing tliofe animals almofi as wicked as the killing a man. Comedies are another part of {heir dlverfions, and a kind of martial dances, in which they aft a battle, being armed and niafked, and in their fongs repeat part of the hiftory of their country. Tlicir grand annual feflival is when the w ..ters retiie ; then they fail down the river fe- vcial evenings fucceffively, their barges being illuminated with painted paper-lanterns. They have another feftival or thanlgiving for the fruits of the earth after harveft, when their (irects as well as tlicir boats are illuminated, and a grand fire-work is played off on the occafion. Ilere are races alio, not of horfcs but oxen : and they row races alfo upon their rivers, and arc lb bewitched hv the games of chance, that they will not only play away their wives and children, but fct their own perfons and liberties on Uie cafi of a dic) and bc«oo)e (laves, if they lofe. The new and full moon we fo far froth being feftivalt, that thtf keep aftrift faft, and will admit n» manner of diver(ions on thefedayt •, « thin time it is they make their otfennga to the prielts in their convents, and give alms to the poor. The oflerings arc prefented by the prieft to the idol, and (einetime after the priefts apply them to theii own ufc. ^ SECT. VI. . V, Ccntmning an otccant ef the trade, manufaliuret and mt» thanic am, wtlghtt, uint, (^c, tf the Siumefe. NO man learns any particular trade m this country ; but every perfon acquires fomc knowledge of all, and they Work half a year by turns for the King j when, if any of them (hould be found perfeAly ignorant of the bufinefs he is let about, he would undergo the baftinado : nor does any man endeavour to excel, left the King (tkould keep him in bis fervice as long as he lives. 7'hc tyrannical government they live under, is another great difcouragemcnt to induftry, for the King feizcs oa any man's money and e(Fe£ts whenever he pleafes. Their carpenters work is faftened together with wooden pins infte'ad of iMiils : they know how to cafi metals, and cover thebilti of fwords, and ether things with gold, (li- ver, or copper : they have not the art of tanning leather, or of making art^ ftuffs of filk or wool, and weave only cotton cloth. 1 heirpaint!.-!g i» rather worlie than that of China, they being very indifTcrcut workmen ; which obliges them to give great wages to the European artilh y for as the Siamefe do not affcA finery in their drefs, and! defpife fuperSuous ornaments, they therefore ncglefl a great many mechanic arts, which the Europeans are emploved ' in. They appear to be the bonellcft and fairefl dealers' in ' the world : their weights and meafures may be depended OB : thev are the very revcrfe of the Chinefe. The King is the chief merchant in this country ; no man may traffic with a foreigner, till the King's faAora have had the refufal of all the goods \ and theic faflors de- fcend fo low as to fell them by retail again. I'he fubjcAa are obliged to buy all their clu.ithing of them, which is chiefly cotton cloth. He obliges his fuhjefts to fell hin» all their ivory and arrack at a certain price, which he felU again to foreigners. In hi* magazines are falt-petre, lead, fapan-wood, gunpowder, fulphar, and arms, which hi*. Majefty monopolizes, not fuffering his fubjefis to deal ia thefe articles. The Kine alfo purchafes (kins and furs of the people at his own price, and difpofes of them to fo- reigners ; but by thefe prailices he has ruined the trade of the country, which was formerly very great. Their meafurc fbr grain aod liquors is titecocoa-nut (Itell whish are very unequal ; nor are their weiglits more cer- tain than their meafures. They have but one fort of filvei- coin, called a tycally, which is worth three (hillings and three half pence; they are all of the fame f (bion, aiid have tlie fame flanrps, butfome are le('> than otlicrs; they have the form of a cylinder, or roll bent both ends together, and have a (lamp on each (idr, with odd chataficrs upon it. They have no gold or copper- money : gold is reckon- ed among their mcicl»mable commodities, and is twelve times the value of filver. I'hblhelU called cori4 ferve fo buy little matters; they are foond chiefly at the Maldive ilhnds, to the louili of In- dia, and are current in all the countries thereabouts; thev. differ in their price as they are plentiful or fcircej but the valutoftbcinat Siam is generally eight hundred for apciinv. The principal trade of the Englilh in this country is at the port of Malacca, in the polllflion of tin- Dutch : hither tlieEiiglifh fend leveral country (hips yeaily Iroiu Iliccoafi of Coromandel and hav of lioiigal, with cjIIicocs, tli^ht (ilks, opium, &c. and make prolitalilc ictiirns in canes, rattans, benjamin, long pepper, lugar, (ugar-caiKly, Ihpaii wood, and lbmctiines(;oKI may be had at a rcalonaliie rate; but this is a trade prohiliiud by the Dutch, aiulcinirj on. by tlie coiiniv.iiia;of the governor, council, aiiil ti.i.aj. SECT. VH. Of the foil, hufvandry, frardeiiin^, ptarts, oKienali, minera/sy and manmr of travillit^ in Siuni. HP (oilnf.Siini I;.. K;;n Krsda.-,l!y .^r,~,c,l by iii» X clay and other earth wliicli ilie floods walli down frnin tlic mniinlains ; they have vciv liitli- floiifv groiiiiH, and there is hardly a flint to be tcind ia the cuuiUiy,. it u. ftivali, that they er of divetflons e their otferinga lins to the poor . o the idol, and leii own ufe. r^ faHurti «hJ Mm3 he Siamtft. 1 thii country ; nowiedge of all, e King I when, ignorant of the > the baftinado : , left the King I he lives. Th* is another greal g leizcs oil any I'es. ler with wooden cafi metals, and ;> with gold, fil- tanning leather, ind weave only irlie than that olr tkraen ) whicit uropean artilb ; their drefs, and re ncglefl a great ns are employed aireil dealers in iiy be depended iff. is cou4ttry ; no King's faAors ihcfc ta£iors de- I'he fubjefls llteru, which is •.iU to full hin> which he (elh fall-petre, lead, rms, which hi» t)je£is to deal ia lis and furs of hem tu fo- ncd the trade ;eat. cocoa-nut fliell gilts more cer- ne fort of (ilver (hillings and lion, and have they have ends together, iara£icrs upoi\ :uld is rcckon- and is twelve matters i they helouili oflii- sabwitsj they. :arce; but the cd for aiwniiy. country is at Dutch : hither [oiu ihccoall Ihcues, llight iriis ill ciiies, -c.iii.iy, lapaa :a!onalile latej iiul cjrtirj oil. and ti^cal. all, minirols-^ ii'iCii i)y iti« jiifv ptoiiiul, CUUlUlV.. U u. [A S 1 A.] 1 M. £9 is the mud which the river Jcaves bcliind whicli makes (ht fertile earth, as far as it extends : alt the higher grounds are dried and burnt up by the fun, foon after the rains ate over ( and though their lands, fame of them, are naturally fruitful, yet they are fo fubjefl to droughts, infeAs, and other inconvenicncies, that they are fonietimes deprived of their harveft foveral years together, and fuch years are ge- nerally fucceeded with peftilential diftempers. Upon the land which the inundation does not reach, they fometimcs fow wheat, and water it like a garden, by little chaneli cut through the fields : they have two crops yearly, but not on the' fame ground. They ufe oxen nnd buffaloes in plowing, and guide them with a rope run through their nofe. Their plough is plain, and without wheels ; they have a (hare and a ftaff to hold it by, and it is not much unlike our foot-plouglis in other refpe£ls, ohiy inftead of nails, the pieces are faften- cd together with thongs and pins. Tht chief. grain ufed here is rice, which they begin to fow ill the flat country, when the .lood has moiftcncd the earth, and as the water increafcs the rice grows, and keeps its head above water till the dry fcafon approaches, and the fun has exhaled all the water, and thei- is the time of their harveft. Sometimes it is ripe before the wateis re- tiie, and then they go in boats to reap it. Their kitchen-gardens afford them herbs for fallads, pulfe and roots, and the cucumbers and melons, which the poor people eat in the dry feafon, are eileemed very innocent food. The only European fruits almoft they have, are limes, oranges, and lemons, but they abound in plantains, ba- nanas, mangoes, guavas, jaques, durion, tamarinds, ana- nas, cocoa nuts, and fugar canes. Here are fome European flowers, ai the tuberofe, gilli- flower, and Ibme few rofes, jeflamine, and amaranihus, and oilier natives r^f the country valuable for their colours and fcent : but it is obferved, that in the heat of the day, they do not fmell near fo flrong, as they do in the morn- ing and evening; and the Euiopean flowers tranfplantcd thither do not afford near fo I'wcet a frneli there, as they do here. There is plenty of good timber on the hills, of which the bamboo is of great ufe in building; it is a hollow knotted cane, of an enormous fize, very flrong and hard to cut. The cocoa nut, which grows on the low lands by the ((ra-fide, affords them meat, drink and oil ; the body of the tree is ufeful in building boats and other vefTcls, and of the fibres of the baik and nut they make cordage ; the leaves ferve to write on, and the branches for covering for their houfes. The cotton tree is very common here ; it bears a fiuit of the bignefs of a walnut, which opens when it is ripe ; with it they find the cotton ; from other trees they diaw lacque and other gums : they have alfo the fapan, and othvr woods, proper for dying, and fome lignum aloes or aqu.la. In this country .ire tygcrs, elephants, horfes, oxen, buf- faloes, flicep, and goats; Ibme hares, no rabbits, but great plenty of deer. Here are to be found, in great abundance andvaiicly, peacocks, doves, pigeons, partridges, fnipes, parrots, Ipariows, and varioii'-. other birds ; aniongft which the noktho is a very irniarkable one : it is larger tiian an oftrich, and halh a bll n<;ar three feet in length. They have great quantities of infcfts and reptiles, fuch as lizards, (hakes, fcorpions, millepedes, flcs arc adorned, make it cvidtnt atl'u that a great quantity of ili.1t metal has formerly been cxtrnfted out of their iriiiies. A l".uro|)C.iii |li)(ici.in dilcoveied to them a mine of very good Hn-I, alio a niiiv ( f cryftal, one of antimony, and another of emery, with a quarry of white niatble. Tlicy have alio tin ami lijil mines ; and near Louvo there is a iiiouiitain ol lo.id Oonc, and another in the illand of IdiiLilain on the MaUixi coal! j but the lattc foon lofes lis virtue. Ill ihiir nioi:i\taiiH are alio (iiuiHl fome fap- I'hiies, diamonds, aiulavitc; but the jicople have no en- coura;',cnicnt to liauh for thele, as things of this nature are always feizcd by tlif olliccrs for the King's ufe. Ktlidci the ilijilisiit, they have the ox and bufl^alo to ride on ; but llicy ulc neither horlcs, all<;s or mules : the A'.onr> have Ionic camels whicli arc i>iou};hi from other couiiiiics; tiny u!c the Icinilc elephants chiclly for car- -\o. 7- riage { the mtdei are trained ta the war : ivery ohe is it liberty to hunt elephants, and take ib;m to ufe, but not to kilt them. "The chain which the Siamefe travel in, are placed otl a kind of bter, and carried by f jur or aight men on th«it fhoulders, one or two to each pole, and others run by to be ready to relieve them : thofe chairs have fonietimei > back and arms like ourdrefliqg chairs, and fonietimes ar« only encompafTed with a rail or ballifter about half a foot high ; they are generally open at top, and the Siamefe fir crofs-lcgged in them. It is only Ibnit few of the great men whom the King fuffers to ride in chairs ; and tb< Europeans are permitted the ufe ofpilanquins, or couches, . carried on men's fhoulders, with a canopy over them. SECT. viir. Of tht IttHguagt, tiarnlng, cbaraHert, hi/ltiy, and (hrinehg^ tf tht Sitme/t. i THE Siamefe have two languages, namely, the Baly and the Siamefe. In the Baly they have thirty- thtee letters, and in the Siamcfo thirty-fcven, all coiifo-i nants ; and there are a great number of vowels in both tan« guages, for wliich they have particular charaacrs, fome of Which are placed before the confonant, and fome after, and others are placed above or underneath. Their pronunci* ation depends much on the accent, and, hke the Chinefr, ■ they feem to fing when they arc (peaking. Arithmetic is their favourite itudy, in whidi they ufe ten charaffers, like the Europeans, and they are pretty. ' ready at accounts. They have no orators among them ; and are ignorant of printing, their books being engraved with an iron pcncih They uiiJeidand nothing of phllofophy ; nor do they ftudy the laws of their country, till they are preferred to fome port, when they have a copy of infiiufl-ons to be obferved in that oflice put into their hands. Their afironomy i«. very i nperfcd ; nor do they underfland any thing of thd true fyftem of the world ; they believe, with the Chiuefe, : that the eclipfes are caufed by fome dragon, who lUndt ready to devour the fun and moon ; and nuke a great noifd with pans and kettles to drive him away from thofe planets^ But as to aftrology, no concern of confequencc is everen-" ttred upon till fome fecond-(ighted aiVologer k confultedt ■ They are very ignorant of phyfic or anatomy : their phy« ficiaiis feldom let blood or prcfciibe emetics, but have a great opinion of fudorilics, and fometimcs purge their pa- tients : but their heft recipe fccms to be conge, or water- gruel made with rice, to which diet they ulually confins the patient till he recovers. If a medicine fails of produ- cing the expe£led fucccfs, the phvfician imputes ii to thtf.- magic of fome evil fpirit, and are very dextrous in deceiv- ing their patients. They have as little (kill in mulic a; in any other fciencei for they neither play or fing by notes ; and moft of their inflruments are very harlh and ungrateful to the ear : they beat upon little ill-lbunding drums, and have a trumpat ftill worfe : they have fome (lirill hautboys, and a little ugly violin with three ftrings. They have alfo brafs bafons to beat upon. When the King goes out, or upon other fo- lemn occafions, all thefe found together, and no doubt tnake very delightful harmony. We cinnot depend on any hiftory of Siam before the year i joo. It is only fuppol'ed to be the golden Cherfo* iiefc of the antients : and this there feems to be but littld foundation far, becaufe gold is not the produce of this* country. It is faid alfo, this and the neighbouring coun^' tries of the farther India were formerly tributary to China: and this is pure conjeflurc ; for the Siamefe have no fucli tradition, much lefs hiftory. They have had the ufe of letters fome time, but they do not lb much as pretend to have any ancient records. WIrm the Portugucfe took ilio city of Malacca in the year ijii, Mahomet an Arabian was (bvereign of that citv, and the territory about it, inde- pendent of the Kiiij; of iSiani. For the Arabians, and F> gvptians had certainly driven the original inhabitants, the Malays, from this coal^, as they had the natives of Suma- tra, Java, Borneo, MacjfTar, the Moluccas, llanda, &c. from the coatl of the Indian illands, and ponbllod ihem- fclves of the rich produce of tholi; countries, vir,. of th« cloves of the Moluccas, the nutmft^s and mace of BaiiJa,' the camphire of Borneo, the i;old «! I.cuconia and tiuma-* tra, and the gums, perfumes and ivveet ly.j.jjj •!--; -^^^rf. j^. l)c found in luoli of thefe cnuiiiric; ; and il.e citvof.Ma-. Iaci:a was the [;rcat unit, wli;:c this nicichai'.di/.c was to .. S be •' tij&lE:!* ^ifrsf-Ji_- 70 The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. fw |9f! m lif s ffli tMi he met with, when the Portoguere made themrdves mafters of it. Wc cannot doubt of the Egyptims and Arabians being poflelTed of this trade, till the Portugucr: found the way to India by the Cape of Good Hdpe ; for we find the Grand Signor, who was then fovereign of E«ypt, the coaft of Arabia, and the Red fea, fitting out fleets, and engaging the Portuguefe in feveral battles in the Indian li:as, to prevent ilviir fettling themfclves in India, which, lie was fentible, would deprive his fubjefls of tlic rich trade they had enjoyed for man^ hundred years : and very probably, the Arabians traded in thefe foiccs, before the Ifraelites went down into Egypt ; inafniuch as we find them carried tbrougb Arabia into Egypt, when Joliiph was fold to the Iflimaelite meichants, who were trading thither with their camels in a caravan : and though the people of Siam and the adjacent countries, have no hiftories nor records, that give an account of this anticnt traffic ; yet it is flrange that the Phoenicians and Arabians have no hif- toiies relating to their Indian expeditions ; or, if fach hif- tories have been dcftroycd, that tliere are no copies or cx- trafts from' them, except what wc meet with in the fcrip- liirfs. ^Vith refpeft to their modern hiftory, we are toJd, that the kingdom of Siam and that of Pegu have frequently been engaged in wars ; that fometimes, Siam has been tributary to Pegu, and at others Pegu has been con- quered by Siam ; but at prefent they are independent of each other. Tlie Portugncfe were in a manner fovereigns of Malacca ai>d the coalls of Siam both north and foath, from the year 15 ii to the year 1640, when tlie Dutch took that city, and now remain fovereigns of it and of the fea- cpaft, and particularly of the freights of Malacca ; and by their men of war ftationed here and at Batavia, can pre- vent all other nations trading to China, through the Areights of Malacca and Sunda. After the above-men- tioned period, namely, in 1688, the general of the Sianiefe troops beii>g popular among the foldiers, and having the army at his devotion, quarrelled with his fovereign in or- der to dethrone him. This he effe£ied, and deprived his inaftcr of life, as a royal criminal, by pounding him to death in a large iron mortar with a wooden peftle. The fecretary of ftate was kept confined three years with the Siamcfe pillory about his neck, andwasnever, during that time, permitted to quit his dungeo.i, except when he was taken out to be fcvcrely laflied, in order to make him accufe fomeof the principle people of having accumalated riches by clandeftine means, that the Ufurper might have fome pretext to plunder them. This Ufurper, however, en- joyed but little facisfa£lion from reigning, being continually tortured with the ftings of a guilty confcience, and fup- uofing his fecurity depended on the blood of thofe he fuf- pefled would prove his enemies, he daily multiplied his crimes ; and became at length a terror to himfclf and all thofe who were fubjeft to his tyranny. This revolution occiifioncd the ruin of the fa£lory which the French had ere£ted at Bancock. We (hall only add in this placo, that in 1 7 1 7 the King of Siam invaded Cambodia by land with fifty thoufand men, and by fea with twenty thoufand, but was unfuccefsful in his attempt to fubdue it. SECT. IX. Laws of thi Siamefe, ami the puni/hmtnis infiiiltd ky thin fir crimes. BY the laws of Siam, an unlimited obedience to pa- rents and governprs is as ftriftly required as by thole of China, and the aged k.e much reverenced here. Lying is puiiifhe^, and deemed as great a crime in Siam, as per- jury is in this pait of tlic world ; and theft is fo much de- iclled, that one who is guilty of it, is at once alundoncd by all his friends, none will intercede for him, or give him any afliftaiKC ; and an unjuft poltflbr of lands is puniihcd as a robber. They do not permit any man to profecute another, ei- ther in a civil or criminal ciul'c, without giving fecurity to make the charge good ; every man is allowed to plead his own caufc, or any of his relations may fpcak for hiip ; but the law is not a profcllion of a particular fct of men. Where the truth o( the charge 'is doubtful, the juftirc of the profecution is tried various ways. But the proll-iutor and the defendant are fometimes commanded to walk over burning coals, and he that efcapes by dextrous inanngc- incnr, is held to have the right on his fide. Another me- thod is by diving into deep water ; the man t' at continues longed under water is adjudged innocent. Emetics is a third method of ti:ial. The pricft gives e»ch of th« parties u pill, and the teftimony of the jierfort who keeps the pill in his ilomach without vomiting, is believed. They throw both the plainiifF and defendant fometlmci to a tvger, and he that comes oS unhurt is held to be in the right ; and they will frequently offer thcm- felves to undergo this laft trial, though they appear to be extremely timorous when they are to engage an enemy. Thefe trials are in the prefunce of the iCiiigand magiftiates. , For trcafon and murder criminals are thrown to an ele- phant and trampled to death ; and punifhments are ufually adapted to tlie nature of the crime. A pcrfon conviAed of robbing the public hat incltetl metals poured down his throat ; they few up the liar's mouth, and for little crimes tbey fallen a fquare pillory board about the offender's neck ; ionie arc fet in the ground up to the fhoolders, arid every one authorifed to buffet him, which is the greatclV indignity a Siamefe can fuffer, efpecially to have his head buileted by women. Pcrfons guilty of rebellion are ripped up alive. They_ allow appeals from inferior courts to the faperior; the Prefijcnt of tlic tribunal at Siam can revcrfe a judg- ment given in anv other province ; and there is an appeal from h'm to the King; fo that where the parti:s ate rich and able to bear the charge, there is no end of the fuit ; but the pi or are condemned with as little formality ,13 they are in Europe ; and where tlley meet with a potent adver- fary, innocence is but a very flight proteftion ; judgment of death is never executed in any of the provinces, but by the King's fpecial conimiflion ; but the balliindo and other punifhments, on which death frequently enfues, arc in- lliAed by every governor : but one thing feetns peci/liar to the Siamefe, that he who unjuftly polIelTrs himfelf of another's lands, is deemed no lels guilty of robbery than he who robs on the high-way ; and the pctfon lavvfully conviAed, does not only reftore the lands byt (brfeit tfce value of them, one half to the party difpoflilTci.*, and the otlier to the judge, as all other pains and forfeitures are divided ; bpt thcii the King has half the governor'a moiety, and where tliere is not an hereditary governor, the King has one entire half, and tlie party grieved tlie other. There is an officer of the crown in every province, who fhould be fome check upon the governor, and report to the King what pafles in the province, and particularly in the courts of juftice ; but it fctms there is fuch a gene- ral connivance among the pfficers at each others extortions, that the people receive very little benefit from his inttitu- tion : every officer fqueeres what he can out of his infe- riors, and the nai, or commander of a band, compels thofe under him to do double duty who have nothing to bribe him with ; while others who prefent him handfomcly, are entirely excufed. Though tlieir greateft men are fometimes pnniflied in a very fecure manner, yet as this is laid to be done only for their reformation, they arc afterwards reftoitd to their pofts, and none are permitted to upbraid tlie delinquent with his oiTeiKe, after he has fuffered the law. Officers are frequently punifhed for the faults of thofe who aft under their authority ; and parents and mafters of families for the ofTcnccs of their dependents and children. SECT. X. Of thi marri'a^ts, funtrah, and rilighn of the S'tamffe. THIS people, like their neighbours, difpofe of their daughters in marriage, when very young. A gieat many preliminaries muA be adjuftcd in Siam, before' a contrail of marriage is made : an aftrologer is to be coit- fulted, and the nativities of the young coujtlc aie to be cal- culated. From this cunning man alio, they are to learn, whether it is likely to prove a happy match, and whether the family they are about to marry into be rich ; it not be- ing eafy for any man, who is not a conjuror, to know this ; all people that have w ealth endeavouring to cdnccal it, left the poveriiincnt Ihould borrow it. VVIieii the patile* have [gained the bcft information they can in tliele partieii- lars, and are fatisficd with lh«iii,tlic lover is perniitted tn vifit his niiftrefs three times, and the relations bys, fprinklcs them wiili water, and repeats a pnycr for their prolpcrity. The .Siamefe are allowed luon u ives than one, but feldom mnku ul'e of this privilege, except thtir great men, who laku tlicl'e llbeities in moil countiics wlidlxr ihtir Klij.';uii or laws prohibit it 01 not They [ASIA.] Si They liave but one wife in reality, who is fo by con- tract I the reft are concubines purchaled with their money, and may be fold again ; nor can their children inherit. 'I'he fidelity of the Siamefe wives ii much applauded, they fc!- dom give their hulband's occafion to be jealous, and are exceeding diligent. They work and maintain the family, when the hulband is in the King's lervice, as he is obliged to be one half of the year. Divorces are allowed, but thofe happen very feldom, and when they do, the man returns the wife's fortune, and the children arc divided between them. , , . ^ As the women carry on all the trade, there is a necfiTity of allowing them greater liberties than they do in other hot countries, and they are fo far from abufmg their liberty, that they avoid every thing that may give any occafion for fcandal. There have been inftances of tranfgreflions, however, among the Royal roncubincs : oneof thefc offen- ders, the King ordered to oc covered by a horfe, and then put to death. And Loubiere relates, that anotlier offender being thrown to the tygers, which tefufcd to fcizc her, the King offered her a pardon, but Ihe would not accept it, chuling rather to be torn in pieces, than return to the drudgeries of the palace, the King being prefent at this ter- rible execution. When a Siamefe dies, the corpfe is immediately put into acofiiii lacquered and gilded ; and to prevent any llcnch, it is faid, they endeavour to conl'umc the bowels of the dc- ccafed with mercury, and have fometime* leaden coffins : they place the coffin upon a bcdllead or table, and it re- mains in the houfe till the preparations are made for the funeral, and the head of the family ran attend the folem- nity ; in the mean time they burn perfumes before the corps, and fet up lighted tapers. The talapoins alfo range themfelves round the fides of the room every night, and entertain the family with hymns and difcourCes fuitable to the occafion ! for which they are rewarded with money as well as good provifion. In the mean time a fquare fpot of ground is cncloled with a bamboo pale near fonie temple; round which arc hung the painted and gilded papers which the family make, repre(i;nting houres, goods, animals, Hz. In the middle of the fquare ftands the funeral pile, wliich, befides other wood, has yellow fanders, lignum aloes, and other fwect woods in it, according to the ability of the fa- mily i and the pile is built of earth as well as wood to a great height. The corpfe is always carried to the pile in the morning, with the found of feveral kinds of inftru- ments, attended by the family of the deceafed, both men and women clethed in white, and with white vails, be- wailing themfelves all the way, according to cuftom ; after them follow the reft of his friends and relations, and they choofe to CO in their barges by water towards the burying- place, as Ur as they can. When the company arrive at the place, they take the body out of the coffin, and lay it on the pile ; the lalapoins of the convent fing doleful hymns a quarter of an hour, and then retire ; after which, a fire-wotk is played ff. There are always Ihows and plays exhibited on this f - fion, attended with a kind offcftival, at which the ptivi^s are forbidden to \k prcfent. The talapoin's lifrvant fcts fire to the pile alwut noon ; which having burnt about two hours, the corpfe is rather fcorchcd than confuincd ; though it is ufually reported to be burnt to alhes \ this being thought to derive fome honour on the deceafed. The poorer fort do not burn the bodies of their deceafed relations ; but cither expcic thtm on a fcalFold in the open field, where they are devoured by birds of prey, or elfe inter them privately. With refpcft to ihc religion of the Siainefe, they do not believe the (bul to he a pure fpirit, but that itconfifts of matter fo fublil as to be free from touch, and that after death it retains the human figure, and the fame folid and li<)uid fubllances our bodies aie compofcd of; and that if a jierfon die by a wound given him it may be fcen in thele aerial bodies, with the blood flowing froiir it, agreeable to the notions of the anticiit ( i recks and Romans; but though the foul be material in their opinion, they will not admit that it is perifhable, hut that it animates Ibme other crea- ture, and knows p.iiti or picalurc according to its demerits, till it enter a human body again ; whofc circunilUiices they hold will be fuilabic to the behaviour of the foul in its feve- ral tranfniigrations. They hold alfo, that departed fouls do not only animate plants and animals, See. fucctffively ; but that there aie alio certain fpaces beyond the vifihie world, where they fhall be rewarded or punilhed ; that the happy afccnd far above the ftars, while the mifcrabic are doomed as far beneath ; and they ufually affign nine dif- ferent rcKions both of hnpninefs and mifcry. evrry one dif- fering in degree, th« highvil and lowed being mod cxijuilite M. fl in their kind. And as they io not iihaginc tliat fouH p»fs immediately from one ftatc to another, but are new-borit info whatever place they hnjipcn to go; fo they believd they ftand in need of the fame things they did in tliis life ; and for that reafon, .iS the Pagans did of old, ill fome places they burn their moft valuable moveables, and even animals and Oaves with them; their wives alfd in the hither India ufcd to olftr themfelves to be burnt with their hufbands, iii hopes to enjoy them in the other world; and it is lliid, tlicy have not wanted inftances there of the hulband burning hiinfclf with his beloved wife. But Loubiere obfcrvcs, tl«tneithcr theChinefeor Siimcfe, or any nation beybnd the Ganges, ever permitted tlie wills to burn herfelf with her hufband ; and are fo wife, that inftcad of real furniture and trcafure, they burn there only gilded Or painted paper rcfcmbling thofc things ; giv- ing out that thcfe .ire converted into real goods, and though the Chinefe burn fbmc goods, yet they burn much mor« in paper. They alio maintain, that the foul refides in thd blood, and therefore deem it improper to open a vein or inake any inclfions in the fielh, to extraft the blood. They pray to their departed friends, and do them all the honours they can contrive at their funerals, cfpcciAlljr to the manes of their anccftors, a." high as their great grand-fathers; imagining that thofc beyond have fuffcred to rtjany tranfmigralions, that they can hear them no inore; but the esftcm nations do not addrcfs their devo- tions to any but thofe of their own family, profeffion, or neighbourhood ; nor do they, like the fuperftitious Eu- ropeans, hope or fear any thmg from the departtd fpiritJ of ftrangers. The true Indian paradife is thus defcribed : that if a foul, after fcvcral tranfmigrations, by the good works done in each new life, arrives at fuch a degree of merit, that there is not, in any of the w-orlds, any mortal con- dition which h worthy of it, then they fay it enjoys the hircupan; that is, it had difapp..'arcd, and will return nd more to anv world, but remain ni a Hate of eternal impal- iability and happiiuls. When a pcrlon has happily merited heaven, before he ii trandated thither, (for fuch a foul is liippofed to be i:Ka- pable of dying atiy more) they attribute to him an invin- cible flrength of body, a.nd a pcrfcfl fkill in all f'cience', and believe he becomes a moft powciful preacher of righ- teoulhefs to mankind : after v\liicli he difappears, or is taken out of their fight, like a fpark (as their expreffion is) which is loft in air : and to the meinory of fuch as thefe, they dedicate their temples. But the pcrfon they fuppofe has furpafled all men that ever lived in holincfs, andwhorrt therefore they woilhipwith the higheft devotion, is Som- mona Codoni . Sommona fignifics a talapoin of the woods, Codom was his proper nam; ; and, as has been obl'erved already, virtue, according to them, is only to be found in the order of talapoins, and chiefly in the tal.ipoins of the woods. Sommona Codom's father, the tab.foin books relate, was King of Ceylon, that delicious iflaiid where the true cinnamon only grows, and is now fubjeit to the DiJtch. Snminona C'o.'.oin hrflowed all his eftatc in charity, pulled out his eyes, and killed his wife and children, and gave them to the talapoins to feed on. They relate alfo, that a!\otlier Sommona Codom will hereafter arife ; who will alfo kill his children for the talapoins ; by which charity he will arrive at the higheft pitch of virtue. Thev believe, that Sommona Codom, before he entered into this ftatc of blifs, acquired a prodigious ftrength of body, and had the power of working miracles ; that he could enlarge his body to what fizc he pleafed, and then re- duce it to fo finatl a point, as pcrfcftly to difappear. It is further to be obflrved, that they do not look upon their Sommona Codom as the perlbn who firft inftituted their religion, or gave them the above-recited precepts j but that he ref\orcd and re-eftaMilhed them, after ni.inkind had fv. .Tved from the rules originally enjoined them. We fhall now proceed to give loine account of the ta- lapoins and talapoiiielles, who as well as the doflrine they proteCs, the people b.-liev; to be as aiieient as thd world itfelf ; but tlK7 themfelves are Ignorant of the foun- der of their order. Any Icarneil pcrfoU may become a talapoin, on apply- ing properly for Bdmlihon. The habit conlifts of foiir fiieces of cloth; the one is the angf'a, a kind of Ihoulder )elt, five or fix inches broad ; they wear it on the left fhouldei, and butron it with a fingle button on the right hip. Over this belt they have another called the palhivon, reach;!'.;', t;; tlie groiiiiu br.tli lieluiid and before, and leav- ing th: two arms, with all the right Ihoulder free. Over tiiia 7a The new and UNIVERSAL S\STEM op GEOGRAPHY, !f:l tliis is the papat, which reaches low behind, as well as to the middle before, and is generally red. 'l"hey gird the whole witli a piece of yellow cloth called rappakod, which eouijilctes tl»c four pieces that compofe their habit. There arc two forts of talapoins ; one of the woods, iind th-otlicrof cities. The education of youth is com- mitted to them, and they arc ferv-ed by their fcliolars. Thcfe taliipoiiis are a fort of begging friars, who live upon the alms of the people, and every one eats what he bcgf, oris given him, by himfelf, and not in a common roon. They arc very hofpitable to all ftrangers, Chrif- tians as well as others, and haye lodgings for them on each fide their gate. Thefc priefts vow celibacy, and lead \cry auftcrc lives j the penalty of deviatii\p from their fules, is no Icfs than burning, which tlie Kuig takes care Urall he rigoroudy executed, to prevent too many of his fubicfts turning talojioins, fince tliey pay no duties, and contribute nothing to the defence or fupport of the flate. They preach every new and full moon, and during the inundation, every d.iy, from morning till evening, the preacher fitting crofs-ictTittd on a railed floor, and is re- licveil when he is weary ty one of his brethren ; the peo- ple exprclliiig their aflent to the reafonablcncfs ot the doctrine, and bringing their alms to the preacher, by which bounty many of f hem grow rich. The time of the lains is their annual fad, when tliey eat iMJtliiiig but a lit- tle fruit in the evening. The talapoins are obliged to watcli. as well as oray, efpecially after harveft, when they go into the liclds m night-ti«ie, and return into the towns in the morning ; and though others are apt to think themfelvcs in danger of wild bcaiis when they are abroad ur the night-time, the people arc made to believe, that a tygcr will not touch a talapoin, thev are lb fanftilied a generation. The people wafli the talapoins at every new and full moon ; butattlul' timcstlieliiperioralw.iyRlhaves himfelf, btcaufc no man is worthy to touch his head, and the elder always (have tlie younger ; but when he is grown too old, a youiiu talipoin is permitted to (have him, who alks par- don firft, and declares himfelf unworthy of that honour. They walh every iivorning, as foon as they can fee, and not fooiier, for fear they ihould deftroy fome infeft. After walliing, they perform their devotioiii in the temple, which thev fin;; a"; in choir;, their books cocoa nut leaves, on which thev write or rather epgravc ; for they have not yet the art ol' printing : they fmg their devotions fitting upon their heels, but both priefts and people, at their go- ing in and out of the temple, proflratc themfelvcs three times before their idols. After the morning devotion, they go into the city, and flanding at the doors of the houfcs, they expcft any tiling from, their tood is brought tlvem, but they never .ilk for it, though there does not feem to be much occafion for thcfe alms ; for they have lands and gardens appropriated to tlieir convent-i, and (laves to cultivate them, and they arc exempt from taxes. The talapoins have fervants, as well as Haves, who wear a white habit,and receive tlic money given their mailer, it being a fin for the talapoin to touch money himfelf: 'I'he talapoinelTes wear white, and if they are taken with a in;in, are delivered to their relations to cluf- tife ; for it is agaiiift their rules for a ulapoin. to ttrike any •nc. 'I'liefe talapoineflcs who are nuns, live in the fame con- vents with the talapoins ; the coaveivts are a number of fingle honf:s Handing upon bamlxjo pillars at a fmall dif- tance from each other. Perlona who go to a convent, enter it intircly by their own choice, and are at liberty to quit it whenever I'liey picafe. We (hall only add here, under his head, tliatthe Indians not being preiudiced againft any religion, but allowing a univcrlid toleration, we may piefume tliat the reafoiuble- nels of the ChrilUan doftriiics iiviglu have induced them to embrace them, if the ambition, avarice, injufticc, and tvrannv of the l>uiopean nations, who have fettled there, had not contradifled the dcdrincs they taught, and railed, in the hidians, anabhorrence of their perfonsaiid praflices. SECT. xr. Defcribing tht ii/tgiUnit of Ava, Pegu, Arracan,Tipra, Aeham, and Bontan j with their imiir/aries an J extent, rivers, towns, hSc. alfo an account of the inhaiilaats, their genius, temper , diet, food, religicHy Vc. THF.SE countries may be comprehended under the name of the kingdom of Ava, for the Kings of Ava and Pegu is faidto have reduced all tile reft under his yower, * This kingdom or cnlpirc of Ava, including tlitf countries abovefaid, is bounded by Afcni or Acham towards tlic^jjorth, China and Siam towards the call, anS the countrv and bay of Rcngal towards the wed and fouth i and extends, acording to tlie beft maps we luve of thofc countries, from the latitude of fixtecn to twenty- fcven nortli, fo that the whole length from north to fuuth, inay be reckoned between fix and fcven hundred miles, and the breadth about half as much. The principal rivers in this country, are the Arracan, the CapoiiM.o, the Mcnam, the Ava, and that of Pegu, »''iich limning from nurtli to fouth almoft the whole length of the country, and overflowing their banks annu- ally, render it no lefs fruitful than Rengal and Siam, which lye on each fide of them j and the lake of Chamay is placed in our maps at the notth-caft part of this country. The chief towns .ue, Tipra, Ava, Arracan, Laftoia, Prom, Mcro, Pegu, andSiiiam; Tipra is the capital of the kingdom or province of the fame nunc, ;uid lies in tlie l.atitudeof twenty-four Jj remain in the [A S I A.] A. ?3 fcountry: nor do tlicir friends look upon this kind of CoiTimeree as any difgrace, but receive them kindly •when they rctorn to them again. The Englilh from fort St. Gtorge diivc a profitable trade with Pegu and Arracan, from whence they import rubies, fap- jihircs, amcthylU, and otlii r precious ftoncs : (kins and furs alfo are another very coniidcrablc brancit of this trade. Tiie Pecuan temples, and the idols in thcra, are fupcrb- ly embelhlhcd. A temple near Siriam has the name of kiakiack, or god of gods : in tliis edifice is a large figure Iving as though ii were flccjiing, and is pretended to have lain in this pofturc fix thoufand years. There is another temple near Siriam, which tlicy call Dagun ; but only the priefts muft enter it. 1 he priefls fay this idol re- fcmblcs nothing human, and refufe to defcribc the (hape or form of it. There is in one of their temples a Clvcr idol, of gigantic fize, which, as an oracle, anfwcred quef- tions, and prediftcd what was to happen. They have alfo an idol called trokugue, of the fame (lature as the former, though of different compofition: this idol, they pretend, intercedes with kiakiack for the wicked, and once a week they facrifice a hog, and tluee pullets to it. I'herc are fcvcral very Angular circamftances attending their facrifices. They worfliip dxmons, in order that they may not be afHiflcd by them. They begin their feftivals with dancing and mufic ; pcrfons of high rank attend them, cloathcd in their rlcheft apparel, and adorned witli jewels ; but they are often changed to doleful lamenta- tions, and coitcludc with plaintive drains in praifc of their anccfiors. After which they recruit their fplrits with mirth and good food and liquors. They ftyle the Emperor of Ava the ftvercign of the white elephant. He is almoft worlhipped by his people : he calls nimfclf the king of kings, and his fulyeas ftyle him a god. He is reckoned fuperior to all otlicr lovcieigns, as being allied to all the planets ; the fun is his brother, and the moon and ftars his fiflers. When an ambafllidor approaches this great prince, he is attended by found of trumpet, while heralds proclaimed aloud the honour and happmefs he is about to receive. The King is at this time attended by all his minillcrs, and two hundred guards, fome with daggers, and others with fleel bows finely polilhed. This monarch hold the reins of government intirely in his own hands, and punilhcs with great rigour fuch olficcrs, as arc guilty of nial-pra^iccs. When he hears of the commilfiuii of any enormous crime, he ifpjes his rbyal mandate for luch offence to be tried by judges of his own chufing ; and if the perfon be conviAed, he fixes the particular punifhmcnt to be inf1i£led, which is, the being trampled to death by elephants, or fomc other cruel mode of punilhing th» delinquent. A kind of aiiUocratical government prevails in every lownof thefe dnniinions. When a pcrlon cannot or will not pay the debt fur which he is committed to piifon, tiu: creclitors may difpofe of him for a flave. In cafe of war, the heralds proclaim their fovereign's will with fiaming torches in their hands, and the (gover- nors of provinces arc obliged to raifc fuch a number of troops as the ilate wants, in addition to the accuftomcd military vlUblilhnient. A troop perhaps of one tltoufand elephants are foon feen in full march, the King being featcd on his throne upon the back of one of the whitcft, attended by all his nobles, ai\d march to the field of war by the found of trumpets and other military mufic. The kingdom of Arracan is bounded on the caft, by Ava i on the weft, by the bay and country of Ikngal , and on the north by Tipra ; it extends about four hundred miles in length, and contains a great number of places, niany of which arc uninhabited, from the great number cf wild beaftsthat infeft it. '1 he inhabitants of this country are diftinfrulflicd by their broad and tiat foieheads, red nofes, and wide nof- ti lis : they have fmall eyes, but a very quick fight. The people are in general very robuft. The common people t>enerally wear a ous manner, fcated in an elegant tent placed on the back of an elephant richly capari(ohed. He is followed by his courtiers riding on elephants, whofe harnefs and trappings are richly adorned witli diamonds and other precious jewels. Then tiie King, witli his attendants, rides through the principal ftrccts of the city ; after which, he returns to the great fquare before his palace, where his fubjedts renew their oath of allegiance to him, and ths evening is conduded with the greateft feftivity by all ranks of people. This country abounds with tetuples and other (acted places, which are built like ftecples, and contain many idols worfliipped by them. They hold an annual feaft ia commemoration of tlie dead, of which time tliey carry one of their idols in proceffion, attended by a number of pricds dreflcd in uniforip, confifling of a long garment made of yellow fattin. The idol is placed in a large heavy chariot, and fuch are the fupcrftitious notions of the vul' gar, that many will throw themfelves under the wheels* and others will tear their flefli with iron hooks faftened to tlic carriage for tliat purpofe : they take great pains to co- lour thefc hooks with their blood ; and they arc afterwards preferved and hung up as facrcd relics in theirtemples. There arc three orders of priefts among them, the higheft of which is diftinguilhed by wearing a yellow mitrc ; but ilie other two always go bareheaded : dicy are all prohibited marrying, on pain of degradation. Wbeii any pcrfons are ill, they fend for the priefts, who pray with them, in return for which the patient offers facrifices of fowl, &c. according to their ability. If the patient re- covers, the cure is attributed to the prayers ufcd by the prieft, but if he dies, the pricft tells the relations that tlieir facrifices arc accepted, but God dsfigns the deceafed a greater favour in the other world. The pricft thinks it charity to drown the patient if he appears incurable. On the death of a perfon of diftui£tion, the body is burned, but the poorer fort are thrown into tlic river. They believe in tianfniigration, and therefore ornament their coffins witli tlie figures of fuch animals as they think the moft noble. Every family has fome peculiar animal, by which they fwcar, and whofc figr'e tiiey mark with a hot iron on dif- ferent parts of their b«Jy. Their nuptial ceremonies are performed in the prefence of this animal, and, before they eat, they always offer hiin part of their provifions. The principal people that trade with the inhabitants of this kingdom arc the Moors, and the commodities tlicy purchafe confift of elephants teeth, tin, lead, and timber for building. The ordinary money is (hells, or fmall pebbles, eighty of which aro-valued at nine-pence, but tliey have afilvcr coin cftimated at two iliillings. BTlie capital of tliis kingdom, called alfo Arracan, is larpe and well fortified : it is fiiuaied in a valley, and is 8 fifteen miles in circumference. It is incloled by very hkh T ft7ne :-.vwtsi:is:E^Mii^iiiai''L.-i^'ii*-M!.''-'^.. jr+ The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM «f GEOGRAPHY. none walls, and furroundcd by a ridge of Aecp, craggy mounrainii, fo artificially fortned ai to be alinoft impretf- tiabie i befides which, there ii a caftle within, flronjtly fortified. The city is well wafercd by a fine river that [anti through it in different ftrranis, and at length forms into two chanels, which empty theinlelves into the bay of Bengal. It is eftitnated, that the number of inhabitants in thU tity amount to one hundred and fixty thoufand, exclufive of foreigners. The honfes in general are fmail, and built of bamSooi ; but thofc of the richer fort arc fpacious and handfome : there are upwards of fix hundred idol temples in it, moft of which are fp-icious buildings, elegantly or- namented. The palace is exceedingly magnificent, lieing decouted with ther mod coflly embcllilhments. The apartments are lined with various kinds of wood that yield the moll .igreeable fragrance; and the roofs of thofc belong- ing to the King are covered with plates of gold. In the Centre of the paluce is the grand hall, which contains a ca- nopy ornamented with wedges of folid gold, refemhiing fugar-loaves. Here are lilcewife feveral idols of the fame metal, as large as life, and adorned with diamonds and other coflly jewels. In the centre of the hall is a cabinet of gold, fopported by a large ftool of the fame metal, and overlaid with diamonds ana other precious (tones. This cabinet contains the two caniques, or famous pendants of rubies, by which the King prcfcrves a fupcrior authority over his vaflal princes, and wliich he alio wears at bis cort)- nation. There are fpacious (tables adjoining to the palace, fortlie King's elephants, ty^ers, horlcs, &c. and there is a con- fiderable lake with fmall iflands near it, inhabited chiefly by prieih. This lake is fo fituatcd, as to be a fecurity to the inhabitants of ihe city, (hould they be reduced to the neceflity of flying from the attack of an enemy; for, by cutting a bank which furrounds it, they might overflow tlte citv, and retire to the illaiids adjacent. This city has very extcnlivu I'uburbs adjoining to it, and the furrounding countries are dciiRhtfuUy plealant. The vi';h^t5, mountains, &c. are beautifully diverfified with field'! of dilTi;r-.nt kinds of grain, intermixed with pieces of water. Tlu'ir flocks of cattle are very numerous. In the n':ighljou;hood is a faftory belonging to the Dutch ; iind loine of the richeft commodities in Afia are to bo pwrchafed of many of the (hops in the city. The Moors often obtain coiiliderable poflellions by purchafing diamonds, rubies, and other cottly jewels ; ana indeed they are the principal people that trade here. There are many other cities of conliderable note in dif- ferent parts of this kingdom ; as alfo many capiul towns remarkable for traffic ; tlie moft material of which, are, Orietan. This is one of the twelve pipital cities, and is governed by a viceroy, who alTumes the title of King, and receives a crown from the King himfelf. It is fituatvd on a branch of the river, to the fouth-weft of the city of Arracan. In the neighbourhood of this city is a large mountain, on which is a fortified place for the confine- ment of liate prifoners, or other dillinguilhed criminals. There is another mountain called Pora, on the top of which is placed the principal idol, which is worlhipjied by the King himl'elf on a certain day once in the year. Be- tween the cities of Arracan and Orietan is a fpacious river, the banks of which are delightfully (haded with tall trees, diat form as it were an harbour ; the pleafiirc of (ailing under which is confiderably heightened by the multitude of peacocks that are continually moving from one tree to another. Another city of conftderable note is Rama ; but the pf- fage to it either by land or water being dangerous, it is little reforted to ; for the mountains are infefted with a great number of wild hearts, and the fudden tempeils that arife make the getting to it by water very perilous. The next we lliall take notice of, is Dubazi, which is a large and populous city, but chiefly remarkable for its commodious harbour, and a fpacious river by which great trade is carried on with the neighbouring places. Dianga is alfo a large town, fituated one hundred and twenty miles north of AiTacan ; the inhabitants arc chiefly Portuguel'e fugitives, and they have very confiderable pri- vileges allowed them. Another town of great trade is Pereom or Prom, which has a very convenient harbour. It is the refidencc of a governor, whoexercifes the ahfolute authority of an eaftern monarch, and keeps a grand court here. Tipra, or Tiiioura is a tributary kingdom, fubjeft to the King of Arracan. It is bounded by the empire of Ava, and part of Chiiu, to tltc Ibutli and call ; by Independent Tartary, tn the north ; by Arracan, to the fouth-weft, and by lndo(|lan, to the weft. It is faid to require fifteen daw To crofs it. Being under the tropic of Cancer, it i.s ex- ceedingly hot, the air is ncverthelefg falubrious and pun ; but the water is fu I>ad, that it occalions the tliioats of tha inhabitants to fwcll tu a prodigious fize. The (bvercign and the nobility ride vfon elcphanta, or are carried in palaiupiins ; but the common people, when they travel, niake ul°c of horfes or oxen indifcnminately. The accommodations for flrangers arc bad ; mid the bcki- viour of the natives rude and uupolilhcd. The fubjefls of this kingdom pavno taxes, but in lieu thereof labour annually once a week for the King, either in his mine or his filk -works, from whence alone he de- rives his revenues. He exports gold and filvct to China iu ingots, and in return receives filver, which it coined into fpecies of cuirency of twenty pence and twenty-twopence Value each : gold is coined into af{iers, which arc wortlt about five Ihdiings a-picce. Cieugraplters fay, that tlie river Cuipoumo runs from Chiamay lake througli this and feveral other kingdoms, till it di(<:mbogu«s itfelf into Ben- gal bay. The kingdom of Achaffl, Afem, or Aaem, is bounded by China, m the eaft ; Indoftan on the wtft ; I'iflra on the luuth ; and Boutan, with part of Independent '1 artary, on the north. This country, in the reign of Aureng-zebe, was eon* quered by the Moj^uls, who difcovcrcd it by navinatin ; thtf river Lacquia, which lias its fource in the lake Chiamay, and difcharges itfelf into the Ganges. The above-men- tioned Celebrated lake lies in twenty-fix degrees north lati- tude, and is one hundred and eighteen leagues in circum- ference. Befides being one of the moft fertile in the univcrfe, thi» country is alfo rich in mines, which produce tlie nobleft and moft ufeful metals, fuch as gold, filver, ftcel, iron, lead, &c. Here is plenty of the moft delicious animal food, but dog's flelh is deemed the gie.itcft dainty. '1 hey maku no wine, though they have excellent grapes, which, when dried, are ufed in making brandy. '1 he lakes of this country are of a lidinc quality, and they convt't into liilt the (cum which riles to their fnrface. Another kind of fait is extrafted from the leaves of what they call Adam's fig-tree ; and a ley is made, which renders their filks ad- mirably white. The King exempts his fubjefls from all kinds of taxes to governnnent, as he contents himfelf with the Ible pro- perty of the valuable mines contained in his country ; nor are thole inines worked by the natives, but by flaves which he purchafcs in the neighbouring countries. In this country, every fubjcd lyith a houfe allotted hini, with a lai^e piece of groSnil contigiious thereto, and a i elephant to carry his wives, of whom he is permitted tD have four. Previous to marriage, the Alchaniians iiifrirui the women minutely of what they expeft them to do. The females being thus prcvioully inftru£ted in their duty, feldom dilbblige their hulbands. The inhabitants towards the north have good complex- ions, but thole who dwell foutherlv are rather fwarthy. All have very large holes bored in their cars, from whence de- fcend heavy pendants of gold and filver. They wear tlieir hair long, have a cap upon their heads, and go naked ex- cept about their middles. They adorn their arms with bracelets, which are buried with them when they die. Their gold is current in ingots, but they have pieces of filver coin of two (hillings each in value. They havejneat Slenty of gum lacque, which they export to'China and apan, to varnilh cabinets, cliefts, and other pieces of fur- niture. KemmeroufF, or Guergon, is the metropolis of thiii kingdom, and the refidencc of the King ; it lies in twentv- five degrees thiitv-thrcc minutes north latitude, and tfie city of A/.ov is tlie royal burial-place. When any King is buried in the grand temple, his (avourite idol is buried alio ; this always being of gold or filver, the vaults are filled with immcnfe trealure. The j)eople imagine, that tlie righteous have, in the other world, plenty of what they defire ; but that the wicked (uf- fer all the miferies of hunger and thirft. Full of this notion, and not entertaining any very high idea of the morality or pietv of their monarchs, they bury with them all kinds of eatables, great riches, feveral of their wives, officers, c!e> phants, (laves, *cc. left they fhould fare worle in the other world than they did in this. The Chincfe arc fuppol'ed to have received the invention of Euiijiowder fnmi the people of Afem, though they have nut U'cn ingenuous enough to acknowledge it. 3 The PHY. fouth-wcft, unA uire fiftfcntia)* aiiccr, it ix rk- )rious ' ed in the Pegu dominion.:, i . The ifland of Dola, which has a good hailiour, and where twenty houfes ire appro- oriatedto the purpofe oi'uminb elephants for the ufe of the King of Pegu. a. Cofmin is a iVrtilc illaiid i the houfes of the natives are built on traroes of wood, and afcended to by ladders, on accouittof the furious tygers with which the country abounds. The inhabitants go from hence to Pegu in boats, in which whole families relide all the year. This country produces ny fpoken in the Eaft Indies ; they l\udy it witli great tare ; and many of them by their elegant poetic compofitions, do honour to its natural graces. 'I'he religion of the natives is a mix- ture of Maliomctanifm and Paganifm, and titty are greatly addicted to juggling, which fome miflake for conjuration. We Ihall now proceed to cive a del'cription of the city Or towh of Malacca, which is liiid to have been founded upwards of tw6 hundred years before tlic arrival of the I'oi- tugucfc in 1 509. In the year 151 1, Alphonfo Albuquerque fuhdued the city, after it had made atnoft vigorous defence : he plundered it of iinmenfe trcafures, vaft magazines, and whatever could contribute to the elesancies and conveni- encics of life, and then put the pnncc to death. The King of Siam, however, enraged at this cruelty, being af- fifted by other princes equally incenfed againft the murderer, afterwards took the city by ilorm, and built churches, rao- ; naftcries, acaftle, and a college for the Jefuits. In ito6 the Dutch, in conjunAion wiUi the King of Johor, iKgaii to be very troublefome to tlie Poituguefe, and, after a feries of hoflilitiet for the fpace of thirtv-five years, in 1641 intirely wreftcd it out of their hands; which tliey cfTeAed in the following manner : finding that confiderable difputes had fubfifted between the King of Johor :md the Portuguele inhabitants, die Dutch formed a delign of at- tacking and reducing tlie place. Accordingly they fitted out a formidable fquadron of Ihips at Batavia, and entered into an alliance with the King ot Jolior, who attacked the city by land, while the Dutch invelled it by fca ; but the invaders finding there was no poflibility of j-cducing it, the Dutch at lengtli by means of a confiderable bribe, prevailed nn the fordid governor, to furrendcr tlie fort to them. lUit the bafe and faithleis bribers, having entered the place, mur- dered the governor, to fave the payment of the premium. This city is built on a low level ground clofe to the fe.i-fide, on the eaft fide of the city there is a river, which at a fpring tide will admit of fmall veflcls ; and on the eaft fide of this river tlands a ftrong fort, between which and the town, there is a communication by a draw-bridge : this fort is built at the foot of a little fteep hill, and is of a femi-circu- lar form, like tile adjacent hill : the walls are founded on a rock, very thick, and are carried up to a confiderable height ; aitd thekt/rer part of them is waflicd by the fea at every tide : jffthe otlier fide of the hill, tlicre is a large moat cut from^e fea to tiie abovcfaid river, v.'hich makes it an ifland ; and thart part next tlie land is flocked witli great trees : on tlie hill ftands one little church which ferves tlie Dutch inhabitants ; and it is to be prefuined, the Portuguefe, who are pretty numerous, may liave a cliapel in the town ; but travellers do not mention any temple for the reft of the inlubitants. 1 here arc between two and three hundred families of Dutch, Portuguefe, Chinefe and Moors, and two or tlircc great Armenian merchants in it. The Chinefe have the beft (hops, which are filled with the manufaflurcs and pro- duce of their country, and fuch other goods as there is any demand for tliere : the houfes in the town arc generally built with flone, and the ftreets are wide and flrait, but not paved : the native Malays, who inhabit the fiiburbs, live in poor mean cottages, and are kept in great fubjec- tioii by tlieir liaughty Dutch matters ; Out it is obferved, they ftill retain a deiperate fullennefs in their looks ; and the Malays of the neighbouring provinces liave frequently revenged inemfelves op the Dutch, for the tyranny and oppreflion exercifed on them, and tliat reftraint the Hol- landers put upon their trade ail along the Malayan co.ift bv the guard-lhips, infomuch that it is very difficult for tliis people to trade with any but the Dutch. The city of Malacca is healthful, confideringthe climate, and is neither fubjeft to the hot winds of the cnaft of Coromandel, or thofe chilling ones in Sumatra. It is not a place of any great trade at this day ; but as the Dutch are inafters of the ftreights of Sundy to the foutli of Sumatra, and this town gives tlicni tlie command of tlie ftreights, which bear the name of M.-dacca, to the north, while they are in pofleirion of tliis place, they h.ive in a maimer engroired to themfelves tlic whole trade of China and jriL>ari. riicre are many fpacious and Itandfome fticcts in this city, ;.i^iiK. 76 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. tity, which are fhsitW with tiecs on holh (iJen i the houfo ft»nd pretty dole to each other, khI are built chieriy of bamboos, though fome of them vtt of ftone. 'V\\e gover- nor'« hoife is Urge and commodious, anrf is (itunttd in th« fort, garril'oned by two hundred Kumpeani. The harbour is one of the lieil and ftifrft in that i>ort of the globe, and receives veflels from moft parts of the Indies. When uolfcifed by the Portugiiefc, the city was tcmarlubly opu- lent, being a grand mart for precioiii ftoiies and j lich, plentiful country, but little vifited by F.uropeans. It is bounded on the north by China ; on tlie eaft, by Tonijuin and Cochin-China ( on the foutli, by tlic kingdom of Cambodia ; and on the weft by the kingdom of Si.im. It is fuppolird to extend from the fifteenth to the twenty- fifth degrre of north latitude. The produce of this country is iKiijamin ; that which grows here is cfteemcd the Ixft in the Indies, and brings a confidcrabic revenue to the King, who has prohibited the exportation of it. The garden alfo produces a great va- riety of fruit, and they have excellent rice in abundance; «lfo great plenty of wax, honey, cotton, amber, and muflc. They have a great number of elephants among tliem, which makes ivory lb little valued, that their teeth are uled for making fences to their fields and gardens : beeves and buf- feloes are alfo very numerous here; and the rivers abound witlj all kinds of fill), fome of which arc very large. Gold •nd filver duft is found in the rivers ; and mines of iron, tin, and lead, in fcvcral parts of the country ; great quan- tities of fait are alfo produced here, n.irt of which theyex- .port to foreign parts : this is formed by a white froth left on the rice-fields after harvclt, which the heat of the fun hardens. The inhabitants of Laos, wh':> are called Langinns, are afliible, ftriftly honcft, and ftraiipcrs to avarice. 'I'hcy are well-lhapcd in general, and, though of an olive com- plexion, yet are much fairer than their iieighliours ; the Women are very niodefl in their carriage. Their food principally condils of rice, the tlelh of the buffalo, and leveral kinds of pulf;. They fometimes eat fowls, which they drefs with the featliers on i they kill them by ftriking them on the head with a ftick ; the Ihcdding of blood be- ing confidercd as one of the grcatcft crimes. Their em- ployment confifts principally in hufbandry and filhing ; but they are naturally of an indolent difpofition. As the religion, marriage-ceremonies, feftivals, funerals, cuftoms, laws, punilhments, ftc. of tliis people, l>ear a near refcmblance to thofe of the Siamefe ; we ihall there- fore, for a fuller dcfcription of them, refer the reader to our account of Siam ; and only add here, tliat the power of the fovereign is unlimited, and he is in a manner adored by his fubjefts. His principal officers are feven viceroys, who are governors of the feven provinces into which the kingdom is divided : he has a militia of horfc and foot, who are maintained at the cxpence of that province to which they belong. The palace is the moft diflinguiihed edifice in the city, extending, with the offices and other buildings, above two miles in circumference. The archi- teAure is exceeding grand, and the apartments within are furnilhed in the moll fumptuous manner: the banb-re- lievo's are very richly gilt. The houfes of the richer fort are built of wood, and arc lofty and haiidfome ; but thofe of tlie comnlon people arc very low and mean, and chiefly made of dirt aiu clay. Noperfons, e>:ccpt the telapoins, have liberty to build their houfes of brick or Hone. The houfes of the quality are very elegantly furnilhed : they line the walls with m.itts beautifully wrought, inftead of tapeftry, and ornament them with a great variety of very curious foliage and figures. The kingdom of Cambodia, or Camboya, is fituatcd on the caft fide of the gulf of Siam, being bounded, on the weft, by Cochin-China ; by the Indian ocean on the fouth j and by the kingdom of Laos and the Kcmois mountains, on the north. It extend:; from north to fouth upwards of three hundred miles, and is about two hundred and ten miles in breadth. The fpacious river Mcco.i runs through it, and falls by tWo chancis into the fca. Where it firll rifes, it is called Longmn ; after which, it takes the name of Mccon ; and, continuing that name for a confidcrable fpace, at length changes it to Ocbequanc. This river has an annual fwell, which begins in tlie month of June, and continues till Au^uft, when it generally rifes lb high, as to overflow the neij^hbouiing countries. It runs the fame way for fix months together, owing to the fouthcrly winds, which drive the lands in fuch (bosh, tliat the bsr ii entirely fto^ed up, and the current is by that mtMi driven back, till the wind liiiftt aixl rciuovei the liuidt, when tlie current is reftortd. This country produces various kiiidi of gr.iin, parti- cularly rice and corn. Here ,ire alfo great variety of fruit- treei) as ncangrs, citrons, mangors, cocoas, £cc. alto fc- veral kinds of woodia is the chief city in this kingdom, worth no- tice; it is fituated on the river Mecon, and built on » rifiiig ground, in order to avoid the annual overflowings of the river : it principally confifts of one large ftrect. The palace for tlie refideiKc of the Ibvereign is lituate about tlw centre of it. It is furrounded by a kind of wall, with ram- parts, on which are feveral pieces of artillery ; but it is 4 very infignihcant edifice. The power of tfiis prince is del- potic, like that of the other eafteni monarch*. Johor is aliout one hundred leagues long, and eighty broad. It is the next country to the north of Malacca, and is walhed eaft and weft by the ocean : it lies in one degree north latitude. The country, which is woody, abounds with tin, pepper, elephants teeth, gold, aquila-svood, canes, citrons, and lemons ; deer, cows, wild boars, and buffaloes are rmong >hc quadru{)cds. The inhabitants of this country arc reported to be cruel, treacherous, lazy, and lalcivious. The common people wear only a piece of fluff round their waift ; the females iii a fuperior degree of life wear callico garments faftened wilit a filken girdle : they paint their nails yellow, and the longec they are, the more genteel. The iflanders hve principally upon fago, fruits, roots, and poultry, but thofe who re- fide on the coa'l fubfift for the moft part upon firti and rice brought from Cambodia, Siam, and Java. The natives, who are a mixture of Mahometans and I'agatis, h;ivc prictU lent to them from Surat. Among ihefe [xrople there are about one thoufand four hundred Chiiiolc families, who carry on a confiderablc traffic, and are dillinguilhed for their induftry. Parana is about lixty miles long, and lief on theeaftertt coaft of the gulf of Siam : its port had once a confiderable traffic with Coromandel, Malabar, (ioa, China, Tonquin, and Canibndiii : but tlie traders unhappily finding nore- ftriftion put upon the commiflion of piracies and murders, were under a neceffity of withdrawing their commerce, and turning it into another courfe, highly beneficial to Siam, M.tlacca, and Katavia. Tiiii couiiiry abounds with grain and fruits : heie are aUb T^]^ i-.-v-. mf-ii^^ ' ■ii:£*\t'*ii"'' •4 ■ W-'-'. f .;..•!• ■,i,;vtr ^^ le eafterrt ifidcrabi* ['onquiiir no re- niurdcn, ^rce, and to k\nm, here ait r •' '\ T't.<-j' . ' f-^ - t- > V "' ;?^"r' "'v' ''■~"'' " Aiftfftiif/i-/ Uiu..tit.i Xrw fi>m^t/r/f A' fhih *. /r* •^ "< ^"'A c:*-^- '**" T;.:t';Ti •"*■■•♦■ lii:i>\*' '•^'"'■"•^•' vv:t«., /'•,;rc/;'' /•*..-, *^.<,^ ♦;!'"•••>, 7 /a|^TY/-..#5« ,>* --^ ^ i A ? ..«"»"' '•iiM.wmr -5-^ t^^f^iS^ « « ^ y "la. .>'«.*1»"' It 1 X' ti 1^ i [A S I A.) t N D O S T A i^. tUO buflhloti, fiiwN, trul fume vny hciDtifut dovct , ly- grri, nti)iiklci, rlrplunu, &«:. ai« loiii >i iIm wiM aiiiiiuh III il. 'I'h* KitiK liti inoie Vffli-U ilun »ny { the other iicigh* IwariiiK liivctrigiii. iiuicin biiiiK«t||lu«n thoiilauil trimpt into the liclij. 1 lie Chiixl'' \»^\\f^ hitlicr it vj|nt PaUiu li(« Nhiii, on a riv«r of the fiiiiu' iiaiiip, III which there ii iiiuih K'^ld dull found. People of fortune refidc iii the capital of Fuhaii, fituatcd uboiit one hundred and lil'ty milci north -cal\ of Malacca : in llic Oit'cti of the city, which i> but liiull, llicic ii a orcat number of cocoa and odnri trtci pUiiud, which givca It the appearance of a Kanln^ The palace of tin: Kiii); I'dhan is a wooden ftruAurc, and the other buildiiiK* ui i^viuul aic cuinpolcd of llraw iin, &c. are alfo produced licrc. Pah.in ii faid to be well (icoplcd, and carrici on a con- rideriiblc traffic : but the iiativcH are rc|Hirttd to bt the inoft amnt chcati in the woild: they cunlilt of Pagans and Mahometans. Next to Pahan is fituatcd Trangano. This i> a fine healthy country : iti hillt produce a greater variety of rich fruits, fucli as oranges, Icinoii'i, liinei, darians, inangof- tans, mangoes, iVc. and tlie vallics teem with lugar-canet and com : gold and paper arc likcwilc ptuduceU here ) but ihe Cliinrfe, who itM* In tfti* coiintrv, pmUoce the prki* ti|ial part of the two laft mtntinncd niticln. The iialace where ihe <))vcreigii ot ilin country chiefly tcllde*, Hand* on the liaiiks df a fine iivcr near the ocean. Peri II a inouiil.iiiiout, wnotiv country, fiimnus for the ■iiiaiility of till it pioduces, thetc Iwii,- more found Iwre, tlian in any purl of Inilta, 'I'ht capital city, which liears the lanic name, liei at the bottom of a bay almut cue hiili- dnd and fifty miles iiorth-wetk of Malacc.i. 1 here are lomu hideous delcrti in this country, abounding with «le< phants, tyaers, and other wild animals. The natives of this country are mere barbarians, and very tieacherous and deceitful. ( jtirda it three hund|ftl mili* north of Malacca, near tht (lri'ight,andone InindM and forty miles from Patn4 : it lief ill liiiicty-ninc degri.ei fifteen niiiiutes catl longitude, and f'lK dcgreei twenty five ininutri north latitud.'. f lir principal town, wlilch is III ihe fame iiamc,C(mtainj about eight thou- l.ind inli,ibi(;iiifi, and lu« a i;>iiid hailHitir, W hen .1 foreign mcicliani Loiiirs here, tlir King ;>ays him a Vifit ill per" Ion, not to ciiinpliioent him 011 Im :iiii\.il, but to receive piilenli from him : the pielenK, luiwivri, are not made, till the villi is repaid; and then the King honouis tlio merchant with a feat mar lii-i royal perfon : his Majefly at the fame time chews lielel, and, putting it out of hit mouth on a hiull eolden plate, the incrchant t.ikea it with great rcfiicA, ami puts it into his own iiinuth : this is aneliab- lilhi'd cullein, and mull always lie lUi^ly complied with. Some of the natives of this place arc Mahometans, and others I'agAns i they are in general very trcactwi'otia and cruel ill tlieir dilpolilions. This country produces tin, pepper, elephants teeth, canes and daniar : Ihcy n; Ve pitch and tar of the latlcri which is of excellent ufc fui that purpofe. % =£» CHAP. THE NEW AND COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF N D O N. mtun- irti. SECT. I. Of iht nami, filuatimyitltni and htiinJiiriti, tr'iHcipal taint f fiai and rivtn cf Indtjhn, ir iht Mtgul emfi THIS country alone was kn»\srn by the name of India to the antients, and is bv the i.ativcs called Mogul- ftain, or the empire of the Circat Mogul ; though the moderns have given the name of India to all thole coun- tries which lie betwerii this .ind China ; and Columbus gave the name of India to y\inerica, imagining that the country which lay weft of the Atlantic ocean, extruded as far as India, or rather was a )iart of it 1 but when this was found to be a iiiil\ake, the name of Kaft India was given to this country, and th.it of Weil India to the other. India Proper, or liuMlan, received its name from the river Indus, or from the Hindowns, the mod antirnt in- Iwibitanfs of the country, and is fituatc between fixty-fix and ninety-two degrees of caft longitude, and between fevcn and forty degrees of north latitude, being bounded by Ullieck and TliiU'thian Tartary in the north; by Acham, Ava, and the hay of Keng»l on the call ; by the Indiar, lea on the foulh ; and by the fame fea and Perlia on the well, being two thoufand miles long and one thoufand five hun- dred broiul in the broadell place. The chief mountains arc ihofc of Caucafus, which di- vide India from Ulbcck Tartary on the north ; thole of Naugracut, which divide India from Tartarian I'hiliet, and the mountains of Gate or Baligate, being a long chain of mountains which run through the middle of India from nonh to fouth, fo high that they Hop the periodical wind called the wcUerii monlbon, and the rains it brings with it for a month and more, the fair I'eafnn continuing a month longer on the coail of Coroniandel, or the cuflern coalf, than it does on the Malaliar or wellcrn coal). 'Ihe chief bays in the Indian leas arc the bay of Bengal and that of Cambava or (tuzurat. The princi|ial cape is that of Comorin, the moil louthcrn piomontorv of India; and the mod remarkable ftrait is that between the fouth of India and the ifland of Ceylon, called Ramaiiakoiel. The chief rivers of Indollan are, 1. the (janges, which linng in mount Caucalus .runs fouth-eall, and dividing into feveral branches foils into the bay of Hcngal, the molt eallcrly bninch dividing this country from the faithcr In- dia. T hi< river is in liich cflecm among the India.iS, that it is worthipprd as a (jod, and happy is the man that can procure any of its water to drink Wore he dies : the com- mon p.iflagc up tliis river is by the weftcrn, or Hucglcy bfanch. This river runs a courfc of about ihrec rhoufand miles. 2. The Indus, a river .is large as the Ganges, and deep enou!;h for (hips to ride in, did not the bar at ihc mouth prevent their entrance ; it riles in the mountains of Caucalus, and runs to the fouth-uell, and lulls into tho Indian occin by three chanels. 3. ThcAttock (tlieHy- dal'ncs of the antients) which rifes in the lame mountain! witli the Indus, and running fouthwaid, almofl p.irallel to it» unites its water with the Indus, towards the mouth, the united {Iream falling into the Indian fen, in the pro- vince of Tata. 4. The Jemmiina, which rifing in the north, runs to the fouthward, by the roval cities of Deity and Agra ; and then, turning callward, falls into the Ganges at HalilCTs. 5. The Gucnga, which rifing in tlie Ualigatc mountains, runs callward, difchareing itielf into the bay of Bengal, or rather into the weftcrn branch of the Ganges, tiear its mouth. 6. The Gu'.nga, which ri- fing in the H.-Uigate mountaiivs, runs caftward, difcharging into the bay of Bengal, or rather into thr weftcrn branch of the Ganges, near its mouth. 7. Chriftina, which riling in the Baligate mountains, runs tirft to the fouthward, and then turning about to the eaft, falls into the bay of Bengal. 8. The river Taptc, which rifing in the Baligate moun- tain,?, runs weft, and falls into the bay of Cainbaya at Su- ral. There arc many other fmall rivers, and innumerable torrents in the time of the rains, which fall from the Ha- ligatc mountains into the feas, on the caft and weft of tlic pci-.iiiiViM, but in the fair Icalon moil of tlwm are dried up. U In '^.ii^Mi.i^iEyjty. ii^^- jCA'r:;--. . 78 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. In the north-«8{l diviHon of India is contained tlie pro- vince of Bengal, as well as Jefuat, Naugracuc, Patna, Necbol, Gor, and Rotas. The north'Wcft divilioii extends to the frontiers of Pcriia, and contains the provinces of Soret, Jeflt-lmere, Sinda, 'I'atna, fiuknor, Mattan, Her- can, and Cnbiil. 'I'hefc are all lituated on tlie river Indus. The fouth-can conft, or coaft of Coromandel, contains Orixa, Golconda, tlic caft fide of Bifnagar. or the Car- natic, Madura and Tanjore, Afme, Jengaponr, Caffimere, Hendowns, Lahor, Agra, Dehli Oualler, Narvar, Catipor, Chitor, Bcrar, and Landiih, are fituatcd in the center di- vifion. The fouth-weft coaft contains Bifnagar or the Carnatic, Guzarat, and Decan. The winds are pel iodical, and i||um to certain points •t fiated times, as in moft countrieslntliin the tropics. 1 he monfoons, out at fea, blow fix months one way and fix months another: namely, from April to Odobcr, or there- abouts, tliey blow from the fouth-weft, and from Oftobcr to April from thenorth-eaft, not exactly from tliofc points, but varying fometimcs a pointer two on either fide. At the breaking up of either of thefe monfoons (a little be- fore they fhift) tliere arc ufually prodigious dorms of wind, fuch as we do not experience in this part of the world once in a great many years. The (hitting of the monfoons, and confequently this flormy weather, does not come exactly at the fame time every year but fometimes a fortnight or three weeks fooner, and at others a fortnight or three weeks later tlian the ufual time, which frequently occafions tlic lofs of Ihipping ; for the merchants, for tlie fake of a trifling gain, will remain upon the coafts in hopes that the llornis will keep off a little longer, till the wind crows too ftrong for them, and they find it impoflible to bear up againtl it. Befides the monfoons, there are two otlier different winds i I. The general trade wind. 2. The fea and land- breezes. The general trade winds, which prevail between the latitudes of thirty degrees north, and thirty degrees fouth, always blow from the eaftward to the weftward over tlie whole face of the globe ; only on ihe north of the equa- tor they blow, from the north of the call, and fouth of the r]uator ; and foutli of the etiuator, from the fouth of the eaft, except witliin two or three degrees of tlie equator, and here the winds are variable, and fometimes we meet with calms near the equator ; but we muft except the winds upon fcveral coaus, as upon the coaft of Guiney, where the wind fets generally from weft to eaft ; and upon the coaft of Peru, where it fets from the fouth-weft to the north-caft; but the conftant trade wind from eaft foweft prevails five hundred miles from land. The fea and land-breezes arc alfo periodical, changing every twelve hours. The winds blow from the land in tlie pciiinfulaof tlie India Proper from about midnight to noon next day, when that wind dies away, and a refrefhing breeze blows from the fea till late in the evening : It is not more tlian two months in each year generally that the hot winds are very troublefome, namely, in April and May, and they do not begin to be very hot till eight or nine in the morning i for tlie fun riling between tlie tro- pics ufually about fix, the fands are not much heated by it till two or three hours after it is up, and it is the refleQion of the heat from the parched country that is the principal occafion of the hot winds ; and there are feveral ways of moderating tbcfe, as by hanging up wet cloaths againft tlie wind, and throwing water upon the floon ; the people alfo draw water out of their wells, vhich feems colder than well water here. This their flaves pour upon their heads to cool them : but the rainy feafon no fooner returns in June, than the air grows cool, the clouds intercept the fun, and the country is everdowed. The rainy feafon ufually lafts on the coaft of Coromandel, being tlie eaftern fide oflndia, foui months, namely, from June to the lat- ter end of Oflober. They do not always begin and end txaftly at the fame time, but fcldom diflfer a month. The rains are not very violent at firft, and there are frequent intervals of fair weather V they decrcafe again by degrees. The heavicft rains in India are in Auguft and September, then it rains ahnoft perpetually, infomuch that aU the flat country is overflowed, and tjiey have terrible tliunder every evening. In the fair feafon tliey have lightning fre- quently, witliout thunder, but this does no hurt. Alter the rainy feafon they have a bright, fercne heaven for four orfive months, when the ftars fhine with fuch a luftre, tliat people cafiiy fee to travel by their light. It is a rule here, and in all the countries between the tropics, tliat tliey have the faireft -veather when the fun is at the grcatcft dif- tance fiom them, and tlic woxft weather when the fun it vertical. This part of the country is geileivlly healthful, and the natives live to as great an age as tliey do in an^ part of the world, which may be in partafcribed to the air, but more to the innocent food and liquors the Indians eat and drink '. foiei^era, it mull be admitted, do not find it fo healthfn!« efpccially, at their firft arrival there ; and in fome parts of^ the country, where our fiidories happen to lie -, parti, cularly at Bombay and Bengal. As to Bombay, it wai fituatcd on a moraft, and near the fea, where noifbm va- pours, afcendingfrom the fait ouze and mud, almoft poi> foned the people that were obliged to refide there : and this was the cafe at Huepley, on the river Ganges ; and fuch fituations arc unhealthful every where. But Bombay has been drained, and much improved, and is not that unhealthful fituation it was formerly ; and the Englifh faftory is now removed from Hucgley to Fort William in Bengal; where, 1 am infortned, the air agrees much bet' ter with our people. But it muft be acknowledged, how- ever, that few foreigners arrive in India, but have a fea- foning the year ; thole that cannot afford good liquors, often fall fick of the bloody flux ; and gentlemen that drink hard, are fubjeA to fevers. We certainly lofe fome men the firft year; but afterwards there are as few com* f)laints heard of, in regard to health, as there are in Eng- and. It muft be owned, however, that, let people be ever fo regular and abftemious, neither tlie water or tlie air do agrej with them at their firft coming on fhore -, fome therefore never drink water, till it has been firft boiled and fettled. ; . . .- ^ SECT. II. Dtfcribing the fituation of tht fevtral prnimctt and ch'iif tvwnt rf Indtjlan, and alfo tht fittUminti ttlonging to tut Englijb, French^ Dants, iic. HAVING before given a concife account of "iC fe- veral provinces of Indoftan, by diltinguilhi .ig them into the norUi-eaft, north-weft, foutli-call, and fouth-weft divifions, we fliall under tliis head, in order to enable our readers to form a more clear and diftin£l conception of tliem, and alfo of their capital cities, and the feveral towns belonging to them, throw this extenfive empire into three grand divifions, viz. i. Thofe provinces which lie north of the tropic of Cancer, a. Thofe that lie under the tropic i or partly north, and partly fouth of it. And, 3. Thofe that lie altogether fouth of tlic tropic, in the hither pcninfula. Wc Ihall begin with thofe tliat lie north of the tropic, of which, 1. Cabul, Caffimere, and Gor, or Gourite, are the moft nortlierly, and their capitals of the fame name : fouth af thefe lie Haican, Attock, Pencab, Bankilli, and Naugracut. The chief town of Haican is of the fame name. The chief town of Attock, alfo is of the fame name. I'lie chief town of Pencab, is Teinara. The chief town of Bankilh, is Beifar; and the chief town of Naugracut, is of the fame name. The pro- vinces, fouth of thofe laft enumerated, arcMultan, Lahor, Jangapour, and Jamba ; the capitals whereof are of the fame name. The provinces further fouth are, Buckor, the Hindowns country, Delly, Sambal, Mevat, and Pa- tan. I'he provinces fouth of the laft, arc, Tata, or binda, iefTelmere, Afiner, or Bando, Agra, clorc, and Balfilolc, on the welt or Malabar coaft. In our dcl'cription of the orincipal cities and towns, we fliall bf gin witli Dchli, or Delly, which is cfteemed the nKtropolis ot'tlie empire, and is iituate in the heart of it, in lev cnty-i'ight degrees caft longitude from London, and in twenty-fix degrees north latitude. It ftands in the fonnof acrefcent, on the river Jerama, which divides it, l)eing about ten miles in circumference. There are two long fpacious ftreets which crofs each other, and centre in a grand fquare in the middle of the town, on one fide whereof Itands the palace, foiciiied like a caftle, beforo which, and in the iirft court of the palace, the guards are drawn up and relieved, as is mentioned in treating of the palace of Agra : to the durbar, or court before the royal apartment, the people come at the time the Mogul gives audience to his fubjefls. In this court are three divinons, the outcrmoft being afligned to the inferior people, who rcfort hither with their petitions tothefovereign. The next divifion has a raifed floor, where people of better quality wait, and upon a floor railed fomething higher, the omrahs, and thofc of the firft quality are ftationed ; when the mu- lic plays, the Emperor approaches, and places himfclf on a magniticent throne, covtred altnoft with diamonds, which is fet in a gallery fomething higher than the ftage on which the omrahs are placed. Flere the Mogul receives peti- tions from all his fubjefls, and hears caufes feveral hours every day, atleaftfome princes have done this : but there have been indolent princes alfu too much addiflrd to plea- fure to trouble themfelves about redrefling their fub.cfts grievances : in this city, Kouli Kan kept the Mogul and his nobility prifoners, till he had extorted from them all the wealth they had, or could procure, amafiing together the greateft treafure, efpecially in diamonds, that ever any conqueror made himfelfmafter of; which we have taken {articular notice of, in our account of Perfia. The moft diftingniflicd public buildings, bcfides the palace, are a grand mofquc or Mahometan temple, covered with feveral extenfive marble domes, and a caravanfera built by a Mogul princefs tor ilie entertainment of tra- vellers } the tomb of Amayum the great Mogul, near which is a ftonc py/amid, faid to be ereAed by Alexander, on the viflory he obtained over Porus, the raoft formida- ble of all the Indian princes he fubdued. Their faras, orcarav.inl'era8, which ferve them inftcad of inns tor the entertainment of travellers upon the road, are built much in the fame manner their (heds are before thtir houfes, being open on one fide, and no doors to fccute them from wild beads or robbers; near thcfe places is ufually a tanque, or large relirv;itorv of water, and feveral ofthcle refervatories of water th' v liavein every great town, which are filled in the rainy fcalon, and ferve tlie inliabi- tants for feven or eight months, till the rains return again. They have alio very large walls enclofed with brick, they are at a prodigious cxptnce in their wells and refervatories, though they are at fo little in their houfes. Some of their tanques arc above a mile in circumference, and lined with fquare free-ftone, withfteps down to tlie bottom, on every fide : in the middle there.is often a fummer-houfe of ftonc, furrounded with galleries, from whence you may defcend by ftonc fteps into the water, nnd they are fo contrived that feveral perfons may bathe themfelves at one time, with the greateft privacy ; and there are few people of quality but have th.-ir private baths in their gardens. The wives and daughters of inferior people, who have not batlis, pour water upon their heads two or three times a day, for half an hour together, and it is one great part of their bufinefs to fi:tch Wiiter morning and evening from the coinmvn wells, upon their heads, in great round earthern pots. The [worcr fort of people have houfes built with clay, and thatched, but they have convenient courts and gardens. There are, bcfides thefe, a great number of fmall cottages built of clay and ftraw, which are chiefly occupied by thofc who deal in provifions. They are fo numerous and clofe together, that fires often break out, and deftroy much pro- perty and manv lives. 'I'heir temples, or pagodas, are many of them very mp-^nificcnt ftrafturcr,, built of ftone, with lofty fpiics, and a variety of figures carved on the out-fide as well as within; but the infide is very difmal, only one long dark reom without windows, extremely hot of itfeif ; but is a there are a multitude of lamps always burning iiefore their images, the place is fo fuflbcating that a man is glad to re- tire, let his curiofity be never fo great : but there are a great many other little pagodu in the country, open tjefote. which are but juft big eitoogh W liold the iitiage ; and here the people generally facrifice, and perform meir de- votions. The figures, both in one ahd the othetj ue very fliocking and monftrous, which have oafafioAed the firft court of the palace mounted on elephants, richly caparifon- ed. This court has an avenue to a paflage adorned with bril- liant porticoes, undemeatli which are fmall apartments for the accommodation of the guanjs. On each fide of the pafliige are apartments for ladies, and the halls of joftice. There is in the centre a fine coral, formed elegantly, at pro- per diftanccs, into lefTer bafons. This grand pafuige leads to a fecond court, where the omrahs are feen ffiounting guard in perfon. On entering a tliird court, the dlran is feen in full view ; and here the Em]ieror gives au- dience. I'his ftrufture which is open on all fides, and arched at top, is fupported by about thirty marble pillars, moft beautifully painted with flowers. It has a grand hall, afcendcd to by a flight of marble fteps ; and in the centre of this hall is a fort of alcove, richly ornamented, in which the Emperor is featcd on a fplendid throne which glitten with diamonds and coftly jewels. The city of Dehli lias very few mechanics in it, which is not owing to the want of /kill in the people, but from the ill treatment of the omrahs, who, if they can m«t with them, oblige them to work, for which they reward thoift according to their own difcrction. The rajahs, and many others of the principal inhabinmts, are exceeding weslthy : their moit eftimable polleffions are jewels, which they take particular care fhall M fiiithfully tranfmiited to their hein. Timur, after many revolutions that had happened at Dehli, was placed on the imperial throne ia the year i7S7- Agra, 'rj ,.?i ^iiii^i;>tii>.^J-^^li■.„-;■^^tsj^3»3^1iiJW^.Jrl.- ./ 8c The new and UNIVERSAL 8\STEM of G E O G R A I> H V. ^' \v I ■ % K ■ilit Agra, the capitnl of the province of tliat nnme, is utuatc ill twenty-fiven degrees oJJ minutes of iiorthi-in latitude, and is about le\ en liiiudred miles north-call ot Surat, which journey the ciiiavans uhially iiciform in tliirty-five days 1 this was but an inconfidcrabk- place, rill about one hundred and fifty years ago, when the Mogul Ecbarnew built it, and called ic after his own n;\me, Kc- barabad. Itlies upon the liver Jcinma, in the miUlt of u barren fartdy plain, which adds cnnllJerably to the heat of the chmate: the town itfelf is fcvtn or eight miles in lengtli, but not near fo much in breadth, it is not fortified (except the palace) but there always lies a great army in theplace, efpecially if the Mogul be there. . Thebuililings of theomrahs and great men are of flone, and very magnificent, they (land upon the banks of the river Jemma, and have large gardens adjoining to them ; the reil of the houfis are but mean, however, the great number of Mahometan mofqucs,caravanferas, large fijuares, baths and refervatories of water, intermixed with trees and gardens, and the river Jemma runiiiiiB, the whole lengtli of it, renders the profpeft of the town very agreeable ; and the Mogul's palace is looked upon to be one of the fined pieces of architeflure in the eaft. There is a large plain between the town and palace; here the raja's draw up their ralhlxiots when they mount tlie Mogul's guard, as they do in their turns every week, witli fiftecii or twenty thoufand men ; tlie palace or mahal, as it is called in the language of the country, lies in the form of a crefcent upon the river Jemma, but from the town, appears to be of a round figure, it is three or four miles in circumference, and fortified with a high flonc wall, mounted with artillery ; the mahal may be feen at a great diftance, and as the Aones it is built with are red, and have a luftre like polilhed marble, nothing can look more brilliant than it does when the fun Ihincs ; it Is fur- rounded with a deep broad moat, over which are draw- bridges, and ffitf'terrallcs of the gardens fcrve for a rampart. Tliere is a fine broad f\onc walk, with canals running on tlic fide of it, witliin the flrft gate of the palace, beyond which is a large fquare, where the Mahometan guards draw up; here the omrahs their generals pitch tlieir tents, fo tHat one ymtt'cs through two armies, one on the out-fide, and the other witliin the palace, before we come to the royal apartments ; iKvond this fquare is another court, wnere the Mogul's inufic, as it is called, founds every jnoniing, noon anu night, and whenever he goes abroad : tliis is a compliment inferior governors and magiftrates have paid them in all the towns in India, though' I'urely nothing can be more harih or difagrccahle, than fucli a numbei of large bra/.cn trumpets, and ill founding drums, to thofe who have eVer heard other mufic. Our Eu- ropean governors, therefore, though they will not difpenlc with this piece of llate, vet generally order them to he placed at a convenient diftance. From this court where the mufic Hands, we come to the durbar, which is ano- ther large court, whither all people relort at the time of au- dience : this is divided by rails or haluflradcs, into three parts, at tlie outward rail ftaiid the common people ; with- out the next, which is raifed on a platform foiucthing higher, thofe of better quality; and within the third, upon a platform or ftage dill more elevated, (land the omrahs and great lords of the court : in this manner, all attend the approach of the Mogul at the time of audience, who, upon th: playing of the mufic, appears in a kind of g;dlery, above the place where the omrahs are, and feats himfelf upon a glorious throne, covered with precious ftones of an ineftimable value. Here the Emperor receives petitions fi jm all his fubjedls, and fpcnds Icvtral hours every day in hearing caufes. In 1638, there were feventy mofqucs in this city ; and pilgrimages arc at this time made to a famous molijuc in which there is a lepulchrc of a faint, thirty feet long, and nearfixteen broad. It alfo contains eight hundred purify- ing bath-, and near it llands thai grand piece of architec- ture the mauloleuni, in building which, twenty thoufand men were employed twenty-two years. When a man is purfued, in order to be punilhed for any particular crime he has committed, he flies direifly to a mofque, and there finds a certain fhclter ; nor can ihc Emperor himfelf hurt him, after hehas taken refuge within its facred walls ; for the' attempt to punilh, in this cafe, wouKI be .idircft violation of tliat profound refpeft and reverence due to fuch as have the title of faints. Mod of the inhabitants of Agra are Maliomctin-i sn trretheliilelves from the clnins of deli)oti!m, tliov.jh ..■n- colnpa(?cd by r.ations of flaves. Durinj; I lie calami if tf the Mogul empire, their numljcr ciicrealed aoulid'.ml'W by refugees from different nations. .*^iu;li is tlicir love of freedom, that nothingmore is reiuiiied, in orj-r ro be n:- niitred among them, than to fwcai ,nii utter alihoireiioj nf monarchy. It is affirmed they have a tejiiple with iui altar, on which flaads tlieir code of laws, and next to it a Iccptie and a dagger. CaHimcre, or Cafhimire, capital of the pmvinic of thit name, is lituate in fcventy-fivc degitts of eair rn longitude, and thirty-five degrees of north latitude, on a lake four hundred miles north-well of Dthli. The air being more temperate here tlian in anv province of India, the country abounds in corn and fruits, and affords tlic inoft delightful profpefts imaginable, from whence it is called the paradifi; ot India; hither fcveral of the Moguls have retired with tlieir courts iji the hot leafon. It is well defended againft the incurlions of an enemy by llic mountains which furromul it, from whence dcfceml 3 multitude of Imall rivulets into a fruitful plain, in whidi moft of the towns of this province are fituats. The natives, who arc Mahometans, arc induftrious, lively, fcniible, and ingenious; they arc of European com- plexion; and the women, who are dilUnguilhed for their perlbnal accomplilhmcnts, arc purclmiiid b^ the omraltt on that account. Labor ftands about three hundred miles north-weft of Dehli, and eight hundred miles north of Sural, in thirty-two degrees north latitude ; and here ends that grand avenue or walk of tras, upwards of five hundied miles in length, extending from Agra to this city : l.ahor was built by Amayuni, who made it thecapital of his em- pire : it is flill a large qitv, though the court be removed to Uehli; and here are ftill to be feen the ruins of levcral palaces, mofques, and refervoirs, which dilcover the mag- nificence of the Mogul princer who' relided here. We Ihall now attend to the chief places on the well of India. The province of iiiiulv, fituate in the river Kind, is a very fruitful country. Here is a great plenty of cattle ot all lorts, and numbers of tame and wild fowl. 'Ihe pro- vince abounds in wheat, rice, and pulfe, nor have they ever a dearth, the Indus nveillowing all tlic low ground* ill April, May, and June, and leaving a tiit flime that en • riches the earth, 'i'his country produces lalt-petre, f;J- ammoniac, Imrix, lapis-la/.uh, lapis- tuti*, allii-fa'tida, lignum-dulce, bc/,oar, opopoiiax, and raw lilk. 1 he na- tives manufacture both filk and cotton, as well as cliiiit/., and very handfome a)untirpane-. They in.ike alio line cabinets Ucipiered, and inlaid with ivorv. They export a great deal of butter, which is put in dup|>as or jars, con- taining from five to two hundred pounds weight. The quota of forces furnilhed from liencctothc Mogul, is, tour thoufand horfe, and eight thoufand foot. '1 he ellablillied religion of the people is Mahometifm ; but the gentoos aa- ten to one itiuic nuiiierous than tlie Ma- liometaiH. There is a particular kind of fcllival celebrated here, called the fcall of Wooly, when both fexes meet, and dance to the found of pipes, drums, and cyml»als. The men lijuiit oil at each other, and the women dilhibulc Iwect-njeats. 'I'he capital city of this province is Tatta, (ituated in a large plain ; it is about three miles in length, and almiii one and a half in bre:klth. ilere i^^ a citadel, and alio a pal.acc for. the nabol). The citizens are celobrateil for mak- ing very handfome palanquins. At a tiiiall dillance from the city are leveral very lai^e and magnificent tombs, which contain the remains of lomeof the anlientnion;irch» of Sindy. The largell, which is in the form of a cupola, is about thirty feet in height, and twenty-one diametir. It conlitls of the moll lu-antitul variegated porjihyrv, po- lilhed in the moll exquilite manner. The citadel, which llanJi al the well end of the town, has barracks and Ha- bit s, capable of accommodating bctweeti twenty and tliiitv llioiifaiul nun and hoile. 'I'he pro. lace of Ciu'/.arat, orCambaya lies to the fnutli of Sindy : it i> rendered a peninlul.i bv the b.iy of C'am- baya, on tlie foiitl;-eall, and .Sindv has on the iniitii-r.e!l. It extends about thiee hundred miles from iiortli to luutli, and .iUjjt I'jui liuiiv'u^d liuU-i tiuin call to Mill. i\ni;idal .id iv. K.'iWs, oil dill'.', ci- vin€ .■ ol ,c Sinci's rum i.7- (Ulill L-ii- mi'. iff. ot' illd>.r.vl'k r love of ro lis .id- ireiii-v ot I an uki\T, : a Iceptro winie »)f )t' fali^TH dc, oil 3 'I'lic air of India, Tords tlic ;nce it is ic Moguls m. It is iiy Iiy •'* dcfceml a in which iduftrioiis, pean coin- d for thuir ic omraJw > ' th-wcft of Sunt, in ends thrt ' ve lianilivi . itv : i.Rlior of his em- reuicved to of levcral cr the iiiag- lerc. VVc ; of India. Sind, is a of cattle ot The pro* r have they ow ground* inc tliat en • t-pi-trc, fid* allii-fa-tida, . 1 he na- il as chiiit/., ike alio (inc '1 hey cxyinit or jars, coii- ii;ht. o the Mogid, f(M)t. '1 he metifiii i hut hail tlie Ma- % 1 ebratcd here, LS mcwt, aiiil minis. 'I'lic icn dillribiili; , (itiiatcd in a :h, and about :1, and aUo a ratcil for mak- dillance from ificcnt tombs, iicntinon;iri:h« in of a ciipol.i, •one diameter, poqihyry, po- • tifadci. wliicli racks and tla- n twenty and licsto tlu^ rmuli e bay of C'am- • . .1 li IIIC IIOI iii-r,^ I*.. iioitli to foulli, wcth Ani^d;d .id \ [A S I A.] t N W; »| iiii(;T-^'iiiiiii '^ \z^ !:i n|\! Hi Amadabad is the cUief city of the province of Cairt- baya ; it is iituate al)out one nandred and forty miiet to the nortliward of Surat, in twenty-three degrees north latitude, and fevcnty-two call longitude from London : it is tlie moft noted inland town of the Moeul empire. It flands in a moft delightful plain, watered by a little river called Sebrcinetty. Ft is furrounded by a wail of brick and (lone, ilanlced with round towers, forty feet high, and has twelve gates. The town, including its fuburbs, is about four mi.'cs in length; the (Ireeti are generally wide, but the principal ilrcct is not more tluui thirty paces ovr. Tlie meidan-hah, or king's fquare, is feven hundred paces long, and four hundred broad ; and has trees planted on every fide. On the weftfide of this fquare is the caftle, and the great caravanfera for lodging ftrangers flands on the foudit and tlie.e are feveral other building] in it, where the catoual adminifters juflice. Near the meidan alio (lands one of the Mogul's palaces ; over the gate is a large balcony, where the country muHc and trumpets iland and play morning, noon, and in the evening : the Englilh faaory is in Uie middle of the town, and the Uutch have another in the preat flreet, aud their ware- houles are ufually filled witli rich Indian goods. In this city, there are a great maAy mofqucs, or Mnho- metan temples, but tliat called juma mefgid, or the Kriday's mofipie, whither n!oft people refort on that day, is the no- bleft : it is afcend'd by feveral large fleps, and before ic lus a iiiuare doifter, of one hundred and forty paces in length, and one hundred and twenty in brcadtli, adorned with twelve domes, and an open paved fquare in the middle of it. In the firont of the temple arc three large arches, and wi the (ides two great doors which open into it, over which are very high ileeplcs, from whence they call the people to tlieir devotions. The chief dome is furrounded with (cveral other fmall ones, and two minorcti or foires. The whole pile is fiipported by forty-four pillars, uaading in two rows, and the pavement is of marble. There are abundance of pagodas, or idol temples alfo in Amadabad, but the fineft of thum Auiengzebe converted into a niof<|ue, at which ceremony he ordered a cow to be killed in the leinjlc, h;ini;a(rjrcd that the gentiles would never enter It ap(iin alter it was fo polluted; and he ordered all the fi- gures of men andbc.ifts to be defaced, fo that it has loft much of its origiiul lx;auty. The city is fo intermixed with groves and gardens, that at a diftancc it looks like a forell. The King's garden, which lies without the walls by the river fide, is filled with all the fruits of India. It confills indeed of feveral gar- dens tiirown into the form of in amphitheatre, riling gra- dually one above another ; and on tlie highefl is a tei rafs, fcom whence there is a profpcft of the country villages for feveral miles : four or five mites from Amadabad is die village uf .Serquech, where are the tombs of the former Kings of Ciuzarat ; they are large fquare buildings with Iliree great arches in each front, and over them a great many letter. I'here is a magnificent dome in tlie middle, and Several little ones on the fides of it; and the tomb is alwavK dire£lly under the largcft dome. Sickand lame bcatis wid birds had formerly hofpitah provided for them in this city, by the companionate Iii- diaiis ; who imagining tlie fouls of their relations or an- ccilon; might be removed into tiicfe animals, thought it the greatelT aft of charity to admin iUcr to their necelfities: ihcy purchafed infum wounded animals frequently of,tlie Chriflians and Moo: s, to deliver them from the crue^ of the infidels, as tli'-y termed them : and thefe creatures re- mained in the holpiial till tliey died, if they could not be cured ; hut if they recovered, they were fold to fomc of tlieir own perfuafioii, that tiuy might not be ahufcd again. The city of Cimibaya is about two leagues in circum- foence, and has very cxtenfive fuburbs exclufive of fine gardens ; tlie Urccts :\rc fpaciou:*, and the houfes well built «ith brick It is litunted in twenty-three degrees north ktitudc, at the bottiin of a gulf ef the fame name. The Englilh and Dutch havefaftorics here, though great part of tli: tr.idc is removed to Sural ; on which account tlie city ii but thinly inhabited, It is liirrounded by a brick wall aiul has feveral fepulchies, btfides a flat'jly caftle for the nabob. There are great numlwrs of monkics here, which arc vrrv mifchievous. but the tinnian iiilLibitants fhcw a par- ticular indulgence to them. Pc;icotks are alfo vrry nu- merous, which the natives ratch after the bird has retired to reft : the ileib of the young ones is white, and in taftc rcliinbles that ol .1 turkey. The tide in the bay of Cambaya runs with fuch smavina ranidit»', thjlt j? i!r laid tO "'.KLecd llif. p.'.CC of tl'i.: (wil'tcft ;uiimal. No. 8. Surat is in the latitude bf twenty-one degrees thirty minutei north latitude, loneitude feventy-two from the meridian of London. It tlandi on the river Tapte, atwut ten miles diDant froih the fea t ani the towit wind- ing with the river, it almofl in theform of a crefcent. It . is defended by a wall and tower*, and has a fquare caftle, with a tower at each angle on the fouth weft part of it, which commands both tlie river and the avenues to the town l>y land. The river runs on one fide of the caftle, and there is a moat on the other. The city is between two and three Englilh miles in circumference, and has fix or feven gates, at which ccntinels are placed, who t*-> quire a ftrift account of fuch people as pals thciip, >f dwj have any fufpicion of them, "{'he ftreets flf^moft of them narrow, and the houfes generally toW and mean, the fides being fplintercd with fplit cane, and the roofs thatched with cajaii or palm leaves ; but the Europeans, and fome of the rich Moors Iiave more lofty houfes, built with brick or ftone, and covered with tiles. The floon, both of the upper and ground rooms, are of terras, whicli is looked upon to be cooler than boards ; and they have no glazing to their windows tliat tlie air may have a free paf- fage. Tlic city is very populous, being fippolid to con- tain about two bundled tltoufand inhabitants ; and the bazar or market-place thronged with Banians and other merchants, who ftand with their filks or ftufT: -jjjon their head«, or in their hands, to expofe tliem to fale. In the middle of the city, before the caftle, is a large open place called Caftle-green, from the neighbourhood or tlie caf- tle ; where are laid all forts of goods in tlie open air, both day and night, except during the monfoons ; and here the Kuropcans as well as natives place their bales, and prepare to load their Ihips. Uefore the EnglUh Eaft India company became poftclTed of Bombay, the prcfident and council managed their af- fairs atSuiat, where afaftory, which had been eftablilhed there, was ftill contrived, after the prcfidency was removed to Bombay. This fatlory had received many very valu- able immunities from the Mogul government : and Per- fians, Moguls, Indians, Arabs, Arminians, Jews, and Eu- ropeans, all icfor:ed to Surat, where money was eafily ob- tained and bills of exchange were to be liad for every mar- ket in India. Bags of money, ticketed aadftaled, would circulate for years, witliout liing weighed ; fuch was the honefty of the traders. Fortunes were proportionable to the eafc and readincfs with which tliey were to be acquired by commerce : they frequently amounted to two hundred thoufand pounds. Many of the Uentoo inhabitants enjoy places under the Moorilh government, fuch as coUeAors, lurvcyors of the cultoms, &c. In hot weather, the chief inliabitants retire into the country; and ihe Enghlh Eaft India cnrapauy have a very pleafant garden, kept in the moft regular order. At this phicc there is great plenty of provilions of all kinds : the foil of the country is extremely fertile, and produces the lineft wheat in India. Here is alfo abundance of wild fowl, great numbers of antelopes and feme deer. All religions arc tolerated here by the Moors, who have the government intircly in their hands. When they take an European into their fervice, they never attempt to make him a profcl)le, uur do tlicy make the Icaft enquiry about his reti|;;ion. In 1 064 Surat was plundered by Rajah Scvagi, who took from tlicnce one million two hundred thoufand pounds. The pillage would have been much more confi- dcrable, had not the Englilh and Dutch avoided the depre- dation, by placing their richcft commodities in the caftle, which was out of the rajali's reach ; they had, befides, \Vell fortified their faftoricsi fb that the invader thought proper to retire, witliout attempting to attack the place. After the above great lofs, the inhabitants, for their better fccurity built walls round the city of Surat, which is at this time in a flourilhing condition. A confiderable part of the produce of the manufiflure^ of (juzarat, which are depofitcd in warehoules, is carried into the inland countries, and the refl to all parts of the globe. Thole moft commonly known are, olue lineiu, white linens, blue and white checks, printed callicoes, filk and cotton ftuffs, gauzes, fliauis, and dutties Surat receiver., in exchange for her exports, great quantities of fpicc: frois the Dutch; iron, lead, cloth, cochineal, and hard wares from the Englilh ; lilk firom Bengal and Periii ; from Malabar, mafts and pepper; from Arabia, flavcs apd perfumes ; from China, tea<, f'.igars. camphirc, quickfiK*er, and toys ; and gums, dried fruits, pearlsifii copper from The manufaflurers here have generally their work be- X ' fpoko 82 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM a, GEUGRAl'llY. fpoke by the wholefale merchants and this being tlic oi\ly fea-port of any importance in tl»e Mogul's dominions that the Europeans do not poflefs, the inland trade cniploys great numbers of caravans for the diftribution of tlic ar- ticles imported; and a continual intercourfe is prcl'erved from hence to Bombay, both by fea and land. The governor of Surat, who, in the adminiflraiion of public jufticc, attends perionally in the durbar, prcfulcs with great ftate, and decides on all a£lions of a civil and criminal nature. Bifnagar, properly fo called, is the weflern fide of tlie kingdom of that name, and has Golconda and Vifiapour on the north, Coromandel on the eaft, Gin^ on the fouth, and the mountains of Gate, which Icparate it from Malabar, on the weft. The chief towns arc, i . Bif- nagar, or Chandegry, feated on a high hill in the latitude of fourteen degrees, feme odd minutes, near the river Na- gundi, which falls into the Chriftena. a. Narfigna, ano- ther confiderable town, which did alio give name to the kingdom formerly, lies about thirty miles farther to the northward, upon the fame river Nagundi. Many incredi- ble thinga are related by modern writers of thcfc two ci- ties, and particularly that Bifnagar alone is able to railc a hundred thoufand horfe, when there is hardly a horfc fit for fervice jp, the country i and the kingdom has for a coix- fiderable time been a province of the Mogul's empire. They alfo tell us it is an excellent haven for Ihins, though it ftands in the very heart of the country. No Europeans, have the privilege of eftablilhing trade in thi.s place, the prince only allowing tliem to be here in the capacity of travellers or vifitors. The prince has a very ftately pa- lace. The chief articles of trade at Bifnagar arc, damalks, &ttins, chints, rich velvets, &c. .: ■ SEC T. III. • ■ Treali e/ tbi Etiglijb pifftffuni and feltlmtnit, and thaft of ttbtr Europtan natloni in the Eaji Indiis. BENGAL is the moft eafterly province of the Mogul's dominions. It is bounded by the provinces of Patna and Jefuat towards the north, the kingdom of Arracan and Afem towards tlie eaft, the bay of Bengal and the pro- vince of Orixa towards the fouth, and by the province of Malva towards the weft ; it is in length from eaft to weft npwards of four hundred miles, and near three hundred in breadth from north to foutli, and is ufually compared to Egypt for its fruitfulncfs, the river Ganges dividing it- felf mto feveral branches in this province, and annually overflowing it, as tlie Nile does Egypt. The chief towns are, t. Dacca, which lies upon one of die eaftern branches of the Ganges in the latitude of twenty- four degrees ; it is four or five miles in length, but very narrow, winding with the river. This may piopcrlv be called the capital, being the feat of the viceroy, and here the Englifli and otlier Knropcans have their agents to take care of their trade, which is very confideiahle in this pro- vince. 2. Ragemahal fituatcd higher up the Gangesi and is between two or three hundred milts from the month of it, in the latitude of twenty-five degrees. Below Ragema- hal lies the city of Caflimbuzar, in latitude twenty- four, where the Europeans have their fadors, the country afford- ing great qui.itities of filk and muflins. 3. To the (ijuth- wara of Callimbuisr ftands the city of Hurley, upon an ifland made by the Ganges, in the latitude ot twenty-three degrees, about a hundred miler from the mouth of the river : it is a large town, and bcfides Moors and other In- dians, has feveral thoufand Portugucfe Chriftians in it : moft European nations who trade to India had their fafto- rics here, and particularly the Engliih ; but the unhcalthi- nefs of the fituation induced them to remove, and the Englifh have fince built them a fort a little below near Calcutta, which they named Fort William, from tlie Prince of Orange who mounted the throne of F.ngland about that time. In 1757, the fubah of Bengal, whofe indignation had been iaif,d by fwuc proccduics of the company, inveftcd Calcutta, wliich was tlan in a defence - lefs ftate. The governor, alarmed at tlii: appearance of a very numerous army, abandoned the fort, and, with many of tlie principal inlialiirants, repaircil artmcnts for the feveral officers that refidc at Cal- cutta, who, as well a« the engineers, liave hou£:s in it for their accommodation. The Portuguefe and ArmeniaiM have one part of the towafet apart for their refidence where they exercife their own mode of worihip. There is a church belonging tO' each; but the former are retlrained from exhibiting their religious proceflions without the limits of rheir own dif- tridt. 1 he generality of tlicfe people perform the moll menial offices, being employed as fervants by the wealthier part of the inhabitants. The Armenian women, indeed,, are not employed in any kind of bufinefs ; but the men colleft goods in different pmts of India for the m:rchant.-!. Some of thcfe are permitted to trade for themfclvej, and obtain very confiderable polfelfions. The drcf; of the .*.rmt.^!an women muchrefemblcs tliat of tlie Mahometans, except tlie head, which i« covcrct}' with- , *.-4. Cbl is hal [ASIA.] 1 N D < with a tiii))ai\ of ,4 pn loillioui fi/.e. They have lilnAvilc a firiguUr adiliiioii tu tliiir huaj-ilrefs aft'.-r luarriiBC ; it is called a mouth-pitcc, and tonlilb of a piecs ot ihuflin, which covers the ficc fiom tin; chin to the under part of llic noftrils, and n placed fo clofe to the face, that their breathing h greatly hindered hy it, Calcutta has many clej;aiu biiildinga about it, which ate the country rcfidciices of Englilh gentlemen who retire thither, particularly in the hot fcafon, to enjoy the bene- fit of the air, which is cooler and much more wholefomc than in the town. 'J'hc iiitcnfc heat of the climate renders the inhabitants fubjcft to many difeafes ; but the moft fatal is that called the pucker fever, which in a very (hort I'pacc of time Carrie* oft' the pcrfon fci/cd with it. More men are laid to die here in proportion than women, hecaufc the latter are more abftemious, and lefs addiflcd to intem- perance than the mcit. Patna is one of the Urged cities in India, and the ca- pital of a territory of the fame name. It is fituaied to the north of the kingdom of Bengal, where the Englilh have faflorics for falt-pctre, borax, and raw (Ilk. It alfo pro- duces lai^e quantities of opium. The town is large, but the houles are built at a diftance from each othci-. It is feated in a fertile^ pleafant country, four hundred mllcii raft of Agra, in eighty-five degrees forty minutes eaft lon- gitude, and twenty- three degrees twenty -five miiuitcs north latitude. The moft extenfive city in the kingdom ' *■ Bengal is Dacca, which produces thebeftand fincft enn ideries in gold, filver, or (ilk. The town is fituatcd in t>venty-four degrees north latitude ; the foil is fertile, the fituation fine, and tlie riclicft commodities of India and Europe arc brought to its market. It rrceives confiderable advantages from its cottons, from which areproduced flripcd and work- e' Tiuftins, which, for their texture, are more valuable than tliofe made in any other part of India, Madrafs, or Fort St. George,as it is generally called from tlie Eneliih foit there, ftands about four miles to the north- ward of St. Thomas, in thirteen degrees, fome odd mi- nutes latitude, and cii^htv degree"! of longitude ; being near four thoufand eight hundred miles to the eailward ot Lon- don, fo that the lun vifits them about fix hours before us, and fets in that part of the world before we fit down to dinner in this ) for there is fo little difference in the length of the days there all the year round, that wc always reckon it to be fix o'clock at fun-rife and fun-fet. The fort is a regular fquare, about a hundred yards on each fide, with four balHons, built with what they call iron iione, being of the colour of unwrought iron, and very rough on the outfide like honeycomb. There is no ditch about the fort, and the walls are arched and hollow with- in, fo that they are not cannon proof. It has two gates, one to the eaft and the other to the weft. The weftern gate which looks towards the land is pretty large ; and here the main guard is kept, tlic foldiers of the guard lying on the right and left of it, under the wall, which being hollow ferves them inftead of a guard-houfe. The eaft-gate to- wards the fca, is but fmall, and guarded only with a file of mufqucteers. In tlie middle of the fort ftands the gover- nor's houfe, in which alfo are apartments for the com- pany's fervants ; it is a handfonie, lofty, fquare ftone build- ing • the firft rooms are afcended by ten or twelve fteps, and from tlience anotlier pair of ftairs leads to the council chamber and the governor's lodgings. The fort ftands pretty near the middle of the White-town where the Eu- ropeans inltabit. This ir an oblong fquare about a quarter of^a mile in Ic'ngth, but not lialf fo much in breadth. To the northward of the fort are tliree ftraight handfome ftrcets, and as many to the fouth. The buildihga are of brick i ftveral of the houfcs have one floor above the ground floor. Their roofs arc flat, and covered with a plaifter made of fca-lhclls, which no rain can |ienetrate ; and being fecured with battlements they take the fredi air npon them morning and evening. 'The walls of thefc houfes ate veiy thick, and the rooms lofty. The governor and people of condition have gardens at a little diftance from the town. Over againft the weft gate of the fort is a barrack, or ratlicr one long room where all the company's foldiers are obliged to lodge when they are off ►''e guard ; and adioining to it on the north is a very commodious holpital, wlicre they are taken care of when tlicy are fick. At the other end of the foldiers b.vracks is a mint where tlie company coin gold and filver. On tlie north fide of the fort ftands the Portuguefe church ; and to the fouthward the F.tiglilU church, which is a pretty cltt!;ant buildinp. and modciately larse : it has a hajidiomc altar piece, a {;.iUcry of tine carved wood rcfcm- s f M. H bllng cedar, and an oignn ; Whon the governor comti into chmch, the organ aiwiiys plays. The cliin

  • tr- tion of equal judgment and bravary, intirely repulfed, and upwardi of three hundred and fixty were made pril'oners. Madura is the capital of the province of Madura, and is a large fortified town. It was taken by the Englilh in I7j^. I ellicherry lies ten miles to the fouth of Cananor ; the Englilh Eaft India company have a well-defended failory in tins town, which ftands at the back of the fort, and has a Hone round it. The religion of the place is that of the Gentoos : there are, however, fomc few black Chrillians, who live protcAed by the fafiory. Hereabout a tine deep purple opium is produced. '/"he Englilh company have alfo a faftory at Anjongo, which is farther to the fouth, with a fovt and garrikm. It is fituated on a li'iidy point of land at the mouth of a fmall river, which is tht<;e fourths of the year choaked up with fand, and not a drop of water fit to ue drank can be had 'within Icfs than three miles of the fa£tory. This fcttlc- mciii 's in general more advantageous to the agents of tbe company, who purchafe cinnamon, pepper, and chian on their account, than to the company tlienifelvcs, 'who cn!y trade for linens of no great worth, and about fifty tliou- fand pounds weight of pepper. Tlie harbour of Carwan is fituated about thirty -fix or thirty-eight miles to the fouth of Goa. Here is an Eng- lilh faflory, which ftands on a very commodious bay, fa-, cing an illc that produces every I'liccies of game. The town is furrounded by fertile vallies, and yield great plenty of corn and pepper. In the woods on the mountains aro deer, elks, wolves, tygers, monkies, with wild peacocks and otlu-r birds : they have alio particularly large bets here. We Ihall next give fomc account of the French poflcnions in India. The capital of the French fettlcmcnts in India, is Pon- dicherry, on the Coromandel coaft. It is a large hand- fome town, fituated in eighty degrees thirty minutes e;itt longitude from London, imd twelve degrees twenty mi- nutes north latitude. The ftreets aro .all very regular, and the principal one not lels than half a league long. The town is fuiroundcd by a wall, and has fix ga'.er, ten or eleven baftions, and upwards of four huudrcd cannon mounted, exclufive of mortar*, bombs, ^c. It ftandit upon a low ground, and vcflels cannot anchor nearer than within about half a league ; even the canoes cime up to it by a great fpacc ; fo that the blacks convey pcrfons and mercantile ai tides to the fleet in Hat-bottomed boats. The principal buildings aie, the houf'e of tlie governor, the jefuit's lioufe, and an elegant ftniftuic in the com- pany's gardens. The houfes in common confift of one ilory, a§ is ufual in moft of the towns of the province. The Gentoos generally lleep in their courts, or on the tops of their houfes : thefe people toil hard in their refpeAive profeflions, fuch as weaving, painting, &c. for about a penny per day, and their ufual food is boiled rice ; for the country, notwithftanding its natural drinefs, produces great quantities of that neccliary of life, owing principally to tlua unwearied induflry of the Gentoos, who dig wells at pro- per diftances in the fields, for refrelhing the ground. The Mahometans, on the other hand, are as indolent and floth- ful as the others are afliduous and careful ; nor does the laudable fpirit of induftry in the Gentoos eflfeft the Icaft change in them. When the governor is honoured with a vifit from any great perfonage, he is attended by three hundred peons or foot guards ; and when he goes out on any public occaf.cn, he IS carried in a palanquin, the canopy of which is cm- bellilhed with the moft fuperb ornaments. In the vear 1693, Pondichcrry was taken from the French by tht CJutch, and reftored at the peace of Ryfwick ; ami in 1751, it was taken by the Englilti, but reftored in 1 763. Previous, however, to the period of 1751, re.ar-admiral Bofcawen was fent out with a ftrong fquadron, in order to lay fiege to Pondicherry, and was joined in India by feve- ral men of war under .idniiral Griflfm. Arriving at Fort St. David in July 1748, on the loth of Auguft following the army were in full motion, and pre pa. iii.v for the fiege. On the nth, the French made a IIkw of about three hundred infantry and fome cavalrv, at i.ii inucnchnicoi they "^Pf^f U Pon- jc haiid- utcs catt nty mi- ^il;ir, and The ten or annon flaiidu jrcr than up to it Tons and oats, pvemor, ; com- of one :irovincc. the tops Ipeflive ibout a for the ices great lly to til* at pro- \t French ick ; and in 1763. •admiral n order to a by fcvc- p; at Fort t"o!l'nvi"S the ficge. lout three cnthmuii they .^ [A S I A.] I N D O S T A N. »'.(•► V*3 V )ucfi, and aliout five hundred black houfei, evclufive of twcn'y-four public inns for the ac- comnifKlation of Iruvellers. Clmnderiusore alio belong! to the French, It is fur- tnanded by a wall, and well forlilial , but wai reduced by Meflri. VVatfon and Pucnck, in coninnflion with co- lonel Clive. This place has the dil'iilvantaKe of being rather cx^iofed oi\ thcweftcrn fide ; but its liarlwiur is ex- cellent, and the air is as pure as it can be on the hanks of the Ganges, Here is a viry conliderabk' maiiufaflure of hatidkcrchicfs and ftrijicd nuiflins ; this, however, has not made ChanJernagore the rival of (.'alcutta, whole iin- menlc opulence enables it to engage in the mol\ extenlivc Mimniercial undertakings. The Portiiguel'e poMdlions in the Indies being now come under our confidcration, it h ncccflary to obferve thatwediall pollpone the dclciiptiou of Ooa, the prin- cipal of them, and Diu, or Dio, both which arc illands, till we give a general account of the oriental idanois. Meliapourwas once the mott confidcrable place on the Coromandcl coaft : it is .alx>ut three miles fouth of Fort St. Cieorgc. The Portugucfc raifed it from the verge of ruin, to a ftate of opulence and magnificence ; but were driven from thence by the Moors, when it became fabjef> to the King of Golconda, but was leduced by the rrencli in 1666 ; the Dutch, however, in conjunftion with the King of Cjolconda, abr.it four years after, took it from the French i upon, which the fortifications were intiitly dellroycd, and never afterwards repaired. Tlie inhabi- tants are Porluguefe, (Jentoos, and Moors, and others of different nations. The Portuguefe, after fettling in this place when in its declining ftate, and beginning to rebuild it, gave it the name of St. Thomas, from an opinion that the apoflle was martyred here ) and thcfe people, finding fome bones (which they afterwards enlhrined) concluded tliey were thofe of St. 1 honus,efuecially as it was pretended his'fepulchre was on a hill at a little dillancc from the town. The city of Calicut lies in eleven degrees, twenty mi- nutes north latitude. It was, when the Portuguefe ar- fived here, thegreatcll place of tr.tde in India. The Moort did all that was in their power to pievsnt the Portuguefe fettling here ; whereupon they landed a body of troopsi and built aftrong fort to defend their polfeflion, but were drivenout of it again ; though others fay it was demolilhed by tlte I'oituguele theml'clves, as not thinking it worth maiiitainiiij; : but however that matter be, the tort is now wallieilaway by thcfea, of which part of the ruins may ilill be I'een at low water. Several turopean nations have tluir fiftoriis, and trade hither at this day without re- Uraiiit; and particularly the Englilh. It is a large ftrag- cling town, and the Prince's palace, as it is called, is an old irregular building out of repair, which he fetdom vifits. 'J'here arc live white tombs a little to the northward of the town, which ferve as a fea mark to thefailors. The fa- niorin or king of this country, entered into an alliance and confederacy with the Englilh againil the Poituguefe in 161 ;. Calicut is fu' lunded by a brick wall, and con- tains about fix tboufand i rick houfes, mod of which have gardens. This was the firft place at wliich the Portuguefe landed in 1498, after their dilcovery of India. The countrvof the raiaof Sarimpatan lies contiguous to till- prince's dominiotu: it is faid, this country was never con- ijiiered , the natives are acivUlzed, jutt.andlium.-mc people. Farther to the fouth is the city of Cochin, a city htuatcd in a kiiindom of the fame name; in nine degrees fifty mi- nutes north latitude, and is about eighty miUs to the northward of Anjengo. This is a great town of trade, and the l>eft fenicment the Dutch have upon the Malab •, coall: it was fottified by the Portuguefe in the year i p+, when the two Albuquenjues conimaiided the I'o-.ti'guifl- fori IS. It is divided by f»mc into Old and New (.'c hii! ; No. a. the Old Cochin lies a lacue and a half from tlw fea, and li called by the PurtucucM Cochin Daciiu, or the iliglNr Cochin, becaule it lies higher up the river, and by the Dutch MaUlwr Cochii>, for here their king reiided. The other Cochin, commonly called New Cochin, is fcarce a leagii,- diftant from tiM (n upon the faina river. The Portuguefe built and beautified it with (cvcral fine edifices, chuiihcs and monafteries, tu which brlongrj pleafant j^ardrns and fine walks. TItc Jrluit» ch Jich a id college laced the fea Ihore, and had a lofty Oceple. I Iw cathedral was a noble piece of architcMurr, adorned * itti two rows of pillars, and had a lofty ftceple. The chjrcU and loiivcnl of the Auftin friars Hood upon the banks of therivir; and the church of the Doniinieans and t!'rir convt;nts wf ic two hue pieces of workniiiilhip, beautified \%ith a double row of pillars of evcclleiit (lone ; but tlie Dutch having ihi^ city furrendered to them in the year 1667, iinmejiatelv gave orders for diinolilhiiig i<;rt.it part of the hoiilcj, and all the churches but one, in order to bring it into a iiai rower cumpafs, and render the fortifica- lioiK more regular ; and they b.ive made it almoll impreg- n:ihle, confideiiiig 'he pait of the world it Hands in, to which the Hones of the c' 'irches they pulled down in a gicat incafure contributed. 1 he fimiilc Portuguefe had converted them indeed to pious ufes ; butthe Dutch knew how to ciniiloy fuch nutcrials much better : and it is ob- lervalilc, that all over the Indies they think one church fuf- licicnt fur tliL'l.iigell cities, infomucli that in Jialavia it- felf they had for many years but one Dutch church. The dominions of the Kirtg of Cocliin have been re- peatedly invaded by the natives of Travancor, a country extending fiom cape Cemorin to the frontiers of Co- chin; and he is, from necetlity obliged to dwell in CioUl- tnwn, which is fituated or * river half a leaj^uc from the fea, and has feveral pagojas. His revenues ii fourteen thoufand four hundred tivtes, fiipiilated to be paid hiiii by antient capitulations, out of the produce of his cultonu. There is a colony of indudrious Jews in this town, who are white men, and abfurdly boad that their anccfiors were fettled here at the xra of the liab)lonilh captivity ; they have, hoA'cver, certainly Ixren here a coniidcrable time. They h.ivc 11 fynagogue, in which their ri.cord« .., very carefully prcleived. Cananor is a very popsilous and confuler.ible town in the kinf;dom of the fame imuc : it is litjalcd in twelve ..cgrces north latitude, aiul has amoft convenient harbour. 1 he Dutch, who have on .all occafions dil'iiiguiiheil tlicmftUes by their iudulhy and enterpniiiij genius h ive an extenlive fort here. Cananor was 01 ipiii.illy pollclleo by the Por- tuffuefe from whom the Dutch took it in ififto. I'ha chief articles in trade here .ire pepper, ginger, caflia, am- bcrgri>, mirobolan;, tanuriiuls, and precious lloiies. This tiiwn is inhalpited principally by .Mahometan merciiaiits. 'I'herc isa large town at the bottom of the bay, which is independent of tlie Dutch: it is under the jurildifkion of a prince whocan bring twenty thoufand men into tbefield. The city of Cranganor lies fourteen or fifteen miles to the northward of Cochin, and was alfo the capital of a k ingdom of the fame name. This place was polFeffcd and fortified by the Portuguefe foon after tlieir arrival in In- dia, but taken from them by the Dutch in January 1661-2. The Dutch found here a noble college of jcfuits, with a (la>.;:ly librarv belonging to it, and it having once been the feat of a bilnop, here was a cathedral, and fix or fcvon otiiir churches, which underwent the late of thofc of othe ' places which the Dutch conquered, and have 110- thinii of litem remaining but their ruins. Without the walls was the college of Chanote, famous fur the refort of the Chriftians of St. Thomas hither, who exercifed their religion here in the Syrian language. I'hey had alfo a Syrian fcliool for the education of youth, and feveral maf- ters and priefts of their own. Hetween Cranganor and Calicut lie the towns of Panane aiuITaiioi ; thell- wcrealtboncepoflifll'd bythc Portuguefe. At Panane it was that ValLade G.ania treated with the Sa- inorin, or King of Calicut, concerning their lertlenieiit on this coaft ; but being oppofed hv the .Moors, they afterwards att;iclved the place in torm and took it. The iiutch fuc- cccded the Portuguefe, and liave now afaftory here. Tanor is a poor ftrajjigiinf; place. Init the Kuropeans refort hither fometimes on account of the trade; both thel'u towns arc utkoned to be in the kingdom ol Calicut. Cliinlura, more generally known b.y the namcof Dougli, IS at the diilance of about a mile from Chandernngore ; the Dutch have a fort here, but no other poflcllion.s what- evr. .1' the tcriitory round it dopciu!. vn the govern:;. ent tit t.lC C\»uii*i % . \ Huglsy 16 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOGRAJ'HY.- I! . Ilu|k:y it fifljr mile* to tlic north nf Calcuttt : tlie EiiKtun dmI ofKc I hhuty lirrt, tnit rrmoTcil it to Cat- cum. 'I hit ii a place nf very confMcrahJc traffic, parti- cularly in ih« article nf xpiuiii. The Dutch have a t'ac- lory here, e r«Aed in an ntxu pUce, at a futall diftaiice finai ilic river. It ii (Icfoiideil hy a iliong fortreU, :in«l fur- roandoi hy a very deep ditch. Saumelnour ii telehiated tor it* prcclout ftonrt, which great nunimrt of |ictiple are rmployrd in I'carcliing for : tliefe are not, ai in nllicr pbi cv dug from miiiri, but found in the fundi of the river. Tliii ii a fniall place. ilandel waa formerly flic thief feat of the Portugiiefe cnmiiKrcc : it ii now a factory lor the fair of women to the Moon and Dutch : there are fnme uiilirraMc wrctchci here, chiefly FortugueCc, who employ tlitmdlvcj iirinci- pallviii thcabove Ihocking traffic, and arc at the dillance of ahotii eighty le.i^iici from the mouthof the Gangei. At Chaligan the I'ortuguefc nncc cftabilhed a fort of ah- folutc or fovcreipn power, ami formed an alliance with the rohhen of different nationi who took ref\'?e here, and a«- knowledv;ed no fubonlln.'ition to any pi i nee whatever, not < even lo tlieir own : the Mogul, howivcr, (iiKling thcni loo trnnhlr^>me lo be by the Danes, in i^ii. , ^ 'rjje ftrecti of thii town are wide, ^'id have a brick . > paver^nt on the fides. The houfes o» the Danes, and other Kuiotieani, are of brick and (tone ; but with only the ground-floor \ thofc of the Indians are very mean. The Danilh miflionaiiei have a congreeation here, which ihrivei thou|;h vigoroufly oppofcd by the Papiils. They have a ftliool here for youth, who arc inllru^ted in the Frotcftant faith ; alfo .i printing-office, and a pa|icr-mill. The town is fuppofed to contain about tivethoufand in- habitants ; aiul liuth a inoft agreeable profpcA from the fra. In xtiqc) it Oond a fix months (lege agalnll the King of Taniorc'i forces, allilied by the Dutch -, had not go- vernor Pitt fent ' its relief a reinforcement of Englilh from Fort St. Or.irpe. Tlie above difrribcdare the chief feltlcmcnts belonging to the F.uropcaiii, except the infular ours, which wc Ihall take notice of in our account of the caftern iOes ; and proceed to givi; a dcfcription of the lltuation and ex- tent of Coromaiuk-I, wlii< h is bounded by Proper Nar- Jinga on the weft, Golconda on the north, the bay of Rental on the e.-ii>, and Giiigi on the foutli, though Gingi, I'nnjon.-, and Madura arc pi operly enough by fomc reckon- ed part of the coaft of Coromandel, thefe making formerly the e.-iA part of the kingdom of Difnagar, and going under the general name of Coromandel before thefe little prin- cipalities wcrt erefted; and according to this account, the coaft of Coromandel reaches from cape Comorin, whi^h Hei in fevcn degrees, thirty minutes north latitude to Maf- fula|intan, the nrft town in (iolconda, in (Ixteen degrees, f thirty minutes, fo that this coaft takes up nine degrees of latitud'.-, which allowing for the winding of tlic Ihorcs makes a fea coalt of at leall (even hundred miles. I'he Krll fettlementi on this coall were ellablilhed near the Ihorc, fomc hy dint of force, and others by the con- ■il^i. font of the fovereigns. The manufafiures of Coroman- del fird infpired the kuropcans with the refolution of fet- tling here. Hedges of thorny plants were the firil lioun- daiies, till, the colnnills incrcafing in power and opu- lence, fortllications were raifcd for tlicir defence. Alinoft the whok trade of this roaft is now in the hands of tlic Eiiro|icans ; though for lomc lime Coromandel was no oLJcti of th:ir attention, txring fe|)aratcd from Maiabar by in;icccnib!e mountains. Wc ihall conclude this {i:dion with a particular account of the kingdom of (iolconda, which extends two hundred and fixty miles along tlie bay of Bengal. It is in the form (if a crefccnt, and about two hundred inile^ in the broadctl part from eart to weft. It has Uifnagaron the fouth, the mountains of Gatiion the weft, and thofc of Orixa and JT llallii^.-itc on the north. Tins countn' is famous for its diamond millet, . i fonie nf which the diamonds lie (cattcred within a few uthoms of llic oarth's furface, and others are difcovered in a nii- iiinil in the rocks more tlum forty fatlioms deep. 'Ihc . ■ wutkincii dig into ilic rodi, snd then, by nif ans of fire; foficn the (Wne,andfoprtKr dtiUthey tiiulilMvein, ttlii.-h often iMni under tlm nick two or iliicc turlonut. All tli< earth it brnuBht out, and, after great iiaie it bcftowid oit it, produces ftonti of aconfidcrablc liiw, and pretty gosxl water, hut of diffvrenl fliapet. Near the place wlicre tlu:y dig they make a ciftcrn about two feet liign, and lix feet over, with a fmall vent in oim of iho fidci, ahuut two inches from the Iwltuni, by which it em|>t'ei illcit info a little pit made in the caillk to rcceivo fmall ftimei, if hy chance any Ihould run through. 'J tia vent bting flopped, they fill the ciftern llicy have made with water, foaking therein as much ut the earth they dig out of (he mine., as it can conveniently receive at a tiiue i hreakin]^ (he clods, picking out the grcatcft ftoiMS, and ftirring it with Ihoveli till the water is all muddy, the gia- velly iViiff' falling lo the huttoni : then they u|icii the vent, letting out the foul v^atct, and fupplyiiig it with clean, till all the earthy fuhllancc Ik wallicd away, and none hut • gravelly remains at tli( bottom. Thus tlicy continue walh- iiig till alKiut (en of (he clock before noon, when they take the gravelly ftuff they have walhed, and fpread it u* a place made plain and fninnth like a bowling -alley, lot tlie purimlc near the ciftein, which Uing luim di led by the heat of tlie fun, at that time of the day, llley very ciiiioufly look it over, tlint the linallell bit of a ftonc can liaidly el'ca^ic tlieiii. If they find a large Uone, ihcy deliver il not t>lt they have done work , and tlirn very privately, left it Ihould come to the know ledge nf the governor of the place, and he retjuirea Iharc, which in the kingdom ofCiolconda is iifually pratkiled, without ref|>eA to any agiccineiit made with them. 'I'he workmen are obliged to lie watched wiili flM ul- moft diligence, left they Ihould lie tempted to emlK^/.lr any of the precious articles which they are einploved to fcareii for. One of them was dete£U-d in putting a fmall itone into the corner of hit eye j and many others have (wallowed the diamonds. The principal pcrfons concerned in this trade, are tli« Danyun mercluntsi but both they, and the perfoiis em- ployed to work the mines are greatly oppielled : the hr(t alTeiling to be poor, and tlie latter Ix-iiig (b in reality , tut tlu' governors do not htfftr any to be rich, if ihcy know thcin tube lb. Hut inVifiapourthey arc more humanely treated. Thole diamonds which exceed the u ei)^lit of a pagodil, are the King's property ; but all of an interior weight a|v> pertain to the merchants. The largeft diamond ever found was prcfented to the Mogul, weighing two hundretl and feveniy-nine carats of four grains each. MalFulapatan is the chief harbour in the kingdom of Golconda 1 and the country extends from the gulf \'ilia>- pour ; it once formedanartof averyextenfive empire, (ub- leA totJie Emperor of Hifnagar, and comprehciuled nearly the whole of the peninfula, from the nortliern extremity of Orixa to CatK; CoinoVin. The city, CioIcoiiil.L, whidiis about two hundred and thirty-eight miles wet of Mallulapatan, and al .r .:£ 1 \ ^nt *^' ''it ^f^ /■'\m . 1 . _ <.-■»« Wiilf Mm mUhr^ 'J^mrifdtv.'am'Bi'f/- Mii^fklrrMHt^'Rew. [A S I A.J I N D O S T A N. live city of MalTuIapstan, is Pettipuly, or ?enta-poolti wlioic til'; Eiij'.lifli liav« J faflory. The printed and dyed ftaffs of thii place arc highly efteemed i and in an ifland uppofuc to it grows a root which make! fo deep a colour, ,', that it is obhgeJ to be mixed witli other colours to make ; it lively, 'liie Fnglifh ha\'c alfo a faftory about one hundred miles farther foutli, called Coletorc, and the Dutch haveafai^ory called Palicatc, fliU a little farther to the I'uuth. S E C T. IV. ' CeHlains an an»nnt »/ thi gtniut, umpir, ptrfini, halili, ftdy divtr/uHiy rittdSy Vc. tf ihi Indiaat. THOSE Indians who are Pagans (and are ten times more numerous than the Mahometans tlieir gover- ,: nors) are men of bright parts, and willimitate almoft any thing at firft fight. They are very fober and abftemious, never drowning their fenfet by drunkenuefs and intem- perance, extremaly obliging, and of a very pretty addrefs, an even compofea temper, and (ludioufly avoiding all manner of contention ; but they are generally thought to want courage. 1 have known fomc of them, however, 'ks brave, at the braved Europeans; men that would be : cut to pieces before they would dcfcrt their poft, and en- .T dure the fevereft torture, rather than betray their firiend, orthecaufe they were engaged in. But to return to the ingenuity of the Indians : they will copy our piftures fo nicely, thatyou can fcarce diftingui(h the copy from the original. The common people paint tliofe fine chints and calicoes we import from India, and their carpenters will imitate the model of an Englilh fhip, as if they had been brought up ihip-carpcntcrs, and it is amaxlng to fee how quick tlicy a.e at .iccounts. They are of a middle iize, feldoin corpulent, their features good, but tlieir complexion for die moft part black i they have lotVg black hair and black eyes ; but tliough the men in the middle of the peninfula, are as. black as jet, towards the north tliey are tawny, as well as on the coaft. The women in their itaturc, features, Ihipe, ■irandmein, have no rivals ; without the advantage ot a dancing-tnafter, their motion is bewitching, they tread tlic ground as elegantly as an a£lrefs does tlie flagc. Their cloathiiig does not prevent their ihewing the natural Ihnpc of their bodie* ; tliey are neither diftortcd or rendered trooked by ftrait ftays, or lofe the true luim.in (hape in a nlonftrous hoop. l"hey have a piece of white callico tied about their waifts, which reaches to their knees, and the reft istlirown acrofs their flioulders, covering their brealls, and part of their backs. Their hair is tied up in a roll, and adorned with jewels or toys ; they have uendants in their ears and nofes, and fevcral ftrings of beads round their necks ; they wear bracelets on their wriil and ancles, and rings on their fingers and tn, ; they put tlieir bare feet into (lipiiers ; though the women, in the foutlicni parts, wear neitlier flippers nor Ihoes, The Indian men wear white vefts, girt about with a falh, in which they have a circe or dagger. Their hair, like the women's, is tied up in a roll, over which they have a fmall turban Ihe upper partof theirgarment iscon- trived to fit fo as that the wearer s (hapemay befecn. Under tliis it another fomewhat ftiorter, and their legs are covered by their breeches : they wear flippers peaked like women's Ihoes, into which they put their Dare feet. The Moors or Mahometans are well (hapfd j the com- plexion of thofe in the north it fcir; thofe in the fouth, tawney ; but thefe too have generally black hair and black eyes, and like other Maliomctans, Ihave their heads all but one lock on the crown, and wear tlieir beards long j tlieir habit is a veft and large turban. The banian call, or tribe of Pap.ins, eat no flefli or eggs any more than the bramins (pricfls) antientlv called brachmans, but live upon rice, herbs, roots, and fruits. The rert of the Pagans cat alinoft every thing but beef and filh without fcales. The Moors or Mahometans eat alinoft all flelh but that of hogs, hares, and fuch flelh as the Jews were prohibited to cat. They all fit crols- le^ed, or loll u|)on mats or carpets at their meals, and warn before and after, 'i he principal dilh, among both Moors and Pagans, is, pilau, made of fowls or mutton, or rice. The meat, whatever it be, is flowed to rags, of which thcv make a ftrong ("oup-. «.nd fcafon it verv high. They make n liions; loiip alio of venilon, filh, andalmoft all manner of tlclh. When the company is let down upon a fopha or raifcJ floor, covered with a mat or carpet at the upper end or tides of the room, a fervant comes in with a bafon and ewer, and a towel, anJ ever* on* witihci hit hands ; then a large plate, or a leaf of a toot diameter is fet before every one of the guefls : after which, otlttr f^rvanti bring in large brazen or earthern bowls, iiill of ric«, and with a ladle, lay a quart or three pints of boiled rice on every man's plate, pouring as much of the ftrong foup upon the rice as will moiften it, and a little part of the meat is laid on the fide of the plate. A bottle or cruife of water, alfo, which is their common liquor, it fet by every one, of which they drink when tliey pleafe, without bealtlts, or taking notice of any of the company. If they are entertained with fiih, a ftrong foup is made of them, which is called curee, and mixed with tlie rice. They boil their rice in fudi a manner, that it is quite dry, not the leaft drop of water it left in it, and frequently co- lour it with faffiron or turmeriok. Their faucet are cniefly pickles, which they call achar, made of green bamboo, or mangoes, and otlier fruits, And foy is another fauce which is brought to England, and therefore needs no de- fcriptionhere. Abundance of garlic is ufed in all their pickles, efpecially in tlie mangoe. They are remarkably fond of fmoaking tobacco. Tl e poor roll up a leaf of tobacco, about four or five indies long, and, lightning it at one end, fmoak the other till it is about lulf exhaufted and then throw it away. The Indians have feveral kinds of diveruons among them. They fometimes game for fmall matters, but not fo eagerly as the Chinefe, and are feldom feen out of tem- per. At a feaft, the mulic is fent for, particularly the girls dedicated to the temple, who, having lung and danced before the company, will retire with any of mem, if de- (ired. Plays are aned by torch-light in the fields, during the fair feafon, when the evening is exceeding ferene. Fights of wild beafts are the diverfion of the court, and the dancing of the cobre capelle, or liooded fcrpents is fecii in every village. Their Keepers bring them in covered balkets, and beginning to fing and play on very bad inftru- ments, at the uncovering the balkcts feven or eight of there creatures get up and dance to the foimds, which hardly deferve the name of mufic ; but if it is difcontinued ever fo little, they get out of their balketi, and hifs very terribly. However, as foon as tlie muiic begins again, tliey are reclaimed and fall to dancing as before. The chief rural fports of the Indians are hunting and hawking : they furround part of the country, and drive the game into a narrow compafs, and then flioot at it : they teach even tygers and leopards, it is faid, to take the game, which they do by jumping upon it from bulhes, or other cover, but never run fairly after it. They purcliafe hawks and other birds of prey from Perfia, which are taught to fly at all manner of^game, and even at wild beafts, fixing on the head of tlie animal, and bufl^eting him with their wings, while the dogs conic up and take him. An ox being taught to Hand fire, they make the lame ufe of him as wc do of ftalking horfes, to get near their game. Another diverfion is tli'at of racing ; they make the fame ufe of oxen, as we do of horfes. Having, among other Indian diverfions, mentioned ''''at of die fights of wild beafts, we Ihall, before we quit this fubjeCt, defcribe an entertainment given by the great Mogul to foreign ambaflhdors, which is of a very lingular nature : it confifls of wild beafts of various forts fighting with each other, or combated by men, who engage in fuch dangerous enterprizes in order to obtain the nvour of the King. The manner of one of thefe fights, which was exhibited at Agra (when the Mogul's kept their court there) is thus related. Two buffaloes were let loofc at each otlier, and after-> wards a lion and a tyger, the two latter of which fought defperately for fome time. I'hefe being taken away, the governor arofc, and faid, "The great Mogul's will and pleafure is, tliat if any valiant heroes arc dilpofcd to give proofs of their valour, in fighting againft the wild bcafl s with fliield and fword, let them come fortli ; if they con- quer, the great Mogul will lliew high favour to them." On this, three pcrlons entered the lit), and engaged to undertake the combat; when the governor calling aloud, faid, " None muft fight with any other weapon but fword and fhield ; thofe which have a dagger about them, mull throw it away, and fight fairly." A lion was then driven into the ring, where one of tne three ftood ready to en- counter him : the lion immediately ran to him with the greaicu ferocity, but tiie man defended himieU a confidcr- ahle time, till his arms growing weary, the Hon laid one of his paws on the fhield, and tlie other on liis arm. The man, nnding himfclf unable to ufe his fword, >n they tliink fit, and leave liiu itulbandmin the reft. pr. pai or wl for tvi wi Vei i<:a bui lA S I A.) i N A if. h ids. Their en, where veuiciicy , lows, the crop, of ndniia the teit. reft. Nor ii it left to the hudMiuloUh'i choice Whether he will fow 6r hot; for the refpeAive Eovernors ind ^nenlt', having certain towni and villagct affigned theit^, to eriabib them to maintain the quota of troopt they are to fiirnifli, order fuch a quantity of giround to te marked out for every village to manure, aiul at harVeft f^itd their officer* to take as much of the crop as diey think fir. The gardens in Iiidia are flocked with i great variety of fruit trees ; but they are planted in Ao manner of order, any more than their flowen. Their fruits are mangoes, Kuavas, pomegranates, ananas or pine-apples, cocoa-nuts, limes, lemons, oranges, and all manner of tropical fruits in the fouth i and in the north, they have apples, pears, and moft of the European fruits. Botli fruit-trees and foreft-trees '.. the fouth of India are ever-greens, and fome of their fruit-trees are in bloflbm, aiid have green and ripe fruit on them at the fame time. The kitchen gar- den affords melons, pot-lierb*, and roots ; pepper grows on the Malabar coaft, and they have alfo ginger, faSron, turmeric, fugar, cotton and indigo. The cocoa and cottun-trecs are the moft ufefiil in India. The cocoa affords meat, drink, oil, and timber for build- ing ; the fibres of the bark make their cordage, the branches cover their houfcs, and the leaves ferve them to write upon; and from the cotton-tree they have their callico, and liloft of their cloathing. The province of Bengal furnillies tliem with iilk and muflin. The banian tree feems peculiar to this country, and deferves a particular de* fcriptiot^; The principal body grows to a great bulk, and fome of its branches (hoot horizontally from the trunk, and fi-om thbffe branches little twigs Ihoot downwards per- pendicularly, atul taking root form other bodies, which, like pillars, fupport the arms they fprung from ; and thus one tree comet to have twenty or thirty bodies, and covers a great fpace of ground, fufficient to fhelter a regiment. Neither this, hor aily other of the Indian trees are without leaves at iiny time pf the year. It is under thefe trees that the banians and other fuperftitious people place their images ; and here thei- hermits voluntarily undergo the feverefl penances, CorrirTining themfclves to fit or lie in one pollute all tL''ir indering themfelves ufelefs to God and manj by -. ■ ^ hope to merit paradife. The indigo tf'ee c '.': . ; alfo very valuable : it is about the fize of a ro.c-^re«t biit Itas a fmooth rind. The leaves, when Dripped off at a proper feafon, are laid toge- ther, when a Vegetable nioiftiire exhales from them. They are then immerkd in water, coiitained in vefTels adapted for the purpofc. . After the watger has er.traAed tlie olue from the leaves, it is drained off ; the fediment is then expofcd in broad Ihallow veflels td the fun-beamt, through the heat of which the moiilure evaporates, and the indigo remains in cakes at the bottoni of the velTcl. Oxen are of great ui%; among other Indian animals, cither for riding-, carrying burthens, or for draft. They are not fo large but make much more fpeed than ours, tra- velling thirty miles a day, and more, chiefly upon a trot ; and thuy have a bunch between their Ihoulders, very con- venient tor fallening their pack-faddles to; ten thoufand of thefe animals arc foirtetimes feen in a caravan, (which confifts of feveral hundred or thoufand cairielst oxen, or bealh of burden, loaded with merchandize, and riot wheel- cairiages) their governors being employed in carrying the Sroviiions of one province to another, and arc fometimes iled princes, and wear flrings of pearl about tlieir necks. The people are divided into four tribes, there be- ing about one hundred tltoufand fouls in each. They live in tents, and have no place they can call their home, en- camping on fiefh ground almoft every night, and carrying their wives and children with them. They are attended alfo by their priefts, and every morning before they fet out pay their devotion to an idol. One of thefe caravans carries barley, another rice, a third peas and beans, and a fourtli fait. Thereare ten or twelve oxen ufually employed in drawing a waggon, and two in drawing a hackery or chaifc ; they feed thefe o/"n with barley-dough and grafs when they can get it, but there is little of this to be had in the fouth of India in the fail feafon, which is the proper time of the year for travelling ; camels alfo make part of tlie caravan, one of which will carry feven hundred or eight hundred weight and more ; and the dromedaries which arc a fmaller fpecics of camels, are as remarkable for their fwifcncfs as the other for tlicir flrcngtli, for lliey Avill trot two hundred miles a day, Thefe are alfo fed with balls of harley-duiigh, or fome other grain, and are Very ufcfiil in this and other hot countries where water is i'carcc, as tiiev will travel cij^ht or nine days without water; but tikough tliey arc proper for faudy dcfatts, if they come No. n a clay foil afier any ^aiit it fallen, the caravan it forced to lie fltll till the ground it dry, the caniel having^ * {fmooth foo^ ^thoiit tny hoof, and if he flips, he it in danger of being fpioiled.. There it a great number of elephants produced in In- i'w, iihifh being an animal of remarkable fize and (Quality, we fhall here give a particular dpfcription of it as being the laigeft Quadruped ih the univerfe. . it is from twelve to iSfteen feet high, and about feven broad. Its fkin, abovt the belly is fo toiigh, that a fword cannot penetrate it : it is of a darkiih colour, and very much fcarihed ; it hat ex- ceeding Ifaiall eyes, large ears, round and full body, and tlie back rifes tb an arch.. On each fide of its jiws, withid the mouth, are four teeth, or gririders, and two teeth pro- jeA outward* :. in the male, they bend downwards, and are ftrbngcft ; in the female, they turn upwards and are iharpeft ; both male and female ufe one which is fharp, at a detenfive weapon, and the other. Which is blunted, to grub up trees and plants for food. The teeth of the male fometimes grow to the leiigtli of ten feet, and have been known to weigh direc hundred pounds each. The teeth of the female though lelV, are the moft valuablie ivory. They naturally fhed their teeth bnce in ten years, and bury them carefully in tlie eartli, to prevent, as is imagined, their being found by man. The elephants tongue is TmaU, but broad) their feet are round and ample, the legs have joints which arc flexible ; the forehead is large, and riling ; the tail refembles that of a hog ; ahd the blood of this creature is colder tlian that of any other. But the organ which moft peculiarly diftinguiflies the elepliant, is its trunks This lingular memlicr is crooked, grilly, and Hexibte, about feven feet in length, and more than three in circumference towards the head : but it gradually diminilhes to the extre- mity. At the root, towards the nofc, are two paflagest the one into the head, the other to the moutli ; through the Hrft it breathes, and by the latter it receives its provi- fions, the trunk ferving tlte purpofcs of a hand to feed it and a weapon to defendit. It is fo ftrong, tltat it can liti a prodigious weight ; and fo delicate in the fenfation of Oseling, tliat it can take the fhialleft piece of coin from the ground. They delight, much iti water; arid will fwim a great way. The male elephant is fometimes niad after the female, at which times he is apt to be very mifchievous, and will ftrike any one he meets with but his keeper, and therefore they are at tlut feafon cluined by the legs to great trees, and if by chance they get loole, they will overturn any thing in their way ; nor is it poffible to ftop or divert their rage out by fire-works, which burfling with a loud noife will make them ftaiid ftill and tremble : when they are in thefe mad tits they fweat prodigioully, and fmell much ranker than a goat : it is credibly reported, that an elephant having broke Toofe in tliis rage, and making towards tlie bazar, or market-place, from A^'hence all pet>ple fled as faft as the)r could, he cairie to an herb woman's, that ufed to give him a handful of herbs as he paffed by, and the wo- man having run away and left her child upon the ground in her fright, tlie eleplumt gently took it up with his trunk, and laid it upon a ftall, without doing it any hurt, and then proceeded to overturn and do mifchief to every thing that came in his way as before. The Mogul has hve hundred, fome fay oiie thoufand of thefe elephants in his fervice, which are trained up to war, that will not only ftand Are, but fuftcr a great gun to be fired off their backs : the gun tliey carry is about five feet long, and placed upon a fquare frame of wood, which it fiiftened to a broad thick pannel, tycd on with ftrong cords and girths. At the four corners of the frame they plant four (ilk flagt* or colours upon little antient-ftaves. Upon the neck ofthe elephant fits the man who guides him, who hu an iron rod in his liand about half a yard long, (harp at the lower end, and a hook turned up, with which he pricks him forward, or pulls him back as he fees fit. The gunner fits on the wooden frame, where he has his bullets, and ammunition, and all things neceflkry fbr loading an4 firing, and the gun carries a bidl about as large as a tennis* baU. Befidet the bcafts of burthen already mentioned, thef have buftidocs, and alTet ; the bufTaloet differ very litttt from cows and oxen, but otily they are a more fluggifti animal, and have a fmootli tliick (kin, without hair : the female gives milk, and the flelh of tliem is feme umes eaten, but ■' i^ very coarfe food. The fhecp they have in the fonthern parti are thin long legged crrat'jr?!, and have s rtdith hiir inftnu of wool upon their backs, tlie flelh of tliem it lean and dry, and good for little. But towaidt Petfia and Tartary they bav* Z very fS The NEW'.'and- universal SYSTENt of 'GtOGRAPHY. «cry fineflieets with ijjbod fkeecv, and Un;feMilii, itti'Mvf Hverai pouiiaa, uid it is obfervable of tht FcMbn (hvept wliich Ruc brought into India, thnt they h&vc Ctom tlire e M> fcvcn horns iipiccc, and Ibme ot tbrir horns ihinding op- right oil tlieir foreheads, the battles of thtii rams arc very bloody. Goan they liavc here plenty, and tltc fliiiti. biiiilitoll id nimnft llii co- a yard lat the rate |c albacore its naini? the I'or- |[ic indiait hiipiaye, , and re» Theal- Ibmt growB }T lixty t» m the bo- Ipring lile, while and tlifii Imles, the . ~r .1.- fit «s lon( u nsthoirwingj art wet, and thiti dltj^'ttpeat till they ire devoured, or have midethciitdtit^)! Whitings, and a tith like a bream, bot much iitger, we en near the coaft, and another called the baldpate, having no fcales on the head or neck. 'i°hc raven filh ia alt'u good food, which is about afpanlong, and their rivors ana rcfervoirt, or ponds, af- ford carp and eeU : The fhark ii the greateft devouier of .any filh wt meet witli i>t fea : thert are fomc from twelve to twenty feet long. He docs not only feed upon fiih, but will chop oiFa naatiS tc^ at a bite, and ii milchicvous when he is taken out ti\ water. The carpenter therefore Itandii ready W!th hii. a\-, when he it drawn to the fide of the (hip. to cut ofFhis tail, vi'hich difablci him from doing hurt. He Ins feveni rows of teeth, according to his age ; but as he doci not fwim more than two or three miles an hour, it Is eafy to avoid him. When a bait is tluown out for him, tailened to a greM hook, two or three filh, twice the bignefs of gudgeons, and prettily flripcd, run be- fore him, and fmell to the bait, and then return to their mafter again, as if they would inform him if it was proper for him. Then he comes to it, and turning upon liis back, takes in the bait, nnd the motion of the (hip ilrikcs the hook into his jawt ; we may ealily fee tl>e whole ttanf- aflion, the fea bemg as clear as cryDal at a dillancc from land. The reafon he turns upon his back to take the bait, is, that his fnout, or upper jaw, is fo much longer than the under jaw, that he cannot take it in without turning npon his back : Ihark's flelh is verv indifferent food, but when beef is wanting, it will go down. The pilot fifh are looked upon as tiv: niceft filh the lea produces , they lately take a hook when in company with a itia.-k ; but when they part from him, they will fometimes bite and I>e caught. Thcfe filh, which are about a foot and a half in lengtli, are tranfveriely ilreakcd with blue and a kind of TcUowifh brown, which hath a moft beautiful appearance in the water : they, liowever, when taken out, lofc much cf their luftrc. There arc very good (heU-fifit to be met with upoli the coaft of Indi?, fuch as crabs, oyfters, tec. The oyfters at Fort St. George are much of tlic fame iiz« as ours In Eng- Imd, and equally good ; but there are fonie Ihell-fifh in thcfe feas of a prodigious bulk. There was a fltell, much of the Ihape of the under Ihell of an oyller, which fiood in the fort at Madras, which, when the lllh was in it, mult bave been a load for a man to carry. There arc amphibicus animals, called alligators or crt>- codiles, in India, cfpecially in the mouth of the Ganges, that are it great devoutert of fielh as the iharks : they are invited hither by the multitude of dead bodies wtiicn are cafl into this river, on which they prey, as they do upon the living when they liave an opportunity ; it is faid they will take In the body of a whole man at once, fome of them being twenty feet long ; they have rsthcr claws than legs, and their oacks are armed with impenetrable li::alcs. The crocodile will purfue his prey as well by land as water; but then, as his bodj is of thiLanreafottable length, he turns with fo much difficulty, that a man ma^' eafily avoid him, if he fees him. He lies in the fcdge, or other cover by tho bank-fide, and, looking almoft like an, • old tree the traveller fometimes approaches him, not being apprcheniivc of his danger, and tiie monfter jumps upon him and devours him. There are no mines of gold and filver opened in Tndia, though it cannot be luppofcd but in fo vaft an extent r^' countr;: there muft be fome, though perhaps not worth extrafting, cfpecially as there are mines in feveral of the neighbouring kingdoms, particularly in Siam, Pegu, ^c. ^ome indeed mention o ; per, iron, and kad-mincc, but if there be I'uch, many of them arc not wrought, for lead was formerly one of the bell commodities the merchants carried to India. The diamond mines are the only re- markable ones : thefe lie chiefly in the provinces of Vifi- apour and (iulcoiula, of which notice has been taken al- ready. India has liecn £inious for iome othrr valuable jewels, particularly pearls : thev filh for poarl-ovllcrs in llie llrcight-i of KaraanakoicI, between the continent of India and the ifland of Ceylofl, which is imiw in tlte power of tlie Dutch, R r, C T. VI. CiHtaini an acciunt of thi Inilian maiiNfmlutts, tadt., fircign end domtjlic^ n,n'i^aliin, jhipfitig, Wj-. TH V. Iiulofl;m mcrch.int--, the banians, and fome orheri, carry on i pmdi^ii'iis rich trade to Pcrlia ahd Arabia,, cfitecially . from Surat, furnlAiing thofe coun- tries witli.all the rich mcrchaiidizc of India, aitd bririgiiig from thence Perfiun carpets, pearl, culTce, and other gpods, tlie produce of thofe countries, but more trral'ure tliaii any thing, which they hire Engliili and Dutch Ihips to carrjr to Surat for thein, as tliey are better able tc defend theic rich cargoes againft pirates than country Ihips arc ; and this appears to lie a confiderable branch of the company'ir pro- fits i for they txa£t an extravagant price for tlic freij^ht of the go<>ds, as well as psffengers, which the Indians caii afford very well to pay, tlicic liiips being loaden as deep as they can Iwiin, their cargoes valued at two hundred thou- fand pounds and upwards fometimes. The company alfo ul'ually fend a (hip mion their own account to Mocha in Arabia, everv year, for coffee. Though the Mogul has a fca-coall of two tliouGuid miles extent, he Itas Icarce a (ingle ll'a-port, or a Ihip of war to protect the trade of hit fubjefts. Thert arc no harbours a Ihip can get into, ex- cept Goa, Bombay, and the mouth of tlie Cianges, which arc all pollclUd by Europeans. It may truly be faid, tlut though the Mogul's fuhjcfts are fome of the richcA mer- chants in the world, they have not a fingle man of wai^r harbour for their fecurity, in any part of his dominions. Befides their traffic by fea, the Ii'idians having long had a very confiderable trade by land, by numerous caravans, which travelled to Pcrlia and Bochara, and from thence to Rulfln and Tartary, to 'I rapezond on the B!ack-fca, to Aleppo and Smyrna, and to Coiiflantinople on the Bof- phorus,. 'I he principal ntanufaftorics of this kingdom, are flk, muffins, cottons, cliints, and call Icoes ; we import from thence diamonds and other precious ffones, great quan- tities of pepper the growtli of the Malabar coaif, faltpctre, indigo, cardainuras, opiuih, affiifoetida, and a great variety of pliyfical drugs. The goods carried from Europe thither, are Engliih broad- cloth, lead, looking-glaires,fword-bladcs, knives, liaberdadier's wares, gold and lilver lace, tin-ware, wine, brandy, beer, and fome other provifions, taken oft chiefly by our own faftorics ; the fliips alfo frcq^i^tly take in flints with their balluft, for there is not^a 'flint to be found in India, at Icail in thofe parts the Euxop^ns have vifited, iiifoinuch that a bag if gun-flints is AlscM ti vti- luablc as money in the inland country, where tn^people had not an opportunity of being fuppUed by our (hipping ; but it muft be confefled, th-it all the goods we carry to In- dia are a trifle, compared with the bullion and foreign coin tranfported th'.thcr. Our Ihips are in a manner empty of merchandi& when they go out) though there is hardly any of them carry lefs tluin three or fourlcorc thiufand pounds of treafure. which has made it a queffion, whetltertlie In- dia trade b; of any advantage to tliis nation. Weaving is the printipal employment throughout India ; but the greatcft iranufaftory is at Dr-ca in Bengal, where the liiicli cailicoes, itiufiiiks, and diinili(« ate made. Thole manufaAured for the immediate ulc of the Great Mogul and hit /Jinannalis, are of exquiffte workmandiip, and of- tentimes greater value th:n .ny that are permitted to be fold cither to natives or foreigners. The nlligrane an ad- mirable, tlie worknianihipc:>f\ing a great deal more than tlie metal itfelf. It is not perforated as with us, but cut with (hisds-, and joined with fuch inimitable art, that the nicefl eye cannot pciteive the junfturc. Tlic embroidery and needle-work are greatly hipcrior to any thing of the kind done in Europe ; but it is r«inarkablc, that there are no female embroiderers or fempftrefles, but th^ men do all the work in thefc branches, aiid tlieit.patience is aflonifh- ing as their flowncfs is fingular. Gold aiul filvet filki and gaufes are manufaAured at Benaras ; bu^their ricluiefs ex- ceeds their elegance. They are execute without tafte, and make a very dull appearance wl^en fliiUlied, being def- titute of that delightful glofs, »jid tholi: vivid colours, which fo greatly enliven, and give fuch fpiiit and beauty to the lilks .tud gatifcs of Europe and other countries. It has been eftin^ated, that there have beep annually ex- ported three tlioufand five hundred bales of cailicoes from Coromandel to tlie fevc-al fea-ports of India : of thefc the Engiilh carry one tlioufand two hundred to Bombav, Ma- labar, Sumatra, and the Philippine iflcs ; tlie French eight hundred to Malabar, Mocha, and the ille of France ; and the Dutch one thoxfand five hundred to their (evcral fet- tlements ; Coroinandel fupplies E'nopc with nine thou- I'and five hundred boles : three thoufaiid of which ate brought by the Engiilh ; three thoufaiid by tlie Dutch ■, two thou fand five hundred by the Kreneh, a-id tight hun- dred by the Danes. The Indians copv with exaflncfs, but have neither ge- nius to invent, nor ingenuity to improve. Hincc their woik.> 92 THk NEWand universal SYSTEM of CJEOGftAPHY. Worki »re admirably neat, without being blcafingly ele- ntlt ; ind difplay the moft eXquifitc finenew, without the feaft delicicv of taftle to giVe them real hierit. Thev are', at SUrat, very flcilfiil irt the art of niip-build' Ing ; though it muft be acknowledged, that their naval, as , Well as their other architeOure, is rather auWward and jj dumfy. Thed, and they I'cldom cat any thing but a little con- gee or gruel made of rice, till they find thcmfelvcs better. The mort-de-chiu rages fometimes ou the coaft of Ma- || labar; it proceeds froiti indigeflion, and throws the patient into a violent vomiting and purging, with racking pains, which fometimes carry them off in rwentv-four hours, is cured by clapping a red hot iron to the fole of the foot, near the heel ; and it is faid that the cholic is frequently Cured by heating an iron ring red hot, about an inch thicK and an inch and half diameter, and applying it to the pa- tient's belly, fo that the navel may be in the center of it ; it may be taken oflT again immediatclv, but the fudden re- volution it caufes in the belly, it i . willfooneafc the patient of his pain. The Indians are alfo fubjeA to the bloody flux, which they cure by the prefcription of ftewed rice. 'I'he plague alfo frequently vilits tliem, for which they fccra to have nti remedy. The language of the Moors is dilTerent from that of the aiitient original Indians, but, however, they have borrow- ed the Indian charafters, being dcftitutc of letters thcm- felves, and in all their writings ufe either the charaftcrs of the Pagan Indians, or of the Perfians. The court lan- guage is the Perliah, which is (poke by all the great om- rahs, and the polite world in gencial : tlic liarued language is the Arabian, and is written backwards from the rinlit t^nd to the left, like the Hebrew, from whence they borrow many words; but this is (till to bcunderftoodof thcMoors; for the antient Indians have a great variety of other lan- guages, very diflfcrentj from thole ufcd by tlie Moors. 'I'Jie bramins, or brachmans, which is the chief k& among tlic idolaters,' have a language peculiar to tlicnifflvcs, and in tliat their records, and books of divinity, and philofophy, and the fables of their pricfts .ire written, wherein their ig- norance in the creation of the world, and the duration of it, arc fufficicntly manifcft. Indoftafi, incorporated with ni.my Perfian and Arabic worHs, is Ipokcn in that and t'everal other ))ait>, of India, though the accent and diale£l differ in the rilpcitivc pl.ices where it is I'pukcn j the pureft is in the province of Agra. The Pagans generally write oft tlic cocoa-nut or palm- tree leaves, with an iron ftile or bodkin. They do not write in a ftraight line downwards, as the Chinefe, hut from the left hand, flanting to tlie right ; and though in molt places the long narrow ^m leaves and bodkin are ufed, yet the Moors have a thin (billing paper, fometimes ten feet in lengtli and a foot broad, and they tack as many fheets together as the writing requires ; the pen they write witli is the antient calamus, or reed, about the thicknefs of a goofc quill. When they write to u prince, the whole furface of the paper is gilt witli gold, and for fecuriiy of letters of confequence fent to court, they are inclol'ed in a hollow cane or bamboo, and fealed up, that no wet can hurt them. Upon their feals, or chops as they are called, they have no coat of arms, there being no I'uch thing in tlie country, but they have their own names engraved upon goW or filver, or perhaps on a cornelian ftone. The antient Indian medals, in fiich efteem among the Chincfc, prove that the arts were cultivated in India even before they were known in China. V\ e owe to them the uli; of cyphers, which, though imported among us by tho Arabians, came originally from India, where alio the gamo of cliefs was invented. SECT. VIII. Of the MoguFs ccurt, farces, revenues, iic. ef hii civil ga- vernmenl, laws and punifimenis, coins, lutighli, msu" fuies, iic. AS the Mogul has no counril of flale to advife with, like other princes, the afT-iirs of tlie empire .uc ini- iiagtd by four or five great oflictrs who receive their orders from him, and report the ftatc of tlie Icveral provinces to him. As tlic Emperor gives a p.irtiiul.ii name to every officer he adviinces, folic always takes anew maj^nificcnt title himfelf on his acceffion to the throne. ■.i>, " the con-' querorof the world i theorn.micnt of tl^e thi.;ne." .ind the like. But coronations are not known in this p>rt ot the world, nor does the prince ever wear a crywn. He (its himlclf as judge of all ciiiiiin.il nutters in tiie province where the court rcfides, a^ his govcriiur* do in tlieir re- (pcitivc provinces. The Emperor's ftjiis have the title of fultans, and his daughters of fultanas, and the viceroys that of nabob. The next in degree which aiifwers to ou» nobility, have the title of chan, or cjun, as it i> pro- ' ' ' ' inmcc thf*v receive nounccd, and arc diuingui upon their advancement, a; al'aph chan. tlie lich I .id ; ch.1^ clianua, lord of lords. One of tlv: .Moguls, it lecms i-ave "hij W wet can called. liirig i« vcU upon civil !!'■' jA/i, mw Ivife with* re arc m i- cir orJcrs viaccb to ,K- to cvtry iiH^^nifkcut • ih; con- aiul tli: vMt ottlie He lit* ic province i\ their rc- tho title of iC vii-croys \vers to out it U pro- hfv recrivc ,1(1 , cha^ lecms &ave hi: 1' .*1.:J ^^^rntrnrif**"*^'' ™'''"'" ii.iiiimrAliW,lLBffMWWWP1?1TniTf3 .'i-*«i-'' •Va k,., >.4, '..» -• . T - :'|.»^ 'A' .yiV:lXeM^::^ jmtOixit'' {A S I A.] 1 N D O 8 T A N. »l kii chief pliyficiait the name of mocrih clian, or lorj of his hcaltit, and tiicfc iiaint:> ?-e ufuilly cx|)rt.l1ivc of foiiic peculiar excellency, fuppul'cd o bu iii the pcrl'oii preferred. J'he great military oDkiis arc called omraln, and one who kui been general, inir<',a, '1 lie thief eunuchi arc trea- (urcrs, flcwariU and cuniptrullcrH of the houlhold. fiii other great oHiccrs arc the I'ccrttarie i of rtatc, the governors ot ttkc elephants, the maftcr ul the tents, and the ktcpcri of tlie wardrobe, vho arc eiitriiilcd with the iewcU 'Die ladies of the haram or fcrai;lio, as it is lifually called, are either wives or concubines, princclfes of the blood, go- vcrnantcs, or Haves. 'I'hofc which are called wives, and ar: contracted with ceremony, leMom exceed four, what the number of the concubines arc is uncertain; but it is generally agreed they amuunt to .ibovc a thoufand. 'I he Mogul never matches with the daughter of any foreign prince, but ufually witl) the daughter of fome great raja of his own country, notwithllanding they arc idolaters ; fometiraes he will advance the ineanell llavc to thatdi:',nity, if (he pleafe him, and the firll fon he has by any of thele wives, is looked upon to be heir to the empire ; though the longcft fword ufually carries it, and whoever poflellcs hiinfeif of the throne, immediately deftroys all his bro- thers, and their male iflue. Uut what is very obfcrvablc, ii, tliat wc nevr hear of above one fon of any one wife, that ever comes to man's ellate, which has given occa- sion to fome to cnnjcflurc that the reft are difpatched as foon as tliey are born. The Ilmpcror always gives fome iinu names to his wives, as he dues to his great officers, one was callod the Ii .'it of the world ; another the crown of the mahal, &c. Their apartments are faid to be extravagantly line, and their gardens beautiful, fliades, rivulets, ca^ades, and grottos, render tliofe abodes fo cool and refrelhing, that the heat of the climate is not perceived. The young fultans arc married when about thirteen or fourteen years of age, and then hive afcparate court, little inferior to that of the Emperor's ; and when they come to age are fcnt to diftant governments, except the heir appa- rent to the crown, who remains near his father. 1 he young fultaneflcs are bred up with all the tendernefs and ibftncfs imaginable, and are not under fo Ari£t a reftraint as the other women, and there do not want in(lanc;s of the Emperor's indulging them in their gallantries, which is the more reafonable, becaufc the royal blood muft never match with, and be under the controulof a fubjeA The number of jewels and precious ilones, which it ir faid the ladies of the leraglio wear, exceeds all Iwlief. Their clothes are as thin and light as poflible, fuitable to the heat of the climate. A certain author tells us, that the filk they wear is wove fo very fine, that the whole habit weighs but a few ounces, and that their linen is tranfparent. The povern.-intea of the young princeiTes, and thofe who arc Ipics upon the conduft of the King's women, arc aconli- (ferable body in the feraglio; and it is faid, have a great Ihaie in the government of the empire : if this Prince has any council, it is cumpofed of thefe ladies, for it is by tlieir influences the great oflicos of Hate, and governments arc difpofed of, and every one of them have a title anfwer- ablc to fome great office. One is ftylcd prime miniAer, another fecrctary of ftate, r.nnthcr viceroy of this or that province ; and each lady maintains a corrcfpondence with the miniiUr, whofc title ihe bcirs, and there arc eunuchs perpctuallycarrying letters backwards and forwards between them. By the interpoHtion of thefe ladies all bufinefs of confcquence is clfcficd, who have better opportunities of reprefenting things to the 1-lmperor, tlian his minifters have without doors. The Mogul is fcrvcd altogether by women in his retirement ; and it is faid his pcrfon isgi\arded by a number of Tartar women armgd with bows and fcy- metars, a multitude of eunuchs alio guard the gates, and all the avenues to the palace. The Mogul's forces arc computed at about three hun- dred thoufand in the whole empire ) but Ix^lidcs thefe, there are the forces of the raj.ihs, or Pagan princes, whom the Mogul has alio in hu pay, which may amount to as many more. Kut, befides tlic troops already mentioned, the Cmpcror has feveral companies and regiments, which may properly l>c called the body guards or troops of the houlhold; firft there is a regiment of four thoufand men, t illcd th'.' Kmperor's flaves, to exprcfs their devotion for the perfon of their Prince. This is the inoft honour- able body zmong the Mogul's troops; tlieir captain is called the daroga, who is an officer of great authority, ro whom the coniniand of the army is lonu times com- mitted. I'.very li'ldicr who is admitted into this battalion is marked in the forehead, and nut of thefe the mcnfcUlars or fubaltcrn officers are taken, who by degrees arc preferred No. g. to the dignity of omralii, which anfwert to our general officers. 'I here are alio the guards of the golden maie« ot the (liver mace, and the iron mace, who carry a club or mace on their Ihoiilders, with a large ball or globe at the end plated over, the foldieri whereof arc i..'Tereml]r marked in tht forehead, and their pay ii proportioned to the metal with " ' "h the mace i.4 covered. All thcf* bodies are pickec' vhoin their courage has recom- mended ) and it .« jiece!Ti>ry to have furved in one of thefe battalions to bcijualilicd for a poll in the government. The aims of a horfeman arc a broad (word bending a little backward, a dagger,. a bow and a (juiverof arrows, a lance, and fometinies a thort piece like a carbine, and to this is .vided a great Ihicid, fo that they are really incuu)'* bred with arms. A footman carries alio a fword and dag' gvr, a (liield, a bow and arrows, and foinctiiiMS a match* lock mulkct, and others of them carry pikei inflead of mufkets: they have alfo heavy artillery, but are generally obliged to European gunneis to manage them ; fome Ihort pieces I have already mentioned, which carry a bullet about as big as a tennis ball, and are fired from the back of an elephant ; there arc alfo about threefcorc i'mail field piecei which attend the grand army. Here it may be proper to ouferve the manner in which th« Indians encamp and draw up their men when they engage. It has been obferved already, that the Mogul takes th« field during the fair Ibafon, which lads fvv.^ral months< and makes a tour through great part of his dominions, being followed by all forts of people, tradefmen and tae- chanics, as well as by the ladies, and the rctl of the court, there being feldom Icfs th.aii one million of fouls attending him, of which one hundred thoufand are foldiers. The camp is always difpofed in a circular form; tha Mogul's pavilion being pitched on an eminence in the middle, is furrounded by the tents of the court-ladies, al>out which there is a fence ten feet high, which folds up like a fcreen Beyond this incl'ifurc, is another circle of the nobility and great officers of flute, and fo on, the meaneft people being in that part of the camp, at the greateft diftancc from the royal pavilion in the center ; and there is a market-place well repleiiithcd vvjili provillons in every quarter. In drawing up an army, every general commands his own men, and the moll hont.urabic place is in the center where the genecal takes his pofi, tliat he may be witnefs of the bravery of his troops, I'hcy know little of rank and file, or any other order in charging, but every man advances as his natural courage or opium infpires him. There are not lefs than twenty thoufand or thirty thoufand carriers that conAantty attend the army, and bring corn, flefli, fait, and all otlicr nccelfaries to the camp. They feldom march more than ten miles a day, and always chufe to pitch their tents, where they may be fupplied with water. There arc a great number of boats alio laid upon carriages, and drawn after the army for the conveniency of pafhng rivers : leopards, dogs, hawks, and their keepers, make pait of the train ; thefe expeditions being intended for plealurc, as well as bufinefs. The Mogul fpends part of his time in hearing and redrcfling the grievances of his fubjeAs that live at a diftance from tlic capital of his dominions, and the r:ft in hawking, hunting,^ and other fports ; and before the rains begin to fall, this 'vaf\ multitude retire into the towns, which during the fair feafon are almoil deferred. The revenues of the Mogul arife from the produ£l of the ground, the labours of the people, the cuftoms of tha fea-ports, the ctUtes of great men which devolve on the crown by their deaths, and prefents from the fabje£\s, who never approach their prince or governor empty handed. The viceroy of every province, it is faid, is obliged to an^ fwer the crown fuch a certain fum, which he railet out of the manufa£tures and the produA of the (oil : this part of the revenue therefore may cafily be computed ; and Ma- nouchi, who refidcd in the Mogul's court forty years, makes thefe alone amount to three hundred eighty fcvcii millions one hundred and ninety four thoufand roupecs, which he reckons to be of the value of half a crown, but tlie ju(l value is two (liillings and three-pence, and then the annual revenue of the provinces may be reckoned to be between forty and fifty millions llcrling ; and much the greateft part of the troops being maintained by the refpcc- tive omrahs and rajas, this may be looked upon alfo as a confidcrable addition to the revenue, it faviiig the crown a prodigious expcncc. The raias alfo many of thein vield a yearly tribute, but then as many of them receive large penfions, one perhaps may balance the other; but the wealth hciolTclies himfclf of when any of his viceroys or rich govciiiois die, and the daily prefents he receives from A a hi^ ^i^ $4 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM op GEOGRAPHY. MirnSjeni, ttViift »mouiit to «ii immenf'- fani; t^4e dU' mond minrj «11'<> «re an iiiexluiilUblc tieiliirc. So extcnfivc «nil ddpotic is the a'.irlinrity of the Orrat Mogitli tlut tlie livci aiiil t'ort^mc* of liii lub;e£)» are iii- lircly M hU dHpoliil, Civil (Uvery liath licrc been added lb jiolilicil : and the bp)irce trrafunr, the cliief of the eimuclu, the general of the elephants, and the matter of llic wardrobe. When the great Mogul appears in public, no pomp, magnificence, or luxury can be compared to the oUcnlations brilliancy exIiibittJ at that time. He (Its upon a throne of gold glitterinc willi precious ftones : the throne and monarch are both iipon the Ixick of an eiruhaiit ) which elevation gives the Emperor fuch an air or grandeur, as muft furpafs the conception of any European who has not feen him. As the elephant moves (lowlv on, the people fail proftratebeforetheirrevercnd and miglity Prince. Thus, he I'upports his'del'potic authority, by dazzling tlie eyes of his naves, and {Iriking them with terror. On his ihield arc diamonds and rubies -, on his he.id t gaudy tur- ban i and on his neck, a rich chain of |>carh. ficlidcs a fword, he has a quiver of arrows i and on the right and left hand hi-.id; bm if the petitioner, litids favour in hit liRht, that it, il the bribrf is fufficicntlv l.iige, and the luitiiltcrs li.ivr licen |iHvii)ully well feed, he Imiles and gtvet » pmcidus n|)rcllion to the trouble and expeiice of rencaringthc former. .Sue h is tlia ei)uity of this cnuntrv, wlicie av.aiite is tlic leading prin- ciple, and the judge himfelf il even a llrangcr to cvrrty juft and tender fentlmcnt. There are no written laws in the empire ; however cer- tain punilliments are ulually initidted dii certain clinieH, an murder and theft arc puiiilned l>y death, Imi the manner of the execution is entirely in the hrcaft of e prinrc or his viceroy. They never luOtr niaMhrtors "> lie above a nii(ht in puiori, and very often nut stall, for if the of- fender be apprehended in the d.ly time, he ii imilicdi- at'ly brought before the covernor and either acquitted or condemned, and from juogment be is hurried to his exe- cution, which is ulu»lly done in the bazar or market- place; fome milcUelbrs arc II .^-d, others licheaded, lome impaled on iharplUkes, fome torn in pieces by wild beaf\» or killed by eleptiants', and others bitten by Inakts, If an elephant lie commanded toditpatchacrimihal immediately, he (lamps upon the wretch who !><'< trembling before him^ with his broad round foot, and Liulhes i.im to death in a moment ; if it be intended he Ihould feel his de.ith and diu in torture the elephant breaks firfl the bones of his legs, then his thighs and arms, and leaves him to die by the wounds he has given him. Sir Thoman Roe relates, that when he was at tlie Mogul's court, a hundred thieves were brought chained before the Mogul with their accufaiion, and the Moeul immediately ordered them to be tarried away, the chief of them to l>e torn in pieces by dogs, and the reft to be put to death in the oiJiiiary w.iy ; accordingly the prilbners were divided into livcral ijiiarti-rs of tli'j town, the thief of them was torn to pieces by twelve do^is before the aiubafl^uior's houle, aud Ihirtcin of his tillows at the lame pUce, had their lie,lds tied down to their I'cet, andthcir necks being chopped half off with a fword, tliey were left iLiked and bloody iti the ttrects, where tlicy be- came a great anntiyancc to the r.eighbourhood. The Mogul cxpefts prefcnts not only fiom all his fub- itRi whenever they addrcfs him, but from ainliairudors and briign minifler$; and luitablc to their prefelits, genciall/ is their reception. The coiin we Inect with in this country are the pice or eafh which arccopper, r.nd about the value of a half-penny; f;knail^s, 1 (liver cuiii of the value of three-pence ; tlm roupte, another filvcr coin, two (liillings and ihrec-pcntc; the gold moor or rupee, which is alx)ut the value of four- teen lllver rupees, and the pagoda, fo called from having the figure of a p.igoJa llaniped upon it, is o( the value of nine fhillings ; the Uft arc coined chiefly by the rajas or petty princes, they are flat on one fide and the other is con- vex. Tht gold and filvcr coins are finer here than in any other Country. Foreigners have their mints, and coirk both god infinitely pcrfcft, who h'Ti exifted from all etcrniiV, but that tlirie arc three fu- bordinatc deities, n.lmel/, Brama, whom he vclted aith the power of creation; Whiftnow, the prilerver, and Routeren, the enemy and deftmyer of minkind. The Ihdiahs believe, that the images ihey wmlhip were ftttce holy men upon earth, and are medistors for tluni to iht fupreme God in heaven, and they have fome tradi- tions uf the creation and of the flood ; but thefe arc mixed With many fables : As that Bnima made a great numlier of worlds, at leail fourteen; that the world we live in has continued feveral hundred thoufand years, and that it has Hill four hundred thoufand years to come : that their god KlaliaJeu has appeared fevcrai limes on earth, uhder dif- ferent foCms. One of the images of him has four heads, and four arms , another, cilled Whinnow, has the Lead of ■ hog with tufks, and the body of a man , another is part man and part filh; a fourth has ten heads and twenty hands, and fcvcral other uionftrous figures wc find adored in India. A prc-exiftent flate fecms firmly believed by the bramins, and that fome arc rewarded and others piini'lhed here for what they have done in another world; they believe alfo that this IS a flate of trial, and we Ihall be dealt with in another life according to our lichaviour here. Tlie bra- mins advifc their followers to go in pilgrimage, to certain places efleemed holy, and cfpcci.illy to the pagodas near the mouths of the (ianges ; the walhing in that river alone will cleanfc them from a niiiltitude of fins, in the opinion of moll Indians , but however erroneous their creed may be in fome refpcfts, they arc much to be commended for (he moral duties llicy teach, namely, temperance, juftice, and humanity. A certain Protcllant divine relates, that a biamin afTured him, that they acknowledged one fupreme God , and when they rcprclbnted him as having a thou- fand eyes, and as many hands and feet, they only intended to teach their jKo'ple that he is almighty and oinnifcicnt, to induce them to be very cxaA in the performance of all nioral duties. The mod honour.-\l)le tribe or caft next to the bramins, is the lajapute, or ralboot ; and this the only fighting tribe, making arms their prdflftion. Thcfe have lome of the fupcrrtitior.i of the bramins, uiit are not quite io fcru- pulous , they will eat the flefh of moil animals, except that of nc.it cattle, and fome other bealls they woilhip. The banians arc tlic third trib; in honour, and the inoft i T A M. 9i teivier of the livri of animals of any oF thctit. 'Thay do not only prnhiliil the killing of them, but fludy M ways for their prrl'rrvatinn, which proceeds from their fil* vourite doftrine of tr.iiilmir.r^ition, lielieving ttiM evel^ creature is annintcd by a liuntan tout, and is noble or Ig' noble, according tti their behaviour in aprc-exillent flatti Tlie begging fiiais among the Pagans arc called tib{uirn and of thele theie aie great numbern thr^ make vows of poverty and cclihuev . but their vowr of poverty »r» I'A far from depriving idem of food, that tliclr protclfion il the moll effc^liiiil nuani to be provided lor. They ar* almoft twkcd, letting their hair hang down to their mid* dle», powdering it wiihalhcs, and the,rrlieving them 11 elleemed a very nuritoriouH atl , but though tli -le gentlif men ap|iear to the world to be eltlrcmvly niortitie^, they are fomctimes Very merry among themrelves. 'I'liere U alfo an order of mendicant llrollcrsamonEthe Mthometan<| who vow poverty and cclih;icy , but ilirfe rather cuii\malM thanalk charity, and if dciiud, plunder the Villij^cs the/ maich through. Helides the fcAi already mentinnedt there ii inntlitf Called gaurs, whd tied hither froirl I'erlla, when the Ma' hometans made th'.mfclves malleri of that country. ThelSl are di Iccndrd from (he ancient Perlians, who worfbippea the fun and tire; they adore (>oJ tlu- creator of the worldi but have a t..dition, that /eitooll, or Zoroalter, tliel* lawgiver fome thouflild years fince, brought fiie from lie»- ven and comnnnded hio dilcinles to woithlp it. 1 he ex* tiiijiiiilhingthc noly in-, which h*s been kept confinuall]^ buiiiin^ ever fince in iheir e;(»aif is 01 tcMplcs, is account* ed a great fin , .tnd they dn nul rrcknn the putting out mf other Hi c a much lei's iiiuii.'. 'I'he cock is adored bf them with as much devotion s the cow is by the batiLmii Th'.-v abllain fiom '.itiiig beef and p.jrkat Surat, in com- uhaiicc with the ciiftum of the country; the Pagans of India foiliearinj; to kill the one, which thcv hold hicrcd ; and the Muci! '.ihi.[iiiii.itiiig the iitliri, lookiiii'on them- felves to hi; p'illutc.l by tlij touch ot' any mm that has but toucl'-il a lio^;. They I'?' apart the (iill day of every Mtomli iiir lh"i\ pM )hc worlh'p, and hive prayers alio oit (oiiie other da^ '. The religion of tht- Mnhomct.tiis or MulKlmen will bd tieated ot iiio'.u account uf lurkvi The hind' lis or gcnioos, iire di(lin;»i;i(hed \r\*xs four tribes, or cia(Ie.<. 1 . 1 he bramins, who received iheir iwme (i'lin Hrinha. 'lliiicliOis th; mod noble, as It prmred.d from the head of iiri'ilia, when he created thd w irld. It is allegorical of their luperiority over the other clalfcs. a. ."^irtri, or the military This clafs is faid til have proceeded from the heart of Brinlia, which deriva- tion is faid to be embUniitical of the courage itcceflary td warriors. 3. Bice, 01 Mic trader. This claf's is fiirurii- tively laid to have fpriiiig lioin tlu belly, as trade f ippliei mankind with the neccirnic; of life. 4. Sudder, or la- bourer, which dais is tvpifi:J i>y having fprun^ from the feet, pointing out by iinpHcation the menial lituaiion of thofc who belong to it. I'he harri or halhchore clafs, or call, are the refiile of both the Mahometans aiid gentooj, and their only empi' v the moll bale and fervile otficcit The people of this i.iils, being excluded from all Ibtiety among the Indians of every denomination, are glad to find refuge in the lap of any communion ; they therefore b;comc Roman Catholics, and the milfionaries have few other profelytes to lioall of. It is very probable, from hence that the black Roman Catholics ir» geiieral are con- verts more from compullion than inclination ; for if 1 married womatt commits arty atrocious crime, or happen* to millake any man's bed for that of her hulband, he iin- mcdiatcty cuts off her hair, which is the greateft mark of inliimy (lie can be brandcil with. After fuch an ignominy^ none will converfe, er be connefled with her ; fhe there.< fore flies fohcrprieft, and embraces the Romgiv« tliv imiim of S*. 'I'luiMUt . tliii ciiy lUndi ■h«uc » Iragiic to thr luulliwaij ot | urt St. XJrnrg^-, nihl ii xt tliM Jay a hillM)p'i cutrcuie unilion. And, 6. 'fliey dtil nut ukiiowlrdji* the pope's ^uriulidion. Hut 10 the lal), and fonie ot the uiIkm, llic Romilh milfioiurici have hrouglit them over, and they goto lb-; fame chuicli the I'urtu^uefc do, at MadrAl'i , Sut lut it the lune tune. S E C T. X. Trtali if tht marri»iit tndfmitrali tf thi /nili^nf, %Tiithe cunont in fmlii, I'nr ilie gcnti»j«, sr Pagans, J to marry their children in tlu-ii mftinc\ , the confcrti «f the prupcr parliei i« iKvcr alkcd, hut they are al- ways maincdtoonc of their own call or tribe, and to one ot the lame trade : a car^Kntcr never iilarries a finith, or a weaver with a wnterman. At what age fuevcr the parents contiait for til' childrers they do not coh.-ihit till the woman is twelve years of ai^e, and the man loiik: ve.vs older, ilcfore the iiwcli i^ agreed on, lilt articlopcr (whoiu we t.-\ke to he a hriniiiii or prUH) is always confulted, whether it is likely to prove lurtunatc. An enijiiiry alio u made, what hour m likely to prove pro- fiitious for the foleinni/.ation and cnnfummation of it, And when alt things are UtllrJ, a grand proccfTioii is made through the ilrects lot I'cveral nights lucciirively by the light of tuiches ; tltc Utly carried in one p.il.ui.|tun on mem lliouldi'rs, aivl the b idcgruom in another, with mufic playiiii; hctoie them. VVhen the (how is over, the lit'le bricic and bridegroom arc let down at licr father's houfe, and here a table lieing placed between thcn\ they join their h,uidi aciofs it, and the pried covering botit their heads with ;i clurb, repeats lonie prayers lor their liappi- ncfs, anil y,\\ci them his benediction; and having Iprink- led tin coiiipany with perfumed water coloured with faf- fton, the cei'cnii~nv is cortf:luded, and an entertainment prcp.iied for their friends and aci|iiaintance. The woman IS ciitirelv in the power of jicr luilband, and confttjucntly Ihc ref.ault him as her lord: llie brings hiro no other for- tune tluii hertlu^ths, anda teinale llavc or two. Orvthc conTirv, :lie !iu!l>aiid, or his father, if it Ik a wealthy fa- mily, iiiof^:; rich prcfents to the wife's relations : no man fMccpn'.ic braaiias and bimians) is confined tu one wo- man, Iiul t.ikes .ij nuny wives and concubines as he pleafes, and tr>-:tts lUem, as llic gentoos do all mankind, with great hum»niiY. 'I'lie Itiange cuftom of one wife being fubjcft to fc»eral huloands, prevails anwng foiiie of the naires, or nobles ; the number U not fo much limited by any fj-^ecific law, 34 by a fort of tacit convention, by which it rarely exceeds half a dozen. 'Ihe hufbands cohabit with her altcrrutrly, .according to priority of marriage ; and each on going re- tpe^ivcly to her, leaves his arras at the door, as a fignal that iKine of tlvc others mull prcfume to enter till he «le-. parts. The Indians give a name to their children about ten days after their birth; they aflcinbletciYora dozen children, who ftanding in a ring hold a (licet in their h.-mds, wherein Ihc brainin or pricll pours a quantity of rice, upon which )ie lays the child to be n.-uncd; the Iwys who holil the Ihcet Ihaking tl>e child and the rice together nbout a quar- ter of an liour, when the father's filter advances and names the child, cullom having given her this right; but if the aunt be not jirefeiit, tlien the father or the mother name the child. A month or two afttrward.s it is caiiied to the pagoda or teinple to lie initi.ited in the banian reli- gion, where a bramin mixes fonic lha\iiigs of fandal wood, caiiiphirc, clous, and other fwects, and puts then) upon tlie child's head, from which time the infant conwncnces a complete liani.ui. The l\ini;-in-woinaii is looked upon fo impure, that none iiiull touch her for the lirft ten da impure, but her nunc, aitd liil forty da > > aiC j>« days ft ihe iliuft pot con- cern herfclf ill dielfing meat or any other houlhold affairs. They have fwiiiging cradles faftncil to the beam of the houic, which go much i|uietci; aiul calier tluii ours that 'i (laiui upon the Kronnd, the laiiw fort are ufcd in llulliiitl. 'Ihe Indiain never bind or (waddle uu tiicir children as we do, bullet thcnkj^opcilnilly nak«.d IxJth boy> and i^irU, till thcv Ale (u 01 (even )iaii old, and it 1 . ii>jt lo lie 11114- gined hotv very youiiK they will crawl about the Hour. Ihe iitiiabiunli of tlit< luuthrrn pait of India, wlHtaio moll of them as black ai jett lia\e a ic.lilh lall Im luni« lime afVer they sriiborn. and turn i|uile blaek as titcygrow up. riiire are no ciookcd or mil-lhi|M.'n people amoiigll ihiMii, but tlirv arc in general llrait aud well pioportioncil , which foiiie think priKccds fioiii the|ra\iiig tluni lo ihcir natural Uberty, and not cramping or (waddling lUeclHldrca M weikiher*. lint however iiut may l)c, the frequent tubbing and walhing them in cold water, certainly contri- bute • to prevent, as much as any thing, tlieir being weak :uid lickcry. VVhen a wife, who has more hulbandt llun one, bring* foilh a child, (lie nominate* its father, who is at the ex- pence of educating it; but from the impradicabilily of itlcei taming the I cai heir, tlic cl'atci ot the hulband de- (and to tltfi uln.dien ot llicir lillcrr, or uihcis near iis blood. With rcfpcft to the funerals of lli'Ti' peopl'-, fonie bury tlie bodies of tlie deceafcd, and xiiic;, b .111 tliein oit piles i the latter ;s the moll cullomary. Heture ttity burr> tlieir dead, they carry them, on 11 Si'.-r lo a linlil diilance from the town orvillne whire ih, . di.J, .l.flLd in their ufual apparel. Ilcieu pile is eieiied, and the c«ipti: it placed upon it ; and, as (oon >« thebiamin has dune pi.iy- ing, one of tlie corners of the pile is fct fire to. When the body is conCumed, its relics or allies are gathered and thrown into the Iva by the biaiuin, lor the tuneral pile 1* always cretlcd near the fea, or ibiiu: large piece of water, as the re;idv road lo paLidife. the Ganges, and other river* in India, being the olijecls of their adotition. 1 he per- fon who fets fire to the pile, is always the nearctl uiale-te- lation, who walks baic headed, in I coarle tj'tered gar' nunt (tluir common mourniiig) tound it tlircc tunes oe- fore he applies llic tire Aiek, #iid when the wltolc is in • bla7.e, abundance of fwcet-wood is thrown into the fire ; but the pcifoii who let tire to lite pile, appears 'iiUtadted with the moll allonilhiiig grief. We lluU here give foiiic account of the gentoo woincfk burning thcmlclves on the death ot' their hiilKinds. But we mull til II prcniil'e, that, as tlie gentoo laws allow bi- gamy, the tirlt wife lia> a limited tunc given her to conli- der whether (he will burn hcrlclf or not, if Ihe decline,, it, the choice is given to the Iccond; if tlie fecund declines allb, then they both lie under the imputation of being re- tnifs in the genuine principles of honour and clUem. Some fay that thisculloiu was inAituted iaordec to terrify the women from poifoning tlie'u hulbandt, to which they were once addiiiledj others, that the women propofcd to enjov a more cxouifite and durable happincl's with her huf • bandin another liti: than Ihc liad done in thisi and there are others that impute it altogether to priellcr.-il't , for that the |ieople of quality being to b; dreflcd up wiih rings and jewels to a very great value, and tlic bramins only haviiiK the privilege of meildling with tlic alhcs, fomclimes pof- felled thcmlclves of great wealth by this means. Soon after the fettlement of the Knglilh at Fort St. George, a bramin woman demanded leave of the governor to burn herfclf with her hulband ; and not being able to diffuade her from her rclblution, and ilrongly fulicited by the whole call, tli.it he would grant them this their an- ticnt privilege, he at length conleiittd to it, it ii faid; ac- cordingly great preparations were made, and the womaii drefled lo ihc licft advantage, as if (he wcte going to her wedding, the inulic played, her friends rejoiced, and the people ihouted a.s on l<)me glorious occafioii; but the wo- man, when (he law the funeral pile prepared, and the fire about to be kindled, liegun to repent herfftlf, and would f.iin liivc withdrawn, but was hurried on to tlic pit where the Cre was m.ide, and there knocked on the head and luurdered by the btumins to prevent her cicape, and after- wards burnt with her hulUind's corpfc. About the year 1743, the widow of the rhaam Cluind Pundit, in her fcventeenth year, llgniticd to the bianiins her refolutionof burning lierfelf, the dreadful pnin of tiic death (he (ought wai dcliiiuited to lier in the mull ftrikiiig colours ; all, however, had no elTeil ; (he even put her hand into a fire and held it there fome time. Her friend'-: liiuiing her fo intlcxibly determined, coareiiti:d to a funcnd pile being cieftcd, the melancholy hour approached ; (he took leave of her mother and three chlluicn, diverted her- fclf of hevorn.iments, walked three times round the pile with th.- brunuti, from whom lUc received a wick of cot- ton, ^A" ^fe^ cttLcm. P '" •■■'■■.. ./ f' ytafr,>/(>rm\AM^^. W'//'Ji«^^^^^//w/v*^//SYSTEM//GEClfaAPHY m ^:- nytjtim HM€*;fm^. •JiitfuAeJ hy^llr.iray^/if'm.^trnttkrterltowlpmiti*. «%-■ M**"' #i*p^' H.. ^ %t having reigned thirty-years in India, and was fucceedcd by his foil Amayvm. A young Patau lord, named Chira, having been edu- cated witli. Ainayum, gained fuch an afcendcnt over him, that he m.-ide Chira the commander of his army, and his prime miniftvr, who taking all opportunities of ii^ratiat- iiig himfelf with the Tartars and Indians in the Mogul's army, and being extremely concerned to find his itative country of Patan treated as a conquered province, h: en- tered iiUo. a cnnfpiracy againft Ainayum, his great bene- fa^or, who having received advice of his treachery, raifed a body ot forces, and gave battle to Chira, but was de- feated by him, and obliged to fly into Perfia for prote£iion, and Chira was immediately after proclaimed fovercign of lndoi\an. Here our hiftorians furnilhus with fome omens of Amayum's refloration ; the^ tell us, that this prince laying himfelf do>«-n to fleep m bis flight to Perfia, an eagle hovered over his head, and fcrcened his face from the fun: Amayum being well received in tlte court of Perlia, and promifed to l^ affifted in his reftoration, waited there, however, near nine years without any tiling done towards reftoring him ; but at length he received advice from Dclii, that Chira vnu killed by the burfting of a cannon which he went to fee fired, and tliat the Moguls and Patans could not agree upon a fuccelTor to the throne, but if he returned to Delli, he had now a very fair dunce of polTefliiig the throne of Indoftan again; and having communicated this advice to the Sophy of Perfia, that prince aftbrdcd him a body of troops, at the head of _ which he. marched to India, and joining with fuch of his fub- jefls as were in hi.'; intereft, he was advanced again to the throne without bloodlhed : but notwithftandilig this re- volution could never have beviefleSed without Perfian forces, and he had promifed to ccoe ihc province < f Can- dahor to the crown of Perfia (to which the Sophy pretended aright,} he was not as good as his word, but flill kept the pollc(fion of it. So little are the profefliom of princes, when they are in diftrefs, to be depended on. The Indians afcribc to tlic Mogul Amayum the build- ing of caiavaufcras or houfesfor the entertainment of tra- vellers, and the regulating weights and meafures. This prince, after his reftoration, built a moft magnificent tomb for himfelf in India, wliidi is, to tliis day, efteemed one of the "reateft curiofitic? in th^it coiintrv; And ?* he was ono day walking o\ or tlie fc,i(Tol>Jiiig, and giving his orders to tlie woikmeii, a plank dcuived hiai, ;iad foilin;^ front li b * great m $1 fii* NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM t* dEoGRAPMV. Ann t RfcM ht\Ak to (he ptuwA, )»ituta milVrably brniffd, tliut he died immedtatelyi and was buried in hit new tomb, «irfaidi«a5theh liewiy ilni(he4 1 bnf fetiH omamenU %ei« tftrrwatds added by Akehnr, tilt foA and fdccctTor. Akebar proved an entet^rUlng prince \ bw having ai yet no coinmnnkatioh withthcfeacoaft d India, front whence * very rkh trad« wt* carrlet« lUngdl M W of Ouzarat and Cambeya^ which extendi from l^utitt, fliuatt on th« river Taptc< to the anouth of tlie river Indm, ha detttmintd to make i Conquell of it< Suliait Bridiir, or BalMdar, a Mahomeun prinoe, Mrhofe anceftors \(reW ArabiMw, wai then fove-* reiijn of thatcouiitry, and had been M war tvlRh the Por-' toguefe for fome tinie> who were pcrpetoally ertcroaching on his lerritorit*, and had lately taken from him the towrt of ITvitf fnamt rMirthe entraiKc oi' tliegiilf of Cambaya^ almoft oppofite to Snrat-, bat both Siritait Badar and the Portugvele received advice, that tliti Mogtil was on hia march to invade Cambaya, and apprehendittg that neither of them were able to opnofe liim liHgly^ thoneht it prudent to make a peace, anduAitatlteir fbrcts againli tlw Mogul; nor were both of tlieiH able to flop die tonrerit of his armii They rtlied much on the Euro^aai artillery ; but, cotMng to an engagemcnr Akebdr's nnffierous army bore down -iK befott them. Stiltan Badar retired out of die battle) I. ' "hildren were made prifoncrs, and put to death by Ake- bar, who made an intire comjneftof thekiitedoro of Ga- «arat, except Din, and (uch other towm as the Portuguefe had fortiiinl and fomithed witt) artillery. Akebar finding Gujarat fo eafy a conqueft bent his ariiM tCFwards Dccan, which lies to the fouthward of it. I'his was divided into fet cral little fovcreignties i Mufta- . plia, a Mahometan prince, pofleflcd that part of the coun- try wherein the towns of liramponr and Acer are fitoated, whofe fubje^s gave him the title of melee, or king. Amadangcr, and the territory belonging to k, was fub- 'jeA to the Queen of Cande; and Ardnr commanded the diftria of Doltabad. Thefe princes, though at other ^■•v: • I'T^f-mies, unia-d tlieir forces aeaiirft Akebar, and ga\ a him battle, but were definted by him, widi TCiy little Mi. The towns of Acer, Brampour, and Aaoadanger, held tlie conqueror in play ff>me monllu afterwards; out St length Muftapha and the Princefs of Cande, both fur- rendoTcd their capitab upon conditioiR. Muftapha after- wards attended the Mogul's court, and was oonlent for feme time to remain in the rank of an Indian raja : and the Princefs of Cande was taktti into the number of the conqueror's wives, artd treated in the quality of a fa v cfc i pi uueen, remaining for a coniiderable time the favourite niltanefs : though fuch was her enmity to Akebar when he beiieeed \\ft capital, that defpeiring to bold wat, (he caufed 2l her treafure to be melted into bullets, and in- fcribed with the bittereft curfes againft her enemy, (hot them into the neighbouring woods, to prevent his pol&flT- ing it. Some of thefe g^d and filver bullets were af- terwards found by Manouchi, who was a plwfician in die Mogul's court, who relates, that he nad the in- fcription on them, and that one of the bullets weighed eighteen pounds. As for prince Ambar, he was killed iti an engsgcment during the war, and his territories feixed by the Coviqncror. After thb foceefs, Akebar irtvaded Chitor, which lies raft of Gnzatat, attd was then ft.>hjeft to the mja Rama, who liavingtntcred into a confederacy with feveral of tlie neighbouring powers, ventured to oppofe the Mogul, but beinfr foon obliged to quit the field, he retired into his ca- pital city of Chiltor, naturally one of the flrongeft fertreflcs in India, ftanding on an high mountain in the middle of a plaiit; riie river Nug almw fnrrounded it, a rivulet atfo rofe within the walls of the town, and tliere were ficMs within its bounds, wliich produced provifioiis fuffidant to Aipport a imfTKTODS garritbn. But notwitlifianding the advantage of its fituation after a two years fiege the town wa-i taken, and the reft of the country tliereupon lubmitted to tlie conqueror. Being now difpoled fo rrign in peace, Akebar :q>plied himfctf to>the building of fine towns, promoting the traffic of hi» KHj je Os -, and adorning his palaces. He rebuilt the city of DeHiv enlarged that o( Agra: and planted the fiite avenue of trees, extending from Agra to Labor, which is near five hundreds miles, under the llude wliereof a tra- veller may be fereened from the fun in the hotteft feafon. Some of hh favourite amui'ements were, the manage- ment of his war-clq)li3nis, and the breriiing head-ftrong horfes. Thefirft w»s foliasardous an exerciie, chat the friends and relations of tlie perfons, who are obliged to train them up to the war, put en mourning for tiinn, u a Ittm aeftiiKd to deltniOIaiti Tlie peafiMts (by whom t prefome •m luftoriaiu mean the bindoos, tbfe original in' habitants ftf the noith ofI|Ml») brcAmg out ioto itbellioii agaitift the Mogul, «hdftMtt\% into aforttefs, Akefaat commanded the aaptains e^Hle ckpbanti to break opei< the gates, which they liMmiftg backward to attempt, ho put on a coiiunoii feldier's coat, and mounted an elephant nimfclf, and advsiicing to one of the gates^ Uiade his ele« phant break it opcii, irhiie a fhowvr of anew* was dif- eharged at him from the walisi This war with the hin- doot laftcd /•((« yean, it beiHg a mooMainoiU, woody couiilTy, and the people having pofleflcd theanfehres of Hio paies through which an enemy couU approach it ; and tlM Whidt jperpltsnl Akebar ftill mere was the rebellion of hit ekieft Ibn, Jthan Gnire, about the ftme time. However. (his priMe had the good fortune to fupprefs that rebellion. And to deter his fou from fuch attempu for the future, ht carried him into a foreft after he had pardoned him, and fhewed him the heads of his aflbciates Itanging on tha branches of the tree*, which had facb an tSc& on him« that he ever after proved a very diKiful fon. Tlieft wars s;erc no fooner ended, but he was neicifed With a rebellion of the Patans, who endeavowtd to ren- der their country independent of the Mogul again ; and thefe people were fe fortunate to defeat an army of eighty tfaonfind tnen, the Mogul feM agahift them. Whereupoa Akebar, obferving tltat the want of people to maiuge his artillery was the prhteipal oecafion of his ill fuccefs, in> vitcd buropean gurmers imo his fervice ; among whom we are told, tnere was an Englifhman, whom the Mogul re- quired to live as his people did, without ftrong liquor, t. which the gunner nude ole of the foltowing flratagem to . obtain. Being to Ihoot at his mark before the Mogul, at a time appointed, he (hot much wider 'Of it than he liad done at any time before the prohibition, and being afked the reafon, he faid bis fight bad &iled him ever fiaoe he had been debarred the ufe of wiae ; whereupon the Mogul ordered him as much as he would drink ; and after he-EMl ' drank prettv plentifully, he made fome very nice (hots, > and die prelkimtion againfl his drinking wine" was cdien : off, and it was reeorded in their arcfaieves, " That wioe ~, was as natural to an European, aS water was to a fifb," J which the hiflorian relates he faw himfelf ; and that after- wards foreigners were permitted to plant vineyards about ' Agia, and make what winr they plcafed. Akelvv, finding that his peeple were a« defidem in moft , ether iciei^cet, as in the art ef^war, invimi ttmfe of other profeflions ta refort to his court, oAriiu; tfaem great en- comMtmcnt, and f«nt for die PoitVigoafe miffionai i - ^ u inffania him in die ChriJUan reUgmi, as he ;^Tete.' ef li a i nt , hiilcad of frvouria^ the fiMfaers ; any longer, became the fomdcr of a new leligioo, which" liquid comj^rehend all the icligioiw he was aoooaimiad with, and unite hu fubjeAs in ene eniiwm way of worfhip ; in whidi he choie to renin the faeptifo of tbe CfariiUans, the > circnmcifion of the MahometaiM, and tbe idoktry of the Pa^^ins ; bat he vrsold never hear of p«tiiu with his wires, and HifiiMM; himfelf to one wmnan. The midionarics aflert, diat aner this he was always unfoatunate, loft his beloved fon, was liarrafled with infurreftions, and loll fome of the mod confiderable provinces of his empise ; and at lengtlt, having forrn^ a defign to poifon fcveral gscat men be fufpe£k^ were in a confpiracy againft him, died by the poifon he bad prepared for others ; whidi happened in the year 1605, and was fucceeded by his foiiCha Selim, who, at bis accefTion, took upon hiiu the title of J chart Quire, or fovereign of die world. This emperor, in confequenoe of the education he had received in nis fiither's court, was indited to make die like enquiries into the trath of the fieveral religions profciftd ii» his dominions ; aitd he looked upon the conlimiig men to • fome particular fiood and liquors, to proceed rather from fnperftiiion than true piety, as it could ferve no pood end orpurpofe whatever ; and obierving that the ChrtfUan re- ligion allowed its votaries the greatefl liberties c^tbu kind, he fent for the Franks, or Europeans, and drank pretty nsmr^-. i ney rrnnyaaea to mm, ttiorerorc, tue uniaW' fulnefs of drinking ftrong liquors ; but fome of the wifcit of them obierving, that it wu rather hit Jeve of wine thaa [ASIA:) i W & is A it. H any incUiution to tifecome a Chriftiari,^ that iitdUcitd hint to take thefe libertiei, diey tkclared that the prohibiiloB to drink wine was never defigrtcd to extead to fovere^ prin- ces, they were at full liberty to eat and drink what th«y pleafcd ; which kind foiution of thei^ pniphet's prectptt^ gave hint entire fatis&ftion, and he ilevcr gave anv nir- tlier evidence of hie fovouring Chriftianity, unleft it was by his forbearance to pcriccute the Chriiliani, and admit- ting diem to drink with him, which they fireqnently did till morning. The miflionariet, it feems, looked npon tills alfo at an evidence that he deltgned an alteration in re- ligion, at well as tlie Mahometan ptieils ; but they were both deceived ; the indulging his appetite being all he meant by thefe praAices. The Mogul having removed the royal feat from Agra to Lahor ; and tlicre from his terrace feeing a moft beautiful iiiiiy, named Nourmahae, in a hufp on the river, being icreened from the fun by a canopy over her head, fell de- Iperatelv in love with her ; but hearing (he was married to one of his officen, he foon dilpaichea hit rival out of tha way, and then renewed his coartfhip ; but the lady, bwr- ing fbme intimation liow treaeheroufly her but hulbud had been dcftroyed, exprefibd her reientinent with great feverity, declaring, Ihe could never think of matching widi her hulbaml't murderer -, but when her mourning was ended, and the Mogul continuing to load her with his fa« Vours, Ihe was prevailed on to comply with the love-lick emperor on the following conditions : that Ihe Ihonld be Ibvereign of the fcraglio, her ^uher prime minifter, and her relations, preferred to the moft honourable pofts. The marriage was accordiiuly ibiemnized by a feftival of eight days continuance, and licr name changed to N'out Jahun, the light of the world, 'this pTince& had not been a year in the feragiio, before ihe deftroyed, by poifon or other- %ile, five or the emperor's greatclt ftvouritcs ; and married her only daughter to Sultan iicberiar, the yo\tnf;eft of the Mogul's Ibiu. Wiiereiipon Sultan Cofrou, the cidefi fon, not doubting but Ihe deiigncd to advance bis youngeft bro- ther to the throne on his father's death, and be! "J inform- ed, that-hit grandfether Akebar intended that he (Cofrou) ihould fucceed to the throne before his &ther, tlie prefent cntperor, he raifcd an army in order to fecure his accef- fion to the Indian tliivne -, but being defeated and made f rtfoner, he was mundered afterwards by the direftion of one of the Mogul's rainiften (who had ai> intereft to ferve by hi* deftrvAion) without hit fether's knowledge. Sultan Qwrrom, another of the emperor's foiis, railing an infur- fedion alfo was defeated, but was fo fortunate, however, to forvive his fethcr, and fucceed him in the year 16x7, {hoogh Bohqui tlie late Mogul's grandfon, whom lie de- ligned his foccelTor, was firi) proclaimed emperor, and en- joved tliat title a little while, but being defeated bv Sultaa ClMrrom, was obliged to return into Feiiia ; andChorrom, on his accefton, tm>k the title of Shah Jehan, or king of the vrorldt His -joungeft brother. Sultan Scheriar, was at this time a prifoner, in the palace of Agra ; he had his eyes put out in the former reign, but Shah Jehan not con- tent with ^at, ordered him, with his two fons, to been- clofed between four walls and (larved to death ; and, thwi having deftieycd all hit family, Chorrom remained in pof- feffionof the throne without a rival. The feat of the ^ovemmentwas removed by Shah Jehan, from Agra to O ', which he vailly enlarged and beautifi- ed ; and h propofed to have fpent hit reign in all the delights. ^ rat emperor could command. But at he and hit brothers had been cngagt^^ in oerpetttd rebellions againft their fether, he feund himfelf iuliciently punidied for hit undutifulnefs, bv the rebellion of his own children, and the difaffbftion of nit nobility, occafioned by bit fla- grant lulls ; for though hit feras^, like that of othar caftem princes, vrat fumifhed with hundtedt of the rood celebrated beauties in his dominions, he would fend for the wives of the greateft omrahs to his bed -, which though none of them dared t«M«fufe openly, thev were fo difgufi- ed, that many of them at length defertea his fervice, and joired one or other of his rebel fons. Hit eldeft fen Dara 9r Uariui, indeed, always remained fiuthful to him, and had, in • matmer, the adminiAration of the government put into hit hands, which he well deferred, htiag a moft aoeempiiflMd prince, having great iwttmd parts, improved by the Enropein miffieiMrics, who inftruAed him In phi- tofophy, nwthematics, and other liberal arts -, in retam for which, he declared himfelf in dicir fiivour, and nve Ihem great etieoangement, but this nude the :ierio«it Ma- hometans, his enemies, dread a chanee in religion, if ever he fucceeded to the crown. And as hit educs>tion had ren- dtKd htm mvoh fiiperier w any of hit courtien and mi- nlflsn, ib U Aid h« d{4 int *xm them fnitaJbie (q ^r meritt, aa they apprthenriMl.d(%ifiM the cringeaalMlflat^ tenet ef thie couttiert ttt oMaiaaU ftvont: and tbU^ bf (hewing an indifiiii«iice to the cftihiilhed leUi^ iM flighting the addreflcadf the grcitikia), he ended t gene- raldilgtift to hit berfiin. In the tiiaA tim^ hit UtMieni who refided at tlieir ftvetal MvantmeUtt, lefk ilo aw^ linattcii^itad td rcndeir themfitvn ptMliar ; Saltan Suj«h hit fecqiid brother, b^ng governor m Bc^pl ; Awn^;- a«fae, the tUrd brother, governor of Decan i lind Mora4 theyoong^ govenibr ofGusarat or Cambaya. The Mogul a yoithger font, envying die poihcr thav faw their cldeft brother already poflmed of M «oi)ti, an4 appKhcnding their Oi^n deftniAion certain, if ever ha cane to the throne, united their fotcai and counkilt tti difticfit him I which while thity wfere doing, a leport pieirailad thttf their father ih$ dead; Whereuoon Sukata Sujah, the (JKr' cond fon, viceroy of Bengali auembled an arttoy, and be^' Ban his march towahii the capital city of PelH. It it r9- nted, that when he noonnted hii elephant, lie laid hif himA upon hia fword, and faid, "Now for a thf<>nc or« grave." Hit preteiKe for thi* brqccdure was, tji^ his hfotlifr>Sirir' (an Owvbad poifimcd his father, and that he took ti|»wmil to revenge his death ; but the EJnpetor, btiqg reft^c4 t| ?;ovcnimcnt ; but Sukan Sujar, receiving UVibri {rom hU nefiiit, that hi* fether was (Ull very ill, thought Ht to coniin-.x his march -, whereupon the coiut tenwTOd (root Delli to Agra, being nearer the fcene of a£|tqn, and 4 hiuc.V ilronger town than Delli ; and Dan fent «n ^rmy commanded by two of his font, and fomc eapcrieiltcdsc^ nerali to afltftthem, to oppofe Sultan Sujah's ttlatUi.wniMii forces being much inferior to thofe bf the toyalifts, Si)liaq Sujah was defeated, . but iiiade his picape into hi* gevf ija* mcnt of Bengal. , ' Autengzisbe and bis Ureter Merad, in the mean time, having aflembled dieir armies; advarteed toWards the c»* pital. Aurenazebe, who had lived reclufejy a* an hermit^ with his ufuJ hypocrify, gave out, that be liad no view* with refpeft to this world ; al' hr dtefirod, was, to fee the true worihip of God, and the law of his holy nrophet, ef> tabliihcd in iu primitive purity ; that he was ibrty to ob* ferve that their brother Data was become a profrlyt^ t9 Chriftianity. and Sultan Sujah followed tlie Perfuin here* fy i; but be Ihould endeavour, by the help of God, and hit holy prophet, to prevent eidier die apofiaie or the beietic's mounting die throne of their fether. And (ince Moiad alone retained n true leal for the Alcoran, he wAuld efiit him with all liis power and intereft to oppofe tUffii bttfli flefiring no other return fer his fervices, but that tm migbf fpend the remainder of his life near the tomb of Mahomet, in afts of mortification and devotion. Sultan Morad wa* infinitely pleafed with his brother's pious inieiuiont ; and invited nun to come and join force* widi iiim, that itny might march in a body to Delli. Aurengaebe bercttpon» with hit feictid Mirca MuUa, fet forwards toward* Uelti, with an army of vtteran troops, who had ferved in the wars of Vifepour and. Gokonda, well provided with all necelferies, and a prodigiou* Lauik of money, which he had been hei4iing up lor fevend year*. When the amies etme in fight, AiBBi^zebe difmoanted and ran to meet his bn»- tlicr, profitadng himfelf before Jtim as hi* foveceign. Mo- tad immediately took hit brother up and emhraried l)im, and the hi^ieft pipfeffions of matnalfriendltiib pafled be- tivecn them i iMid wat pievaiied upon by this mafler of diffimutation to take nM luBfthe imperial ftyle and ftaitti and hia, brother was fMafed to«K»ive ihofeordart from him^itich he firfi ^vifed. When Sultan Dara mnderftood the two brother* wefe joined, he difpMchcd a trumpet with a letter from the Km- peror to each of them, afiuring diem that he was iti hetltbi and that they fliooU retire and difband their troo^ on pain of his tefenaneirt. Morad, it is faid. was (hockod to find hit fetber wat alive, and was inclined to obey lii^ orders : but Aorengacbe fhewing hiin that it wa* too late to re- pent, and that dure was now no medium betireed deadi and conqaeft ; and that if ever the armies feparated dioy wen; infidliUy rained : that tliovgh their fedier mii^t be yet alive, he wu fuperanmwied and incapable ot reg|l caret ; and in cffirfti out the prophane Dara had airea^ pofl^fled himfelf «if the fovereign power, and would iiiiatti- hlv extim»fB their holv reliainn if he wag not timely nr?- vented. ' By dtde fpecioiu*Teaibn!i he prevailed upon the honeft Morad to continue his much. Dara, fob The NEW ■It AND 'U^7IVER8AL faYSTENT of 'CEOGRAFHY. • ■' Dirt, oK the other hand, took ihe hio4 rflcfltttl mea- fures to defeat the defigns of his brothers : he po/Ti-niJ him- ^ ,_ fclf of the paflesto the capitnlcity, aiidertcamptJ inafitu- **ion where he could be coiiftantly fiipplicj with provifiont • from the neighbouring cities ; and his eajnp waS lb llrong- ly fortified, that k was riot jjoflible to fm-cc it ; but iiot- withftanding he had taken all the fleps a proJeiit ecneral could do, yet by favotirirtg the Chrillinns, and negleQing to cultivate a good correfpondciiec with the giMirals and' officers of the crown, he became fo unpopular, that on this critical occafion moft of them dcfcrtcd him, Icnving the pafles ungtnrded, and inftcad of oppofing his enemies, feme of them aftually went over to tfifm. ' The brothers coming to a battle foon after. Sultan Dare waS intirely defeated, which was generally afcribcd to tlic condWft and' forces of Aurangzcbe ; tliough the. forces ofMoradwore ']trincipally engaged } which highly cxafperated the generals of Morad s army, who began now *»> dri;";,ci ;V treachery «nd h3rpocrify of Aurengzebe, and they had laid a lielign without their mailer's knowledge to deftroy him, whi-n ho came next to his brother's pavilUon ; whidi Aurengzebe being informed of by his fpies, forebore comirt^ to his brother's tent as ufual,/ftiU carrying it feir withb»m, and fending his fon Mahotnet eveiy day to enquire after his health. The Emperor Shah Jchan, obferving that he was con- fiantly betrayed, and imagining that it might be occafion- ed by the prejudices the people had entertained of him, ab- dicated his throne in favour of Sultan Dara his eldeft fon, whom he caufed to be proclaimed Emperor ; whereupon Dara aiTembled a rery numerous and gallant army in ap- '•' '. . pearance ; but being betrayed in this, as he was in tne i|V former battle, was totally defeated, and with a fmall body of horfe retreated to Agra, where he did not remain long; '. but continued his march to Delli, the governor of which city, having received advice of his defeat, would not fuffer him to enter the gates, whereupon he bent his mardt to- vards Labor. ' Aurengzebe and Mond, on the other hand, advanced to Agra, which city was betrayed into their hands, a;u' they poflelled tliemfelves of the Emperor's perfon, and of %/ ■ " thofe immenfe riches, he had long been heaping up ; for ' • , though Shah Jehan, in the beginning of his reign, ap- ~" •••*' peared to b> a moft voluptuous prhice, and his expences unbounded, he fell afterwards into tlie oppofitc extreme, end his principal pleafurefeemed to be in viliting the vaft treafures of precious ftortes, gold, and filver, in the vaults lie had built, on purpofe to fccure them from accidentre- ,f,, fcnt^ as a brave generous prince, and having no itntiler >. ~ ^lefignV, himfelf, could not entertain ap ill tliought of his brother, ventured to go to his brother's tent, attended only -by his eunuchs, and fome other fervants. An elegant en- tertainment \V3S brought in, with wine, among other li- quors, which was the firft tin»e, it is faid, tlut Aureng- ■2cbe fuffered any to be brought to his table. The bro- ■th?rs eat together, and gt piiftffions of perpetual friend- fhip palled on bt'rh fides , j-m whiUi Morad drank plenti- fully of wine, . c fell aflup. As to the abftemious Au- ^ -renEzebe, he tailed nothing but water, and when be found his brother and the reft of the company intoxicated, ho re- . tired to prepare for the next villainoas fcheiue ; for he re- turned with his guards towards morriing, and commanding '-his brpther to be bound 'h:' tlie guards ap- pointed to attend. But Aurengzebe having i'urroundc-d • the place with his army, where the ceremony was to be performed, to the furprize of all men that were not in tlic lecret, advanced in the imperial robes, and placed liimleU on the throne ; at which h'< army Ihoutrd and cried out, ■" Long live the Emperor Aurengzebe," which Morad's army could not oppoli-, as they were all dilarmcd ; hat, ea fhe contrary, wlur the^- found tlicmlelves in tlie power ^•- ■ 3 of Aurengte1>e, niaijy of them thought lit to come ovei to his intcre^, and join in the joylul acclnuiatious, in wliicli they were encouraged by foinc of their ov.n gtncnds whciu Aurengzebe had corrupted. This prince's r»cxt care ws5, to prevent Sultan Dan* from afll-inblins another army ; he therefore pvirfued him with great expudirion to Labor, wlicn upon tlie (inall body of troops wli)<;h Sultah Dara had with him dillicrred. P'- Sultvin Sujah,, the lecomi of Sliab Jclun's Ions, utoder- ftanding thnt Aurengzebe was mairhed iioithward, hud left his government of Bengal a leroiid tiiii?, and advanced towards the wciltliy city of Agra, hut Aureiwzebe return- ing with afurpriling ccldity, prevented tlutt capital from falling into his liaiids. However, Sultan Sujah had poit- erf his tr«eps ffadvamagcouny that he was Mot to be fort;d in his camp j and kept a communication open with leveral towns, from whence he wat wclLfimplied with provifion.'^, while his enemies wanted all iKceflaries, .and even water, which tliey were forced to bring to their caiap upon tlie back of camels from the Ganges, which lay at twenty mUes diflanc*. hi this diflrefs Aurengzebe ordered it to be given out that he would decamp the next morning, aud accoidingly the tents were ftruck and the troops tuiluallv in motion ; which Sultan Sujali obfen'iiig, prepared to fait upon their rear. I'he troops of Aurengzelx were ordered to gWe way upon tlie firft charge, until tliev had drawn tlie advanced guards of Sultan Svijah fome ciillance from their camp, and tlicn to make a Hand, which orders were punflually executed ; and Sultan SujnJi oblcrving his mcit were over-powered, detached ftill other troops to fupport them, and the enemy doing tlie like on the other fide, it came at length to a general oai'lc. The generals advanced with their bodies under their immediate commands to en- gage each other ; and tlie battle was fought with great ob- itinacy, till Aurengzebe artfully drew his enemy iuto a held where he had ordered pits to be made file night be* fore and covered over witli tarf, fo tlut tliey lay unper- eeivcd. Here the brave Sultan Sujah \l»f advancing to engage his brotlier, and perfonally decide the fortune of the dav, wlicn his elephant flounced into one of thefe pits - prepared for him, from whence the Sultan found it iiopof- (iblc to ditcngige hiiofeif fuddenly ; whereupon the army, not feeing their general, imagined iie was killed, and thought of nothing but making tiieir retreat. Sultan Su« jah afterwards mounted a horfe that was brought htm, aiid endeaN'oured to rally his flying troops, but it was too late, the rout was total ; a panic fear liad feizcd hU forces, bllii tliey could never be brooght to make a ftand agaio ; and Sujah, with great difficulty, made his cCcape into the fito- rince of Bengal. Here he recruited his liiattered troops, and having polled hitnfelf in an advantageous camp, wait* tp the approach of the enemy ; when lie uodetflood, that Mahomet, tlie eldefl fon of Aurengzebe, was in fome dif- grace, and fccretly invited him to conio over to his party .■ wliicli negociation was fo well managed, that he did not only defert his fatlier's court himfelf, but brought over .,/{<■,), with him feveral of his lieft officer*. , ■ ' ' "' Aurengzebe, who fucceeded better by creating .divifions among his cn^imies, dtan by force, found tneaas to create a jealoufy between the uncle and nephew, and at the lame tinie gave his fon all imaginable encouragement to return to his duty ; aiid by thefe means he prevailed with the. young prince to quit the fervice of Sultan Sujah; but the fattier had no fooncr got liim into his pow<^ but he clap- ped him into the caftle of (iualleor, aud V-H^h became fo weakened by the defertion of Maliomct and his other offi- cers, that he was in no condition to give Aurengzebe any diilurbaiice : whereupon thatprince made his tnuuiphaiit entry into the city of Delli, cuufing money, or rather me- dals, to be flruck upon tlie occafion, with tl'.e following infcription, " I king Aurengzebe, coii(|ueror.of th'- world, " h^ve caufed this money to Ix: coined brii'ht as llio " fun." *jt Sultan Dara arriving in the m^ui time at Guzar.it, atwl finding that the people in general took couipafiiutt on him, and abhoriecl tiie 'hypociiw of his rival brotlier, altered his rcfolution of going to IVrfia, and endeavoured »" aflcnibl'; another army ; but the generals, e*nploycd by Aurciigzxb" in that province, fo over-awed the pcopkj that a ft

    llie city of Anif- dahat, wliidi wai> gariidnicd by his own forces ; bur tu^ way lying over a vail dclart, wUcic no water oc prowlious were to itt {'oiiud, and waiulng even tents to tcrcen his people from tlie fun in the hotucil liialoii uf the year, they iuficrvcl cxtr:.'mily in [ailing it j ai\d what was wwrle, wh,ii tiny prel this royi rebe rcng and the\ pire vem ieml th.it I tionl guefJ at tit tranff diunl thi'hl fhtT nJ ■■i\k- f A S I A.] '.IN D they arrived within a fewmilei of Amadnbat, uxA fent to acquaint the governor with it, he gave Sultan Dnra to un*' deribnd, he durft not admit him. On hraringthat nei- tlier tlie Sultan or any of hi* people, could be admitted into the city, tlie citizeni were in the utmoft conftema- lion i the women alfo broke out into the mod difmal criei and lamcntationi, haviiiz already gone rhrough inexpref- lible hardlhipj, ai|d expelling ftill worfe, being abandoned by moil part of that body oi horfc, who had iiitherto pro- tcAcd them againft the country people, and tlie partizant of AorengzelKj but ftiU there remained four hundred or five hundred horfe with Sultan Dara, with whom he began his march towards Perfia, to which lie was induced by re- membering, that Given Cham, one of hh favourites, com- manded a fortrefs on the frontiers of Perfia, and might fa- vour his retreat. He undertook a very difficult march, therefore, in which he loft fcvetal of his women by the h.-irdlhips they fuffered, and at length arrived at the for- trefs, where they promifed themfelvcs great fecurity, as well as refrclhments, efpeciallywhen they faw the governor rccuvc tlie Sultan with open arras, and the llrongeft ex- pretfions of his duty and affeftion, as well as gmtitnde, tor the nnfpeakablc favo\,vi he tiad received fromhim ; and once indeed he faved his life, when fhe Emperor Sluth Je- haji had con Afterthefe tranfa£tions, tlie inauguration of the ufurper was performs ed with the ufual fulcinnity on the ioth of OAobcr, (66p, Being thus raifed to the throne, he was not only congra* tulated by his own fubjeAs, but by fcveral foreign princess only Shah Abbas, fovereign of Perfia, reproached him witli imprifoning his father, and facrilicing his elder bro- ther, and the reft of his family to his ambition ; and when Aurengzebe fent an envoy to the court of Perfia, to ncgociate an aflair between thefe powers, attended with prefents. Shah Abbas exprefled the utmoft detefbition of tlie ufurper, ordered the envoy's beard to be to torti oF, and his prefents to be burnt, atid was making preparation, for the invafion of India ; when, happily for Auiengzebe, the great Shah Abbas fell Tick and died, .ind thereby freed him from the fears of being attacked by fo .formidable ail enemy. Aurengzebe was now apprehenfive that his. generals and officers, who hiid been tlic inftruments of raifing him to the throne, ^were not deftitate of ambitious views them' felves, particularly Emir femla, who was acquainted with all tlic wicked arts he had made ufe of to obtain fovereign power, and liad advifed the pra£life of them. He had advanced the general to the higheft pofts in the govern- ment ; and, knowing him to be of a reftlefs, ambitious fpirit, dreaded his makine ufe of the fame arts to ruin him, as he had done to raife Tiini, if he was hot employed in fome diftant fervice ; he therefore fent him, at the head of a numerous army, to invade the dominions of the king of Acham, the moft potent prince of the fartlier India, to whom the reft of thofe princes were at that time tributary j and as there was no way to approach the territories of that prince, hut over mountains, that were till then thought iinpafTable for an army, it was highly probable that Emir Jemla muft have periuicd in the attcnlpt, but the Mogul encouraging hire to hope that he fhould be advanced to the fovcrtignty of all the countries he fhould conquer, ha entered upon tlie expedition with a great deal of alacrity, and forced his way through the paftes of the mountains, drove the King of Acham from his capital city of Cham* dara, and had formed a defign of invadii- ^'hina, and fub- duing that vaft empire, but what the .' of the enemy could not do, the unhealthfulnefs of uic ':.imate effefted. The rainy feafon coming on. Emir Jemla and the greatelt part of the army were fwept away by the flux, to the great joy of the Emperor Aurengzebe. Henic we may obferve the reward that wicked ininifters fometimes meet with, who have run the greateft lengths, and ftuck at no villainy to adv.d plun- dered Jic Mogul's frontier rownj, am' carried l i fahjcAs into flavery, rendering the navigation oCthc bay i( Bengal fo dangerous, that im merchant ihirw dare venture thit^' •■ . theft were at length entirely fnpprcflcd by the prtiden* . . - «wfl of the Mogul's general, and Bengal rendcRd ' • cure At any pa/t of his dominions. Thenext ati.mptof Anrengzche, wa?, to fitpnrefj ;•! .>. pinnderer the raja SeVagi; who difturbed the trade of Su* riit, is much k the piraiVs had done that of tlte bjy of Ifeiigal ; but in ihts he was not fo fncccfsful as he wiis in Ae otljer attempt ; for Sevagi, having pofTeflcd himfelf of nir inicccfflblc mountains of Vrfiapour, drtirnded hitufelf ^ainff all the forces fent againft him, and fo harrallrd the M^pgurs troops, that Iiis generals thought fit to retire, nvi leaVS'Jjihi iripofl!;flioi> ofthe country, he had ul'urped the doitnftion of. And they had no fooner withdrawn their tryops, b»it Sevagi formed a defigii of plum'irring the port-" f6wn of Surar, one of the richeft marts in India, but I ■ deceive his enemies, he marched with the bulk of his army a'Viuito contrary wa), until he had dr.-,.,vn th» Mogul's forces fron> the neighbourhood of that c iv; '.hsn, on a ftiddcn, with only four thoufand men, h; ;fcs, and flying into 'iic ro';.;!'iy fo that he- '.icfwith no oppofition, but fioni t; ■ Enji>(h nad Di.(>-!i fa£lorJes, who having eireSed ba'Urki beif ■: iipxir ftoulcs, and ft,indirtg upon their defencr, ftved shi.i • ef- ftfts ; and Sevagi not having aiiy artillery, thought n: to aiav. :■. off with what be had got, whidi iii gosi fiver, snd [jv.c.'v .'.tiounted to three millions fterling In thu ''\o\::^p of one V.-inian merchant, he polfcflcd himftlf o* t<\'o -(i:;'. ta4;^ni, vjiich he cr.iid no" acc^jinpliih by •^loknt meafure: . Kt fp'Ae evKv where of this ".icr- t'rite of Sevagi'-;, ii the gr(.-.'sft aAicn that ever was jx r- fjrtntd; expreiTing a ft'on,; ('..(ire of itiaking him i'-. f'iend : he gave him his word ji:;i honour, that ifhc wou!-; ^ome into hi:-, camp, he wou?d pay 'I'm aU tJte honours di;v tV) a crowned heacC and Ihould r. j.:i'f:e /i\ his converfion, ^nd that he (hould be at liberty to retiiV. tn his own icrn- forics, whenever he faw fk. He act'"-' oftjic Mogul's liwitatiorj, anc'l was extremely caiefled ; . hiin on Itis ar- rival, and for 'ome time afterwards . but being informed V/ fome or his friends, that there was a deCgn to take him off, he ic-ft tl'c Mogul's camp, and rctiied to the moun- •Siins of Vifi.yioiir, where he fisfcnded himftlf for many ^eirs till he died. AurtufKcbc: a ■ ild ocver make nxx entire fojiquett oft! at country. The l.vle emperor Sliah f than dying about this time, iwsfon Aiui iiczelx: appeared iiicorJolablc, und condemned Rinifelf lo pfforin 1 pcipctuai penance for his undutiful behaviour towards him ; for he fecmi-d to be as ambitions of the charafter of a fnint as that of a coiKj:i.;ror ; jwllibly as his pretended zc.-ri for the Mjliomctaji' religon paved the v-ay to his tonquefts, fo his firm aiUierence to it cftablilh- A h'ur. Ia the affeflions of his t.- ople. India abounds ♦:i«h inflancci of people's going tt.iough the grcatcfthard- fhips for no other leafon than to be jred as faiiits by the vulgar, and iidecdby the bigots of all ranks. . V\ c (hall give a fpe:iinca of Auicngzebe's regimen and a^ininillralion after he was eliablilhed on the tlironc : at break ofd.iy, after bar'i.ing, he went to his devotions, in which he l'p;;iit foine hours. Having made a llender meal iftcrwards ujion rice 01 fwectmeats, he appjicd himfelf to .•\ifr;iiis of (lite ; and before noon, he appcired in a gallery, from w hence he heard the cocgplaints and grievances of his mcaiicll fiibjefls, as well as tne greatcft : then he went to his dcvpiions again ; after that, to dinner, where tlic didics conljAtd of rice, herbs, and fruits ; he never taftcd rielU or fifii, nor were any flrong Injuors ever btr n^ht be- fore him. In tlic afternoon he gave audience agii.ii, which being over, he prayed a third and fourth time, 'fhe re- iTuindcr of tiie day, till two hours after it wM dark, he ipciif iii tlic private concerns of Isi* fanillv. then he fupped, and llept afterwards only two hours ; after which, it is (^, he read die Alcoran, and prayed alnioft all the re- maining part ofthe night. And hei« we have « remark-' .(I inftimc* of wh«t viwtdvinnigc an abfteinious regular c^ life of life is tcnvltnh the procuring health and long life, and .'emiering a princ« always fit for tlii;-:i. in ttic ai'.-.w liavmg a double fuit ol tents and lieii tv.'i)>'K<^. '■ ' '^*'}* wktn they came to their ground the cftmj v IS (ilway^ rci'd. pitthed, and provifions of allkmda lc< h: i-»i ;.« foon a' the march was over. r>:i did ui Lances and calamiti . Aurengzebe underwent nom ilic rebellion o( his children towards the latter end of his rvrign, no doubt, brought to his ieniembiance his un- dutil'.ilnefs to his father : his eldeft fon Mahomet very early defci'cd to h\s enemies, whom he prcvaikd on to return (» his liiity, on a proniife of pardon and p'rcfcrment ; birthr BO foontv had him in his power, than he Ihut him up in the royiU prifon of Gnaleor, where he died eitlieCa natu* ral death or by violence. He had four font more, viz, I. Shah A!em ; 2. Aifin Dara; 3. Akebar; and, 4. Chan- b\»x. Shah Alem was fo lyiuch inhaile to afcend the throne after his l-rother Mahomet died, that he caufed a pit to b«' dug in a toad his father was to pafs, which he very nar- rowly n.illied fiiliing into ; and the ATogul. having fiiffi- cient evidence ot his foi.'s defign, confined hiin in a dark prifon, where he remaine-l many years. A7cm Dara, the fecond fu.-viving fon, crnfjiiring againff his faiher, fearing a difcovciy, dcTerted to the king of Vifiapow ; aiid Ake- bar, the ru'Xi brother, bcmg otdercd to invade the rcrrifo- ries of the r.ija Lifont, near Afimcr, joined the laja againft his father, and they h,id agreed with tlieir united force t» attack the Mogul in his camp, whofc army was then muclt. inferior to the allies, which Aurengzebe receiving timely advice of, he difpatched an exprcfs, with a letter to hi^; fon, which he contrived fhould fall into the hrnds of th<: taja, wherein he tells his foil, he approved hi« conduft iii bringing the raja's army to the place where they were eiw camped, ijiforming him that he intended next day to match to a certain (ield, wh re they iliould Lave the raja's ibrces l>ct\vceii tlicin, and migl't very cafily defeat him ; this cx- picls !)cing taken by the raja's fcouts, and the letter rcsd among his officers, the; fcemed of opinion, th.it Akebar was not to be confided in, at leaft it was proper to defer tin- attack till they were better fatisfied of tiie prince's fidelity and though Akebar, when the letter was ihewn hint, fwo'r by the 1 ran, tliat it was all a contrivance of his filth' to dif'. 'hen*, the raja would not be p. i~^ marc'' ■ 1 gave tlie Mogul an opportunity > ■ 1 forciii^ .i.L. .lOops, and rendering his .trinv fupetv: ro •.'it ofthe enemy i and the raja was aftei-wards dcf., < .' ^ 1 Akcliar fled and took refuge among the Portugcefi* n; who, at his reoueft, conveyed him to the court ot ' . where he married the Sophi's daughter. 'I'he youngcft ofthe Mogul's fons, named Clianbux v, v the only one tliat did not take up arms againil his fat! -; and lie is laid to luve fbrborn breaking out 'to aftuai bellion, only upon prudciui;ii iuotivcs. The Moi^iil had hcrctofoTC coinpelled the kings of Vr (i«pOU: IS r. Ccn ( [AS) A.j RUSSIAN T A ft T A— R **Yi 103 flaponr to become tribiiMry to hiin ; but in the yeai'j 1(185 aKd 1686 he entirely deprived them of their territories, and nude them provinces of his empire ; whereupon all the petty princci to the ftnithward of thefe, as far as cape Co- morin, rutmiittvJ alio tu his duminion, except the motin- Clincertc£lion. Aurengzcbe having fubducd all the Indian princes of any hgure, as already related, lived in [leace in the latter part of his reign, and being arrived at a very great age (upwards of ninety) he thouglit fit to divide the govern- ment of his domuiions among his three furviving fons, viz. Shah Alem, Azem Dara, and Chanbux. The beft provinces in the middle of his empire he afligned to Shah iMem ; the government of Decan to Azem Dara ; and Vifiapour, Golconda and Bilhagar, to Chanbux. As to his eldeft fon Mahomet, he died in prilon ; and Akcbar, who fled into Perfia, died there ; and none of the furvivors having any great ihare iti his favour, it feemed indifferent to him which of them lucceeded in the throne : when fome of his minifters, who were in the intereft of Shah Alem, delired his majefty to nominate tljat prince his fuc- cciTor, he anfwered, " He had made him king of proper InJoO.an, but God atone could cftablifti him ;" and with- out any other difpofitiun of his dominions, died on the 4th of March, 1708. Shah Alem and Azem Dara having each caufed them- felves to be proclaimed emperor, had recourfe to arms ; but tlic latter, being defeated in a general battle, put an end to his own life ; and C'l.inuux, li»i youi.j,eil brother, being alfo faon after d'-icaicd by Shah Alem, and killed in the field of battle, the latter took upon him the title of Kadour Shah, and remained fole emperor of India. I'here is ' 'ttle more remarkable in the hiftory of Irtdia till tite 'r:ign of Shah Alem (grandfon to the above prince) ; who was made a prlfoner by Kouli Khan, who ufurped the Perlian tlux)ne. After the hitifioh of the Mttgiil empire by Kotili Khtn, difcord and tumult pre\-ailed ever^-'-where \ and the general calamFty readied the coaft of Coroniandel, after having ten years haraffed the provinces, At tlib junflure, tlic European merchants, dreadhig that their trade would M intircly ruined, hit on the expedient of havijig a territory of their own, capable of containing a number of manufac- tories fufficicnt to make up their lading. This fcheme wa^ projcflcd by one Duplelx, who was well acquainted with the dirpofiiion of tlie NIoguls j and flattering himfdf he Ihould be able to attain a great fway in IndoAan, no- thing deterred him in the execution of his plan. He'foon Undertook to difpofe of tlie fubahlhip of the Decan, ana the naboblhip of the Carnatir. 'I'he former being vacant in 1748, in the reign of Mahomet, who was fuccceded in 1 749 by Achmct) , he in 1 7 50 gave it to Salabatjing, a fon of the jatc viceroy, after luving experienced great weaknef) In the Indians, and a corruption at mann•,.-';:] C fi A p. VI. U^tVTlIE NEW ,.ND COMPLETE .iISTORY AMD DESCRIPTION OT)"^^^ ^' ? r RUSSIAN T A R T A R Y. ' Igs of V:- fiapnu; SECT. I. CiHtdiniHg (I gtntral account of tit Ruffian dtminiaiu in AfiaUc Tartaryy indudiiig Siberltf t%t Ojiiudi, (.it, RUSSIAN Tartary is gei- U-- h'3IJ to extend as fir eaftward a? the river Ari'ii k-'-.s>Vi(le nnc hiindrrd and five from the meridian 0^ .' • jdi:a ' "■ the wcllem boundary of it, "f we reckon from the mouth of the T«. nais, lying in the tlurty-nintli degree of longitude. Ruf- fian Tartary takes up no Icfs than fixty -four degrees of longitude, which, if we ■■ilowonly fitt)' miles to a' decree, is three thoufand two hundred mi'e' in length , and if W'e extend it C.om f 'ty ."ive dcg; -cs of Mtitvidr to f-venty- fivc, :t takcj up tliirty iJv"y,ii.c.^ 01 iaurViuc. ly is one tho\il\nd eight hunJi 'u utiles iiKi eci;'-. qiient- in biradth, to which to4 Till NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM er GEOGRAPHY. wbii;h if we wU the Runian'doininiont in Europe, make* | it a country ot' the lugcft extent in the linown world fub< je£t to one fovereign ; and, u the dominioni are contigu- out, might give the neighbouring princes in Europe and Afu fome uneaTinefi, were it proportionably populous and fruilfiil. The air of this country, great part of which lie* within the arAic circle, if for me moft part cxcelCvciy cold, the northern diftrift l>c>ng covered with ice and Snow great part of the year, and iome of it fcarcety habitable. Sibciia i> bounded by the Frozen Ocean on the north; by China, and tite Pacific Ocean, on the eafi i by I'ibct, Uibeck Tartary, the Cafpian Sea, and Aftracan Tartary, on the fouthi and hj European Ruflia, on the weft ; and U fituate between taxty and one hundred and thirty de- grees of eaftern longitude, and between forty and feventy- two degrees of north latitude, being upwards of two thou- fand milet in length, and one ttioufand five hundred in breadth. The Tobel and Trtis are the chief cities of Siberia, which runninc from nortli to fouth, join tlie Oby, the united ftream tailing into the Frozen Ocean, and dividing Afia from Europe : the Lena and Jeniffi, which run from north to fouth, nil alfo into the Frozen Ocean : the Ya- mnur and Argun, which divide the Ruffian from the Chi- nefe dominions, whofe united flrcanu fall into the bay of Corea. There are alio a great many large lakes in this vaft trafl of land, of which the largcit art thofe of Baikal and Kifan. The Barabinflci Tarurs, with the Kamfki and Bratfki Tartars, and tlie Samoieds, are comprehended in this defcription of Siberia. I'hc names of all the nu- merous tribes and countries in tiic north of Afia are now (wallowed up in the general name of Siberia. The prin- cipal towns are, i . Tobollki the capital, fituate near the confluence of the rivers Tobol ana Irtis, in fixty-thrcc degrees of caft longitude, arvd fiftyfeven degrees and half of north latitude, about one thoufand miles caft of Pe- terlburgh. Itflands upon a hill, and is defended by a wall and other works, being a large and populous town, the fee of an archbilhop, and has feveral good churches and monafieries in it, befidcs the cathedral. 2. Tara, fituate on the river Irtis, about fix hundred miles fouth of To- bolflci. 3. Tomflcoi, fituate an the road to China, about one thouland miles fouth-eaft of Tara. 4. Jenfiika, fitu- ate on the road to China, on tlie river Jeniiii, in fifty- feven degrees of northern latitude. It has three churches, a monaftery, a nunnery, and an exchange ; and about feven hundred houfes. 5. Bratlkoi, fituate about five hundred miles eaft of Jenfiika, in the fame road, at the conHuence of the rivers Angara and Ocea, which fall into the Jenifa. 6. Irkutikoy lies upon the river Irkut, near thu lake of Baikul. It is a large populous pUce ; con- tains about one thoufand good houles, furrbunded by |Kdlifadoes. It has four churches, two of ftone, and two of wood. It is the capital of the province of the fame name, and is the fee ot a bifhop. It is fituated near the river Angarce, and is defended by a ftrong fort. 7. Nip- chew or Nertzinlkoi, fituate near the confluence of tne rivers Yamour and Argun, in fifty-three degrees of north latitude, being the frontier town of the Ruffians againft China, where tlie laft treaty of peace was oude between tlie Chinefe and the Ruffians. The only part of Siberia, fit for human beings to live in, is the fouthem, where the foil appears to be capable of cultivation, and that it might be rendered fertile ; but, for want of inhabitant'!, very little corn is produced. But the nortliern part exhibits nothing but impenetrable woods, fnow-topt mountains, fens, lakes, marlhcs, ttc. and, being expolcd to the bleak winds, is quite barren and defolate. Not a bird appears to give notice of any change of feafon ; even rooks and magpies quit thefe delarts, where nature becomes quite torpid. The natives are obligedto make pafliiges tluough heaps of fnow, and the delights of fummer are not experienced here but about three months, during which fliortfpace of time the inha- bitants fow rye, oats, peafe, and barley ; but thefe feldom repay the hulbandman's toil. The natives are generally Ihut up in their cottages for nine months in the year, fcarccly ever venturing out : fir-trees of ciinfiderable height bend under the weight of fnow ; a melancholy gloom fpreads all around, and the iUllnefs is interrupted only by tne cries of fome wretched travellers in fledges. To thele dreary regions the Czars of Mui'covy baniih their courtiers and other great perfuns, who incur their difpleafure. Some are banilhed for a limited term of years, and others for life, with the allowaiKe only of one peimy per day, itod Ibmctimcs wittioui any alluwraucc at %!! ; is that, ss they are fent deftitute from court, thaic aiferabk cxilM paU a moft dreadful life. They Ihoot tot their livelihood, and are obliged to fend an annual tribute of firs to tha czars, or they arc moft feverely ponilhcd by the talk- maftert. There is found a furprifing kind of bone like ivory an the banks of fome of the rivers in Siberia : it luth tlic re- femblance of elephants teeth : and, when fpiit or fawed* exhibits a variety of figures, fuch as birds, flowers, &£, Several trinkets are maule of it, and fent to China. Here are gold, filver, copper, and iron mines « alfo lapis lazuli« jafpcr, and load-itoncs ; the iron ores are excellent ; the brown ore is of a very fine gnin, and the loadftone aft« upon it only after it has been calcined. I'his coving it faid to have been firft difcovered in 1563. The noithnart of Mufcovit; Tartary i^i inhabited by the Samoieds and Oftiacks. 7'he Sanioieds are of a Ihort fquat make, particularly their women, who have very linall feet; their complexion tawny, like thofe in hot cliinattSi it being obfcrvaole, that extreme heat and cxtieine cold, in this and many other inAanccs, have juft the fame cfl^e^s: they have long little eyes, liigli cheek bones, broad flattifli faces; and, in general, not very agreeable countenances : both men ana women wear their hair hanging at full length, and there is little difli:rence in tliis rcfncA between them, except that the women fometimes braid tlieir hair, and tie little bright pieces of copper and flips of red cloth at the ends of it. The men have fcarce any beards, A^Jiich makes it ftill more difficult to diftinguifli them from wu* men. They wear fur caps, with waiflcoats and breeches of thi fame, and buikins almoft white ; but the women fometimes diftinguilh theirs by a red edging. They wear coats of rain-deer ikins over tlieir waiftcoats, and in the winter time have an upper coat of one piece of fur, which covers all, and fcrves even for a cap and gloves, io tlia'' no- thing can be feen but part of the face ; and tlicy Iiave IhjoIs whicn come up to their knec». The thread tliey ufe is made of the finews of animals. Their houfes are built with poles and the liranchca of trees, and covered with bark : tticy arc almoft in tlic form of a bte-hive, and have a hole in the top to let out the fmoke, for the whole houfe is but one room with a hearth in the middle, round which they fit b'r l!j upon rain-deer flcins, their only furniture, except the horfe flclh, and other carrion, which hangs round tne huts ; for they feldom eat it while it is fweet, which makes their habitations in- fupportable to any but themfelves ; and it is faid the fumes, that arife from their own unfavoury hides, are almoft a» difagreeable as thofe which proceed from the carrion, their diet. They eat the^efll ofhorfes, oxen, deer, Iheep, and filh indiflerently ; but think it has the beft guft wlien it begins to be a little touched, and prefer the entrails of an animal to any part of it ; ufing neither bread, rice or fait at their meals. Thefe people travel in fleds drawn by a pair of rain-deer or dogs. Tne fleds are about eight {eet long, and three or four broad, and turn up before like fcatcs ; the driver fits crofs-legged with a ftalF in his hand, with wiiich he puflies and drives the rain-deer. They crofs the frozen rivers, ice and fnow in thefe fleds ; and the rain-deer ma with greater fwiftnefi than a horfe, holding up their heads fo high, that their horns touch their backs ; they never fweat, but when they are weary put out their tongues and pant like dogs. I'hcy arc much like flags, but ftionger, and have fhortcr legs : their colour is pictty near white, and fome of them grey, with a kind of black hoof; they caft their horns every fpiing, and generally live eight or nine years. The Samoieds fct nets for tliofe that are wild, and hunt them in winter, being Oiod with wooden fcatcs, with which they run even over hills with incredible fwifinefs upon the fnow ; and having a kind of Ihovel in tlieir hands faflcned to a long flafT, with this they throw (how at the rain-deer to force thrin into the places where they have fet their nets. The food oftliefe beafts is a kind of white mofs which grows in marlhy grounds ; and tliey will dig through the fnow if it lie a tautoin deep to come at it : the tame ones cat grafs or hay. The principal water-game which the Samoieds ufe is the hunting of fea dogs, who in March and April couple upon the ice. Here the Samoieds watch them, being dreflcd more like brutes than men : they venture upon tlie ice fometimes half aleague from the more, with a lar^ Itoek and line in their liands, creeping upon their bellies, and when they come within diftaiice, throw their hooks, and the fea dog, attempting to get away, moft commonly fiiflens himfelf upon it. They cxtraA an oil from theni, f £t the flcfli. andTRth llu fkiu do Jie themfelves ; but the ■ '■?' iea-dog &c. fort Ihei moici braze Wbe idol, btOU( low,, drawl Kc [A S I A.] k t) S d t A K t A R t A R V. 105 fea-dog fbnittiinn jumm into the Tea with foch a force, that he puUi the poor fimcmian in after him, the rope be- ing faftened to hit middle. They take rain-deer alfo fome- timet by clothing thcmfelvei with the (kin of thiit bcaft, and creeping among the ume deer till they are within the reach of the wild, kill them with their darti. They purchafe their wifcf of their itlaiioni for three M four rain-deer, and take ai many as they plcafe, re- turning them again to their friends if they do not like them i and their lofs is only the rain -deer they gave for them. And in feme parts of the country they take the Bbcrty of ielling their wives for flavci when tliey are of- fended with them. They bury their dead in the clothes thejr wore when alive, hanging by them on the next tree their bows, quivers, hatches, and other utenfils. A gentleman who lately travelled in this country ac- n' Its us, that examining one of the Samoieds a'bout religion, he anfwtred, that they believed there was a heaven and a God, whom they ftiled heyha. That they were convinced nothing could be greater and more powerful than God ; and that all things depended on him : that we had one common father, and that good men would go to paradife. But notwithftanding this, they wor- fliipped the (un, moon, and planets, together with feveral kinds of beads and birds, from whom they hoped to re- ceive fome benefits. Images tliev alfo worihipped u\ hu- man fliape i but fo very iircarved and drefied, that it was difRcttlt to difcorer what they rcnrefenled. They have prielh among them, who pretend to tht; inagic art, and 10 fotetel future events : thefe they confult upon all occa- iont, a» whether they fhall recover of a fit of (icknefs -, what fucceft they (hall have in their liunting, filhiiig, ^c. Vhen they come to enquire anything of him, he works luraielf up into a kind of fit, and in this condition deli- '*en his oracles ; from whence fome will have it, that he is pofleflcd by the devil at thefe times : they give us alfo abundance of inftances of the tyranny of wicked fpirits ■inong thofe poor itortliem people, which poflibly, when we come to be betttrr acquainted with them, may appear to kaveulittle foundation as fomeother tales of the like nature. The Olliacks are defcribed by travellerii as a favage, va- gabond people, very little if at all diil^rent from tl>e Sa- mmeds, fome have made them inhabit the fame counttv ; but the Samoieds are more «nerally defcribed as inhabit- ing Aat part of Mufcovite Tartary, which lies towards the wcil ; in and nest to Europe) and the Aftiacks the north eaftpatt of Mufcovite Tartary ncarrft to the Chi- Befiait Tartaiy, of whom a late ^ter gives the following account : " You will meet with this people (Giys he) three days ioumey beyond ToboMkt, the capital city of Siberia : they axteiui along the river Irtis to the place where it tills intotHe Oby, from thence you will find them extending dKittlelves to the northward along the banks of the Oby, and Jenifea, till they fsdl into the guba or gulf of Man- galia, and from the guba to the ftreights of Waigats, inlia- Eiting on the banks of the many riven whicli f^l into Uie Oby and Jenifea. Narim is their principal town. Wticn the hunting feafon comet on, thefe people fo into the woods wkli Uieir bows, dogs and nets, Killing ja- blct, toxci and ermins, bean, elks, rain-deer, mirteu, &c. and of thefe ikins the Empreb has a certain Ihare by way of duty, the reft are fold to the Ruifian governon at a ftated price, and fometfanet they are permitted to difpofe «f them to private perfons. Their diet is chiefly fifh, venifon, wild fowl and roots, for they have neither rice nor bread. Their drink is for the laoft part fair water, and fometimes the blood of a tain deer, or of any other bead they take; and, it is (aid, itiey can difpenfe with a draught of train oil. Tobacco they are immoderately fond of, but inftead of blowing tlie fmeke out of their mouths, they hold .t little water in their raoutlis, with which they fwallow the fmoke down, which fo intoxicates ttiem tlut they fuon lofe tlxir lenfes, and throw op tlie phlegm : this they will repeat feveral times in a day, and it is thought to be ■vholelome phyfic 10 an Olliack conftitution. Tbei'''" itr lUts are low in the ground, with a roof of barks . . ^-^n fungnicr, they build on the banks of tlie ri. ci - juA employ them- felves in filhii>«r. Their i,.-li on is nearly tlic fame as that of the Sa- moieds. I'o which we may fubjoiii, that they have fmall biazen idols, placed in groves, or on the tops of houfes. When they ntake offerings, they prefeiit an animal to the idol, and one of them puts up the '-tions of thofe who brought the facrifke : he tlien ptero :.)e braft with an ar- row, and iltey all join in killing; him then the animal is drawn round the idol, aud ibme pi t}i«in Intiiikle tii.; No. 10. blood upon it; afb-r which, ihevdrcfii tlie flclh and ^at it, with great Ihoutiiig and laerrimeat. SECT. II. Cf «M/»/«|' « ftrlittUr Jtftrifihn tf tU tkiw/" titiii mJ Ittimi m Sihriti with iht ftnim, manntri, rtiifhn, mult 1/ liviitf, Jivtrjhiis, (fc, «/ lit Ruffian intaiitmti thtrt, nr^OBOLSKI, which, at we before obferved, is tiie X , capital citv of Siberiu, waj bui't on the fidr of the oM city which nad then the name of bibir. It contains about flfieen thoufand inhabitants, ainioft all Raffi»ns, or naturaliied. There are feveral Maliometan I'artars of the latter fort ; the greater part of whom, tli.it they may per- form nnintemlptedly the ceremonies of their o»ii reli- gion, live without the city. The larger part of Tobolfki is firaated on the h.'inks of the Irtis ; and the otiicr upon a hill, the top of which is • kind of platform extending; to the eaft of the town. I'liat part on uie hill is fortified both en the eaft .-ind nonh, by a rampart, baftions, and a ditch fix feet oroad, bordered with pallifadoes. The lower town is in a plain, between the hill and the river 1 and both town* taken together, are of a conliderable circumference. All die fortifications of the upper town, which is called the city, on the flat ; the foDthern part of tlie city, on account of a deep gorge, is difBcult of accefs -, as is alfo the wcflern part, becaute the river flow at the foot of the hill, which oeiiig computed of a loofe fand, cannot be fcaled but with great danger : large pieces frequently break from the hill, and, falling in- to the river, bear every thing before them. There is a eovernpr m Tobolfki, wliofe jurifdiilion reaches almnft allovcr Siberia , here is alio a couit of equity compofed of fifteen counfelion, who conduA both civil and military concerns. But as I'oboliki is near eight hundred leagues diftant from the court 1 therefore, that the governor may not abufe the power with which he is in- vefted, there is a proAor, who ranks next to the governor, but who is neither dependent on him or the court of equity) fo that the buhnefs adjudged by the governor, or by the chancery, cannot have a final determination without the projlor's concurrence. In the upper town, or city, there are three churches and a convent ; but thefe ate built of wood. In the los or -■] town are fieven churches and a convent built of ftoiii. ; and there are three di^ .ont communications from tlie up- per to the lower town. I'here is an archbilhop at Tob"! - (ki, whofe diocefe extends over the greatelf part of Siberia. ■ I'he counfellors of chancery, aud grea'' imnbeis of tho merchants, li«e in a very reputable raaiiiier. A confide table traffic was once carried on between thit city and the Chinefe by means of caravans ( but the kna- very both of the Chinefe and Ruflian merchants reduced it in a Ihort time to a very languilhing lUte. It has a gar- rifon confifting of two regiments otinljintry. Moft per- fons employed here are fent fron Mufcow and Petcrfborgh, At thediftanoeof about an Eni^lilh mile from Tobolfki, the eye is delighted with a moft bcautifiil view, from the numoer of fnuU fleeples in the city, mod of which are co« ' vered with brafs ; but tliis agreeable fcenc difappears on en- tering the town, the houfes of which are all of wood, and very ill built) the governor's and arclibifhop's palaces, the town haU, and a fort of citadel, are the only bui> ' formed of brick and ftone. The ftreets, both of tlu per and lower town are exceflively dirty ; and though, uii this account there are footways made bv planks in fume of the (Ireets, tliey are neverthelefs kept in very bad condi- tion. Neiwianfkoi it in the province of Tobolfki, and it < fituated on the river Neiura. It has a fort and about eight hundred houfes. There arc made very valuable brals and copper utenfils, and there are confiderable iron works ia its neighbourhood. In the abovementioned province, is Catherineburgh, . which contains upwards of four hundred houles exclu- five of thofe in the fuburbs without tlie wall. Here . are a wooden church, a ftone building for public officers, an aifenal, an exchange, and a cuflom houfe. This city being in the centre of nil the Siberian mine-works, tlie Jire^orof the mines takes up his refidence here : tlie fu- burbs are partly peopled by iuch as toil at mines, or by thofe fent aiithcr, and deftined to labour for tlieii ofTonces. Provilions of all forts are vcr) plentiful heir, and fold reafonably, ?'. '.s lituated on the river Ifet, and is well •Je'fiided. bd - • liumcn 'iiaSf w io6 Thb NEW^no UNIVBR8AL SYSTEM c, GEOGRAPHY. Tiumcn it likewif* in iht fituitcd on the river Tur« to Hwinct of Toholflui »i\4 c fouthwtrd, over wliich lliere ii i biidge upwardi of cightv fathnini long i «t > fmall diftance below it there it a ftonc fort, and without iliit fortification are five huitdred houfei, lix wooden churchei, and a convent. I'hc fuburbi of 'I'iumcn are divided. into two parte, the one part conlaiiung about two huildred and fifty houfet, three ftonc churchei, and a monaftery ; the other part ii inhabited by Mahometan Tartan and Buchariani, a< well as Ruffiaiii ; the latter kave a < !>uicli, and iJm former a niofgue. Tomlkoi (whofe fituation wc dcKribcd ah'tre) it tbe capital of a province of tliat name. It ia a .ong froiuier place, lying in fiAj-lix decrees fifty minutes north latitude, and in eighty degrees thirty-lix minutes longitude, from London. It contains about two thoufand iMufei, and it (ituated on the river Tora. A caflic built of wood, with fourteen piecei of cannon, (lands in the higlirft part of the city, in which are alfo a cathedral built of wood, a chan- cery court, and an arfenal. In the lower part of 'I'omflcoi •hire are four churchei, befidei a monaftery and a iiumiery. Provitiont of all kinds are in great picixy, and thu people carry on a very confiderable trade. Narim is the capital of a province of the fame name. It hat a flrong fortreli for its defence, ^arrifoned by CuH^kt. It is in fifty-eiglu degree* north latitude, and fituated on the Oby. Policni is (ituated on a river flowing into the Toboi from the north. This town is pretty well peopled, ajid defended by a fortrefs. We fliall take notice of the religion of the Ruflians, when we come to treat of tbe Ruflian dominions in Euro ds the people of thit nation profeft tlte rame tliroughom •' c whole empire. With refpcA to the mode of livii\g ai praAifed by die inliabitants of Siberia, they fpend great part of tl .: VL.ur in (loth and tdJenefs, (hut op in tlieir hovels, the ult.iinclii. of which is intolerable to perfont of the leafl delicacy. The unwholefomeneOi and inconvenience of their hovels arc confiderably augmented by the incleiiKiicy of the weather, which prevents a communication \/itli the frtfh air : their windows are eenerally no more than one foot high, atid (ix inches witk ; befides which the inhabitants are almoft deprived of the light of the fun dating the time it remaiiu in tlie wrftem conftcllations ; in this daik feafon tliey receive light only from fplintert of bitch, which they call couchines : tnefe lutives, however, are Aout, liealthy, robuft, mufcular, and live to a great age : though it muft be confefled an infinite i. imber of children die, efpecially among the common people, of wliofe families one thifd part (etdom furvive iheir in£int flate : parents who hai e had fixtecn or eighteen children born, havins no mor; tluui tliree «r four alive j and the fmall-pox, (curvy, a'.id venereal difeafe, concur gradiuUy to thin the country of inhabitants ; fo that unlef* the Rul- (ian government adopts fome mcafure to put a ftop to this depopulation, there will toon be au end of thehunun fpecies here. The women of this country art in general tolerably handfoine ; and thofe of all ranks and ages paint. At Tobollki, in particular, the women are extremely fair, and their counten^uicesperfeAly aerccable : their eyes arc black, languiihing, and down caii, for titey are fo balh- ful tliat they never look a man full in the face ; they wear no caps, but coloured handkerchiefs, which tlc:y fo c\in. oufly interweave among their hair, generally black and u 1 1 - powdered, that this kind of hcad-drefs r,ivi-ti tliein a very attradive look. They are unacquainted w.th that variety of undrcft to wliich me Europeans are ac'Cuftomed, and change their linen but fcldoin. The age of tlie Siberian women is diftinguilhed by their drefs : the old are drell'cd ill the Ruflian falhion, and the young wear a Rullian rol>e, ii; the manner of the Polanders. They have ftrait cpji?, with their hair hanging down from each (ide or behind ; the cap is adorned with very indifFcrciit fri' ■ of a fluff pecu- liar to the place, which is bound rnun. u curious circles. The [leoplr of rank at Tobollki have fcldom more tlian two beds ill their houfes, one for tlrj huiband and wife, and tlie other for thcdiildteni all otiier perfons in the lioufc lie upon benches or mats. The beds have no cur- tain , : .J, inftead of a bolder, they have {even or eight pillows, one lefs than the other, rai'fed up in the form of pyramids. This bed is generally tlie principal piece of furniture. In 1663, people of quality ufcd to lie on bare benches, on which only a (kin tr otlier covering was fpicad : they have fcarce anv furniture in tlie lioufes, and at riicalsj very few of tlisir tab'"* were covered with a clotli. Tb« men of thi.i ptaoi we extremely jcalout of tfielf wivei, wlio (isldoin go from home, but Uye wholly fcqucf-> tered fr«iii focicty, and are given up to indetcnec and iieg> ligmce. That Ipecies of refined fete, which flows frooa fenfibility, and prcdoinitutei over the human foui only is her* unknown ind unfejt, A lover never hat tht f*ti^' faAion of feeing the diforder aitd embarradincni of hit miftrelit, endeavouring, though in vain, to conceal |i«r paflion In tliit barMrous country, incn tyrannlM over their wives, and treat them as llavcs, requiring them 19 perform the mod lervile and menial oflSces : no wonder, then, that the delicacy of fcntimenl, which chat»Aeriic» the natives of nun e civililcd countries, is fo rarely to ba met with herr But thougli the men ufe tlieit wivct with fuch feverity, liiey m Vtry indulgent to their daughters : they think marrir-1 <••, r\^u ('.oiild im witoliy taken up wjtli their hu(b^' .■ H' .; '1 ould b« givtn to the un- married, iri :.ukn u ' li 11..1 meant tliey imy have tn opport'i I ' til tictr Ift J|j< jitodi i -M the girli very fuou avail t''t:ini('vc> ui thit liberty, without eit^r tlie oonfciit of tht ■! ni,.enti, or tlie fanAion of the church. ijot ;< ,v it fcarccly ever enjoyed in tjiis city ; aor iiidee^ is it poiCble there (hould be much uiider a governititntv where no individual partakes of that cfl<:uli_al freedom, br which the happinefs and wel&rc of the citizen is fccurtq. A reciprocal Mtf prevails aanong people here, wliei)ce ariCt diflrult, diflimnlation, and pe[(i>h '. 'idlbip, that noble <|uality whidi f> poi\ ....uy t:n,iti)i./ cv(,y moment, in advancing, retiring, or turning round the rooTn. This dance it ge- nerally prrfornicU '.)}' one coupip on! Some of the yonng women m'- imufe t'.ic .ifclvrs in ' weatht r by fvinginn upon a pi i> I. 'Mlanct.u acroft a bca. ^ ing on the ^rountU t- SECT. III. Trtatf tfthi Kurilti, thtKirtii, tbe '^ruhtfioi, the TV. ja^, Jaiuli, Bratjh, Kamlki^ and Bar,/i,K/H ; tvilhiht ttuiit- Htrs, ru/ltmi, ilrtffit, baiitatitMi, Ji. if th.fi ftvnal and Jifiitt^ HaliiKi 0/ fnfit. * THE Kiiriles arerein, \tijt r icir hofptality an* pearcatilt difptil^tic . arr norc civilized thai* tlieir ncij;lil>ourt tlit Ka< iii of whom we (hall treat iu thr foll : I will* e un- io W r (uon >nfcut iiidcc<| imtntr m, bT curcq. :e ariiit idlhipf tot sbreaOl hyvnif (lorant* t mean, >f tUeir arc of : higlwr (btbat ly 1 it « Idren of y whicb may \)0 :nt troin ung wo- >upk an 0, a malt riftic: • 1 Uleivi- I all th» luring ill m a kiod Sonw people d on one > inflant- notcfque vanciiig, tee is ge- lie young vinging ground. TV. „'!»/» ivtrai and. tality an<£ ii«( thaw we Ihalft ore agree - Iver, with ley are ot ltd to uiu- formcd of mi reiein- fomewhat :fhofam- cean, fron* laft ot" th« the Icltled ki. The es in every' wh in dil- poliUoa poTiiion Mid form, m wiU u in tlieir drefi and c«f- tonu. The wamlering or rein deer Korckl are naturally very Jealoai, and otten put thair w .va* lo death upon the llight- cft fulpicion* ; ami if a man nn<\ woman he aAually deteA- •d in criminal connexion, both of iliem arc fuie to fufler death : tl-- women therrture avoid fetting ofTthoir perfoni to tdvaiuage, and nrvcr wafli ihrir facet, or conm their headi. But tliii ii nottlir cale with ^he fettled Koreki, who dflcorale ihcmfelvct .ts r jch i% ^(r.kle, and fo . ttle i)oe> jtaloufy prevjil amoni thn iialion, that when one mail vifitt another, the wi/e or daiighter of Itii friend li (Iwayi at bit I'ervice. l'h< wamlering Knrrki are of Ihort ftature. Iknder (hape, with oval facei, large maa;hi, and (hort iiofti. Both the Koreki have black hair , but the former are neither lb Ihort nor (lender at the latter. Marriage, arnon<' the Koreki, it only prohibited he> twecn fiitiier and loghter, mother and fon : they gene- ally marry into their own family i and pay very little re- gard lo perfonal accomplithmciiu. 'I'hcir marriage eerc- tnuuici Mt nearly llie lame ai at Kamtfchntka. The Korcklan fledgei arc drawn by rein-deer in the winter, who will uavel n:ar one hundred milei in a day. With refpcdt to the l'uii;ral ceremonici of the Kortki, we muft obferve, that they drelt ilit deceafcd in hi> belt cloathi, aiul tixing him upon a pile of wood, throw on it his bow and arrow, arid tlicn fet (uf to the pile. The corpfe it drawn on a fledge to this pile by the rein-deer, vhicfa it pot to death, and thrown into th« , cry oii', " Take this, und liind u« IbiiKtfaiiii better tor tc." Near to the Koreki are the T-'.ukotftoi, who inhabit tlie huik* of tha livet Anadir, a d extend aknig the (hore, tf> the north and fouth-eaft, to (bvtnty-four degrees of lati- tude ; and chofc • 'o live to the north of the Anadir, not Ijcing fubjert to u. HulTiana, efic< imprifon anddeftroy tliob who are. Tlic habitations ot tlieic people are more toromodious and warm than thofe of the Knrcki ; and when a vifitor comes to be them, he is ah- ^ys prelented tyith ch: mailer of the hut's wife or daughter, who hands to him a h-xfcn of her own wine, uith which the vifitor wafitea hi .ii 'h, or he it not liMik'-'l upon at a friend. The Irets of I T&hukotlkoe i' 'I" lan: n u that worn by the Kampi lalea : their t' : .i the rein-deer and other animals U ' in the cu\ii<' y. Tliere are van ci; tribes ol t>ie Tungifs which are fpread through difT'i'iv parts of Siberia: tl.efe are of the old Scythian rac>\ e diftinguilhed into the Kenni Tuogufi, or thole u ,„ „•■; hnrfe>; ; tlie OI«i,>i Tungufi, or thofa who ufe rein-deer -, anJ 'lie Sabatfch.' Tunguli, or thole who make ufe of dog < 'i fexet of tUefe latter, who take op their rtddrnce h i the Lena and the PenfcliriflM ocean, f''< naked in ..mer-ti >e, except hav- ing afmallpieceof (km round their waifts. In the winter, they are clothed with drer-lkins. I'hcy believe in an all- ruling providence, but reverence idols of their own con- flrufling. They hang tlieir dead upon the braiiciics of trees, the flelh of which rots olf, or is devoured by ani raals or birds ; after which they burn the bones. Jakutt, or Jakutzk, is a province Ittuated to the north. The cold here, and in the northern parts of Siberia, in- creafes fo confidcrably, in a tigw hours, as to ftrike men iui4 cattle dead who happen to be at too great ti diftance from any habitation to lliclter themlclvos (Medily from it. They ufually rub tlie fror.cn part with (now, by whirli the circulation a iminediately reftored. This fcvere wea llicr is fucceedcd by Ui hot a lummcr, that tlic inhabitant < ore obliged to go partly naked. ' In the moft northern partii, lieyond tlie fixtieth degree (^ latitude, the earth produces neither corn nor fruit : they are, however, fupplicd with thcfe necelliirien from the fou- tliern parts. Tney have great plenty and variety offifli, and abundance of tame and wild oealU ; and likewife great ((uantities of fuel. Though they have I'ome corn in tlie counliy, tliey pay little regard to it i the hunting of ani- malt biting what tlicy chietly delight in. Jakttzk, on tlie river Lena, is the capital of the pro- vince, and is about four hundred miles mm the Frocen .. ocean. The Jakuti tbnn one of the moft conlidcrable and numerous Pagan nations in .-ill the v.ift country of Si- beria, and are divided into t.-a tribes, making in the whole not lei's than thirty or forty thouland pcrl'ons, all under the dominion and uxatioa ut Kulfia. TIm Takati believe in a fopreme being, %r\A have art image of him, which ha^ a very hideous aipeA, hi>ving • big head, and large eyes of coral. They nhce h in • tree, and cover it with furs ; onoe a year uiey aflembli together mrd facrifice horlcs, kt. to this inii|e, ftleking up the I ■% headi all round tlie tfia. Then fitting down in t cin: 'ley drink of a liqnrir which they call cumifti, and are atrd with it, They alfo throw fome of r < li(|f tht ptHihJtla »/ Kamfebatiii, THIS iiiiifula is bounded on the eaft by the oceao* whii I feparates it from America ; its weftern boun- dary is Penfchinflca, commencing near the fouthern point of the cape of Kamtfchatka, and extending northeily be- tween Oehntflcoy and the weftern coaft or Kamtfchatka. The fouthem part is in fifty- one decrees north latitude,, and in one hundred and forty-three degrees longitude, eaft of London. This peninfula is divided into two parts by a chain of hills running from north to fouth Its chief rivers are the Awatfcha, the Kamtfch-itka, the Teghil, aiuf what is called the great river. I'herc are many extcniivo lakes in it. I'hcir fpring and fummer do not continue more than four months, but the fatter is ftr from baing agreeable, for as the adjacent hills are covered with fiiow, tjie air, even in the middle offumnorcr, is tbipetimes piet^ cold,, atmided with frequent rains : the winter, bowevec, ia upt very inclement. II lu iiuay plnrc*. fsinc! of iron and Jsppsi lavt been dif- II coveted: toS The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM o» OROCRAPIIV. ■ft covered : the iron ore hub been fonntl to he cniii|)«A, of • yelluw colour, iiicliniitg lo rrtl , iiul, in i'oina \>»IU, tilack irKtiUiL (Mrticlci luve been ohliervttl, mure tuiitpsA lliail lilt reft of the ore. 'I'hii orr, wiMri crude, cuulil liul be itiraflcd lam. 'I'lift ore, wbcil crude, waa not aAed upon by the Inad-ftoitc, tliou^h, after alcination, lli)(bily at- tired by It. The copper miiin are like funic of tliofe produced on (lie RypMan muuntaint, haviii); the mala* chitea, in the lurni of llaUdtitei and llataniiilei, in their i^avitic*, very beautiful, and canalUc of being polillicd. There ii great choice of timocr for a variety of ufei in Kamtfchatka,as wellaiabuiuliiiicc of Ihrubi of diveri kiiidi, they have alfo feveral excellent niedicuial ptani. Harley, oati, pcai, turnipi, ftc. grow likewilic here. The crafi fpringi up fo (aft, that they luve tlire* liarvcAi , and th« bladet are frequeiitlv live tcct in hci((ht. Thii country aooundi with tame and wild fowl*> TIlc wild animal*, are, black aiul while bears, wolvet, Ivnxei, boart, elki, aiid a kind of (Ug very much like the f^illow-deer. '1 he bear rwver attackt a man, unleft tliey find him afltrp, when thry tear the fcalp olF the back part nf the licad, and fumetimei inlircly deftroy him. Foxea are alfo very numerous, fonie are white, lunic rcdifh- yellow ) foinc grey, with a black lUeak on the back ; and are much valued i the mIiIic one*, however, arc alfu va> lucd, M being fcarcer. There are alfo bbck-chcfnuta and Mue-brcafled foxei i ami they are in general two crafty for their purfueri, tlieir (agacity exceeding tluit of the other fpeciei. The opulence of the country confifli in iti fablei and ermine* i the fables which are fold at a high price, excel thofu found in any other part of the globe : the itativei eat the Helh, and cftecin it a very fine food. Here is alfo found the gulo, or glutton , likewife other kinds of heaver, ai the atii, rein-deer, and favga. The tutives coUcA tlierofelves in cnni|ianies to hunt thefe ani- mals , they go ;it the clofe of the winter, from the month uf March to the end of April, taking jirovifions with them. The glutton, which hath a very tine fur, is a terrible enemy to the deer : it will dart itfelf from a tree upon a deer's back, and, fixing Inrtween the creature's horiv^, tears out his eyes : tiie af9t£led animal, with excefa of agony, fall* to tJie ground, when the glutron ftrips his rielh from hi* bones. Dogs are very numerous in this country : thefe refem- Me the European, and live much upon mice and fiih ) they fcratch up the ground for tlic former, mid feite tlic others from their ftrcams. Thefe dogs are extremely fcrviceabic to the natives, in drawing tlicir fledges over the fnow : in the moil dreadful weatlicr, they Icarcc ever lufc their way. Several forts of amphibious animals are alfo in Kamtf- chutka. One is the iea-cow, about thirty feet in length, and weighing (ix or fevcii thoufand pounds, the fliin of which is (a liard, that (carce aii hatchet or ax will pene- rratc it. The ttelh of a young fea-cow, when properly t>oiled, ha* a good taflc ^ tlie lean part is fomewhat like veal, and the tat part like pork. The method of catching this animal is, by an iron hook ftruck iiuo it by foine men in a fmall vcflel, tlicn by a rope held by people on ihore, the fea-cow is drawn gradually to tlie land, while thofe in the veffti cut the creature with inftruments in fevcral parti of tlie body, till it expires. It is not very difficult to take tlie fra-cow from its elcmcnti, for it fcldom rail« its head above the furface of the water, tltough its fides and back are often feen. Sea-horfes and fca-cats are alfo met witii here : the latiei have long luirs flaivling out on each fide of their moutlis like thofe of a cat, and tlicy weigh from five to eight tliou- fand nouiids : their eves are as large as a bull's, and they will fly at people in boats ; even if they are blinded by (tones thrown at them, they will not retire, but gnaw the very (lones that are thrown, however, when once deprived of fight, there is no great danger to be apprehended from them. I'he male and female differ both in form and 4if- pofition ; fo much in form, that they might be taken for different animals ; and as to difpofition, the female is mild, iiioffenfivc and timid : as a proof of this, when i|n at- tempt is made to feize a young fea-c«t, and the male, by vigorcufly defending it, affords the female an opportunity oftaking it off in its mouth ) if, in this cafe, the female Ihould happen to drop it, the male abandons its adverfary, and, flying directly at the iitiule. fcizes her with all inu- {pntble fury ; when the latur, by licking his paws, and ioewlii^ cVSty kind sf liibssiSlcs, sndfavour* to mitisata ... ^ 3 ' his ra|t. I'h* feu alfo abound witli fcaU, whkh m« caught by dillcrcnt mrthudi , fnmrtimet they are taken in iIm water, aitd at other timet they an killed while Oifp- ing on liic roclu. lUie arc wliaUi from Icvcii lu littcris iatliuiiu lung. Am^jngl\ a variety nf filh, here i* the Aerlcl, which ii fo much like the fturgeoik, tlial there is fcarce any dif- fertiict, except lliat it it ftiulirr and inure delkata , it ii fo fai, that It may b« fried wnhoui oil. Some of the birds of KamtlcliatkaM*, «a((Ui, hawks, pelicans, fwaiii, gecfe, wigeons, docks, cuckows, iiugpirs, ihipes, partridge*, \c. A bird called the red-neck diver I* very curious , it has a iMautlful fpnl on the lower nan uf its neck i beneath tint Ipot, there are feathers of a Drown colour in the middle, and riJ|ed all round with white ; the bread, bally, and legs, ate ofa very beautiful white. Sra-fuwl are very iiuinerou* on the cnall of the eaftein ocean, as peacocks, fea-piet, grcen-lhanks, pultin», He. Here too arc the cormorant, iea-iaven, and utile. Clouds of dragon-tlieii, lociilh, and gnats, are f<>nw< times feen in tliis country. The latter arc fo trnublclume, ttiat the inliabi, uti are obliiprd to vail their facet, to avoid tliem. Tlie dragon-Aici, wimtiig culuinni, ily with lu- ctcdiblt fwiftnefi. SECT. V. Ctnu'mi an Mniml ifiht Ktmtfihadatn, fhtlr Jrt/i, Mi- Ulimi, mtirritfti, thildttn^ tiMmnil tf thiir Jmtl, (Si, THE natives of Kamtfchatka inliabitttie (jothcrnMrt of the pcninfula i the northern Dart is inhabtted by the Korcki, and the fouthcrn by the Ktirilea, of whom we have treated above ; but the Ruffians call the whole coun- try Kamtfcliatka, though it haa feveral naoNS given it from particular circumlt/ncet. The Kamtfcftadale* are fhort in uaturc, aivl referable inoO of the other inliabiunlt of Siberia, except that tlieir faces are fomewhat Iborter, their nioutia larger, and their cheeks fuller ; they have dark Itair, IkoUow eye*, fharp nofes, and tawny compleAions ; the latter it faid to be principally owing to the influence of tlie fun relkded from the fnow in the fpring-feafon, wlwn tlie fnow lie* thick on the ground. Some of the native*, wlio are obliged to be in the woods, cover their fJMet with a kind of netting, to prevent the eff<:As of tlie fui>-beam> darting on tlie fnow ; for the eyc-fight fufferi by this re> fia£liuii, as well as tbe complexion. Thefe people drcfs in decr-tkins, with the fur outwards i they ufe all'u, for this purpofe, the Ikint of dogs and other aiiioMb. They often wear two coats, the fleevei of the outer coat rcacliiiiE down to the kiKes ; they have a hood to it, whidi in bad weather fervci to cover the head ; and tliey adorn tiie back part witli fkreadt of (kins, and feme- tiitKs of lilks of different colours. The women wear the fame fort of garments ai the ment tiwu^h their coat, or rather waillcoat, fits clofcr tu their bodies, and is deco> rated with flips of red, Mac, and yellow cloth, and fome- times ribband, or woollen lift. To this waiftcoat i* join- ed a fort of pettKo.it coming about half way down the leg. The men wear a leatlicr belt round tliam, and their Irgi are covered with diffi-rent coloured (kin* ; they wear fral- (kin caps or lialt, and fometiines a cap or hat of birch bark ; forae have caps of braft plaited. The women let their haii crow much longer than the men ; tliey plait it, and liaiiij Brafi trinkets to it : they have fur caps, tliat arc black without, and white within. Tlie men plait their hair, aa well ai the women. Tlie native) of thia country never wa(K thcmfelvee , but live in a iiuift braftly manner : they neitlwr cut their nails. Iter comb their hair. I'hcy eat raw tlelh, carrion, (lale- filh, ot any thing they can get, how tilthy focver it be. They live iu huts undcr-giaund, covered with grafs or earth, and fomctimes with tbe Ikins of the animals tliey have kilkd in tlie field, undrcflcd, and yielding » iwUoniB ' fteiKh. They place benches in their liovds, witli a fire- place in one corner, and on tiK-le bendiet they rcpole tliemfclve.*. Some of the huts are covered and lined with mats. Thefe are their winter dwellings ; itor are their liimmer retreats much more elcgnnt, except tlial they are built on the furface of tlte eartli, and with rather more regularity. Tliefe, it it true, aie built liigh on pillows, with brains thrown acrofs them, on which a door it fixed, with a roof riling from Ckch fide to a centrical point ; aod, indeed it is neceflary that their fuinnier habitations Ihould be thus high, elfe tbe inluihitamt would be in contmuat danger liom the wild beiU'.i. Thev eat out of bowlJ, or trmingi to prov/ of his i| *|i- ^ortunitv to find Iter IrU guarded, makei frelh efliirtt to tiiidrer< her : but if flte criei out, and her exclamatiom biing afliOance, the women who come fall u|H>ti the man, fcrulcliint; hii face, tearing hi« luir, and otherwilii roti^'Jily ircailnc him , till the hiuTc, lliewing fnnie concern foi hi< iituarion, and the women becoming UIh violent in iheir alTiull, the nun at length fuccccda, and then retires from her, who however calli Inm hack, and ackiiowlcdgct in a lul't pl.iintivc time, that he lus (.uM(|iifri-d Iter. 'I'hui the corvutony cndf, and the next day the ha|>pv couple repair to the hut of the hulband In ithuut a week at'lprwards they make a vifit to the wifc'» parontt, where they eele- britu the marriage feaft with the rclationii of both |iartic4. Some of the men marry three wivei, who in general live in a friendly together, and are iiever jealont. N«twithllanding it ii deemed a very capital ofTence in a woman to orocure abortion, yet if twins are bom, one of tliem muft be dcflrnyed. The women put their infanta in a haflcet fiillencd to an elaftic pok-, which ii eafily moved with the foot, to rock them. At foon at they can (land on their leg*, their mother'i leave them to themfelvea, fufTcring them to roll on the ground any where ) they are mnft commonly half naked, and begin to walk at a time when a child in Kurope woidd not be able to fland. 'J"hefe people n*ver bury their dead, but often give them to the dogi ; and fay, that ai the deceafed arc thus devour- ed by dogi, they will enfure to themfelvet a pleafant car- liage in fledgei drawn by fine dogt in the other world. Thin abominahic cuftom, however, it not univcrfally praftifed ; fome leaving tlicir dead in their hut, and feek a new habitation. The appnrel of the deceafed perfon it alwayi thrown away, from a fuperftitiout notion, that whoever Ihould wear it would meet with fome dreadful calamity. They travel on (ledgci drawn by dogt ; their number it generally four, which are driven by a whin. The perfon in the (ledge it fcated on the right fida of it, with hia feet hanging over, and it obliged to balance himlclf with great care, left the (ledge (hould overfct. Where the roads are in tolerable condition, thry can travel to a great diflance in a Ihort time, c.irrying with tlicm provifions, *cc. They fometiraes travel, in thii manner, about thirty werfts, that it, upwards of twenty-three miles in a day. Tilt/ hunt the bear, among other animals ; on which occafion, they ufe rackets to walk upon the fnow with, arming themlelves with piket, and taking dogs with them to provoke the animal. They then wait till he comes out of hit inclofure, for they would attack him to j^reat dif- advantage while he remained there ; bccaufe the Inow be- ing very firm in that place, the l>car would be able to avail hinifeltof all hit flrength ; but the inftant becomes out, he (inks into the fnow, and while he is ftriving to difengagc himlclf, the huntert with their piket eafily deftroy him. They drcfs their fcal-lkins in the following manner : they firft wet and fpread out the (kin, and witli ftonet fixed in wood fcrajie off all the fat ■ then they rub it with cavi.ir, roll it together, and tread on it i they afterwards fcrape it again, and repeat flic firft part of their proccfi till the (kin is thoroughly cleaned and toft. They prciiarc in the fame inaiiiier (kins of beaver, deer, dog:;, fcc. When the men are uot cmplnvcd in huntiii;; or filhing, they weave nets, and coiiftriirt (ledges and bo.its ; and in tlie fpriiig and fvimmcr they |>rocuic the neccn'>irics of life, and lay up a ftorc for the fuccetJiin; winter. The women iTUike (lioes, few cloaths, dye (kins ii|| towards theni, they rctirt to font* mountain, and lurtity it a< llrongly at polfiblc : if there bo a proliability of tli« encinir C'tittg the bettrr of them, tiley iinmtdlatcly cut the lliro4li of their wives and children, and then meet their a(Iailaiii« wiili a (raiitic rage, li-lling tlieir llvet at dear at ^f* liliie. 'I'hrir weapons ai* howt and atruwi, and fpcatt. The rcliKiaut notions bf the Kaintlchadalet arc p'etty fingular. I'hcy creA a fort of pillar on I'uma pUhi, and cover it with a parcel of rags. Whenever they pals by (his pillar, lliry throw at It Tome Hlh or ticlh, and avoid Cilling any bird or heaft near iti Thiy tliink ilut wood* and burning mountains are inhabited by evil fpiritit whnnt tlicy live in great fear of, and make them offiiringt -, fome of them have idols in their hutt. They have a very iilt" perfect idea of a fuprtme lleing, and think he can neither difpenfe haiipinefi nor niKcry the namewhicii they havd for the I>lty, it Kutchu They reverence (omc parti- cular animalt, from which they appirhciul dangtr, and fometiiiiet offer firei at the holes of foxes ; they iiiiulor* wohret not to hurt them, and befecch amphibiout animalt itot to overlit their boaJJ Maliy of them, howeven adopt the Ruffian manncrt, and rnittemn the cuftomt of their country i they have been inftrufted by Kulfian miffi- onariei in tne Chriftian religion ; mid fchools have been erected tor their children. Thefe people ftriftly obfcrve the law of retiliation ; if one man killi another, the relatloni of the psrfon killed dettroy the murderer. They punjlh theft, by burning the fingers of the thief. Rekirc the RulTiaiis conquerad them, they bad fnch frequent intcftine broils, that a yeu rarely pafled without fome village being Intircly ruined. Ureat liavock is made in tin . ouiitry by the fmall-pox. The fcurvy, with the irrenulmitien of psrentt, bring • variety of difeafes uuon their offsprin^j to cur: which, they apply roots, herfis, \c. The mii.ncr in winch thcfa people live in their huts, and tlieir exrefs of deb.uichcry, contribute to make the venereal dil'e;il'e very frequent -mong them. They have a difoiilcr called the fulhutnli, which is a fort of (cab, to wliieli iluy applv the raw (kin of a liaie caufe a fuppuration. They are hkewife fubjcft to tlie pally, jaundice, boils, cancers, and other diforders. There are three volcanoet in Kanilfchatka, the firft it that of Awatcha, to the northward of the bay of tli.ic n-^me ; it it a chain of mountains, the bafe of xvhich is covered with trees, and extendt to the bay. The middle forms • kind of amphitheatre, and the various fummits which are fpiral cannot be viewed without exciting the inoft awful ideas. They alwayt emit fmoke, but rarely firei. There was indeed a terrible eniptioii of iinoke and cindert in the fuinmcr of the year 1737, but it only cotitlliued one day t many of the cindert weighed almoft two pounds avoirdu- poifc. ■ 1 his eruption was the forerunner of a terribi* earthquake, which happened on the fixth of the entiling Oftober, and in a (juartcr of an hour overturned all the tents and huts of the Knmtfchadalcs, being accompanied by a fingular ebbing and flowing of the li!.-i, which at firft rofe to the height of twenty feet, then funk, and rttircd to an unufual dill.-mce ; it foon after rofe higher than at firft, and fuddcniy finking again, rctirid fo aftonilhlngly far from the common low-water mark, that it >Vas for a confiderable time loft to the eye. At length the cartli* quake was repeated, the Tea rctunlcd once more, and rolit to the height of two hundred feet, overwhelmed thi; whole coaft, and then finally retired, after having deflroycd the goods, cattle, and many of the lives of the inhabitants, and left feveral lakes of falt-water in the loWer grounds and ad' jacent fields. The fccond volcaiioc iTues from fome moun- tains fituated between the river of Kamtlchatka and that of Toliolfki. Nothing was ever known to exhall! from this but fmoke, till the year 1731), when it vomited a torrcitt oftlamei, which deftroycd all the neiebbburing forellj. The third volcaiioc ifTucs from the higliffl mountaitts ia Kamtfchatka, on the batiks of the river of that lume. It is environed by a cluftcr of Icflcr mountains, and the head is rent into long crevices on every fide. Its greateft erup- tion began September 2^, 17371 and continued a wf clc, willed, with an cartliquake that followed, did very cond* dcrable damage. In the fouthern extremity of Kan1tfchStl;a there arc hot fnrines : they foim rivulets, and run almuft the length of the river Ozemava which ilTues from tlie Lake Kurillky, and then join that ftrcam ; the waters, hov.'cver, have no very cunddeiable decree of heat in them. i'liere is a moumain ntat the liver Paiidia, froin \thofe U. • lunimit v;' ■■A.: MO The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM op GEOGR APll V fummit a prodigious catarafl of boiling waters fall with a terrible noife, tlicu running to a confidcrable diftancc, they continue boiling up to the height of a foot, till they lofc themfelves in fevcral lakes, which contain a great numl>cr of iflands. From this mountain the inhaliitants obtain Ibme beautiful Aoncs, on which they let a great value on account of their admirable variegated colf)uri, which arc me'elv 'he efFefts of the different powers of heat, hunii- llity, and friftion ; for thel'e floncs are wallicd from the mountains, and arc polifhcd by the above nuntiontJ hot and impetuous waters. Dnriiig the winter, a great quantity of lifh harbour in the river of Kamtfcliatka. In tlie fpriiig, when the ice breaks, they attempt to get to the fca ; but the natives watcli the hends of the rivers, and take a great jiiuiibcr of them in a kind of nets ; fome tlwy dry ii\ tlic Aiinmrr ami lay by for their winter food, and from others tliey exliaLt the fat or oil by means of red-hot floncs, whkh tliey carefully rcferve for a great vuiety of ufes. The late gallant Captain Cook was killed by the natives at an jfland called O-why-hee, ntar Kanitfchatka ; an ac- count of whofe death, and difcovcries in thcfe parts, as con- tained in his third voyage, will be given towards the cou- clufion of our work. CHAP. Vlf. , THE NEW AND COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF CHINESE, MOGULCAN, liy peopled by ChiiRle. Thfthuntinj of l.ibies is an cmplouneiit for whi.h the folar Tartars are famoHS, tlic fkms of thcfe creatures being of great utility to tliem: the women hunt them as well ss tlic men. In the purfuit of this game, tliey generally meet wkli tygcrs, whicn they are never afraid to engage, and generally get the better of them ; however, if any one unfortunately falls at the feet of this anhnal, tho reft do not decline their purfuit ; for their livelihood depends prin- cipally upon the furs they get from the fables they take. In fonic of the rivers there are fevcral fine pearl-fillicries, and the natives fet a high value on the pearls. The inhabitants of Tartary have all nearly the fame l.nn- guagc, though they are diftinguilhed into different nations, and fpeak in different dialcfts. Their origin andcuftoi»c of above three thoufand years ftanding ; and Is founded on the fublimcft piinciplcs of morality. They have in general been followers of the grand lama, or immortal father. 'I'liis reKgion made a confidcrable progrcfs in early ages; and the autliority of this chief pontiff is fo highly revered, that the emperors of China, previous to the ceremonial of tlieir coronation, always implore his proteflioii, and fend him rich prcfents. This worlbip has not, like tlic C'linefe, been mixed witli other lyllems ; for nei'bir time, nor the intlutnce of man, hath bad power to Uiakc the authority of the grand \irais who, however, acknowledges that he- is no deity, but only a icprelentative of the divinity ; and that b." is appoiiiteii by heaven to decide ultimately upon whatever relates to public worfl'ip. His inlluencc extends .ns fully to temporal as to fpirituai concerns; but lie confidcrs all ci"il matters, held prr)faiie by hiiii, as ineonfillent with his dignify, and tlurefore commits the care of government 'o [- ilous calculated to coiuluft affairs of that naturi-. In Tartary, there arc fevcral worfliippcrs of the id(< Foe, who pay an implicit obedience to their p itfl';, mak- ing them pielents, and ftriflly attending to tliclr dirfC- tioivs. Many of thefe priefts migrate fium jilaee to [ilare, in the lervice of religion and ihcmielvcs , but ihcy are in general vcrj- ignorant S E C T. II. Treiiti of the Alcngsls ; th/ filuulim, IthiuLri/s . anJ dimait of their ciuntiy, alfo of the natives, animals, kit, THE Mongol counfrv ir, fituated to the nnit;^ of Chi- na ; and is bouiukd, on the call, by the", '•orlrt of ilic MaiitclieiiV.s , on the well, by the louiif v o. 'I- .as ; on tlie fouth, bv China; and, on the ii .1! e.ill:in Tartarv am! the Lillia 'I artars. It was ^'..ut three huiidud li.iguc: in icnjib, and two Iiiii.l.i .«' ;,i bieadth. I his coiiiitiv is not very well known, ■ ll.at ].jvt I)! it whi.h the >mi..v.iu- (ij!- in ti:i\i I1iO|.J :pt h. iJaB ■ I I iii»lM 1 I ■ [A SI A.] WESffiRN TARTAllY. tit linit;^ ot CM tlK- " ''oi.rs 111. I V «>. 'I- |,e i: ■!-: Ir was ?'- Ill u iiiii.i'i .,' ■„% nowii, •■ . "rpt i\, liuig li> a Mufcovy to China. The climate is exceedingly fevcrc, and icf lies upon the ground ciglit or nine months to- gdher. . The natives (wlio arc of the fame original ps thofe who accoinpaiiiid TamerKinc in the conqucft of India, Perfla, &c.) aic in general of a middle fr/,e, but very fliongly made, with bru.-id faces, black eyes, flat nofcs, longwhilkers, tallow complexion, and of a mod rude behaviour. Their hair is alinoll ns thick, and fliong as horfc-hair, which thoy cut clofc to the head, and leave only a tuft at top. They wear large Hurts, and c-Ulico drawers ; and their gar- ments, lined with Ihcep-lkin, reach down almoft to their feci : thcfc they fallen on their bodies by ftrong leather lb aps. When on horfcback, they wear a (nort jacket with narrow deer-ikin ilceves, having tlie fur outward j trowfers and hofcof the fame kind of ikin, both of one piece,, and li^^ht to the limbs. They have on their heads, c.ips bor- dered with fur. The women are not quite fo coaric fea- tured as the men, butthcirdiefs isnearly the fame as theirs. 'J'his country has in it a great variety of animals, fuch as camels, dromedaries, cows, horfcs, (heep, elks, l^ears, tygers, wolves, ftc. 'I'licre is alfo every fpecies of game known in Europe. Rhubarb and other medicinal plants grow here, lalt and falf-petre are alfo found in great plenty. • The Kalka Mongols, who arc a race of I'aitars, are dependent on China: their pcrfons, habits, manners, Ac. are the fame as the Mongols : they dwell beyond the Mongols, and take their name from the river Kalka. In giving a farther account of the Mongjils, we muft obfctve, tliat they live in little moveable huts, formed of twigs covered with matted wool i they have a (ire in the centre, with a bole at the top to let out the fmokc, and boards or benches round the fire to fit or lie upon, 'i'liey arc filthy both in their drefsan'' ping lies. There are two other fuburbs inhabited ia- difltercntlv by all forts of people. The Tartarian iuburb is feparited from the reft, and built of bricks dried in the lu,;i. The Tartars inhabit it only in the winter, for in fummer they encamp in the open fields. The country is moderately fruitful except in corn, of which they have none but what coine.i from Calan. Filh are very plentiful, tjiey have one kind called bclu£;r., which arc faid to be two fathoms long , but the moll delicious filh in this river, if not in any other, (lav foine travellers) are the fterl';ts, they arc an cll I'-ng, and yet fold for two-pence or three-pence a-piece at Allraean. In the neighbcirthood of this city thei.; live about forty or fifty Armenian families who have their lliops in the towns: and the Indian merchants have: their caravanfera where they carry on their trade. This is a Ipaeious building furroundcd by a wall of fqiiai ■ (lone and levcral npble gates, at which there are guard ■ phiced every night for the ptoteftion of their goods. In the g.irdens about the im. ii arc vines and fruit trees, fucli as .'pples, pears, plums wwA apricots; but the trull is not io good as ill li)nie otjicr pl,K-es : they lettheiv vines grow to the heiglnh of a man, bnt not higher and then prop them up: the grapes are black and large, U.'ife which grow in private gardens arc fold in the markot ; but all liioi"? in the viru-vaid . wiiich are the C/.arina's pri|)crt), are made into wine. The ground is natuia'ly a l.'iiJv barren foil, nut they lu\e large wclU finm wlieiic- thev coa. ■-•y the Willi 112 The new anj> UNH^ERSAL SYSTEM of GEOG^^APHY. 1^1 ■* pi!' water by pipes or little chantjcis into their grounds. The vineyards he about two or three weifts (rora the town, thoy encreafc every day. The old city of Aftracan, flood ab(int (even werils (a werft is three quarters of a yard) to the eaOwardof tiieiKW, but tb're are now fcarce any re- mains of it. Thi.? city is garrifoned by five regiments of infantry' and one of dragroons i many field regiments and Coflhcks, exclufrre of the Tartar militia, winter here, be- fides the ganifon. The ufe of the regula.j is to prevent the incuriions of the wild Tartars. This country alfo producer, reeds, liquorice, kal, genifla, aculeata, the herb aftrachania, introria, &c. 'I'hc inha- bitants likcwife raile melons and pompions, which they eat with bread ; their garden >'tgetabies are good, but their mulberries are unxvholfome. They have a gi»rat variety of wild animals; fuch *s bo2i's, elks, red and fjllow det-r, antelopes, hares, wild borfes, ?ic. The fan»e kind of ramc animals which abound in Great Britain, are found here. The antelope is of a light pray colour, of the flzc of a deer, with a head re- fcmbling a cow, but the rK>fe is without a griftle. It hai fine black eyes, but is purblind: the horns are bcautifiil, but without branches ; tlwy arc tai)cr to the top, and have I'mff; at e(|ual diftar.ces. The flelh is tender, but feeins to taftc of muik. Here are alfo pelicans, corovaikes, fwans, ducks, he. TheWolga is replete with a great va- riety of m* 'V delicious fifli ; but there are few reptiles. Their camels have two bunches on their backs ; their flieep like thofe of Petfia, have very fat tails, and their cattle is exceedingly large. Their commerce confifts chiefly in filks, brocades, vel- vets, fattins, drugs, copper, cotton, Ptrfian fruits, wines, fweetmeats, kc. which they import, and in return export, meal, fi(h, fait, woollen, &c. The inhabitants are prohi- bited from exportirtg naval and military ftores to Perfia. The merchants of Aftracan have permiffion to navigate tlie Cafpian fca ; befides which they always keep a great number of barks in tlie VVoJga. The pirates who arc con- vifted of robbing on this river are hanged up alive by tlic ribs upon gibbets fixed on floats, where they are left to ex- pire in tlie grciteft agonies ; and if any pcrfons relieve tliem, tbey .ire fentenced to fuffer the fame punilhment. The Ruflians, Armenians, Georgians, &c. who inhabit Aftracan, have the fanw cuftoms aiMl manners as the peo- ple of tlieir refpcflive countries. The real natives, or Nagai Tartars, greatly differ from the others in manv rc- Ipeas. They live in huts formed of canes or bulrulhes. They pay no taxes, but are obliged tofcrvc in the Rulfian wars J and fome of their chiefs are always left in the caf- tlc of Aftracan as hoftagcs for the fidelity of the reft. The people of Aftracan haveolive complexions, large faces, little eyes, fniall beards, are low of ftature, and inclined to corpulency. They Ihave their heads, wear a coarfe gray caf- fock, and over it a fhecp-fkin cloak, with the wool out- wards, and a cap of the fame materials. Their women wear linen, and a cap with RufTian coin hanging found Their perfons and features are tolerabl*. The males wear a ring in the right ear, antl the females in the iiofe ; the rings worn by the latter are nfually fet with a piece of coral, a ruby or torquoife. The Aftracans are in gerieral Maliometans, and devote their offspring to rtars inhabit a prodigious defart, which lies IjTtween the rivers Don and Wolga. Thtfe people like foinc of their neighbours, are contiiiuallv roving about i in the winter, they ufually reiidc on the borders of Circ.ifiia , they proceed northerly in the fpring, and return back again at the latter end of autumn They never cul- tivate any land, tlieir only riches being tlieir flocks and cat- tle, on whole account tlicy principally roam about in fearch of f.jlh paftuie. Their ttinporaiy or moving ha- bitations are huts, which tlie poorer kind covcrwith reeds or rufhes, and the more opulent with felt. Tliele |x:ople arc divided into diircrciit herds, each of which hath its chief, but all arc fubjcft to one ("overeign, who is called chan. This cltan has an agent or envoy at Alliacan. The Kalmucks always aflert their indepcndaitcc, but admit that they are happy in the friendilii|< and |iro;efiioi> of the Ruffiars, who claim thcin as their fubjefls. A Ruffian rcfid;nt, attended by a guanl of three hundred Ibldiers, is alw.iys I'.atiuncd in tlic couit, or tuther the carap of the chan. i Willi refpeft to their religion, they believe in one God only, are fond of keeping holidays, and are tolerably decent in their mode of worfhip. However, they keep idols about them« but pretend not to pay them any kind of adoration, but only to treat them with rclpefl out of regard to tlie faints tliey reprefent. On all occallonsr tliey efFeft to profefs the Chinefe religion, though they know Very littte of its priiKiples. Tliey uli: an odd em- blem of eternity during the time of thetr wotfhip ; which is the neck of a double-gilt fpear, of about eight feet in length, is cncompatTed with a riil{, to which a leather thong witli a piece of lead at the end is fattened ; during their devotions, the end of llie fpear is placed on the ground, and one of the congregation, with great dexterity, occa- fions the metal to turn round during the whole time ; they likewife iing, and make ufe of cymbols, and other mufica't inftruments, which are ftringed ; to theic they beat time, and look upon notes, which sire priekcd down the page, from the top to the bottom, The Kalmucks are allowed but one wife at a time ; and adultery is fevercly punifhed, for if the wife is caught trip- ping, ftie is immediately condemned to death ; and tlie liufband if he thinks proper, may be her executioner. Bat conjugal infidelity is rarely known among them. If two young people are difpofed to marry, they cd^ habit togetlier for a twelvemonth ; if in that Ipace tho woman proves pregnant, the martiaee is legal, but if the contrary is the cafe, tUey are at liberty either to part intirely, or to make aiu tlier year's trial. The woman's reputation is in no refped injured by this proceduie. As to the priefts, they arc neither permitted to have money or wives, for tliefe two reafons j firft, they arc allowed to Sup- ply tlteir neceifities from the properties of whom they pleafe; and fecondly, they have the liberty of p-ifTing n fingle night with anv mairied woman they cliufc ; and this is fo far from ditquieting the hufbonds, that tliey take it as a mighty great fiivour done them. The Kahnucks had formerly the mod fingnlar, and yet the moft fignificant method refpefting tlieir treatment of the dead, of any perlbns inthc uiiivcrie. As they conlidcred them for many years, they engaged every clement in the coiKems of their coipfe. Inthc firft pi ice, they buried them, that they might return to their original clay ; but before it was poflibic for the botlies to corrupt, they took them up again, and threw them into the Wolga, but took care to fc-cure them lb, that they might eafily be drawn out again. After having been immericd in water for fome time, they drew up the bodies, and half-burned or rather roafted ilic 111, to bring tliem aci)uaiiited with the element of fire : then, that they might not omit the fourth clement, air, the carcafcs were expofed upon the banks of the Wolga, to be devoured by birds of prey, or Tartarian dogs. If they were devoured by dogs, it was deemed a lucky omen, for dogs being looked upon in a facrcd light, they fupjofed that the fpirit appertaining to a carcali: belonging to any l^erfon devoured by dops, niuft lie in an abiblute ftatc of felicity. This mode of tre.nting the dead, has, however, for (ome years been prohibited bv an or wholtonie and fertile. i'tu: niAi (ikWii u Tetki, fituiiu on or ucar iL« Cafpian 1", ir^. me God tolerably icy kccpi my kind ■pefl out occaiioiis jgh they (xld cm- p ; which lit feet in her thong ring their e ground, ty, occa-" imc i they cr muficat beat time, the page, time 1 and lught trin- i; and the cccutioner. Iicm. , they c*>' t Ipace the gaJ, but if ther to part e woman's eduie. As ■e money or wed touip- whom they of pafling a chufe ; and at they take tlar, and yet itmcnt of the ;y conlidcred :ment in the , they buried lal clny , but t, they took ga, hiit took be drawn out or fome time, rather roafted nicnt of tire : clement, air, ■ the Wolga, an dogs. If I lucky omen, they lupjofed inging to any )lblutc ftatc of las, however, finm the im- it prclVnt, arc u:\nucr as the their neii^h- bv ambition the Karacal- iaii . arc undor the (ummei- t'lerce and very ivc; them the number ot .can ficijtuntljr liipp' tents like their neighbours, and there was a great variety of beautiful women amongft thcni. And from thence it feems it is, and from the neighbouringcountry of Georgia, tliat the harams or feraglio's of Ifpahan and Coiiftantinople are chiefly fuijplied vuth virgins. Though Circaliia produces very little grain of any fort, they have large herdi of cattle wlrich they drive before tliem like the othe;: Tartar nations, and (lay no longer in any plac* than they can find pafture for them. A gentleman who travelled througii Circaflia, gives us the following account of that country : nothing, lie fays, can appear more agreeable than the profpcft of it, on ac- count of that variety of mountains, vallies, woods, little lakes, fprings and rivers, with which it is every where di- verfified. It is fertile beyond im.igination, every thing crows there almoft without lowing, at leaft, whatever tlicy low, which is ufually barley, cits and cummin, thrives to admiration, afte/ amajor' general ot irregulars in the Rulhan armv : he ir. however always ordered to remain in Circalfia, where it i: imagined Ins fervices can be the inoft ufeful; Though tlic Cir- caflian princes, are cxccediiiglv honoured and refpeiSled by the fubjedts, yet fucli is their Independency of tlic people, that they are not obliged to do any thing at their command, but are guided by their own inclination. 1 he princes thcmfelves arc likcwifc independent on each other. What* cvcrprcfents the Emprcrs of RuHia fends to the Circaflian princes, their icfpectivc iiibjefls cxpcft a part. If tin things cannot conveniently Se diftributed, they will havi an equivalent in fpecic, or fiicli a commodity as may ba ealily parted among tlicm. The Ipoils nken in war are divided amongft his troops, the fovcreigns being excluded from any fharc of them. Their fubordiiiation to RufliJ ',', only confined to a for- Imal oath of allegiance, inwhich they Iwear to be fubmif,' five to a certain number of general laws, as long as their being lb continues lo be cflijp.tial to the good of tlie Ruf- fians and themftlves. The inifierial court, for many co- gent reafons, fcldoin intcrfcrcu wirh tlicir political, and ne- ver with their religion ; concerns. T hey have a great ve- neration for aiitient houfcs; and are cxtiemely tanaciouj of llieir family honour, by nut iatcrmarryiiiB;, even fiar gain, with an inferior. The contrail for inarriai;c is entered into by the parfntj or guardians ; after which, the yoiing couple arc permitted to fee each other; and .itter a few vifits, the affair is con- cluded, and the bride is fcnt home to the bridegrogiii's houlc in a dole waggon finely painted, attended by her women. But as the bride's relations give nothing with her but a few fuits of cloaths, this matter often falls heavy on the biidegrooin, who is obliged to make valuable pre- fents to the bride's relations ot hoifes, dromedaries, ca- mels j cows, (iC. Polygamy is permitted to fuch of the Circaflians as pre- fer the Mahometan religion. Thcli; people, like the Turks, have harams or fcaglio? for their women, from which all men except the hulba'id is excluded. Thefe arc '■ontli;uoiis to their dwelling • houfes, though feperatc from them. A rc;narkable ci'ftom in this country isj that whn the principal lady of any of their princes is in laboir, the \\vH Circaflian who hears of ir, let his rt.,ation be ever fo menial, runs and places him • felf at the door of the haram, from whence none ar ■ autho- rized to drive him. When the lady is ilelivcrcd, if it hap- pens to \k a boy, he is richly drellcH wi*h the utmoll Ipeed, and delivered to the Circaflian, who iiiiincdiatcly •..ikes him home, and, if he is a married man, deliv rs him to his wife to nurit; : ifhelsa bachelor, a nurfc m, .1 be pro- \ ided, and tin chdd remains under his infpeiftion and tui- tion till he is nine ycar^ ot age, when 1k' is rellorcd to his parents, who receive him with groat rejoicings, and many public ceremonies. Thcrcafon they gi\e fur this fin|on the top of the ftukc a move- ■ .-ible cait -wheel is fixed, to whieli a yoviig pig is fafteiud in the evening. The moiuh of the pit ■•; then covered w Ith branches of trees in a very flij^ht uunuer, over which ^ralj is fcRttered. The pig Joes not f.iil to lijuoak ail uight, b^ing irritated by its continemtiit. W hen any ot the wild aiiim.ils hcai tlM noilc, they luflen to vilit tliu place ^ V ( which 114 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. n if: which they no fooner approach than they fill I into the pit» where they remain till morning, being totally unable to diftnpgc themfct\es. The hare is hunted with houndsi ■a In bncland. They have great variety of ganie, parti' citUrly pheafants. Beyond the independent village Bragutfkoi, fouth of the river Terek, they have a hot fpiing, (ituatecl upon a hill ; water boiling hot ifliies from it, which I'mells ftrongly of naphtha, and falls into a bafon of about twelve feet diameter, and three feet deep. On the weft fide there are fevera! fmall fprings of tliu fame kind of water ; and on the eaft fidi' there is an acid fpring. The *ater of the chief well will be il a fowl in about nine or ten minutes, Provifions in general, and meat in particular, are ex- ceedingly fcarce here. About the city of Terki there are a grctt number of ferpents, which make holes in the ground that are ex- tremely dangerous. They are fix or feven dxt long, and about as thick as a man's arm. There are likewifc mice as large as fquirrels, which arc -called jerhuch. Their cars are long, and their fore feet iliorter than thrfe behind, which prevents their running i'wiftly : but they lay their tails oti their back, and leap to a confiderable height or diftance. -' SECT. :v. Ant/lilts a Jefcripthn cftht river yali, t}:;ttf'fr with an at- count ofKarakalpaak, Kirgee, Bajktir, Ufitck, Crim, a.id Lejgee Tartart, AT abeut three hundred werfts from the fource of the river Jaik, which runs through a defart of a prodi- gious extent, and at length empties itfclf into the Cafpim fet ; there is a ftrong town huilt by the Don Coflacks. This, after the river, i' called Jaik, and the Colfacks have bravely defended it from the attacks of all the different Tsirtars that furround it. There is no inhabited place, except the above-mentioned town, between Aftrscan and Jaik river This vaft defart is, however, infeitcd by in- numerable hords of wild Tartars. The Karakalpaaks wanders about the Cafpian fea, to the northward of whom the Kirgee and Bafkeer 7'artars take up their abode. The Kalmucks arc continually at war with thcfe tribes. The Kirgees and Baflceers profefs the Mahom'.an religion ; and, being perhaps the moft igno- rant and unpoliuied of any who profeis it, they are of courfe the moft fuperftitious. In the year 1 7 «q, during the war behvecn the Ruffians and Turks, the Kirgees and Baflceers, confonant to the notions they had imbibed, thought they could not do a more eflential fcn-icc to Mahomet, than by injuring the Ruffians as much as )>o(rible. They accordingly fell upon all the defetifclefs towns and villages of the province of Umfimafofkaga : ail who were young and vigorous they carried with them, defigning either to ufe them as flaves, or to fell them as fuch. The old, infirm, and very young, fell indifcriminate viftims to their remorfelefs fuiy The governor of Orenburg, however, being informed of thcfe cruel depredations, difpatchcd a body of five thoufand re- ei'lars and three thoufand Coflacks, who marched with fuch fccrecy, that they attacked the Kirgee camp in the ■light, and deftroycd the greatcft part of thole barbarians, though they were twenty thoufand ftrong at the time. The river Jaik was firft difcovered by the CoHacks, who acquired great riches by filning .n it ; aiid, after having cured their filh, felling them to the Aftracan merchants for tlie Rulhan nurker. A fchemc having been entered into bv Peter the Great, for turning the V.'olga to a political advantage, he gave an exclufive privilege with refpcft £o the fiftiing to one Demi- diofF, ad%ancing .it the fame time twenty thoufand rubles, the better to cnrblc him to carry his delign into execution. In a few years Dtmidiofrrcp:'.iJ the money, artd became exceedingly rich. At length, the fillicries carried on in tlie Jaik river exciting the attention of the court of Ruffia, they dete: mined to tax the fifticrics on that river, as well as thofe of the Wolga ; proper officers were accordingly fcnt to enforce the tax, but they were thrown into the river «nd drowned by the Coflacks, to whom the very idea of any kind of taxation was odioui. Continual cxprcfles were ftn* frf-r" St. Peterfburgh to inquire why the officers had not fcnt an account of their proceedings ; but the r^.oHengers wcie tr.atcd exaftly as the officers hud been. At length the court was informed of the whole affair, but it was thought -noft prudent to wink at the infult, the kufiian mtnifhy having too much fenfe to quarrel witii 2 fet of people, whofe fituation rendered it impoffibic to conquer them, and whofe fentiment enfured their inde- pendency. The Ufbecks are generally efteemed the moft civilized of tiVL the Mal\ometan Tartars ; neverthelefs they pillage and rob their neighbours, as well as any other Turtarian tribei. They nearly refemble the Perfians in their drefs ; but we mufl except their boots, which are uncommonly large. The chiefs wear a plume of feathers in their tur- bans, and, as well as their chan, pride themfelvcs much on being the defcendants of their renowned Tamerlane. Their common food is pilau, or boiled rice ; but their greateft delicacy is horfe-flefh. They drink a kind of arrac or lermei.ted liquor made of mare's milk. Their language is a mixture of^ the Turkifh, Perfian, and Mongol ; but they are well acquainted with the Perfian language in its purity. Their arms are like thofe of the other Tartars, viz. large bow< , arrows, dartJ, and fabres, which they ufe with admirable addrefs. Of late they have begun to ufe mufkcts, and many of their cavalr)' wear coats 1 f mail, and carry fmall buckkrs. It is affirmed, that the Tartars of Great Bucharia are the moft courageous and robuft of their whole nation. The Perfians, who arc not deficient in courage, look upon them with terror. The women themfclves afpiie to mili- tary reputation : they ate ftrong and well limbeil, but in their filatures have all the delicacy of Afiatic beauty. The horfes belonging to thelc Tartars arc not handfonic, but they are heaity, indefatigable, and exceedingly Iwift ; they are the bcft adapted in the world for fcouring the defiirts, as they can live Upon almoft any thing, and a very fmall c|uantity of provender feems iufficient to krep up their llrength. The Ufbeck Tartars are continually at war with the Per- fians, the fertile plains of Chorazan exciting tliem to make frequent incurfions into that rich and plentiful country ; but they do not find it quite fo eafy to penetrate into the dominions of the Great Mogul, on account of the prodi- gious mountains which intercept the paflage. Thofe Uibecks who fubfift upon their cattle, or by plundering their neighbotirs, live fometimcs in huts, and ionietimes in tents, every tribe forming a camp of its own, and, like other Tartars, they frequently move from placu to place, ai it fnits their inclination or convmiency. O- then, who cultivate the eaith, and are Ibmewhat honefter in their principles than their wandering brethren, form fo- cieties, and live in towns and villages , t.hefe latter arc either the real Buchai ins, are defcendants from the Sartes, tltc antient inhabitants of the countiy ; or llie Tuikomaios, who were fettled in the country long before the Ulbivks or Tartars, properly fo called, fubdued ir. The l!fbecks in general, however, defpife the thoughts of cultivation, and deem it meritorious to make excutfion upon and plunder their neighbours. The capital city is furrounded by a mud wall : Jlir houfes are built of'^wood, but the mofqMc and caravanleras arc of brick : it is tolerably populous, but not equal tu what ir was formerly. The chan takes the libcity to feixe upon the property of any one ; which injures commerce, and damps the fpirit of cultivation. For a further account of thefe people, the fituation of their country, rivers, account of ramerlane, their great leader or cham, &c. wc muft refer our readers to the dc fcription given, page 57 of the Chincfian Taruir kingdoms and ftates ; and (hall clofe this part of our work with an account of Crim Tartary, which was antiently called Tau- rica Cherfonefus. ^,, This country, which is inhabited by the Crim and Lefgec Tartars, is furrounded by the Blatrk Tea on the weft, foutli, and part of the calt ; en the north, it lias the Palaj Mceotis, and Leflfcr Tartary joins ir, in tl>e north- weO, Iv- a narrow ift' mus. Its gr'^eft extent, fiom north (u louth, is about one hundred and fifty-five miles ; its Krwi- eft breadth, from eaft to '.veft, is near one hundred und forty miles ; r.nd its breaiUh i:\ other places is only about eighty miles. It is fituatcd between Aii^y -three and thirty-fevcn degrees taft longitude, and betwiin foity-four and forty-fix decrees north latitude. The chief cities, if thev may be fo called, are Precop, Crim, Aarabct, S»- chingcri, CafTa, Sidagoy, f^c. It is exceedingly fruitful by nature ; and, wtre it pro- perly cultivated, would be a fine conntiy. There «r« towns and villages , but the horfes ar;; wretched hut?. !t is fubjcft to the GranO Signor. whom the clniii is obliged, in time of war, to fumifh with thirty thoufand ef!cCtiv9 trcn. Tlicfe troops, htwevct, never receiving anv pay, 2 phurdcf ini: it • of Fa: in bai wh col |mi ufi mc lOL [A S I AO Aft > plunder and piUtge every place they p»fs throuch , on which account every man takes three or four hor'v-i with him, befide? that on which he rides, to load with plunder and captives. Whenever a horfe dies, the owner imme- diately drefles the carcafe, and invites his comrades to the entertainment. Thefe people, in tirte of peace, purchafe beautiful chil- dren in Circafiia, and fell them to the Turks, who pay for them in cloathing, arms, coflfce, tea, rice, raifins, fee. They travel in clofe carts, which contain thcmfelvcs, their wives, children, baggage, j(c. When their daughters marry, the only portion they give is, a painted waggon, and a hut covered with white hnen, witli a painted cloth at the top, tied with red flringsi but they expeft a handfomc prefent fhjra the bridegroom. They bury their dead very deep in the ground ; creft a tomb of mud over their graves, and adorn it with a variety of flags, expreffive of the quality, circumftances, and aft ions of the deceafed. The Lefgee Tartars are an independent people. Their country extends near an hundred miles m length from nortli to Ibuth, and about fourteen from eaft to weft. It B 1 A. »'i is fertile and pleafant, producing all kincij of grain and cattle. The people are good mechanies, and carry on feveral manufaAures : they are not only very warlike, but excel in making fire-arms, with which they trade into Perfia. Their chiefs, who are named (hamkalls, in any common cafe of danger, unite their forces, and are una- nimous in their operations. * The natives are a£tive and well-proportioned ; tlieir eyes .ire black and full of fire; their complexion fwarthy, and their features regular and engaging. They drefs after the Arabian fafhion, and wear whiflcers : fome few indeed let their hair grow. They trade with the Perfians, Ruffians, and Armenians, giving nre-arms and madder for cloathing and necelTaries. But though they »re fond of comraercet they can rob and plunder as well as any of the other Tartars ; however, if they promife to protect or conduA any (fa-anger they never break their words, or violate the laws of holpitality; Their mode of worihip is the fame as that of theTurks» and they imitate the Perdans in their manners ( but in one particular they outdo moft of the oriental nations, for they can drink like Europeans, whetlier Briti(h or Gerntan. "»«.,■ CHAP. VIII. THE NEW AND COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF R A B I A. Crim and on the weft, the Palas iioith-weft, 5ni north tn is obliged, and eftciVive ing iiiv pay, pliui-itr SECT. t. 0/ thf Jituatian, txttnt, namtt, fiat, rlvtri,tiuunle'ms, ah, winds, andfiiifins, divifun of the ctftilry, and tixuns, ARABIA is fituate between thirty-five and fixty de- grees of eaft longitude, and between twelve and thirty degrees of north latitude, being one thoufand three hun- dred miles long, and one thou^nd two hundred broad j and if we include the .inticnt Chalde;i or Eyraca Arabick, wc may extend it two degrees further north. The boun- daiics of Arabia, are, Turky, on the north ; the gulphs of Pcriia or Bollora and Ormus, on the eatt •, the Indian ocean, on the fouth ; and the Red fea, and the Ifthmus of Sue/., which divide it fioni Afiica, on the weft. Arabia is the antient, as well as the modern name, though tlie people have been long called Saracens, or the inh.ibitants of the defarts ; Sarra in ''icir language fignify- iiig a dclart. Some derive the name Arabia from Harabi, a thief or robber, as they have been geneially cfteemed by their neighbours, ever fince they were a nation, to the pre- fent timt. : otheri obfcr\'e, that the word Arab in Hebrew fignifics black i as the inhabitants of this country, it is faid, antientlv were, and this country called Ethiopia, as well as Abyllinia, or the Upper Ethiopia, which is divided from it only by the Red fea, and the narrow flreight of Bab- mandel. The fcas and promontories of Arabia are the Indian ocean, the gulphs of BolTora and Ormus, the Red fea, and the ftreights of Dabmandel, in which are the capes of Ro- lalgate, Musfledcn and Mocho. I'he Red lea, fomctimes called the Arabian gulph, di- vides Arabia from Egypt and Ethiopia; but if ve take it in its largeft extent, the name of the Red fea was given an- tiently ''> all tliofc i'eas which border upon Arabia and Perfia from Africa to tlie Eaft Indies. The reafon of call- ing it the Red fea, fome imagine the red niounuins near it occalioned it to be culled fo i others, that the red fand upon the fliore gave 't that name; and orheis are of opi- nion, that It had its name from kinjr Eiythrus, fove;eign of this country, which Erytlirus is fuppofed to have been E&u, whole porterity planted part of Arabia. It is called in fcripturc Yam Souf, the lea of weeds or rufhej, the banks Iwinj; covered with tlieni in fome pl;icet , but ficm whenceloc\ ei the name is derived, no fea has been more celebvited than this upon v.irious accounts i as, i. The p«uwc iif ilic iiVaciiics through it ; and, 2. for being tjie ufualioad through which the fine fpices and all the rich merchandize of the eaft were conveyed to Africa and Eu- tope, fur tltree thoufand years and upwards. No country is more deftitute of rivers • Chat, Pran, and Nagiran, are the chief, neither of which is navigable; and fome add the wcftcrn branch of the Euphrates, which runs near the eaftern borders of this country. The mountains arc thofe of Gcbel-el-Ared, or tlte great mountains in the middle of tlte country, and thofe of mount Sinai and Horeb in Arabia Petrxa. As to the air and winds, thofe parts of it which lie within the tropic of cancer, or near it, are exceflively hot^ and have their monfoons and fea breezes regularly, as in other countries, under the fame parallels ; the vernal mon- foon, in the ocean on the foiithern coaft of Arabia, blows from the fouth-weft from April to September, and then fhifts or turns about, and blows in the oppofite direflion, the otiter fix months. The hot winds are intolerable in April and May ; they have generally clear ferene weather, felilom ikrceiied from the fcoixhing fun by clouds, or re- frcdied with fhowers. Arabia is ufually thrown into three grand divifions, viz. Arabia Petria, Arabia Deferta, and Arabia Felix. Arabia Petrza is the fmalleft of the three, and is fituate in the north-weft part of this country, between Egypt and Paleftine, the chief town Suez lying at the bottom of the Arabian gulph or Red fea, being the port where the Turkifli gallies ufually lie. Tor, a port town on the Red fea, fouth-eaft of Sutz. The ifthmus, which divides the Mediterranean or Levant firom the Red fea, is about one hundred miles, over the moft mountainous and rocky country of all the Arabia's, which it is impoflible to cut through, nor has ever any prince attempted it, though it would have much Ihortenea the voyage of the Europeans to the Eaft Indies, if it had Iwtn prafticable. In the plains of Arabia Pctriea there arc abundance of acacia trees, from which ilTues a valuable gum, tliat u gathered in autumn. Arabia Deferta is fo called from tlie nature of the foil, which is generally a barren l.tnd, however, there are great flocks of flieep and herds of cattle near i .e Eui'hrates, where the land is good. In the dcfart, there arc great numbersof oft) ichcs, and there is a t'uie breed of camels in feveral places. Arabia Felix is fo called on account of its iertility, with regard to the reft. Son.-^ give it the lume of Yemen, bvt improperly ; for that is ;i kingdom on tlie fouth coaft, whole capital is Sanae. We Ihall next proceed to tlie delcription of fome of the principal tov,'i;s ; and fiifl, of Medina, where Mahomet's tomb IS : this is called by the Arabians Medina Tahiiabi. the city of the proph'-t, Ixim^ the place Mahomet tied to when he was dri\cn from Mecca, and where be was frfi invefted with reg.il power. It lies in the latitude of twenty.* four degrees ihiiiy minutes north, about eisrhty mUrs to the ii6 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM op GEOGRAPHY. I ' the oftward of the Red fea, and two hundred milel to thr north of Mecca. It confifts of about a thoiifand hoiifej built of hrkk and flone, but iw)t Tcry lofty, having but one floor : tlicre are feveral iv>ble molques in the city, the principal whereof is called Mos a Kibu or the moft holy : It flands in the middJc of the town, and ii a fquare buUd- in^ hn himdrrd paces in length, and fourfcore in breadth, and fupportchn tradition, was bnilt by Abrahan., ."ul 'u which Ma- homet obliged all his fisUoH-eTS to go in pilgrimage once in tlieir lives. This ho>ufe is not abvve fifteen kct 'm length and twelve in bneadth, and abom it' e tkrh' nu high ; the door is in the corner, on t^. '.ci't hin'\ ubout a fathom and a half high and a fiithoni vide, made of beaten (ilver, and 0]>ens with two leaves j ( f,o \,ji to it by a ladder, it being raifed fix feet above i!\e grc;itclt piince orchie^'of thefe countrirt afharr.rd to turn drovei oi butcher, by biinging a larib from hi' herd, and kill>iii> it , Avhile his lady or in'.ftrcTs makes afire, and put' on kettle to drcfs it. Upon Ujioa tc m th wi tic thi tJu tin foil all', till liiis- M *•■■ ,^ foi ^ Id ii tll( cli [A s i A.j k h I A. ui ■IS! ^ Upon mcciiiig one another, iliey flill ulc the primitive Uhit.ttion of, "T'citc* be unto you.' Before llir Mahome- »■"» contjuclh, tilt ex()relli()ii wai, " Goil (no'ong your lite." 'I'he interiors, out of refjjeft and diHuirnn.', kifs the feet, knees, or g-iimenu of their fupetiorsi wlnllk children andother kindred pay tin liune relptft to piifcnts and re- lations. 'I'hc pofture they otifervc in pivinp ons another the falute, or allemah, is laying tile right hand ujKin the brcart ; while others, who are perhaps more intimately acquainted, or of e<|u«l age and ditjnity, kifs the hand, head, or Ihoulder of each other. At the fcuft of their by- ram, and other preat folemnitict, the wife compliments her hufband by kiffing his hand. There are no roads laid out in this country, but the ca- ravans travel over fandy dcfarts, where there is no manner of track ( guiding thcmfelvej by » compafs, »» atfca, ellc by the liars, for they travel chiefly in the night Ci, account of the heats. People thoofe to travel with th? Aravans, in which arc frequently two or three hundred men, attended by a great luimber of camels and drome- daricj, for conveying their neceflarics and provifionsi The camcU will carry fix o,- fcvcn hundred weight ; and Ihe dronledarits, which are a fpccics of camels, but lefs, •bout five hundred weight : both lie down to take up thcirburthcris, and will travel through tliis parched country tight or nirie d.iys without water. As there arc no ciravanferas or houfes of entertainment for travellers to call at in the d.-fart part of the country, travcllcii provide themfclvcs with tents, which arc fct up in bad weather ; but when the wcatlier is fine, as it inoft tommonly i.q, they lie dow;i Upon a carpet or matrafs in tlic open field ; and as they are obliged alfo to carry their nrovilion along with them, the flaves and fcrvantj who belong to the caravan get ready ihci. maftcrs meat when it h tliovight ronvcni(.nt to halt. "' neir wav of dreffing meat; is to make :l little hole in the ^^round, and fet a pot over it, and if then, \k rto brakci or fevrel to be met witli, they make a charcoal firei and as they foinetimes meet ■with n«> water in fcveral davs iourney, they carry water with them in (kins, with which iliey load ftmc of their camels. The Arals ohfcrvc, that wherever there aie trees, there fddoin fails to lie water; and on» would think the cinieh were fcnfiliL- of this as well as their martcisi for when they come within light of fuch places, tJieyarcnot to be rodiaincd ficin fetting up their great trot trt come at it, (fpecially where they have had none for fomc tmic: the natives imagine thelc creatures finell the wan-r at a f;icat dilUnce. 1 !ic 7'cvmlo ot the caravan, before they be;;!!! tlitir jTi.iith, tka an olfiar, calkd the caravan balha, who is in a manner thtlr lea.ler, and din-Bs all their motions, and whac they (hall nil, and to whom all differences »,liKh happen tipoii the road ate referred; he compounds .iHii lor the l^jveul duties demanded of the caravan, bv tlic f,ovcriV)rs of the couulrici through which they pafs. ' '1 he iniirhants who travel with the caravan, n le upon liorfes or mules, and fointtimci upon alTcs, which travel faft en ni:;li .•or tin- haded camels, who feldom go above a f>f>t pare ; .■iiidtlioChtiftiaii? or Tranks, as they .ire called, arc oblijjcd to pn)%ide tlicmfclvcs with mulis or pack- horfcs to carry their wine ; for the camel-drivers Iwing dilciplci of Mahonicr, will not fufTcr that animal to hv loaded wilii (Irong li.iuor, the came! being confccrated to M.'.hoiner, «Iij ill iaiy forbad the ulc of wine, and all iiitoxii.iting!i.]Uors : tli: wine as well as water is put into |!oat-(kiin w ith the hair inwards, for they foon prove leaky if the hair is olT. Lveiy iiKiehaiif and liis fervaiits ride near the camels, vhich cairy tlii-ir goods, to pivftrvc them from thieves i (bras thjy frenuently tiavel early in the morning, and late in theev-iiiii^, tliele pilfltcn, loiitetinies, cut the firings by which the cani.-ls aiv tied together, andle.id ofFlomeof tllem witliout bciil^ peicei\ed. There an- fome poor people who innftantly attend the caravan, who line as watchmen wli; n they are encamped. They walk alu)ut, coiuiimally cryio;;, " (lod is one, C>od is merciful," adding I'lcquciitly, •■ Ilaviacarc of youi- lelvcs." They give notice alfo to the caravan balha wtitii it is time to rife, who ord'irs the watchiiv.ii to crv, " S.ad- dlc yourhorfei," and a litth .iftcr, " Load youi goods ," whereupon llicy all appear ready for the nurcli i an iii- flant. When the march hapjiciis to le lonj;, the iii.r- chants will half by tlieiufehes, and while llic cara. i i marclRS on, open their wallet", which every man camcs upon Ills horle, and dine i |ioii a carpet, '1 laveilcrs are adviled to tXrrh tlieiniilves in an Araliijii vcft and cap, or they will be liable to infultj from the zeal- No. II. oui Arabs, and perhaps .ir>ppeU at fome of the towni, titey pafi through Boots luadc of a iiind of glove- leather, which arc no hindrance to walking, mull oc iiad ilfoi but they never wear fuurs, tliv ilirriip having a Iharp fpilu fixed to it, with which they prick their horfcs. There being but very few rivers, the water they meet with, is ufually found in wells or ciflerns, where no mora than two or three people can draw water at a time, fo tltat a traveller muft wait feveml hours fomelimcs, before liecau get a draught of water ; the camel-driveti will have tUcit cattle tirft ferved. They are a brutilh fort of people, an«l fo numerous, that there li no contending with them. ' ithout any incifuret on the edges, and near the form of . ** y leaf ; the fruit coniei ex alia foliorum hanging to die t.vig by a foot ftalk, fometimes one, two or more in "he fame place. Thefe dirubs are planted in a rich ground, a, id watered by artificial channels, as their other vegetables are, and after three or four yean bearing, the natives plant new flu ubs, becaufe then the old ones begin to decline. They dry the berries in the fun, and afterwards take off the outward hulk with hand- mills j and the At?' irni in the hotted feafon make ufe of the hulks roalled ' '. the room of cofrccbetriei.eflecming \he iiquormadeof Iheui more cooling. Cofiee has been in Tesbouttwo hundred years in Alia. In the year 1657, Mr. Edwards, a Turky merchant, btvjught a (.nei'k l<:rvant into England t make coffee, and tlii« lervant of his, named Pafqua, was the firll, it is faid, vvLio kept a cofFechoufe here. The bell coflec berry is large and plump, with a greenilh j|l, and has a tranl) iicy on the thineft parti : the other has a yellovvifli cait and is more opaqUe , but when they arc roaftcd, it is difti'-ult to diilitiguifn them. The bed way of keeping the berries when they arc roalled ii, i.tlbinewarm place, where they may not imbibe any moif- ture, for this palls it, and takes off the brifknefs of the tade ; and it is bed to grind it as it is ufcd. It is obferved th^t coTee didilled yields double as much oil as beans, and almoll treblf ui'i as wheat. Atattia ". 1^ myrrh, manna, ciflia, incenle, nlocs, oh' . . .. id frankincenfe, htfidci fomtf otber valuaL ..'i« a / their plants, nothing is more wjntrd th>" TF- -$, !>dced they have very little V. c ' ifeful and eXCel- . Ill in 11 4111 ;- ^ ; li cimelsare > Og extremely »i6 The NEW amd UNFVERSAL SYSTEM- or GEOGRAPHY, t ..■*i,. ntrenwl^ proper for thii Tandy country, (ndthcUrfttft of thrtn will carry I vafthgrtb«ii i lome lay, near ciulit hun- dred weight, and with thii burilcn will triTcl it int rate of •boiit two mile* and *i\ hail in- an hoar ; hiving for many days tocei her only » few ditCi, lomc Inllicf bean or bar- Ity-nieal, orperhapt only the tnifnalilc ihorni fowid in the Andy defarr. Iihii t'nur {loniach*, like other inimali that chrw lh« cud i and a fifth, u a relieivoir to hold more water thin it had occifion for, where it reiniini without corrupting or (dultmting. It throws qp a quantity of tbit witer, by a contridion of tha mut'clei, irto the uther flomachi, to micirtte the food. The Arab triini hit faithful camel, from iti tendi-r Ibge, tb ill the hirdlhipt it n to undergo through the whole courfe of its life ; be accuftomt it to travel far and e;it httic, to pafi iti days without drinking, and iti nights without flcrp i to kneel down to be loaded, and to rife the mo- roant it iindi the burden equal to its Itrengih, beyoii ' which it will not fuifer an ounce t« be laid on iti hack. Ill feet are adapted to the fanrfi it ii to pali over, tbeir toughneft and fpongy foftnefs preventing them from crick- ing. The Araliian free-booter qualifio his camel for cx- pcditioti, by matches, in which thehorfe runs againfi him. The came!, though leftaAive and nimble, tires out his ri- val in a long courfe. With thele animals the Arabian robber forms a fociety, for the purpofe of carrying on his trade of plunder, in which the man'is to have all the proHt, while the camel, who cariicsolf the booty, is to have all the fatigue. k Their breed of horfes are enly (it for th.- faddle, and are never ufcd either fordraughtorburthen: the tiiieft liorfca we fee in the Perllan court are brought fiom hence, and are admired for their make as well as for their high mettle and fwiftnel's. The common food both of omel's and horfes it bailey or bailey meal made into dough ; but in fome parts of^ Arabia, tiiey feed them with camel's milk, butter and wheat, and fometimcs with cimel's Helh dryed in the fun. And a mora modern author tells us, they feed their cktIleatMufcat wlthfi(h, not when tbey are frcfh taken, but they dig a little pit, and having thrown a large quantity of filh in it, they let them lie till Ihoy ate rotten and turned to a kind of earth, after which it is taken up and boiled in water, which they let Hand till it is oool, and then give it to the cattle; this makes them very fat, nor does their flclh tafle amil's by living on this kind of diet.. They have oxen, bufFalocs, goats and vcnil'on here, but their beef and buffaloes flcHi is very coaife. As to hogs they never breed any, being all Mahometans who abhor the (ight of tliis animal. I-ifh and fowl they have in grcA picntv on t))eir coaih ; but the inland parts are indifferently nocked with either, there being neither wood nor water to be found in fevcral 'iays journey. Lions, bears, tygeri, wolves, jackals at d other wild beads alfo arc found in lome . parts of Arabia, but not in fuch great numbers as cU'c- where, there b( ngbut little cover ^r them. An Arabia):, has no relilh for doineflic pleafure, and feldom coavcrlcs with his wife or children -, he values no- thing fo much as his horfe, being feldom fo well plcafed M when He is hunting, at which diverlion they are very cxperti formoft of them will hunt down a wild hoar with affoniliiiiig expedition. After they have roufed the boar from its place bfrviiicmcnt, into fome neighbouring plain, tiiey enieavuur there by frequent overtaking and turning to tire and perplex it ; tiien watching a proper opportunity either to transfix it with their lancis from fume diftancc, or.elfe, coming clofe by its lide, fix their fpcars in its Irady. When the Arabians hunt the lion, great numbers of people aflcmblefor that purpofe, who forming themfelves ihto a circle, inclofe a targe piece of groun,^, of three, fpur or five miles compafs ; then the people on 'oot, ad- vancing &fi, lufh into the thickets with their dugs and ipears, to roufe thegame, wbilft the borfcmen, keeping a (jttle bcliindt are always ready to charge upon tlie iiift fally of thebcaft, in this manner they pioCecd, tlillcontraiSting tbe circle, till tiiey at laft either clofo together, or meet with game to di rtihtm. Sometimes the fevcial forts ol ani- mals, f ~i> as 'iya:nas, ha'cs, jackals, &c. that happen to lie witbiti the circle, being driven together affiurd cxccllrnt diverfion. The fiift perlbn againfi whom the lion flics re- ceives bim on his fpcar, which furuifhes the others wiiti an opportunity of attacking him behind ; and the lion tiiid- iiig Ivmlelf wounded ia the tear, turns that way, whi<.h gives tuc tirfl man time to recover. 'I'hus being attacked on all fides, they dilable and difpalcli liim. A fsvouritsdivssfioi! anicng the Arabs, is fowlinc : thcv . donotfpiing the game uith doj^s, hut fhadc tlit-nilclves •lid with a piece ol painted clotli, Itrctched upon two reeds. wilk that covered through the feveral brakes and avrittti^ wherethtT expeA-tfi lindgame. In this painted cloth are feveral holes for (he fowler to look thTou|!|i, in order to ob- lervewhai palles before him. 'I'hc fporti'min, on fight of the gime, iclls his Ihade upnn the ground, and, direftin^ the muzxieof his gun ihrongh one of the holes, thus dil- chirges it. We do not find that iliere are my mines of gold or other r ctil open at piefent in this country. The King of Muf- cat is faid tn have the comniind of the pearl (ilhcry in the gulf of Perfii , ' • ; ,. h ihey arc "cry good, noiproccfsoftime,thcy liegantotrafTicby Ira' with India, and brought the fuie fpicci u^ tile gulph oi Pcrfia and the Red fea ; aud thole that came up tjie Pcrfiau gulph being landed at Hoflbta in Cli.iMea, or Eyraca Arabick, were loatledon the backs of camel.*, and brought through Arabia to Egypt, and the lliores of the Levant, and from thence difperled by tlie Phoenicians all over Lu- ro|)e ' -nd tlie Phceuicians, Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Jew. .\hi :v. irds fent their fleets to India, whillict they cai' rf'. .; tlicpru'luce of the weft, and brought back the Ipiccs, .«.•.! ciV.f.r i.ircfiandixe of the caff,, in return. The Ve- rci ..II-. <■:. noeli, aiid otlicr ftatcs, lituate in the Miili- ■-■irariMfx, afterwards grew vaftly rich and powerful, by b;!r 'ini. the produce of Europe for the nicrchandizv of India, wi.icb they received from Alexnjidria and the poitt of the Levant, and dif[>erfed all ever Europe: but this trade ceal'ed when the Portugucfe found tlie way to India round the Cape of (jood Hope, and brought home the lame merchandize all the way ny water-carriage. Butthcrc is ilill another branch of tnlRc tliat rciiKiint to be confidered, aud that is, the trade tlvc .MaJionictaii pilgrims carry on whcntliey refort to Mec-ca , for tUelce;.- peJitionsare pcrfuimed as well on the account of trade ai religion. 'I'he pilgrims who come fVom Morocco and tha coaft of Barbary, the whole length of Africa, cany the produce of the well with them, which tlicy barter at Mecca for the produce of Pcrfia am! ii.dia. The pilgrims «iir Turky, who meet the African* in Egypf, from whcncB they arc both convoyed by the Grand hcignior's f.irccs ta Mecca, do the fame. 'Lhe pilgrims of India moft co;b- nionlygo li) lea, as the I'crliaiis do Ibnictinics, when tlic Arabs are truublelouic , arid all thcfc arc trading voyages ; intereft, as wcUas ilevotion, carries tlicm to Mecca. Nlu-. cho is the principal port rei'ortedto by thcTurkilh gallics, which bring the coffee, and other produce of Arabia, tti- Sue/., at the bottom of the Red Sea, and from tlicncc it is caiiicd to Egypt, and the ports of the Levant, wlieie- thc Enj^lKh and other Europeans meet with it: the Lr.n- lith, Dutch, :iiid "th^r Eaft-India fliips alio lel'o! t to .M<>- iho, diicitly, for aifltc and orhrr goods, wliicji liny, bring to Euiope round the Cape of (iood Hope. Their weij;lits at .Mocho aic, the baliar, which is four hundred and twenty pounds Englilh : the frallcl, or twcnty- cifjht poiiiid,*, whereof fifteen go to a bahar : the nuiai, of which ten go to a fraflel : the fakea, of whirli forty go ti>,, a muuii , and the cofRla, of which ten go to .1 fakea. Their di\ me;i lints are the mcdceda, which is three pi:..' j Englilh . :ind thcv mcal'ure cloth and lilU by i)ie cubit, which IS twenty-lour inches. i'lie coins Willi li arc ciurenc at *v'uLhv>, the p;:;:cij:ni pott in the Red lea, aic dollars of ail kinds, t»ut »Ii.;y wer in urel arc ; ford dufl hiiira iiir.tl !\mri uip Mtor -get mgt T difor .iiccl lu ift cu;b- oyaRCJ i , Mu- fa'ilicl, hence it t to \l<>- [A S I A.J A R A aViif* fite per cent, on (ht pillar itollin, K-canfo lS«y are reckoned not to lie ilic |iarpll filv>*r, and I i.' ilolUr weight with them is lirveiiteen di4ini, touitrcn graiiii. All their coini «rc takfii hy weight, hiiJ v«hied .icciirdiiij to their Aneneli. The goldci»ini cmrciit here, .in? diic;iin ot' Ve- nice, (iemiiiuv, Torky. E|;ypt, &c. The coiimflrM are > fmall c' wliic!) aie lukeii at fiirh a mice hi the go- vemmei ' upon Ihcm, and they keep llicir accoiinti in •II iifiMg^ ...ry vuin ol' cabecrs, of which eighty go to a dollar. The Arabian kingdom! which lie upon tlic coafl, (the bouiidiriei whereol are already dclcribrd) npticarcd fonic of them to tv of a very large extent, and tlirir monarchi ■re frequently ftihd Xeril't, ai the Xrrif ot Mecca, and allKTi wc find railed inunt , hut both one and the other we perceive, (ignlt'y the oHice of prieU as well a* king, ai the caliti, of the Haraceiii, the luccctlbrs of Mahomrt were, till conii>icred hy the Turks, whole eniperorn du nut indeed pretend to the nricniiood, but go>crnand con- troulthe ccclefiaflicul jiirildiOicm however, ai they plialc, and f;iv« lawj to the niiifti or high priel), as will appear when we come to tre .ir of Turfy. As to the form of the Aiabiitn govcrnmciu .ind Uws, wlut wc cm learn of them iti that their monarch) are abfolute both in fpiritunls and temporuli, uild the fuccellion hereditary ; th.it they have no other lawi than wh.it are to be found in the alcoiuii and the comments upon it, which wc ihall enquire into when we come to the lic.id of religion. Wc do not find that tiK-y have any thnding regular mi- litia by land, hut theii \in:^s conmiand both the purfcs and perfoii* of their fubjcaj whenever they fee fit ; the moll potent monarch by fea, is the King of Oman or Mufcat, who i^ indeed become very formidable, not only to the Aliuticks, hut to the Kuopcans thcmfelvct : they arc always .it war with the Poituguefe and Danes, and if an Enplifh vcfli;! oitic in their way, if ihe be not a (hip of force, they will not fr.ruplc m.iking a prize of her. Mr. Lockhirt who travelled to thefc parts, iiifoims us, there were no Icis than fourteen fail or men of war in the mole at Mulcat when he wiis there, befides twenty merchant men. That one of their msn of war cirried feveiitv guns, and none of them Icls than twenty, hut the biggcft i)f llicni would not have made an Englilh fourth rate, their ports being as clofc as they can well fct their guns by one another. There were at the f.mic time fifteen or (ixtecn fail of their men of war cruiling abroad, which were expcflcj home in the foutli weft monfooii, when it ufually blows hard ; for lhf)ugh they are always full of men they c.innot endure bad weatlui. Tlwir colours are red, which they difpla) in ftreamcrs and pendants at every yard-arm, and mall-head, and other remarkable parts of the Ihip, which make iheii tlucts look exceeding fme. S F C T. V. Trtaltcf lit prt/ent/lau tf tht ftitncii, Itarnin^, ln'c-uaget and nliiion in Arabia ; alfo an account of thi Umpit al Aftcca, and the Mabomttan fil^rimagi thithtr. AN able writer, (fpeaker of the time when the Ara- bians threw of the yoke of the califs) fays, "With regard to the fcicnces, it inurt lie contcflird that the Ara- bians m.idc a moft ama/.ing progrefs therein : it was however late ere they l)c-;an to cultivate them, though the five and vivacity "f their genius rendered them very apt for thepurpofe. I'hc truth is, the tirll califs were utterly ignorant ot every thing except the koran and the .irt of war; but under the government of the dclcendants of Abbas, a tafte for the fciences prevailed throughout the whole nation, and men of learning appeared on every (ide, who, licing favoured aiul protedled by the princes, were improving arts and fciences, and compofing works in different kinds of literatiiie." Hut, whatever pro- uvefs they may have formerly ni»lc in the fciences, tliev ate at prcfent m Arabia at a very low ebb ; the Arabs a*'- tording no monument of genius, no produflions of in duftry, that intitic them to any rank in the hiftorv of the human mind. Phyfic, nhiloliipliy, allronomy, and the nntliem;ities, for which ttu y were once famous, arc lo loll •imnng tli-.'in, that fciircrly the traces of them arc tcmain- inp ; we niulf fay, Iiowever, that the prel'ent Arabs have rtrong intcllefls, and that ii.iture li.is in general given tlum » genius : but applic.ition and inclination are both want- ing to improve it. I'hcy fiiijucntly ule clnrms nnd incantatic".'! to removes diforder, or leave it to contcHJ vviih nature. 1 hey j.iiur B I A. "7 hot fr«lh butter into fmiple and pm (hot wonnds, and tint remedy funiriimrs fiuxeeds : an application ot' the prickJ/ pear, toafted in alhet, ii fuccefilully made In fuppuia- tioni. In thrfeeountriei time is mrafured by hour Klaflei, an4 in fome parts of Arabia Petrra, thev have rnlenJari that were lett them hy their ancellori, which are rather curi- ous, and, in which the fun's r>l,ice, Ihe femidiurnal and nodiurnal arch, the lenith of tlie twilight, >d the houn of prayer, arc inlcrted m their proper column., and cal- culated to a moment. Algebra, or numerical arithmetic, tliey arc intii -ty ig- norant of, though their aneettori furnilhed us withlha rharailers of the one, and wirh the name at Icaft of th« other ; yet Ihcy have a way ol i koning, by ptitting their handi into each othcn dcevct, and tcuchiiig one another with a centum joint or finger fo exprctiively, that without ever moving their lips they can coiidude bargains or con- tracts. Dut it it laid there ate fonie wife men ' nong them, who, if you believe them, are lo (killed in figures, as to Ik ,,')le by a c.-rrain combin.ition of numliers, t« form even the i oil Itisadilpi atno' ticnt language , the lleb fuppofed byjoinc f^ fcavi however, both ol •" of them being li rity. The Aral L ful calci ions. "d men, w/iich is the moft an- e Arabic, but 'hey ara nally the fame ; tliey are, .ufs at this day, neither ntr I heir original pu- pt .'\rabic, ii at preient le pure Arabic is only latives on the fea-coafts, well as read in places of the lan,'^uage of thi ,, undeilbHiil by Come of t and ii taught in the fci. worlhip. The antient religion of the Arabs was Sabeifm, eveii previous to their acquaintanc: with the people of Upper Alia : they li,ul at an early period conceived tome very ele- vated notions of Ciod ; they paid adoration to the ftar?, oy luminaries enlivened and beautilicd by heavenly fpiritt ; but there was alfo a religion in Arabia Deferta, uot quita to rational, part of which confided in alTering up huniaa facritices to the fun. It has been obferved by a writer of credit, that " Chrif- tianity was planted in Arabia by St. Paul and hisdifciplei, lb that it received the light of t\\c gofpcl very early j out, in many parts of it, that religion was much clouded, if not totally eclipfed, long licforethe grand impoftor Mahomet their countryman made his appearance ; and, upon their being fubdued by the Turks, tliey embraced his rchgion. So addiflcd are many of the modern Arabs to fujierfti- tion, that they carry about with them a paragraph of tlie K'iran, which tJiey place upon their breafts, or low under tilt ir caps, to prevent fafcination. They have a great ve- I. ration for the Marabbats, who are deemed fainn, and lie perfonsnf a rigid and aullerc life, continually employ- ing thcnilelvcs in counting over their beads, or elle in prayer and nieditatiun. The above faintfhip goes by fuc- leirion, and the foil is entitled to the fame reverence as tlia father, provided he can keep up an equal gravity and de- coiuin. Some of them have the reputation of being blelled with heavenly vilions, and converling witli the god- head i while otlier yet held by the Mahonietanta^ to nave been originally of divine inltitution, and is exercifed on childran as foon as they are able to pronounce die pro- iclHon of tlieir faitli. Combing the hair, paring the nails, and plucking out the hair of the arm-pits, being all points of cleanlinelsi are cflentially ncccirary to internal purifica- tion ; and therefore are looked upon as indifp^nfable duties by tlie Mufliilmeni In confeuuence of the divine command pretended to have been given to Mahomet for that purpofe, every Rn& and confcious MulTultran performs public prayers five times a day : tliis he does eitlier in a nx>fqur, or in fome other place that is clean, after a prefcribed form, and with 3 certain number of praifes or ejaculations ; and whenever they piay« they muft turn their faces towards the temple of Mecca. I'hey do not attend tlie public vrorihip in elegant apparel, but drefs themfelves only in a becoming and de- cent garb. The women are not fufiered by fome of the Mahome- tans to attend the mofque ; and tlie illiterate tliink that the female fex have no claim to the joys of heaven, as luv- ir.^ no fouls to be faved ; but the more enlightend, gene- rous, and candid, allow that women are as well intitled to heavtn as the men ; and many Mahometan^! think that there is a mansion in heaven fet apart Intirely for the fouls of goodwcmen^ Thofe who profefs the Mahometan religion are for the moA part pn-deftinarians : for one article of faith in the koran is, Givl's abfolute decree and predeftination of both good and evil ; that whatever hath or (hall come to pafs, whether good or bad, proceeded, and will proceed from the divine will alone ; though the feft called the Motazalitcs contradiA this doArii^, as tending to miJce God the author of fin, and deflroy man's free agency. We fhall now give an account of the annual, moll no^ merous and folemn pilgrimage of the Maliometans to the Masjad Al Haran, or facred temple of Mecca, which pil- grimage was intlituted by Maliomet. A prodigious con- courfc of people rcfort to this holy temple, in the anticiit city of Mecca. I'he temple Hands in the centre of the town, and hath a famous caaba, or fquare f)ru£ture, pe- culiarly hallowed and fet apart for woriiiip : its door is of filver, and a golden fpout carries olF tl>e water from tlie loof. This caaba, from north to Ibuth, is twenty-four cubits long; t>vcntry- three broad from eaft to wefl,. and its height is twcnty-fcver. cubits. I'he filvcv door, which is on the eaft fide, (lands about four cubits from the ground, and is^alcended to by a flight of (leps. In Uie comer next 'to this door is a famous black ftenc, faid to have been brought down from heaven by Gabriel, at the creation of the world, and which was originally white, but contraAcd . the blacknefs tliat now appears on it from the fins of man- kind. On the nortli fide of the caaba, within a femici'- . cular inclofure fifty cubits in length, (lands a celebrated white flooe, faid to be the fepulchre of Iihiiiael, which re- ferves the water that falls from the golden fpout. The caaba has a double roof, fupportcd within by oflangular pillars of aloes wood ; between which, on iron bars, hang ulver lamps : the outfide is covered with rich black damalk, adorned wiith an embroidered band of gold, which is changcil evety year, being provided by the Grand •Seignior. At a fmall diHance from tlie caaba, on the eafl fide, is the llation or place of Abraham, where is another fione which is in high efleem with the Mahometans, and on which they pretend to (hew his footdeps, adertiiig, that he (lood on this ilone when he built tlie ciaba. Not far fi-om hence tlie caaba is neatly furrounded by pillars, joined towards the bottom by a low baluftrade, and towards the top by . filver bars. JuA without this inclofure, on the fouth, north, and weft fide of the caaba, are three buildings, in which three particular fcfts aflemble to perform their de- votion. Towards the fouth-eaft is an edifice covering tlic famous well zemzeni; alfo the trcafury, and tlie cupola of Al- Abbas. We mull not omit to oblcrve here, that this celebrated well is faid to luve been the fame that Hagir fat near to when comfortv.1 by the angel ; the pilgrims drink •f its water, and attribute siany virtues to it. I'he who'e of thefc buildings are furrounded by a grand piazza, which Come writers make to confift of upwards of fuur hundred and forty pillars, and there are thirty-eigl:'. gates t6. tlie buildings, which arc covered with fniall domes or cupolas, frcm the fourcoriicrs of which rife four gilded fleepies.. 1 he caaba made no very fplendid appearance in the days S of Mahomet, nor even in tlie reigns of his two immediate fucccflui-s Abubcker and Oiuar; but the (iruAure has been raifed, by the munificence of fucccedins princes and great iiK-n, to its prefent iMgniiiceiit flats i though' its pri- mitive or original form has nut undergone any material change fincc the year of theHegira 74. 'Tlte Mahometans pretend that this caaba is nearly coc > al with the creation ; and afSert, tliat Adam, after his expullion ironi paradife, obtained permilTion of the Almighty to ercA it ; tiat how- ever it was deftroyed by the deluge, and that Abraham re- built iton the fame fpot and after the fame model. The pilgrims lefort annually in prodigious numbers to the above antique and celebrated edifice, when there is a fair held for all forts of merchandize, .^c. people in crouds* from different nations, aflembling, to tlie amount genemlly of two hundred thoufand, at which time even the very vault* of mofques, and tlie caves of neighbouting mountains, ar« ftored with rich commodities. The holy temple is opened four times in the year, but the.grcateft multitudes alTemblQ at the folemn fcaft of the bay ram or ealler, when tliey purchafe relics of the old black damalk covering, previous to its being fuccecded by a new one from the Grand Seignior. Many abTurd religious ceremonies are performed by tht pilgrims. At a place called Labbock, tliey (Irip themfclve* aImof> naked, having only a napkin round their middle^ and another round their neck : in this condition they en- ter Mecca^ but neither buy nor fell any thing for eight days. The pilgrims commonly wear a Ibrt of black clcok, with a caul ; the people of fiarbary wcai them white ; it is £iftcned about the neck with a long loop, and hangs loofe behhid. The camels are ornamented, efpeciaUy the leading one of every company, which hath on its head a plume of feathers. Many Turks go this journey often i, but it is obferved that they are rather woife after it than before, and it is a common faying among the Chriftians and Jews, "If a man has been once at Mecca, take care of him ; if he has been twice tliere, have nothing to do with him ; but if lie has been three times at Mecca, remove from bis neigh- bourhood ;" and one who went to Mecca on pilgrimage, affirms, that there is as much debaucherv pradifed at that place as in almoft any part of the univcrfc. Having entered the aty, the pilgrims moved to the holy temple, and walk roimd itfe'.en times, the three firll times with a very quick pace, to manifeft tlieir rcadlnefs to tight for (what they deem) the true worfliip of God. They accompany their prayers with many Itrange geflurcs of the body, imitatitig the hamirag, or high-pried ; and, after having made a facrifice of fhecp, repair to the vale of M irfa, and throw (tones at the devil's head, who tlicy fay tempted Abraham in this vale, when he was about to I'acrifKe lu< for. Ifhmael, not Ifaac ; for the intended viftim, they fay, was Ifhmaal. They pretend, that on tlie mountain ot' Mirfa, which conftitntes the vale, Adam and Eve wan- dered upwards of two hundred years without feeing each otlier, after their expulfion from Paradife, till they ha»- pened by mcer chance to meet together at the top of tlus. mountain, when Eve tluew (tones at the devil's head, for his having held up to her a glafs, and telling her, tliat the image fhe then law was another woman with whom Adam was enamoured. From this mountain tlie priefts deliver their pious harangues, and afterwards in the vale make frefh lacrificcs of mccp, the flefh. of which is given to the poor. An eminent writer aflerts, tliat when he was in tlus part of the globe, upwards of fix tlioufand pcrfons belong- ing to one of the caravans died in the road between Cairo and Mecca ; and that the cffefls of fuch as die devolve to the pricfls. The northern Arab>, who are fubjc£l to the Turks, receive oonliderable gratuities from the Grand Seignior for preventing tlie pilgrims from the robberies of thcu: countrymen. SECT. vr. TSt hi/} try. tf Mahtmtt, founder of ihi Mahomtlan fuptrjti- titriy and bis fuccijfert. MAHOMET, or Mohammed, as (I i led by the Ara- bians, was of the tribe of Koreis, one of the mod honourable in Arabia : he was born at Mecca, A. U. 57 1 . in the reign of JuAinian II. emperor of Conflantiuople ; and, though illiterate and of a mean birth, polTclUd a mod fhrewd uiidcdanding. His father dying when he was twr> iiiii old, arid leaving him littls 01 nothing to iiibJid on. tu# \ obfen Was A •swel men 1 his an ported people Araliia is but ( Or dauj demnii Ibrbid i deities, God. Mali gave taught which f not den •uthorit Chriftia affirmed him; Ik dclivere* No. [A s i A] A ft b I lit hs in this It belong- \en Cairo lie devolve llubjcft to lite CJr»iv< bbctics of fupirjli- • the Ara- \( tlie moft .1>-S7'- tiiitiaojilc ; Klul a moft lie was twf> Tfiibfift on, to iiisgnriciratUei Abdole Matallali took hini into (lis funily, and, dying the year following, recommended lijm to hi? uncle Abutaleb, a great merchant, vrlio having iitl\niAed iitm iii his buiihcfs nhea he grew uk ient him as his tiic- tor, witi\ a caravaii, into Svria ana Pateftlne, where he beomtc ac(^uainted I'lOth witu Chriftiaus and Jews. He Continued m his uncle's fervicc tiU lie was twenty-fiTe years of age, and then left him., and became f^flor to a rich widow named Cadigha, whofe affairs he manaced, trading to Damafcus, Egypt, and other places, about three rears, when Mahomet and the widow entyed into the natc of matrimony, (he bejng then ^bout forty years of age ; but what (he wanted in youth, (he made up in for- tune. Ai^homet was now efteemcd one of tlie richeft men in Mecca, and firom this time, it is (aid, he began to form fchemes to obtain fovereigh power: tiis anceftors, he %»as intormed, bad been chiefs of their tribe for feveral 'generations ; and he was defccnded from the eldeft branch, andconfequently oiighttohavc fuccecdcd to the power which others had ufurped ; and the i ;adic(l way to recover this, he imagined, was to turii reformer, and become the head of a new religion. As be well knew the genius of his 'countrymen, he entertained the mo(l fanguinc hopes of fucce(s : he was aware that the Arabians wee fond of no- velty, and that they were addided to illufions and entira- fiafm. The times alfo proved to be very favourable for him, as the Chriftians of the eaft werequairelting with one anotheri and appeared to be very looie and diifolute in their ^orals. He pretended) therefore, to revive the primitive way of worinip and purity of the antient pa- triarchs, and that he might fucdeed the better, he did not profeft himfelf in enemy to ahy religion then in being, but propofed to unite Chriftiansj Jews, and l^agans in one CfeiTiont that he might ineet with the lefs oppofition i : having hitherto been an idolater* and remarkably vi- cious, he thought it would appear very odd to fee him on a fnddeii take upon hinifrlf tne charauer of a prophet :.nd • preacher of righteoufnefi. It feemed necctfary therefore, if he expected to meet with fucicfs, tu reform himfelf firft. He went every morning therefore to the cave of Dili, near Mecca, where he gave out he fpcnt his time in pravers, fading, and divine meditations ; and here it is fuppolcd he met with foine Jews and ChriUians tllat ailiftej him in compofing his koran ; he had a monk alfo that nGded conflantly in his houfe, who had a great (hare ill the framing of it, as is fuppofedt When Mahomet returned to Mecca every evening, he ufed to entertain iiis family with a relation of the viiions he had feen, and par' ticularly his intimate converfation with the angel Gabriel, which when his wife feemed to doubt of, the mqnk af- furcd her (he might give entire credit to it : It was all true that Mahomet had related, and (he thereupon became his fitfl convert. Mahomet having aAed tlie part of a hermit for fomc ysart, and acquired fome reputation for Iiis piety and vir- tue, he declared himfelf a prophet fent from God among his friends, being then about forty years of age : three or four years after he avowed his miffion publicly. One of his firft converts was his coufin Haly, who ufed to ftile himfelf, " The firft of believers ;" his flave Zaid became anotlicr of his difciples, whereupon he gave him his li- berty, and made a law, that every (lave tliat protefled hitnfelf a Mahometan (houIJ have nis liberty, which is obfenrcd to this day by the Turks. His fourth difciple was Abubeker, a man in ereat reputation for his wifdom, as well as wealth. After which Oiman, and feveral others, men of figure in Mecca, who were afterwards generals in his army, profefled themfclves believers. Being thus fup- portcd, he proceeded to publifh hi* new do£lrincs to the people, and declare he was fcnt firom God to reclaim the Arabians from their idolatry. He taught them that there is but one God ; that tliofc who teach that Ciod lias fons, or daughters, or companions, ought to be abhorred, con- demning the doSrines of the trinity and incarnation ) he forbid alfo the worihip of images, and of feveral female deities, which tlie Arabians adored as the daughters of God. Mahomet affirmed, that this was the religion which God gave to Adam, and reftorcd or revealed to Abram, who taught it Ifhmael, the great ancedor of the Arabians, which being corrupted, he now cauie to reftore. He did not deny tlie milTioii of Mofes or of Jefus Chrift, or tlic authority of the fcriptiires, but accufed both Jews and Chriftiaat with corrupting tlicm. The angel Gabriel, he alfirmed, was fcnt from God to ccmmunicate his will to himi he fell into a trancC: he pretended, when the angel delivered the divine melTagf? to him ; and being fubjeft to No. It, tne failing ficknpfs, this gave foihf countenance to what his aflerted. He ptiblidied his pretended revelations by chap- ters, fome of tliem at Mecca before he was driven from thence, and the refl at Medina; He ufed to dilate every new.chapter to his amanuenlis, who read it to his difciple* till they had it by heart, after which it was laid up in a eheft, balled the " Cbeft of his npoftle(hip," which he left in the cuftody of his wife Hapfa, ftom wlience tlie koran wa« compiled by Abubeker^ his immediate fuceefibr, who fup- pliea the want of feveral palfages that were loft from tn* memory of thofe people, who liad learnt them by hearty and new modelled the book fo^ as it might beft fctve the ends he had in view i and many abfurdities ftiil remaining, Ofman, while he was calif, Ciillcd in all the copies which liad been given but, uiider pretence of correfting them by' the orieiiul, caufed them to be burnt, and, in a manner, compofed a new koran, ill the twenty-third year of the Hegira, A. D; 652* being about twenty years after Maho- met's death. What proof there is of fuch alterations, does not appear. Great oppofltion arofeAgaihft Mahomet at Mecca -, fome derided, and others threatened liiin ; but ftiil he proceeded in making converts ; and being a man of great wit and winning addrefs, flattering the rich and relieving the poor, he became exceedingly popular, infomuch that the go- veniment began to apprehend tliat he was aiming at fove- reign power ; and as he was already become too gteit to b4 brought befpt^ a court of juftice, they had determined to take him off privately ; of which receiving advice, he fled to Medina. As he confefled he had not the pow^ of workine miraclesi itiany of his difciples left him ; which occafioned him to obferve to the citizens of Medina, that God had indeed fent Mofes and Jefus, and bad given tliem the power of working miiaclcs, and yet the world vras not re- claimed by ihim ; therefore God had now fent him laft to reduce them to obedience by the fword; He commanded his difciples-, therefore, not to enter iato difputes about religion, but maintain it by foree ; and deftroy all thofe that refufed to obey him, promiling great rewards to thofe : who took up arms in this caufe* and eternal happinel's to fuch as happened to die in the defence of it. In his twelfth year, Maliomet gave out tliat he was car- ried up to heaven by the angel Gabriel, who had fevent/ pair of wings, whiter than fnow, and clearer than cryfial ;■ that he fet him on the beaft alborack, lefs than a mule, which in a moment carried him to Jeruialem, where he bft the bcafi, and mounted by a ladder of light to heaven« and from one heaven to another, till he came to the throne of God, which was in tlie feventh or higheft heaven ; he adds, that the feven hetvens were five hundred years jonr-> ney afunder, and that he faw a gigantic angel in one of tliem, whofe eyes were feventy thoufand days journev afunder ; and this journey of Mahomet's, heaffured lusdi^- ciples, was performed in the tenth part of a night, which the Mahometans believe as firmly as any article of &ith, though it was for fome time difputed whether all this was TiOt avifion; 'lutthe doftor's at lengtli refolved that it wai a real journey, and all his fayings have ever (incc been re- garded as facred truths brought down from heaven, which having been reduced to writing after his death, makeup tliefe volumes of tradition which the Mahometans call the Sonorah. Alx>ut this time, the Jews and Chriftians of Arabia per-* fecuting oue another with great fury ; one of the parties, to ftrcngthen thcmfelves, it is faid, entered into an alliance with Mahomet ; and it is generally thought it was the Chriftians, ftom his kind ufageof them, and his cruelty to the Jews. After the arrival of Mahomet at Medina, he married his daughter Fatima, whom he had by his wife Cadigha, to his coufin Haly, Fatima being the only child by that wife which furvived him, and from her all thofe derive their right who pretend to be of tlie family of Mahomet. He held Cadigha, to be the moftperfcft of women ; for he was ufed to obferve, that tlicre never were but four good women in the world, namely, 1. This Cadigha, that made his fortune ; a. Afi^i, the wife of one of the Pharaoh's ; 3. The virgin Mary ; and, 4. His dauf^hter Fatima. Hav- Mig brought over moft of the people of Medina to his in- intereft, he bcg.in to m»ke iiicurfions on tlie neighbouring ftates, and particularly on the fubje£ls of Mecca, ftom whence he was expelled ; ani to diftrefs that city, inter- cepted their caravans that went firom thence to Syria and I'alcftinc. killini; thofe 'xhs Fsfufcd to cmunre tus doc- trine ; and enriching his difciples with the pluuden which induced many of the thieviAt Arabs to join him, efpecially as till- robberies they committed wert denominated aAs of H h ttligion, -*';l *. ■^i ■4? r22 Th« new and universal SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. ^'■ A'i religion, and the csufc (that is, the dcftroying all that dif- fered from them) the ftiufe of God. H« at firft dtre£tcd his dilciplos to turn their faces to- wards Jerufalem when they prayed ; but looking upon the Jews afterwards as his mortal enemies, and oblervmg that . his Countrymen had ftill a great veneration for the caaba oy temple of. Mecca, which had for fome ages been the place whert they performed their devdtrons, he ordered them to direfl their devotions to Mecca, and go in pilgri- inaf u thither, as they ufed to do, and many of thefr idol- atrous rites to be retained. It is obfcrved to have been one of the moft fuccefsful ftratagems Mahomet ufed, fo to frame his new religion as to make it moil agreeable to the humour, iutcrcil, and appetites of thofe he hoped to de- lude, and bring over to hts party. 'I'he Jews having provoked him by taking part with hi» (inemies, or foa»e other affront he had received from them, he fell upon (oniial tribes of the jewilh Arabs, and hav- ing taken great numbers of prifoners, fold them for llavet, and divided the plunder anioag bis difciples, which fiill incrcafed the niiixbcr of his followers ; but receiving a defeat afterward} at mount Ohad, the people began to vi(- pe£l he ^s not a true prophet -, and fome, that had loil tlieir relatioi\s in the battle, began to murmur i where- ttpon he told them, th.it it was their fms, that bad occa- sioned th« liefcat, and as to thofc that fell in battle, they would have «ked, if they had remained at home, the pe- riod of evcrfjiian's life being fixed by God, beyond which it could not be prolonged ; and as they had died in defence of their faith, they had obtained their crown of martyr* dom, and vycre now alive with God in Patadife, in a ilate of eyi£riafting blifs ; which dodrines, he ibortd, gave great couiage tfid rcfolution to his people, and therefore contimied to inculcate thcfc doArines, as his fucceflbrs do to this day. Having gained a fecond viAory over the Jewifli Arabs, he put them every one to the fword, perhaps becaufe they made fuch a brav»i%fiilanGe, as had like to nave put an end to his ufurped dom'.nioii ; for they had furprized his army when a great many of them were drunk and engaged in play ; and it was with the utmoft hazard and difficulty that he wrefted the viflory out of their hands, which was the reafon of his prohibiting the drinking of ilrong li- quors and gaming. The citizens of Mecca, in the liiean time, finding him grow very formidable, entered into a confederacy with fome of the neighbouring tritvs, and marched with a powerful army to give him battle, which Maliomet de- clitKd, apprclkending he was not flrong enough to engage tliem in tlie open field : he made choice of a very ftrong camp, therefore, which he entrenched and fortified, and the enemy lying pretty near him, he found mearw to cor- mpt fome of their principal officers, who advifing a re- treat, dehvcrcd hiinfrom his fears j and having increafed his army he m:irchcd towards Mecca, and a battle being fought between that city, and Sidin or Judda, in which neither party had much reafon to boaft of their fuccefs, a truce was concluded between them ; in which it was agreed, tliat Mahomet's friends in Mecca llio'.ild beat liberty to join him, and thofc in his army who dcfired it, might return to Mecca. Mahomet now looking upon his authority to be fufficiently cftablillied, caufed himfclf to. be proclaimed kiiig at his return to Medina ; this being the fixth year of theHegira, or Mahometan atra, A. }'>. 617. But ftril he retained the office of hi^h prieft, and his fuccelTors, the califs, enjoyed both offices until the 32sth year of the Hegira, when the governors of thefeveral provinces of the Saracen empire affumed an independent authority with the t'rtlc of fuftans, leaving the califs poirdTed only of the ecclcfiaflical authority. The Mahometan princes after- wards proceeded to conftitute a pontiff in their refpedive dominions, who is called the fedre in Perfia, and mufti in Turkv, who interpofe only m ecclefiaAical matters, ex- cept that they lit as judges in the fupreme court of juftice : tlie reafon whereof is, that the Mahometan laws are only the laws and precepts of the koran, and tlie comments upon them, ot which the high-pried and his clergy are fiill cftcemed the fole interpreters ; but then, if the mufti dues not determine as ttie Grand Seignor would have him, he is depofed, and another advanced to that pod ; fo that he, tlie mufti or chief pricft, is, in effeft, no more than ihe tool of the miiiiftry in every Mahometan country, as the diief pricfls of a licttcr religion too often are. But to proceed with our hiftory. Mahomet Aill continued to preach and pray, and per- form ihe office of hi^h-prieft as before; onlVi inftead of leaningon the flump of a pali*-tre«, before his advance- I ment to the royal dignity, he caufed a magnificent ttmpltf to be built at Medina, and h.-rrnngued the people from a pulpit : and the Mahometans have a tradition, that the forfaken llump of the palm-ti«e groaned, when it found itfelf dcfertcd by Mihotitet, and bad no lor^er the ho- nour to fuftain his weight. The Jewifh Arabs having become the objefts of this lifurper'i implacable hatred, he continued to make war upon them : they were extremely obnoxious to him in tho tatter end of his reign, though he had courted their favour in the b<^nntng. He took one of their cities s and being afterwarcu at (upper at the houfe of Hareth one of tho principal citizens, one of his officers dropped down dead< poifoned by a Jhoulder of mutton, v.hich a daughter of thd nmily had prepared for Mahomet, it is faid 1 and he taftcd ftr much of it that he never was well afterv.-ards, though he furvived it feveial years. His difciples conftrued his efcape at this time a miracle, for they have a tradition amongft them, that the fhoulder of mutton fpoke to Ma- homet, and warned him of his danger. After Mahomet's death, it was difcovered tint the meat was poifoned by Zainab, the daughter of Hareth, on this principle, that if he was the great prophet he pretended to be, the poifon could have no effea upon him. Having very little regard for the truce be had made witl» Mecca, ne privately aflembled a body of ten thouAinct men, and furprifed that* city, mafTacreing all thole thalt durft oppofe hiin : thus he proceeded ia his pretended re- formation of religion, broke down tlie images in the caaba, confecrated that temple to his new religion, and command- ed his difciples to go in pilgrimage thither once in their lives. I'lie principal images he expelled the caaba were thofe of Abram and lihmael, and the images of fonw departed faints, which the Arabians worihipncd as me- diators to the fupreme God. For the Arabians always held that there was but one God, the creator of heaven and earth whom they (tiled AUaTael, or the God of gods> and as they imagined he was too great to be addreffed With- out a mediator, iliey implored the intcrceffion of holy men, that were gone to heaven, to recommend them to his favour -, and this feems to hive been the religion of moft nations antiently, as it is at this day : it is not to the image, but to the laint the image rcprefents, as the Ro- man Catholics fay, that tliey give this inferior kind of worlhip. Mow of the Arab trilJes, refenting the infult put upon their religion by breaking down their images, unitedl againft Mahomet, whom tliey defeated in a general battle, and compelled him to retire under the walls ot Mecca ; but he being viAo'-">us in a fecond battle, compelled them to acknowlrage ' ' -r fovereign, and to profefs the re- ligion he'had fc< I revelation of the deity; and to fet them an exri. . .e undertook a pilgrimage in perfon to Mecca, attended Ly a multitude of people from all parts of Arabia ; atid now finding himfelt to be in a bad (late of health, occafioned by the poifon the Jewefs had given him in the (boulder of mutton, as before related, he be-i came delirious, complaining of the paiiu he bad fuffered ever fincc he had eaten that fatal Aiorfel, and at length ex- pired in great agonies in 629, being juft iixty three years <}|d on the day he died. His difciples were in great confu- fion after his death, many of them having been of opinion that he could not die, or if he did appear to be dead, ho would foon come to lite again. Omar, one pf his gene- rals was of this opinion, and, drawing his fword, (wore he would cut any man to pieces that (hould fay he was dead. Abubeker thereupon demanded, if they wordiipped Mahomet, or the God of Mahomet i if you worth ip tho God of Nlahoraet, (aid he, he is immortal, and lives for- ever ; but as to Mahomet, he is certainly dead ; and that he muft die, he obferved, was plain from feveral pafTages in the koran; with which Omar and his partv were fatisficd. Another difputc arofe about the place of lii< burial, Ibnie were for having him buried at Medina ; others at Mecca; and a third party would have him buried among the pro- phets at Jerufalem ; but Abubeker declaring lieTicard Kla- iiomct fay, that a prophet ihould be buiicdinthe place where he died, tlwy all aci]uiefced in thio, and a giave b. - ing made under tlic bed where he lay, there he was in- terred, and over the grave a chapel was built which (lands atone of the corners of the great mofque at Medina, f^liich was founded b/ M»liomet hirofclf. Mahomet touk no other wife as lotw as Cadigha lived ; but afterwards he had fifjpen, fome fiy, twenty, moft of them cohabiting with liini at the fame time. Of thcfe, five Hied before him, and he divorced fix : Ayeflia, the daaglitcr of Abubeker, was the grcateft favoutitc, ^ouifh (lie .i„i.,...,jl*i;i *l. TA S I A.J ' ,. A R, A 4he 4(33 charged wridi being fulleto his bed, which he pre- tended not to believe, and added oi\e cliapter to the koran, to declare her ii\nocencc. His wife Hapl-ft, tlie daughter of Omar, wa< the moft rcfpefled next, with whom he truftcd the chert of his apoftlefhip already mentioned, where the original wiitin(»ii relating to his pretended reve- lations were dcpofited. His wife Zeida he was foon weary of, and was about to part with her ; but upon lier con- fcntmg to rcfigii her turn to Ayefha, he pc; mittcd her to J-etain the honour of being one among tlie numl^er of his \vivci : hetookalfo Zaidah, the wife of Zaid his enfran- chifed Ilavc, at which his difciples were much offended ; liecompofed a chapter of his koran, therefore, wherein he introduced God anpi ivingof the match ; and this lady uffd to buaftt that he received nis other wives from their rela- tions, but Ihc was married to him by God himfelf Befides his wives, he had feveHal concubines, and parti- tulniiy an Egyptian in his old agv, of whom he was ex- tremely fond, and was upbraided with it, by his wives, Haphlaand Ayelha, reprefenting how unjudand mdccent it was in a holy man and a prophet, to'provc falfe to their bed, and purfue his lufts in his declining age ; which oc- cafioned another revelation, wliercin he makes God per- mit him and his difciples M lie with their female flaves, as ispraAilbd by the Mahometans at this day ; and in fome, if not in all Mahometan countilcs, the children of fuch Daves are deemed legitimate, and fliare their fathers cflate, with the iiiiie of their wives, i The hiving feveral wives alive at once, was pra£)ifcd by the Arabs from the earliell ages, hut was limited by Ma- homet to four I and as to the taking their ilaves to their bed, Abram, the father of Ifbmael their grand aiiceilor, did the fame ; and Jatob, we iind, had fons, by two of his flaves, and made no di(\in£lion between them and the ifliie he had by his v/Wei ; they were all (tiled patriarchs, and the promifed land was divided equally among the pof- lerity of Jacob's wives and (lavc3> One of the laws of Mahomet feems equitable enough* namely, that a man fhould make no difference in the doathmg or diet of his wives, but they (hould all hn iilikci and the fame in the duties of the bed : and if a ivife complains of her hufband's being jftartial in any of thefc rcfpcfls, the magiftrate will relieve her, or grant a divorce if Ihe dcfires it : and the keeping of boys for their bedfellows is allowed to be another lufllcient reafon for a ilivorce; and yet this is what the turks frequehtly praAife. He alfo gave 'is difciples a table containing the tlegrees oif marriage, as that they Ihould not mairy their mothers-in- kw, fifiers, or fifters-in-law, or their^laughters i that they Ihould not marry the daughter of anv wonian they had lain with, or another man's wife ; he nad himfelf, indeed, married the wife of his fervant Zaid \ but in another diaptcr of the koran, he brings in God, forbidding him to take another man's v;ifc for the future ; and though he allowed himfcifereat liberties, he forbids all men entering into any conveilation with his wives, or the wives of other men ; and commands all wives to forbear I'peakine to any man, but with their ^es veiled ; that they (hould remain widows aittr their hulbands death, and that no man ihould touch tlieril j but whatever he requires (hould be done, he always reprefcnts heaven approving it, and compofcs a chaffer in the koran to countenance the practice. Mahomet had appointed Hali, the hufband of his eldeft daughter Fatima to be his fucceflbr; bilt Abubcker, his fatker-iu-law, and one of his moft celebrated generals, aflurocc' the title of calif, or fovereign of the Saracens, both in fpiritualt and temporals. He enjoyed this honour ten years, and was fucceeded by Omar, another general of the Saracen army, who made the fwtlteft conquefts of any prince wa read of; for he added Perda, Syria, PalelKne, Met'opntamia, and Egypt, to his dominiohs. Tc him f«cccrdcd Othman, another of Mahomet's generals, who added all the north of Africa as far as the pillars of Heiculet (the (Iraights of Gibraltar} to the Saracen em- pire. But the faAion of Hali prevailing againft him, he became his owit executioner, threw himfelf upon his fword, and died in the elghty-feventh year of his ago, and the tenth of his rei^ii, though fome have aflerted, that he wu'i .iniiliinatrd ; and his fucceflbr Hali was aflfaflinated, bcfuve he had reigned three years, by Mahuvi.-is. Hali left two Ions, on the eldeft of whom, named Haf- tin, the Arabians beftowed the crown. After reigning about fix months, he abdicated his throne in favour of Moawiyair, who had been a continual terror to him j fo that Moawiy.O), wIk) had formerly excited a revolt in Syria agrtinft Hali, now became folp noflcflbr of the throne, Was acknowledged by all mulTulincu as the true and lawful B \ 'A. i23 calif, being theHrftof the ilynaftyof the Ommiyans, fa . called from Ommiyah, the head of that priuees's family. As foon as this prince was firmly feated on the throne, his (irft grand ohjefl was to augment his glory : he pro- fecutcd uich entcrprizes as former califs had begun againft the Greeks ; he drove them out of Armenia and Anatolia, and adopted meafures to render the dignity of calif hcre- ditory, which had been before elective, and fucceeded in his defign : his crown dcfcended to his fun, and af- ' tcrwards to the reft of his poflerity. That dynafty of princes maintained themrdvcs with great glcry for four* teen fuccefTioni, though not always ',ii a right line ; fo* brothers often afcended the throne to the prcjddice of their nephews, when the latter were not of due age, ur there were ally other reafons that artifice could aflign ; but ^ the fucccllibn was always in the houfe of Ommiyah till . thcdmeof Merwan the fecond. Thi; houfe of Ommiyah, however, was not delhoyed by the Abbaflians, princes fo denoted from their being defct^ndcd from Abbas, uncle pi Mahomet. They tqok up arms againft the Ommiyans, under pretence of revenging the death of Hali, who, the/ allcdged, had be^n murdered by them, Abul Abbas was accordingly proclaimed calif. Abdallah, who was the uncle of AbUI Abbas, caufed ail aA of grace to be publilhed, in the calif's name, for all the Ommiyans who lliould appear before him, and take the oaths «f allegiance to the new calif. A day was fixed for a meeting of the chiefs or princes, and Abdallah it'^ tended tliem ; but while he Was preparing to tender the oaths, a party of foldiers, appointed for tlie purpofe, drew up behind them, and deftroyed them all on the (pot, except one, who efcaped and fled to Spaini Immediately after this barbarous deed, the foldier* put to the fwotd a great number of mulTolmcn known to be devoted to the houfii of Ommiyah ; and Obdallah, having put an end to the flaughtei> completed his bloody tranfa£lion with a moft horrid entertaintnenti I'hc above infernal monftcr caufed the bodies of the Ommiyans, who had been daughtereo inherited his bravery, as ^-ell a:> his ahtiptliy to inuirulm:n, added to their crown alnioft all the ilates which nad been feized by . ■ ttie princes of the Other dyhafties, aiid at length made ' Hiemrdves ftiaftefs tjf Uagdat, maflacrcd the calif and Ih'i Children, and by their death put a final end to die illuf- ' trious hogfe of Abbai, which had fat on the throne up- wards of live liutidred years. At this period the hiftory of the califs properly con- cludes ; fSr sfc c'anhot include, aroonc the califs, Ahmed, tvho was thive years afterwards proclaimed calif by the Mamlucks of bgypt, under the nam* of Moftanzer Billah. They called him the fon of Daher ben Nafler the Abbaflian ; and Biban, who- was then fultan of tlie Mamlucks, caufed him to be recognized in Egypt ; fo that a fccond dynafty of Abbaflians was formed, if the ^^'^nnme of dynafly can be allowed to a race of princes who 'f**rere only "looked upon as the head of the church- This j^rctended dvnafly fubfifted till the end of the Mamlucks, •in the 933d year of the Hegita and 1517th of the Chrif- ;^ian era i when Selim, the firil emperor of the Ottoman ^Turks, annexed all Egypt to bis empire. ':^' To fum up the whole, Abubekcr, tlte inunediate fuc- ^.^flbr of Mahomet, began his califat, in the eleventh year -of the Hegira, and 653d of the Chrifiian «ra. In the ;^4ift of the Hegira, and A. D. 661. Mo«wiyah began to *»r(fi^n : he was the firft of the dynr.iiv of Ommiyans, of ■*rhich Merwan II. Hegira, 127. A. D. 744. was the laft ; -Abui Abbas, the firft of the houfe of Abbas, began to leign, Hegira 134. A. D. 752. and Mof\azem was the 56th and laft gnnd Abbaflian calif, who began to reign in the ,64th year of the Hegira, and in the i242d of theChriftian •ra. So that firom Abubcker, the firft calif to that of ' ''Woftazem, is included a fpace of 610 years. It is re- ; -IBarkable of MotaflTon, who began to reign, A. D. 833, , -that he was born in the eighth month in the year, was the cwhth prince of this race, the eighth Abbaflian ealif, tieended his throne in the 2 1 8th year of the Hegira, cora- utandcd his troops eight times in perfon, reigned eight years eight months and eight days, died in the forty-eighth year of his age, had eight fons and ei^it daughters, and ^ ;left exaftly eight millions of gold in his treafury. y. ^-.r^-^f •^■■- SECT. VII. ■ ■ ■ Vrtatt if tht antiquitifs §f the Ari^ioHi ; and alfo eintains an acuunt tf Palmyra cr TaJmor, WE Ihall here take fome notice of tlie moft antient and celebrated places of antiquity, beginning %itli the Red fea, or Arabian gulf, which flows from the Indian ocean, runs eaftward as far as the ifthmus of Africa, •to the town of Suez. It has its name, according .0 fome authors, from an orient briglitnefs peculiar to its waters, Ixing tinged with a red mineral earth ; and it has a red fand on its ihores, which is frequently repugnaHl to its quality and nature, mixed with the water by the flux and reflux of tljc fca, which is fo violent in this aulf, as to tofs it to and fro like allies, and prevent its fuDfiding to the bottom by a perpetual vehement agitation Sea^iring people have confidently aflerted that the fand, thus borne and agitated by the turbulent waters, appears as red as blood ; but that, if put itito ftill water, it will fink to the bottom. Some writers derive its name from the Greek word erythros, fignifying red, efpecially as Erythros was the name of a king who reigned on the coaft. But from, whatever its name be really derived, no fca has bacii more juilly celebrated : the paflaj:;e of the Tfraclitcs through it, and itsconveyancc ofallthe rich mcrchandizeof the caft for upwards of three thoiifand years, have given it an immortal name. Mount Sinai del'cr\es a particular defcription. It has two lurrtiiuts, ui'iu is Crtucu t>y tiK- nfduS liic i'llOlliltaiil ni Mofes, becaule many remarkable things happened here to S tl);tt prophet. Herej they fay, the almighty ap]v.afc»l 'to him in a burning bulb-, and the fatlieis llicw a brarabti', which they affirm is of the lame kind. Here he likewitr fed the flock of his fa'.lier quiflte licauty, as appears by what is ftill fianding of its cntranu', namely, two ftones thirty-five feet long, carved with vines and duflers of grapes. In the great court are tlv: remaii.s of two rows of^ very noble marble pillars tlurtj'-fcvcn feet high, witli capitals findy carved, and the corr.iccs inullhave ocen of equal elegance ; fifty-eight of thef"; pillars are intire : there muft have been many more, as it appears they went -quite rsuitd the court, fuppertinf a niou fpacious double piazza. The walks on the weft (Ida »> \V ^ ' 31 '^- * Cd* «Jt.. i^ i^ . \'.i., ■: . .;:i"' '^4'WW''' ' . ^'^iM^- ■ -■: ■;••■•*• [A S I A.] ASI»ATIC TURKY. ns (ide of rhe pitzxa, which face the front of the temple, fecm to have bcei> gra'iid and fpacioui ; and at emch end are two nichci for ftatuei at length, with pcdcftalt, borderti, fiipportera, canopiei, &c. carved with inimitable art. I'he fpace within thii once beautiful encloftire ii (or rather wai) ciicompaflcd by another row of pillart of a different order, tifty feet high, fixteen of which are yet flanding. I'hs rmiple wai ninety feet long, and about forty broad ; ita ^rand entrance on the weft appeara, by what r«matna of It, to have been the moft nugnilicent in the world. Over u doorway in the renuining wilet you trace a fpread eagle ; a> at Balbec ; and here are the fragments of cuoidii, ai well as of eaglet, moft finely imitating nature, on large ftoiici mouldermg on the earth. Nothing of the temple ftandi but the waTla, the window placet of which are narrow at top, but richly adorned with fculpture. In the middle it a cupola, allonefolid piece. Leaving thii court and tem- ple, your eyei are faluted with a rreat number of pillari of marble Icattered for* near a mrie. I'o the north you have a flately obelifli before y.iu, confifting of feven large ftonei befidet its capital, grandly fculptured : it is more than fifty feet high, and ia twelve feet and a lulf in circum- ference juft above the pedeflal t and it is imagined a ftatue once flood upon it. Eaft and weft of this, at the diftance of about a quarter of a mile, it another obelilk, that feenu to have corrcfponded with the firll mentioned, and, accord- ing to the fragmenti of a third, it Ihould feem that there was a continued Ttuigc of them. On one of them, which i« about forty fcct high, there is a Greek infcription com- memorMiiiE two patriots ; and about one hundred paces from it is a larg^ and lofty cntralke, leading to a grand piazza, adorned with marble pillars, on moft of which lb«re ue inferiptioiu. A little farther onwards to the left, «Mtlw rcvuMof aftately pile of remarkably fine marble, Irseiity-two fcct long. On the weft fide of the piazza MK fewnl openings tor gatea ^ two of them appear to have MdiflM moft Coperb that ever captivated the eve, both in foiat of grandeur of work in geiterai, and the beautiful yoaphyrp pillars with which they were adorned. Eaft- W0i « me piazza are a great number of fcattcred marble fillan, moft of which have been deprived of tlieir elegant capiialt. A little ruined temple lies mouldering at a Ihort diflance, which appears to have been a very carious ftruc- fare. But of all the venerabla nmams, none more attraft the imagination than the magnificent (epulchre towards the north of the city, exterKling a mile and more, and which at a diftance have the appearance of the tops of de- cayed churches, or baftions of ruined fortifications." It is evident that Palmyra wis ufed as a place of ftrength, from alterations which have been made in thecaftle on the hill, and the temple of the fun, which muft have been in- t^ded for dciimce, and are not more than five or fix hun- dred yean old. The Atoft perfed piece of Miiiquity It a maufoleum, upwards of one thoofand (even hunJifll Years old, with the flooring intire, and an infcription flill legible, informing you that it wu built bv JamMiccut, fon of Mocimus, as a burial place for himfelf and fiunily, in the year 314, which anfweru to the third year of the Chrittian a;ra. We (hall only add, on this head, that the magnificent city of Palmyra 11 mentioned, in the Arabic tranflation of tne Chronicles, as fubrilUng before tha days of Solomon ; but John of Antioch furnamed Malala, fays it was built by Solomon, on the very Ijpot where hit fa- ther (lew thephiliftine cliief 1 and he afnrms, that in com- memoration of that extraordinary event the city was built. On the fummitof a rocky hill, north-weft of the ruins of Palmyra, flands an antique caftle, the afcent to which is very fteep and rugged : it ita mean flruAure not fo old as the time of juftinian. It hath a ditch round it, which cannot be paflcd without fnme difficulty, the draw-hiiJ(;a being broken down. There is one buildiiiE here, the re- mains of which are extremely grand ; and Hiii is affirmed to have been the temple of the fun, which being much in- jured by tm Roman foldiers, when Aurelian took the place, the emperor ettiercd for the purpofe of repairing it, three hundred pounds weight of gold, taken from tlia treafurcs of Zonobia ; and one thoufand eight hundred pounds weight of (ilver, levied upon the pcojple ; befides the jewels of the crown. Tbe nvight and folidity of the walls of its court tempted the Tu^s to convert it into a place of ftrength, and then on the north e»ft and fouth they flopped up the windows, dug a ditdi to the weft, and demolilhcd the portico of the grand entrance 1 building in ita placR a liiuare tower, to Hank that fide. To the eaft ana fourh of this temple are fome plantations of olives, and fome finall fields of corn, furrounded by mud ws^'^v,^ and wattred by two ftreams, which, though not and Tm^ phurous, are by the inhabitants deemed very wholfome. One of thefe fheams rifet weft of the ruins, in a grotto nearly high enough to admit of a man's ftanding upright ; the whole bottom isa bafon of clear water, about two feet deep ; and the place on account of the hears being conti- nued, is ufed as a bath. By an old infcription found here, on an alter facred to Jupiter, we learn tlut this ftreara was never cfteemed while Palmyra Hnurilhcd, and was unde: the care of certain people eleaed by ballot for tliat purpofe. Three or four miles fouth-c.ift of Palmyra, in the de- fart, lies the valley of fait, whence Damalcus and the neigh- bouring towns are fupplied with that commodity. On this place, it is fuppofed, David fmote the Syrians, as men- tioned, 2 Sam. viii. tt. The cround is impregnated with fait to a confiderable depth, and here they have a method of hollowing the ground to about a foot deep, and a fine white litlt is gathered from the rain water that loi^s in it. i CHAP. Vlll. THE NEW AND COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION Of A SI Fa tic TURKY. * , ?*>• ■--0.-. SECT. L « Trttit »f Iht MHUt'Jilutilini «W ixUat »f T'urfy ; alfi iht \y mtuHtaini,fi»>t rivtri andlaiti, untaiatd in it, TURKY in Afia forms a grand divifion of tlie Turkifh empire, the whole being nearly fquare and extend- ina about two tltoufand miles each way. It abounds not only with theiKceflkries, but with all the luxuries of life, and contains fome of the moft fertile and deUehtful pro- vinces in the univerfe, which are in tbe poffemion of tlie moft indolent people exifting. The Turcot, who were the progenitors of the Turks, were a Scythian nation, which rehded, for the moft part, near tlie banks of the Palus Mceotis, in the country now denominated Kobaii Tartary, but led rambling lives, re- moving their habitations, or rather camps, u the feafons chineed, and they could findpaftore for their cattle. This country is fituated between twenty-five and forty- eight degrees of north latitude, and twenty-feven and forty- five degrees of eaft longitude. It is divided by fome iu'to iV'- >'• eaftem, weftern, and fouthem, and by othen into eaftern and weftern : the Utter comprehending Syria, Paleftine and Anatolia, or the Lefler Afia ; and the former l)iar- beck, Turcomania, and Georgia. It is bounded by Cir- caffia and the Black fea, on the north ; by Perfia, on the eaft; by Arabia and the Levant on the fouth, and on the weft, hy the Hellefpont, the Mgaa fca or Archipelago, which iepatate it from Europe. The principal mountains are thofe of Olympus, Ida, Taurus, Anti-Taurus, and thofe of Caramania or Cilicia, all of them fituate in Natolia, or the Lefler Afia; Mount Caucafus, now called the mountains of Dagiftan : the mountains of Armenia, among which is mount A-arat, where the ark refted, the mountains of Curdeftan, lir Af- fyria, whichlie beween Perfia and Turky, and the moun- tains of Paleftine, particularly mount Hermon and mount Lebanon. The fcas bordering on this country are, the Euxine or Black fea ; the Bofphorus, or fca of Conftantinople -, tlia Propontis, or fea of Marmora i the Hcllclrmnt, and Uie ./Egean or Archi[x:lago, which divide Afia from Europe; I t and ■\yU of l'erll4,aiij hy the other Icasdiniiliutcd luallthcnuniii.K'cuiiiitricibf Kurope aikl Africa. Atiulher (dvaiita^c it, that they want no timber or naval ftorc> in thcirown teriitorics) brUdcswhat has been mentioned aluady, their happy (itualion in the middle of our continent between the cxireinei of eall aiij wcl\ I and vet they apply themfelvei very little to lorrigi\ trafTic; itcither their (hips of war or mcrclunt-lhips make any Agure, compared with other mariiimc couniiie!i. The chief rivers are, the Kuiduates, 'I'iiiris, Orontes, Meander, Sarabar, Hnlis, Knia, and Jordan. 'J'hc Mii- phratei and Tigrii rifo in the north, and takin;^ their courfefouth-ealt, indole that fine plain in Mefopotamia (now DiarU'ck) which is by foine luppoled tO be the feat of Paradi4<:, Certain it u the city of Babylon, the firft, the largell, and the mod Ixautiful town, that ever flotxl uix>n the eartli fmce the flood, was fituate here, u|K)n both banks uf the Euphrates, the river running through the middle of it. The Kuphratcs and I'igrit unite their Ihcains below Babylon, and then, diviiJiiig ajj,ain, fall into the I'erliangulf by leveial channels lielow bofliirn, from whence that fl-a is often called the gulf of Boflbra: the city of Nineveh, little inferior to Babylon, ftood ujion the Tigris, which, from its rapid dream, obtained thit name. I'he river Oioiites rift.'s in mount Hcinion, and running ^-rth-weft tlirough Syropha'uicia, falls into the Levant lt«^ a little below Aiuioch, which city l\ands upon it. The river Meander (now MadreJ^rife,-! in mount 'I'aurus, •nd running to the weftward in a winding; courfe, falls into the Archipelago or /ii^can lea, below Kphefus. I'rom this river, all ferpcntine or winding flieanu aie cilled nieanders to this day. 'I'lic river Sarab;it rifus in N'atulia, and running fouth-wcO, falls into the Aichipclago, north of Smyrna : as to the little livcr (jranicus, where Alex- ander obtained his ilrll viAory over the Perfu-ins, it is fo finall a ttreain, that we I'eldoin fee it in any map: but from the concurrent relation of moil writers, it falls into the HcllcljHjnt to the ealUv;ird of Abydos or the Dardi- nellcj. The river Ilali:. riles in Cappudocia, (Aladulia) and running north, falls into the Kuxinc fca, between Sinopeand Trabizond. 'J'he river Kara rifcs in Natolia Proper, and running almofi due cafl, falls into the Eu- phrates. Jordan, fu named from two little flreams, Jor and D»n, yrhich rifes at the foot of the Anti-Libanus, and after a courfe of about twenty miles, unite in one : it is not a river of any great length, depth or breadth, ely ; andlreati of iht tajltrn divlJioH, namt/y, kyrata jirulic, Di/tfhuk., Curdtjlan, Turctmania, OMd (jecrgla, with thiirlewut. ASIATIC Tiirky maybe divided into three parts; I. The caftcrn divifion; 2. The weflcrn divilion; and, 3. The fo'^theiii diviiion. I, The raflent di>irion coniainn, 1. The provinc-s lices, and their bagnio«, all which were built by the Pcrfians, when they were in the pofTeffion of Ragdat. The Cadi, who is the principal ecdcfiaftic, and confetiuently, th: chief judge, has a very great authority in this province. Tlie ttfterdar or treafurir, who collcfts the publ'C revenue, has a confiderable intluence in their council, and the rcis cf- fchdi or fccictary, who is fomctiincs (lilcd chancrHor, is an officer of great confe nication by a deep canal, ilie tidi flowing np between forty and fifty miles higher than the town, which is a great ad- vanfaije to their navigation and foreign tiafiic. 'I'lie walls of this town arc twelve miles in circumference, witliin which arc many void fpac^s* fleld;, and gardens ; but the buildings have nothing extraordinary in them, the boufes being only two ftories high, built with bricks dried in tlie fun, and flat on the tops. The city is founded on a ihiny foil, and tlie environs arc barren \ but the circumjacent country is fo exceedingly fertile and delightful, that it is deemedby the Arabians one of the four paradifes of the e.Tft. The intiabitants are fupplied with water from the Euphrates, by a canal which is capable of carrying vef- fcls of fifty tons burden : there is a fortrefs at the nioutlt of it, which is about forty-five miles diftance from ttia fca. The whole country lies fo low, th.it it would bs fubjeft to continual inundations, if a ftout dyke or embaitkment did not prevent calamities of that kind ; but the hot wiivds arc very troublefotne, and bring clouds of land from tlia neighbouring defartf. It is a place of great trade, and fwsirns with vellcls from rafirt of the kingdom* of Afia and Europe. The Englllh and Dutch have very coi^fiderabl^ £>6ti>rioi licre, nuin- ■ . ■ . ■ liinjd \.^ f -N / F/ .:.^ •JSfe..: w: ■J^a ^' \ * ;* •' .-. t M. ^■^ • t ^■'A, -'A Vf .r/ .*- ."' • !• :"^ .^ iK , ^i^:-^'' Jfi^'^j-S' . .— ^, w [A 8 I A.] ASIATIC TURRV. tiiiMd by lh« companUt for tlie Iwtter rirrying on (heir commncc witb Cliiiu ind oilirr mAmn n»n; their <)ir- (Wtchra being fOTwtrdcii In F.ii;liiild in thii city, tlirou|th which the caravans to Mecca pafu, which it anolher Iburca of wealth : the dutiei nn suodi •re about five per cent. The inhahitaiita confift ofMa- liotnetani, Jewi, Jacobitct, Nrrtriani, Catholic, ar Chaldaiii CliriDianii, or Chriftiani of 8t. John, who are pretty numcroui. There ii a famous college here, called the academy of Nrzam, from it< founder Nejiam al Monk, the grand vixirof Shah Malar, the fullan nf Iran. At pretent this city ii a flourilhini feat of literature, though It hath fewer collegea than l'amal(:ua or Caira. The horl'ei which are tK)ughtlicr«are very valuable, on account of their being able to travel with jrral expedition, and to undergo incredible fatigue : tlMy fell from one thoufaiid to two tlioufsind crowni. Rairora ii fubjefl to an Arabian prince, who i< tribu- tury to the Qrand Sigiior. Hit revenue arifei from the cx- chaiige of money for borfet and cameli fold here, but chiefly from hit palm-treea, of which he hath a plantation of ninety milei In Icnsth. The manner of lowing the palmi in at follow : About three hundred Icrrneln are bu> tied in the ground in the form of a pyramid, with the pointiof the kernelt upwardi, till the whole end* in a imele kernel. The earth ii then prefled clofc round it, and upon it. It is aflerMd by fome, that if the male and female palm at« not placed clofe to each other, they will bear no fruit ; while others affirm, that it tiuy be made to bear by taking the blolToms from the male, and inocu- lating the female therewith at the ti>p of the ftem. T uc income of the prince is fo great from money, horfes, camels, and dates, as to enable him to lay by an- nually three raiil'un of livret, after all the expencet of gover'unent, and his tributary loan are defrayed. The prince gives liberty to nerfnns of all nations to trade here i •nd the police is lb well managed, that the people arc fafe in the flreets at all hours in the night : the garrifoii cnn- lifts of about three thoufaiid janil'aries. It is affirmed, tliat the plague I'wept away eighty thoufaiid of the inhabitants, when the city was vifitcd with that dre.tdful calamity in l6fi|0t Carfii is (ituated in thirty-one degrees, thirty-eight mi- nutes north latitude, about fixty miks to the fontlnward of Bagdat, and on the well (ide of the Euphrates ; it v. n formerly a city of importance, being the rcfideiice of the califs alter they had quitted Dainalcus, and before they built Uagdat, Wis now intire!y defolitcd. 'I'raxt, on tho Tieris, is a ftrons and well fortified town, having two caftles : it is about forty-two leagues be- \ond Bagdat. The Chaldean Apamea, is fuppofed to liave formerly ftood on this (pot. II. T.he province of Diarbeck comprehends the antient Klefopota.iiia, Chaldea, Babylonia, and Aflyria, it it fitu- ate north of Eyraca Arabic or Chaldaea, iurroundcd by the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, the chief town whereof it Diarbeck, fituate in forty degrees fifty minutes of caftcrn longitude, and thirty feveii degrees thirty-five minutes north latitude, on the river Tigris, and not far from its fource, about two hundfed miles eaft of Aleppo ; the Turkiih name is Caremit ; it is built on an eminence, tlie defcent from thence to the river very fteep ; the town is furroundcd by a double wall ( on the outward wall are fixty antique towers : in this city is a magniliccnt mofque, formerly a Chriftian church, and contains twenty thouland Chriftian inhabitants, w'.iereof two thirds are Arme- nians, befidcs a great number of Mahometans ; it is tlie feat of the iKglerbcg, or viceroy, who has iiiVcral fan- giacklhips, or governments fubjeA to him. The foil is very good in the neighbouThoo<( of the town, abounding ill corn, wine, cattle, wild fowl, and all manner of provi- fions ; the meat, bread, and wine are admirable, and the fruits excellent. The princip-il raanufafture h that of Turky leather, or maroquins, which employs a fourth part of the natives ; galls and tobacco alio are the produce of this province, of which great quantities are exported. This city is fupplied with water from the Tigris, by means of an artificial canal, and enibcllilhed with many noble pia7./.as or market-places, and other elegant buildings : on tlic fides of the river are fcvcral caravanicra's, or inns; and near tlic town is adiapcl, in which the Tuiks atitrin that 127 Job was buried, Th« lir of tlie whole province it ei* cceding trmpemte and f«rf th-r Kuphiates, in thirty-eight degrees fiftctn mlnuiot of citlcrn longitude, and thirty ievrn decrees fifteen niinuirt n«rth latitude, feventy miles iouth-eau of Aleppo, and ii a great thoroughfare to Perlia : it hai two larcccaftles, fiir iti de- fence, one oil the land fide, and the olAer on the Irankt of the river, and a garril'on of about tiTQ kundred janilirin and four hundred f|)ahia, cnmnund«4 J^ a faiMJic ; two fniall rivulets run through the town. The Fuphraie* would be navigable at high as this citv, if there were not fome cataracts and rocks in it, which hinder the tranf- (Kirting their merchaiidixe to BalTora. Here are all kind* of provifioni in plenty, particularly bread, wine, and fi(h. The neighbouring tcrritorv ii piciifant, fettile, and well cultivated, except to the ealiward, wh;re it is rouf h, hilly, and rather llerile. Caravans are not allowed to enter tliis city. Orfii, or Orpha, fuDnofeJ to be the ancient EdiiU, is another very confideiafik' town, fituate on the Kiiphraies, in forty degrrcs of eatlcrn longitude, and ihiity-fix de- grees forty minutes of north latitude : where the caravans, travelling trorn Turky m I'erfia, ul'ually rert eight or tcii days 1 for here live the jKople tlijt let the horfes and niuici for tlic abnvemciitiuned journey. Orfii, it the caiiital city of Melbpotamia, and,' according to tradition, ftands iri the place where Abraham dwelt. The firfl thing they Ihew foreigncrt it a large fountain, the fprings whereof art mider the foundations of the principal mofqiie in the city. The Cbrillians have a tradition here, ttiat this was tha Klace where Abraham prayed before he went to facrifice it fon Ifaacj and that two fprings of watir arol'e front the place where he knectei' 1 hefe tired the large fountain abnvcinentioned, and they will not foffer any perCon to enter the grotto, where thcl'e fprings rile, without nulling o(F his Ihoes, and it is with difficulty that a Cliriliian it permitted to fee it. The inhahitanit arc many of them Armenian Chriftians, and are permitted to iKiform divina fcrvice in their churrhes. Here tic alio to lie fccn feveral antient tombs of the Chrilliaiit, in grottos, on the nsi^h- bouring mountains. 'i"he walls of the city of Orfii arc of fice-ftnne, with towcrt at convenient diftanccs ; but the town iMiicaiily built, and feveral void places in it without inhabitants. It it governed by abafla, and has a garrilbn of fix or feven hundred fpahis, and about two hundred janifarict, thert being much more occalion for horfe than foot, to oppof* the incurfionsof the Arabs, who frequently crofs the Eu- phrates, ill hopes of plunder. There are iirvoral picafant gardens near the walls, watered by arliliciul channels, and tha foil produces Rood wine : but what Orf.i is nioft re- markabfefor, ii riic manufaAure of yellow maroquins, or Turky leather, a: w; call it ; the red is made at Diarbeck, and the blue at Tocar. The city of Nelbin, or Nafbin, fituate about thirty- five miles from the Tigris, is the rcfidence of a Turkiih faiigiac. It is divided into two wards, each on an emi- nence, witli a large tra A of plowed land between I'hit gives it a pretty appearance at a diftance, though both wards in reality are fcarcely worthy the name of a liiiall village ; however, arches, gates, and the remains of a noble church ,-irc dill vifible, wnich evince that iti antient fituation was far fuperior to its prcfeiit. The foil is fertile 1 and, at the chief bufinefs of the inhabitants is agriculture, tlie land is well cultivated, and the inhabitants plentifully fup- plied with corn, wine, fruits, &c. Five or fix days journey to the eaftward of Ne(bin,'fiaiM]f the city of Molul, or Mouflul, on the weftern bank of the river Tigris, (over-againll the place where Nineveh is fup- pofed to have fiooil) in thirty-fix decrees odd minutes, northern latitude : the walls of this city make a good ap- pearance without, being built of free ftone, and three miles in circumference ; there is a little cadlo on the Tigris, where the bafiii relides, but the houlc'i aru very mean witliin, and many cf them lie in ruins ; it is however a place of good trade, being the ordinary road for the cara- vans from Aleppo to Periia, and has a cummunication with Bagdat, and the gulf of Perfia, by means of thcTi gris. It is chiefly inhabited by Greeks, Chritlians, Ar- menians, Neftorians and Maronites, but thole of the cila- blilhiuctit are Mahometans ; and the garrilbn ut'uallycoii- fifts of three or four thai||pild horl'e and foot. There is a great trade tor galls hMe,lHing the product: of the neigh- Douiing .countries. A bridge of boats is hid uvor ths • 3 . V «v«r ^1 ^i. •'*';,'^ - -' I. ,.?^:4; :^^. m 128 The NEW A^>D UNIVERSAL SYSTEJrfo^ GEOGR/ '^ H V. *¥*■« i* m«r at this place, by which it Itas a communication with Aflyria or Curdillan. The foil on tliis fide of tlie river iiexceediugly barren, but on the oppufite it is very fertile. Theheatisfoexccifive in fuminer, tliat none go out of doors from two hours after fun-rife till all hour after fun-fet. Tliera is likowife a malignant and danger- ous wind called famiel, which prevails trom heiicc to Su- ral, and is fuppofcd to be the fame call wind mentioned by Job. It is imprrgMiled with little ilrcaks of fire as fmall as liairs, which nnm^^ttly kill thofe who breath or inlnle them, and turn wHpi black as a coal. When the peo- ple perceive thenRtaiin^, they fall flat on their fiices, andlometimes efcape. 1 bis h ind is felt chiefly on the banks of tlie river, but not on th*. water, and is deemed t9 proceed from fulphurous vapours, which are kindled by agitation. Independent of this wind, the hot air is often (tangerous and injures the lungs, inflames tlie blood, and parches the ikin, or raifes it into blilUrs, and occafions it to peel off. On this account travellers wear a kind of . malK made of a foft black crape to preferve their eyes. But if, after all their precaution, they become inflaini^, the affli£ied pcrfon anoinu them witn a falve made of a mixture of luearand long pepper fitted very fine. Merdin or Mardin, is fituated on the weft fide of the' Tigris, between Moful and Bagdat, and about twcuty- five milcj from Diarbeck, in thirty-feven degrees fifteen minutes north latitude, and forty degrees eatt longitude. It is about fivi miles in circumference, furrouiidcd by a ftiongwall, and defended by an excellent cattle of about a mile in compafs, which is fituated upon an almoft inac- ceflible rock. The-caiUe abounds in fine fprings, and even contains cofn-ficlds. It is the refideucc of a tangiaic, and has agarrifoii of four hundred janifaries and two hun- dred fpahis. It is follrongly furttticd, that Tamerlane the ?;reat was obliged to abandon it, after having inveftcd it or near three years. The city is well built, adorned with many noble houfes and a fine fountain, the watei-s of which come from the citadel. The manuf the Nfedes, after Arbaces. There is liblliing now to bu feen but heaps of rubbilh, almoft a league along the rivrr Tigris, overagainll Moufliil, which people imagine lo h« the remains of this vaft city. Half, a league from the Ti- gris alfo is fi little hill, on the top wbereol ftands a mofqiic. over the place where, according to the tradition of tlie country, joh:di was buried. And for this place the Turks have fo great a yeiieration, that tliey will fcarce futfer any Chriftian to enter the mofi]iic. In themidjle of the tein* I pie flands a tomb covered with a pall of tifliie, and at the , four corners great wax candles, befides feveral lamps, which hang down from the roof, and here fomc dervifes ^' or Turkilh monks ar^ employed in reading the alcoran, ',Jl The province of Curdeftan is a very pleafant fruitful?-*U'.?l foil, diverfified with hills and vallieju The; hills are 'i .' cloathed with the fineft oaks, and a great variety of otlicr " , timber and fruit trees. I'hc vallies are well watered, and bear excellent crain where' they are cultivated, but being under the dominion of the Hothful Turk, or rather a frontier country between Turky and Perfa, there is veiy little of it manured. However there are vaft Hocks and herds fed in this country, the owners living in teats, like the Arabs. The governing part of the coumry are Mahometans, but the common people are faid to be a kind of Chriftians, at Icaft they go uiulcr that denomi- nation; biit according to the accounts tr.ivcilcrs L;ive us of them, they have the moft abfurd notions imaginable of Chriftianity ; and the chief objeA of worftiip is the de- vil, of whom they are greatly aO'aid : wb aic alio told, tliali there 4te not a more brutilh people upon tlie face of tlie earth, and that they are not lefs addifled to thieving an4 plundering the caravans than the Aiabians ; but this ii not to be wondered at upon the frontiers of two great kingdnrhs, enemies to each other, where people will takt greater liberties than in other places. Galls and tobacco ' are the principal produce of the foil at prefcnt, but it' feetns fit for any ining, it being very deep, as traveller* complain who pafs through it : and though the country in general is pleafant, it feems the roads are not. Ther6 arc fcarce any towns and villages, but the lioufcs lie dift perfed at the diftance of a mujket {hot from one' another, and fcarce a boufe which has not a vineyard : however they make no wine, but dry their grapes. The capital city of Curdiflan at this time is SherafouT. . which lies to the eaftward of Nineveh, in the thirty-lixtU degree of north latitude. It is the feat of tlie brglerbcg, or viceroy of the province, who hath feveral fangJaciC- ftiips or governments under him. The town is not jS large but built after a particular manner, the houfes being hewed out of a rock on thc^de of a lii'l for a qiiartcr of - a league together ; and you" go up to thcni by fiffeeii or twenty ftofie fteps, and fomctiir. .s luorc. In this province, between Nineveh and Bagdat, are fe- veral bills of futphur, to which Ionic tj'a\cllcr;> impute the pernicious qualities of the hot winds, or fankl, ubovemen- tioncd. 1 here arc likewife fomc fulp.huious hot baths at a village called Alchaniam, which is about a days journey from Moful ; and at Attendach's there is a hill from which the Arabs dig gold. In the fame "territory tamarifts, li- quorice, .-uid n unach arc produced iii great plenty ) the latter, together with fait, being infufed lii water, gives ic a red tinge, and renders it codl, fwcet, and laiubriou* ; taken in broth it is a remedy for the bloody llux. This part of the country is greatly infcflcd by wild bcafts, particularly lipns, jackalls, ceracoulacks or wild cats, which'are remarkable for haviug large black cars of half afoot in length. 'Thofe who navigate the river in boats always go well armed on account of the lions, who will plunge into tlie water, and with great fury attack tlie paflcngers. The Tigris wafhes the weftern fkirts of this province ; and the Lycus, Capnis, and Gorgus flow through it at almoft equal diftances : the firft derives its name from a wolf, the fccoiid from a goat, and the third is tlic Zcftku of Pliny. The Curds, in fine weather, drive their herds and florks about, in feaith of pafture, and while the luilbands look out for plunder, the women manage the Mttic, and make butter and clieefe. Their drink is either milk or water. The men ride upon very fine fwift horfes, their only wcipon being a lance. Their ttnts are large, and i.uadc of coarfe brown cloth, that feives likewife for a covcrmg to their portable houie>, which ate lijiiarc.and made of cane hurdks. The floor is covrird wilh mats, and lirves both I'oi the purpofc o!' bed and table, \\ hrji tixy rtmovi, ibay '4j P' C( • '^0'- [ASIA.] Asiatic ^hey load their oxen with wiveii, chifdren, tnd houfes; which arc talieii to pieces for the purpofe. Thefe people •re very dilagr:cable to look at, having fmall eyes, dark complexions, wide mouths, black hair, and ferocious af- \K&% i ncverthelcfs they arc very ilout and nimble, anc*, while children, ufually go naked, which renders them ex- tremely hardy. The Curds acknowledge no fubje£lion eitlier to Turks or Rullians. The public revenue of this province is computed to imount to lix hundred purfes annually, beHdes three hun- dred mote levied on the Armenian and Ciretk Chrillians, and belides whar is levied on the merchandize of the cara- vans, which is reckoned to amount, in the whole to nine per cent. Arbela lies on the frontiers of Perfia, in thirty-fix de- grees north latitude, andforty-fourdegrcestwenty minutes of eaftern longitude, and on the river Lycus, which runs through a fine plain thirty or forty miles over, in the mid- dle whereof is a little hill, named Nicatorius by Alexan- der, and the ruins of a cadle, where it isconjeftured Da- rius fiood to fee the lad fatal battle between his troops and the Grecians, commanded by Alexander, which pu: a pe- riod to the Perfian empire. Betlis is fituate near the fouth fiiore of the lake of Van, in forly-tliree degrees thirty minutes of eaftern longitude, and thirty-fcven degrees fifty-five minutes north latitude. The bey or fovereign of this town, and the territory about it, is {lill independent, it is faid, and his country lying on the confines of Perfia, and Turky, refufes to own himtelf fubjeft to either. It is a mountainous tra£t, almoft inac- cemble ; and he can, by tailing the palTes, cut off the communication between both kingdoms: the Turks and Perfians, therefore, think it the' ;:\tereft to keep fair with him. As you approach Betlis, you muA travel a whole day among high ftecp mountains, from whence there fall pro- digious torrents in tlic wet fcafon. 'J'hc way up to the city ' cut through a rock, where there is but juft room for a camel to pafs. It is built round the hill in form cr afugarloaf, and (lands at an equal diftancc from two other mountains. There is no getting up to it, but by wheel- ing and winding round tlie mountain. On the top there is a plain where the caftlc (lands. And here the b«y alfo has his palace. It is faid he can raife twenty-five thoufand horfe, and a good body of foot out of the (hepherds of liis country. Harpel is fituated on the river Caprus, and is furrounded by a mud wall ; the houfes are miferably built : it is, however, a large town, and the refidcnce of a fangiac. llolwan is fituatcd between the mountains that divide the Perfian Irak, Curdedan, and Chalde, it lies in thirty- five degrees north latitude, and forty-fevcn degrees ten mi- nutes eaft longitude The Mahomctants, who believe tliat Elijah is llill alive, affirm that he lives in one of the mountains near this town. IV, The province of Turcomania, the ancient Arme- nia, is fituate north of Diarbcck and Curddlan, havmg Media or Aderlxitzen on the eail, and Anatolia on the weft. The chief towns are Crzerum and Kars. The names of the rivers in this country are the Cyrtis, Lycus, I'halls: Ar.ixis, Tigris, and Euphrates. The mountains are, rtrarat, the Paryada, Maruhus, Anti-iau- rus, Niphates, Mofchilk, and (iordian mountains. The city of Er/.eruni, the capital, is fituulc .it the foot of a mountain, in forty-one degrees of call longitude, one hundred and fifty miles fouth of Trape/.ond and the Black fca. It is about two miles in circumference, fur- rounded by a double wall. The inhabitants confitl of near twenty thoufand Turks, and fix thoufand Armenian Chriftians. The Armenian merchants manage all the trade of the Levant, and are in 'ail the gii.itcll merchants in the univcrfe. Many cf tliiin arc to be loui\d in Italy, France, Germany, Holland, England, iced: tliey arc in ge- neral men of probity and pulticnels. Moll of tlic Turks arc culled janilarics, givinga fiun of money tu the aga to purclialc tU<\t privilege ; but the grcatcft nart of tlicm arc ordinary tr,-idcfmen : the name of j.inilary gives them f;,ivat authority, as they are liable til Ik called to account by none but their aga, and can infult their fcllow-lub{e^lswith impunity. People of figiiic aio vifttii ol-.ligcd to civ.o! tlicmfclves in thij body, to prevent their being expolul to the violences theft; people commit ; but though tiny arc very valiant at home in raifing riots and abuiing their neighbours, they never take No. 13. T U R k V. ttf the field, or concent themfelves in any wars the countrf is engaged in ; neither do they receive any pay. 'I h; go- vernment pay of a janifary is from about two-pence half- penny to ten pence per day. The Armenians and Greek Chriftians havetwochurdies and feveral monafteries, and each of them their bilhop here. They ai^ moil of them artificers, employed in the leather and copper manulii£luret the neighbourtilg moun- tains being rich in copper-ore, and feme filve r. Tha mountains are ufually covered with fnow, till midfum- mer ; the air exceflively cold in winter, and their vallics are as much too hot in fummer ; the weather frequently changes on a fuddent from fcorching heat to the contrary extreme, which is the more unfupportable, as they hav* fcarce any fuel in tlie country ; there is neither tree of . bulh to be fcen for many miles t their firing tlierefore ii • cow-dung, and otlter (linking materials, which taints tho air, and fpoils tlie food they drefs with it. They trade pretty much in furs, and have a brilk foreign trade, tho caravans palling through this city in their way to Trabi- zond, on the Black fca, and fo on to Condantinople fre- quently, whereby they avoid the Arabs, and other pil- ferers, which they are in danger of encounteiing wheil they proceed in the direft road to Aleppo. AtErzerum^ , the cudom-houfe officeri colleft the (irand Signor's du- • ties on all merchandize that pallcs through the country i they feldoin enter into particulars, but charge them in thd lump according to their weight : for indance, they pay twenty pounds derling for e«ry camel's load, which i* ufually about eight hundred weight hero ; fomctimes they pay five per cent, for all the merchandize exported, and ' every traveller five crowns a head. I'hcre is a little village called Elija, about Cva mile} from the above city whicli contains only a few fmall houfci built widi mud ; but is famous for an excelleitt bath, which is a neat oflagonal building. The balbn is of tho ' fame form, and throws out two dreams cf water as thick *' as a man's body. The Turks are continually riockin^ hither from Erzerum to bathe. Tho city Van or Wan is fituatcd on a lake of the famd name, which is one of the largcll in Afia, in thirtv-eighi degrees twelve minutes north latitude, and forty-four de- grees fifty-five minutes cad longitude: it is large, and (land* at the foot of a high craggy mountain, on which tliire iss fortrefs deemed impregttabk, that commands the town and ' counti-y, and has a llrong Tur^ih garrifon. '1 he la';e produces a variety of fine fitli, parlic.ilarly one of the pil- chard kind, great quantities of which are exported to many didinfl places, as well as confumed at home, be- ing ufed in fauces, and eaten in the lame manner as an- chovies. The lake is one hundred and fifty miles in cir- cumference, receives many rivers into its befom, and contains feveral illands, two of which, viz. Lindali and Adareton, arc confidei able, each having little villages and a monaderyof Armenian monks on it. The next confiderable city to Er/erum abovemcntioned is Cars, or Kars, five or lix days journey to the iiorth-caft, in forty-two degrees odd minutes north latitude ; and gives name to a river on which it (lands. This place is the lad frontier town of Turky tow.irds Perfia. It is of an ob- long figure, and has a double wall about it two miles in conipalsi but the place is very thinly inhabited : tlic cadle dands on an inaccelUble rock next to the river ; the houfes are verv mean, more like dens than habitations for men ; but there is a numerous garrifon in it, commanded by a balfa. The river Arpagi joins the Cars a little below tlic city, and afterwards going by the name of Arpigi, fal|« into the Araxcs, or Arras. The Turkilh officers at Cars exaft intolerablyon travellers, but efpccially on the (''ranks^ who find great difficulties in palfing through this town intd Perfia. The country alraut it, though naturally fertile, is but very little cultivated, through the indolence of the inhabi- tants. The town of Irvait, Erivan, ov Cliirvan, is fituatcd in forty degrees ten minutes north latitude, and forty five degrees thirty minutes rail longitude. It is about one hundred and eighty miles eall of Ar/.etuin, and has be;.-ii alleriutcly polfclfed by the Turks and Perlians a great many times, and in 1635 it wns ceJcd to the I'criians. It was a fpacious place, but ill bviilt, and very dirty, The town is watered by t\vo rivets, and the neighbouring country is extremely fertile. The caflle is of no import- ance, and tho tovtili'jations are niaitc Ot mud. Over on« of the rivers calkd Zengeric, tlicic is a tiiK bridge of four arches. Here piovilions aic exceedingly cheap : particu- larlv game, and the liuits ,uid wine aie .tdiLuable. Thu ^ k JiubiW •"IB .^...JUIt^tekkaxJk V U .Al^ifVj^ >b-£.^^» -M i-M^AMtk^. f3« The NEW and UNIVERSAL SY8^^Mot GEOGRAPHY. yublic &]uaK, or piaxza is hutdlenie ; Mid the bazar or market capacious. Tlie public buildings are clq^ant and large. Tltc river Zeiigcric iflucs from die lake of Erivan, which is about twenty-five miles in circumterence, and contains an ifland, with an Armenian monaftery> the monks of which lead a life uncommonly auilere, never feeakingto each other but four times a vear. Though tae lake which furrounds them is plentifully fupplied with the mod exotllent fifli, and their little ifland abounds witli a variety of delicious firuits, they mufl touch neither, ex- cept on the four times when they are permitted to fpe«k tc wch other. All tlie reft of the year they are obliged to live upon herbs and roots, and even thofe muft not be obtained by cultivation, but fuch at are the fpontaneout produce of nature are to be fele£led. Near Erivan is ano- ther famous monaftery called the three churches, which is tiie reildence of tlie great patriarch of the Armenians, under whom are forty-feven arcbbiihopt, who have each fourorfive I'uiTragans. The archbiiliops and fuffragans ufu- «lly refide in tlie fame monafte.y. Every Arntenian, above the age of fifteen, is obliged to pay five-pence annuuUy to the great patriarch, whofe revenue amounts to about fix hundred thoufand crowns, oat of which he pays aconfider- ^ble tribute to the Porte. . Aljout feven leagues from the Araxes ftands Nackfifan. It was formerly called Artaxata, and was the refidence of the ancient Armenian kings. It is built upon a plain which Hannibal gave to king Artaras, who then made it the capital of all Armenia. The celebrated battle be- tween LucuUus and Mitbridates was fought near it. This City contains ' many baxars, catavanferas, public batiks, coffee- houfes, handfome ftreets, &c. It is in tliirty-nine Asgrecs north latitude, feventy-fivc degrees fifty-five mi- nutes eaft longitude, and ffauids about fixty-tfiree miles ibuth of Erivan, which in 1635 was ceded by tite Turks to the Peifians. On the Araxes flands Zulpha, or Old Zaipha, to dif- tinguifh itfrom theNew, nearlfpahan in Pertn. the ibove river begins to be navigable about fix miles be)oi> this town. Shah Abbas earned feventy-feven thoufand fami- lies from this province, to help to repcople fome of the depopulated parts of his own kingdom. About Zulpha are feveral Armenian nionafteriN.>s, the monks of which are Roman Catholics of the Dominican order ; many toung Armenians are fent to Rome to be educated, who on their return fill the vacancies that may have happened in the monafteries. The diflrifl of Zulpha conuins about fee tlioufaiNl fouls, who are all Roman Catholics, and do not in the Icaft differ in their worfbip fcom thofc of E»»- Yope, except that mafs is celebrated in the Armenian in- ficad of the Latin tongvie. At the foot of a high ntoun- tain near Zulpha arc ibme medidiul fprings, which are celebrated for many virtues, but more particularly for curing thofc that are bit by any venomous creature. Though Armenia Minor was formerly very confider- able, it is at prefent of no great importance : on the eaft, it is bounded hy the Euphrates ; on the fouth, by mount I'auris ; and on the weft and north, by a long chain of mountains called Antitauris, Amanus, &c. ft is in ge- neral a mountainous country, but in fome places there are fruitful -.allies, abounding with olives, vines, &c. The manners, cuftoms, &c. of the people always were, and fiill are, the lame as ihofe of Armenia Major. It is ima- gined that Armenia was firft peopled by the immediate de- fendants of Noah ; it then oeaune a kingdom, and re- ■lained fo till it was fubduod by the Perlians, it was after- wards polleflcd by the immediate fncceflbrs of Alexander the Great, and afterwards conquered by the Romans. About the year 687 the Saracens made themfclves maf ters of it, and kept poficffion till they were driven out by tiie Turks and '1 artars, from whom it liad tlK name of Tui'comania. The ark of Noah refted on mount Ararat in Armenia ; the afcent to which is not only difficult and tedious, but even dangerous through the ruggcdnefs of fome parts, and deepfandt of others ; not to mention the 'danger from the beaft» of prey, the hotrid precipices at* beheld with horror even by the guides themlelvts. V. Tlw laft province in the eaflern divifion of Afiatic Turky is tlw county of Georgia, called alio Gnrgtftan (the termination "tan," from the Celtic, fignifying country) ; in treating of which, we fhall comprehend Mingrelia, kuretta, AbcafTia, andCorranis. I'hii province is bounded on the north, by Circaffia ; on the fouth, by Armenia ; ■ on the caft, by Dagheftan ; and, en the welt, by the kuxine, or Black fiia : it includes Colchis,. Iberia, and Albania. • It is partly fubjeft to the Turks, and partly to tlie Per- ' fiaas i but there is no dependence upon them i fa that the 1 fovcreknty of thole two powers over them ii rattier na» minal than real; for at they ate a hardy, warlike people* and caneafily retire to and defend tlie pafBs of dieir moun<' taint, it would be dangerous to quarivl with them, as Si<$ army conld fubdue them ; and, from the nature of their country ; they might become exceeding tvoublefome by making excurfions into the neighbouring Tntkifh and Perfian provinces. This country abounds wiib mountains and woads* which are intcrfpnrfed with a variety of beautiful vales and fertile plains. It has a dry air, cold in winter, and hot in fommer ; produces all kinds of fruits, which are excel-' lent, and the bread is hardly to be parallaled. There it plenty of fine cattle : the pork is extremely fine, the wild and tame fowl are excellent; andtiK fi%, both in fca and river, equal any in the univerfe. The country likewifb produces great quantities of excellent filk. The inhabit* ants have better wine, and drink more of that liquor, than any other people in the world. A hoife-lcad of the beit (about three hundredweight) fells for only eight (hillings. The Georgians are robuft, valiant, and of a focial tem- per, very trulty and faithful, endowed with good natural parts, but for want of education, vicious. The women are generally very comely, and their fi:atu(et and com- plexion the moft admired of any people in the caft, as well as their parts and genius : for hence it is, that the Turks and Pcriians repienllh their harams or fei'aglios : but fome of the Georgians, who liave more decency and eonfcience than their neighbours, follow the Armenian cuftom of marrying their daughters %vhen infants, to pre". vent their being fold for flavcs, or taken away by the gi wc lords for concubines. They chufc the moft fprightly and ingenious lads to be educated in tlieir academies at Conftantinople and Ifpalian, obliging tliem to apply themliilves to fnchlludies and arts, as they find they have a genius for 1 and out of thefe, are all tiieir beglerbegs or viceroys, beys, baffkt, and governort taken, whcif they are of an age proper to be employed ia / my commands or bufinrfs. '^, From hence, alfo, are moft of the young Iieauties col' r le£led, which fumilh and adorn their kraglios. TIte ;, Jews of Conftantinople and other great towns, ate the K favors fur this unnatural kind of merchandize : they pur- jv chafe them of their parents or mafters, when they are vCry > ''', young, difpofing of thcm.again, either in the royal fera^^ ,; lios, or to the oafla's and great men; and to that en3» give them fuch an education, at may render them moft agreeable to their mafters. As to the male (laves tliat are ibid, it is iM wonder their mafters make money of them, it being the moft ready road to their advancement, both in the Ottoman and Perfian courts. Tlie Georgians are polTefted of many qualities r they are , great liars, implacable in their hatred, and unforgiving to thofe who have ofGsnded them. They do not deem drunk- • ; enncfs, luxury, or libertinifm crimes, or even follies. The clergy in general are worli; than the laity, and the womei* are as vicious as either : thev impair their beamy with paint, and their minds by the moft licentioua behaviour. I'hey are all ufurcrs, and afTcft a grand dcoortment. Many individuals of the furrounding nations rclidehcre, mtdthe Armenians in p.irticular arc more numerous tlian the Georgians themlclvcs. 1 hey are likewifo ridicr, and occupy the principal places of truft and power. All reli- gions are tolerated i.i Georgia, every one being at lilierty to think, piay, andfpeak as he pleafes. They imitate thcPerfians in eating, fitting, h'ing, ice. they havebutioiis and loops to their vefts, and wear then* o]x:n at their bre.ifts. The habits of the women are en- tirely Periian ; the men's covering t«r the legs and foet is iiv the I'cifian falhion, but llieir bonnets or hats referable thofe of the Polandcrs. Their houfes arc all built after tlie Perfian model. The prince of Gcenjia is a Mahometan, but the gene- rality of the people pretend to be Chriftians, for tlicy are fi> extremely ignorant, that they fcarccly iinderftand the mean- ing of what they profcfs. 1 hey build their rliuiclie'! iipor> high and aUiioft inacceflible places, where tlicy .ire aban- doned to the injuries of the weather, ami lulfcrcd to be the habititions of birds. From ilicir (ituatioii the Geor- gians can fee them at a great diftance, when tlicv nevet (ail to falute them with great rcfpeft, but take care fcldom or never to enter them. In fome of the towns, however, rhechurclies are kept pretty decently. Befides the pytri- arch, there are feveral- oiihops, and a great number ui in» fcrior clcrgv. TeHis, Gorv Cnkct, Zapan Surr.ni, and Alv, are th* ojUy con(iUcraLlc and (bitilied towns in Georgia 1 and the piincipil, tA S I A.J ASIATIC TURKY. «S» jftrlncipal rivers ar« the Kur or Cyrui and th6 Aragus ; (he firft rifes ia the Mnfohian mountains, and difehargea itfelf into the Cafpian fea, the latter fprings from die tnouiitains wliich fcparatc Iberia from Colchis, and falls hito the Cyriu. The capi'!.' ."cflij, is fituated in finty*two degrees, forty-fevri; i.. ) noilh latitade, and forty-iieven d3grees five minutes > . :^iigitude, and ia one of the boft in Afia : it is watered jy du river Kur. The walls are ftrong and handfome : it contains fourteen churches, fix belong to the Georgians, and tight to the Armenians ; tlie cathe- dral, called Sion, is a ftone edifice, built near the river. A krge dome fupported by four niafly pillars, rifes in the middle; the infidt: is filled with miferable Greclc paintings, and the billiop's palace adjoins to it. The inliaoitants of this city arc tlkought to amount to twenty thou&nd. There is a largefortrefs on thedeclivity of the mountain, containing an arfenal, a market, and a public fquare. There is not a (ingle mofque ; which is remarkable, as tlie city belongs to the Perfians, and the prince himielf hath ufually been a Mahometan-, but prince Heraclius, who is fuppofed to reign in Georgia at prefent, hath at- tempted to throw off Mth the Tiirkifh and Perfian yoke, and to prevent the inhabitants from felling their progeny AS flaves : it his hoped is laudable endeavours herein wiU prwe fucccfsful. Their ftaple commodity is furs j but great quantities of Taw filk arafent to various places, as the Georgians know nothing or weaving. The bazan, caravanferas, and fome of the houfcs are built of ftone, but the generality are enly ereAed with mud and brick and are low and dark. Theftreets are very badly paved, and confequently dif- tgreeable either in wet or dry weather. The palace of the prince is a fi^perb building ; it is adorned witti exten- - iive and-faeautiful gardens, aviaries, falconries, kc. and be- fore it there is a large fqnare furrounded by Ihops. Many f6lerable houfcs and fine gardens render the environs very pleafant for feveral miles round. The ^nd viiir's houle IS the fined in the city, and the capuchin'* moiuftery h pleafant. The Georgians deal byway of barter j travellers have tlierefore an opportunity of procuring the moftexcellentpro- vilions in great quantities, in exchange far necklaces, rings, bracelets, knives, pins, needles, &' . They ufe no weights or tneafures ; and are fuch bad aritlimeticians, (hat they can- not count an hundred. The Italian fathers receive from "Rome but twenty-five crowns each annually to main- lain them ; but are permitted to praftice phyfic, of which tlifly know vtry little. If the patient dies, they re- . ceive no pay, aiid if he recovers, flaves, wine, cows, flieep, ice. are fent to the convent, by way of gratuity. A merchant in Geoivia, is lefs relpefled than a me- chanic ; and a mechanic jcfs tlian a hulbandinan. The principal merchants and traders are Armenians, whom the Georgians naturally hate, and look upon them in the fame defpicablc light, as Jews are confidcred in Europe. One of the moft relpeflablc employments in Georgia is that of a public executioner : the profeffion is honourable, and thr profcflbrs become rich ; if any man can trace a hangman Bmongll his anccftors, he is extremely proud of it, and never tails to mention it frequently with exultation ; at the fame time obferving, tliat nothing is fo noble as execut- ing juftice, and that the fafety of die ftate depends on the extermination of criminals. When a war luppcns l>etwecn Turky and Perfia, this country (like Flanders in Europe) is ufually the fcat^of it. In 1578, the Turkilh forces, under the command of Muf- tapha Bafla, took Tetlis ; but the Pcr(ians coming to the altiftancc of the Georgians, the 'I'urkifh troops were de- feated and feventy thoufand of them (lain. In 1583 hof- tilities were recommenced, but the Perfians were again viftorious. , Befides what is ufually allowed to the prince of Georgia, by the Perfian monarch, he has the cuftoms of Teflis, the duties upon branc'y and melons, and one llieep for every fire-hearth in the whole country, amounting to forty thoul'.uij ; the ciovvn tflatcs lupiily him with wine, but- ter, w,ix grain of all kiiul ;, vegetables, fruits, &c. A gi-ciit dc.il of gunpowder is made in Georgia, particularly at Teflis, the mountains near tli.it city producip" large quantities of nilic. The people cat and burn a great deal of linfecd oil, which they have in great plenty ; but they value only the feed, as thcv have no idea of beating the luilk lOV ijiiiihiiii^. On the death of a Georgian, a bidiop fay? mafs over the corplb. for which hi'! p:iy is one hundred crowns. If the deccafcd has not left money fuflicient to dilchai-ge tliis exorbitant demand, fome of itis quondam friends vtff obligingly fell hii wife and children for flaves, to raife tll» money ; for tlic clergy muft not go unpaid i the bifliop then lays mafs, and atterwards lays a letter upon the breatt of the corpfe, which is only a complimentary card to St. Peter, to inform him, that the funeral cxpcnces have beea honeftly paid 1 and to intrvat him therefore to be fo oblig* ing as to open the gates of paradife to the departed foul t the body is then wrapt up in linen, and buried. Th* fame abl'urd Cuftom of fending a note by the dead to Ma- homet, is praftifcd by his difciples. The men in Georgia are generally more ignorant dna the women, who receive fome education in tlie raonaf* ttries. Their language is remarkable for its beautiful fimplicity. And with refpeA to the country in general, that ingenious traveller Mr. Toumefort obfervcs, that " Paradife muft undoubtedly have been in the way between Erzerum and Teflis, if it be allowed to take the Phafis for Pifon, and Araxcs for Gihon ; and then, not to re* move paradife two far from the heads of thefe rivers 1 it niuft of neceflity be pUced in tlie beautiful vales of Georgia." Mingrelia, known to the antients by the appellation o( Colchis, lies intheweftem parts of Iberia or Georgia, and ia bounded on the eaft by Georgia properly fo called ; on the weft, by the Euxine fea ; on the north, by mount Gau» cafus ; and on the fouth by Armenia and part of Pontus. It is watered by many riven, namely die Corax, Hippus Cyancus, Chanftus, Abfarus, Cilia, Ophir, and Pharki wnere the Argonauts landed. All the above rivers empt^ themfelves into the Euxine fea, but none of them are con* fidcrablc, except the Pharis, which rifes in mount Caucs fus. The inhabitants of this celebrated mountain are faid, by the moft credible writers, to have little befidet fpeecb, which can intitle dieni to humanity ; diey are tall and well-made, dieir looks are fierce, and indicate the fa* vagedifpofition of theiif minds. They are the moft da'. ring, ferocious, and determined robbers in the world. This country ia in many parts extremely woody, very uneven, full of hills, and but little cultivated! the fol is bad and fterile ; and the fruits ill-taftcd and Unwhole* fome, except the grapea. Which might be converted into fome of the beft wine in the univerfe, if the natives knew how to make it. The rains and humid vapours, whick mingle with the hot exhalations frequent here, occafioA peflilences, and a variety of other diieafcs. The earth ii fo moid, that the few who turn their thoughts to agricul'- ture, fow their wheat and barley without plowing ; and for their other feeds they turn up die land widi little wooden ploughs, which are fufficiendy ftrong 10 make the furrows in f6 foft a foil. Colchis vnu faid by the antients to be exceedingly pies- fant and fertile, and even to abound in mines of gold, which gave r>fe to the celebrated fable of the goldrn fleec*, and the Argon lutic expedition ; for the inhabitants ufed to catch the gold duft, which was brought down by th« torrents from mount Caucafus, by fetting fleeces of wool acrofs fome of the narrow paffagesof thole torrents. They have plenty of beeves, liogj, wild boars, flags, and othec vciiifon : likewife partridges, pheafants, quails, &c. On mount Caucafus, falcons, eagles, pelicans, tygert, l'.d, leopards, wolves, and jackalls breed. 'i'hcy make their bread of a fmall grain called gomm, it is agreeable to the tafte, falubrious, cooling and laxative; but the people of quality eat wheaten bread. The prin- cipal food is beef and pork, the latter being excellent. The nobility fpcnd a great deal of time in killing and catching game, fuch as pheafants, water fowl, &c. but their favourite diverfion is flying the falcon at the heron ; which is no fooner taken, than they cut the beautiful tuft of feathers from its head and let it go a;;ain. They have a great number of excellent horfes, which are never fliod nor fi:d with corn. The houfcs arc every where interfperfcd over the coun- try ; but there arc iio towns except two little ones by the fca-fide. With refpcft to caflles, there are about ten in number, in the principal of which, named Rues, the princts keeps his court. Their caftles are built of ftone, to the height of about fifty feet, in the midft of a wood. Here their treafuies are depoiited, though the garrifon confifts only of aboutfixty perfons: near the caftle arc feveral ma- gazines for proviiions, built of wood, which likewife ferve for places of retreat upon emergencies. They have many :.i IIULA IllrtUC Ul IJIMII\.ll\r.. are fo fecurc in thefc retreats, tli;it none can come at them, but bv one winding narrow palTln;c, which is ahvavs iloppcd up when they are in danger of m attack from an iiiemy. 'I liey IJ4 The new AMD UNIVERSAL S'SSTEM of GEOGRAPHY- # They build their houfes of wot>d« biit never rtife theitl kbove two llories. They luvc neither windowi nor chim- niei, but arc furniihcd with beds and couches. The whole family, with the cattle, all lie in une room at night. With rcfpeA to the nutivcs of Mingrclia, the men we well-proportioned, and the women pretty, but they paint their faces and eyebrows ; they wear tlieir hair in curled ringlets, are witty and polite, but vain, luxurious, trea- cherous, and ferocious ; dextrous thieves, and glory in the prailicc. They think it prudent as well as lawful to have many wives, becaufe tliey bring them many children, whom they can fell for money, or barter for neceflaries : when children, however, come too quick, they murder them without the lead rcmoife ; as they alfo do the lick and aged, Which they deem an aft of benevolence. Adultery is thought but a tritie : when a man deteds another in fa- militarity with his wife, he obliges him to pay a hog, which being immediately drelTcd, all three fit down very lovingly to feaft upon it together. The pcafants are compelled to maintain the lords, who fell them and their whole families whenever they think proper. They are the umpires in all difputes between their valTals ; but when there is a cjuarrel between any of their great lords, they have recourlc to arms. Bows and arrows, fwords and lances, are their hoftile weapons. The laity fufferverylittlcoftheirbeard togrow, buttliofe of the ecclefiaftics are very long. They iTiave the head, leav- ing only a little hair upon tlic forehead and round the ears. Their bonnet is made of felt, and in winter is lined with fur, but is not of much ufc to them, for when it rains they put it in their pocket, and go bareheaded to lave it. They are lb poor, that the common people go almoft naked, and have only a covering of a triangular form. Which they turn againft the wind or rain. They wear a (hirt, but have feldom more than one at a time ; and that they only waih tliree t-mes in the year. 1 he fhirt is tucked into a pair of brceclics, and on the feet tliey wear fandals made of the untanned hide of a buffalo, which are faftened with thongs of the fame. They wear fnow Ihoes in the winter. Both fexes of every clafs eat togetlicr. Thus grooms and fcuUions dine daily with the king and queen. On holi- days they eat venifon, beef and pork, but at other times tlie mailers iiave iifh and pulfe, and tlie inferiors nothing but gomms. Both fexes ufually get drunk at their entertain- ments, when the men boau of their theft", and the women of their amours. If the weather will permit, they dine in the open court. I'he revenues of the prince arc ellimated at about twenty tlioufand crowns per annum, which are railed by fines, impofitions, the fale of ilaves, and duties on all im- . ports and exports ; he fpcnds very little of this money, for his crown lands are more ;..iin fufiicient to maintam him, and the people are obliged to work for him for no- thing. His forces are principillycavalrv; ;inddo not amount to above four tlioufand efleftivc p-.en. Every lord leads his own battle, but they aic very uadly difciphncd. I'hey have money which bears the Perfian llamp, but is coined in Georgia, the value of which is always tluftuating. All' commerce i$ carried on by barter. Though the Mingrelians profefs to be Chrillians, they are exceedingly ignorant in all religious matters ; few of the clergy can either write or read; but they greatly inipofe upon the people, by pretending to divination. When a pcrfon is fick, the prieft is fcnt tor, not to pray by hiin, but to prcdift wljcther he will live or die. Having opcied a book, he gravely looks in it, though he is unable to read a line ; then (hutting tlic book fuddcnly, he declares that the patient will inevitably die, unlcfs a very handlome pre- fcnt is made to himfelf. The fick pcrfon being greatly terrified, intrcats the prieft to take wliat he picafcs. I'hc coiifcientious clergyman does not want twice bidding, but packs up whatever lie can lay his hands upon, and drives away all the poor man's cattle into the bargain : thus do the ignorant clergy plunder thefc fuperllitious people. The governor allows the catholics four luindrcd vaflals, who are obliged to work for him, that he may be fupplied with whatever he wants. In return for their labour, he does not give them .iny pay, but takes away their wives, and fells tlicir children for (laves. Sometimes he makes a tour throi gh his whole diocele, which extends not only overall Min;relia, butthroughout Imarctta, Gruiel, Abca, and Mount Caucafus. In thefc excurfioiis, he does not attem|ecn divorced They may divorce their wivei eitlier for barrennefs or ill-nature. The* keep their dead forty days above-ground, during which time they mourn 1 but alter the bmly is buried, they get drunk in order to forget the deceafed. A burial is fre- quently the ruin of the whole family, as tlie pried wha lays mafs lays claim to all that belonged to the deceafed. Befides Mingrelii, there are two principalities in Wcf- tern Georgia, viz. Imarctta and Abaifia. They lie to the foutliward of Mingrelin, along the Eoxine lea : tha princes of botli arc tributary to the Cirand Signer. Ima- rctta is about one hundred and twenty miles in lengthy and fixty in breadth : it contains many hills and woods, but the plains produce corn, cattle, pulfe, &c. 'I hey havo fome excellent iron mines, carry on a great deal ot com* merce, and coin money. The principal towns are Cotatia and Akalziki. Cotatis is now therefidence of a Turki(h b»Sa. It is lituated at the foot of a mountain, on the top of which there is a llrong caftle to command and defend it: it is watered by the I'hafis. The town has no walls, and contains only about two hundred houfes. It lies open on all fides, except where the rivers and mountain furround it. On the oppofite fide of the river the/e is a citadel on an eminence, which has a double wall, and is flanked with high towers. It lies in forty- two degrees twenty -tlire* mmutcs north latitude, and forty-three degrees lilty-fuur minutes eaft longitude. Akalziki is likewifetlie refidenceof a Turkilh balfa. It is fituated in a hole, furrounded by about twenty hills, in forty-one degrees fifteen minutes north latitude, and forty-four degrees filty-five minutes eaft longitude ; tlie river Kar flows very near it. Tha town contains about four hundred houfes ; tlie inliabi- tants are a mixture of Georgians, Armenians, Jews Turks, Greeks, &-c. who have feveral churches and a. fynagogue. The walls and fortifications aie old and ruin- ous, and the houlirs arc built of wood. The northernmoft of thefe countries is AbcalTia, hav- ing tlie Euxine fea to the fouth ; CircalTian on the well, and mount Caucafus on the north and eaft. I'hc principal traflic is in (laves : the inhabitants, however, deal in tlie Ikins of ty^ers, deer, &c. box wood, honey, wax, and thread, which theyexcljangc witli tlie nieichants for other goods. They go aim it naked, and live in little mean low huts. 1 hey were once Chriftians, but now little better than favages. It is proper to obfcrve here, that the Mamlucks, who were once lo celebrated in Alia and Egvpt, and contended ft) long with tlie Ottomans for fupciiority, were originally Georgian children, who being brought up to a military life, became fo powerful as to revolt againll tlieir mailers, and ufurp the throne of Egypt. Comaniaci by moft geographers is included in Georgia : it is bounded by the Cafpian lea on the eaft : by a ridge of mo*.itains which part it from Circallia, to the well ; by Aliatic Mufcovy, to the north ; and by Georgia, tg the fouth : the country is tliinly inhabited, and badly cultlv.itcd J but the foil is flat, low, and fertile. It is wa- tered by feveral rivers, which defccnd from the moun- tains about Caucafus. The climate is rather cold, and pretty much fulijckl to rains. The inhabitants, who ar& called Coinani, or Kamouche, live principally by plunder. They wear Perfian linen and filks, but drcis like the na- tives of Little Tartary : the men wear fliurt jackets and. drawers, and the women l.:ng loofc gowns which lefcmble fliifts. They have nothing tli;\t tan be called a town, but their little hamlets confilt of about fixty huts. I'heir food is milk, game, the flelli of their tattle, hone)', fuel* fruits as their country fpontancuufiy produces, and rice, which they have from the Perfians. Gunicl ij too little known to admit of a dcfcription : it is a fniall diftrifl belonging to Mingiclia, and the man- neis of the people arc faid to refeinble thufe of tliat country. The Dagcftan mountaineers are accounted fome of the niollfciocious of all the Afi:itics, aiul arc doenicd the de» icundants of the antiem I'artliians. Their country is bounded ^r I iniiitH-W'i *i'/' "^ K.-iiit,w..i-.". ■v- .r, t- ;?. 1 : 'i ' '/;to,4:u^;:'v .-■ ■■•:if . -'. < • "-.■.I . ■-'f "(- ;- ,y M y_ -v^.-.-.. ■ Y «i^r ^.r' ry//W^MlLLAR's.yl^//y4^/A^ t HABITS ./da(;estan Tartars y Tarcu. «>ff f/ir /'f'/fA/.i /// /^/-Kt/ft, . r.-inpH (]ueni( tends! aboutf Comel in £u tolia,] are vnntal the if Ikilfu chart hath I ccivcj frctliJ princl or 'I': liuxi by till phor [A S I A.J A 8 i A + i« c '. /.*'!» 'ii jy. bbumted on (he eaft bjr the CA(]>lth (it j on the w«ft, ' by' mount Caucafus ; on the fonth, by pitrt of Perfin ; mid iSit the north, by Circaflia. Tliele people extenti themfelvei from the caj>it;il of Cireaflia, for about fdrty leaguei along the coaft of the Cafplan foa. . . The Dageftans circumcife tlieir children, and ufe fohie other Mahometan ceremoiliali, but are ftupidly ignorant of religion in gc'itral. They wear coats of mall, carry helmet! and bucltlett, arid dfc bows', arrows, iitts, lances, and broad fwords. Their faces are very Ugly and tawny, and their hair black and dirhcvclled: their drefs is a long lool'e gown made of a dark coarfc cloth, and o««f this they throw a cloak made of the (km of ftieep or' fome other animal. I'heir caps, which hang dowri to their eye- browsi ate made of various iKps of cloth or fdr; Their (hots confiA of only one piece of Ikin, and are feWed about the ancles in a clumly manner. Their food is the flelh of their numerous herds, and milk. Thefe Tartars of the mountain fpaie neither age, fcx; or condition, but rob all alike, and even plunder their very neareft relations, whoft children they fell without the ieaft remorfc. They oblige all merchants to pay them tribute, and, if ftrong.enough, rob them of every thine, which occafions the caravans always to have a powerful efcort. There are as inany petty lords, cillfcd myrfas, as towns: from them a chief is feleAed, called fhemkal. On the death of the fhemkal, the mytfa4 aflemble in i ring, in tM; middle of which Hands the prioft, who throws a golden halt among them at random, aitd he that firft totiches it Is duly cle£led. His po«*er, however, is limited by tlie ethers, nor is he mnUi rel^Acd; Thefe Tanars are fometimes confounded with the Lefgee; who are a dilfe- icnt people, though near neighboun; Tarchu, the capi- tal or this rountry, is fituated on the >*eflern coaft of the Cafpian fea, about forty miles north of Derbtrit; it bortfifta of about one thoufand wooden boufes, built after the Per- lian manner, but with lefs elegance; Between the Kuxine and Cafpiart feat flailds motint Catl- cafus : this is one of the higheft mountaiiu, or rather chain of mountains, in the univerfe ; innumerable fir- trees are found upon it. It is full of terrible rocks, hi on the noMi>weft, by itw Archipelago, the Hellefpont, the Propomit or fet of Mar- tnor?, •ml the Thracian BoTphomi, or ftraight of^Con- itantinopiei ontkeIb«tli, bytfa* LeVant iea, Sjrdi, tnd theEopnnteat and oadM eaft, ^ the MediMrtanMn. It liet between thirtv-ieveii atad fer^oov dcgrcM, thirty minutet of north hitiMde, and t«tcii^«felMl» StA iwvf de- gi«ea of eaft longitude, extending ; in lenfth afaevt fix hundred mile* from eaft to «reft, and iit hmadth about three hundred and twehty from north toi fbndi. Modnn geogtaphera divide it into Anatolia* propedyib called, Amafia, Aladulia, and Caramania; Tufa ^lovitaoa an- tiently included Galatia, Papbk^onia, Ponnt, Bidiinia, Myiia, Phryoia, Ljdia, Moamia, Ionia, JSjbXX, Caiia, Doris, Pamphylia, Pifldia, Cappadccia, Lycii, Lycaooia*- andCiHcia. > Atuttoliait under the government of a vice^ roy or beglerbeg; to whomfeveral baflka, and a great num* ber of fangiacs ate fubordinate. This country naturally is, and alWvya hath been deemed one of the fineft in the univerfe ^ yet fuch is the miferable policy of the Turfcilh government, and the indolence of the people, that it hath been fnfTered to bcieome a mero wttdemefs t and, though nncommoiily rich, fertile, and well-watered, they have permitted it to be over-nin with, weeds, briars, and brambles'. 7he air it exceedingly ferenot and temperate, and woald doiifaiteO become ftHrmore &• lutniousi if the lands were property enltivated } for die inhabitants are not ihcommoaedl^exoaflive hctts, nor chilled by intenb (ireftt. The ifaw cultivated partt pro- dace, wiui little labetir, plenty of varioui fdra of com,- exquifite grapeti oianget, leiiKmi, .citrotu, olivet, iigt, dates, &c. beiides abundance of cofliie, rhiibai1>, jopium, balfam, galli, and many other Valuable drugs, gumt, &c. The principal rivert are thofe known by the ilanw of Xan- thus, Cydnusi Meander, Oianisus, Scamander, Cayfler« Hermus, PaAotuti aridCaicut, which dUchargatbemfelves into the Mediterranean and Enxine ftati thq Archipelago and the Etiphntet. Itt {iTiheipal hke it Otiol-Bag-Shawi fifty ttiilet long and twenty-two broad. Anatolia Proper it the neareft to Europe, and the largeft of the four [irovinoet into which Afia MiiMr ia diviMd^ It exttndt ahaoft from twenty-fix to thirty-five degree* of caft longitude and finom thitty-fimren to mtr'ont degreea of north lat M i d et being botioded jly the Arcld|[alaco and Propontit,toth«waft \ brdwEoine liM» to the northiby Ganmania, on the ftmtB ; aAd by Amaiia and Aladuliai op the eaft. Thi* provitice ii governed by a begleibi^ •vho has fubordinate to him five fanKiact, two hundre4 and forty-five zaims« and feven thotuand &ven huttdtcd arid fijrty trinart \ the number of troop* are fia^ thon* fand ; the annual revenue of dik beglerbK is one million of afpert. It contains the ptovincet of Bithynia, Myfia, the Lefler Phrygia, Galatia, and PiphUgonia. Bithynia is fepantted from Eurojieonty by the Thndan Bolfahorat : the foil is naturally nch, but » greatly iMglcAed by tha indolent Turks. The capital of Bithynia it f ru(i^or Bnrfai kt the Turk* call it : this city was the metropoUt of the whole Otto- man empire before the Turks piofiefM themfelvet of Con- ftantitiople. It lies in forty degrees fixteen minutet north latitude, and twenty-nine degrees thirty-five minute* eaft longitude; It is fituated at the foot of mount Olympus, twenty miles frdm the fek of Marmora, and fifty-eight foutli of Conftantinoule : it it exceedingly well built^ and deemed one of the belt paved cities in all the Turlufli em*' pire i the ftreets are fpacious, the caravanferu noble and convenient, and the mofques magnificent ; the latter are adorned with cupolas covered witli lead, and computed at about three hundred in number : in one of the mof- ques, the tombs of iiuny of the antient Turltifb fove- reignt are to be feen. This city is aplace ofconfider- able traffic. In tlte bezefline, all Kinds of commodities «ff home manufa£tate, and others from the Levant, are ex- poled to fale : it is a large edifice, well built, and contains many excellent ihous and warehoufes ; the workmen here manufafturethe bcft filks* hangings, carpets, tapeftiies, &c. in 1 urky. t he city is atMut three miict iivcitcumiitrence, hut the walls are falling to decay. It is computed to con- tain forty tlioufand 1'uiks. The fubutbs, wmch are more L 1 fpicious . ^ 4^'' f-^. *^L 934 The 1*^W aiid VNIViBRB AL 8Y.STEM of OEOGRAPHY. •;.; fpaciousind.lundfosMthatfl^hecity it(et( are mhi)>ite() by four thoufand Jewi, five hundred AmMniiiu, ami t)i thair kindly 'vrfH|MpleTMi£«l, and quite reafortakle. Tbeile is ftcaftlmn a hill, in tlie middle of the city ; 11 wai once thefolmn'y palace ; but ii now going to decay. The fetaclib, bttiltkV MahonietlV. i* a nobk edifice. The city ^govfenMdB^n'baA, noalyMr mouU^ and a janitef ajpT «lMi : the 'Otctka hare three luMdronie chihrctaeai*'tkeMM(H,:i)M IAivve^iHto«ap,andihejew» fa i t fmi % f tm»- '<■ iMtliBatfwefoaRreaceUeitt hot baths, and noilt * nlle from it the batht of Caiypro, whieh are bamlfaiBi. ft^aftarMcbveitd-withdoiiKt, and mvch frc- qii«UMl Mt ttaqmat of the great - reputation the waters here obfriiwilfai' their umMnnon mhdiciniit virtues. , AhOOi't^tinf JtaleviHt^ Ct^tflantiaople. Hands Nice, ora|i&e Turks call it N ichor, ib foitjr legroes thirtytwo {■fhimi'^rthlMitudav and termty.-mne degrees forty mi- mms cafll toHgiraiie, tpii^ fitoated near a gulf of the fea «f MaiiDora, called Afcariioor AIi:u : it contains about ten Ihoufand inhabitants, lurks, Grcoks, Armenians, and Jkwf, whofeeomroeice is very great in corn, fruit, tapef- ti^, fiitrcloths, iMLother merchandiM brought from the l«Tant ; th^' isia feia|pio. in the hsghet part of the town; The ib«els are large, and the houfea well built. This city vras-Mlcbrated far being the ftat of the firft ge< tMial council c<7nverned by Conftantine, A. D. 315,40 cott- 4d«i' thejiitoArine of tfaftAnahs, of which heterodox opi- nidn gtcat part of the Chriftiah world theiv were. The city of N kon^cdi^ ii^ c e i TBd its name from NicD- jtnedetr kills; oif Bithj-rita, who.mde it his mctropoUi, itifldrd in in, anientaiged anifembdliihedit. Tlie t'Hnd«littte faiyonf tliate is a mole; im^iKMt'mibiti Mti fr>cmBrhr made for |||# fecuiity of (Wfllippihgihthrharboar, wtdcbisahmirsjiuartcr o(i tagtieiongv aiti tsnhrevnth beoadl The galf,. which rtoeives itsnnttftMn this tm, is-ve*y long and daap^ tut only aib«s, with tl^oVergatnus arid CavAcr, flow duougb; Myfia, which contaiiu the fnllowing atfces. Cizicus or Cyaiinn, (which is nowChiiilo, and Spiga,> though antientiy a magiiiticena city, is at prefent-hut an incunfiderable town, ntuated about thirty miles weftwaht of B«rfo, on lite foalh>eaft cMift of the fea of Mamwra. Oppofite to tikis towi>, in tlie Proponiia are iitveni fmall iflanUs, whichaiecalledtlie Marhto iflands, fsoin tlte great number of marble quarries in them : they likewife abouml u> corn, fmits, cattle, coltoi>, wine, &c. The city of [.aq^pfacus, or Lampfaco, lurth loft m'uiel* of its antie^ fplcndor : it Is bat a (uialt place at prel'ent, tbinly inhabited by afew Greeks and Turks : but its port i^- couveniciM. It itiiituated at the mouth oi du: Hdlef- pont, oppoAce tQ Galltpoli in ^urope. I'he tKighbouriiin connrry is exceedingly It uitful in vine* and pomegtaiutes t die former even the ijvlolcnt TurM cultivate, and make excellent wine and brandy to mix with their Iherbet. It is related, that Alexander, having vowed the deftruAion. of this place, and hearing that the inhabitants were com* iagto implore his mercy, he fvrore be would reje£t their petition; whicli the eitliens being acquainted witli, they addrefled him to deftroy their cMy, and were Dived by this flratagein, tlic young hero thhilupg his oath might noc be difpcnied with. Abydos ftaitds in forty degrees lixteen minutes north la- titude, and twcnty-fevcn degrees fixteen minutes eaft loa.< gitude, upon tlie ftraight that divides Afia from Eu-. rop^ which is thrcemuea over. It is now called Avida or Avio, and was fermerly eftcemed the key of Afia.> Here Xerxes bagan his famous bridge, which was fo well completed in a week, that one hunwed and feventy thou- fand foot and eighty thoufand horfe, inclufiveof carriages and camels, marched over it. Abouttheyear i?^ , imineoiT gold was found near this city, which enable nam kingof Troy, to carry on many ufeftil aitd magnificent pnUia works. Philip «f ^accdon laid fiege to this city, and took it by ftorm ; but the citizens fooiier than be cairied into flavery by the conqueror, liet fire to the city, and diea mnrdered thair wives, children, and themfelves. Abydoa was an epifcopal fee, Herinias, the btftiop thereof, havina afllfiedatthe council of Chalcedon. In A. D. 1330 it was betrayed ta tilt I'urks by the treachery oTtiic go- vernor's daughter! aiid Avido is at prcfeat one of their eafties upon the Dai^aneMes. The tollewing are the principal places in Lefler Phry- gia ; AUbs, formerly a conliderable fea-pert town on the louifa coaft, now an inconfiderable village. Antandros, now called St Deaaitri, is fituated fonher eaft of tlie foot pf mount Ida. .Though it was formerly a place of im- poctance, it now fcarcely deferves mentioning. Adnimy Hun, or Enditomic, as tlie Turks call it, ftands at tlia mouth of the gulf to whieh it pves name, oppoiite the ifland of Lelbos. At prefent, like the laft mentioned places, it is not of the leaft importance, though formerly It was a place of note, and is mentioned in the Aiit of the Apoftles. Pergamus, which was formerly the metropolis of 1 kingdom, and is hov dwindled to a (itiall village, i* (ituated fixty miles north of Smyrna, on the banks of the Caicus. Here flood one of the feven chui-clies mentioned in the Revelation : here alfo tlic celebrated phyfician Ga* len was born, and parchment invented : fome allirm that tapeftry was likcwii'e invented at this place. A ftatcly tem- ple of .£fculapius once embelliftied 'this town. Tlie Turks have a inofque, aitd the Greeks a church in this town. Troy, or Ilium, at leaft the ruins of that once celebrated city, is iituate near the coaft of the A'jgcm fea o( Archi- pelago, in twcnty-feven degrees of eaftern longitude, and tliirty-nine degrees thirty miilutes north latitude, twenty miles foutli of the Hellel'pont, oppofitc to tile ifland of Trncdos, rendered memorable by Homer, Virgil, and other poets, for the ten yeafs fiege it fuftained agaiiift the unitecl power of the Greeks ; the mafrtlificent ruins of which town flill icuiain. This fiege is fuppofed to have happened about the year of the world 2816, before Chrift ii)»4. years. The Turks have lately difcovercd a rich lilvtri nunc near thefe niins^ Ionia Hiid Kolhi being ufually laid together area Imig tract of land upon the coaft of the j^gean fea or Archi- pi'l.igo, extending from north to fouth, oppoiite to tlie ifland of Lclbosi I'he chief towns are, i. Klca, fituatc on a bay of the fea, at the moutli of the river Caicus, tlic port town to Pcrgamus. 2. Cuma, antientiy the capital of Eolis, from whence one of the iybils obtained her name. 3, Thocea, fituate on the lame ccalt, to tlie foutii- ward of Cuina. Smvrui, ff^^pi^iZ^^^i- tA SI A.] ASIATIC T U R K Y. »35 Smvmi, Smytm, or Ifaiir, ii fituMtOu the bonomof a fine bay in *bai part ot° tltli divifma called Innia, in twenty- feveiide- 1 M(of««ftcrnlor\D;itti)le, and thirty-fevendemu thirty mi- .' . ite«jiorth latitude, one hvindred iniiei north of the idand ofRhbdctiaiid (,ppoUle to the illand of Scio. It hai a large oommodiotti harbour, and avery great foreign trade, coiifuli fcMli nUBV of the European nations rcfiding here i bclidei thcTurkiininlubitanti, whilharc very numerous, there are fwcrak thouCantU of (jreek and Armenian Chrilliiini, and Sundance of lewi ; there are alfo foinc hundredt of Franki or Latin Cluiltiani, fevcral I'opilh convenit, an archbifho^ «f the (jreek church, aitd a Roman Catholic biihop. The gurdeni, vineyard;, ohve-vardi and grovci about Smyrna, nnd«r it ekceeding plealant. I'he tuwn ii alraut four ■tile* ii> circumference ; the river Melu> runs through it, t>ti the banks wliereof tbey have a tradition that ^mer was born i but many other places contend with them for that honour. A cattle (lands at the entrance of the Itar- bour, which commands the Ihipping going in and out : though the lituatioQ of Smyrna is exceeding picafant, yet few people wouU chufe to refide there, unlch drawn tni- tberinbopes of gain, it beinggtwtpart of the year cxccflivc hot, unhcalthfiUt and very (ubjaA to earthquakes. The town is fcarce free from them two yean together, and they have continued fometinMs forty days without intermix fion i in a terrible one which difappeared in 1688, the earth opened, the caftte and great part of the town were Arallowed up, with foms tlioufands of the iiUubitants. Thit town is pltntifuUy fupplied with provifiont : the Mill of the Iheep weigh ten pounds, and are deemed a great Aunty. Tlte tifli taken in the bay are exccUem -, wild Vigs, hares, and all other kinds of game, fowl*, &c. may teh»d in abundance i the wine, olives, fruits, tec. are all admirable. The mu(quitos, at well at a much fmaller iy, common here, arc extremely troublefom*, cfpecially to mnngen ; lemon juice is the beft remedy for the fiery tn- aMri which cnfue. The European merchants bring hi- ther • great variety of goodt firom F.urope, t^ie Eaft and Weft Indioe, &c. export fine andcoarfs wool, filk, cotton, mohair, wax, rhubarb, gall-nuts, opium, aloes, feammony, tatty, galbanum, tacamaliac, gum-tragacanth, ammoniac, ■nd Arabic myrrh, frairkincenfe, &c. The Jews gene- tally maiuge mod of the commercial afiairt here aniourhood, a kind of earth is found, which, being boiled with oil, -makei excel- lent foap. The wholeCountry itexccedingly rich andfcrtile. The Turk3 bnry without tlie town, and place either grave-fioncs or pillars, at the head a;td <«et of the graves, which in general are Ihaded with cvprefs -trees. In their cemeteries, as well as thofe of the Chriftians and Jews, many antiquities in archite£turc are found : the burying* ■round belonging to the En^lilh is walled in, and contains Mine curious monuments, tbcfculptureof which is admir- able. They were, however, not executed at Smyrna, but brought from Italy : one in particular is to the memory of Mr. Bouverie, who died at Magnelia. Near Smyrna are feveral places which are greatly dwind- led from tlieir antient fplcndor ; tlie firil we IhaU mention is, Clazomene, tituatcd on the Ionian peninfula, twenty- eight miles to tire fouth-welt of Smyrna : it vjat one of the twelveanticnt cities of Afia, and famed at the birth- place of Anaxagoras. It is now called Urla or X'ourla, was a city «f importance in the time of the Romans, but is now adefpicable village^ 2. i^rythraea, like the lall-mcn- tioned place-, was formerly a coniiderable city, but is now onlya mean village : it is on the Ionian coaft, between Tcos.and CUzomenc. 3.Teos, the birth place of Anacreon, was antiently a good fca-port, but fcarce retains any vcl- tagcs of what It formerly was. 4. Lebidus, or Lebidos, is now a poor fca-port, near the ifllimus of the peninfula, though it was formerly one of the twelve capital cities of Afia, and was famed for the games of liacchu.s, which were celebrated there. 5. The city of Colophon, about thirty miles fouth of Smyrna^ is one of tliofc which laid claim to the birth of Homer i /it had a temple and an ora*- de, but at prcfent is very inconriderable. 'I'here are fcarce any vellagosleftof tlic antient cities of Heraclea, Lathiaum, Beryglia, Mylafla, Mnvzon, Alabanda, Stratonice, and Alimla. From the inlUbility of himian glory, and the mouldering remains of the flrongeft and the moll magni- ficent ftrutlurcs wc may be taught to refleil on our own ap- Sroaching mortality, the vanity of life, and the general iOblution which mufl await all fublunary things. ■■■ s Ephefui, fitu4te fifty miles fouth of Smynu, nur tb« mouth of the riverCailUus, now a poor village of twenty or tliirty houfes : it is in thirty -eij{ht degrees fixteen mi- nutes north latitude, and twcnty-uvcn Jegreei three mi- nutes caft longitude. It was picafantly feAted near a fint haven, and under the Romans wu the metropolis of Alia. It was antiently famous for the tcm£[e of Diana, eflecmcil one of the wondci s of the world. Thit flrudiur*, it faid«, was four hundred and twenty-five feet long and two hun- dred and twenty broad, fupported by one hundred and. twenty -fevcn marble pillari feventyfcetm height, defiroyed by Eroflratus, to eternalize his name, who fet it on firt the fame night Alexander the Great was born. St. Timothy was the firft bilhop of thit city : and St. Paul honoiutd them with an excellent epiftle, which it part ofourcffiiehi but the inhabitants arc fo exceedingly ignorant that none of them arc able to read it. And tlie third general coun- cil was held here. There are ftitl the vcfliga of a Roman ■ theatre, circus and aqueduct ; and heaps of (lately ruint, which fomefuppofe to be the reOMint of Diana's templet for there was a fecond temple, it fecms, built to the ho- nour of that goddcfs, after tl>ede(lruflion of tl)e f}rft, iipt • at all inferior to the former in roagniticence, The GrecM call this city Efefo, and the Turks have given it the nam^ of Ajafaloucli. There is yet (landing a church dedicated* to St. lohn the Evangelift, who was buried here : it war erefled by the orimitive Chdiliant, but is at preftnt con- verted into a Turkilh mofoue, The celebrated paint^c Parrhafius and the weeping phibfophcr Heraclitiii were yutr ' tivet of thit place. *■ An ingenious modern writer obfervea, that " thiB Ephefians are now a few Greek peafanti, living in txr treme wretchcdneft, dependence, and infenfibilityj tlte re- prefentativet of an illuflriout people, and inhaoitin)^ tb* wreck of their grcatneli." With refpeA to the ilate of religion, the fame author fayi, that the iloriouji.pomp of its heathen worlhip it no longer remembered ; and Chrif- tianityr which was there planted and huricd by apoftlei, and foilered by general councilt, till it increafed to nillneTt of ftature, barely linger* on in an exiftence hardly vifible. Such are the prefent citizens of Ephefus, and fuch is the condition to which that renowned city hag been gradually reduced. Caria and Dorit are ufually thrown together, and nott called Adinelli, being bounded by the fea on the fouth and wed, and by the river Meander on the north. The chief town in Carta Proper is,' Miktui or MiIetUm> now PjUatf- chia, fitua^e on the fouth fide of the river Meander, near the fea. It was antiently a hrge city, and had a munifi- cent temple dedicated to Apollo, ooce the (cat of the ora- cle It was alfo famous for liekig the place of Thalet'i ' nativity. It is now only an iuCotifiderable village, coh- fifting ot'lhephe{;d« coti, /though oie rains of the antic.ni- city are^ry large.- Near tltit pfaue is the inountain Lat- mos,'. where the poets lei^rr tlie moon, m^e her vifitt tii ]£ndyraivn, with w'-^^^t^ue was enanioured. In Doris, which it the fduthernMrt of Caria, the chief towns are, 1. Mindus, a fea-port, (iiuate on a fmaU bayi called laficut Sinus, and is tne (eat of a Turkilh b^', or fangiac. 2. Halicarnaflus, fituate to the fduthward of Mindus, once the capital of Caria, but now a heap of ruins, famous heretofore for the tomb built by oueen Ar-^ tepiifia, in honour of her hulband Maul'olus, being fo no- ^ ble i^(lru£iure that it wat efteemed one of the wonders ef ^he world. A nd in this city thofe two celebrated hifioriaii^ Herodotut and Dy oq(fiuf , wf re born. Ceramus, Cy nd»i^ andCrelTa on tins coali|..ii(xe^ncegoodjtowns, and fit.- mous for their harbours, but'have now nothing that len* ders them remarkable. Lydia, or Moeonia, is bounded by Phiygia Major, on the ead ; Caria, on the fouth ; and hy iEglis and Mylia on thp wed. It was a fruitful country, being well watered by fomc confiderable rivers, particuhrly tlie Caicus, Hermus, Caifiza- tus, and PaAolus, which fun tlirooch it from eaift to wef^. Of this country the wealthy Crccfus iotjxierly vfi twnr . reign. The chief towns are, i . Sari^fluitiently the ca- pital city, and the feat of Craefu$,|^\i^i}Ow a poor vilUu^ on the river Pa£lohh, about forty-e(^t,;9yet to ''the eaft- ward of Smyrna. It wa's a bilhop't f^,aiid,otke of the feveii churches of Afia, deinolilhed by i^^feaiilnqti^c, and there arc dill foine noble ruini.to be fcen. Where tile citjr dood. It contains, however, a large ciravanfeta for tl^ accommodation of travellert and caravans, who ^jA through it from Smyrna and Aleppo in their way tQ-PB^nfT 2. Philadelphia, or AUa-Scheller, the feat of the metln- politan, and another of the feven churches. It is fitua(« m a fruitful plain, on the uottb iide of the ipovntaio '♦^i ii6 tuB l^feWANO UNIVEkSAL SY3TfiM ot C^EO O R AI» 11 T. 4 .J.?- Moiui, Dni fiditn mudi frorti iti prlmUiTc gnnd«tfr : liowever, fome travellen relate, it flill contain* about fevcn ihouUiid inhibitanti, are principally (ireeki, and h^e four cbutthn in tM place. As inc neighbouring cottiitry U very (trAh, provUioni are pretty plenty. 3. ThyMIra, a bUhop'i (ce, ind another of tt)< (even churched, rio«t dallad Akhifar, ii fitotle about thirty milei to the nortli- ^*«ft of Philadcli^i ne^r the Touth bank of the rivet Hcrmdi, ^hon art (Mn the ruini of antieht marble ftrut- turti, but the preferit building* have no better than clay walli. It is however faid to M a place of fnnie trade for com arid cotton. It coitlaln* about five tltouland inhabi ■ mtt, Wild art chiefly TOrks. 4. Mignefia, nok Siptiy- lom, iScuate on the nver Meahiler, About fifty miles loutb df Sardis, wiUantiehtly acon^derablecity, as appears by its ruina, and 'n ftiila pretty btfge walled town, trading to Smvma with cotton-yard. TIm inhabitants are compofcd df 'I'urki and Jew«, the latter having three fynagogues. j. Laodicea, or Efldhifar, fituate on the eaftern bounda- rict of thii proviiieet ind hu been reckoned part of Phrygia. it wu anticntly one of the (even churches, an4 • very large city, m apfean by the ruins ; among which are three theatres of white marble, almoft ehtire, and a fiatcly circus i but tlM place i* perfeAly uninliabited at prefent. Phrygia Major, called by the Turks, Germiaii, is an in- land province, having Bithynia on the nord), Paraphylia Ml the footh, Myfu en the weft, and Qalatia on the caft. The riven Henna*, Meander, Marfias, and Sangarius, rib in this province, which with proper cultivation would be exceedingly fniitAil. The chiet town* are, i.Cotyoeum, or Kutahia, or the river Sanger, about leventy-three mile* (buth-eaft of BuflEi. It wu a very confiderable city an- ticntly, and is ftill a very teorifliing and populous town { u at firefent the feu of a beglerbeg, and vras formerly the Turkiih emperor's place of refidcnce, prior to the taking of Conftantmople. a. Mideum, or Middcm, antiently the royal feat of the celebrated King M idai. The antient geographer* placed thi* town near the north-caft limiu of Ph^gia, on the river Sangariu* ; hot there are no vefliges of it at prefent to be fcen. 3. Gordiam, once the refi- dence of Gordius king of Phrygia, who tied the knot in Apollo's temple, which Alexander cut with his fword. 4. Apamea, lituate on the river Meander 1 this was once One of the mod confiderable cities of Afia, but h now nnite run to decay. 5. Coloilji, ColofTus, or Chonos, was lituatcd on the foutb fide of the river Meander. St. Paul'* epiftle to the Colofliant was addrefled to the inha- bitant* of this city. Scarce any traces are now to be found of Hierapolis, Syniuda, Eucarpia, Prymnefia, Tiberiopolii, Hipfos, tic. esen, and the new building* are intermixed with innumer- able noble fragments of the ojd. Diovenes, the celebrated cynic philofopher, was a native of thi« place. The watet here is exetllent, and the country fertile ; abounding with walnut, olive and maple-tree*; and a fine fort of worm- wood. II. The province of Amafia which contains the whole OTthefl^ndpal pirtof the antient province* of Pontui CiMIKKxh, Pontus Galaticus, and Pontua Ptolcinonin- CtA, has the Euxine fea on the north, Caramania and Aladulia on the fuuth, Anatolia Proper on the weft, and Armenia and Georgia on tlve eaft. I'lie chief towns are, •i, Amafia. 2. lliemifcyra; and, rComana. 1. Ama- fia, which the Turks call Amnaun, i< fituate near the banks of the river Iris, in thirty-fix degrees of eaftern longitude, and forty-tvvo degrees of north latitude, fe- venty miles north -wcfl of Tocat, and feventy miles fouth of the iMniiie fea. !t was antiently the refidcnce of the kings of Cappadocia, and fometimes of the beglerbeg or Turkifh viceroy : it it pleafantly fitnated on an eminence, from whence there is a profpeft over an exteiifive plain on the fouth. I'lie building* are mean, nor is it a place of any great trade ; but there are fome nvignificcnt rniiu, whrre the palaces of their ancient princes ftood. The Greek Chriftians have an archbilhop here : Selim thefiift emperor of the 'I'urks, and Straho the gcocraphcr were natives of tki» plue. 2. Thevatfeyra, now Lerio, fiandx on 'l*i^ :i'- cattle ti yet cw to uburb. car- lo be ■jumer- brsited watet ig with worm- whole Pontiu inoiiia- lia nnc) ft, amJ ni are, Ama- lear tlie caftem de, fe- 1 fouth of iJie rbcg or inciice, 'lain on place of rninw Thr tliefiift were , fianik on ■W A", f . ^«*a»"^ \ 'W 1 , J\ <.,*■' ^., 1'' .^f. 4 '^f 1.-I. .Mii*;?^**-'^* Ij . ,»tr *«»• > ■'HitfttM., ^i • i : . . '\,.. ,/rJ"' ••{ ^..:'H> J. 1 - I' • .... •y^ 1 % «hm5 ''if .»' - .r»»* w.»»»ni.*»-.v.*- : kj < -*jmuA»*rUt m t > » >. *«»M»t«« V«<:lIU»««l>W«Wtt'ill>'?>'.|t«lll^' irt*3 * »' — i [A S I A.) ASlATtC YURRV. Uf ^^ ft. I 4-;,; 3. A oil ih( r.mine r««,fiii]rr I'-irtorth-nflof Amtfia. j.Co- iiiina, eight inilci to lli ' 'dot Ariafit, formerly* bi- iKiip'i iirc , but it ii now dwiiiillcd to • viJUgc. 4. Toctt i< niuau ti the foot of • inoiintain, 111 thtiiy-fevtii dc- Kreet of etOern Innaiiuile, tiiJ forty oiw iktreet (liitty iniiiulct north Ixtiludc, tlKiut one hundred milct fuuili of Siiiope tiul the Ulicli fea, » |<'>p' n< city, inhabited by Turlti, Aiumiiuim, Ureciaiu, tA jtwi. It is large, flrung, and well-built 1 on the top ' I 1 wu marble rocki aie tw gnvcrQed by a c»>li, n vayvode, laiinifary aga. I'lie Aiiiieniani are 11101 i them atei..i..iiw'. 1. working ill coD|>er and orher liar good fruit 1 there \i no part of Turky that producn nioie faffron. VVhen thecaravani fet out, eithcreaftor weft, >m liciicc, they pay ■ duty of half a crown for every c.iuicl loiUcii Willi inctchaiidiie, and half ai much for other bcafti ul' burthen, but nothing for the beaiti that carry provilioiu •r ptflenger* 1 and the government raile or lower thcl'c du- iMi at they fee fit. Sivai, formerly Sebafte, lies about two daya journey 'outli of Tocat, where the bcglerbcg fomctimct refidcu. The Amazoni, if ever tl«re were any fuch people, are fiippofed to have rcfided in tliii part of the country. The c'uviroiu are extremely fertile ; foinc excellent planti are produced, and cuiioui foinii found, paiticularly luaiiy lubterraneoui vcgciaiioni of admirable beauty. Like our iliitti, tliey are inclofcd in raatricM, which when broken difplayifomeof ihefiiieft of crvAalliur^ imaginable, fome arc like petrifycd mother of pearl, and otlicii ap| i-mncror, and his fucccflbrt were fovereigns of this city and the neighbouring country, till the year 146}, when M.thomet II. took it, and having put to death all t)ie remains of the Comiicni family, added it to tlie ■J'urkilTi empire. The town ofPham.ici.i is about forty-fourmile* weft of Trebiznnd, and fituatol near the coaft of the Euxine fea, the lurks call it Kerifani it is a large and populous place, but Its harbourjs only fit torcccive thole fmall vefTcIs called fiiK<:. It is eriicrally tliou^lit to Ik the anticnt Cerafunta, and to have (wen fo denominated on account of the great number of v-hcrrv trees with which iti environs abound. Ill The third divifion of Alia Minor is Aladulia, or Amduliv. callrti by the Turks Dulgudir. This country i Mifitf'.rthc lairpofcs of agriculture, being rough and l< V , hut It abounds in exceUent paflurc , and produces al) uiidancc of adniir ibic fruit, wines, and ittlc, |>articu- hrly horfes and cumels, bcfidei vaU herds of goats and Ihccp, venifoii, .nil kinds of game, Jtc. There is fdver, copper, iron, allutn, &c. in the nuiuntaiiis. The pro- viuce is divided into t'ot;i liiiigiacthips, which nre again fubdivided into zantctsaiul timariot.s. The plundering ban- ditti, or frcc-booters, arc very troubUfonie m this country. The principal places are, 1. Caifar, the anticnt Cxfarca: it is a large town on the banks of tlic Milas. near mount Aigiriit, and about icveuty milet weft of Sccias. The ^o. 11. walla are ftroitg, and flanktd with towtrt. Tli< caftt« U in ihe center of the city. The bjxar is luiuHiinie, aii4 well furiiilhcd with all forts of mrrchandiae; ilia houfe* in its luighbourhood are built riilicr in the fomi of x tower with a cupola, or they lel'ciiible a lujf. The city it well fupplicd witli water liom the river ; and their priuci< pal trade is in cotton. 1. Mala'hiah, at the conHuenc* of the buphralet and Arfu, wuantientiv called Mvtilene. It i< in tliirty-eiglit degrees twenty tvi^^ n.-irth U- titudc, and thirty eight degrees titty li« .ninuttscilk loimi- tii>lr It was foriiierly the fcatoftli. 0 ' fn'tll liver, which falU into the Li.phrttcs.tbouirtKvmili >ilie touthward of I'li'lvii'.ond ; it i« the rcAdcnce of a ball.^. and a |.''i .ling the 4iitient Lycia, I'am'>hilu, ViM'u, Lycaonia, > id CiJitu, with part uf '1 tauriat I'liiygu, Pacatiana, Oalitia, :)alutaiit, and Capyadociik It rcaclio from lilt uci^hlKitirhoodof A le xandrMta M th« gulf uf M;icri, at lh« inouih of which lici the ifl.i(9d of Khudes. I'liis counliy i« ■.tiled Carainan-lli by lie I'uikt, and iidivuieil inuitheUrealer and Lcllcr; the larrrr, lying along the fca-(Mj:), and the lurnier to the north .V mount Tauris. It is governed by a begUili g, whofe 1 venue is exceedingly large, and fcven fangiac with inai) xaims and timars, arc luhordinatc to him. lie fulluw- ing are tlic prin':ipal plac'. > in this piovince. I. Myra.or N 'yrra. raiiled by the Turks Sttiimiia Thii was once a c»iili-icrahle city, but is now dwindled :t!in'. it to nothing it 1 ihout twenty-two miles north-eall of Patora, lituatcd i< ;( tlie mouth of tite Limyrus. a. Patora -, wh h was once the metropolis of Lycia -, but is now a veiy iconfidcrable village near the mouth of tlie Xantlius, bctw : onlv inhabit tlic city : the Greeks, Armenians, and Jev- s innabit the fuburbs, which are fpacious. The city h commanded by a fmall caiUe, and adorned with fevcral niolques, a feraglio, and fome fpacious caravanfrras. I'he aiutton here is exquifite, tlte wool of the (heep admirable, and their tails fo large, that they are drawn upon (ledges fattened to the animal. 6. Tarl'us, which was aiitiently the capital of Ciiicia, and one of the iineft towns of the Lefler Alia, but is at prefent quite decayed. It was tlie birth-place of the great .ipolUebt. Paul; and is lituatcd upon the Cydnus, about fix miles from its mouth. The Turks call this townTarfon, Tariffu, and Hom. If we may judge by the ruin* of the old wall, it appear* to have been near twelve milri in c\r. M «n " cutnferehce. ijt Thb new ahd UJflVfiRfiAL 8YSTEM or 0€OCRAI*ttV. eumftrmce. At themcAithof thtfrWttr there i> a p>oi commodioiM haHMur ; and about • mile lictew the t«nrn there it the lahe Rhegma, thtotigh which ram lheC>r nan, Olbia, Mi^dis, Side, Perga, Sitnum, Arpendus, Termeffus, Olbaia, Lydra, and ieveral other cities and towns, which were known to the antients, but of which the moderns have very imperfeA accounts, are now fo re- duced to poor, mean, little hamlets, or To totally mined and dkferted, as not to merit any particular defcription. The rivers of moft note in Ccnunania are the Xanthus, Lamus, Ceftrus, Eurymedon, Cydnus, Sanit or Smaras, Pyramus, Limyras, Latamno, tec. Caramania contains many celebrated mountains, mod of which are brandies of mount Tanris or Taurus, viz. Olympus, there being many mountains in Alia of this name ; Cragus, the etymolc^ of which Bochart derives from the Arabic word Crac, which fignifies a rock ; from whence it is probable the L'nglilh word Crag originated ; and Antipagtn, all in Lycia. The great chain called mount 1 auria begins in Lycia, and runs eallward. In Cilicia, the moft remarkable is Amanus. We muft not omit to mention the celebrated Lycian tolcano mountain, called try the antients Chimera. Its bottom was infeiled with ferpents, the middle parts afforded pafture for goats, and the top was haunted by lions. This gave the idea to the poets to feign the monfter Chimxra, which was reprefented with the bead a of lion belching fire, a goat'sbody, and a ferpent's uil. Hence incongruous ideas are called chinurras, and inconfiftent ftratagems are faid to be chimerical. I he Lycians built the city of Hepheftise near this mountain,, in honour to Vulcan, on account of its volcano. SECT. IV. &vtt *H acctuHtif Sjrit, its Jlvlfitir, fituolltit, tKtmt, it' iit$,ltvmi,elim«tHj/»il,ftrtililf,prtiui(f, inbuUttmU, (St. SYRIA, called by tlie Turks, Sonrte and Soriftai>, was originally fo called from its capital I'zor and I'znr, which the Greeks foftened intoSur and Tyre. This coun- try is (ituate between thirty-five and forty-one degrees of eiil longitude, and between thirty-oneana thiity-feven de- crees of north latitude, and, in the moft extcnfive fenfe, include.s Syri.T, properly fb called, Phoenicia or Phenice, and Judeaor Paleftiae. It extendi from north to fouth about four hundred miles, and about two hundred from eaft to weft. 7 he antient kingdom of Syria, which Se- Icucus and his fucceflbrs governed,, extended as far eall- ward as Perfia. Themodem Syria is bourtded by Turcomania or Ar- menia, -. vd Aladulia on the north, oy the river Euphrates, which divides it from Diarbeck or Mefopotamia, on the •aft, by Arabia on the fouth, and by the Levant Tea, and Cilicia or Caramania on the weft. Syria is at nrefent di- vided into three governnjcnts, or Dcglerbeglhips, viz. i.That of Aleppo, -a. Tripoli ; and, 3. Daraaiehus or Scham ; every one of which are fubdivided into fangiac- Ihips or little governments, which have their refpeftivc bafla's who command them, under the beglerbeg of the province. The bcglcrbegfhipofAleppoisthemoft northerly of thcfe, the capital whereof is of the fame name, fituate m thirty- .; &ven degrees forty minutes eaft longitude, and thirty-fix ■„ dkxrees thirty minutes north latitude, about ninety miles 'Cait ^ the Levant fea, but on four hills, in the middle of : -mfpacions plain, being of an ovaj figure, and about three ■': iniles in circumference, and fnrrounded by a ftone-wall. ; The caftlc Uands on the higheu hill inthe middle of the .' -city. Th'- town b better built than moft of the towns rf Turky, and there are a great many mofques, caravanferas, b^nios, fountaiiu, and reicrvoin of water, fine gardens. vineyWd^, afid <»rehard« *>i apples, onng^;, lemons, cherriea, and fome other fruits, wnich are but indifferent: It is one of the brifkeft towns of nade in Turky, where the merchants pvirchafe filks^ carpets, mohair, yarn, fhag-i reen, Turky Mkther, cottdn, and other produce of Perfia and Turky : the churches and houfes ot the Chrif- tkni are in the fuburbs, of which there are four k&t of eaflern Cbriftians, viz. Greeks, Armenians, Jacobites, and Maronites or Syrians. It is computed there are two hundred thoufand fouls ih the city and fuburbs, of which thirty thoufand are Chriiliant, nefides five thou-' fand jews 1 for moft of the maritime powers in Europe have their confuls and faOors here, and are alkiwed their chapels and public worlhip in thcm< There are about forty Englifh h&oti, who lite in a large fqvare building, like a college, and have their chaplain, to whom they allow a handfoffle revenue, and he performs divine fervice as in a college. No people lire more genteelly than thefe fiiAorsdoi they ride out in the country, and follow their fports at vacant hours, 'with as mudi freedoni as they could in England. The beglerbeg of Aleppo commands all the country betvreen the Levant and the river Euphrates^ but the governor of the caftle is independent, and fome check upon him. Twelve miles fouth-eaft of Aleppo there is a fair lake feven miles wide, having a dry cruft of fait on the furface, with which the magazities about Aleppo are filled. The foil in the neighbourhood of Aleppo produces good crops of wheat and barley, and their vallies aoound in olive trees and capen, but there is very little pafture ; their grafa is burnt up in the fair feafon. Their kitchen gardens pro- duce fallads, cauliflowers, artichoaks, melonr, kidney iieana and other pnlfe. As Aleppo is accounted the iineft and moft opulent city in all Syria, we fhall here give our readers a more parti.> cular defcription of it and the environs. The houfes ar6 of fhtne, built in a quadranguUr form, confifting of a ground floor and an attic ftory ; the roofs are flat, and either fpread with plaifter or paved with flone ; the ceilings, puinels, doors, windows, &c. are neatly gilded and -painted, and adorned with infcriptions from the korap, or the beft of Afiatic poets. The doors of the houfes are ftrongly cafed vrith iron, but the Iccks are only flightly made of wood. The ftreets have a dull appearance, being fhielded from the view by dead walls. The beft houfes have ufually on the grour.d floor a hall covered with a dome, with at fountain in the middle to cool it. There is a fountain of ablation, and fometimes a little garden in the area of each ; and in every garden there is cyprefs. The kans are Ipacious and clc^t, but the fkops are fmall ; the buyer ftands always without, none being admitted within a Ihop but the mafler and his clerk. They ufually fhut them about an hour and a half after fun-fet. The ftrects, though nar- row, are extremely clean, and always well paved : allofTen.- five mannfafturet and difagreeable trades are confined tt> the fuburbs j in which, among others, there is a ghi& mx- nufaftory. Every houfe has a well ; but the waters being brackilh, are not ufed In drefling provifinns, or to drink; the water for thefe purpofes being brought from fome fine fprings by means of an aqueduft, and properly diftributed by communicating pipes. The houfe fuel is wood and charcoal, but the bagnios are lieated with dung, the par- ings of fruit, he. in the coUeAion of which many poor people are employed. The weftern part of the city is walhed by a flream called Coic, which, with the wells in the city, and tne water brought by tlir snui-Hiia, is all the water that is to be found for the fpacc of thirty miles round ; the neighbouring village* having no water but rain water, which they fave in large ciftems. The air is fo pure, and free from damps, that the inhabitajits deep on the houfe-tops without tlie leaft inconvenience. Their only winter is from December x 2, to January 20, but even then the fun has great power in the middle of the day. The fnow never lays more than a day upon the ground, and the ice is feldomftrong enough to bear the weight of a man. From May to the middle of December, the air is extremely hot , but the moft malignant heat con- tinues only about five days, during which the inhabitants keep within doors as much as pomble, and defend them- felves from the pernicious winds by ihutting clofe their windows and doors. The hatveft commences at the be- ginning of May, and ufually lafts about twenty days. Near the city, but more particuiariy In the neighbour- ing country from Sliogre to Letachia, arc a great number ot tobicco plantations, a confidcrabic trade being carried on in that article with Egypt- At iomc diftaiicc from the city [A S I A.J A * t A t I (i T t; R k V. hi tity a fpeciei of fullori earth U found, which it t/i exM-: lent I'ubftltate for foap. Black cattle are fcarce, the larger fort are kept for labour, the fnuller have (hort hortle, aiid the bufTaloet are valued on account of their millt. The Turks or Jews fcidom eat beef, their food being mutton, of which they have plenty at Aleppo. There are tWo forti of Iheep, the one lefembling tke Eiiglifh Ihcep, and the other with htrge taili, already tnentioiMKl. The goatt have long eari and give excellent milk. The people are very fond of Icban or coagulated milk. The butter atid cheefe is igade either froift the milk of cowi, buffaloes, iheep, or goats. The common bread i* made of wheat badly fomented, and badly baked : people of fiilhion have, however, a better fort. Befides thefr, they have bifcuits and rutlu ftrewed with fennel flour. Here are plenty of hares and antelopes ; the latter are of two forts, viz. the antelope of the mountain, and the antelope of the plains^ Tlte former is tite moft beautiful, the bock and neck being of a dirk brown , the latter, though the colour i* brighter, is neither (o fwift nor fo well made. Tame rabbets ire kept in the city, and fome few wild iUn are found in the couiitry, as well as porcu- {)ines ; the Franks of ilie Romifh perfuaiion; often cat and turtles and frogs. The camels of this country are eoodandferviceahle ; butthehorfes are very indifTerent i Uieie lad are fed with barley, u oats do not grow nearer than Antioch. Hyenas are found among the rocks : they feldora attack the human race, but commit great r»vage$ among the flocks, and eyen plunder the fepulchres. In the city of Aleppo are a vaft npmberof dogs, and the en- virons are infefled with wolvw : ferpents are very nume- rous, oarticularly a white fnake, which is found in houfes, hat wno& bite is not venomous. The fcolopendra and fcorpion often fling the natives, but a few hours pain is the onlr confequence. Here are alfo locufts, Kzards, bees, filk-worms»,all kinds of fovlt, &c. Hacking and .hunting are favourite amufements : the fportfmen have a ver^ beautiful fpecies of the greyhound : Ihooting is ex- f t<;ifed only for a fubfifience.- The common language is vulgar Arabic; Turks of condition fpeak the Turkifh ; the Jews, Hebrew ; the Ar- menians their native tongue; and fome of the Syrians underflaAd the Syriac ; but the Greeks know little o( no- thing of either (he anticiit or modern Greek language. The people are in general well made, of a mid entertain their friends. Dancing is dcfpifcd, and only praQifcd by buf- foon';, who, as wellu wrelllers, are attendanrs at all cn- tcrtninm>'nts. They cntert.Vm tlieir viiitors with a pipe of tobacco, wet fwectmrats and coffre, without fnj^ir or milk. When particular refpeA is intended, (herbet and a fprinkling of rofe water are added. But as foon as the hod begins to with hit vilitor gone, the wood of aloes is produced, whidi iinplies, that the vifit lias been fufiiciently long. Men and women here fmoke to exccfs. The tube of the pipe is made of ilie wood of the rofe- tree, buttltebowl is ot clay. Opium is in iittlc cfteem at Aleppo, and thev who take it to ex- ccfs are looked upon as drbauchees. Here are no coaches ; the better fort of people ride on horfeback, with a number of fervant^ on foot parading before thrm. Women of rank are carried in litters, and die lower clafs in covered cra- dles on mules. The people here go to bed early, and deep in the prin- cipal paitot their cloatlis. Their bed conlifts of a mat- trcfs, and over it a Iheet, in fummer ; and a carpet, with a Ihert fcwed to it iu winter. The men arc eitlicr lulled to red by mu(ic, fmokc thcmfelves to fleep, or are talked to ilecp by llicir women, who are taught to tell iiinuinci-able fiotuta -for that purpofe. The people in general arc grofly ignorant, few even of the bettor tort can raid. Theiplerg^ are not only diyinet, but lawyers and phyficians ; they have ihanyeollegeit but little or npthingis taadit inthem. The government pwinits not tlic brlAice of anatonty : theiir phyfician's and furgeons, therefore, can know but little of the ftniAure of tlie human body, or the medical art. The women in the villages, and all the Chihganas^ and Arabs, wear amid or (ilver rings, throush their right' noftrils. The old men colour their beikrds black, to con ' . ceal their age ; and tlte old women dye their hair red, witlf ' henna, to render it graceful. They likewife dVe their ~ lurids and feet. . The (laves in Aleppo are in general white, being Geor- gians, but they have a few that are bhck, and are brought, from Ethiopia, by tlte way of Cairo. Criminals here aitt handed, impaled, or beheaded, at the option of the judges butjanifarieiareftrani^lcdby a cord twifted twice round the neck, and drawn tight with a piece of (ilk. A Maronite nuptial cercm<)hy is tlius conduAed : tlio bridegroom's relations are invited to an entertainment at the boufe of the bride. After fuppe^, they return to the bridegroom's houfe, who hitlteno has not appeared : for he is oblijKd to hide himfelf, and not to be found without a pretending fearch. At length he is brought out in hit Worft cloatbs ; but foon after the bridcmen conduA him to ichamber, which contains the wedding garments, wheje. he is left tb dtefs himfelf. ' After midnight, the company, preceded bya band of mufic, each carrying a lighted can- dle, go to the bride's houfe and deiliand her. Ad- mittance is refufed; A mock £ght then enfues. The bride is taken prifoner, and, being clofely veiled, ii con- duced to die bridegroom's houfe. The ni^ht is fpent in feafiing and mirth ; but the bride muft not ipeak the whole t^ (e. The bilhop or prieft comes the next morning td perform the deiemony, in which he put* crowns on their heads, and joins the hands of the bride and bridegroom, who each have a ring to put on the finger. A few ridi- culous and riotous ceremonies enfue i and the bridegroom ft notlefi to himfelf tilt twelve o'clock at night, when he is permitted to retire (o the bride. All the bride's femate acquaintance fend flowers to her as prefcnts for fome dayj| after her marriage, but Ihe is not allowed to fpeak for thi fpace of a month, eventoherhvfband. The Englilh have a conful, chaplain« chancellor, and chiat, at Aleppo. The French liave their conful, dragu- men, and other officers, «nd are more numerou* than the Engiifli. No Dutchmen refides here except the conful. A Rw Venetian merchants and Italian Jews are, however, fettled in the plac;. The plague is the mod dreadfol ca- lamity at Alemm ; it begins to rage in June and decreafes in Jul^ ; and ufually vilits die inhabitants every ten years« when It commits vail dcvaftations. To avoid the infec- tion, the following particulars are to be obferved : " Never go abroad i^ng -, drink plentifdlly of acids; live regularly^ but not abftemioufly ; avoid excels and palCon ; breatM dirougb a handkerchief or fpunge wetted with vinegar, or an intufion of rue ; fwallow not the fpittle ; walh yonr mouth, face, and liandl often widi vinegar; air your cloaths well, change diem often, and fmoak them wi^ fo'iohur." Scanderoon, the port town to Aleppo, is fituate on the Levaa' lea. la thirty-fevendegreetof eaftern longitude, and thirty-fix degrees fifteen minutes north latitude, about fort/ miles north-eaft of the ifland of Cyprus ; it had anttendy the name of Alexandretta, and is fuppofed to have been built by Alexander the Great. The town makes no great figure at prefcnt, and is inhabited chiefly by feafarine meni few people cure to reiide there that can help it, the iidt marlhes rendering it very unhealthful. Wiien fhips ar- rive, the (aAors who refide here, fend advice of it to Aleppo immediately by carrier pidgeons bred there, which ny home in about five hours, though Aleppo is near ninety miles diflant from diis port. Antioch is fituate in a fine plain, eighteen miles in ex- tent, on the river Hafi, once Orentos, near the Levant fea, in thirty- feven degrees of eallern longitude, and thirty- fix dMrees of north latitude, about thirty miles fouth of Scanderoon, once the capital city of all Svria, but now in ruins. Her; the difciples of the hlefled Jefus firft ob- tained the name of ClirifUans. I'he Greeks gave diis town the name of Epidaphne, from die grove and oracle of Apollo that was confulted here. The Turks call it Antaochia. The y^ mjmher of nlantan*;^ p^p'' lars, fycamores, &uit-treet,&c. in the gftfdciis of the town, make it at a didance lookjike a foreft. It has a caftle which commands the town and river, and fome confiderable re • mains of anticnt temples, walls, churches, &c. t^ethrr with *(;:„ -•,, HO The NEW and U N I VER S AL S V STEM of t3 E O G R A P H Y. with an extenfive canal. St. Paul and St, Uarnabas preached a twelvemonth in this place ; St. Luke the cvtii- gelift, and St. Ignatius the martyr, were born here. Afiatic Tripoli, is fituate on the Levant fea, at the foot'of mount Libanus, in thirty-fix degrees fifteen mi- nutes eaft longitude, and tl>irty-four degrees thirty mi- nutes north latitude, the ca]fital of this divifion of Syria, antiently ftiled Phceniciat the firft and greateft of all the maritime powers on tliis continent ; their navigation ex- tending eaftward to the fartheft fpicc iflands in the India fcas, and to the moft wcfterly coafts of Europe and Afri- ca ; Tripoli is now the capital of the province, and feat of the bcglerbeg or viceroy, and garrifoncd by two hund- red janifarics : it Is rather a road than a harbour, there bc- ' ing very little feciirity for tlie (hipping which, lies here. It is faid to be called Tripoli, as confiding formerly of three towns, which flood upon as many hills, about a lAirlong diilant from each other ; a rivulet runs through tlicir gardens, which abound in plantations of oranges and mulberry trees ; and tliey have a pretty good filk ma- nufaflure. This city contains eight thoufand houfes, and fixty thoufand inliabitants, who confift of Turks, Jews, and Chriftians. It is watered by a little river, wlii U has a ilone bridge over it, and turns feveral mills, llic air is clear and healthy, the country rich and fertile, and tlic town plentifully fupplied with all kinds of provifions- The Chriftians liave lome monafteries and chapels, and the jefuits a handfome chapel: hereis alatj;e handfome mofque, which was once a Chriflian church. Sidon or Sayd, is fituate on the fame coaft, in thkt)'- fix degrees thirty minutes eaft longitude, and tliirty-three degrees fifteen minutes north latitude, about fevcnty miles fouth of Tripoli, and about as much to the northward of Jerufalem j this was the mother of Tyre, and the lirtt city that attempted a foreign trade by fea. It is at prefent a {angiaclhip, and governed by a Turkifli balfa, fubjefl to the bieglerbeg of 1 ripoli ; the town though fmall is ftill well peopled, containing about fix thoufand inhabitants ; and near the place are magnificent ruins, which difcover its ancient grandeur. The exports confifts of Turky lea- ther, piftachios, fenna, buffaloes fkins, cotton, blucfilks, rice, foap, afhes, oil, taifins, &c. Here are many mofques, two'kans, a public bagnio, and a fine fquare building called the cotton market. Tyre or Sur, is fituate on tlie coaft of tlie Levant, in thirty -fix degrees of eaftem longitude, and in thirty-two de- grees thirty-two minutes north latitude, twenty miles fouth of Sidon : it ftands on a peninfula, and at diuance makes a grand appearance, but when you approach it there is little elfe to be found befides ruins. On the north was an old Turkifli caftle, where we meet with only broken walls and pillars at prefent : tlie inhabitants are poor fiihermen who live in vaults and caves. The illand of Tyre, which was joined to the continent by Alexauiler, fccms to have been of a circular figure, and not to have contained above forty acres of ground, round which are ftill tlie remains of an ancient wall : in the middle of the ruins flands a pile higher tlian the reft,bcin^ the eaft end of a great church, which Mr. Maundrel conje Aurcs to have been the cathedral of Tyre, for it was abilhop'sfeei andheobfervrs,thatof all the ruined churches whicn he faw in this country, lie al- ways found the eaft end ftandingand tolerably intire ; and that he did not fee fewer than an hundred of thcfe in- ftances i from whence he feems to bfc of opinion that they have been prefervcd by a miraculous providence, as ftand- ' ing monuments of Chriftianity in tlicfc unbelieving re- gions, and are prefagcs of its fiiture rcftoration. This is not the anticnt Tyra which was deftroycd by Nebuchad- nezzar, after eleven years fiege, but that which was built on an ifland about half a mile from the coaft, which Alex- ander could not take till he had made a caufeway from the continent to tlie ifland ; and the citizens ftill making a very brave defence, Alexander, after he took the city, cru- cified two tlioufand of the inhabitants on crofles, crefted upon the llioic, which muft ever render his memory in- famous to pofterity. It is aftonilliing the world fliould fo far miftakc lis charaflcr, as to compliment him with the name of {jrcat, unlets they cfteem him great for perpe- tuating what all the virtuous part of the world abhor, namely the moft cruel murders, robberies, drunkenncfs, ingratitude to his friends, and, after all his prepofterous va- nity in forcing thftoplchehadendavcd, to pay him divine hnnmirc T rMia i V in imiril-i.tii /.f liin^ t}Cf\ Aun*A-rl , . .____ » . , ... ....,.«^,„., ^ ,,,j «..K. \.A^«..VU to be adored, for afting the part of the common enemy and fcp;rge of mankind. B'.ween forty and fifty miles to the fouth of Sidon, on 3 the fame coaft, ftands the town of Acra, antiently called Acho ; it was enlarged by Ptolemy the firft, and called by him afVer his own name Ptolemais, but fince it has been in thepofleflion of U>e Turks, it hasalmoft acquired itsantient nameagain,beingcalled Acca or Acra. On theeaftaild north of it lies a fpacious fertile plain ; on the weft it is waflied by the Mediterranean ; and on tlie fouth by a large bay» extending from the city as far as mount tarmel The Saracens took it from tlie Chriftians in the time of Omar, and afterwards witli the reft of Syria it fell into the handt of the Turks ; it was feveral times taken and retaken in tlie holy war. In the year 1191 it was takeitby King Richard the firft of Eneland, and Philip of France, and given to the knights of St. John of Jerufalem, who kept pofll-flion of it an hundred years, when the Turks again made tliemfelves maftcrs of^it, and razed it to the ground. ' There being a fine nunnery in the town of Acra when tlie Turks took it the laft time by fiorm ; it is reUted 6( the abbefs, that fearing ftie_, and the virgins under her care, ftiould be oblieed to ^bmit to fuch brutal ufiige as is fre- quently praAifed by the foldiers on fuch occafions, fuiii- moned the nuns together, advifing tliem to cut and man- gle their faces, as tlie only means to preferve their virgin fiurity,, and immediately cut and disfigured her own, to et them an example } the nuns thereupon gafhed and tore their fac^s, and cut off their nofes, and made themfelves fuch difmal fpeAacles, as they might be infallibly fure would preferve them from a rape ; at which, it is faid, the Turkiln foldiers were fo enraged, who expeded here to have found a kind of paradife oh eartli, and to have in- dulged their wanton Hainer^among the beautiful young nuns, tliat they put them ievery one to the fword, thus re- ftoringthcm, fays an ingenious traveller, to a new and in- violable beauty. We proceed now to. enquire into the prefent flate of Da» mafcus, the capital city or rhe fouth part of Syria, and the feat of a Turkiih b^lerbeg or viceroy. -This city is called Sancor Sclum by tlie Turks, and ftands in thirty-three degrees of north latitude, and thirty-feven degrees fijur minutes eaft longitude, two days journey to the eaftward of Sidon and the Mediterranean fea. As we approach this town, on the fouth-weft fide of it, there is "terefted a little buildirtg on the top of a high precipice, under, wkich runs the river Barrady, from whence Damafcus appeirs a perfeft paradife. It is fituate in a plain pfthat extent, that the mountains which eiKompals it on the farther, fide arc but juft difcernable. The town is built on the weft fide of the plain, about two miles from the place where the river Bar- rady fidls from the mountains, the gardens extending al- moft thither. The cily ftretches itfelf from the fouth- weft to the north-eaft, extending near two miles in length, and is narrow in the middle, but fwelli to a greater bulk at each end. It hath eight gates, and flrong walls ; and the principal flreets, both in city and fuburbs, are arched, to keep off the fun and rain. It is encompafTed with gar- dens for near thirty miles about i which are well planted with fruit of all kinds, and ever frefti and green, being watered by fttftoal branches of the river Barrady. You fee alfo toweri^and fteeples, and pleafure houfes in every part, lifting up Qieir heads among the tree*, which renders tlieprofpeS Itill more cnternining. The Barrady, whicli plentifully fupplies both the gardens and city with water, as foon is it iiTues from the clefts of the neig|||bouring mountains, immediately divides itfelf into thrcellreams, of which the middlemoft and biggeft runs direflly to Da- mafcus, through a large field called the agar damafcenus, and fervcs ail the fountains and receptacles of water in the city. The other two branches, which feem to be tlie work of ait, flow on the right and left, on the borders of tlie gardens, into which they are let by little channels, and difperfed into every part of them. There is not a garden which has not a fine quick ftrcain improved into fountains, cafcides, or other water-works, though it muft be con- fclTed they are not contrived with fo much art, as in fomc gardens of Europe. This river having thus contributed to the beauty and fertility of the fields and gardens about Damafcus, lol'es there fo much of its waters, that in a few leagues beyond the city it is intirely dried up, and never reaches the fea. The Greeks, and, from them, the Ro- mans, called this river Chryforrhous. It is fuppofed the branches of the Barrady were the Abana and Pharphar ; mentioned in 2 Kings. The mofques, bagnios, bazars, kans, &c. are magnifi- cent but the t^rivate houfes are low and m^??n.-, bcinf crefled either with fun-burnt bricks, or mud . yet though the houfes arc defpicabic, they are in general accommo- dated with ftately apartments, fquare courtyards, marble fountains, ,i4Ac4!i- « «. f&^i*- ■-?/4«*^=***Ar •jfe'i : ^'\y if« ..it. ■*r- < .^ ^^l«)b^^i^i:&i^ ji [A S I A.] A S I A t I 6 f tj k k Y. m 'fountaini. and marble portal). Ons CofFee-houre in tlie tdwn will contain five hundred people; it is divided into two parti, the onr for fumtner, the other for winter, in a large tiald, called the raeidaii, near the city, is an hof- pital tor pilgrims and ihangTS of all religion), who are maintained at the (irand Sigiior's expence. The grand tnufquc ii a magnificent edifice, and was formerly a Clirif- tian church, built by tlic emperor Hei-acKus, in honour nf 7.ccl»riali, tlie fiither of Jotin the BaptiA j but at pre- Icnt it is death for any one except a muflulman to enter it. The Jews have fame bandfomo fynagogues, and Chriftians of nil denominations have their churches of worfhip ac- cording to their own communion. About the middle of the city there is a caftio of an oval form, with ftrong walls fourteen inches thick, flanked with fauare lowers mounted with cannon, and well fiirnifhed wirii arms, water, &c. it is garrifonad by fifteen thoufand janil'arics ; five thou- fand to guard the city, five thoufand to attend the Sultan when he goes to Bagdat, and five thouland to efcort the Mecca caravan. There is a Izm bakc-houlc, where bif- cuiti are made for the pilgrims that are going to Mecca, as the Grand Signor allows them two hundred camels loaidof bil'cuit, and the faiite. quantity of water. The manufa^ures of Damafcus arc fcymetar*, knives, fword-blades, bridle- bits, and many other iron and fleel wares, in which about twenty thouOuid of the inhabitants are employed. Ca- ravans bring hither the merchandizes of I'urky, Arabia, smd India, and caravans are cotttinualty going to and re- turnirtg from Bagdat, Aleppo, Mecca, ice. The neighbouring territory is pleafant and fertile ; the grapes are remarkably fine, fome of the bunches weighing from thirty to forty pounds; and tl'e fheep, which are ex- ceedingly large, anid their meat delicious eating, have tails that weigh in general fixty pounds. Near the city, ala- baiter is found in great quantities, and a red earth, as an •ificacious remedy againft the bite of venomous creatures. The corn is not here threihed as in mofl other countries ; •fcut the ftraw is cut ofF with iron pincers faftened to wooden rollers, drawn over the corn by a horfe. The •mpcror Julian formerly ftilcd Damafcus the city of Ju- ■ pitcr, the eye of the cafV, and the feat of magnificence. Mahomet, beholding it from a neighbouring mountain, Was fo delighted with the appearance of the city, and its environs, that he reliifed to enter, or even approach any nearer to it, faying, " I am fure there is but one paradife deiigned for man, and I will not enjoy mine inthis world." We (liall conclude our defcription of the cities and places in this divifion of Syria with an account of the ve- nerable ruins of what was once one of the mo(t magnifi- cent «ities in the univerfe, called by the Greeks Heliopolis, or the city of .ho fun. About thirty miles north of Da- mafcus, and the fame eaft from the I'ea-coaft, in thirty- dwee degrees north latitude, and thirtjf-feven degrees |hiity minutes caft longitude, ftands the city of Balbeck, in a moft engagirvg fituatien, on the eatt fide of the valley of Bocat, for it is encompafled with pleafant and fruitful gar- dens, through which run fcveral fine rivulets. The city is of a fqnarc figure, and furrounded with a tolerable good wall, with towers at equal diflanccs, each fide of the fquare bciii^ about a quarter of a mile in length, but the houles within are very mean, fuch as wc ufually find in Turkilh villages. On thcfouth-weft fide of the city arc the ruins of a noble heathen temple, with fome other buildings be- longing to it, all of them exceeding magnificent; but of late ycais thefe antient fttuftures have been pieced up, and the whole converted into a caftlc. The additional .build- ings are of no mean architeflure, but are however eafily dilliiiguifhable from the more antient. As wc approach the ruins, tlie firft tiling we obferve is a little round pile of building, all of marble cncompafled with bcautifiil pillars of tlie Corinthian order, which fup- port a lovely cornilh that runs all round the ftrufture, and llioitgh this part of the ftibrick lie in a very tottering con- dition, the Greeks have converted it into a church, and celebrate divine fervicc in it at prefent. From this place we come to a large firm pile of building, very lofty, and compoltd of vaft fijuare flones, but yet docs not fee i to be part of the original building. 'I hrough this we ad- vance into a flately arched walk or portico, an hundred and fifty paces long, which reaches to the temple. The form of the temple is an oblong I'auare, thirty-two yeards in breadth, and fixty-four in length, of which the anlitempli'tooki'pdghteen, and is now tumbled down. 1\\r body of the mplc, which is ftanding, is encoinpafled . with a noble portico, I'upported by pillars of the Corin- tiiiail order, fix icct and ilircc iiiciics in diiiiiicicr, ana forty- five feet high, confifting each of three ftones only. No. 14. Theft plllan ftaftd at the diftance of nine feet frdiA each other, and as rfiBch from the wall of thi temple. A flately architave runs rottnd the capi'als of *1.e pillars, imd a coniilh exquifitely carved. The poi lico is unvercd with large flones, hollowed like'an arch, and extirnding between the columns and the wall of tlVc temple, and the figures of fome Heathen gods and goddcflKs or heroes are car\cd on each f\one :. atnong the reft there is a (}anyinede and an eagle flying away with him, ili^neto tlie life. In the walls of toe temple allrbund art two rows of pi- lafters, one above another, and between the pilafiers, niches, which feem defigned for images. About eight yards from tlie upper end of the temple are ftanding part of two fine fluted pillars, which frcm to have made a partition in that place, and to have fupported a canopy over the throne of the chief idol. On that part of the partition which is remaining are flill to be feen carvings in relievo, reprefenting Neptune, tritoru, filhes, fea godi, Arionandliis dolphin, and other marine figures. The roof of the temple is entirely broke down, but yet, fays Mr. Maundrel, the whole, as it. now ilands, ftrikes tne mind with an air of greatnefs beyond ailjr thing we have fccn, and is an eminent proof of the magnificence of the antient aichiteAnre. This temple was aiitiently accom- panied by fome other magnificent buildings, as is evident from four afcents to it, one upon each angle, with marble ftups long enough for ten people to go a-brcall. The old wall, which encompafTes all the ruins above- mentioned, is built with ftones of that prodi^/ious bigncfs^, that tlie natives afcribe the architcflure to the devil. A gentleman who travelled to thefe parts, was at the pains of meal\]ring three of the largeft of thefe flones, and found one of them twenty-one, and the other two twenty yards apiece in length ; each of them being four yards broad, and as much in depth, and tlicfc three flones lay in the fame row, end to end, extending fixty-one yards ; and which was equally ftrange, they were lifted up into th« wall more than twenty fret from the ground. The palacr, which is what the Turks call the cafllev muft have been one of the moft fuperb ftruftures that imagination can conceive, but it is much more decayed . than the temple. A dark arched vault, containing many bufts, leads to an hexagonal building which forms a fpa- cious theatre; the end opens to a terrace which is afcended by marble flops ; vou then enter a fquare court furrounded , by magnificent biiiMings : on each hand arcdoublerows of pillars, which form galleries of fixty-fTx fathoms in lengthj and eight in breadth. The bottom of this court is over, fpied by abuilding amazingly fumptuous, which appears t6 have been the body of the palace ; the columns are a» Lirge as tliofe of the Hippodrome at Conflantinople ; nine of tlieni are flanding, and a good niece of the entablature? ^ but it is furprifing that each of thefe large columns is made ''W.\ of one intire block only. All the buildings in this caftltt. . ' front the eafV, and the Corinihian order prevails through- out the whole : there is no place where fuch precious re- mains of architcAure and fculpturc arc to be found, irt which the fine tafle of Greece and the magnificence of Rome feem to be blended ; the ornaments arc at once in- numerable and exquifite. Beneath the whole are vaults in which vaft flights of marble flairs, of two hundred ftcps in a flight, are frequently found. The turn and elevation of thefe vaults are bold and furprifing; they contain manr noble halls and fuperb apartments, admirably decorated. Some of thefe vaults arc dark, others receive light from large windows, which ftand on a level witli tlie ground above, but the moft lingular circumftance is, that ul thefe aftonilhing edifices arc uuilt with fuch enormous ftones, as tliofe before mentioned, without any vilible figns of mortar, or any kind of cement whatever. Many houfes, which contain various apartments, arc cut out of the folid rocks. It is inhabited by about thirty or forty Chrifliaii families, a few Jews, and near eight hundred Turks. Wc Ihall now prcceed to dcfcribe thofe towns in Syria which arc of inferior note ; the principal of whici^ on that fubdivifion of Syria Projter, called Comagcne, are, I . Tiimofata, which the Turks now call Scempfal, and was once the capiul of Comageiie, but at prefent <3 only a wretched village, furrounded by heaps of ruins, ft ftands on the Euphrates, on the confines of Armenia Ma> jor, twctity-two miles from EdifTa : this was the birth- place of the celebrated fatirical poet Lucian. 3. Dolica, called by the Turks Doliche, once an epifcopal fee, but at prefent a mean, ill-built town, thinly peopled, and of little confidcration. It is fituated on the river MarfyaSi which direuiuugtics itfclf iitio tiic Euphrates, Nothing now remain but the names and a little rubbifh of the an- N u lent 142 Tmb new and universal S YSTEM or G E O G R APH Y. ticnt cities Germanicia, Singia, Antiochia ad Taurtim, Catamana, 1 )eba, Cluoinia, and Chelinadura. I'ertafo, formerly called Ortholia and Aniaiadas, from iu beinji; fituatcd over againil the little ifle of Aradut, was once a tamed fca-pott, and an cpilcopal fee ; at nrefent, it is a very inconfidcrablc plaec, and inhabited only by poor iUhermen: it is about nine miles to the nortliward of Tripoli, Latakia, or Ladhiktya, the aatient Laodicea, was founded by Seleucus Nicanor, or the Viftorious, and called by biin afv:r his lifters name. Itis tire nioft northern city of Syria, fituated on a riling ground, with a full prof- pe« of the fea, in thirty-five degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and u a confiderable maritime town. It contains many antique remains, particularly feveral rowsof columns of granite and porphyry, withfartof an aqueduA, which Jo- fephus afhrms was built by Herod : the ftru£)urc is fpacious, but not arched. Here is a mofque formed of a magnificent antient triumphal arch, fupported by Corinthian pillars ; the architrave is embellilheu with a variety of warlike tro- phies. Many Greek and Latin infcriptions are found among the rums, but they are in general fo much defaced as to be illegible. To the weftward of the city are the re- mains of a cothon, big enough to hold the largeft navy in the univcrfe T'he movth which is about forty feet wide, is defended by a caftle, and the whole is an amphitheatrical form i it is I'o cboaked ap at prefent, as to admit only a few velTels. A little to the northward of the city ate thofc remark- able catacombs which excite the attention of travellers. They contain large ftonc coffins, embelhlhed with emble- matical figures, fliclls, &c. The covers of fome are fupported by pllafters, gene- falty of the Corinthian, but fometimes of the Ionic order: thele coffins arc depofited in cells on the fides of a number of chambers hollowed deep into the rock, being each from ten to thirty feet I'quare. The moft refpcfted of tljel'e fe- pulchral chambers is that called St. Teckla, wjiich is dedi- cated to tliat firft virgin martyr : in the midft of it is a fpring, to which many rnarvellous effcfts are aflcribed. The intermixture of rocks, woods, fepulchres, plains, grottoes, fountains, cafcades, &c. render the whole of tlic adjacent country extremely romantic. A few miles from a place called the Serpent Fountain, are the Spindles, or Maguzzcis, a name which is given to feveral painted cylindri(;al buildings that are ereflcdover a number of fepulchres. Oppofite to the northern extremity of mount Libanus, are the ruins of the antient city of Arka, to the eaftward a romantic chain of mountains appear; a fine extenfive plain, intcrfpcned with caftles, villages, ponds, rivers, &c. opens to the north ; and the fea is feen to the wcil. The city was ere£ted on the fummit of a hill of a conical form, which appears to have been a v/ork of art: the inhabitants were fupplied with water from mount Libanus, by means of a magnificent aqueduft, notwithilanding a fine dream waters the valley below the city. The places of inferior note in Coelo-Syria come next under conilderation. Apamca, founded by Seleucus Nicanor, and fo named in honour of his mother, is greatly fallen from its antient fplendor, but ftill remains a confiderable town, {landing on a fpot of pound which is almoll fiirrounded by a lake formed by the river Orontcs, about lixty miles totlie fouth- ward of Aleppo ; fo that it hath no communication with the land but by an ifthmus, or fmall rock. The Turks' and Greeks call it Kama : it is the refidence of a beglerbeg, whofe government is very extenfive : the adjacent territory Is exceedingly rich and fertile; the city is well watered, re- tains many marks of its antient magnificence, and was very early an epifcopal fee. It lies in tliirty five degrees ■fix minutes north latitude, and thirty-fcven degrees eigh- teen minutes eaft longitude. Seleucus conftantly fed live hundred large elephants near this city. Near mount Lifa, between Antioch and Tortofa, there is a little mean village called Margat, which was antiently a confiderable place, called Marathos. On the river Orontes, between Apamea and Laodicea, the town of Emefa, EniiflTa, or Eniila, is fituated. The mad Roman emperor Hcliogabalus was born there, and on that account took the whim into hi^ head, to be niade one of the piitlh of its temple ; the Turks at picrtiit c.iU it Haman, or Aman. It is under the jurifdi£\ion of the beglerbeg of Daihafcijs, who governs it by means of a deputy. It ftill makes a confiderable figure, notwithftand- ing what it has fuffered by earthquakes, and the various fhaiiges it has undergone. It is furrounded by good ftone at proper diftancgs. The wuUs .-in; environed by a Ipati- oQs diteh, iind on an eminence there is a caftle which commands and defends the town. Here are fome fins churches, the greateft part of which are converted into moft|ues. The cathedral is a magnificent ftruOure, fup- ported by thirty-four inarblecolumns, adorned with baf1o» relievos and Greek infcriptions. The Chriftians areper• n)itted to pray in it at certain times, befides which they have foine churches appropriated entirely to their own ufc. The biizars, kans, caravanferas, &c. are in general very handfome ftruAures. The inhabitants trade in filka, and a fine kind of needle-work of filk, gold, and filver, curi- oufly intermingled togetlicr. Tnc adjacent country is very rich and fertile, and the gardens in the environs ex- ceedingly delightful, abounding in a great variety of ex- cellent plants and delicious fruits. In all the gardens great number of mulberry-trees are planted in regular rows, and well-watered, as the demand is very great for mulberry-leaves to feed their filk worms with. T his city and Aleppo are tlie principal places in the divifion of Ccelo- Syria. The town of Botrys,or Botrus, in Phatria, was once a confiderable place, but is now a poor village of fifhermen, ftanding on the coaft to the fouth of Tripoli, and called by the Turks Patron, or Elpatron. On the coaft, about twenty miles fouth of Tripoli, is fituated Byblus, or Byblos, formerly a fine city, but now a mean village, denominated Gebail. T'he river Adonis, defcending tiom mount Libanus, runs through tlic town. This river is fubjoA to fwell to an immoderate degree by the; melting of fnow or foiling of rains, and at certain times tlte waters appear bloody, which the fuperftitious in- habitants ufed to impute to tlie death of Adonis, who is alluded to in fcripture under the name of Tammuz, or Tbammuz, Ezek. viii. 14. The natural caufe of this pretended bloodinefs, is only a kind of minium, or rei eartli, which is brought away by the waters when tliey fwell to an unufual height, and give the hvft a crimfoii tinge. In this town there is a deputy governor fubordi- nate to the beglerbeg of Syria, and a fmall garrifon ; there is, however, out little trade, the harbour being almolk choaked up. The city of Berytus was once in a flourifhing ftate, but is now upon the decline : the ftreets are narrow, dirty, and dark, II is, however, a trading place, and a ftage tor the caravans that go to Grand Cairo. It is fituated on tha fea- coaft, in a fertile and delightful country, about four miles from Tripoli. Some ftately ruins are ftill vitible about tlie town, particularly thofe of the palace and gardens of Taccardine, tlic fourth emir or prince of tlie old Drufians, arid of an old amphithreatre fuppofed to have been builf by Agrippa. T'he trade confifls of ane tapeftry, camleti filks, cinnamon, nutmegs, ginger, .-affia, pepper, rhubarb, cochineal, ice. gourds, colocyntli, i.'.c. alio mulberry aud othei' trees, abound along the coaft, Serepta, Serphant, or Scrphanda, a city antiently oc- Icbrated for the abode which the prophet Elias made in it with a poor widow whom he rclievea, is at prefent but an indifferent village about a mile from the fea, and fituated on a hill. S E C T. V. Treats if PaltJUni, ar tht Holy Land, bting in iht /mtberH divijuH of yJJiatit Turky, itsfiluatiin, txtint, air, climate, fnl, msuntami, riven, lakes, cities, tiwns, (ifc. PALESTINE, caUcdalfoJ'jdaeaand the land of Ca- naan, is fituatcd between thirty-one degrees thirty minutes, and thirty-two degrees twenty minutes nortli la- titude, and from thirty four degrees fifty minutes, to tliirty- feven degrees tifteen minutes eaft longitude, being bounded by tlie Mediterranean lea, on the weft ; Syria and Plice- nicia, on the north; Arabia Deferta, on the call; and Arabia Patri-a, on the fouth. It is therefore near two hundred miles in length, and about ninety in breadth to- wards the middle, but incrcafes or diminiflics twelve or fifteen miles in other places ; the longeft day is about fourteen hours fifteen minutes. The air of Judca is the moll falubriouf and plcafant imaginable; neither heat nor cold arc felt in the extreme ; but an agreeable fcrcnity-difTufcs itl'clf throughout the year, which puts the ftranger in mind of the gcjlden age ; and as the climate is the moft admirable in the univerfe, we have no doubt but in the early .iges of the world, when the paftoral lite was the moft honourable, and agriculture the moft reputed cin- — !«., :.*•-...,.-. t-,i ;.,. — 1'..... -11 I-.. . -r f •"/ » **■ •"* \,j.vr.-vMv.w na pit.. 1,11k \, At. 1.11V I It.,, uy iiivau) Ul the general cultivation of the country. .-..J- ifaSJk.'k, [A S I A.) A S I A T I fc T V R K Y. »4J We have the moft »uthentic tcftimoriles of fjie richnefl and fertility of its foil : iii parliculur, that it abounded in «orn, wine, oil, honey, poiuc)(r»nates, dates, figs, citroni, oraiigirs, apples of jnraJife, fugar-canes, cuttun, hemp, tL\, cedars, cypre(Tes, and a great variety of other ftatcly, fngr.:rit, and fruitful trees, nalm of gilead, and other preciouk drugs, &c. cattle, fowl, filh, game, and other delicacies as well as neccflaries of life. Whoever, indeed, confidcrs the very fmall extent of Judxa, will be fcnfible that nothing but luch aftonilhing fertility could enable it to maintain fuch a number of inlubitatits as redded in it in the time of king David, finco they amounted to fix millions. The produce of the land not only fublifted this prodigious multitude, but there was a fufficent fuperfluity to export to Tyre and other places. Yet the foil was only cultivated fix years in fcven, as the feptcnnial year was al- ways a time of rell from the affairs of agriculture ; but we muft obfervc, that the whole of the country was cultivated, and tliat woods, parks, wafle grounds, kc. were unknown. All eminent writer affirms, that with a little cultivation it would yield as much as in the days of kin^ David and tjs fon bolomon ; but that it is now unhappily inhabited y the moft indolent people cxifting. Libanus and Anti-Libanus, arc the principal mountains ef Paleftine, fonning a chain that divides Syria from Pa- lelline : the whole is about one hundred leaf;ues in com- pafs, and conlilU of four ridges one above another, two of which are fertile, and two barren, viz. the lower is rich in grain and fruit, the next is rocky and barren ; the third abounds in gardens and orchards i though higher than the preceding, and the i'unimit is fleril and uninhabitable, by Kafon of the cxccflivc coldncl's on its airy brow : the Ma- tonites inhabit its lower regions, and Arabs all the other parts except the top. in this mountain feveral celebrated rivers have their fource, viz. Jordan, Rocliam, Nahur- Koflian, Naha-Codicha,ajidAbouali, the firll only of which lunsduon^hPalelline. Of thefe nionntains the wellem part alone is properly called I.ibanus, the eaftern being named Anti-Libanus, and the intervening part Ccelo- Syria. 'i"he whole chain, however, always was, and is inil looked upon, as a retreat for robbers. Hermon, like Libanus, is very high, and for the greatcft part of the year capped with fnow. Tabor, anticntly called Mons Alabyricus, and llabyri- cum, from a city of that name which ftood upon it, is admirable with refpeft to its condant verdure, beauty, fer- tilitv, and regularity, as well as for its fituation, which is in the middle of a large plain, at a difhince from any other hill : a winding afcent of about two miles leads up to it ; and the plain, on its top, is half a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in brcadtli. This mountain is held in great veneration, and has been much reforted to by Chrif- tians of all ages, as it was the fcene of our Saviour's tranf- £guration. Carmel, fituatcd on the fca-fhore, is the inoft remark- able head-land on tbatcoal\. The prophet Fllijah is fup- pofcd to have relidcd here in a cave, previous tu his being taken up to heaven. Thecave is eighteen feet in length, and eleven in breadth, and is Dill thewn to travellers. Olivet, or the mountain of olives, is only about a mile firom Jerufalem, being feparatcd therefrom by the brcok Kidron, and the vallvv ot Jeholhaphat. It is of a con- iiderable height, and from its fummit there i-s a fine prof- ipeft of Iciufalein. It runs in a ridge, and has three or four heads higher than the reft j froiii one of the principal Chrift alcended into heaven ; and the imprelhon of a foot in a hard rock, Ihcw.i tlicrc at this day, is laid to have been msdc by him ! Calvary, or Golgotha (the place where our Saviour was •ruciflcd), isarocky hill on the weft fide of Jerufalem, and was anticntly ufed as a general charncl-houfe to that city, from whence it derived its name of Ciolgotha. This mountain, according to tlie authority of the -nticnt fa- tlicrs, is the fame on which Abraham went to offer up his fon Ifaac. It was formerly the place where criminals were executed) but, fince the crucifixion of Chrift, it hath been fo reverenced and reforted to by Chriftians of all de- nominations, that it hath, if we may Ik allowed the ex- preflion, drawn the city round aliont it, for it now (lands in the midftof Jerufalem. Conflantine the Great enclofed it witliin the new wails : and, that none of Calvary Ihould be excluded, he even left out fomcpart of mount Sion. Moriah is tlie mountain onwhich the tcmplcof Solomon was built. Gibion (lands about a quarter of a mile from Jerufalem, aiiu tr the Vitllcyot' IttelTingi on the wcH fiJc of ilie lAc of Sodom; 7. J ho vaje of SidJim, which conuiiis tlic Afphaltite l«l(e 1 3. The valley of Shnvth, or royal Vale ) 4. The valley of hat ; q. The valley of the children of Hinnoiii i il. 'I'lic vale cf Zehoiin i II. 7°he vale of Achor, near Jerichu ; ij.Tlie vule ot Bochim; aiidi 13. The \alleyof Llah, »hcie DaviU flew the giant Goliath. We may reckon anioiii; the plains, tliofc called the Greiil Plain, through vkhich the river Jorii»ii flows , the plainer valley of Jezreel, the plains of Shurnn and Sc- phebh, and tlie plain of Jericho, As we liinttil before, the whole country is at prcfcnt a perfe£l wildernrfs, throueh tlie warn of cultivation, and tlic indolence of its inhabitants. I'hcrc are inany natural curiofitics in this country, particularly (tones, which exactly rclemblcs citrons, me- lons, olives, peaches, bunches of grapes, and even many kinds of iilii ; they are found principally al>out Mount Canncl: thofc that rcfembic olives are the Lapidcs Ju- daici, which have always been deemed an cxcelluit remedy for the {lone &nd gravel. Near Bethlehem are found little Hones which creatly rcfcmble peas, they arc tlicrctbre called the Virgin Mary's peas ; and another llonc of a chalky nature goes under the appellation of her milk 1 a Uone of the flatc kind, which is found not only here, but in Phoe- nicia and Syria, exhihits in every Aate the reprcrcntation of a great variety of tUhcs. There are many hot and mi- neral waters } and near tlie Red fca are a number of hil- locks refembling pl.iccs where there have been lime-kilns, and abundance of falinc ciilorefccnccs. In the plains of Jericho a thorny bulh grows, which bears a fruit that has fome fimilitudc to an unripe walnut; from this fruit the Arabs cxtraA an excellent oil, which is a fovereign remedy for bruifes, when internally applied j and for wounds, when ufed externally : its reputation is fo great that it is even preferred to the balm of gilead. Two uiure lutural curioiities arc alfo to be met with in thefc plains ; namely, the wood-olive, tlie outward coat of wliich is green like the common olive, but being taken off, a nut of a woody fubftance appears j it is about the thicknefs of an ahnond-lliell, and ribbed long-wife. Alio the caroubcrlocuil-trce that bears a fruit like a bean, in which are fome fmall feeds ; tlie Ihcll, when dried, is eaten, and has a very agreeable tafte. St. John fojourned here, where it is called St. John's defcrt ; and tliefe are tliought to be the locufts on which he fed, and not the in- fcft of that name, as many have fuppoled. This country was peopled by the defendants of Amor Chain, who cimc hither with his eleven fons after the confufion of tongues at Babel, live of whom fettled in Syria and Phoenicia, viz. Heth, Jehus, Emir, Girgaflii, and HevCf who were the founders of fo many nations, and tliefe were afterwards incrcafcd by the delcendants of Abraham, tliat patriarch having been called out of Mefo- potamia to fojourii here, and whofe pollerity were in pro- cefs of time put in poileflion of the whole territory. We fliall therefore take occaiion in this place to particularize the fcveral dillriAs allotted to the leveral tribes, beginning witli the two tribes and a half who fettled beyond Jor- dan ; and tlicn, proceeding to the oppofitc fide, comprife llie otlier nine tribe and a half, as tlicy lie from aortli to fouth. 1. Reuben's lot extended along the banks of the river Jordan, from the north-eaft coaft of the Dead fca, and was bounded, on the eaft, by the country of the Moa- bites and Ammonites ; on the fouth, by the river Arnon, which feparatcd it from the country inhabited by the Mi- dianitcs ; and, on the north, by a fmall river, which parted it from the lot of Gad. 2. The lot of Gad had half the tribe of Manalleh, on the north ; Reuben, on tlie fouth; the Ammonites, on the tall i .nnd Jordan, on the weft. 3. The lot of the half trilie of ManaflTch had Gad to the fouth ; mou.it Lebanon, to the north ; Jordan, and the Samachonit.- lake, to the weft; and the hills of Ballian and Hermoii, on the eaft. 4. The lot of tlie tribe of Aflicr, on this fide Jordan, was bounded, on the north, by Phaiiicia ; on the fouth, by Zcbulon; on the eaft, by Kaplitali ; and, on the weft, by the Mediterranean. Of all the cities and towns be- longing to tlic dcfcendants of Afher, none are now re- maining, except Acra, alre.id) defcribed. Saphat, a town near Acra, was deltroycd in the year 1759, by an carth- 3 quake, which did a great deal of damagf all over Syria» but more particularly about Uanialcus. j.Tbetribeof Naphtalicxtcndudalongthe wcflern b.inkt of the river Jordan, from Lebanon to the lea of Cialilce, None of the antient cities formerly bclon{;ing to the abov« tribes are now in being; and the very few villagesare fo poor and inconfiderable as not to deferve notice. Wc lliall, however, give fome particulars of two of the antient cities, namely Ca|>ernauin and Dan, though there are at prefeul no remains of them. It is ohferved by a judicious author, that Capernaum is nut mentioned in tlic old teftament : it was thereforo juotu probably one of the towns built by the Jews after their letiirn trom the Babylonilh captivity, on the lea- cojft, th.1t is, on the coaft of the fea of Galilee, in the bor- ders of Zebulon and Naphtali, and confctjueittly loward-i the upper part of that coall : it took its name from an ad- joining fpring, famed for the excellency of its cryftalliiic waters. Uur Saviour chofe this as the place of his relid- eiice, in preference to Nazareth, where the ftubbornnefs and incredulity of the people had obftrufled the propa- gation of his doctrines ; he abode here during the lai| three years of his life ; but, for their neglefling his admo- nitions, he denounced a heavy judgment upon them (fee Matthew xi. 23.) and his prediAion was verified in ths Jewilh wars, wlu-n it was toully dcftroycd, fo tliat there IS not at prcfcnt the leaft trace ofit left. Thccity Dan was built by the Daiiites, who being too ftraitened in their own tribe, and fccking for a new habitii" lion, tliol'e of Zriah and Ethtaol armed fix hundred men, who feized the rich town of Laifh, dcllroyed its inhabi- tants, burnt the city, then rebuilt it, and called it Dan, after the name of their progenitor. It was deemed the northern boundary of the land of Egvpt, as Jicerfhela was the fouthern ; hence the proverbial Icripture exprefTion, " from Dan to Beerfheba." Rehoboani placed one of his goldeacalvr« here. Auguftus gave, this city to Herod the Gre.it, who l)C(jueatlicd it to his younger Ion Philip, wha called it Cxfarea Pliilippi, and made it his capital. 6. The tribe of Zel^ulun h.id tlie Mediterranean on tha weft ; the fca of Galilee, on the oaft ; lfliu:har from which it was parted by the lirook K ijlioii, on the fouth ; and Naphtali and Alher, on ihc north. The principal town of this diflriU is Nazareth, it is now a very inconfiderable village. A convent is here built over the place of the Annunciation : the monks (hew a houfe, in which they tell us Chrift tcfided near thirty ye.vs, atul which they affirm was the houfe of Jofeph. . Beihfaida (whofe nam; in Hebrew implies a fifliing place) was but a trifling village, till Philip the tetrarcli ren- dered it a magnificent, rich, and populous city : it onlT coiiMs of five orfix poor cottages at prefcnt. Joppa, called at prefent Jaffa, is fituated on the Medi- terranean coall : it was antiently the principil IVa-port town to Jcrulalcm, and alljudsa, and the place \vlicrc the cedars of Lebanon, brou|;ht in floats from 'lyre, for building tlie temple, were landed. ]t was plcifantiv fcatcd on a rock in a beautiful plain, and fituarcd in thiity de- grees twenty minutes north latitude, andthirty-fivedeijicet three minutes eaft longitude. Jonas here embarked for Nineveh. In loppa, St. Peter railed iJoreas to life, and received the meflengcrs of Cornelius. Thouf;h it was an- tiently a very magnificent town, and a gi eat commercial mart, yet the harbour waj never commodious on account of feveral rocks, which render the palFagc into it danger- ous. It lay for many ages in ruins ; but it hath of late been much improved, though it ftill falls beneath its origi- nal fplendor. The lower ground towards the fea is co- vered with good houfcs, cliieflv of ftonc. The principal commodities are Ramah and Jerufakm foap : rice, and other articles, are brought from I^gypt, and exported from hence to v.irious places, which yields the bafia of Gaza a confiderable annual income. The inhabitants are fup- plied with water from an excellent fpring on the well fide of the town. The Cluiftiausns vet have no cluirch, ex- cept one alnioft in ruins, and uncovered ; but they liavp fcveral liandibmc houfes appropriated to their ufe, and for the enttrtaiiiment of pilgrims. The town of Cana of Galilee, fo called to diflinguifh it from a place of the ftme name, which lay near Sidon, is not far from Na/.areth. Here Chrift performed his firft mi- racle, bychanf;iiig the waterinto wincatthe marriige feaft. A younj^ gentlemen of genius, who was placed in a certain fcmiiiary of Kv.ining for education, having a few years fiiicc the miracle of Cana given him as a theme, neglefted to prepare itfor tlie inliieflion nf th« maftcr til! within 3 few minutes of the time when it was proper ; fcajful of being .M?» .-1.1 wii'J--'_»i'.4^V.k»i:i.,. ■.(.iii-.-./'-j^:^'. tA S I A.] A S I A T I (i T 17 k R t/ H^ being punilhed for hix reniifTiief), lie fat down and Cotn- prizrdlhc wlinic in the followinK admirable line .- " The nitxlett water faw the Lord, and blulh'd :" The maftcr ^vi>^ fo chiirmedwitli the energy and beauty ct' thi^ fciitcnce, that he cafily pardoned the young pupil for not iciidcriiig the theme more copinus. Cana was the native oi at lealfdwclling-place of" tlic apoftle Nathaniel, cl' Cana in (iiilitet -, fee John xxi. ?. 7. 'I'he lot of tlic tribe of iltachar was bnundcd on the hoi ill by Zcbulun ; on the I'outh, by the other half of Ma lialleli; onthccaft, by Jordan; and on the well, by the Mcditirtaiiean. It coiitaini.d the mounts Carnicl and Ciil- Ih>:i, the valley of Jezrecl, and plain of Galilee, now cnllej Saba : tlioiii;h its fertility is aftoiiilhinj;, it contains only a few mifcrahic inhabitanti, who rcfidc in 'bttcred huts, and has fcarce any rdmlining ti'aecs of ilic towns or villages it might formerly cuittain. l)ut as the following places in their anticnt ftate, Were remarklble, on account of lonii curious ciicuiTlftanccs with which they were toii- nciUd, we Ih.ill here give fonie del'cription «.*" them. According to Jtflhua, chap. xix. the city of Sliuntin, or Shuneii, was fituatcd on the liordcra of the tribe of Ifla- cliar. In 1 Samuel xxviii. 4. it mentions, that the Phi- liftines pitched here, as the Ifraclitrs did in f ;ilU)a. i'liij i\ty wS'i IllvCwife famous as the plaee of rclidence of the hofpitablc Sliunammite, who was fo kind to the nruplict Elilha. Another rem.lrkabie place is Endor, mentioned 1 Sam. txviii. as the place of lefidcncc of a witch, or woman who had a familiar fpirit, to whom Saul applied, that Ihe might nife tlTe fpirit of Samuel : it was iituatcd on the weft of the rivcT JorJan. St. Jcrom and Eufcbius inform us, that in their days there was a coniidcrable town of that name at about four miles to tlic fouthward of mount Tabor. The other half tribe of Manafleh had Iflachar on the north, F.phraim on the fouth, the Mediterranean on the iVell, and Jordan on the caft. It was a beautiful country, finely divcrlified with mountains, vallics, lawns, fprings. &c. The moft confidcrabic place was Bethfan, or Betli- (han, fituatcd on the well of^Jord.in, and the fouth coaft of tile fea of Galilee : it was confiderable in the time of St. (crom and Eufcbius : the Turks call it Elbyzan ; the Jews called it Hethfan ; and the Cirecks, Scytliopolis, as It is likcwifc named in the Apocrypha. Salem, or Solynia, was another remarkable place : but lio traces aic at prefeiit left of this or any of the other laft mentioned towns ; nor can their fituation be afccr- tuincd. 8. The lot of the tribe of Ephraim, afterwards known by the name of Samaria, had the river Jordan on the caft; the Mediterranean on the weft; the tribe of Benjamin, on the fouth 1 and the half tribe of Man-iflTch, on the north : the rupture between the kingdoms of Ifiael and Judah originated here. The principal places in this lot \»crc thcfc which follow : Sichemor Scchem, finec Ncopolis ; it was once confiderable, being a city of refuge, and, after the de- ftruflion of Samaria, the capital of the revolted king- dom : on the place where it ftood, there is at prefent a town known by the name 6f Naplofa or Naploiife, between the mounts Ebal and Gerizim. It Is the feat of a Turkifli ftngiac, and capital of a territory lonfilling of one hundred Villages. It confifts of onlv two llrcets lying parallel un- der (ierizim, but well buih and full of people; though travellers reckoned it to be in a poor conditiort, compared with what its antient ruins fliew it to have been. Arimathea, or Kamah in Hebrew, whii'h lignifies a liigh place, was the place of the nativity of the prophet Sa- hiuel. Samaria, antiently called Someron, from the moun- tains on which it was built, but now Sebafte, was the ca- pital of the revolted kingdom, and raifed by its nionarchs to great fplendor ; it was dcllroyed by the Aflfvrians, but Herod rcDuilt it, and cmbcllilhed it with many magnificent edifices, of which there areftill fome remains, particularly a large fcjuarc piazza encompalled with marble pillars, fome (landing, others lying ; the fragments of (ome ftrong Walls, and the church built by the cmprels Helena over the place where John tin; Baptift was behcailr-.l, or, as fome fay, buried. The remains of this church au' divided into two parts, one of which belongs to the Ctiriftians, and the other to the Turks 1 the latter divllioii is paved with marble, and has a chapel under-ground, to which there arc twenty-three Heps to dcfcend ; there are three tombs in it. where it is amrmed thr Raptifl, Klitha, and Obadiah are buried. The Turks likcwifc fav, that in No. 14. this chapel St. John wai imprifoned and beheaded t tvt a trifle of money tliey let Chrillians down to fee the tomb*, or rather to peep at them through fome tipeiiingi in the wall. Nut far from thefu ruins, Jacob's well 11 (hewn, where Chrift held the conference with the Sainarittrt wo- man ; it is covered by a llohe vault ) and they who we dcfirous of feeing it ire obliged to be let down tlirougli a narrow liole, where they may dilcover Ihe hiouth of it : it is hewn out of the foliJ rock, is three yards in diameter, .iiid thirty -five in depth, iive of which ire filled with water, Thcic li at pret'tit nt , remaining of Shiloh, or Sio. celebiaicd for the tabernati . in which the aik was kept, tiJl jiift before the death of Eli ; (ee 1 Sain, iv, 3. ice. To the foutl(Ward of the u hole country lay Jildea, pro- perly lb culled, which contuiiicd the tribes of llenjamia, Judah, Dan, andfiimeon. Q. 'I he lot of the tribe of Benjamin had Samaria oit the north, Jordan on the caft, and I )an on the weft. The principal places in this lot arc the following : Jcrufaltm, antiently the regal fe.jl of the Jewilh mo- narchs, and the centre of the jjcwifti religion. In its moft flourilhing (l.ite, the city was "divided iiiKi lour dittinft parts, eacli b;ii»g cnclol'ed by its own walls, viz. The old ciiy of Jjbus, Which ftobd on mount Zion, or Sion, where the prophets dwelt, and where king David built a lupcib p.iUcc, which became the lefidcncL* both of himfcif and liii fuccelFors, on which account it was called the city of David, a. The Lower City, or the Daughter of /.ion, fo called on account of its havinc been built fubfequent to the other. In this divifioh ftood the two magnificent pa- laces which Solomon built for himfelf and hisuueeh ; the fine palace of the Maccabaian princes ; the noble amphi- theatre ercfted by Herod, which was faid to be capable of containing eighty tlioufand fpeflators ; the citadel built by Aiitiothus, which was dellroyed by Simon the Maccabee ; and the fecoHdcitaJel cillcd Antonia, which wasercfled by Herod upon a craggy rock. 3. The New Cit^, principally itiliabited by merchants, artificers, mechanics, &c. and, 4. Mount Moriah, on which the teniple of Solomon wai bullt,ofwhich an ample delcriptionisgiven, 1 Kingsvi.vii. Jerufalem is ftill reckoned t! capital of Paleftine, fltuate on a mountain, about thirty miles eal\ of the Le- vant, tn thirty-fix degrees of eaflern longitude, and thirty- two degrees of north latitude, about niiicty miles fouth of Damafcus, and two hundred aiid thirty miles north-eaft of Grand Cairo in Egvpt, from which it is divided only by the territory of Arabia Petrdca. Thti fitiiatiou of tho city is altered from what it wa) at the crucifixion of our Saviour ; for mount Calvary then ftobd witliout the wallsj but has now drawn the city rouild about it, and the church of the fepulchre built upon it liow ftinds alirioft in the middle of the town, ahd inount Sioii, which flood near the center, is now left without the walls. The prefent town Is ilotmore tti.an three miles in circumference, but is prefumed to have liccn much larger in its flourllhing ftate j It is but thinly inh.abited at i)rereiit,and the buildings meant . the refort of Chriftian pilgrims to it is the moft confider- able advantage it has new, and the ai:coinmodating then) with lodgings and provifions the chief bufincls of ihc in- habitants. A balTaand a good garrifon Is kept here by the Tuiks, to keep good order, colleft the Grand Sigiior's re- venues, and prote£l the pilgrims againft tlie Arabs, whd polTeJs the adjacent country. The graiideft building in tlie place is the ciuuch of the Icpuklire, in which every Chrift tian nation almoft has a chapel. The middle of the church is covered with an open dome or cupola, froni whence the church receives light ; and under tliis open cupola ftands the glorified fepulchre. There are alio in this church twelve or thirteen places, confecratcd on account of fome particular a£lions done in them, relating to the death and refurreftion of Chrirt, as the place where he was nailed to the crofs, the place where the loldier ftood who pierced his fide, where the angels appeared to the Women after the rc- furreflion, &c. and on Gqod-l'riday, annually, our Savi- our's palfion is folemnized in this church, and all parts of it aftcd , inch as nailing him to the crols, crowning him \Viih tliorns, taking the body down from the crofs ; .and here is to be fccn the cleft of tlie rock which WaS made by the earthquake, when our Savioiir cNpircU. The wall and fortifications arc very ariliqiie, haviii;^ old fquare towers upon them inftead of ballions ; but theli: aic lufiicient lor its defence, there being no other enemy near It, but the wandering Arabs, wlio have no artillery, 'flic ditch is inconlidcrable ; and the gates are fix in num- ber, vi,^. Damalcu-, St. Stephen';, Herod's, Stcrquili^ua, Hcthlclieui, and M o'liit i^'iiri (;=?■■■ befidcs tile Cioldtri o ijate, '.*•■' I -:4, .*><■■ ^ ■ -* 146 Th« new and universal SYSTEM or OEOGRAPltY. g4tr, which i> (hul up, nn jiccount of ■ phophccy which Ihe I'urks have atnon); lliciii, that the ChriHiaiit are to talie Jcrufalim liy that gair Id the I'nuth iiarl (if the city, on mount Muri.ih, flanJ the edificci called Solninon's lt'm|>le, which i< tittia'cd upon tlic anticnt temple ahovr-in< nlioiird , but ii a iiti- cerlain by whom this was ('i'.t)t.d. The iniJJIe |>art, where the Jewilh lanAum l'aii^h>iiiin w-i, liippolcd tohavc flood, i> converted into a 'liiikilh mor|i:<.'. The Turkilh fangiac, wlio ^ (hl< city, rcHdes (as tlicv tell ti<) in the vers lionlc where Pontiui I'ilatc is luppofed to have IimJ. Moll »!' the ciiurchcs have Ixcn cunverlcd into mofijuen. The pridU and other Chrif- tiani arc kept milrrnhly poor by the tyranny of the go- vernment, and have I'cnrcc any fuht'iftence hnt what tlicy procure bvaccommodnlingftiangcrs with food and lodging, ind fellihg thrm iclio. 1'lic mol) rrnvirkalilu ;intii|uitirs in the neighbourhood of TerkifaUm arc : 'ihc pools of ilcthefda andCiihon; the former is one hundrcif ;inil twt-nty pAcc! long, forty broad, and eight deep I it is ar Jilt lent dry, and the arches dammed up t hut Ciihon, wliich is about a quarter of a mile from Ileth- leliemgatc, is a magnificent relic, one hundred and fix paces long, ftowcd upon them by the Redeemer, Hcthleliem it liiftant alwut fix or fevin miles from Je> rufalrm to the fouth-weft in the way to Hebron : it lies in thirty-one decrees thirty-five minutci north latitude, and in fixty-five degrees fifty minutes longitude. It was an' ticntly called the city of David, having been the birth place of the loyal pfahnili ; it is featcd on a pleafant hill, in a fine fertile plain, and enjoys a moft excellent air. It wal once a fiire and flourilhing city, but is now a po«r vilUae« only rcforted to at this day on account of its being the place of our Lord's nativity, over which Helena, the mo< ther of Conftantine, erefted a magnificent icinplr, tlid roof whereof is cular, I'upported by four rows of white marble pillars, ten in each row 1 the walls of the church is built in the form of a crofs, of which the chancel con- llitutis the upper part, and is covered with a noble cupola. Under the church in a cave hewn out of the rock is the chapel of the nativity, where they fbcw the manger our Saviour was laid in, cut alio out of the rock, and now crufled with marble. An altar with the teptefentatiun of the iLitivity iserc£)ed here, and lamps kept burning be- fore it. Hr le is alio the chapel of St. Jofeph, the fup- pofed father of our Lord and of the Holy Innocents : and adjoining to the church is a monallcry ot Francifcans : they fliew a valley near this town where they fay JacoU kept his Hocks ; being the lame, as they relate, wheic the angels appeared to the Ihephcrds, declaimg the biitli of Chnft. Here the fame pious empicfs aUu built a cliurcli, but it is now in ruins. In the neighbourhood of Bethlehem, arr thofe faniout fountains, pools and gardens, laid to have b \-'i the con- trivance and delight of Solomon, and to tlicl - works this king is fuppofed to allude, Fcclcf. ii. c, 6. .vitc, among other inftances of his magnificence, lie •;ck.ns his gar- dens, vineyards and pools. Thcfc pools are fo difpofed, that the waters of the uppermoft defccnd into the fecond, and thofe of the fecond into the third ; their figure it qua- drangular, and their breadth the fame in aU, but itirir length is different, the firfl being about an hundred u\d fixty paces long, the fecond two hundred, and the thiid two hundred and twenty. 7'hey are all hiied with a wall, and contain a great depth of water : and about an hundred and twenty paces from them is a fountain, from whence- they nrincipally derive tii:ir waters, which are carried thi- ther by a large fubteri, 1 ous paflage : but there is an aqueduft laid *iom it, w;,icb receives part of the flream, wliich carries i^ by many turnings and windings almut thu mouiitain.s to Jerufalem. And our author does not tliink it improbable that the pools abovcinentioncd are the fame with Solomon's, there bein^ not tlic like ft ire of excel- lent fpring water in all Paleftine. Rut 1 IhouM tire the reader's patience to enumerate every little place which fcrintureftory has rendered remarkable in tlie Holy Land ; I fnall mention therefore but very few more, 'lefbrc I take iny leave of it, and one is a convent of Greeks, between Bethlehem and Jerufalem, called the convent of the holy crofs, having obtained that name, lx:caufe, according to tr.idition, here is the ground which nourifhcd the root that bore the tree which yielded the timber that made the crolk of our Saviour, and under tlic high altar is flicwn the hole where the flump of the tree flood, which the pilgrims frcijucntly fall down before and worlhip ; and tliis per- haps is as remarkable an inflancc of tlie credulity and fu- perllltion of the poor bigottcd people, as is to be met with in the Chrifliaii or heathen world i and caiuiot but excite the laughter of infidels. Another pious fraud of the Greek fathers is their prc- teiuling, that upon every F.aftcr eve a niiraculou", flame deleeiids into the holy fepulchre at Jerulaleni, and kindles all the lamps and candlfis there. But we Ihall quit this place, and pafs on to Hebron, the antient feat of David lierore be took Jerufalem, but which hath long fiiicc been 1 uined ; near it flands the village called Elkapil, on a plea- lant hill that overlooks a moll delightful valley. Ruinous as its prefeiit condition is, it Dill contains a haiullome cluirch, built by the cniprcfs Helena over the lepiilelnal cave, wheicAbrahaiii and Sarah, Ifaac, Jacob, and Leah lie buried. The Turks, Chriftians, and Jews, all regaid it with equal veiiciatioii. This town is the capital of a dilliicl, coiififting of about twenty-four little villages, which the Turks cdl the territory ot tlie friends of God. Tlieie was formerly a very llroiig fortrefs called Ueth- 'vnr. rir llcrlr/nrn. u')lirli is InnnnfeH rn !i iv.. lhio/1 ll,u^,1 raggy tA S I A.] ASIATIC 1 IT H ■ crtftKY hill tvkriiijr iiiiki to the (bnthwitrd nf Jrruflilem, wliirr tlirrc 14 how t villitp' nimril ^l, Fhllin, from n triulitinii tlut it wan tioni a I'niintiiilt in.ni tini plice tvhcrt bl. I'liilip htptilcd the ciinurli of qiirrii C'aiidiice. 'I'hu vilhje nf i'.iif;4dtli, oil tlitf tea of « rtkk iieitr tlic DcjJ lea, Kli'int t'aur iiiiUii talt of I'l'knith, l< (»n\n\ ti)r the great i|ii«iitiiy »t' piilma, and other ndnrilrrnui licei, »liitli srr)w oil tlie iiioiinnint nhovc ir> Aitintlg thciavcrns of tliulc iiioiiiitaitii, two are very rrlnarkahie ; " tin: one lor l)i'iii)( tl>c retnat of Lot and hi* daughter! allvt the coMll:ii;rxtion nf Soilom, tic. and lh< other for Ikiiii', tlifcavern, in whirh Uavid lb |^iieron(1y fparcdtho life of ^aiil, cDiiiiiitiiig himlcif with only cutting olT the ikiil ol his )(ariiienr. 1 1 . 'i he lot of D.in was hounded, on the fouth hv Si- Incon; on the north, hy Kphraini) on the cal>, by judah ftnd lleiljaMiiii; and, on the weft, by the Philiftlnet coun- try and the Mediterranean t the Icni'th Ixinf; forty mile^ truni north to I'outli, mid the griateU breadth not exceed- ing twenty-live niileii. It alKUinded in all the nrccflaijii *nd luxuries of life j and the fpics brought to the ll'rael- llllh camp from tliii country noble f|K-cilticn« of iu admir- able tcMtilitVi ii.'I'he lot of the trilK of Simeon lay in the moft foulhern corner of Judea ; dttd «,ih bounded by Dan, on the north t by (iilion, on the fouth; by Jiulah, on the caft ; and a ncckof land, towards the Mediterrstnean, on the Vert. Thin partwa* not fo fertile ii the reft of the land of Canaan, nor were the towns cither many or confi- derable, none delerving any mention, nren in aniient times, except Anthodon and Khinocolarai which are now poor ruined townt Itatiding on thefeBCoa((,and Bcerftuba, of which, in (ien. xxi. we linrn, that Ahnihamt having entered into a I'olemn lraj;ue of Iriiiullhip with Ahinie' lech, king of the Itiiliftinrs, vvho had before taken feveil veils from him.preli'ntcd the kinj; with feven young Iheep, and intreatt'd him to accept of them as a token that he had du^ Inch :i well, and mould theiicefotih he permittcil peaceably to enjoy it: upon whirli occafion the place wai called Hicr-Shcba, or the Well of the Oath, becaufe of the covenant made relative thereto. Hence the name nf Bccrlhcba \va< in procels of time given to the city creAed near it. The following are the mnft remarkable places com- pril'rd in a fmall paii of the prefcnt Palefline, fituatcd on thecoaft of the Mediterranean, and extending to thel'ca- port of lamnia, whicli wm long fubjcA to the five lords of the Philiftines. I. Alkalon, which is dwindled into a very trifling vil- la^ : it llaiids on tlie Icn-coaft, and wa^i the native place ot Herod the (Jieat, who wa< thence called Afcalonites. 'J'his w;n an epilcopal fee from the carlieft ages of Chiif- tianity ; and, during the holy wars, had many flatcly rdiHccf remaining, wliich have iincc liccn all ruined by the 'J'urks and Sar.iccns. ■-'. (ia/.a lies in ihirtv-one dei^rees twcntytvvo minutes noitli latitude, and tliirtv-fivc dtgreen caft longitude, and is lituated lict«een two ami three miles from the Medlfer- i.iiuan fea. It letains manv nionuments of its priftine grandeur, and on all fides i'oine noble remains of un- tn|uity arc to I'c fecn, vi/.. fevcral rows of ftately mar- ble toluinns with ;ill lliiir ornaments intirc, nia;.',nificeiit Itpulchics, muij\iiiieiits,(\c. Among thefe is one in par- ticular furronnded by a high wall, which belongs to a 'I'urkilh family. .Near the city ftands a romitl calUe, tlankeil with four li|«are towers, defended by two flrong iron gatis, and other works •, op|K>litc tf) which is the le- raglii), where the ballii's wives and attendants are kept, and a little al>ovc are the reini>n\t» of an old Roman calile, the m.iterials of whidi ave to livni, that the hammer can ni.ikc no impicirum on them. The Cirecks and Armeni.ms have each a church here; and near to that of the latter, 1 10 l|)Ot is llievvn where tlic temple Hood which Sampfnn pulled down over his be.id, :ind dsftrovcd at once himlcif with a ijrtat number of Hliilillines. The caflle is the rc- liili nee , ftood about ten miles from Alkalon, ne.ii the month of the river Bczor : it was the aiitKntfea-port to the form'.-r, or Old Gaza, and on that :ii count only w n of note ; alvjut it are flill fonie antii|uc remains, but ii is uncertain whether thev Uloiv.' to New SrOJdCaza. 4. Two '<■ from (iar a |)rtor mc, ,1" foil of two lull the hurldl place its neigliourhnoi ■4, I...iil|- old ' nilei fouth I I It prefcnt . aiul agarti- y ctUbrated as . (iath was antlently the princinat of the five eitici of the Philiftines, being tlie regal feat, dwindled away lo eaily, that no veftiges of it arc 1..,^, iv itialning, and it is even uncertain where it exa<^lij It Was timetlas the rcfidence of the remnant of the gja, r.rre, and was the place nf (Joliath's nativity, 7. Kkrnn was ^c northcrnmoft of all the five cities v^hich gave name to the live lordlhips of the Philiftines 1 it was oftce a pl.ice of great wealth and power, and frc- <|ueiitly mentioned in the facred writing*, but ii now little noticed by any profane authors, being almoft dwindlcii to nothing, U. Alhdod, or Azotus, bore an extraordinary t»m« among the alitlehts : it was (ituated about twelve mile; to the north of Aflcalon, The lituation was inland, and the circulnjaccitt country exceedingly fertile and pleafant. It was titmous for the temple of Uacon, where was th* f;randeft and moft famotis god the I'hiliftinrs had. To lim they Ittributed the inventioit of agriculture. Som* Infift that tlie idol Dagon reprefentcd a man 1 while other! affirm, that it rtlirtiibled a fea-monftcr. There are at prefcnt no traces of this city left, though in the times of primitive Chrlflianit^ It Vvas an epilcopal lee, liid Was evctl a fair village in the time of St. Icrom, Thus havilig given a ge0graphic.1l defcrlptioh of the an* tient al well as prefent ftatc of the Holy Landi which was the Iceiie of 1 great variety of the moft remarkable and iittereftilig tranfaoions, in sv'hich the antlent Jewilh pa> >ri.irchs, prophets, and kings, bore a colifiderable part ( and alio the Ipot in which our glorious Redeemer tvroughl many miracles, and accomplilhed the work of redemp- tion ; as folTtold in the Old Teftament, and fulfilled in tfid ftcred and infplred pagart of it iiiimaiiiired , and fevcral pioviiic.-s of that empire, which foimeily Were exceedingly populous, and aboiiiuLd in all things, are now become iK-rlect dcl'art'; for want of cul- ture . and fcarce any thing but ruins arc to Ik- leeii in tholb countries which were heretofute famous for line cities and cleg.int buildings. I'liele people, as thev feldom or never travel, lo they have no curiolity to be iiitormed of th^ ftate and condition of other countries, or indeed of their own : they never I n jiiire alter iivws. and if .1 niiinlUr of ftale happen M be ^r- i.'^^y-ii'ln m ,i%^t itifaWf- t4S tilt NEW AND UNfVRRflAL eVSTfiM o> OEOORAPHY. he Jifplar^d, or Anngitd, llirydo nol riNwrrii tlicmfrlvn nhnut tlic iKiroii of It) )ini Ikmi tluiii Av«rr) il i> cciiuiii thcjr 4ie f»r from hrinjj ulliiiiM' , lor we trc(|tictiily Itr tivc oi liji ol thrui III liuoaknin lugcllicr, and ■ wurd ihall Uarcc tlio|i finiii aii> ol' ihcM) III a <|uaitcr iil nil hour. Soniv «vi|ici uii' <>r rule oi chcrrv- trcc wnud, loiiie ot them carved or oriuaictitrd with hi- ver ; the liowli an- neatly iiwide of clay : the licli ui'e th< rctlian caalcaii, which ii, malting tlir linoke [mU in tilver tubri ihtoiifih a vrllH of water iHtote il rrarhct tht mouth, Ivhich tciulert il Icfi dilaKrccahje to the fmcU ami lallc. irifiulfhip, «it, and agrceahle cunveilation they arc (let- feA lirangrrs to, at a iniHleTii tiavrUei oblcrvei , but in inattcrioi tiaJe they arc (h up enough, Itid will carry long iiccounti in their heao«ki, hy a natural ari'hnulic, improved hv eullom and neceiniy. Walkiiigii no lels their avcrfion than lalninj;: ihctakiitz It walk, n we call it, for walking; fake, is lo tliiiii the nu>t( ridiculous exeicilc in Ihc world, and they look uiion our people lo he ihlhailcd or mad, when they lee ihcin taking a turn h.ickwatds and I'oiw.irJi , ihcy cboofe rather to loll all day long or fit tioi', IcRgcd on their fofa's : and though tiny have company about them, there is no more converfation amongft them than among fo iiiaiiy horle* : they alfociatc thcnilcWej together at certain limcii, ai ani- mali of a lower fiKcici do, but their falinfaflion feenu to wifconlyfioni their fitting near each other. ThcCe who have country lioulcs or gaideiis dittant fiom the towni, will fcarce fuhuiil to the toil of viflling them , l)ccauli: where coaches, and other fuch like vehicles ate little inufe, they aif under the nccrirny of breaking throuj'.h that futil tiul fettled habit of indoUiicc which Iceiiu uiiivetlally lo uoirds them. The honcrtv and probity of the Turks it hi^ily cried up by fomc tiavelKiv , but our merchants olilcrve, that thofc who deal with them ought to be upon their guard , and indeed, ai all |KOi.Ie agree that covctoufncis and extor- tion are the falhionable Mces of 'lurlty, and univerlally praftifcd by tli'-ir govcinms .ind minilUrs of ft.ite, wlio txpofe offices and every thing to fale, it is not likely lliat their infeiiots arc piifeflly innocent: they will not per- haps be guiltv of an oiicn fraud, or a downright lie, which might atleft their credit in tiadc, and ruin tlii-ir reuula tion; but wliere they can circumvent auotJter fecurcly, it h not to be fuppotedthey will refill the temptation, where covetoufnefs is lb predominant. Some I find make a dif- tinflion between native I'uiWs and thofc who have changed their religion upon licular views : thefe latter are by all ople held tobe the iiioft abandoned villains, whatever ews of fanflitv tliey may put on , and for the reft, j do not at aif doubt but the probity of our own metcliaiits is .it r leaft equal lo that of the Mahometan traders. The ttmiKianccof the Turks has Ix-cn obfcrved alfoto fjiceed that of the Chriftians ; but there are few of them whith abftaiii from wine in private, notwilhflanding their lawprolvibits it; and the govern:nent punilhes levcrely thofc that are found dilordcicd by it in the ftreets : nav, thofc very magiftrateswho punilli others for diunkenncls, will, like thole of fomc Chiiftian nations, drink in the rtight to a vciy great excels , and fo as they behave iheui- ftlves quietly and inoffcnfivtly in their lip|u houfe in thd plague, which il very eomniun iinoniA them, nor do they lend a llave awav who il iiifisflrd witn it, but attend thd lick as if the diAtmpcr wai not contagioni. Thii petlua- lion alio inliiirei tliem with couiiee in the lield. As the 1 urks make choice ol wives tor thiir licauty or merit, it it no wonder that both men and women are haiidrninc , they feaich every coaiury whcir lirautiei are to Ik' iiki with a* diligently as our gentlemen purine the ladies for their fortunvi : peopli- lu'ie f'.em more lairful III the breed of their diigi aii.l li.n.i thtin thru iMldicii) and ihi'ir ilfiic ficqiicnily Ihew il. InTurkv the turn lliave their headi, leaving 6ne lock upon the crown j and ule .1 ptoverbial expreiriun in iullili' cation of the piadice, that " the devil nellies in long hair ;" they wear their beards long, except the ollicers in the palace and military men, and tliete leave only whifki:r4 on the upper lip. AU of them wear turbans ulually white, but ihcfamily of Mahomet gicen. A tuibant cuntaiiii il wiiole piece of linen or lilk, wound about ilicir hoadi to the higncis of half a bulhel itlmolt, and adorned loiiie^ timet with lace ui liiiige , tlie greater tin miality of ths man, the biggei hiii tuibant it ulually. ( 1 iicir Cliiilliin fubjev'tt, the Circvki and Arniciiiaus, arc not fulfcrcd tu wear white luibaiits.) Next their Ikins the Tuiks wear a kind of Ihirt, without colUr or wriftbands, and over it % long reft lied with a Lib, the (\nyc» clol'e and rcacliiii); duwn to their wrifts; over I lie veil they ulually wear a (oofc coat of the banjan make, of almell nny colour -, their breeches or drawers .^lv ilolr before and behind, at»< letdown when they water, wliiih iH« men do fitting .is well as the women. '1 he fluckings are of a pitre with their brccchei ) inftcad of Ihoes ihcy wear yellow flippert, which is another mark of dtlliiUlion ; they will not iulTer a Chtlftian to we.ir fuch : (he flippers are alvra^ii put olT n entering a houfe or temple, but the tuibant or cap never. They put their kiiiti:, handkerchief and pnifc in thert bofoms, and have a daggar or poniard in their (Mh. Tlie lirA part of the ladies diefs ii a pair of drawers very full, which reach to the llioc!:, and conceal the legl more inodeftly tliaii petticoats , thefe arc made of thin rofe-colourcd damalk, brocaded with filver flowers. 'I'lic Uiocs are of white kid leather embroidered with gcUl : over this hangs a fmock of a line white lilk gaH7.e, edged with embrodiery ; this fnioek Ivis wide llecves haiigirig half way down the aim, and is doled at tht neck with a dia- mond button , but the ihapc luid colour of the liofom are very well to be diftinguiUicd through it. T he antery, ij a w.iilUoat made dole to the Ihape, of while .and gold da- malk, with very long lleevcs falling back, and fiingcdwith deep gold fringe, and thould have diamond or pearl but- tons. The caftan, of the fame lluff with the drawers, ij a robe exaitly fitted to the lliape, and reaching to the feet with very long, llrait, falling llecves : over this is a grrdlii about four fingers broad, wliich all who can alTord it have- entirely of diamonds or other precious Hones ; thole who nie not at that expence, have it of exqnifite embroidery on lutlin, but It mull be faAcried bcloic with a clafp of diaiiiuiids. The curdee, with a loolc robe, is put on or throve n olT according to the weather, being a licli bro- cade lined cither with ermine or fables, and has flceve'* which icidi very Httlc below the tlioulders. 'I be head- diels i. compoled of a cap called talpoc, which in winter is of fine velvet einbroidci -d with pearls or di:,Hionds, and in fuimiier of a light Ihining fiktr rtu/F i this ii fixid oit one fide ot tlic head, from wliidi it hings a little wav down with a gold taHel, and is hwuiid on cillar with a cir- cle of diamonds, or a rich embroidered liandkerchitf : on the cMlier fide of the head the hair is laid flat ; and here the. ladifs are at liberty to Ihew their fancies, fomc putting, tlowers, others a plume of heron's feathers, in lliort whar they pleafe , hut the moft general fadiion is a laigc bou- q.iet of jewels made like natural floweis, the buds of pearls, the io:l cf difl'ciciu coloured luMcj, the ielTinuim ot ij;;.tminds. .ta'iAJ-Jv.»,C-l^'„ ■i..i^- S^i!.-^.Ll',.iili^'ji44KtalX»iijLli-^iat^. itutj^. i.i.:i^ \\ % I A.) A*«tATIC TURKY. Uf .tiainontlt, the jnnqiuU of loptiici *ii' !i (care* wartti a knifa to cut it ; both ihcir roalle.l nt < '(uled meat aic (o much dour, lh*t they can pull it tu in t with their finferi. Theii ertnd iiilh here, and in ail itir Eaft, ii pilau, which cnliliitt of mutton and luwU bmlad to ragi , and the rice being boiled pertcAly dry. the foup nMdt of ttM flteal, which ii very Lgh learonod, i« poured upon It. ritoft that dn not chule net havr t. Ai 1 1mkcd upon the hearth, which they eat InlleaJ ul brcij. Their ufual lw)u«n ai* water, flierbct. or cutice. A « fl ftore* in their own territoriet fufhcient to build the largell tleett ; but for want of application all tliefc advaiilagct are loft. They feMom or ever under- take diftant voyages either to the call or well : the pro- duA of Turky is exported in foreign bottoms, anil by the fame veffelt all the produA of foreign countries is car- ried thither. They concern tliemfelves very linlcin la- vigation ; their own fliips do little more than tranfpoit tlie produce of one province to another, imd their Ihips of war, their royal navy, is not able to contend with tlie meaneft of the maritime powers of Europe. The raw IHk imported fi-om tlie Grand Signor's doiai- nioiit is for the inofl pait of the growth of Perfia ; the fitk which Turky produce* being manufaflured and fpent there. There are no wrought filkt imported into bng- land from Turky, or any orfter country, Ucaufe they are at prelent prohibited by aA of parliament to be worn here ; but the Turky burdets, whidi have a mixture of filk, are however pretty much worn aii.ongft us, and wrought filks may be brought to England, provided they ate exported agaiii. It leems to be much more for the intereft of the Chrif- tian princes, that thefe fine countries Ihould be in the luinds of the indolent Turks than of any Chriftian power, not only as it would make that power which Ihould pof- fisfs them dangerous to the reft ; but they roi^ht monopo- licc moil of tlie trade of the world ; for it it not much more than a month'* voyage from Raflbra, or the Rod fea, to India, from whence might be imported all the riches of the eaft, and from the ports on the Mediterranean they might be diftributed to all the kingdoms of the wcflern world in their own bottoms, and confequentiy ilicy might fet what price they picafed upon tliem : the truing nations Pp of •ft-' m ISO The NEW and UPHVERSAL SYSTEM o? GBOGRAPHY. "^ ,pf Kurope were fo fciifible of this, that when tliey faw it in the power of the imperialiils to drive the Turks out uf Europe, as was once the cafe, when prince Eugene, tlie imperial general, drove them before him almod to Adrianople, then the Cnglilh and Dutch interpofed, and by their mediation put a nop to the imperial arras. The prices of the mod conOdenible articlei we import from '1 virky were, not long (ince, as follows : SherbufF (ilk and Ardeptiilk imported from Smyrna, is fold by the batman of two thoufana four hundred drachms, which ought to hold out eleven great pounds of twenty- tour ounces, (as this and all raw filk is fold) for (ixtccn pounds and a half of iixteen ounces to the pound j is Worth about fixty-iive dollars per batman, the firll fort, without the charges of cuflom, &c. Dollars. Cotton wopl -— - '4"!p„q„i«.|of,oo Cotton yarnasmgoodnefs 201037! I ^J^^^,^ ^^j^j, fought to weigh izjpoundsEng- lifh. Galls Valinia Sox-wood Bees wax ao to 3 .4+. J Goats wool, tlie o<]uc of eight liundrcd drachms, or five pounds fix ounces Lnglifb, Dollars 3 {. Dollars. Scammony " 7 i WormifeeU ■■ 1 I ttf a Koman vitriol '^lohair-yarn from Scio Turpentine Gam tragatit 105 ^f I Per oque of I 400 drachms, y or 2 pounds 11 I ounces Eng- I lilh. SECT. VIII. CnliiinMg an atttuift tflhtftrett andrivinmi tf tht Grtmi Signtr. THE Torkilh forces are of two forts. The firfl may be compared to our guards and fiandine forces that are paid out of the treafury, namely, the' Ijuhis and jani- faries ■, the one horfe and the other foot. The fecond fort of foldiers are thofc which are raifcd and paid by th« gen- tlemen of the country, who hold their eftates of the prince, on condition of bringing a certain number of men and horfes into the field whenever they are required ; tiiefe arc called zaims or timariots. We Ihall fpeak iirft of the {landing forces, the fpahis and janifaries. The fpahis or horfe, were originally gentlemen, who had their education in tlie academies of the fcraglio, and are about twelve thousand in nunaber, divided into two bo- dies, viz. the filachtari, whofe colours are yellow ; and the fpahaoglari, whole colours arc red : thefe lail were the efquircs or fervants to tlie former, but are now equal, hav- ing in fomc battle Hood their ground, when their mailers ran away, wliercupon the emperor ordered that tliere ihouM be no dillin^ion made between them forthe future. Bows, arrows, and darts, were formerly their weapons ; but now they have carbines and piilols like our troopers. The fpaliis of Afia are faid to be generally bed mounted ; but thofe of Europe beft difciplined. Their pay is very differeiit, from twelve to one hundred afpers a day ; but none have more than one hundred, which is about four fliilliiigs and two-pence of our money ; and though it may be imagined that tliofe of the lower clafs could not fubfiil, and keep theuilclvcs and their horfe, on fix-pence a day, yet provifions are fo exceedingly cheap in Turky, that it is very poflible to nuintain themielves with that allowance, cfpccialty as their fons are allowed to be enrolled in tliat body, and receive twelve afpers a day each ; and when the Grand Signor takes the fidd in perion, he advances to the fpahis five thoufand afpers a man, to furnifh them with .-iinis and accoutienieuts: Thefe gentlemen manage their arms and liorles very dexterouAy, but cliarge in no manner uf order, though with a great deal of fury i which if their enemies can fuftain a little whWe, tliey retire in more hatlc tliaii tliey ailvaiiced, and can never be brought to return to the cliaigc a.'.ain. Great numbers of volunteers ufually inin the t|aiiis when tlic Turks enter into a vrar, in hopes of being preferrej in that body. The janilanes, who are all foot, are educated alfo in the fcminaries of tht ir feraglios, where they are trained up to ainij ; ami in order to rncreafe and recruit this body, every fifth Chrillian captive, under fifteen years of age, is rcieived for tiie (jraiiu cignur's fcrvicc i and the moil couulv lads aiiiongfl'thcmliavjt a fultahle education given them, being tiill iul)ru£led in tlie Turkilh languaj^e and religion. The body of janifaries did not at firft exceed feven thou^d, but were afterwards increafed (o twenty-< five thoufand, and there may bf one hundred thoniimA more that purchaik tlie name and privileges of janifaries j but thefe ieldom fervc in the army, or receive pay : th^ reA of the ilaves that are not incorporated in this body« arc brought up to fuch bufinefs and employments as are found fitted ior tlie iervicc of the fcventl ro^al palaces ; the moil tngeuious are prepared for offices in the ilatei others are made gardeners, fmiths, carpenters, &c. an4 fome are quartered on the lands and cilates in Anatoliai from whence this body is frequently recruited. As foon as a young jaiiifary is enrolled, he receives from one afper a day to feven, befides his diet ; but tliis pay it never increafed to more than twelve al'pcrs till he is an officer. Thofe that arc unmarried live in a particular quarter of the town, and eat in common as in a conveiit^ and luve tlMir cloathing alfo provided for thein by the go- vernment ; but living idly, and having nothing to do in time of peace, they frequently growmtitinous, and pretend to dire£l the adminiilration : and if they apprehend any of the miniilry are not their friends, tney demand their heads, nor will this always fatisfy tbem; they proceed f» (u fometimes as to depo'ie the Grand Signor, vaA advanc* one of his relations to the throne. Their difalTeflion is ufually difcovered when they come to the divan, whither tliey are fammoned twice a week by their aga, or general, and have an entertainment pro-* vided for them from the Grand Signor's kitchen. If they apprehend tliat tliey are like to be opprefled, or dilcounto- luncedby any great man, they overturn their'plates,and flight the meat provided for them i which when the court are apprifed of, they endeavour to latisfy them by gutuities aiid fair promiies, to prevent the difaifeAion becoming generaL I'liere are about one hundred and fixty houfes or apartments of the janifaries in Conilantioople, which are called chambers, and every chamber has its tchorbagi, or captain ; the edabaihce, or maiVer of the chamber, who is lieuteiunt of the company^ tl wekilbarg, or pay-mal- ter i the baizacktie, or enfigR, .vho carries the colours \ the cook, who puniihes them when they have committed any fault ; and tne undercook, whofe bufinefs it is to fum> inon all married janifaries, who live at Conftaiuinoplc, to attend when there is occafion fortlicm: but tlieir marrying beinjg a bar to their preferment, moft of them live fingle, and nave two meals a day provided for them. Thefe troops are moft relied on in the day of battle ; and indeed the reft ate little betterthan our militia ; nor can the difcipline either of the fpahis or jani&ries be much applauded, for though they charge an enemy with great fury, they obferve very little order, and it is very well for their enemies that they are too proud to learn. BaiGi Bonevai was very well-qiM' lified to have inftruAed them, but they womd not bear the mention of it ; and he ran the liazaid of being liicri- ficed to their rcfentment by propofing it. No Chriftian power would be able to oppofc the Turks, if their numer- ous armies were difciplined like thofe of the Europeans. Beiides the fpahis and janifaries, which are the tlower of their armies, there is that other militia, already meiiti* oned, which is much more numerous; and are raifed and maintained by fuch gentlemen as hold their lands of tlie government by military tenures ; and fudi gen- tlemen are denominated either zaims or timariots, ac- cording to the number of men they are obliged to bring into the field. 'I he revenues of tlic lands of a zaim aro from twenty thoufand afpers to ninety -nine thoufand nine hundred and ninety-nine ; if they are valued at an afpcr more, it i. the revenue of a fangiac, liey, or ballii, which is from one hundred thoufand afpers to nine hundred and ninety nine thoufand nine hundred and ninety-nine : If it amounts to more, it is the revenue of a beglrrbe|^, of viceroy, who has feveral governments or fangiaclhips un- der his command. A zaim is obliged to raifc from four to nineteen ibldiers ; and a timariot is not obliged va> maintain more than four. Some timarinss bold thcix lairds* direflly uf tlie Grand .Signor ; and otliers of the beglerbeg or viceroy of the province. in time of wai' the zaims bring grand tents or pavilions into tlic field, to which are annexed kitchens, llablcs, and all manner of conveniences ; and for every five thouland afpers ycaily rent, niuft find a trooper complcatly armed, wiiicli does not amount to nine pounds ileriiog , and that it is faid, will maintain a trooper there, provifions are fo cheap, though it would not maintain a foot foldier here ; and in time of pe.-icc the zaims and limnriots are no ex- pence. 'Ihefe foldiers arc formed into regiments, haviii{^ tlicir fi.ver:U colonel;, captains aud oSiei ccmniillioik uthcvioy # A S I A.J ASIATIC Tl^RkV. »5» lotficers, and h;ive difftrentcoloUri : the colonels arecom- manUed by fangiacs or bafTas, anj thefe by the beglerbcg pr viceroy of the proviucc i and the whole army is com- manded by the Grand Si^uor ; and when he is not in the tield, by the prime vifir or fcralkicr. The zaims and tima- riots are obliged aifo to find men for the fea-fcrvice ; and both of them are obliged to fcrvc in pertbn by land ; but the timariots only on board the tlcet. 'I'he province of Natoli* Proper brings about twenty- fix thoufand men into the field ; Caramania or Cilicia, five thoufand ; Diarbcc, eleven thoufand ; Damalcus, three tlioufand ; Sivas (part of Armenia Major), eleven thoufand one hundred ; Erzcrum, twelve thoufand three hundred; Van, three thoufand iivc hundred; Marofeli, one thoufand three hundred -, Cyprus, twb thoufand five hundred , Tripoli, one thoufand eight hundred ; Rika, two thoufand ; Trcbizond, one thoufand four hriAdrcd ; Aleppo, three thoufand two hundred; Tchilder'^part of Georgia), two thoufand four hundred ; the captain ba(& §ar tlic Ifles, three thoufand five hundred ; Romania, in Europe, twenty-fcven thouHind ; the militia on the fron- tiers of Hungary, fevcnty thoufand. The horfe raifod by tlie zaims and timariots only are computed to amount to one hundred thoufand men and upwards ; to which are added a great number of volun- teers, tliat ferve at tlieir own expence, in expeAation of Succeeding the zaims aivi timariots that fall in battle, who chufe to engage in the moll defperate enterprifes. When a zaim is fuperannuated or difabled, he may refign to his Ion, or fbmo other relation. A peafant or former cannot he a fpahi or trooper, unlefs on the frontiers where he has manifefled his courage againfl the enemy ; and in thitt cafe he is allowed to be a candidate for the lands of a zaim Oi' timariot that is dead. In Romania, when a zaim or timariot dies in battle, his lands are divided equally among his children : but when he dies a natural death, the beg- Icrbeg or viceroy of the province has the difpofal of the eftate, and ought to give it to the pcrfon who is moft ca- pable of fervingtlie government ; but he coniiders prin- cipally his own intereft, and gives it to him that ad- vances moft money, which has rendered tliat militia much lefs coufiderable than they were heretofore. But there are many zaims and timariots in Anatolia, whofc lands de- fcend to their heirs. The forces t4 the Grand Signer in Egypt are computed To amount to eighty thoufand men ; notwitnflanding which his authority is often difputed by the Egyptian princes, which are about twelve in number^ and whole con- currence feems neceiiary to the raifing money and the nuk- ing laws in that kingdom; and, if any incroachments are made on their liberties and properties, they are ready to defend them; and h,nve fometimcs depofed the beglerbeg, and compelled the Qr«nd Signor to a|^int another more ncceptable to them. Thefe are moft of them the defcend- aiits of the Mamelukes, or Mamlucks, who were for fome liundreds of years fovcreigns of this kingdom. In Egypt, tlierefore, the Grand Signor, feems to be hut a limited mo- narch. The tributary countries, fuch as Tartary, Wa- lachia, and Moldavia, arc obliged to raife a certam num- ber of troops, and join the Turkilh army when required. 'J'hekan of the Crim f artars is obliged to raife one hun- dred thoufand men ; and ihe princes of Moldavia and Wnlachia are obliged to briiig fixty or feventy thoufand men into the field. The two laft are Chriftian princes of tlie Greek communion. The revenues of the Grand Signor arifi; from the de- mefiie lands, or lands of the ftate ; from the duties of im- port and export, or cuftoms ; by the tribute paid by the kan of Crim Tartary, Moldavia, Walaehja, and the Gre- cian iflands; by a poll-tax on the Chrillians, aijd thofe who arc not of the cQablifhcd religion : and the jirraies raifcd and paid by the zaims and tinui iots in time of war may well be reckoned part of the revenue, as it faves him lb great an expence ; but the greatcft part of the public revenue aril'cs from the prcfcnts ,iud annual payments which are made by tlie govtruors and otlu;r great officers of flatc, and the confifcation of tlieir cftatis when they ilie or .ire difplaccd ; for whatever his iK^lerbcgs, viceroys, or povcrnofs, have amalfed or extorted from the people, f;\\U to the (jrand Signor .it lall, wiio is heir general to all of them, and only allows their wivjca and fauiUies a fub- liflciitc out of them, but it is not lo with the native Turks, the gentlemen of the country, who arc not in office, their ellates ufually defcend to their children, and fo it is in th.1t rich province of F.gypt. 'I he Ciriud Sijyior has not more than half a million flerlingfroni thciuc more tlun what bears the durgcs of tlu government ; a-id if he Ihould attempt to raife mere in that kingdom, it would probably occaflon ageneral revolt of the Egyptian priiices. Who may be looked upon as independent fovereigns almoftin their rcmeflive territories^ and cannot be difplaced by the Grand Signor : as to the reft of his dominions, this prince is not only heir to all his (Officers qf ftate, but has vaft fumt of them, when they enter upon their pofts, and annually aftorwitds When a great man in the feragUo is nominated to a government, he immediately makes t prefent to the throne, and, if he has no ttualbrc of his own, ufually bor- rows it of tiie eunuchs of the Icraglio, who arc generally great ufurers, and know how to get paid again. For tf luch governors are notpundull in repaying what they bor< row, the eunuchs know how to niifrcprefcnt tlieir afliont at court, to the endangering their hea^s : the firft money, therefore, a bafTa extorts from the people, is pitd to the eunuch he borrowed it of. Befjdes the confiant revenue, if there happen to be a war'with the Chriftians, or any other prelTtng necefTity, the treafuresof themofques or churches, which arc very grpat, msiy be made ufc of to fave the ftate. The emperor has alfo a private treafure lodged in vaults^ as a tefurve in extraordinary cafes, Vhere none but the of- ficers of the trejfury and the prime vizier ever enter. And as tliis is an arbitiary government, the Grand Signor is, in reality, mafter of the purfes of all his fubjeAs i and it is not an uncommon thing, vvhen the treafury is low, to borrow fums of thofe tliat are known to abound in wealth ; and what is borrowed of private men, is always punftually repaid ; but what is borrowed of governors, or officers of ftate, is feldom returned ; for thefe 4te not fUppofed to have a property in any thing, but what the fovereign caa demand w^en he plea&s. Thefe are creatures raifed by him, and have nothing but what they receive from his bounty; and though they are vefted witlr great power and wealth for a time, they are really in a worie fituation thail the lower clafs of people, who enjoy what thty have with as much eafe and freedom as the fubj«£ts of aUy othef country, titough they are feldom preferred to ai;y pofts iit the goveriuncnt. SECT. IX. Affarding a itfcrlpthn ef tht Grand Signor'i court, alfo if bit baram tr firatlit, women and ethir inbatitanti if tt^ grtatiffcirt of Jtate, andftmi maxims tf tbi Turkijh ft- licy. THE dominion of the Turkilh emperors being found- ed in force, iheir power is unlimited, and they look upon their people, as well as their country, to be their property, and at their difpofal ; the Grand Signor is re- nrained by no laws or compacts but tliofe of his reUgion ; neverthele'fs, we muft alfo obferve, tliat though he cxer- cifes an arbitrary dominion over his governors and officers, who depend upon him for all that they enjoy, yet private gentlemen, native Turks, who arc not in any poft, enjoy their liberties and properties as fully as if it was a limited monarchy, as Motrayc alTures us, who lived amongft them, and made it his bufmcfs to inform himfelf of the natureof their govcrnmer.t and adminirtratioii: and fliould their fovereign break in upon their properties, it would very probably occafion an infurrcftion. Over his Chrif- tian lubjcfls, indeed, which are almoft as numerous as the Turks, he tyrannizes moft unmercifully, as well as over the great officers of ftate, and fuffers his Mahome- tan fubjefts to infult and abufe the Chriftians with im- punity ; though they are the moft ufcful of his people, and chieflycarry on their manufaflurcs and foreign traffic, with- out which it would be difficult for the government to fub- lilV. He coraiiels the Chriftians, alfo, to diftinguifh tliem- lelves by the colour of their cloaths and other marks of contempt, by a burdcnfome poll-tax, and otlier duties* from which the native Turks are exempted. The Grand Signor, among his otlicr titles, alTumes thefe; namely, "The Shadow of God, a God on Earth# Brother of tlie Sun and Moon, Difpofer of all earthly Crowns ;" and as long as he is fuccefsful, his fubjefts adore him; but if he is unfortunate in his wais, he lofes his dignity, is flighted, and frequently depofed. This nriiKC IS never crowned, but, on his acceflion, is carried from llie palace, and inaugurated at a place called Job, near the walls of Conftantinoole. where the tomb of Im of their prophets ftands, which accordingto their traditions is the tomb of Job. Their tuditions .idd, that Job wa» ajudje S. -•i'^-*- '0M' •iiv ■I'^teft*:., ■s^. .1J2 The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. • judge in thecouns of Solomon, and that Alexander was the general of Solomon's army ( which difcovcrs their 'extanfivc knowledge of hiftory and chionulogy I At the inaugucatioii, after folemn prayers for the profjpetity of the Grand Sienor, the mufii gives him his bcnediaion and \m uiaji'lly iweara to maintain the laws of AfaliMiKt, by which is underftood only that part of the law which con- Vcrns religion; for he is at liberty to repeal and alter any other part of it. Thofe who receive any pay or falary Horn the ^overn- liient, or arc in any office imder the uown, are ftiled the Xl ran J Signer's lla vet, which is a madi moi^ honourable title thaiiTubjea here, as well as in PerCa; and in cflfeA, they have ^c command of thofe fubjcAs who ate not in the Grand Signor'spay, and infultthem at their pleafure. The term "jlave," in Turky, (ignifies onfc who is en- tirely refigned to the emperor swill, and ready to execute whatever he commands, how difficult or dangcrooi foever it be. The voung lads who are educated in the feraglio, and deiigned (or employ mentt iu the government^ are calUd ichoglans t they are the children of Cbriftian patents taken in war, or ptefents of the viceroys and govemora from Georgia, Circaffia and the remote parts of the emr pire. The moft beautiful, well ihaped, rprightlv children that can be met with. Tlie Grand Signor reviews them licfore they are admitted, and orders them to be received into tlie feraglio's of Pera, Adrianopte or ConAantinople, which are the three colleges or ieminaries, whtere tney arc educated according to the opinion he entertains of them ; but thofe who are ordered for the feraslio of Con- ftantinople aire efteemed moft in the wajr of preferment^ and are placed under the care of die chief of the white eunuchs called the capi agafi. Theeuiluchs (who ftudy every lads genius, direifiing his fiudies towards wh»t he fcenis bed qualified for) treat their pupils with extraordi- nary feverity, it is faid, not palling oy the fmalleft faults : fometimes tltey order them a certain number of blows upon the foles of their feet, and at others punifli them by watching, Ming, &c. making them undef;go afeverer dif- ciplinfc.tban the novices in a moiuftery. The firft leflbns which are taught them are, (ilence, and an humble raodeft behaviour : then they are inftrafted in the rites of the Mahometan religion, and to fpcak, read and write the Turkilh lan^^tMfee, and afterwards the Per- (i'm parfuing it. The old eunuchs watch them firiflly, when tney perceive any fymptoms of tluspalfioni but they will carry It on hv figns, when they are prohibited the converiiiMn of the amiable objeA ; and there are fometimes fuch jeatoufies among rivals, and fuch fchemes for dcftroying thofe they fuTpeft, as fbiae- times t'iirows the whole apartment into confijfion. The great oiticers of tiic fcraguo, aifu, fuuictimcs iiiakc love to the pages, wlio are ufually the moft beautiful boys, and make intereft to get tlic m retained in their fervice, fuffer- ing tlu'infclves to be governed and influenced by them. 3 There are inflances of emperors, who have kept fuch boys, and admitted tliem to a Ihare in the government. The Udici of the feraglio, alfo, make love to one«no- ther fometimes ; which would tempt one to think, there is no flifling an amorous flame, but if it is not fatisfied in tlte-way nature direAs, will find another vent. I'lte deaf and dumb, ormutes, in the ferMlio, are about forty, who converfe by figns ; foine of thefe conftantly attend tlie em- peror. I)war£i tlat a£l tlie part of bulFoons are ftill re- tained in this court, as they were in courts and great fa . miles here in the laft ag^, when gentlemen made tliem- felves merry with the defefts and deformities of their own fpecies. Bat no people have a greater ihare in the govern- ment of the feraglio, or a greater influence on tStin of ftate without, than the eunnchs and caftrated inhabitant}. 'I'hefc princes feom to confide more in their eunuchs, than in any of their officers orfervantsi not only to guard tlie chaftity of their women, but in the moft important affiurs. The kiflar agafi, a black ennuch, is the fuper- intendant of the women; and the capi ^gafit a «nite eanudi, is governor of the pages and whiM eunuchs be- lotting to the court. The feraglio is fupplied from time ta tiise with young blooming beauties taken in war, or poKhaftd in Greorgia and Cinaffia, but chiefly by the govemott of provinces, who never fiiil to make prefents to the eouftef loch young ladies, in their refpeAive provinces, u are eminent for their beauty : and when thefe young faidies are admitted into the Jeri^lio, thsy are taught mufie and dancing, and what- ever may render them moft agreeable to their Mid . When any of them are made choice of to attend the Grand Sig- nor in his apartment, Ihe is complimented, en the occa- fion, by the reft of the ladies of the court ; and (he that has the firft fon, is in a manner empcefs, and filled the haliiki fultana. Foe the Onitd Signor never marries any of them, fioce Bataaet was taken prtfbner with his wives, and faw them abuied by the conqueror's officers. The only women t&at have n man to themfelves in Turky, are the Grand Signor's fifien or danghters, whom he marries to the govenwrs of provinces, and other great men: diefe ladies afTume the ftate of queens, and have their hulbands in as much fubjeAion as other Turkifh bufbands have their wives, and oblige them to put away all the reft of the wives and concubines, how long foever they have lived with bim. And it feldom fails to prove hm to him, if he takes another woman to his bed. If the chief fultana lofes her fon, (he lofes her title, and the next who has a fon fucceeds her. The Grand Sigiuw firequently takes the air with his women in tlie gar- dots of the (eraglio, after the g^deners and all others have bad notice to keep their diOance ; and he fometimes goes over the Bofpborut with them to the palace of Scutari on the Afian fide, which is not macii more than a mile firom Europe ; the ladies beine carried thither in covered boats, fo that no man can fee them , and when the emperor maoves with the court by land to any other palace, the ladies ride in clofe chariots, and fignals are made for all men to quit their houfes which lie near the road, and re- move a good difiaiice from it. We come next to give an accovnt of the great officers of (bte, who are nnetally of the number of the royal llavet, who have had meir education in the feraglio : and at the. head of thefe is the grand vizier, on whom the Cirand Signor, in a maimer, devolves his authority, leaving tho adminiftration intirely in his hands. He has the fole com- mand both in peace andwar ; has the direQion of tlie re- venue, and it me fupreme judge in civil as well as criminal .caufet; though it is very rare tliey-mcet with a genius ca- pable of executing fo many different charges. There are, be(i«es the grand vizier, fix other ftiled vi-? tiers of the bench of council, and bafliu of three horfe tails, becanfe tlure are three ftandards or horfe-tails car- ried before them, whereas other baifas have but one. Thefi: viziers are men learned in the law, and well vericd in po- litics, whom thcgrand vizier fummons to the divan as his council, though he is at liberty to take or rejeft their ad- vice as he fees fit : the mufti, and other civil judges, are alfo frequently called to affift at their councils, and ordi- nary mktters are ufually referred to fome of their deter- minations. Their divans are both couikUs and courts of jufticc, and one is held every day of the week at the vizier's pa- lace, except Fridays ; he goes alfo four times a week to tlic uivjiii Hi tlic i«i«|^iiw 111 i^i^-a^ KWM-, Exing prcccCuCss sy the chlaux bafla, and feveral other chiauxet and virgers, and attended by the great officers of tlie empin ind his AlbaniMi guards ou horfebick, the people Ihoutin^ and wilhing hffmi'JMmAJiX%^\ie^^^ 'S & SmUh sati/'. ..lt„ ^ ^Ui [A S I A.] Vrifhmg him profptrity as he ftreets. ASIATIC TURRV. marches through the m The Turks apprehend, that nothing contributes more \o the pc*ce and fecurity of tlieu- empire, than their dc- ftroyiiig all appearance of a nobility and great ftmllies amongU them, and fuffering no fucceffion to eftatcs or offices. Their baflas or governors are all taken out of tlie feraglio, perfeflly ignorant of what blood or family tliey •vrere of, and have no powerful relations or dependants to fupport them, if they Ihould entertain any al'piring thoughts. The duration of their command is alio fo very Ihort, that they have not an opportunity of ingratiating' themlclves *^itli the people, or forming an intereft fupcrior to that of the Grand Signor ; and of all the rebellions that have been formed by the baflas of diftant provinces, we fcircc find any one that has Ijcen of long duration ; the rebels have been ufually difperfed without coming to a battle. The Sultan has no more to do, but to procure their leader to be taken off, and he is fure of a viftory without fighting, there being no powerful relations to fupport the caufe ; and it is farther obfervable, that when ?, rebel meets with fiiccefs, he is never able to maintain hinMelf any other way than by fetting up another princeof the royal family, who is no looner eftabliilKd in the government, but he nfually makes the perfon who raifcd him a prcfent of a bow-ftring (i. e. caufmg him to be ftranglcd) for fear of being ferved as his predeceflbr was before him. The balTas of fome petty governments, indeed, have been allowed the privilege of leaving their commands to their children, as heretofore the bafla of Gaza ; but one of them happening to live feventy-five years in that govern- ment, it was thought fo ill a precedent, and fo contrary to the Turkilh politics, to fufftr a perfon to remain fo long in one command, that he was invited to court, and, with- out any procefs or charge againft him, ordered to be ftrang- led as foon as he arrived. And bccaufe power naturally attends on riches, if they remain long in a family, the wealth of a baflfa is fcarce ever permitted to defcend to his children. When a bafla dies who has married a fultana, her dowry is firft paid out of his eftate, and the reft devolves on the emperor ; and if there be any ilTue of fuch marriage, the Sultan makes fome provifion for the fons ; but it is an un- alterable maxim, that fuch fons fliall never be preferred to any confidcrablc port in the goverrunent, left their near re- lation to the royal family, (hould infpire them with ambi- tions views. One reafon that the Turks encourage traffic fo little, is, defignedly to impoverifli their fubjefts, that they may not have it in their power, how much focver tliey may have it in their will, to rebel. Lord Bacon ob- ferves, that it is not pofTible for a nation overloaded with taxes to retain a martial fpirit ; they fubmit to oppreffion, and patiently endure all kind of violence. This teems to he the opinion of the kings of France, and other princes, who chufe to reign over (laves, rather than a free people. The Turks keep many countries in fubjc£tion, that were once wealthy and warlike nations, who, by the lofs of their liberty and properties, is, and, like the poor French in tlieir wooden flioes, tlirow up their caps, and cry, Vive Ic Roy, when they are pcrilhing, and deprived of all the ne- ccflaiies of life by their grand monarque. SECT. X. Trcaii of the Mahametan rellgian prt/tffid by the Turit, and alfo efthi Grttk church intbt Ottoman empirt. THE religion of die Turks, namely, the Mahometan, is divided into a multitude of feils ; every confider- able town almoft difl^^rs from another in fome particulars, which is fuppofcd to proceed from the many profclytes t!»ey make almoft of every nation, fome of whom are in- duced to profefs the Mahometan faith to obtain their liber- ty, and others, in hopes of preferment j and every nation introducing fome favourite opinions or doftrines oftlie country from whence they came, naturally occafionsa va- riety of fefts : and if they be not oppolite to the Turkilh doctrines, and they hold the unity of the Godhead, and Mahomet's inifnon, and obfervc the five diief precepts, vi/.. their purifications, prayers, fafts, alms, and pilgri- mages, and fo tliey do not advance any opinions that may prove dangerous to the ftate, the government takes little notice of them. We have liotore hinted, in treating of Arabia, that as Mahomet left no fons, both Turks and Perfiana derive their fpiritual and temporal authority cither from Hali, the hutband of his daughter Fatima; or from Abubeker, whofe daughter Mahomet manied. A« the I'erfiarw pri- fi:r the doftrines of Hali, and the Turks thofcof Abubeken and charge each other with corrupting and mifinterpreting the koran ; thefe two fe£>s retain (tronger prejudices againft one another, than they do either againftthe Jews or4.1u:ii- tians ; and when they are at war, both nations call the war " The caufe of God," and their advcrfaries heretic^, and feldom give quarter to each otlier in battle. Among the Turks, there are four fefts, which differ only in cere» monials, and are eftecmed orthodox in the main, ik Tlie firft are called the hannifles, who inhabit Turky and Tan- tary. j. The Ihaffces, of which are moft of the Arabian tribes. 3. 'i'he malchecs, whopoflefs tlie coaft of Bar- bary, viz. Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and, according to fome, thofe of Morocco ; and, 4. The hambelles, who are a fmall tribe of Arabians. All the Mahometans, ex- cept the Perlians, are of one of thefe fefls i but then thefe are fplit into a multitude of other fe£ls, dilHnguilhed by the names of their refpcftive leaders. We Ihali mention fome of them ; and hrft, the fcft of moatzali, who are ftilcd the defenders of the equity and unity of God ; thefe are again fubdivided into two and twenty other fefts, who maintain their feveral tenets with a kind of frantic zeal, charging tliofc that differ from them with infidelity. One of the lubdiviiions maintain, tliat Chrift was eternal, af- fumed a body, and was incarnate, and that he will judge the world at the laft dav ; which they prove by that text in the koran, viz. " Thou, Mahomet, (halt fee Ihy Lord return in the clouds." 7 he moft general opinion in relation to a future ftate is, that the virtuous will be happy ; that the wicked will be punifhcd for a time, but will at length be admitted into Paradife. There is another fefl that believe tranfmigration, tlut the fouls of the deceafed go into other animals, which makes them extremely compjflionatc and tender of them. The left (tiled the elcraclii are of opinion, that the hap- pinefs of the other world coniifts in the contemplation of the divine nature, anJ not in fenl'ual enjoyments. There is another feft, which may be itiied the doubtful, who will be pofitive of nothing ; they neither endeavour to perfuade any thing, or to dilfuade any man from his pur- pofe. They obferve, that truth may be, and often is, fo dreflcd up, that it cannot be diiiinguifhed from fall'chood ; and therefore to any qucftions tliat are afked them, they anfwer, "God knows, it is unknown to us." And of this feft are fome of their greateft men ; but I take this to be rather an article of policy than religion, as it may _ be dangerous to give their opinions one way or other in an arbitrary government. Great numbers cither are, or pretend to be, atheifls ; but thefe are generally rcnegados, who have apoftatized, and the moft proHigate amongtt them, who, dreading to be called to account hereafter, endeavour to perfuade thcra- felvcs they have nothing to fear after death. They believe the world to have been what it is from eternity 1 that men, as well as trees and flowers, perilh ; and one generation will fucceed another, as it has done hitherto, to all eternity. The Mahometans have their dervifes or friars, and con- vents, as well as the Chriftians, and it is pretended that their religious houfes were inftitutcd by Mahomet ; but there is no particular mention made of tliem in their books till within thefe four or five hundred years. The word dcrvife fignifies one tliat is poor, and has renounced the world. The firtl convent that was erefted is at Cogni (olim Iconium) in Lycaonia, in which there are between three hundred and four hundred dervifes, tlie fuperior of which houfe is the general of tlje whole order, by virtue of a charter of Ottoman, from whom their emperors de- rive their pedigree. Thefe dervifes go meanly cloathed, put on a dejeAcd look, faft, pray, and perform penances as the Roman Catholics do, and have ftrings of beads by which they number the prayers they repeat : on Tuefday every week the fuperior of^ the convent preaches or expounds part of the koran to them, at the conclufion whereof the monks having made a profound reverence to tlieir fupe- rior, fall into a dance, turning round perpetually with pro- digious fwiftnefs, one playing to them on a kind of flute. The mufic ccafing, they ftop in an inftant, not at all dif- ordercdby their circular motion, to which they have been trained up from their infancy ; and this they pretend to do in memory of Mcvaluna, their founder, who continued this circular motion, they alTure us, fourteen days, with- out eating or drinking, and then ialling into a trance, re- ceived certain revelations concerning tlie inftitutions of this order, the flute being (as they tell us) the inftrument tliAt Jacob and otlltr holv Ihepherds ufed tu praife God Q.'l ' "P«»i .S^-t li'^kMis.litA^, 154 Thb new ahd tJ>*!v£k8At S\STEM or GEOGRAPHY. \i Mon; but, however that be, ithasa^Mry doleful fouhd, wnich wouid inclineona to think thiy wei-e rather bewailing dieirconcKtion, than praiiing the deity : bat ai the koran prohibits all kiiidl of mufic in their devotioni but vocal, tlui is ufed bv >i:w ; nor do they ring belli to call people to pcaycrs, it u faid, for the like teat'oii, but furamon tlicm from the minorett, or fteepies 'of the mulque*. Notwithftanding tbefe dervifes, like the RomUh friars, vow clullity, poverty, and obedience, they may leave the convnit if they dcfire it, and enter into the Itate of matri- mony. In thefc convents they are taught the Turkilh, Pcrfian, and Arabic baguages, but fcarce any art or fcience, uiUeft it bfe legerdemain or magic, or rather a pre • Mnce to it, and are as mere drones as the monks in this |>art of the world. To increalc their (lupidity, they fwaU low as much opium as would poifon a dozen men that are not ufed to it; and though it may raife their fpirits at iirft) this is fucceeded by a (lupefiiOion which renders them incapable of any kind of convcrlatisn. There art monafteries of thcfe derviies all over the empire, and through India asfarai China, where the brctliren are en- tertained in their travels ; and as they have excellent intel- ligence, the Turks make! ufeof them as fpies iii the eaflem nations. From tliefe convents come moft of the iheiks or preachers, to which office any man may advance him- fell, as there needs no ordination ; and he may lay it down again when he pleafes : thofe of the family of Mahomet are (tiled emirs, and are knownby thetrgreen turbans, that being Mahomet's favourite colour. Thefe are efieemed fucb holy men; that any one who ftrikes them forfeits bis right hand ; thefe emirs feldom appiv themfelves to any trade, t-xcept it be the purchaling of flavcs to make Ma- hometans of them, tliis being efteemed a very meritorious employment among the Turks. We mnft not omit to mention their fantos or hermits, who go luked, and Ifct their hair grow down to their waifis : thcfe are in a man- ner adored by the devout people, and in fome parts of the empire take upon them to fcreen criminals from jnftice. The office of high-prieft, as well as that of king, hav- ing been aflumed by Mahomet, his fucceflbrs, the califs of Babylon, exercifed both for feverai hundred years ; but the mufti, or high-prieft in Turky, and otlier Maho- metan countries, enjoys little more than the fhadow of temporal power at tins day, and their princes take the li- berty of advancing and dcpofing them at their pleafure. The mufti has indeed dill the power of appointing all civil magiftrates, their civil and ccclefiaftical laws being in re- ality the fame. The koran and the comntents upon it^ are the rule by which they judge of all matters, unleis wliere the temporal power, Mlomc extraordinary cafes, is pleafed to interpofc; all appoDsare made to him ; and in calea of importance, he is the 1|fi refort. The Grand Signer fcarce ever alters or reveries his liintence ; and without his ktb or iiat no con- fiderable revolutions are taken, either in regard to peace or war; but if herefufcs to ratify or confirm what the mini- Ar^ refolve on, he is dcpofed, and a more complying high- prieft advanced in his ftead ; but tlie reafon of demandmg the mufti's fatfa at tliis day, feenu to be, to prevent the clamours of die people, where fuccefs does not anfwer their expeAations, it being prefunKd that men will ceafe to murmur where a refolution has been approved by tlteir high-prieft. When the Grand S ignor writes to the mufti, he direAs to the " E&d, wifeft of tlie wife, inftruQed in all knowledge, tlie fpring of virtue and tn:c fcience, key of the treature of truth," with fcveral other pompous epithets. Though tlie koran is generally held to be the rule of die Mahometan fiiith and piaAice, the mufti takes die liberty to make it fpcak what language he pleafes, as appears from many inftances. It being demanded of him, what they fhould do in relation to the hours appointed for tlieir de- votion, if diey liappen to be in a part of the world where the whole day was out an hour long ; he anfwered, heaven did not require things impoflible, but fo as the duty was performed within the twenty-four hours, it was fufficient ; and the Mahomeuns being appointed to turn their faces towards Mecca when they pray, it was demanded, if they fliould be in part of the globe, either by lea or laud, and did not know towards what point Mecca lay, how tiicy Ihould comply with that precept : die mufti dircdcd diem to ob,- iervc a circular motion at their prayers, and diey would not fail fometimcs to fct their faces right, Thccadililquiersare the next judges to the mufti, of which there arc three, vi2. i . The cauiiiiuuicr of Romania. 3. Thccadilifquierof Natolta ; and, 3. The cadihfquier of F.^\ |>i, who are ccclcfiaftics ; and no man can be advanced •5 iW* ■■■ y to the high office of mufti till he hu paOcd througlk one of thefe 1 and there ii in every province a niollah cadi, who is die chief judge of the province, to whom the peo- ple may appeal from die feverai cadis or judges in the towns of that province; but notwidiftanding thefe alreadv men- tioned are faid to be the only legal judges, the bcglerbcgt and governors of towns and provinces lake upon them to puuifh men, and even 10 put them to death fometinies, without allowing them any trial whatever. The imaums, or pritfts which officiate in their mofquei, are not appointed by the mufu or any ccclefiaflic, nor are they fubjeA to them; any one who has die reputation of an honett man, and can read the koran, may take upon him this office oTi the recommendation of the people of the place to the governor of the town or province, wIkii a church happens to be vacant ; and as the confent of the governor is neceffiury towards admitting one to officiate a*. a prieft, fo he may turn him out when be pleafes ; and the firieft may leave his cure, and become a Uynuui again, if le fees fit. Their habit is the lame as that of other pra- plei, only their turbans are a litde enlarged, and they af< fume an air of gravity : and in the molques, when the Imaumftands, or fits, orproflatcshiinfelf, thepeoplc imi- tate hmi : the Imaum alio reads fome part of the koran every Friday, which is their fabbath, but feldom preaches. 7 his is the bufinefs of the Iheicks, who make preaching dieir profeffion ; and thcfe ufutlly have their education in the convents already mentioned. There is another duty the Imauins perform, and diat is, the calling the people to prayers at the appointed hours, from the tons of tlieir mi- norets or fteepies ; for they will not fuf!er bells, any inure than inftrumental mufic in their churches, as has been obferved already^ The mofques are enihiwed with all the lands and reve- nues which belonged to them when they were Chriftiatt churches : the lands which belonged to die cathedral church of Santa Sophia, nov/ converted into a moique, amount to fifty thoufand pounds a year ; the rents whereof are employed to the maintenance of the iinaums and doc- tors of^ their law, diatofficiate in die ntofque, to die edu- cation of young lads, to the providing oil fuT' the lamps, •ad to the relief of the poor ; and what remaihs is laid up in the treafuries of the refpeflive churches, fur the re- pair and beautifying them, and fometimes employed in carrying on wars againft infidel nations, when tiwy appre- hend themfelves in imminent danger. Tlic tenants of the lands appropriated to churches, fometimes pay their rent in kind, viz. corn, and other produfls of dicir lands ; and thefe tenants, it feems, enjoy greater privileges than any other men, and are not liable to be plundered and op- prelled either by the baflas or jamfaries, as odicr inli ibi- tants fometimes arc. None are fo abandoned, as to pillage wliat is appropriated to pious ufes. Churches diat have no lauds belonging to them, have cftates in money ; the intereft whereof is applied to the fame ufes as the rents of lands appriated to tlieir temples are : there are no other cafes where the Turks allow of ufury, except it be for the maintenance of orphans. When d.e Grand Signor invefts the mufti in his office, he puts on him a veft of fables, and prefents him wills a purfe of gold, of the value of one thoufand dollars, aiid grants them a revenue of one thoufand afpers (about two guineas) a day; bcfides which, the mufti has the prefcn- tation to the royal mofques, which he fells openly, and prefents are frequently made by the great men, to favour them in their addreifes to the Grand Signor and his mini- flers, which aniountt to more than all the other articles. A Mahometan, when he enters a temple, puts off bis fhoes inftead of his ci^>, and, while he is duie, neither falutes, coiiveries, or takes notice of any pcrlbii, nor can any accident divert him from his piaycrs ; nor titay he fpit, cough, or rub himfelf, any of which a£liuns would fo defile him, that he muft walb, and return to his prayers again : tliey figli and groan in a very doleful man ■ ner, till diey begin to pray. Tlie prieft begins with, the praifes of God, and'all the people follow him, and imi- tate his adions, as well as repeat Wu words ; but both prayers and praili:s are very fhort ; the whole not above the lengdi of two or three little collcfts. What they in- fift upon cliietly at their devotions, is, diat " God is one ; that he neither begets, nor is begotten; has none Uke him, or equal to him ; and that Maliumct is the ineftcngcr of God." They lielicvc their prayers will not be beard, unlefs they forgive their enemies ; and therefore, on every Friday, they endeavour to be reconciled to thofe Uiey have quairclled with i and for every day uf die week, they have a particular prayer j as on Friday, they pray that God -.' -.:,,-- would * .V I t '\X ttl< fio T on nn an E" tei till pr: x. an ph til -.Ai3ilii£i: ASIA.] ASIA lie TURKY. »55 ^^^^ would \t\th rU true bcliovcri ) on SnturJay, tlicy pray for the converrioii of ihe Jcwi , uii SiiiiJay, fur rlir convcr- fion of the ChillVianii on MniiJay, for tlicptiiplicts ; on Tuefday, for the uiiclh, ajid thulc that liuiiour tli^ faliitSi un Wcdnefdajri fur believers in flavcry among infidels \ '.indon Tlniililiiy, for the wliule wuild, of every nation and religion v\iihouidiftinf)ion. The Maliunictnns perform their devotions with the greatcft folcuniity on I'tidityt, when tlw cm|i«ror, minii'- tcra, and niagilUaies, all rclort to the niot(|iics nt I utky \ though in I'erfu tlicy fclduin appear in the inofijuci, but pray fi.igly in their hiiufcs or in tlic ficld< : ami theTurlcs aic generally ceiituied fui iK'ing too p.'' He and oftenta- tious in their praverk. Their cnemi . .iiggtft that they are hypocrites at bottom, as they arc ftcquently (like the phurilces of old) fccn praying in the markets, and the corners of the llreets, and other public places, to obtain the applaufe of mcni and a writer of credit, who reflded fome time among them, obferves, that their religion feemi calculated to keep up great gravity and folemnity, without the lead tinAurc uf virtue : he further remarks, that they Merc the moll lowly proHrationi, and utter thrir prayers in a mod hollow difninl tone ; which, with then, are cf- termod the great excellencies of prayer. Hut we are in- clined to think, (that this charaAer is in general too fc- verc) and tliat, on the contrary, there are fomi among them witoarc in reality as fl:iccre and devout a.' they pre- tend to lie. Their Ramazan, or Lent, is the moA ftri£l fad that any nation obfei vcs ; for tio pcrfon, not fo much as a day-la- bourer, will est, or drink, or fmoak, till fun-frt at that feafon ; but they are allowed to eacand drink in the night- time ; and the whole town, and particularly tlie molqucs, are illuminated both witliin and without till morning. At the end of the month the fall ends, and at the next new moon, viz. the beginning of tlie month Schcnval, the fcftival called Uairim begins, which lafts three days, when tliey celebrate a tliankfgiving in tlieir mofqucs or temples, and fmg fcvcral Ihort hymns, and among others, that which follows, viz. ** We tliank thee, O Lord, the only infinite, pcrfcft, eternal, and moft merciful being ; in that thou hafi communicated thy all holy, true, and pure law to us ; and that we have preferved it "■ iM p""" a general joy appears, and uioH of our travellers compare it to tlie Eailcrof theChriftians, becaufe it fuccccds their Rama- zan, as Eaftcr docs our Lent. It is alfo a moveable feaft, being held in every month in the year, in the compafs of thirty years, or thereabouts ; for tlia Malionictan year in cccleftafticalm.-ittei's being lunary, and confequcntly, be- tween eleven or twelve days Ihort of ours, their fads and fed ivals hap))cns lb many days fooner every year, than they did the preceding year. The Armenians, Maronites, Jicobitcs, and other fcfls of Chridians in the Turkilh empire, have their patriarchs; ai>d the pope appoints atitular patriarch at Condantinople, as v,A{ as a bilhop. The Greeks and caflern Chridians h:^ve fuch a preju- dice againd the Latin or Roman church, tnat they would rather continue under the dominion of the Turk, than live under a popilh prince : and the I'apids, on the otiier hand, treat the Greeks as infidels, end are continually in- citing the Tuiks to dcHroy and opprefs them. They caufed one of the patriarchs of Condantinople to be put to death upon falfe fuggellions :hey made to the govem- jncnt, bccaufe lie refuted to fubmit to the pope. The whole (ireek church, taking in evcrv left, is of a vad extent, containing not only the Chiitlians of the TuiUilh empire, who arc in many parts of it much more numerous that tlie Mahometans thcnifelves, but alfo tlie ChriOiann of \iufcnvv. tht; CofTicks, the inhiibitauts of Podolia, and Black Ruffia, the people of Ethiopia and Abyliiiiia, fouih of Egypt. Thofe of CircafGa, Georgia and Mingnlia, and the inhabitants of the Iflands in th« Mediterranean, under the Venetians, are generally of the Greek communion ; but we diall treat chicHy of thofe who are under the dominion of the Tuik, who are go- verned by four |iatriarchs, viz. the pairiaichs of Condan- tinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerufaleni. 'I he Greeks obferve twenty-two fixed and immoveable feads; the two fird of which are, the nativity of the bledcd virgiit Mary, and the exaltation of the Holy Crofs ; the red confill principally of the antient Greek faints and mar- tyrs. Thev keep four annual fads. They eive to their patriarch ot Condantinople, whom they .-onnder as their liead, the pompous titles of Mod Holy Father, or your Flolinefs, Mod blelTed Tather, or Your llleflednefs ; mak- ing him in all refpefls equal to the pope. The revenues of their prieds are very Imall, Marriage, with them, is iin legal objeQion againft a perfuii's going into orders ; but the general pra£licc of their church is againd marri.ige afterwards : they have a gr.-at number of deacons, who belong to the bilhops ; and their monks lead a very levere courfc of Wit. The modern Greeks reckon up feven myf- teries or facraments, which they are fuppofed to have taken from the Latins ; namely, baptiim, unguent of chrifm, the euchatid, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and oil with player, 'i heir celebration of tlie eucharid is at- tended with a great number of ceremonies. The laity are obliged to receive the communion four times in the year, with which they readily comply ; and none omit it at Chridmas or Eader. They alio retain the doflrines of confefTion and penance ; but, with refpeA to the fotmer, they do not require the penitent Ihould enumerate every piirticular circumdancc, for if he difclofe as much as l.'c thinks it prudent to declare, it is accepted. Divorces are eafUyobtained among the Greek Chridians, as thefe peo- ple are very prone to revenge where they have been ill ufed. They retain only the Niccne or rather Conftan- tinopolitan creed in tlieir liturgies and catechifms, and are wholly drangers to that of St. Athanafius: but they acknowledge tlic holy Spirit to be of the fame fub- dance with the Father and the Son \ to be God from eternity, proceeding from the elTence and nature of the Father, without beginning, and to be equally adored. With refpefl to the date of the dead, the Greek church believes, that the fouls of the righteous do not go imme- diately to heaven, but to fome third place, wliich is fome- times called Paradife, where they wait till the refurreflion ; and though it is laid they deny purgatory, they imagine however, that the fouls of fuch as are not fufficiently pu- rified to enter Paradife are confined in fome fecret recedes under-ground, there to fulTer grievous pangs ; and that thefe may receive a mitigation of their torments from tlie prayers, oblations, and lacrifices of the living. J'hey ad- mit of piAures of our Saviour and the (aints, and honour them by bowing, kifTing, and ofFerine up their devotions before them. They ufe two kinds of adoration, in which great part of tlieir worlhip confids : in the fird, they bow almoit to tlie ground ; the other is only a little inclination of the head and knee, which they perform when tliey come drd into die church, or when tliey happen to come within fight of a church or chapel either by fea or land. They perform their devotions with their faces towards the eali ; nor do they pull off their caps in tlie church, except at foleinn proceflions, when the gofpel is read, or at the ce- lebration of the eucharid. The Greeks abdain from blood, and things drangled. When they are brought upon their oaths, they lay their hand upon the crofs, afterwards kilTing it, and putting itto their foreheads. Upon the whole, it is rightly obferved, refpcfling the religion of the Greek church, that there is a great deal of fuperdition intermixed with their divine ofnces; as the perfuming their churches, the pidlures of their faints, the holy table, and the people, with incenfe \ their frequent eroding theml'clvcs, tlic extravagant refpeft they pay to tlic uiiconfecratcd elements, and their concluding many of their prayers with thefe words : " For the intcrccffion of our Lady the fpotlefs Virgin, Mother of God," &c. with feveral prayers and afcriptions to the Virgin Mary, which come little Ihort of blafpbemy. The (.'reek and other Chridians are greatly opprefled by the Turks, who will not fuffer any of them to wear the honourable garb of thofe of the edablilhed religion, under the fev,-red penalties : it is criminal for a Chriftian to be feen with a vvliite turban or a vellow flipper, which are worn only by tiicir haughty maiters ; and every raf- cally Turk will beat and inTult a Chridisr. upon the feift, and fometiines upon no provocation; for which there is no remedy but patieiKC. The ordinary capitatioii-taic , * every ■>» 156 Th« new and universal SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. every ChiiflikM payi U not to be accoiinirJ among their greatcft gricvaiicn : the btflai and inferior m.igiUratei are «ver fiiidiag Ibinc pretence or other 10 extort fumi of money fromiheni; and the over righteouj Mahom^'tan fcarce thinlci it > crimt to give iiille vvidrnce againll a Ciirillian. SECT. Xt. Cmltiiu a bijltrj tf tht Turki,frtm ihi larHifi actsuntl if thai nafiiH, It Iht tcnclufun tf tht war ttlwttn ihim anti ihi Rujfiani MI 772, tndlhtlrtaly tfptan ra'.ifitit i) ihcj'i hvt fttutri in fjy^. IN the eighth century, the Trirks, who hid liefort that time refided chiefly i\orth of the I'alns Mactii and the K.Mxine feai, travelled I'outhward, and fetllcd in (Jrorgia, t)etween the Euxine and the Calpian leas, wlicrc tlicy con- tinued about two hundred years. Almut tlie year one thoufand, they removed farther foutliward into Armenia, the name of which they changed into that of 'rurconiania. They foon after fubdued Ragdat, ravaged I'rifi.i, and made themfclves maAers of the northern provinces of Arabia, at which time they were all Pagans 1 but tlicir leader 'I'aii- crolipix tliought proper, from motives of policy, to turn Mahometan, well knowing that a fovercign of a different religious perfualion is never agreeable to the generality of the people The Turks then proceeded to invade the tcr- rirofies of the Grecian emperor in Afia Minor, where they conquered feveral cities, as ll«; Saracens had done in Syria, Pileftine, and Egypt. The emperor of Conftantinople was at this time head of the Afiatic Chriftians, who, being greatly oppreflcd, implored the afTiftance of the difl"ercnt fovercigns of Eu- rope, in order to oppofe both Turks and Saracens ; all Kurope took the alarm : the pope alio intcrelled himfelf in the affair; and the clergy in general ufed their endea- vours to excite an emnlatiun, by which the Holy Land (as they termed it) might be reifcued from the hands of the infidels. The firftcrufade commenced in the year of our Lord 1996, when eight hundred thoufand perfons engaged in the enterprizc, and proceeded towards Paleftine ; but above half of tliem perifhed by licknefs, famine, and the fword ; the l.itter being cut off by the Chriftians through whofe countries they parted, and who were obliged to repel force by force, in order to put a flop to tlnir depredations. Manyof the undifciplined multitude, who arrived at Con- ftantinople, where cut topicces on their landing : but the more regular troonsunder theconduft of Godfrey of Boulogne, and other ikilful commanders, arrived at Conflantinople in tolerable order ; buttheir numbers creating a jealoufy in the bread of the Grecian emperor, indcadot joining them as he had promifed, he contrived by every finifter means to diftrefs them ; however, to avoid their refentment of this treacherous conduft, he granted them (hipping to tranf- port the troops ; on muftcring of which, it appeared, that the Chriftians had one hundred thoufand hoifc, and near twice that number of foot. This vaft army began its operations by befieging Nice in Bithynia; to relievewhich theSultan Sol iman marched, hut was totally defeated, when the place furivndered, and was put into the Grecian emperor's hands, as had been previoufly agreed upon. The Chriftian army then pro- ceeded tow.irds Antioch, when Sultan Soliman, at the head of two hundred thoufand men, gave them battle, but was again totally defeated. Antioch was foon after taken; but the Chriftian leaders did not think proper to put it into fhe hands of the emperor of Conftantinople, whofe per- fidy had fo repeatedly difgufted them. They then titarchcd to Jenifalcm, which they inverted with only fifty thouland men, their numbers being fo far reduced ; and the gar- rifon was at the fame time more numerous than the be- tlcecrs. Tlie an ival of a fleet of Englifti, Norman, Fle- mSh, and Genoefc (hips, however, gave new birth to their operations, l>v bringing them a frefh fupply of men. The outward wall Wis loon carried by ftorni, and the city it- felf was foon after taken fword in hand, when Ciodfrcy of Boulogne was crowned king of Jcrufalem. He foon fub- ducd Ptolemais, Cefarsa, Antipatris, Alcalon, &c. but died w ithin a year after his coronation ; and Baldwin of Bruges fucccedcd him, A. D. 1 100 In his reign, the Chriftians took the city of Tyre, and li'itained three vic- tories over the infidels ; he then laid fiege to the city of Damaicus', but proved uniueLeisiu! lit ins aiiempt ; airer reigning thirty years, he ditd, and was lucccedcd by Fulk- enrl of Anjou, in ii^i. During this reign the Chrif- tians began to quarrel amnng (hcmfelvesi but, 1' ulk be- ing killed by a fall from hi. hurl'e, his eldcft fon, under the title ot llaldwin II, was cleded king in the year 1 141 1 but beinu then only thirteen years of age, hit mother wat joined with him in the y^overnmeiit. !■ our dilUnil kinc,iloin» were eftabliflied by the Clirif* tlans, who had been in poffcrtion of the Holy Land and countries adiacent mure than forty years : thele were, I. 'I 111- kingdom of l.deiri, which comprehended the countries on the banks of the Euphrates, a. 'I'he king- dom of Tripoli, which was near the feacoaft. Theking- doni of Antioch ; and, 4. The kingdom of Jerufalcm. The continual dilcords among ihc Chriftians gave great advaniagc to Sanguin, fultan of Aleppo, and aftcrwaidi to N.iiiraddin his (on, who retook many of the comjuered pLices ; which oicalioiied the Chriftians again (u loljcit the afliftanceof the turop^;anfovereijMi«. tipon which invi- tation, Conrad, emperor of Geriiiiny, at the head of one hundred thouland men, undertook the expedition ; but the Grecian einiieior, proving as great an enemy to him as the Turks, he loft the greatelf part of his army, and returned home greatly dilappulnted and chagrined. In 1 187, Salading, fultan of Damafcus, was very fuc- ccl'sful againft the Chriftians, from whom he took Jerufa- lcm. This engaged Kiederic, cmptior of Germany, in another crufade ; but the imperial forces, who proved for fonie time fuccefsful, were at length vifitrd by the plague, which dertroyed the army. Richard 1, of England, and Philip A uguftus of France, were then ftimulatcd bv tho pope to carry their arms into Palelline, which they did in iiqoi but the two kings difagrecing, this, like the pre • ceding enterprifes, likewife mifcarricd. Conftantinople was aken bv the Latins in dcx} ; and Baldwin, earl of Flanders, being defied emperor thereof, foon after laid (iege to Adrianople ; but the Greeks invit- ing the Tartars to their airiftaiice, tlic Chriftian army wa* defeated, and Baldwin himfelf taken prifoner. They cut off the hands and feet of the unhappy monarch, and left him toperilh miferably in the field, where he died three days after in the firft year of his reign, and the thirty- third of his age, Aftir this, Henry, the brotl-,cr of Bald- win, being elefted cmi>eror of Conftantinople, by tlie aftiftance of the king of ThcfTaly, drove the Tartars out of Thrace, and recovered all the places they bad taken from the Chriftians. As the fultan of Egypt was now become the moft for- midable Mahometan power, the Chriftians determined to invade that country, which they did under the conduft of Lewis king of France, commonly called St. Lewis, who fet out from Europe with a fleet of one thoufand eight hundred fail, containing an army of iixty thoufand men, including u'-outthirtecn thoufand knights, EngliJh, French, and Cypriots. The army landed near Damietta, which they enteted w '.thout oppofition, the infidels having pre- vioufly abanJcned it. Lewis left his queen at Damietta, with a conflderable garrifon, and began his march towards Grant* Cairn, at tlie head of twenty thoufand horl'e, and forty thouland foot ; but they were fo harrafled by tlie enemy, that they were almve tl:ree months in advancing forty miles. At length the Mahometans, taking advan- tage of fhe van of the Chriftian army being fcparated from the main body, attacked the crufaders with great fiiry, totally defeated them, took prifoner the king of France, and all the troops who were not (lain in the engagement. It was debated by the Mahometans, whether they (liould not cut the throats of all the prifoiiers ; but at-arice ge«ing the better of revenge, they determined to fpare them, in order to cxafl a large ranfom for the recovery of their li- berty. They therefore agreed to rcleafe the king of France, and the reil of the prilbners, upon the delrveting up Da- mietta, and paying an iinmenfe fum of money to tlie captors. An amiy of Tartars, under tlie condu^ of Haalon, came down about this time like a torrent from the north- w.ird, and took Bagdat, Aleppo, Damafcus, and Iconium. The fultan of Egypt at the lame tunc polTeflcd himfelf of the principal places in Syria. Thefe tranfa£lions occa- iioned another crufade to be undertaken in 1271, byprince Edward, afterwards Edward I. of England : he took Na- zareth, and defeated the Turks in feveral engagements ; but not being properly fupportcd by other Chriftian princes, he returned to iLngland, after having been a year and a half in Paleftiiie ; whereupon Elphis, fultan of Eg)'pt, invaded Syria, took Tripoli, Tyre, Sidon, Bere- thus, and ai; the towns pnllelled by the ChrilUans, except Ptolciuais. A truce was however agreed upon for five years; V «..iilM.-.. J ., . , Jl.\ [A s i A.) AsiAtic ^URKY. ^s} ing pre- Damictta, towards lort'e, and Ted by tlie advancing advan- rated from great fiiry, f France, igageraent. icy lliould ■jce getting them, ill f their li- of France, g up Da- y to tlie Haalon, the north - IconiuiQ. himfelf of iOns occa- by prince took N»- getnents ; Chriftian leen a year fultan of on, Bere- ts, except n for five ycaili Di Vcari ; Init being hokr n by the Chrirtijiit, tile fultin of tgypt laiiHicgcto I'lolcnLiii, lim dyim Infurr the pLtci:, hii loa Aiaphui took it by Horin, nml );,\vc the phiiuior to hit lolilicrii nfirr wliich, the Chtilliam xvcro iatiitly cxpcllcil Itoin I'ulcUInc, one huiidrcil iiiul jiiiicty two yiars lub.cmicnt ti> ihc taltiii;^ of |< riilakin. Iltit C'al- (ianc9 the 'l art.ir, wlio vvai (ovcici;^ii of I'lili.i, rivcil!;?H the <|iiarrtl of the ChriOiani, by fiillin){ U|m)ii th'- Siili:in of Kgypt, dit'caiiiiK liis aiiuitj, ricoMii'iir moll of tli, lacej in Syria and i'.tUl)inc, whi.li he h il takiMi, aiul le- luilding thccitv n( [erufulcMi, which \w ilul at tlic driirc of hixjiicen, who was an Anntnian I'hiilh.m : lie likc- wifr i)(lcri-d to i(uii iho C'hiilUaii priiicis, and r<'-i'lta))lilh tlicm in tlic Holy l„iiid, but the piiiiclpnl lovcrcign* in Kuro|M.-wrrc imlKippily cnj^jjcd in war auioii|;ll llicin- lulvfs.and could not llicrcfore I'pare any Imcoi to fond to I'alclliiie; u|)on winch, Calfuiici retiial into rcrfia, and the Sultan of Kgypt recovered all he had loft. The 'J'urkilh loids, upon the death of Abdiii, the laft prince ot the Sel/.uciaii faniil/, divided the country among thenllelvcj, the principal of whom wai Ottoman or OlU- man, tlie fon ot Kntho).;iul When the Turku wire diiven out of Pcrfia by the Tar- tars, the Chiiftians of llichinia permitted their tlocks and hcrdj to graze upon their mountain^ ; but the Turks, alter having l>ccn licic for fomc time, began to claim the place a« their right, and to Jilpute the polkllion of it with the Chrillian natives ; whereupon the latter complained to the governors of the neiplil«)uring(trccian caOlcs, that thole whom they had fuccourcd, tiirougli conipairion, wanted now to be their mailers. The Grecian governois therefore, aOembled a body of fo-ces, in order to compel the I urki to acknowledge the fo 'crcignty of the (iiecian emiKror, or relinquilh the place : but Ottoman putting himfelf at the head of a body of troops, defeated the ChriOians, and took Caia CInfar, a fortrcH lituated on the frontiers of Hiibynia and I'hrygia. He afterwards plun- dered all Kithyma i which fo greatly alarmed the Cbrif- tians, that tlicy prevailed upon the governor of Bcle-/uj;ar to iiwite Ottoman m the uilemnization of a wedding at liis cafl'., that they might have an opportunity of takin^; him Oil. Ottoman, King apprifed of the delign, con- trived to introduce a party of foMicrs in dilguife, who killed the governor and all bis guctU, and took pof- fcflion of the calllc. He then made himlelf niaftcr of many other places in I'hrygia, and even laid hcge to the city of Nice. 'l"he cinpeior of ContUntinopIc fei\t an army to relieve the places, but it was defe.itcd by Ottoman, who from that time, •■■'. A. D. 1300, took upon himlelf the title and (hue e- (wcen thclcircr Mahometan princes in Alia and the Chrif- lians : but fupprelling thefe, be tranlpoi ltd his arm into t.uroiK.", where he took many places fiom the (jiecian em- peror, particularly Adrianople, which he fubdued in 1362, nnd made the capital of all bis Aliatic and Kuropean do- minions. About this time the body of janilaries was ella- blilhed, for every filth captive abo\e liftcen years of age was by . nuirath's order, retained in his lervice, and edu- c.ited in l..e I'eraglio, when at a proper fealon thole of the iarpeU (lature were to bc^clcflid foi the guard of the fultan. The Seiviaiis, liulgarian::, and lllyrians having: railed an iiifiirreftion, and invaded the European dominions of Amuiath, he returned into Alia to fupprel's it 1 but the cmpcroi of Conllanlinople not joining them at this critical junWure, the fultan, at the head of two huiuhed tlioufand men.rvoflLd the ilolphiini-', and totally deleatcd them. Amuiath, bi/wrver, ImviveJ this viflory but a lliort time 1 for aClirii'.ian foliliir, priu tiding to beg his life of liitn, took an opportunity ol'llrilibiiig Itiinwitl- a dagger, which lie bad concealed under his cloaths, <.f which wound the fultan imnicui^iiflv dHd. io t!ie v.T.i- 1373, r.ii« w.ia iut- cecded bv his fon B.i';a.'.et, wliD, th.it he might have no ri- vals, liegaii hi. reign bv tl;e murder ( f his brother. He then invaded ^trvir,, and laid licgc to Ciotava, which fur- No. 15. K'lidered on enndlllo'n that llto garrifon rtloulJ hiive leave fo iiurcll iiiiinolclled away, and join the Chrillian army. They were however ilo fooiwr out of the town, tliitt H,1- ja/.et ordered .« detflcltiiuMit of his troops to put tlicth all to the iWiud ; whirli bloody injunction was immidiaiely cxeriiicd. 'Ihc 'I'l'rkilh gencrnll, the n'fuinj ye«r, plundered the couiitrle, north of the DatuiSei wiiile Ha|a/.et hirtirelf mfTiiig the Ilellefpotu, took the cit; of I'hiladrlpltA'in I.vhia, eotu|iiered Carairtania, loni.> and ih?coaft of Na- tolia. The compliance which th; (irecian eiilpror had Ihcwn the I ui'\s, w.n not of any f," vice to him . for Ua- ja7.cl, uiimindlul of his obligations to that monarch, laid (lege to Cotiftatitinoplc, wliich was fo well defended, that he blockaded it for eight fuccclh\e years, till .Sjgirmimd, king of Hungary, ailitlcd by tlic I'rcncb, compelled him to raili: tlu- (icge 1 but Baja/et foon after defeated the Chrillian army, and took fuch .1 multitude of prii'oners, thai every Turkilli foldier bad a Have to bis (hate. After I'liiviftory, llaia/.et aguin laid liege to ConllantinopW, but was < ''ligcd a lerond time to raifc the (lege on account of the approach of a vail army under the'conimand of Tanurlatie, commonly called 'I'lie fiieat, the Mogul mo- naicli, who had been ins ited to march againft Hajazet, not only by tlic emperor of Conllaiitiiioiile and other Chrillian princes, but by the Mahometans thcmfelve:, who were greatly opprclfed by that tyrant. The def.'at of Baja/.et by Tamerlane, and what afterwards belel him, we have already taken notice of in ouraccinint of Tamer- lane, p. C7,^8. to which we beg leave to refer. ' The U\c Ions of Uajazet, alter his death, dil'putcd for the lover '-'nty of the Ottoman empire, during ten years ; but at lengtn ivlaliomct, the youngcll, proving fucccfsful, wasunanimouflyackiiowlegedfole fovcrei;;nof the Turkdh dominions. Having rcndcied VValacbia and 'I'tatifylvania fubjefl to him, he died in the year 142^, and was fuc- ceeded by liii fon Amurath, commonly c.il'.cd Amurath II. This prince, after fupprelling fcveral doiilcllic infurtec- tioni, fubdued great part of (jrcece, rccovcrei' '«avia and Caramania, and then iiiv.adcd '" gary with ai, rmy of riglity tbouliind men , but wa.; rcpulfcd by the prince of Tranfylv.iiiia, who, being joined by the kin!» of Poland, IKifled Ihc Danube, drove the Tu'«.s out of Servia, and udvanccd to mount Hemus; the pallis of the mountains weic, however, fo well guarded, that the ChrilUans, not being able to penetrate into Romania, were obligcj 10 re- treat : the Turks purlued them, and, coming up with their tear, a gen-'ral battle eiilued, when the Clirillians ob- tained a complete viftory. During this engagement, the celebrated Scandcrbeg, who commanded a body of lurkifh troops, d'.'I'crtcd to the Chrillian army. 'I'liis prince was the ion of John Caftiot, prince of Epiras, whole terri- tories Amurath invaded, and compelled him to deliver up his four Ions as hollagcs for his fidelity. Amurath then ordered all the young princes to be circumcifed, and itl- llrufled ill the Mahometan ruiKtllition ; and, on the death of their father, fei/.ed the country of Epiras as bis own, after putting to death the three elder princes. He however pretended to have a great regard for the younger, on whom he conferred the title of Scandcrbeg, wliich lig- nilies Lord Alexander, Scander implying in the Turkim language Alexander, and beg being tlie titular appelLition for lord. The Turks afTcClcd kindiiefs could not bow- ever efface from the youngprincc's bolcnii the fenfc of the wrongs be and his family had fullaiiied from the infidels; he was a Chrillian in bis heart, and had long mcditJted to etcapc fiom the Mahometan. The aboveineiitioned battle prcfented him with an opportunity, when he not only enticed three tlioufand foldiers, who were natives of his own country Epirus, to defert with bim, but brought olF the Ottoman lectctary of war. He aftci wards proceeded towards Croia, the capital of F!piriis, and comixilled the fccrctary to write an otder in llie name lA' the ball.i his mailer to the governor, commaiiiling him to deliver up that citv to the care of Scanderbeg. 'Ihc governor, not fuli)eiUng but that the order really came from the balfa, and was written with the concurrence of Amurath, delivered up the place without hclitation. Scandcrbeg, being joined by the inhabitants, immcdi.itcly put all tlic Turks in the place, who tefulid to turn Chriili.ans, to the fword 1 and lir.vingaillmbled an army of twelve thoufand men, marched to Pctrclla, which furicndercd upon the firll hMninoiis.'aiii! Stellula followed the ex.iniole: which i'uccefs ;,:;vc hiin encouragement to invade Macedonia, and lay it under vaft contributions, railing by this means a fullicieiit fum of money in the enemies country to pay, and even augment his atmy. K. r Alarttied, I5« Tilt NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM oi GEOORAPIIY. II AUrnird at the procrcJiiiiji of Scanilcilx),, Amiirntl) foncAli htHfk, it tlie liotlot' iurty ihnulaiid mrii, to pic- vent hii excurfioiii , but ScaiidcrhcK liul the good I'm- tunc to delictt him, 'I he 'I'uikilii mniiiah, tlirrcl'iir, dreidliit thr cunlcijucncc ol' ihclc Iticceirci, |intched ii|) a ptacr with the Hiiiiy,.inain, that hi- Diiglit h»vc .111 <)|)iine<, whicli lie Itiit for thai oiii - pollc, were fcveraily drfe:ited hy the forttilule .Sc.inder|.< j; . and it i> reniarkahlr.thit hiifoicn ncNcramountedtoalhud part of the nnnilir-ofthe Turks in all thcfe enRagcmcnh. Amur-th, enraged at length with Ins continual lollcs, difipi)ointmci\t>, and defeats, hy an handful of men, raifej an army of one hundred and forty thoufand troops, at the head of which he himfelf marched, and laid ficyc to the capital cily of Croia, whicli was defended by a ftronn i;arrilonand a hrave governor, on whom Scandctbcg could depend, while that prince commanded .1 tlyinc army in the niiiuntKiii'i, which continually harrafTcd the Tiukith forcn. Amuralh alFaulted the city many times with great •iiry J but lie was not able to reduce it, for he died befoie its walls, in the thirtieth year of his reign, and was fuccerded by his cldeft fon Mahomet, furnamed Mahonut II Tliis prince, immediate'/ after the death of his father, raifed the iit-gr, and returned to Adrianople. This prince benan hit reign by nniidding his brothers, and then proceeded to befiege Conflantinople, which he took on May 20, 1453. T'"^ '•■>'' (Grecian emperor, Con- Itantinc I'aUoln^us, was killed in the aflaulti and all liis relations, with the princirial citizens, were afterwards put ro death in cold blood by Mahomet. The plunder of this we.tlthy cily was given to the troops, and the feat of go- veiniuent was troiisfeiicd fiom Adrinnople loConflanlino- plc. Mahomet, having thus added the Grecian empire to hi>' own, alFunied the title of emperor, which has ever fince liecn retained by the fucceeding fovereigns of the Turks. Among other captives taken at Conftantinonle, there was a beautiful young virgin, named Irene, with whom Mahomet became fo enamoured, that he negledcd all public affairs for the enjoyment of her focicty in private. I'his remiflhefs with refixrfl to the bufinefs of the ftate, occaiioned a dangerous mutiny among the janifaries ; but M.ijiomct'i temper was fo fierce and favaj^, that none dared to mention the fituation of hi* affairs. At length one of liif; baflas ventured to acqu.iint Imn with his danger. Maltomct feverely reprimanded him for his infoletsce, as be termed it ; but being fcnfible of the fcafoiiablencfs of his advice, he told him, " That his fubjcfls ihould find, that he could rule his paflions as well as he could rule kingdoms. " He then gave orders that the principal ofGcers of the army, and all the great officers of ftate IhouUI at- tend him the enfuing day in the divan. At tlf me ap- pointed, every one attended with wondering expet..->tion. i'he emperor ajipeared, and with him the beautiful Ircii" dicflid with the moll coftly care in all the extr;naga;in 1 Afialic elegance. The emperor then ordered the loniv Greek to flaiid upon a raifed floor, and ftcrnly |iv, and lulijugit-d VVaLichia. Mis prodigiuua fiiccefi, ohtainid him the name ot'Cireat) neverthelefs, he W4S J iii'ift .il>iiicliiii(d cruel wretch, and guilty ofalnuiit every ciiine nvIiilIi couM dibalc human nature. Me (licil A. I). 1481, in the thittv-ihird year of his rci^n , and wa^ furcctded by his eldel( Ion, B.ija/et II. who l|>ent fo much time in a pilgrlmagr to Mecca, that hr was near being lupnlanted by his *>iother /(lues. '1 his (i> nuich al.iiincd liiiii, that he had his brother miiriK'ied, and rewarded the afliillln with the roll of prinir niiniller, though he was only a barber. Ii took feveial towns from the Venetians ; but was con- tiniinlly al.nnicd withdomeflic plots .igainll his life, which at length took efl'cO ; for he was dethroned by the janifa- ries, who made hii fon .Seliin emperor. This piiiicc began his reign by murdering his father, his l)rutliers, and all their children : he then fubdued the Mamelukes, and put an end to their empire in tgvpt, which fiom tlut time became a Turkilh province. Seliin died A. D. ijiO, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, at ha was preparing to invade the Chrillian princes. Solyman II. or Solvmanthc Magnificent, fuccrtded hi* father Seliin. .iiul iinmedtately alter bis acceflion, laid llcge to Hel^rade, which he took on the iqth of Auguft, I ;2i. He invaded the ifland of Klwidcs the yearenfumg, the capital of which fubmitted to his arms on Chriilmai- day i;22. Solynun then invaded Hungarv, defeated the Hungarians, and took the cities of Bada, Pelt, and Se- grdin. In 1529 he penetrated into Aullria, and laid flcgeto Vienna, but it was fo well defended, that he was obliged to raife the liege and retire; he returned, however, again into Auflria, with an army of Ave hundred thoufand men ; but the emperor, and other Chrillian princes, being Well pre- paied to receive him, lie a^ain retreated to Conftaittinople. Andrew Doria, the celebrated (ienocfe ailmiral, joininr the fleets of feveial Chrillian powers, particularly that (M* the Spaniards, invaded the Morea. Solvman, in return, ordered lii^ fleet, under the command of his admiral Harba- rolTa, to plunder the ccafts ol Italy and Sicily. Thefe orders being obeyed, the Tuikilh admiral flood over for the African coall, where he depofed the deys of Alt;iers and Tunii, and had thole kingdoms conlirined to him by the emperor. Solyman, in the mean time, invaded Perfia with a large array, but met wilh vtry little luccefs in this rygiedition. H then Icnta fleet to the Red lea, to attack the I'ortuguefa ii lemints in the Kaft Indies , but his dcfign here like* w ill.' failed. A- this time the Fk ich, who were conteirding with the cnij)cror of (lermanv for the Milanelc, made an alliartce with the 'I'urks, whiolc fleets again plundered the It.ilian and Sicilian coaOs and the Ottoman armies met like- wife with great fu<. cefs in Hungary and Italy. Solyman again invaded I'erlia in 1(48^ hut the Pcrfians deflroyed llie country before him as he advanced, by whicli means moll of his aimy jicrillied, and he was obliged again to retreat ; but to make him fome amends, he, in 1551, took the llroiig city of Tcmcfwar, in Hungary, and thi territories belonging to it. i'licemperor,who was now advanced in years, became fo cxtrciviely fond of his concubine Koxalana, that he put liisrIdelV Ion Muflapha to I'.rath to ol '.geher, andeven conleiMcd to marry her, though no 'I urkilh fovcrcign, from the time of liajazet, had ever licen married, as it w.-is. contrai^v to the policy of the Turkilh goveinmcBt. Uaja/et the youngcll fon, foon after undent cnt the fame fate as his brother Mullaplia, for being concerned in a plot againft the government. The Turks now made a fruitlefs attack upon the ifland of Mall 1, but Hill continued I'uccefsful in Hungary , when death pui an end to Solyman's progrcfs, A. I ). I5f>(), and took him ofl^ by means of a 'iloody flux, in the fcvcnty ' fcvcnih yea; nf his age, and forty-feventh of his reign. Sclim II. ilic only fmviving Ion of Solyman, fiucccdcd him, whole firll expedition was, to invade the illand of Cyprus. He laid fiege to Nicofia, which he took by ilorm, A.D. 157 -, and the enfuing yinr he invefted Kainagufta, which cavntulatcd upon honourable terms, but the garri- fon were "no fooncr marched, than a great number of tlie uihabiunts were malTacred, and the brave governor, Bra- gaduio A 8 I A.J ASIATIC TURKY. M^ ""^ gadino w«« Htyed tlive. 1'he hattk Mtiftaph* licrc rnunti ■n immcitlc irmturc, which he put on huard tlirre Ihipa, tofi »lirr with m.inv lovely c»piive«, ainoiiK whom wm a yi)iifH>l4ily ol cxnuitiii' Iwnuty, who, drevliiigihe ihoughti iif being laciilirot to the finhiacci of a Turk, fet (ire In the fowiier, which hlew up the (hip in which (lie wj», art'l the two other* that were nrar it, losctjirr with hcr- fclf, all the Chrilliaii caplivri, miil ihc T'uiki(h rtilnri. Ill thr ine4ii lime the Turkilh admiral niocrided to make dclccnli <>ii maitv of the Veiicli.in illaniN, a« F.piruf, Dnimatia, Nc. trom whence ha cirrird many llioufjridi of the inh.ihitaiilt into captivity. It i> affirnitd, that the t'lwii ot Curaola W4> t'orfakeii on the approach of the Turkilh lieet, hy the govtriior and all the moi), hut that the women, tukine up arini, defended tlio place till a Onrin aroj'e, and nhliged the Turks to rctiir ".o their gallict, in order to preiervcthcm TlieTurk«, in the year 1571, tilted out the larpcrt fleet that ever they lenttolni, which wai cii);agfd at the en- trance of the gulf of Lepanto, hy the united ChriAinii tieet, commanded by Don John, hiotlur to the king of Spain, ill conjundf ion with the Venetian admiral. Che fight was ohllinate and bloody, and lafled (ivehoiii^, when the Ottoman fleet was totally dctcated , the Turkilh admi- ral, with fifteen ihoufand men, were killed, and one hundred and (ixty galliei taken, or (imk : the Chriftiant loft about lix thouland men, among whom were many brave and diftiiiguilhed officers, Sclim, after ihii overthrow, equinp>'d another fleet, and Took Tunis, on the Birbary co.-ilt, from the Spaniards, which was the laft conridcrablc aAion of his life, for he died Sentcmbcr o, 157^, in the fifty-fecond year of his igr, and ninth of his reign. Ainurath lli.eldeft fonof Selim,fucceedcd tothetliionr. Like manyof his predccelTors.hebeganhisrcign withana£t of cruelty, by the murdcrof his five brother!, and, to prove himfcif a true Turk, and not inferior in cruelty to any of his anccAort, he had them executed in his pn-lcnce. That nothing might be wanting to complete the barba- Toui fpeAacle, he obliged hit late father's ta-ourite fultana to be prcfcnt, who was fo affeAed at the maflacre of the young princes, that (he ftabbcd hcrl'clf to the heart, and expired in the pretence of the young tyrant. He attempted to reduce the Pcrfians, but loft three fine armies in the at- tempt. Thcfe difappointmenti fo chagrined him, that in lj8() he aircmbled an army of one hundred and eighty thoufand men, and gave the command of it to the grand vifir. In this expedition, tlu-Tiiiw 'Wighty thoufand men by the fword ami f' , in 1592, as the fultan found that his troops ca 1 on this war with great le- Iu£taiice, he wlthdrcv tlw army from Pcifia, in order to employ it in Hungarx Nothing, however, decitivc was done; and Amuraih diiU 'anuary 18, 1505, in the thirty- third year of hi< 4j(c. anii twentieth of his reign ) and was fuccecded by his ;<'n, Mahomet lU. who alfo iKgan his reign according to the Ottonun cuflom, by putting his brothers to death, who were m> lefs than twenty in number ; however, he wai not futliciently gL.tti-J with this bloody facrilicc, for he ordered ten of hii father's concubines, whom he ima- gined to lie pregnant, to be thrown into the Tea. As foon as he was Ccaled on the throne, finding that his gencial Fetrat KafTa had been unfucccfsful in Hungary, he ordcrtd him to lie ftrangled. T he Chriftians, however, ftill pro- ing viQorious, Mahomet aflcmblcd an army of two hun- dred thoufand men, put himfelf at their head, took the city nf Agria, where he nraAifed unheard of cruellies, and afterwards defeated the Chriftian army; by which means he recovered Moldavia and Walachia. Ilcing obliged to march back into his own country, to quell fonic doineflic tumults, the Cliriftiansfeized the opportunity, and reco- vered many of the places they had loll i while, on the other fide, the Perlians retook Tauris. Mahomet's cruelties had rendered him fo ob'ioxious to the people, that a conl'piracy was formed to dcpofe him, and place his eldcft fon upon the throne. Heing appriled of the alTair, he had his fon ftrangled, and |>iit to death all the confpirators who were fo unfortunate as to fall into I ".s power; but now, being evcrv-whcre unfucccfsful, and many of the infurgents continuing in arms, he began to think tlial the wrath of God purfued him for his manifold crimes. To avert, therefore, the vengeance of heaven, he ordered prayers to be put up for him throughout his dominions ; and lent two mollas, b.-ircfootcd onapilgrimace to Mecca, HL-died, in t604, ftung with all the horrors ot a guilty confcicnce, in the forty -tiftli year of his age, and niiitli of lus reign. His fon Achmet I'uccccded bim, In the rrign of this prince, the Turki obtained fnme advantages ivrr the Chtiltians, bring ioincd by the Fro- teflnnisof Aiiifriu, Hungary, and Tranfylvania, who were fiiirurlly perleciited by the Roman Catholics, that tliey were obliged even to leek fuccour from Icfi intolerant in- lidcls 'I'he principal fultana of Arlim't, underftandine that the emperor had tak( 11 one of his liftirr's (laves to his bed, was lo Inflanu d with ieal'iufy, that (he raufed her 10 he flrangled. Thii Aelimct relented, by (Ubbinj^ her, and tiainplin;', upon her body. At length he departed this life on the 1 '^ih of Nuvcnibcr, 1617, in the jitk year of his a^r, and thirteenth of hit reign,' and was fucceided hy hisbiKthcr, Miiflapha, wliofe aecrflinn was extremely Tngutar. The broilirii of the fultani had uluilly been put to death by the It inning lovcreigii, through the abfurd idea of render- ing hitnlelf fiTurt ) hut Aclinv-l. being only thirteen years of age when he aftriidrd the itironc, was advifed tA (pare his brntlicr Munajiha, till he faw whcfhcr he ihould have any cliiUlien of hit own, as no other prince of the Ottriman f.iniilv was thru living. Thus N'ulhpha waa fecured by ilii pdlicy of the Hale, till Achmet hiid diildren, whui it waN iMuii-d in council whether he fliould not b« put to death, and the execution was agreed upon accord- iiif;ly ; but Miillaplia v\a< again providentially laved, for Arhmrl dicaniiiig that he faw his brother executed, was f6 terrified at the vidonary fpeftacle of horror, that he would nevei lullrrthc Icntencr to lie put info execution. Muf- ta|ih,i, linwcvcr, reigned hut live raonlhi ; for the b.ilT'ai. finding him tut.illy uii>|uali(icd to govern, .i);ain conliiied him to the feraglio, and :idvaiiced to the throne hit nc- jihew, Ofman, who, foon aficr the comii...ncemcnt of hit rclpn, marched to the tioiitier-i of Poland ; but the jaiii- fanci rcfufing to march any farlhei , he was obliged to |patch up a c'ilhonourable peace with the Poles. This lb enraged limi, that hcdefcrrained totally to abolifh the liody of ja- nilaries , which thole rep.uUr bravoes undeiftanding, they murdered him in 161a, and rcftorcd his uncle Mullapha to the throne; but he, being no better qualified togovcrii than before, wa; a li-cond time depofed , when they advanced Amuratti to the imperial dignity, who was the younger brother of Olmaii. ' Amurath IV. afceiidcd the throne in ibiy. his reign was notonly (illcd witli inforreflion'i and mutinies, but the Perlians ravaged the Turk h frontiers, t6ok B.igdat, which the Ottoman forces bt< j;ed three years, without being able to recover. This emperor wai a cruel tyrant, but he was certainly impartial in his inhuman conduA, equally opprcHing and munli ring ChiiUians and Turks, but in many inC.ances he iliewed himfcif to be a moft lavage an4 uiifeelini; monftei. l.)uiing thi leign, a dreadful fire happened at Conflan- rinoplc, which confumed upwards of^ twenty thoufand hollies. Amurath, however, determined on a Pcrdan war i but, Ix'inin in great want of money, he encouraged a num- ber ot inlurmris to accufc the richeft people ho could get intelligence of, witlj being guilty of variout crimes. 'I'lic; gave him a pretence to put them to death, and fcizc till ir efrefh. Ry thcfc infernal muans he was enabled to raili: an aiiny of three hundred thoufand men, when, m»' lung to the frontiers of Turky, he took Tauris, onkfcil it to be plundered by his Ibldiers, marched back without atchicving any thing farther, and then ordered a feflivil of feven d;iys to cclcbiate his wonderful exploits ! A nurath's cruelties now grew dreadful and deteftable to eve. y one; the murders he committed were incredible, and the modes of execution were (hocking to human na- ture i among the refl, his brothers Itajazet and Orchan fell victims to his ferocious difpofition : indeed murder was his fuprcme delight, for the moll ^vourite amufement of thisbiood'thirfty wretch was, to (it inapavilion in the pa- lace gardens, and fire upon tliol'e who paflTcd by in boats, by which means he killed a prodigious number, Itmuft, however, Ik admitted, thatlu Icldom performed thefe fro- lics but when he was drunk ; but it was unhappy for his fubjeAs that he was fcarcc ever othcrwife. He prepared again to invade Pcrfia in 1637 ; but, before his departure, caufcd another of his brothers to be ftrang- led, who was a promifing prince of gieat accomplilhments. He then invcftcd Ba|;dat, when the girrilbn furrendcred on condition of receiving no perfonat injury. Amurath lolemnly ororaifcd to fixire their lives: but they h.iii'!. By another treaty, the Rulii.Tiis were obligtil to demolilh all their forts on tllcPalus Ma-oti$, and KuxLiie fea, and to ' dcftrov the fortifications of Afopb. Mahomet was of a pacific and jufl difpcflion, and on that account rcfpcflcd much by the CbriJtian princes. Nothing material, except the iibove tianlaftion?, happened during his reign i and on the i^'li oi Dec-.mbcr, 1754, ■ he died fuddenly of a fit of the altlnua, iuij the lame diy his brother Ofnian was proclaimed caipeior, from the mi- narets of the mofques. Ofman III. began his reign in a time of profound tran- quillity ; and notliing material occurred till his deatli, which happened 111 1757, when he was fuccecded by hit brother, Muftapha III. who began his rcign with every pcrfonal •idvantage : he was oV a diSlicnt difpoliti .n from nioftof his predcccflijrs, Ixiing of n liberal way v.i ihlnkin;';, a lover of learning, and the lirft who introduced tiicait of print- ing into the Ottoman tiiipire. In the year 1766, a gene- ral fpiritof liberty feemed to difFulc it;^;!' tliroiigh many jiartj of the world. The Tuikilh eiiij'ac w.ii aHeiilcd by lis intiueiice.the (icorgiiins hc(:,;uito.ilj)irc at iiulepeniLLnce, and many iiifurreflioiis happened in lg\[itand C")piu^; wliicli, though I'upprelfed, evinced the Ipirit lliat puvaikd at this pciiod. A war broke out, in 1768, between Rullia an 1 the Porte; and a confederacy was lomitd aganill tin lluir own fubjcfts and deptii'lcnt'!, which was to and incieafed by the Ottoman.:. 'Ihe coiit'ederatcs were, however, obliged to retieat into t"ic Turkilll tcrritorie;. A Tuikilh army wa; ;iireinl>!( il ha.ve;nClioc/.iiii, BcnJcr, and Oc/akow, the Ruffians torined .i line of troops al(jii>j the fVontiets of Poland, and alaigebodyof 'I'ai tars appeared on the Rulfiaii ihore. I he Ruflian admiral SplritslnfT let fail, in i/Gci, with a powcrlul fijuadron for the Levant, and was alterwai.l* joined, ill 1/70, with two oth'.'i confdcnblc fleets coui- niaiiJiJ Kiilbans amon^ tunienteil -• *- * :;fi ■- ,.iS'S : :^'' V* .'A^ :t*' ^- *^ * ■-'■■ '--.rr??^':^^ 1. • 1 ^- - .I';!^^ 1 Kj ■ ^^P;-. 1 1 i , V ^ ' ■ <■ 1 , i ' 4it4 ' . -; 1 ^^1 S" ^ * .«-*''<-*-«-«. ■ « i *i^ • ■ " • p 1 (^ g 1 ' '-■ i i' ■■■*, 1^^ -% %' 4^.3^ • i-^ • — -^■. ^ \*> . ' , - 1" 'W 4 ■y. i-k\ l.,ii.iii . Knji t'-m ffff i,V^ -•# [A S I A.j EMPIRE OF JAI»AN. M mnnded hy a don Elpliinftone aild Count OrlofF: ftidti after which, an engagement happcncit.between the Turlcilh and Ruffian flcrts, near N'apoli-di-Komani ; in which the former were totally defeated, and took (heltcr iii the har- bour of the above-mentioned place, whitlier admiral El- phinOonc purfned and creatly annnyed tliem. Count OtlofF was at tbii time acting by land in the Morca, but lie foon after joined the other Iquadrons ; and the whole fleet, on the 7lh of July, t-jyo, engaged that of the Turicj, who were totally dcfcitcd. In this fight, which was very bloody and defpcratc, admiral SpirildofF engaged the Ca- pitana of one hundred guns, yard-arm to yard-arm, when the Turkilh thip taking fire, tlie tlamcs communicated to the RulTian fliip : both unhappily blew up, and the crews, a few ofbceri and men excepted, perilhed, cither in the explofion or the waves. The Turks now Hcd, in order to fccurc thcmfelves in the bay of Schifma, where a few nights after their fleet was burnt by means of three file- Ihips lent amongft them by the Rulfians. It niay well be imagined, thata fleet conjilling of one hundred fail, almoft in one general blaze, muft prefent a fccne of diilrcfs and horror dreadful beyond defcription ; while the flames with the utmoft rapidity were fpreading deftru£)inn on all fides, and (hip blowing up after Ihip, with every foul on board, that feared to tnift the wav?^ to fwim for Ihore ; the Ruf- fians kept pouring upon them fuch fhowers of cannon- balls, fliells, and fmall-lhot, tliat not one of the many thoufands of their weeping friends on land, who' faw their difttefs, dared venture to their relief. Nothing now remained but united flirieks and unavailing cries, which, joinr I to the martial mufic and the loud triumphant Ihouts of the vigors, ferved to fwell alternately the various notes of ioy and Ibrrow that compofe the dirge of the departing glory of the Turks. The lofs on the part of the RuU fians was admiral Spiritdoflf's fhip, and between feven and eight hundred men : on the fide of the Turks, brfidi'^ the deftruftion of their whole fleet, above nine thoufand men perilhed. After this difartcr, t'.ic Turks quitted Schifma in great conllemation, and, haHing to Smyrna, murdered an in- credible number of Greeks and other Chriflians, whom thrv fuppofcd 10 be well afFettcd to the Kuifians, fparing neither age nor fex. The Ruflians alio, in thh expedi- tion, fpread delbhtion through the coafts of Greece, Afia, and the idands of the Archipelago, and greatly in- jured the trade of the Levant ; but tlicy acquired little be- nefit to themfelves by iT\eir fucceflTes. This year likewife the Turkith army on the IJanubc, under the command of the grand vizier, was attacked and routed in its trenches at Babadagh. Negociations were in I77>, fet on foot, in order to pro- cure a peace ; but the plenipotentiaries not agreeing, the whole proved fruitlefs ; nothing, however, of any confe- tjuence was performed this year by either army. But in Syria and Egypt the people were in open rebellion ; Ali Bey was, however, defeated and driven out of Egypt by Mahomet Aboudaab, when he fought refuge in Syria, and was aflFe£tionately received by his friend Sheik Dabir, an Arabian prince. Mu(lapha!ll. departed tliis life at Conftantinople, on the iiftof January, 1774. in the fifty-eight year of his age, and fevertteenth of his reigW, witli the cfiirafler JAPAN. SECT. t. f'rtatt tf iht txtinl cf tht empiri of Japan, Itt thus, pa^ laeti, tuildings, furniluri ; gtnins /indlimptr tf ihi pttpli, thtir habits, diit, divirfiens, ftftivals, farms of falutalitn, manuftilurts, huflaHdry, IJt. - ^HR- ?yt?nfive ?.nd o'^iilcnt kingdom of Tawan /which \_ the natives ufually call Niphon) confifts of three brge and maniy lefler iflands, is one hundred and thirty No. 16. degrees eaftward of London, txtefidihg from thirty to forty one degrees north latitude, and from one hundred anj thirty to one hundred and fbrty-feven degrees eaft longi- tude, the whole clufter lieing about fix liuivdrcd leagues in circumference, and two hundred in length. The larger iflands are Japan itfelf; Xinu, the next ?n extent, and Xicoco the fmaller of the three, which is fituatcd between is alfo the ifland of Tonfa, whicli lies fouth of Niphon^ being divided from it by a narrow chaimcl; tlio capital S s city *t» 1 i64. The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOGRAPHr. '^' c'aj whereof ii Nava, fituue on the notth eaft jmn of tlie i hnd. The iflaiul uf Bniigo liei fouth-wcft of Tonfa, being hetweeen four and five hundred milei in circumfc- rciicc, the capiralciiy whereof i> Nangafcki, fituate on a hajrof the lea, on the weft, fide of the ifland (of whicli ir\ore hereafter ) : and near thii city ii the little ifland of Difnia, not inudi more than a mile round, where the Dutch faAory arc permitted to refide t but of thii we Ihall fpcatc more particularly, under the article of their trade with the Japanele. The ifland of Firando i( pretty con- fidcrable, extending from thirty- three degrees twenty mi- nutes to thirty-four degrees notth latitude, and from one hundred and thirtv-one to one hundred and thirty-two de- grees eaft longitude. Jeddo, or Yeddo, the capital of Niphon, and of tlte whole empire, {lands in the midft of a fine plain in the province of Mufafi, and is fituate on a bay of the fea, in the north-eaft part of the ifland, in one hundred and ferty- fbur degrees ten minutes of eaft longitude, and thtrty-nx dtgrees of north UtituJc : being one of the larcefl, moft ?iulent, and beautiful cities in that part of ttie world, he imperial palace, with its courts, parks, and gardeiM, it a i(]uare of nve miles in circumfereiKe, and ftands in tlie middle of the city : that part of the palace wliere the king refides, makes fuch a (hining appearance, tliat fome travellers have related, it is coveted witli gold pUtes in- fiead of tiles : probably, they refcmble the varniflted giUed tiles which cover the palace of Fekin. ThisrioblefiruQure is formed by feveral piles of build- ings, and inclofes many flreets, courts, apartments, pa- vilions, guard-houfet, gates, draw-bridge*, gardens, ca- nals, &c. In it refides the emperor ana his fiunily, the rojal doraeftics, tributary princes, and their retinue's, the mmifters of ilate, many officers, and a great garrifon. The walb are built of free flone, which are not cemented bv mortar, or braced together with iron ; but, being pro- digioufly large, are laid ioofe upon each other ; whtcll is a precaution taken, that they may not receive any coniider- able injury from the earthqnakea wbidt are M ficquent. Maiw of the (lately apartments are formed and altered at pleafure, by means of magnificent Icreeiu, and fuperb moveable partitions. The principal apartments are, the hall of attendance, where the emperor gives audience ; the council chamber, where the mmifters of ftate meet ; the hall of a thonland mats, where the tributary princes do homage, &c. This magnifioent palace wm baiit in the year 1600, in the reign of the empcsor Tayko, The city is in the form of a crelcenti and is interfeftcd in almoft every ftteet by caials of water, where banks are planted with rows of trees. Thefe canals not onl* fervs as ornaments to tlie city, but are of fiocaiar ntiuty in cafes of fire, as they both aflToid a rcad]f (apply of watert and ftop the progrefs of the conflagration. There i* a firong caftle to defend the city, which is not furrounded by walls; the river Toniu^ waters it, fupplns the caftle ditch, and, being divided into five (ireams, ha* a bridge over each. The priiKipat of thefe bridges, mmed Nt- phonbas, iathe ftandard from which all the roads, pofts, aiul di(binces of the empire are taken. The Areets are wide and handfome, but irregular. The public buildings ar-; magnificent, but the private dwellings are ntean, though neat. This city is under the direAion of two governors, who rule a year each alternately like die chief magiftrate of London ; under thefe are inferior officers like our al- dermen, who have tlie direftion of particular diftriAs or wirds; and fubordinate to thefe are the ottonas, to each of whom the care of a particular ftreet it committed. The next royal city is that of Mcaco, fituate on a lake, near the middle of the ifland of Niphon, about three hun- dred miles fouthwzrd of Jeddo, in forty -five degrees thirty- eight minutes north latitude, and one hundred and thicty- fi^i>' Heyres fifteen minutes eaft longitude, being two ■:.»ndicd and feven^y-fix miles weft of Jeddo, aitd waf the niticnt ;>ietropolis of the whole empire, but is at prefent the ^dence of the dairo. It ii bu'lt in a pki^fant and ex- tenfive plain, on the fouthem coaft of the iHand of 'apan, being furrounded at fome diftance by mountains, woich give a delightfiil and ronuntic ptofpeft to the whole. The circumjacent country between the city and the moun- tains, and the mounuins themfelves are covercl with temples, fepukhres, and nonafteriet, and embelliflied with a variety of orchards, gardens, gfoves, cafcades, and purl- ing dreamt. Three confiderable rivets water the fertile plain, and unite their ftreams in the centre of Ae city, wliere a magnificent flone bridge facilitates the communi- cation between the upper and lower town. The dairo luu his refidence in the north part of the upper town, 3 On the weflcrn fide of ttie city Is a ftrong f aftle, whicli ferve* a* a palace for tUt cubo, when he comet to pay ho- mage. It conuins a fmall prrifoo, is fix huiulred yard* in length, has a tower in the centre, and il furrounded by two ditches, the one dry, the other full of water, an«l abounding with the mo(t delicious fith. Sincethe empe- ror's court hu dilcontinued to refide here, this city nu prcatly declined , it was then twenty miles in length, nine in breadth, exclufive of the fuburbs, and furrounded by ftrong and (tetely walls, lite ftreeU were long and nar- row, and exceedingly crowded with inhabitant* 1 for on a li(i being given in by orderof the govenunant, the num- ber amounted 10 five hundred twenty-itine thoufimd feveii hundred and twenty-fix, though the daiio's court, a»)t flranger* not conftantly refiding in the place, were iwt in- clude ; but it is laid at prefent not to contain above one hundred thoufand foul*. The univerfitie*, college*, mo- nafterie*, temples, ttc. are almoft incredible in number, and magni(ieMU in appearance. The private hoafe* are but two flories high, built of wood, and covered with clay« or thatched. Every houfe i* oblijpd to have a re- fervoir, or trou^ of water, ready in cafe of fire : but they join iieatnef* with fimpticity ) aitd every tiade 01 calling hath a particular ftreet or diftriA alfigned to it. The palace of the dairo i* inclo(ed by magnifirent walli flanked with (lately tower*, and funronndcd with a doubte ditch. It contains twelve capital ftreet*, in the centic of- whicli are the royal apartment*, fuperbly built, el^uitly furnifhed, and adorned with gardens, otdiards, pavilion«« terraces, groves, &c. OliKa It the next moft confiderable city in Japan, which is (ituated at the mouth of the river Jedogawa, about fif- teen leagues from Meaco, and in thirty-five degiecs fifteen minute* north latitude, and one hundred and thirty-feven degrees twenty minutes eaft longitude, it is deeined th« prmcipal fea-port in the empire, and is filled with an in- credibM numlier of merchants, tradefmen, mechanic*, ec> defiaftics, tec. It is fo populous, that nn army of eightf thoufand men bu been drawn from it upon tmergenciet. It is near fifteen mile* in circumfierenoe, contain* many ele- gant houfes, and fome palace* beionnng to the nobility. A ftrong quadrangular caftle defends the port. The vraUa are thia, the towers with which they are flanked well for- tified, and the garrifon numerous. Two officers com- mand here, one has the fuperintendanca of the caftle, and the emperor's treafures, ftores, and cuftomt ; the other pre- fidc* over the garrifon : but the city itUS hath a goventoe of its own, who hath the regulation of all civil affair*. The houfJM in this dty are covered with a kind of earth of a yellow colour, which gives their roof* as elegant ap- pearance. In thi* city, the watchmen make the haor known by mean* of three inflrument*. An hour after fun-fet, they beat a drum, the fucceeding hour i* fignificd by ftriking on a brazen bowl, and the hour fuUaqvent to that by ringing a bell ; the iKxt Iwur they begin again with the drum* proceed to the bowl and bell, and fo continue the whote night, uCng the three inftruments alternately. In all other parts of the empire, however, the hour of^the ni^ht i* told by beating 'ifjainft each other two wooden cylin- ders. Suninga is fitnated in thirty-five degree* twenty-two minutes north latitude, and one hundred and forty-two degrees thirty minutes eaft longitude, i* the capital of tha province of the fame name, and a very confiderable fea- port town, fome of the emperors refided in it ; and foms of the Englilh were not long fince permitted to trade with tlie merchants who lived chiefly in Uie fuburbs. It is now greatly on the decline, but ftill retains fome of its antient privileges, particularly the liberty of coining money. Saccai (land* about twenty miles from Ofaca ; it is in*' habited by a proud fet of people, who all boaft of their an- ceftors, and pretend to be delcended from the antient Ja- panefe emperors. This city is very advaixagcoufly fituatcd as a place of ftrencth, being defended on the different fides by a ftrong wall, an inaccelEble mountain, acap.idoni ditch, and a formidable caftle. Near tlie harbour is a little ifland called Pie-nes, celebrated for its plcaiant groves, and £uned as the refidence of a favourite idol, to wnofe temple nuny of the inhabitants of tlie city repair in boats ; and fome, through exccfs of zeal, jump into the w;*er by the >)ray, and drown tbeiufelve*. Cangoximais a fea-port on the foutliem pan of tlie idand of Ximo, and was the firft place where the Portuguef* 1 landed when tliey dilcovered Japan. It lie* in thirty-one dturrrct fort v-fwo fnifiutcs iiotth latitude, sjsd one hundred and thirty-three degree* fixteen minute* eaft longitude, ^ Arong •aiiiilJ^k&S ■iijr^fe-. (," ■i . ■ ■'-«-. c f '•:i- ' .',.h... :^ ,,.^.i' -.5.';. ' , .i\.i.'j:_«^ ■m fv?-'^ » V .4i.-^i "-'SSsto. .'»i ii '■^f'\. I' ^ ^Bu,sTic\s oFJAPA:sr^ ^ foomj. AflriJi •nd ever cafe of I ^*K»!iti,iA„^._,„ tA S I A.] £MPtRft tOPJAfrAM. i«S caflit i( built on a rock in the harl>oor, xni a Kglit houie, on mother very hi|rh rock in tlio hailwur. M.my flauljr ttmulci aitnm tlu' ciry, and a goud garrilbn ii kept here. Nansarcki ;nKntruncd above) htt inthlrty-twodtgrect lliirty-nzniinutei nprih latitude, and in one bundrcd and tliirty->me degrtci twcnty-tvro mhiulcl ead lonciiude. The city ii in th« form of a crcfccnt, deliglitfully ntiiatrd among verdant lawni, and fitrroanded by pkaunt hilli : i( contain! many liandfbitir huUdingi, pariicularly templet, and II ftronglv garrifoncd. The flrceu m general are itar- row and crooked, but nm a confiderable length, the tcm- nle, or fome public building, ufually ttrminaling the vida, riio town i« watered by three riven, and divided into upper aitd lower; the former containing iwcnty-ria,and the fatter fixty one ftrecti ; but ftrangeri relidc in the fuburbt, and are narrowly watched. The principal building! are five warchoufei, in which are laid up all the matcriala for forming three men of war, which, upon an emergency, may be taken out, aiid put together in a very Ihort time ; a powder magazine, the palace* of the two governora, tlie psiacet of between twenty and thiny-fivc grandrcs, (ixty- two tcinplea, thirtv-five nridgei, twenty being ul' (lone, and the reft of timber, &c. the gokina or prilon, which the DCople verv emphatically Rile hell. It confifti of about one Hundred dangeoni, or cagei fcpar Tc from each ottier, apartmcnta fbrprirate executiani, and bathi in which the prifoneri lie obliged to walh thcmfelves, in order, ar much •ipofTible, to prevent infcAioni. The Japanefe build with wood, and )reaera1Iy upon one floor; out their apartments are vrry commodioui : :..c eartitioni of theiir rooms nre made '<> tuld up like a (krcrn, m tliat they can by fcveul rooms into one, at tliey lia\ e occadon. The houfet of the nobility are wainfcotcd witli cedar, the Ooori paved and covereo with fine matt, their ceilings are painted and gilded, and the doori finely yarnifhed. The tradefmcn and inferior people content themfetvet with thatched roofs and clay walli, uiough they have a little apartment built of flone or earth where they Kcure their moft valuable goodi from I'lrc. They have no flafi, or any thing like it in their windows, but only wooden (huttert. They ufe neitlter ubUs, beds, or chain ; but Gt on mats wlicn tliey eat, and lie on them when they flocp. Their nsomt are ufually hung with piAurcs or painted pa- per, the reft of their furniture confifls in cabinoti, (krcens, china-ware, and fine fwordt, which tliey hang up in their rooms. A ftriA watch it kept every ni^t, lanternt bune out, and evcnr yrard ordivifion in their cities (hut up ; that in cafe of fire, it is faid, they arc not fuiTered to break in upon one another. The inliabitantt of thit idand are faid to be of a quick apprehenfion, good underflanding, modeft, patient and courteous I ana fo j^ in their dealings, that if a perfon maker a miftake they wili not ukc the advantage of it.* On the oC..i nand, we are told by the fame authors, that they :\re cruel, ambitious and uncharitable ; and have fo little companion for the poor, the fick or the bme, that they will let thorn lie and perilh before th^ , will relieve them I that they are intolerably proud, and fo pafllonate, tjuii they will kill themfelves if tney cannot havt their re- vcngr. However inconfiflent thit chara£lcr may frem to be, there are few books of travela where the reader will not be (hocked with contradiAtons of thit natUK ; and per- haps if we obferve a medium here, at iu other doubtful caies where the writer! are not competent judget, or give charaftert of a people from fome few inflancei they nave obferved, we (hall come nearer the truth, than by adhering flriAlytocither.Thcfc people probably are neither foexceecl- ingly courteous or patient at fome relate, or fo barbarous tna pafTionate as others would have us believe} and Japan being a country not only the moft diflant from us, out the moft inaccelfible to Europeaiu of any other upon the face of the canh ; it may be fome time before we are rightly informed of the temper and ^nius of this people. The perfons of the Japanefe have m general but a for- bidding appearance ; a very flat nofe, and eye-lids dif- guftingly thick disfigure a face unproportioiubly broad, and diliigreeably tawny. I'heir flaturc it (hort, theii bodies thick, and their legs dumfy ; though many of them differ from this dcfcription, and referable the Chinefe, who Uve under the fame parallel ; and their habits are alike, namely, veft, gowns and drawen, x>r breeches, tliat (idl down to their aiKles, and flippers without heelt ; but they wear no cap or hat, and fcicen themfelves from the weather with f the fan they always carry in their hands, or cxtenfive um- brellas the flavci rarry over tlieir heads, which are dofe (haN^d Mf wljr. tvery gentleman wears a crice or dag- ger in hi) falii, and a great broad fword on hit thich when- evrr hcgnn tttroad. Peopfc of figuit eat chiefly venifon, fi(h and wild fowl of their own takinc. Some feds among them cat n« meat, or drink any ilrong drink, but live upon rice, roott, herbs »rtd Iruit; wsfter and tea are tlicir ufual liquors | a;)d fome iiiduke in flronf beer, made of wheat and mixed wlthfpiritj. Their dlverfiont in towns, are playt aiuL niari]ucradct : the fabjeA of tlicir plays here^ and in moft ea(tern countriet, i« the hiftory of fotIK hero, or great man, their country hatli oroduccd. There it a areat fcQivaf celebrated every year, when they vint the tomM of their anceftors : at thefe foleniiiiijct cvrry houfc it illuiuinatcd, and tllcy march out of tlieir towns at midnight in a folcmn procefllon to the graves of their dead friends, where they eat and drink, and make merry for feveral nights fucceflively : at the Concludon c,t tlie ftaft they march round the town with flags, flreamcrs, and banner*, beating upon brafs pans before the templet, of their idols, and at the doors of tlieir great men. Their inftrumenul mufic is not at all liarmonious, but foiiR- of their voicet are pretty tuneable. At the end of every play or inafqueraJe there is always a noble rjttcruiit- mrnt provided at tlie citargc of the company ; tliefe peopli, it is obferved, fpend great part of their night in eating and, drinking, which otlicrt fpend in (Icep ; and bccaule their mannon and cufloms are acknwledgcd to be different from ihcrrft of the world i{\ many inftancet, fome people carry. it fo far .11 to alBrm they reli-nible ut in nothing ; and par- ticularly, tlut iiiftoad of l>owinK to (hew their refpca to their betters, they ftand upaslliffly astlifvc.iri : Irtjt I find by the bcft writers that thc^ bow their boifiej as we do, aiii nev;r approach their magiftratcs but upon their knees. At forputtingoir their (hoMorflippers infteadofhats, thepeo- plc of the other eaftcrn nations aluay.-. put oflT their (liocs, when they enter their temples, or the lioufes of thofc for. wlioni they have any refpeA^ which aupeaii to be a lul- turn almoti as antient as the world, and therefore need not be thought flraiicc in the J.-\panefe. And ,it for their not putting off their bats, this need not occafion any wonder, (ince they wear none. They keep their ronds in very good repair, and (hew the diflanci:s of places by placing trees at the end of every three miles. But there arc no ifint or public houfcs tor the entertainment of travellers : and what is a very great nuifancc in tliumis, tlic cxrcafes of their nulcfadors, whona. they Eencrally crucify with their heads downwards, are' placed upon tlie roads in lerrorem. At to tlieir trade, the natives themfelves are not per- mitted to carry on any but with JclTo, Korea, the (5hi» ncfe and tlte Dutch. The Portusuefc ClirilUaat about the year i6aa, being acculed of forming a confpiracyu ag^inft the crown ami government, tlic Cluiftiant were iS cut to piocet, and a decree made againft having any u> merce witli them, or any nation that profefs Chridi.t.uty. The Dutch, to convince tlie Japanefe that they were not Chrifliant, did not refufc to trample upon the crofs of our Saviour ; and the Japanefe are fo well fatisSed of their in- fidelity, that they are permitted to have a faAory tliere to. thit day ; which all other nationiMljbo abhor their im- pious hypocrify, are excluded from ^^ut the Japanefe are fo jealous even of the Dutckr that wnv any of their (hip* arrive, a migiflraic goea on board and Kkes an account of tlie number of their men, and carries their fails, ammu>. nition, guns and rudder aihore, till they are ready to faiL Not luve the Dutch (aAory, which ftands on tlie point of a rock, and is feparated from the city by a river aitd a wall,, any communication with u for eight or nine months in tlie year. A judic'ous and accurate traveller, ^ives the following defcnption of the ifland of Difnia in tlic Dutch pofTelTion: " This ifland (he lays) is not more than two miles incir- cumtcrence i and no Dutchman can (lir out of it, or come into the town of Nangafcki (to which it is joined witli a bridge) without hazarding his being cut to pieces by tlie guards, who are appointed to watch their mo- tions : nor are the Dutch to much as fufiered to have a lighted candla in their lioufes in tlie iiight-tifi^. If tha centinels perceive the leaft noife, they blow a IlltfU and the governor immediately fands a party to Icam the reafoa of it, which does not return till the occalion is difcovered, and then the authors are feverely threatened, if not pa-. nilhed. In this flaviih condition the J}utch remain eight! months in the yelRt' The Japanefe mechanics and no&nufiKAures excel in tlicir dinerent'l>tanchet, and are even far fuperior to ihe ingenious k. - _,■• :m '—"- ■'•"'^ till Till NEW AiiD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOORAPriY. ■>,: ingenioui Cliiiierc Their filki and coitona arf cvcdientt tnd ihcir Jipin warr tnd p«>rrel.iiir uilcuilt of cedar wood, but arc only fit for very (liort voy- age* ; they are built from eighty to ninety deet in Icngtn, iU : the ropei ate made of T^c (I I aw, and the anchor! of conrle iron. Their plea« are-boats, which are intended unly lor the iMvigation of bkm, riviri, \c. are extremely beautiful, being tiiiely gilt, carwd, ami oihciwilc adoincd with the nioft curioui and fu|Kil> enibcllithmcnt'i. The Japanefc have almoft all forts of cattle and poultrv that are found in K.uro{)e, but their horfei are very I'lnall. Rice il the principal giain the country affords, which it managed in the fame manner at in China, and always grown in water till it is ripe. They have alio very good rtd wlwat, but not in fo great quantities u rice. Their hulbaildmen are little better than flaves ; they plow and manure the ground for the great lords, bnt have no proper- tin, "f their own. The gardens Icems to be in much greater perfe£)ion herr ilian in Perfia ; they have a handfome large court ijfualty before their houles, and a garden behind them, laid out inio fine walks, mounts and terraces, and adorned with greenj and flowers, which arc fcen from the (trect, then' bcii.g always a large vifto from the outward gate through tlic houle into tile gardens. I'hrre i^ a prodigious high mountain in Japan, which, though it lUnds alxjvc eighteen leagues within the land, is feiii above forty leagues at lea. There are alfo eight vol- canoes, or mountains which vomit &n and fmokc. ; SEC T. II. Containing an acctunt tf tht JafuHtft Itarnhg, 4rti and fainctt, lauii anJ funijhmtnls, and »/ tht rmtnUN, /trui, and prtrtgaiivt 1/ tht crtv/n, Vt. THE common Icamingof the Japanefe confifls in read- ing, writing, underflandinu their own liiftory civil, military, and ecclefiaftical, and a few fimple nreceuts of morality ; but many of them acquired fevcral nranchea of the mathematics and philofophy from the European niiflio> naries at various tftnes, which their defcendanu ftill re- tain ; their philofophy, however, is tinfturcd with many fupcrftitioiu of their own, and their aftronomy blended with the abfurdities of aftrologjr. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans in their country, they were fo ignorant with refpeft to geogrMtof*, that they imagined their own empire, China and Swm, to be the only countries in tlic univerfc ; and their notions were very imperfcA with re- fpeft to the extent and fituation of thefe : tl>ey have, how- ever, manv univerlities and public academies, for the train- ing up of Vouth in the learning of the country, and the prafliceof the moral duties. Thefe feminanes arc well fupplicd with books, and reforted to by a great number of fludents, governed by bonzas, who are ufnally of noble defcent, and well endowed with money for their fupport. Acco/ding to the I'ortuguefe miflionaries, thefe fuperiors of the pu>>lic feats of Icarninc are adepts in moral philo- fophy, and great maftcrs of the moft perfuafivc elocution. Indeed it is not to be wondered at that they make a fwifi progrifs in whatever they arc uught, Mn^ pofleflcd of the moft rftcntive memories. Their poety is lofty, fuh. lime, melodious, aitddcfcriptive ; their inufic is Icfs agree- able ; but their paintings arc the beft executed by any of the orientals, though they fall far Ihort of the Europeans in every elFi-ntial except colouring, in which they exceed them. 'I'hcfe people have no regular fyflcm of phyfic ; their doftcrs truft to experience, and always prefcribe according to precedent, if they have a precedent to 50 by i but where that is wanting they proceed intircly by conjcrture, fo that iimilar calcs, and gueU-work, torm (be w^le of tlieir -'*■ -^i **!*» materia medica : but the moft falhiriiable remcdirt, upnnall occarions, arc hot and rold ballit. '1 hi lurgforM are more unlkilful than the ph^ Ikiant in c> -y thing *i- cept the cure uf tlw (Vuki, a molt grievous kind of colic peculiar tu the Japiiirfc, which they alnioA inftaiitly !•• move, by taking blood Irom the part ^ifflifled, with 11 Imall needle made of gold or lilver. Both nhylicians and fur- geon*, arc, however, hi{;hly ot< torn in columni, wliiih they licgin at the right hand , anil their letters were originally the fame , but they have change J the form, atid eveii the found of many, in order to dimr as much i% uuflible from the Chinefe, whom they naturally hate, and afTcA upofv all occafloits (6 hold i(i tiM utmoR contempt. The tiivcrttiori of gtinpo#der and piinting; is claimed by them, at well a< the Chinefe, the preparation and uft of the firft they arc much inferior to them ; but they excel them in the latter, which is perfotiAed in a fimilar man- ner, m well a in the cumpofirion of ink and paper. Children are educ.ited in this country with great care, and won to a love of their Audies by motives of emula- tion, and the mull ritptlvaiing endearments. They diflfer IVoin nil the other oriental nations in iikculcating a con- tempt of pain and death, teaching them to dcfpifc all kind* of luxuries, wianinp; them from every thing that in lit* leafl tend', to cfTeuniiacy, and enuring them le every kindl of hardlhip. Not only the petty kingi, l>ut every loid of a diOriA, and father of a family, has the power of life and dcath^ and tries andcrjudemns hi. (le|Kndcnti accoiding to hit own arbitrary w ill; there brinf; fiw written laws, it any, and no public courti of juflico .11 this country , the fiiialicft theft, 'ir a luire alTault, gaminf'., and even lying, as it it faid, ii often puniflied with death and I'ur defrauding llie king of his revenue, murder or tteafim, and Inch enor- mous crimes, theoffcndeit irlations, parents and children' fuffer wi^^b him t except the femnle rclationt, who are fold for (laves. The petty kings are IVUIuin put ui death, butt banilhed to a ceitain illand, where ili< y,ite put to fervil6 * employments during the remainder of ilieir Ines. Their ufual punilhments lor great oflVncet are burning, crucifv- ing with tite head downwards, tearingthcm to pirces with horfes, and boiling ihem in nil i and where an offender re- fufes to come in and fubmit, he is ordered to be cut ia pieces wherever he is found. A gentleman or foldier con- viAed of any capital crime, hat th< favour of dying by his own hands ; and it is reckoned very ignominious if he waits for the executioner to difpatch him in that cafe. This prince's revenues are alfo laid to amount to an ii>- credible fum, far exceeding the revenues of allllie princes in the world befides; whicTi inclines me to think there is a miftake of a figure or two ; and tliA the writers, who agree pretty near in the fum, have only copied after one another : though it is obfcrvable, th.it the revenues ind forces of diftant kingdoms are often magnified beyond all belief. .Some authors have aflerted, that the revenues of the emperor amount to twenty-eight millions fterling ; but the truth of this is greatly to Ite doubted. When this prince goes abroad, he is attended by no left than five or (ixthoufand of his guards, and his (landing forces are faid to amount to twenty thoul'and horfe and one hund- red thoufand foot in time of peace : in time of war each of the petty fovcreigns is obliged to furnidi his quota, which increafes the army to thirty-eight thoufand horfe, and three hundred and (ixty-cight thoufand foot : but againft whom fuch numerous furccs Ihould Iw railed is not eafy tix conceive : wc having no account of any foreign wars they were ever engaged in. The Japanefe troops march in di- vifions of (ifty men each, five in front, and ten deep, each divifion being commanded by a fingle officer, w ho keeps them in exaft order. 'I"hey are armed with cither mulkets, fikes, bows and arrows, fabres and targets, or battle-axes, 'ive of thefe divifions-form a kind of regiment ; but they are not accompanied by any warlike mullc ; lictwccn cacli divifion arc three led horles (inely caiaiifo'i-d, and three (laves arc appointed to lead c,ich hoiCe with lung reins. The captains ride on horlcKnck behind their rcli)eilive di- vi(ions ; on each fide of the horles are a kind of panier;, containing the officers bedding and baggage. \\ hen an officer grows old, he is permitted to have a fmall fort of couch or fuppoiter liehind him, againft which he may commodiouily lean, when fiitigred, by fitting uptight. Jai an and the neighbouring illands are under the ro- vefnmentof (ifiy or fixty petFy kings, vcfted widi fove- #M ,'/,• tr/„r/, //, l*RIKS'JV.///^y^y//////^/////NrrTIAI. ( 'EREMONIES flUf* ^w^ [A S I A.) fe Kt f t k E b r j A i* A N. i6| reign power in tlieir refpefkive Icrritoiies, but fiib)trt t» one grand monarch, who can depofc and punith tlit-m as ■ he fee* fit. Antiently this great kift<» was high piicll as well a> fovereign of thefe ilknds ; and the prefciit daiio, or llighprieft, who is adefcendant of the former kinjs, eri- jbys (till the ftile and ftate of a king* nbtwlthftanding an- o'ther family poITeflcs the throne : and, it is faid, the leign- ih!» prince is obliged to marry one of his danghteisi and dohiin homage once in three yeirs, and acknowledge he holds his crown of that family : but this fecnls to be dohe rather on a religious, than civil account. The king comiiiits the adminiftration tif the govc|-n- ment to his prime miniller, who is lliled cubo : one of the cube's ftripped the dairo of the civil and military au- thority ; fo tliat the cubo may at prefenl be deemed the emperor, as he hath all the power ; dnd the daiio, thu high ^ritft or pontiff, as he ftill poflcflcs all the ccclcfiaflicHl dignity: he l)?s a privy-council alfo, ctinffting of twenty- eight meml>ers, of which four arc petty kings. The vaflal Vings are obliged to attend at court one half of tile year, and have each' of them a houfe in the king's nnlace at Jcdd6i as has been hinted alrr.idv. The cldcfl (ons of the prin- cipal nobility arc alfo kept at court till they are pretcrred to fome port ; and for the farther fecurity of the govern- ment, oaths of allegiance are alfo adminiUered ever) •, ear ; and fci jealous is the prince of, his fubjefts, that he has fpies throughout all the country : but the better to divert them from fcditious praflices, it is faid, he employs one hundred thoufandof his fuhjcfts by turns in crefling pa- laces and public buildings, or beautifying them, aitd in throwing up high-ways through the country. The Ja- panele, for donieDic purpofes, coin v.n ious pieces of mo- ney. 'I'he gold coin are obans and cobaiis ; ten cobans ' (tiake one oban ; and the latter is of about two guineas ^ue. The lilvcr coin is compofed of a variety of flat pieces of dilfcrcnt fhapes, dimenfions, weight and valoe ; ,; . and % copper coin is ftaiiiped for the iafcrior purpoies of ■'S change. ■'■l^'i («i.. SECT. III. *f« aciiunt of the rtVipon, temples, and fuperJUiim of the Ja- faiiefi ; alfo of ihiir marriage) and futurah. THE Japanefe arc idolaters and worfltrp the heavens and the planets, with fevcral monftrous idols ; but Ihe gods they principally adore arc Xaca and Amida, to whom they Chiefly apply in their diftrefs : they gtve no ac- count of the creation of tlje world, but generSly believe the immortality of the foul, and a ftate of rewards and pu- nilhmenlr, and moft of them Wievc traiifmigratibn, or that tlicir fouls (hall ai^imate other Imdies after death. They have abundance of cloyfteis and nunneries, where their priefts and devotees live unmarried, and pc.^orm fiich penances as their religion requires ; and confeflion, the jd'uits tell us, is nraftifed amcngft them, in which I heir priefls are fo ftrift, that if they apprehend any thing is concealed, it is as much »$ the poor finner's life is worth ; for they throw him down from the top of the rocks, where their ftools of confeffion are placed, to create the greater dread, and induce their difciples to lie fincere. 1 here is a rtately tijnple at Mcico, built of frce- ftoiic, which captain S.iris tells us, is as long Is the >ody of St. Paul's, and as lofty, with m arched roof, fupported by mighty pillars, in which Hands an idol of copper, which reaches as high as the roof, and according to SirTlromas HrrbTt, his chair is fevcnty feet high and righty broad, his h'nd big enough to hold fifteen men, and his thumb was forty inches round, by which we may form a "nKlgnK-nt of the whole j this temple f\ands upon a high hill, and on each fide of the afitent are fiii; pillars of free-Uofir, ten paces from each other, and on ilie top of every pillar a lanthorn, which make a tine ihow in the night. There arc no let's than fixt^- other temples in VIcaco, ainl iKtv/cen three or four thouland gilded idols in them. In the road between Surungo and Jcddo ftands the idol dabis, nude of copper, in the form of a nun fit- ling upon his legs sikI extending his arms, and W two and twenty fi.'ct high. At Tcncheda the bon/.M prctciul their pod .ippcars in hunVAii Ihapc to a young virj;ii» whom they bring cverv new moon into the tem^iK- there j having placed her before the s'.rcat image they ilhimin.ite the plate with goidvn lamps and burn |H;rfnnics, when on a fudden the lights arc niiiaculouliy put out, and fonvthing in human form immediately cinbr.-tces, and I'om'-times im- pregnate* the youns daiufcl, but whether tlw phantom Ko, lO. they Worfliip, bt one of his pri.fts do her the favouir, U left to the reader to conjeflurc : however that be, the quondam maid it from thciiceforwnrd highly honoured, and at her coming out of the temple is entertained with longs and mufic, and fo infpired, fays Sir 'I'honus Hcr- lien, is the cnthulialUc girl, that the takes upon her to refolve the moft difficult qutftions that are propoanded toiler. The bonzes, or priefts, arc fo refpedled by their prince, tliat he riles up to falute them, and fuflers them to fit in his prefence ; tiley pre.ich up great aufterities, and teach morality and a contempt of the world. But the Ro- milh priefts will have it, that they are lewd fellows, and v do not hve according to their doflrine. . '. Chriftianity was firtl preached in this iflaild in the yeal' i 552, by fome Pottuguefe priefts, fent thither by fiithcr Xavier from Macao ; and the Chriftian religion fo en- creAfcd, that before the year i6?2 three petty kings, and ■■ fcveral other great men, with multitudes of people, made profclfion of the Cln i.ii.-'n religion, if we may credjt th»i milfionaries. Bvit about that time, a decree was made for /» extirpating all Chril\iau.s under the Japanefe government ; whereupon there followed fo terrible a perfecution, that- there i^ not now one Chriftian left in Japan, nor are an^i '■- people who .icknowledge thenifelves Chriftians fuffcred td; come into their ports. The Japanefe allow of polygamy and concubinage. '' The confent of «he parties is fcldom alked m Japan any more than it is in China ; children are difpofed of^by their parents verV young, and when they are arrived at a proper age, arc led to the temple, where a botlze places them be- fore an image of fome of their gods, putting a lighted torch in either oftheir hands, while he repeats the words of the contraA ; after which oxeii or other animals are facrificed to the idol, according to the quality and circumftances of the married pair ; and tlie ceremony is concluded by a grand procefnoh to the bridegroom's houfe, where the guefts are entertained for fevcral days. The wile has tic fortune here any more than in China, and after marriage ftic is entirely in the power of her huf< band, who may punilh her, or take away her life if Ihe docs not behave well, efpecially if Ihe be falfe to his bed. The women, it is faid, efteem it no crime to procure abortion^ and if they arc poor, or bring too many girls, will ftranglc them with tlieir own hands ; but tlic boys are always provided for by the fovereign. Common women are allowed here, and no punilhraent or brand of iu&m/ is fixed upon procurers in their life time ; though they are treated as criminals when they die, and their bodies are thrown into the highways, and fufiered to rot above- ground. The Japaneft do not inter tlKir dead as the Chincfe do, but burn the corpfe, putting the alhes into an urn. The family and fricndi of the dcceafed attend the corpfe to the funeral pile, with lighted torches in their lunds, and the eldcft fon fcts fire to the pile, into which are thrown fwcet wood and aronuitic gums, v^hich perfume the air, and this makes the funerals of people of cotidition vaftly ex- pcnfive. The whole concludes with a banquet and en- tertainment of fuch muiic as is bell fuiled to difpel melan- choly reHeftions. They pay an annual vifit to the tombs of tlieir anccftors ; at which time, when the company have arrived at the fepulchres of the dead, tlie bonzes de- fcribe the fitualion of the pcrfons deceafcd, and inform their relatiorks of all tluc they have occaiion for in tlK other lific, which demands are ufually very extravagant ; the kindrvd, however, furnilh every article with great fatisfaclioir, which they fend, together with a few kmd and compli- mentary mcffagcs, to llie dcfunft, by means of the bonzes, who convert the whole to their own ufes, and leave the dead to fhift as well as they can for themfelves. As the Englilh have had no commerce with Japan for upwards of one hundred and fifty years, and as we can re- ceive no intelligence from thence out what tlie Dutch are pleali-d to give us, a letter from an Englifh Eaft India cap- lain to his friend in England, when we were allowed a free trade to that kingdom, may give us a jufter account of tlie ftate of it, than any thing that has been communicated to us lincc ; the fubllance whereof follows. "SIR, " I airived .it Firando, one of the iftands of Japan, ott the I ttli of June, !6i;^. It is fituate in thirty three de- grees fifrv minutes north latitude, a little weft of the ifland oV Bongo, litre 1 oyiie Sama, the viceroy, or king of r irando, as lie is called, came on board o'jr fhip-. with his nephew Tone Sama. They were attended by forty galleys, fome of them lowcii with ten, and others witli fiftCBA oar; 1' t ^ ■1: •^» ■-!4->j(-.- ««)6 The NEW \nd UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. tA S I A.J -» t .. of n fide. X'>« king nnd his nephew were clothed in I'Kie filk gowns, and each of them had on a hen they are dead, thecorpfc is treated with the greatcft indig- nity, not fiiffercd to be buried, but dragged through the (Ircets, and thrown into the fields to rot above-ground, or be devoured by dogs. " A Dutch Ihip coming in while I lay at Firando, it was r'-j'Orti d that the crew were Englithmcn ; for the na- fiv. -. did riot at firft diftinguilh one of thefe nations from ' the other, and the Portuguefe had repreliintcd both as pi- rates, and taught them a fong, which they called the Eng- hlh crofoniia, a^iiig a kind of farce alfo, wherein they pretend to (hew how the Englilli attack the Portuguefe Ihips at fea. " While we lay in the harlxjur, two of the officers hap- pening to ijuarrel, and a challenge to fight on (horc ap- pointed,' wc were in great danger of Ijeing called to an ac- count by thj magiftiates ; for, according tc their laws, whoever draws a weapon in anger is to be cut in pieces iinnicdiatciv, thouj^h lie does no hurt i and if he wound aiiotlicr, t'.ic whole family or company to which he belongs, fnlTcrs with him. " Th.'kiiig of (ioto, an ifland a little I'outh of Firando, beina lnought on board by kinj; Foyne to lake a view of our inip ; I entertained him very fpicndidiy, and fired fc- vcial guns on his going .ifhore, at which he c\prcfl<:d great fatisfaftion, and invited me and my fi iends to his iHand. I have feen fome executions here, and particularly of tw<> men and a woman for adultciy ; two of her lovers meeting at her houfe together, in the abfencc of the hutband, ami wounding one another, they were apprehended, and king Foyne ordered all three to be cut in pieces, which feiitcucc was immediately executed, .and after the exccntion, every one of the cumpany had a ftrokc at the ;uriercrs with their cuttans ((words) till their Helli was all cut into little bits, " On the third of Auyidl king Foyne furnilhed im.-' with a galley with twenty-five oars <.f a fide, and fixiv men befides, to ci.rry the king of England's prefent to tli'.- emperor. We psflcd between leveral illands, nioft of them well inhabited, and fcvcralgood towns upon them, paiti- cularly the ifland Finate, dctcnded by a ftrong calHe ot free - flone ; and along the coaft, as far as Ofaca, were people, who lived, with their whole families, in veflils iipon the water, and their women catched fuh, by diving for them in eight fathom water. Thcfe women ni.ay be known by their eyes, which arc as red as blood. When I' arrived ac Otiica, I had nineteen liorfes provided for me at the em- peror's charge, to carry my people and tlie prcltnt, and they furnilhed me with a palanquin (a couch witli an archc-d canopy) and a led horfc ; and one run before mo with a pike, to make way ; we changed horles at every ftage ; the road was for the moft part even, and where a hill happened to be in the road, it was cut through, and the diltances were maiked at the end of every three miles. Villages and country-houfcs ftood very thick, and ih; roads were thronged with people, Their temples wero ufually in groves, furrounded by the ccHs of their ptiells. When we came near tiie fuourbs of any great town, we faw the bodies of malcfaftors nailed to crolTcs, where they hang till they are devoured, and caufc an intolerable ftink. We ufually travelled about forty-eight miles a day : fix men carried my pelanquin on their ihoulders, and up-hill they added four morei travelling as (aft as I could have done on horl'eback. We arrived at Surunga, where the emperor relided, on the fixth of Septeml)er, and on the eighth I was carried in my pelanquin to tlie caftle, which is the emperor's court, the merchant's and people who at- tended me, carrying the prefent Ijffore me on little tables of fwcet-wood, they had provided me. Having entered the caftle, I paflcd o;er three draw- bridges, on every one of which was a court of guard ; having alcendcd fome ftone fteps, I w:"^ .;i':t by the emperor's lecretary and admiral, who introd; Ccj ;iic Into a large room, and fat down on mats crofs-lc^^- d. Soon after 1 was led between them into the prefence-chambcr, where they direfled me to bow to the emperor's chair of ftate. The prefent being ranged upon the lioor, tlie emperor came in, to whom 1 paid my compliirtents after the Englilh manner, and delivered his majefty's letter, which he lifted to his forehead, ajiU di- refted his interpreter to tell me 1 was welcome, and that I fhould reft inyfelf a day or two after niy fatiguing journey, and his anfwer Ihould be readv for the king of England. I had after\vards an audience o( the king's fon, at the city of Jeddo, to whom 1 delivered my prclcnts On the nine- teenth the king fent me two luits of a. .our, varnilhed, as a prefent to his majefty, with a letter, wherein he thanks the king for his prcfeiit of fudi curious thiiij;s .is hi; country did not produce ; neither had he feen the like I fore. His fubjefls were welcome to him ; he applauded their (kill in navigation, that they could vifit a country (u remote without lieing terrified at paffing through fo immenfc a gulf and fuch ftorms, to promote commerce, which he Ihould give them all maimer of affiftance in, defiring his inajcfty to accept his prefent, as a mark <■( his friendlhip : and adds, tnat he had given orders for drawing up articles uf trade between the two nations, as his majclly dclired. " Ry theli; articles he granted, that Sir Thomas Smith, the governor, and the rei^ of the E.aft India company, might refort to any of his ports to trade, without payijig any duties of import or export : that they might build one houfe or more in any part of his empire ; and if any of their goods happened to l)e cafl by (tiipwreck on his coafts, they fliould be icllorcd : if any ot the merchants died, tlicir efTcds might be difpofed uf by the Ca|ic incichaiit , and alk offences committed by the Enghlh ihould be tried and pu- niftied by him : neither their pcrfoiis nor goods (hould bs fubieft to the laws of Japan ; that payment Ihould be im- mediately paid for all goodi contraOcd for, wiiliouf any dcduftions ; and that tluy ihould be at liberty to make difcoveries on the land of Ji (To or Ytdlb, and liis lubjedls ihould luriiiih iucin wiUi pioviiiuns. SECT S I Cintainiiig \hi natural acctunt of its JAPAN being fitua climates, the fun r it does with us. The in fummer, but they i and occafion tlit feafon otlier parts of the Ind tinue ahnoft the whole and July, which are ca Ways cxce(fivc. The i ed with dreadful ftori ning, &c. The foil is rocky, ( tlic inhabitants hath ( and givtn fertility to a rice, of which they m barley they feed cattle, and of two fpecies of I for eating, and with tionary. They have, many other forts of % barren places, have b abundance of fruits an age, which feedj grea' horfes, deer, &c. and larly excellent tea. 1 the circumjacent feas, the above-mentioned horfes that are fmall, ' ly beautiful. Many v of valuable furs, and profitabl. article to th The principal river ters arc fo furious, t 2. '1 he Corric, that i which it rifes ; and, ; dcth and perpetual Citz, is one hundrc breadth. It difembo] weft fide of the ifland by the conflux of fcvi ceedingly rapid, and j the mountains. The feas which in white coral, ambergi rious Ihells, fea-weet empire refults from it of gold. Theemper gold and filver mine! dominions. The co cing a fine and coarf tains are likewife pre but they have not ai Iliac, calamy, cinnal They procure fait the fea, covering tl tlirowin^ fea-water i nated with the faline vellels, witlt holes i) proper receivers, as which it is boiled, at Eartliquakcs, and ciglit very dreadful o effefled by the fulpli of the earth. From hot baths and minei mcrous ; fome equal arc even as hot as bo iicral fprings, but n< through the extreme A l|xcie$ of white ceedingly beautiful, with iTieir little (ho near, except metal a of goods, if not preve ing the adjacent plai avoided by thefe litt There arc in Japa verli; for (i/.e, Inaiic 1*1 T- C , _f .\.. liKcwilc ll'Mtr \H IIK beetles make an agrt gradually rilV.; to a { -jSt^^^^^-^:-^ -•.'^■.. tA S I A.J feMPlkfi ta t JAI>AW. r6? SECT. IV. CtnJalntng Vit natural h'ljUiy tf 'J a fan in ^iniral, and an acitunt of its r/fpiilivt JiViriigns^ Ue. JAPAN being fituate bttwcen the fourth and fevcrtth climates, tlic fun rifes there about eij^ht hours bi.-fore it does with us. The fea breezes greatly mitigate tlic heat in fummcr, but they render the winter c\ce(rively cold, and occafionthb feafons to be more incondant than in any otlier parts of the Indies. Heavy rains fomctimes con- tinue almoil the whole year ; but in the months of June and July, which are called the water-months, they arc .il- Ways cxceflivc. The country is hkcw'lc frequently vilit- ed with dreadful ftorms and hurricanes, thunder, light- ning, &c. The foil is rocky, or rather fterile; but the induflry of the inhabitants hath overcome tho unkindncfs of nature, and givtn fertility to a land of itlclf unfertile. 'J'hcy have rice, of which they make bread, and brew beer , with »hc barley they feed cattle, convert their fine wheat into cakes, and of two fpecies of beans they grind one to meal to boil for eating, and with the other nnke a kind of confec- tionary. They have, befides Indian wheat, millet, and many other forts of grain. Even the rocks, and other barren places, have been fo well cultivated, as to produce abundance of fruits and plants. Thev have good pailur- age, which feedi great numbers of buffaloes, oxen, (hecp, horfcs, deer, &c. and various flowers and herbs, particu- larly excellent tea. There aie great quantities of filli in the circumj.icent feas, riv'irs, and interior lakes. Bcfides the above-mentioned animals, they have a tine breed of horfes that are fmall, but uncommonly fwift and extreme- ly beautiful. Many wild beads, lliat yield a great number of valuable furs, and elephants, -.vliofe teeth are a very profitabL article to them, are found here. 'I'he principal rivers are, i . The Ujingava, whofc wa- ters are lb furious, that no bridge can be built over it ; 2. '1 he Corric, that takes its name from the province in which it rifes ; and, -5. The Alk.igava, remarkable foi its de'-th and perpetual fluftuation. The chief lake, called Citi, is one hundred miles in length, and twenty in breadth. It difembojjues itlclf into the fea on the fouth- weft fide of the ifland : this extenfive large lake is formed by the conflux of feveral rivers, which arc in general ex- ceedingly rapid, and many dreadful catarafts dclccnds from the mountains. The feas which incirde this country produce red and white coral, ambergris, admirable pearls, and many cu- rious Ihells, fea-weeds, &c. but the greateft wealth of the empire refults from its invaluable mines, particularly thofc of gold. The emperor claims an exclufive right to all the gold and filver mines, as well aS all the gold fand, in his dominions. The copper mines .ire innumerable, produ- cing a fine and coarfe fort. The bowels of their moun- tains are likewife pregnant with fulphur, iron, and fteel ; but they have not any quickfilver, antimony, fal-ammo- liiac, calamy, cinnaliar, or borax. They procure fait by inclofing portions of ground near lite fea, covering them with fine fand, and repeatedly dirowing fea-water upon the fand, till it is well impreg- nated with the faline particles : it is then placed in large vefllls, witli holes in the bottom, for the fait to fall into proper receivers, as it filtres, tluough the fand : after which it is boiled, and brought to a proper confiftciicy. Eartliquakes, and the volcanoes, of which there are ciglit very dreadful ones in the country, are fuppofed to be effcded by the fulpher every-wherc inclofed in the bowels of the earth. From the fame caufe may be deduced their hot baths and mineral fprings, which are extremely nu- merous ; fome equal the heat of boiling water, and others arc even as hot as boihng oil. They have many cold mi- neral Iprings, but neither of them arc applied medicinally, tlirougn the extreme ignorance of their pnyficians. A t|Kcics of white ants is found in Japan : they are ex- ceedingly beautiful, but very mifchievous ; fortliey pierce, with iTicir little fnouts, through every thing they come near, except metal and ftone, and greatly dani.-ige all kinds «f goods, if not prevented from approaching them, by flrcw- ing the adjacent pLices with fait, wjiich is abhorred arid avoided by ihefe little inlcds. There arc in Japan fume of the fincft ducks in the uai vetfc for fi/.e, ihapc, and bcautv. 1*1 'r. c , _f .!,_ A t..j: iiKcwiic u "■■■■■ -----!---^■ The nightingales arc \H VllK llluii 1II..I' beetles make an agreeable kind of humming noife, which gradually nh: to a pretty high note. The night-fly, how- J ever, exctedj ill othtr Japanefe infefts for its beauty : tlie body is about three inches long, round, and fincljr fllaped: it has fi>ur wings, viz. two clofe to the body, which make a brilliant appearance, by means of the admirable blue and gold Iheaks, with which they are tinged ; and two above thefe, whofe tranfparency not only admits o*" the otners being fecn through them, but even adds to their Ihining luftre. This infeft is a mighty favourite with the ladies, and has given rife to the bell fable ever written by any 9f the Japanefe poets. A great number of camphirc-trecj grow near the hot- fprings : they refembic laurels, and l)ear purple or black berries. I'he cedars of Japan are fome of the f ft in the univerfe ; .nnd many other trees abound in tlic. iflands, particularly plantanes, &c. fome of which, when fawn or cut afunder, exhibit admirable figures of birds, bcafts, landlkips, &c. Many curious pieces of furniture arc made of thefe, which appear very beautiful when polilhed. There arc in this empire many ufcfu! ftones of various colours ; alio abundance of excellent marble, which is ufcd in the conftruftion of manv of the principal edifices j they have alfo porcclane earth, &c. With refpefl to other ar- ticles in the animal, vegetable, and mineral fyflems not mentioned above, Japan abounds in moil that are met with in the Chinefe empire, already delcribed. With refpeft to the hiftory of the Japanefe, their an- nals are replete with fuch inconfiftcnt abfurdities and ridi- culous fables, that no dependence can be placed on them till about fix hundred and fixty years before Chrift, which is their common a'ra ; and .iccording to which, our pre- fent year 178.'. is with thoni the year 2442 : it is likewife to be obferved, that the Ji»p,.:..;ie year begins with the ncareft new moon which either precedes or follows the fifth day of Febru.iry. The hiftories written by the na- tives take very little notice of the policy, virtues, vices, or tranfaftions of their monarchs, nut are filled with an account of their dcfccnt, names, birth, fucceflion, length of reign, 5ncd fcven, lier age not known. 39. Tent-tfii ; reigned ten, age uncertain. 40. Teu-mu ; reigned fourteen, age unknown. 41. Tfi- bo, an eraprefs ; Ihc reigned ten, age unknown. 41. Mon- mu i reigiKd eleven, age unknown. 43. Gcninci, an em- prefs I reigi>ed feven, age ui\known. 44, Genrioo, an "nprefs ; Ihe reigned nine years, then abdicated, lived tweni; five years afterwards, and died in the forty-eighth year of her age. 45. Sio-mu ; reigned twcrxty-hvc, age uncertain. 46. Koo-Ken, an emprcfs ; reigiied ten, age uncertain. 47. Fai-tai i reigned fix, age uncertain. 48. Sco-tokru, an emprefs ; reigned five, age unknown. 4Q. Koonin ; reigned twelve, a^c unknown. 50. Kwan-mu leigned twenty-four, aged leventy. 51. fei-dfo; reign- ed four, age not mentioned. 52. Saga; reigned fourteen, ditto. 53. Siunva; reigned ten, ditto. 54. Nimio; icigned ftventeen, ditto. 55. Montoku ; reigned eight, ditto. 56. Seiva ; reigned eighteen, ditto. 57. Joley ; reigned eight, ditto. j8. Kooko ; reigned three, ditto. 59. Uda 1 reigned ten, ditto. 60. Day-go ; reigned thirty-three, ditto. 61. Sinzaku j reigned jixtcen years, ditto. 62. Murakami, A.D. 947, and 1687 of the Japancfe year, called together a fynod of the clergy, to regulate all that related to the ecclebaftical eftablifhmeru in Japan, -\nd to prefcribe the ceiemoniaLs of the modes of worfliip proper for every feft. Thirteen emperors are mentioned, from the death of this monarch, ' '11 the rcigu of Kon-jey, but nothing worth recording happened in their reigns : they occupied the fpacc of one hundred and feventy-four years : after thefe, the throne was filled by 76. Kon-jey, who began his reign in the year 1142. In his time was born the celebrated crown general, Jeri- tomo, whorendere'd himfelf fufiiciently formidable toflrip the dairos of their fccular power, and to vcft it in his own family in fucccflion. A double chronology commences from this period, in- cluding the reigns of tlic dairos and of the cudos. The nui"bcr of dairos, from Kon-jey to Ken-fen, is thirty- eight, who occupied a fpace of five hundred and forty-five years, that is, from the year 1142, to the year 1687, or from the Japanefe year 1802 to 2347 ; after which period the excluhonof all Chriilians from Japan, the Dutch ex- cepted, and the total filence of the Dutch writers upon every fubjeft but thofe which relate to trade, and emolu- ments accruing from their commercial affairs, render it impoflible to fa^ any tiring farther o' tlie Japanefe hiftory. And as the dairos are totally excluded from focicty, the tianfaflions of tliat period are nbt tc be conneAed with their names, but ihould be recorded in the reigns of the •ubos, which are as follows: i. Jeritomo reigned eleven years. 2. Joriije, five. 5. Tannetomo, fevcnteen. 4. Jo- ritinc, eighteen, e. Jorifane, eight. 6. Mune-taka- finno, fifteen. 7. Kore-jaflinno, twenty-four. 8. Ku- me-linno, twenty-five. 9. Morl-kuni-finno, twenty-five. 10. Sonun-finno, two. 11. Nari-jori-finno, tljree. 12. Taka-ud(i, twenty-five. 13. Jofl-jaki, ten. ia. Jofi- mitt, forty. 15. Jofi-motzi, twenty-one. 16. Jofi- karra, not one. 17. lofi-nori, fourteen. 18. Joli-Katz, three. 19. Jofi-Mafu, nihe. 20. Jofi-Navo, under hi) father. 21. tofi-tanme, eighteen. 22. Jofi-finxnu, four- teen. 23. Jofi-far, thirty. 24. Joli-tir, fixtecn. 25. Jofi-taira, four. 26. Joli-aki, five. 27. Nolmuga, ten. 518. Fide-Nobu, three. The Japanefe do not mention the ages of thefe princes ; and indeed they have been more rtmils in this particular in the recent than in the early reigns i perhaps the great length of the former rendered' the.ni more remarkable tliaa the latter could be from tlair general brevity. 29. Taycho ; who was of a very mean cxtraflion, but in his youth ratfed fiimfclf to be butler to atributary prince, and by dint of valour and merit was at lcnj;tli exalted to the cubofliip, He was the tJrll monarch wlm ol)liy;ud the petty kings and ^rcat lords to attend him iM;loiially, and fufter their wives aiul kindred to rclide ui Ins palace, as hollages for tliclr fidelity, by «lilcli prii.lt iit policy, lie Aruck at the very root oftli.it i.IkIIIous fpu it (n common S In Japan, and jint an end to tlie poiribilitvof uifiii^, infitr- reflioris. He expelled tli-' I'mtugiielc tvoni J.ii)a:i, )iro- hibittd their ever after liajjig with liis hiUjcdls, anM be- Han the fiill perfccutirm .ig.iiiill the ClirilU iiii. Ih died im tiic fixtli of December, 1 598. He vv,is deified alter hit decealc, and called tlielecoiid .Mars oi Japan. 30. QiianbacumdonOj who was the ireplicw of T,iycliO( is accounted the thirtittli cubo, as he reigned tor lume time in conjundUon with liis uncle , but having diloMiged that monarch, he was ordered to rip up his own bowels , the hiort honourable method of luifcring death in Japan. 31. Fide Jofi : he was the Ion of Ta)clio, and txi;;in his reign at lix years of age ; during his minority, the .affair) of government were conduced by his fathti-in-latt' Jji'j;i.s, for Fide Jofi li,id been contra£ted in his infancv to a daughter of that nobleman, who deprived him of hi< ere wit and life, after a reign of fourteen years. 32. Jjejas-Sainma, when he had ufurped tlie tlironc, made the following articles the principle objefls of his reign." I. Tlie total extirpation of the Poftuguefc from Japan, 3. The prohibiting any of his fubjecls to leave the empire, and tlie recalling thofe who were in foreign parts. 3. The publication of fevcral ediifts againft gaming, luxury, and duellitig. 4. The granting a Dutch faftory to be eftablilhed in Japan. The pcrlecution of tlie Chnftians in Japan, both natives and foreigners, was carried on with lucli horrid cruelty, that in the firft four years of his reign twenty tlioufand five hundred and feventy perfonswcremaflacred. Notwithftand- ing which in the two fucceeding years, after the churches had been (hut, and the public profeffing of Chrlftlanity prohibited, thejefuits, by their private endeavours, made twelve tlioufand profelytes ; and when any of thefe wer« detcfled, they not only abfolutely refufcd to abjure the Chiidign faitii, but readily fubmittcd to death, and fiif* fered martyrdom with aftonifliing conflancy. And indeed, the pcrfeculion continued forty years, reckoning from its commencement in the reign or Taycho, with unremitting cruelty, before Chriilianity could be totally cxtcrminatc H I L i p p I N JE Islands. i'6i Tii be more particular in oilr deftrTptioh of tlxia place, it ii iiccclUry toobferve, that it extends t'loiu I'orty-two to fifty degrees of north latitude, which track is kiiuwn, but how much farther it reaches, has not been afccrtiiinud ; nor do t'le Japancfc geographers feem better acquainted with it than the European. The fouthcru part lic^ up pofnt lothe nortliern coaft of Niphon or Japan, and to- gether they form tlic ftraights of Sangaar and Jellb, which are feparated bv the little illand Matl'uina. The JapancJe trade to Jcflb for furs, and a filh called Varazakki, that is caught upon itscoaO, and which is con- lidcred in Japan as a great delicacy ; but the natives of Jefo never come to Japan, as they are afraid tu crols the uraightK, though it reqtiires but a day to fail over them. The people of this country are ftrong, fierce, and fa- vage ; tliey wear their hair and beards long, and cover themfclves all over with the Ikins of wild bcalla, with the fur outwards, fo that upon tlie wholci they have a moll frightful appearance, Thofe who liVe on the fouthcrn coaft are faid to be much more civilized than fuch m re- fidc in tlte inland parts ; and tliat the emperor of Japan had a governor, and a garrifon in the capital, which is called Matzimai, to receive his tribute, which U pai and relided a confiderable time amongthem : he informs us, that the natives are ftouter, taller) and fairer tlun tlic Ja- panefe ; that they let their beards grow very long, Lut fliave tl>e ibre-parts of^ their head ; that they make a very ftrong wine, which they drink to exccfs ; and drefs tlicralelvcs in Very pretty filk, cotton, or linen gowns, which arc long, and embeUilhed with needle-work tolerably executed. He likewife tells ut, thatbeftdes bows and arrows, they ul'c lancest fcyinetait, and poifoned darts ; that they are quar- relfome, capricious^ paflionate, and revengeful ; but at the fame time almoft as ceremonious and infmcere as the Chinr:fe. Polygamy is allowed among thenij and adul- tery they thus puniih : the man pays a pecuniary firrc, and tl>u woman is clofe ftiaved, which is the grcateft dif- grace that can happen to her. If the gallant rcfufes to pay the fine, the iiulb.-tnd has a right to ftrip him when- ever and wherever he meets him, and fend him home naked : to otfcdl which, he calls to his alTiflance all tliat are near at hand, who are obliged to aid him in plun' tiering the adulterer. All the particulars mentioned by tlie above jefuit are confirmed by feveral Dutch mariners, who have, (ince his time, vifited Jcflb ; and farther add, that their boats are made of flighr lK>airls fewcd together with cords made of the bark of a ti' called coxo, which, when they return fiom filhing, are unlewed again, and carefully laid up ; tlijt many of the natives wear rings on their fingers, as well as trinkets in their ears, and paint their lips and eye- brows blue ; that the men are very jealous ; the women in general modeft ; and, the !.. , \ igc is a corrupt mixture 'if the Chinefc and Japanefevo..gues. Matzimai, the capital town, is a very incondde Mc ;Iace. Here the prince of the country, as well a- li.- ap;;!:if ft governor, refide, but the fornier is obliged to go once a year to make a prefcnt to the enrpcror of Japan, and do him homage. Criminals are executed here in a very (ingular manner : the culprit is laid flat upon his back, his arms and legs being ftretclied out, and held tight by two ftout fellows to each ; then the executioner, who is armed with an iron headed club, dances round him, fings a fong, and at length difcharges fvich a blow at his head as breaks his fcull, which is immediately followed by another on the ftomach, that difpatches him in an inftant. We have no other account of the Higher Jeflb or Oku, from the Japancfe geogr.iphers, than that it is nine hundred n. lies in length; but the fouthcru part of Jelfo, already dcfcritied, were conquered by Joritimo, the firft cubo of Japan, and annexed to the dominions of that empire. No. 17, SEC T. V. CaHlaiiting an acttunt tf ihi PhilipftHi ihd Ladrtnt «r Ma- rian iJlanJi. THE Philippine iflands are fituate in the Chinefian fca, part of the pacific ocean, between one hundred and fourteen and one hundred and thirty degrees of eaftern longitude, and between five and nineteen degrees of north latitude, about one hundred leagues fouth-eaft of China. There are eleven hundred of them, and feveral very large. The chief of the moft northerly of them is Manila or Luconia, which is the largeft of the Philippines, and is fituate in fifteen degrees Of north latitude, being about four hundred miles longand above one hundred and eighty broad in moft places. The capital of this ifland, and of all the reft, is the city of Manila, fituate on a b:iy in the fouth-weft part of tliu idand, being two miles in circumference, furrounded by a wall and other works, a very commodious harbour, but of difficult accefs, on accountof the rocks and fands which lie Ijcfore it ; a cadlc defends the entrance. The chief buiWiiigs are the cathedral, parifli churchef and convents ; on„- of the religious houfos is appropriated to the fupport of orphans, daughteri of the inhabitants, who are provided for during their lives ; 01, if they cluife to marry, have a portion of two or three hundred crowiii given tliem. Their churches, chapels and altars, ait- richly adorned, and thcirproccflions on holidays as fplendij as in Spain. The college of the jefuits here, as in moll Popidi countries, is more magnificent than any of the reft. The ifland of Luconia, or Manila, is eftecmed healt'i- ful, and the water in it the beft in the world. It produces all the fruits of warm climates, and has an excellent breed of horfes carried thither from Spain. It is well fituated for the Indian and Chinefe trade ; and tlw luy and port, which lies on the weft fide of it, i? a large ciicular balon of ten leagues diameter, entirely land-locked. The citv of Manila, which ftaiids on the cart fide, is large and con- tains feveral fpacious llreets and grand houfcs ; and at the beginning of the firft war with tlie Sp.iiii.nrds, in the ivij^ii of king George II. was an open place, onlv defended bv a liltlc foit ; but confiderable additions have lately been made to its fortifications. The pott peculiar to the city n that of Caliite, which lie* two IcAgucs to the fomhward, and here the Ihips employed in the Acapulco trade arc lla- tioned. I'hc city is healthfuily fituated, and well watered, and li.is a vcrv fruitful country in its neighbourhood ; but it is Ibme Jillulvantagc to its trade, that it is difficult getting out to fta to the eaftward, throush fuch a number of iflands ; here the Spaniards waftc abundance of time, and are oftcrt in great danger. 'riie Trade from hence to China and India confiflj chiefly in fuch commodities as are intended to fupply Mexico and Peru, namely, fpiccs, Chinefe filks, and raanu-' uies, particularly filkftockings, of which no lets than thoufand pair have been Ihipped in one cargo, with vait quantities of Indian ftufTs, callicoesand chints, which are much worn in Aniii ica, tojrtther with other fmall ar- ticles, fuch as goldlrnitlis work, &c. wrought at the city of Manila by the Chinefc, of which nation there are not lefs than twenty thoufand rcfiding there, as feivaiits. ni.i- nufaflurers, or bro^irs. All thele articles are tranfported annually to the port of Acapulco in Mexico : thistiade i^ not open to all the inhabitants of Manila, but is reftiainrd to the convents of !•'- •■ , principally to the jefuits,. be- ing a donation to fuj -j le miflions for the propagation of the Catholic faith. ; letonage of eae', fhip li dividcci into a certain number ot bales, ill of th-. .'araefize; and the convents have a rii^ht to c:m! 'k fuch a quantity of goods on board the Manila fliif the tonage of their bales amount to. The tr.ide is I ■.■■■:. \ by royal edifls to a certain value ; according to fome, it fhould notexceed fix hundred thoufand dollars ; but it is frequently known to amount to three millions. The bulk of tlie people of Manila are of Chinefe or Mala) . n extraAion, and theie are Ibme blacks. The Spa- niards, though feweft in number, have the government in their hands. The adjacent country is full of fine plan- tations, fiirms, and country-houfes of the principal in- habir:tirts. Upon the mountains, in the middle af the coui.cy, the people live in tents and huts, under the ipreadingtrcc: The plains are overiiowsd in the rainy lealbn, the houfcs built uitou high pillars ; and the people have no communication but by boats during the rains, U u whic 1 ■;S! \r Thf new and universal SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. which ufually fall in Jiinr, July, Au^nft, and September, anil then hapjn n tcnihle Aorins ot \«''iir the moft part excccdi igly pleafaiu. Thv i.i . ; Iruila contains about three thoufand in- habitants id coring the fecond war in the reign of king George \\. >■;.■, in the year 1763, taken by .tdniiral Cor- nilh and Sir William Draper, It was, however, (lipii- latcd to iK' ranfomed ; Ivutthe nnfom-monry hath never yet been intircly difcluiged. The pridt: take prodicions pains to make converts to the Konlim fi:ib, and have been pretty fuocefsful in their endeavours. 'I'ls Indians pay a poll-tax , anJ a confidcrable fvm of moiii-\ is annually al- lowed for the fupport of ferns Jc irphans, loth of Spanilh and Indian parents. The complexion: of «he feveral iKopI' who inhab'i thefe iflands .ire very difli:icnt. The black tare as black as the Caffr< ■ of Afric, but differ from thciu ir. their fea turcs and long hair, and therefore are fiippoii.d i>i lie of In- dian extraction ; and a:- they poflefs th;? mount.ii'iovis and im.r.cfliblf parts of the country, it is coi.i'-ilii.cd, that «!ie\ were the original inhabitants, and di'ven up thither by fuccccdi'.ig adventures; Tije defccndantT; of th>' Malaynns (inhabitants i^^ Ma- I.) i) are very tawny, the Chim. I not fo dark, and the SpviiiMrds arcprt t'v iHsr the ccloi -of the Chinelc. There 15 ai'c 1 /i.T.ion .n \M\xtA peopliv called Pinti.^os, who colourvi-.tii ikir . )".( i.v.r an'cftof. thr Pifts. 1 he i;.;t;vcs »'c '' .' :J)e .'(it 'I r-ri of anvi.'.j'^.itc ftature, and th;)rtci;uresjt.k, tjv.-Sj' \j;.fda bivc ta iRlit them to clfvith (hfmi'c'vcs, ciCBfiU'e t ia k ', whoojily tie a cloth (ibout the" • loins, andai.n^!' .'botj^ their hcaas, and ufu- a;!ygr> t\'iv.'-rr,'''r Ri'je .-a.-? rifli trc mo' •■■ittn by tho o who live nerr the fi'a-coadj, id ihc riiountuipeers eattUe l!elh they take in ?:',intinj;, ind ll\e fruits of the tarth, which giow Ipontane- o.ifly in j;rcat plenty. Thtir liciuor is water, which they \ifually drir.k warm as thi; Chinefc do. They have alfo film v.Mic, and fpiiituou. liquor di{iilk'd from the juice of thefu£,,u-'-an>;, rice, &c. 1 hey bathe twice a day in cold water, either 1' r health or diverfion, or both: plays are ano- tlier diverfion and they are entertained frcijuently with dincing and m<. .k fights. Thtfe ifland. are extremely well fitliatcd fiir trtde; all ihcrith merchandize of India is fent from hence to Ame- rica, atid the trtafurcs of Mexico and Peru .-rt brought i ither annually, by which exchange, i> is faid, tltey make - profit of four hundred per cent. Few countries enjoy a more fiuitful foil; the pcop'e in reany places live upon what the earth produces fpontanc- oully, and tlie furface of the ground is exceeding Seauti- ful ;■ the trees are ever green, and feldom without fi-uit. Their neat catUe run wild in the mountains, and are hunted, as well as doer, wild hogs and g'-ats. The mon- kies and baboons found here are very fagacious ; during the feafon, v/hcn thers is no fruit to bie got, they go down to th^' fea-fide to catch-oyftcrs ; that the fiih may not pinch tl.eir paws, tliey put a ftone between the Ihclls, to prevent their (hutting clofe. Wax is fo plentiful, that ihcy make no other candles, and never burn Umps. Their bees are of fcvcral kinds, fome of them very large, and make their combs in the woods, producing ft: :h quantities of honey as would almoft fubfiilthe natives. Medici.ial and fwect gums ifluing from the liodies of trees are part of the produce: forpents of varii'us kinds arc found in thefc iflands ; but the fathers who rcldtc tli.-it fome of tliem are fo large, they will fwallow a (lag, horns and all, furely do not expc£t to be believed, any more than when they relate, that the leav' of trees are converted into mfcils ; but the laft of '! • ftorics may proceed frcm a miflake, for it is certaii fome infers dcpofit thtir eggs (as tliey do with . 1 the leaves of trees, which are hatched tliere, as is the cafe of the cochineal fly ; and tiiey might ignorantly imagine thatthofe infcfls proceed from the leaf. The alligators are very dangerous; and the irnana, a kind of land ajligator, does a great deal of mifchitf. Among their birds, arc peacocks, parrots, cocatoof, and turtle-doves, which are very beautiful, fovvls withblacV. bones, and the bird tavan, which lays a num- ber of eggs in trendies in the (and, and Ic.ives them to bntch there. The fali);an taftens her nefts to feme rock, as a msrtin doe^ Dgai'.'.it X wall, which diiiolvihg into a kind of jelly in waiin water, is eflecmed delicious food. Here is alfo the xolu biul, which cati like a turkey; the camboxa is a wcll-laned fowl ]>eculiar to theu- iilands. The hcrrcro or carpenter is a fine large preen bud. It is called the carpenter, becaulV; its beak is lb haid, tli.it it digs a hole in the trunk, or fome large branch ut a tree, in order to build its ncl>. Their fruits are mangoct, plantains, b^nanoes, cocoas, tamarinds, cafTia, and the cocoa or chocolate nut, which has been brought over from Mexico ; oranges, lemons, and all manner of trophicil fiuils. I'hc cinnamon and nutmeg tree have been planted here ; t".it degeneratct and .lie good for liltlc. A great deal of gop '■ i'°h do not u'li) kill thofc that touch 01 taile tl.cni, but ^. lufeA the nir, that mii^ty people die in (he tlatet 'ilieir iiioUoniiiig : on tlic coinr.i!/. tliefc ifla^d': icpto.den- tiall' wc!l (■. rnilhcd *ith antidotes, j^silicvd-ily the ijcxoar ftoiii, wh.'lii'! 1 'imj III the belly of a creature much liktuJeer. an;l luc roor diho, whi' li ii hire (;irf,cr, ami heals wounls its o'e b/any vcnoino. I'^R, be: 11?, bruifcd and boiled ■ ith <';■; of cocp') . The tree canioinlog is fo -rMomous, that the pilchardi eating the lci;i-es which full into the fca die j as will the perfons who eat the poifoned fifli. I'he liquor which Hows from the trunk of tins tree fcrves theic people to poifon the points of their dans which they blow through the trunks aboveinentioiU'il ■. the very (hadow of the tree is fo de- (Iruftive, that, »:< far as it reaches, no herb or grafs growl; and, if traiifplaiiled, it kills all the other plant* it ftands near, except a Itu.iil (hrub which is an antidote againft it. and always with i' .1 bit of a twig of this (hrub, or a leaf carried in a nuui'r. 'noutb, is faid to be a fecurity againft the venom of the trev, and therefore the Indians arc never without it. » The inakn bukay, which (ignifiej the giver of life, is a kind of ivy which twines about any tree, and grows to the thicknels of a mail'; finger ; it has long (hoots like vine braiKhes, of which the Indians make bracelets, and cfteem them n prcfer>'ativc againit poifon. 'Iliere arc nianv other trees and p!.m;s of extraordinary virtue in thcle i(land<:; among others, there is the l<:nlitive plant, mail refpcAs like a colewort, which growing out of k rock, avoids the touch, and retires under water : there is another thatgrows on St Peter's hill about ManiUi, which is not very (all, and has little leaves, wluch whenever it is touched, draws b.ick and doles all its K live!, to^^ciher ; for which r;:afon the Spaniards call it la vergin cofa, that is, the bafhful. There grows near Cathalngan, in the ifland of Samar, a plant of a furprifing virtue, diicovercd bv the fathers of the Ibcicty, as they fell us, of late years : the DutcTi h.ivc.iHo fome knowledge of it, and, it is faid, will ;',iv Jouble ih"; quantity of gold for it, The plant is like ivy, and twines about any tree it ctows near : the fruit which grows o\it of the knots and leaves rcfcmbles a inelocotoon in biguc "1 and colour, and within has eight, ten or fixtccn ki;rn(Isat big as a hazel nut, each green and yellow, which when lijK, dropoutof tiicmfclvcs. The ulual dole giv , of it is the weight of half a royal, of -n ounce, powdered and mixed li.is no cfleft the fiill time, the ' powerful antidote ag;\iiill any lus herbs or darts which ai4 .acnflar, Borneo, and the Philip- that isthefixteenth in '.vine or w.itcr ; dole is repeated, s poiloii, either oi ufed by '''enativ. pints. 1 he gf layan ton ■ ; ; ii peculiar to .1.; . i with aniro , I). ( • introtluced ' ■ j( f: '. of this kind 10 l>< All thtfe iflan's dcr the 'inifdifli. '.tjF.c fpcUcn in thefe iflands i: the Mn- .Ca which, every people have a lang ' i «. '1 hey write on cocoa-nut leaves, I'ISRn t and aits and fcicnccs h.ive been :•:.'. "ds, the natives liavmg nothing, ■ Jcforc their arrival. . Miiidiiiiao and Paiagoa; arc un- 'p:ini(h viceroy, who lus gover- , other itUnd and town of conlc- nors u ler him i.. qucncc ; and the \\\y. courts arc eicOcu for the tii.il of civil and criminal c;"ifes, as in old Spain 1 he atchbilhup of Maiiii;!, the billigps and ihur cuniniiHiitics, dcter- mineecclifiuflical caufcs aj in liiirope , but there lie i an appeal i'rum thciii to the pope's delegate, who lelidci in one of ^ifal'. ..,> ^ik n- •r- .r- 3(1 no [ASIA.] PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. of the iHandi. The court of inquiiition has alfn a c6in- tniflaiy here. But notwithftaiuliiig the Spaniards are re- prefentcd as fovereigns of thefe ifland'i, this inuft only be undcrOooJ of the open country and the fca coalls, in which there may Ix; tlirro hundred tlinufaiid fouls : hut thefe are not a tenth part uf the inhabitants, the reft look upon themfelves as a free people : every mrjuniaiii almoll is pofleflcd hy a different tribr, who make war upon one another, the .'-paniardi feldom intermeddling ni their (juarrcls. The Chincl'e were formerly fo numerous here, that they difputed the authority of the Spaniards over them : it is computed that forty thoufand of them refided in and about the city of Manila ; but the Spaniards com- pelled them to fubmit, and banilhed fonic tlinufands of them, the reft were permitted to remain hire, to carry on their manufaflurcs , for they arc almoft the only artificers. Their arms arc bows, arrows, and lances or fpears, broad fword'!, and tubes or trunks, throuf;h v.hich they blow poifoncd arrows, the flighted wounds whereof are mortal, if immediate remedies .ire not applied. '1 hey luve canefhiclds alfo covered with a buffaloes hide, and a head- piece fordefcnfivc arms. Thefe favages as the Spaniards call them, worlhip one fuprcmc God, and their anccftors, as the Chintle do, from whom mod of them are ddccnded ; they woilhip alfo the I'un and moon, and almoil every thing they fee, whether animate or inanimate, groves, rocks, rivtrs, and one p.irticuUr tree, which they would eilecni it a facrilege to cut down, believing the fouls of feme of their fiiinds may refide in it, and that in cutting the tree they may wound a near relation. Inftead of temples, they have caves, wherein they place their idols, and facrificeto them. Some beautiful young virgin firll wound,s the viflim with a fpenr, and then the pricfts dilpatch the animal ; and, hav- ing drcllcd the meat, it is eaten by the company. Super- Aition prevail among them ; they have their lucky and unlucky days ; and if certain animals crofs the way when they are going upon bufinefs, they will return home, and eo but no more tliat day. The Spaniards tolerate them in their idolatrous worlhip ; and futter them to game, on paving to the government ten thoufand crowns per annum. Tfiey are alfu much given to a deteilable vice ; and did not imagine it to be a Clime, till the Spaniards punifhed them for it. The men purchafe their wives here as in China ; and the marriage ceremonv is p-rformed by a prieflefs, who facrifices iome animal on tlic occafion ; after which, the bride is led home, and the whole concludes with an fptertainmcnt as at other places. They marry in their own tribe, and with their neareft relations, except the firft'deprec ; fomc of them are confined to one wife, other tribes allow a plurality of women, and divorces for rca- fonablc caufcs on eith :v (Ide. Children are either named after heroes or flower;, or from foiiic .vcidental circuni- l*.cc til . I'ccurs at the time of their bi:th i but as foon M they marry, they chufc ii, w names, and their parents arc obliged to make ull- of their old ones. The dead are w.i'lu-d and iwrfunicd, wrapped in filk, and put in a clofc con'in, near which a chill is placed that contains thcarm^ of .-iinan, or domcilit utotifils of a wo- man : moiirnci's are hired to aflid in making a difmal noice. I hey bury their dead as in China, and do not burn them : as f jon as the body is buried, an enter- tainment is inaiV, ami all is converted to mirth and fefti- vity. In ;^eir,-ri they mourn in black garmcnti ; and \bi\i t'vir li iid; .iiid eye biows. The iiex' •■•panifh illand tothr.'. of Manila is Samar or Pliilippina, bctn ' e iliand is neai four hundred i.iiles in circumference, '.' chief town, Catha- lann, governed by a Spanilh alcade. The illand of S.rbu, which Tics in ten degrees fo-uh latitude, is the place where Magellan firft fct up the Spanilh colours ; the chief town, named Nombre <\r Dios, afterwards made abi.'aop's fee, has in itacalhcdi >i and ftvc -'l other cliurvth • and monaf- teries. The iP-id of ni.riieslies wed of Sebu, and was fo named becaufc it i. inhaiuted chietlv by blacks. Min- rjauaolies the moll foutlicrlyof anyof the I'hilippine iliands, ■id is thelarged of them except Manila, being near two , i.«'ut(' miles ill length, and one Viuiidr': '. ai.d fifty ii; ,' .-.'.. 'Ji. !t is poircffed by people of different nations and oiir.. • •■ aligioiii; but the Mahometans, who arc lituatc r;r. >. >■'' cti.iu.i, are much the moft numeiou':, whoP- (o- '. «r< v.:u i": Ailed lultan of Mincl.inao. Thole who polTcfs if'> ..'. !alc of the illand arc called hillanoons, and ano- ^\ii uuiun ilil.-d Solognes, arc lituiUc uii the nurth-wid 171 coad. The air of thi< ifland is not fo hot at might b' expc£)cd, being icficlhcd frequently by the fea brczcs, and the periodical rains, which lay the flat count-y under water. 'I'll.' winds blow from the call, from Oftober to May, and then turn about and fct wedcrly ; next month the rains and dorms fuccced : «t iird there arc not more than two or three Ihowcrs a d.iy ; they afterwards come oftencr, with vinlcnt hurricanes and loud thunder, and the wind cuiitinues wellerly until November, during which time they have fuch dorms that trees arc blown up by the roots, the rivers are oveiriowed, and they do not fee the fun or dars fometimes in a week : about Augud the air Is very cool, the rain and wind are moderate in Sep- tember, and in 0£lobcr the wind blows from the ead again, and it continues fair till April, and fometimes May. Mindanao, the capital city, lies on the fouth fide of the illand, in one hundred .ind twenty-three degr.'rs fifteen minutes of eadein longitude, and fix degrees twenty mi- nutes north latitude, near the mouth of a river, and about two miles from the fea ; the houfcs being built on bam- boo pillars, fixteen or eighteen fi:et above the furface of the ground, on account of the annual floods, when they have no lommunication with one another but by boats. The city is .about a mile in Icngtli, built alone the wind- ing bank of the river ; the Sultan's palace is lupported by one hundred and eighty trees, and has twenty cannon mounted in the front ; and fcveral of the nobility have great guns in or before their lioufes. Large fhips cannot come up to the town, their being fcarce eleven teet water on the bar, at the entrance of the river. The natives are held to be men of a fprightly genius, but very lazy, and indolent, and will rather thieve than work ; but none are more aflivc when they find there is a neceflity for it ; and there may be two reafons for their lazy difpofition, one from the heat of the climate, andtlie other from the tyranny of the government, no man being furc he fliall enjoy what he acquires by his indudry. The Mindanayans are of alow dature, and very flcnder, of dark tawny complexions, black eyes and hair, flat faces, fhort nofcs, wide mouths, and black teetli, which tliey take abundance of pains to dye of that colour ; and they wear the nails of their left hands almod as long again ai their fingers, fcraping and dying them with vermillio every other ufeful animal, fuch as liorfes, cows, buffaloes, »nd hogs, with bunches over their eyes , hen ate alio ftialves, Icorpions, and other venomous infect ;; and tlic feathered kind are the fame as in Manila, The Malayan language is generally fpokcn here ; and the Mahometans have the koran and books of devotion, in the Arabic language. The liberal arts do not tlourilh licre ; they arc forced to employ the Chincfe to keep their accompts for them ; nor have they fo much as a clock or a watch in all the country, but beat upon drums every three hours, that people may know the time of the day. There arc fcarce any other working trades, except goldfmilhs, carpenters, and blackfinitln, who perform tlicir work very well witli the tools they have, for the fmiths have neither vice nor anvil, nor the carpenters any faws, but when they havt fplit their planks, plane them with the ax or adze. Their difeafei arc Huxes, fevers, and the fmall-pox ; and fomc arc afTcfted witli a kind of leprofy, or dry fcurf, which covers the body, and itches intolerably. The religion of the fultan, and thofe who inhabit the Ica-coafls, is Mihometanifm, and that of the inland psopic is PaganiI'm, differing little from the Chinefe. In allowing a plui^lity of wives and concubines, the Mahometans of this ifland imitate thofe of Turky, only they allow their women greater liberties, fufferingthem to converfe freely with their acquaintance or Grangers -, but it is faid they are fo prejudiced againft fwines flefh, that one of their great men rcfufed to wear a pair of (hoes made by an Eu- ropean, when he was informed that the threads with which they were fewed were pointed with hogs briftles. They look upon themfclvcs to be defiled, if they touch any thing which belongs to a hog ; tliey durfl not kill them, left they fliould be defiled by the touch of tlie weapon they make uCe of, which occifions thefe animals to multiply fo fail, tliat the ifland is over-run with them. 'I'hcy are very glad to fee the Europeans kill them, but mufl undergo feveral ablutions or wafhings, if they fhould happen to touch a man that had eaten its flefh. She fultan of Mindanao is an abfolute prince, and his throne hereditary , both tlie perfons and purfes of his fubjcAs are in his power, and if he knows any of them abound in wealth, he borrows it of them. He has one great minifler, in whom he lodge-; the adminiftration of the government, both civil and military, to whom both natives and foreigners muft apply theinfelves for Hberty to trade. Their wars arc chiefly with the mountaineers, who inhabit the middle of the ifland, with whom they aie very cautious of coming to a general en- gagement ; but when the armies are pretty near, thev begin to entrench and cannonade each other, and will remain in the fame camp fomc months, fending out parties to make incurfions into the enemies country, and furprizc defence - lefs places. Their arms are a crice or ihoit dagger, and a broad fword, a Ipcar, and bows and arrows. The moft confiderable of the Philippines that have not been mentioned, are Mindora, fouth-wcft of Manila : Fanay, and Leyte, which lie north of Mindanao ; and the ifland of Paragoa, which lies very .near the north part of Borneo, and is fubjeft to one of the princes of that illand. Pliilippina was the firfl that was dilcovcred of this cluf- ter of tflands, and confequently gave name to the reft. It lies between twelve and fourteen degrees north latitude, and is the moft fertile and pleafant of all the Philippines, exhibitiiig a fcenc of perpetual verdure ; for here the fun is powerful, without being difagreeable. The Ladronc idands arc fituate in the Pacific ocean, in one hundred and forty degrees of eaftern longitude, and betw^.'cn twelve and twenty-eight degrees of north latitude. Guam or Iguana, the largeft, is fituate in thirteen c'egn'^s twenty one minutes, north latitude, feven thoufand Ui^ \ hundred milts weft of Cape Coricntes in Mexico, ac- cording to iJampier. The other mconliderable iflandi arc, a. Sarpanta. 3. Bonaviila or Tinian. 4. Scfpara. 3 5. Anatan. 6. Sarignan. 7. (iuagani. 8. Alaraaguait. 9. Pagon. 10. The burning mountain of (iiiga. 11. Magna. i2.P:itas. 13. DiCconocida 1 and, 14. Malabrigo. 'iuani is about twelve leagues long, and four broad, lying north and fouth. It is pretty high cliamp.iign land, floping down towards the coau. 'I'he call fide, which is the liii;lieft, is fenced with fteep rocks, on which the waves connantly beat, driven by the trade wind, 'the weft fide i> low laiul, in which arc Icvcral little fandy bays divided by rocks. The natives of Guam are of n good ftatnre, have large limbs, a tawny complexion, black long hair, fuiall eyes, thick lips, and are long vifaged. They are fomciimss affliAed witli a kind of leprofy, otherwil'c the country is healthful, elpccially in the dry fcafon. The rains begin in June, and laft till Oflober, but arc not violent. The ifland produces rice and moft tropical fruits, and one fort, which Uampier has named bread fruit, grows upon a tree like apples, and at its full bignefs is as large as an ordinary loot-ball ; it has a hard thick rind, and within a liift yellow pulp, of a fweetilh .taftc ; the na- tives eat it inftead of bread, having firft baked or rcafted it in the embers : it is in fcafon eigllt months in the year, and grows only in thefe iflands. Dampier relates, that when he was there (about the year one thouf.ind feven hundred) tliere were not above one hundred Indians upon the ifland, though he was in- formed there h.id been three or four hundred fome timo before : and the rcafon given why there was no more at that time was, bccaufc moft of them had burnt their plan- tations, and tied to other iflands on their being ufcd ill by the Spaniards. Their fwift-failing (loops, or flying proas, ar« the admi- ration of all that fee them ; tlic bottom of the velTel, or the keel, is of one piece, made like a canoe, twenty-eight feet in length, built ihaip at both ends, one fide of the floop Hat, and the other rounding with a pretty large belly j being four or five feet broad, with a maft in the middle. They turn the flat fide to the wind, and having a head at each end, fail with eith'^roftheni foreinoft, and have never any occafion to tack. Dainpier computed they would fail twenty-four miles an hour. The tide never rifes above two or three feet at this ifland. The writer of lord Anion's voyage relates, that they arrived at the ifland of Tinian or bonavifta, one of tlie Ladrone iflands which lies north of Guam, on the 27111 of Auguft, 1742, being fituated in fifteen degrees eight mi- nutes north latitude, and one hundred and fourteen degrees fifty minutes weft of Acapulco in America. 1 his illand is twelve miles in length, and fix in breadth, extending from the S. S. VV. to N. N. E. The foil is dry an3 fandy, and the air healthful; the land rifes in gentle flpjies from the (hore to 'ut middle of the ifland, inter- rupted by vallies of an ealy defccnt. The vallies and gra- dual fwellings of the ground are beautifully diverfified by the encroachments of woods and lawns ; and the woods confift of tall fpreadine trees, celebrated for their afpeft or their fruit ; the turf^of the lawns clean and uniform, compolcd of fine trefoil, intermixed with a variety of flower?; tlie woods, in many places, open, free from bulhes, and underwood, affording moft elegant and enter- taining profpeds. The cattle on this ifland were computed to amount t© ten thoufand, (wefuppolc he means horned cattle) all per- fc£f ly white except their cars ; befldts which there were hogs and poultry without number. The cattle and fowl* were lb fat, that the men could run them down, and were under no neceffity of fliootin^ them, 'i'heir flefh is well tafted, and very eafy of diqcftion. About the beginning of the prefcnt century, this ifland was faid to contain at leaft thirty thoufand inhabit.ints, when a dreadful mortality raging among them, prodigious numbers died; .ind the calamity prevailing with equal vio- lence in the iflandsof Rota and Guam, the Spaniards oblig- ed thofe that remained at Tin'in to remove to Guam, ii» order to make good the defcici c-r by the number t •" '■ J fouls that h.id perilhcd in t-at ill.ind ; fince which tii..j Tinian as been wholly uni'i.iahitcd. The ruins of the buildings in Tinian, fomc iit hens, which they breed up, and never cat their eggs •'. y were fiirprifedat the whittncfs of the Europeans, ha ;u r never fccn anv people of this complexion, as they wi ' -t their manners and cuttoms : it docs not appear that tii y have anv iiligion, nor do they ul'e any let meals, b,ir ;.at and drink whenever they are hungry or thirfty, and then but fparmgly. 'I hey I'alute any iitrlon by taking Ku:\ bv the hand or foot, or gently flroaking his face : among their tools they have a law made of a large Ihell, Ih.irpcned with a (lone, having no iron or other metals in their cnn- Iry ; and were fuiprifed to fee the many tool . uk<1 in building a Ihip. Their arms are lances or dar^ , lii^aded with human bones and IharjKned. They feein to be a people of much lifc and coura^,c, but of a pca< i f'll dif- lolitioii; and are well proportioned, but nut of ;: largu lize. SECT. vr. Trtati of ihi ijlandt »f Ftrmcfn, ixid Hainan^ tr fvnan, partly fulijiil t> tkt Cbimft, v?z. Iicfe WE liavc, in the preceding part f>f this work in p. s6.) taken occalion barely to mentiuri idands, as Iwlonging to thcemp 't of China; bet .li we now propofe to g jh a general del :r}p'- n of the C'lcntal ilLinds, a fuller account of tliofe abi . nentioncrf ■■be more properly intioJucti in this placr. The illaiid of Formola is nx'iemi ortile, an . | e- N 1 are in the northern part, T»d nine in the fouth ' I'hey arc in general of a low Uature, have a large mouin and are very fwartby in com- plexion : they liave a very high forehead, and are altogether greatly difpriypoitioncd, for the body i« very fhort, the neck fniall, and the arms and legs arc remarkably long. They CO almoll inked, their drcfs confuting only of a rough piece of cloth tied round the waiO, and reaching to the knees; but thcv adorn their boJies with the figures of trees, Howers, animals («:. m doing of which thcv un- dergo fucli violent pain, that only a fmall part of the opc-f ration niurt be peitoinied at one time ; lo that it will take fome nioiitlii before the whole is com; Icttd. 'I hefctm- bclliihmriitf, however, arc onlv permitted to fuch as have diltiiiguillird tliemrehcs cither by feats of aflivity or cou- rage. I hi- '.••'' -t avoid he pui'il'hincnt of obtaining ihefe ornani ■ i(i:ig the hair of animals intcrmixea with filk, ain; embroidered with gold and (liver. Tliej^ have all, however, liberty to adorn their arms and ears^ which they do with the grcatcft profufion , and on their brads they wear a kind of coronet, the top of which ii terminated by a plume made of the feathers of cocks or pheafants. The inhabitants of the noithern part arc better cloathed than thol'e of the fouthern, as the climate is lefs temperate : their drcfs confirtsof the (kins of beads, particularly (lags, which they kill in bunting. This garment is, however, very uncouth, in its form, being (haped like 1 veftmcnt tvorh by priefts, and without fleeves. They wear a kind of lx)nnet on their heads, made of the leaves of bananas, and adorned with coronets placi"d one above another, in the form of a pyramid : the whole is faflened with .locks of hair of difFerent colours ; and the top is terminated by a plume of feathers, like tliofe in the fouth. 'i'ho hcufcs of thole in the fouthern part are mean cot-' tages made of earth and bjinboo covered with ."■.,. M fo clofc together, that they arc only fcp.iratcd I" i ,.ry flight p.irtition ; but thofe iii the north arc buil. -1 ■ .'ic niainer of theChin;l'c : their cufloms, howevei, i..j;i-h pans are t!ic iaiiic Tncy iiivc- . . 'ler chairs, tables, benches, or beds , inflcad of t)i« lattu), ,'i!y ult the lt»vc» 174 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. [A S I of treci, atul lay (hcmfclvc* down without any fort nfco- vering. Tlicy Ho n(i( lake much piint in ilcctliiig thrir meat, for the lefii it ii Joik-, the Ixltcr ihsy Wkc ir, aiij Ionic ot them rcUlh it mult when \t i< I'o iiw ji baiclv to have felt the tffcU ot' the Hie. 'I ticv ilrcfi their vijluals in a kind of chimney ot ftove pLiccil in the rrntre ot' the room , anil arc extremely filthy in iheii niaiiini ut entni^; it : ihcy h.ivc .either dilhci, fiwom, iioi knives <'ti tlut whin the pru- vilion i< drclUU It is laid nn .1 iiiei . i>t wood or nut, and they pull it to nieces with lluir InigftJ. 'I'hcii food con- filU chietly of boiled rice, winch tliev t-it In"iTd of hiead ; tlietlclh of Iheep and poatf and ;;ii .< , 'aIu. u 'icy fomc- timcs catch in the woods, bv d. .i/ : 'h .. ' i rutiiiing Iheiii down ; tlio bttcr i» »lu- .rift i^»n) >. letiiod . for fuch it titeir agiiity, that Uil t'wifti I\ .:o.ik vvdl be out-run by them. Bows and arrows arc ih' ir principal weapons ; they tifc thefe with fuch dcxtciitv, that at the dinaitccof four llun- ilred yardi they will kill a pheafant tlyiim They do i\ot pnicliale thcii wive.i, ai in Chinii ; and have little ceiemony in their marriages : when a man fixes on any objcft tl -i lie wilhcs to make his wife, he K"ei Icvcraldays together with inufic, whidi he pl-i vs I'c u tinii; before ll> •. door, but he ii not tK'tinitted to enter the houl'e. ll llic obje£t of his alt'etlions approves of him, fhe comc!. "lit. and they a|;ii-c upon terms, which being made knuivii i.i their p.ircnls,the iiiarriai;e feaO is prepared, and the . luls of each p.irty arc invited. The fealt con- lummatt' c marriagi; , alter wliicli, inftcad of the wife going hoi.) .vitli her hulband, he continues in hi- father- in-law's h lite, and, durin); the renuindcr of his hie, pro- vides for liini as forhimfcif. 'I )icy believe in one Supreme Being, and feeni to enter- tain wifer notions than the inhulit.inrs of many callein countries, though fome writers haie del'crihed thenias mere infidels, and perhaps they are coiUiJered as fuch by the Cliinel'c, who acknowledge, however, that they aie not fiihjeft to cheat, thif j, or iiuarrcl ; but, on the contrarv, that they praftifc all the duties of eijiiity aud mutual be- nevolence. They wirfliip idols as inChnu, to wlui.h tl.ey offer facrificcs of ho^js, rite, l\c. Their manner ot trciting the de.'ul, Iwforc interment is very fingular. When a pcrlon Jks thev l.iv linn on a fcanold made of b.-iniboo, which tliLv place over i llow fire for II .ic days; after which, they wrap the corpfc in a mat, and lay it on a higher f: ilFnld, covered with a pavilion maJe of ihrcds jf filk, e .iih, ftc. Here it remains for two years, at the expiratiun of which, they dig a large hole in the ground and bury it. K,tch of tliel'e ceremonies is accompani«d witUfcaftiiig,niullc, dancing, &c. bit the fu- neral ceremonies are very trilling. 'I'he inipicirion which an olijefl of JillicU ilu^eJ on tlie minds of thefe people, and the notions of laimami . with which they arc iwllelled. .'ledifplaytd in one cul>' which is alnioft univerfai, iiaM. 'v. it a p<' ' m is cxccei. ill, or alHiflcd with any painful j.iorder which isnot lik< . to be remoTcd, they think it a kindncl's to put a |x:riud lu his life. Each town or borough h.is a (^■'^inft government. Thn '. or four of tlie mou antii ■•, wi.i are known to I- men jf integritv, are appointed as Judges over the rei*, who dctermiiii .ill differences ; and he who refutes to lii''- mit to the dccilion, is banifhcd the town ; nor can lie citliit return) or be admitted into any of tlu others, fo tint he i obliged to finilh his days, without e\.r again p.trti nating of tiie natural enjoyments of fociety with the r ♦his countrymen. The Formofans pay an annual tribute to the .i.mcfe, which confilV; of certain quantiti';s oi' grain, the i lU and (kins of ftags, and other produ£lions of the cou'itry In 'idcr to coUeft this tribute, a pTlon is appointed to t.icli lown, who learns the language of the natives, and dif- charges the officcof interpreter between them and ihe man- darins of China. 'I'hcte were formerly twelve boroughs in the fouthcrn part of tlu^ illand, tli.it paid ti;!)Ute to the Chincfc ; but, from the tyrannic coiiduA ot their inter- pictcr, or gatherer of the tax, they revolted, dio\e the in- terpreter outof ih; town, and no longer continued to pay the tribute. Tlu- capital city of thij illand, which i> calku 'I ai- ouan-fou, is, with levcral other confiderablc towns, in the pollellion of the Chinel'e. It is large nnd populous, and carries on fo < xtenfivc a trade, that it is little inlirior to foinc of the i: id opulent in China It is plentilullv liip- plieJ v.\\h a!! ^iiids of provifions. either ci \U -nui j.,«- . duct, or Ciiniiioditici brought from other countiies, as rice, cotton funr, wine, tobacco, and dii(U v«nifon, the latter ot which is grrailv admired by the Chinefo, and cnnlidered as the molt delicious food. '1 hey have 'ikC'- V lie a'Ikindi of fruits, mrdieinal licrbt, routs, gums, Sc. with plenty of cotton of v.irioui fiitl<, linen, lilk, Kc. I'he Hrects ire long und fpacious and the buildings on each fide h.-t\: awningi, that tmii in luch a maimer as tn cover the llrcet , but Ih.lc are only ulcd iluring the hot month!, to keep off tlu •■ celfive heat of the fun. Some (i| the Itueti are near three miles in length, and between thirty and fortv feet broad; tlicle Itieets arc chiellv uccupii J by dealers, wfiofe limps aic furnilhed with all kinds of goods, ranged and diipUvcd to the bet< .idvintage. Thcle lliops ap|)ear very biilliant, and many i.eople walk in the fticels metcly to gratify thcmleUts with tlu light of lo great a variety of Ihe I ichcll cummodi i^s. The boulet aie in general very finall, and arc built of chiy e^^iretcJ with thiitch. 'i'hereare neither walls or fortification* for ihedcfenceor the city: but it has a good garrifon of lioil'e and foot, cotililHug of ten tliouland men, who are principally 'I'ar- tars. 1 heli? arc commanded by a lieutenant geneial, two ' ''er generals, and a number of inferior otficers, who rt.Ai I iving ved lb .e yeais, or looiier if they (liould require, arc at liberty to ielini|uilli their filuatiuii. The haiboiir is tolerably good, and iheltcied from the winds, hue the entrance to it is dangerous for Ihips of buidci'. the bottom of itbein;' rocky, and the depth not being ai v« ten feet at the highcll tides. 'ihe ill.uid of Korniola, according to the niot\ authen- tic hiOoiians was full inhabited by the Japancie, about the biginniii;^ of the lall century. Thefe people weie lo plealed with the appearance of the country, that they built leveral I'niall towns, and Ii ion fettled a colony ; however they were but a ihurt time on the illand before they were interrupted by the Dutch, a Ihip belonging to whom iKing .accidentally tijiced into the hai hour, the people landed on the illand, in oidcr to obtain reficlhments, and repair the damage the vellel had fuflaimd by the lloini. Pirated w ith the apparent fertility of the country, and tltc whuk- Ibmenefs of the climate, they formed a plan for ci'cum- venting the Japaneli;, liy tal ! the ifland into tin . ,/>•-• poflefTion. Fearful, howevei, jf offending tl ;n, lcl\ .i might be injurious to their trade, they were very cautioi » in what manner they procceikdi and though they were tl. moll powerful, yet they were lather ddiious of obiainine their willies by artful than violent mealuu<. To efl'eft this, tlieyearneftly intieated tl.e Jai>anefe, that tlicy would permit them to build a houfe near the fea-fide, which, they alledged, would lie of the greab:l\ utility to them in their paflage tn and from japan. Tiiis requelt was retul'ed, which prodiiied a I'ecoird lolicitation with eipiat luecefs. Unwilling, liowe\er, to give upany cndeavouu thev eouK! piojeA, they again renewed their lolicitations, and prefl'ed them to give confent, alluring them, tlut they dcjiied no more gi iiindthan what might heencompaflld bvtlie hide of anox. '1 he modefly, as well as oddity, of this rei|iKll, had the wilhed-for elfeit, aiul the Japanele at length g.ne then confent. The Dutch immediately difcovrrul a puce ot cunning little thought of by the Japanele. '1 hev got a large hide, Nliich thev cut into a iiiinilx:t of Hips, and fatlening the whole together, coveted a very cxteiilivc pieee ot ground, on •■ ' leli inliead of a fillele building, they erected feveiul lpacu>u habitations. 'llic Ja|ianefe were at fiifl ;ieatlv vexed eriniltej iliem to do whatever they thought proper , nd of this indulgence the Dutch were not b.iekwaid i» taking the greati ll .advantages, for they luon cieifted fe- veral llrong buildings, paiticularly a cdlle, whieh they called Zealnnd, lituatedon fo advantageous a fpot, tlut it was inipollilile lor anv Ihip to appro.aeli it in a hollil; inanner, of whatever toice, without lieing leprlled. Hut the japanele, being either offended at the tieat progiels the I )iitch had made, oi not finding the advantages they exjiedteil, loon (juittcd the illand, and left the Dutch in fole pollellion of it, alter which, tlu v erci'Ud other for- tifications oji'iolltc to their new foit, and lailed Inch other defences, as made tlieni eompletc niailcts of the illand. They continued here, however, but a few years j for one of Ihe Chinele generals, a man of an eiiterprillng genius, In-iiig defeated by the 'I'artars, who were then at war with the Chinele, fixed his v iews on Forinofa, forii^ed a lelolu- tiiiii oi e.\peiiing the Duieii, and eiubiiiinng a new king- dom on the illand. Accordingly, ii>:.-;t [ASIA.] F O R M Accordingly, the Cliincre adventurrr Iii'iIkJ front Clilna with » very cunttdctalilr Hett, mvl 'irivln;', near the inmi'li of iIk! harbour, he Undrd faui. hi< inn, aitd hcfaii ro attack ihc furt of Zealand. 'I >«tcli not lirin^ »|i prctiiiilive of aiw ditiigcr, wen oviiird to rcdll lii p'-wcrful an cti nvy ; tlieyl"l»ii our thipi in the liii- hour, and not aoovo twciu\ men i . llic futi, niMufivi. of the nalivca -, notwithflanding which lliry niidc fo galluiit anoppolilion.thatthcfiegc laftcd upHiiidfol three month). The LhilU'fc general wan fo enraged at l>riM|; lliii« diliip- pointcd, that ne at lcni;th had rrcourle to a very dclntT.ttf ifl'ort, which had the defiredeffeft : he converted fcvcral of hit veltN into fire-lbipt k and the wiiul li i|i|X'i 'Oj; to Iw high and favouiahle, drove thorn into the h.irl>oiir, when three of the iJutch Ihipa were intircly deltroyed. Thii'i (itu.ited, the Dutch could not make niu larthei rc- filLina, and the C'hinclc general offeriiiL; theiii librity to deiMi t ivith their efli/l ' in cafe they «oiilii hiri'.'oder. they readily itccepted the offer, and putting all ihrii v.tUiabli :, on hoard the lliip that wai left, they departrd, aiiil iefl the ChiiK ft general folc mailer of the illand. '1 licc(iii(|iieror immedutely acknowledged lulmKilion to the cinpeior, and Icveial oihiT towni were foon built on difl'eieiil parts of the illand, the inhabitants of wlii>;U have ever fince Ikcu fubiiU to the gotcrnment of Chin i, and tenify llieii liih- ntitfion hv nn annual tribute, at wc Ik lore oliferved. Tilt iHiind of Haynan (the priiicip.ii part of which alfo helongi. to thcChincfe) is of conliderable extent, and Ionic of the towiK are very populous, It ii fituated between one hundred and fevcn and one hundred and ten dvi-ieei ealt longitude, and l)etwi ih, hut the houl'cs in general arc low mean buildings, 'i'here are fcveral other ronfidrrable cities in the illand, bcfides the capital, all of which aicfituated near the fca-Cidc, and fuhieA to the ju- rif^iiSkionof Kian-tchcou, which is governed by nriida- rini- of two orders, nan-'ly, thole of Ic.irninf;, and thole of amis. Oh thcfouthern partof the illand then is a fine port, the bay of which is near twenty feet deep. There h alfo i-'other very convenient (loit on the northern p.nit, the f itrance to which is defended by two fnnll forts, thouth the depth of water does not exceed twelve lect. Here the barks ficiiucnlly come from Caiif'Mi with various commo- dilic5, in exchange for which t.iey take fcvcral kinds of minerals, the natural produce of the country ; tor in Ionic parts of tin ifland there arc gold and filvcr i\cs, as alio niiiici that produce the l.ipisl:riuli, which iii' natives of Cam. Ill ule in painting the blue porcelain. Hetwecii the two torts that defends the entrance of the northern port, IS a large plain, on which are fcveral luuidfomc Chincfe fepuli lircs. With rclpcfl to til- climate of this ifland, it is iiigone- ral very unlie.ilthy, p.oticularly the northern part, though the foil is tolenbly fertile. T le foulhem and ealVrii p.iits arc cxceeilirigly inountaiiuiui ; but the vallies beneath are rich, and 1 1 >ducc great plenty of rice. There arc likewifv fetersi lorts of very valu.ablc tncs, particularly the role or violet-trcc, which is fo fraj;iant in its fccnt, tliatit is puichafed at a very high price for the fole ufc of the ein(H-ror. There is alio anotlier tree little inferior to tliis : it pioduces .ikind of liquid, which by the natives is called draj'.onsblofKl, and, if thrown into the fire, difFufes a moll agreeable fccnt. Indigo grows very plentifully on this illaiul, .. alio lur.ar, tobacco, and cotton ; and they liave a gre.it vui i ly of the moll delicious frufb, fome of which we h.-ivc mentioned before in treating of this illand. Horlcs, Iheep, cows, and hogs, arc the chief animals hero. 'I'herc are prodigious numbers of apes on the mountdin> and in the woods, fome of which are very large, of a black colour, and the features of their faces fo diliin£l, as fo relemble the human lije^ies with greater cxaflnels than any others to be found in the univcrl'c ; but thcfe arc very feldoin leen ; and though the natives have often eiidcavouicd io Citcli ili' iii. yet thtv are fo cun- ning and alert, that they have batlleUevciy machination they O 8 A. fce. ns could projrft. Thcfo apci npprar fo be of the fame fpeclef with two lent fome years »^n in a coalling venil as a pre- lent from a mcrcluntiif the rajah of the Carnatic domi* nioiu to the covernor of Bombay. Tlif re arc vai, 'it kin l< of j^am.' in tlii i ifland, parti- culaity deer and ho '' t i allii « great plenty of liirji, as partridges, wood-cock', fiiipes, turtle-doves, and moll lorts of water fowls, ad which are little inferior fo thofc in Kiiiope. 'I"hey havj likewilu moll forts of filh in great almnd.iiice ; anioni? thcfe is a little blue tilh found among the riKks, which i-. Io beautiful as to lie cnecined of greater value lliaii the i^oMcn lillit but they will hvo only a few da I out of their naljral clement. 1 he natives are ihoit in llatuve, of ■ reddilh Com- plexion, and I'omo of tlicm greatly deformed. The men wear i-ilv a loofcg.irment, reaching from the waill to the kiui it is made of callico, and the colour is either a deep blue, or .";'cly touches their ears. The men wear only a cloih alv.iut their middle, and have no covering on their lua.ts The women wear a ihort petticoat made of coarfe callico, which reaches from the wailk to ibecalves of their lc;',s. Both I'excs wear rings in their ears, made of a me- tal refeinbling gold, which they dig out of the mountains. 'I'he houlcs are built in rows one .tbove another, on the fi Jcs of the rocks, and they afccnd to them by the help of ladders. They are very fmall, and conlill only of a few polls Ixiund or covered with boughs of troes. The tire-placc it at one end, and here they lay boards, on which they deep. There is a kind ot llrcet to each row of houfcs, which runs parellel with the tops of the buildings in the row beneath. 'I'he natives of thcfe iflands arc naturally ingenious : they underllaiid the ule of iron, which they work into various form;, and build very neat boats, that refemble thole with us called yawls. They have likcwife fome large veflels, which they tow with twelve or fourteen oi'sw The food of thcfe people confills chictly of vegetables ; but tliey lotnetimcs make a dilh of locuft;, vv'hlth at par- ticular fealons of the year cuiiic to devour their plants, They catch ihcni with nets, and cither broil them on the fire, oi bake thcni in antarthern pan. Their chief drink 1j u.'iii ; but they have » liouur that in taflc and colour lelenibk ^ Lnglilh beer ; this is called baihce, md pives name 176 Ti.8 NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. >^00 name to oun of tticrc Ulaiuli. It ii imrivwith l'tt((ar-c«nM) boilcil jihI iiiiKctI vkilli lilukhciiwi ; ultrc wliicli it U l>ut iiitii jai*, and wlkn if Iim Hoikcil iivis ur lix diy«, tl Wnmrt \ny tiiic, fliid 1)1 tiir drmkiii);. 1 lie laiiKim)(e of llnl't' iHaidrri bcjin no affiDtty citho to the L'liiiiclenr Malavaii, but is piciillai to llieinUlvci. Tliroiily wcapoiii tlicy iili', an- Uiicot Iica4jrd willi irnni tvlicii they );o nn tlic iivDiintaini in miriuil of bcalla, tlicy wear a kiiiij olaiinoiir m.uU' of » liiilTalo'ii Ikiii, wliicli liiu Ilcevi.4, and riaclu^ down to tin- falve« ot' tlie k'n*. it in wide at tlir hotloiii, but dole about tlw Ihouldrra, and U o(' fiicli folid liibltanoc oh hardiv in be (Ktwtiikttd III |;eiui.il, iIkIcdic a Mry civil iku^iIc, and will iteilhcr digair.c in i)ii.uifla aiiioiig tnrnil<'lveH, or with l)riiitger!i. 'I'lic nicit are cUiclly employed in lilhing, and the women in huibaiidry. I'^a^li nun ii prohibited tVoin having more than olio witc, who treat* him with great relp<.^>. 1 lie boyi arc lnQiiplit up liv Ihrir (',i''"is to iilhing . and the girli work with thiit iiiuthttii in the plantations, whiih are in valliti, where tvi'iy pcrl'oii cultivates and nlantn as much ground ai ii i'uihcicnt to fup])ly the iiccciritii:i of tlic fiiinily. They h\yv feeking th.it happineft in their own niindi which ii not to he found indtpcndiint of ourlelvcs, as the milUkeiv part of innnkijid fuppofr; tlicy have no ambi- tion, and tlicieloic Uavc nodciirc to leave their own home to fcek Hlter imaginary baubles : they content tbcinlclvis with the liiuaiion in whieli providence hai placed them, and each luccccding day contributes to increafe their liap- piiirfs, while they cl'cape innuincralilc evils which roviiig 'ind unfatisticd roind^ arc lubjeA to and ex^icricnce, "■ SECT. VH. Cmlaiiit fJrfti'ipiie/i tf tht Matuccai, tr Spici fjlandu THE iflands of the Moluccas arc fixteen in nimibcr, aiid are liluatc between live degrees north, and fcvcii degrees I'outh latitude, and from one hundred andtwcnty- one to one hundred and thirty degrees catl longiliide. The lianda il\iuid.s arc, i. Bandar i. I'ulloway; 3. i'ulo- rin; 4. Nera; 5. Ciuinaiupii b.GuUiaicn: thcfc pro- duce iiutmci;s, *cc. The others are, i.Tcrnatc; i. Tidorc or 'I'idor; 3. .Motir ; 4. Machiani 5. Bachianj 6. Amboyiiai 7. lioitro ; 8. Ccrain; 9. Giloloi 10. Bou- ton : the produce of moft thefe is cloves, &c. The Portu;^uel'c, in i;ii, obtained potielFion of thefe iilandi, but were afterwards driven out by tlie IJutcli, who claim an exclufivc right to them. Cloves and nutmegs are not produced in ajiy other part of the univcrfc; and the politic Dutch drftroy great quantities annually, in or- der to kee]> up the price, and not glut the markets. 'I'he nutmeg rcl'ciubles a peach, and the clove a laurel tree, only the leaves are faialk.'r than cither, the fruit of the tonuer is both nutmeg and mace, the nutmeg being the kernel, and the inace being a kind of leafy covering that indoles the nuiineg-lhell, and the whole i« contained in a large coat like that of a walnut : but the cloves appear in cluf- ters; the blolTom chauges gradually froBi white to green, led, and brown, wliith latter is charafteriftical of its ripe- Dels ; hut when it U dried in the fun, it receives a blackilli hue. Tire clove is gathered from Septenit>er to February, and the nutmeg ill April, Auguil, and Dtcemljer. 'llic April crop is, however, deemed tht bell ; and in order to Eievcnl the nutmegs frora being worm-cateu,. they arc oiled in lime when gathered. The lianda, or nutmeg iflaiids, lie near each other. Band», tlic principal of them.,, is aliout twenty miles long, .-.lid ten bioad. liclidcs the large forefts ot nuting and ciove-tiees which grow fponLiiicoufly, and require not the leafl trouble, the toil is tcrtilc, and produces a variety of delicious fruit.i. '1 he iflaud is in the lliapc of a crefceiit, aiul the concavity of itioims an excellent bay, near which liic principal to«n. Hand*. Several brooks tlow from a fmall mounlaiii, water the whole country, and tender it txcecdiJi^lv plc;ilnnt. Tlie iihnd is divided into three iliftri<3s: Mahomet- anifni and PM;anilin arc the religions. The natives Imve I'ome lliips of force, containing a few cannon each, and ufc bucklers, track and bicatl plates as defenfive, and car- bines, darts, lances, li:ymetars, &c. as ottenlivc weapons. They arc ftronc in their perloiis, difacrccable in their fca- tures,, malitious Li» their ttiupcrj,..ind luclanclioly ia their t ■ry idle, and oblige the wo* oicflic drud^rry, but tu cuU If 1.1 ■piincipalparr ol ilMlf irvett' inllM year. . at 111., wcllcrn part of thc (01, of a mouniaiii, and it difpofltiotii. The ttwn are iiM'ii not only to do all ilic d tivite llw land. I liey nuk. diet, though they have l^i . The Dutah have a fa' v' iflaiid ; it i> creitrd upon ' arciiided to by three hundred anJ Iwcnly-foiir lioiie llriia. At the li>ot of the mountain ttaiidi a ncgio town, the piii^^ cipnl fa^toiy nf the Dutch bting at Neia, which it well furtilied, as arc ill tlir liinding-places in the HIaiid , and the whole under the direction and lupciiiitcndancvof ■> > govcTiHir andcooncil, Into this, and the other Handa Ulanda, llie following ar- ticles are imported, via. gold chains, gold coins, enamcllesl and danulked fword buJei, filver cups gilt, guns, (hin»> ware, broad cloaih, velvets, dainalks, Hanneli, rice, Ace.', The export! are Ii uitt aiitt fpicea. i'ulloway is a moft delightful country, the nutmeg and other fruit trees lieing cut into pleafaiit walks Ihroiigli tlio illand, and form one beautiful garden ; but here ate nei- ther Ipringi nor rivulets .' the rainy feafon, which lafti Ibme months everv vear, fumdirs tlwm with water, which they prcfcrvc in ciileriw. 1 hu Dutch have a fort on the eall lidr of the illand, called the revenge, being one of the Arongcft fortreflcs in India. I'ulorin has not much Ipice upon it, but is fortiticd to prevent otiier people litttluig fo near the ilUndt that have fruit. The other little fianda idands have fcarce any thing in them worthy notice, more than wlut is included in lliede- Iciiiition of UarklaalKjvcmentioiicd. 'I'lie ifland of 'I'crnate is about twenty-four miles im circumference , but though inferior in li/.c to lonie of th: other Moluccas, itisifecnicd the principal both by the Dutch and natives, as the Dutch loaku it the head I'cat ot' their government, and it is the rclidence of the chief prince of tbcfc iflands Cloves are produced in great aViinUancc in this illand : here are alio admirable ulnioiiils, delicious fruits ; a few goatt, and fome poultry are to be met with. There is no rice, or any other |;rain i for the excelhve heat, which i< requifite to ripen Ipicci, and meliorate fruit, parches the earth, fo aa to render it incapable of iKaring wheat, bar- ley, or rice. The want of the various kinds of ,';iain, however, ufcd in bread, is not felt by the itatives ; for they have a fubftitute, which makes the mod wholefonie and exquifite cakes in the univerfe, that is, the pith of the tree called fago, whofe falubriout qualities are well knowik in Europe. This excellent tree is not only fcrviceable with refpedl to its medicinal virtues, and for yielding tiieti> bread; but affords them likewilc drink, cloathiiii;, and Ihfltcr ; for by inciAon a liquor is drawn from ii liiat ex- ceeds moft wines I the leaves being a kind of cotton, the fmaller arc converted into garments and the lari;er uled to thatch their houfcs. K^aft of the natives live to an hwndrcd years of age, and their longevity is .itliibuted to the falubrious nualitv of this bread. Every one of the illaiids pay tribute to the king, who it- the chief of all tht Moluccas. The natives Itriiggled for many years againft the iiicroachments ot foreigners, but were totally lubdued by the Dutch in 1780 ; and the for- mer do not cntertaii\ the leall idea ef driving the others trum their country, bccaul'c they have fo many forti and fuch ftrong garrifons in it. Moft ot the houfes belonging to the natives are built of cane 1 fome few of the wealthier fort, indeed, have wooden one.<. A mat fcrves them inllead of lied, chair, and table i for they lie, eat, drink, and lit on it. Tliis, and a pot tix drels their viiiuals in, a hatchet „^.Jl^^* T. _ ^ 'i^ w '0' i. ■ r ■my V [ASIA.] T E K. Parrots are pretty numerous iiiTcrnate; theyaicliiind- fomer, and fpeak more dirtin£tlv, than tliole in the Weft- Indies ; but the moil remaikabk of tlic tcattiircd race in tliii ifland is, the bird of paradife which ii julUy dccnied the moft beautiful bird in the univetfc. 'I lie head is like that of a fwallow, but the bill conliderably longer ; the body is fniall, but the plumajtc difpl^ys fucli adniiiable colours, as arc inconceivably pleafmg to l>uhold. In this illand therf in a volcano, whidi caft out a I'ul- phureous fire three months in the year, and fometimcs docs treat mifchief ; in the year 1648 itdeftroycd many houfes, and did otlier conliderablc damage. The annexed recent account of its dreadful devalktions was tranfmitted to Eu- rope, in a letter from a merchant at Batavia, dated Oflo- bcri8, 1716: " VVc have the following account of the deplorable (ituatiou of the illand of Ternate. On the 4th of July, 1 77 St tlierc weremoic than one hundred Hiocks of earthquakes felt here, fomc of which were lb violent, that tliey feemed to threaten the deftnidion of the whole illand ; about the 20th of Auguil tliey were felt again ; and the burning mountain, after a dreadful explo- fion, threw out hot ftones, cinders, and lava in abund- ance; andonthcjtli of November the earth was never ilill for three hours, the mountain feemed all on 'lire, and the moft dieadful ftorm of thundii and lightning fell in every part of the ifland, which threw the inhabitants into fuch a conUcnution, that they ran fiom one part to ano- ther for (belter ; but none was to be found ; the fea was fo extremely boifterout, that the deftrufiion was inevit- able there, and on the land the earth opened and trembled unt^er them, as if the whole ifland was going to be anni- hilated; but by the providence of the Almighty, a calm was reftorvd, and die inhabitants had time to ice what damage had been done, when it appeared that tlie Dutch fettlcmcnt had fuffcrcd but little ; but it will be fonie years before the iilanders recover their lofs. The king has made a report, tltat a large tra£l of land on the nortli fide of the illand, in the diftria of Xulla Tacory, has been fwallowed up, by which lixtcen plantations have been totally deftroyed, and one hundred and forty-one perfons have been either burnt or drowncj iii the lea, where many of them took refuge in tlieir boats. This report has been confirmed by about thirty of the unfortunate inhabitants, who are rent'ercd dreadful ohjeAs by wounds and burns in this Ihocking event. On tlie 5th and 6tli of Novemlxr, the earth- quakes and cfFultons of fire, ftone, and I'ulphureous fmoke from the mountains began as bad as ever, but no lives were loft. The horrors of this night are not to l>c dc- fcrilied, for the thunder, lightning, and mofl Hiocking earthquakes continued without interruption for twelve hours, witli the moll ttnible vioUiict, from this ever dreadfully r. be remembered night, there were no earth- quakes till July, I, 1776, when tlicy were again felt for two hours, but not violent." Tidorc, or ■riring dry at low water, which Ibmetimes proves very inconvenient to the merchants. Motir is avery fmall illand, al>out thiity miles north of the line, and fccured by a ftrong fortrcfs creded by the Dutch. To the foulh of Motir is Machian, nearly under the line ; it rifcs in a conical form to a conlidcrabic height, and fecms ata diftrncc Ilk : a linglc mountain. The clovrs of this illand and Tidor arefuprior to thofe of any other of the Moluccas. I'hc Dutch have I'evcral forts in this ifland, which is only twenty miles i.i ciicui'.. (ircat and Little Bachian arc to the I'outhward of the line; the firft is fertile in fruit, lago, lilh, &c. It fuimcrly produced cloves; butthc Dutch ordered them tobe^rubbeil up, to prevent their becoming too pU ntiful. It has a good hnrbout defended by a ftrong fort , but there is nothing worthy of mtn'.'. n refpefting Little fiachian. Though the abovc-mcntioped are the Molucca iflands ; yet thofe which follow arc included under the lame appel- lation as they produce the fame kinds of fpiccs. Amboyna is fitunte in three degrees eight minutes fouth latitude, and one buitdrcd and twenty liven ilove levtnty miles !j the northward of B:inda< and is about I'cveiiiy-two miles in circumference. Itcontnins at pre lent above fifty prolcf- tant churches ; an-*, many of the iwtives, who have liccn fcntoverto H-lland for education, olhji.ito as clergymen and miflionaties, by which means piol'dytcs arc cxcecd- No. 17. N 177 liisly numerous. The foil is very fertile, producing great (|uai;tities of nutmegs, cloves, oranges, lemons, citronsi potatoes, millet, tobacca, fugar, bamboos, kc. but the air IS unwhuUbme ; there is a good bay, which penetrates very tar into tlie land, and by that means forms a commodious harbour. The people extraft a fpirituous liquor and a kind of green oil from green cloves, which are both good in paralytic cafe*. The men wear onlv a piece of cloUi about their waifts, and arc very proud of having large whifkers: they purchafc their wives, but in cafe of barrennefs di- vorce them. The women are both of a loofe and mali- cious difpofition. On account of tlie earthquakes, the houfes are built very low, The ftrong and important fop^ trefs, called Fort Vi£lory, is the ftaple of the Dutch Eaft India company in tliefe parts. It is defended by four bulwarks, a broad ditch, and a garrifon of eiglit hundred men. The Engi'fh had formerly faftories here as well as tlie Dutch; but in 1623 the latter malGicreed the fo.-iner, and ufurped the dominion of the Spice Ifl,-ind8, which had been ceded to the Englilh by the natives themfclvcs. Ii» putting tlie Englifli and fomc Japanefetodeath, tliey cxer- ciled the moft horrid cruelties, in order to extort confef- fions concerning a pretended plot, which they accufcd them of having; formed ; and to the Ihamc of king James I. and king Charles I . no fatis^flion was obtained for the villainous barbarity. Oliver Cromwell was not, howr ever, fo eafy about the matter, for he frightened the Dutch into the payment of thrcehundrcdthoufand pounds a| Ionic kind of retribulation. There are foveral populous villages in the ifland, in thf churches and chapels of which divine Icrvicc is performed l>oth in the Dutch and Malayan tongues ; it coiuaiits likcwife many mountains with fprings of water on OTSr lummits, Bouro is atx>ul fevcnty-livc miles in length, , id thirty in breadth : it is IJtuated in two degrees tliirty minutet fouth latitude, and one hundred and twenty-five degree* thirty minutes eaft longitude. The Dutch have here a ftrong fort, though the ifland is perleftly fecure, from the fiiigul.iritv of its coaft, which rifes in a high ridge, and eiiconipal^i:s tlie whole as with a wall. It contains fome prodigious high mountains, but is neverthelefs very fer- tile, producing cloves, nutmegs, cocoa-trees, bananas, piany, green ebony, beans, peas, potatoes, tobacco, Indian- wheat, lime-trees, herbs, flowers, &c. Among the beafts, arc the civet-cat, and a fingular kind of roc-buck, whofe flelh is very delicate. The natives are black, and go in- tircly naked till they are twche years of age ; at which period they tie a piece of clotli round their waifts, and never wear any other garment. They are Mahometans and Pagans, but up )ii the whole have very little fenfe of religion. When a relation dies, they appear fad tillthecorpfc is in the ground, and then they make merry to an excels ; but do not forget to provide a kind of fepulchre or ftone and cl.ay to cover the grave of the dcfunft. The next day after the women arc delivered of children in this ifland, they go about their ordinarv work ; while the men in- dulge tlieml'elves in bed, and pretend to be vaftly ill. hi- lUadof a cradle, they put their infants in a kind of lu-t- work hammock, which they hang upon a peg whenever they arc too bufy to dandle it in theii aims. Cev.ani is a woody and inouniainuus ifland : it lies in two degrees tliirty minntcs fouth latitude, and in oni. hun- dred and tliirty-lcven eaft longitude, and priudrcd and ton broad : it eMciids hom one dcj};rec fouth to^vode;;itcs iiottli latitude, and from one hundred and tvfcnty-fivc to one hundred and twenty eight eaft longi- tude , the air is unhealthy, and the foil produces rice and lago, but no fpico. The inhabitants have an indepen- daiil loverei;',!! or their own : they are tall and ftrong, but favage andcruel. Hoiiton is liiuatcd Iwlwecn four and five degrees fouth latitude, and in one hundred and twentv-one degreces thirty iniiiulcs eaft longitude. It is feventy miles in length, thiriy in breadth, has a good harbour, and contains a large town wiih tolerable houlcs, built in the maimer of thofe of Mindano : this town is inclofed by a ftone w.all, and furrouiidrd by groves of cocoa trees. The n.itivcj are' govciricd by A pnncc of their own, profrls the Maliometsn i'eli;^i<>n, and lp..'ak the Malavan language. \ V .SECT. I 4r -J#- •A u;>^' 17? The NRW AND UNIVERSAL SEC T. VIII. Treats of Ctlekes, or the IJhnd of Macnjfar. TO the foutluvaril of the Philrppincs Ues the ifland of Celebes, or Macaiihv, extending from one degree thirty minutes north latitude, to live degrees thirty mi- nutes foutli ; liaving the great ifland of Borneo on the weft, H.id the MoUicca's on the eaft. The length of it from the foutli weft poii\t to the north eaft is about five hundred miles, and in the broadcft part of it, it is near twnr hundred miles over, '[he fonth part of the ifland is divided by a bay levcn or eight leagues wide, which runs forty or fifty leagues up into the country, and on the eaft fiJe of the ifland .ire fevcral bays and harbours, ^"d abundance of i'mall iflands and ihoals : towards the notth tlicre is fome high land : but on the eaft the country is low aiid flat, and watered with manv little rivulets. This iflaiiii is divided into fix p der or very near the line, fobjeft to great rains. It is moil healtiiful during the northern mor^bons : if they fail of blowing at their .-Kcuilomcd time, the ifland grows ficklv, af>d gre:\t numbers of jieople arc fwept atvay. They h;ivc mines of copper, tm and gold, but we A) not find tliey are much wrought -, the gold thcv have is found chicriv in the faiuls of then- livers, and at tiie bottom of hills, waihcil Jowii by torrents. Ill their woods ihcv hivc ebony, ealainb-, .ind fandcrs, and ftvcral forts of wood proper for dying ; and no place, it is laid, aflbids larger bamboos, fome of them being four or five fathoms long, and ahoTc two foot di.nin.fer, which they make ufe rf in building their houfes and boats. Their fruits and flowers are much the fame with thofc in tljc Philippines, and thcitfoie we lliall not tire the reader with a rcpctjtion of tlicm, only mention fome of the principal. They have pepper and fiigar of tlieir own growth, as well as betel and aiek, in gie»t plenty , but no nutmegs, m.ice or cloves ; however, of thefe they ufed fjrmerlv to import fucli quantities from the Spice iflands tliat thcv had tufliicietK for their own ulc, and fold great «)u.intitios to foicigncis. Their rice is faid lo be better than in otiKr parts erf India, it not being overflowed an- nuivllv as in other Countries, but watered from time to time by the hulb-.tKlmcn as occafion lecinires ; and from the goodncfs of their rice, the natives are of .i flroiiger coaftitiition than thole of Si;ini orotlui parts of India. Their fruits are alio held to be of a more delicious tafle tlian the fruits of other countrits which ;irc exiioftd to floods r llie plains here are LVnered with the cotton Ihrub which bears a led flower, and when the flower (all"-, it leaves a head about as big a* a walnut, from whence the cottwi is drawn ; and that which conies from MacalFar is accounted the finell in India. Of all their plants, opium is what they oioft admire ; it is a fluub which grows at the bottom of mountains, or in ftonv ground ; the brandies afford a liquor which is drawn out much after the lame manner as palm wine, and l>eiiig flopped up cloic in a pot, conies to a coniiflrnoy, when thcv make it up in little pills: thcv often diflolTc one of thefe pilh in water and fprinkle their tobacco with ,i .did tlioft who are ufed lo take it can never leave it off": they are lulled into .1 pleafing dream, and intoxicated as with flrong liquor, but it iiileiiiibi) pievs upon their fjiiiit^ and (hoftcns their lives : tlie\ will take the iju.'^lifity of two Eili) he.ids in a pijie of tobacco, when they enter into a attic, and iKconie ainioll infciilibic of wouik1.s or danger till the effect of it i.s worn ort". 'l'l;c natives of this illancl arc famous fiir the pnifons tlicv com)Tound of the veiiomoiis diugs and liert's their countrv produces , of which, it is faid, the very toueli or fmcll (iccafions prcfent death : their vouiig pentlemcn are iiiflruded how to blow their little poifoned darts through a tnbe or hollow cane, alwiut fix feet in length , with thefe they engage their enemies, and if they make the Kail wound with thefe darts it is laid to be mortal, i lioui'.h tlicfc weapons would not Ix- much dreaded among people •that arc well cloathed, vet as the natives engage naked, tlicir Ikini are eafily peneriated, and the jioifon ojierates lo fpeedily, that it is not ealv to cure them : they will flrikc amau wtia thcic datu ai neat an hundred yards dil'taiice. SYSTEM o» GEOGRAPHY. . Macaflhr, the chief city he»e, is (ituatad on the banks of the river of tire fame luiinc, near the fouth-weil corner of the ifland. Here tlic Dutch have a very ilroitg forc mounted with a great number of omnon ; and the gaitifon confifts of eight hundred mcrt. The ftreets of tin; town are wide and heat, but not paved, and trees are |)laiited on each fide of them. Tl»c }>alaces, mofque, and great houfes are of ftone, but the houfes of the meaner fort of wood of various colours, which make theiiT look very lieautiful, but are built on pillars like thole of Siam, and tlie roofs Like theirs alfo we covered witU palm or CDCoa leaves. There .ire Drops along the fliccts, and Ltrge markel places, wliere a market is held twice in twenty-four hours, viz. ill the morning before fun-rife, and an hour before fitn-fet, where only women are fcen ; ,i man would be laughed at to lie found aniongft thtm : from all the tillage*' yoiff(?r tlw young tvenchcs crowding to maifcerwith flelh, filh, rice aiid fowls ; they abftain only from purk, whiclil; then' religion forbids. Upon a ennrrputation of the number of inhabitanb it* this city ami the nerglibourmg vilLigeSj Ibme years ago, they amounted to one Inrndred aitd fixty tlioufaiid men able to bear arms ; but now a>e not kaif that number, matiy of them having forfaken their ceontry fisce the IJutch deprived tlrcm of their trade. Tl e reft of the towns and villages were once equally populous, but aie Aovt many of them defcrted. The people of Macaflitr have excellent memories, .iikl aie qnick of apprehenlioit, they wiU imitate any thing dte/ fee, and wy peopltf 1 whatever : nor are any |>cople more .iddidled to aims aai^' hardy ertternrifes, infomuch that they inay be looked vrpon as alntofl flie only foldiers on. the other fide tltc bay of Ucngal i ai\d accordingly are hired into the fcrvicc of other prijices and ftatcs on tliat fide, as tlie Swifs are in this part of the world : even the Europeans frequently employ them iri their fcrvicc, but have fonietimes fufft-red by trufting them too far ; or rather, our people being too stpt to tiK tliein like Haves, as they do the poor Portuguefc and Mof- tees in tlicii fcrvicc ; this is a treatment which the Maciif- farians will not bear, and never fail to revenge wheiicrcr it is attempted by our Kuropean go«rnors. 'I'he jK-opIe ol Macallkr are of a moderate flatorc, their complexions fwarrliy, tlietr cheek-bones fland higli, and ihiir Holes are generiilly flat; the laft is cftcemcd a beautv, ;iiid ainiofl as niiicli jiains taken to make them fo in their infancy, as to make the Chineli: ladies hate little feet. They h.ivc Ihiiiing l>iack hair, which is fied up and co- vered wiili .1 tuibant, or cloth wound about their heads when tluy arc dicflcd. but at other times tlicy wears kind of Ih'.t or cap with little btin: •. Thcv continually rub and fupple the limits of their in- fants with oil, to render tliem nimble and aAive , and this is rhouglit to lie one reafon tliere is hardly ever feeii a lame or crooked pei fon among them. I'heir male childrni of the better Ibrt, it is (aid, are al- wavs t.ikeii from tluir mothers at lix or Icven yean of age, ai.d committed to the care of fome remote rdafion, that they may not be loo much indulged and effeminated by the carell'cs of tin iiiotlitrj they aie lent to Idiool 10 their (iriells, who teach tlieiii to write and read and cail accompli, and the precepts ol the koiali : their chamtlers very much re'' ■ ibic iIk Arabic, winch is not flr.inge, lince their aii- .ors, nianv of tlitni, were Arabians. lielides tlicir books, every child is bred tip to fome i.i.idiciaft trade; they aie alfo taught fescral l|)orts and n: irtial excirifes, if tlivv aie of (jnality , but the meaner li.it are iiiipl.>yed in hwfbandr), lilliing, and ordinary iMiU-;, .-is Ml other [Jares. I hi^ people liiiii lo lie infpiied with juft notions of honour aiiil liieiidlhip, and there aic inflances ofm.tnvnt tluiii will) li.ive ixjMiiid their livi", even in defence of fo- reigners and C'hriltiaiis', and ofotheis who have generouflv relieved and HKiinlaiiied people in diltit Is, and even fufler- ed till 111 to lli:irf tlieii ellate^. '1 lie\ letained that love of lik-rtv, that lliey were the lafl of the Indian nations tint were eiillaved by the liutcji, which did not happen nei- ther rill after a long and very cxueiilivi war, wlieicin ai- nioll the whole lorcc of tlir Holland -rs in India was em- ployed. The people in (General aic very much fubiedt to paljion i and (hey will condemn their own rafhncls if thcv aic in the wroii^. The [A 8 I ■j,J--i ^■' ^it'Jilfiii^ [A S I A,] E E B E S. 1^9 The women arc rom.irkaWe chafte and reftrved, at lead they cannot liflp appearing lb ; for tite Icaft finite or glance on any but their hudiand^) U lielcl a fufficient rcalbn Ibr a divorce : nor dare tlicy admit of" a vilit even from a brother, but in the prelcnce of the hiilKiiid : and the law indemni- fies him for killine; anv ni;ui he lh;ilt find alone with his wife, or on wlinm Ihc has conferred any mark of her fa- vour. But the inh.ii>it;tnts of this counfy are in general lb little addif\ed to infamous practices, or litigious dif- putes, that they have neither attornies or bailiffs among them. If any difTevenccs arifc, tlie parties apply perfonally to the judge, who determines the matter with expedition and equity. In foiiic criniinul cafes, fuch as murder, rob- bery, &c. he has a tight to execute juftice himfelf, by dc- ftroying the offender. On tlie other hand, the man kce|>s as many wives and concubines as he plcafes, and nothing can be more igno- minious than tlie want of children, and the having but one wife : the love of women, and the defirc of children is univcrfal ; and according to the number of women and children the man pollelles his happincfs is rated. To proceed ; though the women of fafhion generally keep clofe, yet upon certain feflivals they are luffered to come abroad ami fpend their time in public company, in (lancing and other diverfions ufed in the country ; but the men do not mix with them as in this part of the world, only tliey have the happinefs to fee and be ften, which makes them wait for this happy time with impatience. Their princes and great men wcnr a garment made of fcarlet cloth or biocided fillt, with large buttons of gold, they have likewilc a very h;iiidfr>nie eminoidered falh made offilk, in which their dagger and purfe are placed, with their knife, crice, and other little trinkets. People of figure dye the nail of the little finger of the left-hand red, and let it grow as long as the finger. The women wear a muflin Ihift, or rather w.iiftcoat, clofe to their bodies, and a pair of breeches, which reaches down to tile middle of the leg, made of (ilk or cotton, and have no other head drcfs than their hair tied up in a roll, with fomecurU hanging down their neck ; they throw a loofe piece of linen or muflin over all when they go abroad j not have they any ornaments but » gold chain about their necks. They arc fond of a fine equipage and a great number of fervants to attend them, and if they have not fo many of their own as their quality requires, they will not ftir out, till they have got the ufual number, by hiring or boirov.''ng them. The furniture of their houliis con(it> chiefly of carpels and culhions, and the couches they llrcp on. They ht crofs-lcgged on mats and oirpctJ, as moll Afiatics do. 'J'his ifland produces mofl animals except Hieep. There arc monkeys and baboons in abundance, that will let U[>oii travellers •, fomc of them an- quite black, foine of a llraw colour, and otlicrs white, the latter of which are gcne- nilly as big as malli Ts, ami much more mifcliievoi s tl,.in the othrvs Some have ii ng tails, and walk. OH all-fours, others are without tiiilf:, and walk upright, uliiig sheir fore -feet as ha",ds, and in their ailHons greatly relemblc the human fptLies. Their goiivj in lar;|;c c unpaiiies fe- curcs them from the more pov.xnul iHiails of the forefts ; hut they are fbmetiiiv;s conqucrcJ by the large lerpents, which purine them to the tops of tieca, and dcftroy them. The natives do not fcr.iplc eating anv Helli but i>ork, this no Mahometan w ,ii toudi ; but their food is chitriy rice, filh, herbs, fruit and roots ; rielh they cat but little of. They nave but two me:rl:; a dav, one in the morning and the other about fun-fet ; hut their chief meal is in the evening ; they chew betel and anka, or fmokc tobacco mixed with opium moll part of the day. Their liquor is tea, colFee, ihvihet, oi chocolate, and they have palm wine, arrac, or fpirits. \v!iicl; they lomctimcs iiidulgj* in, tkough it ii prolnhited \i) their rclij',ion. They loll upon caipets at their meals, and i;it off of dilhcs made of China, wood, filvcr or copper, which are let on little low !ac(|ucr- rd tables , and take up the rice with their hands iiilUad ol Ip'xiMS, wliich ihey feein not to know the ule of. In till cclebr.iiiun of iiiarriasje the hulband receives no other |K)rtii)ix willi his wife llwn the ptelents (he received before niairi.i(;e. As foon as the prittl has (icrformed the ceiemony. the iicv inariied couple aic confined in ;iii apartiuint by thinili Ues for three fucctlllvc days, hau iij; only a teivant to biiiig them fuch iieceliarics as they ni.iy have ocralion far, during which time their friends and .tc - qnaintinces arc cnteitaincd, and great rejoicings made ar the houfe of the bride's father. At the expiration <.| the il'.ree d?.vs '.he pAr'ies '"' let at libertv, .ind receive the coii- gratulatiuus uf tltcir fiieiidii , after which, the bridegroom condufls hit wife home, and both apply thcmfelves to bu* fmelii, he to his accut^omed prufeliioii, and the to the du' ties belonging to lioufewifery, and tlie management of a fa- mily. When a man has reafon to fufpcft iiis wife of in- fidcjitv, he applies to a prieli for a divorce ; and if the complaint appears juft, there it no difficulty in obtaining it. In this cafe the fecular judge pronounced the accufed party guilty, declares her to be divorced, and fettles the terras; both parties, after this judgment, have liberty to marry again. The Macaflarians had originally ftrange notions of re- ligion : they believed there were no other gods but the fun and moon ; and to them they facritkca'''iu the public fquarcs, not having iiuterials which they thought (ut&ci- entlv valuable to be employed in ereding temples. Ac- cording to their creed, the fun and moon were eternal, as well as the heavens, whofe empire tlicy divided between them. Tlieic abfurdities, however, had not lo lailingan influence either over the nobles or people, as is round from the religious do£trines b( other nations ; for the Turks and apoUles of the koran arriving in the country, the fovc- reign and his people embraced Mahometanilni. and the other parts of the illaiid foon followed their examjile. They are great pretenders to magic ; .ind carry clmrms alx>ut them, fuppoling thefe will fccurc them from every danger. When any one is fo ill as to Iw given over by the phyCcian, the pvieiU are fent for, who, attribtuing the violence of their dil •'•'j lo the infiucnce uf fomoevil fpirit, firft pmy to them, an', then write the names of God and Mahomet on fmall pieces of paper, which arc carefully hung alt the e.inipuii'. . The Dutch have diUun^d tlicm all, uiulei picteiK e ol hindering them I'rom iniuring each other; but in uahtv only to keep them in a Hate of l'iib)e'lioii. j.impadan is another port town about fifteen mile, louth ol MualiJr river, one ot ihe lx.tt harbuurs In India, and till till* town the Dutch toer ; and in this part of the year too, they i'cl- doiu fail of a lliower every day when the lea breeze conies in. The liarlxjuri of greatcft note, and to which tha Euro- pean:: ufually relort, arc Banjar Maflecn, .'iiiccadanea and Borneo, but much inoie to Banjar NiaiHen than elilier of the other ; the greatell ijujniities of pepper growing to- wards the fourcc of ti.af river, which fails into ih ; lea three degrees eighteen minutes fouth !?ritude. 'I'lic town of Banjar- formerly flood about twelve miles up the livcr, and was built partly on vvcoden pillars, and j>aii!y'>n floats of timber in the -ivcr ; but there is now no (I;ii of a t< wii there, the inhabitants bcini; removed to T.(t;. , atmut fix miles higher. The city of Borneo, formerly the rcfiilciiCK of tb.e prin- cipal fultan or kiii-j of the ifland, lijs on tlit- north well part of the ifbnJ, in four degrees filty-five Miinutes north latitude, and is a very commodious harbour. 'I'his city is Very large, tiir urcetj ipacioi'S, ami the houiVs well built; thej arc in geiicrnl tJiree floricj ingli, lOVireJ wttil 5 [A S flat roofs, and the fultan's palace is a very" elegant and ex- tenfivc building. It is the chief feat of commerce in the ifland, nnd the poit is continually crowded with Ihips from China, Camtxidia, Siani, Malacca, &c. The Englilh and Portuguele have fome trade here, though no icttlcd faftory. The port of Succadanea lies on tlic weft fide of the ifland, in fifteen minutes Ibuth latitude, and was heretotbre more reforted to by the Europeans than any other. Over againft thit, on the eait fide of the ifland, flands another i. a -port town, called Pafleir, in fifteen minutes fouth latitude, but is not a place oi any great trade. One of the moil confideratile inland towns k Caytonge, the fultan whereof is now the moil potent prince in the ifland : this city lies about one hundred miles up the river Banjar , and about two hundred miles higher fland'i the town of Negaree, the refidence of another fultan. 'i'he names of the other principal towns are, Tanjongbuoro, Sedang, Tanjongdatoo, Sambas, Landa, Pifagadan, Cota- panjang, Sampit, Tanjong, Selatan, Gonwarengen nnd romaiioocan. 'i'heir chief rivers are, i. Banjar. 2. Tatas. 3. Java. 4. Succadanea 1 and, j. Borneo. Banjar is a fine river, rifing in the mountains in the middle of the ifland, and, running fouth, difcharges itiirif into a bay on the Ibuth-eaft pan of the ifland, being navi- ' gable for fcver-il hundred miles : the banks are planted with tall ever-green trees. The river Tatas lulls into the' mouth of Banjar river, and is frequently called the China " river, becaufc the China junks lie in the mouth of it. / The rivers Java and Succadanea run from the north-caft ' to the fouth-weft, and tiill into the bay of Succadanea in the Ibuth-weft part of the illand. The river Borneo falls into the bay of Borneo, in the north-weft part of the illand. The tides in the river Ban- jar flow but once in twenty-four hours, and th.it in the day-time ; they never rife more than half a foot in the' night (unlets in a very dry fealon) which is occafioned by the rapid torrents, and the land winds blowing very ilroii]; * in the night-time. There lie three iflands within the en- J;-' trance of the river, the firfl of which is covca-d with tall'v trees, tliat may be feen at fea, and are a good mark for ; tailing over the bar. If a ihip be aground, the ebb is ib very ilrong, occafioned by the land floods, that ihe will run the hazard of being broke to pieces ; ai'.d the trees continually driving down the river, render the n;ivigati(iii ftill more dangerous. The Ix-'l anchoring pi ice is :i mile , or two within the river ; it is beft to fail up with the flood, the tideofchb runs fo lirong. There arc a great many fine bays and harbours on the coaft, but that moft rcibu- ed to is at tlie mouth cf the river Banjar. The natives of Borneo confift of two diifci-ent people, that are of diflc'ent religions ; thofe upon the fea coaft are tually called Banjaiecns, from the town of Banjar, to which moft nations rcfort, to trade with them. The Banjarecns are of a low ftature, very fwartliy, their fea- tures bad, rel'cmbling much the negroes of Guinea, thou;^h their compleyioni are not fo dark \ they are well propor- tioned, their hair is black, and (hincs with the oil witli which they i>er[>etually grealc it. The women are of a low ftature and fmati limbs, as the men are, but thcirfca- turcs and complexion much better, and they move with a good grace. The lower clafs of pooplo go almoft naked ; they have only a little bit of a cloth before, and a piece of linen tied about their heads. Their betters, when they are drelTed on days of ceremony, •«^car a vcft of red or blue filk, and a loole piece of filk or fine linen tied about their loins, and thrown over their left Ihoulder. 1 hey we.ir a pair of dr.iwers, but no ihirt, and tlicir 'gs ,ind feet arc bare; their hair i;, bound up in a roll, aud a piece of muflin 01 ^lilico tied over it ; they always carry a crice or dagg::r in their fafti when they go abroad. The Bvaios or mountaineers are much taller and larger bodied iiKn than the Ban;;ii-eeni, and a Lta«r people, which tiicir fituation and manner of life may .icc-ount for, beiii'^ inured to labour, and to follow the chac; for their daily food ; whereas the Banjareeris ufc very little cxcrcilc, travelling chiefly by water. The Byaios i.ave fcnrcc any closthiiif;, but, not ad- miring their taw'iy tkins, jiaint their Ixidiis blue, and. Iik« all other people tliaf live in hot cliinatts, anoint them- felvcs with oil, which finrlls vcryilrong; attd the Ivrrer fort, it is laid, puil out tlici"- tine- teeth, ana place .irti,'i- cial ones, made of gold, in their ft-ad , but their f:rcateil ornament confifls of a numlier of tyger; teerii, which are ftrung together, and worn anout the ncrk. Some uf them are very fond of having hrgj ears ; to obtain which, the? I raakt .Tj^ '" "J fww i ^jn' yi^ .-v*. . '^■^:;|ir^«?^ [a" S I A.1 fi o n ^ tL Q. i^t make holf -, in the foft parts of them wlicn young ; to thefc holes aic faflciicd weights about the bituilli of a crown pi.'co, which is tdiitinually pielUng on the tars, and ex- paiul tlirin to I'uch a length, as to caule thcin to reft upon the Ihouldcis. The Hanjatcens are an hofpitaUle friendly people, where they are not abufed, or apprehend forci;juer,i ha\c adtfi;;ii Upon their liberties ; they feeiu to be men of good lenlc, but not l)eing acquainted with the world, are frequently iuipofed upon in their traffic with ihe crafty Chinefe. The cliicf part of their food here is nee, as it is in tolhcr hot countries, but with it they eat vcnifon, filh, or fowl, ind altnoft all kind of meat, except hops Iklh, and men of lij^urc arc fcrvcd in gold orfilvt-r plate ; the common pcopk arc content with brafs or e-.irlhtu dilhes, and all fit crors-legg^.'d upon mats or carpets at their meals, and indeed almofl all day long, chewing Uetd and arek, or fmoaking tobacco, which both fcxes are very fond of when it is mixed with opium. The whole company ufually fmoke out of one pipe; the niaiter of the tcaft liaving fmoaked firli, pafles it round the company, and they will fometimes fit fmoaking fo long, t!at they grow ilupid. At odier times they divert themlelvcs with co- medics, and tlie Chinefe have taught them to game ; their rural fports arc hunting, Ihooting, and filhing. 'Ilu; haic fuch plenty of fdh, tliat they may take as many as will ferve them a day at one cafl, from tlieir houfcs, which arc built upon floats in their rivers. 'J'heir ufual falute is the falani, litting up their hands to their heads, and bowing their bodies a little; and before tlieir princes, they throw themfelvcs proftrate on the ground: no one prefunies to fpcak to a great man, till he is fii-ft fpokcn to, and required to tell his buiincfs : thev ufually travel in covered boats upon their rivers ; but the great men who live in the inland country ride on elephants or horfes. Befides rice, already mentioned, the produce of this country is cocoa-nuts, oranges, citrons, plantains, niclonis, bananas, pine-apples, mangoes, and all manner of tro- pical fruits; cotton, canes, rattans, and plenty of very fine timber; gold, precious ftoncs, camphire, bezonr, and pepper. Tberc are three forts of black pepper ; the firft and beft is the Molucca, or lout pepper; the fecond is called Caytonge pepper, and the word fort is the Negaree pepper, of wliich there is the greateft pKitv. This is fmall, hoUow.and light, and conunonly full of duft, and the buyer will be impolcd on if he buys it bv nicafure, and does not weigh it. He mull take care alfo, that the pepper be not mixed with little black t>ones, which are iiotcafilv feen. Ihe white pepper grows on the lame tree as the black jieppor does, and bears twice the price; it is conjcfturcd to be the bell of the fruit that drops of itfelf, and ii !;aihercd up bv the poor people in fmall quantities, before it turnsbljcU, and the i'catcily of it occalions it to be fo dear ; butwcfeemto want a more fati'^faftory account of this matter. Ihe animals here arc the (lime as on the continent of India, vi/. bears, tygcrs, elephants, InifTalocs, deer, ?cc. bu» the moil remarkable animal, and w|-.i.-h is alnioll pe- culiar to this illand, is that moiiUioii^ monkey called the or.in-outang, or man of the woods, near fix feet liigh, and walks u|ion his hinder legs. He has a face like a man, and is not lo ugly as fomc of the human fpecies, particularly the llottmtots; he has no tail, or any hair on his body, hut where a man lias hair. Mr. Beeckman, captain of an Indiaman, pi.iclialid one of them, who would drink punch, and open his cafe of brandy to get a dram, if be was left alone with it, drink a quantity, and then return the 'xjttle to the cale. He would lay himfelf down to flcepas a man docs : if the captain appeared angry with him. 111- would whin ■ and iigh till he was reconciled, lie would wrcdie vMth the Icamcn, and was llroMger than any cf them, tliou",h he was not a year old when he died , for tile capt.iii, loll him as foon as he came into cold weather, having bcci' bred in the hottell chniates. Amon;; flieir minerals is gold, which the mountaineer"' get out of ill': lands of their ri\ iilel-- in tlu by teal'on, and dilJKjfc of ii lo the lianjarecns, from whom the Europeans wccivi: ii : there .ire alfo -.ron mines, and the load-flonc is fo'.ind hero. The principal mcrch.andi/e imported IVotti Hotneo by tlic Kuropcans is pe|i|)cr, !v>id, diamon h, ra;iiph:re, be- •totr, a\oi"., maOii k ,in>i other gums ; and the f onds pro- per to Ix- carried tlntlur, bclidi s bullion and Irrafure, are fiiirtll rai'iitc-n tVf:m rv." Ijiitidre J to tv.o I'M'^difd wciirhf. lend, calliinancocs, cull.iv wares, iion b;,rs, fmall Iteel bars, haii'./rs, the fin:dl.fl fi'it of fpike njils, twenty-penny No. la nails, griplings of forty pound weight, red leather booti, fpeftaclcs, clock-work, (mall arms with bi-afs mountings^ horle pillols, blunderbulles, gunpowder and looking- gladcs. The ptnchajiilg gold is a profitable article, and diamonds may be had reafonably, though they arc gene- rally fmall ones: they ufually purchafc gold with dollars, Riling a ccrtairt number of filver dollars for the wci^^ht of one dolLir in gold. Their current money is dollars, half and quarter dol- lars ; and for fmall change they have a fort of money made of lead in the form of rings, wliich are ftrung on a kiiid of dry leaf. 'I'he language of the inhabitants on the coaft is the M'Uyan; but the idanders have a language peculiar to llieiiifelves, and both retain the fupcrflitious culloins o( ' the Chinefe. 'I'hey are intirely ignorant of aftronomy ; and when an eclipfe happens, they think the world is going to be de- . fliiiytd. Arithmetic they know but little of ; and_ their only method of catculatint;, is, by parallel lines and move- able buttons on a board. They have likewife little know- ledge of phyfic ; and the letting of blood, how defperatC loL'vcr the cafe of the patient may be, is to them ;. circum- ilancc of a very alarming nature, as they fuppofe, by the operation, we let out our very fouls and lives. It is th-ir opinion, that moll of their dilkmpers arc caufed through the malice of Ibme evil demon ; and when a petfon is fickj inftead of applying to medicine, they make an entertain- ment of various kinds of provifions, which tl.ey hold un- der fomc confpicuous tree in a field ; thefc jprovir.ons, which confift of rice, fowl, fifli, &c. they oBer for the rcliv:! of the pcrfon affliilcd ; and if he recover, they npcat the ofTering, by way of returning thanks for the. bleliing received ; but if the patient dies, they cxprefs their relentineiit againll the fpirit by whom he is fuppofcd to have bcenaffliflcd. Pagans and Malmmetans both allow a plnratity of wives and concubines ; and the marriage ceremonies of both arc the fame as in other Mahometan countries. The girls are generally married at the age of ten, and leave child- bearing before they are twenty-five. The women are very coi'iiant after marriage; but are apt to bellow favours with great freedom when fingle; and however indifcreet they may luve been in this point, they are not confidered the worfefbr it by their huibands, nor dapo nny one reproach them for what they have committed previous to their mar- riage. They in generJ live to an advanced age, which is attiibuted to their frequent ufe of the water ; for both men and women b.atlie in the rivers once in the day; and from this praftice they arc very expert fwimmers. The Baniarecns. in burving their drad. always piace the head to the north, and they throw into the grave fcve- ral kinds of proviiions, tVoiii an abfurd and fi'pcrditious notion that thefc may be uf;ful to ihcm in the jthcr world. They fix the place, of intcnncnt out of the rcacn of the lloods ; and the mourners, as in Japan and China, are drelled in white, and carry lighted torches in their hands. 'J"litie arc feveral petty kingdoms in t\.: inland part of this country, each of which is gover ict by a r.ajali, or Mng. All 'he rajahs were formerly f'.l/jeft to the r.ljali of Borneo, who was cdeemed the fu .remc king over the whole idand ; but his authoritv h ! been of^late years greatly diminiliicd; and there are other kings equal, if not more powerful than himlclf; particularly the king ofCay- tongc. The town where this prince reiidcs is fituated about eighty miles up the Banjar river. His palace is a very elegant building crefled on pillars, and is open on all (ides. Before the palace is a large building, confilling only of one room, which is fet .ipart for holding councils, and entertaining foreigners. In the centre of the room is the throne, covered with a i icl canopy of gold and filvcr i)roc»dc. About th- palace are planted Icvend cannon, which are foold, and mounted on fuch wretched carriages, that they arc neither ornamental nor ufeful. This prince is cilcemed the greatcll, on account of the cuftoms he re- ceives at the poit of Banjar Maflecn, which are cllimated at eight thouiand pieces of eight per annum. The king or fu'tan of Negarcc is the moll confiderable prince, next to the above : his palace is fituated at a place called Metapooij, about ten miles from Caytonge. There is a haiulfome armoury before the gates of his p.-il.ice, which contains a great number of (ire-arms, and fevcral cannon. He is always on good terms with his neighbour the prince of Caytonge, and the rcll are fubordinatc to thefe two princes ; great homage is p,aid them by the na- I'ves, and it is difficult for a Urangcrto get accefs to them : Z i the #» ^1 iSs The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. tA S I the only menm to effefl this, is, by complimenting them %vitli I'ome valuable ptcleiit, for avarice ii tlicir darling paflion; and the ftranger will be treated with rcl'peA in proportion to the prefrnt he niikvu. Sumatra is on^ of the Sunda iflaitCs, fituate in the In- dian ocean, hetwrrn ninety-three and one hundred and tour degrees of cartern longifud-;, ard between five de- grees thirty niinatcs north latitude, and five degrees thirty minutes iuuth latitude, the equinof^ial line running crol> the middle of it ; having Malacca on tlie north, Borneo on the eaft, Java on the fouth-eaft, and the Indian ocean on the wei>, and it eight hundred miles long, and about ot-.e hundred and fifty broad. The air is generally uii- iicalthful r>ear the coal), the country l>cing very hot, and very moift, and changing fuddenly from I'liltry lieat in the day-time, to cold rhilling winds in the night. Jt is the firft of ihe remarkable iflands that form the great Archipelago of the eatt, the entrance of which is, as it were, blocked up by this illand aiul Java, which form a barrier feparating the Indian from the Chincfe ocean ; ex- cept that in the center between the t»o idands there is an opening, which appears as ifpurpolisly dcfigned to admit a free p.idhge for tlic advantages of commcrct-. 'I'his open- ing ii called the (Iraight of Sunda, the fouth part of which is the north of (ava, and called Java Head ; and the north point is the fouth of Sumatra, called Flat Point. Thefe two are about iix leagues afunder, between which fhips pafs from Europe dircftly to Batavia or China, without touching at the Indies: they ftretch away eatt from the Cape of Good Hope, and make no land till having traverfed the whole Indian lia thev arrive at Java Head. There are no phyficians in Sumatra, but they rely upon the (kill and experience of fome good old womciii who art acquainted witli the nature of their fimples. The tlux is the diflemper that ufually carries off foreigners, againft Mhieh the fruitguava and the pomegranate arc certain re- medies, if taken before the dillempcr Incomes violent i but nioft other fruits^omote the difcafe. liathing in colo water is efteemcd another remedy for the flux. Their water, unboiled, as well as flierliet,' is very onwholfome j full mcalsof flclh ought to be avoided, occafioning a dillem- per called the Mort Duchiu, which is attended with a vio- lent vomiting and purging, and ul'iwlly carries off the pa- tient in twenty-four hours. 'I'hofc gentlemen that drmk ftrong liqiiors to exccfs, ufually avoUl the liux, but are carried off by fevers. 'I'hc cholic and Imall-pox arc often fatal to the natives, as w ell a? foreigners j but they are fel- dom troubled with droplies, gout, or ftoiK. People ili.it are careful ol their liealth, eat and drink moderately, and boil their water; nor do liny .ivoid wine or arnick punch alto^jither, for tlicfu d- unk moderately in tliis moillair prcfervc, rather than dcllioy health. There is a chain of mountains wlnth runs the whoir length of the illand, from the north-well to the foiithc:ilt, and here the air is fornctliing bct'cr tliaii on the mail ; but the European fa^luiirs arc generally fiiuaicd^t the mouths of rivers near the lea, for convcnicncv of trade ; and here three years may be reckoned a loni; lift, the fait ftiuk- ing oufe fends up fuch uiuvholfomc n.i pours as peiUUly poifon foreigners that art lent ihithcr. The nioiifoons, or i)eriodical winds, fliift here at the equinoxes, as they do in other parts of the liidianteas, blowing fix moiitlis m one diitdion, and li\ months in the oppofite direftion j and near t!ic coall there arc other periodical winds, which blow the greattll p.->rt of tlu; day from the fta, and in the night time and pArt of the morn- ing from the land; but fheic (caice extend ftvtn milts from the coaft. Tlierc is alio a mountain called Single demond, about forty miles louth-eall of JUntooltn, w/ikli is a mile in height pcr|K;ndicul.ir; the rotki near the wtH coall are generally barren, pioiluting little btlidts llirubs , but to- wards the bottum of them grows fomc good timber. 'J'he country has a great many fmall rivets, but none of them navigable, much above their mouths, falling from hi};!i mountains, an! dilcharging tlitmltlves prccipiutcly inin the lea, tithtr on the e.ift or well, after a viiv lliort tourle; the rains contiiuiing here, as thev do in mull places ne.a thecquinoflial, fix months and upwards, e\crv \c:ir, nnd no wlicte with more violence. I'hc wateis ot the liwi Indapoora, during rains, look red tiM two miltjf bcvoiul tlic Mouth out at lea, rKcafioned, it i^ l.iiJ, bv the great numlier of o.ika that grow in their boggy j^toinul', aiid are almoilcuvered when the tloods are hiiiliiO The wa- ters of all their rivers, v>hicli overflow the low countries, aic very unwholel'oiiic, foul, and not lit to be duink till 4 they are fettled, nor indeed till they have been boiled, anc expeiled. Hut notwithftaiiding the fortificatirtis of till palace or t;ilUr, as it in fometimes called, arc very mean and iiKOiilidtiablc. yet the avenues fo it arc natu- rally well dtKndid , ti)i riietomitrv round alwiit Achen is full of riviileb, marllies, and thick woods of cane or bamlMjo, which iiiv almi>ft imjKnetr.iblc, and vtrv haid to cut : there are f.veial little foils erefled alio at proper diftaiKes ill llic mat (lies, w licit guaids ate planted to pre- vent any luipti/.c. In the V.iiv;','s magazines, fome authois tell II-. art tmiiul a inimemus artilleiy, and a good quan- tity of (ill anil', mid that his i;iwrd- conlilt "f many thou - I'jr.d men but that his greattll fliviiKih i< m his /lepliants, w lio arc trained up to tiajiipie upon firr, and Hand unmovcii at the rcjMirt ot a ia'iiion , but this we lliall ex.aniinc mole paitici.Iiiilv wtwji we ioiim: to Ijieak >if the maiiitr- ii:'.in.cut the piii^e, both with iHpefl to doiiultii aitd mi- litary lupplle^, foi liter rr<\ellei. itj nut leeiii ii> admire his power oi gtalide..#. 'I he titvuf Atlini u.,,<,fl, o( Icvon or tiijlit thoufand houles, which tak'- up ttie iikuc ground be>.oile thev an* not contiguous, i.eiv jkiIoii I'litoiuiditi, '.,i> duelhiit; with a pallilado pait thai Ifaiuls tntiK vai,!, dilbiiit fiuiu it; cvcept ill livo '>r thr're nf the | iiiieip.il llieets wlie[« the uuikeij arc kept, ,u.d were lortij;iins nihabii, wli'> (liulc to live ik:u one iiwithcr, to drf iid ttuinlelve. fioiii thieves, iob!x-rie< being very bonui»>H here. The har- bour, which It lu Uige as tu be cap.ible of containing any .!iin>l-cr of the br-li llilps, ii i.i^nsmand; J hv s Ipsciou; fortrels eiicumpallcil with a ditch wall fuiiihed accordiii|{ lu the Italian inantcr, aud iiieiaiiird -siih cannon. The i'.nglilh, [A S I A.J SUM Kn^'.lilli, Dutch, Danes, PortiiRucfe, Guzarat^, and Clii- ncli', arc tlic cliicf trailers in this city. '1 he king of Achcn has a great numlier of horf«, wliicli, as well as the elc|ih»ntSi have rich and inagniliceitt ♦rappings, He is at rto exiitncc in times of war, for alt hii I'ulijefls are obliged to inarch at their own cxpencc, and carrjf with them inovilions lor three months ; he only fiirnilh'-; tliem with arms, powder, le.id, and rice, which is very trifling. In peace, it docs not cod him any thing, even for the maintenance of his family, for his fuhjeds fuiiply him with all kinds of provilious : they atfo pro- vide him and his concubines with cloaths. He is heir tn all his fuh'^i^ls who die without ilFue male, and to all foreigners who die within his territories ; and futicceds to the cllates of all thofc who urc put tu death. I'rom all \vhich it appears, that the revenue of this priticc, though not paid ill money, is very confideralde. The inhabitants of Achen are more vicious than in other places on the coaft : they arc proud, envious, and t.eichcroiis ; defpife their neighbours, and yet pretend to have more humanity than the inhabitants of any other n,l- tion. Some of them arc good mechanics, cipecially in the building of eallies -, and they .ire very dextrous in doing all kinds ot fmitlis work : they alfo work well in vood and cop|x:r, and fomc of them are ikilled in making artillery. '1 hey live very ahftemlouriv, their chief food being rice, to which fome of the better fort add a fniall quantity of iifli, and their iifu.il drink is water. 'I'hcy are very fond of tobacco, •hough they have but little of their own raifing , and, for want of pipes, they fmoke in a bunco, in the fame manner as the inhabitants on the coaft of Coroinandcl. The bunco is the leaf of a tree rolled up with a little tob.icco in it, which they light at one end, and draw the fmoke through the other till it is nearly burnt to the lips. Tlicfe rolls are very curioully formed, and fold in the public itiaikcts in great ijuantities. They hold a court of jufticc live times a week, for de- termining all matters of controvcrfy, in which one of the chiei orankavas preddes as judge. There is alio a cri- minal court, where cognisance is taken of all cjuarrels, robbciics, murders, Sc. committed in the city: and there js a third court, in which the cadi, or chief priefl, prelides, ■who judges concerning all infrinc;emeiits of an ecclefiaili- c i! nature. Uelides thefe, there is a court for determining tlifputes Iwtween merchant';, whether foreigners or natives. .An cxait account is kept here of all the cuftoms, gifts, lines, and commodities belonging to the king, with a lilt t)f all the perfons who buy of his nujefty.> pay tlie duty, or make prcfLiits to him. Offenders arc brought to a fpeedy trial, and the punilh- inc:it Is intliiled inimediatclv after their conviction. If the otFenCe be of a trilling nature, the punilhment for the (irll time iithe lols only of a hand or foot, and the fa'ne for the leeond; but for ihi- third, or if they rob to a conddtrable ainouiu, they aic impaled .ilive. When the liaiu! or fdot is to be cut off, the limb is laid on the edge «)f a Nond hattlut, and the esecutioncr ttnkes it with a liiife mallet till 'lie amputation i> (x-ifeflcd; and thin they j)ut the Ihimp into a hollow banilxio ftuffed with r.ig.-. or inofs, to pievint the crimiiul from dying bv lot's of blood. Attvr he has tliu< fuft'ered whether by the king's eopIe, who i^ib him witli t!nir daggers ; hut female otUnders ate p.it tt) death by i^rangling. 'I'he king is fie<|uenllv a fjieflator of tliel'e punilhinents, and fometiiius even a(ts as executioner : and though Inch a fpcitiiele mull to a feeling mind, appear fxtiiuiely (htuking, yet fo little does he leem eff«fted by ir, that inllances have been known of hiscxetuting a cri- niitul, and immediately after entertaining himfelf with cock-lighlilig ; a diverlion which in this country is more univerlally efteeUlcd tliali anv other. Having given the fituation of the moft confderabic plaivs on tlu" call tide of Sumatra, we proceed through the ilraights .if .Sundalothc well ciwll , and advancing from thence tow lids the north, the (iill Knglilh tettkiiicnt we meet with i< Sillabar, wliii.h lies ill a bay at lli. niouili .)f a lar^',e river of the fame name, in four degrees of loulh l.ititude. Here the lui 'li'h have a ulidence, or a fuiall d'.tachmcnt from M.irlborough fort, (eieiled foon after iiie ocuiiiiiioii ui i oiK loit ai nviiwuvieii; iv> fvCCxVc tl'iv jKppcr the natives bring hiihcr. About ten miles to the northward of Sillabar (lands the t k A. i8) ttowfi of nentfooleri, wtiere was the principal (ettleitttnt thd Englilh had upon the ifland Sumatra, from the year i68j to the year 17 19, when there happened a general infur- re£iioii of the natives, >vho cut oiF part of the girrilon ; the reftefcaping in their boatitofcai Hencoolen is knonit at lea by a high {lender mountain that rifes twenty miles beyond it in the country, called the Sugar-loaf. Before the town of Bencoulen there lies an ifland, within which the Ihipping ufually ride ; and the Doint of Sillabar extending two or three leagues to the foutiiward of it, makes a large bay : befides thefe marks the old Englilh fort, which fronted towards the fea, might have been dilceriied when a fhip came within feven or eight miles of the place. The town is almoll two miles in compafs, and was inhabited chietly by the natives, who built their houfes upon bamboo pillars, as In other parts of the ifland. The Portuguefe, Chiiiefej and Englilh had each a feparate quarter. '1 he Chinefc people built all imon a floor, after the cuftom of their country. Tho Englilh houfes were after their own model , but they found tliemfelves under a necelfity of building with timber^ (though there was no want of brick or (lone), upon ac- count of the frec]ueiit earthquakes. The adjacent country is mountainous ind woody, and in fomc parts arc volcanoes that frequently vomit fire. The air is very Uiiwholefomc, and the mountains are gene-, rally covered with thick clouds that burft in ftorms of thunder, rain, &c. The foil is a fertile clay, and the chief produce is grafs ; but near the fea it is all a moral's. There IS a fmall river on the iKirtli-wcll lide of the town, by. which the pepper is brought here from the inland part of the country J but there is a great inconvenience I'l fliip- ing it, on .account of a dangerous bar at the mouth of the river. The road is alfo dangerous for ihips, .as it has no other defence from the violence of the fea during the fouth- wcll molifoons, than a fmall place cal.Vd Kat litandi which, with the land-point of .Sillabar, makes the haven. The pepper brought here cor.ies froifl the territories of the two neighbouring rajahs, one of whom relides at Sin- dlc-'ctemond, at the bottom of a bay ten or twelve jiiiles to the north; and the other of Bafar, ten miles to the ea'l. There two rajahs have houfes in the town* whither they 'ome when they have any bufinefs to tranfaft with the Englilh, who pay them half a dollar duty for every five hundred and lixty pounds weight of pepper ; and they alto pay to the owner for every fuch quantity ten Spanifli dollars, weighing each fevcnteen penny weights and twelve grains. The Englilh have alfo otner fettlcmcnts to the iiorth-^ weft of the above, particularly at Cattouil, fitu.ited about forty miles from Beiicoolen ; Ippo, about thirty miles fartiicr to the north ; liantall, which is upward of one hun- dred miles north of lloncoolen; and Mocho, fituated a little to the fuutli of Indrapour. There are I'everal good Dutch fettlements ontl is ifland, the moft confulerablc of which is Pullambam, oi PuUam- han, '.itu.attd a'lout one hundred and twenty mile," north- eaft of Beiicoolen. The chief article of trade here is papei, of which the Dutch have prodigious quantities, Ixfing under contrafl with the king of Pullamban, and other Indian princes, to take it at a certain price, one half of which they pay In money, and the other in cloth. All other nations are prohibitcJ from tr.iding except the Chi- nefe, by means ot whom tho Knglith get a (hare of their pepper, as our Ihips pal's through the ftraights of Banca. I'lic Dutch formeily carried on a gicat trade here in opium, but a^ that was found to impovcrilh the country, by drawing awuy its ready calh, the king, in 1708, ordered only three cliells of .about one hundred and fixty pounds eacfi. to be iin]M>rtcd; and that if any Ihould be dctcAed in atting eontiaiy to this order, they fliould forfeit not only their goixis, but then lives alio. Pullambam is a very large town, and pleafaiitly (ituatcd on the biinksof a tine river, wliish divides itfelf into fe- ytral brandies that run liy four channels into the I'ca. It continued ! j be aconlidcr.iblecity till the year 165.), when it was de(lto\e, a ipaciovij rrvcr o« i,* own nitttiC* The chief articles fold by the company here are, cloth and opium; in return for which, they luceivc gold-dull The country If a if, I? It iii <«* 1^4 The NEvVand UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of rEOGRAfMV. country is very fcrtilf, and in the woods and mounlaiiis iirc iModigioiis numbers of wild hogs, whofc iicdi is cx-^ tccJinj; (Vvcet and fni. They have Hkcwile Ibmc good jMiiiltry, and there arc vaiious kinds of filh in therivci. ■J, .Slack, filiu-ile on tlic rivci Aiidraghinia: llii< is a very incon(ldcial)lc place, on account of the unwholcfonUMtls of tlie air, wliith is attributed to the great nuniher of Iliads taii};lir in the river at a particular feafon of the year, for the lake of the roes ; and the reft of thelilh being tlirown ill lie.ipi, corrupt, and exhale pethieiitial vapours. Thc-lc lots tlie natives pickle, and then di\ in fmoke ; after which they put them in large leaves of trees, and tlicn fend them todinVimt countries bet\*cen Achcn and Siain. 'I'hey call it Turbow, and reckon it a great delicacy. 3. Pedangi which is fitiiatcd about fixty miles foutli of the equator, and has a fine river, where large ihips ni.iy come up, and ride infafctyi but it is the niott inligniti- cant fcttlement the Dutch have on this illand : it pro- duces but a fniall qtiantity of pepper ■, and the trade in gold is fo trilling, as hardly to defray the n?' -.ral txpenccs Rttcndlni; it. Many other places on this illand arc indcpendant of the linglilh and Dutch ; the chief of which aie the fol- lowing. Pi iaiTian, it lies nearly oppofitc to Pedang, about one hundred miles north-weft of Indrapour. It is very po- pulous, and plentifully fupplied with moft kinds ot pro- vifions. The natives carry on a confiderable trade with the inhabitants of Manimcabo. 'I'he Dutch had a fac- tory here for ninny years, but were at length driven from it by the king ot Achen. Another very confiderable place is Ticow, which is fituated about feven leagues from Daflaman, in twenty de- grees feu h i.ititude. I'hc inland part of the country is very high , but that next the fca is low, covercvl with Woods, and watered with fcveral fmall rivers, wliicl, ren- der it marlhv. There arc, however, manv plcafant mea- dows well liockcd with buffaloes and other horned 1 attle, which .ire purchafed at a very eafv price. It likew le af- fords plenty of rice, poultry, and feveral forts of fruits, ns dutians, ananas, oranges, citrons, pomegranates, me- lons, mangoes, cucumbers, and potatoes : but its moft valuable produce is pepper, with which it abounds, and is iiii|u.ilit\ etlecnied luptiior to that of any other place on the ifland. 'I'he pepper chiefly grows at the bottom of the mountains ; for which reafon tliofe parts are exceed- ingly populo.is. The city ftands about two niiks from tlie fea, oppollte to a fmall illand. It is but a little mean place, for the city and fiiburbs do not contain eight hun- dred houles, which are chiefly built with reeds, and are neither ftrong or commodious. The king is fubjeft to the kings of Achen, who apyioints a new governor every three years, and without him the king of I icow cannot execute any bufinefs of importance. 'J'lie governor, thcrelorc, is the perl'on applied to by foreigners in the tianlaOing of bunnel's, and even the natives pay him the moll tlilli:iguillied refpciff. 'i'he inhabitants of the city are Malavaii'. hut the inland partJ are poflelfed by the na- tives, who dilown the king of Achcn's authority, and have a peculiar language and king of thtir own. This part of the country produces great quantities of gold, which the natives exchange with the Dutch, or the inha- bitants near the coall, for pepper, fait, iron, cotton, red cloth, and Sinat [learls. 'I'he air here is very unhealthy, )>art!cularly from [ulv 10 Oftober, and the people are very uibiccl to fevers, which arc fo violent in their nature, as leldom to admit of a cure ; fo that weie it not for the pt pper, no ftran^cr would venture to go near them. Kvcry perlbn who trades to this place, mull have a licence for that purpofc from the king of Achcn ; and when that is obtained, they cannot be interrupted either by the king or governor of 'i'icow. They fell their pepper by b.-ihars of oil'; lunuhed .md lixteen pounds avcrdupois : and the king of Achen has fifteen percent, out of all that 1 fold, that is, kvcii and a half tor the export of the pepper, and (even and a half fur the import of the nierchandi/,e given in ex- change for that commodity. Harras, which bckngs tothckingof Achen, is one of the mod conliderabic places on the well coall , it is iituated on a fine river near t/ie center between I'lcow and Achcn, and, like tlicf'rincr, no perfon mull trade here without permi(fio:i from the king. 'I his place produces great plenty of gold, camjihire, and benjamin, the latter ot which fcrves the natives iiilleadof money. The country is very pltafnit, uiid aiiouiids with rice, and Itvcral lorts ot the inotl delicious fruits. 'Jhc Dutch and Kii;,lini, .is alio the inhabitants '-♦ the coaft, buy up t!ic caniphirc here, ill order fo cany it for Surat, and the llraighti of b'unda. The province of Aiid/.igzi is fmall, but remarkable fot' producing great quantities of iirppcr : and gold is cheaper here tlian in any other part of the ifland. Jainlv is fituated oit a river on the caft fide of the iflandt about fifty miles fioni the lea, in two degrees foutli latitude. Great ipiantnies of pepper are produced in it, which is laid to be nuicli I'upcrlor in quality to that of Andrigri. The Dutch had a faftory here, the moft confiderable of all their fettlemcnts on theco.ift, but they withdrew from it in 1710. The lOnglilh had likcwifea faflory near it, which they alfo(|uitted on account of the obftru£lio;is they met with from the Dutch in their trade. Pedir is lituated about thirty miles eafl of Achen, and is a lai|^e territory : it has the .idvanfage of an t xcellcnt riverr I'he foil is very fertile, and the country produces fucli quantities of rice, that it is called the granary of Achcn. It alfo produces a large quantity of filk, part of which is wove by the natives into tlufTs, that arc valued in moft parts throughout the illand, and the reft is fold to the inhabitants of the coall of Coromaiidel, Paflaiman, alinoll under the ctiuinoftial, is a large place, lltu.ttcd at the foot of a very high mountain, but is re- inarkahle only tor producing pepper, which is both large and excellent in its quality. Cinqucic producesannually a large quantity of camphiie, which the inhabitants of Surat, on the coall of Coromaii- del, purchale for fifteen or fixteen rials the coff", or twenty- eight ounces. D.aya abounds in rice and cattle. In the idand ot Sumatra, they have a fmall breed of horfes; they have alfo buffaloes, ciccr, goats, hogs, tygcrs, hog-deers, monkies, fquirrcis, guanoes, porcupines, alli- gators, ferpenls, fcorpions, mufkatocs, and other infefls : from the hog-deer is obtained a fpecies of the bezoar- ftone, which is of a dark brown colour, and has two coats; a fmall ijuantity of this ftonc, dilliilved in any li- quor, will remove an opprelTion of the ftomach, icdiillcs foul blood, and reflores the app.i, : it is alfo very ctlica- cious in other diforders incident to human nature. Here arc alfo hens, ducks, and other poultry; pigeons, doves, parrots, parakeets, maccaws and Iniall birds; fea and river filh alfo are very plentiful, and tuitlc or fca-tortoife. They have elephants, but they are I'uppofed not to be ns- tives. Rice is much the greateft part of their food in all their meals ; ftrong foup, made of flcfh or fifh, and a very little meat high fcafoned, fcrves to eat w ith their rice. 'I hu Mahometans that inhabit the coaft, abftain from fwines flelh, am! iVom flron;», liquors, as they do in all countries of the fain faith. 'I'he mountaineers will tat any tielh, except beef, the bull licing one of the objefts of tlieir worfliip, ,11 1 if we could give any credit to their neigh- bours, the people of Achen, vhev eat huiiian fltfh , bat the woiM is pretty well fatisfied by this time that there arc no nations of cannibals. Their common drink is tea, or plain water; but they fomttiuies ule the liquor of young cocoa-nuts, whieh is very cooling and pleafant. i hcv always fit crofs-lcggcd on the floor at their meals. Their falutalions are much the fame as in other Aliatic countries. I.catniiig is not to be expttted here. The common language is the Malayan tongue, and the koran and re- ligious books of the Mahometans arc written in Arabic, which is now ade.id language. They have indeed the ufc of letters here, as they have ainioil in every other cafterii nation except China; hut thole gentlemen were fo ftlf- futiicient, fo much above being taught by people they look upon as their inferiors, that the/ have now the leaft pre- tence to learning of any nation on the face of thetaith. The Mahometans of Sumatra fpeak and write the Ma- lay ,11 language. The Pagan mountaincets have alangu,igf peculiar to tlienifelves. As the Malayans write from the right hand to the left, the mountaineers wiitc as we do, fioin the left hand to the right; and inttead of pen, ink, and paper, they write, or rather ingrave, with a llilc on the oulfidc of a baiviiioo cane ; the Malays, indeed, ufc ink and a courfe brrwn paper. Both nations are poor accomptants and arc forced to make ufc of the liani- aiu that reliiic amoiigll them as their clerks, when they have any confidet.ibic accounts to make up, the lianiani beiii ; l«itJ to he poireflc'd of great abilities in this particu- lar, and are alio (ome of the Iharpell traders in the world. The inlubilaiits of this illand are in general of a mode- rate Ihituie, and a very iWarlhv complexion : they have black eves, flat faces, and hij'h check bones : their hair is long and black, and thev take great pains to dje their teeth black : the/ likcwilc Ix'hncartlicinl'clvei with oil, 43 inother hot countries, to prevent being ftung by the i;i. 3 I'eit ; [A t I A,] J A. iBi Mkt, ind lot their ntlli grow fxceedrng long, fcrtnini; fflein till th«y lito trinl]>arvnt, knd dying them with Ver- million : tiM poorer fort go almolt niik^, having only » fintU piece of cloth tiiAened round the wkift ; ind ibout their b«i4< ilicy we«r i piece of linen, or > c«p made ol' feavM, refemhiing the crown of a hat ; but they have no Ihoct or flockingi. The better fort wear d.-aweri or bree- chca, and a piece of eallico or filk wrapped about their •oini, and thrown over the left Ihouldcr, aitd they wear fefldali on their tieet, when in towni. They are very proud \nd rc^ngeful in their difpofi- tioiM I and are fo indolent, that tliey will neitlicr enaeav- oar to improve 'hemfelvei in arts and fciencei, or t huf- (Mndry, but f . .heir maniifaAurei to be negleflcd, and their hinds lo ! • witlio\it cultivation If foreigners, therefore, were not tofupniy their dcfeAi, they would ir all probability fuller themrelves to be reduced to a favage ftate, and only preferve their exiftence, litce the bcafls of the country, with what the earth foontaneoufly produces. The king has no other (landing forces than nis guards, but depends on his militia, which, as we hinted above, are as numerous as th? people in his kingdom, all whoareabic fobcar arms, ate obliged toappearundcrarms whenever they are fummoned. They hav.: I'carct: any fortified towns and eaftles, but what are natural; and thecouniry fecuis to be fo inaccelTible, that the native* boaft it has never been con- auered by any foreign power ; but this muft be a miftakc, »r the prefent generation, who arc maftera of the north part of the ifland and the fea-coall, are not tlie original inhabitants, but came from Egypt : id Arabia, and having Aiven the Pagans up into the mountains, fucc^eded tlicin on the fea-coalli. The religion of Mahomet is profedwJ at Achen, and upon all the coafti of Sumatra; but they are not fuch bi- gotted zealots as they arr in foine other Mahometan coun- tries. Their temples or m'jfcjues are but meanly built, fomc of them no better than cottages. The chief prieft fefides stt Achen, and has a great influence on aiA^irs of ftate. Their marriage contract are made before their priefts, who arejudges in calcs of divorce, at well at in civil caufes. Their priefts alfo afiift at their celebration of their funeral rites, as in other Mahometan ftates. I'his, as well as the reft of the Indian iflands, was, no db>ubt, firft peopled from the neighbouring continent. The Phaniciant, Egyptians, and Arabians after>\-ards trafficed with them ; and we find Solomon defiring Hiram, king of lyre, to fend him (kitful marinen to pilot his fleet into thefe feat ; and the Ophir mentioned in fcrip- ture, is fuppofed to be this verv iftand, from whence he fetched his gold. The Ambians and other nations bor- dering on the red-fea, afterwards pla.i.: ' colonies here, and Iwcame fo potent, thac they drove tn- j -mer inhabit- ants up into the mountains, and poflll a ' \e coaft. The Fortuf,iicfe found the defcendants of thofc stations fixed on the ftiores of the Indian continent a." ./elJ as the iflands wl'.en they arrived there. The Portuguefe enjoyed the fole traffic with this and the adjacent iflands for near one hundred years, viz. from the year i joo almoft to the year of our Lord 1600, wiien other nations followed ihem round thcCape of Good Hope, and put in for a lh.-urc of the Indian tra !. Some writers aflure us, that this king 'om has been ever governed by queens , jthcrs affirm that there never was a queen regent here ; we may, however, 'akc the middle %ray, and allow that it has been fubjc£l both to kings and queens : certain it is, a king v;as upon the throne when vre tirft vitited this iflaiid, becaufc we have his letter which be wrote to queen Ehzabetli, and kings have of late years filled that throne. The inh^bitai of the mountains arc ^ .-jmed by the diicft of tlu-ir rcfpcftivc tribes, who are "'ider a neccflity of maintaining a good correlpoadcnce amon,, themfelves. in Older to defend their country againft their powerful neighbours ; for as they are poflcflcd of all the gold the ifland produces, there is no doubt but the Mahorietan prince: that lie round them, would make an effnrt to fub- due tliofc golden mountains, if theii princes were at va- liant' or if they did no», ►'•'^ ' •> vouU find a way to their juld, if th^ flwaU fi ' " the Dutch Ai-e poifaflU of lie . tries in the li'i.s'id, wUch wou: entcrprife by fleets ai ' *b' that Ue but a very li< The coins of tnr 1 , one thouland five hundred hi«^ divided ; for ig -• and coun- ■' fuch an VI Vtalacca, it ■ quarter ot a mas, !l No. 18. Mut^r I IS an IimifelrtaiV ctAti, and emilnflvnt to twenty tiiillu gi flert''* inf ; doll&n aird other Spanifti coins alfo are current hm. With refpcA to their #ei|hti, five tici, make a buncal, twenty bdncali one catty, and one hundred amy one at- cul being one hundred and thirty-two pounds Engllin 1 thteepeculi are aChiiu bahar of three hundred ind ninety fix pounds China weight ; and of Malay weight) at Achen four hundred and twenty-two pounds (Ifttcti outtces, and at Bcncrolen, and the re(\ or the Weftern coaft, a balur is five hundred pounds great weight, or live hundred and fiity pounds Englilh. They make their payments at Achen oftener in gold piece* than in coin. Several other iflands belong to that Sumatra, among which is one called by the inhabitants Pulo Lanchakay, and, by the natives of Achen, Pulo Lada, or the ifland of Pepptt'. This is a large ifland, fituated in fix degrees fif^en minutes north latitude. In the Centre of it are two high mountains feparated from each other by a very nar- row valley; and at tlie foot of thefe mountains is a plain at leaft twelve mile* in length. Pepper is produced in it : but the ifland is very thinly inhabited. The foil of the plain i* well calculated for all kinds of drug*, fruit, rice, and cattle; and, as it has feveral good fpring* and riven, it might produce excellent pafturage ; but the inhabit- ants only attend to the cultivation of pepper, that being the article which turns out moft to their advantage. The other parts of the ifland arc covered with thick woods, in which are fome remarkable ftrait and lofty trees. Tht winds arc wefterty from the beginning of July to the end of Odober, during which time they have very heavy rain* ; ' and the climate, as in other parts of the fame latitude, ia very unwholefome. The ifland at prefent produces five hundred thoufand pounds weight of pepper annually, which is faid to be preferable to that of any other place in the Indies, The inhabitants are Malayans, but are na- turally better difpofcd than thofe of Achen ; their habiu are much the fame in make, but not fo elegant : they are very zealous Mahometans, and in their cuftoms a.id way* of living differ little from the inhabitants of Achen. The ifland of Lingen is fituated about fixty miles north- eaft of Jaroby, and about the fame diftance to the foutli- eaft of Johore. It is fifty miles in length, and ten in breadth ; the interior part of it is very mountainous, but that next the fca lies low, and is very fertile. It produce* pepper and canes, and in fome parts of it are great num«^ Dcrs of porcupines. ' The ifland of Banca is very latge, being at leaft one ' hundred and fifty miles in length, and about twenty in breadth. The lutives, like moft of the Malayans, are ' treacherous, and very unhofpitable to fuch firaneers a* unfortunately happen to be Ihipwrecked on the coaft. At tiie mouth of the ftraights of Banca is Lucinara, • fmall ifland but fo barren, that it has but few inhabitant*, and only produces a fmall quantity of pepper. There arf feveral other fii^all iflands belonging to Sumatra, moll of which are either uninhabited, or (o infignificant as not to merit a particuiar defcription. Java, one of the Sunda iflands, is fituate in the Indian ocean, between one hundred and two and ona hundred and thirteen degrees of eaftein lonzitude, and between five and eight degrees of fouth latitude, being (even hun- dred miles long, and upwards of one himdred broad, hav- ing the ifland of Borneo on the north, the ftraights of Bally on the eaft, the Indian ocean on the fouth, and the ftraights of Sunda (from whence it is called one of the Sunda iflands) on tlie north-weft. The air of Java, near the fea, is generally unhealthfiil, unlets where the bog* have been drained, and the lands cultivated ; there it is much better, and in the middle of the ifland much more fo. The worft weather upon the north coaft of Java is during the wefterly monfoon, which begins the firft week in November, when they have fomo rain. In December the rains increafe, and it olows fi elh, and in January it blows ftill harder, and the rains continue very heavy till the middle of February, when both the wind and rains becomes more moderate and decreafe, till the end of March. Their fair feafon coir mences in April, the winds are then variable, and it b fometime* calm, only at the change of the moon there are fudden'gufts of wind from the weft. In the beginning of May the' eaftern rnon* foon becomes conftant, and in June aitd July there is a little rain ; but in this monfoon they have generally clear,' u )>t)|fome weather, until the end of^ September. In Oc- s.-r the eafterly wind blows faintly, and in November Iho .fterlv monfoon fets in again : when the wefterly w)bd)uul V . rents are ongeft here, namely, ia VeovAti, JMtviirf t ; !.• *. ^-j;j:^'-v^i_.ikSl^k.i ■■i^A.'i:.,. i;-iSi.'irfi^..j'*.i ■-, i8^ Tni NEW AND UNI £RSAL 8KSTEM or GEOGRAPHr. JJHr-.'S^ ■ icxIFebruaiy, ihenli no filling tgaiiift thcni. Tlie tat- lerlv windt Mid eurrdiu are more moUcrate ; Ihipt nay fail •gainft thii iiKniruoii, ami > Ihip majr coine frointlw well' ijard llirougb the flraiglili of SHiida to Hauvia aiaioft at any tims. There It gnod ancltorage on the Jata tide, in twenty or tltirty fathom wMct ; iKar tlw coali of Java and lioriico, from ^pril lo Notember, they liave lartd and Tea brecMs trom dtfTerent jwiiiti ; tltc wiiid blows from tlu: Urtd betWMn one and tour in tlie morning, and contmuctlilt imoit , af oiit or t^o in the afternoon it blowt frcfh front tli^ lc« for live or fix kouri. A Chain of mountains rur '■ .b'' '''« niiddli ol tlie lfl.indfron>eaft towed, whk' •■ i ired with fine woods, It is faidtlicle lUountniitM urodticc great tiu4iititicii of gold , but the mtivck con' jnl tl fioin tltc Karoycaiu. The inoll diDiiig'lillieilof'.ictemountainiitcallcdthcUtue Mountain. 'J'he low liUuU are Hoodid in the tini? of tlic raini, Alotig tba north coaft of Java arc fine groves of Cocoa- ftut trer*, aiv) wherever we fee one of tliefc groves, wc do Mot fail to meet with a village of tlic natives. The idand was antientVy divided into abundance of Mtty kingdoms and dates, and when admiral Drake vi- fttca this ifland iij his voyage round the glolw, in the year I57y, ho relates there were five kingdoni< in it. Wc uwy now divide it into two parts, i. The nurtk coaft, which cs under the dominion of the Dutch , und, 2. The fouth coaft, fubjeA to the kiiv;s of I'alainboan arui Mataram. Banuni was, till lately, the naoft confiderable kingdom of iava, but tliio king is now a vaflal to tlic Dutdi. We Hull ere give lome xccouTll of the city. BsmtMt), once the metropolis of a great kingdom (till the Dutch deftroyed it, and dcpofed the king,) is fcattd in a plain at the foot ofa niotinr.im, out nf which ilTues three livers, or latherone river dividing itfrif into three branches, two whereof furround the town, and ihc othcrrunt through the middle of it. I'liecircutufercnce of this city, when ill its glory, was not Icfs tlum twelve miles, and very po- pulous. It lay, open towards the land , hut had a very eood wall to the fca, f»i titled with ballioiu, and defended by a numerous aitilleiy -, and the palace, or ratlin <:a{lle, where the king rcfided, was no mean fortification -, Iwfides which there were feveral public buildings ard palaces of the great men, which made no ordinary figuic \:\ tba country. It was alfoone of the grcatetl ports in th':eaflcrn fcas, to which all rtations reforted, but is now become a wretched poor place, s .J ' .-.■ neither trade or any thing to fender it Jcfirable. T.ic ji, .1 .ipal inh.ibitants are removed, and the buildings niintjo l); t king deprived of hit fovc- icignty, andbeccin. 1 sifii o the Dutch. Batavia, by i u' 'r,.,!'*ij ,o'ned Jacatia, and by the na- tives ami ChijK'l. C.iliA:i. or Cnbppa, as tlvcy call the fruit of the cocoa-tiee>, v iich are vei y common here, and faid to l)e fupcrior to any mtiic Indies) lies in fx degrees fOuth latitude, longitudefrom London uiichundred and fix, and Aands about forty miles lo the caftward of Hantam, it is filuated at the bottom of a fine bay, in which there are (evcntecn or eighteen fmair idaiuls, winch break the vio- knccof the wiikds and waves ; infoniuch that a thoufand fail may ride here very fecurely. Two large pier.s run OJt Talf a mile into the fea, between which an hundred davrs are conftantly employed, in taking up the mud aiul foil whidi is warned out of the town, or tite mouth of tlie river would be foon choaked up. The city of Satavia flaivls in a flat country, ,Tn to be of equal ferv ice againft an infurrcAion in the city,as againft a foreign enemy 1 the guns being eafily brought to point down the principal ftreets. The houHs arc plain, but very neat, atvdbehindthem aic large gardens wtUftockedwith herbs and vegct .hies, .vid inoft kinds of fruit. They have fivcral handfomcpublic build- ings, fuchas the gre-atchurch : the ftadt-houfc, tliehofpitals, the fpinhoufe or houfeof correftion, tlic peft-lioufe, Chi- ncle hofpital, the houfe nf artilans, Jcc. And there arc two churches built for the refc mcd Portugucfe, and ano- thcf for the Malays ; but tlicy do not allow either the Pa- pills ut Lutherans tlie public excrcifc of their tdigion. 2 'The fort itandi upon tke iteii fuh) of the iHy, and colu» fnandt both 'he (own •! d road : it it very large, and h«» four royal batliont faced with ftone, but Itat no moat ex> acpt th* itnalt, which lye at fmnc dillance from the ram- part« may have been niiOakcn for moata : ihcy are about twcnty-hve feet broad, and fordable ia moft placet ; the irsfide of tlie fort it crowded with buildirigi, there ^ < , the general's houfe, ai w«lt as tlie houfci ofinoft o^ ' .prin- cipal oflicert, and com|taiiiei fervauti : in tb«. ..4dale ol the city there is a large tijuare, which fervct at a parade for the gairifon, on the well fide of which ftandt the great church, on the fonth the ftadt-houfc, on the north a fine range of baiUinga, and ou the eaft' it one of their great canals : tticre are al' eial fpactoui market-places in tli« city. Ihe ftiburl > 1 almoft half a league into the uiuntry, and Ibrir i.,>ii larger than the former but nut fo couiiiail \ bciiik intermixed with kitchen gardens and orchards. Here the Chinefe chiefly live, and lure Ihvy have their temples and burying ulaces, and Ihe free excr- cifc of tlurii rct'tcioit, which it denied the Lutheran Pro- tcllants. In this part of the town alfo live the Malays, .ind native JavaiM, and other nations wkich the Dutch have tranfplanted from Baiida, .Amlniyna, &c. I'hcic ate Imall forti, erefted every way, at two or three leaguc!> dif- tancc fioro the town, lo dcVciid the avenues i the Duleli being confcious tluit the king uf Mataian and the n.itivci would lay I ddof any opportunity of rcpolleiring thcm- fclvet of their country, and driving tlic tlullandeta from their coaftt, however they way Icem to acquifce and tacitly confcnt, according to tlic n.idt in phrafe, to be intuited and tyrannized over by the Dutch, there it not a nation in India but would gladly throw of the yoke, and declare in behalf of liberty, and for any prince who Ihould come to their relief The iieople who inlwi'iit the city and fuburbs of Ba- tavia being foriiwd oti various nation.1, who all prelerve the drelles, modes, Diid cuAoiUi of their refpef\ivc countries, they confequcntly exhibit a very {Iraiigc appearance i wc ihall therefiire, for the information uf our readeis, give a patticulai defcription of them. The Chinefe do not only drive the gre.-iteft retale trade here, but are many of ttirm gooj mechanics ^ they alfo generally farm the fdliery, cxcifc and cudoms, and apply theaifclvcs tu huibaiidry and gardening i to manure and cultivate the rice, cotton and fugars which grow in the fields, alKiut Batavia ai>d other grt-.-tf townt ; and exceeding the Dutch, it is faid, in their tliriftiiwfi, as well as iu co7.ening aiul over-reaching thofe they deal with. They drefs in a vcft and gown of fillc or calicoc, after the fafliion of their country, and wear their liair wound up in a roll, on the hinder part of the head, and faftncd with bodkins ^ ibr which every otu: pays a certain tribute to tlic Dutch. The Dutch company, however, allow foinc privilege* to the Cliincfc , for tlicy have not only a governor (if their own nation, who manages their affairs, but arc alfo allowed a rcprefcntative in the council. They briiig tea and poree- lanc hither from China i but they who are cmpluyed for this purpofe, muft nut continue on the in;uut lon«cr thaii fix months. They have fingular maxims in the inteinient of their dead ; for they will never open the fame grave wlicrcany oiic has been buried , their burial grounds, therefore, in the neighbourhood -^f Batavia cover a prodi- gious fpace of ground, for which the Dutdi make them jay large funis. In order to prelerve the body they make the coffin of very thick wood, not with planks faftened together, but cut out ofa folid piece like a canoe; the coffin, being covered and put into the grave, is furrounded with a kind of mort.tr al^out eight inches thick, which in time becomes as hard as ilonc A great nuu\ber ol weep- ing women, hired on purpofe, attcitd the funeral, befides the rclatioiu of t'- .- deceafed. In Batavia, the law reijuires that every man fhould b<; buried according to his rank; f(» that if tl>c deceafed has not left money funicicnt to pay his funeral expcnces,an officer takes an inventory of his goods, which arc fold, and out of the produce he buries him iia the rrunncr prefcribed. The grcateft merchants here are tlie Dutch, who are alfo very good itKchanics 1 they keep tlie chief inns and mull places of public entertaiiinient. They pay two reals a montii for their licence, and fevcuty for eveiy pipe they fell of Spanilh wine : hut thefe inn keepers are far from being obliging to theirguefts, and particularly to foreigners. Here arc great numbers of Portuguc.^ ; and in order to dif(ingui(h them from other Europeans, they are called by the natives Oian-ferante, or Nazarene men. They iu general fpcak the Malayan language, but fome of them a corrupt "-li^f--L,- -aLiV «t|^^fi|§S»' ',.\i ^ «?>^ ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I -lis mi4 1^ 12.2 '*' ™ !l!!l2.o "^l 1.8 1-25 11.4 ill 1.6 \ ^ J* ■> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 "^ ^ ^-^^ It^ ;<■ ,.;;-'^;j, ■i-';.'^:. fiK 'V 1*. r 1 .■»-,4' 4' aK^ f, «■.?»? ■•^^j'^i- f i r*-''^»*^''i^.,. i-'- ■*-,. 'jTr ,% tASrA.3 J A corrupt dialeA of the Portug«»le ; ind they have ill re- nounced their relicion, by profefling the principles of L\i- tlier. They are uiiefly employed in the moft fervile offi* cei : feme of them are handicraftfmeni otliers get their living by hunting, and the greateft number by wafliing linen. I'hey have fo clofely folic vtred tlie cuitoins and manneri of the Indians, that they are only Jiiiinguilhed from them by their features and complexion, their nation, namely, milled and unmilled, the former of which ii of moil value ; a milled ducatoon is worth eighty ftivers, bnt an unmilled one is not worth more ttum feventy-two. All accounts are kept in rix dollars and flivers which are here merely nominal coins, like our pouoda flerlhig. The Dutch, befidcs their land forces, which ate very ' nnmcrous, have men of war fuflicient to engage any Heets they are likely to meet with on the litdian feas i and firom. their great ftrength and importance in tliis part of the globe, they afiume the title of " Sovereigns of all the feas, mm the Cape of Good Hope eaftward, to Cape Horn in America." Chercbon is fituate about eighty miles caft of Batavi^: it it a place of coitfiderabie extent, and where the Dutch ham a Mtory. The country is very fertile, and produces moft kiada of provifiont, particularly rice. The inha- bitantt are under the dominion of four great loidt, called fulbnt, one of whom it particularly attadied to the Dutch, and fer that reafon it difiinguilhed from the reft by the name of the company's fultan. The reft, indeed, may not be undeftrvingof the like epithet, as tlwy are in alli- ance with the Dutch, whole friendlhip they endeavour to preferve, and whom Aey confider as their me ptote^^ma ; tor had it not bcoi for them, thefe petty princes would have been reduced to the fubjcAion ofthe king of Bantam, who made inroads on their luftrid, but was repalfed hy the interpofition of the Dutch. Since this circumftance, the fultans have teflified their gratitude by ^nting many dif- tinguiihe'd privileges to their proteAors m thefe dominions. The chief perion belonging to the Dutch laAory here it called the rradent, who correfponds with the governor general of Batavia, but is folelv mdepeiMlam of any otlier officer. Here is a good fort, wnere the Datch have a gar- rifini coniifti/ig of eighty men ; about a mile and a half from which is a large temple containing the tombs of fe- veral of the princes of Chercbon. It is a lofty building of variegated ftones, and very el^antly ornamented within. The genenditv of their prieua relidc near this temple, the wholeorder of whom arc treattd with the moftdiiiii^ilhed refpeA by the inhabitants. We mall promal to the defeription of Palamboan and Mataram, the lam of which is fubjed to the Dutdi. Palamboan, the capital of the kingdom of that name, is iitaatc in one hundred and fourteen degree* of eaftem longitude, and in feven degrees thirty minutes fouth Uti- tudc, on the ftfaights of Bally, through which the Eaft- India fbipt fometimea pafs, when they are homeward bound firom Borneo ; fuch Ihips touch at the town of Pa- lamboan for fivlh water and provifions ; but the furf often beaflk with fuch violence on the fliorc, that makes it difK- e«h Watering there. This kingdom, which it indcpendant of the Dutch, lie* at the (outh-eaft end of Java, in a pleafant country watered with feveral rivulets, which fall on each fide of the town into tlie neighbouring ftraights. The rajah, oir king of this country, generally refides either at PaUmboan, or at a fort fifteen miles from tlie fea. His domioioa reaches firom the eaft end of Java, eighty miles along the fouth coaft, and about (ixty nules from north to fouth i oat its extent up the country is not knowik. This king- dom is faid to produce gold, pepper and cotton, alfo rice, Indian com, roots, and garden nulF. Their animals are, horfrs, bofRtloes, oxen, deer, and goats, and they have neat plenty of ducks, geefe, and other forts of poultry. The fovereign and his fnbjeAs are Pagans, but there are fome Mahometans among tliem, and a few Cliinefe. Mataiam, when in its moft tlourifhing flate, extended ita dominion over the whole ifland, and even now takes ..CJ* tiu r |wt v> at : thai kuiguuiu Was (ne lau la tlie iHand which the Dutch reduced under their govern* incut i having continued its ftruggles for Independency till the year 1 704, when the Dutch took the advantage of an opportunity that oftred in a difpute relative to the fuc - ceflion of the crown, between the foA and brother of the deceafed fovereign. T hele two rivals produMd an univer< fal divifion in the nation. He who was indtlcd to tlur crown by order of fuccelfion had fe much the advantagt over bit antagonift, that had it not been for the DukIi, who declared in favour of his rival, he would certainly have poflefled himlelf of the fupremcpftwer. After a fe«> ries of conteits, the party efpoufed by the Dutcli at length prevailed : the young prince was depTi\'cdof liis fuccefTioni and his uncle, who was unworthy of the chataAcr, af* fumed the fovereignty. The company, after the death of this prince, placed th# legal heir on the throne, and diAated fvcii laws to him at riiey thought heft calculated to anfwer their finifier pur' poles. They cbofe the place where his court was to b» fixed, and fecured his attachment by erefting a caftle, ia which a guard was kept with no other apparent view than to proteA the prince. They employed every artifice to lull his attention by pleafures, made him valuable prefcntst' and foothad him by potnpous embaflies. From this time the prince andliis fucceflors have become mere took ofthe company. The ncceifiiry proteAion allowed them by tlie company confifts of three hundred horfe and four hundred foot ; but the eapences the company are at on this account are amply repaid by the advantages that acci ue to them. The barboars aflbrd docks for building all the fmall^ veffeb employed in die fervice ; and they are fupplied firom hence with the chief part of the timber' that is ufed in their ve^iedive fetdements. Befides thefe advantages, th«r are- fiiraiflied with various produAions of the country at nipu« lated prices, which are fo low at to be extremely profitable to them. This country is in general very fertile, and prodncet great Quantities of rice, as alfo plenty of fruit. Thers are alfo various forts of animals, particularly horfet, ihcep, goatt, and remarkable large oxen. The rivers abound witfa< fifh, and the woodt produce great plenty of game : ovttho' moft viluable articles in this kingdom are, rice, pepper, cadiang, cotton, yam, cardamum and indigo ; tLe latter of which IS efteemed to be as good in quality at any found ia. tbitpart of the world. The refidence of die kin^ is nfually at Mataram, dw capital af the kingdom. His palace is a very handibmv. fpacioH^IWlding adjoining to which are aiany good houfeK . belongii^to his nobles, who continually wait on him, and tbegreaiefi honuge is paid him by hit lubjeAs iu general ; for though thefe princes are vaffids, vet they are permitted to live ia m great ftate u when tlwy were inoep^dant monarcht; «id tkeotderk of the Dutch are alvr cuted in their names. They therefore aflnme \ f not inferior to diat of the moft defpotic prince, *. ~ ujo. they go'kbroad, a very lUftii^ifhita mark af loyalty ii be- fiowedonthem. Japan is tlie bfl place of importance that remaini to be mentioned in diis ifland : it ia fituated at the bottom of an emiiKnce called the Invincible Motmlain, on dM tap- or which is a fort built Of woe<*. It is a very conftdetabm i town, andJhas a good road figured by two fmall iflandt. : The Engflm had once a faAory here, out they were driven . fiam it ^ dK Portugucfe, wIm at that time wera maf> ten of the place, nis country producetalnioft every ne- ceffiiry of life, efpecially cattle, hogs, and poultiy : they . ktve alio great plenty et rice, with various forts of the moll delicious fruits ; ano their waters abound with the beft off) fifh. But the moft valuable commodities here ate pepper,.; ginger, cinnamon, and indipo. In the woodt and moan* taint are feveral kindt of wild beafts, at buflalocs, fiagt, tygert, aiul rhinoceros's : thr latter of thefe the natiTe* bunt fior the fake of their lioms, which ate much admired, becaufe they will not contain poifon ; for they will Mn« mediately break to |nece« if any fuch compofittga ia put into them. With re^ft to the lutiveK of this couatry, they very much refemblc thofe of other Indian nations, aad have tha> fame kind of cuftoms and ceremonies. They are fond of public diverfioiu, particuUriy the reptefentation of come* dies, which lutucipally coiutfts in linging and dancings and they are luch flaves to cock-fighting, mat by the lam . funu they bet, they arc frequendy tedaced to the moft ab»i jeA diftrefi and poverty, ': The Japarans are chtefty of the Mafaomelan leligioa, as is alfo the king, who generally refidts at a place called Katiaiora,. where me i.iutch hav» a fort and gartiiaSb Thia . ■•::■',•;>' m '^f^ " . "! « T ,<.. d*^* - • ' 'SffJ.- -???*:=•: ..■,A-,- .; ■> ,;i .■«,. :.^-.*':- "•■-;*■. '.-:'•*;: .■5? *»*,;'•>■ % :, >i. 1r ^JT"'' :-.*'.. [ASIA.] ' C E Thi« |>rince reigns ablblule among hit fubjcAi, lAo tte very faithful to nini, and pay htm the greaccft homage. Like moft esAcrn mouarchi, he ii conftantly attended oy women, and takes as many wives and concubines as be tliinks proper. When his courtiers obtain an audience, they approach him witli the profoundcft humility ; and «yen his pricfts fo revere him, that feme of them go in pilgrimage to Mecca, to make vows, and pray for bis prof- peritv, and that of his family andgoTernment. I'lie ifland of Ballv, or the Lefler Java, is only divided '^rom the lareer ifland Wthe Araights of Bally i and eaflward «f this arc the iflands Lambock, Combava, Ftores, Solor, I'imor, and i'everal more, upon which the Dutch have forts and fettlements, and take the libetty of governing and even tranfplanting the natives whenever they pleafe : from hence they freonently recruit their troops, and thus make one nation of Indians contribute to keep another in fubjeAion. Timor is the largeft of thefe iflands, being about two hundred miles in length, and fifty in breadth, and divided into feveral petty dates, which the Dutch oppofe againft one another, and by that means govern the whole. It bu not -any navigable rivers or harbour;, but there are feveral com • ' modious bays. The Portuguefe had formerly colonies here, whofc defcendants are now fo intermixed with the original natives, that they are fcarce to be diftingnifhed from them, efpeciallyas they nrofefs the fame religion. The principal Kingdoms in this ifland are Namouimal, Lortriby, Pobuinby, and Amaby; each of Which nas an tndependant and ablblute foveieign : thefe h»ve feveral ra- jahs and other diftin^ilhed olhcers under them ; all of whom, with their fubjcAt in general, pay them the greateft homage. Each kingdom has a language peculiar to itfelf, but the manners and cuftoms of the inhabitants differ but little. There arc f'jme Pagans and Mahometans ftiU re- maining, and the Ghinefe come hither to trade onceayear : the inhabitant* are fo very fwarthy, that tliey are d about one hun- dred and forty in breadth. It it for the moft part a mountainon* c own ti y, covered with wood i but there are feretal (iruitfiil plain* and va(^ lies, well watered by rrraktt. The moft remailcable mountain, which ftand* on the foudi-fide of Conduda, the lume of the northern divifion, is by the ludve* called Han«del,and by the European*, Adain'sPeak, beingof apy. ramidal form, only on the top is a littk rocky plain, win a print of a man'* root on it, near two feet long, to whict| the native* come in pi^m^ once a year to wotihip tho impitflion, having a tiadition, according to fome that dieir god Buddow afcended to Iwaven from hence, leaving thia print of his foot, which the Portuguefe, when they pof- fefled this ifland, called Adam's Foot, and the monntaii^ Pico de Adam, other* ^rm, that it received its name from a tradition of the natives, diat Adam was created and buried here. In this mountain rife the principal river*, which run into the fea in difllerentdireAions. The largeft of thefe is the Mavitlagonga, which runs north-eaftofth» cities of Candy and AUmeur, difcharging itfelf into th« ocean at Trincom'jle. Thefe rivers run with fuch rapi- dity, and are fo fntl of rocks, that none of them are navig- al'ii^: the rains, which lu^n when the fun it vertical, i B incnaft 'Wfe ./^s 190 TiiE NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. intreiifc tlieir wntrii, ami cicatc abuiulance of torrcnti, »liichar(! not vilililciii tlic dry fcalbii. 'I'lic air it for llic niotl pait !ii.iillli(i;l, cvci'pt luar tlic fca, and the iiortli part of^tlic illaiul, wlitic till - have nu Ipriiigs, or livcrj; aiiU iftlic rain fails thiin, thi'y au- l.irt to be alllifleJ \vitli I'a- luific elonging to the Eaft India company -, and four iliouHuid (laves liavr their butt Iictwecn the callle and the lea. lite Uutcli have two ' hofpitaU here : one fur the lick and wouiuled, and another for the orphans ; aj the boys grow up, tlwy are entered into the fea and land-fcrvicc; arufthe girliare married at twelve or thirteen years of age ; and they have a Malabarian fchool for teaching tlie Indian lartguage. 3. Negunibo, ' which is alfo a port town, lie* about twcntyifivc miles nortli of Cohimbo. 4. Cltillao^ one of the harbours of tlie coaft, is fituMe twenty miles north of Kegumbo. j. JaiTnapatan, the capital of the province of JaiFna- patan, the northern divilion of this iflaiid, is regularly ' ibrtiiied 1 for though there is no cinnamon in this part of the ifland, the Dutch have fortified it aU round, to prevent any other nation fending colonies thithe^. 6. Trincoraalc is fituatc on the eaft ftde of tlte Hland, about eighty miles fouth of Panta Pedra, the mod nor- therly promontory of the ifland. 7. Battadalao is another foruefs, fifty miles fouth of tlK former. Beddcithefe towns, there are the fcvcn little iilands of Ourature, Xho, Diifcrha, Aiialativa, Caradiva, Pongar- 'diva, and Nainandiva. Thecountry villages of the natives are very irregular, not laid out into flreets, but every man indoles a fpot of ground with a bank or pale fuitabic to his circumflances, and there are frequently twenty or tliirty of tljefe cnclo- fures pretty near together. The buildings are mean, the hoafes of the generality of the people low thatched cottfiges confifting of one or two grouiM rooms, the fides are fptin- tcred witu ratans Or cane, whicb they do not always cover witlicl^y, andifthcydo, itfecms, tlieyare not permitted to white-wafh them, this being a royal privilege. The better fort of people have a f.juare iii the middje of their Iioufes, and as many rooms on titc fides of it as ^le (lum- ber of the family requires, witli banks of earth raifcd a va;°d high above tliis fauarc court, on which they fit crofs- legged, and e^t it p4rpct«ally. lit maket their lips very red, of which Hhcy are prond, and this may be one reafoii of their taking it ; bat there is nothing in the talle that ftioald invite one to life it, though it be uni- verfally chewed by all degrees of people, and is tlie litft thing offered a ftranger when lie makes a vifit. \ 1 he women wear tlieir hair long without any covering and make it llune with cocoa-nut oil, as they do on the neighbouring continent; though this oil has a very firong fmell, perhaps the lutives efteem it a perfume, for cuftom will bring people to like almoft any thing. The women arc dreflcd in a calico waiftcoat, which difcovers their Ihapc, and they wrap a piece of calico about them, which tails below their knees, and docs the fervice of a pettiridc's cloatlis, is, that (he and her friends irwy be fatisficd with rcfpcft to the man's circuin< fiances. They arc permitted to part from each other wlicnever tlifv pliafr ; but if there arc ?.\i\ children, the nun is- obliged to maintain the boys, and the wonviii tin- girls ; II »Ud knd that tim won occa habi kin( to I time talle grov pciic ttrii Uieti liter-,.. V A S I A.J C E knd they are To fond of availing themfclvet of thii libetty. that fomo of them have been known to change a dozen timci. The profeflion of a midwife ii unknown, u the women in general arc both qualified and willing on that occafion to afliU each other. Thii iHand nroducei rice, the common food of the in- habitant! in all hot countries : of thit they have fevcral kinds ; one of them will be fcven months before it coones to maturity, foiiie fix, and others five between the feed time and harvcfl ; that which grows fafteft is tlie hell tailed, but yields the lead increafe ; and as all forts of i ice grows in water, the inhabitants are at stcat labour and ex- pcnce in levelling the ground they dchgu for tillage, and making channels from their wells and repofitories uf wa- ter, to convey to thefe fields : they cut out the fides of their hills from tup to bottom, into little level plains, oik abdvc another, that the water (hall (land in them till the corn is ripe, and thefe l(;vels not l)eing more that fix or eight feet wide, many of them look like ilairs to afccnd the mountain at a little didance. In the north part of the ifland, wlicre tliece are few fprings, they favc the rain wa- tcr in great ponds, or tanqucs, of a mile in compafi, in the time of the monfoons, as they do on the continent of India, and when their fields are (own, let it down into them gradually, fo that it may hold out till harvell. They do not thrath, but tread out their corn with oxen knd bu(raloes, frequently in the field where it grows : as foon as it is reaped they lay out a round fpot of ground for this purpofe, about twenty-five kct over, which they diga foot and a half deep, and the women, whofe bufi- hels it is, bring the corn in bundles on their heads, after which the cattle arc driven round the pit till they have trampled it out of the flraw ; then a new floor is laid, and with half a dozen oxen they will trample out forty or fifty bulhcis in a day. Before they begin to tread out the corn they always perform fome religious ceremony, and apply to their idols for ablclTingon their labours. They liave feveral otlier kinds of grulu, whi'^h they eat tjf the latter end of the year, when rice begins to lie fcarcej and particularly coracin, wUicli is as finall as muOard-fced, Which they beat or grind into Hour and make cakes of. I'liis grain grows on dry cround, and is ripe within three or four months after it is (own. (They have another kind, called tanna, as fmall as caracan, every feed whereof (hoots out four or five (lalks, which have each an ear, and are (aid to multiply a thoufand for one. The women, who do the Rreatcft part of the harvcft work, cut off only the ears of it when it is ripe, and carry it home in balkcts. This is very dry food, and only eaten when rice is i)ot to Ik had. They have alfo a feed called toUa, of which they make oil, and anoint themfclv(;s witli it. Htrc arc great variety of fruits, but the natives feldom Mt them ripe, or cultivate any, but tliot'e which fcrve to make pickles for their foup or currec, and fauces, when they are green, to eat wttli tlitrir ric-.-. The betel- nut fo often mentioned, they have great plenty of, which they ufcd to export to the coall of Cormandel to great advan- tage, before the Dutdi excluded them from aU trade witli foreigners. The fruit called Ucka is part of their food ; t!icy grow upon large trees, arc of a roiinJ lliapc, and as big as a iKck loaf; being covered with a green prickly rind ; tlicy have feeds dr kernels in them as big as a chelnut, and in colour and tafte like tliem. They gather thefe jackas be- fore they arc ripe, and boil tlieni, and they eat much like cabbage : if they let tliem grovv till they arc ripe they arc v^ry good to eat raw ; they roaft the kernel in tnc cmlwrs, and caVry witli them, when they take a journey, fur tlieir provifion. There is another fruit called iambo, which is very juicy, and taftes like an apple, it is white, (Ircakcd with red, and looks very beautiful -, they have alfo fome fruits which re- femble our plumbs and clierries ; nor do tltey want any of the common Indian fruits, fuch as mangoes, cocoas, pinc- .npplcs, melons, pome|;ran3te^, oranges of feveral forts, citrons, limes, fic. They fr6]ucntly dedicate their fruit trees to fome daemon, to prevent their being (lolen ; after which their neighbours dare not touch tliem, left tlic de- mon, to which they are devoted, Ihould punilh them for the tlieft ; and before the owner eats of it himfelf, he of- fers jiatt of it to the idol. '1 heir kitchen gardens are well ftoicd with roots, plants, and herbs, for t)ie Portugucfe and Dutch have introduced almoft all m.inner of European plants that grow in our kitchen gardens. They alfo abound in incdiciiial lierhc. which they know very well how to applyt and with which tbey perform many notable cures. 1 f^. 191 Here are alfo flower* of various colours and t delicious fcent, which grow fpontaneoully, but are never cultivated, with thefe, the young people of both (exes adorn their hair. Among others, they have white and red rofes, as fwcet and beautiful as thofe of Europe, and a white flower refeinbling jafmine, which the king referves for his own ufe, no fubjeA bcine allowed to wear it. I'here it ano- ther flower, which it obferved to open about four every evening, and clufe again about four in the mortiing. Among their trect the talipot is much taken notice of, which growi very tall and Urait, a leaf of which will co- ver fifteen or twenty men, and will told up like a fan ; they wear a |>iece ot it on their heads on a journey, iti Ikrecn them irom the fun : thefe leaves are fo tough, that they make their way with tliem through the bufhei arut thickets without tearing them i they ferve the foldien for tentt to lie under in the field. There is a tree called kettule, a kind of palm, at high as a cocoa tree, from whence they draw a pleafant liquor, but not flrong; an ordinary tree yielding three or four gal- Ions a day, and when boiled, makes a kind of brown fu- gar, called jaggory ; the wood of this tree is bUck, lurd; ana very heavy. The tree of^ moft ineftimabic valile to the Dutch, ai it was formerly to the Arabs and the I'ortuguefc, it the cin- namon, which is found in no other country, but growi commonly in the woods, on the foutli wck part of the ifland. This tree is of a middle fize, and hat a leaf of the form of a laurel leaf. When the leaves firft appear, they arc as red at fcarlet, ahd being rubbed between the fingers, fmell like doves. It bears a fruit like an acom> which neither finells nor taftes like the bark ; but if boiled in water, an oil Iwims on the top, which fmells fweetly, and is ul'cd in ointment in feveral diftempers ; but as they have grc.it plenty of it, they frcaucntly burn it in their lamps. 'J'hc tree having two barks, they ftrip off the outfidc bark, which is good for little, and then cut the in- ner bilk round the tree with a pruning-knife: after whicll they cut it lung ways in little (lips, and .ifter they have llrijipcd tliele pieces off, lay tliein in the fun to dry, and they loll up in the manner we fee them brought over. The body of the tree is white, andl'erves for building and other ul'cs, but has not the fmell ur tafte the bark has. When the wind lets off the ilUnd, the cinnamon groves perfume the air for many miles out at f;.-;, of which we n.-ive inconteftable evidence; probably, it is at that time of vcar, when the cinnamon trees are in bloflum. I'his ifland abounds in elephants uf a \ery large fize t thev have alfo oxen and buffaloes, deer, hogs and goatsi and fome wild beafts, with monkiet in abundance ; but they had ncitlier horfes, affcs, or (beep, till they were im- ported by the Europeans, nor have they anylions or wolves; and here is an animal in all refpe^ls like a deer, but not bigger than a hare : tlie wild elephants feed upOh the ten- der twigs of trees, corn and grafs. -t is growing, and do the liulbandmen a great deal of .. i\.' '•'(, by trampling down their corn, ai well as eating it, nd breaking and fpoiling their trees. The monkies have black fices, and white lieards, very much refemblingold men. Alligators, or crocodiles, abound here, and ferpents of a monftrous fize : but the ftory of the fnake tliat Iwallowed a ftag with the horns, does not deferve much credit, efpecially as Mr. Knox, who relates it, had it by hcarfay, and never met with one above tlic common fize, though he redded in the idand twenty years. Vermin and infeAs are very numerous here, particularly ants, which eat every thing they come at, except iron and other minerals as hard. Flicir houfes arc peftered with them ; if a dilh of meat is fet down, it is immediately full of ants : in the fields they raife hills fix feet high, of a fiurc w'ulte clay, fo hard, that a pick-ax will hardly demo- ilh them ; and of this clay it is that the priefts frequently form tlieir idols : thefe inlefts are not long-lived ; when they are full grown they have wings, and tly up in fuch clouds, that they intercept die light of the fun ; loon after whidithey fall down dead, and arc eaten by fowls, who de- vour them alfo at other times, or there would be no hving atq\iiettbrthem. -^ J"hc common fort of bees build in hollow trees, or in holes of tlie rocks ; but tlicre are much larger bees, of i more lively colour, which form their combs upon the high boughs of trqes, and at the- feafon for taking them, the country people go out into the woods andtake their honey. Inthcleafon when the raini begin to fall, thev are troubled v.-itls little red lucchci, -vvhich ire not *t nril much bigger than a hair : tbtle run up peoples bare Icp as thev trivcl, and, fixing tlicmfelves there, .ate r.ote.illlv remo\e4 i ■ 'it**'- .4,:. THt NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSt^EM or GEOGRAPHY. 191 till the blood funi about ibeir hceli. I'hc Ixfl renwdjr aaitinlt tlicir biu i>t to rub thtir legi witha comporiiion of aino, lenion-juicr, aniUf It. The bite of thuif creature ia fo tar from being attertded with any ill coiifequencei, that thii bleeding is elteenied very wholefome. Their Ibwii are geefe, dacki, turkiei, hcnt, woodcncki, parti idgei, pidgeons, fnipei, wild pcacuckt, piirronucti, and abcuutil'ul I'parrow aa white ai fnow, all but hit licad, which ii black, and a plume of feather* flanditig upright tip 111 it, the tail ii afoot long. The II itivci of thit idand make (avoury foupt of flelh or fi(h, which they eat with their rice; people of condi- tion uiU iiavc feveral dilhct at tlkcir tabici, hut lliey coii- firt chiefly of rice, foiipi, hiirhi, and gnrdcn ttuff: they eat but little flelh or flih. llieir meat i* cut into little fijuare piccei, and two or three ouncei of N laid on the fide of the dilh by tlicir rice, and, being feal'oiied very high, civet a rclilh to the infipid rice. They ul'e no kiiivci or fotkt, but have ladles and fpoont, iiude of the cocoa-nut ihell i their platci are of brafs or china ware : tlic poor people have a b.oad leaf inllead of a pUte, and fomctimct icveial leaves Icwcd together with benta, where broad onei are not to be had. Water if their ufual drink, which they pour out of a crucc or bottle, holding; it more than a foot above their heads : fome of thcni will fwallow near a quart of water in this manner without gulping once. They draw arrack and fpiritt from rice ; but there is nei- ther wine nor beer made in thit country. They ne- ver eat beef, tlic bull and cow being objrfia of adoration here. Neilber the people in high, or low (lation eat with their wivei. The man (its down by himfelf, and, when he has done, the women and children are allowed to eat. In this wtiody and mountainous country there are no wheel carriages,' ualeft what belong to the Dutch near the fea coaft. The baggage is ufoally carried \}\Kin the backs of their llavet. Calico or cotton cloths, which they fpin or weave, are the chief nianufa£)ure here 1 they make alfo brafs, copper, and eartham veiFcls, fwords, knives, and working-tools ufcd by fmithi, carpenten, and hulbandmen ; goldfmiths work, painting, and carving, arc alfo performed tolerably well, and they now nuke pretty good fire-armi. Wc may trace tlieir foreign trade up to the earlicft ages. They fupplied Perlia, Arabia, Egypt, and Ethiopia with tlieir fpices, before Jacob went down into Egypt, which is above three tlioufand years fince, as appears by the hiftory of Jofeph's being fold to the Khmaclite merchants, who were travelling with acaravan acrofs Arabia to Egypt with the fpices of India, of which the cinnamon of Ceylon, that bet near the aoaft of Hither India, was no doubt the chief: fo profitable was this branch of trade, that all the nations above-mentioned fent colonics hither, whofe de- fci'iidaiirs were planted here when the Portuguefe firft vi- fitfd thefc coafls. The PArtuguefe language is fpokcn upon the coaft ; tlie natives, however, have a language of their own, which comes nearefl to that fpoken on the Malabar coaft ; and tlierc is a dead language only fpoken by their bramint or pricfls, in which £e Books relating to their religion are written. I'hcy write upon the leaves of the talipot cut into piecei of three fingers broad, and two feet long, with a ftctl ilyle or bodkin. Th^ luve long ftudied aAronomy, winch tliry learnt from the Arabian colonics which lettled on thefc coaiis, and foretell eclipfct, pretty exactly. They are great pretenders alfo to aftrology, and by the planets calculate nativities, foretell future eventi, and diredt people when will be the moft Incky da^t to enter upon any affair of moment, or to begin a journey -, and they find men weak enough to be impoled upon, if they have been never lb often diuppointed. Tlieir year is divided into three hundred and fixty-five days, and every day into thirty pays or parts, and their ni);ht into as many ; aivd they have a little copper dilh, with a hole at ilic bottoni of it, which being put empty into a tub of water, Is filled during one of their pays, when it fmks, and then it i^ piu in the water again to meafurc another pay ; for they lu^ e neither f(ui- dials nor clocks. Any of the male cinglafles may indifferently charge another within hearing (as we do the coaftablcs) to aid thcin in execution of their duty, or upon any emergency ; but tiie women are not permitted to mention the king's name, upon tlic fevere penalty of having tlieir tongues cut out for the olfcnce. • In Ceylon, the criminals are frequently impaled alive, otiiers have ftakes driven through theirbodics, fome are hung upon uees, and many are worried by dogs, who ate ' 3 fo accuflonied to the horrid butchery, tluU, on the day* appointed for the dc-ith of criminals, they, by certain totent, run to the place of execution. Hut the molk r(> markable criminal punilhment is infliAed by the king himfelf, who rides an elephant trained up on purpofe : the beaft tramples the unhappy wretch to death, auJ teari him limb from limb. Some are punilhed by fines and imprifonment, at the dif> cretion of the judges. When tlie fine is decreed, IIm officers li:izclhe culpiit, where-cver they meet him, Orip him naked, his cloaths going as part of the payment, and oblige him to carry a large Aone, the weigtit being daily iiKreafcd by the addition of others that are fm^ller, tiO tlie money it (ither paid or remitted. Soinetiniet a rrcditor will go to the houfe of tht debtori and very gravely affirm, that if he docs not dilcharge the debt he owes him immediately, hewilldeftroy liiiiifelfi this fo terrifies the other, that tic infl^ntly colleAt all the money he can, even felling hit wife and children rather than be dcfKieiit, and psyt the fum demanded. Thit it owing to a law, which Ipecifict, that, if any man deftroyi himfelf on account of a debt not being difcliarged, tne debtor (hall immediately pay the money to the (nrviving rclationt, and forfeit hit own life, unleii he hit able to re- deem it by the payment of a very large fum to the king. They have two modes of deciding coiitroverfies, tlie one is by imprecating curfes to fall upon them if they do not fpeak the truth ; and by the other, both pcrfoiit ate obliged to put their fingers into boiling oil, when the perfon who can bear the pain the longeft, and with the leaft appear- ance of being affcQed, ii deemed innocent. They have, however, methods of evading both thefe lawi) the firft, by ufing ambiguous expreffions ; and the latter, by certain preparatioiu, which prevent the oil from doing titem any injury. It IS not lawful to beatawoman without permiflion from the kine, fo that they may tliank hit majefty for all tlie blowt they f,ct. But they may be made to carry heavy balkett of^ land upon their heads at long as the punilher pleafes, which it much more dreadful to them than a hearty drubbing. The circumflancet of the children depend upon thofe of the mother ; for if the mother it a free wo- man, tliey are free ; but if ihe it a Have, they ue alway* vafliils. As to phyfic, every one almoft underfiandt the common remedies, applying herbs or roots, accordine to the nature of the complaint, and they have an herb which cures the bite of a tnake ; but there are neither phyiiciant or fur- geont amongft tlieni, wh* make a profcflion of thit fcience. As they abound in poifonous herbs and plants, fo they have others that are antidotes againft them. Their dil- eafcs arc chiefly fevers, fluxes, and the fmall-pox. They never bleed except when leaches feize them in the wet feafon, as has been mentioned already, from whidi they acknowledge they have, fometimet received great benefit. The natives worlhip God, hut make no image of him ; however they have idols, which arc teprefentatives of fome great men _ that formerly liTcd upoi>e»th, and are now, they imagine, mediators for them to tlie fupreme God of heaven. Thechief oftliefe demi-godsis Buiidow, who, according to their tradition, originally came from heaven to procure tlie happineft of men, and afcended thi- ther again from Adam's Mountain already mentioned, leaving the imprcflion of his foot on tlie rocK. They are faid likewife to worihip the devil, tliat he Ihould do them no mifchief ; and inotJicr of their favourite idols is tlie tooth of a monkey. They worfliip alfo the fun and moon, and other planets. Every town has its tutelar de- mon, and every family their houlhold god befides, to whom they build chapeU in their courts, facrifice and pay their devotions every morning', but to the fupreme God thev ereft no templet or altars. There are three dafles of idols, and as many orders of priefll, who have their (e\9- ral temples, and to which cftates in lands are appropri^itcd. I'hc god Buddow already mentioned, is tlie chief of thefa fuboi^inate deities, and his prieOs in the greatell eflecm, being all of the higheft caft or tribe in the nation. They wear a yellow veil and mantle, their heads fliaved, and their beards ^row to a great leiigtb. Their difciples fall down on their fjKcs before them ; and they have a Aoul to fit on wherever they vifit, which it an honour only fhcwn to their princes and magiftrates. Tliefe priefts have no commerce witli women, drinV no ftrong liquor, and eat only one 'meal a day, but are debarred fi-om ru) t)elH except beef. Tlif y are ftiled font of the god Buddow, and cannot ' be called to accoMii.t by ths »en!- poral power, whatever crimes the; coni.iiiit. T^hcr* [ASi^A^ I /.- If A -t Th«N '» • ^beon4 onkk of pm0» iltmk oJit MH i in th« MmIm of oihtr kiotti thefi im allow«4 tomtiMt My feeaW MnploynMnt, ind are not diftinguilbM from .th« hity by ihelr habit, but havcv hofwmtr, > csriiirt rtvmM. Evtnr morning mi4 evening ihnr Mttiul dM ftrvictef tlMir^ MmplMt and when the jMOf to mritin tin aralifhiiii, tb* prieft prtfeiit* them before thoidoJ, utA Ihih 4eU««tN liwin to tM <1ngiMg men hkI mmmm, Kn4 ethn fmtnu thai belong to the tempir, tnd M liit poor that cons to orr- fcrm their aevotieni, who eat the noviiiah i no tieOi it ever racrificnl to the ideli of thi* cUfi. I'he third order of prlcAi have no fe yi nu ea» but bviM templet fertliemilBWc*, wiihoac any aleAioa ot eonAer»- tion, and beg money to maintain tbcmfaWct.Thb bag^pf claft are meantebanks in their way. flwwifllf a vanety of whimfical tricki for their bread. They at* prakifaittd by hnr from toncliinn the waien in welle or iffingi, and mi'ft not ul'e any, out what it procurid fimn rtvert or ditehet. 'I'ltey arc confidered in fo defpkable a light, that it it held difgracefut to have any conneAioni trteh them. WedneCJayt and Samrdayi ara the timet they lafert to the templet I and at the new and full moon titay c4kt fa- orificet to the god Ruddow i and on a new-year'i day, in the month of March, they oifiBr a folemn facrificc to Mm on a high mouniairt, or vnder a fpreading tree which it deemed faered. The principal feftival of tlM Chingnlayt iiobfcrved, intlicinonthof Jnly, in bonow of tlie new utoon, when a prieft goei in pompoui proeeflion with a garland i>f fiowtri, to which the people {»«feiit their offier- Nigi. The ridiculoot pa^antrv attending thit firfUval wai attempted to bcabolilhed in 1664 ; bat the attempt caaftd an iniurredion, fo that the king* of Ceylon are obliged to let them continue the folemn mummery. They have alfo idoU of monftroui (hapei and fermt, made oif fllver, brafi, and other metalt, and fometimet of clay ; butthofe in Buddow'i trmnlcs are thefigaictofmen lilting crofi-leii;ged in yellow habitn, like hit prieftt, tcpre- fentiug fome holy men, who, thev lay, are teaeheti of vir- tue, and btnelaAori to mankind. The ifland of Ceylon wat formerlv divided into nine monarchiet, but at prefent it ii under tite dominion of oite king, whofe court it kept in the center of the idand, at a place called Digligy-Neur : the palace is but meanly boili, though the gatei are large, ttately, and finely carved ; the witklow-fnmie^ are made of ebonv, and inbid with fihrer: theking'i elephantt, troop*, and tpices are numernut, and bit concubinet many. The gnardt are commanded by Dutch and Hortuguefe renegado officert. Thi* monarcn tffamts great diciiity, and denunds much refpeA, which hit fubjcAi readilr pay him, at they imagine that all their kings, immediately on their demife, are turned into godt. He expcAt tltat Chrifliani Ihould falute him kneeling and uncovered, but require* nothing more of them. Hit ti- tle it. Emperor of Ceylon, king of Candv, prince of Onva and tlie four Corlet, great duke of the Kven Corlei, marqoit of Duranura, lord of the fea-pottt and fifheriet of pearls and precious ftonet, lord of the golden fun, fcc. His revenue confiftt in the gifts and offeringt of hi; fub- je£ls I hit palaces are built upon almoft inaccefllUi •^.):sctt for tlie greater fccurity ; no bridget are permitr.' >) to be ereded over rivers or ftreamt, or good roadt to be made, to render the country as impaflable at poffiblc. None are permitted to approach his palace without a pafljiort ftamped tut cUy. The troops are hereditary, and their weapons are fwords, guns, pikes, bows and arrows, flee. They are fubtJe, but not courageoui, and will not enga^ an enemy but by fnrprife, and when there it foma mamfeft advan- tage in their own fiivonr. It it fo difficult to penetrate into the inland runs, and all the pafle* are fo well guarded, that even the Dutch themfclvet are unacquainted with the gmaleft part of the ifland. In 1505 the Hortuguefe landed in Ceylon, and abtrat twelve years after they eftablifhed faAoriet there, th^ teigning kine permitting them to build fortt ; an4 upon hit demife, be declared the king of Portugal his heir ; but in proceft of time the Portuguel'e behaving with great cruelty and arrogance, the young kin^ of Candy invilied in the Dutch, in 1639, who, after a tedmut war, at ietigtb, in the year i6j5. fubdned the Poituguefe, aitd bocMM mafteri of the coaft and trade. They drova the king, 'their ally, into the mountains, and with their troniedcra- titude made him their tribuury. The Dutch have in m>- ftqoetit tears committed many cruelties, and the native* fiwiuentiy ictaliate by making excurliont among them, or In'uraefing all iiicj nieci wiiii n a dinanc* iTom the Rill*, and the interior put of tit* iiland. ' N«. 19. ■ ifect.'x. ■■ '' ""V, CmMMng t iiftrlpUi* *f H^ MkUMt ijttndi, Mm^^ iii Mkiri h it* UMmtfitH, A BbUT(lTah«adi«4iitiletlb«|ii-t»«A4f(VlMin4i /\ cap* CMWirin, Ua tba MaUivia ila«di^ lb arfliA ire* Mida th* driaf cT tknii^ tfiiiall \* «ha refidtriM. «« ihfir king : thay nt*a4 iiNMn r dagraaa fetiilt MMadi^ ID eight dtgrae* itoiih latituda. an About ftx iKmdMd nllMi in length, and npwwd* of one hundrtd in the bteadaft pan. Thay are ftid to b* one tboitfiind in numbtr, b«« ■any of them are otilv Urge billocfci of fiuid, and front ibabarrtiMtCi of th* foil, art intii^ty nninhaUitd.' The trhoi* country it divided into tliltttait provinoe*, taikA Aitehmt, (Kb of which contain* many foi^ Kbindi, and i* of « cifcular form, about on* bundled mitn in ditum* fereiMa. I'hafc piotinca* all Ho in a line, and ate fepa- rated by chaiiMlt. four of which are ntviMble for hug* fliip*, but are very dangenni*, on account or the amaaing racM that brtak lita force of tb* f«a« and raifo prodigiou* fufgat. At the bottom of Ihafe ckannei* it found a fub* iancc Mm tthita coral, Which, when boiled in cocoa-watan griatly refmibit* fupr. The currenti run «lft and wtift ahemaialy fix mentha, but the tine of tba chanM it uncef* tain t and fometimet they Ibift fitom north to Icuih. The climate it exccediiw fukry, this country lying near the equiiwftial on both Met : die night*, hawriver, m* tolerably cool, and produce heavy dew* that are refituiing to the trect and vegctablet. Their winbr eonmencai iti April, and oontinnet till Oftober, during which they hav^ perpetual raini and flrong cafterly wlndt, but they newt nave any froft. The fummer begiiM in OAober, and conti4 . nuet fix monthi, during which time the wind* are eailerif and the heat is fo exceflive as fcarce to be borne, there n#«k being any rain during that feafon. ■' Thefe iilandt are in general very fertile; and predud-'- great quantities of millet, and another grain much like it, of botn which they luve two harvefti cverv year. They have alfo feveral' kinds of roots that ferve for food, parti- cularly a fort of bread-fruit called ner- fumcs, and then turn the veflel adrift to the mercy of^thc waves. They dare not fpit to the windward, for fi»r of offending this airy deity ; and all tlic vefTcls which are de- voted to him are kept as dean as tlieir mofquet . They impute crofles, fickneft, and death to tlie devil ; and, in oroerto pacify him, in a certain place, make him banquets and oflenngs of flowers. Each of tlieir mofqucs is fituated in the center of a fqMra, and nmni li they bory their itmk: thtv ata vary natl buildlnga, kavt threa daai% aach afcitMlad^ a flight of ftapa I the waila within are wajMiiDoited, and the ccilin|r ii of wonany. Friday is tlio day on which llicy kerp tbcir fahbatli, which it celebrated with great fcllivityi aiid the liiitM ii ohfcrved on the day of every new moon. They have lit* veral other iieitivalt in the courfe of tha year ; the raoll diftinguilhedof which it one called maulude, and it held in the month of OSobcr, on tlte night of which Malio- met died. On thii occafion a large wooden lioufe, or hall, it ereflcd on a particular part of the ifland, the infide of which it lined with the richeft tapaflry. In the ceiHer uf the hail it a tat>le covered with varioua fortt of provilioni, and rounJ it are hung a predigioui number of lamps, tha fmoke of which gives a molt fragrant li:cnL Tlie people alfemble about eight o'clock in the evening, and are placed by proper ofiiccrt appointed fur that purpote, according to their icfpcAivo flationt The priaftt and other eccle- fiaftict ling till midnight, when tlic whole aflembly fall proflrate on the gniuiid, in which [lollurc tlicy continue till the headprielt ril'et, when the icll follow hit example. The people are then ferved with betrl and drink ) and when the fervice it intirely over, each takes a part of the provifiont on the table, and preferve, u a facrcd relic, with the utmoft pare. When tf,o perfont intering into the marriage ftaie, the oun givei notKe of hit defign to the pandiare, or iMybc, who aika him if he it willing to liave the woman propofedi on hit anfwering in the affirmative, the pandiare quefliona the parenti at to theirconfent : if they aporoveof it, thewo* man it brought, and the parties are married in the prcfenca of their friends and relations. After tht ceremony is over, the woman it conduced to Iter hufband't houfe, where fhe it vifited by her friendt, and a p[rand entertain- ment it provided on tne occafion. I'he bridegroom makes prefents to tlte king, and the bride equally compliment* the queen. The man docs not receive any dowry with his wife, and he hit not only obliged to pay tlte expence of the nuptial ceremony, aitd to maintain lier, but he muft likewife fettle a jointure opon her, thou{^h if fhe thinks proper, the may rclinquifh it after marriage.' A woman cannot part from her hufband without hitconfcnt, though, a man may divorce his wife ; but if file does not aflcnt to the feparation, Ihe may demand her jointure \ yet at this it confidered as a mean aA, it is feldom praAifod. On tlte death of any perfon tlic corpfe it walhed by one of the fame fex, of which there are leveral in each ifland appointed for tliat purpofe. After this, it it wrapped up iit cotton, with the right liand placed on the ear, and tlie left on the thigh. TIten it it laid on the right fide in a coffin of candou wood, and carried to the place of interment by fix relations or friends, and followed by the neighbours, who attend without being invited. The grave is covered with a large piece of filk or cotton, which after die inter- ment, becomes the property of the prieft, Tlie corpfc is laid in the grave wit 11 the lace towards Mahoinct'a totnb) and, after it is dcpofitcd, the grave is filled up with white fand fprinkled with water. In the proceflioii both to and from the grave, the relations Icalters cowries for the be- nefit of tlte poor, and gives pieces of gold and filver to the prieft, according to the circumflances of the dcceafcd. I'he prieft fings continually during thu ceremony ) and when the whole is over, the relations invite the coiu> pany to a fisaft. They iiiciofe their graves with wooden rails, for they confider it as a fin for any perfon to walk over them ; and tliey pay fuchrcfpcft to the bones of the dead, that no pcrfons, not even the prieUt, dare touch tliem. In their habit on thcfe occafion they make little difTe- rencc : the mourners only go bareheaded to the grave, and continue fo for a few davt after the funeral ii (nlemnixMi, If a pcrlbu dies at fca,' tlie bo ' linton, mmI i«qn*fliNf «h«nUtt commit it to ih« wavat nn ■ plank of cindou wimhI. Ihc ilknilof Mali, wharsth* king fvCdM, ii AioatH in the cintir ot' the raft, irki ii itMut fW* mllfi in rit" cuiiir«rc»tc«. Th* pal«c« Ii ktiilt t4 fl ire hung like ham< mocki between two pillari ornamented with sold, and wlicn he lies downv Hii attetidaniii rock him to lierp. The drefi of the king ulually conlHti nf t coat made of Kite white cloth or cotton, with whit* and' hlue edg- ing*, fiillenedwithbuNoniof (olid gold : under thi< in a piece of red emhrotderediapeOi-y that reichn down to hit heeli, and ii Mkencd with a large (ilk girdle I'ritigrd, and ■ great gold ckiin bcfcre, with a locket formed of the Hum pracioui ftonci. He wean a fcarlet cap on his head, which ii a colour fo elleemed, that no other perfon dare prefnmeto ufe it. Thii cap ii laced with gold, and on the top of it ii a large gold button with a precious ftone. The i^ndeei and foldiert wear lon^ hair, hut the king't head ii Ihaved once a week ; he gori hiare-legged, hut wean fandalt of gilt ooppcr, which are worn only by the royal fiunily. Tliedignity of the king, when he goes abroad, is par- ticularly dilhnguilhed by a white umbrella, which no other perlbns, except ftrangers, are permitted to ufe. He hai three pages near hit perfon, one of whom carries hit fur, another hit fwerd and buckler, and a third hit box of beul and areka, which he almoin conAantly chews. He goct to the mnfque on Fridays (their l.ilibath) in great pomp, hii guards dancing, and ftrikin); their iwords on each otheri targets to the found of mufic , and is attended, on hit ritnrn, oy the principal people of the idand. He cither walk*, or is earned in a chair by flavei, there being no beaAi of burden. The queen is attended, when (he goe« abroad by a great number of female llavei, fomr of whom go brfure, to give notice to the men to keep out of the way ; and four ladies carry a veil of white (ilk over her head, that readies to the ground : on this occafion, all the wninen from the fcvcral diftriAt meet lier with Howen, fruits, ttc. She and her ladies frequently bathe in the lea for their health, for the convenience of which thev have a place on the Ihore clofe to the water, which is iiKfofed, and the top of it covered with white cotton. The only liiht in the chamben of the i|ucen, or thni'e of the ladies of quality, is wlwt lampt afford, which aic kept continually burninK, it being tne Sfitom of the country never to admit oay-light. The rawing-room, or that part wh«re they ufually retire, it blocked up with four or five rowi of tapeftry, the inner- inoft of which nortc mull lift up till they have coughed, and told their names.' Theguardtappointed to attend on the king't perfon con- lift of fix huiuircd, who arc commanded by his grandees; and he hat confiderable magazinet of arms, cannon, and feveral forts of ammunition. Hit revenues confifti chiefly of a number of iftandt appropriated to the crown, with certaintaxeson the various produAiont of oihen ) in the money paid to purcltafe titles and offices, and for licences to wear fine cloathi. Befides thefe, he ban a claim to all goods imported by (hipping ; for when a vcflcl arrives, the ing it acquainted with its contents, out of which he takes what he thinks proper at a low price, and obliges his fub- jefts to purchafe them of him again at what fum he plealet to fix, by way of exchange, for fuch commoditiei as beft fuit him. All tlie ambergris (bund in this codntry (which produces more than any other part of the Indies) is alfo tlie property of the king ; and fo narrowly is it watched, that a perfon would be punilhed with the lofs of his right !iaiid, if detcAed in converting it to his own ufv. Moft of the nobility and gentry live ir, the north parts of tliis ifland, for the convenience of br.ing near the court; and fo much is this diviiion cfteemed, that when the king banifhed a criminal, the fending him to the foulfa i* thought to be a fufficient puniihment. Abfolate snsiia.-ehy prsvsils in the csveiT,mint here, u every thing depend* on tia» king't pkndvre. Each attolon, ,er pn>*iMrt hu a n«ylM, Mrgtyvmntn who it IxNh I fMk tiM I doAor of thtfttr. H*n«t only prefWiei oWlkriti-^ firrlor ptioflt, in4 It vwed with the maitacement of rfl r*« ligiottt iflain, but 'ir it llkcwift Intraftea witli the •dml-< niflration of |uf1i<'r, lioth in civil and ctlminal catiet. They "N In fkA fb many judget, and make fiiar clrcuiM every year ihivughout their JuriMiAkm i but they have • fit' petlor, calTtkl the pandiatav wh« 'ffAdct In fh* ifk of' Mtle, and ia not only the fbpniM judge Af all ^aufiM, bat alfo the head of the ehuich. Ifc ratelvet awiealt from the goverttor of each province, but does not pait fen- lenee witTinut eonl'utthig feveral learned doAers ; and from him appeals are carried to the king, who rrfrn the matter iti lix of hit pri^y-couneil. The pandlate maket a circuit on«e a year thrt>ugh the ifland of Male, (at every Kovernoi' in bis refpeAiVe profviiMc, ) and condcmni all to be fconrKcd th«t oannot fay their creed imd prayen in th« Arabic t(>f\gue, and conftriic them in the Maldtvla n Al this time the Women ninft not appear in the ftrcct unveiled, on pain of liaviitg their hair cutofT, and their headt ihavedf which t* deemed very'difgraceful. ^ They have various modes of pmiHhmeni fhr crInMta If a man it murdered, the wife cannot profecate the cri< minal ; bur if the deoeafed has left any children, tlte judge obliges him to maintain them lill they are of age, wheti they may either prol'rcute or pardon tne murderer. The dealing any thing valuable is punilhed with the loft of • hand, and for trifling marten they are banilhcd to tlw Ibutliern iHandi. An adultereft it punilhed by havilif her h.iir cut off, and thol'e guilty of perjury pay a pccu* niary mul£). Notwifhftandmg the law maket homicide dcatn, yet a criminal is never condemned to die, unlefs it is exprcHy ordered by the king; in which cafe be orden his own loldien to execute the fentence. I'hc chief articles exported from tliefe iflands are, co* cot -nuts, cowries, and tortoife-lhell, the latter of which it exceedingly beautiful, and not to be met with in ■ v ithat place except the Philippine iflands. The impoTtc«i«iticle( are, iron, fleel, fpicet, china, rice, kc. all which, at We obfcrved, are ingroflcd by the king, who I'ellt them to his fubjeAs at hit own price. They have only one fort of money here, which it filver, called lorrins, each of whif^h is about the value of eight- pence. It is about two iiirli~s ir. length, and folded, the King's name being fet upon the folds in Arabic charaAets. One thouland two hundred cowrlct make a lorrin ; in their own markets, they frequently barter one thing fof another. Their gold and (ilver is all imported nom al)roid, and is current here at in all other ports of the In- dies, by Wright. Tliel'e ifland'^ are happily placed, with refpeA to each other, for proaiHing mutual commerce to Ihc refpeAive inhabitants, fot though the thirteen attolons, or provinces, are in the tame climate, and all of them very fertile, yet they produce fuch different commodities, that the people in one cannot live without what is ''dews, how*' ever, are extremely dangeroui, therefore gicat care (hould bot.'kcnnot tobeexpofedtothem. if people would but live temperately in this place, they need not be afraid of the climate, wnich it far healthier than in any other of the Eu- ropean fcttlemvntt; and there are now lome good phyff ciant pn the ifland. They have wet weather at BoiQDay about four months in the year, which ia commonly in- troduced by a very violent thunder ftorm : during this fea- {)K-n as wi,'ll fpr convenience of light, as for the tiitnincc of tin- people. Tlies are very free of llieir women, aiul will brini; them on board the Ihips, where they are kept by the Ij^ilou wlijle they ttay. Thcfe people ;uc idoiattis. but of what kind is not known i however, tliey li,nc imaj?ti of elephants m their temples, as well a-: hurles. In a fuiiiU village, on (he fuiith fide of the iiiaiid, is a (eniple, which is a mean edifice built of wood: withir. it is the liguri' of an elephant, and without is that of a liorfe. The foil of thcl'c illandi is a brae! .,!i, and pretty deep, No. ly. , bill the hills are fumewhat fiony. The trees are not verjr < thick but large, ^' 'fHii' ■ !■ is- ' Trtals of thi Afittic ijlands undtr the ieminitit tf ibt Tiirt'.t THE Turks arc poflelTed of all the iflands that are dif- pcrfed about the Archipelago) but, from the rigorous government of the Ottomans, they are greatly degenerated from ttieir priftine opulence and importance. We Ihall delcribc them as they lie, beginning witli thofe fituated to the wcftward ; namely, i.Tcncdosi 2. Lef- bos ; ^. Careeners ; 4. Chios ; 5. Pfara ) 6. Samos ; 7. Icaria, orNicariat 8. Patiifoii 9. Claros; 10. Leros; 1 1. The Mandria iflcs ; 11. Coos,' or Stanchio ; 13. Stam- palia ; 14. Carpanthus 1 15 Ides in the gulf of Smyrna Thofe fituated to tire northward, arc, Rhodes and Cy- prus. I. Tenedos. This is ope of the fmalleft in the JE.gnri fea, but was greatly famed among the antients. It lies in forty degrees north latitude and fixtcen degrees eaft longitude, cxa£lly oppofite to Troy, from the Ihore of which it is about two Ic^ucs ditlaiit, and indeed formed the l"iojan liaibour. The Grcci-uu concealed their fleet behind this ifland, in order to delude theTrojaiis, by mak- ing them fuppofe that they had raifcd the fiegc, and returned to Greece. The inhabi|tants of this ifland were reduced to' the utmoft indigence after the fall of Troy, were at length conniieicd by the Pei Hans, and afterwards alternately fub- dued by the Laccdxmonians, Romans, and Tutks. This idand is near twenty miles in circuniti:rence, anfite to the coaft of Ionia, and has a coail of about eighty miles in circuit, being di- - vided into upper and lowei ground, the former terminat- ing towards the north at caue Apaitomuria, and the lat- ter towards the fouth at ca))C Maflico, ' This illand i» mountainous and rocky, yet the plains produce corn, wine, oil, honey, fimii', and gums, though tlie fertility is much impeded by the great Icarcity of water. The country is in genptal ti-rtile and populous, and the 'inltahitanti opulent. 'I'he men are well made, tlie womei. handfome, and both ff;xes fo much inclined to mirth, that they think all the time loll that is not employed in ling- ing, dancing, fcaAing, revelling, gallantry, or fomc kind of merriment. Commerce is -tfrried on here to a great elitent ; but the harbour is bad, and indeed dangerous ; yet the fliips go- in^ to and coming tVom Conllaiitiple rendecvoufe at this place i and a Turkilh i(ui;:dron is kept here, to proteft the merohaiit Ihiptand challifetiK pirates that infeUthefsfeae. The capital, Scio, is a handfome city. The houfcs are elegant, and have grand terraces, and windows glazed wkli red and green glafii. This city is two miles m ciicum- fcrente, and environed by fever'al beautiful gardens. The inhabitants are chietly of the Greek church, or Roman catholics, and have feveral churches and monaiterics, which remain nnmolcllcd by the Turks, who likewif» permit them openly to profefs their religion. 'I'he Veno- tians, in 1694, took Scio, and greatly cinbelliJhed it, but loft it the year following. The port and town arc defended by a caitle, which wu built by the (lenoefo: the garrifon conlifts of one thoufand four hundred men, and bothfortrefs and townare not above twelve miles from the continent of Afia, from whence ' they are fupplied with piovilions, fince the ifland, though tolerably fertile, does not afford a fufiiciency for its nnmer- ous inhabitants, and the great number of ftningers who are perpetually touching at the port. It is to be ohferved that Scio was or ^ of tlie feven cities that contended for the honour of bein^ the birth- nlace oi' Homer, and their coin formerly was {lamped with the image of diat antient and celebrated bard. The neighbouring people in general deem the natives of this ifland a very Oupid and {ignorant fet of people : the Turks call them prafmios, which lignilies (hallow wretchesi and have a proverb concerning tliem, which implies, that we may as foon expe£t to meet with a green Ikorfc, as to fee a wife Sciot. There are, in this ifland, thirty vitlagos, three hundred churches, two thoufand Latins, ten thoufand Turks, and one hundred tlioufnnd Greeks. In time of peace, it ill governed by a cadi, with a ftipend of five hundred afpers per day ; but in war time a bafft is fent from Conftantt- nople, to take upon him the fupreme command. The' Greek bilhop is immenfcly rich, having, befides the above- mentioned three hundred churches, many chapels and mo- nafleries undfr his jurifdiftion ; the chief of the latter, called Neamoni, or New Solitude, is about five miles from Scio, contains one hundred and fifty monks, and pays tt» the govcmnient five hundred crowns annually, whidi it can well afford, its yearly revenue being an eighth part of the produce of the whole ifland, amounting to fifty tbou> land crowns. Their ftaplecommodily is gummaftich, ^tliered in Au- guft and September ; at which feafon the officer who goct to receive the grand Signor's quota, is entertained in a very fumptuous and feftive nnnner by the people. 1 he moft confiilcrable towns of the iflind, next to the capital, are the following : 1. Calliinaclia, the chief maf- tichtown; it contains lix churches, which have thirty fu> bordinate chapels and a nunnery belonging to them. a. Pergi, which contains a caflle, thirty churches, and two tli'Dul'and inhahirarit;. 3. Mefla, liimous for the neftar wine which its neighbouring vineyards produce. 4. Ai'-« molia, a maftich town, defended by 1 ftrong caflle. j. Volifta is famous for its filk manutilAory j it contains three hundred houfe^, one thoufand five hundred inhabit- ants, and is defended by acafileerefled by the celebrateil Helifarius, who experienced a moft afh>ni(hing reverfc of fortune, having been reduced to the conditioti of a public hcg'jar, fVom being one of the molt glorious conquerors. 6. St. Helena is lituated on a rock, and contams two churrlics, a chapel, and about two hundred inhabitant*. 7. (-ambia has acall'lcuiwiii a rock, and is celebrated fbtj its pine;, with which the Turks build many gallics, and tor :i hot medicinal ipriiig. 8. Cardiniita; fituated in a very rich tirritory, which in particular produces anmihlly oue o v« a. two Aar Ai- S- taiits abit- rated fc of uhlic reis. two int«, and in a tihily ona [A S I A] P A ohe hundMd ani feventy tons of excellent wine ; tnany coins of CoiiOantine the Great have beta dug up in the neiglibourhood j and a fpring of water ifllies from a rock at no great diftancc, whic!- in its fall forms a beautiful cafcade. This town was anticntly fur "u for the temple of Neptune near port Dolphin, therii- ■' which are yet to be pen. The natives of this ifland, whilr. •. er the dominion of the Venetians and Genoefc, wt ro Lieritiitted to be go- verned by tlieir own laws ; but fince the Turks conc^ueied "it, the poor people are both defpifed and opprelled by them. i. Pfara is a very fmall ifland to the weftward of Chios, ;Bnd remarkable for nothing but n breed of alfej, who die Hnmediatcly after being carried from the ifland, but are e«- ccedihg ftfong, hardy and long-lived, while they remain in tlicir native place. Near this ifland arc fome fmaller ones, called Careeners, which, like thofe already men- tioned, are frequented by pirates who interrupt the trade. 5. Samos, at the diftance of forty miles from Chios, and oppofite to the fouth coaft of Ionia, lies in thirty-fevcn degrtes north latitude, and twenty-feven eaft longitude. It is about eighty miles in circumference, and the fee of an aKhbithop ( but this prelate is exceedingly )x)or, for he is obliged annually to pay fo large a Itipend to the court of Conftantinople, that he fcarce leaves hiinfcif any thing. It was fbrmerly a commonwealth i and is naturally fo ftrtiie, that ' when Greece was at the fummit of her glory, it was deemed, though k(t than many, of as iliuch importance as any of the iflands of the Archipelago. Thetradeatprcfentconfiftsof feveral forts of wines, wlinh are admirable, a fuperior kind of onions and garlick, fine earthem ware, raw fdk, oil, honey, faffron, fruits, drugs, minerals, emery, oker, and black dye, &c. Not- «ithftandingthe natural richncfs of tliis ifland, the natives ire fo much opprefled by the Turks, and plundered by the pirates, who infcft thecoaft, that they arc in general very miferable knd indigent. There are about twelve thoufand inhabitants in this ifland, which are principally Greeks ; the capitntion tax which they pay amounts toabont fix thoufand fourhundred crowns, and the cuftoms are farmed at ten thoufand more. The governor, who is an aga of the janiflaries, collefts about as much again for himfcif, and makes him likewi.-j heir to every Greek who dies without male iflue, taking Aioney, boufe, goods, and indeed every thing but the gar- Jen, which is left to the quiet poffeflion of the daughters. This ifland abounds with wild fowls, fucli as partridges, woodcocks, fnipes, thrufties, wood-pigeons, turtle-doves, And wheat-ears ; befides which, their poultry are excellent; they have iron mines, and moll of the foil is of a rufty co- lonr : they have alfo emery ftone, and all the mountains are of white marble. The Greek monks are two hundred in number ; and are fo extremely ignorant, that their whole knowledge of itoligion confifts in being able to fay mafs by rote : they have a bilhon who rclidcs at Cora. The women are very nafty and ugly, and never Ihift above once a month : they ate clothed in the Turkifli mannci-, except a red coif, and tlieir hair hanging down their backs, with plates of iilvcr, or block tin faftcned to the ends. Samo, the chief town, which, as well as the ifland it- felf, tlie Turks call Suflan, is now reduced to a poor vil- bge; and, to add to its wretchednefs, the pirates fre- ouently plunder it, but the noble fiai^mcnts of its antient ^lendor, which ftill remain, excite at once admiration and grief in the fpeftator. The other towns are, i . Vati, the rcfidence of the French vice conful ; this, thogh formerly a fplendid city, is now only a mean village, containing about three hun- dred miferable houfes, and a few wretched inhabitants , but though they poflefs not worldly wealth, they appear rich in the moft valuable of all trealures, contented minds. 2. Coia, which contains about fix hundred houfes ; but, fince it was plundered by the Venetians, many of them are ^one to ruin, and more arc uninhabired. A cadi and an aga of the janifaries are obliged by the porfc to rcfide licre, notwithllanding the unitholcfomenefs of the air, occa- fioned by the putrid waters' that furround the place, which arc now ft.ijiiant, though they freely flowed to the lea in antient times. The reft of the towns are as much or more miferable ; and, upon the whole the ifland contains little etfc than fccnes that are Ihockinc to the imagination of the ticholder. It was, however, celebrated in hiflory, Ihr having been the birth place of that admirable philolb- phrr I'ytliagoras, who afterwards removed to Crotoiu. Aivloiig other things, the city of Samos wasremaikablo M O s. 199 for a noble temple built to thehononr of Juno ; it was for- merlyavery magnificent city.Mwe may jud^ from its mini, which are ftill fuperb monuments of its antient grandeur. 7. Nicaria, or Icaria, is about feventy miles in circum- ference, and rocky, mountainous, and barren : it lies in thiity-feven degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and twenty-fix degrees thirty minutes eaft longitude. It has no harbour for (hipping, and confequently muft bewithout commerce. The Samians fay, that when the two ifland! were made, all the good materials were exhaufted in mak- ing Samos, and that nothing but the rubbilh remained u>r Nicaria. Some negative benefits, however, arife to the natives from thefe difadvantages, for the Turks do not think it worth their while to opprefs them, nor tlie pirate* to plunder them of their little property. The inhabitants are about three thoufand in number : they have wTne, which is but indifferent, ftieep, goats, and aromatic herbs. They row their boats, and do other work quite naked i for fear of wearing out the few cloaths, they are able to procure. They are of the Greek com- munion, have a kind of bifttop, twenty-four pricfls, and a few chapels. A ridge of mountains runs through the whole ifland ; they arc covered with wood, and fupply the country with fprings. The people are ftrong and well made, but, ill- ravoured and nafty , they jre exceedingly la/.y, of favage dilpofitions,andfpeakamoft barbarous dialefl ot the Greek. 8. Patmos lies oetween Nicaria and Samos, in thirty- feven degrees twenty minutes north latitude, and twentyi fix degrees forty-five minutes c.ift longitude, and is only about eighteen miles in circumference ; neverthclcfs it has feveral convenient harbours, which give it an advanta^ over many other of the Levant iflands. Dc la Scala, its |>rincipal port, is deemed the very beft in the Archipelago. Sapfila and Cricon are likewife excellent harbours, but t\\tj are all terribly infefted by pirates, which has obliged the inhabitants of Sapfila to evacuate the town, and retire up a neighbouring hill to the monaftery of St. John, which is at once a religious houfc and fortrcl's, has an annual reve- nue of fix thoufand crowns, and maintains one hundred monks. Though the ufe of bells are prohibited in all other parts of the Turkifti dominions, yet the monks of tljis monaftery are permitted to have two large ones. The whole ifland is very barren, and withovit wood : however, it abounds with partridges, rabbits, quails, tur- tles, pigeons, and fnipes. All theircorn does not amount to one tliouihnd barrels a year. There are fcarce three hundred men in the ifland ; but then there are twenty women to one man, who expeft that all flrangers, who land here, fliould carry fome of them away : theft latter are good tempered and handfome ; but fpoil their faces by ufin^ a prodigious quantity of paint. This is the ifland to which St. John the evangelift was baniflied by the Romans, and whcK it is fuppofed he wrote his revelation ; and to his memory there is an her- mitage on the fide of a mountain, the entrance to which is hewn out of a folid rock, and leads to the chapel, wliich is almoft forty-four feet long, fifteen broad, and is covered with a gothic roof. Overhead they Ihew ftrangers a chink in the rock, through which they tell you that the Holy Ghoft diflatcd to St. John. The management of the ifland is committed to the care of two Greek officers, as no Turks rclldc upon it. The taxes produce about ten thou- fand crowns annually. The houfes are neater than thofe of moft of the other iflands ; and the chapels are well built arched, and about two hundred and fifty in number. 9. Claros, which is about forty miles in circumference, lies very near Patmos : it is mountainous, has two fea ports, a town and a caftlc, to which it gives name, yet w,ts never fiimous for any thing but a magnificent temple dedicated to Apollo, and was on that account celebrated by the poets. 10. Leros, Lerio, or Oleron, lies to the fouth of Patnitn and north of Claros, is eighteen miles in cirrumference, and produces abundance of aloes : Greeks and Tu.ks in- habit it, but arc not numerous. It contains but one fmall town, a few fcattcrcd hamlets, and a fmall number of mo* naflciies. Upon a hill are fome noble ruins, in particular about tsvcnty fuperb marble pillars that remain intire, and which are perhaps the remnants of the temple of Diana, on whofe account this ifland was fiimous. This ifland^ according to fome authors, was remarkable for the birth of I'atroclus. 1 n— ^^.•^nrt' iflaiido arc to the eaftwara of Leros ; the center ifland is by far the largeft, but none of them are , inhabited, except by tlie pirates that infeft thofe parts, who ' • are fome of the moft cruel and favage wretches cxifling, raurJcringtliecrewsof all the (hips tliat fall into their power. 12. St^ncliio, 11 ■ 4 m i^,^ ■■,• f'- fA ..a.* ,-^ii-.-kli^-^'M*.:^jL--iJLi'.^Vi.: r^iim^Att^ttl 200 The NEW ano UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. f I -^ -.r |]. Standiio, or Coos, lict in thirty-fix degrees forty minutes north latitude, and twcnty-leven degrees thirty minuter c,i(l longitude, is uppofitc to the coau of Doris, (ighty miles from Samos, fcvcnty in circumference, has a fruitful foil, and towards the cad (gradually rills into mountains ; it is rich hvpafture, wines, fruit, turpentine, cyp(efs, medicinal and other plants, ^tc. i'he capital, Cos, is fpacious, populous, «'ell built, and Arongly tortilicd : it is (ituated on the eaftern coaft, and Was lormcilv famous for a fuperb temple of ^fculnpius, as llij ifland itfclf wa*for the birth of the celelMatcd Hippo- crates, wliofc houie'is iliN (hewn in the towi'. of Haran- gues ; but both thefe celebrated phyficians owed their nme more to their recommendiiig temperance, than to arvy of the medicines they difcovercd or prefcribcd. This iflavid was celebrated for fome light garmrnts nia- nufaflurcd here, and called veftimenta coa : but was {lill mors remarkable for tlie ftattie of Venus, made here by Apclles, who was a native of tliis little ifland ; and hence the notion of Vcnus's rifing out of the fca originated. This admirable piece of workmanihip was firll lodged in a (lately temple, but AuguOus carried it to Rome; and to make the fuperflitious people fome amends for its lofs, their tribute was intirely remited. The harbour is good, aiid well fecured from the depredations of the ][;irates that infeft thefe leas, 13 Stanipalia is fixty miles in circumference, and lies about forty miles from the coal\ uf Anatolia, has a town of its own name on the I'outh coaft, two harbours, and was aiiticntly celebrated for its temple of Apollo. It is very tliinly inlubited ; but lias a church or two, ful>je£l to a bidiop. 14. Carpanthus, or Scarpanto, lies on the fouth coaft of Doris, between Corale and Rhodes, in thirty-five degrees forty-five minutes north latitude and twenty-feven tlegrces forty minutes cafl longitude, it antiently gave name to the Carpantbian fea. It is near eighty miles in circumference, but is mountainous, barren, and but thinly inhabited. It has no town, except Scarpanto, whofc harbour is tolerable, but terribly infefled by the pirates. 15. The iflands in the gulf of Smyrna, are five in irum- ber, fmalland uninhabited : one is called Long Ifland, or Ifolade Eglcre, that is Church Iflrnd; it is ten miles long, rather narrow, and contains the ruins of a magnificent temple. Another of them, the Greeks fay, formerly con- tained many elegant buildings, of which no vcfligcs are at prefent left, except an apartment fupported by four pillars, the whole being cut out of tlie folid rock j from this ifland a caufeway formerly joined to tlie main land, but it is now Intirely ruined. Some have imagined this to be the Cla- zomene of the entients, but we cannot determine on the , propriety of this conjecture. 16. Rhodes is lituated fcvcnty- five miles eaft from Can- dia, eight from the Lycian coaft, is about one hundred and twenty in circumference, and extends from thirty-five de- grees fifty minutes to thirty-fix degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and from twenty-eight degrees twenty mi- nutes to twenty-eight degrees forty-four minutes eaft lon- gitude. It has formerly gone under the names of Aftcria, Ethra:a, Corymbia, and many others ; as for the name of Rhodes, fome arc of opinion that it was fo called by the Grecians from the abundance of rofes the foil produces, Rhodes in that language fignifying a rofe. W hilc tlic poets feign it received this name from Rlioda, one of the daughters of Apollo by Venu ;. The chief town is called by the fame name, aiul was always efteemed a place of ftrength : it is fituatid on the iiorth-e.ift part of the ifland, having a tolerable giiod harbour, and as fome fay three harbours, but two of them will receive only very finall vcfTels : the city Hands part of it on the rifing of a hill, and is three miles in circumference, the ftrccts broad, flraight and well paved, and the largeft is paved in the mid- dle with marble from one end to the other. In this ftrect are ftill to be fetn tlie apartments of the knijlits of St. John of Jcrufalem, and the palace of tlic grand mafter, but very much decayed ; for as thcTurks did not dcmolilh then upon their t.iking the place ; fo neither will they ila any thing towards the repairing of the moll beautiful buildings whatever : the grand ni.Tllcr's palace is featcd on the higlieft part of the hill, now ( oiivcrfed into a prifon fortlie chanis of Tait.iry, whom the Grand ^iRnor ba- nilhcs hither v hen he ilcpofcs theni, and he his alinofl al- ways one of tilt royU family of that prince here to let up againft him if he difputcs his orders : the church of St. John, wiiicli ..ilioins to that p.iiire, is now a miilijuc : llie city is dcf(iii.'i\! li\. three walls, and as manv ilitthej, .iiid eilccmcdoiic ol the llrongell fortrcfles in the Sultan's do- minions : the inhabitants confift ©f Turks, Jewi, and ■ Chriilians, but :heChriftians have only fliopt within the walls, and are obliged to have their dwellings withour the city, whither they retire every night. Lindus and Ca- mirus were antiently confiderable towns in the ifland ; but wt do. not find there any wortji obfervation at prefent, ex- cept Rhodes. The houfcs are elegantly built in tlie Ita- lian tafle, and' the markets well fuppliedwith all kinds of provifiona. This city was formerly celebrated for the learning and politenefs of its inhabitants ; but at prefent literature meets here witli the faure treatment that it does in all other parts of the Turkifli dominions. 'i'he air of tliis illand is very healthful, and the country exceeding picafant, cloathed with trees and herbage alwayv green, and a day fcarce ever hap|)cns, it i> faid, whereia' the fun does not lliinc upon them 1 their wi;tesare mucb admired, and the country affords fucli plenty of all thing» bcfides, which can render lifeagrcealile, that it gave occa- fion to the fiftion of golden Ihowtfrs. Indeed they do not abound in corn, but then they are well fupplied with it from the neighbouring continent of Natolia. At the mouth of the harbour of Rhodes, wliich is fifty fathoms wide, it is faid, flood that great coloflus of brafs, efteemed one of the wonders of the world ; one foot placed on one fide of the harbour, and the other upon the other, , fo that ihips pafTed in between the legs of it : tlie face of cololTus reptcfcnted llic fun, to whom tlits image was de- dicated ; the height of it was feventy cubits, and every part proportionable, tlie thumb being as thick as a maik could gralp in his arms, and every finger of the fze of ai» ordinary ftatue, and it carried in one hand » lighted houfv for the direilion of veflcls into the harbour: this prpdi- cious flatuc was thrown down by an earthquake, fifty or threefc(jrc years after it was eretled, and lay there till the the Saracens made therafelvcs mafleri of Rhodes, wha having beat it to pieces,. fourteen hundred years alter the making of it, fold it to a Jew that tranfported it to Egypt, and there loaded nine hundred cimels with llie brafs. Chares of Lyndus, a town in fhe ifland of Rhodes, is re- ported to have been the flatuary who framed this mighty image, which he was twelve years iu making. 'I'he principal nianufaflures are foap, tapeArv, and cam- hlets ; but tlic city is a mart foi all the commooiries and' produflioiis of the Levant j yet Rhodes is kept merely iiv oppofition to the Chriftians, as it does not remit any thing to the Cirand Signor, tlie Turkiihbafia being allowed the whole of its reveiucs to maintain tlie gallies, the garrifbnr, and himfclf. When this ifland, was attacked by the Greeks, the Rhodians called in the Romans to their alGflancc ; who drove away the Rhodians enemies, and, according to their ufual cuftom, repaid themfclvei for their troul ', by feiz- i'ng their coutHry, and making bold with tlie I'loperty of the natives ; after wliicli it underwent many revolutions, being taken by the Venetians in 1 1 24. The Turks con- quered it ui 1 2K3, but were driven out of it by the knights, of St. John of Jerufalcm in 1 308 ; however, Soliman the Magnificent att.icked it with an army of two htlndred tbou- fand men and three hundred Ihips, and took it, January I, 1523, after the Rhodians had lofl ninety thoufand ot' their men, and the Turks a much greater number. After this misfortune mofl of the Rhodians quitted their coun- try, fo that tlic ifland became in a manner depopulated ; the Turks, however, fhewed fo great rcfprfl to the knight» of Rhodes, that they fuflfered tlicin to k.«ep their houfes, ifTcfls, coats of arms, flatiies, incriptions, &c. and granted very confiderable privileges to fuch as would come and lit- tle there, wliich drew lack fome of the Rhodians, and many of the Greeks ; fo that Rhodes at preliint is as po- pulous and flouiilhing as Turkilh tyranny will pcriliitany place to be that is under the dominion ot the Ottonun^. . 17. The illand of Cyprus is fituatt in the moft caderly part of the Levant between the thirty fourth and thirty- fixth degrees of north latitude, and Iwtween thirty-three and thirty-fix eaft longitude, fixty miles fouth of the coaft of Caraiiiani:it)r Cilicia, thirty wef\ of llie coaft ot' Syria, and about three hundred miles to the eaflward of Candia, and is fuppofcd to have obtained the name of Cyprus, from the great nunilier of cyprefs trees which fiouriflt here, 'i he ifland llretches from the (outh-wcft to the north-eaft, being about an hundred and fifty miles in length, and feventy in breadth in the broadeil part, but much wider on the fouth weft, than on the nonh-eaft. The chief town is Nicofia, the c.ipilal of the illand, b«- iiij; .ii preltnt the leaf of the ballii or ViCcroy, and formerly till; icliilt iiLC of tlicir kin /,s. It Hands near the middle of the country, and is about three milei, ia citcumfcrcDcr, but E [A S 1 A.) MeW HbLLAi^B. m » I bm much fallen to tlccay lliici; in haj beeil In thi power of the Turk*. 'riicc;itliedrnl wMcli went by the name of St, Sophia is coiivuitcdintoaTiiilvifh mofquci thfcrc are how- ever ffvcr.it chiirchti am' cliiipcia in it, which Urc altdwed to the Grci-k'!, Lntiiis, AniKiiiail], NeOoriaiiii and Ma- ronitcs. Thi« city is of a circular form, furroundcd by walls, and is well fortitk-d, and defended by a deep ditch. The (j reck archbilhop relides in it, whofe fufFragcs are the bilhops of Famagvilb, Paphos, Larneza, and Ce- n-ncs. Next to the capit.\l, the following are the principal pi .ices i namely, !. P^aniajjiifca, or Ariinoc ; which is an elegant city, and good fea-port, pleafantly fitnated, and dctciidcd by two forts; it is inclol'ed on two fides by a ditch, and double wall well fortified ; and on the other two by the Tea The Turks are Icnfible of the import- ance of this place, and contrary to their ufual cutlom, keep the fortifications in excellent repair. .The governor of this city is accountable only to the Ottoman Porte, not being lubordinatc to the bafla of the ifiands. The Greeks and other Chrifiiansareonlyperniittcd to keep (hops here in the day time, but arc not allowed to deep m the city. 9i Larneza is a good lea port town, in which the French and Venetians have a conful ; the houfes arci how- ever, low and mean; and the inhabiumts compofed of I'urki, Greeks, and feme Europeans. The commodi- ties are cotton, cotton yarn, wool, dc. 3. Ccrcncs, the ■ntient Ccraunia, is almoU in ruins, though formerly a ftrong and populous place. People depart from hence to the continent, as the neareftport; The palace of Peace, • magnificent edifice, formerly belonging to the knights. Is near this city ; and at about nine miles dlllance there is a Greek monaUcry, the monks of which have cells along the fea coaft,whcit- they depofit the filh which they are em- ployed to catch for the ufe of tlie broilicihool. 4. LimilTo^ this is now nothing but a ineer vilhj.e, tlioLgh it remains • bilhop's fee ; and the firuation of the anticiit city of Amathcus ii not at prclcnt known, v Paphos, now called Uaffa, is fitnated on the wcficrn coart of the ifland. Though much decayed from iis formei glory, it is ftill a bilhop's fee, and a good lea-port town. In anticnt times it was much cilebratid for its mai^iiificent temple dedicated to Venus, from which the goddefs of love was called the Paphian Venus. In this city St. Paul converted its governor Sergius, and ftrucW the necromancer Barjcfus with blindnefs, A&a xiii. 6. This ifland was formerly i!lvidcd into twelve diftrifts, each containing a large city, and the whole including eight hundred villages. It is, as we before obfervcd, governed by a bafla, fubordinate to whom are five fangiacs, namely, Itchili, Alaine, Cvprus, .' ingit, fent Porcius Cato to reduce it under their power, which he effcfled, brin;;ing back with him to Rome the fpoils of the ifland, which amounted to fcvea thoufand talents : the Saracens afterwards plundered it, but it rc-^ turned to the obedience of the Greek emperors again, td whom it fell on the divifion of the empire. About the year 1 191. Richard I. king of England, putting inhere for frcfh yrater in his voyage to the Holy-land, met with a very unhofpitable reception, whereupon he fubdued the ifland, and transferred his right to iti to Guy Lufignan the titular king of Jenifalem, in whofe family it remained till the year fourteen hundred twenty-three ; when the fuhan of Egypt invaded the ifland, taking John the king prifoner, whom he admitted to ranfom for a great fum of money, and permitted him to enjoy his kingdom againi under a tribute of forty thoufand crowns per annum, and about the year 1473, one of thefe tributary princes made the fenate of Venice his heir, who held it about an hun- dred years, under the like tribute. When Selimis the Turkifh cmfieror, as fovcrcign of Egypt, claimed a title to Cyprus, and his grand vizier Muflapha, fitting down before the city of l-'amagufta, then the ftrongeft town in the ifland, obliged thegovemur .Seignior Brigandino to futten- dcr upon honourable terms in the year 1570. SECT. XH; Containing a dtfcriptien of Neiu Holland, Ntw Guinea, and tthir ijlandi lately dif covered. THE ifland of New Holland is fuppofed to be the largcft in the univerfe, being two thoufand miles long, and its fquarc furface exceeds that of Europe. The north-weft and fouth-wefl coalls were difcovcred by the Spaniards in the feventeenth century, but captain Cook was the firil who faw the e.itl coaft, which was in 1770. 'I'he fouthern parts are low and level ; the northern parts hilly, but diverfificd with woods and lawnj. There ara but two forts of timber trees : the largcft is the gum tree, which grows all over tlie ifland : it yields a deep red gum, and the wood is heavy, hard, and dark coloured, like the lignum vitJE, with narrow leaves like thofc of the willow. '1 he other grows tall and upright, refcmbling tlie. pine, fomething hkc the live-oak of America. The wood alfo of this tree is hard and heavy, liefides thefe, there are treeshavinga foft bark, cafily peeled oflF, the fame that is ufcd for caulking of fhips in the Eaft Indies. Here are palms of tliree forts, a kind of cherry-tree, a fort of fig plum trees, trees with a red apple, margrovcs, Ihrubs, a ftrong bearded grals, plants Ot various kinds, &c. There are fcveral forts of quadrupcs, but, as they could not be caught, no defcription can be given of them. They fcem to be of the wolf, pole-cat, andweazcl kind. There are goats, but no tame animals, except dogs. They have the opofliim, a creature with a membranous bag near the ftoinach, in which it conceals and carries its young, when apprehcnfivc of danger. They have alfo a remarkable ani- mal, about the fize ot'^.^idep, called a kanguroo, fome of which weii;h upwards of eighty pounds, and are not bad eating, rcfembling the flefli of a hare, but better flavoured. Here .ire birds of various kinds, innumerable infeds, and abundance of fiih of various forts. The complexion of the jjcople is chocolate colour, their features tolerable, their teeth white and even, and their hair, though they finge it Ihort, is naturally long and bl.ick, and geicrally ftiai.),ht with a flij^htcurl at bottom. Their iian i£ in );,eneial matted and fleck, but without oil 3 1- « I,* ? ■ If ao2 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. ii', if ' ■-i" or grenfc ; and, though they r';ldom comb h, find i method to keep it free from vermin. '1 he ft.iturc nf the men is of the middle fize, but flen- der, and tlicir bones fo fmnll, thit a common hand may ipan their aiKlcs and their arms abofc their elbows; ana ill general they arc clean-limbed and remarkable, vigorooi, aflive, and nnnble. 1 'heir beards are of the fame colour with thcrr hair, and alfo buthy and thick, it iKVcr being fuf- fcred to grow long. The people in general go naked, without the leaft fenfc of indecency ; they are not, however, without their orna- ments, the principal of which is a bone five or fix inches long, and as thick as a man's finger, which they thrnft Itiiough the fcptumof their nofcs : it reaches quite icrofs the fecc, and fo effcftually flops up the nollrils, that the wearer, when he fpcaks, fnaffles fo as fcarce to be under- ilood, and is obliged to keep his mouth confiaHtly opcnr in order to breath freely : the failors, in humour, call it their fprit fail yard. They wear al, which, by moving, will be fanned into a flame. Thus a man will run on for miles, and, without any vifible fire in his hand's, will at every tifty or a hundred yards, ftoop down and leave fire behind him. One of their me- thodsof annoying their European vilitors, whom they con- fider as enemies, was, by fctting fire to the high grafs in the neighbourhood of the place wlierc the tents were fixed, which, being dry as Aubble, burnt with amazing force, and did a great deal of mifchiet in its progrefs. Spears and lances of different kinds, are among their weapons -, feme with four prongs, pointed with bone and barbed ; the points of which are covered with a hard refin, which gives them a polifh, and faciliutes their entrance into the objeft they ftrike : others with only one point, and fome barbed all the way up the fhaft. Fhcy throw thefe with a throwing flick, fhey have likcwifc bows and arrows, an oblong fhield, and a'fword refcinblc a fcy- roitar. Some of their weapoiK had a chifTel fixed at their ends, but of what fubftance they were framed, could ivot be learnt. To the foutliward of New Hollaiul, the canoes arc made ef one piece of bark, about twelve feet long, tied up at the ends, and fpread open in tlie middle by two flicks. In fhallow water, they pufh them on by a pole, and in deep water by paddles, two of which they ufe at a time. More to the northward they are made of the trunk of a tree, fourteen feet long, hollowed out bv fire. They are in ge- neral very narrow, and furniihccf with an outrigj^er, to prevent their ovetfetting. rmi»v,.>-dple arc tlie moil they will carry. VVithrefpeA to their tools, the only ones feen among tliem were, an adze made of ftone, wedges of the fame, wooden mallets, and a few fhells and pieces of coral. 'J'licy ■make ufe of the rougit leaves of a wild tig (which anfwcrs the purpofe ef ihave grafs, for polifhiiig. Thefe people have no idea of traffic, nor could .iny be given them i for all the figns made to them, drfcribiiig a return for things prefented to them, were truitlefs : they did not fcem to underftand them. This indifTerence with refpe£l to buying, kept them honeil ; tlkey never attempted to purloin any thing, but, if rcfiifed what they wifhed for, they attempted to take it by force. They feemed to fet no value upon any thingthat was given them, for, liks play things given to children, tliey pleafcd only while they were new. Nordo they feem to nave any curiofity ; for thoueh walking on the lea (hore, in fight of the fnip, a wonderful machine tliey had never feen before, fcarce one call an eye towards it, though numbers trudged along the ihore. 1 hey introduce into company as tlie Engliih do, by their naaaes. We cannot truly afcertain whether they are brave or not : they made fome oppofition to the thip's crew on landing, out they were loon intimidated by the fire arms, as a few pieces fired witli fmall fhot prefently difperfed them, and, after tlie firfl contcfl, they would never come near enough to parley : fo that the Europeans could by no means form the leafl connection with tliem. How it hap- pens that there are fo few inhabitants, is not eafy to de- vife : whether they are deflroyed by each other in contells for food, whetlier fwept off by famine, or their encreafe prevented by any particular caufe, cannot be at ptefciit de- termined. I'hat they have wars amongfl them, is evident by their weapons i but what gives rife to thefe wars, or what is the confcquence of them, we cannot determine. In confirmation of what has been related above, and for tlie farther fatisfa£lion of our readers we (liall add the fol- lowing remarkable particulars : when captain Cook firft landed at Botany Bay (thirty four degrees fouth, one hun- dred and fifty two degrees tliirty fcven minutes call) fo called from the great quantity of plants which the gentle- men colleflcd there, two of the natives came down, each ai med with a laiKe about ten feet long, and a fhort (liclc which appeared to be ofed as a machine to alliil him in throwing it. They feemed determinerl to defend their coafl, though the party that landed were forty in number. *' 1 could not," fays captain Cook, " but'admir, their courage, and being very unwilling that hollilities fhould commence with fuch inequality qf force between us, 1 or- dered the boat to lie upon her oars. We then parlied by figns for about a quarter of an hour, and, to befpeuk their good will, 1 threw them nails, beads, and otlirr trifles, which they took np, and feemed to be plcafed with. I then made figns that I wanted water, and, by all the means that 1 could dcvifc, endeavoureu to convince them tliat we would do them no harm. They now waved to us, and I was willing to interpret it as an invitation ; but I'pon our putting tlie boat in, they came again to oppofc us. One appeared to be a youth about nineteen or twenty, and tlte other a middle aged man. As I lud no other rccourfe, 1 fired a mufket between them. Upon the report, the youngeil drop|ied a bundle of lances upon the rock, but, recolle^ing himfelf in an infl.int, be fhatdied them up again with great hafie. A (lone was then thrown at us, upon which i ordered a mufket to be fired with fmall fhot, which (Iruck the eldefl upon tlie legs, and he immediately ran to one of the houfes, which was dillant about one hundred yards. " I now hoped that our conteft was over, and we im- mediately uiidcd : but we had fcarcrly left tlie boat, whca he returned ; and we then perceived that he had left the rock, only to fetch a fhield or target for his defence. As foon as lie came up, he thiew a lance at us, and his com- rade another, they ie!l where we ilood thickcll, but hap- pily hurt nobody. A third mufket was then fired at them ; upon which, one of them threw another lance, and both immediately ran away, if we had purfaed, we might probably have taken one of tliem ; but Mr. Banks fiig- geflingtliat the lances might be puifoncd, I tliought it not prudent to venture inti' the woods. We repaired inmie- diately to tlic huts, in one of whicKwe found fome child- ren, who had hidden themfelves behind a fliield and fome. bark: we peeped at them, but left them in their retreat ; without thiir knowing that they had been difcovercd; and we threw into the boul'e, when we went away, fome beads, riblKins, pieces of cloth, and other prelents, which wo hoped would procure us the good will of the inhabitants when they Ihould return : but the lances we found lying about, wc took away with us, to the number of about fifty. They were from fix to fifteen, feet long, and all of them had four prongs in the manner of a fifh-gig, each of which was pointed with fifli-bones, and very iharp. We obferved that they were fmcarcd with a vil'cous fubftance of a green colour, which favoured the opinion of their being poilbncd, tliough we afterwards dilcovered that it was a miltakc : they appeared, by tiic fca-wccd that wat fpuad lA S I A.J WfiW duir^fiA. ioj fernid fticking to them, to have l>een ufed iri ftrikiiie filll. Upon examining the canoes tliat Uy upon the beaoh, we found them to luve been the worft we had ever feen. They were between twelve and fourteen feet long, and made of the bar!c of a tree in one piece, which was drawn together, and tied up at one end, the middle being kept open by fticki, which were placed acrofi tliem from gimwale to gunwale as thwarts. " Here was feen a tree, the fruit of which in colaiif and fhape, refembled a cherry. There are but two kinds of timber wood here, both of which are as Urge, or larger than the Englifh oak, and one of them has not a very dif- ferent appearance. This is the fame tliat yields the red- difli gum tike fanguis draconis, and the wood is heavy, hard, and dark coloured, like lignum- vitc. The other grows tall and flraight, fomething like the pine ; and the wood of this, which hat fome reiemblance to the live-oak of America, is alfo hard and heavy. Tliere are a few Ihrubs, and feveral kinds of the palm ; mangroves alfo grovv in great plenty near the head of the bay. The coun- try in general, as far as it was obfervcd, is level, low, and woody. The woods abound with birds of cxquifite beautr, particularly of the parrot kind : here are alfo crows, exaAly the fame u thofe in England. About the head of the harbour, where there are large flats of fand and mud, there is great plenty of water fowl, moft of which are fpecies intirelv unknown. One of the moft remarkable was black and white, much larger than a fwan, and in (hape fome- what refembling a pelican. On thefe banks of land and mud there are great quantities of oyften, mufdes, cockles, and other (hell (ifh, which feem to be the principal fubfift- enceofthe inhabitants, who go into fhoal water with their little canoes, and pick them out with their hands. They were not obierved to eat any of them raw, nor do they al- ways go on Ihore to drefs them, for they have frequently fires in their cailoes for that purpofe. They do not, how- ever fubfift wholly upon this food, for they catch variety of otlier fiih, fome of which they ftrike with giggs, and fome they take with hook and line. " All the inhabitants were (lark naked ; they did not ap- pear to be numerous, or to live in focieties, but, like other animals, were fcattered about along the coaft, and in the woods. Of their manner of life, little is known, as no connexion was formed with them, for they never would come near enough for a parley ; nor did they touch a (in- gle article of all that was left at their huts ; and the places they frequented, on purpofe for them to take away. At the (ight of thcfe Indians, I'upia, with an air of fuperio- rity and compaflion, (hook his head, and faid, that they were taata enos, "poor wretches." A mid(hipman, v.'ho had (Iragglcd alone into tlie country, faw an old man and woman, and fome little children -, they were both grey- headed with age ', the hair on the man's head was bulhy, and his beard long and rough ; the woman's hair vras cropped (hort, and both were (lark naked. •' More to the northward is Hervey's Bay, in which was found . I true mangrove, fuch as grows in the Weft Indies, and the (irft of the kind met with in thefe feas. In the branches of this mangrove were many nefts of a remarkable kind of ant, as green as grafs. When the branches were difturbcd, they came out in great numbers, and puni(hcd the ofTenders by a much (harper bite than the fame kind of animal is clfcwhere known to give. Upon thefe mangroves were alfo feen I'mall green cater- pillers in great numbers : their foreheads were thick fet with hain, and they were ranged upon the leaves, fide by fide, likeafile of foldiers, to the numberof twenty or thirty together. On touching them, the hair on the bodies was fisnnd to have the quality of a nettle, and gave a much more acute, though a lefs durable pain. More north- wardly was found a fpecies of the buftard, as large as a turkey, one of which weighed feventeen pounds and an h?lf. It was generally agreed, by the gentlemen who cat of it, to be the beft bird they had ta(\ed fince they left England, and in honour of it they called the inlet Buf- tard Bay : it liet in latitude twenty-four degrees four mi- nute* one hundred and fifty-one degrees forty -two minutes eaft. Here are oyiters in great numbers, and of various kinds ; among others, the hammer-oyfter, and abundance of fmall pearl-oyfien. " Thirfty Sound, twenty-two degrees ten minutes fouth, one hundred and fifty degrees eighteen minutes eaft. Upon the branches of gum-trees here, were found ants nefts, made of clay, as big as a bulhel, fomething like thofe defcribed in Sir Hans Sloan's natural hiftory of Ja- maica, vol. ii. oaire jai. tab, a '8, but not fo fmooth. The ants whicb'iniiabitad theft nefts were fmall, and their bodies white. On Another fpecies of tlie tree was ^und f fmall black ant, which perforated all the twigs, and lur- ing worked out the pithi occupied the pipe which had con- tained it ; yet the parts in which tnls infeA had thut formed a lodgment, and in which they fwarmed in amati ing numbers, l>ear leaves and flowers, and appeared to be in as riourifhing a ftate, as thofe that were foilnd. Here was alfo fuch a fwarin of butterflies, that for the (pace of three or four acres the air was focrouded with them, that rnillions were to-be(i:en in every direftion j at the fame time that every branch and twig was covered with others that were not upon the wing. Here was alfo found a fmall filh of afingular kind; it was about the fizeof a minnow ; and hadtwo very ftrong breaft-fins. It wn found in placet quite dry, but did not feem to becfome laneuid by tlie want of water, for when it was approached it leaped away, by the help of the breaft fins, as nimbly as a frog ^ and when it was found in the Water, it frequently leaped out, and purfued its way upon dry ground. From the great difliir- ence in the needle when brought on (hore, captain Cook thinks there is iron ore in the hills. " Along the coaft of New South Wales, the fea in alt parts conceals (hoals, that fuddenly projeA from the Ihord and rocks that rife abruptly like a pyramid from the bot- tom, for an extent of twenty-two degiees of latitude mora than one thoufand three hundred miles. Off cape Tri- bulation, which lies fixteen degrees fixminutes ea(t longi- tude, our intrepid, and hitherto profperout adventures very nearly efcaped the miferies of (hip wreck. On the loth of June 1770, at eleven o'clock at night, the (hip fud- denly ftruck againft a coral rock, and became Immoveable, except by the heaving of the furge, which beat her againfl tlie crags of the rock upon which (he lay, and caufed fo violent a conculfion, that it was with the utmoft difficulty any one on board could ftand on his legs, at the dawn of the day land appeared at eight leagues diftance, without any ifland in the intermediate (pace, upon which tliey might be fet on (hore by the boats, and afterwards proceed to the main, if the (hip (liould go to pieces ; the wind, however, died away, till it became a tiead calm, by which the (hip ef- caped inOair m.l inevitable dcflruftion." After relating feveral o;lici ciicumflances refpcfting the perilous fituation the (hips ccmpanv were in, and the liardlhips and diflrefles they underwent in endeavouring to fave the ve(rel from finking, captain Cook fums up the narrative as follows : " But the full danger which they had efcaped, was not known till tht velTel arrived at Batavia, and was hove down ; for, on examining her bottom, it was found to be in a worfe condition than was apprehended. The falfc keel was all gone to within twenty feet of the ftern poft i the main keel was coiifiderably injured in many places ; a great quantity of (heathing was torn ofF, and feveral planks were much damaged ; two of them, and the half of a third, un- V der the main channel, near the keel, were, for the length of fix feet, fo worn that they were not above the eighth part of an inch thick, and here the worms had made their way quite into the timbers : yet in this condition (he had failed many hundred leagues, where navigation is as dan- gerous as in any part of the world. How mvch mifcry did thofe on board'efcape, by being ignorant that fo con- fiderable a part of the bottom of the (hip was thinner than the fole of a (hoe, and that every life on board depended upon fo fiight and fragil a barrier between them and the unfathomable ocean I New (iuinea reaches from the equator to the twelfth de- gree of fouth latitude, and from one hundred and thirty- one to one hundred and fifty degrees eaft longitude, in one part it does not appear to be above fifty miles broad. It was firft vilited by an European Ihip in 1329. Saavcdra, a Portuguefe, who made the ditcovcry of^thc north weft part of this country, called it Terra dc Papuas. Van Schouten, a Dutch difcovercr, gave the name of Now Guinea to its fouth-weftern part. Roggewein alfo touched here ; and before him, Dampier, January i, lyco. Cap- tain Cook made the coaft of New Uuinea, in latitude, (ix degrees fifteen minutes longitude, and one hundred and thirty-eightdcgrees eaft, on the 3d of September, and landed from the pinnace, accompanied by Mr. Banks, do£lor So- lander, nine of the Ihips crew, and fcwants well armed, and, leaving two fcamen to take care of the boat, advanced fome little way up the country ; but coming to the (kirts of a thick wood, tliey judged it prudent to proceed no fur- ther, left they (houKI fall into an ambufcade, of the natives, and their retreat to the boat be cut ofl^. Having advanced about a quarter of a mile from the boat, tlirce Indiana rufhvd Out of the wood witii a hideous fiioui ; they threw their darts, and (hewed fuch a hoftile difpofition, that tha pany, ,.i^- to4 tHE NfeW AND tJNlVEftSAL SYSTEM 6r GEoOR Al>My. tarty, to preveivt thedcftrtiAroiiof tlicfc people, returned ID the hoit, II they liail no intention forcibly to invide tlieir country, cither to gratify their appctitci or curiofity, and it was cf idciit nothing could be done up«n tricMUy terms. When they got onboard the boat, they rowc4 flong the Oiore. I'he people were ftark naked, and their hair cropped ihort, and in leiveral made much the fame ^ appearance as the New Hollaiideri. New Britan, or iioloiiiun'i lOaiadi, coirTift of tNree large, and feveral fnudler ones. The ^Jtt Me, New Bri- tain, New Ireland* and New HaAover. I'liey were merely coafled, and are tltetcfore but irapcrfedly knawn. They are mountainmis, but have a romantic pleafant apper.nuice, And are iituated in five degrees fouth latitude, and two hun- dred and ten degrees welt longitude. Front tlie people I'ceii on the beach, they are fuppofed to be populoua . The inhabitants are black, and woolly -beaded ; thry goalmoft naked, ornament themfelves witk Ihell bracelets, wear ear rings in their ears, which ate very long, chew betel to nuke their teeth red, and powder their hair and beards tvhite. They have fometimes' feathen on their heads, ihrlls about their neck, and rings through tlieir nofes. They live chiefly on vegeubles, and arc idolaters in their worfnip. Their canoes are long and narrow, fome seach to ninety feet in length, and yet are formed of a fingle tsee^ The head and ftcrn are very much nufed, to ihelter the people within from arrows, which is done by turnin| either end of the boat towards the enemy. Their canots are decorated with carved work, and tliirty or forty rowers are employed to paddle them on the water. Thcfc people have lances, bows and arrows, flings, and long flicks and poles, like the ijuarter flaiF, for their offen- five weapons : tliey have Ihields to defend lack hair : they go naked, except two long flips of matting hanging down before and beliirul, from tlie waift tu the knee*. St. Bartholomew's Iflc (tlie fecend) was fo called by cap- tain Cook, becaufe he difcovered it on St. Bartholcniew's day. It is between fix and feven leagues in circumference, and is fituated in fifteen degrees forty minutes nurtli lati- tude, and in one hundred and lixty-leven degrees tweiity- fcven minutes eafl longitude. Mallicolo (the third) is eight leagues long, and fituated In (ixteen degrees twenty-five minutes fouth latitude, and one hundred and fixty-feven degrees fifty- feven minutes eaft longitude. It was touched at by captain Cook, in July 1 7 74. This iflanu is mountainous and woody, but the foil is rich and fertile. Here are plenty of fugar-canes, yams, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, turmeric, oranges, hogs, jioultry,. and various birds. It is a warm and populous country, but tlie Jjeople arc remarkably ugly, dark, and Ill-made; yet fprightly, and quick of appiehenfion. They have flat nofes and foreheads, v.'oolly hair, and Ihort beards. Tliey tie a cord uncommonly light about their waifls, and wcivr a piece of cloth or leaves before them. They wear bracelets of fliells on their arms, a piece of white carved done in the noftrils, round the right waift hugs tulks bent tircular, and round the left a round piece of wood to ward off tli'i Hiing of lii* bow i foiiiB wear tortoiic-fneii ear- lings, anJ other rings of flMni. On their brcaft thtf hang a fhcU fnfpcnded by a ftring round their neck. Wearing of ornaments feems to bi the privilege cnly s( the men. With rtfpcA to the women, Otey are not lefs ugly tinui tlie men ; for they paint tlieir heads and faces red and yel- low, and alio their Ibouldeis, over which fome wear a kind of petticoat, others a bag made of a kind of cloth, in which they] carry their children. Full grown women wear flwrt pieees of cloth or matting round tlieir waifls, fcachiiiK nearly to tiKir knees, otiiers luve only a flring round their middle with a whifp of ftraw between the legs ; and girls, as do the boys, go quite naked. Clubs and fpcars made of a hard wood, and bows and arrows, are tlieir weapons. Their bows are about four feet long, nude of a dark-brown flick like nuihogany, fpUt through the middle, are flrong, elaftic, and nicelypoLlied j and, their arrows, arc a kirid of reed, pointed with hard wood, or bone dipped in poifon, which they keep iu a fort of quiver made of^ leaves. They have fmall wretched howcU for their dwellings, fo low, that they can hardly ftand upr.ight in them, and confift merely of a roof, refting on a few pofls, and thatched with palm leaves. Some few are indofed with boards, and the entrance is by a fquare hole at one end. I'heit canoes are like thofe of the neighbouring ifles. Thefe people feem to be of a chcarful dilpofltion, and pafs great part of their time in mullc and dancing. Their inflruments, we,may fuppofe, are very (iiuple ; for none were feen but drums and pipes, which are readUy made. I'hcirdrumsalTo, in cafes of danger, ferve to found an alarm. Sandwich ifle (the fourth) is ten leagues long in tlie di- reAion of north-weft bywefland fouth-eaft by eaft, twenty* two leagues fouth-fouth-eafl half eaft firom Mallicolo, and is twenty -five leagues round : it was fo called in compli- ment to Lord Sandwich. The hills gently lloping to th« fea, 'and divcifified witli woods and lawas^ exhibit a dc- lightfut view. Erromango (the fifth) is twenty-four leagues in cimit, and lies eighteen leaj^ues from Sandwich ifland ; the mid* die of it is in eighteen degrees fifty four minutei fouth la- titude, and one hundred and (Ixty-nine degrees nineteen minutes eaft longitudc.Thefe illandcrsfeemtoibeof adifftr- ent race from thofc of Mallicolo, and fpeak a different language. They areof the middle fizc, have a good (hape, and tolerable features ) tlieir colour is very dark, and tliey paint their faces, fome with black, and others with rc^ pigment ; their hair is very curly and crifp, and fomewhat woolly. The fi;w women which were feen, were ugly ; they wore a petticoat made of the leaves of fome plant. The men, like tliofe of Mallicolo, were in a manner naked, having only the bek about the waift, and the piece of cloth or leaf ufed for a wrapper. No canoe.'i were feen ' in any part of the iiland. I'tieir plantations are laid out by line, and fenced round: tlicy live in hoiifes, covered with thatch, Taniia (the fixth) is about eight leagues long, and three or[four broad, in nineteen degrees thirteen minutes Ibuth, one hundred and fixty-ninc degrees thirty-eight minutes eali and about twenty-four in circuit : it lies fix leagues on the fouth fide of Erromango. Its name, in the Malay lan- guage, Cgnifies "earth. The foil, in fome parts, is a ridi black mould 1 iu other parts, it fecmed to be coinpofcd of decayed vegetables, and the aflics of a volcano, which was feen about eleven miles to tlie weft of tlie Ihip, burn- ing witli great fury. The country is in general fo covered with trees, Ihrubs, and plants, as to chuak up the bread- fruit, and cocoa-nuts. The houfes and iidiahitants are thinly fcattertd. Several ponds of fl.-igiiant water were feen, iii which the natives iiad planted great quantities of cddocs. During the lixtcen days tliat captaiji Coolc continued here, the volcano vomited up, at diflerent times, vaft quantities of fire and fmoke, accompanied with an exnlolion about once in five minutes: fome of tlicfe explofions refenible violent daps of thunder, and a rumbling noifc continued for about half a minute : the wliole air was tilled with fnioky particles and allies, which occafiuncd much pain when tlicy fell into (he eye ; at one time great Hones were feen thrown up high in tlieair, fome of which were at leaft as large as the hull of a Ihips long boat : its fires prclentcd a iiioft plcafing and niagniliccnt light : the rniuke, which rolled up, from time to time, in thick and heavy columns, was coloured with all the va- rious hues of yellow, orange, crimfoii, and purple, which died away into a reddilli grey and brown : a^ often as a new explohon li:ippcncd, the whole country, with its 5 ' Jliaggy (A S f A.] NBW CALBDONtA. M§ ihtggf fonflt « «m tinged with the tun$ arttif* tnd pur- ple, Kcordin I diftance, or ptrticaUr cnofurf to the volcanic light : rometimct continued qaita flient for five or fix dayi together. It «ru renurked, tlut tlw ex- plofioniof the vowano reeommencod after (howcn of rains lb that it fhottld'feetn that rain ttatn them by pronltting or increafing th^ formation of the variotit ninenil fub- flancei which the moontain containi iti it* bowel*. With refpeft to their pcrfoni, thev are of a middle fite, ftronger and better prepertioiied tlian tlM Mallicoler* ; their colour it a dark ehcmat brown, with a very fwarthy mixture : like the nativei of Mallicolo, they go nakeJ, having onlv a ftring round the belly, which did not, how- ever, cut tncir body in fo (hocking a manner u that at the other ifland. Their hair is generally blaek or brown* Sowing to a tolerable length, and very eril)> and cinly ; ey feparate it into fmall loeki, which they woold or cue round with the rind of a (lender plant, down to an inch of the ends ; and at the hair grow* the woold is continued ; each of thefecue* or lock*, is fomewhat thicker than com' mon whip coM, and they look likea patcel of fmall ftring* hanging down the crown of their heads i their b«ar£, which are ftrong and baihy, are generally (hort. The wo- men do not wear their hair fo, batcrt>pped;ner do the boys till they ^pproach manhood. They make ule of a cylindrical piece of alabafter, two incnes long, Which (ney wear in the carti!«nnou> part between the noftril* at ■ nofe jewel, in dl^: famenuuiner u it praAifed at Malli- colo. Their firatiiret are large, the nofe broad, but the eyes full, and, in general, agreeable. Not one (ingle cor- pulent man was feen here ; all are aAive, and full of fpirit. Their ears are hung fiill of tortoife-lhell rings, and neck- hces of (hells fall on their bofom. Some of the elderly women had caps made of a green . plantain leaf, or of matted work ; but this head-drelt was rather uncoimnen. But the number of otnamenti eon- fiderahly increafed widi age, the eldeft and uglielt being loaded with necklaces, ear-ringt, noli:- jewel*, and brace- lets. The women here arc expert cooks ; tliey roaft and broil the yams atid Innanas, tliey ftew the green leaves of ■ kind of kg, they bake puddings made of a pafte of ba- nanas and eddoet, containing a mixture of cocoa-nut ker- nels and leave*. Apce (the feventh) it not lefs dian two hundred leagues round, and it diftant from Ambrym about live leagues : its longeft direOion is about eight leagues north-well and ibuth-eaft. It is very high land richly divcrfitied witli woods and lawnt. Thit and the former were difcovered by captain Cook in 1774* Ambrym (the eighth) is fituated in (ixteen degrees fif- teen minutes fouth latitude, and one hundred and fixty- cight degree* twenty mimtet eaft longitude, is about fcven leagues in tlielonnft pttrt^ and has a volcano in it ; but it very fertile and rich. Whitfunday ille (the ninth) it of the fame length, lies' ■bout four miles to the 'fiMith, and runs in ttie fame direc- tion ; having more (loping expofutcs than Aurora, it ap- pears to contain moreplantatibns, and to be better inhabited. Aurora (the tenth) is about twelve leagues long, but not above (tve miles broad in any part, lying nearly north and Ibutl) ; the middle is (ifteen degrees (ix minutes fouth la- titude, and one hundred and (ixty-eight degrees twenty- four minutes eaft longitude. Mr. r orfter fuppofes the Etoite of M. dc Bougainville to be fituated on this iHand. Inhabitants were feen here, and canoes, but none came off to the Ihip. A fine beech, and moft luxuriant of ve- gitation, ^ptefented themfelve* ; tlw whole country was woodv, and a beautifiil eafcade poured through a foreft. This iliand is divided by a channel from which The I(1e of Lepers (tlie eleventh and laft) lies between F.fpiritu Sante and Aurora iHand, eight leagues from the formeraiid three from the latter, in latitude fifteen de- grees twenty-two minutes fouth, and one hundred and tixty-riglit degrees three minutes eaft longitude. It was firft difcovered by M. de Bougainville in :768, who gave it the above appellation, from its leprous inhabitants. This illand it in form like an c^, very high land, and about menty leagues round. i wewone of offence, at of courfe they muft fomctiraec have wart among themfelves, or with their neighbours': thefe wea- pons are, ctuQt, fpeart, viarts, and Cingt for caflitig ftonet. Their club* we tbnut two Sect and a half ktng, and of dif< feient forms : fome like a fcythe ; others like a mattock ; fome have a had like » luwk., ud «ther> have kno^ at 3F r::r5'rv • u,. ao6 Thi new AN9 universal system of OBOGRAPHY. th« tni i Kit thry irt all neatly midc, and vkU peilflN4. *mi«ird«rt« and ipcari ara orDamcalcd with carvetl wmK t but their ninn areperfcAly iimplc, being no other ihant ficnder round cord, no thiclitr thut |>ack thread, with a taflcl at one end, a loop at the other, and in the middle. Tlte ftoiMi they throw are of a fot't foap rock, rubbed Into llie form of an egg. They exactly (it tiM Inop in the mid- dle of the nine, and are kept in a pocket of matting, tied round the watA tor the purpol'e. 1 hey calk their dartt alfo with a (horl firing knotted at one end, and looped at the other, ai they do at Tanna, called by tlie feamen a Becket, and are very dextrous in throwing tlicin. 'J'heir fp;art are fifteen or twenty feet long, blackened over, and have a prominenco near the middle, otrved fu ai to refem- ble •human face. I'beir canoea are heavy atid clumfy. They »m m it were, double, confiding of two hulls, mude out of two large ticea iMliowttl out, tlic gunnel taifod about two inches high, and clofcd at each end with a kind of bulk-head of the fame height. The two liulla .ire fccured to each other about three leei afundcr, by feveral crofs fpari. Tlicir language diflert from thofe of tlie other iflanda in the foutli feas, and their pronunciation ia iiidil\inA. They are good fwimmeri, and fond of finging and dancing. The only mufical ittftrument obferved among them wai a whiftle, made of a polilhcd piece of brown wood ihaped like a bell, though apparently folid, with a rope fixed at a fmallend. 1'he holes were made in ft near tnebafe, aitd another near tlie iniertion of tiie rope, all which had fome ctnMnunieation with each other. The inhabitant* are iVi^tly honeft, and not the leaft addifled to pilfering : they may in geiwral be deemed a friendly, inoflfcnlive peo- pie : they gave captain Cook and hi> inip-mate* a very 4*elcome and peaceable reception, addrelFing hin) firft in a ihort let fpcech, and then inviting him alhore. But they are indolent, and dcflitute of cunofity ; the greater paat of them did not move from their featt when the Europeans Sfled them for the firft time : they are remarkably grave, sak alarayt in a ferioua tone) and laughter fecm^ to be a iuanger among them. Many of the lutives were feen with prodigioua legs and arms, which feemed to be affeAcd with a kind of leprofji the fwelling wu found to be extremely hard, but the Ikin not alike harfh and fcaly in all the fick perfons ; the prx> teriutural expanfion of the leg and arm did not appear to be a great inconvenieiKe to thole who fufiered it, and they feeiited to fay tliat they felt pain very rarely in them i but in fome the diforder begun to form olotches, which weit niarks of agreatde^^ree of virulence. They depofit their dead under ground, which fecmi to be a more judicious manner of difpofing of them than that ufed at O-Taheitee, where they expoic them above ground till all the fleih is intirely piitrified : if thr mortality was moreconfiderable in that tmnd than it is fuppofed to be, fuch a cuftom might have the moft pernicious confe- Jjaences, and produce a dreadful epidemical diflemper : ucli a difeafi: as the fmall-pox, for example, if introduced, would go near to depopulate the whole country. 7'he erave of a chief, who nad been (lain in battle, here re- ferobled a large mole-hill, and yras decorated with fpears, darts, paddles, &c. allftuck upright in the ground round about It. Lieutenant PickerlkitI was Ihcwcd a chief, whom tliey named Tea-booma, and ftiled their areckee, or king; but nothing further is known of tlicir governincnt, and very little of their religion. Captain Cook when he firft landed here, was accompa- nied by a native, who appeared to be a man of fome con- fequence and who had come on board the ihip before Ihe came to an anchor. The natives alTemblcd in gteat num- bers on the beaich, led merely by curiofity, for many had not fo much as a llick in their Itandt. The party, on bind- ing, were received with great courtefy, ana with furprize natural for people to exprefs at feeing men and things fo new and wonderful. The captain made prefent* to all thofe whom his companion pointed out : but, on his go- ing to givo a few beads and ntedals to foine women who itood behind the croud, tlie chief held his hand, and would not fufiferhim to do it. As they proceeded up a creek, Mr. Forfler Ihot a duck that flew near them, which was the firft nfc which tbefe people faw made of fire-arms. The friendly natives begged to have it ; and when he landed, he told his countrymen in what maimer it was kiUed. . Kmin ri-.js excarfion, they lesmt, that thsy were t« es- |)9fl ncthiiig from tbefe people but the privilege of vifit- ia;j tlicir country undifturhed, foi tbcv had little elfe than i;ood nature tu beftow i and " in this'' liiys captain Cook, 3 " they exceeded all the natives we had yat met with ; anJr although it did not I'atitly tlic dcniaiHia of natuic, it ai. once pkafrd and left uur niiuda at calic." A hatchet waa nut quite fo valuable at a large Ipike nail ; fmall nails wera. of littw or nc value -, and lieadt, looking glalles, &c. tlicjr did iMM admire. Many uf the natives come on board tlit Ihip with petfcA coiifidonce, and one uf them exchanged a yam for a piece of red clotli i they admired every thiiiD tliathame hundreds. No one of the natives attempted to take the leal) trifle; by flealtli, but all behaved witli the ftrifleft liuiiefty. Some of them (poke of a great land to the northward, whidk they called Mingha, tlic inhabitants of which were tlieii; enemies, and very warlike. They likewiOe pointed tai a fepulchral mount, where one of their chiefs \vf buried, who liad been killed fighting in defence of hii^ country, by a tMtive of Mingha. The appearance of i^ large beef bono, which an officer began to picL towards the conclufionof the fupper, intarrupted this converQition; tha natives talked very loud and eamefUy to each other, looked witli great forpriae and fome marks of difguft at the ftranger, and at lail went away altogether, cxpreffing, by figns, that they fuppolcd it to do the limb of a man. Tha officer endeavoured to free himfelf and hi* ihipmate* from this fufpicion, but two infurqiountable impedkaeittt hy, in his way, vis. the want of Unguage, and that the lutive* had never feen a quadruped in their hve*. At anothei time a native, who was in a boat with captain Cook and Mr. Wales. aci]uainied them that they had enemies who fcafted upon human tlefh, which doubtlefs had contributed to make tlicm impute the fame praAice to their new friends. Thi* ifland, the largcft difcovered in the fouth-fea be- tween the tropics, remains intirely unexplored on its foutb. fide i its minerals and vegetable* ftill remain untouched ;. animals it Ihould feem to have none, from the ignorance which the lutives to the northward difcovered of fuch a* they faw. New Zealand is firaated between one buiulred and eighty, degrees forty-five minutes, and one hundred and ninety- three degrees fifteen minutes weft longitude, and tliirty- four degrees twenty-four minutes and fotty-feven degreea twenty-four minutes foutli latitude, and about two thou* fand miles difTcrence from O-Tabeitee. It confifts of two. large idands, divided by • ftt«ight four or five kaguca broad, and lying nearly north aiM fouth of each other.. The northern ifundis called by the natives Eahic-monau- we, and that to the foutli T'avai Poenanunoo, they are much the fize of each other, and together are as Ui-gc as the ifland of Great Britain, having many fmall ilUnds about them. They were fin\ difcovered by Abel JaiULii. Tafman, a Dutchman, on the 13th of December, 1642. He coafled the eaftern part, from latitude thirt^-fotu i* .".'.; .; * t^ i t A.i NBW ZEALAND. I6t • kin4 ot irM tlul |r»wi Co Ufp tnd lofty* tlut th«y will mMfurt, tt fixiMn inohet tbov* ike ground, full nmeMen ftct inairth, muI we ai ftniighc u kii irrew, from the root to the tirA brenchci i many of them will yield three hundred •ndfirty-fii feet of Iblid timber, excluuveof the bnnchei. It bean a narrow leaf Ulu the juniper, ii generally feund in low Undt and hu adarli>coloured appearance. Of thii Ue« the native* make their ctnow. Though thn« art, in thii idand, raanytni* and (hmbi, which bear bcatttifal dowera, and are highlv aromatic, yet there it not one that produoet fruit i bat tfiere i< a plant worth then all, fenrins the lutivei inftcad of hemp and tiax. Of thii plant there are two fpeciei ; one bearing a deep red flower, the other a yellow. The leave* of both refemble flagi, but the bloflomi are not fo large, and their tluftsn are more in number. They make all tlieircloathi of the leaves of thii plant, and alfo all their flringt and cordage, which are at once glofly, elaftic, and fo ftrong, that nothing made of hemp can equal them. From the Gunet bjr another proccfi, they draw out long, flcnder, itrong hbrea, white u fnow, and fhining aa filk ; of thefe they ntakc their better cloth -, and by flitting the le aei in uro^r breadthi, and tying tliem together, tney make their ilhing-net*. Thii plant feemi to grow beft in boggy ground! i there it every reafon to bcliere that it woiild thrive well in England s and, could we tranfport it hither, k would be a valuable aoquifition to thi* country. Dogi and rata are the onlv quadrupeda here ; but they kave a great variety of birdii, fome of which are exqui- CteW beautiful. There are but km inhabitanti, in proportion to the ex- tent of couiMry l"avii Poenammoo it, a* we bbferved before, very thinly peopled, confifting chiefly of wander- ers ; but Eahie-monauwe ii better peopled. The weftem iide of thii iflaitd U quite a defert i and the interior parts being fo mountainous, fearce any place ii inhabited but the foa-coafti, which, on an extent of four hundred leaguei, ii fuppofcd to contain only about one hundred thoufand people. The men in general, are eaual in ftature to the largeft European!, being tall but tnin, yet exceedingly flrong, flefhy and well nude, and they are particularly aAive and vigorous, with an uncommon adroitncfi in every thing they do; but moft of their lees are flcnder and bandy, witti large knees, owing to the little exercife they take, and their continually fitting crofs-legged in confined canoes. Their complexion is a clear mahocany brown, though they are rather darker in the foutnern ifland. Their hair is black and curling, and their teeth extremely re- EUr and white. They have good faces, like Europeans, rkcyei, lips rather thick, and aquiline nofe*. Tlieir Toice IS rough, they talk loud, and, in general, are more rude and unpolifhed than the natives of O-Ttheitee, of whom we Ihall fltortly treat. The women are plain, and have no great female delicacy > but their voices are re- markably foft and harmonious, and by thii they are chiefly diftinguilhed, the dreft of both feset being nearly the fame. They have, like th« women of &ther countries, a chearfulneCi fuperior to the men, and a greater flow of animal fpirits. Both fexes have the praAice of tattowing. Witli rrfpeA to the drefs of the people of this country: that of the men is merely a wrapper round the body, kept from falling below the waift by two flips over the fhoulders, faftened before and behind with bone bodkins. It is made of flag leaves, and rcl'cmbles a fliaggy door mat. Some ■len on particular occafions, wear another piece of this matting round the waift, which reaches almoft to the ground. The drefi of the women it a cloak and petticoat of matting, and a bunch of aromatic leaves hanging from a girdle between the legs. Some of them wear' their hair cropped fl'iort, otheri have it flowing about their fliouldersi but tlie men tie theirs up in a buiKn on the crown of the fiead, decorate that bunch with feathers, and ftick acomb behind it. They wear their beards cut fhort. Both men and wonirii grcale their hair, and frequently wear upon tlie crown of tlieir heads, a large bunch of bl9.ck leathers, tied up round lb as to rail'e their bead twice its natural height, and almoft to cover it. A variety of oniaments is worn by both fexei, fuch as rar-ringi, necklaces, anelcts, Ccc. Both men and women liore their ears, and ftretch the holes till they will admit a finger ; in thefe they wear cloth, featliers, bones of arge kirns, and fonwtinscs ftick {nece: of vrcod through them. The women frequently ftuff in the white down of the al- batrofs, ftaiiicd with ruddle or okcr, which fpreads liefbre and behind.' a»-Iare;c as ones lift ; and, though fingiilar,. hu a verv |oad t(kd. Sometimei ttiey lianf to itietr ears, by (trings, cliiflels, or bodkini, made of tak, and often the nails or teeth of their deceafcd relatioiu : brace- lets and anelets are made of birds, bones, Ihells, or any other fubftatice they can drill a bole through. The m«n fometimci wear round the neck, fufpeiiJed by a firing, a pieaeof round green tranlparent talc, or whalebone fhaped like a laurel leaf, and with the rude figure of a man carved upon it i and fome wear a feather tlirough their noftrils. I'hcfe people live upon lilh, birds, and vegetables, Wa< ter is their only liquor . and, having nothing that will in- toxicate, they arc in this rcfpcA the happieft persons iii the world I but, on the other hand, (hould their plantationt fail, or an unfavourable reafon hanpen, and they happen not to be provided with a fufficient dry ftock, thediftreli to fuchas innabitlhe interior parts of the country inuft b« dreadful. This will in fome meafure, account for the fitar tliefe people live in of each other, for the care they take to fortify their villacei, and for the horrid cuftom of eating thofe whoM they kill in battle. I he head is the only pirt tliey donot eat : they fuck the braini, and frequently convert the fkoUtodoroeflicpurpofei, fucli as to hold w«ter, &c. The way they difpateh their priftners, is, by knocking them down with their patta pani.iS| and then ripping them up. The hippahs, or towns of thefe people, are all fortified. Many are built upon eminences near the fea, and fecured on the land fide by a bank or ditch, and a high paling within the ditch i and fome have outworks ; their houfei are built on a rifinc ground, under a tuft of trees, but are lit- tle better than dog-kennels, feldom more than twenty feet long, ten broad, and fix high ; their furniture and utenfil* are trifling. Their amufements are finging and dancing : they have three mufical inftruments, a trumpet made of a ihelL a wooden pipe, which yields a noifc like a child's whiiUe. A top was feen here, Ihaped like the gigs in Eng- Und, and, like them, made to fpin by whipping. In thefe iflands, two or three forts of Cloth are made : the fliMgy fort, refemhiing a thrummed door mat j one aa coarle u our coarfeft canvas, though ten times as ftrong j and another as plofly as filk. The ihaggy fort is made of flag-leaves, fplit into three or moreflips, and interwoven with dry, leaving a number of ends hanging to it on the out- fide, eieht or nine inches long i and the glofly fort ia fbrmed Dy many threads lying very clofe one way, and a filwcroflina them the other ; but thefe are about half an inch afunder, fomewhat like the round pieCts of can^ matting that are by fome perfons placed under the dllhet upon tables to fave the cloth ; this ftuflP is fprepared to as to fliine like filk, and is often flriped. It is made in a frame of the fixe of the cloth, about five feet long tnt four broad. They have adxes and axes made of^black ftone, and chiflcls of (wnc, or pieceaof jafper: they hav<( likewife an inftniment made of a (harp (take, which fervet at once for plough and fpade. Their fiftiing- nets are mi^ of a kind of grafs, very ftrong in ia nature ; and their principal nets are fo large, that they feem to be the joint work and joint property of a whole town i they are gene- rally about five fathom deep: they make alfo a circuhr net, extended by two or three hoops, feven or eight feet in diameter, which they bait at the bottom, and leave open at the top. The natives have a particular and fin([ular tafte for carv- ing : they attempt not to imitate any thing in nature, but confine tuemfelvcs to a volute or fpiral, which tbey vary many ways, fingle, double, and triple, and with as much regularity, as if done ^m mathematical draughts. Ther thus ornament their boats, paddles, arms, tools, and almolt every thing they make, though they have very ankward tools to do it with. Hoftilities, amone diem, are declared with a war fong and a dance, in which th« women join and attack, witli diftorted features, hideous (houts, rolling eyes, and tongues lolling out of their months. The heads of their chieff arc curioufly tattowed, and fometiraes adorned with a wooden comb and feathers. Captain Cook, having ex> prcfTcd a defire to fee their mode of attack and defence; one young man mounted a fighting ftage, which is a pktfbnn raifvdfirom the ground and furrounded with a ditch, of which they have many large ones on the (ides of hills '; and another went into the ditch ; both he that was to defend the place, and he that wu to attack it, fung the war fong, and danced in a frightful manner, working uiem- iciVcs up to a degree uf uicciiahicai rage : thia done they at- tacked each other with uncommon fury. As thefe people live iii perpetual hoflilitv-with each other, there is therefore littU laud in a ftatc qt cultivation, and I ':.^--'A;-A^fi-:1^^,.tivj-^ «•! Tm» new and universal SYSTEM or OEOGRAl'llY. III »nA «*«ry villtgr I* made * fort : ihev fMin to have fludlcd ltd the illftrumcnli of nctcr, tliiiti lhof« of «*>» . A Uitce piiiilcd iun bail>cd ii llicir mil'' «rapon: ihii i> held uko* uudler n^C 'n the middir, aiwi "" '^ with ^Kit liiiv : llirv likcvtilc foil' miiici (igiit Willi ii<. dam iiidadoMli ' ■■' Ailhnonci, n b* '^'ithcr bcami tci convey llMloriiitr, or Umi);* to I u ^ : ihtir oibcr wcapoiii irt btltlc , and tlu |>aiti-| which li inail>' nt grten laic thoui a I'xrt long, mm! Hiu 'ih to wi'iih liuiir or five pouitda. It ii furnicd like a pointed haiileJore, wiili a (hort luudla aiid (harp cdgn, and de- figiicd fbrclnfc figlili 'lirough Iha handle lliere i< a filing 10 twin roim<' itd wli''n the weapon U ulcd : the pattapattoo it w u the gii ceruin, that when any die, the nearaft furviving relations, by ' way of fhewil^[ refpci!!! to the deceafed, fcarify themfclves ',' in a terrible manner, Thofc who inhabit T'avai Pocnammoo, which is the t fouthemille, live a wandering life, and fcem to be under no regular kind of government : the head of each tribe, indeed, is icfpeAed, and, on foir ^ on-'lons, corotnaiuis V obedience ; but thofe of Eahic-monAtiv acknowledge a fovercign, under whom are leverelfub.". «": chiefs, ro whom great rcfpcft is paid, and by vhoCT j '. - proh*. bty adminiftcrrd ; and it was Icirm ;':;. i i' ^'a1&ff<■. thefouthern i?land have fcvcrsl thing* i; f\»r.,r in, puti- cularljr their fine cloaths and iifhing' rt«. .''l^eir fine cloaths are preferved in a place by thcnili Ivc, in r. ;e mid- ' idle of their towru, and part of their nctt are found in al- moft every houfo ; for they collefl tlicfe parts, and join them together, when they go out to filh. They New Zealandcrt, tliough more irafcilile than the ether fouth lea iflandcrs in general, are, however, left im- modeft, having fonie idea of indecency. They are as de- cent and refcrved in their behaviour ai the politeA perfons :_ t - u/i..» .„ _. — ...™ :- ™.j. ._ 111 i:.iiiv.j'w. .. ■•»*• M.i w.v,h.^v ■« ■•(•uv iw «ll]r JVUII^ woman, tt>e wrty it given to underAand, that the con- * lint of fiicnJi is neccllary -, that a fuitablc prcfciit niuft I he made ; ilwi the eonienting female miiA be treated with good nitiiiteri and delicacy ; that no uitbecnniing lihrrtics niuAbeukrn, and iImI the dav- light muA not he a wit. nel'i of what pallet between them. An agrccnKnt ihiM iin.lr iicuiilidirtad by them at regular and binding a« t y ceremonial in Kurnpean eounlrtet. / (ifi iwo ^tullowiiig inilaiicet will ferve to (hew th« triciciry •<( Ihrfe peopla, I'evtral of whom were kilted, and i;rrtt ptini (nicn to concilUta thair afKAIona, Iw . fore ca^itaiii Oiok, who was bora in lytf, could tllhtl '>r bring tlicm )>t le with Inifgrhvi Monfleur Mari'in, who commjuJcJ 'wo French Mipi, was, in i^yi, with tweniy-eiglit ot his men murdered Itera. 1 ht carpcntert belonging to iliit (ifTicer'i (hipt wara en • < tmped in the woods, under iJm proleftion of a Wl, Cm/ft, with a fma|| patty, for the purpofe of makinf new maAt, fit. ^'pon th* newt, therefore, oi cap«d« Marion and hit itu.i being cut off, a corporal and foOT m^ tina* were dil'patched to M. Croxrt, to acijuaiivf biia witb hi* danger, while Icvcial boatt waited to receive him. M. Cimwt immadialely ditpoled every thing, at wall at ha conid, to efMt a retreat , l>ut loon foand hiinfelf in (ight of a Modiaioiit crowd of ih* nativai, Jad on by l'e< vrial chien. n» direAad the four marina* to b* ready to tin at fuel) perfon* a* he Aiould point vm, if necellty re- quired it, and than onltrad all hi* jMrtv lo ftrike tlieir tenti, and retire tvich thair toot* to iia boats, while ha advancad up to ona of tha cUaft. Thia mwi lold him, that M. Marion una killed br tAadmr chief, whom ha naancd. At this, M. Croaet Rxed a (Uu in tha ground. juA before the Cm of the chief, and bid him advance no l\irther. Th* boldneA of tb* aAion flartied the favage,' which being obfrrvad by M. Croaet, he infifted on hit oommandingtlia croud to fit down -, which wu accordingly complied with. He now walked up and down liefurc the natives, tilt ait hi* Men wet« in the ooat : hit foldicn were ordered to follow, and himfelf was the laA who embarked, Scarce wat the bo.it put off from the Inore, but ihc favage* began their fuiig of defiance, and tiirew Aoiiet'at him i however, by tlie exertion of hit people, lie got fafe on board. Thit, howevet, did not intimidate Al Croztti for finding hiinfelf under a nccelfity of procurinff new maAt, he landed again with a patty, attacl.cd i>nc ot their fortifications, and ci i ' breach in iti an nriii.-J chief in>< Aantly Aepped in' > , and wat (hot dea>'. i aiiotlier Aeppcd on the dead bod'. , .tnd occupied his place, he likcwilc fell aviAim to M Croict'i heroifm ; and in like manner fell eight chiefs, ivho focoedively defended, and bravely fell upon thit poft of honour. The reA, feeing their leader* dead, fled, and many were aurl'ued and killed. In (hurt, , after thit cnierpriie, M. Croaet completed tlie repairs ofi ' hi* (hip without interruption, and, after a Aay of lixty-foua- days, proCgeated hi* voyag*. T'he other inftance relates to tlie dreadful cataArophe of foine of captain Furneaux's crew ; tlie two (hips com- manded by tbecaptains Cook and Furneaux having parted company off the eafterncoaA of Eahic-moiuiuwe, and nrd«d diem a bett«rop|»i m iirtr tf lematking tHe pcrrenal fubordinatiim gfthdgpBiMit IMii ' Ind befeic offiercd. Tlie ^ricipal pnfens wm a «MiMr> «nd a ftetty boy about ten y«ani old. The #Mo*, «w mournirig for her hitlbuid wiik teart of btooil, anovding totiMircvftom! Mim^mt, t>y «b death «r to ItUier was become proprietor of a liiftriQUf land. llMiikMher and the tan were dttingt^MimaU : aiMllllfeivitdfl^Mtelihri •to the number of fixtiAt'^ftlrnneMi i»f bMh ftntt fit -found them intheopeii^i ft*r Iteydid imtffi»t (b 'kaw any honfe, or other ncMtr fimh like wettlMt« ttie in» Hflemeniiet of which, ttAtm had probibly enMtd fhen to ondare witboat any hBtaf mbHumk^n. Their Whtfte behavkmr wiaaffiUei MUi^i ^ «iliifeKio«Nt They «reftn*ed each perfba wf«i Mb, lUHi' a biand -of fi<« 1o dtelt it, and fnHbi HmoI natty -^Kd to ftiy tiH the ttMtmIng i #bi^ thev would ha««.0olie, lri4 ihfey liet ex- •eAed the fltip te fail. A man and twowenicn wen (ba 9^ WhiMtaMi tuA UiDuflty Bwi ihe man Aitod wMi « battle is itr^Oabin •fcU hand, «ii the rocky poRittff al«1llM|%.and MiM tt ■cepain Cook and feme Morkwbo %#tttMi(Hn| nedrllUi in a boat The women were bebUUI mm; wh #Hb % .lortgfpear in Iter hind. HhfahitetMn wu Mfwered }n Ae language of 0«Trfieitee ; Tayo hate mai. Friend. coRie bither ; be ^id not, however, ftir ken«f aarity all aty r eh ettfona on the prt of tt* iMtifei were tanKned. The dUn received tbb |ireibnts was fpent in eemenaiion, which wat vety fiitU tmder^ nood by citber jMfty, and inwbicbtbe ^oai^pift woman bore by bribe grealaftlhafe. Tbe iiast day me femiemen renewed their vlfit. Tbe native* received all tbe vtklea that vrere oflered themt wilb jpcat indiSanenec, except batdiets and fpH»>ind]«,inrpitnnferwhicbllMirparttiiWith fcvend of their onnunenta «nd wcapom, bat ifla notthufeto part wi^ their ^eart. A petfeA good un4arfbH>diin bti- mg now eftaUiflied, tbe nest time the cap « vifited 9>em, be found them dicffid out in the higheft i . of tbe coun- try ; tlieir hair wa* combed, tied to me crown of tbair head, and anointed with (bme ait or enafe t iriiite ftaibm wen ftnck in at the top ; fomebad tmt» of white ftatfaen all round the head, and otbert Wore pieces cf an albatro's ftin, with its fine vrbite down in tiienr em. A cloak of ted baize Tni pirfimted to the chief, in return for which be fave the captun a paita-pattM, which be drew from bit de ; it was a dlortclub made of a filh btme. A few day* after they were prevailed upon tp venture on board tne fliip, which they momifed to do tbitnext momtng. When the Ralantion fatv in Qjieen Charlotte't Sound, a New Zealai> with bu fen and daughter came on board. They wen introdtiotd into the cabin, when cat)* 1^0 Cook gavs him many little ptafetits, and d^ciRd oie boy in one ^ bit own wtiite fliirts : tixe beiy was fo over- joyed v^ his finerr, that notbing could confine him to .\t eitin, he mnft Ane hit length on thedeck : the boy bellowed out his trl- bolarioni fo loudly, that his exulting corujueror wu pro- eeedina to fnrthrr chaftifemcnt, whrn th» nnlHU athn w*re deflators lntcrporeJ,and^ut an end to the unequal confiift, Tbe unhappy Khoaa's pndef wu now humbled in the dirti Ks Ihirt was bdtneared with diit, and in this wofol pfight Mo. II. hi flunk iriid tiie eabiii, ftetii^giy telling his misfbriniie by hit tears : the ftem fadier uiiiired to the melting moodi was eiinieed to fee the ihfcfiitnable prefent begrimed with filth, drtd in the ungoveirnable Tally of his anger, beftowed niany Hearty blows on the poor fufferer. The difi^tion to (teal and fecret every thing they couU l*y their hands on, was prevalent in gill that came on board tbe Ibip in Queen ChUrbtte's Sound -, feveral of them were i^Uco«eicdiiieonveyli^tMr««a*tHety ofthihgs that lay cOfiTetlieittly for thfir purpole, upon which tlMy were ig- nodygdowlT tonicdont Of tll^ fltMp. One time a woman fldla a jd lih a firott obe ttf the ftibrs, aiid conveyed it to a yotaill; Zeahmider. The owrii^, finding ttaa.ftolen gOOdi man him, took May bit vrojiertywithotitiettmony, for wbicb he rcoeilli*,in tbe DoliAih, cm Jtane to. 1^67, who madit "►, been yjfii flay in tltis ifland : it his alfe. been v^ted by feve^a* it! Havigaror^ but Itfft hy captain Cook in ihk Endeavour, lb April 1^60. It li tiniated In feventeen degrees thirty trtbrates fouth latitude, and one huiidred and fifty degrees wefi longitude, coofiftsof two circular penibfulas, one of trilith is near as largfc a»in as die other j the biggett is thetefore termed Great O-Taheitee, and the other Little O-Ttheitee : the iflhmus that joins them is ttrs miles bibad. T^e whole ifland is thirty iniks bmg, and one buiihedand twenty in compafs ; ]i tuirounded hy coral rocks, andintemilly inbaniiiiMiw. The foil, except at the vetyCommttofdie hills, is ricb, sroody, well watered, and Vddtot: from various appear* ances, however, it feems to have uiidetgoDe many changes by iVifatemneovs fires. Tbe inhabitanti o^ dwell in the valKes, or in the fiat binds near the fea. Tbe houfes are built without ord taint, cocoa-nuts, yams, cuftatd apple, fagair canes, wild indigo, ginger, tutiMric, &c. but neither frtiits, vegetabks» or min, refembliag dioic of Europe. Wb*n M.de BouSuhvillevtaithe^ i» i f 68«hc perfuaded oneof thecblefkltfiHfcfefe ameei of gioundforfega^en, hkd itdttg, lowed it#ith wheat, Wley.oats,rice,iii»iM, onions, and pot-lierbt of all kinds, and gave him to u6denlan4 of what great ufe they v^quid be to the inhaUcmtt if &«y were uroberly attended to ; but they did not thrive, or were neglected, for captain Cook, in 1773, neither faw not heard of any of their produA. In May 1760, capiata Cook fowed fome melon feed, and thefesdof otterpknts) but they did not come up i this might indeed have been the fate of tbe l«tds which M. de Bougainville fowed No Europ**!! f-eds f*sin to faceesd here ba: thofi: cf pumkins, which the natives diOike. M. de Bougainville left a cod( and hen turkey, and Ibme ducks aiid dral(,cs. The tutkiet, it ii luppofcd died, as4bttc were none in 1774; but it ig 3 1/ prefum w^' aio Tnt NEW prcluniiil the ducks bred and incrcafcd, iheiu being pkntjr of thcni at prefL'tit iti tlic iiland. In Auguft, 17/;^, cap- tain Cook left a couple of ^oats, male and Iviuulc; urid, on his iclurn the ApiiUuiloumg lie found that the llie goat had two kid.i, and sviH with kid again, that they looked tict'k and well, and that their hair was as foit and tine as lUk. Tilt donicdic aninuU hcie art little hops, and finall (lothiul doj^'i. 'I'herc aielikcwife duckn, green duvcs, blue {ligeons, cuckoos, kingliUicrj, lierons, ptioquvts, turtles^ ants, &c. 'I'hc natives. 9f ^his iiland are a ftout, well-inide people; both men and women are remarkably handfome, andbcau- tifallv made, ihofe of diftin£lion rather taller than the '? tnghfli ; thofe of an inferior clafs rather below us in height. ' 1'hcir natural complexion is a clear brunette; tlieir tea- ■■" lures do not differ from thofe of the Europeans, except that their nofes arc rather flat, being purpofely flattened m ■ itheir infancy ; their fkin is delicately loft and fmooth ; ' theireyesare black, lparkling,aodfullofexpreirion;tllongh ' they have no crimfon m their cheeks, they are delicately '\ clear; their teeth, are beautifully wliite and regular, an^ " ' continue fo to old age ; and their breath without the leaft degree of taint; fome are of a pale white complexion, ' with white hair, eye-browi, and eye-lafhea. The hair of • ^ the people in'general, however, is black. They oil it with cocoa-nut oil, perfume it with a certain root, and drefs it neatly without combs. The men wear whtfkers, .and their ^ beards ih'itiaiiy (hapes ; clcanlinefs is (heir chief charac- ■^ teriftic, libth men and women regularly batlic thcmfelves r{. in running water thrice a day ; as Toon as they rife, at noon, ^<- and before they go to reft. They walh their mouth at ' .« every meal, and not only their mouths but their hands, •f- and diis five or (tx times in the courfe of the meal, and ', they Idlip their c'loaths without either fpot or llaiii upou ^ them. iy ' The Ibwerclafs of inhabitants are freqnentiyfeen without - '■ tmy other covering than a fa/h or mantle round thcii:W: this they throw a fihe white cloth, like a mantle which is wound, leveral tiinesoverthe body, in elegant turns, below tjie breaft, forming a kind of tunic. The cloth is made , like paper, of maferatcd bark, iprcad out and beaten toge- ther. Girls, under four, and boys under fevcn years of . age, go naked. On the head they wear a bonnet made of matting or cocoa-nut-leavei, and the women fometimes .' ' decorate themfeives with fmall turbans, and, plaiting tlicir \'„ flair, twine it round their heads. Sometimes they flick flowers and featlicrs in their hair, and both fexes wear car-rings of fliells, berries, or fmall pearls, in one ear only. . They let the finger-nails grow, except that of the middle ' Arger on the right hand. In 1606, when DeQuiros faw this ifland, the men were quite naked, and the women covered only from the waift dqwnwards with a garment made of the palm-tree .- he in- ^ died faw one man, who feemcd to be a chief, who had on liis head a kind of coronet made of fmall black feathers, fo fine and foft that they refembled filk, and behind hung down a bunch of red hair fomewhat curled, as low as the middle of his back ; by which we learn th,at a century and half will make fotne alterations in the culloms of the na- tives of the South Seas, as well as in thofe of the Euro- peans. Thefe people mark their loins and back part of their thighs with blacT; or blue lines, in a variety of forms, which they call tattowing. Thej^ {bin thcmfelves in this tnanner, by punfturing or pricking the fkin till it juft bleeds, with a fharp inftrument fomething like a comb, and then riibbing upon the part a grtafc made of foot and oil, which continues through life : fuch as are nurked with deep blue putifturcs have the parts rubbed witlt the juice of a plantthat gives that colour, 't'beydonotmatk their children till they are about thirteen years old ; and though it is a painful operation, and feveral days before the niirris healed, thev hear it with great refolution; confider- inK it as the hi^hf ll ornament. " J'he diet of thefe ptoulc is vegetables, filh, poultry, pork, and dt^s-flclh , and their manner of drcfllng their tbod !•! very lingular. Having procured fire l>y making a prove in one ftick, and rubbing another in that grove, in i*ie fame manner as carpenters whet their chiflcls, till the fmall duft kindle?, they dig a hole in the ground about fix thchesdeep, and eight or nine in circuit : this done they pave liic l)otti)ni with pebbles, and make a fire in it : they AN© UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. then fwcep off the afliesj and flay their food upon it, fiiff covering it with plaintnin lca<^es, and then heaping over it tlK- hot embers. Here it lies till rt is fufficicntly baked ; and when taken out, it is tender, jnicy, and full of gravy. Their chief diink ii> water i but they fometimes drink the j^ice of the cocoa-nut. I'heyhavean intoxicating juice, which tlicy prefs out from the root of a plant; yet they feldom are inebriated. They fit on the groiuid at meals, witli leaves fpi«ad oot by way of table-cloth. The'ir pro- vifioni ate brought in baikets, their fait and water are kept iA.cocoarlhells ; none eat witliout walhing their hands and moutlis ; they carve with (halls, feed with their fin- gers, and eat immoderately. They are filent during tlic whole repafi, sod eat feparattly with their fiices turned from each other. I'he. huM of thefe ifianden confift merely of a roof, fupported on threerowa of piUi, one on each fide, an4 one in the middle, and thatched with the leaves of the palm-tree ; tlieir lioufes are fqrmed like our hay-rick^, with their roofs floping both ways, the eaves of the roof about three or four iieet from the ground ; they have feldono any walls, bittiire open •(. the fiides and ends ; fome few are inctofcdwith reeds, having only a hole to enter in at, which can be (hut up with aboard ; but thefe arc the ha- bitations of the principal people. Within, tliey are ver^ neatly bedded witlt.a kind of ftraw or hay, on which thev lay inats to fleep on i reftiiw their head on a block, ov fous-'legeed ftool>^ by way of^piilow. When dark, they ;buma.Iuiidof candle, made of the kernels of an oily iia|, fn«ny of w^ich thejr.&ck upon a finall piece of wood like a (kswer, one over another ; when the firft is burnt down, the- one below it takes fire, and fo to the bottom. After meali, and during the heat of tlie day, elderly perfons of the better fort lie down to fleep : indeed citing and flecping, is their general way of pfling time, for they have httle to dp but pro<;urc themfelves food, and are very indolent peo- pki fo indolent, as fometimes even not to feed thcmfelves. If theySjbnt a few trees in the courfe of tlieir lives, it is all that ilexpcAed from tliem. I'hey are not, however, witliout the more fprightly amufements ;. fuch as mufic; dancing, wrcflling, fwimming, and diving, which they djwoiulerfully (not only men and women, but childrea of (is years old), throwing a lance, and fhocting witli a bow. 1^ tbtow'ing a lance, their ambition is, to hit a mark at about twenty yards diftance ; and in ufing the t>ow, he if tlie beft archer tliat conveys the arrow farthcft ; and aa their arrows ate not feathered, will often fend them two hundred and eighty yards. They kneel when tliey draw they bow, which, as foon as the arrow is delivered, they drop. , Flutes and drums are their only mulical inllrumcnts ; the flutes are made of the bamboo cane about twelve inches long, with two holes onlv,whichthey fiop with the (irft finger of tliu left hand, and the middle one of the right. Thus they have only four notes, and of thefe they leem to have but one tune ; and, what is more remarkable, they found this inflrument by blowing through their nodrils. The' drum is cylindrical, and formed of a hollow block of wood, folid at onis'end, and covered with the (kin of a (hark at the otlier. Thefe they beat witli their hands, and can tune them ; they have a contrivance alfo to tune tlie flute, which they do by the ear with great exaflnefs. They fometimes (ing, and fometiinea dance, to the found of thefe inftruments. Their fongs arc in couplets, and frequently extemporaneous, and, from their repeating them, (eem to be inctrr, though without rhime. At other times tliey dance, and their way of dancing is not Icfs fiift' gular than their niullc j for tliey twift and writhe their bo- dies into many extravagancies. Dramatic entertainments, or regular interludes, divided into hrce aftj, are here performed by men and women. Thefe dramatic interludes arc called by theiflanders Mcava, and theyconftft of dancing and comedy, and* lad near tvva hours. Their language is foft and melodiou*, and abound* with vowels. Clo^h is their principal manufaQiire, wh^h is made oT bark of difFcrcnt oegi-«» of finenefi ; blanched, and died red or yellow. They are likewife very ready in making ba(kets and wicker-work, which they do very expediti-. oufly : they will make baflcets of the ?ocoa-imt leaves i<\ a few minptcs, and alfo bonnets to (hade theii. faces, fron^' the fun ; not fuch bonnets as cover the head, but ificrclyj a lli.idc over the eyes, which they tie round the licaJ,j 1 hey make ropes and lines of the bark of anotlicr trccy^ from the fizcof a packtiiread to thai of an liicli in dsa-K meter. Of thefe tlicy form their filhing-ncts and tacktr^ and gf tlie fibie» of the cocoa-nut they luake thread. Tl>^ IS ' ■■ir,- 1 ^jt£'^-^i'ujyi.>- #1 *. -%■•- ,4:- ,1M- :;i ;;: , -.>"'■• m f (! ' ..• /,-•■ V , > !: •«♦,, ■ If- f ^ it ' ■ .1. : 0. i l^' > » * * A \ ^. .*.-' ■ *,Mi>!,f>^'' , ■, ^ ',.< 4' M^ i*/ ' K r3v %■• j^- 1- * g^t^v T ■ll^lj f*''* .-*•- V? N V ,;,/;/ j ' ! ;">r=i'\. ;/:UtK --"n- -^^v^v^us.- -^ '^?» »■■'■ ^f*' •-.;*'.• ^ MMiit>. tA S ! A.] b - t \i E I T Ei sit > tilhin!;-hoelci are made of mother of pi-arl : and they make a harpoon of cane, pointing it with haid wood, for thy h.ive no mtui of any fort, i'hetool* ul'ed by thefc people are in priieral inade of flielU iiiid Aone, and with thel'e they will creil hoiilct, .build caiioet,. and after their manner carvg iin»Kei. 'I'luv make an adze with (lone, a rliiflcl of human bone, a lalp of coral, and for filet and polilhen they ufe coral land. Thefe iOaiideri carry on their trilling navigation in ca- noei, which are of variout lizei, and defigmd, according to their conftruAion for fighting, filhinfr, making voyage*, fiic. the Iwi^h il from ten to fcventy-twu fret, tlic are perpendKuUr, and the bottomi llat. Two fighting canoes are always lalhed together, and upon tlic forepart of thefe aflageit etc£)cd like a quarter-deck lor the war- riors to ftand on. From hence tliey tin i>« their lancei, which are their military weapons, as their \>ovn and ar- rows are only ufed by way of amufenicnt. 'I'hcv alfo make ufeof flings. B«low thefe ftagcc, which fonietiinei cover the whole canbe, fit the rowers, fixteenor fcventccn in number, who paddle on with oars rcfcmbling a bakers peal i and the fparc men (when anv arc wounded on the phuform above, change places with tlicm. The fiftiing canoe is ftotn ten to lorty feet in length, .mid fomciimes carriei a fail i and the travelling canoes are always ufed in pairs, and have generally a fmall houfe fix or fcven feet f()uare, but on a flage in the forepart of them, and fome- tiroes only an awning ; for in fine weather they go in com- . pules a plcafuring in thefe boats, and make a good ap- pearance. At thefe tiiiies the vefTels are dernratcd with- ilreameri, aiid the people on board are drefled ; they who row and ftcer are drefled in white ; they who fit upon .ind under the awning, in white and red i and two men, in red only, are plnced on the prow of eadi canoe. The year is divided here by the moon, which they call Malama, and nieal'ure theday by thefun. They meafurs diftances by the time they pafs them, and count by their fingers. Their language is foft and harmonious, and abounds with vowels, like the Spanifh and Italian, which they can readily pronounce ; but they lind a difficulty in pronouncing Englifh. The priefts are phyficians and fur|;cons. They ufc bleeding. Which is performc'l with a Iharp wooden inftru- ment. The principal difcafes are ulcers, leprous and cu- - taneous eruptions. This people have two kinds of depofit for the dead, one called a tupc cleared for the mounury. t.iitle can be laid to the religion of t' teopic, as their religious. language differs from theconi , and the Ku- ropeuiH, who vidtcd them, were not evt... fiicli fufflcient judges of the latter, as to compreliend their ecccfiaftical myfterics. The priefthood is hereditsry, and the fupe- rior knowledge of the priefts confifts eliietly in under- ftandiiig their traditions better than other ix-ople; and they only aic allowed to tattow and eircumcife, Marri.ige here is hut a mutual contra^ to be continued it the pleafure of the parties, the pricft having nothing to do with the affair. In this country, the feudal f;overnment fcems to fubfift Each of the penmfulas hai n chief) and each of the dif- trifls, which are forty-thrr ; in number, a fuhordinate chief. The chicfii have ak.nd of court, and a council. Each diftriO, in cafe of an attack, furnifhes a certain num- ber of fighting men, and the fovereign commands the whole. Tlie Weapons are flings, pikes, and clubs. They give no quarter but kill men, women, and children, and carry toff the jaw bones as trophies. 1 he 0-Taiieitans are miieh addiAed to theft; but it feems to arife ratherfront not having any notions nf private property, than from any criminal inclinatibn. They are amorous and uiichafle before marriage, but in general very faithful afterwards. There is a fociety, however, called the arreoy, in whKh indifcriminate concubinage is permitted. Polygamy is allowed to the principal peo])le of the iflaiid. Love is the ruling {/afTion ; but a fubmilfivc obedience : paid bv the wives to their huibands. When 8 lifpute ariles at any time between two cliicfs, it is fettled among tliemfelves. Captain Cook was once prefent at a naval review; And found it conlifled of upwards of three hundred large canoes completely equipped, aiid manned with near eight thoufand men ; the cliicfs, and all thofe on the flighting platforms, were ha- bited in their war accoutrements, which confifted of t great quantity of cloth, turbans, brcaft-ptatcs, andunweildy helmets. The canoes were drefled with flags and flrcamera. 1 his fleet was deflgned to attack * neighbouring illand tli.at had thrown of its dependency on O- Tahcitec. Some of the troops at captuiii Cook's requcft, went through their cxei'ciie on fhorc. Two parties fitft began with clubs; the blows of the clubs were aimed at tlie legs and head ) thole at the legs were evaded by jumping ; and thofe at the head by ftooping or leaning afide : when they pro- ceeded to ufe the fpeart or darts, they parried the pufli or dart by fixing the point of a fpear in the ground before them, and dire£ting the other end of it, as they forefavr the aim was made at the other party. When captain Wallis (who not long flncc failed to this ifland) brought his fhip clofc under the land, he was fur- rounded by fome hundreds of canoes, with fereral per- fonsiueach. When they came within piftol Ihot, they gazed, and feemed to hold a council how to a£t : at tail they paddled round the veflel, exhtbitin(| fignals of friend- fhip, und one of themmade a fpeech. Soon after this, fome few came on board, but one of them being butted by a goat then on deck, and on turning round feeing the goat rife on his legs, they all jumped over the fides of the veflel in the greatcft fright, but foon fw;un round her and re- turned on board again, and the crew had enough to do to prevent theirfteahngfundrythings that lay inthcirway; one of them fnatched on a gold-laced hat from an officer's liead, leaped overboard and fwam ofF vrith it. Upon the captain's) fending out a boat to found the depth of water, the In- dians to prevent thcircoming on ihore, threw ftones into her, and wounded fome of the men, which made an officcrinthc boat fire his mulket, loaded with buck fhot, at the Indian who threw thefirftftone, and wounded him on the fhoulder. This was an aUirin fufficictit : it brought together three or four hundred canoes, with upwards of two thoufand men, armed with flings and ftones, of two pounds weight, who attacked the ihip, and hurt fome of the crew ; out they were loon quieted and difperfed by firing a few great guns at them, with the lofs only of a few Indians. '1 hey prepared for a fccond attack, but found it in vain ; in ihort they became fo afraid of a gun, that a muiket being pointed at them, thoufands would fly before it, like ailoc'c ' o» r>M Jill Thi NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM o> GEOGRAPHY. of lh««p. Sq great inJrrd wu tlioir dread, thai wlicA t Mitv ot' Indiant once ittemptcd to attack an ofRotrt tiMn nrolliiig about on Itiore by hiinrcif, Ite put them all to fliKlit, l>y prefcntiiig hi* innth piik cafe at tUcin, which ihcy conceived to be a little gun. After tliia, the ihip'i boat went peaceably on Ihore ; ai-.d upon fignali of friendlhip made on both lidei, a trade wat opeiied with the inandem, which improved every day. I'bc thing! they valued moft were nails and hatchets, they having no ironi and the ratrt of tr they are likewife governed by ehieti, and tlieii religious notions are much the fame. Captain Foritrau»i in 1773, brought from this illand a ysMi^ man, named Omai, who, however, was not a native o< this place, but of UtieKa, having been driven ftom hii lioiut by the in- habitants of Bolabola. He was but ol tlie iniddK cUfi of people, and but an ugly fpecimen of tlic natives of tliete iHaiids. While in England, Ite was intsoduced to the bell company, and taken uiicomnion notice of by hli prrl'ciil Majclly. (treat pains were taken, while hare, to feall his eyes with wonders. Dui ina hit iUy heir, lie waa inocu- lated for the fmall pox -, and, when captain Cook failed for ()-Talicitee again in ^uly 1776, Ouai voiuniariiy went with him, thougli with maiiifett regret at leaving F.nglaiid. He carried with him a gicat variety of drtflta and oilier ornamentu, a portable liand-ctgan, a BOppei* Ihow, a coat of mail, a fuit of aimour, and an ewArical macliiiw which lie wa* uinght to ufe. I'hou^h at yt-Mi qf maturity, his judgment wu ftill in iu itilani ftau, an^, like children, lie coveted every tiling heliiw : Jte iii not carry with him any Inftiumenta of real ufe in lifr ; but • variety of domeftic animals, male and female, were put on board, u a prefent from captain Cook to the inliabit- ants of O-Taheitce, and the other South Sea iflands. Oniai, however, dying iu his palTagc home, never again faw his native country. 3. Ulietea was firll aifcovercd by capuin Couk in July 1769. It lies fouth-weft and by woft, about feven or eight leagues from Huaheine, and is about three timet as large, has much broader plains, and much higher hillt, but is not fo fertile or populous -, the (oil, at the top is a kind of Hone marl. Here arc plantains, cooia-ntita, yams, hogs, and fowlt. It it governed by a viceroy, deputed from Bolabola. Their burial rlacts here arc iiv.iolcd with Hone walls, made with curid (lanes. The principal peo- ple, when tliey receive a vilit of ceremony, .ire fuaicd within their haiiitatioiis, at the end of a Ion;; mat, and tlie parly introduced by frmr or five old women weeping, and, as it were, bitterly lamenting, and cutting their heads with iiifirumenu made of the teeth of a Ihark, 1^11 the blood runs plertifuUy down their (iices and fliouldtrs ; before tlie vifitor enters, thefe women embrace liiir. , a,'.] thus fre- quently bcfmear him with their blood. "'■',! ceremony ended, they go and wafli themfclvcs, attd i/- unedtMcly re- fume their former chearfuhiefs. In this ifland, the dances and dramatic entcrtaininenta arc very lingular 1 in one houfe, wtiere Dr. Solander, and Mr. Banks paid a vifit, by order of the mafter, a man with a large cylindrical piece of wicker work u^kmi hit head, about four feet long and eight iivches in diameter, fiu:ei with feathers placed perpendicular and edeed round with (harks tcctli, began to dance. In dancing, lie often twilled hit head in fuch a manner, that the top of tlie bead-dreln del'cribed a hrge circle, aiid wa< frMiuenlly flriking the by-fianders, which never failed Iu produce a laugh, at titr rx))ence of the jerfon who had been tlruck by liiin. 3. liolabola lies north-weft >ind by well, and i^i iliftinxr about four leuues from Otaha. It k made upuf one lii}>h forked peak of land, and is Currounded by a reef of rocks and Icveral fmall iflands, all of whidi are only cijjiu league* in compafs. 4. Otaha lies within about two miles cf Ulietea, and is divided from it by a ftraigitt ; both idands are inclofed in one reef of coral rocks, fo that there is no paflage for (hipping between them, This idand it not populous , nor nas it any thing to diftinguilh it from the other iflands. The natives received tlie lioat that landed un this coaft, in the moft courteous manner, and were paiticularl/ attentive to pay Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, who went in her, the lame compliments that they paid to tlieir kin!;s, ua- covei iiig their Ihoulders, and wrapping iheir garments round their brcafls. 5. Tubai : which produces nothing bat cocoa-nut^, and is faidtobc inhanited only by three Ixiniilies. I'he coaft abounds with (ifli, which uccalions Ihc (horc to be frequently vifitcd by the natives of the ncighbouiiii| iflands. 6. Marua is a fnmll ifland intircly furroundfd with a reef of rock?, and without any harbour for (liipping : a high hill ntcf in ih<- iniddk- ot it, which may Ih: fecn at the dillancc of tc-ii lisguis. It is inh;il>itcd, and its pro- duAions arc tlic tame a: ihc ifland bordering upon it. £aftcr llk',ur Davis' Land, is (itiuted in twemy-reven C dcurici im fAStA.] M O. u t*$ with a ping: a lixn K Its pro> it. ty-lcven (i.'izrt'tji drgrttf fire miniMti (ouih litlit|d«, ind one hundrtd and nine dcfrtai (ony-C\x miiiaici wd( longittidt. I( i> hilly ■ndikoiiy, and lifordi neither fueli water, or anchorage for Ihiepinc. It it not ccrtiinly known who firii difco- *«r«d inn iAand, but captain Cook viflied It in March, 1774. Th« only produAioni arc, pUntiint, nuti, po- taioei, Aigar-canei, yinM, and gottrdt. I'he aninitli are fowli, a few Uiid, and lome fea-birdi : alfo rati, which Ihcy eat, ai well ai th« former. The people art frugal livcrt, and good fwimmtrt. The iMlirei, witliirl'peA to llieir perfon<, ire lively Itid flrortg, of a middling (talure, llender, but hard-featured. Their looki are mild, pleafing, modeft, and fubmifflve. Their eompkxion, in general, ia a ehefnat brown t but foine few are darker, and fome are quite white, and the bodiea of the men are very hairy. Their beardi are black and ftrong, and they wear them clipped thort. The nofet, both or men and women, are not very broad, but rather flat between the eyei ; their lipi, though not fo thick ai that of the negto, areftrong, and their hair it black and curling. Their cyca are dark brown, and rather fmall, and the whitet of them not To clear ai in other iflandi of the Soutli Seai. I'he women wear the! t hair long, and fometiroet tie it upon the crown of the head 1 but the men never iufTcr theita to f>row more than three Inchei in length. Hath men and women are remarkable for the great length of their eart. They pierce the flapi of them, and Aretch the holel, by wearing a leaf in them, rolled up light like a fcroll, till they become two or three Inchei long, and reach the (houlderi. They fometimet turn thii flit over the upper part of the ear, and it then looks ai it the *1ap wai cut ofT. Tbeic iflanderi have the praQice of painting and tat* towing. The men cover their beadt either witli a round fillet, feathers, aftraw bonnet, or with a bufhy cap. The doathing of the women confiftt of a piece of red and white quilted cloth, or a mat, one part wrapped round the loini, and the other thrown over the (lidulderi } but the men go almoft naked, except a (lip of cloih l>ctwcen the legs both endi of which are faftc:ird to a heli round the waift. Both feaet wear on the hreaft, fafpcnded by the neck, a tiai piece of bone, (ha)icd like a laurel-leaf; and occafionally, by v.-ay of amulet or charm, necklaces and cai-ringimadeof (hells. As to their hots, they refemble a canoe lying upon the ground, with the keel upwards : they are rSout fifty or lixty feet long, and built in the following manner : the foundations are laid with (lone, by paving the Riound in two curve hues, converging at the exiremitiet to each other : the diAance, from Tine to line, in the middle, is about fix feet, and at the ends not more than a foot. In every (tone of this line orfoundation is made a hole, into which they fix a (lake, (ix feet high in the middle, and diminifhiiig proportionahly to two feet at the ends : thefe ilakes are drawn together, and faftened at the top, and the whole is covered to the ground with matting of fugar- cane leaves. I'hey have hut few working tools, and thofe are very mean, being made of flone, bone, or (hells ; but yet they are very ingenious at carving, and (hew a ta(le for the arts. 7'hey carve and very highly polifh, human figures about eighteen Inches long : which they perform with great neat- nefi and proportion. Clubs, fpears and battle axes are their weapons ; their canoes are very badly contrived. Very little that may be depended on, can be faid of their religion, language, or government. There is a number of gigantic (lone (latues in feveral placet on thecoafts of this illand, fome ereficd in groves, sn platforms of mafonry, and others fingle, fixed only in the earth. They refemble a human figure to the waiA, arc thirty feet hign,morethan eight feet acrofs the (houlderi, and feeined to be formed each of one fingle Aonc. The woikmanfhip is rude ; and the eyes andnofc, arc fcarce marked on an ill-fhapcd head > but the ears quite long, in the prefent fa(hion of^ the country. On the heads of thefe flatuet are placed huge round cylinders of Aone, five feet in height, and five in diameter, Tet upright. They feem to have been creCled over the graves of fome chiefs, in former days, not being the workmanfhip of the prefent in- habitants, but preferved now at monuments of antiquity. How thefe ftones were thus raifed one upon another, is as little to be accounted for as the manner in which thofe at Stonehenge on Salilbury-plain were creAcd. The iflanders do not pay any adoration to them, but hold them in a kind of veneration, and will not fofler any one to tread upon the platformi. They probably may have forac tradition =^ «^ -Tl not continue ioii|' i' guagc, nothing could be colic Aed only that ihev were the burial (iht) Though thefe illinileri have wr.< Ire cowardly and timorous t ihcy it.i...;ii. great »■*■ jt ■ mufquet, and probablv from the deftruAion that wat mado among them bv KO{(geweiii and his people, wh'i. without any provncatinni, wantonly fired upon til* nalivci« and made a great (laughter among them 1 hut they are harm- Icf) and friendly 1 havin|( a natural mlldneft, fcllow-feeliiigt and good-nature in their dilporition, which prompt thcni to treat their vifitort kindly, and at hofpitably as their wretched country will admit. The Marquefas were difcovered in 1 595 , bv'Alvara Men* dana, a Spaniard, who gave them their prefent name, La Marquefas de Mendofa, in honour of the marquis ol Can- nete, viceroy of Perui ha alfo gave to four of the differ- ent ides their refpeOive names. The Marquefas arc five in nuniber : La M»^dalrna, St. Pedro, La Dominica, Santa ChriAina, and Hood's Kland, which laA was a dilcovery of captain Cook, in April 17741 Mendana having only feen the firA four. They occupv one degree in latitude, and near half a degree in longitude. La MigJalena, is (iiuaied in ten degrees twenty-five'mi- nutes louth latitude, and one hundred and thirty-eight dc greet fifty minutes weA longitude. It is flx leagues in cir- cuit, and it In general mountainous, but contains foma vallies where the people dwell. The inhabitants are hand- fome, of white complexions, Aoui, and portly. St. Pedro, li;ems barren, by the diA,int appearance i but it is uncertain whether it is inhabited, not having been touched at. La Uominic.i, Is mountainous, woody, and in fomt meafure fertile 1 but is inhabited. It is about flxtecn Icaguci in compafs. Santa Clirillina, lies about a league fouth of La Domi- nica, and is eight leagues in circumference. It has fertile vallies abounding with fruit, trees, and vegetables, is ia fome places hilly, but well watered. The natives are a well-made people, of a ttwny or yel- •owlth complexion ; but look almoA black, by being punflurcd over the whole body. The men wear long beards, which fome tie in two hunches under the chin, ana others pl.iit. The women rel'einblc thole of OTaheitee; their cloithing is alfo the fame, and made of the fame ma- teriih. The men in general go almoA* naked, having only a flip (if cloth parted round the waift and between the legs. The drcl's of tlie women is a piece of cloth wrapped round the witiA like a petticoat, hanging down below the middle of ihc leg, ami a lool'e mantle ur tunic thrown over the (Itouldcrt. Kut, to be more particular. This ilhnd, though high and Acep, has many vallies which widen towards the iea, and are covered with fine fo- reAs, to the lummits of the interior mountains. On the foutk (iderilci a peak, which is very craggy and inaccefli- hie. All the north fide is a black burnt hill, of which the rock is vaulted along the fea-fhore, and the top clad to the fummit with a fhruobcry of cafuarinas. The produAs of this idandare, bread-fruit, bananas, plantains, cocoa-nutt, fcarlet-beans, paper-mulberries, of the bark of which their cloth is made, cafuarinas, with other tropical plants and trees. They have hogs and fowla and plenty of fith. Mr. Forfter fays, he never faw a fingle deformed or eveit ill-proportioned man amon^ the natives ) all were ftrong, tall, well limbed and aAivein the highcA degree. Their arms are clubs and fpears, like thofe of O-Ta* heitee, but neater. They have alfo (lings, with which they throw Aones with great velocity, and to a great dif- tancc ; but not with a good aim. In times of danger, they beat an alarm with drums of the fame kind with thofe of the Society Ifles ; and, like them, are under a monarchical government i but they are not quite fo cleanly as that peo-' pie, who furpafs, in that refpcA, perhaps, any other in the world. Their canoct are from fixteen to twenty feet long, and about fifteen inches broad, being very (imilar to, but not quite fo large as thofe of O-Tabeitee. Their drink is purely water, cocoa-nuta being rather fcarce. They are much given to pilfering, like thelower fort among the O-Tahcitans. Hood's Ifland wasdilcoverej by captain Cook, in 1774, who gave it that name from a perfon on board hit Ihip, who (irA faw the land. It lies in two degrees twenty-(iK minutes fouth latitude, and one hundred and thirty-nine degrees thirteen minutes weft longitudej is five leagues and a half diAant from theeaA end of La Dominica, and the moA northcrnly of tlic cluAer. 3 H Tlw / 114 Th« NEW AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or CEOGR A PHY. Th« Frifiitu>lc, i% to the nnilliwartlnf Middle^ur^'.li, iiiid about (ivclc^guct fioin It ; i( It loiiKlliiii); in llic lunn of an liokrjci tiian- |llr, the Inni'/fl Tiilrt ol mIiicIi arc Icvcn Iokuci.iIic ihuilcU (Ihiui inur : iti diir^ioii it neatly t*Aluulh-caft and weft- Moiih-weft. Midllcbuij'h, ollril l>y tlie nalivn F.jdowc, lici in IvvcniyotiG d'gieii Ictcniitn iiiiiiiilit loutii Liiiiudc, and oneliundrt'd and Icvenly-loor di);rL'Ci loily-luur iiiinutci well longitude, it .ilioui li-n It4^;ui.ii in conipali, and may be fern it the ililhiue ul inm Ivi- lca(;uo«. I'lirgriirralOatuic ul llie men in llic iHandi ofAmftrr- damaiu) Middlcliiiigli ii ri|ii9| li> oui middle ficc, hum five Iret lliici' 10 live liti tin iiicli':i i llic pr<>|K>ili(>iit ol thx body me veiy tine, .ind tlic coiiiuiiii ol ilie linibi tx- ticiiiciv eli-gtnt, ihiiugli lonietbing more mufcular than at kt O-I'alii iiee, mIiIcIi iiuv he owing to a ^leatei and morecontUni exeitimi ol lbi'n|;(U in tlicir agiiculturc and doinellir (rconiiniy. I bur cmii) Irxion ii a clear maho- i;anyoi rliclnm brown, tsitli M.ick h'ir, in (h(/r( frizzled CHili wbicli Irciii (i> lie buiMi at llic tips \ tlieir licatdt are KM! or ihaveii. I'licir I'cjluiei arc extiemciv mild and plcafinc. and iliey piaflicr uitowinR, or pnn^uiiiiK the ikin. riiey have .1 |iiatti(.clikewlleol powdering tlicir liaifi fomrwiih a wliiir powder made ol lime, which burnt i othertwith blucr^ and Come wilti orange colour, made of turmeric. Itcib men and ^'bincn have, for their dicfi, only a piecp of cloth or maltiimtieil uiiiiid the waift. The men frci|iunllv wear attriiij; of Icavci round their nccki j and the women, loolc neckUco maJr of Ihell lilii, teeth, and firdi interiTiixed rbt-ir utcniiit, animali, habilationi, he iica:lv icfemblc ibolc in ilie Society Iflandi. I'licit nunula^hirci are hkeiiiufeuf U-'l'ahcitce, only of an in- fi;iiorloit. Their wraponi are clnb« hic:hly polifhed, Iharp pointed rpciis bulled, and boui ;iiid .iiiowj. The bow it fix feel long, ami. when flack, formi a curve ; the convex pail hajajMoove that holds a ftring. In drawing the bow, Jnftcad of pulling it, fo as to incicafe the natural curva- ture, they draw it the reverfo way, fothal the fpring, to re- cover iti former polition, gives guatci velocity to the ariow, and the recoil never hurts the arm of the perlon who dif- charges the bow. In pniiii of nealncfs and woikmanfliip, their canoci exceed cveiv iliin,; of the kind met with in the South Seas. 1'heyaic conllrufted of fcvcial plankl fewed together fo neatly, that the joints on the outlidr arc fcarcely to be Icen. Some of their canoei aie double, and Ibmc fingle i thellngle onei ate from twenty to ihiity feet long, about twen'y iiicl es wide in the middle, terminating at each end in a point. At tlie ernJs arc a kind of deck, about tf n I'cct long, fo that the canoe is open in the middle , and tin y freijucntly decorate the decks with lows of white Ihells. home of tliem have fails, and fonic are woikcd on with paddlci. 'riie double eaiiocj are foimfd of twd, fallemd together by Urong beams, ai.d a boaidcd platform is railed upon ftaunchions over them. They arc fo contrived, that iHcy can be lunk tinder walff quite to the platlorm, without being in any daiTi'cr of filiiiig ; nor can they fink while they hold loi;c- tber? Tlicv .iie in general lixty or fcventy feet long, and four or ti c bionH. They have one fail made of malting, ami ont mart nl rlK- middle. The I relii'i(i\i« o|Miiinn5 arc little known ; and what re- fpcds tluii Jiniufenicnts and government Ihnds ii| tbc larac prfflicami'lir. Tlie niCvaihng diteafe is tl 6 Icpioly , to cure vvliich. fl'.ey liliflir the clutk bone The Common nmile of fa!iit.iii.^;< is by putting iiol'e to no'c, a nioie cor- dial ore i; kiflin;.; Imiuts . 'lie tokens ol peace it a while flap, and ibt; fircatell tct>imoiiy of (licndlliil) is an ex,- chTige <)f iianies : but tlieir nvll lingular ciiltom is. jh* cuttiiij; clf^ the joints ol tbc litilr lingtrj at the death of parents an'd relationi, one joint lor each, fill they have ie't none rt mailing. Theic itlandcis are, in general, brave, friendly, and cour- teous i the will) en areiiio'l.lt; but both Icxes are given to pilfennj;, like thole in the nci;jltboumii; ilUnds. Koiicidam IllanJ, ot Animucka hat* fraat itumbcr «)/ Imall ttiCofilidfiablE itUiidi in lia ncl^hbouihood : it la liiU4l(ti III twenty ll«^r iiuici w(U luiigiiudf. '1 h« inbabiianli, pioJu«. Ill ihii illaiid, lilt htiufai art diffrrtnl from any thing above curd I they arc an ubiuiig fijuare, about Ihiity Ictt '■'"Hi eight feci Mide, and ihry aie huill about nine fett iit hri)(ht t iheir walls and fidra art about four fetl h>^U, and made uf icedi lixrd up, nut pcr|Kiidiculaily, bulennverg-i iiig from the cavri uf ihcroul to the bollnm. The roof ia iiiUrd at ibc lop, fo that a fe^lion of the whole woul4 rclcnibic a pciiiagoii, It i> thaiched, and the roof fpitadi a good way liryond the llo|iinir wallt. In one of the long lidci ibcie II ti\ opening iiki. a window, whKh is the only entrance into il. Within aio tluicd <|iianliiiFi of yami, which an piubably the chiil luppoit of the nativti 1 on ihcfc they lU'ip, covered only with a liille muting; ibey iclk then haads on narrow Ibioli, ai ibe ij- Tahoitint do. In Ibe day time they lit uiiilir lliedi, ihc floors of whiih are cotcied with matt ^ and they liavt a variety of laigc wooden dilbct, buwii, and earthern pott, at hoult* hold ulrnlilt. The ifle of (landfome People wai difcovered by I)« , Qiiiroi III ifio^. Il it eighteen milet in ciicumfercnce, and fituilcd in ten degicei louth latitude, and one Iiundre4 and eighty live call luiigilude. Noiwilhllanding the ex- ' ccllivc he.it ol the climate, the i.alnet are lemaikably fair and handlbine, from which circumflance the illiiid had Its name. 'I'hc nalivei aie com red only liom the waill dounwaidt with nuts made of palm, and wear • maiillu of the lame upon llirir Ihuuldeit. 'I'hclrcaiiut't aie tieci hollowed out i and their houfcit whi(.li aie tbatelicd, (land in clullcrt. Cucos and Trailoii lllandt arc lituatcd in liftern degrett fifleen minutctruuth latitude and one hundred and I'eventy five dcgreei thiilteii minuirs will longitude. 'J hi y were difcovered in ,616, by Scbuuien, and .iflerwardt viliicd by captain Wallis, in Julv I7fi7. Cocoi, called alio Bolcaweii't I lland, il a high moun- tain, in appearance like a Itigai loaf. Traitoti idaiid ii three milet and an half long, two broad, and left elevated than Cocot ifle. I'railori ille wai fo called from at aliempt made by fomc of the nalivci to leizc Schoutcn't boat, when he was here. The inhabitanli of both thcfe iflandi are a favage peo- ple, cloathed with rulhet or matt : they are, however, well nuidc, and robuft ; have their hair in different forma. The flapt of their eart are flit, and hanR down almotl at low ai their fhouldert : they wear whilkeri, and a little beaid under the chin, the rcll being all (haven : and their bodies ate marked or pun£lurcd like thole of tbc O-Ta- hcitant. When Schouten was here in ifit6,achief put off from the (hore,inacanoc coveted with a mat in form ofa tent, and accompanied with a number of people in lorty-tivccanoet t at they appioachcd the lUip, the chief cried out thtee tiiiKi with a loud voice, and at thcfourth, all hit company joined in the cry. He prefented the captain with a fiapor diefiy and a fine mat ; and he wai entertained and leccived pic- li:nta in leiuiii 'J'hcfe people certat.nly had no idea of pioiierly. att< iii|iting tofteal every thing they could lay their hands upon ; nay, they tried to diaw out the naili fiom the fliip's fide with then teeth, and fome fwain undei ibu keel, and atlcni|ited to draw the naili from thence ; but being liicd at, they defiftcd. '1 he next day, however, they put off liom fliuie tu the nuinl>er of one thoiifand, wiili bogs, bananas, fowls, and cocoa-nuli, of which tlicy have plenty, under a ptctcncc ol trading) and the chief, or Latou, as he it there called, in a double canoe, giwi^ a figiial, they all diouied, and at that iiillant tbiew a volley of iloiics on lioard the Ibip, aiiJ Ihc chief was abl'urd (■noii^li to liippolc that lie ouuld run down iho fhipb) failing aj,aiiil\ it with his canoe : he made the ri- diculoii'; attempt, and beat the head of his canoe to pieccii this cxalpcrattd the Indians, and they leilcrated their at- tack i but on a difcha^gc of Ionic niulquets, and a few giral guiiS, they were loon put to lliglil, with tlu: ilaiighter ofa vcrv I'mall number of thtin. 'I'heir canoes arc made of one piece of red wood, flat bctorc, and poiiiltd behind i they dati along very fait in tbcm, lUeiiiig ilicm and putting them on with two oars al\ein. '1 hey have other canoes flial ciiiy a fail, in the middle of which it ^er.erail) dra)VU a gtty aiid red cock ; ' aiij (AilA.J Q:_ C I! A R L O T T E*i I S L A N D 8. ai; <)d, ri:it hii in wo oars in ihe :J cock i «l4 • Urg* piece nf wond on llit left fide, with which ftrv kc-p lit* vrili'l upright : on thii wniid there ii tlwiyi icadjr for ule • hth-Ritt, iiid t kiiiJ ul |itiiM it- grcri eaft loiiKitude. The coiii^lcainit of the propli- "i (hit iflind it • yel< low lirown. I he lucn *Ked, except a piece of co- vering between ilieir Ir^i . the women are very much de- formed hoili in face and body, and are vciy Ihoil they lub ihcir licadt and clieckt with loiiKthing red. 'I lirir hicalta are luii^', and liaii|< down loilicir IkIIici like leathern bagi, l<) thai they ni.'.e a very dilagrccabic appearance 1 Ihey arc brlidei very inimodcli, pcrlormiii); tlie rilei of Veiiui ill the pretence of every one, only under a mat. 1'hc Toil prudiicri rjinntancoully a great varirty ol fruiti, fuch aa cocoei, hanaiiai, yami, fic. t'lt ihcv kiioA' nothing of culliyation. 'I'hey hive loiii'' h)k;i, which they cook wretchedly. At low water the women calcli tilii which ia calcn raw. Quern CliJilmrc'a Iflandi were vifiled by c.npuin Car- Itrcl in 17^7. Tlicv conlill principally ol eight in.indi, namely, F.gnioiit'a lllc, or Niw (nieiiilcy ; Howe's lllc, or New Jeiiey . I''.dj;ccuiiib'» llle, or New .S*il< , Ouriy'a llle, orNrw Atderiiey , Swallow, C'ailc.cl, .Sinipfon, and Clover's inandt. '1 he lullowing ii llie licit account we could procure of Egniom'ilflc, the rcll being only Icen at a dillaiice. Mciidanafiid difcovercdthii illand in rso;. He would fain have tixol a c.iloiiy here ; but louiid ii impraAicable, aa the luiivci continually iii.iintaiii;d liuUilities a^alnli him, ciptaliiCaiteret'i aiieiiipt in I7'>7 wai equally un- fuccefiful , lor on the fiiU attempt to land, a Ikirmilh en- fucd, in which four peojik' I'lll tiiui I lives. We perceived, liuwevcr, that the idand abouiidi in hogs, fowls, ring- duvet, lurile-dovet, paitiidgct, Kccle, herons, I'wallowa, and black lixaidi. It likewile produces plantains, liigar- caiiui, two or three kindt of brcadtiuii, lieetle, two kinds of good almonds, Spanilh puinpkini, chcfiiuli, and nuit, cocoa-nuts, large pine-apples with kerneU in them, and applet tcrcmbling pcarmams ; lago, I'wect bafil, ginger, a kind of indigo, \c. 1 licir townt cuiifift of about twenty houfei each, thry are buili round and of plank, and thatched with palni- Icavcs ; r\ciy lioufe h.is two llorict, to winch they go up liy land-l.idtlcit ; each tlory u iiiclofcd bicaft high, the part above bcin|< Icll open to give lij;ht and air. Their iinurcs aie lurruundrd l>y a wall of lool'c ftonci, o|kii at the rntiBiicc, intlcad of agate ; and the fides and Hones within are lined with'linc matting. Tlinr is in rncli town a lirge houfe, probably a temple ; and another lung houlc, apparently belonging to ilieconimuiiiiv. in which arc hung bundles of arrows, in great >|uaniily, ready lor ufe ) and alio a well or two cuiionlly made, with l\eps to go down, and covered with plan'K. .Some o> their towns are fur- rounded with breatl-woikofltone.ielemblingalortitication, iind gives lealon to lupporcthat the natives are often trou- bled with civil wars , Ionic tilhing wictt fenced wilti ftone are found dole to ilic lea. 'I'bc inlialiitanis at prcfent co naked and unadorned, tliou(;h wbcn .MenJ.ina »as tbtrc ilicy had cloathing aiid ornanienls. '1 bey live principally on lilh, and a vegeta- ble called brctc ; llicir clilcl diveiiion is dancing. Their nianufa^uris, biliJcs tilbing-tacklc and weapons, are ropes oloZKis, and cordapc lit tjltant, bags and pockets of palin, and curious and large mats for lails, '] hey weave alio, in Iniiill luonii, a kind of clulh, which ferves as a covering fur ilic woiiun. Tlitir .iriiH aiul offinfive weapons in: bows and arrows, daitt with tliKX lowsol barb;, a kind of wooden Iwoid, and lloiici : tbc bows an iix leet five inches long, and their aiiouslour tt<.t four inclies, pointed with flint ; and with tlu'lc niillili; wcipons ilicy du execution at a conl'ider- abk' dillance. Diicof tliiir arrows wounded anian in the thigh, atior going tliiougb the boats wafli-board. Some of their cmocs are double, hke thofe at O-Ta- keilcc. ' TliccoiMiuun unci, for daily ufe, ate liuall, and I o( rude workminfbip • ihey an all farin«d (mm lb« (ftmlt ol a tree bollowadoiit, with an outi.ggei hut no laili. Some of thcni will carry adoaeii men. I luir voytg* Ca- nnes, which will hold inirl)t ititn, art more beautiful thati the otlicfs. '('here is an illand about ten Irigiiei north of F.gmont't llle, which It near four leagues round, of a conical Hguiti andconlalnt a volcano. Captain Carteret had only an opporluniiy »f ferinx at • dillance the ollu, ilUndt, ol which (jucen Cbarlott.:'! inescunflll , but had rcalon to belicye thein all lo lie in- habited. At be palK-d the ifland that lieart hit nanw, which It alHiut two days Iml troin I'.ginonl'i iHi;, it near lix leagues lung, and lies in ngbt d<'gteei iwcnty-rii mi- nutct louth latitude, and one huiidud and lilty-nln>' de- grees fourteen miiiutet calk longitUilc, lienietwiili lome iiif the inhabltanti (illiing. lie lent out a lioal, and I ted un« ofthecanrxi, which wai large enough lo contain eighl Ok ten men, wai very neatly built with planks well juintej, ornamentrd with Ihell-woik, and liguii.i rudely piinled, and the learns were covered wiib rumetbing llko biKk putly, but of licttcr conlifteiicc. I'lispiople ntie ariiird with bows, arrows, and IJK-ait pointed wiili llint, as at Eginont iHe. They leeinrd to lie the faiii': kind ol pcopio as the nativci of tb.il iHand, and were i|uii<' naked. Kelidx thole above delciilied, there are levi-tl Icaitered HlJiida between the ri|uat'ir and the I'oiithern tropic \ vix. t. Kinico, or Yoik ifland) i- O-llcteroai 3 Hetvey illaiid 1 4. I'almerftun iHand ; ;. .Savage ifland 1 0. Iflands of Danger i 7, Duke of York's illandi K. Tuitlc illand | 9. Hyrun's ifland. Kimeo, or York ifland, was litft dircovcted bjr ciptain U'allii in July 17^7. It is about twenty leagues diUant lioni C)-'l aheitee, wefl-norlh-weft. t)-Heteroais liluiicd in twenlv-two degrees twenly- fcven minutes louth , one hundred and fifty degrees forty- Icvcn iiiinutei well, and 11 thirteen miles inciicumleieiice. It does not Ihool out into high peaks like the other iflandsi but is more uniform and even, being divided into Iniall hillocks. It is neither populous nor fertile. The na- tives are hollile, armed with lances, drcllcd in Ihiped cloth, their beads decorated with feathers, and their liabil a Ihori jacket leaching to their knees. 'I >ie whole i( girded with a yellow Ulli, which pjfl'cs round the neck, is crotled upon the btcail, .' the crews were, was an ineftimable treafure. This ifland lies in latitude eight degrees forty-one minutes fouth 1 and in one hundred and feventy-tliree degrees three minutes weft longitude : a dreadful fea breaks upon almoft every part of Siecoaft, and no foundings could be found. Turtle Ifland lies in nineteen degrees forty-eight mi- nutes fonih latitude, and one hundred and feventy-eight degrees two minutes wrfl longitude. It was fo called by capuin Cook, who firft vifited it, on account of the great number of turtles that were fcen here. Byron's Ifland was firft difcovered by commodore By- ron, July 3, 3765 ; but he could not go afliore, or procure any refrefiiments, there being no part favourable for a flup to anchor. This ifland lies in one degree eighteen minutes ii»uih latitude, and one hundred and fevcntv dc- l^rees fifty-three minutes eaft longitude, and is fuppofed to be about four leagues in length. It was very populous; for as foon as the their Ikin is a bright copper colour -, their fisa- tu'es good and their countenances exhibited a mixture of intrepidity and cbearfolnefs that is very flrikipg. They have long black hair t fome had long beards, fome only whifkers, and others nothing more than a fmall,tuft at il>e point of the chin. All their ears were bored, but they had no ornaments in them. They were alt ftark naked except their ornanwnts, which confifted of (hells very prettily difpofrd and ftrung icvetbcr ; theic tbey wear round itieir mck, wrifts, andwaifts. ■11* SECT. XIV. CtntMiiilitg a jturnal tf Captain CnVt thru jtari vtyagt round ibt wtrU. WE fhall coiKlude oar account of this quarter of tbe globe with fome few particulars relative to the im- portant expedition made by captain Cook, ice. for thcdif- covenr of a fouthetn continent, which objcA has greatly attraAed the notice of the learned and curtons. On July 13, 1772, the Refolution and Adventure (tbe former commanded by captain Cook, and tlic latter by cap- tain Furneaux) failed from Plymouth Sound, having on board Mr. William Hoe with fome others, in the (liip's boat, to make fome experinKHU of 2 the temperature of the fea at a certain deptli, but were at lerigth faved by the Adventure. On December 26, th« (hips pafled through a great quantity of packed or broken ice, fome of which looked dirty or decaying. Iflands of ice (till furroundcd them ) and in the evening, the fun ittxing juft behind one of them, tinged its edges with gold, and brought upon tbe whole mafs a beautiful fuffi»Gon of purple: they had no thaw during tbe continuance of the whole fammer. On the 2d of Januarjr 1773, captain Cook fearched for Cape Circumcifion, which is laid down by fiouvette in fifty-eight degrees fifty-thrae minutes fouth longitude, and ten degrees fix minutes eaft latitude. January 9, three boats, were hoifted out, and in about five or fix boars took vpas much ice as yielded fifteen tons of good frefli water,. It is remarked, that here was a difcovery made, important to fcience ; that nature forms great mafles of ice in tb« midft of the wide ocean, which are deftitute of any Mivt particles, but have all the ufeful and falubrious qualities of the pure element. On January 16, they crofled the an- tarAiccirdein longitude thirty-nincd^ees thirty-five mi- nutes eaft, which had till then remained impenetrable to all former navigators. The next day thirty-eight ice iflands, great and fmall, were feen, befides loofe ice' in abundance. Alter having reached (ixty-feven degrees fifteen minutes fouih, captain Cook ordered tbe (hips to put about, and (toed north-eaft by| north, an immenf* field of folid ice extending to the fouthward, as far as the eye could reach from the maft head, which rendered it im* pofTible to advance farther that way. Here weteleen many whales playing about the ice, and for two days before' feveral (locks of brown and while pintadoes were feen, which ihey named antarctic peterels, becaufe they (eemtd to be natives of that region. January 31, they pafled near two iflands of ice, fifty degrees fifty minutes fouth, fifty-fix dtgiecs forty-eight miniltes eaft, one of which appeared to be breaking or falling to pieces, by the crackling noife it made, (aid to bcctjual to the report of a four pr 'nder. This was the laft ice feen till they returned again to the fouthward. On February 8, the Refolution lofl fight of the Ad- venture, and the two (loops continued fcparated for the reft of the cruize, but afterwards met in Queen Charlotte'* found, in Zealattd ; then failing together for O-Taheilec, and other iflands within the tropics, in coming round the fame coaitt near to Cook's ftraights they again feparated and rtcver more joined during tbe voyage. ' Captain Furncauic feeing nopiobabiiityof forming ajunAion with his con- fort returned to England, and reached Spithead in J»(y 1774- On tebroary 28, the Refolotion, in fixty-two degrees fouth, fell in once more with a folid piece of ice, whicit obflrufted their further progrefs in that courfe. In lati- tude fifty-nine degren fifty-eight minutes fowh, longitude one hundred and eighteen degrees thirty-nine minute* eaft, three iflands of ice were in fight all of them large efpecially one, which was larger than any that had beeit before feen: the fide oppofite to the (hip feeroed to be » mile in extent, and tlic whole mafs fuppoled to be three inoircuit. It was fuppoled to be ont hundred feet high; yet fuch was the impetuoMs force and heigltt of tiK wave* which broke againft it, by meeting with fuch afudden re- fiftance, tliat tiMy rofe confiderabk higher. On March 26, they made thie coaft of New Zealand, and anchored in Dulky Hay, after ha ring been one hundred and (even* teert days at fea, in which time they had failed three thou« fand fix hundred and fixtv leagues, without having had fight of any land. The Refolution left Dulky Bay en May II, 1773, and, cafting anchor in Q^een Char- lotte's Sound on the 17th of the (ame month, continued till tht 7th of Jone. Having now loft the Adventure, captain Cook, deter- mined on fully exploring the fouthcrn pans of the Pacific ocean, began his fecond courfe alone, on the i7th of November ; and on the 6th of December they were in latitude fifty-one degrees thirty-three minutes fouth, and longitude one hundred and eighty degrees, confequently juft at the point of the antipodes of London, being the fir(i Europeans, and moft probably the firft human be« ings, who had reached that point . and perhaps will be the Ian. The firft ice was fcen December 12, in fixty-two degrees, ten minutes fouth, one hundred and feventy-two eaft, which is eleven and a half degrees more to the fouth- ward than tbe Mt ice feen the precedinc vear in the At- lantic ocean. On December 15, in'(ixty-fix degree* fottth, one hundred and fifty-nine weft, the further courfe to the fouiliward wa« inteitupted en account of the ice, among \l -^. Mm 6 :■ '".'i;^ ■ ^. «»>- ;.'j «-.t: i- MILLAR'8 «yj^ /^w^*^ir/Mie^^(U^ . ,ni'- -iXiMMtkM f/t^Kt''' y/A'Firft-«/^^ Second, //y/4^/5e'##/yf/rii*r4i,fi/.tf^-fntt^^'ftt^iY ■■'f 4 ^ - iir :■:- ^- i«».' '-:' '. f i» ' ■ )* ■ 4) I :(■■ h Tri-' c/ ... y-'^ V Nte- ;-^i '5.» ^'* tvf. > , ^■*. ^ >> I >^*T-- '»r»-> ',^ '■ ySr' V-:' "*«<«»'?•*»"■'*'. ft .J. \^ ^ :«».:';■) % ,' " . t ' 4 ^tr .k^r'fll* i M' {A S I A.| $ T A T E Np tt < fc A N D, &e. 117 i LI H •moni; which they, wcrt in a inannM citttrijwil. tiWeh obliged I liein to tack to the nortbwaid; md foon after tliejr got clear »f alltbcloore ice» but not wilhomraceiving fevwal bard knocki (ram the Ur|i*r pieaea. Tb« ^ -atbcr raniained foggy, and fcveial icr-iflandt ftiil lay i their way, onaoTwbifJ) (hay were naar falling aboard . and if that had happatadt-noiM would have furvived to relato tbecirciim(ianfe for afew iniiHilM' Sfveiat panguiiu waraiiMa «n fome litlla icarifl^mdi, and a, iaw antarQic petfralf on tbg wing' We donbt not but the following, acoouat and uafcriptton of thefe biidswiU ftrove acteptiu>l»to pur raad rra . C^>tain Cook lajatat* tiwt having cowiiiueilidming the whole fummer in thafrig^ sona, mir^c^afa offeiwnint ffovedvery unfiiccaiaAil, llwugh it afEaidod flitki ^^ i thefe birtb .diT«d fn itequeMly> continued ia long under water, and at time* (kfaipM continually into and out of it, making way withfuch amazing velocity in a firaightlinc^ thatthe fowiera were obliged lo give ovdr the puifuit i but not before tbay bad come near enough to wnuaA V* of theni; but tboaph jthay followed it clofelf, and iireri ahovl tea times with fmall fitot, which wat oU^rved (• bit, yet they were at bkft obliged to kill it with balk "Whan they took it up, tliey netccived ita luuid glo age is extnmely thick, and confifls of long narrow mthen which lie •boy»eadl moft conilMpiAw.. Their very thick fkin, and their iat, feam wi&l^ aypfopfiaied to them by nature to relift the perpetual winter m thefe iiAofoitable elimea./ Their broad bally, the fitui)tienof their feet &r behind, and fina which fuipply the pUoe of wings, are conftmAed with equal wildom to facilitate the progcefa of their othetwife itunfudk bodies thr««igh the water. Tiiat which was fliot weighed eleven p9un& and » half. The hlua petertlat ■which cvanr where abound in thia imaaaoiiB jooean, ftnM in flocks oi^ feveral Jumdredaon the fmMlb fnr&ce of the Writer : thefe were not worfe fitted out againft the CoU Aut the penguins. Their plumage was amaaingly abundant, and mcieafied their bulk in a great proportion -, and two fcathen, inftead of one, proceeded out of evcty root, ly> ing within each other, and formed a vary waam cover- ing. As they are almoft continnally in tha>air, (heiii winaga are very ftrong, and< of great lestgib to fenpoit thtin m %^v They croflitd the antarAic circle a fccood tiinb on De- cember 30, in one hundred and fortytaven dtgrees forty-fix minutes weft lon|itude. The next morning ice- iflands were feen very high and r«;ged, fonnirtg at their tops many peaks, whereas thofe that ibadhaca feen before were flat at top, and not fo high ; many of thefe were between two and three huaiml mt in hoight, and between two and three miles in ciicuit, with perpendicular cliffs or tides aRoniihing to behold. M oft of their winged companions hadi now laA them, tbe grev albatroSia only emepted« and^ .iofie«i>of tlia oiber birds, they weae vSttdHr.ii few aAtarftk petarals, two of wliich were iho*. To <|il defcriplioiiigivcn above of thii bird, wenfay add, that;thay feM; anef a Jujjht bmwn; the belly and fide of the wings white, the twIeHtlKra ire alfo white, bat tipped with brown. Another peterel via* ftot aftsrwardst fauller, and inttrciy 9f)|<|iay ptom^fc ; thefe birds were hilisr of fettbcrs than my hftherto ttea. A few cbooelatc cokmol-aftatToflca wciejitniin thefe ptitat all which binds kept Among tlw ice, froaajvhsnce, ciptain Cook obfcrved, Iw ailgfat mitia reafon conjeAare dial'.ll^ is land tolhefouth. i. On December tt, they ItadpeaetflMtditosfiittyftwn de^s ttuftv-oraiittimtcai being the highcft imthem latitude ihrolMd nmM i .olwittMUinil «Bd|oitji.4wo de- grees fifty-feur miiiiMat weft longitude. Twenty-three fmall ioe-ifl|Ui4a were this day fern from the deck; and twice that nvmbcr firom the maft-head, and >j thami. felves with the brandy iff their allowance whTcb khoy had laved for this occafion fome months beforehand. The Ho. ai. I fight «f in imnwn and their hnvy iabourv with tlie inclofieiteica of the weather, and other hardfliips, making theiriauieles rigid, and their nerves ohla«if St. Paul'a church. January zj^ the wind incrcafed very much, and in a Ihort time blew a tempeftuona gale ; at nine o'doA at night a huge moun- tainous wave ftruckthefliip on die beam, and filled die deck with a deluge of .water ; it poote^ into thecaUn, and cxtiBCHilhed the Ughli, leaving die eiBntlenMn who were fitting there for a ttKnieat in doubt methee diey were not intirely overwhelmed, and finkiiw into theabyfe> The ice, the feig» the flerms, and rafted forfiite of the fea; campofed a foal finking feene, which waa feldoffl cheared by the reviving beams of the fuHr January a6, pafled for the third tiaie within the aiMai&ie polar clrele, longi* tude one hundred and nine degreaa thirty-one minutes weftikadon 4fae latfaindxttmKBaahwwe'infisty-nine dtg r e w jtarty-ftremmutea fe«L>^ hnndeed and eight degrees fiKinihatea fieft, pw»»pie(» of wted covered with barnacles, which a broasi albatroTi waspidudg c^ The mildelf fun-lhiae vraa enjoyed that day, that had ever been «wperienced in the ftigid zone. This led them to eatertaiti hopes of penetr^ng as fmc towards the fouth pole ai odier natigitoas had ifone towarda tfae'noith pole ; nut the nekt dily about four in the aioming, they dtfeaeeiad a folM ice-field of imfaienfecxunt before then^ wbieh bote fi»m eaft to weft. A bed of fragmenta floated all round this field, which feeoied to be ramd fe~ veralfeethigh above tbe level of the water. Whilft in this fiiuation, the fouthem part of the hotiaon was illti- minaicd bv Ac rayk offaht lefleAed fromdM ice to a confideraUe hei^. Nmety-feven ice-illaDdr were diC- tin Aly feen within the field, hcfides thofe on tbe oetfide ; many of them very laipe« end loakmg like a ridge of mountains, rifingone abave anodier, till they were loft in the clouds. There was no other occurrence worth relating, till they fell in with Eafter ifland the iidi of Match 1774, havingbtehone hundred andfeur days out of fight oif land. On the i^th' of Oftaber, the flooa came once more (o am aiMhot in Queen Charlotte^ Sound in New Zealand, andfeiledba thw lodi of Novem- ber following, aadmadeaiaii, widioat feeing any land; quite acrcA the South Sea t» Tieradel Fuego, and on the 17th of December made OapeDefcada, on the fonth- weftern extremity af that didtay eeaft and difmal cli- mate. <^ < January 4, i77(. Captain Cook feiled fouth eaft l^om Stateaiiand, in Mdet t» pafe a third fummer Atlan to the foathwaid. On kaviiig Siaten iSand, he hat the hh- lowing remarks : ** It is amatingto fee how the different aniaaalt, which inhabit tbia fpdt, an mutually reconciled : they fcem to have entfcrad into a kague not to diftwrb each other's tranquillity. The>ftli-UiAa Oecupf nuft of the ■ fcacoaft ; the fea>Man take ap tMf abodein the ifland j the ihags have poft in the higheft clifiiii tbe pehguini fix their quarten where dwre' is the m^ eal^-commani- cation to and from the fea ; and tbe other biidt chuft more retired fiadons. We have feen>all thefe animala mix to^dicr like domeftic cattfe and poultry in a ferm yard, without once attempung to molcft tlie other t itay, I have often obfcrved the eagles and vakuret fitting on the hiUs among the fhags, watbout either the om or yonng of the I^Mtr being diftmtwd at their piefence.' It may be aiked hirw thefe bai-dt of prey live i 1 fnppofe on the cartsf*! sf &s!: snd bird; ^hich die by vafraui caufes, and probably in n« finall numbers, aa there are fa many of them," 3I • On »f» The l^E^V AtiD UNIVERSAL St ST EM ^r G EO G R A f H Y. On Jaiiuaiy M, being iii fifty three dcpren fit'tyfix minutes Ibuth latitude, and thirty nine degrees twcnty- tbur minutes weft Iniigitutle, land was dit'covered ; its nio\intainK ajipcAied ot' a val't height, covered with liiow and ice, in molt places, quite to the water'? edge : to- waixlsthe fouth end feveral low itlunds were feen, which •ppeaitd to have tome verdure upon them, and were tbereferecalled the Cirecniflands, 'I his land, which was at tirit luppofed to be pait of a great continent, was found at length to be an ifland of feventy leagues in circuit, between the latitudes of fifty-three degrees fifty- fcvcn minutes and fifty-four degrees fifty-feven minutes, and longitudes thirtv-eight degrees thirteen minutes and thirty-five degrees thirty-four minutes weft, extending fouth>eaft by ejift, and nortli-w eft by weft, and is thirty- one leagues long, in that dircAion; its greateil bieadth is about ten leagues. It feemed to abound with bays and harbours, which the vaft (juantities of ice rendered inaccefTibte the grrateft part of the fear. I'his large ifland received the name of Southern Georgia. Captain Cook landed in a bay on the northern fide of this ifland, which he called Poftclfion Bay ; here he difnlaycd his colours in three different placet, and took poffeflion of the country in hit Majelly's name, under a difcharge of fmall arms. Two rocky iOands are fituatcd on the north end, one of which was tlamed WiUis's ifland, from the perfon who difcovered it. It is a craggy cliff, nearly perpendicu- lar, whidi contained the nefts of many thoufand Ihags. The other received the namv of Bird ifland, from the innumerable llocks of birds of all forts that were feen upon it, from the largeft albatrolFes down to the icaft pctcrels. Several porpoifes were likewife obferved, and feals, which probably came to breed on thefe inhofpitable fhores. The head of the bay, as well as two places on each fide, were terminated by perpendictdar ice cliffii, of confiderable height, fuch as are found iit die harbour of Spitfbergen, in the nortliern itcinifpbp i and threatened to retard the IKCon\|>li(hnnait.of tlitir wilhe*!. The diloovcry of tiiit illand waj niatke ofi Jtui>ary i^r, at fcvcn in tjie morn-i in,^ Capuin C/»oit |!;are the name- of. Sandwich land to ihi* tlik-ovcry, which mav pofTibly.bc the northern point of a Continent : for he h uf opinion that there it a daft of laiHl iv)»f he poic, wjiich is tii» fource of niort of the ice that is Ipread over tlii« vail (buthern Southern Thole," In latitude fifty-nine degrees .thirty minutes fouth i longitxtde rwcnty-feven degrees thirty minutes weft, was the moft (buthern extreihity that was feen i proceeding northward, many projefling points of land were difcovered ; the mountains appeared to be of vail height, their fummits being conflatitly wrapped ill clouds, and tlie lo\*er parts covered with fn6v> down to tlie water-edge. Thefe captain Cook named, in the order in which they were (ten, Frce7.cland Peak, Cape BtiAol, and Cape Montagu ; with an illand that received the name of Saunders, fituated fif^-eight degrees twenty-lisven mi- nutes fouth latitude, twenty-fix degrees forty-four mi> nutes weft longitude, and two fmall ones, wMch were named Candlemas iftes ; they are of no great extern, bur ate of con(klct«bl« height, and are covered with fncw. The whole conntrv had the moft defolate and horrid ip- ptarahoe imaginable ; not a (injgle blade of grals could be difcerned upoi: it, and it teemed to be forfaken even by the amphibious ..iid lunipilh anmials which dwelt on South Geort^ia. February i ?, bore away to the northward, having crofleidthe meiedinr of (irecnwich, in latitude fifty-feven degrees fifty minutes. On tlie 19th crofled the place where Cape Circumcifion is laid down by Bouvct; witli- out having the leaft fignt of land, tliough the weather was favourable to difcovery. Captain Furneaux likewife pafTing between Georgia and Sandwith land, crolTed the meridian of Cape Circumcifion in the latitude ot Hhy- ("evcn degrees fifty minutes louth, witho^^eeting with any laiid. I'he folicitade of all' en Ij^Bto arrive at an European port, was now rifen to- tflflH^ft im|iatient height ; their voyage bad then lafted twenty-feven montlts after leaving the Cape of Good Hope, (ince which time thev had not toudied at any European fcttleratnt, but hacl fevered from all intercourfe with their coUntrr, their ft lends, relations, and domcftic endearments. As they ajyproachtd a place that had fome correfpondence witn burope, their hopes and fears began to b« anxioally excited ; all the tender and endearing tics at home now tookintire polfefGon of tfalebreafl, and agitated with the ftiongefi fenfations. On Maf.h 26, being then' 'between thiity-five and thirty-fix degrees Ibuth latitude a Ihip was leen to wind- ward, and in three hours afterwards thcv c.ime in fight r,f another. The eagemefs with which every perion on board bent ht.* eyes towards rhefe welcome onjeAx, was the fttongeft proof of that ardent longing for sn in- tercourfe- with Europeans, which till then h.td beer» fopprefTed by the attentions" which their fituations ai\d regard to perfonal fafety demanded. Two tedious davn, however, paiTed in this flatc of painful uncertainty, be- fore they could come up with citlter of the (hips: at length they got witlun live miles of one of them, whidi proved to be a Dutch Eaft indiamcn. A lx>at was hoifted out and fent on board her, and in a few hourt returned with the welcome news that there was univerf'al peace in Europe. In the afternoon tiicy pot light of two Swcdifti, one Danifh, and an Engliih (1>ip, the latter of which bore down to them, ana lieutenant Clarke, the elder Mr. Forfter, and a midlhipman, went on board her. Thia (hip was the True ilriton, captain Broadly, on her return from China. The gen- tlemen were received with a generous hofpitality, and invited to dinner. Thefe tl)fee famifhed circumnaviga- tors, who Itad not feen frelh meat for fix weeks, attacked with tfie- higheft rclifh a dilh of fattened Chinefe quails, and a dcl>ci<'t> which their kind entertainer reckoned very homely (are- On relating how long they had been abfeiit from any European fettiement, how long they had lired upon fait beef, and how often they had regaled thcmlclveE,withleaU,albatrofo, and penguins, the captain and the mates dropped their knives and forks, and in pore pity to tlie ftrangcrs rcligned all pretenfiont to their dinner. At parting, captain Broadly prefented them witha large iktpig and feveral gcefev on whidi the gentle- oien of the tliip dined the two fbUewlng days. Thev came to anandior in Table Bay, in the Cape of Good Hope, on the 2td, which they found was onlv |hc lift according to the reckoning of the people on ihore, they having advanced a whole day by failing round the world to the caftward .On the -.tyth of April captain Cook . efpe- ■^J^- r> !. ciallywhen fuch afliduous care is taken of the diet, bed* ding, cloaths, the application of excellent antifcorbutid medicines^ ttc. »s was cohftantly employed by captain Cook, which obtained him the cordial cfteem and affec* tionofthemoft refpe£lable focietiesiiithiscountry,andwilJ for ever ercA a monument of defcrved eulogium and gra- titude in the hearts of his countrymen, and tlie frienlt to real merit, of every diftinAion, throughout thr globe. , S E C T. XV- IFtJball hirt tiftrvt, at Supplimtntarj I* tur acemtit »/ ibt Dutch fittltmnU m tht Btft InJiin that ON November la, 1781. the town and citadel of Ne« gapatam, on the coaft of Coromandel, in the Eaft Indies, was taken from the Dutch by the Engliih fleet and army commanded by admiral Hughes and Sir He^orKfuU' ro ; the garrifon confifted of near eight thotifand men, about five hundred of which were Europeans, and the rdt (ndians : and alfo, On Januarjr 16, 1781, Fort* Oftenburgh and Trinco- male, iituated in Trincoraale bay in the ifland of Ceylon, were taken firom the Dutch by ttie Eiulifh fleet and army under admiral Hughes and Sir HeAor Munro, and art now in the pofleiEon of the king of Great Britain. >? ,-.*jiv»-^*n t.^*tV,' *- 'TIS?** , /sy ■J A. t ^tf %^ \^ ^^ ^tf Ok V 1 .r V ' s '<-V % Hi' _ • ■ t . 1. '"' > j - . I ,1 1 < * xnn 5 ii ■J i ■«kJ,.- <.^:^ « A • Tnm new *np universal SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY ; »EING A COMPLBTfi Hi^lTdlkV and DESCRIPTION ■: ;.. -or The whole WORLD. »=ss-»««t!!eae 9 o o n II. THE NEW AND COMPLETE HISTORT AND JJESCRIPTION OF R A. Concerning AFRICA in general. SOME geograpKer*, Both Greek and Latin, hive, m their fyilcms, ranked Africa as the third part of the known or inhabited world ; ncverthelafs, as the poflerity of Noah made their^firft emigrations out of Afia into this nor- thern quarter of the glolw ( for the anticnts knew bat little of the foutfacrn part of Africa), we Ihall therefore make choice of it, as moft proper for the fecond dlvifion of our work. TIk far ereater part of Africa continues flrll wikMwiV to us i and though we are at prefent become beMr US' quainted with it than we formerly were, yet oar knowJcdgo of it e;;tends little fartlier than the regions that lie chioff)r along the coaft* of the Mediterranean ; which being the moft fruitful in corn and other produce, and aifo more cafy of accefs, have been more conftantly reforted to both by Europeans and Afiatics. The midlnnd parts were for a long while believed inac- ceflibic and uninhabited by reafon of their intolerable heat, they lying moflly under the torrid zone, and have on that very account, as well as tlie favagenefs of its inhabit- ants, been little vifitcd by any (Irangers. Even the fou- thern parts of it, which lie under a more temperate cli- mate, and are much cafier of accefs, are found inhabited by fucli barbarous people, fo fierce and favage in tlieir nature, lb uncouth and forbidding in their manners and language, and fo (hy of all intercourfe with foreign na- tions, that our readers need not wonder that we are aU moft as much intliedark about them as we are about the midland paitof this continent. 7'lic name of Africa, or Afric, was given to tills vail traA of ground from one of its anticnt provinces, which wc no* ftyle Africa Propria, and extends itfelf along the Mediterranean, from the antient Mauritania, on the vreH. to Cyrenaica, on the eaft, where ri now the kingdom of Tunis, and where was otKe the feat of the celebrated Carthagcnians. The anticnt Greeks called it Libya, from another of its provinces, whofe delart part bordered upon Egypt, and was included, with otlter uninhabited parts of it, by the old Arabs, under the niunc of Ell)cr, which fignifies a divided, or forfaken land. The Indians call it ^ibkMi ; the Arabs, Iphrica, or rather Aphirikiah, or ''SMkca 1 the Ethiopians, Alkabutan; and the PerHaiis, Armenians, and otiicr nations, by diffcrerlt names. Africa, in its largeft fenfe, lies Couth of Europe, and weft "f Afia, and is bounded on the north by the Mcdi- tcriTiiii:an, which parts it from the former; and on the ea't l)y the Red lea, which feparates it from tlic latter to which it only joins by tliat fmall ifilunus or neck of land which cuts ofFtlie communication between thofc two {e*», and is commonly known by the name of Suez. On tlie fouth and weft, it is funounded by the main ocean, fo that it may Ik properly ftyled avail overgrown pcninfula, joined only to tlie continent of Afia by tlic illbmus above-men- tioned, which, if cut oflT, would make it by far the largeft ifland in the world. It extends itfelf a vaft way, not only op each fide of the equinox, but of the two tropics like- *»ile; the fouthem verge of it reaching quite to the thirtr- liffliNdcgree of fouthern, and the northern almoft to th« Ibirty-lcventh degree of north latitude : fo that its utmoft extern, from north to fouth, is almoft feventy-two degreeSi or ?bout four thoufand three hundred and twenty miles. From eaft to weft it reaches ftill farther, viz. from feven- teen weft to fixty eaft, or feventy-fevcn degrees of longi- tude, that is, four thoufand fix luiiulrcd and twenty miles. The anticnts divided this part of the then known world into twelve regions or provinces, and ranged thcni in the order foilowirg, going from eaft to weft, vix. the two Mauritanias, the two Numidias, Afiica Propri.n, Libya Cyrenaica, and Marniarica," Lower Egypt, Thebais, Li- bya Interior or Upper, and the two Ethiopias. Others ranked them in the tbllowiiig order : Egypt, Marmarica, Cyrenaica, Syrtica, Afiica Propria, Numidia, thctwoMau- ritanias. Inland Africa, Libya Interior, and Ktliiopia. Under the Romans, it was divided oiily into tlicfe Icfj inaccurate in adiciiiii^^ the true liti^-.tion, names, &c. of ca|)Cs, milfs, and levcr?.l cities and provinces, but a ge- ttcnl coniufion fccms to run through the whole, occalioncd a in •/ [AFRICA] CoNCBRifiNO AI'klCA IN QeVibraL.* iak in all Ukelihood by iho coining of tlw Anbi into thii mrt of the world, who, to blot out tliu remembrance of It! anient inbabitanti, gave new names to tfaofe placet, and caufed fucli changci m it, at tlw old African!, upon their recovery of it, could never thoroughly rcAify. Having mad* it evidently confpicuous, that the ai.tientt bid a very imperfcA knowledge of a great part of Africa, •nd ronfeciuently had never failed round it, ai fome have affirmed the Phcsniciai\J did i we fliall proceed to Ihew when, and, in what manner it wai circumnavigated about three hundred yean ago, which it a taA that it not dou'.)' H of in the prefeut day. The Gothi having recovered Portugal from the Moorf, followed them crofs the llreightt of (iibraltar, and fubdued part of Morqcco, uking from them the townt of Tangier, Ceuta, Araitla, &c. Priiic* Henry V. (on of John II. king of Portugal, ac- companying his father in one of thcfe expeditioni againft tike Moora c/ Africa, beint firmly pcrluadcd that a way night be traced out rourtd Africa to Uie Eaft-Indicf, from whence the fine fpictt and other rich merchi^ndizc were farougiit to Kgypt and the porti of the Levant, aild obfcrv- ing, alio, thatgo.M, ivoi:y,and other valuable niercliandizc was annually brought over land by caravans from Guinea to Morocco, he formed tlie defigii of difcovering the well coaft of Africa, being convinced that it would turn to ac- count to vifit tbofc golden Ihoret, if he Ihould be difap- pointed in tinding a paflage to India by the foulh of Africa. He no fooner returiied to Portugal, therefore, from the African expedition, but he obtained leave of hi* father, kins John, to fit out fome (hips for the difcovery of tliat Cp#n i but the ittcmpt proved more difficult than he cx- pcAed ; for hi* (hips arriving at Capo Bajadorc, the waves beat fo terribly on that coaft, that they durft not attempt topaiii it for tenjears afterwards : but having at length overcome tlw dtmculty, he obtained a bull or grant from the pope, of all infidel countries, that IhouIJ \x difcnvcred to tb* (puth and caA from Cape Bajadorc to tiie Eall- In- dies, with a plenary indulgence for all fuch fouls as (hould perilb in the undertaking. Prince Henry continued his difcoveries on this coaft to U;£ eighth dtgree of north latitude ; but dying in hit pcoole jn the Chriftian teli|(ion, as ^yjdidja every place tbey caiue fo ; and (he kin{; fent «ne of his font and feveral of liis nobility wfth captain Piego to Portugal, where they were baptized, the l^iag and ^ccn, and fcVcral ptrfuus au quuiiy ncing fpof^h : the chiefs former name was Zakuta, but tliey gave him the king's luune of Don John. Bartholemew Diaz, in i486, was fent with three (hips to make further difcoveries to the fuutlntard, hi order to No. 2Z, find a pa(rage to t^c Eaft- Indies i 4iid wat lb fortunate Vk to make the moft foutlierly promontory of AfVica, which he named Cabo Tormentolo, from the terrililc ftotmi and mountainous feas he met with there ; which fo terrified him, that he ducft not pafs it, but returned to Lilbon, td give the king anraccount of his voyage, who concluded now that he had gained his point by opening a palTage td India, and gave tlie fouthern promontory Diaz dreaded fd much the name of Cabo dc Bueno Efneranza, the Cape of Good Hope, iuflead of that which. Diaz had given it. However, the pafTing the Cape of Good Hope, and planting colonies in India, were not eiTefled till the rcigd of Emaiiu:l, tlur, aAd ^e toWrt wait inhabited by Moots, who traded to the Red Seat iiild td India, in large vefiels. but Vvithout A-:k», The Vortu- guefe having entered the harbour, the (hcik. Or chief qf Uie Moors, Cent thrm prefcntt and fwotifions, de(irind leave to come on board, which was granted, and he canfi with a numerous train of attendants, 'direft In 4 TufkilH habit ; and here the Portuij;iic!'o obtained a pilot of tlM King to carry them io Calicut in India, viUicn tliey .weji^ told lay about one thoufand leagues to thceaftW.-iid. ' But to proceed with our general forVcy t Africa ^u\i pnhends forty one kingdoms, dates, or countries) namely, 1. Tripoli; 2. IJarca; 3. Algiers ; 4. TdniS'; ^ Morocco ; 6. Za.iia ; 7. Biledulgcrid ; 8. Tombut ; 0. Mundingo ; 10. Sierra Leona ; 11. W^fh :, 12. Pha- ley i 13. ArJrah; 14, VVhidah; 1$. GoIdOoail -, 16. Slav* Coaft; 17. Commcndo ; 18. t'etu; 19. Antk j 10. Jabv'^ 21. Tooth Coall ; r. Axim; 23. Grain'Coafl ( 24. «♦• nin ; 2j. Angola; 2A. Bcnguela 1 27. Loanga; aS.CoiiM Proper; 29. iVlonomugi ; 30. Monomotapa ; 31. C^ fraria ; 33. Mofambiqus ; 33. Mclindt; 34; Sofala { 39. Abex; 36. Magadoxa; 37.Aoian; 38. Abyffini*] 3J. Brana; 40. Egypt; 41. Nubia. In treating of thele extcnflve Countries, we (h^U confidw the dominions of which itconfifts, in the tbpoving oi' der, viz. ■ ■ . ■ • I. Barbary ; comprehending, Morocco, Alg*f'^i '^^' nis, Tripolis, and Barca. II. Ncgroland; conuining, SiemLeooa, Miuldiagw Pholey, and Jaloffs. > III. Guinea ; Compreltcnding, %Vhidah, Ardi^, Slavi Coaft, Gold Coaft, 1 etu, Conlmendo, Jaby, Alita, Axiif » Tooth Coaft, Grain Coaft. I IV. Congo i comprifing BengueU, Angola, Conid Proper, Loango. > t V. Caffraria ; or the country ot the Hotterttots, 8cc. YI. Z|«n$u?bjr 1 containing ^totanlbitn«e; jVteUtJdHi SoWa.' • ■ - I VII. AbylTinia, or Ethiopia, Superior ; ct^mptfibei^iiu^ Nubiaanithe coaft of Aljex. ' _ . ' ' Viif. i^gypt i being the notth eaft divijiipn of Africa. In order to give Otir readers a more c'lc^ .ind' (iiftlii(l idea of the oontineiit, iiknds,~and other pnticutarciranfty of notice in this divilion of the globe, at t n; view, tft have annexed the following Tables : 3 K A Ni\T ^ f -irr- A New, CoMPLtiE, and General TABLE of the Continent of AFRICA. Niiioni. «1 1 cnglh. Brudth, JOO 4«o 4M0 100 110 170 700 a^o r Jaloffi Siem Leona m couniriti - - Wrl.-iall' Ardrah" - Slave Coair G3Id Fetu "CoiSr Commcndo El Anu Axim Tooth Coaft Grain CoaiT Btnguela Angola ■ Congo ffi Loi £0 Mofambique Mellnda Sofala la Abex Egypt 400 a 200 I Hoc 430 360 J12. _4io 780 1400 940 5»o 600 840 360 180 aa700 3900 jzis 3480 33° 4440 2411 358° 1920 -ST T7T "ste: -mr. s. ^7 T" S. E. -rr STT. A New and Complete TABLE of the Islands, &c. of AFRICA. Namcf, Mauritiut - Bourbon Comora Iflet Madagafcar Babclmandel Zocatra St. Helena • BiflTagoci • Biflao - - Goree - - Cape de Veid Canaries Madeiras - Fernando Po Prince'a Ille St. Thome - Annabon - St. Matthew , Arcenfion - Chief Towni. Mauritius ..--.• Bourbon ..---- Joanna ------- St. Auftin - Babclmandel ----- Calanfia - - . - - - St. Helena IHave no towns, the natives living in fcatlrrsd huts Fort St. Michael - . - - St. Domingo - - - - - Palma, St. Chriftophcr • - Santa Cruz and Funchal St. Thomas and Anaboa - - - Belonging 10, or trade with. French French All Nation* All Natiem Eaglifli French Portuguefe Spaniards Portuguefe Portuguefe Uninhabited A General TABLE of Oceans, Seas, Rivers, Sec. Mountains, Languages of difFercnt Nations, &c. in AFRICA. , Oceani, Scu. Indian Pacific Atlantic 3 R . TTTT XTT ., . .. i . «. CHAP* It •. •,. I'l ii'i i-w. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION Ot I > k» I).." *» ritii^ ■ii.'>..\ B A R. B A R Y. •t;-«i»n"- S. "ST X" "57 TTT. SECT.!. 0/ lit fituatitn, hundariti, riviri, miuilalni, frtvincii, chit/ liwns, lie. tf tht k'mgdtm tf Mtrtttt, MOROCCO it (ituatcd on the weftern borderi of Rirbary, between two aiid eleven devrees of well iide, and between twenty-eight and thirty-fix de- Sees of north latitude ) being bounded on the (outh, by e celebrated mountain called the Great Atlas ; on the north, by the Mediterranean ; on the eaft, by the river Mulvia, which fcparatet it from Algiers ; and, on the weft, by the Atlantic Ocean : it is about five hundred nlilei long, and four hundred and eighty broad, and t'ome make the dimenfions much larger. This empire contains three grand divifions or provinces; namely, that of Fez, to the north, a. Morocco Proper iuthemlddle: and, 3. Suzon the fouth. The chief rivers are, 1. The river Mulvia, which runs from fouth to north, fcparating the kingdom of Fez from Algiers, and dilchargiig its waters into the Mediterranean. This is a large ileejp nt *r, according to Dr. Shaw, and ad- mits of fmafl crulling vcflcls, and might be nude commo- dious for Ihips of greater burthen : the fources of this hver lie a great way within the Sahara or defart, at the dif- tance of eight hundred miles from the fca, and runs almod ita whole cocrlc in the fame meridian, a. The river Suz, which runs from eaft to weft, through the kingdom of that name, difcharges itfclf into the Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth whereof lies the port-town of Santa Cm?.. 3. The river Rabatta, which runt almoft in the fame direAion, aivl difcharges itfclf into the fame ocean, the piratical port of Sallec ftanding at the mouth of it. 4. Tlie river Cebu, at the mouth whereof Mamora is (Ituate, being another piratical port. The river Lecus runs in the fame tiircAion, and falls into the fame ocean, near the mouth whereof (lands the port of Larrache. None of ihrfc are luvigabic for (hips, and the ports at their mouths Mill ad- mit nut of final) ve(rels. The moft commodious arc thole of Tangier and Tetuan, in the Mediterranean, but thefc are uiit'nfc in fome winds. The Spaniards arc inpoflclTion of the port of Ccuta, oppofife to 1 1 ibraltar, and of Pcnon tie Vflc7. eaft of it ; but neither of them are fafe harbours. Others Icfs confiderable arc the Taga, the Oininirahih, and the Tiiilift. This river runs through the city of Mo- rocco, and lupplies the inhabitants with water : it \\Xi a handfomc liiidge over it. The Circatcr and Lc(rcr Atlas are not only the principal mouiUuiiis ill Barlwry, hut fonic of the moft celebrated in the uiiivcrfe. The Great Atlas divides Harbar)' from Bilcdulgcrid ; and fhc Little Atlas extends along the Bar- bary coall to the ftrai, hts of (iibraltar. The coldiitls and inacccffibility render the Great Atlas in many parts unin- habitable , but fome places enjoy a milder climate, contain manv \ill.iges, numerous herds and flocks of cattle, are well culfivntcd, and inhabited by Arab<;, H.irebcrs, and other African people, who, in the leverer parts of the winter, are obliged to retire into vaft caverns, to preferve thrmfelves and ihcir flocks from lieing overwhelmed with th'- prodigious quantities of fiiow that fall, and from the inclemency of the weather. Tliel'c people are in general fici'-c, cruel, .ind warlike, and are fpread in numerous tribes «i\cr (lie various branclus of this prodigious inoiiotain. ■f hey rail bring many men into the field, and have it in ilji'ir nn\v'r-i- rrt K^ vrrv trnnJ^K.O.mc fft fl>* neichl^ourtnr povtinmciit^, it being as inipofliblc to be intiicly upon the delinrivc againil tliein, as to bring them totally under ivilijcflion. 1 The capital city of this etttpire, called alfo Morocco, ii pleafantly fituated on an extenllve plain, between two ri- vers, the Nephtit and t..e Agmed, and it watered by the Tenfift. It it one of the moft opulent, populout, and im> portant cttint •f tht ftmt n»mt, tna ii »t prcrciii t rich and )>opiilv«r Fei. ], Ain-AIu : contaiiiinfrahuutlour ih(iu(and iiiha- bitanli, itid llaiidi on itM wril fid* of ike laine riv«t. 3. Albccd.or White Ktt, which wai hullt hy Jicnh, king «f the Kcni-Mercni, and contain! twenty ihuuland iiiha- bitanlt. Thelwofiilt form Old Fcx, the latter New Fez, and at prefcnt tliry form together unc city. Old Kea ii nin« niUca in circuMfercncr, Datuli between two hilli, ii furroundcd hy flrong walli, and Hanked with magniticenl tnweri. It 11 without fuburbi, tontaiiiimaiiy excellent gardeni, hath narrow ftreeli, feven gatci and two cafllcs , the one old and gone to decay, thri)lhcriicw tnd in goml condition ; the latter it garrifoned with hiacks but neiliicr hav« anv caniiuii to ^wfiind tlieni. 'J hr lioulcs Are of (tone or brick, tliice floiies high, flat rool'td, cti- conipaflcd With galtctir^, adorned on the outlide with mo iaic work, and enibrllillitd within with caiving. paiiitinp, and htndfoftie rurnituit -, but it is to be ohfcrved, that in S:neral the rer;<);lio'i tie upon the turicts of the houfci, om whence t)>e women have a fine profpcA, but they are never permitted to ftir abroad, being coniincd to th* fcraglio. The principal nugiflrateof thii capital ii ftylcd provoft of the merchanti, befidei whom there U a governor, a cadi, and their fubordinate ofitceri. The river Fez, in iwfling through the city, dividei itfelf into flx caiials, over Uie varioui parti of which are two huudicd and fifty flone bridge*, and three hundred uld fcvcnty niillt arc turi\ed by the fevaral Areams. In the city, three bundled and thirtv-fix oveni are daily employed, tlic niof(|uri are computed at five hundred, fifty of which are of the firii rank, and one in particular it a rood amazing Aru£)urc : it it a mile and a half in circuit, including the cluillcr and college belonging to it : the roof is one iiundrcd and fifty cubitt high, and fifty in breadth ; there are thirty tUtcly gates; and the pillari which fupport the miiuret, or tower, are thirty cubiti in length and twenty in breadth : the roof ii fuftainrr' bv ortc thoufaud five hundred piliart of white marble, a .1 leventeen arches ; two curious lamps conti- nually kept burning, adorning every arch. In the cloiAer beloiiging to thU inofque arc forty-two gallciics, and four hunidxcd ciflcrhs for people to perform tlicir ablutions. The college is the moft eminent, and contains the bell li- bt-ary in the empire ; here arc feveral other hofpiiuK and collcgeSt wliichare large, magnificent, and well enduacd i fix hundred water conduits, and two liundred fpscioui iRni. At Fev! is ufualiy deemed tlie grand niaKa/.iiic and principal mart of Harbary, the (Ireets therefore fwarni with nierclunts and tradefinciiufallprofcirioiu, and the u.'ue- hoi|fe^« ftiops, &c. are filled witli a gtvat variety of coin- moditic*. Mc«]uincz, where the court now rcfidcs, is fituatcd in a pleafant plain, in fix degrees of weft longitude, and thirty- four degrees of nortli latitude. The city is divided into feveral quarters, or ratlirr contains feveral cities united. The palace is a diQinfl city ; the parks .md gurdcns that liirround. it, witli the number of halls, rooms of Aate, ofSccs, pavilions, &c, arc furpri/.ing to the beholder. The quarter of the Moors and the Negro town arc alio dittini), and the Jews have a quarter to thcmlelves, in which there do not refide lefs than fifteen thoufand of that nation, be- iilg allowed a (heik or inagiflrate, w1k> ha-ithe govrinmeut of them according t9 their, own laws, and the king al- lows thcinhis prote£(ion. Notwithftanding winch, tliil>' peopleareexccedinglyili.ured.as they are plundered, abulcJ. and beat, even by the very ttieancit of the Moors, ami dare not refent tlie ill treatnicnt they receive. The grcui men horfcwhip or cudgel them whenever they come in tlicii way, and tltey arc not permitted to conie out oftluii quarter with (hoes and (lockings. on, being obliged to walk barclooted uv lhp.ll^ects w^ich tlie Moors frequent. 7 he city .is tlifJte iniks in ciicumferencc, I'urioundcil witli fti'ong W.1U.S, environed by gardens, and ciiibelliflicd with many raofqucr,, colleges, baths, &c. tlie ui:iiki 's are daily croudcd with people, particularly Arabs, who liring honey, wax, huttcr, liiJcs, aiul dates tor iiilc. It U.i> alfo an extcl>livc fenwlia, luigc uiagazincs and Dorelu les, an armoury, barracks for the guards, and apartment tor v.t- rious roccbanics, who are continually retained hy die em- peror todobufiiicis imiiicdiately beloiij^iiig lotjie palace. .Sallri;. OU iht^ weft CUSli of the kingdvni Oi 1 et, IS eflccimd the beft port tlicVinperor of Morocco has. It is fitWiMd in tliiity-lhicc degiees foity-eiglit miiult^ lioitli I latitudr, and fix drgrrci twriit\ 'l>\rniiiiiitL'< wtMiin^JtiiiV, 'I hit I* an aiinrnt city, brjM); m.-iitiimr,! Iiy I'tiiUint, anj ftamii on the rivrrCiiiernn, whiehHi«id«« into two |Mrti, ■| he niiuhern pan, rncompnllcd witli a Diong wall, rfiid defended bv batteries, lowers, Aic. is Sella or .Sallce, pro- perly to called i hut the fouthern part, named lUbai, com- priles luaiiy tarni houlei, oiclmidt, gaidrni, and corn- field) , Ilia latter bciii« lul&cicully cxtcniive to yit Id wheal rnciigh lor the fulltnanee of Ultrtn thoiif,ii,d pcrltiin, ytt the whole is fuiinundrd liy walls, which were erected by the captives that AInun/.or brought linin Spain. On tli« A>ulh call pari I'lere i« a lowvr whirli I'crves fur a land mark in the day uiiic, and a lt||hr hoiilc »t night : it it lower than it was originally, for fame part of tlie lop was llruck off'bylightnitiK, it n lift v feet fipiire, built of Ooiielliongly Cemented, ana onrni lowardi a iiin);iiif»oiit mofque ono llioul'and four Iniiiilrvd (Mces long, and ihicc hundred wide, in ilicroiut of which i« a well thirty lecf dicp, and one hundred in width tUiicath ihc lower arc two docks, the oitc fur \viiileiiii)(, and lhenih''r for l>iiildiii(> ul llijp«. 1 Ik- harbour it l.irgt 1 but to Inigc, tlut the |>ii,ilikj| Uiiua are obliged to put into the ifland of Trd.1l near in mouth. The town ii defended by twocaOles, which coniiiunitato with each oihcr, but the loitifications arc irregular and ilU dcfigncd, All ai tides of coimneice pav a tenth part to tlit emocrur. 1'he main fupport of tlie place it the piratical trade ; fur it has long been famous for its rovers or pirates, which make prizes of all Chiiilian (liips that come ia their way, except there it a treaty to llw condary. Magauiiiv a flrong, well built town, furroundcd by « ftroiig Will aliout fix yarils thick, and well defended h» cannon. It is fitu.itcd thirty miles foulh uf .Sallee, and po^ lefltd bv tlie roitugurfe, who have a nuincrout garrilon here. M'he piratical lliips often intercept the piovifion vclTels, which putt the g.n tifon to great Arails, and ob- liges them, ill order to obtain a fubliUeiice, to make cxcur- lions, and 10b tlw Moors. Alealfar, \v;i.h a good Ir-nrHig town till tlio Portugucfo took it ill 14^8 ; but while tluy pulKfTcj it, they did it grc.it iuiuiy , and after it wa» recovered by llic Moois, it was Curteud to run to d^'ciy. The celebrated Ahiwiuor is fujipofed to have built this town. Arzilla, and loiiK other poii towns on the well, belunc to Porttis.ll flill. 'I hey aie fti(;lig fortieflr.'i, fucli St leiij as the Moors cannot lake, lor their foot are very indifl'crent militia, and aie nut able to iicover any of their places from the Portunuct, or Ceat.i fioni llie Sp,Tiii:irds. It is about twenty four miles fioni the Aiaights of (libraltar. Tangier, is fituate in thirty-five degrees filty-(ix mi« nutes iioitli lalitiidc, and fix degrees thirty minutes wrft longitude, on a bav of the fea, near Cape Spartcl, iuft at the entrance of llic flraiglits of Gibraliar, on tin African fide : it 1.4 built on the dcclivit/ of a )>ill, whicU nukes it exccflive li'')t in liininirr, tlie aflcinoon fun lying lull upon it. W'lien the Englini podelkd it, the walla were upwards of a mile in circomfcicicr, and llKy had lines and redoubts ihat took in the ricifhiiouring hills, with two cafllci, the upper and lowc , fur its defence ; in I'lc foinier whereof lived the KngI ih governor, and the K.1 .It prrfciit . there was a moli Imilt for the Iccurity of Ihippui:^. the he?Jt whereof run out three bundled fa- tlioim into (iie lea, and wcie defended by three batteries ot cam- MM l)ui tbele and moft of the works were blown ii|> or iitiiiolillieU byihcKnglilh when tlicy abandoned the pl.ue, anil It ii now not very (Iroiig : there is but one jiiigtc - ..que in the town, .tnd another in the caflle , how- ever. It inakci a tulciabie appearance from the fe.i, the houtcs b< ing white, and ill in view ; but they have fcaice any trade. This, as lia' ^k ii liom the Aloors >n the year 14(13 -, and in ibbz, the court of Portugal tixiisfcried it to Charles II. king of (.iigland,oii hit manisf^c with the pi iiicels Catharine, iii- liiiita ot Portugal. The luiglilh kept it twenty-two years, and laid out a great deal ol money in the mole rmd fortiri- c.-itions , buttlie parliaiiu-u' icliifiiig to let tin king ha\e money 10 maintain the gan. on, he found hitnfelf obliged to quit the place. ihou[;li 11 i.t ijuttf, itwuuid have liectl of veiy great leivice to the nation, if we had been maf- ters ol ii in tilt late wars with I ranee and .Spain. In Jaiiiiary 1 4;, the InfpeAot privatcci, having fpruii^ a leak, was obli,,od to lun alboic in the bay of I aii;;ici, where ilie whole crew (except ilie captain, whofe name was V'eaic,iiiiii iicuieiiants, nid twopiivaton-.cii], weirdr.i^gcii 10 a loaililoiiie diineeoii, j'ld fulleied iiironceiNable liard- ihips, lieingalincit ljii>illK'd vvitii hunger, aikl oiluiwilb ellKlly [A r R I C A.] n Y.'an *vt "i ' tiuclly trrtied. Out of the wlinl* (hip't company, whlc<) •uiounud to one hundrrd «nil ctfliiy thrrc htfnrt the ivirck, exclufiv* iif Mr. Kullfl ilit fnrgeon, whofr dead bnUjf tlicy fuutiJim llic lliorc, niiitly-five priilhrd by llic W«vii, nc wtir iiiuolcicd by ttic Ntwiit , tiiil thr (uivl- vori, to the nunibci ol iIhiui Ii»iv, wrrr lejrcttwd fur a \*rft ium of money by lira Knulilli iiiiliHlUdor, ai tbv cuikimaiid ul (jfurge it. kiiicul liitM Uiil«iii MclilU, ill ihr i>ro> iiKc of (.i«rct, it rmleU near tlitfca, fcvciitV'fivc miUi IVutn Trrmclcii, >t ilie bottom of a Lay cUlvd KutrcU>lco>, in oiio decree fil'ty-rrven niinut«f twcO luiiKitudc, and thirty four dr(;rr<-« forty-eiKlit niintitci noith litiitiide. It received ittiiAinc from tlie grrai quan- tity of bnnea which (hr itciglib<)urin|$ territory yicldi. It wai aiitliiiily lhcrn|iii.il ol llic pro\iiicc, and n Dill a conli- ilcrablc place, coiit4iiiin)(lwothuurnndh»iiffi. It wai taken by the .Wiiiaidi in wo^, who built acitadal here, but is nturned back to the Moon. Ceuta ii liluated in lix dcorcri twenty five miltutet %e{) toHKitudc, and thirty -fu degicci ihiity-tive minuttt north latitude, (ltd lic» at the entrance o( iIm Mi iliter- lancan. on a kind of peniniula, which li the itearell point of Uiulto tlia Spjnilh coatt ; the walU and fortiftcationi •le not Co good *^ niinht be expcAed from its fituallon nrveithelcN it ii a coniiderable town, liu a ftrong gairi fon, a itugniticent catlicdial, and a noble palace. John king of PortU|;al look it from the Moon in 14151 but now it belungt to tiie Spaniard*. It fuOainrd a vigorout fiage in i6v7 aaainll ih« Moon, who h.iv« never been able to lake it, liiougli they have blockaded it ever fince. Near Ibii city is a inountain with feveu heads, which the antiettli diftinguilh with iIm apprllnion of Sepiern Fratrei, or Seven Biolhert. It is a place of great trade, and has a good lurbour. The next town we Ihall defcrthc in the province of Fex is 'letuan, which ia lituated on the alceiti of a rock, about eight miles from a bay of the Mediterranean Ira, called from this place 'I etuan Bay, and is between twenty and thirty miles foutli of Ceuta, and about fifty fouth-eaft of Tangier. 'Ihctnsvn is about a mile long, and half a mile oroad, and has a fine profpeil of the fea and the country beneath it : the ftreets are narrow, unpaved and full of dungliilli, which makes it a (ilitiy place in win- ter ; and yet this ia bid to be one of tlie beti tosmt in tlie country, on account of its being better built than moll oUicrs. I'hcir lioufes are ufualty built about a little- open i(|uair, with pia /. /.as fupportin^ Kallerics above rhm . and ill the middle of the fquarr, people of f' ' ance « way* luive a fountain, There are common' room^ on a floor, one on every fide of the fquau-. which have no other light than what they recritr li '>u die great folding tluurs that open into the piazza The town of Tciiian conla iii abotat thirty thoufand inhabit.ints, of which live thov ^nd at leaft are Jews, who have feven fyiiagogues here , bv though their numbers arc fo great, they have not "«»<' huiidr^ lioules amongft them, fieveral familiei living under the fame roof. They ate laid to be very |K>or, iNoai;h all the trade of the place C flee through ihei I liun. , torihcy are the only broken twacn ChriHiaiu and Moorfi. One thing to be ob- ierved willi rcl'pc^l tn ilm town, \ers of cnpolaa ,ni\d pyramids, that it looks like a town itlelf , but what is bdt worth feeing at 'I etuan is the halha's palace, the entrance into which is by a cloider, whirli leads to a fpacious fquair, furroundrd ny a piaaxa, and in thi middle amathle fount-nn, the pavement of the area and piazaa bein;, >f mol'aic work. I'hc mofques ate as elegant as any buildings can be that are in the Mn- trfco ftylr. The fimtoiis or monks have about twelve cloiftcrs. which are places of refuge for all criminals, ex- cept thofc gu'lty of treafon. The ChriHian flaves here arc very numerous and very ill ufcd, being locked up every night in » difnial dungeon, called the Mottimorc, which is a place twenty fret under ground, where there is no li,;ht hut what oomcs from a hole at the top, like a tully hole ill tnalanH ; anij i| 15 jlvj.,. vet'.' ;!;imp, on account of thelpnrtc; rifing in it, occationed bv its being dug fo deep. 1 he iiihabitantt, between trade and thiev- ing, are in tolerable circumftaiices ; for when thy arc ^io, 22. not iVmlMt trioujh 10 phuwier a fliip, itiey will trafKe with the crew. MelTa, inthe province of Silx, and on the river of that name it compoled uf thre« fortiticil tow. is lying in a tiianglr, eachftinouiided hy a w ill, and .iImiiii a mile dif* tant from raih other : tliorr it a Mrtiple in it huill of large filhhnnetinlleadof liiiitier. It ii liliiatrilatiliclout of niiiuiit Atlas, Hcir tlic ocean, in a country abounding with palm trees, right drgrcca tifly-llva minulcs well longitude, and twenty Mine d<'^ici> iwriity minutes north latiiiidr. The adjacent leintiiry it Ititilurd by the overflowing of the river, and wliakt have been frr(|iicnily cd upon the lliore. The town of Tviriit, abnnt four miles diOaiit from Mcih, it like that divid< d into three |Mrit. A lntnrh of llie river Sui walei" it, and |>a(lc« through a largn refoit with their commodities, and the negroes to buy ap- parel. It lies in (even degrees thirty-five minutes weft longitude, and twenty-eight degree* tliirty-two miiUitCs north latitude. Tafilet, is feated on a river in a plain, three hundred andtweitty miles Ibuthby-raft of Fez, and two hundred and fcveiity-five foutli eail of Morocco. The territt)ry in which it Oaiids wa-i oner a kingdom on camel's flefh and dates, and they breed horfes to jell to foreignen. They have alfooflricnes and dromedaries, which i,«ft will tnvel one hundred miles in a day Moll of tlie date* which are lent to Kurope come hum hence, as the emperor will not permit them to l>t cxpoited from any other part of his do- minions : and it alf rmed that the leather manufa£lare here is unned witij the fiones of that fruit. About four thoufand liorfe .su- retained in this diAtifl, to keep the peo- ple, who are r'uctly Uerebercs in fubjeftion, and it h ufually governed by a prmce of tlie blood. Th« Bovertior refidcs in the city, vhtch has a ftrong caftle to defend it. The inhabitants are about two tltoufand in ntifDber, and are employed in the manufaAures of leather, filk, and linen : tliey are very fociablc, though extremely fuper- ftitious. It is a great rendezvous of both Afiican and European metchi.ifs. Gefula, a province on the coaft of Barbary, is fubordi* nate to the governor of Tafilet : it is a dry barren coun- try, the limits of which are not pcrfitftly aicenained. The mountains, hosrever yield plenty of iron and copper, and tlie inlubitants are famous for working in thofe metals, by the exchange of which they procure horfes, linens, woollens, fpices, &c. They have annually feverat faii^, but one in particular, which it kept on a large plain, lafb two months, and it refortcd to by merchants from all parta of Rarhary ; and this fiur is, perh.ips, better regulated than any otlier in the univerfe ; is die people, thoiigh nt- turally brutifh, are under fuch rel\riAions, that a quarrel was never known to happen during the fair time, and it is faid, that the merchants who come thither to biiy the wares, are maintained at the exptfncc of the province. Scymctan, dagger;, darts, fpears, and fhort guns, are the weiponj of inc Ciefuiians, who can bring tixty thou- fand men into the field. Their drefs is a (hiped jacket of linen or woollen, with Ihort fleevcs, ovcrwhlcn tlicy throw a gosrn of coaile wooUeu doth. TItey havt only one 3 L mode *,'-iiiitijr.:^.-»iffi. , 226 The NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. modeofpunHhment, that is, piercing the criminal to death with darts, and thiowiug his carcaie to the dogs or wild Uafu. SECT. If. CsHiaim a diftriflitti of ihtpirfini, 'habili, mafic, buUiings, food, furmturif eujiomi, t^c, of tho inbakitanli of AlorKco. THESE people, as well as tlie reft of the inhabitants of fiarbary, tonfift of three forts, all of tlie Maho- metan religion, but differ much in their way of lite. The Moors, the original inhubitauts, live in towns and are tlie moft numerous : the Arabs live in tents, and reiuovc . their camps when they want forage for their cattle. Ihofc . who inhaoit mount Atlas, in the fouth, are a plain inno- .cent people. The natives are generally of a good Aature, and well proportioned : the Moors, that are not expofed to the weather, have good complexions ; the Arabs are a tawny lace ; and labouring people among the Moors arc as tawny as the Arabs. 1 he Moorifh ladies are fair, and ulually have fine features : neitlier Moors or Arabs have any great fhare of learning, but are men of good rutmal parts, and want only opportmiiues of improvement. Their muuc is bad v they do not write down their com- poiitions, nor have tliey any contrail or variety of parts. The muficof the Arabs is fuitable to their honM:ly infttu- mcnts. The bladder aiul (Iring is in great cftecm amongft tliemi and they have anotlier inftrument in the form of a kettle-drum, which ferves as a bafe in tlieir concerts. The mufic of the Moors is more ingenious and melodious than that of the Arabs, andtliey have a greater variety of inftrumcnts. Befidts fevcral forts of riutes and hautboys, they liave a violin of two firings, and a bale double flringcd lute bigger than our viol, with fcveral I'mall guitars of different fizes, each of thcni tuned an oflavc higher than another. 'I'hc inliabitants of the mountains, namctl k.ibyles, live in dalhkas, or tliatclitd cotta;4is, and tlnir villages arc called gurbics : each of tlidc iDtrai'.cs contains hut one room, in which alio tiny houfc tin ir talvcs and kids, the people and their young cattle living much .ilikc. 'J'lie Arab women m.Vr;c the cloathing ami furniture for the (a- iniiy, particularly their liykc;, or woolUii blankets, and the webs of gnats hair for their tciil-.. One ot thefe hykes is ufualtv fix vards long, and live or fix broad, ferv- ing the kabylc and Arab for a coiniiKte drcls in the day and for his bed and coveiing in the ni>;ht. It is a loofe hut troublcfoint kind of i^atincnt, ln-ing tiy ."ut, anu foreign hail interwoven with the natural. After their liair is plaited up in this manner, they p|»jceed to drels their lie.ids, by tying dole . together, aLo\t the toll 1 have dcftlibcd, the leuial cor- ners of the triangular piece of linen, wrought into ?. v.t- ricty of figures by the needle. I'erfon? of better falhion, wear aliove this a larinath, .is they call it which differs not much in (hape from the former head drefs, hut is made nf thin flexible plates of gold or filvcr varioully cut thiougli. and engraved in imitation of lace ; a liandkcichief of crape, gauze filk, or painted linen, bound dole about the fannath, and falling afterwaids without any order, upon tlie lock, is part of the head-drel's of the Moorifh ladies. None ot them think they are completely drcffcd, till they have tinged the hair and edges of their evelids with the powder of lead-ore. The footy colour, which is in this m.inner, communicated to the eyes, is thought to add a wonderful gracelulnels to jicrfons of all com- plexions. Perfons of diftinAion, among the Moors, have variety of difhes at ai> entertainment, mixed up with almonds, dates, fweetmeats, milk, honev, &-c. " I have feen nr fome of their fcftivals, fays lir. klraw, more than tui> hundred dilhes, whereof forty, at Icaft, were of different kinds; but among the Arabs and kahyles, there are nei- ther utenfils nor conveniences for fuch entertainments ; two or three wooden bowls, a pot and a kettle, being the whole kitchen furniture of the greatcft emir, or niincc." However, all the orders and degrees of thefe people, from the bedwiii to the ballk, cat in tlic fame manner, wafliing firft their hands, and then fitting crol's legged round a mat, or low table, upon which their dilhes arc placed. They ui.ikc no ufeof a table cloth, each perfon contenting hini- felf with a fhare of a long towel that lies round the mat. knives and fpoons are little in ufc, for the food being well roafted and boiled, requires no carving. Culcaflbwe, pilloe, and other dilhes likewilc, which we fliould reckon I'poon meats, arc ferved up in the fame manner, with all other forts of food, fukcwarm ; fo that the whole com ■ piny dipping their fingers together in the dilh, making ulb of their right liand only, take w hat portion of it tliev cart conveniently difpofe of for a mouthful, miking it firft into liltle balls, or pellets, in the palms of their hands. No fooiier is any peilon lati>fied, than he riles up and wallici lumlelf, without paying the Icaft regard to the tomjianv, wliilft another that very moment takes his place ; the for- vant fonletiines (for there is no diftinrtion of tables) liic- cceding his maftcr. When they fit down to thefe meals, or e.it and drink at any othertimc, .md, indeed, when thev enter upon their daily employ, or undertake any bufinels wh.it- lotver, tluy always pronounce with the grcateft ferioufnefs and reverence, the word Bilmilla, i. c. in the name of God, ufiug the expreliioii Alhamdalla, that is, (lod b« pralfed, after they are fufficed, as they do when their af- fairs areprolpcrous. With rcfpcfl to the Moors, they are early rifers, con- ftantlv attending their public devotions at break of day. Kacli perfon employs hiinlllf afterwards, in the cxercii'e of his proper trade and occupation, till ten in the niorrr- ing, tlic ulual time of dining ; returning again to their bufinels till afa, the afternoon prayers, ar which time nil kind of work ccal'es, and their Ihops are ll.ut up. Tin: fupper commonly follows the praycii of magreb, fun fcf, and then, repeating the fame at the felling of the watch, when it l>egins to be dark, tliey immediately after go to bed. The inhabitants of Morocco, who dwell in the inland parts of theciiuntrv, arc an hofpitabic, inolVenfive people ; i nd, notwitliftanding their poverty, they have a livdincls about them, cipccially thole of the Arabic del'cent, that gives them an air of contentment ; for, having nothing ti> lofe, thev arc peaceable among thcmfdves ; hut both Moors and Arabs arc cruelly oppiclled. by a tinall number of infolent doniiiieeriiig I utks. As to their itligioii, manv of the people of Mororro follow the tenets of one Hanut, a modern feffjiift, wlm was an enemy to the antii nt iloiliine of the calils. They ar« all very fond of idiots ; whole protef^ ion will in loin.; calcs Icrceii oITt iiders from ]ninitlimenl, who have I ec!i guilty of the moft atrocious (times. 'J he Moors oi Harbary in general have howexei .adopted the very w.'il' parts of the Mahometan religion, retaining only lo iii.u.h of it as authorizes them to commit the moft Ihnckiiic. afiions with inipuiiitv. Though the men arc iiidulcjed v*itli a plurality of wnes and concubines, lluyare nevcr- tliclels allowed to commit the rauft unnatural crimes. Adidteiv 111 the women i; ouiiillu il vBith d^-uth. '1 he liedwin, or Atat), i.jllow , no icnular trade or em- ployment ; his htc is one contimitd luiiiid of idlciels oi diverlion. W hen no jiallime calls him abioad, he doe, uuthing all the day but loiter at home, linu^.e his pipe, tir.4 ■;iJ!Wf«SJgW!- m'^ - m ^ '1: M %> 'I $ '^fe^-ii.^:^-. •m i4*s • ^S&n K 'a (^^^^rJj/^WLlJJl'B. ^/^/to^^/^V^l^/SYSTKM^^OGRAPHY: *il ^'^-.'^ /i/.,: , I =^.^?»■- -, iS X >J # 4P J«J^ V- ., * .•-s.-i !•.''•:,'•.. I' S'- [AFRICA.] B A R and fcpofe himrdf under feme neighbouring fliadc. He hath no relifh at ail for domef\ic pleafures ; what he mod of all values, is his horfe, for in this he placet hii htgheft ihtisfaQion, being feldom pleafed, or in a good humour, but when he i* tai from home, riding at lull fpced, and hunting. SECT. III. T.tat'mg tf iht mbaiilami $f Mtretct, with rtfptil ta thtir (ivil, political, and Kclefiajtical bijitty, rnnHut, nim, Iradi, ',' haming, Ufc, GOVERNMENT cannot be with propriety faid to exiil in Morocco, whofe monarch is deemed tlie mod defpotic prince, in the univerfe, having an uncon- tratable power over the lives and property ofliis fubjcAs, or rather vaflals ; for there is not a Itngle perfon in tlie whole empire who can pretend to the lew fludow of free- dom, or dares openly to avow his fentiments : thefe mo- narclis have for Ibme ages been parties, judges, and even executioners witli their own hands, in all criminal matters; to all whidi their fubjefts fubmit with a degree 4v;f' I of fatisfaAion almoft incredible. Kvery military officer in ■' • the abfence of the emperor, has the power of life and death in his hand, and they feldom regard the form of a judicial proceeding. The iniituation of the people t«- fpefling their monarch -s faid to be fu great, that they think he does them a favour when he treats them with bar- barity ; and imagine, that to be murdered by him is a pe- culiar blrlTing, as it infures their immediate admittance intopandife. This monarch, befides the unbounded power he exer- cifes over the people!< property during their lives, is the univerfal heir to all his fubjccts upon their deceafe ; fo that the greatefl part of the wealth of the empire devolves to him. His titles are very exahed, being called. The ^ ■■ moft Glorious, Mighty, and Noble Emperor of Afric, King of Fez and Morocco, Tafilet, Suz, Dahra, and all ! the Algarbc and its territories in Afric, Grand Sherif (that J ' is, defccndant) of the prophet Mahomet, &c. Sec. Mr. Blathwait, who attended Mr. Kuflel, the Englith ambaflador to the court of Morocco, about the beginning of the reign of his late majefty George II. gives us a very Ihocking account of the manners of the Moors at that ' miniller's audience at the palace of Mequinez. He relates, ' that on the day appointed a Spaniard, alcaide (1. e. gover- • ^ nor) of the Cfhriflians, and leveral officers of the pilace, ■ came to conduct the -ambaflador to court : that about twelve of them mounted, and rode m the following man- . ncr : tlie ambaflkdor, between the bafla who condu&ed * ■ him to Mequinez, aiid Uie beflk's brother, preceded by twenty muflteteer*; the reft of the Englifh gentlemen, . accoinpanird by another of the balTa's brother:), and fome : other officers of the court : two of the ambafFador's fcr- r.vantsin 'iveries on horfeback, and after them the cap- tives, and tiic Mooriih and J[ewirn fervants who walked ^ on foot ; the whole dofed with a guard of Korfe belong- ing to the bafla : however, a drunken Moor of quality, 'in the fuperabundance of his zeal, rode in amongfl them, calling them Chriflian dugs aiid roguec, prcfenting his piece at the Englilh, and it was with fome difficulty he was pel leaded to go about his bufinefs. Nor was this in- fult taken any notice of; for, it feems, a flaming zeal for their fupcr&Atioa is an atonement for any crime they com- mit. VVhentliey had enteicd into the firft gate of the palace, ^ they all . -(lighted, and in the fquare within it were found thirteen fine horfes of the empeior's, richly caparifoned and accoutred, and held by fo many negro grooms, for Hate : thefe the bafla led them to take a view of ; after -which, having pafled two or three fquares mo.e, they came to the emperor's apartment, but in fuch a croud, that it waa witli a great deal of difficulty that they arrived there. After fome time they were conduced into a long gallery, the floor and fides whereof were covered with fmall tiles an inch fquare, of various aolours. Hither his Hritifh majefty's preicnt was brought, and fet out to the bett advantage, confifting of a large cryflal fconce w:ith twelve branches ; eleven bales of coarfe cloth, each bale containing three pieces ; three lx When the ambaflador was led up to tlie throne, be pulled ofl^ his liat, and made three bows ', and having de- livered the king off Great Britain's letter, tied up in a hand- kerchief, into the emperor's own hand, and a gold watch in another, he put on his hat and nuule a- (peech, ex- prefling the great efteem his nufter had for his imperial niajefly, condoling with him on bi» father's death, and congratulating with him on his acceflion to the throne, which was interpreted, our author obfjrreis, to very little fiurpofe ; for the emperor was fo drunk, he could fcarce lold up his head : however, it feems, he underftood fo much by the fpeecji and tlie prefent, as to be very well pleafed, and anfwered, " Buono, buonu," ordering the alcaide of the Chriftians to fee tliey did not want wine and roaft pigs every day, charging the prime miniller to let the Cnriftian minifler, the ambaflador, havj what- ever he demanded. Then the courtiers prjftrated them- fclvcs on their faces, and crawled upon their hands and knees to kifs his feet : foon after which, hii majefty's eunuclu, binding him much out of order, carried bim away and the court retired. While the ambafliulor waited to H admitted, there was fuch a noife and difturbance among the drunken courtiers, that he could compare it to nothing elfc but the common fid< o: a goal ; though, at their audience, thingiwere a little compofed. Thij emperor, Mulev Hder foot, and inftpad of being affifled by the officers of the court, tiie gates were (hut againft them, and extravagant funu demanded for permilfion to go through them. In the mean time the throng was very great, and the'r very buttons were cut off their cloaths before they could get away, and they expeAed every moment to be ftripp«d by the mob : how- ever, by hiibing the porters very handuwiely, they were fo fortunate, at lengui to efcape out of the palace and get to their houfc. But to return to the emperor : It was ufual with him, it feems, to drink with his minifters till he fell down dead drunk, and then was carried to bed by his eunuchs : and when he awaked again, he was furs to give fome examples of hit cruel and fierce difpofition ; infomuch that his fervants fled, and dreaded to come near him, and happy was the minifter that could make aa ex> cufe ro be abfent, and ef-:apc the efleSs of bit fwj. During the Englilh ambaflador'^ flay at Mequinct, the fame emperor (hot two men that waited on Yam, and en- deavoured to kill his prime minifter with hit own hand : but this courtier keeping out of the way till bis murdering rage was over, was men taken into fitvourifcain. He cotc- mande>i tw . young Jewilh women .o be 6roug>t to hit bed ; and \4 1 i he lent them home again, hearing that their hufliandshad picfumcdto go to bed to them, he ordered both ac8 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. ■'K botli the mtit to he put to dcitth. One of hit miflf«fT« difobligin^ him, hv oulcictl all Iter teeth to be dtawn out; - and in<]uiiii)(; of her «Ai-r>rare was not re- covered fioin tlic illnvl!! thafopcmtioti had occalioiKd, Ik dercd the man's teeth, wlio drew them, to be Itkcwife pulled out, «nJ lent to her by way oC fatisraftion For thy tiiliing offriice, or for his Ivmnour, lie would oidcr a man to be tofled ; that h, thrown up into the air by four lufty (hvci.^s high as tlicycouhl, and then let fall iigain, 'Where^ fcMiieAnies the perfon was killed and at ottiers ' ttta^Mm-ip^ of: and fuch feats as thefe, it fecms, were hit fnort and dJVerfion. We need not therefore wonder that Hfe EngliAambaiiador haftcned to be difmilTed from fiich »coiih anHis, which is deemed the moll faitlilefs, iiVd thgi y p le ifl Minetal the moft perfidious and bafe of kny in tWuniver^. ' . The dtmands Mh Ruilel was inftruAed to make at the ' Cbart of M6rocco, were, to get all fucit captives releafcd M htd been taken under Britifh colours- ; to get rrllitution KM^ to fuch merchants, whole Ihips hsid been robbed by te^Sallee pirates fince the taft peace, and to confiroi at peace with the prefent emperor. But he was foon given tt) underfland, that there was no refiitution to be 'expeOed from this court ) and with refpeA to the captives, Ihey confented to releafe about a dozen of them, of which four were Englifli, and for thefe the imbaflador paid a great ' deal more than their ranfom could have been valued at. ■ The prime minifter, the favourite women, and every offi- • ter concerned in his difpatches, were bribed again and Ugain ; nor was there a fervuit about the court but wu 'perpetually begging fomething of him, under pictenee ' of fome good mfifees they had done him during his refi- dence there. The Britifh ambaflUor, after this, took his leave of the court of Mequinez, and began hit march to Tangier, under a Moorifh gnaid, commanded by officers, who bad money allowed them by their fuperiors to defray the whole expences of the journey, but which they put in their pockets, and made the ambaflador pay his own and their charges upon the road ; and befides, forced the country people to fumifh provifions, without allowing any thing for them. When tl»e ambaflador came to Tangier, he was under apprehenfioru of being detained there by the bafla, under pretence of fome further demands : but the bafla being then treating with the governor of Gibraltar for powder and other warlike ft'otes he wanted, vras fo good as to permit Ae ambalTidor to embark for Gibraltar, where he arrived February 7, 1728. He had been pro- mifed two fine Barbary liorfes, and a lion, by the court of Mequinez ; but it feems they never intended to gratify him in this particular, uniefs he would have paid double the price for them, as he did for every tbingelfe : and he was very glad to make hi* efcape from that barbarous court without the prefents. If a renegado, after he has prolMed hhtifelf a difciple of Mahomet, apoftttiies, and turns Chriflian again, he is'bumt without mercv : murder, ^eft, and adultery, alfo, arc putiiflied with deatn : and erim^ againft-the ftate are pun ifhed with great cruelty; as impanng, dragging the Srifoner through the ftrcets at a mule's Melt till all his efh is torn on, throwing him from a high tower upon iron hooks, hanging him tipon hooks till lie dies, cru- cifying hiih igainft a wall. I'heir forces, were they aflrmbled in one place, would certainly conflitute a very numerous and fonnidable army. Tt is computed, ttiat the black cavalry and infantry do not amount tb fefs tiian forty tboufaiid men ; and the Moorifh tiorfe and foot may m as many, but being dif- perfed in feveral parts of this large empire, are nst fcen in filch numerous bodies as the negroes, who live in- Me- quinez, and have the guard of tlic emperor's peribn : the blacks are eileemcd their beft horfe. The Europeans have experienced their bravery and miliury (kill, both at Oran and Ceuta : they have hre arms as well as fwords and lancet : their troopers ride very Ihori, and tlieir fad- dies . have long peaks before and nehind r their ftirrup- irons are fliaped to the foot, fo thatthey can (tand up and ftrike when tliey make their blow ; and no men Ihew more dexterity in riding, wheeling, or firing : their horfes are very fwift, beautifully made, but not fo ftiong and heavy :is ours. They chiefly rely upon their cavalry both in' rtieir civil wars, and thole wfth foreigners. Their infanttv, indeed, arc numerous, aiidcarry fire-arms , but are not dffciplincd, and oblerve no manner of order ; live hundred ol their foot Mrill fly before fifty horfe : nor do they underiland how to attack or dcfinid a town, which may m the reafon they have fcarce one place nf ftrcngth in the coMitry, and but few guns mounted on the walls of their towns. They feem very ignorant in the management of great cunt ancl bombs, '1 hcle are altogether left to tlie (kill of^tbe re- negado Chrilliatw, of wliom there arc fome tkoufandt in their armies. They have a train of one hundred and . fifty braft gunt in the palice of MequineZf bcfidcs feveral mortars, which are (r met drawn out in timet of dan' ger ; but I do not (iiK. .ere are any mounted upon th« walls. Captain Blaithwait relates, concerning their (hipping* that when he was tlKra in the year 1737, their whole na- val force confifted but of two twenty gun (hips, the bigged not above two hundred tons, and a French brigantine they had taken, with fome few row boats ; and yet witli tlieli:* being full of men, they iflue from Sallee and Mamara« which lie on trie Atlantic Ocean, neat the Oraightt mouthy, and make prize of great numbers of ChriOian merchant (hips, carrying their miferablecrewt into captivity. Thaugh they are at peace with Britain, they make no fcruple of feizingand carrying their ihipsinto Sallee, if they find a pa(ronger on board, belongiiig to a nation at war with them ; however they are ufually fo good as to difmift the (hipe, and their crews, after they nave robbed them of fome of their merclundize. The charge of thefii piratical craicers, is borne intirely by private adventurer! ; though the emperor has a tenth of all the prizes and caprivet they make, which leads me to «nquiie into the revenues of thia prince, ' Thefe arife either firom the labour of the ha(bandincn, and the fruits of the earth ; or by duties upon goods im- ported and exported ; the emperor has. a tenth of all the corn, cattle, honey, wax, hides, rice, fruits, and produce of the foil. After his tythe is dedufted, he is at liberty to purchafe the remainder of tlte prifoners, if he thinka proper, at only fifty crowns per head. This produces im-^ menfe proht to him, either by their ranfom or labour, for he makes them work, and fupplies them with nothing but a fcanty allowance of coarfc nrcod and oil. If they fall fick, he gives them no afCftanco but leaves them to the fit' thers of a Spanifh convent, who fupply them with ne- celTaries and medicines ( but even the benevolence of thefe is taxed, as they pay him a coniiderable annual ftipcnd, for a toleration to za with humanity to tlieir fellow-crea- tures. The Jews pay a capitation tax, and all die com- modities in which the Chriltians deal are heavily alblTed. 7'hey have no (hipping to carry on a foreign trade by (ca. But tlie Europeans bring them whatever they want from abroad ; as linen and woollen cloth, ftuns, iron wrought and unwrought arms, gunpowder, lead, and the like ; for which they take in return, copper, wax, hideti Morocco leather, wool, (which is fupeiiine) gums, fciap, dates, almonds, and othci (rui:*, Their trade by land, it either with Arabia or Negroland : to Mecca they fend ca* ravans, confifting of feveral tlioufand camels, horfes aiul mules, twice every year, partly for traffic, and partly upon a religious account, great numben of pilgrims 'taking that opportunity of paying their devotions to their i^reat pro- pnet. The goods they carsy to the eaft, are woollen ma- nufadures, Morocco (kins, indigo, cochineal andofirich (leathers : and they bring back (roin thence, muilins and drugs. By their caravans to Negioland, they fend fait, (ilk and woollen manufaAures ; and bring back gold and ivory in return, but chiefly negroes ; from hence it it, that tlieir emperor recruits his black cavalry, though there arc alfo great numbers born in the country, for they bring tliofc of both fcxes very young from Negroland ; the fe- males for breeders, and the mtdes ferfoldiers, at they grow up : they firft carry a muflcet, and ferve on foot, arid after fome time arc preferred to be cavaliers ; and at thefe have no other hopes or dependence but the ftvour of the em- peror, they prove much the moft dutiful and obfoquioua of all liis iunje£ls ; and indeed fupport the prince in hia tyranny over the reft, who would not probably have borne the liarbarout cruelties of the two laft reigns, if they had not been governed with a rod of iron in the hands of thefe negroes ; who, like other foreign mercenaries, npver en- quire into the rcafcnablenefs of their prince's conimandt, but execute his moft inhimui decrees without remoife. Their gold coin is a dacat, refembling the ducat cf Hon* gary, Worth about nine (hillings fterling, and they ufoatW give three of them for a moidore. Merchants acconwis are kept in ounces, an imaginary coin, ten of whidi make a ducat in merchants accoinpts ; but in payments to the government, it is ikid, they wiii reckon icvcritccri OiiiKSi and a half fbr a ducat. They have alfo a fleece, whic|i is a copper coin in lefs than a farthing, twenty of which 3 mak* iJiP^lw. a-li«.»i; [A F R I C A.] . i^au loM -0 R ' 'C "I '^ O ' &. "^ '^^ H^ ii O'intCo* of wbicb roak* make a blanqueen ; thii laft isa filvercoin of abont two- pence value. In Morocco, learning is chiefly confined to reading, writing, and aritbmetic, as few attetriM any thing higher, except the prkA* and doAori of th« faw. The favourite ' fcience of the two latter orders, and what the people igno- xaiitiy adrnirc. ia, aArolagy \ his requeft, 'vM fent fome Ihips to his aflSftance tIK pirates were taken or deftroyed ; and the emperor, in return, fent three hundred Chriftian (laves as a prcfent to hii Britannic majefty. This worthy monarch died lit i6?o, and was fucceeded by his eldeft fon, Muley Abdelmelech, who was remarkable for his crv«tty and drmkeimefs, and was, after having reigned tour years, murdered by a Chriftian flave. He was fucccecU4 by his brother, Muley Elwaly, a' prince of fweet difpoCtion and gene- rous fpirit, whobeean his reign bv rcleafing all ftate pri- foners, and incrcafing the pay ot his troops. He ai^d much regretted, after having enjoyed the crown twelve years. Maley Hamed Sheik fucceeded hlst^tolher Muley El- waly ; but being murdered by the Arabs, they raifed one of their own chiefs, named Crumel Hick to the crow/t, w1k> was, on his demife, fucceeded by SharilF Muley, king of Tafilct. The latter engaging in a war with Sidi Ooaar^ prince of Tllech, was defeated, taken prifoner, and clolely confined \ daring his captivity, he was attended by a ncgio woman frightfijlly ngly, with whom he neverthelefs coha- bited, and me bore him tWofons \ the eldeft Hamed Muler Archy, fucceeded in the kingdom of Tafilet. The reigp of this prince was but fhprt ; for being ufed to drink im- moderately, he one day mounted a fplrited horfe when in* toxicatcd, and riding furioufly into a grove of orange.' trees, he was thrown againft the trunk of a tree, frac- ttttA his fcull, and expired of the wound. His nephew Hanhet caufcd himfelf to be' proclaimed fovereign at Mo« roeco, while his half brother (by a white woman) took the fame ftep at Tafilet ; but Miiley Ifhmael, his full bro- ther by the negro woman, proved two hard for both, for he wrefted the crown from them, and began his reign in tbf year 1672. Muley Ifhmael was remarkable fof- an odd jumble of po« liey atiff abfupdhy^, cr\Selty and religion. His ftrifliwi durmg hi* whole reign "dvas fuch, that he would never drrnk atv^ wine or ftrong liquor \ he obferved the 'i^ia,* dan, or Mahometan lent, four whole months every year, and with a more than ordinary abftinence. He was no lefa afcrupulonsobferver of the nfual Wafhings, public prayers, and other branches of his law ; and never undertook any thing of moment, with6ut proftrating himfelf a good while upon the ground, and praying for the divine protec- tion and aiBftancc, fully failsficd that Mahomet would ob- tain it from heaven ; 10 that whatever was the refult of his devotions, he conftantly believed that prophet was the immediate caufe and dircAor of it. Though he was eafy of accefs, and very rigid and im- partial in the execution of juftice, yet he would fometimef run intti wild extravagancies^ of which the following is aa inftance : A poor farmer of tlip Berebers race, having complairted that fomf of his negroes, (whom by the way, he was noted for keeping at (hoft allowance) had ftolen from him a yoke of oxen, which were his fole dependence, heordered all the negroes to pafs before him, and Ibot every one whom the fiirmer accufed : but alklng him afterwards, what amends he could make him for the lofs of fo many ftout negroes, and tlie man being at a lofs what to anfwer, he made him undergo the fame fate. He was for ever building and pulling down again \ alledging, that he did it to keep his fubjeds fo hufy, that th:y might have no time to mutiny or rebel ; fc-r, lap he, " I have a bag of rats ; unlefs I keep the bag flirring, they will eat their way through it. He had tlirec thoufand wives, five thoufand concubines, nine hundred fons, and three hundred daugb* ters \ all of whom at times, felt tlie efleAs of his cruelty and capricious temper. He would frequently fhoot, ftab, or behead both flaves and fubjcAs for his amufement ;and was fo avaricious, that he fjient bis whole life in plunder- ing his people, and amafung wealth ; and indeed every thing was made fubfervicnt to his miferable temper. When any body complained to him of having been robbed or defrauded, the criminal was firft ordered to mabt teftitution of the property in nurftjon, net to the pufod aggrieved, but to lumfelf, as he aflerted that he was the only fufFerrr, his dignity being infulted by the crime \ and then a conliderablc fine was levied upon tne culprit, as % recompence to ofTcndcd juftice j but all went into hh iwn 3 M coffers. ^4io The NE>K anb UN'lVER)8AU8Y«TEM:or GEOGRAPHY. eoffera. He exto(U(l ^tft funu of moocv from bit (uh- je£ls hy unjuft aitd crurl rqcaiu -, and w^t fo I'o^litlly mean, t% to keep the fetvaixs of hit houfliold at Ihort aJlowaiKf ■ and not allow his foldiers any thing to fubCft on, telling them in a furly tone, thnt his mules, caindi, or oilier braOs, iiktd him for no maintainance. and iberefore tbey might get theiri where tlicy could find it, ' thui licenfi^g his afmy to plunder all that came in their way. in proccfs of time, one of his fons, Mulcy Mahomet, (who was the mod accomplilhed, and indeed the only oi>e of them who had a princely education), raifed a rebellion againft him , but being taken priroiier by his brother Mu- ley Sidan, his right hand and left foot were cut off by the empexor't order, of which woun^l he died. ; and Muley Stefan was appointed heir to the crown ; bi]t biscikielty ai\d drunkennels were fuch, that he was murdered by his own wives, before the death of his father. At lengtli Muley Ifhmael, one of the inoA infernal monfkis of cruelty »nd avarice thatevcr ex Ifted, died a natural death in 1717, hav- ing reigned fifty five years ; which, in a country were in- furreftiuns, dethronements, and aflaflinations, were fo common, is a circumftance truly remarkable and^afto- nifhing. On the death of Muley Ifhmael, his fon Muley Hamet Deby fucceedcd to the crown : having been appointed to that dignity by his father merely becaufe he was the moft diflblute of all his children ; ror Muley Ifhmael fancied thafhis fon's drunkennefs and intemperance would he foils fo fet off his own fobriety wid abftemioufncfs ; for he hnilglfied that his temperance in eating and drinking made arae?f4f for' his inlatiaole avarice, uitbounded cruelty, and exceflei with refpeA to women. Muley Hamet was de- pofed by hisfiivotiritc eunuch, and his brother Abdelmelech j|>roclaimed emperor ; but the latter foon rendered himfelf odious by his cruelties, Moley Hamet was again rcftorcd to the throne : Abdelmelech was kept in dole confmement for fome time, but at hengtli ftrangled, t>y order of his 1>rother ; and Muley Hamet, live days after, died by ex- ceffive drinking, bemg March 22, 1729. The next fuccefTur was Abdalla, anotlier of tlM fona of Muley Iflimael ; when the duke de Rippcrda, having been driven from Spain, offered his fervices to Abdalla, who accepted them, made him a baila, andcarefled him as his chief favourite. Ripperda then laid a plan before the emperor, which was, to drive the Spaniards firom their poliefrions on the coaft of Africa, and even to invade Spain ; but his defigns were fiuftrated by the bnvery of the Spaniards, and the fuperior fkill of their engineers. Abdalla at length in^iea I'd dai'.y in cruelty, killed multi- tudes of people, attempt^'H rlie life of his own mother, who, to be out of his reach, made a pilgrimage to Mecca; this monflet was heard to typrefs thew fentiraeuts, " My fubjcAs have no other title to their lives but my will ) and my grcateft pleafure is, to ^ill them with my own hand. His cruelties at length rendered liim fo odious, that he was depofed by the black army, and his brollier Muley Ali, raifed to the throne in his ilcad. But this prince, being almof. continually ftupefied by an immode- rate ufe of a fadorific herb called archidu, they deemed him unfit to reigr , and therefore deprived him of thecrown, . and, in l^jf), reftored it to his brother, who was now un- bounded in his cruelty, lacrificing many hundreds to his revenge, an(;er, or caprice, without tlie leaft regard ;orank, age or fcx. T hi< occafioned Abdalla to be again depofcd, and Muley Sidi, another priiics: of the blood royal, was placed on the throne. Abdalla, however, raifed an aimy, gave bati ',ito and .'.-feated his rivzJ, and once more r-:fumcd tlie fovcreignty. '•"!" riri;e cf i, which comnKnced Oftobcr 23, 17, ., an ' '■> . elilte, whicU toT'k place on the 8tli of !vtce • \v, oy tlie troops of Morocco, are theme - ;: wl.ichwc have any certain accoiiiit rcUu. .v tin; ..npire. The court of S(:ain had for fome years p.i(l greatly ncgle£lcd thefc places ) lb that tieither the earriibn or foitifications were in a proper cuii- ditioii to lullain a ficge ; but tliofi: Jifadvaiitages were overballanceJ by the coiiduft of the Spaiiifli officers, the bravery of tlie men, and the total want of difcipliiie and experience in the Muorifh troops, wliJcli occanoned the emperor's army not only to fail of fuccels in their attack upon thofe two places, but even to I>c rcpuUid by tlie fiuall garrilon of Penon de Veiaz, a Icfs cniidijcrabic fbitreis >Mpon that coaft. Warlike prwarations were continued on both fides, thoupli little was efns£ted on either ; and Mc- iilie wa? either hiockadcH or beiiegcil tiii the middle ot March, when the Mcurs tliought proper to abandon tli; «iitcipriie. I .js. •• - SECT. IV. ' >vll' . Ctntaimin tit tMcrlflim and frtfinl ftMt tflbt tin f dm «/ J^iiri, mid ill friiuipal ttwnti THIS kifigofcd to be the anticnt Hippo a fca-port built by tlie RoniaiiG, was once the capital of the province of Its name. It lies on the Mediterranean, latitude thirty- feven about ninety miles north-caft ut Conftantina ; and near itisucoial-fUlicry. It is a poor nie.in place, thinly in- habited, and much cxpolcd to tlieincuifions of the Arabs. The only fragments of its auticnt grandeur arc the ruins of a nuble calliedr.il or luunallcry. i\e:ir llii> \s a famous fpring, called .St. Auftiu's well, and lelurted tu bv I'lench and Italian tailors. The foitiel's hath a gairifon of three hundred Turks, coinniaiided by an aj;3, who is go- vernor of the I.. ..n. 'I he ccKbiatej St. Auilin is laid to Iiave lived and ired hcie. Charles V. took tins town, among o'hcrs, in litscxpediiioii agaiiill Tunis, but it was recovered by the TurivS not lung al'tcrwaids. Conftantina is fituated on a liver forty-tight miles iioin the tea, and about ninety miles Ibutli-eaft of llugia, lati- tude thirty -live. It was the Qifta-Niiiiiii.!ia; of the Ro- mans, and received its piclt:iit name tioiti ConlUiitina, the daughter of CunDantinc tlie Great, who iibuilt it with great inag.nihcence : the lituatinn ii> on a iKiunlula, difficult oi accels, except towards the loutli-«elt. It i^ one mile ill circuinfeieiier, well fortiticd, and coiit,.-en from the fea : it exhibits only the melancholy ruins of its fovnier niap^nifi,' cent buildings, containing now about tlirce hundred taini- lics, who arc inilerably poor. Tebcf, is at prcfent quite decayed, and very thinly inlia- bited, tliough it was antiently a flourilhini; city. Zaiuoura, is reduced tn as defpicable a lituation as the two former, by the tyranny of the Algeriiie government, though the tcrritority is one of the moft fertile fpocs hi all Barbary. It is defended by a fort with a good garrifon ; and has a market every Monday, which is frequented by the Arabs. Bifcara, fituated in five degrees fifty minutes eaft longi- tude, and thirty-tive degrees ten minutes north latitude, has a fort and garrifon to keep the inhabitants of the neighbouring dil\ri£l in awe. The people here are very Ignorant, and lead a wandering kind ot favage life 1 but their chief employ ii carcliing and taming wild beafts, particularly lions and ty^crs, which they carry for falc to Algiers. Necan?., is one of tlic picafantcft towns in Barbary, be- ing fituated about fixty niilcj to the fouth of Stcfta. It is watered by an aijrccaljlc river, whofe banlCs are adorned with a variety ot bcTiliful trees. The inhabit.-tnts in ge- neral are polite, the wumcii handfomc, the houfes neat, the gardens well laid out, and the neighbouring territory fertile. The town eontain« i :!viciiiheent motijuc, and a large well endowed college for the cdocation of Mahome- tan youth. Couco, is litiMted between Algiers and Bugia. It was formerly the r letropolis of a kingdom of the fame name ; kilt the lover igiK rntri ing jnto frequent alliances with the Spanifti CO' ft, the Al^crine government, in the begin- ning of llic fcvcntcenth century, laid waftc the whok country, and dcftruYcd every town in it. The inhabitants are indepeiiiUnt, and dwell in the mountains, whkti aff very fertile : thaAlgerines keep. them miterably poor, hf preventing them from carrying on any kind of cominerce* at they formerly did. The wcftern, or fccond Algerine gofernment it dU vlde^* '-"o the five following placet : tlie firft is, "^tutted oh a bay of^ the Mediterranean fea, la- tit ..de thirty-fix degrees, eaft longitude one, aliout two hundred and filty miles weft of Algiers. It lies partly ill a pbin, and partly upon the afceiit of a hill, and it aoout a mile and a lialf in circumference, at well fortified as thtf ground about it will permit ; but, it being commanded by tome of the neighbouring hills, if there be not a garrifoil of ten Or twelve thouland men to defend the avenues, diftant caflles, and redodbti, as well at the town itfelf, il cannot fuftain a long (icge. At the S|ianilh coaftt and merchant ftilpt had fufTereJI much from the eorfairs or rovers of this town, F'erdi- nand, king of Spain, fent over an army, under the conw inand of his prime minifter. Cardinal Ximenes, in tb« year 1 J09, to befiege it ; who having a correfpondcncd with fome of the inhabitants, when the Moort lallied out witli the bcft part of the garrifon againft the Chri Ian ara my, their friends in the town Ihut the gates againft themi and the cardinal obtained an eafy conqucft, killing abovd four thoufand Moors, and delivering at the fame tim4 twenty thoufand Chriftiaii flavei out of captivity : lh4 I'urks of Algiers made feveral attempts to recover this town from time to time for near two hundred yeart ; but were always repulfed till the year 1 708, when they mad4 themfelvet maltere of it, by the treachery or cowardice ot the governor, as the Spaniards give out, and remained in pofleflion of Oran till the year 173a. Btit king Philiu having at this time no other enemy to contend witn^ and a fine army of veteran troops, that had no other em- ployment, embarked a good oody of them at Alicant^ about the middle of June 17 p, under the command of the Conde de Montemar, who landed near Oran, on the 291!! of the fame month, with very little oppofilion ; and, hav' ing afterwards gained the heii;ht of tlie mountams above Oran, the garrifon abant^ncd the place, without waiting to be befiegcd in form : of which tranfaftion w? roceivca repeated advice in our common news-papers ; but the ac-' count the I'uiks give of this enterprize alfords fome fur- ther particulars. According to them, the dey of Algiers^ believing that this armament of the Spaniards was in- tended againft his capital, did not fend fuch reinforcement* to Oiaii at he would have done, if he h*d expelled they would have attcnipred that city : However, the bey ot viceroy of Oran had aflembled an army of twenty thou- fand men, for the defence of the place, moft of them horfe ; witli which he endeavoured to hinder the defcentf of tlie Spaniards j but his troops were difordercd by tliti continual fire of the cannon of the enemy from their met* of war and gallics He attacked them alio after thcv were landed; but, the ground being unfit for cavalry, and hit horfe ftill galled by the SpanilTi artillery, he was obliged to retire ; and theieupon determined to wait for 1 reintbrce- nieiit of four thoufand Turks, and fix thoufand Moors, which he daily expcfted from Algiers, before he engaged the Chriflians again : and, in the nisan time, for ti:ar of the woift, removed all his efTcfts, hit treafure, and his wo- men, out of Oran to a place of fecurity : whereupon the garrifon and inhabitants were in the greateft confternationi imagining they Ihould be foon abandoned by the gover- nor, ajid facrificcd to the Chriflians ; and thereupon packed up all that they had, after the bafla's example, and kindly quitted the town to the Chriftians w ithout a blow ; leaving in it an hundred and forty-fix pieces of cannon« befides mortars, and at Icaft fifty uiip-loads of provifiont, which coiitrilnited very mucli towards the prefervation of the conqueft ; for the fea was 10 tempcftuous ttwy could receive nothing from their Hect for feveral days. However, the bafla attacked the Spnilh army as thef were marching into the place; and, though he found it iinpolFiblc then to favc the town, fo obfliinte was rJie en- gagement, that the Spaniards loft r»arfive thoufand men ; and were afterwards fo much harraffcd by the Turks, be- fore they could put the place in a pofture of delcnce, that great part of their army was cut off. and amongt'tthcin their new governor the marquis of Santa Cruz, and feveral of tlieir neft generjls. But to proceed : This city was the rcfidencc of a bey, and, though grc.itly f.iilcii fioru ic> piiiniic fpiondor, is fiiii tiic i)cit fortiti^d place in the kingdom, except the city orf Algiers. About fix miles from ()ran, ftandthe ruin^of the antientciiy of Uatlia, where a little chapel is built to the iiKmoi^ of » marabout ^JS<:'\' •jt The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOGRAPHr. ■Mrtbonl, wha faved op monty rnongh to maintain iirc iiaridred diiciplei, whole fok bufineft wu, to irpcat a long MaJioiactan litany, by ths help of thrir beads, at cer- tain hours. Gran, is ftUI in the potlciiion of the Spa- niard!. Trcmefen, (the province) is bounded on the north, by the Mediterranean Tea; on the eaft, by a province callcil Africa ; on ilia foulb, by the defert of Saharah ; and i)n the weft, by the kingdom of Fea ( it is above three hun- dred and fevcnty miles in length, and one hundred and twenty-Hve in nreadtli. 'I'hc capital town, of the fame Mroe, is litualtd ninety miles Ibuth-weft of Oran, and furrounded by a flrong wail, well fortified ; has Hve gates with draw-bridges before them, and a ftrong caftle con- taining very bandfome barracks for the jatiiUviei who are in garrifon. Tremefen, while the nicltupolis of the kingdom of the fame name, was • noble city, but is now fallen greatly to decay ; for out of one hundred and fifty inof(|ues and one hundred and fixty baths, there are re- maining only eight of 'lie former, and four of tiM latter ; •nd the pUce exhibits little but the fragments of its an tient magniiicence, among which, the reinaiiu of a refer- voir, or Dafon for water, are the niol) confpicuous, 1'Ik inhabitants are extremely indigent. The territory con- tiguous to it is dry, barren, and mountainous, except on ttie north iide, where tliere arc plains abounding in corn, fruits, and paflures. Moftagan, is fituated fifty miles eaft of Or»n. Tlii^ town is built in the form of a theatre opening to the fea, •nd furrounded on every other fide with rocks that hang over it. I'lic ruins of an old Mooriih caftle (land in a (pace between the rocks, and there is a ftrong flonc wall Upwards the port, witli a modern built caftle, garrilbned by a nuinlier of Turks. 'I'he citadel ii erefted upon the fiimmitof one of the rocks, and coinnvinds both city and territory : the haven is commodious, and the town i< well fupplicd witli frclh water. The iieigbbuuring mounlnins are inhabited by a T^ople called Magaraba':, who live in tents, poflcfs a gicat number of liocks, and pay to the dey of Algiers twelve thoufand crowns annually. There is a handfome mofiiue in this toyn. Tenez, is fitnated about one hundred miles to tlie raft- ward of Oran, and twenty miles eaft of Moftagan, and at a league diftant fiom the fca, where it has a convenient port. Here is a caftle that was once a roval palace, and in which the governor refides. The fortifications are ftrong, the garrifon numerous, and the neighbouring territory fertile. This was fuppofcd to have been the Julia Cacfarea of theantients. SerccUi, lies between TerK/, and Algiers, atx>itt twenty- Ibur miles to the weftward of the latter. It is defended by a Turkiih garrifon, .ind has a little port, which will only admit of fmall vcflcls. This was antiently a large populous city, but is at prefent a very poor dcfolate place. The third Algeri.ie government, being the fouthern dif- triA, is inhabited by a wild fct of people, who like fome of the Tartars, roam from place to place, and live in tents while they rcfide in any particular fpot. The territory itfelf is hilly, a part of mount Atlas running tiirough it : the only riches of the people are their numerous flocks and herds. The government exa£ls a tribute from them, but the bey is obliged to come annually at the head of an anny to colled it ; and many of them retire to inaccclFi- ble places till die troops are withdrawn, io order to evade the payment. Wc ftiall now proceed to give a partiailar dcfcription of the mcttt>polis and chief city in the kingdom. Algiers is fituated in latitude thirty-fcven, weft longi- tude tiiree and a half, on a bay of the Mediterranean lea, a little to the caftward of tiK river Safran : it is built on the fide of a mountain ; the houfes flat roofed, tcrrafli-d, and white-wafhcd ; and, rtfing gradually from the fea Ihore up the hill, forms a kind of ainphitlicatre, and ap- pears very beautifully on the approaching it by fea ; but this,' like moft other I'urkilli towns, looks better at a dif- tance than when wc are in it : The mofqucs, domes, fpires, caftlcs, and |Ml.acc ftuiuling in full view, give uj a great idea of the place i but, as the ftrects arc extremely narrow, and the private houfes but mean, ourexpcAations are not anfwercd when we come to examine it clofcly : however, there is this convenience, th.it the inhabitants can vifit each other from the tops of the tkoufes almoft all over the town, without going into the ftrcets. The walls art about a Iciguc in circumference, defended by foinc baf- tions .ind fquarc towns between them : the port is l(!curcd by a pier or mole, in length about five liuiidicd paces, ex- tended from tlw continent to a fmall rocky iftand, wliMk flands a ciftir, called the Lantern, with three tier of braA caititoii, bclidet other fortificattoni, lately erected for it* itcfence, liiKe the French bombardment ' tht town '■^^ live gates ; and in it aretengi' nt inoliques, or Mahoi..i.«in temples ; fifty lelfcr mofqucs, three collrges, and abund- ance of Ichooli, wheic the children are bmuf^ht up with the utnioft prejudice to Chriftianity. it is computed, Oicre are about an hundred thoufand fouls in tlte city. I'lie fbnifications towards the lea are much ftronrer, ■nd more conliderable, than ttiofi- on the land lide, 'the mole was the work of Cheredin, the Ion of Barbarollii, as well u many of the other fortifications ; for that mo- narch employed all the Chriftian flaves in the improve- ment ot the old, and conftruAion of new fortifications inanJnbout Akiers ; and, by pcrlbn:illy inlprfting their proceedings, lnJ tlie fatitfa^tion to tee the wtiolc com- pleted ill the fpaceol three vcati. To the fouth, there isan ther fortreft with three bat- teries to dr!-nd the cntran «.• of the harhour. The (lave* are continually rinploycd in bringing ftones from a quarry in the neighbourhood which tiicv lay on the fand, to de- fend the mole from the impetuolity of the waves ; and this laborious work is obliged ro he repeated continually, bccaufe the fraconftanrly walhes them away, and makes a pe-pi'tual lii| i ' lucellary. The euibrafurct of the caf- tle .uid le renexadoes. There is one ftreet, which is broad and handlbine, and pafTes quite tlirough the town from eaft to weft, in which tho hnufes and (hops are elegant and capacious, and the mar- kers arc kept here ; but all thf other ftrects are narrow, iiKommodious, and dirty. Some travellers have accounted for the narrowncfs of tiie flreets, by aflerting that they were fo contrived to keepofT the extreme heat of the fun, and others attribute their being built in that manner to the frequency of earthquakes, on which account the flreets arc not only contrafted, but the hnufes low, and propped by pieces of timber palling acrofs the ftteels from one to the other. TIk houfes appearing one above another, make a very fine appearance from tlic fea : they are aliout fifteen thou- fand in number, are built either of ftoiie or brick, upon a fquare plan, with a paved court in th': centre. Rounil the court is a double range of galkrici one alxive the other, and both fuppottcd bv columns. The tops of the houfes arc all flat : for whicli reafon thoy walk upon them in the eveiung to take the air ; and many emWtlifh them with pretty gardens, placing a neat funimerhnufe in one corner. '1 he people are obliged, by the laws of tiie place, to whitc-walh their hnulc; infule and out, at Icaft once a year ) but all who can afford it, do it mucli oftener. Their furniture is exceeding mean, confirtinjr only of a few wooden and earthern utvnfils, a mat, and two quilts laid upon a few boards to frrvc as bed and bed- stead. As there are no fquares or large vacancies through- out tiie city, the inhabitants may p-ils from one end of it to the other over the roofs of the houles, and moUof them vifit each other tlii^ wav. Though the houfes in general are mean, many of the principal p<.oplc have veiy fine edi- fices, the pillars and pavements of which are of a very beautiful marble, and tiK ciclings and folding-doors finely carved, painted, and gilt. Of tliefe, the palace of the dey ftands ill the centre of the city, and is the moft magnifi- cent building therein. It has twogitiiid halls, in one of which tl»e divan meets every SuiKlay, Monday, and Tiiof- day. This building is veiycxtenfivc, and litrrouiided by two fuptrb galleries, one above the other, l'i!p[)ortcd by marble pillars. Here are noble flruflures etiAid a5 barrncks for the Turkifh troopS : they are adorii(.d with fountain", and contain many fpacious and convenieiil apartments. Mar- ried men are not permitted to lodge here, but take up their rclidence cither in piivate houfci, or in one of the four fcndacasof the place ; the latter being laige conunodioui buildings, coniifting of Icveral ranges of apailinrnts, waielioufcs, Stc. which arc let indiruiniinatcly to all who chufe to take them, and ferve inftead of caiavanferas or inns. Chril'tian ftrangcrs, if c( any confidcration, are ufually accommodated at the C'liiful's houl'e, according l<) rhciiation they l>oiong to, but tjie iioorer Levantine, or other traders, lodge at tlicabovcinentioned pbces, and may eat and drink according to tlicir circuiultoticci or incliin- (A F R i C A.j A .L Moht, a* ihrrv krimaiiy cuolfl1u>|n, ta\rriM, «n«l irtiiet publk-lioul'm, kept either l>/ ilic CliriUi.iit ttiivt ut tlu. dey, or by the Jcwt, who will acconimutlacc any |i«iloi), or deal iit my comnKxJity. Hero uixt one huiMlii:ti Mud revett tiiofi|Uct, i'uperbly built, And chiuHy liluiitcj near the iaved\«ilh marble, and well furnilhod uiili all rn|uilite coiiveniencci, Tlus .Miilioinauni tt* otiligrd by clwir reliHion 111 uf« t1\eiu tivv (iinet daily, but then |)lcafure often |iinnipli tlicm to go liill mare t'requontly. A number ot batlu arc appropriated to thpe xtft ot women tonly, who do not retort to tlicni t'ur the benefii ul bathing •toitc, but allu tor Ihc l«lic ot° intriguiilf; ^ t'ur tlioueh the moftdrsadtut pumthiMiitii aiiend ditcitiun, yet the A|: ferine woineu venture cvcr^ thing, I'lut tlwy may ^urfue their iiKlinatioiii. There ii :iiUw enafled lierc, which It ftriAly put ill eaecutioii, piirluaiil to wliidi, any woinail who ii conviikcd of being engaged in a crimiiMl corr*'- tfpondence witli a Chrifliaii, i> li:ntenccd to be thrown into to« Cm, with her head tied in a lack, in cafe her lover does not turn Makonietaii. Eaampiea of this ibvero panilh- jovnt arc fnqacittlY feen i notwithflanding which, iM BuurrtMi women and maidoiu are tired with a moA violent paffion for die Chril\ian>, and there are perliapi at many .|ntrii;ac« in Ai((kn ai inahy city ill Chrillendomi About Any of the batln are titiid lor Ladling i but* bc- fidet theiis, fix otheri are converted into (nifont for the Chibltian flavei, in ruh of whicli tlicr^ i« a chapel for :'rtM true exercifc of their ruligl6n. Every Have t« let out at a cerrain hour in the morning, and nnill bo pun<^ - tual al night to the time limited for theirietum to be locked 'ttp I eadi of them it allowed a inaumf* aiid a rui; for a bed. There arcfeVeral tokiabld edifioci witiiout the Willi of Mi« town, which add tb the bosuKy of tlic enviruiii, par- ticularly tlie marina oilici r't pablic hall, i inarabout'i fu- perb dwelling, and a VaiMiy of Turlcilh fepulchrce and iHMiunentii among iheUttarcAx magniikiciit tumbs of a circuUr figure arc the ntdft confpicuouti : thefe wefe mcftcd to tllfe memory of fia l«y«, who were fucceOivcly vIoCtcd, and then murdered in tlie divan within a few 4aTt. It <• to be obfcrvcd, that the tombt of dcys and Wuiare diftinguifhed by« flonc, on which a turban it lunmd in relievo -, tlioia of the aga'r and other military •ttilinrf, by a pili fixed in the grouhd ctofe to tlie coffin i thofe of the fea captaini) by a flaff with a gilded bait at the lop ; and ftnnes, in the form of a cothn, are laid on tlie gravel of tlie common peopie> The city of Algicre lad formerly none but rain water, tni the fhhabitanti wefe often greatly diftreflcd upon that 'MKOuiit : till a Mt>or, who had been driven from Spain, 'tontrived, by meani of two ai^uedufla, to introduce' as much into the city as wai rei|uiots, and grain of every fpccies, that the nhabitanty enjoy every year two. and frequently three crops. The hot baths of Mecreega are the only natural curio, iities in the vicinity of this city ; the principal of them is twelve feet fquare, and four deep ; tile waters are exceeding jiot ; and, when they have filled the larger bofon, difchargc themfelves into a Imaller, where the Jews bathe, as they are not permitted to ufe the fame bath as the Mahomcltflii, Tliefc hot baths proceed from the great quantities «f ful- phur, iiitrc, anu Otii^r iniiMtuuiiuiC uOuics 111 inc tlOWelS of the earth ; from whence iikewile are caufed the frequent caithquaket that the kingdom in general, 7. id thv city uf Algiers in pirticuiar, are fubjeft to. No, aj. A Si. 8 t fc T. V. iil iilji tbi iivil ttid KiUju^itti hijitry tf Jlpiri. TIIK ntoft antient pofTeHbrsof Algiers were filled Re- rciwrs ; but the pr«fcntlnh.)bitants ire roropolcd of amixture of thefc, with Ihc Mixirs or Morcfcos driven from Spain, Arabian), I^vantities, Turks, Jews, Chrif- tlan Oaves bf various nation*, and the eluldrcn deleended fioni all the above comhinatiniis of people ; the Moors aitd Arabians arerhe nmU ninncrous : tm former are di- vided inhi twp orders , Mnnely, thole '\^ho live in towns and follow |>iracyt or vafious profcirioni by land or fea^ and other* who wandff libout, not being poflellcd of either land or richei. I'hatiift are the citizens of the kingdom, the latter ihe bulk «f the people. We (hall tiril dcfcrihe the wandering fort, who are dif* tinguiftied into various tribes, each furroing. an itinerant village, and every family living in a portable tent ; ilicy fuliiil) liy the produce ot the landswhich they farm of tlioft of the firft order ; they pay their rent to tneir Liiidlordt , in corn, herbs, fruit, honey, wax, &c. and a tribute to the dcy, accotdii .( to the iiumber of the family in each mov- ing camp; Their tents arc mean, their utenfjs tritling, their circuUflances poor, and their manner of livinj; fihliy. 1'he taniily, and Jl domeOic animals, lie promikuoufly in the hut together, k-xccpi the do^'i, which are placed on the outTide ai guards, 'I'licy livcehietiyon rice, bread, fruit, and plniii water, and tlicir principal employ is'huf- bandry, or breeding been aiiJ filk worms. The drefi of the men is only a long piece of coarfe cloth wrapped round their IhouUlcrs, and falling down 10 their ancles, and a cap of ihc fame. The women wear a piece ef woollen Uoff that covets them from tlicir (houldcr* to their knees ; they braid tlieir hair, and adorn it witli glafs beads and fillies teeth, they deck their arms and legs with bracelets of ivory, horn, and even wood ; and blackeii their cheeks, foreheads, annst legs. Ace. The children arc lufTcred to go naked till fevcn or eight years of age, when they cover them with a firw rags, rather for orna- ment than decency. I'he fheik or chief of every tribe wears a cap of tine elotli, and a (hirt and cloak all of one piece, hanging from the Ihoulders half way down the leg> I'hefe Arabs profcfs the fame religion, cuftoma, and tnan- hrrs, as thoiie of Arabia. Thefe people are of a fwarthy compleaion and robuft habit of body, both which nny be afcribed to their roving and abilemiuus life. The men are aftive, the women fruit- ful, and the children healthy. When a youth would marry, he drives a number of cattle to the hut where the intended bride rclides. I'he girl and her parents, on viewing the llock immediately confent i all the young WO'^ men ot the ailowar or village are tlien invited to the fcaft : tile brile \s afterwards placed on ahorl'eof the bridegroom's and leJ home amidll the Ihouts of all prefent. When the arri ves at the door of ilie bridegroom's hut, a mixture of milk and honey is given her to drink, while a nuptial foiig is fung. She then alights, and is prcfented with a i\ick, whicli Ihciiii'ufts into the ground, and repeats fome lines to the following purport. "As this tlick is fiiflcned in the eartli, fo lam in duty bo\mdto my hufband : as no- thing but violence can remove it, fo dcatli alone (hall force me from his love." She then drives his hock to '.vater and back again, to thew her wilbngnefs to perform any dutv he may atfign her. Thofeprcviuus ceremonies being fenled, all the company enter rhc hut, and the eveitii^ con- cludes with the grcalcft fellivity that thefe poor people arc capable of enjovitig. Subfequcnt to the marriage, the wife is obliged to wear a vail, and never fiir from the hut ibr the fpace of a month, and i< excluded from nil con- cern in and knowledge of public affiiirs ever after that time. I he Moors here are armed with a zagay or (hort lance, and a I'cymitar, or broairatrs in Africa, the Al(;eriiies,are the mod crml and dangerous : they arc alio bai'e, perfidious, and, ra',>aciuui to tlic laft degree , no oaths or ties, human or divino, will avail tobinJ iheni, when their intcrelt inter feres ; in (hort, notwithltaiiding the refpeA they pretend to pn)' to M,-ihoiiictthcir proplivt, gold is the only idol 3 '"^ ih«y ■lc(l 'by ilie inllilia and ianiraitei, vrhuput upadcyof their own cliufinf^ , wlieri ihc Otto- man Porte, that they might not ran the ril'ijue ol lufing AlRieri intirely, found themlielvti upder a neceflity of ra- tifying thii tegulalioi'. The janifarici ttow became ««■ irvmcly powerful, aa tlicy formed theinlel>M into a dWan and alwayi ele^ed a dcy : ' 'i thii dignity ii a very prt- carinui ftation, for by lit' nanncr of eledion, a dry ii ftldotn iliol'cn without much rur chiah balTai, or coloneli I'ubordinate to the ap ; eight hnndred bolluli balfai, or fcniorca^iuiiit, and tour hundred oldak halfas, or lieutcnanti. In all tlule officer*, the right of fcniority it llriflly oblervcd in Algicm tin a Angle infringement in thii eflential point would iinniediatrly cniilc a revolt among the I'oldicry. and peihapi cod the dey liii life. He- fidcj the above, theie are purveyor* to the army, a bodv of guard to the dey, he. and the officers to the Turkiln forces, who are diflinO from the reft. Thepcopleof Algiers in geiirraf ufe a compound of Arabic, Morefco, and the remains of the anticnt Plxcni- cian languages -, but all public bufineft is tranfaAed, and records are kept in the Turkilh tongue, though mod of the Algerines of all dcnominalious underlland the Lingua Franca. I'hough moft of the Algerines are fond of the piratical trade, yet they admit free Chriftians, Jews, Arabians, Moors, &c. to trade in (ilk, wool, cotton, leather, carpets, tec. in the countrr. They are alfio allowed to import fold and rilverAufn, damalkt, clothi, fpices, tin, iron, rafi, lead, quicklilvcr, linen, cordage, fail-cloths, bullets, rice, alum, tartar, cochineal, fugar, foap, cotton raw and fpun, aloes, copperas, brazil, logwood, arfcnic, vcrmillion, gumlack, opium, fulphur, anife and cummin feeds, farfa- parilla, frankincenfc, galls, Iionev, paper, combs, cards, dried fruits, &c. And they are allowed to export oftrich feathers, wax, hides, wool, copp«r, nigs, filk tallies, em- broidered handkcrchiels, dates, and Chriftian flaves, who, for large ranfoms, are permitted to bo fcnl home. But commerce is greatly injured by the opprefTions of the go- vernment, the I'ufpicions of the merchants, who are al- ways afraid of being deprived of their properties, and the perfidy of thofe who carry on the trade. The three chief ecclctialtics arc extremely reverenced by all : thefe are the mufti, the cadi, and the grand mara- bout. The tirft is the high-pricA of their religion : the fecund the fuprcme ^udge in ecclcfiaflical caufes, and fuch civil matters as the civil power does not intcrpofe in ; and the grand marabout, their great living faint, ur hermit, or rather the general of tliat order who profefs thcmfelvcs lier- mittor marabouts ; the laft have an inconceivable influ- ence both on the government and the affairs of every pri- vate man in the kingdom, as upon all occafions they take advantage of the weaknefs and fuperAition of the people, and enrich themfelves bv their folly. The three ecclefi- ailics may be diftinguifned by the largenefs of their tur- bans : they lit in tlie divan, a little below the dey, on his light hand ; and when they enter the aflenibly, he riles up and embraces them ; but tliougli tliey are advifcd with upon irnportant occafions, they have no vote here. Thcdi- van conliAs of near two thouland officers and foldiert, and of none but the Turkilh foldiery. JuAiceii veiully adminiAered, favour publicly fold, and corruption lb general, that it is not looked upon as a vice. The ufual punilhnient at Al<;iert for offences not capi- tal, is the baAinado, which confi As often of foitic hundreds «f blows over the foles of the feet, tlie calves of tli$ legs, the buttocks or belly, with an unmerciful cudgel. In ca> pita! cafes the Turks arc Araiiglcd with a bow-flring, which two people pull difl'erent ways with all their Arength : but tiic vaiious dcatlu the poor Chriftian Daves arc put to, thatolTcnd ihcfr ImiImioui plraies are almoA iiiiMinrtl* bit iiiipaling, and liiiriiin(, or latlicr roalling, the un- happy lufTctetaitlive, arebut lwoftr«|urntnn thru utcinpl- iiig lo nuikr .iiitfcape, efpMiallv if any I'urk i* killed in the Ilu/IIi- , but titc worit of all dcailit, is the Ihrowiiia tlicni otr iIm walls ofilictown upon iron lioak>« on wImcK thry ue catchcd by the jiwt, by thr rilx, nr lome other part of the body, and hang in the moll eiiiuiliii torture for Icveral days bttorc they axpire ; but lht«, 11 ii laid, \un not been executed for many ye.ira ; however, w« find thei* bavc been inAancei of the crucifying Chiiftiant, and lull- ing their hands and fieel to tlic walls within lliel'e few years I to w*ii(li they luvt been provoked by rcpotti that were (prcail of luine rkf iliciir Chrtftian rMisbLoar* having been ci]ually cruel lo llic Taika tbcv had iA.en. A Moor (onviAcd ol burglary hath hit ligtit hand cut olF, and filleliril about hit neck, and than lie ii M throu|;h the I ty on an aft witli his face towards the tail i pcrloiis of di/tinAion, tor crimes »}ainA the flate, are placed between two iMiards, and bwn afunder. Wonten deleiled in adul- l-ry are fafteiicd by ihrir iitck* tu a pole, aitd held uudtr water till they arc fiiffocated. And ibis Icadi ui tu giva foiiK account of tit* condition of the CkiiAian flavea at Alaicrw I'hc corfair, or pirate, it feemt, no foonct takes a pri**, but lie exaniiitct into the quality and circumAaiwM of all hit prifunert ; and, if he imagiiiei they do not giv« him t juft account of ihcailclvet and their comrades, he ordeii them to l)cbafliiiadoed on tbt folet of their feet till they do. Having got what information he can, he bringi ihein onthore after Tie hat Arip)>ed them almoA ivaked, and itt- riet them to the dey't hoiile, whither iheF.jropeaii confula inimcdiarely repair, to fee if tlierc be any ot the prifonei t who belong to their rcfpcAive ivationt, who are at peace with Algiers ; for, in thai cafe, they re claim them, oro* vidediliey were only paflengen : but, if il be proved tlie prifonen titrved for pay on board the Ihipt of any nation at war with tliii govcnimcnt, there <« no way to get them relealed, but by paying tiic full ranlum. The matter being lettled between tlie dey and the con- fiili, which uf ilie prifonen (hall b« fet at liberty, and which of them deemed Aavcs, the dey ha* his choiee of every eighth (lave, and generally takes tlie mafteri, fur- geons, carpenters, and moft ufelul men belonging to tlia TcfpcOive priaes : and, befi4ct his eighth, be lays claim to all fuchorilonert as aic of any quality, for whom a fwing- ing ranlom may be cxpc£lcd ; the rcu arc left to the cap- tor and their owners, and ulually cwticd to the befiftan, or (lave market, where the crier proclaim* the quality, the profelTiun and circuinAanccs of each of the unhtppy cap- tors, and the rcfpeAive prices fet upon them. They are led afterwaidt to the court before like dey't palace, and fold by aii£lion in his prefcnce to the bcft cidder t but whatever is given beyond the firA price fet upon them bclongt l« the government : the captors and owi'kert have no more than the firA price, which it divided equally between them. l°he wonicnlhrow a vailover them when they go abroad, fo that they are unknown, to all but the Aavet who attend them. Some are carried in litteri made of ofier twigs and covered with pintcd cloth, but fo |pw that they are ooliged to (it crofs legged in Ihera : this mode of trav« point of death, they turn them towards the caA. On the death of a perfon, tlie corpfe, after being walhed, and clad in a fhirt, drawers, (ilk rpbc, and a turban, is laid in 3 kind ef %. tA l> ft 1 C A.) A t C of r>|tiar« coldn, and cirricil nn mrni (liouhlert Ity ini>«itt of pulti In ilic itravt, ittendml by ilis rrlmioiH, fririidi, \r. MnurmiiK ii cxpnilcd by the wnineii fining vailed (or rume dayi.mul the mtnMmiiiig tlirir Iwardi (ik * iitnnth ; during ttirce davt tftrr the intermfxi of the Imdv, the ttelirf) re- Uiiaiii Tiiit the tnmti, UiKrllnitr ilm< tu the poor, «nd I'ufTcr IK) (if* to he h);htrd in iht li hoiifef : the )•<•■ tcr fort of people have e|iii.iph«, or fuitahic MtTagei frnm the kA- ran upon their tnmn ftnnei, in which, ai with ui, the dead arecomplinleilttd with yirtiici which lliey iirver pof. felll-d, that the liviii)^ may he fl.tticted in the ftippulcd me^ rill of their deceafed rrlaiioni andfiiends. The iiiililia who cleA their dey, are all natural Turki of renegidii Chnftiani, admitted into iliolr ir»<>pi geiwrtlty denominated janifariet, and ainoiiiir to .il»iut twelve thon- faiul men : Ihef* are, bv fonic, flilcd tlu nnhilily of AI- gi<-ri 1 and certain it 'i, that tlie fre<|ii(iit revoliitiortt that lupnen at Algieit, arc hiuught about liy ihii clafa of people cliielly : they arc hut few ill number indeed, com- pared with the native Moon : an J yet tliey do tyrannise over the nalhrci in a moll infoleni manner. Uii the con- trary,, in ibo empire uf Moraeto, the Moon govern every thing, and will not fuft'er tlio 'I'urk* to luve any Ihare in the goveinifKnt. I'he Moor* here are laid to be a cowardly ■nd mean-fpiricrd people, In cnmparifon of the Tutki ; who have tielcatcd armiet of them, both in Morocco and 'I'unii, of fix timei their number, and ftormed and plun- dered both their capital* within a very few yean, coinpel- in| their rcfpeAivc princes to accept of fuch termi ai the deyt of Algiers were plcafed to impofc on them. The rea- loB of which fuperioriiy ii fuppofcd to proceed cither from that fubmilTion the Turki have alway* cxaitcd from the Moon, whereby the latter are in a manner difpirited ; or that the Al||[erine Turki, being all men of fword, engaged perpetually in the muft defperate fcrvices by fea and land, and, dreading no dangeri, are an over-match for all tli«ir iieighbouii,who endeavour to live In peace : but, from what caufe focvcr tliii I'upertority proceeds, it is furpriiing to obfcrve, that left tlian ten thoufand uf the Algerine Turks (hould dare to march through grc»t part of the em|>ire of Morocco, and make tliemfelves maheri of the capital city of Fez one year, and afterwards of Tunis tiie next. Butt it it certain, the native Moorn have as greit a dread of tliefe pirates by land, as our dctencelefs mer- chants have of tliem at Tea, and tremble at the very name of an Algier Turk. Part of the Algerine foldiery lerve as marines on board their veStch ; about one thoufand of them do garrifon duty, and part are employed in foment- ing differences among the neighbouring Arab princes. The dey can bring one thouf-md Moorith horfc into the field , but as th:y are enemies to theTurks, theyare little truftcd. The Algerincs are more formidable at fea, than any other power on the coaft of Barbary; and the fca-faring (Kople are in great eftcem, on account of the prizes they frequently bring in ; but ftill they have no Ihare in the eleuionof a dey : the fathers of the trinity alTure \», that the Algerines have no lefs than five and twenty ihips of war, from eighteen to fixty guns, befidcs a multitude of Iin»llercniilingvel1clsi and, as they have very littletiml)eriii the countrv, nor any naval ftorcs whatever, their (hips are either thofe they take as prize, or in part built, and rigged out of the materials of luch Ihips as are taken : however, they fKver fufftr the number of their (hips of war to be diminithed ; but, if any of them are loft, or decayed, they immediately add as many mor< l>v means of the mi- litary (lores with which they are fup))licd by the Europeans, who purchafo their friendlnip with the implements of inif- chicf, and court them not to make depredations on their trading Ihips, by furnifhing thcni with the power to do it : the Lngliih conful, in particular, provides them with powder, balls, bombs, fire-arms, anchors, cordage, &c. takes in return, corn, oil, provifions, and otlier neceflarles for the garrifon of Gibraltar ; wc muft however confefs, that the fuccours afforded from time to time to this place have been of unl'|Kakablcfervice to it during the prefcnt tedious fiege of that fortrcfs by the Spaniards. 'I he Al- gerine I'ailors are compofed of^ Couloglies, Moors, rene- ^dues, Chtiftian (laves, tec. but all the oflTicers tnuft be Turks. The failors in general are extremely filthy, and even lioaft of their nalfincfs, preteiKiing to defpile the nicety foujid in moft of tlie veflels belonging to the Chrif- tians. We (lull now proceed to give fome account of the hif- tiiiy and revolutions tlut have happened in Algiers, from the time that the Romans were expelled the Algerine ter- ritotics by tlie Vandals and other northern barbarians, who held them from the year 417 to 558, when they were 3 ! A 8t )ulti HI inlan'i nU-* rnM-jiiei.'d by Rvlifarjiii, the empi-rrw bnirrd i^rneral Kiom tliealKive-mentioitrilrieiioil, they continued fub- i«A to ihcf irrtk em|vrt-ruii by the Aralii, who remained maf* ti-rt of it till 1051, when Al)cl T«>ein, of the /inha- •giaii tiihe, c'| ''. upon 11 lance. Barhar'-yradin laid fiegc to the Spanifh luit, which was a continual thorn iit bis \ :'ipping. Upon this great work, thirty thou fand Chriftian (lavcs were inceflantly employed till the whole was completed : he afterwards repaired the fort, and put i Itrong garrifon in it, and thus rendered Algiers mc '. fecure than ever it had been, againll the attack ot ait enemy. Hayradin was now raifed by the grand Signor to the dig- nity of captain baflTa of the Ottotiun empire, and Haflan, a Sardinian rcncgado, appointed balTa of Algiers in bis (lead. 'I'lic latter purfucd his piracies with great fuccefs, and even made depredations on the coafts of the eccled- allical (late. This induced the pope to exhort the emperor Charles V. to put a ftop to the ravages of the Algermcs ; which tltat monarch immediately undertook, and foon fet fail at the head of a formidable armament, confining of one hundred and twenty (hips, twenty gallies, a large train of artillery, thirty thoufand foldiers, and a great number of volunteers of feveral nations, among whom were many knights of Malta. Thefe forces being landed, the em- peror built a fort on an eminence, which to this day goes by the name of the emperor's fort ; he then clofely inveffed the city, and greatly di(lre(rcd the inhabitants, by turning the courfe of die (Ireams that fupplied it with water. After thcIc operations, the Algerines looked upontiieir condition as fo defperate, that the members of the divaii were upon the point of furrendering the city, when a poor eunuch, named Yufef, who was looked upon as a lunatic, appeared in their prcfence, and thus addrcfl'ed them : " My lords, I am the poor Yufef, the (lave of (laves, anj moft abje£t of Mufl'uhnen, pcrliscutcd by tlie great, re- prcfcated 4 Mi 1 ti6 The NEW ANb UM1V£RSA.L S\StfeM of GEOGRAPitV; t>rel'eiiteJ aianudnun by ournureboi't, on which itocouht Aot ouly luy advices have been rejedcj, but myfelf treated igiioininioully i the cadi, who ii tlie judge o^ the law, hath ofuu made ma andeif[- mained filent towards thein that defpifed me, but have in- formed thofe poor people, who pitied and rellirad mCk of thingsvf thc.greaieft moiaciu to them : but at, this junc- ture, Haflaii, being ruler of our city, tl>^ public dmger forces me to fpeak. : here is a powerfitl iket of iniidds, whofe veflets are croudcd with armed meiti .and Mrli9 have corneas fuddenly upon us as if they hadti&n out of tbd fea. AVe are dellitute of every meant of defence, and our only hops is placttd on an eouitabie capituUtion, if equity can be expcQed from Chriftiant, Buti God, who laughs at the machinations of men, hath quite other (bc<)ghts ; he will rcleafe his people out of t|K hands of idolaters (for fo the Mahometans call the Roman Catho- lics) in fpite of all tlieir faints, be they evew fo many. Lord Ha^an, and you his miniftcrs, a.id great men of tlie kingdom, and learned men in tlie law, i call upon yo i to takje courage, rely for tliis once upon the delpifedandsbieft Yufef ; and be afliired, that before the end of Jiis moon God will dilplay, liis glory to the utter coofufiou of the Chriftians. T Iteir Ihips and army will peiilh in your ~fight, and our city be viflorious »j\d free. . Their arma and equipage will fall to our Ihare ; and as they liave al- ready employed a vaft number of bands in ercAing facts for out future defence againll tlicrafelves, fo a fnwll num- ber only of thole blind and hardened people (ball be per- mitted to return to their own country, but (hall contmue flavet to OS in the place they thought to conquer." The members of the ailembly were diverted by this fin- Hular fpeech from their intended defign of delivering up the city: and what is ftill more extraordinary, every ;ir- Gumfbuice of thepredidi>.'n was verified within the month, the greateft part of the emperor's fleet being deftroyed by a violent tempeft, and his army greatly diilrcfled by the m- oeffimt rains, which occafiooed torrents of water to pour down, from the mmmtaint, and overwhelm bit camp. Tbefe dilidlcn obliged him to raife the fiege, which he did with precipitation, leaving behind him tents, baggajge, sttillery, &c. and betaking himielf to his fltipt ; which the Algerinet no fooner perceived, than they feU upon his troops while they were embarking, cut many to pieces, and took a great number of prilbncrs. In tine, the emperor's whole lofs amounted to one hundred and twenty Ihips and asalHet, three hundred officers, and above twelve (houfand toMicrt or ftilort killed or drowned, and near at many taken lirifoners t with refpeA to tlte latter, the Algerinea , in derifion put many of them up to public fale, at an onion per head. The Algerines rewarded Yufef liberally, look> ing upon him as a bint ; and they have ever iiace been {pt« admirers of tlic art of divination, andmnob addifted tethcftudy of aftrology. ' Not loi^ after this event, Hal&n died, and wu fuc- .ceeded by Haji, an officer of the militia, who was, how- ever, obliged to refigii in favour of Haflim, die fon of Hayiadiu, the brother of BarbaroiTa ; the bttcr being nominated bv the Ottoma:i Porte. In the beginning of the reigu of this prince, the Spaniards obligM the Al- ,gerines to evacuate Tremefen ; but a few years after' wards they fubdued and plundered it. HaflTan was after- wards, by rile intrigue* of the bafla Ruflan and Sallia Rais, -depofed, and a creature of theirs ulvanced to the thror^e in his ftead. This prince rendered tributary fcvcral Nu- midiaii provinces, and returned with fifteen camel loads of gold dull, and other valuable i'poili^ I lie afterwards died of the plague, and was iuccc 'ed by a Coriican renegade, called HaHan Corfo, who was murdered by I'ekdli, a Turk. 1 hit latter tyrannized but a Ihort time, being JctUed by Yufef C^lubres, who I'uccrcdcd him, and tetgned only fix davt, being fuddenly carried ofF by the plwue. The fuprcmc dignity was now held in trult by Chajah, a Turk, till the pleat'ure of the I'orte was known ; when Hafian, who liad been dcpol'cd by meant of Rullaii and Satha Kais, vat reftorrd by the Grand Signor'c order, aud Cluiah quictlv religned the government (a him This prince invaded 'I'remefca, but was tut-Uly deiVatid : die cnfoing year, however, made fotue amends, &r, the Spa- niards making an attem|>t upon iVIoilagau, be gave tlicnt a dreadful overthrow. In tlie fight, rlie brave count d'/ltcon- dclaaud liii fou Don Martindc Curdovu, with maiiv other (4&cfrt, and H great ouuibci of private men, wctc ilam, aiidtVveive thobJSind Sjmniards, including fisveral nolite' men and gentlemen, were made captives i but Maffaiti becoming obnoxiout to the janifaries, was again depofed; andftnt.ftiCoiilUntitMple in irons; when Bttfnoc Huffiui. ua «f tik jiinifiu-ieti and Couaa Mahoniet, the gehend of tM land-foitet, took upon them joiiltly the office of depo- tictt to fuperintend the afbirt of government. Sood afiera new viceroy, named Achmet, arrived at Con^anti- nopM, ^he began his reign by fending the ttto. d^puticr to thai cityt where they were beheraedi Achmet died in tour months ; and hit heufenaift Yajai gowerned the kingdom four more, tilt tlie will of Ae OttwMot couit could be known, wlien Haflan Wa* t tbild tinie appointed totbefovereignty ; ftKh Wat the friendfhip whien Soly* fltan II. entertained for him, and the efteem which he at* ways profeflcd for hb fiithcr and' unfele, the twd fiuncd Bar* bwfows. HaOail Was ho fooner reinftatedon tbedirohe of Algiers^ th|n he raifed a greater armament than had ever been eoi-. leAed bv any oi his piedeceflbn ; hit army conMM of fifteen uiouiand Turkst renepdoest ke. tat thoufand ipihii, and ten thonfimd hoffi i' and Ui fled of tbittr^ two galliet and fiHtiau, and thrB« Frmck MMa ladeil with provilion'i ; with this force ha intended (o tadie kim* felf mafler ct' Mat faqitiyer« and tbive tiw SpnUadt fiom dtence, tl.is he had nearly ttkStei, when a pow wfiil €mt appeared upon the coaft, under dw command of the cele- Intod Genoefe adminl Doria,. which «l)i»ed Un to raifo the fiege with .precipiution. The oontt ofCMiftantinople now growing jeakius of him, he was obl^ed filially to re- fignhis dignity ; when retiring lo that city with aU iiit vvealth, he diM about three years after, in the ci^th year of hit bafiafhip, and the fiftieth of hit age. Mahomet, the fueceflor Of Haffim, wat apnblic-fpirited prince, and became Very popular on many etaAon* i in particular, he iucoqiorated the janifrriet and Lerarttinct, whidi proved the firft fiep towards rendering Akiers ih> dependent of the Ottoman Porte. In this princrt nign; a bold Spani'h adventurer, named Oafcon, made « ro- mantic attempt on Algiert -, but, being talcen prifoner, lie WM put to a cruel detth. The Grand f ignor, however, thotwhtpropertodeoofe Mahomet, and appoint a renegado, called Ochalj, or Hatibaffit, in hit room. Thit prince fubjeAed Tunis, totritthreerichMaticfc galliea, and in the fiimout battle of Lepanto was the only Mahomeian chief who^ned the leaft reputation : he was nevecdielefs foon after depofed by the Porte, and Arab Achmed appointed to the government in hit flead. Within three yeart th« latter was recalled, and Rumardan Sarda placed in his room, who contributed to the expulfton of the Spankrdt from moft parts of Barbary, and affifled Maky Moloch in Uw conquefl of Fez ; but being recalled fiom Algiera, he wat fcntas bafia of Tunis, and, in hit fiead, HaHan Ver- fedic was appointed to the kingdom of Algiers. This prince reigned better thin tluee years ; and Keing recalled, on aoeount of his uncommon extortions, an Hungarian renegado, named JafTer, fucceedcd him, and arrived at Al- giers akint the end of Auguft i j8o, when tliatcity fuffered a ikeadfu! famine, occafioned by his predecefTor s liaving moiiopclized the principal neceffitries ci life. Janer, by the mofl prudent methods, relieved the dif-, treUes of the people, and aAed with great equity upon all othrroccafions ; yet the rapacious Haffim found means to make (o^ many friends at the court of -Conftantinople, thatthe iuft Jafferwas recalled, and hinifcif again appointed to tlie governmenr of Algiers. The firfl thing lie did, af^cr his refloration, was, to fit out a confiderable lAert, with which l;c made irruptions on the coatts of Sardi:iia, and plundered other para of Chriftendom i but becoming once more dilplcafing to the Ottoman Porte, he was ag.-(iu recalled, and poifoned foon afterwards. The above tyiant was fuccceded by Mommi Amaud, who gi;w To bold, that hecfTeAcd what no corCiir had ever before been confident enough to attempt, that is, to pall the ftraiglm of Cjjbraitar. After entering tlte Atlantic Ocean, he proceeded to the Canaries Iflaiult, whidi he plundered, and tctunied to Algiers in (jifety, notwithftand- ing a Spanifh fleet of eighteen fliips was ordered to watch hit return ) but he took the opportunity of rcpafTiiig the firaights in a flormy ni^ht when the Spaniards fought ibelter in difR-rent potts. He was fucceedcd by Achmet, Iicitig foon afijitvards ordered from Algierstotbe Tunifian govcrtuncnl. Achmet ii\v:idi(I th: Cbriftian territories, reigned three years, and tlKii \.as ordered to the government of Tri- poli, to nia''.c roo'.n for I hdir ballk, who, in the year I5()J, was iccalli'd, and luccci (!c>^'.%V; *^. ) •*-. ' ji|»p:*^''***l» *• s'i-u ('M-'.-vriw Cap It Id A.J u *i 1 §; isi^ ^- tl' 05^ ruled Algiers at>oat three yetrt ; When being 6rd PoH«. HMir hid no (botteir regained hit oofim, tHin h» ntotfi- pttuti thovfiihd ddCktSi ftom Miiftaaia, befiirt he fet flu ibr C6ni!iiiti- noplei alid'rakxl the Algermes with hit uerfidy ; When Captain Beach attacked feven of their fri- gates, drove the\h on (horc, and burnt them. This brought them to their rea(bn : tlie treaty was revived in 1 700, with the addition of three articles ; and foon afk-r two other articles were added, in i treaty with Sir George Byng, afterwards lord vifcount Tortington. But the Al- ecrines were never punAual in the ncrtormanee i>r due ob- tcrvance of their treaties with us, till wc became polfirfled t>( the important fortrefles of Gibraltar and Minorca, link latter of which lus lately fallen by coiuiucll into tlie hands of rhe French and Spaniards ; for till we had poflfcflion of thofe plaeoc, their fiiith was a farce, aiid their words but wind i but our having command of the ilraightt, by means of thofe im}.ortant acquifitions, obliged them to do thofe things through fitar, which tliey would never be prompted to flora motives of integrity. Admiral Bakeri in 1716, renewed and ratified all tlte fi>r. mer treaties with Algiers, in the fame manner as he did ~ith the flitei of Tuuii and Ti iiwii, of which we (hail iake notice in the feuurl. In July 1775 ''"^ Spaniards attacked Algiers with a very formidahie fleet and army ) but< by the mifconduA of No. »3- their principal officer, the Algerines obtained a eonqvefti and tne S(«rtiards vitere obliged to retire with great pre-^ cipitatioii, after i I6b of about eight hundred killed, and two thbnfinid WomUMt imA iW'Otlier atieiMt has beeii ihadefincethat timet diongh theyhtve coriunaeJ Mjt prepatationti ^. , ^ ^ E C t. vi. TVswn if \lkfr*f(mt flat* of.tbi kingdm «/ Timii, Hi htiik-' •dtrmllfid ntUHtf ciit/ttumi, hbahitanu, ibtirtii/irilut &ri rinHBiKilifAMn of Tunis is booiided by the Mediter^ |i laqtaniei, on the north ; by the fame fed and Tri- pmi, oA' tbeaiA { by mount Atlas, on the fonth ; and b^ the river Guadilbarbar, which feparatea it from the king- dom of A^gicrsi on the weft ) lying between thirty and thirty-fevendMreesand i half north latitude, and es- tendmg near tiro hundred miles from weft to eaft. Thi* ki ngdom wal antiently the republ ic of Carthage . The chief rivers ate. The Guadilbarbar, already men- tioned, which riling in mount /itias, runs ilorthwardti and difcharges itfelf into the Mediterranean near the ifiaiid of Tabarca, The capes, or capitia, which rifes alfo in the mountains of Atlas, and runs north-caft, iitlling inttf the fea near tlie town of Capes. Mcjerada, which rifes irt Mount Atlas, and running northwards, divides thekinttioM of Tunis ainitfftirt two equal parts, difcharging itfelfinto the Medltomnean near the town and ifland of Golettai ' There is alfo the 2aine, which feparate tltc Tuiiilian f^om the Algerine donkiliions ; the Miliana, which forms the bay of Tunis < aM the Gabbs, Or Triton of the ai.^ir.t.. The chief tbwns are, Cairvart, or Kay r-tvan, fituated on the river Mejetadav latitude thirty two, liiid to be the fiift town tlie Sancens built in this countr)', and moft le- markablesfC|>refe««t (at being the burying place of the Ma- hometan princes and grbat men. Urbs, or Tuburbo, fitu- atedin a k.ie plain, on a river that hlls into the Guadil- barbar, latitude thirty-flvc, about one hundred and fifty miles fouth weft of^ Tunis; remarkable for the marble pillars, ii»^e«, and other Roman antiquities found here. Africa^ or £l-\ic!idi», lituiltcd on the Mediterranean, in latitude thirty-(iVe, ninety miles fouth-caft of Tunis, faid to be the Adlwnctuin of the Romans. Su(a> or Kul'piiU, fituated pastly on a flat, and partly upon the alcent of i rbek •• the Mediterranean, tweiity-tive niiles to the esll- ward of Tunis : it lies in ruins al prcfeni, and is faid ft* contain m*re antiquities than any town in the kingdom: here is a iMall harbour, where tne gallies and fmall (hips belonging to Tuhis frequently lie. Modern, geographcia divides ^s fcingdont into eight dlftrids,viz% Tunis Pro- per, fiyria, or Carthage ond Ciolctta, El-Medea. Sulii, Kayr-wan, Ramamet, Bizerta, Porto Farirto. We Ihalt dcferibe the principal provinces, towni, and cities. The city tff Tunis, the capit.i! nt ilit; kingdom, is inj ated on a fine phin near a fpacious laVc, in thirty-fix- de- grees and ahalf north latitude, almoft over againft titc ■lland of .Sicily, a?ant, tbu courts capacious* and the apaiUnsnts very fpacious, i.ud handfome ; but 3O tlM #^' 438 The new and UNIVERSAL SY.STEM or GEOGRAPHY. ttic gardens, though largtf, arc laid out ill a bad taftc. lu tlie trtiifury chamber, befide* other valuable articles, the book containing the I'uiiilian code oftlte laws, ii kept; The city is defended by a llrong caftle ere£ied on an emi- iMU\ce, by the tbrt-^ Golctta, and by a fortrers built on an ifland in the neighbouring lake. The colleges and academics, are numerous and large -, the janifaries barracks fpacious, the cuftoni-houfc tolerably handfome, and the exchknge for the mcichants v'v convenient. The dock is tolenblc, and the arfenal, pretty well llored witlt mate- rials for the building of gallics. There is a Very capacious piazza in the fuburb, tliat for- met'ly contained about three thoufaiid fhops, but tlicir number at prefent is much diminilhed. The ftapis com- modities arc woollen, and linen, in which articles the ma- nufaflurers excel all others in Barbary The inhal)itants of Tunis are a mixture of Turks, Moors, Aiabian?, Jews, mid Chriflians of various nations, but their general cii»ructer docs i.'.:-m Angular honour, as they arc reputed to l>e more polite and juft, rather kindei. to their flaves, aiiJ much lefs haughty, infolcnt, and mer- cenary than moll of the other ir>habitant.i of Barbary ; in fine the generality of them prefer the fruits of honcft induAry to unlawful plunder, and rather than feek wealth from piracy, endeavour to obtain it by commerce. Both fcxes arc clean in their perlbns, and neat in their dreflcs, ufc perfumes very much, and bathe frequently : the wo- men, when they go abroad, are vailed, but at home they are permitted to be feen by, and converfe with Arangers. Palms, fii;s, dates, citrons, lemons, olives, &c. are very plentifi'I in 'I'unis, but there is a great fcarcity of corn, and the inhabitants are not fecurc of what little they raife ; for it is no uncommon thing, in harveft time, for the Arab.t to comel'uddenly upon the hufbandmen, and plunder tlie whole territory of all the ripe grain. The rich, how- ever, are fupplied by commercial means with wheat, with which thev make fine cakes, and an excellent kind of ver- micelli. The poor are obliged to content themfelves with barley, and even that they cannot at all times procure ; but when they are fo happy as to obtain a I''tle, they regale themfelves, by making it into a dumpling, which they cat without cooking, only dipping it intoa little,oil and vinegar, or plain water if thole are not to be got ; they Itave, how- ever, plenty of honey and fruits, but feldom eat meat, except upon fcAivals, or fome very Angular occafion. Nabel is iituated in a low ground, at about a mile and a half from the fea Ihore, and nine miles from Tunis. It is famous for its potteries, and a flourifliing town. Marfa or El-Merfa, was fuppofed to have been founded by queen Dido, one hundred and forty-one years before tlie building of Rome. Its n.i.ne implies a haven. It is Iituated where the part of antient Carthage fiood ; and contains a magnificent mofque, a capacious college, atiout eight hundred houfes arxl feveral palaces, built by the moft confiderable Tunifians for pleafure, as the territory is ex- ceedingly agreeable and fertile. This pleafant difttiA was once the feat of the celebrated city of Carthage, the cen- ter of commerce, miUrefs of the fea, and rival of im- perial Rome, when that city was in its moft ilourilhing Hate. Kommart, Aands at a little diAance from tlie ruins of antient (!^arthagc, and about nine miles north of Tunis ; it is a walled town, inh.ibitcd by filhermcn and gardeners, who fupply Tunis with filh, fruit, and fugar canes. Ariana, is r.Scvt three miles diltant from Tunis : it is a fmall vi!l ■— ^.d inhabited by poor gardeners, who br ' for falc to hat citv, their fruits and herbs, Arradez, is famous for its fiiK fprings and excellent baths : it is Iituated on the road between Tunis and the giilf of Golctta. Sojifa, or Sufa, is oi:,e of the moft confidcrab'e cities in tlic kingdom, and the capital of the province of tlie fame naine. It has a tiourilhing trade for oil, linen, wax, honey, and pickled hill. The town is iituated on a high rock, behind which runs an extc ifno plain tountry, fertile in barley, figs, olives, fruit, and jui\urage. Though it hath prcatly dwindled from its priftnu' prandcur, it is Itill weal- thy and populous, and the inliahitar.ts arc polite and cour- teous to lirangcrs. A Turk'lb ballii iclides here ; the I'u- ptrior people aic mcrchanis,, A'archoufcmcn, and nuclia- iiics i the lower c!als arc hulbaiidiiitii, hcrdliiicn, and pot- ters. It lias :i i^ood port, and pays twcKc lliouland ducats to the governor of tlic pjovincc. Mi.nallecr, i' a llou lilliing citv, fun ounded by (lout walls, and litujii-d on tilt; extremity of a c.i|ii , the houlc; arc handlunie, luit the inhahitints arc exticincl, poor. Thi> aity was iaiir.d in ihc Kuiiuuaiid Cartli.i^uii times. Scarce any vcftiges arc now remaining of Heracica, i city on the Ica-coatt, built by the Romans, but fiiice dc- ftroyed by the Arabians. Kayrwan, or Carvan, though {rtuated in a barren dcfart, deftitute of freih water, and without the Icatt article for the fuftenanccof life, except what is brought ia carts from feveral miles diftancc, is ncvcrthclcfs one of the moft po- pulous and flourilhing towns of the kingdom, and the ca- pital of a province of the fame name < It is twenty-four miles from Sonfa, and has, about half a mile from the town, a refervoir and a pond for the reception of rain- water ; the inhabitants are fupplied from the firft, and the caftle by the laft ; the waters of both, but more particu- larly of^ the latter, are unwholfome, and occafion many dilorders, not only in the beafts, but in the human fpecies. This city was rebuilt by Hukba, gencraliflimo of Ottoman or Hatman's forces, which laft was the fucceflbr of Malio- inet 111. calif of Damafcus, in the year652, and had fcnt / him from Arabia into tlicfe parts to make what conquefts ■^ hecould in them. Hakba having landed his forces in fome of the neighbouring ports, made choice of this barren and dcfolate fpot for the place of thci' rendezvous, and of the ruinated city for his retreat, which he acooicliiigly caufed to be furrounded with lofty and flrong brick walls, Hanked with ftatcly towers ; and, among other noble edifices, builtamoft magnificent mol';]ue,fupportcd byan incredible number of ftately columns of the hneft granate, two of which were of foexquifitc and lovely a red, befpangled all over with little white fports like the porphyry, that their price was reckoned ineitimable, and the whole ftrufturc the moft magnificent in all Africa. It had likewife a v^ry con- fiJcrable revenue and endowments, and the title and pri- vilege of a head metropolis, as being the firft Mahometan molquc built in this part of the world, upon which ac- count it is likewife become the burial place of the Tuni- fian monarchs ; and not only they, but all the grandee* and wealthy men of the kingdom, are ambitious of hav- ing their remains dcpofited in it, from a fuperftitious no- tion, that the prayers of the head pontif and fucceflbr of Mahomet will procure them a plenary pardon for their fins, and fend them by the nearell way into I'aradife. The very city itfclf is held fo facred among them, that thole great pcrfonnges ufually pull olF their Ihocs iK-fore they en- ter it, and caufc fome ftately chapels and oratories to be erefted over tlie graves of their deceafed relations, and fettle a yearly fum on fome perlbns, not only to keep them ia repair, but likewife to retain a number of idle priefts and monks to rcfort thither at proper times. It is moft pro- bably upon the account of this fuperftitious concourfe, and vaft donatives, that this city is ftill fo thriving, not- withftanding provifions are very dear and fcarce. Tobulba, is now but a very poor village, though it was once a confiderablccity 1 and Gables or Capes, once a no- ble city, is in much the fame condition. The ifland of Jerba, which is the fuutliern boundary of the balla's fummer circuit, is iiljout twelve miles fnutli of the latter. flamamet, is fifty-one miles from Tunis by land, and fixty leagues by fea : it is a fmall but opulent city, fituatcd 'ipnn a promontory near the fea, and li> well fecured on the land fide by rugged and inacccflihic rocks, that a very fmall cxpcntc would render it totally impregnable. liifcrta is fitualcd near the place where lltica formerly flood ; thirty-fcven miles noiih-weft of Tunis, and two hundred and forty weft of Algiers : it is well tortified, particularly on the fide neareit il;e lea, and contains two towers to defend the haven, a conliJerable magazine, and two larpe prifons for flaves ; it has plenty of fielh water, and is well fupplied with fifli. KiiJit inronfiderable \il- I.igcs lx.longtotliegoveriiorof this place, whole inhabitants, as well as tholi: of iiil'crta itfeif, are niileiably poor, thougl-. the territory is pretty fell lie i their only drets is a coarfe cloth wrapped round their bodies, and anolhcrabout their heads in lieu of a turban. They are, however, ndmirali.c horfemcii ; but thev do not flioe 'heir horles, or ule tithci bridles or faddlei. The Bifertans arc deemed by all tu- vtlleis the moll fuperflitiou Tunis, and by fiune in all ll.irharv. 1 hey dcit.ike the molt trivial afl'.iir wiihour liani;inf; a gnat iuiiiiIht of aniiiiulcts or ch.irais abo.it ihem ; and it they travel, they load their liorfes with the l.inie kind of hip. pofed fecurilics, which arc only piec-f of pnrchment or paper iiilciibed with ftrangc clur.iflers, and Icwed in lea- th.r or (ilk. Il i. fitiiated in fi)ity df;4iees ten m'.iuites ciU longitude, and tweniy-fcvcn degrees twenty minutes noith latitude. Poilo Kariiio is fcatcd to the well of the rums of Car- thage, and thirty milts north of '1 unis ; this pbce i« much lous people in the kingdom of 11 ll.irnarv. They will not un- [AFRICA.] t U iriuch fHlleii from its aiiticnt fnlemlor, ajid is at prefent oiily remarkable tor its line cothnii, where the Tuniliaii navv is Iccpt. Th: town is called by the natives Gar-cl ■ Mailah, or the Cave of Salt, from tlie fait works in the vicinity, Lewis king of i'rancc, commonly called St. Lewis, died here on hin expedition to the Holy Land : it is fubjeft to the dcy of '1 u:ns, .and lies in nine degrees caft longitude, and thirty-fm degrees thirty minutes north latitude. Tuburbo, or Urbs, is inhabited by Andalufian Moors : it is fituatcd one hundred and eighty miles (buth of Tunis, havc Hull proceed to dcfcribc liu an- ficiit and cekbr.ited city ofLaithage, the center of com- merce, miftrei', of the (ca, and rival of im[>crial Rome, when that city was in its ;-n. ^teft fplendor. Carthage v.as funpofcd to have been founded by queen Dido, one luKi'.ied and forty -one years l)eforc the building of Rome. This city Hood on a gtilf, inapcninfulaof be- tween forty and f.fiy miles in circuit. In the center of it was the citadel, calli'd Bvrfa, on the fummitof which was a temple dedicated to /tlc.dapius. On the land fide the city \v;is defended by a very Iiij;Ii tiiple wall, tlankcd with towetb four luiiuhedand eighty feet dittant t'rom each other. 'Ihe toHcn, walls, &.c. contained llables, ftorehoules and barracks for twenty thoufand foot, four ihoufand horfe. Mid tlnec liuiidied elephants, with the reiiuifite food, fod- der; f c. which, though lodged within the walls, did not in the te.ift incommode the trading part of the inhabi- ianls. Till' evtcnfivc city had two harbours which communi- cated wiih each other, and lud only one common entrance >i i s. «39 K of feventy feet in breadth. The one was for merchant- lliips, and the other for (hips of war. The latter harbour, and the iiland of Cothen in the midft of them, had apper- taining to them many magnificent warchoufes full of ftores. The number of inhabitants in the city of Carthage, at the beginning of the third punic wn', was feven hundred thoufand ; a prodigious number, confidering the many ter- rible blows they had received from the Romans during the firft and fecond punic wars, as well as from their own mercenaries betwixt thcfc wars, and in their deftruflive broils with Mafinifla : the force they could bring into the field, as well as their power by fea, was very formidable; the riect confitted of more than two thoufand fhips of war, and above three thoufand tranfports ; and the troops under Hainilcar, againft CielOn, of three liundrcd tJioufand men. We are told by a modern author, that Carthage at this time was twenty-three miles in circuit, and that the temple of Apollo was lined with plates of gold, and tjie image of that fabulous deity was of maffy gold : the temple of J und likcwife, built by queen Dido hcrfcif, was extremely mag- nificent J but the trcafures belonging to them, as well as many other valuable articles, became the plunder of tli* Romans, when Scipio facked the city. The Carthan;eniaiis were addi£led to the grofleft idolatry, and their facrilices were replete with the moft horrid cru- elties. Diodorus Siculus relates, that their principal deity was Chronus, tlie Saturn of the Romans, to whom tliey facrlHccd the children of the beft fainilies, as a certain Uw enjoined them to offer up none but fuch as were nobly born. At length, however, they fubftitnted the children of flaves, prifoners, &c. to gratify tlieir fuppofed bloody idol, till Agathocles made war upon them, and reduced them to the utmoft extremity ; when fancying that their misfortunes were owing to the improper offerings made to Chronus, they barbaroudy facrificed two hundred well- defcended children ; but their abfurd cruelty availed them nothing, for their army was foon after totally defeated. This fo furprifcd them, that tliey imagined the facrifice was not fufHcicntly bloody ; whereupon, influenced by the ixtac ridiculous idea, three hundred of the principal citi/.cns voluntarily offered up their lives as oblations to the f'anguinary idol ; their cruel faciificcs were, however, ulelefs ; for their misfortunes, iiiftead of diminiihing, in- cteafed the moie. From the abominable pradicc of facrlficing children to Chronus or Saturn, the fable of Saturn's devouring his children originated. But the cuftom was (b fhocking to humanity, that the Roman poets and fabuliils thought proper to drop the literal meaning for an allegorical one ; and therefore changing the mythological Saturn into Time, the idea appeared without any liorror annexed to it ; ana they rcprelented thereby a plcafing and inftrudive fable ; for Saturn w.is faid to confumc all things, devour his own children, and vomit them up again. This alludes co Time, which confumcs all things that it produces, till they are revived, and as it were again renewed ; thus days, inontlis and years, arc tljc cliilH • n of Time, which he conftantly devours, and re-prod' —However, the inhuman cuftom of ficrificing childrc.! ! 1 not ccafc with ths dcftruAion of Carllia^^e, but continued among the Africans till the time of Tiberius, who was fo Ihocked at the horrid prac- tice, that he not only prohibited it under fevere penalties, but dcftroycd the idols, and put the priefts to deatli. Scipio i^milianus finally deftroyed thifi cxtenilve, opu- lent, and populous city, in the third year of the one hun- dred and fift'-cighth olympiad, in the year of the world 41 59, and o' ' iuindred aiid forty-feven years b'-'bre Chrift, andnoveftij, . ci it remain at prefent,excej ■'...■ fragraeiiU of the noble refcrvoirs which received int ,. city frcfh water for the ut'e of the inhabt.aiits, .ind_the ' jins of the cxpenfivc .iquedufls, by which tlic water was conveyed; the latter reach above thirty miles into the country « near twelve yards over, finely arched, coated with a l\, •;; cement, and in moft pl.tccs faced with ftoaff. SECT. VIL Cmttiinin/i ihi political and civil bifttry e/", and iht variiut revolutiani that havi taitn fluce in, tht tingJsm of Tuiiit, fitm tht caiiquej't of it by tht Romans, is'd ' I ■'HE foverei^sn of T'' 's is independent both ot tiie J[ {>ttoman I'ortcand iiis own divan, though a nomi- nal lefpcct to ih.pcrloas of bot'i i; ftillatFifyed to be '•.cp "V % §4* T.!F NEW ANO UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. -?: .H,-'?V- lip. The g6vcrnlrt«^i ii ■ .,■ jKJtic «nu hercditarvi but not to the cideft Ton on; , , fot tin: tiey it at liberty i i :roc tor hii fncceiror which fn lie p' al'si, or tven tocxlu'le all hit t n lie p' al«i, or tven fiili(«inUuomir.<;; a brotSier, nephew, or any f.ther rei»- tion. A Turkita hallii iclidei here, and u divan is frc Suently aftmblcd, but did'oinier is a meic cypl ir, and »e latter without tlic l*iil aurhority. Through motives of loar, the heyi < t "^unis keep up a goodcorrcrpondeiicc with their n<»' ,. .^uj ■, the ttates of Algiers and Tripoli ; and, from •».>i'i'.,v, «'«> : "' cultivate • friendlhip with the fubjefts of '■, ■a.i'? ind France, though tliey are at perpetual variamv > ith " ho Spaniards, Sardinians,' Venetians, Maltefe, the Ix.^j'Usof tne eccle- fiaftical (late, and other neighbouring powers. The Tuniflan forces arc compoft'd of renegar'i >:s, and the militia of the country ; the hrft form tlie bey's guaai, aiid gnrrilbn the metropolis, anJ ti>.: latter garrifon all the other fea-poits and fortrelSit. Thij is the peace eftablifh- ment; but in «ar thcyar; able to inrrea-'e meir army with firoitg iKMliesof Arabiaiu and Moori, though there is nc much dependence to be placed upon ihe Hdelity of thefe auxiliaries. Thiir nMrrt.t 'i oitW&P^ twenty to one hundred and twenty tnnn '.ach, ^o are renegadoes, Turks, and Couloglies, : v fons 'jf married foldien ; tlte CAnunand is, however, ut.n i^ ?! vi-ays given to renegac'^cs. The /bur large Ihips t ;ui'c . ■ . .. year, and »w furnithed #ith bifcuit, butter, ;•!, '•■'' i y^jicjar. 'ly ta: Ky, Vhe galliots are fitted out !v> pi .<;»te pfi .'V n; , w'Cfi 'py (i vwr- tain flipulated quota of whssrvrr lht)'*crj'iir« ^^ iUl bey. The iiKrcantile veilcls are very nuTiicicMi'., a. .; ^h:. -ftir chants purfue traffic with great Kvidisy. The f.i\u'c .' their mariurtuay b> diftiiiguirtied in:c, i. Ships. o-tJ^Uv- mafts i 2.Patachas,of three mafl.'< , j.i'iurirhM} .-[. tis.rt) ;* ; r. Barks ; 6. Pinks, 'tg ta the Uey, u'ld th« remainder is divided l>;«viri:;!!t! the csptain and tlie fliip'? company. The bev hac mo'Kover one ivrtif of tl'je ptiK.i>''i-s taken, and the jpri' ttegji or' purchafii;'.^ the xi'ik, if >H < hufes it, n ore mindit^ piauers pet head, «\ei7 tenth ivrlon esci.'pted who becoiiic: the property of t3)< 'J'lvao ; D'l; the mtmhtrs of fhat a^fi;>!•.t^ly do not dare to iibij-n their . i^^'ctx} tliis allotment. 'x'!'c revenues of Tunis confiftot tKw cuAoms itifLne from itnports aodex- ' portj, and the trikwei. pta>j by the Arabians and Moors. When Chviftian .'-.••."chk»-vt llirps arrive here, the* a!- wavs liilute the caflic VI i- ^hree guns: but men 0/ war wait to be Cduted acconi: ,. .'.0 their rate^ when they re inm tlie compliment vin-.. the fame number of guns, inuring the whole titne tint ". ChriAian fiiip of war is in the road, the conlul, and the merchants of the nation to ijhich itbelcngi keep colour.i flying on tlic topsof theit iioufes. If a flavc cicapcs, ai^d get on l)oard a man of irar, the bey canno' ectairohim; on which account it ii iifual, as foovi in a t lip of foiee appears in the read, to 1 eep all the Chrif ianllaves very clofeconfined, and abridge them of the lil)e:ty at other tmics allowed them, till her dqjarturt ; prcvio Js to whicli, the '■)ey fends to the cotn- >nnndcr a ptclcnt of oxi-ii, (h«"tp, ])onltry, and otlier rc- frellmientj. The French pafs-port; to thefe feas are li- mited to three vcaTS, but th: Englilh extend to fourteen, and ^e not loaded with fo mat.y rdlriAions as the former. The Tmiifians c^4^" rorn, oil, wax, wool, hides, mo- recco leather, beans, leiit'l, itc. and import Spanilh wool, I.angucdoc cloth, peppt , fugar, vermilion, cloves, wine, brandy, h.irdware, iron, fteel, Mf tr, gold and filver tilfuc, damnlks, filkcn and woollen nufTs, &c. I'liey likcwife trade for a variety of articles to F.gypt, Arabia, the Le- vant, and d.c nJiglilKJiir'mj piratical ftates. The Eng- lilh, French, Dutch, Gciioeli, rivJ Gerraans, h7,ve tlieir cjiifuls in I'uius, who are ticAcd with great rrfpcA tlierc. Commerce i? caiiicd on here in that jarRon of tonguei known by the ii.aii.' of Linjua 1 r.iiica ; all public wiit- ings arc in tiic Ar.iti" I uii^uar.c, wliicli is in this country niuchcorrupicd from its original puii v and cirgancc. Jews arc very numerous in this -ingdoiii, and it h afnrmcd there .iri; upuauls often tliouland in'l unisonly : but a they arc much addiAcJ to cheat all with whom they w;a!,ke i)faltwcij,l.ts and mcafures, make tVaut'nIent bank- ruptcies, aiiu aJuiteiatc iiioft articles in winch they trade, the* U\ii arc paitici.laily levelled a^iiiiifl ih.iii, and tliey aret when detected, more feverely punilhed than any ottWr foreigner!. Bef des Jews, here are renegadoes of all ita- tions. The religion, cuftom, manners, laws. Sec. of the Tu- nil '!)% Iieing exadly the fame with thole of thcAlgerine* aire .. .• dcfcribcd, we therefore refer the reader to the article of A>iV 'ts,and (ball only add here a fewcircumdaiices peculiai* to til' . : people. If a (lave is caught in attempting, toefcape, or mmaers kis patron, his limbs are all brokci, and then he is taftcned to a horfe's tail, and dragged through tlid flreets till lie dies. If a renegado (hould turn Chrillian again, they wrap him up in a cloth dipped in pitch, and burn him ; or elfe pile ftoncs, mud, moitar, &c. n'l '.vivid him, ard having walled in all but his head, they a;'.' vhat over -.vrA hotiey, which atirads wafps and oth-.)- irCeiii^ that ".nmcnt the poor wretch with their Aiiig' !iil hv ci, .1 pire: , which fometimes does not happen for ii< ifidcr-- <'bli(;ed th'; Arabs to 1 r . cuatc lied the kiii;M' "i, in quality ■ ' irocco, iviih gieut iii-Zcchariu)i. ,< who extended the Tunifian tc butions in all rlu countries t( On hi? dcmifc, he left tlie kingdom i'ure to his (on Abraham, or Abu-F inding himfeit' fufliciently jnwerfui. revoit-.d from 'I-* ■i'nperorof Mor.'cco, alfumed the title of kwij' of .Afrii.?, ilrtngthrn^d .niui cmbclliihed Tunis, and gave if \\\t lume ■!<■( the nil :; -.polls of Africa. At his death, he divided the kiifgd.)!.'. l/etwcen his three (bns, giving Tuu", to one, Bu- t^lu t'.> ano;Ii';r, NumidU to the third. But Hutman, oi* MitriiAn, v.ho rcignedover Tunis, foon diipoirclTed hit bmt ler Hamar of Numidia, and left both to liis fon Abu- l.':k) , who was aiurwards deprived of tljem by Subajahy one of the dcfcendents of the califs of tlic ;'nicicens. Muley-Mahmet, one of tlie fucceflbrs or* 'ubajah, ba'J '. many children, but tlicy were all, except the y. ungeft, fo>.' ■ Srofligate und wicked, tlutt he appointed him i;) fuccccil *, ins. This young prince, who was thccclcbra' I Muley- HaiTan, was irarce fettled on t|j!s,'hronr, befon: his eldeiV brothe; attempted to nuke his' elc^pc from -the ;):';fon itt whkhhewas confined ; but failing in his attcmjiv, he wat ;, put to death, witli feveial of his other brothers, aiid many ' peri'ons who were fufpeAed of adhering ro their c.'uife, foe lufpici'fi in thefe c^fes, is frequently as fatal as coiv. i£(ion. But one of lils brothers, named Alralhid, tied to the king of ;eiiig with- out artiller. , it was iinpoflible to take Tui>is. Afralhid, therefore 1 ui nt the fuburbs, took leave of liis Arab;,, and repaired to Algiers, to engage in his caufc the famouf Barb:irofia, who governed tliat kingdom for the Grand Signor. I'his prince w«t conda£led by Barbaroffa to Conftanti- nople, where he was apparently wel! received, and } romifed redrcfs : he was, however, Jetainc-.l there as a kind of hoftage, while Barbatolla failed fur Tunis xhh a flrong amuuitent, having taken Difcrta, Porto Farino, &c. he appeared before the fortrcfs 'if Golctta. This fo terrified HalTan, who was hated by his fubjcAs, that be fled in tlie titmoll coiiflcrnation, leaving all his tTeafurcs lichind hiffl. Hut he w ,^ no fooner 4;oik, than the principal people, imagining that prince Afialhid was in tlie Turkieir ftibr to th? will of the Cifand tiignor. This annarent ti ji^iicrv fo iiriiated the inhabitants, that they rfew to rr n$ : iome wci.t.'.ftcr Ilatran, to brinshim back to their deliverance ; whtia 1 n (!-;;0 i^f*^ WA v.- [A P R 1 C A.J T trhlteothcri itucketl the caftle, but vMre reptllfed with |mt loff I and the Tuiiifiani were at leiigtii compelled to acknowledge the Cirand Signor tor their fuvor«ign, and 'liarha(ofla ai governor. In order to regain his dominioni, Haflan had rCcourte to a very unaccountable cxpudient, which WM, making application to the Chriiliaii emperor Ctiarles V. to which he promifed to become tributary. I'his rendered him ftill more odiout to hii own lubje&i, and obnoxiovii to all Mahoniccant in general. The emperor entered heartily into the cnrerprixc, and prepared a powerful armament ac- cordingly ; while Barle numerous forces were imme- diately iaiuled, and tile caftle of Goletta invefted in form. Which, after a very ttout reliUance, and great lofs on both 4ide3 was taken by ftonn. I'lie emperor then proceeded to- wards Tunis, while Uarbaroila marched out on his ap- j)it>ach, and drew up his army in order of battle in tite plain of Ca/.ar-Menevi, which is about three miles from 'tlie metropolis. The two armies prefently caoie to an en- i|[ag«tnaiit, when the Arabs fuon giving way, fiarbaroflk lultaiiicd a total overthrow. After retreating to Tunis, -he now tliou^ht of nothing but efcapin^ witlihis treafure, tliough he did all he could to conceal his intentions from even his own people ; but hit dcfiga was perceived, both from his hurry to remove his riches froni the caftle, aivd the order he gave to blow up all the Chriftian flaves. This diabolical order, however, none of his othcers bad the «iuelty to put into execution. Among the Chriflian Haves was one named Paul Si- moni, a brave Maltcfe, who had behaved fo gallantly againft the T\irks, that Barharoila would never fuffer bim to be ranfumed ou any account. This geutleman, liav- ing an intimation of Uarbaiofla's defign, found me.ns pri- vately to procure fome hammers and iiles, when he im- mediately (clcafcd hinifelf and the rcil of the Chriflian ilavcs from their chains, to tlic amount of feven thnulaiid, and jointly breaking into the callle armoury, they fumiflied thcmiielves with weapons, with which they tallied out, and killed or routed all the Turks who guarded the avenues to the caftle. They then fccured the place, and waved a , white banner from the battlements, inviting tlie Chrif- tians to come to their relief. The tumult this occafioncd -Itfought Barbarotlii to the place, who demanded entrance into the caOle, but was ^nfwered only by a volley of muf- quetry i wlien perceiving how matters went, he cried out, " I am undone ! thefe Chriftian dogs have got potleffion of the caftle, and all my treafure ;" and fled with the ut- aoft prcc'j)itation, , .ir 1 wa? moft cor- dially receive; •, .oli, oi his '.rd.r. Thus thu Chrif- tians becar J i.>iotied of Tur.is ; !)"i we are forry to add, that th jities which tliey imii .: niiutely exercifed upon t . poor Tunilians of all i.xnks and ages, aiv' of cither : . x, teitded greatiy to tarnith the laurel* tliey ad gained by thair courage and conllancy. Hal&n was now re-fettled upon the throne by the em- peror, under the following conditions : i. 1 hat the fort of Goletta Ihould remain in theeropcior's hands as a pledge, though ilaCau Q-jM be obliged to repair the fortifications *t hisown expence. 9. That a garrifon of tl\: emperor's ■ttoops diould remain in it, butmtlan litould maintain and pay them . 3 . That pnnee Mahomet, Flafliut's fon, (hciikl retiaain in tlie nn'Cfov'* power, a* an hoftage for the fide- lity of his ;. That all Chriftian captives, f>f ^hatfoevet 0, •>,! -! .v I.I Oe reieafcd without any ranlom. ^. i hat the '. 'sx'v.r. (.jevUi have a free commerce ' iio. 34. N t 9. «4* throughout the whole kingdotn. 6. Tliat they fhotitd hf allowed to fettle in it, to build churches and monalteries< and enjoy the free exercife of their religion. 7. That ncl eorfair, Turk, or Moor, fhould be allowed to tome totnf fea port, be furnifhed with any provinons, or be atMed 9t wvoufed in any cafe by the Tuilifians. 8. That tlie whaltl coral tifhery (hould belong to the emperor and his heift forever, 9. That the kings of Tunis Ihould hold theb- felves vatTals and dependents on the crown of Spain, and fend thither yearly, in tokeiiof it,rix horfes and twelve fal cons; in confideration of which, thry Ihould be itititM t0 tlic proteftion of that crown, on any emergency. Thefe ftipulation* were exceeding difagreeaole to the Mahomctaii powers ; and rendered Haflan not only hated by them, but very contemptible in their eyes. Asfoon as the emperor returned to Europe, this general didike bceali to evince itfelf by the revolt of feveralof the cities, which either put themfelves under the protefiion of the Tu.ks, orereAcd themfelves into little comraonweahhs : Barba- rotlii, at the fame time, having raifed a confidcrable ariny and fleet iii Algiers, began a new attack upon Tunis. Haflitn, being hairaflcd on every fide, lent to lilurope for fuccours, which were liberally promifcd him, but the per- formance was fo flow, that he was determined to go and folicit them pcrfonally> While he was in Europe upon this errand, his fon Ha- mida revolted againft him, and mifed a dangerous com-> motion at home, making the following fpcciuus motives the pretext for his unnatural rebellion : i . I'hat his fatlier was gone to the emperor, in order to turn Chriftian. a. That Haflan's defign was, to cut him off from the foc- cetTion, bccaufe he was a friend to V^ahometanifm ; and to place the crown upon iiis brother Malmied's head, who had a great propcnfity to Chriiiianity. The governor of Tunis, however, fcverely x^primandcd him for his unr^a- tural proceedings, which repulfc fojnuch chagrined iUe prince, tliat he retired to a country houfc at a iiiiall dif- tancc from Tunis, where he mourned in private his pre- cipitate conduA : but tliu people, who were more prepof* felFcd in his favour than he imagined, really fancied tliac HaiTan was dead, according to fome Hying reports ; and that the governor would confpirc with the 3panifli garrifon in the Goletta to crown prince Mabmed, and thereby force a ChriHian king upon them : thefe notions operated fo powerfully upon the minds of the vulgar, that they tu- multuoullv went to the place of prince Hamida's retire- ment, anci made him an immediate offer of the crown. This exatlly fuiting his ambitious temper, he accepted at the {(copotal, and, putting hirofelf at the head of the mile- conteuts, lie proceeded to tlie caftle, where he caufed the old governor to be murdered, and committod feveral otlier enormities and excefle*. I'hii revolution having reached the cars of Hafliin, he returned liome, with a^ut two thoufattd Italian forces; but his foil defeated him, took him prifoner, and deprived him of his fight. However, HalTan's brother Abdulme- lech drove Hamida from Tunis, and afTumed the reins of fovernmenthimfelf; but dying in a very fhort time, the panifh governor of Goletta had one of his fons crowned king, intteadof HalTan's fon Mahmcd, who ought in juf- tice to have been adv^mced to the throne. The unfortu- nate HafEm himfclt found, means to ;make another voyagu to Europe ; whei; ,-ipplying to the emperor Charles V. he was kindly received, much pitied, and promifed redrefs; but the promife was the only comfort he ever had, for it was never performed by the emperor. In the mean time, Hamida haid been fo fuccefsful m forming alliances with the Arabian and Moorilh princes, and cluefs, tltat he re- covered Tunis, and reigned without nioieftation till the vear 1570, when he was again difpoiTeiled of it by Halli, baiTa of Algiers. During this interval, Haflan remained in the emperor's court, tiU tliat monarch liad prepared a powerful arma- ment to drive Barbarofla, and other formidable pirates, from the places they poflefTed on the Barbary. coaft. The command of t\i>; Cliriftian fleet was given to the famous Dcria, a great Genucfe admiral, who was ordered to begin his operations by ditlodging the celebrated pirate Uragut from the places of which he had polTcircd himli:lf on the Tunifizn coaft ; for iJragut not only commanded the pi- .4tical, but the Turkilh fleet, Rarbarofla iiaviiig redpincd in his favour, that himfelf might have more leifurc to pnr- fue all thinner of debaucheries, as his inclination for <. very fpecies of libertinifm feemcd to increafc, inftead of diaii- niMng with his yeai-s, till he fell a martjT to eifcefs at lUiW^rds of tnurfrorf vear* tjf nwp. At iei^h the grS!ld ioiperiui Chriflw-.n tleet arrivca u>t the coaft of Africa with 3P . t *•" Ui The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOCllAl»Mt, the unfortunate Haflirft, old *nd blind, itnd hii font Mahnieal and Muley-Biib«kar on board : but the wretched monarch foou after died of a fever in tlie cantp of the Chiiftians, and was buried with his nnccftors at Kayr- wan. He was of a majcltk appearance, black cnniulcxioti. Have, wife, a. id politic ; but cruel, and'to the lim degree »i|idiftive. .Admiral Doria in a fhort time made hinifelf mafit-r of mod places on the fea coaft particularly Mahodia, in which he got an iiimienfe plunder ; but the eiunctor afterwards ordered that place to be totally dumolilhcd, and the Clirif- lians to evacuate their polTellions on the Barbary coaft, the Goletta excepted, liaving occaflon for his rroons in Europe, when Hali the Turk poflcflcd himfcif of '1 unisi but Sinan bafla made a total conqueft of the kingdom in the reign of Sclim II. and deltroyed all the Chriftiait on the coaft is from ten degrees thirteen minutes, to twenty-five degrees twcnty-fcvcn minutes eafl longitude. The moft accurate geographers divide the whole king- dom into fix provinces ; namely, Tripoli Proper, Mefrata^ Haicha, Benolefa, Gulf of Sidra, and Ouguela. The towns on the fea coaft are the moft confiderable, and the heft known, thofe of the inland parts of the country arc fo little known, and fo trifling, that they have fcarcc been deemed worthy of attention by either antient or modern travellers : the inhabitants of both, however, are equally addiftcd to robbing, the former being proflcfled pirates ) and the latter, whenever they can find opportunuity, make no fcruple to plunder their neighbours. The antients diflinguiflied the city of Tripoli, wb- ti is now the capital of the whole country, into Old k.td New i the former was built by the Romans, fubducd the Vandals, and deftroyed by the Mahometans. 7 uJ new city arofe out gf tl>e ruins of the old. The prefcntcity of New Tripoli is populoos, butfmalj: and the natives, though barbarous, are flourifhing. It it fituatcd on a fandv foil, near the mani;in of the feaj fur- ,...w ^•Cr*.i-.4 u,. *Ur«rii*l-lsU ra!2DirtS- «n4 rtlirt<4*^ Kir i*», [A F R I C A.) T R 1 O I. M3 »n a callle well fnrtiticd, The houfcs in general are very mean, and low built, and the fireets narrow and crooked ; yet fome remaining monuments of magnificence Hem to con- tirm the prevailing o|iinion of the uilubitaiits, that it \v:is unce remarkable for the fplcndor of many of its pul)lic buildiii<;'ii amon)- thefe, are the fragments of a triumphal arch, which is nearly buried in the fand, hut exhibits a fufficient part above ground tc give fame ideii of its de- fiance when pcrfeA, and (landing in its proper fituation. Tills city labours under two verygrcat incoiivcniencict, whicli .ire, the fcarcity of corn, and w.int of I'weet water, thcfaiiily foil making it dlfFicult to cultivate the fnft, and the want of rivers, fprings, &c. rendering it impol)ibl: to procure the latter, without the difagreeable nccelFity of catching rain in cillcrns and refervoiis. The deficiency of frelh water, and great fterility rcfpe£iing grain, are both fuppufcd to hnve been occafioned by the encroachments of the fca, which has frcijuently been ki\own to overflow the neighbouring territory to a very coniiderable diftance: but thefe inundations, though tiiey may have eflcntially injured them in the above refpefts, have conliderably be- nefited them in another particular, that is, the amazing increafe of lothus trees, which tlirive beft in a faline clay or fandy Ibil, and produce botl\ food and drink, as the fruit eats exceliently well, and makes a moft delicious ivine. Yet, after all, the inhabitants of Tripoli could not fubfil^ upon the produce of their country, without the additional provilions continually brought in by their )>iratical vefTels, which arc conflantly criifing in the Medi- terranean lea. The peopin of Tripoli troft the guarding of their city, in the nighttime, to miftitfs, which are (hut up durmg the day, in one of the ballions of the ramparts. Theln nuAilfi dili:hargc very faithfully the duties of their func- tions i they patrole through the ftreets of the city, and if they happen to m:ct with any pcrfon, they are fure to tear him to pieces. As fnon as day breaks, they go of them- felves to the door of their prifon ; and bark when they hear any pcrfon appriach their habitation, and their roaring is heard in a'l the quarter of the city where they arc contined. 'I liii city is fiequcntly vilitcd by the plague ; on which account the Francifcans, who are fettled here, have bcfides their church and convent, an hol- pit.-il, in which they aJmiiiiller relief to the Tripolitans, as well as to thole of their own religion. It has been remarked by a reputable writer, that Tripoli is far lefs conCiderable than Algiers, and not compai.ihle to Tunis, 'i'he government is the fame with thatof the reft of the cities of Africa ; the Moors are in as little credit here a sat Algiers; the Nazarene (i. e. Chril\ian) rcnegadoes enjoy the grcateft (hare of authority of any fe£t of people in this country, and (ill the chief employments ; indeed tliere are a vaft number of renegadocs here, many of whom the iKrfon abovcmcntioncd had converfcd with ; and that tlicy all appeared to be as ignorant of the religion they had embraced, as of that quitted by them : moll of the pcrfons in queAion havino; t)een fo poorly educated, that tliey were foaicely acquainted with the rudiments of their iKlief, and indeed, fjys ii '. they alTign the moft trifling icafons polTilile for quitting; their religion i whereas in other countries, (laves arc commonly prompted, from the ill trcatmriu they meet with from their maAers, to turn Mahometans; but here, on the contrary, they are brought over by gcntlcntis. Of alt the corfairs of liarbary, none arc Ids cruel than the people of Tripoli, though none are lb much addiileij to tlioft. The country adjoiiiiug to Tripoli abounds with villas of the principal ■i'rip>litins, the gardens belonging to which, are ufu;-"' n ' .;ed by the LhriAian (laves, who arc however, all . i in a (ingle bagnio or goal in the city itfcif, duriiifi • .nighttime. Cabes,or(}abcs, isfituatod neartlie gulf of the fame name, nnd on the aiitient river Triton, to whicli the moderns have given the fame nninc as the town. Being the frontier town between Tripoli and Tunis, it is large and well for- ti(ieJ, and in its i\cighbourhood are found the ruins of the aiiticnt city calk ' / the Ronuns T'acapa. Cabes, how- ever, is but |>ooi', I'ld thinly inhabited by (idiermcn and a fckv hulbundinen ; .'ic latter of which cultiv.ittf a fma! ot paiiu trees, and a root which refemblei a potatos. The Hativei ate a' black as novrocs, and fo poor, that titey look upon a fW pecks of Ihrley, and half a dozen of^ palm tree«, u a oonliderablo fortune. 'I'he river Cabcs rifes in a fandy defart, and difembogues itfelf into the Mediterranean i henc' the wateriare (a hot, that they cannot be drank till they have been put for about the fp.tce of two houri, into a cool place. 'I'his lowii lies in ten decrees iifty-iive mi- nntei eaft longitude, aim thirty-nine degrcct north lat<.> tude. El-Hammah, is (ituated in ten degrees fifty-one minatei eaft longitude, and thirty-four degrees north latitude, near a lake ckllod the Lake of Lepers, bccaufe it cares that dileafc. The inhabitants are a tew flihermen, who are pirates when occadon olTcri -, and fome hufbandmen, who are thieves at all opportunities. It was never remarkable but for its Roman walltt its Uot fulphtireous fprings, the aqueducts by which they are conveyed* and of whicli fcarce any veftiges reniairi. Zoara, lixty miles weA of Tripoli, is well fortifiedj and has a good harbour. It is furrounded by an old wall, almoft in ruins : the inhabitants, who are '.at few iii number, live by filhiiig, and burning quick lime or pot- ;' alh, or, when opportunity ferves, by pir.icy. This town is fuppofed to be the aiitient Pifidau, and lies in thirteen degrees twenty-five minutes eaA longitude, and thirty-two degrees forty-five minutes noith latitude. ^ 'I'he towns above defcribed, which arc (ituated on the weAcrn coaAs of thegulf of Sidra, are the bed in tho coun' try I thofe on the callern fide, and within the gulf are in a moft wretched condition, and prcfen( a dread.'ul picture of the devaAations of time. The various inundations of Goths, Vandalsi Arabs« Mahometans, &c. who have over-run the country at- dif- ferent times, have fubjoAed thefe parts of Africa to a great number of revolutions : tlicy have alfo fufl^cred much h-oin the depredations of the Europeans, and tyranny of the government. The idand of Malta is a perpetual thorn in the fides of the piratical Aales, p.'jrticularly thofe of I'ripoli and Tunis, from the vicinity of the fituation i and the Maltcfe knights merit the thanks of all commer- cial nations, for having fo greatly circumfcribrd tlie power of the Barlory rovers, and rcArained their piracies. The Moors, after they were driven out of Andalufia in Spain, built the town of Derne, on the woftern (ide of the gulf of Sidra, which indeed is the only place worth mentioning in the diftrift of that ' tie. It is (ituated at the '*>ftance of atxiut half a mile frui" the fea, and is bet- tei iup^ilicd with I'weet water than molt of thr towns in the '1 ri|M>line territories ; neverthelc>'> ...' ints are few in number, and miferable poor in iftances. The inoA remarkable produce is great quan,i(icd have fewer towns, than any of thole uefcribed. liideed Anguela, or Ouguela, though in many prts a*barrcn defart, contains a few fpots tliat are fertile, particularly in pafturage and dates. The revenues are raifed by an impoft on the corlairs, which are ufually about eight in number, by a taxon com-* mercial imports and exports, and by a fub(idy whidi the Jews are obliged to iurnifti. The bey likewile taxes the wild Arabs and inland Moors ; but thefe frequently refafe to pay the tribute, when he his obliged to fend his flying camp of janifaries among them, to reduce them to obedi- ence : but neitlier the Porte, or the Turkilh bafla .trouble themfclves about the government, provided the bey ptyt with punAuality his ftipulated tribute to the (irl\, ai)d gra* tifics the avaricious cravings of the laft. I'hc beys of Tripoli are not mere nominal vaflsiU to the I'urkilh go- vernment, like thofe of Algiers and Tunis, but are obliged to pay a coniiderable tribute, which puts them under the necclTity of tyrannizing over the poor people, and re- ducing them to the utmoft indigence and inifery, in order ' ^ obtain a fu.^cicn( fum vo dikiiarge their quota. Their -ii^ Till NEW AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Their chief irticlr of commerce h m (\»d, und perform tlieir promifea with mtiTc punAiulity, tl- i any of the political flatei who hve ticar ibtiii. SECT. IX. n* bijitry tf, tiul varitm rrutluiitm in ibi kinitUm »f Tti- fili, Ve. 'E find the firft accountt of Tripoli in fome o' tt u Roman hiltoriann, who fpeak of it ai ■> cry w louiilhing ftatc. Inthe dechnc ot that empirt, .'Iter tlie inhabitant* liad thrown oiF the Kom^in yoke, they were (ucceflivcly fubduedby the Vandals, Sauceni, and the fo- verrigni of Morocco, Fer., and Tunis. At I<-Mgth, in the reign of Bucamcn, king of Tunis, who v id the Trc- polines very defpotically, the inhabitants thought proper to revolt, and coimituted oncof their own people kingof T.i- yoli ; but the new mon.ircii, turning tyrant, waspoilbued, and fiiccecded hy Abub.icer, who had I ecu oncof his offi- cers, but, turning matabout, quittriJ >\xr. military for the hcrmetieal life. Tripoli was bcficged, in tlie bet;' ng of this king's reign, by an army of iiftceii thoiiia' J Spaiiianls, who foon took the pl.ice, and fcnt Ahulv .r, with his whole family, piifoncrj to the empcp r Charles V. who was then at ralcrmo ; but this nionari-li reftorcd him to hii kingdum, on condition of his btfcuming vadiil and tribu- tary to him. Abubacer was fovercign of Tripoli till the knights of Rhodes were driven from that Idand, and obligr J to retire to Syracufc, when the bcforemcntioncd emperor granted them the ifland of Malta, together witli thccity and caflle of Tripoli, which lay oppofite to it. They acordingly earrifoived the htter, but wre foou dirpoflefTed of them Dv the famous BarbarolPa. I'hcy were, however, foon after retaken hy the emperor, who put the knights of Maltaagain in pollcffion of their I'he Turks, under the command of the balTa Si.nii, in the reign of fultan Solyman, betiegcd Tripoli when it ' as furrendered to him, as is imagined, by the cowardice or treacher/ of the governor, who was a F renchman, after it bad b';«n forty year^ in the hands of the Chriliians. It continued for feveral years under the government of a langiac, deputed by the Porte to rule the people, and col- left the revenues, the caflle being garri toned by Turks, and the city inhabited by Moors. At length the Turkilh defpoiifm and eictortions became fo intollerable, that marabout, named Sid-Hajah, found an opportunity to caufe a general revolt about the clofe of the iixtecntli century : he was, however, repeatedly defeated by Haf- chen bafla, and at len^'lialfafliiutcd by fome of his own partjr. Nfahomet Beygh, a Greek rcii. ^o, was then fcnt by tlie Porte to govern Tripoli ; but this offii • was no fooncr oibibliflied in his governnieiU, than he nfufed to receive any bailii from the (J rand ^i^nor ; he indeed acknow- ledged hiinfclf the vaffiil of tlie I'ortc, and voluntarily ftipulated to pay a certain annui! tribute, but he alledged, that in common prudence it wai. tcquilitc for him to de- fend himfelf from the fate oi many other governors de- pendent on the Porte, who had b.en put to dc:\th upon the moll unjuft and oftentimes irivolout pretences, with- out being foinuch asaIlo<^ ' 'o vindicate their conduct. The following arc th. only rcinarkuhlc traufadiont which now rcmair. to be taken notice of relative to the kingdom of Tripoli ; namely, the bombardment of the capital city by the French, in the reign of Lewis XIV. and the treaty of peace and commerce between the Tri- pchtans and Englilh, in the year 1716. The firll of thefe occurrences took place in confet^ucncc of the Tripo- litans having taken a Ihip under French colours, and de- tained fcvcral French fuDJe£t» in a ftatc of (lavcry. This occafioncd Lewis to ;'ider Wis officers to make reprifaU iipuii the veflcls of I'ripoli, wherocr tlicy met tbcm. '1 lefeorJen wrre ftri£lly obayod by tht French etptttiM | in particular, M. d'AmfrevilU attacked fu "t their vefliils iiear cape Sapicn;a. Three of the coilain tied in the Im« ^ inning of the engagement -, and the othrr lime, afkef •ving hoen much iha(ier<-d in the fight, took refuge at tha idand of Chios. The Krriich coi iiuodore, M. Oil Quefne, who comnuiided in the Levant, having intelli- gence thereof, iiiinieili4telv piocce.led to hlock them up with fcven thina of war : l>iit, previous to the commeiioe* nmntof hot^ilities, he lent a moilage to the governor ig«« to the following purport : " '1 hat his miller W.-11 in per' ( IK ..rew uiwaids of fcvcii thoufand bombs ; made a utiiaalui bavock bolhof the lioufut and rripolitan Ihips, and killed a gnat number of tlio [lenple j but he could not enter the port on account ot a ilrong ftaccado which the Triiiolitaiis had contrived 10 lay in his way, I'he court of Coiiflantinoplc thought proper to interlere, in order to get matters adjutled, when at length it was agreed IhiIwcoii the grand vMir and the liallar anibalfador, that matters (hould hecomproiiiTi . > the tf^iior of cii;ht aiti* cics, whic) well u.uwn f Great Britain ; the ar'i- cles of which we Ihall at full lcin;th, as they ncMiy concern Enghi as a c nmercial nation, and reVctnblo thofe agreed 'hot' ; Barbaryftatcs. " Articles > ce, id commerce between his moft facrcd Ni >ilv kiiu C> ngc, tic. and the mol\ tx- celUnt lor ., Mah.i Bey, Yufef Dey, the Divan, and the ii "'. of the unicers, and people of the city and kingdoit) of Tripoli, renewed, concluded, and ratified on the 19th of July, A. U. 1716, hy John Baker, Eiq; vice-admiral, &c, ice. " ]. In the firft place, it it agreed and concluded, tliat from this lime forward for ever there Ihall be a true and inviolable peace between the nioH ferenc king of Ureat Britain, and the moft illuftrious lords and governors of the city and kingdom of Tripoli in Barbary ; and between all the dominions and fubjectt of either fide ; and if the Ihips and fubjcAs of either party fhall happen to meet upon the fea, or elfewheic, they (hall not molcft each otlicr, but (tuiU (hew all pofliblc rcfpefl arid fricndlhip. " II. ThM J^3 -^^ Ia F R I C A.) 1 I •41 Tlut ** ll.Th*t>llii»rciunt(bipiibrloh^ngtotbcdomii>ionf •f Ontl Briuin and truiinK to tlie city or iiiy ptrt '<( ih< kingdom o( I'ripull, ihall ntyDomortthtuihiM^pci c n i for ill kindt of f.ondt rhey null Vt> litioii. •• 111. That M Ihip* and other ve(&li, u well belt to the fa'd king of Great Htilain c- to anyof Ir^ Iua, fubic^i, ... tlinl'e belun|;ing to lilt, city and k ^doi of Tripolii Ihall licaly paU tlic feu, and ti>Ac yltcn they Bicafe, witliout ailv liearch, hindrance, or molcfli^n Ifoni each other. /b>l that ill |icrfont or pairvii|;cr>, of what country locver^ and all nianncr of niouiei, good), lOtrchandixM, tnd moviablei, to what Dcople or nation fQever hclongingi being on board any ot tb« faid Ihipt or vcflcis, Ihall be wholly free, and fliall not Ix: Hopped, taken, or plundcrrdt or receive any harm or damage wbatfocver from either patty. " IV. That tlie 'Itipoline (Iiipa of war, or any other vcfleU thereunto Uloiicing meeting witli ^tny merchant Ihipt, or other vt'fliili of the king ot (iirat Rntain'i fub- }c£ls (not being in any lisai belonging to hit majctly'i do- minion!) may Tend on board one hngic boat with two (ittcra,bclidc!i ilier>rdinaiy crew of roweri, and no more tlian the twolitir' , tu enter into the faid merchant ihipi, «>r any otlter vclkis, without the cxprcl't letve ol the com- mander of every fuch Ihip or velTi'l , and then upon their firojiicing to them a pall, xindir tiie hand and teal of tlif ligh admiral of England, <>r of lh>^ commillioncri for txccuting the faid olhci , tl.c laid boat ilull depart, and the merchant Ihip or IhitM, vulTll or velTcls, thall freely proceed on h> or their voyage j uml though the coinman- der or comniimdera of .uch mcrcliaiit Hiip "r Ihips, or vefleli, &c. produce no |iafi from the hi^^h adi i\ uf Eng- bnd, or the ' nunillioners for rxeciuing the nd ollicc i yet if the major j>art of ili« Ihip'i or veflcl'i i^unipany be fubjcAi uf the (aid king of f ircat Britain ; the faid boat hall prel'cntiv di '.>art, and the merclunt fhip or Ihips, &c. iliall freely inc. tcd on their voyage. And any of the faid fliiptof war, orothcrvell'eUof his faid majefty, meeting wi.h any (hip or Ihipi, &c. Inloii^in^ to 'rriooli, if thi com- mander or commanders of any fuch (nip or fhipi, &c. (hall produce a pafsfigncd bv the gove^nori of Tripoli, uid accrtificate frr ,,i the Eiiglim conlul refiding titere i or if tliey haw no UkJi .ds or certiikate, yet if the major part of the faid (h . m veli'cl'i company be Tuika, Moors, or flave.s Ul' mgio Tripoli, than the faid Tiiiioli lliip, ^eflel, &c. li'..ill freely ^'>rocc>.d on their voyage. " V. That itjcommiitdcr, or other perlbn, of any Ihip be! .iging to Tripoli, th.>ll take out of any Ih'p or vcfl'cl til find majefty's fubjei'li any perfon or ic ilnni what- foeveft tocarrv them any where to be examined, or upon any oilier nic< 'ice, nor Ilull ul'c any torture or violtnco unto any |i< «f w hat nation or (juality focver, being on boaidany Hi ,' vcffcl of his faidmajcftyt upon auyprc- ttnce whattcKver, " VI. I'hat no Ihipv^rcck belonging to the faid kin - of Great Britain, or to aiiy of his (ubjc^is, upon any pan of tjiccoaft U-longiug to Tripoli, ilull Ik made or become 4 prixc, and ihr.'. neither the goods thereof thall lie fcized, nor the men made flavcs : hut that all the fubjefls ol Tri- poli ihall do their bell cndca\ ours to favc tlie tiiid men and tJieir cflcQi " VII. That no fliip, nor any other velTelof Tripoli, fliall have pcrmiflion to be delivered up, or to go to any other place at enmity with the king ot Cir 1 Hritain, to be made ul'e of ascoifairs agaiiifthis majcll^ -. i'ubjeit " Vlll. That if any fliipor vcflel Ik longing to Tu ,is, Algiers, Tcluan, Sallee, m any oihci j.jace liciiig at war Willi the kiiifi I.. Great Britain, briii., iny goods or vcf- feli of liii laid majcftv's fubjefts to '1 iipuli, or any other port or place of 'h^it kingdom, the governors there ihall not pcimit theiniu be fold within the territories uf I'li- poli. " IX. Thst if any of the faid king of Great Briuin's fubjcAs fliall happen to die in Tripoli, or any of its ter- ritories, his goods or monies fliall nor be feizcd by the go- vernors or any niiniflers of Tripoli, but fliall remain uith the EngIKh coiiful " X. That neither the faid conful, nor any other fub- jeflof Circat Britain ihall be bound to pay the debts ot'any other Britlfti lubjcO, uiilels they become furety for the fame by a public a£\. " XI. That the fuhjcAs of his faid Biitilh niajcfty in Tripoli, or its territories, in matters of controvcrly. mail No. 24. he liable to tio other iUrlMIOion but thai o^ tK« d«T or divan, r«oept the dtmrenee be between ihemftlvei, IK wliit-l- cafe tltey Ihall be liable tn no oth«r detcrmiiMtleH than that of the conful. " XII. 'that in cafe any fuhjrA of hi* Britannic ma* jefty, lieing In any part of the kingdom of Tripoli, Ihall Inppen to kill, wound, or ftrike a Turk or Mdor ; if h4 I>c taken, he fliall he punifhed in tl . fame minner, ait4 with no gRatcr fcverity, than a Tin. '""ghi to be for thfc like offence ; but if he efcipe, neither tne Englilh confdlk nor any other lititifh '.'ubJeA, Ihall be in any fen qtiitf« tioiied Or troubled on that account. "' "XIII.Thatihel''nKlifltconfuliiow,oritanytimehere< After, rcfldlng it Tripoli, Ihall be there at all timr'i with intirc freedom and lafeiy of bU perfon and cflate, ami fhall Iw- permitted to ci luiie his own interpreter and broker, and free! V to go on bt^^ard any (hip In the roads, at of^n as he pleafei, and to have the liberty of tlie country, aiut (hall lie allowed a place to pray in ; and that no perfon Ihoi do him any injury in woij or deed. ' " X[V. That not only during the continuance of thll peace and friendlhip, but likewife if any breach or wir happen rr> be hrreafter between his (aid Brilifh majedy and the city and kingdom of Tripoli, the faid conful, and all other hu majefty's fubjefli inhabiting in tlie faid kin|> dom 4f Tripoli, Ihall always and at all times, both Ttt peace and war, have full and abfoluie libci ty to depart, and to gd into their own or any other country, in any (hip' or vcflel of what nation focver they fhall think fit, »nd to carry with them all their cfl'efis, gooUs, fMnilies, and fcr* vants, though born in the country, without any molella- lion or hindrance, " XV. That no fubjeA of hit Britannic majefty, being a palleiiger from 01 toanypdit, (hall molefled orneddled with, though he be in a (hip or veil'el at war with Tti- polli "XV(. That if any of hit faid Britannic nujefty'a fliips of war come to Tripoli, or to any other port or place of that kingdom, with any prize, they (hall h.ive liberty to fell it, or otherwife dilpoie of it at their own pleafure, without any lett or muieflation ; and that hit laid majeAy's fliii^ of war (hall not be obliged to pay any cufloms whattoever i and that if tliey fl ill want pro- vilions, victuals, or any other things, thty may freely buy them at the market price. " XVII. That whjn any of hi« Britannic majcfiy'i (hips of war Ihall appear before Tripoli, upon notice ther^f f^iycn to the Lngliflt conful, or by the commander cf tha iiid fliips, to the chief governor of I'ripoli, public procla- mation (hall be immediately made to fccure the Chri(\ian captives ; and if, afler that, any Cbriftians wbatfocver make their efcape on board anv of the faid (hips of wart 'Hey ihall not be required back again ; nor fliall the (*id (.oiiful or commander, or any otTier Britifh fubie£l, be obliged to pay any tiling for the faid efcaped Cbriftians., " XVlir. Tliat all the merchant (hips coming to the city or kingdom of Tripoli, though not belonging to Great Britain, (hall have free liberty to put thenilelvea under the protcdion of the Britiih conful, in felling and difpofing of their goods and merchandiie, if they dull thii'< oropet, without any molrflaiion. MX. That all tlie Britiih Ibips of war carrying hit majefty's flag, upon th: :>ppcaring before the city of Tri- poll, after due notice givrn of it Oy the Britiih conful, fltall, in honour of hi:.. Bi!.t»n:ic majefly, be faluted with twenty-fcMii cannon liie,! tio.".i the caftle of the city, and the faid Ihip fliall rct.trti the iiune number to it. " XX 'i'hat no merchant Ihip belougine to Great Bri- tain, or any other nation under the protcflion of the Bri- tiih conlulj being in the port of Tripoli, (hall be detained from proceeding to fcaonticrvoy.-ig< longer than three days, under pretence of arming the (nips of war of this govein- iiiciit, or any other wbatfocver. " XXI. '1 hat no Britiih fubjed fliall be permitted to turn MulFulman in the city and kingdom of Tripoli, be- ing induced to it by any furpiize -batloever, unlets he vo- lunurily appear before the dey or governor, with the Eng- hlh coiiful's interpreter, thrice in twenty-tour hours, and every time declaring his rctblution to bdcome Ma-. homeian. " XXII. Thathis Britannic majeftyV conful, teilding ill Tri)K)li, fliall at all times when be ple'afes, have liberty to put up |iis faid majefty's tiag on the top of his houfe, and there to continu; it difplayed as long as he pleafes ; and likewife that the faid cotiiuf fliall have tlie like liberty of putting up and difplaying the faid tiag on his boat, whenheuallfs on the water; and as mait whaifoever to jQ. oppofe M Thi NtW AMD UNIVEllSAL SYSTEM or OeOOiiAPMVi e^faft, diiwk, «f k^an Umi dHnte (itW b; mmi u i| trt ^ poof , thit bi w4it to augmtm ihtb riiMiii o/fub- ^-^ Mmm«,iimI|M rUaf tit ihaf ihev rmt dttm m iMum* bnuMt, An an frMiwnily oblind co fell Itelt wirn tnl cUUnn tiUM SkilkiM. I E C T. X. (7i'«ri « fmtral *nd fit^imtmnrj muuiil mU lUftriftltn 4f kiltntt, Vi. 1>ARBARYIibauniftT'i dominioiu, tat iba Inhabitanii tttraof (ball ba dmnHd liii natural fnh)tAa, at if dur |wd Man bom 111 Oi««l Britain i and ihav, trith |llai( Mo canyincBrilinealobra, (ballhapa rm tltod fradv toMW and inJk in any part of th« li fu | J >wi of Tripnll, and AaUpafa wiiboHiany moMaiion, altkiron ika bai or oth«rwilt, in iIh laiiM nuniMr, Mid wttk iha Ama frca- dom and prWiltMt, a* bava faoan iinolaiid In ihii iikd all fbraicr tiwtia*. m bfhalf of iha BrkUh nmion and fob- Jaai. " XXIV. And wharaat intba Haaty (OficliMlad in ilia raign of kii«CIUrb« II. A. U. 1676, b* Sir loiin Nar- borough* onartkhwat inli-iicd, 1^ whicb tlta ibip* of Tripou wora aadudad from crufing bafbrv or in Mm of tiM port of Tangttr, then belonging to hit Majetty 1 it k now raliM m concludad, Uiat nona of the diipi or vcfleU balooitM lo Tripoli (hall cruile or look for prisca bafbra or in ||M of tha illand of Minoica and Oibrallpr, to dilbitb or MlMaft tha commarca tbaiaof, in any nannar whatroevcr, •• XXV. That all and evcrv article in tha traatr AmII ho inviolably kept and obfcrved Iki we n his facreJ niajrAy &c. and tha moft iUuftrioui loril>, &c. of the city and kingdom of Tripoli i and all other matter! not particularly rxpre.Md in ihia treaty, and provided for in any former, Ihall ftill remain in fuO force, and (hall be efteemed the Amc at ii" infinted. •■ Dated in ibaprafence of Almighty God, in the city of Tripoli, on the I qtb Jay of Juim, in the year 1716 of tha Chriftian ara -, and 4>f the Mahometan bMiraiiaS." We inall clofe our defcription of this country with obfitrvingitbat (ha kingdom of Tripoli was once the ricbeft, moit populona, and refpcAable of all the date* on the coaft I but it ii now much raducad i aiid tha inhabittnti, who are faid to amount to between four and fiva hiindfCd thottland htre ill the rioet of iha Algerinea. Bana, wbi«:h !i Wloded in the kinpiom of Tripoli, la fittiate batwoen ten and thirty degtoet eat kmgitud^ and thirtv and thirtyfedr dcgim of north tathmfe, ia lliled by ma fcw Araba who irtbabit ii^ Ceylit Barca, or the delart of wbirholndi and hunkUct, eitenda font hundred fflilH fVooi north to lb«h, and three hnndrad from caft to wet. Thia Inho^itKble country comprifea tbofediftrifti which (be anticnta termed Mainarica and Cyrenaica. It wai better knoim to the aniknti than the modemi, and is particularly mentioned bjr ^Hfgil, on ac- count of the ferocity of the people, in tha fpecch which that poet put* into the mouth of Anna, queen Dido't ' fifter , when (be ii reapitolKiif (he tOtin that furroond Carthage. The territory abont the towni and Tilhgaa produce a ftanty pittance of com, milkt, and niaise 1 all other oarta of thii wretched region, are totally bttnm ; and tliewbolo labours under agreatfoarcity of water. SomU as the quan- tity of grain it, the poor people are wider the neceflity of harteiing fome of it for amcit, fteep, dates, &c. Per- ' hapt the moft plea&nt ptaee in the whole country is that fmill diftriA upon which the (ample of Jnpiter Ammon formerly flood ; ret this ii furoonded hy horrid plains of burning lands, which more under the traveller's iieet like waves, or, being railed by the winds, overwhelm him with clouds of duit. If any arc obliged to travel through (his difigreeaUe rv.-gion, they muft travel with a compaf* or they would be loft in the ddart, and wander about till they penlhed with hunp^r and thirft. The antientCyrcnaica, is the defart part, and that called MarmarSca the habitable diftriA, thofe who live near the feaxoaft are all given to piracy 1 and the maritime part it- felf is called the coafl of Dernba, from the chief city re* ' nuining, all thr other towns known to the antients btii^ either totally ruined, or dn'iiidled to the nioll inoonlider- able villages ; fo that what condition they are in^ what commerce they carry on, or how and by whom governed, we cannot give any iatisfaAory account of ; and can only farther add, that the people are tlie molt detrrmined, fero- cious, and cruel robhrrt, both by f'ca and land ; and they in breadth, tma north to loutb, where widelt, about Aa hundred milea, Thli country enjoys 1 whoicrmoe temperature of air, iieitlier too hot in lummcr, nor too (harp end cold in win- ter. The winda arc gcncraltv ftmn the l!ca, i. e. from the weft (by the north) to the call. Thofe fton the call are common It Algiers from May to September, at whicli time the wdierlv winds take pitce, and become the nioft ftequent. Sonieiimei tifo, oartieul«*iy ahoat the etjui- noxef, we vcrv ftnlihiy eiperleiirc that fore* and impeiu- ofity, which the antients have alrribcd to the Africus, or fontb-weft wind, called labeich by the marinm of thel'e (cas. The foutherly winds, which are ulually hot and violent, are not frequent at Algiers. They blow Tome- limei lijr five or (i« days together, in Joly and Aiiguft, rendering the air fo raceifivtiy fulTocating, that durln|{ their continuanx, the inhabitann are obliged to fprinkle the Hoors of their houfes with water. The winds from the weft, the north-weft, and the north, are attended with fair wciiher inl'ummer, and rain in winter : but theeafter- ly winds, 110 lefs tlun the foutherly, are for the moft part dry, though accompanied with a tliick and cloudy at- mofphere in moflfearoni. Kain is very uncommon in tliis climate during the fum- mer feafon , and in moft parts of the Zaara, or Defart, on ihafouth of Algiers, particularly in tlie lerecd, they have rarely any rain at all. 1 he .^rlt rains (all fome years in Septemb<;r 1 in others a month later; 'alter which the Aiabt break uptheir ground, and begin to fow wheat, and plant beaiu. This commonly falls out aboot the middle of OAoberi botdiefewing of barley, and the planting of lentila andgFavancea, it a fortnight to three weeks later, or not till (he end of November. If the bitter fall in the middle of April (as they ufually do) the crop is reckoned fecara 1 thenarveft following in the btrrr end of May, or in the beginning of Jane, according to the preceding i]na- lityof the ficafiNi, Two buOielt aifid a half of wheat, or barley, are judged here to be foificicnt to fow as much ground as a pair of oxen will plow in one day, which we have always luand xo be, aUttlemore oriel's, equal to one of our acres. We could never learn that any part of Uarbery afforded yearly more than one crop, one bulhel yielding ordinarily from eight to twelve, though fome diftriAs, mav affVjrd a much K:ater increale. Tliere is hut oik kitid of wheat and rley cultivated in this country. In fome diftriAs, where they have a command of water during the luni- mer feafon, the natives cuhivate rice, Indian corn, and particularly a white fort of Millet, which the Arabs call drab, and prefer it to barley for tbe fiittening of ihrir cattle. Oats are not cultivated at all by the Arabs (the hoil'es of this country (ceding ritogetlier upon barley) neither is big (or winter wheat) lo much at known in tliii climate. The Moors and Arabs continue to tread out their com, after the primitive cuttom in tlie eaft. . Alter the grain i> trodden out, they winnuw it, by throwing; it up into the wind with (hovels, lodging it afftrwardi in niattarooies or fttbterraneous ina;aziiies. Beans, lentils, and gravanoet (ihe latter of which it a ciccrorchich pea) are the chief fo:tt of pull'e that are cultivated inthefe kingdoms. t>cal«, tilluf latt, were known hi the gardens only, of the leveral Chriftian merchants. They ai« (own with the iirft rains, and bloflbm in the latter end of Fel)iuary, or the iK-ginninc of March. Beans are ufually full peing boiled up with oil and garlick, are the principal food of |ierl'ont ot*' ail ditliAion during the fpring. After them lentils and gravances be|',iii to be gathered. Of roots, poi-hcrbi, and the fruits of the country, there is not only a great plenty and variety, but a continuance or fuccelTicii at Icaft of one kind ut other throughout the whole year. P.i!iii .1 I l.lt^>U%tStr*n/ trJ/M^Jt-iH .\'HiJI>»rmii1trJtf» Palin ■* -«» '*■ -' ^W.'^ M I *' '!^(\J*i '.. ^.f^ - in >'Vn / ." .-^V?! .fi*. 'f ..**■' '*►- v^ ^1 4; ■>•# ■■vy -?• ■I ^ ..^ 4 ..'■ v^-.- u '*% ; .! *» . .% # >; '^ ■4j*.. [APR iC'A.1 IB B A in Hf \^: Palm tree* ait very riumerodi in thit tAtattf ; to are itlfo almond treci, plumbi« cherriet, mulberrieit Applet, pears, peache>, neaarine*, pomgranatet, prtckSe peari, olifts, walnut! i but no ftaael filbert*, camuit* of goofe- berries. Their gnpei ripen towards the latter end of July, and' •re cm for the vintag* in Septembcf. The wine of Al- 8 lets, before tlie locufta in 1723 and 1734, nude fueh de- ruAion of the vineyardk, wu not inferior to the bnft Hermiuge, citlier in briflcnefs of taQe or flavour. But fince that time it greatly degenerated, and hai not for many year* recovered it* ufual qualitie* ; but at prefect it maV difpute the prefertnce with the wine of Spain or PortugaL The lemon (and fometimei the Seville orange) tree, ii always in a fucceffion of fruit and blolTomi ; but theChina, aa it Is commonly called, is a foreigner, and beareth only towards the latter end of autanm. ' With refpeft to their gardens, there is nothing laid out with method, beauty, or defign ; the whole being only a medley or confufion of trees, with beds of cabbages, tur- nips, beans, gravances, fitc. nay, fonactime* of -.vheat and barley difpciied among them. Fine walics, parterres, and flower-pla'3, would be to thefe people tlie lols of fo much profitable foil; as planting in order and regularity, the fiudy of foil and compofts, or the aiming at any new im- provements and difcoveries, would be fo many deviations nom the pradicc of their anteflott, wbofe footfieps they follow with the utmoft attachment and reverence. TIte foil, from which thefe vegetables are produced, is for the moft part of fuch a loofe and yielding contexture, thatan ordinary pair of oxen is fufficient, in one day, to plow an acre of the ftiiTeft fort of it. The colour of it is not always the fame { for in the plains of Zeidoufe it is blackilh, whiiil in thofe of Elt^iildegah, &c. it inclines to be red ; though all of tltem are alike impregnated with great quantities of (alt and nitre, a^d are equally fruitful. The banks of feveral rivers, to ;he depui fometimes of two or three fkthomi, are Andded, in fommer time, with nitrous and faline knobs and exudations, which, befides the depth of the foil, e water was impregnated with, before their refpeAive conerations. This whole area is made up of a fuccclTion nf (imilar flrata heaped one upon anotlier ; and in the fame manner are the ulints between Cafthii^ and the Go- letta, tliofe of the Shott, and of other places, bordering tpon or lying within the Saara. Jebbcl Had defla is an intire mountain of fait, (ituated near the eaftem extremity of the like ot Mark^ The fait of it i) 0f a quite different quality and appearance from that of the falinv, being as hard and folid as Aone, fend ot a rcddilh or purple colour. Yet what is wafhed down from thefe precipices, by the dews, acquires another rtiiour, becoming as white as fnow, and loung that (liare of blttcrncfs, which is in the parent rock fait. The lalt of the inountahis, near Lwotaiah and Jibbel Miiiifs, is nf agri'y or bluilh colour, and, without fubmitting to the III'..- ■>ccidental purificatiun as at Had-deflTa, is very tgree- nblo to the paUte ; the firft efpeCially being fold for a pehny an ounce at Algiers. Lfie lalt of the lake of Marks (called iikewife Baliira^i Fhiruouiie), and of other lefler pliins of the fame nature, ii of tliclikc quality and tiavour. Thefe aa ul'ualiy called I Shibkahk i; e. faliiih plktii of grOa:l(l, being ^odimoriiy overflowed in trinter (at the fame tiitte they appear like fo may cxtetifiVe lakes); but are dry all . fummer (when they maybe taken for the like number of bowUng-gteetu Kpatedfor the turf). Some Of thefe l)ilbkatit« have a d add folid bottoAi, without the leaft mixture of gritiy mould, retaining the felt that lieth eryfiallixed upon tbcitl after rain. BuToibcrk are of a more ouzyi ikMbibcnt naturci feldom preferring any&line incraftationi upon tho Uaitat. Btit, befidet the fUt fairings and rivuletti altetdy fnen* tiiMiod, thefe conntriet abound in hot snd fulpburout foringi and baths> Some of thefe waien are lUue taavk nan lukewarm 1 otbert of ntot« intenfe heu; and ver^ proper to bathe in, while the Hammam-Mclkouteeni and the upper btdi at Meswgat are much too hot for that pur- pefe t the fbfinnr boiling a huge piece of mutton veiy ten« der in a quarter of an hour; Belidcs the hot mineral dBuvii. that are corttinnaUy dif- charged by the thermse, there ftill rtmain below the fuiiiwd fome vaft and inexhanftible fiindt of fulphurt nitre, an4 other inflaibmable bodict, of which the ftcquency and violence of the earthquakes. Anno ojjand 1734, ihooii down a number of houfes, and elofedfip the eourfe of fe- veral fountains : but by one of thefe violent coneuffiont« Antto 1716, a large patch of grcUnd at Wamre, lyhie in an eafy defcent, with a welli a few treett and a fiirm houw, glided all down together for the (|iKe of a fiirlong, till they were, one or other of them, ftopped Isy the chan- nel of the Harbone. Several of the branches, together srhh fome pieces of the houfe turned up^ down^ anA lying a diftance from each other, are to this day lUnding monnmentt of this iataftrophe. 1 was Iikewife informed*, that the like accident happened at the fame time in fome of the mounuinous diftri^s near Boujcitli and El-Khada- rali. The great Ibock ih Anno 1714, wu perceived from Miliana to Bona, the air being then very clear and tem- perate, and the quickfilver flanding at the greatcft height* . whilft, upon enquiry, other concuflion: were only found to be local, or of fmkll extent ; the quickfilver, in thefe cafes, obferving no certain period* and the air being, as at otlicr times, either calm or windy, haty or fcrene; Earthquakes, at Algiers, generally fiill out a day or two after a great tain, at the end of tlie fummer, or in the .au- tumn. The caufe, perhapsi may arife from the extraoi- dinary confiipation or elofenels of the furface at fuch times, whereby the fubterranedus dreams will be either fent back or confined 1 whereas the whole country bein(; full of deep chinks aiidchafmsi the inflammable pattickt have an ;aher efcape. Lead and iron are the only inetals that have yet been difcovered in Barbary 1 the latter is white and good, but in no great quantity. Their lead ore is ^'cry rich, and might be obuined in large quantities, if tlieir mines were under a good regulation. Belides th; borfe, tlie mule, the als, and camel* ufed in Barbary for riding and carrying burdens. Dr. Shaw (from whofe travels into tliefe parts this account is chiefly taken) mentions another animal, called the kumrah, a httle fer- viceable beaft of burden, engendered betwixt an afs and a cow, being (ingle hoofed like the al's, but tlie tail and head (except tlie horns) like a cow, and a Ikin lleekcr than that of the afs^ In this countnr, the neat cattle are generally very fmalt and (lender, thefatteflof tliem, when brought to the ftall, rarely weighing above five or fix quintals, or hundred weight : neitlier is their milk in proportion to their fixes, for notwithftanding the rich herbage of tliis country from December to July, the butter never has a lubflance or richnefs of tafte equal to what our Englilb dairies afford us ill tlie midft of winter. Abdy bafu, dey of Algiers, was no Icfs furprifed than his niiniflers, when admiral Cavendilh acquainted him, that he iiad a Hampfhire cow on board the Canterbury (then in the road of Algiers) which gave a gallon of milk in a day \ \ quantity equal to Wliat half adoxcn of the beft Barbary Jowt would yield in the fame timci The Barbary cattle have likewiie ano- ther impcrfeftion, which ii, that thiy always lefe their calve< and their milk together. The dairies here are alfo in fome meafure fuppiied by the lltecp and goats, as (he Moors and Arabs cliiedy make eheefe of their milk. Inftead of runnet, tltey malce ufe (in the fummer fcafon |.'articulirly) of tlie flower* of thy great-headed ri>ift!?i Of vfild artsehikc, to rurn ilic milk, putting the curds thus made into fmall balkets of rulhcs. or palmetta leaves, and binding them afterwards and prclT- iiig them. Many of tiicfe clic«f«> weigh about tvru or three ■■•«., *»«• Thb new AUb tmiVERSAL SYSTEM 9i GEOORAPJiy. n thrM pounds, bein^ uruall/ of die (ttifte artdi (jce.ctf a penny lo»>'. Tliey have no otHer metbCM dfimlktng'bat* ttr, than by putting their milk or creaitiintb a.goat-lkiiii which being fufpeiided from one fide of the tent to tlie other, and prefled to and fro in oiit uniform- direiliorty ouicldy occafiont that feparadon of the unaaoat artd Wh«yey p«rtt which is rtquillte. '.. We hltiy obrerve (urtlier. that, bdiddi the great variety of the cattle of this country, '-acbipecifct^re very homer* ous and prolific. Several Arabian tribes can briiig into the field onfy three or Ibur hundred horfes« at the fame time that th*y i-re pofleflid of mora than fo many Uiou- 6nd camels, and thrice that numbef of iheep and black Cattle. Tli« Arabs rat^ly kill any of their iloau, living ihieflyopbn their milk an;(licated, tliefe king<)omt afford laigt henbof die neu ktii'l, calkd bekker-cl'Waih by the Arabt. Thii fpetiies {^remarkable for having a rounder turn of body, a flatter fiice,'«rith horn* bending more to each other than in the tfeinekind: thcfe agree m colour with dte red deer, and ike of the famii file. 'Thelionand^fiantherirc'among their wild beafti : the tyger Js n«t a native of Barbary. Thedubbah is ah'«ni'< Htlil about the bigiiefs of a wolf, but of a flatter body, and naturally limpS upon the hinder right leg. Befides Jiefe animals, it has others in common witlt otlier coun- ties, as red and follow deer; the gazel or antelope, the bear, the ape, the ichnfeuinon, porcupine^ ^ liedge-hogi to*, ferret. Wealisl i alfo the mole, rabbet, harq, and WIM boar, which ire every wheit in great numbers. The lion is fnppofed to prey chiefly upon the latter, which not* withftanding hath lometimes been known to defend itfelf with fo much bravery, that the "viftory hath inclined to neither fide, the carcafes of them both having been found lying dead together all in a gore, gre.itly torn and mangled. The abovementioned traveller obferves, that the locufts which he faw in the years 172+ and 174^ were much big- ger dtan our common gntfsboppers, haiving bro'rn fpotted wings, with legs and bodies of a bright yellow. 7"hcir firft appearatKe was towards the latter end of March, the wind having been far fome time foutherlyi and in the mid- dle of April their numbers were fo vaftly increafed, that, in the heat of the day, they formed themfelves into large bo- dies, appeared like a luccefliou of clouds, and darkened the fun: about themiddle of May, when their ovaries were tur- gid, each of tliefe bodies began gndually to difappeir, retir- ing into the metijahandother adjacent plains, todepofittlieir eggs. Accmdingly, in tlic month following, riieir young broodi began gradually to make their appearance, and it was furprizing to obferve, that no fooner were any of them hatched, than they immediately collefted themfelves together, each of them forming a compaft body of feve- ral hundred yards fquarc, which marchmg afterwards di- reAly forward, climbed over trees, walls, and houfcs, and cat up every plant in their way, letting nothing efcapc lliem. The inhabitantr, to flop rlieir progrefs, nude trenches all over their fields and gardens, and filled them with wa- ter ; orelfe placing in a row great quantities of heath, ftubble, and fuch like comlniftibl<: matter, tliey fet them r fire on th.' approach of the locufts. But all this vin to no purp<. r, for the trenches were quickly filled up, and the fires put out by infinite fwarms fucceediig one another, whilft the front feemed regardlefs of danger, and the rear preflrd on fo clofe, that a retreat wa^ inipoilible. A day or two r*": rone of thefr bodies v>*i in ntotion, others were aire ' ■ hatched to glean after them, gnawing off the young branches, and the very bark of fuch trees as had ef- caped before with the lofs only of their fruit and foliage ; fo juflly hath the infpired writer compared tliem to a great army, and ohftrved, that the land is as the garden of £dcn befori. them, and behind them a dcfoiatc witdcr- ncfs. Having, in this iSanner, lived near a month upon tlie ruin and deftruflion of every thing that was green an»l (uicy, they a-rived at their full growth, and threw ofl^ their worm-like ftate by calling their fltin<. To prepare them- felves for the change, they clung by their limder feet, to fomr bufh, twig, or comer of a ftonc, wh'-n immediately, by an undulating motion, ufcd upon the occafion, their heads would firft .-ippear, and foon after the reft of their ; bcdic:, after v.'hj'-h they !»v in a lanffuifhincr condition:' but as foon as the fun and air had hardened their wings, and dried I'p the moifture that remaincl -.ipon them, after ^>e ciiUng ofl^ their (loughs, they returned again to tticir 5 t former ytuacity! with bary: belides their koran, and fome other cnthufiaftifi Comment* upon it, veiy iirw books ate' r«44 or enqulre4 after, by thofe few pcrfons of riper years, whq luve lyoti) time and loifure for ftudy and contemplation. All that variety of learning which they formerly eitlier inventeS themlelves, or adopted into their own language, may hi be reduced, at prei'ent, to a few (bcets-of blundering geo^ graphy, or to fome tirefome memoir* pf thf tranfaft)on» of their own times ; for liich .biwi^het of hiftory a* aip older than their prophet, are a medlty only of rotaaae* and confufien. 1 The fame writer obferves, that, upon his arrival at .Al- giers, he made it his thief bufinefs, to be acquaiii^d^itll fuch perfons as had the charader of being leamedf and cu* riout i and though it is very difficult {as. well from tlieif natural fhynels to ftrangers, as frum a particular oontc;>ndt they have for Chriftians) to cultivate any rtal friendll^p among them { yet in a little time, it was perceived tliat : the chief aftronomer (who had the fuperintendance an«l regulation of the hour of pi a; •■■r) had not tii^ouometr-f f enough {p projeft a fundial ; tliat tlie whole art of navi* ' gation, as it is pridifudat Algiers and Tunis, coi^fifled ill j nothing more than whit is called the pricking of a char^ > anddiftinguilhing theciglit principal points of the corn- pals. Even chtiiiiftry is no (Wither applied at pre*ent tlian to the diftilling of rofe water ;, tboiigli this was formerly the favourite icience of thele people. Notwithftanding the extreme ; ignorance of tliefe peoj pie in general, tliere are however, feveral perfons wh6 prefcribe in phyfic, play upon a variety of mufical iailrur 1 ments, and are concerned in lotlicr e^^ion* and perform' ancct, which feem, at lealV, .to.fuppofe fome fkill in ma* thcm.itics ; yet all this is Icamt merely by practice, long* habit, and cullom, affiftcd, for the moft part, with great ilrength of memory and quickiKls of invention ; for no objeSion can be made aguiiiit the natural parts and abilit>uS of thefe people, who are certainly fnbtil and ingenious, and only want time, application >!nd eacouragemcuc to cultivate and improve them. As the people Vclievc in (VriAand abfolute predeflinatioil« few of tliem will cither admit of advice or medicine.; whilft otiicrs, who are lefs f-,, erftitious refpefling religion, prevent the afliOance of both by their illoondu£l and ma- nagtment, leaving all to the Arength of nature, or elfe to mager-eali, as they call Charms and enchantments, con* cerning which they arc very credulous. There is fcarcely one (Krlon ii. twenty thnufand that w veii'ed in numeral arithiuetic algebra, nuiwitlillanding their forefathers, it we may .dgctrom the name, feem to have been the inventors of i .e one, as tlicy have given to all Europe the charaAcrs ,)f the other. However, tlie merchants, liefides iKing frequently very dextrous in tlie addition and fubtraftion ot large fums by memory, having a fingular method of iwntcration, by putting their hands into each other's fleeve, and then touching one another with this or that linger, ot fuch particular joint of it (each of tliein denoting a determined fum or numlier), they will traiitafl affaii'<; of the greateft value, without fpeak- ing tonne aiiothcr, or being at all undciftood by the bye- lUnder. 'I'he M^hi »t ries of our fathers, are fuppofed to frequent fhades and fountains, and to alFumt: the bodies of toads, worms, and other little animals, which, being always iii our way, are liable every moment to be hurt and molefted, Wbeti •ay perfoii, therefore, is fick or maimed, he fancies that lie has injured one or other of thefe beings, and immedi- ately the women, who are dextrous in thefe ceremonies, go upon a VVednefday with frankinccnfe and other j)cr- fiimes, to fome neighbouring fpring, and there facri)i;e as we have already hinted, a hen or cock, an cvve yr a ram, &c. accordmgto the fex and quality of the patient, and tlie na- ture of tlie diftempcr he is atfli£led witli. :ii SECT. XI. Ctmta'uu a Je/criftim of the Meditirranian fea. A S the ievirai provinces and diftrifls of Barhary, lately /t^ treated of, have tlie Mediterranean for their northern boundary, it will be therefore neceflary to give a particular delcriptionof that celebrated fea, before wc proceed with our account of the other pans of Africa ; cfpccially as there arc many particulars relating to it, too curious to be over- looked in a work of this nature, and which wc thnll now give our readers in as fuccin£t a manner as the fubjcA will admit of. I'he Mediterranean fea is fo called on account of its l>e- ing furrounded by tht land on all fides, except at the two fir lights at the end of it, vi/.. that of Gibraltar, on the weft, and the liofphorus on the call, which laA lets the Euxine or Ul.uk fea, as the former doth a conftani cur- rent from the wcllein ocean into it. The anticnts called it rhc Hefpcriin lea, from tlie word Hefpcr, or Velpcr, f%nifving the well. It via alfo (lilcd Marc magnum, or the Cirqat fca^ and Mare infernum, or Lower fea. The former was given to it by the facred books of the Old Teilament, in oppofition tc the lea of Cioliice, and the Dead i«a, which, though digniticd with the name of fea, where but t'ni»ll lakes in comparirni of it ; and tlie Latter or Lower fea was pvi-n it by the Romans, (ro'v. the coait of Genoa to thole pf Sicily. Thofc of Inter- num, Intorius, and Inteftinuni, were given it on the fame account with that of Mediterranean. The Spaniards call it Mardi lcvai\to, ur the Eaftern lla, by icafanot itsfitu- ation with lelpc^ to them. This fea is partid tiom the weftcrnocean by the ftraights of Gibraltar alM)veiucntiuncd : from the Red lea by the illhmus of Sue/.; ancs It touches on each fide ; luclt as the lea of Gerto.i, thcTufcan orEtrufcan, the Sicilian lea, &c. and that branch of it which runs northward from the Cape J^ Olranto, quite up to Venice, ii ftited tll« Adriatic fet, or gulf of Venice i and fo of the reft. The Mediterraiican hath abundanccof thefe gulfs. The moft coniiderable of them are, that of Venice, laft fpoken of ; that of Lions, on the coaft of France ; thp Archi- pelago, in the Levant ; and that of Sidra, on the coaft of ' Barbary. It hath likewife a real liumbei of peninfulas, of which wc fhall only mention the three principal ones, viz. Italy, Greece* and Anatolia. The raoft cqnfiderable of its iflands are thcrt^'Vf i^icily'i) Sardinia, Corfica, Ma- jorca, Minorca, Ootfti, Ccphalonia, Zante, Candia, Rhodes, Cyprus, thofe of the Archipelago, and many others ; an account of which the reader will find at the elofe of the quarter to which they rcfpeflively apper* tain. It is allowed on all hands, that a continual current flows from the Atlantic ocean intp it, at the ftrai)>;liis of Gi' braltar ; and another as c'ohft^ntly flows into it at the Ilofuhorus, from tlie Euxine or Black fea. Captaii\ Bolland, who lived nine years at Tangier, and made hit conflant obfervation on the former, tells us, that he never faw it fail, during all that time ; but that the Ihips in the middle of tlic llraightwcre ilw^s carried by tlje ftceam into the Mediterranean, uhleft hindered by eontnsry winds ; and it is well known, thai at Conflantinopfe a ftronc rapid ftrcam fets alwavif in fro.n the Black fea j notwithllandiiig which, and tKe prodigio:i« quantities o^ Watprtliat are likewife thrown into, it many of which ar^ very. Iirgc and deep, tliis fea is never oblervcd to overflow, or even rife beyond its ufual height. What becomes of all the water that is thus thrown into it, by two luch large and conftant currents ; the one of which is co':nputeil about ft>ur miles broad, and the other about two, is a queftion, that is more eafily afiied than refqlved, thoug)4 the learned have formed many conjeftures concerning jt. The moft received opinion, is, that which fuppofes the middle ftrcam to flow into it, whilft the two fidet, by a contrary courfe, difcharges tlicmfulves out of it into tlu; ocean. And indeed it is obftrvablc, that though inthemid- dle of the ftraighi there be a rapid current always fettinff in, yet, on the fides, there is a ftream of about a tliita part of that breadth, that flows fix hours, and ebbs fix, overy day ; and thai; a ftiU narrower ftream along tlie fhora doth likewife ebb and flow full twelve hours, but at Con- trary times from the other : fo that on the firft day of the moon it is flood at one of the clock, and ebb at feven, in the two intermediate ftrearas next to the middle current; and, on the fame day, it is flood at ten, :;nd ebb at four, in tlve two outermolt ftrearas next to the (hore : or rather, as tlie nbovementioncd capt.°iin Bolland affures lij^, it llowt at ten, srid cb'js at four, on the African iTiore ; and flows at c'eyen, and ebbs at five, on the European fide. 'We fhall now only add tluit fur|)rifing phcenomcnon of* its oppofitecurients i as diflicult to Lc accounted for, as tlut we have been fpeaking of concerning the Mcditer- ninean. Thefe currents have been long fince taken no- tice of by Prc/copius, who lived ii> the fixlh centuiy, and tells us, that the filhcrmen who frequented ir, rfpeciilly tliat part which is ftiled tlte abyl's, oblervcd, that their nets, when flung into 't, were drai^ged by the upper cur- rent diredly from north to I'outh from the fiirface down- ward to a certain depth, after -A'hich they bent vifibly z (laite contrarv way ; whence they concluded, tlut the lnwet cuncnt was cjuite oppofite to tile upper. M. 'TonrM- fort, who hath exainirsed the truth of tliis obfervation, cndearaurs to .iccount for this contrary courfe, by fup- (xifiii.; that the waters mo-Ing viclenty againft fome hol- low jTock, and meeting with a ftroni: repulfo froiv. ii, rauft of cpnfeq\)enca be beaten back wiui an opjiofite motion to vliit they had before. However, that judicious author is far e;\oughTrom being fatisfiei'. that this is the true caul* of this wondeiiul plusnomencn, aivd only p'-opofes it «3 » conjeflurc of his own, which may excite others to feck out for a better. Several other ingeniuus men liave alfo care- fully examined the UEt, and owned it altogether furprif- ing, particularly Mr. Gilles, and count iVfnrlilly ; but neither tliey, nor an.' other, have ventured to give their opinion about the ciule of it. Thus niuch (lull fuffics for the dclcription of this lea, which has been fo cemack* able both in anticiU and mqderB tuL\ory . ' St - ■'■ ■■ x'r^ '■■'■', .'••"'i No. as. f IS. CHAP. 850 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. • C H A P. II. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEGROL AND. SECT. I. Trtct' tf tht Jituatiori and Ititndarits tf ibt rivtr Gamkit, fttlliminti thirtan, tbi iingdtm >/ AfuKdiHgt, tht Gum Di- fart, country of tht Ph»liys, £jf on the banks of this river, as ^o on the borders of the . iver Gambia, are feveral fettlements be- . longing to the Englifh This extcnfive country is bounded, on the eaft, by Abyflinia and Nubia ; on the north, by the defart of Zaara ; on the weft, by thr Atlantic ocean ; and on the fonth, by Guiney and the kingdom of Benin. It extends about eight hundred miles in the broadeft part, from north to (outli ; and is upwards oi two thoufand two hundred rniles from caft to weft. The river Gambia lies in thirteen degrees twenty mi- nutes north latitude, and in fifteen degrees twenty mmutes weft longitude, from whence it is little to be wondered at that the climate fhould be exccflively hot. The rainy fea- fon v-fually begins with the month of June, and continues till the latter end of September, and fometimes the begin- ning of Oftober : the firft and laft are generally the moft violent. The wind comes firft, and blows exceftive hard for the fpace of half an hour, or more, before any rain fells, infomuch that a vefTel may be luddenly furprized and overfet by it ; but then a perfon may be aware of it a good while before it comes, for it looks dark, and the lightning breaking out of tlie black clouds, as they move flowly on, makes it appear very dreadful. During the rainy feafon, the fca breezes fcldom blow, but inftead of tliem eaftcrly winds right down the river, which in the months of Novcmbe'-, December, January and February generally blow very frelh, cfpecially in the day time. Four months of the year are unhealthfal. The greateft htats aie in May, three weeks or a month before the rainy fea- fon begins. The river Gambia is divided by a number of idands and fand-banks, and in the widcft part is about nine miles acrofs. It is navigable tor fmall vcflels upwards of fix hundred miles, the fides reaching to that diftance firom its mouth. The land on each fide is chiefly flat and woody ; but there are fome parts very open, on which the natives plant rice, and in the dry feafon they produce pafture for tlic cattle. The wild beafts conlift of lions, tygers, and elephants, and there are great numbers of crocodiles in th. river. On this river, thr "inglifh, French, and Poituguefe have fettlements. The chief belonging to the Englilh is in a fmall place called James's ifland, which licj about ten miles from the north of the river. There is alio another confidcrable faflory at Gyllifree, a large town on the north bank of the rivtr, iwar thebefbiemcntioried ifland , and a fhi.d i: Joar, higher up the river in the kingdom of riar- fally, which we Ihall more particularly treat of he eafter. Between James's fort and the mouth of the river, at a place called Albcdrais the chief fettlcmciit of the French, Gold, elephants teeth, bees -wax, and (laves, form the principal part of the trade carried on here ; the 'itter of tliefc are cither priioncrs taken in *ar, or |>erfoin ftoleii or condemned forcrimcs, 'Mic gold is of an excellent qua- lity, and much finer than llerling gold. The ivory, or riephants teeth, called by the natives morphcl, is cither 3 found in the woods, or got by hunting and killing the beafts 1 and the larger the teeth the more valuable the ivory : fome of them arc quite white, others yellow, but the diffinvnce of colour neitlier adds to, or diminifhcs the value. Bees wax ii fold in great quantities about the river, and it made in cakes from twenty to one hundred and twenty pounds weight. Gam dragon is alfo brought from this country : it comes from a tree called bois de fang, or blood wood, from whence an incifion being made in the tree, the red liquor ouzes out drop after drop, till feveral lumps are formed, which are afterwards dned in the fun. Several forts of people inhabit the banks of the river Gambia ; they are known under the following appella- tions ; namely, the Mundingoes, the Jolloifs ar Jalofs ; the Pholeys or Fouleys ; the Floops or Faloopt j and the Portuguele ; of all which, together with the manners and cuftoms of tlic inhabitants, we (hall now proceed to give an account. Mundingo is much larger tlian any other kingdom fita- ated on the banks of the Gambia, and the inhabitants of it are much more numerous. I'hc Portuguefe conquered this kingdom in thcbegirning of the fourteenth century^ when fome of them ft;ttled in it, and their defcendants have ever fince intermixed with the natives, fo that there is little diflerence between them either as to their colour or fhape, the former of which is quite black, and the lat- ter thick and cluinl'y ; but as they ftill retain a corruption of the Portuguefe language, and as they chriften and raarry by tlie help of the prieft fent annually from St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verd iflands, tliey confidcr themfelves as difTcrcnt from the Mundingoes, as if they were really natives l ♦ Portugal ; and as the term Negro is only ufed by them .(>r the flaves, they efteem it the greateft aflPront that can be offered, to apply it to them. The kingdom of Mundingo is of confidcrable extent, but its exact diftance cannot be ascertained. The natives are quite black, and have very dii'agrecable feature^, their lips being excecdi'':^ly thick, and their nofes remarkably broad and flat. They are rational and humane in their difpofitions, and are particularly civil to flrangers. They are in general very brifk and lively \ but, if affronted, are impetuous and revengeful ; nor can any quarrel be ad- iuiied, otherwife than by the dcrtruftion of^otvc or other of the perlons contending. Thefe people have • great fenfe of pride, the jvcalthier part of them keeping a prodigious nuinlu-r of (laves ; lijt tlicy treat them in fo humane a manner, tlut it is fonie- ■ iniei difficult to know the fervant Irom the niafter: they arc frequently much better cloathed, particularly the wo- men, who are ornamented with necklaces, bracelets, .'.nd ear-rings made of coral, ainbtr, and filver, tu a ronlider- able value. Several of tlio natives have many flaves bom in tncir liimilics , and though in fome parts of Africa tliefe are fold, yet in Mundiiifo 'twould be thought not only indifcrect, but very wicked ; nor is ever any family (lave ''old, except for I'uch crimes as would have authorized its being done had he been free. If indeed there art' niai.y lMve< in tiie family, and one of tlietii commits a criiMj, th: malier cannot (ell him without the comitnt of the reft ; for if he does they will di:(ert him, and fly to • neighbouring kingdom for protefVion. In moft of the towns of thi.s kingdom th.-y have a kind of drum of a very large lizc, called atanjtong, which they only beat on the approach of an cnenty, or on fome very extraordinary occahon, to call the inhabitants of the ncielibourine towns to tjieir aifiiUnce _ jn/t wljca this is beat -.^'ii-^tf = i *!^!|*^?^'- [AFRICA.] 1^ E b L A N a «5« really be^t in the night timC) it may b« he>- ' *t lix or fcrcn tnilet diilancc. If aitv of the tuttves ill treat i'. European, he applies tb thealcaidi or head man of tb. town, who is appointed to do iuAice on fuch occafluns ; he is called the white man'i'kiii|;, and has othcrvvife great power : he has the ftrft voice in all conferences relative to public tranfaftionsi and decides all quarrels. There are feveial perfons called lords of the foil, in this and tlie other kingdoms : they are conlidcred as kings in the rcf^jflive towns where they refide ; to them belong alfo the palm and ciboa-trces, which are here in great abundance ; and no one dare ufe any leaves, or draw any wine from them, without firft obtaining their confent. They who have the liberty of drawing the wine, acknow- ledge the obligation bygivingtwo days produce in a week to the lord of the foil i and white men are under the necef- (ity of makiru; a fmall prefent to them before they can cut leaves or grals to make coverings to their houfes. Having mentioned the palm and ciboa-tree, it may not be improper in this place, to give a particular dcfcription of them. The palm tree is very Arait s:id fmooth, and fome of tliein grow to the height of one I.undrfd feet. From the trunk of the tree the natives cxtrafl a liquor called palm wine, which in colour greatly rcfembles whey : tb efFeft this, they make an incifion at the top of the trunk, to which they apply goard bottles, and the liquor is con- veyed into thefe by means of a pipe made of leaves. The wine is ve v fwoet in its tafte, and if drank as foon as drawn is very purgative ; but if kept two or three days, it ferments, grows ftrong, and become.'! not only palatable, but alfo Very wholefome. The natives climb tlicfe trees with fuprifmg agility, in the following manner : They take apiece of the bark of a tree, formed in the Ihape of a hoop, with whicn they inciofe thcinfelves and the tree, the hoop being afterwards fecured ; they then fix the hoop under their arms, and reding th^ir back againft it, and their feet againll the tree, they climb up with fur- prifing expedition. Sometimes indeed they meet witli a fatal accident, which cither arifes from the bark, on which ihey reft not being properly fecured, or from miffing their ftep in climbing. The ciboa, or palmetto tree, greatly rc- fembles the palm tree, and runs alfo to a very conlideral)le height 1 the wine cxtraded from it taflcs fomething like that from the palm tree, but is not quite ("o Iwcet; and they make coverings of the le.-ivcs which grow on the top. Their buildings, efpecially thofc of the common peo- ple, are very lor' and mean, of a conical foriu, and have no other light but what is admitted by tlic door, which is fo low, that they are obliged to ftoop in entering it i they are formed of a kind of wicker work plaiftcred over with earth, and covered with leaves oi tlie palm tree on the top. With refpeft lo their furniture, they have only a few common neceflaries, fuch as earthern dilhes for their food, wooden bowls, p atrs, dilhes, &c. They have neither chairs, tables, or'tciis, a mat fupplying the place of all three; for on that they fit, cat, and flccp. Among the better (brt indeed the maftcr of tlie houfe is diftinguilhcd by having a bed, which confifts of a kind of hurdle laid upon pieces of wood, and elevated about two feet from the floor : on the top of it is laid a mat, on which, they flccp ; but they have no kind of covering, nor any Ihects. Rice, pulfe, and Indian corn are their principal food, which they mix with boiling water, or broth made from the flclh ot c-ocodilcs : liiey like the latter the bcft, and are not on! fond of the flelh of the crocodiles, but alfo their eggs ; their greatcft dainty, however, is fifh dried in the fun, or fnioked, and the more it Itiiiks the better they like it , in lliort, they are far from bring dr;llcate in their ap- petites as they will not only cat what is already mentioned, but alfo fiiakes, monkies, al'igatori, or any other thing th?t comes in their way. Their common drink is water j but thry fom';tinK's ufe palm wine and mead, and thcv will not refufc rum and brandy if they can meet with it. They make two meats a day. one about non, and the other in theeveniiig. Theyfit at their inealt, and take uptheviAuah « ifh the fingers of the right hand only, confidering it in- decent to touch with the left cither 'Iieir food or lips. Poor people among them go almoft naked, havint; only a piece of linen faft'.ned round the want with aeirdle, in which they .ilwavs carry a long k iife. The richer fort wi\ira kind of Ihirt, Vith d'awew made of cotton ; and they have alfo fandals to their teet, which arc fattened on the inftcp with firings. Some of them carry a lone dart, others have bows and arrow), and feme have a fword flung ovir the right Ihouldcr. The women have a piece of cotton tied rouiu) the waiflt from whence it reaches to the knees The upper part of tlie body is nakedi but, by way of ornanientt it is flained or painted with figuns of variou-. colours. Some indeed have a loofe piece of cotjon thrown over their fhouldert, but that is confidered as a particular kind of extravagance. Both fexes wear a large bunch of keys hanging it th« end of their girdles ; which is an addition they are ex- tremely proud of. The people marry their daughters very young in thi|, as in moft other hut countries : fome of them are even contracted as foon as they are born, and the parents can never afterwards break off the engagement . the men, however, can rcfufe accepting them when at a proper age } neither dare the girl marry any other without his confent, Before a man takes his wift: he is obliged to make a prefent to her parents of two hundred cola : two iron bars, and two cows ; the cola is a fruit that grows in the inland parts of the countrv, and fomcwhat refembles a horfe chefnut. When a man takes home his wife he makes a grand entertainment, to which they who think proper, come, without the cerciliony of a formal invitation. The bride is brought on mens Ihoulders, with a vail over her face, which is not removed till the marriage is properly confummated i and during this time the company fing, dance, and exhibit every kind of the moft ridiculout mummery imaginable. The men arc allowed to take as many wives as they pleal'e ; and if any one of them proves falfc, the hufband ■ IS at liberty to fell her as a (lave. If any diilike arifes, he may turn oiT his wife, and make her take all her children with her, unlcfs he is inclined to keep any of them himfelf, in which cafe he generally cliufes fuch as arc able to alTili him in the bufinefs he follows. He has alfo the liberty of going any time after they have patted, and take any of the other children from her. A very diftinguilhcd rcfpeft is paid by the Women to their hufcanJs, infomuch that if bufinefs calls them a day or two from home, their wives, when they return, falute them on their knees ; and they farther fliew their humi- lity, by always placing thcmfelves in tliat pofture when they give them drink. And their lordly hufbands, in order to render their power as complete as poffible, Compel their Wives to obe- dience by all the force of fear ana terror. For this pur- pofe, they have a figure about eight feet high, made of the bark of trees, and dreffed m a long coat, with a whifp of ftraw (in the head, made in the form of a cap. It is called a muinbo jumbo , and when any controverfy arifes be- tween a man and his wife, this flrange figure is fent for to determine the difpute, which generally termiiuies in &- vour of tlvit'u one of them, tliey immediately form a circle roi: -.'.in, and, falling on tlieir knees, folicit his bsnediftir.n From their uperftitious notions, they have fuch faith in their priefts, tha'. : ' can but obtain a charm, or, as tliey call it a gf ifgr'.^, u. .^ Jhiiik themtclvesfecure from any kind of danger. This gritgris confills of nothing more than a few Arabic charaaers drawn on a piece ot paper, or the figure of lizaids, ferpents, or fomo other animal, which thiey wear about them as the moft valuable poflef- fion. Tlicy haVe fuch an opinion of the utility of this fuppofed charm, that the pooreft negro will not be without it i and he is particularly careful to have it about him whenever he engages in any hazardous cnterprizc, as fup- pollng it a prcl'crvativc from every danger : however, whei» it happens to prove ineffectual, which is fometimes the cafe, the maraoout attributes it not to any dcfcfl in the charm, but to the bad conduft of him Wl)o |io(pjireil it. The priefls reap conlidcrable benefits by the laic of tliolc chamfs, as they fix the price in propoitiuii to the circuni- Aanccs of the piirchafci , and Ionic of tlifm cairying on the richcft cortimcice of the country, not only by tiadiiig liirgely iiV thefe .ii ticlcs, hut alio in golo, flavcs, clcphatits teeth, &c. There is a fort of people on the borders of the kingdom of Mundingo, called l loop'-, who arc in a manner wiki, and inveterate enemies totncir neighbours. Their coun- try is of confiderable ex'ait, iiut they have not any king, ar.d areintirely independent of eath other; notwithuandiiig which, they are lo numerous, thai the Muiidingoes, with all their force, cannot conquer them. Their towns are fuiTOunded with a kind of fortification made of flicks driven into tne ground clofe together, and covered witii cla . They have the charafter of being very grateful when they receive any favour ; but if any in|uty is offered them, they will never forgive the party, or fuRi r ir to pafs unrevenged, when an opportunity prelents itfclf. About one hundred miles fi'oin fort St. Lewis ii lituared the Gum Defart, which is the place whe'rv, the trade is car- ried on with the .Moors. It is a large plain, furrounded at a confiderable diflaiice by hills of red faiid, and lo bar- ren, that it produces only a few ftraggling (hrubs. Near the fide of :he river is a large palmetto tree , and there are a few huts built by the French, to fecurc their merchandize from the depredations of robbers : they aie furrou'idid by a ditch fix feel in breadth, and cncoinpafled witli a-kiuii nSf rampart and pallifadocs. This part of the country may proiKrIy be called the Dcfart, for it is generally detti- tute of inhabitants, and is only vifited at fuch times as the Moors have an opportunity of bringing gam to fell to the Frtucli, w'iotheii go ilovvri to it, and purciiafc wiiat ihiy bring, how great Iocs it the ouaiitify may be. There is a place called Engerbet,' about twenty mil«fl «» theeaftof this IDefart, where the king of thejdiloiffs hM his p piii-,cipaHy con- fift in taking careof their cattle, and (■u't.ainig their lands. Thc^- live 111 hord^ orctaii« ; and fomi their buildings on fuch a confiiuftion, that tlu ) are ealily removed ftom one place to anollirr. Their counnv is very fn'.'e and produces plcntiUil i tops of large and imaJI millet, cotton, tobacco pcafe, rice, corn, potatoes, yams, SlC. 1 hey have preat nuniliers ot canle : their goats and fhccp arc ex- tremely fine ; and their oxen lo large that the 1 rench buy up all tbeir hides at a very great price. They plant to- bacco :ii"ar their houles, and round tlieir towns they plant cotton, lieyond which arc their coin fields. The corn is of four forts, vi/.. malz or Indian («ri<, rice, and tlic larger and Icfiir Guiney corn, the laaltr of shich is called by the l-'i Ttugucfc, n aiifaroke. T he I'holeys are very fond of F.i.ropean (neicbandi7r, aiul ticat the iiajcis that bring them with grtji civility. T hey ufr a '.ariety of mufical inftrumtiiu, and are very fiind of dancing. T he drefs of both frxes cotW'iOs of a kind of wiapptr made nf fcveral flips of cotton, whi*h i« falUned round the waitl. from whtncc it ttafhts '.%■ ttle knees , and they aciorii their arras and legs with anclew and bracelets of amber, gold, pearls, and glifs beada of va- rious colours. Their hvul'csaieof a louiid form, termi- nated by a cone ; tJuv aic built in row« .it fome difianca from each other, and are placed w ith great unifbtnnt) T hey arc very temperate in their i;vinu, aiid rcn.aiVably indulliicus and Irtigal, As they railc niu jiiuie (.ortt and cotton than they cciil'uind fituatcd on the northern bank of tlic Senegal. The whole country iKtween tliclctwo places is exceeding plea- fant, being laid out in large meadows, wbicli abound with the beft of cnttic, and are very fertile. Guiorcl, islituated alxjut fixty leagues from Hovalade ; it is a l;ugc village, and the tr.iding place of the firotic, or king of the Plioleys, though he has not any houfe there. His pal.icc, or place of rcfijcncc, is fituated about thirty miles to the north caft of this village ; near a large rivtr, that fwells much at the fame time as the Senegal, and, overiiowing its Iwnks, forms a large marfli, whcr" ttii ne- groes plant vice, millet, jiuUc, he. after the waters are dried up. Bpucar, is another confulcrable village, and belonci ^^ the eldcft ton of the king of the Pholcys : it is about cighl niilos from Ciuiotel, towards tJK- north-eafi, and fituatcd oa I hill 111 the center of a large i>;.iiii, where the wind Wow . fiom all quarters, which reivJcrs the climate Rrcnc and wholefome. The whole country is well cultivated, and bolides othtr .things, produces a p.iL-at quantity of caitk. The inhabitants are very numerous, and carry on a good trade with tbot'e who live ne.ir them. Laci, is the laft place of ,-uiy note in this kingdom, and Bes nlwut twelve miles north of (iuiorel , it i>! a very con- (idcrablc village, and belongs to n near relation of the king, who is called lutxl of this part of the country. His huts or habiiations arc at foiue dilbnce from the village, iituated oji a riling ground, planted with lofty trees that fccurc them from tire vioknt heat oi the I'jn. The whole l)uildiiig confiQ^ of three fivtcious courts, the firft of ivhich contains iUblcs for ftvci.^l kinds of cattle,^and is in- doled on three Cdes with reeds and thick briers . in the fe- cund court arc the lord's Luti, thofeof his wi\es, and fome of Ills fcrv.uits ; the roll have huts in the tl.ird court, where tli..ic ait alio otlicrs ulcd as warchoufes. Between Gui- orcl and Laca arc feveral other villages, which ahnoft join each other i and the v.h'.jk- country in this part is well cultivated, and very populous. Thus having dctcribcd the principal places in this coun- try it will Hot uc improj>cr here to introduce u reiriarkahlr No. 2j. Aory of one Jc' .T«rt loinon, of the race of the Pholeyv, andYon tothe hi^, , ift of Bundo, hi Forta, who wa* fold as a (lave. Came f) England, and received diftiii- guifhcd honours from the royal family and nobility. Mr. Moore defcribes tile particular cirr,umfl,inces of this amiable African) and as that gentleman was in company with hiin after his return to his own Cj\mtry, his relation of him muft be therefore the moft genuine and credibli;. As ihisperfon was travfllini;, in the year 1731. on the Ibuthfuleof theGathbia, with a fcrvaiit, he was robbed and fcized by order of a king of a country a little widilh the land, who fold both hiili and hii man fdr (laves to one captain Fyke, who failed with them to Maryland. The Pholevs, his humane countrymen, would have redeemed him, had he not been carried out of the river before t\vc\ had notice of his l^ing a flave. Job, on his arrival ar Maryland, was fold to a planter, who, finding he had very diftinguhhcd abilities, treated him with groat refpeft : and at the expiration of twelve months, Job had the good fortune to li.ive a letter of his own wiitini;, in the Arabic tongue, convoyed to England. This letter coming to the hands of Mr. Oglethorpe, he fent it to (Jxford to be tranflated, which being done, itgavehinl Inch fuisfaftion, and inlpired him with lo good an opinion of the anlhori thit he immediately lent orders to have him bought of his mailer. Mr. Oglethorpe fooil after this fot out for Georgia ; and Ijeforc his return from thence Job arrived in England, where, being brought to the acquaintance of Sir Hans Sloan, he was found to be a perfcft rnafter of the Arable tongue, by his tranflating feveral m4nufcriptj and rnlcrip- tions on medaU. Sir Hans Sloane recommended him t6 the duke of Montague, who being picafcd with his genius and capacity, the agreeablenefs ol his behaviour, and the I'weetiiefs of his temper, introduced him to court, where he was graciouflv received by the royal femily and moft of the^ nobility, wno honoured him with many marks of their favour. After he had continued in England about fourteen months, he determintd to return to his nr.tive country, from an eartieft dcfirc he had to fee the high pricft his father. Ou his leaving EngKind. he received many noble pre- fents from her maiefty queen Caroline; his royal highnefl the duke of Cumberland, the duke of Montague, the earl of Pembroke, feveral ladles of quality, and tlie rcfyal Afri- can company ; the latter of whom ordered tticir agents tp (hew him the grcateft relncft. On the jtlt of Aogutt 1 734i he arrived at James's fbrt, at which nmc ftU. Moore, then employed in the fervice of the Afi.can company, was at that place ; and finding the veflfcl came from England, he immediately went on board. Mr. Moore thus relates what followed after tlie firft inlerricw ; ^nd which we (hall give in his own words ; " Job," fays he, " dcfired that I would fcrid a.raenaee to his country, to let his friend.^ know where he was. 1 Ipokje to one of the blacks whom \vi ufirally emploved, tp pro- cure me a incflengor, and he froti^ht ffle a l*holey, wild not only knew the high prioft lis father, but Job himfelf, and rxprt-ITed great joy at fcoir.g him returned from (lavcry, he heing the oiilv man, excot one, '-vcr known to conic back to his country, .after be ngonce carried a flave out of Itby white men. job delivered him tfcc inelTage himfcljf, and dcdrid tliat his lather ihould not come down to himj obfcrving that it was too far far him to travel ; and that it was fit the young flioiild eo to the old, and not for the old to r.imc to the yourvg. He alfo C-nt fom'; prcfcnts to his wives, and dcfired the man to bring his little one his bcft beloved d'wn wltli him. " Job, having a mind to go up to Joar, to talk to fome of liii countrymen, went along wivh mr. VV e arrived at the creek of Daiiiotenfa, and having fome old acquaint- ances at thcmwn of th.at name. Job and I went there to- gether. In tin' evening as we were fitting under a great tree, there came fix or (even of the very people who tliree years before had roblied and made a (lave of him at about thirty miles diflance from th.1t plac. Job, thoutjh natu- rally polKiTed of a very even tcmpor, enuld not contain hinifolf on feeing them; he was tilled with raj{e and Indlg.* n.ition, and was for attacking them with his broad fword and piftols . which he alwnv to..^ rare to have about him. It was was wkU grcatditlK tlty 1 could dilTuado him from rulhiiig upon rh m ; but at lcni;th icprcfonting the ill confeqviences that would infallibly attend fo raih an aftiPii, ;,nd ihc Imuoflibility that cither of u; Ihould cl- cape alive. 1 made nini lay al'ulr i.hf jtte.'V.pr, snj psillir.dc !'.imii> fit down, and, pretendin,; nor to know tlicni, t»> m alk tlient quulUo;is abgjt liliutUf i S v>hi.;li hv rf;.\)u!in;;l» .iii % ^ 154 Tilt NEW AND UNIVERSAL 3\9TEM of GEOORAPHY. iid, and the)' told tiirn the tmth. At laft he inquired how tlie kin^ their iiiafter did ; they replied ; that he wa< dead : and by (arthrr : nquiry we louiidi tliat amoiigft the goodi for which he ru;d Job to Cnptiiin Pykct there wet a pillol, whicli the liing u(ed commonly to wear flung by a fling about his nerk ; and as they never carry armi without thrir being loaded, the piftol one day accidentally went etr, and the balls lodging in his tliroat, he prefcntly died. Job was fo trsnfported at the clofe of this (lory, that he immediately fell on his knees, and returned thanks to Ma- homet for making his |)erfccutpr die by the very goods for Ivhich he fold him into (lavery. Then turning to me, he faid, " You fee now, Mr. Moore, that God Almighty was difplealcd at this man's making me a flave, and there- for made him die by the very piiloT for which he fold me : yet I ought to forgive him, for had I not been fold,I fliould iieitlKt have known any thing of the Englilh tongue, nor have had any thing of the fine, ufeful, and valuable things I have brought with me ; nor have known tliat there is fuch a place in the world as England ; nor fucli noble, good, and generous (leople as queen Caroline, the duke of Cu4V.'.'..iiiii>l, :!w duke of Montague, the earl of Pembroke, Mr. Holden, Mr. Oglethorpe, and the royal African company." " After this, Job went frequently with me to Cower, and feveral other places about the country. He always fpoke very handfomely of the Englilh ; and what he faid removed much of that horror the Pholeys felt amongil thcni for the Date of flavery their countrymen tud been fubjcA to s for tliev before generally imagined, tliat all who were fold for (laves, were at leaft murdered, if not eaten, (ince ncnc ever returned. His defcriptions atfo gave them an high opinion of England, and a veneration for the Englilh who traded among(l them. He fold fume of the prefcnts he brought with him for trading goods, with whicli he bought a woman (lave and two Itorfes. He gave tiis countrymen a great deal of writing paper, a very va- luable commodity amongft them, and the company had made him a prelcnt of ftveral reams. He nfed frequently to pray, and behaved with great affability and mildnefs to ■II, which attra£led the efteem of every one." " The melTcnger whom Job had fent to his bthcr, &c. rwt returning fo foon as was expelled, he dcfired me 10 go down to James's fort, to take care of his goods, and I promifed not only to fend him word when the incflenger came back, but to fend other melTengers, for fear the tir(l Ihould havemrifcarried." '• At length the mellenger returned with feveral letters, and advice that Job's fatlter was dead, but had lived tu re- ceive the letters his fon had fent him from England, which gave him tfie welcome news of his being redeemed from flavery, and an account of the figure he luule in EngLiiid. That one of Job's wives was ntarricd to anotlier man j but that as foon as the new hulband had heard of his re- turn, he thought it ajvifcable to abfcond ; and that (Ince Job's abfcnce trom his native country, there had been fuch a dreadful war, tlut the Pholeys tlicre had not any cows left, though before Job's departure his country was famed for its numerous herds. With this me(rciiger came many of Job's old friends, whom he was exceedingly glad to fee; but notwithflandingthc joy tlicir prefence gave him, he ulcd abundance of tears, for the lofs of his fatlicr, and the misfortunes of his country. He forgave his wife, and the man who had taken her ; Cor, faid he, (he could not help thinking I was dead, for I was gone to a land from whence no other Pholey ever yet returned ; therefore nei- ther (he nor the man arc to be blamed. During tlircc or four years he convcrfed with his friends without any inter- ruption, except 'o deep and eat." (oh took his laft farewel of Mr. MoOrc in the moft af- fc^ionatc manner, when he embarked on board the com - p.iny'« vcff.'l for England ; and at the fame time gave liiiii Idlers fo till- duke of Montague, the royal African com- >aiiy, Mr. t)glethroj)c, and i'evtral other gcmlenvn in iinland, tcllinj; him to give his love and duty to thcin, and to acijii.iint tlicm, th.it as he Jcfigncd to learn to wiitc flic Rnplilh tfiMgiic, he would, wluii lie w.rs mafter of it, ("cud them longer cpilllts. He alio dcfircd Mr, Moore, that .I? he li*l lived with I'.iin aliuoft ever (Tiicc he came flicrir, lie would lut lii< rr.ir.' .in.l the other gciitlciueii know what li;- had doin-, .iiul ili.ii lie would endeavour to proifuci: lu;li an juJcrnaiidiiij bcrwcfn the Afric.m company and the Pholeys, th:itliedid not doubt would l»c of great ad- vantage to tlif Kiv.'li'h, frcmwhoin he Ii.-k1 received innii- niirablc favours, and bv whom he hiul been ttdecnud fnim flavery, and brought fafely home to his country and 8 E C T. II. Givti 4H attiUnt if tht EMrtftan filtliminli, tnj tlh.r Haftt Mthtriwr Gamtia; atjt a liijcriptitmj' tbi rivtr Vig^r tr SiHtial i with iht frincifai Hiifdtmt^ Ut. m its banki, THE Englilh have tlieir principal fettlement here at .St. James's ifland : it is fituated near the center of the river, whicli is here at leaft (even miles wide, and about thirty iniles from the river's mouth The iflind, at low water, is about three quaner* of a mile in circum- ferciKe. Thou|;li this ifland belongs to the Englilh, it is ncverthclcfs fubjcA to a fmall tribute paid annually to thu king of Barrah. 'I'he fort is a fquarc ftoiie building, with four baftionit - on each of which are fcven guns well mounted. Under the walls, facing the water, are two toilnd batteries, on each of which are four large cannon : and between them »re planted fmall guns. Within the fort are convenient apartments for the covcrnor, merchants, faftors, and nii- litarv officers ; as atfo magazines and ftorehoufes. With- out the walls of the fort arc ftrone barracks for the foldiers, artificers, fervnHs, and flaves : they aie made with ftonc and lime, and are furroundcd with urong pallillidocs. As a proper f .urity to the fort, the foldiers are cunftantly or» duty i and ccntiiiels are appointed night and day to patrole round it, and make llieir report to the governor. They generally keep here tliree or four Hoops and as many long boats ; mine of which arc continually employed in fetch* ing provifjons and water from the mam, for the ufe of tho garnfon, and the reft arc employed in carrying goods up to the other faflories, and bringing from them wax, ele-. ' pliants teeth, and (laves. ; The company have alfo a faftory plcafaiitly fituated ttt a laq;e town called GillilVcc, a little below lanies's fort % > and here are large gardens that fupply JauwN's fort wicU 1 all kinds of vegetables. This town is inhabited by Por* tuguefe, Mundiikgoes, and foine Mahometans, the lattet' of whom have a icatmofquc. On the north (hie, oppofitc to St. James's ifland, and, about a mile and a half from Gillifrcc, is a fmall place called St. Domingo, conlirtiiig only of a few round huts belong- ing to the compar y, in which foine of their Haves live, who fill the caflis lent tlierc daily for water, take care of «_ well, and cut wood for the fort. Here is alfo another factory belonging to the Englilh,' nearly oppofite to tlie foutli fide of James's iflanu ; thi« is lituatecl on a river called Cabata, which falls into tho Gambia ; but as the chief ufe of the faflory is to fupply James's ifland with provifions, httlc trade ti carried on here. The Englifli li.ive likewife another faflory about twenty miles above Jan>es's fort, at a town called vintain, fitu- ated on a river of the fame name, which falls into th* ' Gambia. The chief commerce of this faflory confifts in hides, ivory, and wax. The town .lielougs to one of the kings of roiiia, and is plLilaiitly (ituated,on the fide of a hill, near the river. 'I'hc inhabitants ronfift of Portu- guefc and Mahometans, the latter of whom have a hand- i'omcmofque. The town is plentifully fupplicd with pin-' vifions, great quantities of which arcbiouglit by the Flotipi which l>ordcr upon it. The people of this town are extremely proud of iheif' - hair ; foiue of them wear it in tufts and hunohes, others cut it in erodes, and foine fli ing, coral, or licads upon it. The men wear a cloth round tiieir waifts, which leachcV^ to the knees, and they have another cloth thrown over the right (houlder : on their heads tlKy wear cips of cotton cloth, fomc of wliich arc plain, and others adorned with feathers and goats tails. I'he drels of the women conliiU of a piece of cloth wound roiiiid the wait>, and reichiiif to the fiiullof their legs ; they tie handkerchiefs round their licadi, leaving the crown bare, wliicli foiiicof thcmoniamcnt with liiiall horli: bells, and they who have not got hand- kerchiefs, fupply their places by mX'uyz. a flip of tilue and white cotton. 'Their luits .ire .ibout fifty feet in riicum- fercnce, built with flicks and clay, and covered cither with IrMij; grafs or palmetto leaves. Their furniture confifts oiilv of a Iniall died for tlnaths, a nut to lie on, which is railed about a loot from the floor , a jar to hold water, and a calabalh to .(rink it with ; two or thrre wondfil iivirLiii, in whitli iliey pound their com .iitJ rice. ;ind a lew large dilhes, out of which tb-v cat i-heir food wirh tlu'ir f.iit',cri, fiuce tlu-v vil. nuUier kir.vcs fork-., of li>')o;is 'I'h'-t'i" B^-3pls itt ^STV I'.nJof ihsfiiklng?^' s*co, wJsicU -"V'- »^% tAt^RICA.] ii of their own growth ; and (ovnt ef them, bein^ fur- nilhed with this article, will go two dty> together without fating. I'hey make their pipe, thetnlelvci, the bcwl of whicM* is tbrntcd of a rcdilh coloured cUvi but the ftem* are only ■ piece of reed, or a fnull (lick bored through with a hot iron -.virc, and fome of them are fix feet in length. After they are bored, they polilh them with rough leaves, till they arc fniooth, white, and handlbme. They fiiftei) the bowl and ftim together with a piece of red leather, and t'omctinicH they lung a fine leather tallci to the centtr of thcpipc, as an oriianicut to it. The abuvcnu'iitioned town is fiiuatcd in the kingdom of Foiiia, which logins were Cabala river falls into the (iambia, and reaches to the river Vintain. It it governed by two kijigs, who have each their frparate diltri£ts ; but it lus not any remarkable place, that dcferves tlie Ical^ no- titr, except the town jull treated of. At 'r.incrowall, in the kingdom u . ~n, about thirty- iivc milet from James's fort, is the ne.'.. tftory bclunging to thf blnglilh. Thi.4 loVvn is about half a mile in length) plralantlv lituatcd by tlie fide of the river, and behind it u a fuic hill l)cautifullv varirpted. It is divided into two p.irts, ore of which is inhabited by Portugutfc, and the other by Mundingocs. The former live in large fijuaic buildings, and the latter in round huts made of iticks and clay ; they are about eight fcethi{;,!i, and twenty in diame- ter, with a roof like that of a bee-hive, made cither of lliaw or nalmctto-leaves, and lb thick as not only to keep the rain from penetrating through, but alio to fccurc them from the violent heat of the fun. This town is tlie rcfidcnce of a prieft annually font over from St. Jago, one of the Cape do Verd illanus, who lias a church here, in which, duiing his refidcnce, mafs is faid alinoil every day. Hi re arc many of the dcfcend- ants of the Po"-; guefe, who lend canoes up the river onre or twice a yea: , by which means they nave made this town the richc/.i i the wliolc river, and a place of great lefort. Caen reaches about fcvcnty miles along the river, and is governed by an emperor and a king, who are both Mun- dingoes,and have tlieir rcfpe^tive revenues from commo- dities of different kinds. Barfally, is the next kingdom we come to: it is a very noted country, governed by a king of the jolloif nation i and here the Englilh have alfo a factory at a town called Joar, where they carry on a very coiifiderable trade. This town is fituated in a fine favannah furrounded with woods, in which are moft kinds of wild iKafls. It is aliout two miles from the Gambia, and is inhabited by a few Portu- gucfe. It is very fmall, the whole number of houfes not exceeding twelve, among tliefe are included the fafiory, and a houl^ belonging to the king of Barfallvi whicli two take up more ground than all the other buildings. About a mile t'ro:n the town is a ridge of high and rocky hills, co< 'vfred with trees, which runs many miles up the country. It is very plcafaiit walking on thcfe hills in the fumincr ; but in the rainy fcilons it is crtremcly dangerous, from the wild bcills who rcfoit there in great abundance on ac- count uf the low grounds being oveitlo~vcd; About the liiv.Minah arc plenty of deer, buffaloes, and wild hog^ ; alio a great number of partridges, which are exceeding f^ood, and t;reatly admired by the natives. Here are like- wile c.inu:leotis; and great nuinbcis of crocodiles, which the |x:o)ile kill and eat, confidering them as thciv mod de- licious tare. Cohone, where t'.ie king of Barfally ufully '.fides, is about eighty miles from the £n;j;lilh fort at Joar. As there are toleral>lc advantages to lie made by the company at this pl.TCc, provided their fupcrcargocs are honcf>, iticy gei:e- raiis fend a (loop ihillier two or three times in a year. At tlicfe tiuK's the king frequently ranfacks fome of his cne- inie!> tuwn», make! prifoncrsof the people, and fells tlicm for fuch co:nmoditics as he wants, which . commonly luaiiJv or lum, gunjiowdcr, ball?, gun:;, piltols, and cut- l.ilfes for liii attendants and fuldicrs, and coral and filver for h.s wivci and concubines. The king, as well as his ptoplc, are uf the Mahometan religion, notA'ithdanding wUi^h tlii.y ire greatly add'vied to drunicennel's. Thedrert of the lying ci.nlifls of a garraenL made like a furplicc, but reaches iio lowei tjian his knees, and a large piece oi'cloth g;itli«i'cd loiind his waid : he wears no tWkings, and *'? eiiilv iii cs uf which the inhabitants ufe for covering their houf':* A'ilh. I'here is a fmall town in the Upper Yang called Cuttc- jarr, iitiiated aboii, a mile from the river, between which the company had once a fadury ; but it being overflowed in the year 1715, and great quantities of goods deftroyed, they removed it to Samy, about eight milea farther, where it his continued ever fince. This town is noted for 1 ?,uod t.ade, particularly in flaves ; and is about twelve mile* loin the river. The factory of Faiable timrs) the people live in tlie open town ; but in tiiii' ( f war, they fliut tliemfclves up in tliat which is moft ftr, .ij;' • foititicd. "thcfe arc n.^turally a refraftory fort of people, Hid liave a king of their own, called Suma, who ha> a creat power over all the towns adjacent. The kingdom of Tomany, is next to tliat of Jemarrow : this is a very extcnfivc country, and contains more towns then any other on the whole river. The Enghlh have a fa£loi V at a fmall place called Yamya macunoa, where a conflderabh- trade is c:)rricd on, panicularly in dry cora- n- tities. The town is on the north fide of the river ; h\. the fnflory is on the fouth, and is defended by a ftrong fortuication. All vclTels tliat pal's this port pay a duty to thi 'ing of Tomany, who is a Mundingo, and lives at a place called Sutimoic, about tliree miles didint from Yam- yamacunda. Comoro lies beyond Tomany : tiiis is a larpc and popu- lous country, witd many fniall towns difperleu about it, but nnr any one nearer the river than three miles; and they all fo infignificant as nut to defervc any particular dcfcripfion. We l;..ill now" proceed to give an account of the famous river Nijer, or Senega!, which ukes its rile in the caftern part of Africa, andj after a courfe of three hundred miles ne.irly cad anil ved, divides itfelf into three branches, under the '^aincs of the Senegal, the Gambia, and thd Sitrr-. Leona; all which, like the Nile, oveitlow their banks I' I particular time in the year. I '.' raphers have not been able hithcrro to afcertain the '11 tehtof this great river i butfioiu the fa'thcruartthat pt-"<'tr.ited toth: llii, it reaches near tvfro tlioufand ■J tniles. Itrunse.idand wedlillvvithin.i!'outfix r" • 'i. n it rudJoilv lii.iks off, .•>.;'.,! fura;s ■ rt 1. •. i 1 tu fu'.itb uW)'„t rwcnty-five Ki;ur>i •;i «i6 The new awd UNJVTERSAL SVSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. Jcaguei, when it diffmbogufi itfelf into the fr». The ntoiith of tlie river is ilxjut fhrco milei Krof), but the tinflagr here it oftvn vri-y c!nnncrmn. on account of the nnr, wkicli ii not only continiiully ihit'iing, but alio clioaki it III) , and wlRiillie north uiiuU Itlow, the rtrram is lo rapid, and tlie w;ivcs run lu luf^i, that it lit impoirible for any vcflcis to pjf< it. Thr (''\-l\ times for croiriiin the bar, aie, between tlir months ol' .\iarch and Septcuilicr when the wind^ : u' changeable, uikI tlie bar ingcnrially fixed till the rainy lr;ilon fcti in, Thr banks of this river arc very frrtiic, and beaiitifollv variegated. Near the river Senegal aie lofty trees 'nliabited l>y va- rioiij forts of birds, irunc cf wlucli ari. vrrv liii ill, otbers litrge and many of llicni exrc lingliandfonic, and o< hrighfert colours, '11. re aic alio great numbers of l>| rels and munkics, -..d the more diliiinl parts .ibciind hants, the latter ol vvhivli have not that ferocity in tlu-iu tlut is natiii- il to tb ,v. in other couiv- triei, for they will not atteirpt to ittack any one they meet with, unlrf< fiiil niolctUd. Sonic parti of the low grounds abound wiMi a foft o( tli. -ny tree* whioli run to « prodigious height, and bear large branchei of yellow flowers that have an odoriferous fcent. The baiks of ' iivu ' i^jfli difpofiiions. This kingdom is very little hrm to I- jro- peans. Cano, is bounded by Zaara on the north ; by the river > ieer, on the fouth ; by the kingdom of Agade*, on the '.•ell i and that of Cafona, on tlie eaft. Some of the in- habitants arc hcrdfmen, and others till the ground, and dwell in villages. Some parts of it produce great quantities of rice, corn, and cotton ; but other parts of it are very barren, cnnfiftin^^ of defarts and woody mountains, in the htter of which are wild citrons and lemon trees. In the Center of the province is a large town of the fame name, fituatcd in ten degrees twelve minutes eaft longitude, and fifteen degrees thirty minutes north latitude. The walls and houfcs of this town are made of a kind of clav. and rlic inhabitam.'; in general arc of a civil and obligiiii; dif- polition ; the principal of whom are merchants. 'i"heir king was one; 3 powerful monarch, and had a prodigious nuiiit>cf of troops always at his command ; but he has for many years l)ccn tributary to the king of Tombuto ; on ivliidi account oncof that prince's courtiers always rcddcs fn the tosvn, to colleft the tribute. This kingdom i« fcvcn hundred miles loiitli of Tripoli in Barbary. Catena, ur Caiicna, is lituatcd on the eaft of Cano, and ^onfilh principally of fields and mountains, which pro- fluce great plenty "f millet. There are many villagenin the pvovince, Iiutthey are vcryfinull,andthc buildiiu^s exceed- ing low and nuan. 'I'licy alio had formerly a demotic nio>- iVirch, bat he is now (ui>jc£l to the king of "Tombuto. lire inh.ihitants have bioad iiofos and thick lips, and their complexions are a jet bl.iclt. Zegzeg, is about one hundred and fifty miles from Ca- fena, from which it is tcparatcd by the Niger ; it has th.u of Zanfara on the cafl ; Renin on the fouth ; and the de- farts, on the well , and borders on Cano. This country, which is vcrv cxtcnlive, is divided into two parts, one uf I] with great diligence. The pl;i.-t let aj «Vluch is a plain, aud the other m^ untainous : the air of li is between tlie isuiet as'.d catsr Site ■iM^ I thfferfuri I acceding hot, but in the Utter If it intnlV* lably cold, inlomucli that iliev nin oHli)^d coiidatitly to keep fires in their houles , .iiid wIku tlicv R<> to ticep, they put hot coals under tlirir hrdtleada I lieir fioxl are in general fertile, and th< ic arc many Ipniigt of excellent water. Tliele iieople were fornieily governed liv a kiiii; pi' their own ; nut Ik licing coiU|uercd and lUin by one of the kiiigs of Tumhuio, ihcy arc now tubjeft ti» tli« mo- narcliof thft kingdom. '1 heir houties are poor wretched buildings made of the lame in.iteri,i|s, and miicli after tlir lame manner as tliofe at Catena. Ciuartgara, is bounded on the fouth-eaft by the province of /.anfara, and is fitntted to the north of the Niger. Il ■ larpr and popiiloin c<>iintiy,nndcontain!i a great nnro- i-er of viJlapjes chiefly inhabited by hulbandni n. Abonr the crnt-r ol it it a Urge town of the fame IV 'liich i» ornamented with many haiidroinr buildingn i , he in- habitants carry on fuch a trade with the ne'^ivbotiring iia- tiom, that many of ih«m are exceeding wealthy, and live in the greatcft iplcndor. Some parts of the country to- the fouth of (iuangara town abound with gold ; and wheia the merchants travel to thofc part< for that valuable article, their goodt are carried by Haves, the roads being too rough and dangerous for any lieaft. Thel'e (laves carry procan8. Daoma, is fituated in fourteen degrees thirty niiimtcs eaft longitude, and eight degrees north latitude. This i^ alfo a fmall kingdom, and bus not any tiling very remark- able to diftinguifh it, though the inhabitants aic faid to b« verv rich. Biafana, it (ituatcJ lo the fouth of Dauma; and is bounded, on the nortii, by the dcliirt of Srth, which is a Urge fpaceof barren ground, and reaches as far as thclxir dem of tlie kingdom of (ingo, where it joins anotlier large traA of land called the defart of Zaara, or } and flcfh, but there is fcarce any wine, trees, or fruits. The vlll.igts are principally inhabited by IhepherJs and huibandnien. The people arc very illiterate ■ tlu-y p«> ftark naked in furanier, but in the r.iinv flafon arc clo.irlud with the flcir.s uf hearts. 'J'hc principal village is callnl Gajo, and i< of great CNtent : tlie king lefides here ; but tlic houfes arc very mean buildings, except thofe U-longing to the king and liiscouitiers, which are more fpaciuui and handlonic. The country for forii? miles round ilic \cr\xxi produces great quantities ot lice, millet, corn, ai-J cattle, alfo I'onu- melons and citrons : there nru liktwilb many fpringf, which pioduct excellent water, I here ar: m.mv rich merchants in this town, which is uuic!. fV.^quentrd by people of ncighljourin;; coiinlrits, who come to buy clotl| Drought hither from Barbary and l-.inopc. TUcvalloc^rry on a great trade in llavcs, toi they makcua fcr<;|i1cot Iclliiig. their wives and children. '1 he people here arc in geiicr.nl very poor, ov,-ing to the enormous taxes continiiatly laid on them by t!.c king, who has a great number of flavci aiul concubines, tlie latter of whom aixkcjrtin a private place, and attended byounuchs. Ilij body cnatds confift of a Iruop of horfe, and a gitat nvnibcrof friot , befidci which, he has upwardt of one hundred archers. The king determine"! all ccntrovcrfte^ bctweeii bis fi.bjci.'ts', in lb: execution of which he attend* aft ftir this pirpofe tbou^ti V '>*»*; "f '■^^•''^vii. m [AFRICA.^ ^kfeftRA Leon A. *i* Icli it rt |h corn fiuit?!. |J3 and luy pn calk-.! : l)ut longiii; Ills .111(1 tovu cattle. many inniiv_ Jtrd l>if jy cloTlj 10 carry llrllilig. I to tl; u it were juHfe himrdt, y«t he hM hit i.>, and audilori. Mslli, Imi aton^ die bantu of a river that mni into the Niger. It 11 hounded, <>« the north, by Ghiiiet ; on the (ouih, by raomitaini and defarti i on the wel>, by large wood) and IbrcKi reaching to the fca Ihore ; and on the eaft by Giqro. It received ill name tironi a him town uillcd Melli, which was oitce llie rciidcnce of a kivereign who rcigiicj over the wliolc kinudoin, and al that time the town ii faid to have conuincd (ix thnuf>«nd lamiliee. At pietent, however, the kin{(dom ii divided into different (b- vereigntiea and lordlhipi, and bat a (mall part of it retaini the iiiiginal iMine. I'he Inhabitants are laid to be the moU civibied of ail the negroes, and vtrycourteoua to itrangeri ; thty are likewife very indiiftrioo^ and frugal. The country producca great quantities of com, rice, and millet I altii good cattle, and fome cotton. The people •re generally employed in the bufincfl of haftwndry i but there are amongft iheni fomc artiflcen and merchant*, who carry on a confide able trade wiih the neighbouring kingdomi. The reli);ionof tlie country Is a kind of Ma- ii'jineUMifm. Sonic affirm that this kingdom is i.ibii* ry to Toinbut, Between Melli and ihe kingdom of (''»< is m large traA of land c.ilicd Koute Guilon, faid to I the oi igiiial country of the I'lioleyi ; but it is now almoU un - tiiliabiled, and little better than a mere defart. There are fcvcral coiifiderable places towards the I coaft, tlw hrft of which is Kachao, called bvthe Fren Cachaux. It is a Portugueic colony, lituated bn the rivn fir Domingo, or Kachao, which tails into the fea about li\ty miles below the town. It ftatidi in the counti^ of the Papclls, to idolatrous people, who facrifiee dogs to to thvir fetith, or idol, wIikIi they call Shina. 'I'hc Papclls luvr (Vci|w-iitly been at ope.i war with the Portuguefe, for which rcaion tlic latter have cncompuflcd the town on the land lidu with a llroiig pallifado, terraced and defended by battcrirs i aiul they krcpconllantly a watch for fear of any fuildcn cntcrprixc. The town is built on the lide of a river, and contifts chietly of two long nxrrow flreeti, with « few Imall ones that crul's them in diffcnnt parti. The Itoul'cs are made witli earth, and are whitcnrj within and without : ill the rainy fcafon they are covered with palmetto leaves, but all the rett of tlie year they are oiUy covered with a fail cloth, to keep otf the violent heat ot the fun. The houfes are low, not having any Aory above the ground floor I but they are at the fame time very IjpacioQ*. In this town there are but few natuial Portuguefc, moft of them being mulattoes, and fo black as hardly to iH-dif- tinguilhcd from negroes. Tliefaireft of them, however, keeptlicir wives und;r very clofe confinement, never fuf- ficring them to go abroad inthe day time, not evenromaft; and the better fort have chapel* ki their liiafes, where, on high teltival day*, they hire a priell to perform religious duties. I'he Portii ;u" r'lit to no lefs perfcAion by the inhabitantr of the iflamt Uilfto. The pafte of manioc is called caflav.i, wl . 13 converted iiitoacakeby roafliitg, with- out moving It. It would hr Ungerous to cat a* muchcaf- fava as tlour nf ^naiiioc, becaafe the former is lefs roafled. Both ot them keep a long time, and are very nourilhing, ♦ ^ little 'iciilt of digei\ion. Though this food feeroi <^ '.rs buy rice at this place, where it is very pleutiuil, and exceeding good in quality ; and tliey fell millet and oxen at aiiotner village a little farther, called Bolr. Gcl'ves, is fo called from a river of the fame name : it is a very cnnlidcrable town, and fuppofcd to contain at lead forty thoufand inhabitants, among whom there are not above twelve white families, the reft being all tawny or bl.ick. The trade carried on here confiiU of wax, ivory, and (laves. 1 he natives that live on the banks of thit river arc partly Papells, and partly Mundingocs. The Portu- gueic liavc a factory on it. There is a province in this country called by the Portu- guefe Kobo, the king of which rendrs at a fmall place about thirty miles caR of the town of (JclVc* ; and near the mouth of the river of that name is a fmall town (.ailed Courbali, where a confiderablc trade is carried on inflavci; fait, and ivory. The river Cafamanga, whofc courfe isconfiderably long, and its ftream very rapi<', is faid to be an arm of the Gam- bia, and lie* to the fouth of the river of St. Domingo, or Cachao. The only trade carried on here confift* chiefly in ivory and wax, which is all in the hands of the Portu- guefe, who have two fmall forts on the banks of this river, but they confill of little more than a few wretched huts, furroundcd with fmall moats -, and the pi incipal fccurity of each lies in the diliiculty there is to come at it, for they are both fituated in marchy grounds, and ate hid by man- groves, defended by legions of niufquctoci. ,"^ fupply his place. The< ■• ^^iU- : civil »ni inilltarygovemment i under the direftion of one called captain-major, who has under him a lieute- nant, an enfign, and an adjutant i betides whom, there are other officers, as, an inteitdant of the king'* duty, a no- tary ; and fome fcriveners. The garrifonconfifts of thirty foMiers, who arc banilhed from their own coVintry for the cominiffion of fome capital crime ; and this banifhment is of tlic nioft horrid nature, for (hey arc kept at foch fhort •lIot^-aiKc, and fo miferably clodtlted, that if they had not {omt kind of bufinefs to affill them, they irraft inevitably ■ perilh. Some of them will often follow the profeffion for «rhkh they Kere ientheie -, for alter dark they will parade the ftrtMs, «nd rob all they meet i fo that it is very dan- {Vroti to walk after fiin-fet, unlefs a pcrfon is well pro- filed with arms ; this is alfopraftiled in moil of the other f bWugtfefe Colonies . The country on the fouth fide, where the town flands, | , wrnm* «hiefiy of isattbe*, willi a few Ikldt in which they I 11 '• SECT. III. Ctntahs an etctunt of Sitrra Luna, Iti huiiJsrUi, diauitf inMitants, animali, prtjutt, fcil, Vc. SIERRA, orSerra Lcona is bounded on the north and fouth by twotamoascapcs, the former of which is called Cape de la Vega, and the latter Cape Tagrin, or Sierra Lcona. This country is rendered conndcrable by the river which gives name to it, whofc banks arc more fertile than'thofe on the weftern coaft of Africa. I'he capes abovenienlioned form a fpaciouk l>ay, into which the rivet difcliarges itfelf. The flood in the bay runs feven hoxktu and the ebb five : it i« between fcven and eight fathom deep, and fhips may tide in any part of it witli the greateft faf«y. The river is faid by fome to have received its name from the noife of the fea againft its rocky Ihores, refembling the roaring of lions ; others affirm, that it was titll called fo by the Portuguefe, from ttie great number of lions that infeit the neigh^uring mountains. It alfo goes by the names of Tagrin and Mitomba (from the capes fo called), the latter of which it preferves for about eighty miles shove the HiOiitu of the rivcr. On tlie fgutli fide of it is a toTvii called Las Magcas, wlK-rc none but the Portuguefe 3 i' •>■• 'f^:t IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I •^ 1^ 12.2 S 1^ 1 1^ 20 l-U- 1.25 IM IJ4 < 6" ► <% 0>T Fhotograpnic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 »^| Thb new AMD universal system op GEOGHAPHy. ^^ %• ■n^rptittcd to nC}de for trade i and when th«re are any FiifiP^ or Engliih fhipi in the bayi the nativei come down tlte river to barter for commoditiei. A creek, called the Bay of France, is near the entrance of the river : there is a bafon or refervoir of frefti water in it, that falls from the adjoining mountains. It flows down in gentle murmurs or impetuous ftreams, and, in |i country almoft parched by the heat of tlie fun, produces a iiii)(l^ tgTMoble fcene, be$de« which, it* bentitt wc con- fi^rably heightened by the furrounding bills, that are co- . ^je^ wifh lofty trees, that affbra • ncrpetual Ihade, and reqder the whole one of the mofi delightful fpots that can ' be )aet with in fuch hot countriM. Here are aMb feveral ' finall illands, tlie principal of wkkh are Taflb aiMi'flen&. < /JTaflb, is a large flat ifland, near ttucc ttpgMf in eir- cnmlvrence, where the companv'* (laves have • good plan> tation. The chief part of the idand is covered with woodi ^long which are lilk. cotton trees of a prodi^iu fize ; aii4 good indigo is produced in fome parts of it. And about nine miles from the road is fituated, Benjfe, where the Engliih had once a fmall fort, whofe advantages ,arofe chiefly from its {landing on a deep rock, tb? afcent to which was by a ^ight of ileps.' The fort was bu{lt of limeand.ftone, and beiore it wu a platform with fix guns. The garrifon generally coniifted of twenty white m^, and thirty gromettoes or free blacks, who lived in )^ i^iall vill^ under the flielter of the fort. This for- |f:cfs, however, was taken by iwo French um of war ia the yew 1704, who firft plundered, and then razed it to tlie ground. Benfe ifl.ind is m:ich fmalier than the other; it produces only a fmall jquanti^. of rice, the foil of it be- iugvery indifferent. The clintate of tliis country it in general very wtwhole- . fpme, particularly in tlie mountainous partt ; where, dur- ing four months ni the year, it rains, thunders, and is fo intolerably hot, that the people are obliged to keep dole in tlieir hutSi and the air is corrupted in fuch a manner by the lightning, tliat all anunal food it reduced in a few hours to a Hate of putiefaAion. The flat open country, how- ever, is not fo bad ; for tLough in fummer the hett is cxcefTive in the former part of the day, yet it it very tem- perate in the afternoon, from the refrcihing freezes that ge- nerally come from the fouth-weft quarter. Great numbers of mangrove-trees grow on the banks of the Sierra Leona ; the leaves of them exaOly refemble thofe of an European laurel. The branches of tliefe trees .at nearly of an equal length, but the (hoots, growing down- wards, as foon as they touch the water o'rtb* eartb< take root, and by that means make a hedge fo thick as to be al- mo(V impenetrable. The whole country abounds in millet and rice, which is the principal food of the nativei. ft aifo produces great plenty of oranges, lemons, bananas, Indian (izs, ahynas, pompions, water-melons, yams, potatoes, wild pears, white plums, feveral forts of pnUe, and the kola fruit. This laft fruit fomewhat refembles a diefnut, and grows in dnfters of ten or twelve togetlier, four or five in a rind, each divided by a thin (kin. The outfide of , the nut is red intermixed with blue; ana the iiifide, when out, is qf a violet colour mixed with brown. The negroes and Portuguefe ufe it in the fame RMimer as tlie Indians do arck and betel. It makes the water exceeding fweet, when put into it; and has ahar(h (harptafte. There is a variety of large trees on the (hores, particu- krly the palm, cocoa, and cotton -tree ; and on tlie moun- tains are abuadance of palm and laurel-trees. Ocer, hogs, goats, and (owls, are very numerous here ; tbcfotlw natiyes fell to tlie Europeans for alinall quantity of brandy, a liquor which they are particularly fend .of. In the mountains are great numbers of elephants, lions, tygen, wild boars, and roe-bucks ; alfo apes of feveral lorts ; and ferpents, which laft are fo laree, that it is faid they will fwallow a man whole ; but this wc do not give intirc ci'cdit to. . Tlie. apes, monkies, and baboons are fo numerous, that they .make great defiruAion in the plantations. There are three fortsof thefe animals, one of which is of a prodigious fize, and remarkably u^acious. When taken young, they ;ire taught to walk upright, and by decrees are rendered very ulcful to the natives : they are ungnt to pound Indian wheat, to fetch water in caUbafbes or gourds, from the river or fprings, on tlieir heads, and to turn the (jpit. Thefe creatures are fuch lovers of oyftert, thtt, at low water, (bey go down to the (liore among the rocks, and when the (liclls open with the violent heat of the fun, they put a fmalt {ione between, and take out tlie oyfVpr ; fometiine! it happens tlut the ftone (lips afide, or is too fiiull, when the monkey's foot being cauglit, he is taken and killed by the blacks, who reckon tlieir flefh, and alfo iliat of ele- pnants, delicious food. Pigeons, parrots, parroqilets, and Guiney hens, are in great numbers in the woods, the latter of which arc about the(ize of a phea(sint, and beautifiil : but it it very diffi- cult to catch them, on account of the thicknefs of the trees. They have alfo other forts of fowl,, among which are whits pelicana^aiatge at fwaiu, a bird called ox-eyei , herons, curlewi, and boobiei. There it a great variety of fi(h in the bay and entrance of the river, (uch as raici, thornbacks, and a fifh called oM wives : alfo garfif]M«,cavaUott, (haiki, and firord iifhcs, dogfifhet, aiu one called (hoemaktr. bavini un each fide dwmouib pn^ts likeb&rbe)»«Bdiaay makea noife fome« wbatnfemblinc the grunting oC«fMi|. Tbt moft com- mon Mi, however, eangbt here^^, prfchanltt the becnnt, the monk or angel fiHv the mutlet, and old wives : the latter it (haped much like a tench, it about nine inchee lonaand hat laiKe fkalct. ItHa mottled with red, yd- IpSinfli, and biownifh linct plaoed alternately, and runniiif; frow the head to the tidl, ^ng five or fix in numbers The fnout it oblong, and^ton upward*, aitd-the lips are thick, ficflnvi and pt^^cft firool the jawt 1 >ut the mouth it fnull. The tertb ttn ferated, but not very (harp, and tbe fint aic nottled with red, blue, and yellow. The tail, when expanded, i: roundiib, and the fi(h is extremely beautifufanagether. The becuOB and monk, orange! fifh, beinglittie known in Earope, we fliall here give an accountof thtni. Thefor- mer of tlidegreatlyicfeiBblesapikBi-butoniy longer, ha ring beenfireqttMKlycatigbttipwardtofeightfiwti^ngtii. Itisa greedy filh, and dai^eroat to bemet widi in ^e vnter, be* caofe it can bite much eafier than the flwrk, and fo fcarlcfs, that it will not be driven away by any noifis that can be made. The fle(h has the fame tafte as frelh water pike, but there is often great danger in eating it^ for nnlelii tlie teeth are white, and the liver fweet, it it poifononi'. The monk, or angel fi(h, it between a (hark and a fkate, find grows m a lane fize, often weigbii^ uowards uf one hund'cd pounds. The colour on the back and (idet it of a du(ky a(h, and the belly it whit^! The mouth it broad, and placed at the end of the head, in which it dtfers from the other flat, grifly fifh. The head i* roundifli at the extre^ mity, and there are three rows of teeth in each jaw, each lOW <;enfifting of eighteen, fo that there are one hundred and ei|^t taeth in all. The toi^Hs i* broad znd (harp at at die end ■, and the nofirils are widei beinir placed on the upper lip, and filled witha fort of flime. The eyet are of a middle fls«t placed not far fiom.tbe nooth, and do not look direAly np, but fide ways. Infiead of r fplis, it haa hole* (ike the thornback. Near the bead are twofint that look mitchlike wingt, fbrffhich reaibn it it called the angei fi(h. Ontheestretaitiet of '.thefe fin*, near the cornerti there an fhott, itourp, and crooked pricklet 1 as there are alfii on the lowermo(k fins, wluch are placed near the vent. Below the vent are alfo two fiiM, ana the tail it forked. The chief value of thit fi(h coi^lifii in itt fliin, whidi it ufed in makingicdifet for inftrumentt i but iIk flc(h is fo rank, and of fo difa^reeable a tafte, that it is little ufed. The European failors find the sreat plenty of filh that are in the bay and river of Sierra Leona to be of infinite fervicc to them, not only for provtfiont, but alfo for traf< fie ; for the nativet are fo indolent, tliat they will not be at the trouble to catch them, but content theml'dves with fuch as are left among the rocks by tlie ebb tides. Great plenty of oyfters are on the fid^ of the hay ; and they appear as if growiiw on the mangrove-trees, which ate veiy numerous here. Many of them hang down in the water, and are fo tliick covered withoyftcrs,, that at firft fight it might be imagined they were produced from the tree. Some of thefe oyfters are of fuch a fizc, tha one of then) would (enc a moderate man for a meal < but they a. " fo tough at to be fcarce eatable, untefs (irft boiled^ ^ti4 then fried in fmall pieces. The treei that grow pn the fides of the bay maike commodious hauntt (or crocodiles } at alfo for the manatee, or ie» row, which are here in sreiit abundance. As thefe caeatures ar'; Jictia known to Europeans, we (hall here defcribe them more minuteir. It is (uppofed by fome, that the manatea, or fea-cow, ie an ampbioious creature, but this opinion has been fuffl» ciently controverted ; for it '.s always found iii large riveit and bays, and feeds upon fea weeds that grow ne^r tha (hore. It is covered with a very diick (kin, which g eatir refemble: the bark sf an old u«k, for it it rough, wrinUieo, without hair, and fo hard as f(;arcely to d% penetrated. TUovgl^ y ■ id kiiied It ofele- I, are in ire about ery diffi- the tree*, are whits bdroni, entrance MlledoM tl fifties, Bach fide ife ronie« oft com- I becone, res : the e inchet «d, yel- runniiifr Humbert • lipa arc k mouth irp, and The tstili xtremely e known Thefor. r, ha 'ing til. !(is« ater, be* I fcarlcfs, t can be ^ike, but tiie teeth e monk, frows to hundred a duflcf lad, and From the le extiv^ w, each hundred IhaTpat Ion the » are of do not it hat inathat le angel :omerti ere are vent, forked, liicb is h it fo fed. Ih that infinite ir traf.* not be with and lichare in the at firft from tliat meal ( lira that launti which ; little mote 0W( ii fuffi* rivet* the eatijr ikica, rated. W'- ; I ■■. j J! ■sft , -"■» - '^w' «*■ it J' 1 f: ".. .■; •«-. • .J f rf -I /|-''l 'i..;-: (1 i •4^- i..1I~.U-iik*.*;.ii^«.&i.'';;',i,-Uwi.a _':fa* -.;„il., i.'it tA P R I C A.J 8 t K U lit A tjU O M A. «i» y^ ^^1^ -■if iJ{M Tii«|U the b«ik ifttha finoqthtft part, yet it i» qov the outer one it black, and fofpaa far^M chin fayen inch** .braad^'t but without bri^let. iXJheinneie^lip it hai7. aitd-finW « little (eparatcd from the outer, neither docf «( appWf .WA«n< the month it Ihut.^ The ^rnan pf' thai.0i«uth Me iN^t with thick white briftl^ au inch and an 'bal( loi^ «hi^, , keep the water j^m waflii^g away ^te £>qd while the etea- ture it eating. . The brilllet ar«,like fmalt quiiUt, hollow within, and Dttlhquiat the foqt.: ,'j'he tawer j*w, whi«h it onI][ moveable, is Ihort^ tb^n iifi uppfr, aind tfa«nl^ move in tlie fame manner at th<(^ of ,ca9la> ' 'rhoy ham not any teeth, but, inflptd th);reof,tw9 ftrQitCWhil* bpn*^ tlutrun the whole length of both jawt< The noftril* lefcmble thofe of a horic, and are panedby a griftleabove . aiu inch tliick : they are two inches over, wiui wrinklet, opthej^de, and brjfllet half an inch long. The eyet are; pl^od in the ceiiter, of the head, between the end of the fnout and.the eart,. an^ jM.e hot ibjggec than thoft of> Oief p.i The neck ^ th^k, . jnd fo Ihort, that it can hardly be perceived, unlet* bjr.ita motion in fqeding. From the fhouidert to the nanl, the hody it large i but from thence, to the anus, it growa (lender. The circumference of the head it feven 6tt,pdof the body next the Ihoujder twelve; But wh:re if,it largeil, the, cifcumference it npwarda of twenty ket. The fore finf, or arms, are about two ieetin: length, and conni^'bf two pqiptt : thev are covered whh. folid fat, intermixed with t^pdont and ligamentt, with a thidtlkin refcpbUnilahor(f|a|boofi they are con vex. on the upper fide, and flat benettb, and, are Wet with rough brifUei about half im inch long. Thf breafii are placed between the armi, one undf r each, and are of a convex fi^ri^, about a foot and an l^f iu diapieter : they are hardr roudi, Wii wriitk]ed ; and when theygivo fuck, the teatt arc Tout in'chet long.' The fcifll greatly refenihlirt that«| a horfe, and it nui^h aboat the ia|ne {tie and thicknrft. The'floinach it exceeding I'^ige, being fix feet long and five broad ; i: is fmooth witlim, and hat a gland about the ftze of a (han't head near the infcrtion of the gullet. The manatea, lias no voice or crvi and the pnly noilj>< it^akqs is iu fetching its breath, i befe ai^nMl* keep to? getherin large coinpai^iet, and are very carejul of their young; which they bring forth.in autumn, and -hKV^: Wi one at a tine, liic fat of tbefc. creatures which liea Im- tween the cuticle and the Ikiit, whenexpofed to the fun, Itat a fine fmell and tafle ; it hat alfo this peculiar property, that the heat of the fun will not fpoil it, ormakc it become greafy. The tafte is like the oil of fweet almunds ; and the only c^&it haa«n the body, ia tbafref keeping itopesi Thefibrraand the lean parti are like beef, but more red and harfli, and may be kept a great while in the hotted weather without tainting. The fat of the young onet'ianike po|1i( and the lean greatly refemblet veal. In the head, arc four flones of diflferent fixes, which are fomewhat like bones, and are ufed in medicine. Hofiinan Hilfirmi they are ex- ceeding ufeful in cafes of epilepfy ; and they are alfo faid to be good againft agues, and to deanfe the kidnics of gravel. \ f "'| "^ M The method of etching thefe crcCti.res is as follfMrf,: The negroes go in a canoe, and paddle towards it with as little nolle as poflible, it being exceeding quick of hearing. At fooii as they find tliemfelves near ^notlghf th: man, who is placed ready at the liead of the boat, ftrikes a har- poon fixed at the end .of a long pole into it, and then lets go. The bead immediately oetakes itfelf tp the man- groves, where tli0 water being IhalloW,! they fbilowi^eiofel and renew the ftrokea till tiMy have wearied it PiH, when having obtained pofleflion of thecteature, theydragitafhofe; '- With refpe£t to the inhabitantt of Sierra Leona, they ^t« notfubjackas thofe of the neighbDuring counlriei i neither have thev fuch flat nofcs or thick lipt. The lilMi fin^jeneralare tall and well-made, of a chea(Ml'dlf|^tibn, land not given to quarrel, but the women an (hort and ^robuft, owin| to their being condantly employM in la- bour i for bendet the buuneit of houtbwitery, they work hafdtn ti|J«(U, ntakepalnl -oil, and fpincottoii. The fomtt . fbitgpilakedtiUtneyaretwclve ycartof age, >vhen they wear a piece oCqlot^ round the waUl, orakind of apronmadeof t)M^ leavcf ,pf (m)a. ,Tbey alio wear a leathern lird^, to which are fwenedi.ajong knifie and a poniard> rerhtoi Of rank» efpecially wjtten they appear abroad, wear a long flowing rpDc pf %>ped callico tied round the waifl with a filken gudlf, Tbqy adorn their armt with bracelets, and wear a(c<^ititnii^riOf,ringtontheir fingert> Their eart are iori i j>n y nte4.witb ytriau* toyi, and pn their cheekf they ) haye fiiffercdt figwrea made with red hot irona. Both foe* I anoint their bodieaand limbt with palm ml, and fome uf* I civet in order to give them an agreeable fcent, thev wear nq hair on their eye-lidt, and they cut that on then' head, in ftort linpa, leaving fquaiemfti ftanding ere<3, but < the women in general fhave all ciofe. They are naturally temperate in theifjiving, and vqry fobcr ; for though tlMy ait;:fK(!eeding fqnu of brai)i|ly and other Ipirituout liquprtf yet they never driiik to excefi, confidcrmg druhkeniicft a* oneof ^e greateil^imet, ' . '' The butf and;houfcs pf thcic people arelow, buijl widi W9oden flockadet let in the ground, and thatched |j w% flpiw: ;., fqine of„thrjn are nvni, fonte , f^va^^ iftii oibf^fi^loag ; an4 mofl|n4 of| particd- • hrlyin fmdaking. Their pipes are made of c^y well I b^rnt, and,the bowl it remarkably large.. They put* I fmall hollow «ane. about afoot an(| a half longt into thtf lower end of it, through which they draw die fmoak and fwaillow it. Theyfqaceze the juice out of the tobacco when the,leave* are grceu, from an opinion that it would othctwife mak^ thenf, drunk ; afipr whidi, they ihrfd it fmall, and then dry it on coal*. . ' They are fV,fiyfon4^ of^daucit«, and, epwrally fpenJ ! their eyeningam iim diyf rtion. They malce a piig in Uie ' open part of tha towni and one at a time (hews his fkill in antic motion* and gelliculations, but wli^ a great deal of agility ; and their mufic confifts of two or three drums made of a hollow piece of wood, and covered with the ikirt of aJiid-t^f other aninnilr'-:.--;.::?!-':-'— — ».■ The women of this country fend theiTSiiugKtdrs, at 3 certain age, to one peculiar houfe in every town or village, whar^ they, are tauzlit for a year to fiiig, dance, and per- form other exerciics, by an old man appointed for that purnofe, and when tlie year is expired, he condufts them to the market-place, wtiefi they publicly exhibit fuch per- formances as they have been taught at fchool. During this time, if any of the young men arc difpofed to marry, they nake choice of jlhpfe thev like ^eft. without regard either i^ hirth or fortune. When tigp fian li.is dcclnn-d his intention, the parties are conliderea as aQually mar-* ried, provided the bridegroom can make Ibmc prclciits to 'thahride't-.parents, and to the old man from whom fhi received her education. It is cul\omary here, when they bury their dead, to put all the bcft goods of the dcceafcd into the grave, and eretl a roof over it, which they cover With linen cloth. The corpfe is always attended to the grave by a number of people hired at inoumeVf, who howl alid' lament in pro- portion Ik they ai* paid for their trouble by the relarions ■ They call the court* of juftico Pallaver*, where the prin- cipal or elderly men aflinnbleto fettle dificTcnccj ampnglt thetii; whkh generally arile in matten roiiitive to irtdc eacti falutes the other, at meeting, with a bend of the el- bow, and raitklg his liand to his face. When tbcr hava heardthe parties, they determine the difpute by vote'; and 2to Tnt NEW Aiin tJNiVBRSAL SYSTEM ©» GEOGKAlQlV^ he that has the fn*!or!ty, ri &eoui*trfM. In cafe of fbhiication, th^naity, WhMher iVtm ot W6>tia^i', ir fbld fbr trflMvfe. Ort if eliJnT'e of tiyuhl(|f, thk fii^AM »brroit irtoft dfift^ of a red'pfthr«*vc wateH ■rejhirtdV*'' fidget, which is exiled p'ui't.uiK the erimliistl; if m ^ a pofitive r»id«»cfeftii4ybie Wajit- iris, hh judges vriti give him fiich n^\livttt\iy6f tianot 'tk to kill hhii, but if they *iK Fnclini'd tu ibkrt Hillfi^.' (htf will give him lefs, or riiaki^ It >frcaltek',thil( Ite wlif SfMUtf MM>- ' CL>nf ifatfae rrietid»MidiKh?7n|i|«oftiK'Acc«*ft« IfilnMrthM been defnhided by ah'ethit',; lie Hai'a r%ht t^ tiikfc mm him as much as amounts to his own lofs ; but he moff make it appeir before (lib judges that he ha* hot ^i^ceedetf thofe limits, li in that cue he would be ctlUfd toi feveire account. Attempts h0*ii beOn ft-eMSenHy made b^ the MmkfihJM negroes, who are MR Mahoioeninii, t^ j^^otttgne tmlr Kfig^on' among tMfe'ii^flc : ^''^ ^7 hiVe ever rejefited k, and AHl follow their own nuniros. They acknoWiec^ onefapreme Behk, Creator df alt thiMVi WhOmthev oUl Ranu : they tfo belieire in a fiimfr MKi but Oiey w ifibt WrAip any H^ing (Mtalto'MMtdrte,' tior evMt mi' fiin <»r moon. They hn**) m«hf fube^tidttil YiMohi; and itty ffeii ^ifyeB to tUek tcf^Oitt, 6t eliithttt, ' «fiHik they cohftaintly'any ina big abtet ibeil- nijbb, ttdvtittr parts of theii''M>^- The nucber of tiKW Mifidi ii not fixed, every qne Aofklg Ms idol aCCoMIi^ fe Hia omt Itincy; fomefainre shbnt, fenle acniVseW, hnH dthen a fnail's fhell. a bif4's heaAvor fonte fiiCh triHe. To theft they pray withthe greati^ dili^c^, add at thti^ tN^i always offertheitia pmrtl THer n^ivei^toto Tea Or bi^:itie riveri withottt tHefe Mfols} cbnltderiM; flietitrdvtii SV Hi^fe' means fetuted fc^ont all jJScldents ; fSr they fij^i' ftit ; fetiih has a pkrticidai-VtithoKty opbn « Tea ; and, after Vtit toyage, thank i* f-: die care tt has taken of them during that time. This coontry b repamtfdby the ttvtr Sicni' teona ihtb- two kingdoms; qameiyi that of Btlonor Buhn, tb the north, and that of Bone to the foutb. The fc^rmer Of thefe kin^im liei viiy low and flat, btit Aie foil is fiii'- tilc, and produces great quantities of rice, :nil!et, thd mnz, of which they mke escellent bread. The natives are very fond of the En^ifh and Fortdguefe, many of Whom inhabit that part of the country, and they take treat pains to ikiicite the maxftnu and mahnen kA thofe lutopeani. . Burre, fs a mbeh mofe open kihnbiB ifaaii iM of Bohn, and near it is that long ridge of motnttins cdied SterraLeona, which is the admiration of all firangerSr Tltere arc fo many caves and dens about the mOumattts, that when a fingle gun is fired from a lhi» in the fadjy, the eccho isfooften repeated, and thefodild fOlOnd'ahdlharp, that there feems to be the report of fev*iial c*n«6rv. Thii isibrfrombeiiigdifi^rcdible to hear; but wUeii it thun- ^rs, the noife is at firft dreadful, each clap being ec- hoed with as ipuch force as the real. Not fiir from the mountaint abovementiontd^ Oese mm I 6M faf(»dl6fl»We(KMei #Mi^|Miir,^'«hii!K'leili^ ffifti^ the abO*« riiotHiUlhi, 'ft>rMT% Mhtoff «' MhiitiWia; o^^' whi«h tki«'Uwto«arrfith«ir«itM*t'e«lMkil^i»(nild«r«wheii" tlk4y ddigrt Whilhch oat r»«Mf,' ^ H fjM^i^tileKl'tHettbti''' ble of roiiringi roond there firbih tM Ml/. This MliM, M-* cftrditig to the moA exaft bbfervMion, is fituatv'd'iU' eight dtgvMs thirty nUnutait northUtittMit, And is called tab* Ltdoj The ktitf «r BWntr nMU' Ma (town about iJKht leilt^lM fiftlfa thi novth bt fm A¥tr. 'It i* lecWtMfifd'of ibotii' ttrrfate kundMd MMfts, Whitti iK fMind' »Ad Mijf all «Mr' W*ff>. TIte kK^i iMMft, d# letter hfl hats, ift ih thti ' ciH, «id «dft Who ire cbtpaknt iliuA rt^aefe, or LingjM FVuca and * little EiiKliill ttid i>itch to nnderftOod ^ i^khi^ Of thVilii. ■ The Earepeant', partimillriy th(i Eiteliilh and Dotdi, hfeve lort^ fiKqtented tile riVeref Sierra Leona : hCrb tlt«y eirtier trade, or procure ^tttihihents, in thdr W«y'» theG«ldCo«ft„or Wltidah. The good* pmchaftd Uft^ Way of trade, are, rie«haMi tteth, flaVet, Ian** «n^ goM and beet wax; wMifetni peiub; cryihJ, iteibeicrit. Mug pfe]^, B(c. The goldpnkhafed Ucit it bioa^i ehhtr fiMm South Gulney bV the ririr'MitDBlbif, or ftbM MondingO, |n«d other cOuntnet toihrdt the Nigei-. The mei^andiae which the Europeans ^"^1 hither, ii, French bnotdy and ruhi, iron bars, whins eaUicO, Siteiul linen, biafs kettles, cartjien cans, all foi^ ofgUiirt butt^s, bnfs HoMoIr bracelets, bt]glek«id^U6' beards of vatfoni cMwirs, brafs niedals, eifr-ifngs, Efutch knives, hedging biflt and asM ; coMb faces, cryftal beads, Kd callrcoes, oil of olivtM, guns, mn&itt, balls and fliot, p«per, red capt» aQ fiMrts of couBietfcit puri», oofton, &c. MHirMfe iSditta^kaaiaii ,T;».A'.i<^/ i-zii-^'ii *i-',.-^r. .vi-wiv i*;.'-ju-v«( "■ *.* < . ',»'i,,-j;,,,r ..,^,,a^•■'«M "»;••;>/.»■ 1t?l)<'>'->f-i ^ H A F» III. [„'c -In' THE NSW HisTda-v''4^ll''i^klsc:Rt#tioii..bF' . ■> I'.i I H/. I'l t tut r ■ 1 ««. I fjniiiti:}.. -;? ..:.«i3. iT ■ ^s'.^^i»lf:/»r*l^l''■ '(■sriw ,ti»-»d vtfirtn.!U:»M-»l .< ^ ,■ .)i^e-.'j"' ■-"';• '■ ■-• ■'>N'iU<.«bj;(j^#»i|f!)i v'/T .(iMt- S E C T. Ii nutetM Ctoth latitade) wtend upwards of three thoufand five IWMUed ailet, cxclttfive oCall tU* turnings, windinga, ^4btyt on the coaA. IGuimy Proper, or Upper Gniney, it fituatcd betireen fifteen dwreet weft, and nifteen degrees eaft longitude, aod between tour and an ludf and ten and an half dwrees north luitude, bevuMledby the uakoown parts of AiihMi on Uni • Ai tA fill ex.) e i w n y* t61 okft t ttrCdilgtt Mta th« Atkuitie ocean, tfn «U IMl by tiie Miae ooean, on die weft ) and bf NcgroUndi oil tb« north. Thelaoft tceitnue gedgrtphen tivide the «hele e&aattj Into Ibilr parUt ttn4cr the IppeUukMu of| i. The Onlrt, or Pepper Cotft ; a> The Wory Coift ; 3. The GoM Coaft. and, 4. Th< Stave Cotft ; in which brder We brapofe to trettOf it. ' The principal riven iM, SherlMot Othnt St> Paul, and Siem Leona. The'Grain of Pepper CMft, begilU it Gkfi Tagiin, from whence it extend* Upward* m four hundred mile* ibudi-caft of Cape Pahna*. It received it* name , the latter of wliich are eftccmed as K"' ' in quality u thofe of Europe. No. 26. WUtHSfiA n on itativcl tJt ilkk jftA at lit» iatmi my an ih ftiMiil liH ind *eU fcttand, toltfably tan* bli and cokrWoM tb ftt^MeHi arid al« Slid to ba tha moil honeft in thair dealing* Marty «n the iHioia eoafti Th* habitofanepoiaapaan orpMne} (a CkMh) abont hii waift, two feet btdad 1 and thofe of the better fort havA another cloth of a fOdd leiigth Wntpped abeutttttm, mi thrown o«ar dieir fltouMer* 1 btit ytt fo as their armtt tan, andagTMllpaftoftfaeirbadie) Appeat haked« boiH Of the man and womem Their orHaihentt «onfift of ■ mvhitnde of rings* or braeelett, of gold, ivdry« or capper, a^oordlng to their cMumftancett wdm oit thelt ann* and tagi« wiHi nccUaee*, and gitdU* of coral< on« apOn ano' thcrt bat the otaitingartdAdorrtiHg their haif taiie up thd inattftMKor thair tiiMf afiicckay of the wontan: lh4 fiair of flNiM of the n«ro«i u longer than that of other* t and they have a way of pulling It out of the natural curii and makihg it ftrait* by hanging weight* to it i after which, they fom It into variou* tainiOns, diCflihg it up with littM thin plaia* of gold« ««»pper, tinfel, beads, coral, arid (haU*4 that makca glittaringlnew ; fome of the ivoraen throw ■ mil overall! fo keep off the feoriihittg fuh, and fome of the man have op* ; their fiflMrmcn, partiedlarly. havo them aoade of (kin* or nuktu and aie my hippy if they can get a European hat 1 but many of the liegrae* go per^ fcAly bare hcaJed i and their (ealp«i it i* (aid| are fo har- dtnad by it« that they aie not fenfible of the fun'* intenlo heat, Ric«t mlltat, fifli, and firulc*« are their eommon food i and their general drink is water mixed with a little palm- wine, or me milk of cocoa-nuts. Moft of then! are very abftemioM, and will rtol drink any (trohg liouoT* to excefei fuch u do are feverely puniftied, by order of the king, for that praA ice. The roonaith of thi* country govern* Vlrlth defpotie (way I and with fueh aufterity, as to ihilu an awe intef hi* fabjeftsi who reverence him more from (ear thad affieAion : he is limited by no laws, or any other reftramu. When he goes abroad, he appear* with tlie grcateft pomp and magnificence ) but he is never feen in public but upoii particuUr oecafiont . Thefe people are all Pagans, but believe in one fupreme Being, andfeem to entertain fome notions of a hiture- ftate. The chiif part of them are emplojwd in hdlbandry i but there are fome artificers amongft tliem, that are ex« cellent workmen, particularly fmiths, carpenter^, and ma- fons, the former of whom are fo well aem^nted with tha° nature of tempering fteel, that they make their varioui inftruments to the gteatcft perfeaion. They purchafei fire-arms, gun-powmr, and bullets of the Europeans t but darts, arrows, tances, and broad fwoids, ihey make them-' felve*. The carpenters make the canoea of variou* fixer with great neatnefs ; and they aUb buiM their hoalc* br huts, (which are made of wood or cla'-, and thatched with reed* or branches of the palmetto-tree;, in a very regular manner. Some of the native* of this place are of a mixed bree<(, called mulattoes. Thefe are an abandoned let of people, and have proceeded from the intermixture of negroes and Europeans ; for when the Portuguefe firft difeovered the fouth-weft part of Afirica, they not only propagated their religion, but alfo their fpccies, in many pajts of it. Thefe are of a tawny complexion, and profefs themfelves Chrif- tian*. notwithftanding which they retain many of the moft fuperftitiou* notion* of the Paganti The men ate great drunkard*, lewd, thlevUh, and treaeheraaii the wo- men are altogether the moft abandoned, proftitatiitg them-! felve* at all time*, and to all fort* of men, widwut the leaft degree of refiraint. They imitate the Portuguefe iri their dreft, but exaeed both them and the negroei m their vice*. The trade i* carried on by fignal* from the ftiips 1 oil the appearance of which, tM native* immediately go irt their canoei, carrying with them dieir pepper, ivory, &c. for the Europeans have no fettkment in this part of Guiney. One of their principal rivers is the Sherbro, called by fome author* Seloole, and by others Palmas, which dif- charges itfelf into the great bay formed by the capes of Ta- erin and Vega. It feparates the country diiUed Sierra Leona from that named Seftos, and Has it* foorce in Up- per Ethiopia ; from whence it is corijcAured by fome either to be a braitch of the Senegal, or of die rivar G;(mbia. Laige (hip* go ua this river for abom feven leagues from 111 mouth, but nrther un it groSn (hallnw, and i« on!' iiavigabk for canoes. Ine country round it is very moun- tainous, and the river has many turnings and wuidiu)."'. 3U but -tl m Thk new and.VNITSRSvIL syS'nE^^o^ GEOGRAfP/Har^ .1 1/1 Im 4f^ ftwDM[ill»lM Cfta imkiet,|kpnxltgK>4« rjoHe, tlie ««ifr,f«UMi(DlT««»thflrD«kt a|rv*r4<'W twyiit^ feet pcrpon^uUr, 'liHl ncgioti that M iV)lhicriMT,h)furi thtj^ rta«Mlie cMM»A»iMe ;»btiged loigp AW>f«M'Mi4.)«rv4tli<:irg<)q4i. whicK wiOk iheir <» ^atfni«^. Tfcff.otn«r|wov»ai»rfrWi«i»rt»niitting; not* witbftwMUng wJiicht tli«y Jfcqpemly, k«w :j|lirir. capoc* Avr-rett qfoacially whf n they arc hewy JU4»U;>bM m that oua mrtWi wirh .which th«y iir« t«t>«r»U3f Wa4iMag04hat «i1. pndjllf hf JWIof UlBlWtWc. , ;.. • j'l ,. -I ■ -f' .■ Il '. ...Tlwreif » (nialj tttmi near tne m«A^ tf the •ircr, MlMby thfi Snghfh Sbcrbro, u>A by th< B«(cli MaffiKo^. hi»i(tiitT>)att4pd by rockii, ml^ (wfofC it lies a; Un« laiMt laflW t* io^y u t»b<; di(«(Miere4 *t J> confidtnhieiiOiifMe ti:oi«,th« fe«i. .Jke .1»nt^«Htl 0f ibis tflai^l (I: c»llad St. Aim, *nK.:6>ilQftbc wbalKit! veryifcitild.; and pro4ui** plemy of rkct m«iz, yams, poiatOfe$, bana- na*,, ovnig« and lomoH'-treci, citronsi poibagnnaics. and «tb«r A-«i» i bffides ivhicb. Ukk are .ynMi nao»ben. of poultry, and on tlie litlo-s of the fca are tound orftcrs .tbal ^opiaih, CMWof tbc-nioft.v4lu«M«:iprtfrb..t.TiMi i«HiM>i- ta(»ia.pr«Otfe fowsh the iiuue maxirnn :«fe nUaftiof. Sktm. l«coiiat.md.*Ktdolaftr]. ... . n. , YorkitWid, lies t^tho iionb of SJHrbro i theEnf^Xih kad once, a fa£)ory and a (;«od fon here, but iheyiabkndoitcd it about the year > 727, when they feinoved to Jaduica, a feal^Ufciiid »boiit four miks fiirthtr to the. weft. 1'his tlwyi 'alfrdefert«d. and have, not fon Ibaoe years had any ftAory.eithmrQti th« rivet of Shcrhco, o#.oi> tM ifland vi.tjmmmn- - r, i .. . Seftre, o* Seftrot, whit^i Ife* to t)te fotith-eaft «f Sber- t)ro river, ii very .rocky at. the entrance ; but the rocka are all, except rwo, fo deep in the water, tliat moft vefleli paf« over tbem, and thofe two are fu high above it as to be eafily avoided. This river is pleafantly iiittloCbd, by lofty tnet, and there; are feveral fmell fprings aixir rivukts that dtfchaige themfelvcs into it. The banlttof it ate very intile, and in particular pvoduce gceat qqantitifca of cxceU. Itnt rice. I In different parts are many pretty viliaget,^ among which i» that where tlie king rcfides, called by tlie Dutch Koninffdorp, iHuated about twelve iniles up the nrer,, It contain* about thirty houfes, which are all fqalibuiMing** except the kii>g's, and that is not only bandfome but fpasiou*. .AIh)M one huitdred yards from i|m oMuth of the river is. a pleafant village on a riling^ ground, ilrliich contains about iixtyhoafes, all neady built ; Wae o( thenun>y be fq«n luaoy.nules boa\ tlic fea, m they are very lofy buildings. . There is aiargemountiSaous rock, about eight miles below tlie riro' Seftoa,, On which ((rows a remarkable lofty tree: this ptac^eis calMi iiiwlc 8eUx«sor S^ftrci and about four mile* from it, &r4>er toithr Mil, apoint juts' out into the fea, itear which, on di« landt appear* a gneat rock, vhite.at the top, which at fea look* like a.fliip under fail ;. it i* furrounded by large fand-banki, and i* called Cabo Bai«oi by the Portij^wefe. The aatiivMioC this place are very courteous to (Irangers; butthey arc^idffiMer*, andpra^ife.fome 0f the itioft fu> perftitioiN maiaqs. 0oth &xes,.go almoQ naked, hav- ing onlyi • fipall. piece of cloth Elicited round the wailh Their food it the fame as thofe above, diefcribed. Many: of them are employed in (Mhing, and the king has a cer- tain dutv of what they catch. When they falute each other, they take the fore, linger and thurtib' into their bands, and patting. tliem into a certain poUure.puU tlieiit- till theyfnap* when they fay Aqujo, whioh iignitics, your ffH'ant. They ufe but little ceremonies in their rruuri^et ; tliofe who are able tftpurchafe a wife, after kgreeirtg with die woman, apply to the parents or relations, and, if they ap- prove of the^gain, tlie wife is delivered to tlie hulbaiid,. who conduAs her to his hut, and his other wives pre[«ire a wedding fupper. I'he huftiand ftayi all night with bis new bride, tnd the next morning ihe i;oes tO' work with tlie reft, no6utliQr ceremony being oblerved on this ocea- Haa. There fecmt, in foiiie refpcQs to be little dilivrciice' between their wives and their flavei. . Thofe that live the caficll amongft them, are the wives Qt tbe mercbanUt the. dealer* in wine, and the filhcrmeii. nth«.)pvc forinii^l* |iii|nm« v,f«r tlMl(i»;d«.^;N|lt4»ing/|». W«r^il¥>n|M1f Vir*. .Uvcliho^r imd profMling tar tlieit families ; whereas the men of eOites make i|>t Gain, rl(«^,«nd pbmM^»hich iiM^Ml jtlicm nnfltif ly tlieir wiVcj m fKlX »^ tttfj «a^ ^jiey l^ve «i»«.wit«,caUea,tltrtr bpirun>«d *»;e.'^«riB«e4i*ro«» w«tki«r, andanjoyv many other privilegcn in the lifc-tinja V \m h«lba*n|. .,Tli(.-b<>flrv^tti« uUally a young bfamifql-flave, putd»|ifed •lit|t a |dc of dedjcatiitg tier to hit, goUr wd with w^iom i>«i« oblinayion ol fpe|idiiiC)l)is.timeonthc f««l^o()i^l2fri^^d">4.of ihcati^rd«iyp/thaifcf)(apr |»««pfla<«djW>t»h«fei*W ofitUjir god«i.TihMI Amt W«i9taa y»W»,M»}«l*XHn.|U* Wai«,9f the Iipiif* «ff (cjitrultadr /M nd sndeavnartokc'i^to theni/plyen.i but. f«r thf r«9 thev are not lo much concerned^ , |l^r5aM'^<>^Wl) *'^u:wn tathe wifa Who is fitlli4«li- v4|td of a,bpy,. a* Ihe thereby bcfouMiji the taHuurite or «tlfi« foni^tijiics pwyi verydea? for the prefvfciKjfi, givfi^ lifr, t>^iiig obliged, if hethufl|aiid diesfir>l^,to,tfl- io>y4>i»H, fraud ^ buried alive in the liimv graye^ This i»r rcniony a French wiicer of credit, who was an eye witnol* q( the luel^n^holy tra(tla£)ian, hasgiiyfiviisihc fpUowiu( account of. .ii .. . j ' , ." Thf 9ipta|n or; chief of (hd \«)lm5ft,.dy»nf •t* Iw^ driiik^pg bout of brandy, the .^rie* o^ ,h>s wives imnvidi^ atelytpi^ad thej^eWH through, the tqwa,. i^jf 'he wooiea rai> ttuthei., and l^owlf Ji likq fuiiet.' 1 1^, favourite wi^c diftirfguillicd budeil bv Iki giief, and nqt without capijif, HowcTcr, ai feveral women in the lannetalc have prudently thought fit to make their efcape, tiit;/eU «f the wumcn, lender u^etcuce of copifortinjyier, took, care to w:atcb, lier f9,,Clolply. tbi(t there .^'a& no mea^i of efcaping^ . '.^hf rcf j^tipn* of th« dcceafcd all caiMc io . pa j ^lieir coi^iy^atc^^^ an4.*Aefemi all;tl)c(c codeavourcdtooutroar each other,, tcacing their hair, and fcratchiiig theinfelvet methodically, like people who knew perfeAly (he part they a^ed. Somctiipei they left off, and kept {iknt ; at others they repeated the praile and great aAions of the dcceafcd, apd .then began tlwil' lanuntations afrclh. This mock mulic laftcd near tw* hours, when four li^fty negrecs entering the Itoafe, took the dead l)ody, and tied it on a hand-barrow made of branclMs of trees ) then lifting it on their (boulder*, thev farricd it through tlie town, ruimiiM;.** faft as thiey coulo, and reeling from tinu to time as if tliey had been drunk, Wlitft a iLoufand ridiculous geftures^ very fuitable to the ex< 9law*tioiU of the wives of the deceafed, and tlie other women; who, attended the proceflioni- In ihort, the noili^ was fo great, ai> would have drowned the loudeil thtmder, " l'l»; parade bcjng over, the body was nken from the hand-barrow, and dcpofitpd in its place ; after which, tha fongs, cries, and extravagancies of the women begau again. During this, the marabout made a grave deep and largeenoughtu hold two bodies: healfoftripped i^lkinned agoat i the pluck ferved to make a riigout, of which , he and tlic afliitants ate i he aljb caufed the favourite wife to cat fome, who had no great inclination, to tafie it, know- it was to be her laft. She ate fome, .however, arid during this repatt, the body of the great goat was divided into fmall pieces, broi^d, and eaten. The lamentation* began again ; and when tlie marabout thoaght it time to end tbe ceremony, lie took tlie ^vourite wife oy the arms, and de- livered h^r to two l^fty negrpe*.. I'hele leizing bet roughly, tied her hands and fcf^ behind her, ai)d, laying her on het back, phuDcd apiqce of wood on tier brcail ; then holdinit each oilier ■> ith their hand* on their (boulders, tliey ftampe^ with their feet on the piece of wood till they lud broken tlie woman's breall. Having, tl)u>, at Icaft, half dif- patclied her, tiiey threw her into th* grave, with the re- mainder of the goat, .calling her hu(band's body over her, .-iiid filling up tlie grave with eart|i ;ind (\ones. Immedi- ately the cries ccahng, aqui|ck lilencc fucccedettthe nojla^ :\nd' every one retjrcd \)ffaw with the grcatell compofore and unconcern." The common uconle wink it tliesr wives b£{!cwi!t: fa- vours on other men ^m^ .V)4e<<.lJI)l|^.<>w<> dif- ;■.. r. •••6 ••- vn dif- h^nottt. fro«ht(tfth«y«-»s bow to <)ra\« ^miK fklloWt irttiy th< lrt;«o»w leli t)i«u Hveorfix p«mMlt fterliiYB. if ■h«eirfI»*i)veilvoo(fcnBe -, iiid titty gcrtertHy flrvd ineaiii ttt haM fbiiM AVMoiiM of the Mt, biHlJel tite wiv«t'; foi if thvMim willokc X (bkmn Mitl thMtbdit innn«tn^c ami th«rt An he noMrttncf* ffUmH Mm Nt the wife, hecmtinot be conviftcii. I'h* wotnen that are unittkrrM, it ii f»id, tike very great liberties, \Vliich H no reproach tothem upoij thistoaft, neitWerf«loe« it hinder their getting hnfbiitds j but thi* i« to l>e unilerft»k>d only of the inferior cUft ^f peopltf. Circumcifitfii Is prtOiredliere by theWackai but tn^ give nd othur real'on for li, than that it ii an arttient dtiftoin frkhflnitted fi« them by their aiiceftordi They nay great refpeA to ttieir nriefts, who, hefidcs their ccclefi*ftir Wool, which they twift int > nnglett, and oi*- nament the top of it with g6ld or precious ftoiies. They wear alfo necklaces of feveral rows ; and on their arms and wrifts they have bracelets, and ringsabovetheandes, where Ibme hang bells of filver, the noife of which, when they ilivm thcmfeWes by dancinj, ttiey are very fond of. Though the houfei are for the moft part mean build- ings, yet they are kcpt«xcecding clean. Thofe belonging to the king and pincipal men are built long ; fomc of them are two ftories hi^h, with a vaulted roof of reeds or palm-leaves, fo thick laid as to render rs or the heat of the fun abfolutely impenetrable. A eiitrance is the hall of audience, which is alfo their piatt of eating : here {« a kind of fopha, made of earth or clay, about fix feet in breach ; and raifed above twelve inches ^om the ground i it is covered with fine mats made of grafs or palm-leaves, and dyed of various colours. In this place the principal people fprnd the greateft part of tlie day with their wives, and amufc themlelves with fmoaking, talking, and drink- ing palm-wine. Adjoining to the audience-room is the bed chambrt-, where they have an eftrade or fopha, con- fiftingof a number pf mats laid one on tlie other, and fur- rounded with pagncs fewed together, or printed linen like curtains. Their kitchens are fituated at fome diftance from file dwelling houfe, and are very neat. • The people here are in general more cleanly in eating liheir viftiials, tlun their neiglibours. They ufc bowls made of hard wood, and bafons of pewter or copper tinned, Which they keep exceeding neat. When they roaft their meat, they faftt-n it on a wooden fpit ; but as thev have not die means of making it turn round, tliey firlt roaft one fide, and then the other. A' man may marry as many wives as he can keep, for which reafon fomc of them have agreat number, for the expence is very trifling, as they make them work fo hard, that each nearly earns ner own mainten.tncci they fcldom fluarrel, bijjt in general live very happy > and fo little jealous irethrmni, that if their wives belrow fiivours on others, it does not give them the tcaft concern. Their religion confifts cliitfly in reverencing and obey- iniT their king ; mnA th-y lj«y; fijch littlc nOSiOHS of iiu- 6iSbn, that each lives liap^iy in hit own way, neither ex- alting at the dowiihl of tlie poor, or envying the profpe- rliy of the rich. Thtir rtiniiir^ weajtihs con(||Af(jAlv «l bows And aftows, Mt thty tit kept tnoie for omMB«A than ufe. 1'hey never go to war with their nciabbo»r(% for if any dMcrence* arlle, they are iunieabiy -adjaftcd b« treaty between the pintet. IVMay of their mat|f are bottchi by id* EiirdMUii th^l ' Inlde h«re; th«y )|ri«'of a bri^it yell6w, ai^ ncec^ltik IWatitiftil ; alfogrcitonaritlties of ivorV, whi^fi la taaiM ptoi ih quality to dttt Of Sieftt L«6nt : thiy iSkeWin pttrcliWe the Ikihi of lions, panthen, tygers, «hd othS Wild hearts, at alfo a great number of davti, which arb brotight hiilief by the Mundingo merchatlta fr6m the In- Und parti of Africa. The foreils yield plenty of ftyeril forts of wood lit for dying, ptrtl^nbrly cAmwoo^, whkft the natives cut, and bring to the Ti;e, is aprodig)6us hill called capfe Mcnfutajhi, thou(;!i notqtiitg'lo highai cape Monte i it is round ai^ -cry large, and is almoft furrounded with water^ that patt next the fea is very Deep and high, but that to tbe land i* more gentle and acceflible. Cfn the eaft fide of it ii a bay of confiderable extent, which is terminated by a high luid covered with lofty trees. On the weft fide is another UtJt bay formed by the river, wbofd mVblh isf in the cei^t^^ it. Thefe two bays are Ifparated by a long lUnoW aeCk of land. The cape it fituated in fix Atptn thirty^mr minutes north latitude, andthu part of it which piojeep moft to the fea runs fouth-etft ; from whence theiv U t fmall river that fidls into the weftirm bay, and it navigable for near fortv milei. This river abounds with • grmvi^ riety of excellent fifh, but the water ii always braCk|fl<. The top of the mountain is quite level, coveted with lofty trees, and commands each of^ the bays, tl^e beft of whic$ is that to the north of the cape, about one hundred ntig from Ihore, where there is good anchorage in eight or teii fiithom water between the point of the ctpe, and the (river'a mouth. Before the mouth of the river, along the bay, ii a bar, which is dangerous in fome places, but eafily pafled by thofe who arc well acquainted with it. Near the foot of tlie cape is ah ever-running fprino^ which yields excellent Water : it iflues from a rock in thf bank of tlie fea, and forms a natural cafcade j and her9 the failors fumifti themftlvet with a ftipply of that necef- fary article. To the weft of this cape are three villages, containingabout twenty houfes each ; thefehoufe* are lowi and divided into three apartment^ ; they are built witii flicks and clay, and are covered with flraw. In one of them are generally lodged at leaft forty people, confifling of men, women, and children of different fiuniliet, aU confttfedly mixed together. The people here are very civil and good-natured, an4 the women remarkably handfome. The men are naturally very indolent, and leave tbeprincipal part of bufinefs to be executed by their wives. They arc as carelels about reli« gion as tlieir neighbours at cape Monte, and only atteiul to the enjovments of feftivity and diveiiion. They live ' very peaceably with tlieir neighbours, and are not appre* henfive of any enemy ^xcept the Englifh, their fears of whom arofe from two large veflels that once ftopped here, the crews belonging towhich ravaged the country, dcftroyed all their canoes, plundered their houfes, and carried off fomc of the people for Haves : fince which timetliey hav« ever been fearful of moft Europeans, but particulatly tlie Englifli, and have retained an enmity to them ever fince, I'iic garb of liie common people is only a piece of cot» ton wound round tlie waift, and nftened between die legi ; but the better fort have a ftuped t'rocl( which rcichci to the a^4 The NEW and UNtVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOORAf H Y. jUtt kiMM i mi tiMjr think th«tn(iilvM cqnippad w th« |rttttft advaiiiagc, it ihcy out get »n oU hM to grace (h«lr Itad* witli. ' TIm wtayOM of tbciii P«opU arc Uncct about fire fctt long, with Doiniad iron headi i rmall bo«i and anowa, th« latttr of which are poiibmd at th< end* i and if they touch Ihf blood, it inevitably kilb the objcA, unlcf* the Crt aScAed ii immediately cut off. Their anowi have itheriron head» or fcathcn, and they alwaveftMoi them tl random I notwiihftanding which, tbe^ (eidom mi& their nark. They carry fquare targcti of thin board about four ftet long and two broad, which are made to hang on their •rini, but in fo convenient a manner, tbtt they cau eafily Inanue the bow with their handi. Palm- wine and rice arc their chief articles of trade \ of lhcround ; but the bed chambers are niftd about a foot from it, to avoid the inconvenience of the dews. The roof is nifed like a tent, and covered with reeds, or palm-kaves, fo dofe interwoven as to admit neither fun nor rain. In the center of the kitchen is the jtre-place, which is raifcd about fix inches from tlic ground: and thi^ keep ^ir (ires conftantly burning i in the day- lime, for drefliug their viAuals, and the convenience of flnoaking ; and, in die night to fecure them from the .moiflneis of the air, and the cold. They have, bcfides their hoolca, buildings for holding their proviifens, at rice, millet, palm-oil, brandy, and other nccelbries. Thcfe buildings are of a round make, witli a cpnic ropf, and are ftcured bj padlocks of which the huf- baiid keeps the kevs, and diftributes daily or weekly t'uch Srovifton as he tnuiks neceffirr for his iiunilv. This bet not give tlie leafiofience to nit wives, who live ami- cably together, and fpend their time in working abroad, or taking care of the children and other necefliiry bufinefi at home. The buUdingt belonging to each family are co- vered with reeds or palm-leavet ro fccure them from the i:tclcmeiicy of tl>e weatlier, and are cndofiMl with a wall of earth fevcn or eight feet high. The river called St. Paul runt to the weft of Menfu- r^do i tlie entrance of it it about fix feet deep, and m Calm weather it it navigable for veffels of a tolerable bur- iten. Thii river taket its courfe weftward about three miles, and eaftward to the river Seftos, whither the natives daily pafs in their canoes, and trade either in the natural produce of the countr ", or >n elephants teeth, which latter article is brought inc. /nfiderable quantities to the rivet Seftos. I'he river called del PuntoorRio Junck, it to the fovtb- eaft ot cape Menfurado ; but the entrance is fo clogged with rocks, tiutf it is impoflible for any fhips to paft them: however, on the other fide of tliem the river is navigable, and runs for fevcral milesupthe country with a fine fmooth current. The river St. John is farther to the fouth-eaft of diat laft mentioned: the banks of it are covered with lofty trees ) aitJ to tlie cafl of tliis river is a high mountain, in the tbrm of a bow ; but it ischietty barrenaiid uninhabited. Near the fca-coaft, a few miles from its mouth, is a village called Taho Carta, and not far from it, is another, called by the uativer Tabo Dagroii, and by the French Petit L>iippe, there is a river of the fame name near it. ' Svtttc Cru, or Scfltc Ci uc, is fituatcd on the fouth-eaft of tlie liver St. Paul ; near it there is a large and beau- tiful village inhabited by people remarkable for being honeft in iheir (kaling.'i, and prelcrving a more regular and pru- U •■>•"»•"••-"- • O — -• - — .;....... _ fl|t and low ; but at Ibmr dillancc trom the village toe land I is high, And covered witlt trees Am iHhti •tatllant timber^ Naar the Cm m two large rocks about a milt diftnt from each other j and the place it known at t only lo tocuia them ftoia the wiwhoUfonW damp of the «rtli during th« lainf feafont, but alfn from th« wild hiolb, which art a ton- flam terror lo th« inhabiiuiu, being very numerous hatr. Wappo, it a fmaU village about ilnap miict beyond Scftre Croi there it a piece of irelh water in it, that it ex- ceeding good and wholefome. This place is known at fca hr fevcral high trees that appear upon a hiH bebmd th« more, the top* of which, Icem of a red colour at a dif> tanca. Bcmc this phKe is a large rock, which fcems at it urerefepareted from the ftiore, though aAoally on it. There are ftveral other villages between Wappo an4 owe Scftof , the moft conTiderable of which it Great Seftro, where there it a large bafpn of fttfli water fituatcd among a number of rocks : but this villan contains notliing eUO that is remarkable ; and the reft «if them are too incon- (iderable to. reijuire any particular dcicription. We (hall now proceed lo take a view of the counttiet adjoining to the GninCoaft, or th« interior pan toirarda the weft and fouth-weft. Thefe countries ara divided int9 (everal territories or kingdomt i the principal of which are, (^illiga, Q$K>ja, Hondo, folgia, and Manow, the Uft of which It very extenfivc. OjiUlip, orQuilga, it three hundred milat north of Mojambique ; it it a large fertile country, aliounding in •U the neceflariet of life, and wai difcovercd by tl«e ror- tugucfc in 1498, to whom it is now tiibutary. Qyoja, reaches fiom Sienra Lcona to the Grain Coaft : andconiains.befidet Proper Qiioja, the tungdomt of Bolm, Giln, Guilliga, and Carredabu. This it a large kingdom, and inhabited by two diftiuA people, namely, the Vey* Berkoma and Quoia-Berkoma, the former of which aro the c^fendents of tlie antient inhabiunt« of cape Monte, who wtre once a populous and warlike people, but being conquered by the Qiiojant, and reduced to fubjcAion, are now very iufignihcant, and few ii) number. In this kingdom are many liandfome towns and villages, tlie chi«£ ' of which arc fituatcd on the river Maguiba, by wbkh tko whole country it pleniituUy watered. Gttat numoer of water-elephants are found in thit ri- ver, and on its banks t and the natives, wlien they catch them, prelent them to the king, who claimt them u hit particular property, but ufually complimcnit the perfona who bring tlicm with a handfome prefcnt. Thit creature it properly called the hippoiamut, or fea-horfe. It it an animal that feeds upon graft, but frequently bidet himfetf under water, where he continuet for fome time. When he raifet hit head from the water, he tookt about to fi:e if any danger it near, and can fmrll a m.-U) at a confiderablo dinance. If any thing frightens him, lie will immediately hide liimfelf in the water, where he will cominue for a confideable time before he again raifet hit head. At foon, however, as he appean, tlie hunter, who has patiently waited for the opportunity, levels hit gun at hit headi and if the creature hMpeut not to lee him, it ieldom miHes doing the wiflicd-for execution. If he it killed, the co> lour of the water will difcover where he liet, when they go with a boat, hookt, and cordt, and drag him aflwre. 1 hey then ikin him, take out hit bowett, and convey him awajr on a carriage) for hit weight is very coitfidenble, being from two tlioufand five hundred to three thoufrnd poundt, when fiill grown. The water-elephant in colour and Ibape, greatly tdem- blet a rhinoceros, except ilie Iczt being loroewhat ihoiler. The head it much like that of a common horfe, but the mouth and noflrils are much larger. Hit cars and eyet are fmall, and his hoof is cloven like that of an ox : but hit pattern being too weak to fuppott the weight of his body, future hu t^en care to lupply that defcA, by placing two little hooft about it, on whicn he refls in walking, and they leave 4 isfliort hketliatof andcpliaut. 7°lic uddrr of the female hangs between the hind legs hke a cow's, but it it very fmall in proportion to the oulk of the bealt. 1 he hide it about an incn thick ; and foliard, that it can fcaicdy bo penetrated with amuiket ball, which it tlie reafon that they wlio endeavour to catch them generally aim at thchead. Th« moft remarkable things about thit animal are its tufts, which are four in nuinber 1 they proceed from the lower jaw. and rife out of tin mouth to a confiderab'e (eiigtU, ThC; srs a: thick ss %tx hon, cf an ex, irA Mcigh «uvu« tan poundt each. Thqr ate very white^ and aiw^l ^^, [AFRICA.] d t tl •*' Vtttin dMk coIdw v for which tuSon, tlity an uMich uM ky tl» nathMOMkal inftruiMnt-aaluri tor (oiIm, toAorii lie. BciUn thtft. h« hu in all fotty-feiif t*«th, vis. tifhl WWifow, Ibar to cich }tw i four doc Math, two in mcR 64t, whioli m til cylindrktl , aiul thirty-twA grimbn, of wkick llwi« are fiviacn above, aiid tlie faina numbar ba- Itir. TIN ieth of this animal ii cicatdingjpod, and in > pMla ia ibW at fii-paiica par pound. The fat li of a^vatvalM with iIm lean, being escoeding whoterome, and MMraltjr «fad ainftaad of batter. Tbii crearare deligliii M ri««fi, where the water it good, and chvlei titofe pern a«lMia the banki are well furniOted with graft. They feed •biaily ea filh in puifuit of which they go (everal of ilicra in a body. Thairmethod ii, to plant ihcmfclvei at the MeMhaef Urge riven, by which they intercept all the fiih that come down it. They do not deep in the water, but aMiong raada of rufliai on the fidei of the riven ; and the^ fra^ uenlly fnora fo loud, as to difcovar thrmlelvet to their puifMrt. They bring forth their young on the Und, where they fockle and keep them unkft difturbed, when they inMlMdiatelv take to the water. The negroei who have hilM near tne riven, are obliged to guard their ficldi tlay and night, otharwifo thciic creature* wooM do great age to tiieir rice and corn, ai well by trampling it down with their fcct, at eating it. Another animal, nearly refemUing the above, it fome- tiflMa found in this river. It it ahnoft of the lame fiae, •f a brown colour, with white ftreaki, k tone neck, (hort Ml', teall legi, and hu homa like a bullock. Thav are Muy caught ia th* water -, for though titey are fometimn (ten on more, yet they are too nimble to be bveittkc*t %y •ny baaft. Theie it alio a grtat Taricty of fiifh in thit river, afnon|; wbieh it a mnaritable one called the Cia-woedcock. It it tboutten feet long, and five in circutnCBtcnce. It hat a ^brge An on the back, and two of the fame Ate below the 'gilu. The uil it laege, indented, thick, and ftrong ; the arti, Nrecetdini from tne ufper and lower jaw. Thit bill it Mid and boney, furrouiided with a cartilase covered with ■ rough ftin fimiething like fliagreen. Tne Hefl) of it it intermixed with fat and lean, end it fu from having a dif- ^teeaUataftc. Hondo, ia divided into four prineipalitice, the chiefi of ^hixh art appointed by the kinc of Q^ja, to whom thry fur an aniuul tribute of red cbth, bit, and braft kettlet. toliia and Manow, are both very extenfive eiiMpiret, biN iha'laitBr it the moft confidtrable ; and the Folgiant •re in the fiune maimer ftlbjeA to tlie emperor of Manow, ■a the Qjiojaa arc to the Folgiant, The emprror't an- tliority axteiida over all the neighbouriiw natioht, who acknowledge their tubmiflion by making him annual pic- ftnaa of cloth, buglea, iron bart, (hwM, 8ic. and he in rc- tMni-ttftiliea hi* r^peft by prefantingMiem with a certain ytthlity of led cloth. The Folgiant ray the fame com- eNotiDthe Qeojat, who do the hke to the king of ado. TJKluhjeAtof the emperor are called mendi, witiaii fignUed lorda i and the Quojat are called mendi- ■HMew, that it, •< tlie people of the lord." Each of thefe kingt haa au ablbtute authority over hit own diflriA ; and they ean make lawt, declare arar, or proclaim peace, with- afat the cmperor't confent, notwithftanding tlieir fubjec- fpan M him. Jiefidai rice and other grain, thefe eountriee ptoduce a gMBt variety ti lagaMe* and reeta, u alfo plenty of paogtiavora, baiunaa, pint-applea, 4ic. The only aattle they ha»o are ihcw : they are indifTertntly fupplled with finm, except final! birds, which th*y eaten in ttie woodt, ia tahioli there are alio great numbeia of elephants, tygers, IraAloct, and other wild bcaftk. One aif tlie birds in this coaiMlry it tailed klofi.fowkeg- boffi, and it reckoned ait ominoui bird by the blaeki. Whan Ibey are on a jountcy , and hkpMn to (ee one efthefe birdt, ochiearititng, they immediataly teturn home ; and if any one dies I'oon after, they fay, kegbofli killed him. This MkI is about the fize of a fpaftow-hawk, and black- Ibatkcrtd ; pil'mires is its ofoal food. They have two other birds, which, be6det the above* the Maeki will never touch, but hold tliem In the moft ftortd light. I'hetiiftuf theie it called the fenton, and it about uic fiae of a lark. When the negroet are hunt.* itigin the woods, this bird will plate itftif oil a tree near tha i^t where the animal it hid, and on thO Mproach of A* honten will imtuadSmtely btgin to fit!^ -, ^frisr. IKc is IWitid the people have tal»Hi aotiea of h«r| flie inmcdi- ttely qittb her tdaca, and Mat to the ctfvat wim* Aa M< mal it IbcNtid. Theother Mid l» caibd a ftfiwa, «MI itnearlyof theCuBaCiewiitiihafenriar. ItllvtliWHl in beaian path* i and the nativat believe, that IT Mjr hSif break* Ihem, that incident will aertalnly ba fiiri'iViti bf tiM death of one of the bmily. The people wIm inhabit theft itaiklM, b«t " M Ati if ^ the Qiwjat, are in general good-tamattad andWv duM- iiig to ftrangert : they are etuMtcding toad of %iMtaaliilt !< anon, particularly brandy -, but unhft It h jiVeik tha% they feldom have any, for they are lit patramia Ml USf will not pnichafe it. They build their houfts ronnd, and their viUkm att alfo in the fame form . they have ttM foits of the t^tft. namely, tlie ootn and the fonMled. The o^ ^iRwci are exceeding plaalant, being encompaflad withtDlty tniet, that join fe dole together at to kaep otTne heat of then'iu The fortllM vitliap* «• ^M San »iak, and hkve a ^rt of baflion*, through which they paft in and out of tbd village, by a gate fo luw and narrow, u to aidmit only oni pcrlbn at a time. Tliafo villaget are inclofesl with patef nfterted to the furroundifig treet, fo tlut nothing iian b4 focn through the inclofure. At each of the gates is a hiit, where acaminel is conflaAtIv kept on guard ; uhd the peo- ple retire protnilcaouliy to tnefe Village*, as a (ecurity Mk to their jperfont and property, when any daii|er it upn- handed worn an enemy. Riee la the common food of thefe people, wlio are prio' eipally empioyed in tiM cultivatian of iMt ufeful giai^ llwir trade it very inconfidenble, having b«t (fw AaVai dlfoofe of, and th« tnix namber of EatOpcan VdRli, pan along their conla, foon take off tiia artfelet thin' v which confift only of alcpharitt teetfi| #ax and t!*ai- Between their narvefttv tha Qiloja Uaikt cteploy titatn* felvet in filhing and humingi but they m«^ not folto# the latter without permiinort from the kingi tMio reCetyea a moiety out of every thing they kill. The woitMn Hay# a great there in cuhivattna rhairlandt, it being dieiV n^ to fow the rice, and ka^ it me fitom weeds, riuif Idfo ptid pare it for ufe, by titating it In long deep mortin, aoade bt the hoNow trunk of a tree. Theinhabitantaof thefe eourttriet,- both men aiid wo' nnn, are fubjeA to many difeafea i but (he Inolt fiitu it tbo bloody flux, which often carriet off piroditiDui Hnmbari in a very Ihon time ; and tliey attribute thit afltlAlo6 to the fovah monow, or foreeren. The beada are ftibjcft m a diforder calleti ibatbeba, which kUl* a |^ niimbR of elephant*, boffidoet, wild boan, arid dot* ; isikj ttO alfo liable to feVeral other dlfeafea not known itt JSbiipe. The Qyoja language it the moft cdmmon lit |Mifejiarti| bat the Folgian it the moft elegant, And it &iiU!f ^^oUa by tlic better fon in honour of the Ung. Tmj oAeit make ufe of allegoriet that are very judklodflj a^pttcd^ and arc very eireunif^a in their convirJlttioh. The^ allow poly^my here, u ih iboft otb* nwk ; he keep* continually ^iit^j artdiu he paflea akmk ttit inhabitants join him win Inftramenta of Aufid. At AM uthepeople are properly aflen^bM, tittrf Btnd a riOt; whentbeperToAamMHntedtoperfbnndiecertiiJahjr. w£. ing the child fromdie mother, filyt it oh I JSiIeM, mdjMt a bow into one hand, ^d t quiver itt ttH ottver. Hi WiA tnakes a lonk hatvhgiie to the ))e^ ; ifiitt whicbbe t4' drefta himfeff to the ihfimt, wifliirfg be ni«T bb Hke mil fiither, induftriont, holpitable, aiid a good nUfhtridlil^j He Aen namet the ehtld, and return* ii ta tlie mothb* ; after which the company retire. Tlik nibti iff to htw< for game, ahd to gather palm-wine, t^tich ^bef DKitg to tile houfe of the petfon belonging to tbe dtil3, tHicn the mother dreflea the f^me #itfa rice, add ilik tvenlh^ u ^oneladed with merriiflent and feftlvity. The deremony of naming a girl b u follows : (be In- fant is brought by the mother or iTutfetUrtM^ the iilk^e^ iii tbe fame manner a* Uie boy is by th- 3 X ;., , - .' , ,. Uvaia i'.i •t«6 Th« new and universal SIfSTEM or OEOaRAPHV.' livan it to tl<« mother ; ■Akr which, ths whole rompnn)r fiif|)crre, s«rr|ir kfew blrA fricruli, f'lr whom ih iilrrtinl entcrtiinnicm i« provktedi tftar which they divert iluiN- filvei iit Ihcii ul'ual inaiiiier. On the tifiiiit ot'ai)^ iwtloii, ill ihr Iriendi ind tcijuifti- tance nf tliedcriiifeil iiiiiiiediilcly ■lleinlilr, and furrDund* '. tiuth»*aif\t,l\in cltRics ill which ibay fcOurth thcpriulci ^ndaxploili of the doluiiO. After tliitcercLioiiy it o\er, the c«r|>le II wilhcd, *Hd the hrried on a bier to tlx grave, which it generally made near the fepulchrei of their aiKeftori in fonie defolato fpot, and there depofiled about three feet in the ground ; they throw into the i;rave all the kettles, hafoni, and principal thingt the decealcd wu pullelfed of ; after which, (hey cover the whole with a mat, and lung hit armour on an iron rod, which tJiey fallen in the center of the grave. They ({c- ^erally eretk a hut over the grave, to fccurc it from rain,. at alfu the better to pre&rve the inrmory uf the dcceai'ed. IT a woman it buried, tht cmblemi placed on the rod are, bafoni, mugi, and other things necctlary iii houfe kcep- fng. It it ci^omary for the relaliont and friendt of a dcccafcd Dcrfon, after the funrral is over, to make a vow of abfti- itenee, which is called liolli Guwe i thit vow, for the comiuon fort is nbfcrved tcndayt ) and tor the king, or %ny very confiderablc perfon, thirty. 'Ihey who keep thit M, on making; the vow, lift up their handi, and declare they will not eai any .rict during that time, nor drink any Oquor but what it kept in a hole made for that purpofe in die ground, at alfo to abftain from connubial cnjoymentt i and the women vow to clotlie themfclvet only with white qr black rags, or to £0 with their hair loofc, and to Hucp on the bare ground. When the lime of abftinciKc it Qver, tbey lift up their hand* again, to denote that tlicy h ive very pun£(u»Uy fulfilled their cngagementt. After tliii, the men go to feek for game, and it they meet with aiiy, on their return it it drcllcd for regaling the com-' pany. All who have kept the fad are coniplmiclited liy Uie ncacefl relation of the dcccafcd with preti:iitt, coiilitl- ihg of a piece of cloth, a haiket of liilt, an iron bar, &c. Slut a mat, a lUfT, or fome kind of weapon, is gcncxally prc- entcd to thofc of a more dillinguilhed fort. When it4t it fui'pefled that a perfon did not die a natural death, (hey neither wafh tlic coi-pfe, or lament, till ihcy tliey are latiitiedof their doubts, and the criminal it dc- tcAed. At foon as the fufpeftcd perfon it ukcn into cul • tody, he it chained to a great block, and alkcd if he will acknowledge the faA : if he doet, he it immediately put %o death { if not, tliey try him by making him fwallow a brge quantity of quony. I'his is the rind or bark of a tree fo called, which in prcfence of tlic dtxcafed's friends, is pullcfl off by the fufpC|£led pcrl'un, tliat the litp or Juice nut be ufed without any deceit. The bark it pounded, 4nd' then put intQ a large quantity of watfr, which, after fome time ftanding, it of an acid tafte. Of thit liquor they tnakf the criminal drink three or four quarts on the fol- lowing morning, in the prel'ciuc of the whole company. Tf he (oon dilchargcs it from hit ftomach, he it deemed iiinoccnt, ^ut if it continuet there long he infallibly dies, ^leii'tticy either caft his body into lite river, or bura it. Althougli the (.^ujas lieiKotna are Tubjeft to the king of Folgia, yet that prince confers on the king of Quoja the title of Dondagh, which he alio prefervet, and wTiich it conferred on him by the emperor of Maiiow ; and the kitig of the Quojat gives tlic fame title to the king of Bulm, who does nut pay homage to the king of the Kol- gias, but to bim. .Notwjtljftanding thekiiig pf Quoja is an abfolute mo- narch, yet his goveriuuiMit h mild, and hit councils are formed of the wifcft and n;ofl experienced pcrl'oiu in the nation : however, he is jealous of hit authority and pre rog;itive. When he appears in public, he fits or (Und:! A,| a ftiicid- to denote tliit lie is tliC dd'^avlcv d titu ^wn • try, the leader at war, and thh prutoAor of hi« |i(ople. He keep* a f,tt»t number of enneuhiiirt, moll oi wliom art brought Iriim the iici';hhoiirinf; kiiiji'oint. H a fK'iloii i)f note, who hat lieen diljtraced, it defirotit oi iibiaining an audience of the king, in ordnr to Mgain hit favour, he Hilldclivert prclrnts to the cliirf of hit wivei, coiililtiiiKof ribhaiult, rlrphanit teeth, Aic. thefV fhc car- riei to ihi' priiu-i', licKgiiiK that fuch a (irrfnn may he ad^ nititcd. If the king chuli:i to giant the prtiiinn the pre- lent is accepted, and tlii: perfon udniitti-d t4>ut if not, the prcfoiit is privately rellorati to the owner. However, he daiet not icturn hums, till the kiiii;, thmu(;h the media* tioii of his friendt, ^ivei hit ronfent, then the piclieiii ii aa-cptcd and an audience grained t when ho nhuint fbr< givencli, provided hit crime be rv>t of a very cnormoat nature. When a nobleman hat been guilty of any mifconduft, he is funimoncd licfure the king ; and if he rvfufes to ap- pear, hit niajelly lends hit korcdn, or Ihield, by two drum- men, who are not to ccal'e licitini; their ilri'imt till the party comet with them, carry iiij; in one hand the korodo, and in the other fume valuable prcfcnt, At foon a* he comes into the king's prefence, he proftratct himfelf on the ground, and, tlirowing earth over his head, liegt iWr- Kivcncfs, and acknowlrdKet himklf unworthy to fit on the koredo ; but promifei amendment in future. The Ihickl is feiit to him by way of reproach ; intimating, that as he rofufed to obey the nundales of the king, h« might come himfelf and lake the place of the fovereign, nnd bear the fatigues of government. Ofienden in crt' niinal cafes, that are fentencrd ta| death, are exccntcd in fome woo<' at a conlltlc'iabic dillaiice from the village in which they rcfided. Here the criminal kneels, with his head bent, and tlie executioner ihruflt a lance through his body , after which, he cult off hit head with an ax or knife, and quartcri him, delivering the limbe, to his re> I'licftive wivei. If a man i« charged with theft or ncrjufy, .-ind the evidence is not fufiiciently clear, lie takes his trial by lielli, a compofuion made by the biilli-mo, or prieft( w ith the bark of a tree and herbs, which is laid on tHb per* run's hand ) if itdocs not hurt liim, hi is fuppofed in> iioceni I if olherwili;, he is deemed guilty ; in which cafe he is lirnteuccd to dea''-, aitd«xccutcd in tlie manner abovenientioned. When a woman is accufed of adultery, Ihe firears by tlie belli, wilhing that if the is guiltyi the fpirit (janria- iiin, the [fpirit of the woods) may deflroy her. If ih« ,' has fworn ialfely, and it afterward'! cunvi£lcd, place, the is condudtcd to the wood of belli, aud is never after heard ot. I'lie iiecroes in general think fuch women ai« carried away by the oclli ; but it it mod reafonabic to con- je£)i)rc that tbey are put to deatli ; and indeed fame of the more fcnfibic part intimate as much, but iievcrtliolels aflrrt that it is done to appcafe tlie indignation of the belli, in order that they may ftillprefervc Uigir fuperftitiout ho* tiont. tjt< With ref[)eA to their religion, they lielieve in one fu> preme Iteing, though tliey cannot form any jutl idea of him. They call him Canno, and attribute lo himomni* Iiotcnce, omnifcience, and oinniprercnce. Tliey alfo bt^ icvc that tbe dead become fpirits, whom tbey call j«itiMi4 iiiii, tliat is, patrons or defenders, and imagine them ablq to protc£k tlienn in all calamities, 'i'hus when a man hap- pens to cfcape fome imminent danger, ho I'acriticcf at tliq grave of hi* fuppofed deliverer fome kind of bcall, and lUaXC* S SCmI Sv« •*«v wi**v«i«fif*w«li& ui Kite IVMIIVI'* W km f A fr R I C A.) I V 6 It i €l O A 8 t. kSf Sffan(\, «t an ifknnwlcjgmenf for tfir prrttcAinil tip liH ftcrlvrd. Tliry helievr nHo tluf the janninin, dr fiiirit*, nlUie ill lliK WKiidt ; aiirl when tliev rrcrive »ny jiiiiiciiltr injury, thry rcutir ihilher, tnd reprrit tlieii gricT.uicri miI, when their time of edu- cation If rxpirrd, to huts built for the purpofe at tome diftancc, where they are vitited by their relations, who •ndeavour to polilh their manners, and make them fit tat fociety ; for, from their long confinement in this re- treat, they are fucli utter (hangers to deoency and good behaviour, as to \k mere lavages. While under this tui- tion, they are dreflid with a particular garment about their traifti, aiid tlicir necks are orrumented with firings of beads, intermixed with leopards teeth. On their heads tfiey wear a large cap with flappets, that hang over tlic face ; their legs are loaded with orafs bell* and rings, and tlicir bodiet aie ornamtnteJ with feathers of various co- knrs. Ire this drelt they iti condufled to a place ap- pointed for the pur|iot°e near the king's palace, where, in the prefcnce of numerous fpo£tator!i, they take olF their caps, and then fmg, dance, and exhibit fuch other per- tnnnances at tlicy have learnt while at fchool ; and if any be found deficient they are ridiculed in a particuhir man- ner by the women, who exclaim, " He has fpcnt his timeaneatiiig of lice :" the fame kind of lligma is alio laid, on tlicnrby the men, and they are afterwards looked vpon by bath fexcs with the ^catell contompt.' When the perrarmaiKo is over, the foggonos or teachers, call «acli their own pupil by the name tliat waii given him on hit idmlirian Into the fchool, ind theh pitlartU hta^ M his pareiiti : thit name he evrt afVor rrtaini. 'I he li;hon| or frmintry calculated for the imtM'ovetft«n( oliited hy the king, a ttumheroT huts .If II. .led in thj nriddle of a wood, for the recep- tion of III' II anmarried women ai chule to litcrfine aMm- hers of thr fociety. When intimation ii givert of tlM itumlier o| |wrfont dclhnut of being admitted, tUi moft antlent wom.tn of the prnfcinon it appointed at a go- vernel'i, and is called fogwilli. At foon a« the fchoUra arc aflcmbled, the enters upon her ofllcc by giving them a treat, and'eithArting them to be fatii^ed with their con- fmement of four months, which it the ufual lime allotted for their tuition. She then fliavci tlieir heads, and they, having, by her orders, Gripped themfelvet luked, the lead*, tliem to a brook, where they are walhed all over, and their bodiet anointed with palm-nil ) after whicl. they go ititircly naked during their continuance in the fchool. The fogwilli, or govcrnefi, teachet them ihe danc«« of the cduiitry, and to recite the verfet of the Sandi, wlijch givi-t nitne to the profcffion, they beiiig called Sandi SU modifiiv>, or the daughter! of Sandi. Thefe verfet conSft of certain encontiumt which are chanted ; and at the time they exhibit tlrange gellurei and motions of tlw bodn fome of which are not only ridlciilu'i, but of the mbft indelicate nature. When the time of their education it nearly expired, the parcntt fen/* them clothes and various trinketi to adorn their bodiii with, as bugle ilrlngt, brtfl. bells, rings, ttc. On the proper day appointed, they arc conduced by the fogwilli to the village where the kittg: rtfidei, whither prodigious numbers of people of boto fexci tefort, to fee them perform the feats they have learnt at Ichool. During the exhibition, the governefi fits on the groulid, and the daughtert of the Sandi dance ono ifter another to the beat of a fmall drum, when each re- ceivri the appliufcs of the public in proportion to their merits , after which they are diliilitled, and delivered bf the povernels to the care of their parents to whom they refpcifively belong. We might take notice of other itrange maxints which pre^aij among' the negroes of thefe nations ; but (hall only add to their other fuperltitiodi notioni, the great faith they have in magicians and forcerers, as aHb in a fort of men whom tlicy they call munuliti • thefe they believe cart fuclr the blood from the body of either man or bcaft ; at leait they imagine that they can corrupt it in fuch a manner, ^ as to occation lingering and painful difeafes. There arti ] alio other enchanters called pilli, who, they believe, can prevent the growth of their rice. Such men, they fay, are potFefTrd with the fovah or devil, and that being over- come with melancholy, they feclude themfelvet from all fociety, by retiring to the moft defolatr parts of the woods and forerts, where the devil (hews thnn fuch herbs and plants as are to l)e ufcd in their encliantmeiits, as alfo the wolds, getlurei, and grimace sproper for fuch praQices. The blacks arc fo confident of there being fuch people a* thefe in the woods and foreftt, that they will never travet there without company ; and they always carry with them' a certain compo(ition, which they fancy fecures them firom the malicious machinations of the fuppo' forcerers. S E C T. II. « titfiriptiiii »f ihi Ivtrj Cttfl, ilt Itwni, rii/tri, frtiutt^ inhaillanti, ibiir tufitrnt, ISt. THE Ivory Coall derives its name from the great nombcr of elephants teeth purchafed here by the Europeans, the principal part of which are found on this AiaO, and in its vicinity. It is bounded, on the eaft, by the (iold coaft ; on the weft, by the Grain or Pepper coaft; on the north, by Negroland ; and, on the foutli, by th« Atlantic ocean. The whole coaft, which extends firoin c.ijie Palmas to cape Apollonia, is about two hundred and' titty miles in length, and is called by the natives the Qua- qua coaft, the word quaqua figniiying a tooth, in tho language of the country. Cape Palmas is fituated in eight degrees weft longitude, and four degrees thirty minutes north' latitude. Tho moft favourable times of the year on this coaft, are the months of February, March and April ; during which th« air is very fercne, and the breezes gentle ; but owardstfac end of Nlay there arife violent ftorms from the fouth and ibuth-eaft, attended with thunder, lightning., stw} h*£ ftanifing on an el«v«ted grsundt it '^t confidenkbk dlftance at Tea, and wat the ooctfon o( I tape twine ciDed Cabo dat Palmat, or the P^f alt the men, women and duldren, 4id fn«y told them to fhe Enropeant, whofe fhipt then jj^ in (be liver abovementioned. St. Andrew u a very latgelown, and it fitsated on a fine river of the fame lume, whidi diiUiaiget ilfistf into Se fea iliowt twenty-five nulet to the north-«aft of cape dmat . Thit river dividct itfelf into two fatanchea, oa« (turning norrh-wcfl by wefi,and die other eaft lbuth>caft ; 4 OmA tin"^ of die year it it navigable finr fmall ve< fevr kagoet up -, but in the height of the fnmmer the ^trance it T^^ppftruAed by a bar at fiuid, that no veflfelt am nt into it. Thit town it very large, and fince the ^^Hpidilion of Dtewin hat become a place of oonfidetabie t^HL The country abcrat it it eaiily difKnguiilhed by a iteiabcr of land-matkt and lofty tteet, at alio feveial vil- lagn, which are fo clofe together, diat die whok are feen ai Mte view. The foil ia exoetding fertile, and aradacet gicat fuaodtiet of rice, nillet, maix, peat, and a great ttcietjr o( fruitt. • The pafinragc it excellent for caaie, of ifllidit^ have neat numbm, particulady oaea diat am wiy laige, and SM by die nativet at a ntj che^ ,Eafiward of St Andiew't river ate a great nuaabcr of celciiStt whick eitendmany milet dong tiie fhote, and am very oonfitiaioot fevenl leagaet at fta. between dw feveodi and emhdi cliff it a fina|l viUagc called Dromwa Petri, temarkMie ai4v for two large tieet that fiand in Ike cenHar of it, bjr wnich it it difemrcKd at a coofiderabfe ^Aanoe. And filllfiudier to the eaft it a^ La Hon or Uio, which it the om^ conSderable place for trade diMnighoat the whale coau, the etsphantt teeth beiiwnot oalf we Jaigeft here, but in the cteateft abundance. The ttyam i* enenfive, rannil^ at leatl three milet along the fiiiim^ and it very populow. The countrv about it fer- tile^ and produoet great ptenty of moll kindt of proviiioiu, fthkh are dacMftt and much oetter than diofe of St. An- Jiew. The nativet here are very civil, and aSj to trade with i but they raife the price of their commodities in proportion to the number of European fhipe they fee on thit part of the coaft. I'liere is a large river^ about four milet weft of Laho, w)iofe main rhannrji runt to dut of St. Andrew ; and ttie AnaOer branch ftret^t a fiew leagaet eaftward up the country. And three milet to the eaft of Laho are two yiiU^i nearly tocretber, one of which it called lack-la- Hew, and the other Corbi-la-How, but the fell about them it very indifferent. Between thefe two villaget are levcral fmall rivuleu ; and to the weft of the latter, about a league from the (bore, it a traA of the fia, called by the Dutch Keel fonder Grondt, but by othert the bottomleft pit. It received thit name from a fuppoiStion that there wat no bottom ; feven' Mtemptt were at different timet made by the narivet to found it, but without focceft t at length, however, it wu efTcCtcd by the Europeant, who found it to be no more than iittceti fathom in depth. Cape ApoUoniaii (ituaied at the eailem eatremity of this coaft, ifi four degrcet fifty minutes north latitude. It received diit name from the Portuguefe, Tvbo diicoveied it an the feftival of that faint ; and is remarkable for Itt great height, and the lofty trees that grow on it. The qapc rona out a iinie ro the louth ( and towards the iiiore the groand it flat, but £mhcr beck it rifei into three 4tftiiMitiitlt|.«liifihiA dcv mttttsroay be difcovi^ tei .a at fea. On the top of thefp hills arc fiiverai loit) ucei, which, though diipo&d inaftraggting inannart tender the pn^jeA very agreeable, Then are three vil« laget near thew hint, on the ftiore, but the landing it daogerout on account of the fwelling and breaking of tha fea on the Hat ground between the hillt and die fhorc. The vilbget ben are inhabited bv fome negro natively under the government of the Dutcn, who prohibit them, under Very liivcre peitaltiet, fitxa trading with any o^ei' Europeant but themfclves. Thus have we deicribed the moft material placet whieh torn that part of Quiney caUed the Ivory coaft, which being one of the moft delightful divifiont of thit part of Africa, we (hall therefore now proceed to take a general view of the country, and defcribe itt varioot prodwAiont, viith the cuftomt and mannert of the inhabiiantt, theii method of trade, dreft, langn^^, religion, lawt, &c. The rocky mountaint in this coaft, which are red, and the conftant verdure of the trees that cover there, form* by their various colours, an agreeable profped, which ii greatly heightened by the beauty of the valliet, that con- tain many villages encompaiTed with groves of lofty treet. The foil 11 in general Very fertile, and produces great quantitiet of rice, millet, mais, and a variety of roots and y^tablet ; atfo fevetal fottt of fruitt, at melont, onw^ac* citrons, cocoa-nuts, &c. Here are likewife widnut-traea of a peculiar kind, bearing nutt fmaller than ourtt which are divided in the middle, and tafte like the beft almondt, Sunr canet alfo grow here very plenriAilly, aad to grttt pemAion, but they are not regarded by tlw nativet, and only tun u food for the ekp^tt, which are aaore no* menut here than in any other ttrt of Guiney. They have fimie tobacco, which, if carefiiUy managed, might turn w great advantage. loidigo and cc^tion are alfo to coaamoii m thit country, that they grow without cultivaiioa. They have tJ)undance ot' moft fortt of caiUe here, aa oxen, goats, hogt, Iheep, ke. a good ox it feMom foU fiir more than a few doaen of knives, and tba inferior onea in oraportion. They have alfo great plenty of poultry^ and the whole coaft aoounds with variety of ftfli. Ainong the latter, are frequently found three remarkable creaturet* namely, thefea-ox, the singana, or hammer- fiih, anddw fea-fifh i whr^, for the information of our readen, wo Ih^ here give paidcular deicriptiont of. The firn of thefe, via. the lea-ox, or horned fiAi, it abovt eleven feet in length, from tlie fnout to the end af dw tail. The body is about five fiect in circumference* and of the fame thicknefs all over. The fkin is hand, roqdi, and without fbalet, but full of unequal points, and manked with Urge li>ott of various colours. The beid ia fnaped much like that of a hog, but has a protuberance at the end, like the trunk of an elephant, by means of which, like that aoimaL it leceives itt food. The eyet are ex* needi n g large, and furrounded with prominent lids, com- poftd of hardt coarfe, and rough hairi. On the fore- part of the head are two horns, of a long fubfiance ; th^ are flroi^, loagb, and pointed at the ends, and are about fixteen inchet in length i they lay ftrait and parallel to hia back, on the upper part of wnich, near the inouldcrt, are two exctefbenoet, that continue from thence to within a foot of the taiL That part of the Uil next the body, ia very flefhy, and covered with the fame kind of fkin ; but the astrcme part it compoiiKl only of a fin, flrong and thick, of a brown colour, croicd witli white rays, or parallel linet. Thit feemt to ferve as a defence to the fifh» who hat alfo two fpurt at the extremity of his belly, each of which it a foot long, round, honey, and pointed like hit hofnt. The gillt are large, and to each of them it a fin, fmall in proportion to hit bulk, but very ilrong. Bcfidet thefe, and a fmaller one beneath hit belly, betireea the two fpun, he has alfo on his back a rifing lump, which fupportt a fin Ihaped like a fan, about a foot and a half in diameter, and the fame height. The flclh it for from having a difigrteable tafle, aivl it it very white and fat. The next it the singana, or luunmer-fiih, which it ■ voraciout creature, and will feed on any thing it meetc with, particularly human flcfh. The head of thit animal it flat, and extendi itlelf on both fidet like a hammer, fiom whence it probably derived itt name i at the extre- ntity of each of thefe are placed the eyes, which are large and fparkliiig i tba mouth it formed much like that ofa fhark, aAd eontaint two rowt of long Iharp teeth i dia body is round, and terminates with a long (kming tail, only a tliick fkin with rough fpott ; the fim an lar^ and ftrong, and gready afRft bim in feiaing hb prey, which baalnaytatKglwi(iti)tt>«9isilfu(prizingcagem«iii. The tAP A !C A.) tt d L t> e A S *; «6^ tllC]r 1^^ '% flefli of thii enttart it Intinlf ttfelaftt M toeoitlit of iti cotricncA, and unplMfiint tafte. With ftfpca » the fea-devil, We MM mrombly fiip* pofe that it it fo calleifrom the liglineU of iti form, m which it Iiai thepre-emiittnee Above all other creatum in thefe feu : it hat four &ye*, and it aboiit tweniy-fivd fcct in lenethi and eighteen iit brMUith t on each fide of it it an angdlar fubftance at hird at a hoirrt, and very IhArp i the tail it very long and taper, artd terminatet with a dangerout point : -the back it covered with fnlall lampi about two iiKliet high, and (harp at tlie endii the bead h large, but there it no appearance of any neck, and thi mouth it furnilhed with a great number of Iharp-pointi^ teeth ) two of the eyet are near the throat, arid ai^e round and laree, but the other two are placed above theni, and taiuch Inialler ; on ea&h fide the throat are three hornt of iui unequal leng[th, the iriiddlenioft of which it tlire^ ftet lon^, and an inch' and a half in diameter, but they are flexible, and therefor^ cart do but little Mrm. The ne- groet citch thit creature for the fake of the liver, frotii which they extraft larg^uantitiet of oil ; but their flifli it ill-tafted and harlh. In thefe feat there it another fifli of the Ikme name i|rith that laft mentioned : ihii it only about four feet long, and broad in proportion ; it hat a bunch on itt back covered witli thoriit and pricklet like tbofe of a hedge-hog, and the fkin it hard, rough and black, rilihg with fevenil finall bflnclict, between which there are two fmall black eyet : the mouth it very wide, and amted with feveral Iharp teeth, two of which are crooked like thofe of a wild boar : it hu four fint, and a broad tail forked at tlie end ; and over the eyet are two (hup hbrnt that bend towardt the back. The flefti of thit fiih it a deadly poifon, and it it alfo an exceeding frightful crea • ture to look at. The nativci of the Ivory coaft, called the C2!»9U> blackt, are tall, Infty, and well featured ; but at the firft view appear rather frightful, which in all probability it die reafon that fome writert have defcribed uiem at a &- Vnge and barbarout people : this, however, it a great iniftake ; for in general they are rational and well-behaved, and are very honeft in their dealinn, particularly with the Europeans that vifit this coaft. when they go to trade with any (hip, they uke fome water into their hands, and let a fi:w drops of it fall into their eyes, this m a kind of oath ; by which they intimate, that they would rather lofe their eye-f hit f!:ii(h«a br enchlntmehti : tltey in ill Uolatet*. A fundamental law of thit ctiantry it, that evtry one it obliged to corttinue all hit lifii-tinie ill the conditioii whereirt he wat bdrn i fo that for ihftance, 6m *hofe fa- ther wat a fifhermin, can neVer follow any othet trade or prbfiHTtort, but muft al\Vayt remaiii a filherman. At Lahoi aiid foilie other paru of the imaft, thby make a ptetty fort of cotton ftuffi, ftrip«d blue and white, about three quirtert broad, artd three or fohr ellt long. I'hefe fell for a good priee ih moil parU of OairieV, aiid are greatl# valued. Though the native rtegrctet lire extt^emely fdnd of ttadej yet they are very cautioot in going on board EUropeaa (hips, particubrly thofe from England. When they fee a VefTel ort the coaft, they firtt examine itj arid, if they think they cart deal fafely, (hiy Carry their gtedt on boan(, fuch «i gold, ivory, flivet, or proVifiont. H6weveri they are alwayt ntiftraltful, and tHeir feart are in fome degree juftly fbnndedi fince the Europeant hive trepabried many of them, whom they have fold for (lavet. They general-i ly go four or five in a cano«, btit only one wjO go oti botri firft, the othert remaining itt the cahoe, tlU he hat (iitttfied them of their fafety ; rior can they, on any occa- fion whatever, be perfuaded to go dowri between the deckt; The nioft effeftual method of alluring theni on board, it; for the mailer, or fome of hii dfGcert, to take up a bucket of water from the fea, ind with their hiiidt fpniikte foma of it on their eyet. Thit they imagine binds tliem like aa oath, looking upon thii fea at a deity, or pbjeft of te- rigiout veneration. It it inipoffible to conceiVe what pa- tience it required to trade virith moft of thefe people ; and^ what it worfe, they cannot be urid^rftood, rior do th«y underftand Europcarit ; fo that all it done by f^nt and ^fturet of the handt or fingert, ilnd by fetting i quan< tityof goodt againft the tteth they oifcr for fale. The negroet here, befldet the artjclei of ivory, gol4 and flavet, carry on a great trade in (alt, which they feH to their neighbouri, who carry it f;irthcr into the inland countries, where it it very (catce, and difpofc of it to great advantage. The larseft and beft elephantt teeth in the univerfe are ound in the inland parti of thit toi& ; Monf, Marchais fayt, " The quantity of ivory which thit country aSbrdi it fo great, tfa^t io,Oool. worth has been fold here in one day. The inland country is fo full of elephantt, that the inhabiunts of the hilly parti are obliged to dig their honfes in the backs of the mounuini, and t6 mtte their douTs and windows narrow and low ; that they are forced to ufr all kinds of artiikes to drive them from dieir pian- titions, or to lay fnares for them to kill thenil. The m- fon of ivory being fo plentiful here is, becaufe the ele^ phants caft their teeth every three years j fo thit the teetlt they get firom thofe they kill .ire fewer ii( number than thofe they find loofe in the foreftt." Though elephants teeth are at plentifiil )iere riow as formerly, |ret the blacki have conlidefably enhanced the price of tliem, fo that the advantages ot that trade are much leflened. This, however, is in a great meafure owing to the coaft being annually viiited by prodigious num&rt of (hipt, not only belonging to the Engliih, French and Dutch, but alfo to the Danes and Portuguefei which has occaiioned the trade to become more general* and not fo prolitable as heretofore. SECT. Hi. CtHtaimng a JifiriptitH »f thi Gild 0*tjl, itt ittmdtritit JStmlitH, and Httnral kfitry \ «lf$ mi ^uunt »f tht iiAa- Uuntt, thir pn/ins, dreft, utaniuri, iufttmt, rtiiginit ttwHS, villagitt frvtnuuKt, Vt. WE cannot pretend to determine Why thit divifiod of Guiney is dlftinguilhed by the appellation of the Gold coaft ; fince the odier three piartt of the coaft produce equally as muoh gokl, add at Icaft at good in itt quality. All Uie inland countrlet tboruild with gold minet ; and though the nativet are liot aitiftt enbuib to follow a vein, yet they find great aUantitiet of It In fe- veral of their minet : but they prelerye them fo fecure, that they will not permit any European cither to fee th^fe they have dilcavered, or to iearch for othert. Befide^ 3 Y thsic ^70 The NEW an» U Ni VBR S AL iS YSTE M or G R OC R A P rf Y. tUe^r m'lies,. tliey who live ne^r.the fea lia^re atiotlwr aie- a!^r 4 wet night, tlicv go to tl)e fea-ibprc, eacli luving - • cptijiie of bowh.pr glatlccs made of caJabtUbeSt tlM largaft of Which tlicy fiU irith cart!) and faiul, ^uch as w driven down (i;om the i)K>uiitaius, by the violence of tl>e rain, , into the rivcrsi brooks, &(c. They waOi tiiis with many waters, by often, turning the bowl round, fo tljat tlie dirt Which ril^3 on die furface walhul over the brim : if there bet any gold, it (inks to the bottom by reafou'of its weight; and thu) they continue till they Itave waihed all the earth and fand away, except a fmall quantity at tl>e bottom. Which they carefully take out, and .lay by for a minute in- fpeflion. 1 hey then fill their platter againaud work on, til) tneyhave gathered a tolerable quantity of dregs, which they c*vfy home, and there fcarch with great diligrncs. Some- times they find as much as is worth ten ihiUings, forae- times a lefs quantity, and frequently they cannot pn>- ctire any. The Gold coall is (ituated witlun tlie fifth degree ot north latitude ; is bounded, on the eaft, by the Slave coafl } On the weft, by the Tooth or Ivory coaft ; on the north, by Negroland ; and, oo the foutb, by tlie ocsan. It ii about one hundred and eighty milea in length, and eontAin* eleven different difbiQs, namely, Axim, Anta, Adom, J«bi, Commaity or Commendo, Fetu, Saboe, . Fantyn, Acron, Agonm, and Aquamboe. Thcle coun- fries contain fome one, two or more towns or villages ly- ing on the fea-lhore, either uirderor between tire Euro- pean forts and caftle'i. However, theft villages are only for the convenience of trade and fiHiing, for d>e principal towns lie within land, and are very populous. Some of ihefe diftriAs ar: independent republics, under tlie dircAion tsf thtfir own rrwoiftrates j and feven of'tbcn> are king- dom? governed by their refpeftive fovrreigns or captaiiu. The heat here is cxctlfive from OQober to March ; but in tl»e other fix months it is tolerable temperate. The cpaft is .Very unhealthy, owing to tlic extreme heat of the day, and the cpolrkefi of the nights ( to which may be added tRedamp fvlphurr* fometimes the caie, they are not I'o violent as in tlie winter, but they .ire i^ore incommodious botli to land and fea- faring people, Uein^ ufually followed by cold rains, fo heavy and conflant for icv^tal d^ys together, that they feem to threaten to dc- luK the country. The native blacks, who live on the coaft, fliun rain with tlie greateft tare, thinking it prejud.cial to their bodies : tht* Indeed the Dutch thenilelves experience, particularly in the tornado feafipn. I'he rains that fall then are of lo pernicious a quality, that if a pcrfon {1ec]>s in his wet cloatht, he is fure to contraA a dangerous difcafe : it has been found, that deaths laid by wet have in a Ihort time been fo rotten as to fall to piiccs with tlv.* moft gciulc touch. The negroes, for this rcafon, avoid the .rain as Iftuch as pofllblc ; and when they happen to \k caught in it, they cover their Ihoulders with their arms acrol's, to l«cp it off" their bodies. They are lb fcaiuil of the bad cffcAs of rain, that they always fleep wiiii their feet to the fire, and anoint their bodies with oil, through a p^rfuafiun . that the fretjuent un£tiou kee)is the pores lliut fo tlut the rain cannot pcii.;tratc ; for they attribule all their difeal'cs to this caufe. We (hall now oroceedtn give the natural hiftory of the Gold coaft, which in gcncril abounds with a vaiicty of ttecs, fomfe low, and others very large and lofty : thcu- aic alfo many beautiful gio\es, \Vliicli (ewe to render the ma- lignity of the climate more fuf-porrablc. Some ef tlie trees here grow naturally in fuch order, as to appear as if placed by art ; whilll others (land fo tliick, and extent tlieir boughs I'o wide, as to form the mull agree jblc re- treat ; and thefc run for many mil'j; into the inland pjit, of the country. One of tlic m^il remarkable tic(.:., ^hich fpecies grows in great abundance all along the co.ii^, is the nanav-t.p?, the trutlk of r,l;;c!i ii fsvcal fcciiiiitk. and compolcd of a fpongy wood, or rather loot, uhitli ii mofi relemblcs ; it is hollow, auJ may be cajilj penetrated with an •«. TIm fruit at tirft is produced at the top of the trunk without any brunches ; but as the tree grow* older, it '(bb^tt out braiKhes towards the top, which re- fctpblc yoMO^ ftqcks, wlicreon fruit likewil'e grows. At the \prte;c ot th* trunk and branches ilioot other fmall fprigs almoft like rcJds, a little crookud and hollow j and at the extremity of tlicie fprigs grow lugft broad leaves, refcnibliiig in tlteir Ihape tJioie of the vine. 'I he fruit is about halt th: fize of a cecoa-nut, and of the fame form . it is green both within and without ; but alter being forao' time gatliered, it turns red. Mid abounds with white kkir- ficlt, which are the feeds from whence the trees are pro-. . duced. 'I'be fruit in its tafle rcfembles that of a pom- pion, but of tlie two it rather inferior to it. Tbefc trees are of two forts, male aiid female i the male* bear no fruit,; but are continually full of blolfoms, confiding of a long, white flower r the female alfo bears the fame bloiibnjw though not fo long,^ neither arc they fo numerous. Some of tbefe trees are very large, and tun up to a confiderablA height. With t-cfpe£l to tlie inland countries on the coaft, the/' are in general fertile, and produce (bvetal forti of grain,, particularly maiz and millet, which grow in great abun- dance. They have alfo feveral kinds of vegctablct t/adu roots, as cabbages, beans, wild purilain, potatoei amt yatBs. Thek laft are extremely beautiful, akid, next to rice, of the greatefl advantage to the - natives : they grow wider the earth lijcc potatoes, and are about two ipaiis- - long, and as much in circumference. Tliey (hoot out it long green ftcm, almoft like that of French beans, with- little prickles, and they run up flicks placed by the fid* of them in the fame manner, by which the ne^oet know when they are ripe, and llien dig them up. They ara. quite white within, and whfui boiled or roafied eat ex*, cecding well, and are ufed initcad of bread, not only bf, the natives, but maay of the Europeans. I'he tafle re- Oemblcs that of earth nuts, thoagh not quite fo fweet, (n||[ they are much more fubftajitial, and alfo drier. I-lese are abundance of palm trees, which arc of infinite fervice to the natives, not only from the wine that flows from the trunk, but the oil which they extra£l £rom their, nuts. They have alfo plenty of various kinds of fruitu fuch as plumbs, pears, oranges, citrons, cocoa-nuts, anii figs; to which may be added, aiiaaas, water- mdons, and. the kormantin apple This laft fruit it more peculiar ta. this country tlian any other : it is about the ihe of a vnjr-', nut, and has a green hulk ; but the outer rind is of a yd*, lowilh caft, foroewhat inclining to red. In the core are four large kernels fcparatcd by the pulp, which is red and white, of a fwcctilhtart tafte, but moft inclininj to the latter Ir IS a very a^:recal>le and refrcfhing fruit, and of infinite fervice to thofe allli£led with the bloody-fiux : for it is very afti indent, and is not only more falutary, but plea- fanter than tamarinds, when boiled with wine and fugar. In this country are feveral kinds of tame animals, Tucb as bulls, oxen, cows, Ihecp, goats, and hugs ; but the pafturc is fo indifferent, that they are in general exceeding poor and fmall : the cows yield very little milk, and one of the bell, when full grovvn, is fo light, that it will not weigh abjve ^jolb. The (hcep ain not above half the file of thofe of Europe; but, infle.id of wool, their bodies are covered with Ion", flinjgy Ifnir. 1 he goats are very numerou'i, bat fmall if comjiiiied to thofe of Europe : however, tlio l!c(h i. v.rrv fat and fwcet, aad ;;rcatly pre- ferred to tlut of the (Ir.'cp. Here is alio a great nuinbejr of huAS. but their fleih u very iiidilTercnt, and the little fat tliey liave is of an oilv natuic. IJdps and cats arc tlicir clm-f domcfl'ic animals. Tlie Hemocj ficiiuf ntly eat the foruicr, and are very fond of tiiein,iitfoniueh iiiat they will not only give a tlK-ep for oneofth.'in, Iwit alto foin.thiii}? to boot. They prefer du.i;'s tlclh to any other, and confider it in tlie fame light a\ the Euiopcani do vtniibn. 'i he dogs here are much like our foxes. 4nd have ioii;^ upright ear; : their tails ar« loiij;, but lip.r, and are withjiit hair ; the (kin is alfo naked ; and they never bark, but only howl. I htf are very difii|;re'-'iM,' to the lit:lit, but mucli mure fo to the touth. 'I he blacks call tltcin cabra de nvitta, which, in the I'oitHguefe, ii(;nilies a wild g'nt -, and fo univcrfally aie they Miimiicd in this country, that in iome places they breed them for fak', and ihcy leidi a much butter piiCii titan the lh,-:p, sy!itn.c»iri;i to tuc mar'^eti. The licgrocs are a'Ad v'ety foiid of cats, but tlicy do not eattliem, uniefs iiutyf jicecllity. If tlicy are grxxi moa- icrs, tiicy value niem much, as tuey arc prodigioutty pel- tcicd witii variou'; forts of vermin : lh<.ir cats arc called h) tUc u,:tivss aubaio, and are in general very handfoine. [AtRICA^t b O L t) c ■'(e)^'A''8J *i ' win-c n^ k'- y (!o not »d inua- luliy pef- ire called uiJIbine. ihnang their wiM btaAs (of wbiah th«^hm vHriBtfk M ibrti, both oA the eoafts, ind in the inland pant) noite 1 are oiore dittinguilhed than the elephants { for thovgh ; in sther parti tbete animal] are rtnclered docile and nk ■ i ful, yet Itere they are never umed : but, notwithftaiuibig ' this, they feldom hurt any one, nor is it an eafy matttr to pro«cs, ill poat numbers and variety, arc 'to be fouiid in this country. Some'of 'ihelc arc called by the Dutch bearded monkic', fro.ti theit having' long wliite ti^rdi i the hair on their backs are-'of aliehrbrown, th*t on (he belly white, anJ tlie reft of the bodvMs 'Covered with 'Aeti'. • I here ^re otl'.en called tvititc r.ofcsi {rom ihsr jmri of them oijly btiii; white. I'hefe animals, though of va. ribus forts, are all very cunning, and ready to imitate . •:what they fee. They arc fond ottbeir younff; always in iAion,! iiidf(Aityt«(taibl»4hiftumak>ibMlirAl(IUfli^ M^itMs. cilt them tmiM Mcto, hmllhy ihvf atMfpMn they w«Did. They aw in-ginenl imevMi and niMr n'rk. markatri* fubtitty in what tttdy ftem. pkrtkuiwty MtHM^ oif ^HScb 4c have th« followiag i«latkm ; thtfy (Kke Me or »w» ftdhs in eatiifmi, w muoh 4iiiM< tboit xriMt **>*> or th fee io'theic mouths vtnl thui ladtn ihct' miitcH iitntjf , cMitimiallykaplttg oh their hind'tigt } but if «tirft(edth% hoM what they have in their ntiodttt,' and M tlit t^ 4rMi to be at liberty to run. Every (talk tbiry ■phicfc H nice^ -cxamfaied, and if they do liot like It, they mrow It avHiy, and poll another ; fo thai this dainiiMft occftliont taHiiAi- iii)K« than their thiet«ry. The natives call «M of thei moft fsnuirkable «f thtfi Ipecies boggo i and the Eiiro|i«ani, mandrd : it is ' difKf- em from all others, and approaches much nearerto thehti- man (hape. The body, when full nown, is as largk i$ tint of a man ; tlstlr legs arc n^uch ihortcr, but their kit longer, and their arms and hands, are iti ptoportioM. Ttb ■head is very large, and the fiice broad and dat, without -any other hair than theeycbrows. The it«tis'is ikipfttuMi the lips thiit, and the mOMh widd. The fate i* Wrinkled ■s tf with oM age, and the tdeth ate btwid Uht y*MttW. .The hands tmdfitet are white and fmo«tb, bit all Ac tth of the body iscovcrcd With ion;| hMr. They always -walk ere£t -, and, when teased, cry like childien. A j^refeiit of one of thefe monkies was made to a gentleidaft tt Sherbro. It was a (he-cub but fix months old, yet Utgtr than a baboon 1 He ^e it in charge to a rtegro flave, who knew bow-to feed and nurfe it; but whenever be hit the deck, the failors began to teaze it : fome foved W heir it cry, others hated its Ihotty nofe. One of thcrti btiit A, for whicli being checked by the negro (lave, the formir told him lis was very fond of his countrywoman, and alked Itim, If he(hould not tike her for a wife? To^^ieh the negro readily replied, " No this, ho my Wife ; this white woman, tins fit wife for you." The owner fn^ pofed that this unlucky wit of the negro haftened the death of the animal, for it was found detid under the wiit«t> lal's the next morning. '' There are, betides the wild beafts of a voracious natuM^ others tltat are much milder, foch as harts, antelopes, ai(d hares. The former of thefe are of varSbdS forts, fonie *f them being as large as e6w*, others not bigci-r than (heep, and fome even fo fmall a»fiai|t. They are ili general of a red colour, with a black (l&tton the back) and fome of them ire beautifully ftriped 4Wi. white. Their flelh is paiticularly admired by the Dutch;, and all the different kinds are good to eat. ' , Several forts Of wild cfits are.to ht H»et wiik liere, fonle of which are fpotted like ijgers, and are very fierce arid mifcli^evous. Anioii" thefe U the civet-cat, called by the negroes kankan, and, by the Portuguefc, gatos^de algalia. 1 hey are about the fize of a fox, but longer Irijiged ; aiid the tail refcmbles that of a common cat< except beittg longer in proportion to the body. Thcjr hair is greji and full of black fpots ; thofe who keep them for the fake of the ma(k, generally feed them with raw flelh, or entrails, as they yield much more from that than a drier (00^; When hungry thev are very ravenous and will eveh gnaw through the wood of their cage. They are ver^ cleanly, and always roll and tumble on their food before they cat it. They who keep them generally vex and teaze them before tliey take out the iiiulk from the bag : for the more the animal is enraged prcvio\is to ^his operation, ^^^ bet- ter will betheihct. The bag which coiiuins tlie civet is in the iniddlo'befwiytthe arius and the ptfdehdtrm, brtlx ih tile male aAd frmaJc I'but ik h muth larger iti the malf; The liquor of whkh tht' civet conlifls appears to be exeitud from certain ^ands tliat lie between the coats that com- pofe tlie bag from which (he civet is taken'. The -ciTet i-i not of any ufe irt mi^dieitjt, but Is valued a^» great tiei^> ■fume. ■ .. ,■ .' . Some potcupiii^ are.afft/ht thii conntty, iWlicli art ili general anout two'fref- ih litight, an* their ttctfi aife 're- markably Iharp. They are vei'y' Atiint, Infoniuch that they will Vcnturt to attacktne largtfl aiid niott dannrous fhakes. Wlien irHfated, they fhtrot theit qulHs it tWe enemy ; and with Inch violence, that thev afterwards piwvc fatal.' Their' tiujlls arc from eiglir^ ten irtcftes lonft and pointcQ at both cn.'s ; they arc,gt a horny I'ublhiWj 'aftti much refeitil'te tterroiftlhelv in CoWiir. The' wegroca ■catthenV,' Kud coiifidirt- their llefh a$a srriit delkatv. There ure n-tcml 6ihcr animals in this parr of tile coaft of titiiney. and, among the reft, th.^t remarkable one called by the muives potto, hut more gtrileiiiily knowit by tho name of flotlt, and is (aid to be the molt ugly Ciea- taiii \'< •yj Tn» NEW AMt> UNIVERSAL SYSTEM o> GEOGRAPHY. *an in tiM univtrfe. Thii MtifMl ii fo flow in ia mo- y •ion, thai il cannot tnvel aboYe twenty rardi in a day. Tha head if fttangrlv difpropordoncd, and the fere-ftat gtaatljr nfemble haruu. The hair of the yoong onei ii of a |Mk moufe colour } but that of the old ii red, and look* more like wool than hair. The female, when big with young, climb* the trunk of fome old tree, in which there u an holloa, from, fone accidental decay, at a diftance from the ground. Here Die dcoofitt her young, which ate generally two in number : during the time Ihe fnckki her young, flic continue! in the fame hole, and though that period it very flioit, before it is expired, Ihc become* almoft emaciated. When the young are abic to -crawl afiwr her, Ihe kada them to tlie neareft branchr* of the tree, where they devour the leave* firA of one and then another. VVhcn the tree i* quite ftrigpcd, they are obliged to fcek a new place of abode : the journey, nowever, to the next tree, take* up no ImaJl time in performing; and though the creature is fat and in good Condition, at the time ne leave* hi* former habitation, yet before he ha* reached hi* new one he become* a* poor and lean u pof- fibles and if the tree i* hi|h, or at any dillance, and he mectt with nothing in hb journey, he inevitably die* with boMtr. While it i* thu* travdhng (lowly on the ground, •nybeaftfluy kill and devour it, for it i* mtirely dcfeiice- lelt, and, when attacked, only make* a noife like the cry- ing of a kitten. It ha* three claws on each foot, and the fore-feet longer than thofe behind. A four footed animal, called by the negroes quoggcio, live* in the woods. It i> almoft eight feet long, including the tail, and is covered from the neck to the end of the body witli fcalcs relembling the leave* of an anicbiak ; they are placed very clofe together, and fccutv the creature from the attacks uf hi* enemies, particuhirly the tygcrs ■iid leopards, who frequently purfue him, and, a* he is not very fwift, they foon overtake him ; on which occafiou the animal roll* himlelf up in his coat of nisil, when his enemies dare not attack him. It is a very inoifenfive crea- ture, and will not hurt any thing : it lives on pifmires, catching them with it* tongue, which i* very long and glutinou*. ' The negroe* knock them on the head, feU their Siins to the Europeans, and eat their fleOi, which they fay is exceeding white and palatable. The grano is an amphibious creature, and greatly re- iemble* the crocodile ; but it is very inotfenfive, not hurting aity thing except cocks and hem, among which it fometimes makes great flaughter. This animal is about .four feet in length, the body is black fpeckled, tlic eyes are round and Iharp, and the Ikin very tender. 'I'he negroes cat their fle(h,as do alfo Uve Europeans, and they all agree that it is far preferable to tbatof tlieir cocks and hens, being very grateful to tite tefte. Cock* and tens, gcefe, ducks, turkies, and pigeons are their tame poultry ; their wild fort are, mallards, )>hea- fants, and partridge* ; befides which, they have peacocks, fieldfares, ring-doves, cranes, &c. Here are alio great number* of parrots, parrot% w{i^^ U« of various forts artd Colour* t foiAa ai« white, othert Uack, and fome red. The white are a* '-vifpareiit a* ffla£i, and bite very forcibly -, but the red are the wnrft, their fling being iiiHammatory, and the pain it produce* iaof much loii^r cantiniuincc than that of the millepedes. They make their iicAi in the fields, and generally raife them at leal) ten feet from tlic ground ; but Ibme build tliem in higli trees, from whence they fly in fuch fwarms to the European fettlemeiits, as to become exceeding troublelbme to the inhabitant*. I'hey are very ravenous, and will fometimes attack a living ihe.-p« whifh in a nij^bt'* time they will reduce toa perfeA fkeleton, leaving not the Icaft thing except the bone*. Fowl* and chicken* frequently fhare the lame fate ; and even rats, though fuch aAivc ani> mals, are not able to elcape. , As foon as one of thefe ani> mals is attacked by the ant*, hi* deflruftion i* at luind, for they gather in fuch prodigiou* number*, thatthty foon overpower him i nor will they quit him, till tliey are f'ulfi- ciently reinforced to carry him off to fome convenient place, wlien they immediately fall to work, and in a Ihort time reduce it to a mere fkeleton. It hat been remarked, tliat if thefe litrl; animals have not a language (a* many believe tliey have), yet they liave certainly fome method of communicating their thoughts, which has been expe- rienced in the following manner : when two or three of them have been found (Iraggling on the hunt, a cock- roach has been killed, and thrown in their way. As foon as they found what it wat, they fent away for help, while the others flaid and watched the dead body, till their com- rade returned at the head of a large polw ; who if they found themfelves too few to carry off llie prize, liave der tached a I'ccond meflenger for an additional force. Cinats are very numerous near woods and mailhy grounds : they fling very Iharp, and raife prodigious f'wel- iing.i, attended with violent pain. They frequently oblige the inhabitants to change their habitations, as tliey are ex- ceedingly troublelbme in the night-feafon. Millepedes or hog- lice, are alfo very numerous ; and though their fling i* not fo dangerous a* that of the fcor- pion, yet it occafioiu a very fharp pain for fome time. They are flat and red interfefted like other worms, and have two finall horns or chws with which they fUikc. Their feet are forty in number, viz. twenty on each ijde ; from whence titcy arc called forty-legs by the Englilh and Portugucfe. Here are great number* of locufls, which fometimes make great deflru£)iou among the corn and vegetable*. This inleA is about five iiicties long, and about tlie thick- ncfs of a man's little finder i it has a cowl over the neck, and a pyramidal head, from wheiKe there proceed two horns or feeders, ainiofl an inch long ; the eye* are pro- minant, and of a dark red colour i the bodv i« oblong, and of a bloody purple colour ; and the tail i* forked like a fwallow's. It lus four alh-coloured wing* marked with dulky fpot* : the fore- feet lud thigh* are very flender, but the hinder ones are long ant! thick, and marlced with tranf- verfe flreaki of a blackilh colour. Befides the fort already defcribcd, there are other fpecies of thi* infed, Ibme off which are not above three inche* in kngtli ; tliefe are of the cowled or hooded kind ; the lower wing* are finely diequercd with brown and Icarlet, and the upper are of a light green ftrcaked. Cock-roaches ?f in general about two inches long, of a dark brown colour, and in fhape fomewhat like a beetle. I'hey are fiiid to be great enemies to bug*. Scorpions are in general about three inches in length i they have four legs on each fide^ befides two claws armed with fnippcrs, between which is tlie head. The body ctm- fifls of nme joints, and the tail of fix, which has a bookod weapon at tlie end. There are fome on this coafl as big as fmall lobflcrs, and luve the fame fibrt of claws and feet -, but their bodies are covered all over with lone black hair. All (if them Iwve a fmall bladder full of dcadlv poifon at the end of their tails, wbidi they dil'charga cither at man or beafl. Toads are remarkably large here ; and fome of them lb flrong and venomous (hat tlicy ticquciuly engage and kill ferpeuts. Snakes not only infrft the woods, but alfo the houfes of the negroes, and even the Kuiopran luri'i and lettkmcnts. Mofl uf them are very large and venrnious ; but there -is one of a peculiar nature, and lb inotfenlive tlut it will neitlier hurt man or beafl. It is called Ihe hurii-fnake, from a horn, or ratlicr a tooth, that rife* from the upper i«ur fii,.l .\r«,M.A« tlii/jnaH rfi«- im!?: It ii i\boUt fiV'* if^f length, variegated wiln black, biown, vcUuw, and while fltcak* vtty agiceaJkly mixed. 1 he htai itbtcadand f.at, and (AFftVttJ^A^ ^m^ "i ''iS ' /^ 'i^'^ >*-'* "^^ »n upper L'l- if ft ma idM herii'U white* hani; iiid iKM^i|MiiM. THb ocgiOH often tnti upon them ; ftr they roHiatimes fe^lnt Acmfehre* with food, that they fleep esttcmely found, (b thu ihe grcateft noife will not awake then^. The ne(^xJet often eat them, and account their fleflt a very dclieioQi Are. There are on the Gold coaft great crattnitiei of tirioui kindi of fi(h iA the fea and riven: THoie of the '■ ' • ' '; ' '/•;■ ■ •' • Thert^jM, bafUw tho 4m ah«illriflMnri6fiMj^ll^ t>f a miaeh lai«er fiM that iitftft ' fion. Thofe of confemiencc walk with their eyes fixed on the ground, feldom looking about, or taking notice of any one, except it be a perfon of higher rank ; But totheir inferiors they Ihew fuch contempt, that they will not eveii deign to fpeak to them. They ai;e generally very com- plaifant to ftrangers, but they do that for the fake of its typing returned, which is a diftinguifhed gratification of their pride. They pay great lefpeft to the Europeans, and are highly picafed with their accuftomed civilities ; but of thefe they frequently take advantage, by laying fome icheme either to plunder or defraud them. The >«^omen, though not fo tall as the men, are very ftraitand well-proportioned i they have fine fparkline eyes; fmall mouths, and beautiful teeth ; their nofes are m ge- neral high, and a Pttle crooked, and they have all long durling hair. They are good honfcwives, very cleanly in their perfons, and have excellent conftitutions. They an naturally folier and induftridna, but at the fame time proud, artful, and covetout. Their ditfs is itiuch fupe- riortothat of the men ; atld they are very careful of their cloaths, for they Iwve two forts, one of which they only wear when they go abroad. Their common dreft conftfta of a large piece of linen wound round the body, from the breaft to the knees, and fattened with a girdle of red, blue^ or yellow cloth, to which they hang their knives, furfes, keys, &c. Their better drefs is formed of a huge piece ot filk or ftufF wound round the waift, and i«achinc fivm thence to the ancles : their ftvourite colours are- red, Une, or violet, and they have ^nerally a bunch of keye at their girdle, witli bracelets of ivory or gold. They weariJnaU ear-rings of brafs, copper, pewter, or tin, afTtificially t«rought, and on their arms and tegt they have bncelete and rin^s of copper or brafs : they take ereat peina with ' their hau, which they form into various (napes, and deco-^ rate it with gold, coral, and ivory ; and in honour of their fetifh, they wear round their necks ftringt of bead*, bran- tified with fmall piecet of gold. The common people have only a piece of doth wound round the waift, and another between the thigh* ftflened with a girdle. The better fort, however, wear a piece of filic tad^ty, or Indian damafk, two or three ell* longi folded round the waift, the ends hanging down to their andet. Sometimes tliey wrap another piece of ftufT about them, which either reaches firom the breaft to the calf of the leg, or it tlirown acroft rtieir Ihoulders like a mantlei They adorn their necks, arms, and legs, with firings of gold, rilv«r, ivory, fhellt, &c. fome of which are of very confiderable value. They take great pride in their hair, which they dilplay in various forms : fome have it long '• and fttait, others curl and plait it together, or tie it, up M.: the crown ; and all of them fmear it with palm-oil, and decorate it with various toys, the moft diAinvniflMd cf which is a kind of coral, called conta de terr^ aid by them cfteemed mote valuable than told.. 3 2 _. - . .,.,,.,--,,, tWt ■i ty4 The N E W anw UI^W &K»:AL j^Y»TEMjor GEOG*LA:FHV« WlMfC Opportunity oabn, warn themlclve* ft vend timM.s |db9»<&>r w)iM> liwpvfc t^y (ivintnAnly bviU Uwi( viU«Bei iwu dve (m, pr an |h« \f|m|^ of mctt. Thii t«4i tlKpklnt oil wi^ which tlmrfit9inttM»(uTP. ,, Qath«M4. 4^ait j^v(iiftm4,villi«fMi««omp«r«^«f k number of b^a imm(^)y ptuM^i but thof* in lh« in- Iwdpwu ate mud^ ^tt«r, a^d inort unifonn, ilian thofc near thf (e*. Th«ir lio^^ ^ gmtnUy of • Tquare fonn» Rmivci^Wwj they are |n^ , Tt^ty lay it on a mat on. the ground, and fit ccQltileggfi^, limning on vtt fide, or elle with both their 1^1 undvi .4i*ro (nvattiiif oa their heelt. The liufband gisneraUy <(»t^ alone in hit own hut, and hit wives fepa- rately in (heirs, except when he happens to invite hit chief Vftfot W P^t a vifit to hit fiivourite one. I'hey make but tvrq mevvin a day, one at fun-rifiug, and the other at fuu- fei^. M their moroii^'t meal tliey drink water, orpojrton, which it a kind of imiU beer ; and they drink palm-wine iiihe evening. The chief employmentof the men ia abroad, eitlicr in trade, fiihinft or making paint-wine, great quantities of which ai« every day fold in the markets -, and tbe profits they get from their labour they give to their wives, who difpofe of it ii^ a very frugal nuoner, at, (hey are in gene- ral encelknt houfewi«'et. The women are chiefly employed in providing for tbe bmily, under the dire^io^ o{ the principal wife. The lirft thii^ tliey attend to, in the article of diet, is, to make the bread. In the evening tliey fet by tl)c quantity of corn thou'ght necc&ry for the fiKnily l|ic lucoeediugday. This they beat in the trunk of a tree hollowed for that purpofe like a mortar, or in doop holes of rockt, with wooden peftlet ; Uiey then winnow and grind it on a tUt fione ; after whidi, they mix it with flour of millet, and knead it to a fort of dough, which they divide into fmall round pieces, and boil like duroplinst. Of the fame dough they alfo make a fort of bifcuir^ which will %fep for feveral J Monthi, and with They aio alfo varyisaniful ia briiigr inguptheirchikumt particularly their daagluen, whom tliey inftruA in every thing that may tend to make tltetn good end ptndent wivet, and acquaint then with every branch of domeftic oeconoiny. Their inarrMfie c«rfn*(H pointed for the wedding, all tlic kindred on both fides meet at the lioufc of the brlilu's fiithcr, wlwre an elegant enter* tainmcnt is provided. In the evening the bride is taken to the bridegroom's houfe, and put in her hulband't bed between two women, where fhe remains all night ; after which tlie bride is fent back to her father's houfc, and there kept till fhe is of age for tbe marriage to be confum* mated. Polygamy being allowed among them, fome have from twenty to thirty wives ; for the greater the number, the more they are rcfpeitcd ; but the common fort have fel- doin more than ten. All their wives arc employed in til- ling the ground, and niaii.iging tlie affairs of the family, except two, who, if the buiband is ricli, are alwayt exempted from labour : the principal of tliefe it called tm mulicre grande, or tlie great wife ; and tbe fecond it called die bofTuin -, but having taken occalion to mention thefe fiivonrite wives, in the former part of our general account of Guiuey, to avoid repetition, we fhall only add, that J when the huibaud thmkt proper to fleep with one of his other wives, he gives her private intimation of it, in order to prevent jealoiuy, when me retires to her apartment with the grcateft privacy, aivlthe matter is kept a profound fe- cret from the wA of tliem. They name their children as foon at born ; which are naturally of fuch ftrong conftitutions, that little care it required in nurfing them. I'he poorer fort of women fauen them to their backs when they go to their daily U- bour, and fuckle them atxiifferent timet, by railing then* up to their ihoulders, and turning their breafit over to ttiem. I'licy ukc great paint in walhing them every night and morning, when they rub them well with palm- oil, whifli makes (heir joints flexible, and greatly fadlt- tatas their growth. Tliey go ouite naked till they are lea or twelve years of a^, when they wear a kind of clout faflened round the middle. When they arrive at that age^ the father toket the boys under hit care, and brings them up to his own bufineft. The girlt are taught to grind corn* bake bread, and carry it to market for tale ; at alfo to weave balkets, mats, caps, purfea, and otlier things. The boys arc chiefly brought up to filhing or agriculture, but fome of thev) are put to trades, tlie princi|ial of which are, fmitht, cai]penters, -md goldi'mitlis. The baithi make all farts of tools for hufbandry and houlkold u(ea i and though they have no fteel, yet they iiudM tliem with great neatiiefa. Their chief tools are a liard ftone inftead of an anvil, a pair of tongt, and a fmall peir of bcUowi witli three or four nofelt, which it an in- vention of their own, and blows very ftrong. Their filee areof vanout fi%es, and well tempered : they puichale their himniert of tlie Dutch. They cliicfly employ their carpenters in making caooce, and the frame or timber-work of houfcs, the roofs facing nude bj others called thatctiers, who have a peculiar me- thod ol ranging the leaves of palm-trees, the flraw of In- dim wheat or mfhet, wliich tliey bind and &ften together on polet of diflbrent fucs. I'hcle they fell ready-made in the nurketB i fo thattlKy who luve occafion to rebuild or renair a houle, au at no loft to fuoolv themf«lvM » ■•!> ■ rooft «t they arc iahticated in all flitcs and fiamu. Their n- i^ ,Kf ktJ^ Ai\ © 0" t U C O A I T. lich are care it women . iaily U- thieo» over to evwy wlm« imlt- areten clout mage, them grind alfoto The bnit ich are. MUkOce, being r me- ofln- igettier le in uildor iih ■ Their Thtk mMfmith* make a variety of aMclee of rare koMi fucn at breaft kiei, and goats. 'I Itcy are, indeed, excellent attifta i hot thoir greaceft ingenuity is Ihewn in the gold and filver hat- band* made for the European*, the thread and texture of which cannot be excelled by any artift in Kuiope or dft- where. There are alfo among them fome ^od pottun, who have learnt that art from the Portuguele. 1 hough their Carthen-ware ia thin, yet it i* very (ubftantial, and equailv food for ufe ai any made in Europe. Their veflet* will tndure the moft violent heat, and are made of a cla) of a dark colour. They have a variety of mudcal inftrumenu, all which they make themfelve*. They coniift of copper bafon*, blowing horns, fnappers or caftenetii, and an initrument with fix ftringt, relembling a guittar ; alfo hand-bellt, llutei, and flagelets. The blowing-horn* are made of elephant* teeth, and ornamented with the figures of birds, bealks, filhes, &c. Thev blow, at tlie fmall end, and re- duce the found to a kind of tune, by varying it a* their liuicy dircAs. Their drums are of fcveral fort*, and are mollly made of hollow trunks of trees covered at «ne* end with a (heep's ikin, but the other is left entirely open. They fometimes hang them about their necks with iitrings, but in general fet (hem on the ground like kettle drums. They beat them with two long Hicks, and fometimes only with their bands ) but the nolle is very harlh and diiiigree- able either way. They always ufe thefe inftruments at their dance* ; which IS a diverfionfo deligiiled in by both fexes, that it i* the cuftom for them to afliemble every evening at the market-pUce for that purpofe. On thefe occafions, they drefs tliemfelves in thetr bett attire ; the women have a num- ber of fmall bell* hanging at their feel and legs, and the men carry fmall fan* in their hands, made of the tails of elephants or horfes. They who compofe tlie dance divide into couples oppolite to each other, and the dance corJ> mertces by their throwing tliemfelves into many wild and Ridiculous pollures, advancing and retreating, leaping, Aam'ping on tlie ground ; bowing their heads to each other M they pafs, aiid muttering Ibme ftrange noife. The men then ftriko each other alternately with their fims ; and the women lay large circles of ftraw on the ground, into which they iirll jump, and dance round them, then throw them up into' tlie air, and catch them with their bands. Thus they divert themfelve* for about an hour, when they break up the dance, and retire to their refpeAive habitations. This i* their manner of dancing in general ; but they have fome dances adapted to peculiar times and circumliances, particularly thote in honour of their fi;- lilhe*, which are of a very ferious and folemn nature. In Ibme town* they have public dances inftituted by order of their kings, which are held annually for eight fueceflive days,. when people of both Icxes refort to it fi-om all parts of the country. This is called the dancing feafon, and during the whole time of its continuance the greateft ■lirth and feftivitv is preferved amongft them. The native* of the Gold coaft are troubled with few difeafes, notwithftanding the unwholefomenef* of the climate. That with which they are moft affliAed is, the canker, or fleih-worm ; they breed between the flcfh and tlte Ikin, where they extend themfclves till they force a paiUige ; and not only men and woiiKn, but alfo cattle, are fubjcA to this diforder. Various conjeAure* have been formed relative to the caufe* of thefe worm* : fome atuibute them to the great quantities of filh the negroes eat, and otiier* to the palm-wine ; but the moft reafonable opinion is, that they are occafioned by the unwholefome- nefi of the water, which i* genenlly taken out of pooh or ponds. This appears the moft likely, a* it is certain, from that caufe alone the inhabitants of the ifle of Ormu* are affliAed with the fame difeafe ; and; to prevent it, they ^rink ftelh water, which is procured at feaeigtiteen fathoms deep, by the help of divers. I'liefe Aelh-worm* are of dinerent fixes, but in general run abonc a foot in length, and are not thicker than a hair. While they remain in the body, tliey occafion the moft excruciating pain, info- rouch that fome can neither ihind or walk, other* are in- capable of fittini; or lyiitg down, and others again are throwa into a Aate of inMnity. I'hEfc Caiiiicr worms difcloie thentfehret by various fmptooUi fometimeii with cold Ihiveriugi, and at othcn MlblNMIiMgftMIt IkiibMlliMtlNWIMMUMI Wm krgi {mmat, Mdir frtiich tli#r iMv b« plkihW Ma ijM inolhmili^UwIcAtkttiaiAvndMMdviMt. l^iiv •oat ia diicntit ptttt af iIm b«ly. btit in ttitead dMW thtt an the moft mofealtr and ftcihy. The lugnm 4o not hA any mnedy for iMbm, but let (hem cohm otit fitik- W, ihd amrwatd* treat the pan either by walhing it wHh Mit warn, or anointing it with fiefli butter intermivM with fail, Ai foon at the worm appear* fo far ont at to be taken hold «4, they fiiften that end to a fmall ftick, to prevent It* .ftirinking in again : witen it move* forwaitft a conrepted nutter illnc* from the fore, which increaiei in proportion at the worm advance*. During it* progreft, the greawft caie muft be taken in winding it round the ftick i for if it (hould be forced, and by that mean* hap- pen* to break, the fwellingt grOws datweroui, and i* often attended with fatal conlequences. It fonietime* happen*, that when one worm is extraAed, another will imme.' diately prefent itlelf at the fame opening, and many people have feveral of them at a time in diittrent parts 6i the body, in which cafe the pain they feel it not to tje conceived ; infomuch that, u one obferves concemiiig them, the pains occafioned by thefe worms is fo exeeffive, rather than endure It, a man would for ever renounce all the profit of trading on this coaft. The negroes here are likewife fahjtSt to other difteni- pets, namely, tht lues venerea, the head-ach, and feven i but a* thefe are very fpeedily cared by compiofStions made of herbs and other fimpies, they are under no uneafy ap- prehenfions concerning them. On the death of any perfon, the relations and friend* immediately aflemble, aiid, furrounding the corpfe, cxpreft the moft hideous lamentations ; they then wrap tlie oody in an old cotton cloth, and put it into a coffin made of the bark of a tree, covering tlie face over with the ficin of a goat 1 in this manner they expofe it in the open air for half a day, the Avourite wife fitting by it all the time* and rubbing the hct with a whifp of ftraw. If the de- ceafed is a wonun, the hufband ufes the fame ceremonies. During this time the neareft relations appointed on the occafion fing mournfully, and heat their brafs Ixifons, till the bearers come to remove the body, and every thing it ready for the proceiTion. In the interim, however, an old woman goes from houfe to houfe, and coUcAs fome- thiiig for the funeral chaives, towards which every peiiba in the town or village is ooliged to contribute, in propor- tion to their circumftancet : with the money then cot- leAed they purchafc a cow or an ox, which they prefent to the prieft, that he may obtain repofe for the deceafed. and aflift him in his journey to the other world : this beaft the prieft facrifices, and fprinkles the fetifh of the deceafed with its blood, which with them is confidered as a prOpl« tiary offering for the departed perfon. The previous ceremonies being over, the coipfe It lal^ on a bmird, and the company for a fhort time fing and dance round it, after which it is carried to the grave bf men, but only women are fullered to attend as moumett. The chief or favourite wife walks immediately after thd corpfe ; and if the deceafed be a woman, the hulbandonly follows it, no other man being permitted to attend. When they come to the place of interment, the body it imme- diatelv laid in the grave, which is generally made about four feet deep j it is inclofed with flakes, and over it thef raife a fhed or covering, fo that neither rain or beafts ciit come near it. When the body is depofited, the women creep beneath this fhed, and renew their lamentations b/ way of a conclnfive farewcl. They then raife a fuali and drink, which, ufoonas empiy, tltcy change, and bring ottaeii in their ftead. tVe (hall here give an account of the ceremonies ob- ferved at the funerals of the kings of Fclu, which, though fkot exaAly the fame at thol'e abovementioiied, tend to Ihew the ftrange notions thcfe people have of paying re- verence to the dead. When one of thcfe kings dies, the people exprefs their grief by mournful fongs and outcries. Tbev walli the corple, drcis it roagiiificenlly, expofc it to public view, and fetve up visuals to it at the ufual hours, K if the deccafed were living. Whc^i the body begins to corrupt, four (laves bear it, without ceremony, and inter it in the woods, for ever concealing where they put it. If any of the wives of the deceafod follow them, they kill them, and bury them along with him. In the fame grave tliey lay his fetilhes, his cloaths, bit arms; .in ihort, whatever he was fondeft of when alive, with . viAuals and drink. When tlie flaves have covered uu the grave, tliey return to the ptiace, and without fpcakiiig, kneel down at the gate, ftretching out their necks to the executioner, that tliey may go Icrvc tlieir mailer in tlie otlier world ; in full pcifuafion tltat he will reward their fidelity, by giving them the firil poftt in his new king- dom. While the llaves arc bufy in the interment, the people maVe a cruel (laughterof thofe they tliink may be ufeful to the deceafed in his prefent {late. Some kings trho have been well beloved, have had four or five hun- dred perfons of both fcxes niaflacred on this occafion. This barbarous cuftom is praAifed, more or lei's, all along the coail of Guiney ; as M. Marchais relates, in his toyage to tbefe parts. The negroes on the Gold coaft are in general idolaters, rlotwithftandin^ which, they believe in a fupreme Being, and have feme ideas of the immortality of the foul. Every cat has a fistilh or charm, to which they pay the greaiell reverence ; for thinking tliemfelves too inlignilicant to be permitted to offer their petitions to God, they addrefs themfelves to their fetilh, fuopofing that to be a mediator in their behalf. Thefe fetimes are formed of different things, according to each perfon's fancy : fome have the tootli of a dog, tygcr, elephant, or civet-cat ; others have an egg, the bone of fome bird, the head of a fowl, ox, or goat ; and others again, the bone of a filh, the end of a ram's horn, or a bunch of cords made of the bark of trees. Their regard to the fetilhes is fo great, tliat whatever tliey proinife them, they perform in tlie firiflell manner. Some, to (hew their re^A to tliem, abftain from wine, others from brandy i fume deny themfelves certain meats, or kinds of iilh ; and others, rice, maiz, or fruit. In Ibort, all without exception, fo revereiKe tlieir fetilh, tliat they deprive themfelves of fome pleai'ure by way of mortifica- tion, and they will fooiicr die tlian violate their cnpge- mcnt. They are very punflual in bringing tlieir fetilh everj^ morning a part of the beft provifioiis in tlie lioufe, believing that if tliey fiiiled in tliis point, their exiftence would be but of Ihort duration. Tliey have alfo feveral days in the year fct apart in honour of their fetilh, which they celebrate by dremng it, and making fome offering or facriiice to it. Thete 9rc, beiides tlie fetifhes of particular peifons, others common to each kingdom ; thefe are generally fome large mountain or remarkable tree, which if any perfon fhould be fo indifcrcet as to cut or disfigure, they would be put to the moft cruel death. Each village has alio its guaidian fetilh, drefled at tlie common cxpence, to which tlie* pray for general benefits ; and for this patron they era I, iii the moil public place, a kind of altar made with ict(Jj, and covered with a roof of palm-leaves. Thcfe kind of altars aie frcijuently met with in wooot of water with a living lizard in it, and when the harangue is over, he fprinkles or walhes the table with fome of tliis water, during which the peoplf repeat certain words with a loud voice clapping their liands, and crying out, jom jorc ; which concludes the ceremony. The pricfts are the only people that arc exempt from labour, and indeed they have but little occafion to work ; for they are fed at the public expencc, and gather confi- derablc pofFeHlons by the fale of their fetilhes, the prices of which they fix in proportion to the circumftances of the purchafer. The negroes believe that the fetillcrocs or priellt converfe with the fetilhes, whom they fee m to coi;- iider as intelligent beings, and that they arc ati|iiaiiitcd with their mull dillant and private tianlaflionj ; for this rcafon they always approach their priells with the (;ientclt refpefl and reverence, and refer vc for tlicni their choicelt dainties. There are five degrees, or divifions, into which the na- tives of tlie Gold coall are difliiiguilhed : the tirll arc their kings. The fecond arc their nobility, who are men that have acquired great reputation by their wealth. The third may be called civil magillrates, their province being only to take care of the city or village, and to appvalc fuch tumults as may arifc among the inhabitants, 1 he fourth are tlie common people, employed in agricultuir, filhing, &c. The fifth and laft are theflaviK, who are either taken in war, become fo by poverty, or are joid by tb'.ir relations. , ■^ ''u. -(jai,.- itsi^:-; .;■ -• [A F R I C A.] 6' 6 L a C 6 A S ¥; ipt from work i er confi-- prices ances of _ fcrocs or tocoi;- luaiiitol for thi« pui\tclt clioicrit tlie na- Jirrt arc arc iiicit riic bciii^ appcale icultmc, r« either A\t We m»f oonMtt ihe dMFrfMil kingdom «ilMr ii NwahiM or tepubliei, wliutc kiiivi ar* in fintrak JieK^i* iMf, bui Ibme of ilioiri ara tlcAi«t. Tbt govtrnmeni of moft of ilirm eoiifilti of two pant ; 'he lirft of whicU il the bod^ of the kabolhiri, or chief n«cr«y to appeal td the king, their judg- ■rnt i» not iler of her life, unlefs her relations pKify the en- ra!;e" put a man to death for flealing a ibeep, than for murder. The negroes i in all cafes of injury, are refponfible not 4nly for their children, but alfo tlieir relations, who in fbch cales help one another by a mutual contributioit, each giving foiiiethin| towards the fine, according to his circumftances, otherwife the offender would be condemned either to flavery or death. In like manner every mafter is obliged to make good the injury done by his flave ; for whatever crime he commits hit maimer mnft alfo pay the fine. An esceeding heavy fine is impofed on a very rich man who commits an offence : they affign two good reafons for * ihe levying of it : firft, that he was not urged to it by nccef- iity ; and, fecondly, that lie can better fpare the money. On this tceount, many negroes, tlioogh rich, will always plead the ^iteft poverty ; as by that nieani, if either they or their relations (hould commit any off:nce, the fine levitd is but fmall, compared to what it woulcf be if ibe biMiilrate knew their real circuoi (lancet. At the fovcrcigns of the different kingdoms on tlie Gold coaft are naturally pioud and ambitioue, conten- tions frequently break out amongft them ; nn which oc- ^iShs war is formally declared, and (he kings, by their governors, appoint a day for their fubjcAs to affcmhie in arms. This being done, a herald is fent to announce it to the enemy, at the fame time fixing tlie day, the place, - and hour of battle. The grandees, or nobles, then repair to court, and, after coinplinieating the king, proceed to the -.rsr, iakiug with them their wives and families i and if the motive* of th« quirrel be g^ett, before they fct out, • N«. a;, ,i; ;v ■:■;-... iNef 4iftr»jr ,tlMit konte 4ii4lMnM. dUNIlM viAofietit, nim gtiti tlw Mk iavtmiiir of iMr < ^ The kingi ktM i fnu hanbw of gtiM^i, w|w'«mi- ftantW attend thdr petftm eiilMr « hMM m mik» Mi Thele are well ftirniflitd wiik arm, ami bavt i laott for- midable appearanea ! tliey paint tbcir face* wiih IM, wliiia( or yellow ftieaks, markiiM their braafti artd tba raft « their bodies with various figures of the fam* colour, and acrofs their fboaldcr* they bang a fitiili ftridg ol glafit beads ds a prtliurvaiivt againft danga^. Tkay aSrty tf* niard in their girdle, and in ihcir Mkhand ihaylu*** long br*ad fliield ikat cAvert their whole bodiaa, .Willi ■ dart or laAca in ihair right band. Roiaad their neeka tha^ have a larga cellar aadd* of iha boofhs of iraaa, to keep-aiv' the blows of their enemies weapons ; and on thtir baidd (hay have cms mad* o( the fkini of leopard*. I'b* chief pofti in the army are ecin|Med by the nqlbk*, who wear thmr fabraa before them, with larga knivat hanf Ing by tiMir fide*. Their fUvcs match bv their fid** or bcbiiid them, aiid are arnkd triih bow* aiid arrow*, and cutladiM. Tlie common fbUiert have long fUma and batrbet* I tUeir labio* are fcfttned in a bdtgirt rdond ihaii waift, and they have cap* or bebiMU aaada of th* ttio* of erocodilel, adorned betiMt.; with a loft of botft-kair, aal on each fid* with a red (hall. Mulket* or carbine* are their only Aw-ariM, with lakiall they ar* fiirnifbed by the DMab, and they ar* vtitr ospatt in the ale of them. Sooi* of their fabiwi are mad* iHlli two edge*, and hav* broad Wooden Ihmdia* eovartd taiiil thin plate* of gold. They have alio two forU of aftgaial or lanoet, the fmalicft of Which aia thrown lik* dart*, W the latter ara long and ate very fubAantiai, being clii*l# compofcd of foli«riFon. Theie ihey codtinaaUy heap iii 'hc*p hi their right haitd, and white tb«y are ofinc it againft Mt enunyt they d«fcMd thcaielve* with ihwr flucM in Ihd left. Their Ihields are iii geitetal mad* of ih* baik of tfat* interwoven, though fomeof them indeed ara aaada of laOk ther: Aey ara aboni fia fcet loitg, and fear broad, aiti ftrengthened within by a crofa of wood plated with ilMu Some of tham are covered with the hidea of oien, odiaia with gilt leather, and Ibm* with th* iitin* of tygna. Thay at* very expert in the ule of this defcnfiv* i*capon, which, with their fabre*. they brandiih in foch a maanar, m fe> cure* them aimoft intirely from ih* ftroke of ao anamy. They ufe their bow* and arrow* with foch nicety, thai they will hit a very foull mark at a confidarable dmanco. They are made of^ hard, toogh wood, and the ftrii^ ai« fornaed of the bark of trees. Th* atrow* ai« feaihnad at the head, and pointed with iron t and tbair commander ha* hia meii chile together in a crowd, Mmfetf being hid in th« toidft of them, and in this manner they engaga one heap of men againft another. In cafe a few are killed, the reft immediately ran away, aniefs furroanded by the enemy ; and fo natural is cowardice to them, that when on* Oflkar feet another enthralled, inftead of advancing to affift him, he confuitt only his own fafety by a fpeedy light. A* fooA as they have difcharged their gans, they immediately ma back to load them, and then return, and refume th* in. They do not fiand upright in battle, but ftoop, that tha bullets may fly over ttaeir heads.' In cafe of the defeat of one of the patties, the trlftora make a* many prifonen at they can, which is the chief end fom, are either kept or fold a* ilave* ; if a perfon of tank is taken, he is well guarded, and his ranfem is 'filed very high ; but if the peribn who occafioned thi* war fikUl into their hands, they wiH not admit of any ranfom for himi he is fuie to be pot to death, a* the meft eleAnal naeatiia of preventing his ratling any diftarbanoea or ttiptaaea fee the futvre. When the War it ended, and a treaty of pcatie agieed oi|, the contending prinoe* content to nteet each oAer on'a certain day, to proclaim their detenninttion*. The plaea i* generally a large open plain, and each pattj appear* a* if armed for battle, bringing with them their ntiiiws. The priefts, who are always the principal people in tbefe cet«- monie*, make the chiefs fwear reciprocally to caafe hoftili« ties, to fbiget what has paffed, and, a* a fecttrit* for tbdr promife*. to give mtttual hoftage*. A* fboh u tnele oatha are taken, the drums and trumpet* begin -to found, the parties throw down their armi, anj :!sbrscc tsch sSm with the greateft cordiality ; after which, they Baf* the !*• mainder of the day in finging attd dancing, ana commeioe 4 A ia ;^v Vrt The Nfi^W and VNIVftRSAL 8\STEM or OBOGRAPHV. b MnM on bttwwA riMm u it wu bdim dM ^Mml Wi flMll diferibf iht proviiKM and kiit|doim thM ferm th* OoM eotfl 1 uuI'iIm diftniiit fintlanMnt* in Mch ba* lonting lo ih« Eatopetnt : in irtitinc of thaft, we flull bmn ai rtw moft wcftern part, ninicljr ih« kingdom of A>l«, fimaMd about twenty milei aaft of cap* AppoU Thii it a very pleiiiifut country i for itM land being na- turally good, and the inbabiunti very attentive to eultiva- tien, it produce* provilioni of moft kindi in great abun- dance. Rice in particular it fo plentiful here, that it ii •ipoftcd to all other part* of the coaft, and the inhabi- tenia bring millet, yami, poiatoci, and palm-oil in re- Aekombone ii th« chief village or town here : it it very oopaloui, and pleaTantlv fituated. Near it ii the Dutch tort of St. Anthony, wnich once belonged to the Portv- guele, from whom it waa taken by the former in the year 164a i and having been ceded to the Dutch India com- pany by the enfuing peace between Portugal and Holhnd, It hat ever linca remained in their poflaffion. Thii fort it fituated on a rock, and, diough fmall, it yet very commo- diont. It hat two batttriet on the laud tide, and one on the fee, with proper ouiworkt, which, at well at the walli, an all made of Mack ftorte found in the country. The pie of the firft it low, and well fecured by a ditch eight Het deep cut in the rock, ov«r which it a drawbridge, de» fcniad by two patteraroi. The firft mount* twenty-two luge iron gum, befidei feveral fmall one*, and the garei- fM ufnallj confifta of twenty-five whiiei, and the fame number el Uacki, who are under • ferjeant belonging to the company. The chief fiiAor'i honf* it neail* built of kick, of a triangular form, and very Mtj : it na* three front*, before one of which, i* a fmall ipot of ground planted with orange and palm tree*. Tb« drtf*, cdftom*, manner*, religion, frc. of the na- tive* of Aaim, are the fame a* on the Gold ooaA in ge- neral, and therefore need not be repeated here. The pco- fh ate for the moft part rich, from their carrying on a •oflfideraUe trade with the European*, for gold, which they chiefly difpolit of either to the En^lilh or Dutch. With refpcA to their law*, they are fubjeA to the chief £iAor, a* governor of the fort, who roiintain* a kind of fovcieign authority thioughout the whole country. He determine* all ciufe* among ibe nagroc*, and tlie fine* being paid into hi* hand*, he diftiibate* them to the in- jured perl'on*, firft deducing bit own fieei, which are very confiderable. If a black, for inftiiice, ii fined one hun- dred crown*, the governor'* due* amount to two third*, and the other third roc* to the aflembly of kabolhir*, or elder* among the black*. But in caft* of murder, rob- bery, or debt, three fourlli* of the whole belong to the plamtiff, and ihe oilier fourth i* for the kabolhir* and the faAor, who divide it into three part*, the fornKr taking one, and the Utter two. He alfo obtain* coiiiiderable fumi from the filhermen, who are obliged to give him an eighth part of all the fifti they catch. There i* a large beautiful fort called Fcedericklburgh, about feven league* fouth-eaft of Axim, which wa* built by tli« Brandcnburgber*, but now belone* to the Dutch. It ha* four large batterie* fumiflied with Kventy-lix piece* pf ordnance, and the gate leading to it i* exceedinE mag- nificent. The wall* are thick, firong, and high, and within are feveral fpaciou* dwelling* for the officer* and 'foMier*, as alfo gooid warehourea for the reception of their incichandize. The fort it well known by the name of Conny'* caftle, which it obtained from the following cir- cumftance* : when the Piuffiant who were firlt poflelted of it left the coaft of Guiiiey, they committed the care of the fed to one John Conny, a black, with ftrift order* ivot to deliver it up to any nation but the Pruflian*. Soon after their anival in Euiope, the king of Pruffia fold all hi* intereft on the coaft of Guiney to the Dutch India com- pany, there being another fort belonging to him, fituated upon cape Three Point*. When the Dutch came to de- mand tbi* fort, John Conny refnCed to deliver it up to them, whid) produced a war that continued for fome war*, and coft the Dutch much money, and a great dci>l of Uoodflted. On the other hand, Conny, fluflied witli hit repeated viAoriet over the Dutch, became a mortal enemy to them, and confidered them in the moft obnoxiou* light i to (hew his hatred to them, he had a fmall path, that led from the outer eate to the inner apartment of hi* cafile, paved with the Ikullt of Dutchmen who were flaiii in battle i and, at a_ fanher mark of contempt, ' be hmcl ait* fkuH tinned with ilivcr- whi^ iit ufcd 2! £ pUSSch~ In iya4 ht wa* eomplciaiy conoMftaJ, when ha fled into the eountry, and the Dutch took poT- IMon of tka fert, in wholb handa it hat remained trer fin««. Ttiii fort I* one of the beft fitaited on the coaft i tnd the anchorage and landing are both fafe and eonvenientt The climate it tolerably wnolefome, and the country rich and welMmproved. The negroet here are mere civiliaed and honcft tnan in moft other part* of the coift, and iha government it well regulated. They carry on a great trad* not only in gold, out alfo in ivory and dave*. Cap* Puma*, or Three Points, eonnft* of three littM head* or hillt that lie at a fmall diftance from each other (from which clrcumftance ii derivct in name), and twtwcaa them are two convenient bayt. The billi are ornamrnied with grovet of lofty trees, which are vifiblc a confiderabla diftance at fee i the whole country about the cape it ea* cceding woody. A mull fort, called Dorothea, ftandi about three leagact eaft of the Cape ; ihi* formerlv belonged to the Piuffianit from whom it wa* taken by the Dutch in the year 1683. The apartmenta within are very numeroua, and moft o( Ihrm not only Conveniently difoolinl, but very elegantl* fumUbed. The fort iticif connfit only of a large noun with a fiat roof, on which an two fmall balteria* contain* ing ten gun*. Anta, which is another eobntrr on the Gold coaft, ex* lend* almoft thirty nlllet from ean to weft, and is full of hillt covered with large treei, between which an feveral confiderable villagei. The foil it well watered, and pro- ducet great quantiiiei Of excellent rice, the beft fort of mats, ftigar-canes, and poiaioei. It alfo yields plenty of Sm-wine and oil, cocoa-nuts, aiianat, oraiigct, and all kmoni. In the mountainoui part* an great num- ben of wild beafli, particularly elephant* and tygert, tho latter of which are fo rapacioui, that iliey frequently vifit the Englifh and Dutch fort* in the night, to the gnat terror of the inhabitants, who fonwiimes fuftain confide- rable injury in the lofs of their cattle, fltccp, &c. Dicklcove i* the firft remarkable place we meet with in the kingdom of Anta : it i* fituated about eight league* to the north-eaft of cape Tliiee Point*. Hen the Eng- lifh have a fert, which i* a handfome and regular build- ing, and ia well defended with four good batteries, on which are mounted twenty pieces of ordnance. This and all the other Englifli forta are fubordinan to cape Coaft Cafilc, as no other than the St. George's flag is allowed to be lioifted by them. There an two village* near Dickfcove, tliat an com- manded bv on- and the fame cobocero, who alway* dif- play* the at. Gcorge'i flag at liii houfe, whenever that at tite fort, in honour of tlie Englifh, is boifted. Batenftein is a fort belonging to the Dutch, and lies at a fmall diflaiue from the above mentioned villaget. It i* fituated on a very high hill, and is built of an oblong form ; it lias a fmall buildine, and ha* only two batteriesf on each of which are plaiitcJfour guns. At tlie foot of tlic hill i* a village called Koutrou, or Boutri, the inhabi- tants of which are particularly diftinguilhed for their ho- nefty in all matters relative to trade. This village is wa- tered by a river that comes down firom the country, and diflemboeues itfelf into the fea by the Dutch fort. I'he banks of it are exceeding pleafant, being adorned with lofty trees ; and the fides of^ it are lined with mangroves, wlu>fe boughs arc plentifully ftocked with excellent oyften. Thit river afl^ords great plenty of fifh ; but it is liazardoui to catdi them, owing to its being infefted witli prodigiou* numbers of crocodiles. It is navigable only about four leagues from its mouth, for tliough it reacltet much fartlier, yet it is impallable, owing to the violent water fallt tliat pour down from the rocks. Tokorari is fituated on tlie top of a high hill, whicU juts to the fouth-eaft into the fca, and is furrounded with feveral rocks. This it a pleafant village ; and the coun- try behind it it very agreeable, confiding of delightful vaU lies and plains, adorned with lofty tices, between wllicb are agreeable paths covered with white land. There was formerly a fort here, which was at liifTcrent timet poflefled by the Englilh, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, and Prufliant; but in i66j, tlie Dutch blew it up as a place of no eciife- aucnce, and there are not any remains of it now to be feen. The natives hero arc famous for making the beft and largeft canoes on tlie coaft ; fome of which arc at leaft thirty feet long, and will carry about ten tons of goods. The price of one of the largeft is about ^ ol. fterling : fhips bound from tlie Whidali generally provide tliemfelvei "•-•'"•••• ivi.l;. • ,'/*.•>. .r J, .» 'ir ?.;« ;,• r.*» * * ■ . The b n ai « if if I o « a la 01 fc th lo b P' F Cl ft fie w I1( ft< to pi \v wi wl ioi *.f tA^kiiiJk^ OOLI^ t 6 A $ f. *7# The TIm vUhM aT tthkanai, or Itavwitt, U •btai few WiM Mft 0f T*konri : tht Englilh tml Onlih bavtcteik • fact htm, tiMbintr of wbich ii atUad OrMr, u\4, |UU tht fonnar, it fihMWd ud mountad with twenty piacai of cannon. Th« French had formerly a ictltamant hara, but not finding it anIWcr their expaflationa, Ibay daliiriad it. Tha eoaniTir round it admirabla. being divcrfifiad with bill* and dalai coverad with lofijf trcci, which crow wilb fuch uniformity ai to appear ai if placed by art. "'hit *iHagc ii vary rich in gold, and it at tiaalthy • place m any on the ceafl. Two fmall villigci lie between Sakkundi md Sama ) the one called Ania, and (he other Beari ; but they are not of any nolQ for trade, except in the aniala of pabn-oil, great aqantitiat of which are exported to moft of the neighbour*' uuparu. Sama it watered by a fniall river called St. George, which runt into the fea near the fool of the hill on which it it fituated. It contains about two hundred boufet or cabini, fo placed at to form three feparate vilkget. Tha place it populoui, but the iahabitantt are vary podr, and chielly employed in agriculture and filhing. 'I he Dutch have a fort liere, about the fixe of tlut at Boulrou,' and mounted with the fame numlier of (|uni. It '« called St. SebaAian'ti which game wat given it by he fortugueia, who were firft nuftcrt of it, but tha Dv>ch afterward* tool^it. Adorn and Jabi ara two countries very fertile in mail, and have fevaral minet of gold ; but they have no vilUgai in tliem tliat deferve particular notice, neither are there any European fettlcmenti in tliem. Commenda, or Commany ii divided into two parti, diftinguilhed by the namet of Great and Little Commany, the iiinabitantt of which are chieriy iilhermen, or brtkert, it being a place of confiderable trade for gold and flavei. In thii diftriA are two European forti, one belonging to the Knglilh, and the other to the Dutch. The fanner ir ■ large quadrangular building with tliree fqdkre "baftiont, and one round ; and within tlie fort is aidarge tower built •f (lone and lime. It mounti twentv-four gunt, and ha* a garrifon of twenty- live white*, ana tlia fame number of blackt. The Dutch fort it called Vredenburgb, and %ru built in the year 1688. It it a fquare building, ftrength- cned by gdod batteriet, on which might be conveniently mourned thirty-two guns within fo many pain of the breall-work, though at prefent it contains only twenty that are mounted. Fetu it a line plentiful country, extending about oiie hundred and fixty milet in length, and about the fame number in breadth. The principal part of the inhabiuntt are employed in agriculture, fuwing corn, and drawing wine from the palm-tree ) othert in filhinc, and boiling fait ; and fame trade at broker* for the inhaDitantt of the Inland countries, or on their own account. The town or village of El-Mina is tlie principal place in this kuigdom 1 it it iituated about nine milet from the Putch fort of Vredci\burgt and it remarkable for thecaftle of St. George, another ftrong fort belonging to the Dutch, who took it from tlie Portugnefe in the year 1638. It it • large fiiuare building, with very high flone wall*, fo (Irong, that they are laid to be cannou-proof. It luu four large baftioiM or batteries within, and one verj ftrong one on the outwork*. T*o of tlie baftions within lie to tha fea, and are very lofty, the point of the peninfula on which they flatul bein;; a high H,it rock i but die other two are low, the ground defccnding gradually from the rock. I'liefe batteries arc mounted witli forty-ciKht piece* of tine brafi cannon, and that on the outwork* i* filled with iron pieces, which are only fixed at fiatuiei, or on day* of public re'iOicings. This fort, towards the land, i* adorned with two canal* cut in tlic rock, which are always fumilhcd with rain or frefli water fuificient for the garrifon and Ihipt. The in- (ide of the fort confiftt of a large quadranele, furrounded with luiidfome (lorehoufei of brick and Aone. The ge- ncral't lodgin(;s are in the upper part of the caftle^ die afcriit to which is by a Urge flair-cafe of black and white lloiic, defended at top by two fmall braft guns, and four patteraro* of the hvM metal, commanding the place of ai ms, and a corp«-de-guard. Next to this is a great hall full of arm*, and btyond it a large gallery waiiifcotted, and ornamented at the end with large glalt windows. This gallery lead* to the general's apartments, which conljft of rcvenu handfome rooms and offices be- longing to the raiuparn. On ana fide of tiiefe rooms u ■ mriUtfchapal, wkmlmim\l^«t4% f0i ki imU cA JuivUjrti lNK««w]r«Hln«M«nil|; «Im| ill ifei ^fltnl • «r dta iMfcn «• •Mfafd w an^. kilM ^^•'■n tw*ni«. Minaouce in twenty-four hours. 7he iktixt to tlie fort is eafv on the fide of El-Mina, bul on that towards Com- menda it it fteep and difficult. Tha bridge over the ri- ver Bonja ha* a drawbridf^ in the center |i wall for fecu- riiy, at to admit fntall Ihip* tc. go up tha river. At the foot of St. Jago hill arc feveral tomb* and mo- numents, which are fuppofed to have been erased by thi lUiives to the memory of their ktnaa, or other dilUnguiflted perfonage*. On the north fid* 01 tlie hill i* a large gar- den belonging to the general of the fort ) it i* divided by fpaciou* %rall* 1 and i* (locked with row* of excellent orange tree*, alfo lemon, cocoa, palm, and other fort* of trees and uncommon plant* of the country ; u alfo a va- riety of European herb*, pulie, and root* : ih the center of the garden i* a large fummer-boufe, round and opeti, with a cupola roof, and the alcent to ilia by a haiuKoma flair-cafe. _ A place called by tha Portoguefe Cabo Corfo, but cap4 Corfe, or Coaft, by the Englilh^ is fituated at a fmall dillance from St. Jago hill : it is fomied bj the (hore jut- ting out a little, and making an aiigle whole footh and eaft (ide* arc walhed by the fea. On this cape is fitiiated capii CoaftCaftIc, which i* the mofl important fortref* of any belonging to the Englilh on the coaft of G uiiiey ; it ftarMto on a large rock that projeft* into the fea, and wa* ercAed bv the Portugueie, who firft fettled here about the year 1610. In a lho(t time after tha Ponugucia had built it, theyweredifpolTeflcdor itby the Dutch, from whom it wit taken by the Englilh under admiral HoliiKii in 1664: By the treaty of Buda, it wu ilipulated that the fitft IhouU remain in the pofletfion of the Englilh, and a charter being aftcrwardt (granted by king Charlea II. to tha African com- pany, they immediately (ei about enlarging it, and gave it the elegaiu form which it now icuint. The walls of this fort are very high aiid thick, particu- larly on the lind fide ; they arc partly built, of roicK Acme, and pardy of brick ; the parade it twenty fcct pancndioi- lar above the rock, and formt a kind of quadraiifie, being Open on the eaft fide towardt the fea, which rendaia it varv pleafant, and affbrdt a delightful profpeA of Q^een Anne^ poiur, and die Ihipt in Anamaboe road ; on tbi* fide ar« diirtecnpiecet of heavy cannon, which cominaitd ihd road and palUge leading to the fort; the other diree fide* con- Uin many fpacioui apiirtmentt and officet, partictthrly od the fouth fide, where there it a very neat chapel, die back part of which joins to the caflle wall, having tAe naat twdy of the rock Called Tabora on the outfide ot it. Oil the battlements are ten gunit and twenty-five oil lh« flankers, which are four iii number. On t|i^ rock Tabora, which is about twenty pacct froni the teftle, ii a round tower, containing fix twelve pounders, anil fervej tb keep ill awe the blacks of the adjacent town. The en- trance to the caftle it by a large well-fccured gate that opens into the ft]uare, which Is large enough for five hundred men to be drawn up and excrcifed in. The apartment* for die agents and omcer* are very fpilcious aiid convenient, at are alfo the barracks for the tolJien. The apartment of the general conimuiiiiatc with the chapel, which is fometimes ufed as well to dine in a* for the |>erforinance of divine fervicc ; in the front of theiirft (lory ii a fpa- cious balcony that extends the whole length of the build- ings, and in the center of it is a very elegant and coinmn. dious flair-cafe. Here are alfo fpacious" Ilorchoufes, anj CoiWenieni \, *.' >. *• . t •t^ Till NEW AHtf'uHltBRIAL SYSTEM orOEOGRAFNX. D | B w n. UiWer ftw fifMM t«4 IJMdvM will ft- In flM Alh* whwe (hoO (IiMpH •fviQHMnMl ilMt lik«« bum cMM iir nportitinn i (M m « Anatt ddltnct fin, gMcof >lM cllHi* II • prifoM M l(M cMMMmciH •/ crl- Th«i«trt ver^fiiUiiliv* |ir«)«ni ti(lon|ing to ill* «af- il*,' which tn (MM «ii{l«i imlci iti •'Mii<-f ilm«(t rr#TV rtiiiic nantrtl w hnk cltimM*, |>«tfi< iu-ly »rif>fc<, IMtMn*, crtron* |(tt«««»i ^UiVttini, btntnus tf)' '1 NiiM, einnaami, nfmiiiiAt, pln«-«pal«i. ^>- Vith t. rr{>l (ott< m«lMlli ■n>wi iir*yMiMMi4potito«l. ; The (own M Cipe Coaft CaOk, whKb i« inhibitMi ky tt^t nrgnwi, it fargt tnd populovi , iiiH (tw ifihabiium, thou/h Pigtiii, ire vefy nril and in.l roignenlrnrr, in/nipply tht reft with the ne> cn!«Vie««l litcby (hrii nduftnr tnd Ubourt ' Two iWiall Ibrti ire creActl in ih« ncighboiiilioed of C^ipeCmftCiOk: thefe alfo belong to the Rnglifti, ind •re juft tlirec ijaartert of a mile from the eifti* ; one of them ii called Pbippt'i tower, and the other fort Royal, or ueen Anne'i fort i the former ii i (Vnall round tower fituafii mi the eminence of a ffecp htll by the fide of Cape Coatt girdeni, and wii built by fitneral Phippi, fTMn wliom It received iri name j it flandi north-well ffrnn the town, and mounn fettn gum, Fort Royal ftandi near a finall village called Manfiow, and ii built on a hill named UaenAein, or the IHnilK mdunt, becauft the Dane< lad formerly a f^rt on the fame fpot i it ii a Snare firicic building, and hu eighteen gnnii fcren o( liichire mounted on the top of the fort, -and eleven on tba platform. The garrilon are daily relieved from Cm Coaft Caftle, and confilti of fix white*, atid twelve . blacki. ' ManftMr, it fiioated beneath the ferti antf h atraoA in- teeeflible by meant of the great rocki that furroutid it -, it i^ a very fmall towit, «iMt the few iiihabitarta that liv( iu ir, are chtetiy &li boilers, labouren, or iifhcrmen. The fmaW kingdiiiM of Sabu, or Saboe, hegini froAi the Itft-mCMiMiW town : it emAMit two Inguei along t()e coaft, and fnrin lahdto the north : however, it ii a plen- tifoMpot, anid the inhMtrfntt of ti are reckoned the rooft i^nffrioM an'tte coaft. Qpeen T^nne'i Po'-f. a fttiaH fort belrnging tothe .Eitgfifli, i/.tbe firft |iU'- ' w^; meet with here ; it ii htuated cm a hill, about a w\\^ trum fort R^fal td the weft, and Ml milet from a ' '.xh fori jdled Nafl&u to the' eaft : it SIS % garrifoii of five wh(;e«, and the fime number of aeki, and mounti five gont. . Maf^an fan. befoneing to the Dutch, flxndi on a hifl, near a froall village called Itfowri : it it almoft iquare, and lui four batteries, mounted with .eighteen pieces of can- non ; the walls are hMter thaii thofc of anv fort on the coaft, that of El-Mina'' extepted : two of fh« batterlo, #hid> are next the Ut, are incloled by a vtry fpacious and ranveiiient cqrtain ■, and the angles are onumented with ^orbiatutifat iboare towen. It was built by the Dutch, i^ Wai^ their diief fettlement when tl-Mina was in the ^olftffion of the Porngucfe. Mawri, it a fmall village containing aliovt two h' Atti houles ; the inhabitants 'are .chiefly fifhe'micn, ,■.' pa;, as a' tribute to the I h ftftor, a AiVbpa Vt of wfi-t l^«y catch. • .' The ttrritory of Fatvyn, extends aboiitten mil" iktedktt, aiid contains many villager w^ll inhabited; it _^ has po iiing^ but is u'yier (he government of a bralFo, or * it»Aei, whofe power it greatly rcftrained bythe old men, or tfounfeltors, wio frequently aft agreeable to their own in- ^inations^ withi^ut diving any re^rd fo the briiSo. I'he ' inlan^peoplc are chieflytitiploytd in agriculture, and far^ r>K the markets with fVuit, corn 'and plm>winei but the )r^.i!>!>v'rioiij^»nd4vhere the &iglifh bmt a fmall, buV,ver)rnei> lort .- it is feattd on a rock about nny yards ftt>m the lea^ and is built of ftone and brfck ; next the fea it is defended by two Hankers, and on the other fide by two turrets -, k mounts tweNc guna, and the garrifun tonfifli of .thirty people, twelve of whom are whites, and tlie reii blacks : within are lieveral good warchoufcs, attd the apartraentf for the priiwipal ofticcts are very' cle- ;i If*. • Z' ' gMW, and convaniMMij) dilpsM. Tbi kntkH k*« is v«i7 dMintMN, tht flior* being Ui««t wMhtMhii foita* Urn go«dt froa ih« ibipa art Mtricd •Ihatt in •mmm m m nanww fandr beath wider ike hut, ImMM with • mrUi waU ihoM eighl *n high, within whkh riM hfaMhi, aii4 othar fcrvaMiol ihaMffipatiy, hav* ifuttwtilt pravidash for rikin Anamabes t««vn it vary lama aad pafufeMi floti«i«ii^' tt haft at inanrpeo^eaiartfmihaiwaUafMiiof Saba and CoMMMlMa I iha InbahhatiH an vary noiM and wat* Ilka, but at th* fan* time iht grftitfl chaait on tha whal* coaft, and v«a| trtacharout and dafptraie. Tha cirevak- jacent cnunii y ibtiunds with hills, five of wliich aia clofii togtrlMr, and vca^ lofty, fo that lliey atphi ait aaaalkni land-M.irV, being Wry conrpicaoat nany nilat jit foa t Iha hilli ar cl'wu.ri^ with a great variety «f iraat, which tander lUn I'mfMit rsreeding pteaiiyti i bat tha paha* treat ar' I'.t ;iioft i.unierout, and the winaaatraAad ftom them is laid to be faperior toall other in thil part of Africa. Two villages, caAad Oreal and Link CornuuiliA ara fltiiatad aboai tWomilat from AnaaMboei iha laOar olf ihafo is a very iiiconfiderabk place, but Iha Dutch ha«a (CmU fori near it, ailed Amftardam. Il Is a (qoara baildlng of rock flona, flrcngthaned with ihraa fiaaU and ma farga bat* tery, and it moanntd with twenty p iaat- of . qnc .1. la the c«M*r it a laiga lower, tha uppr r* , f which it formed like a cgpolat and on * ' t ' it tha Aw. fltlFi within ara aonvanient i>-itii *- ractt of Ihe garrilon, which cuitfiilt t eiic>' ' va vti,. 1, and tha like namber of blacks. '' L>. o(iM<\ iram the topofiha towei it exctedinc pleifaiit. 1 ni ly coinanandt Iha f*a, but an cxtennvr i w of tne a^ , x»at eemmrj \n 166c, the Dy hadn< - Knyter took Ihii foit fran tha Englilh, to whom uclongad. The village 01 « cat Cormantm is fttnated on a hill, abo.i' laTf a mile below the I'oi ; it it vary large an4 popufout, containing at Icaft eight hundred people, Tha inhabiianit ahnut both villagei ate cbiefty ttnpteyal' in agricu'ratc and fiiking, and like lahds near iliMa art vtry feitile. • .• . TtiRafnqoerri*lies | little to the eaft of thefa riUaati, It is pWifantly litiitted 'iply therafehres with (uch diligtoae 10 agricnlturc, that great quaittltiet uf grain are exported fram heaea to other parts of Ale coaft. I'ha Dutch have a fbrt hare, called tort Patience ; and nndcr it it Iha vlliagc, inhabitid Only by fHhermcn. Atonna, it a very fertile and pleafant oomitry 1 and tha inhabitanti are drftinguilhed fei Iheir ii^enulty in rnakiag various articles in grdd and filvar. It coniaint fovetal ta« mafkable villages, thelirft of which it called: Winnehat or Wimh], and it pleafantly fituaiatf, being furroundcd with heautilul loft^ trees. Here tha Eaglilh have a fort, of much the fame fiaeand form with that yffantumqwarri. ' {lanrfs oi\ a riling ground about fourte^wardt from the Vit ti-., from whence theie it a hr- ToiMOiVcnvc encoac pi r:i ^-- trees, thi' ' K> the outer gate. It hat alfe a 1 .r, which i. • . mfinite fervice, at itnot only con- crib. ' s to tlw (hength of the fort, but it a feenrity ga them from the ravage* and incurfioni of the wild beafh by night. It it remaricable, that the kingdom of Agonnaba^ *lw«yt beengovernedbya womant who, to prefervetfce fovercignty in her own hands, lives utmiarriedi but that flic may not want a proper companion, ihe generally pnrchaiet one a( the handl'oiiieft flaves ibe can meet with, wito is prohibited , on pain of death, from ever intriguing with anv other woman. Her eldeft daughter it next heir to tlu rown, the font being all Ibid as flaves, or otherwire ditp«;ricd of, fo as not to interrupt the faceelTion in (be female line. The daughter is taught the lame political maxims prac> tifed by her mother, and, wheir of proper age, \i allowed the fame indulgcrKeef having fuch a nialc companion a* (he thinks pro|vrto imke (Ik objeA of her choice. Thecotmtry of Aqmmboe, which it the laft ptwe that remains to be defcribed on the Gold coaft, it of oonlider. able extent, and chiefty fitnatcd withis land. Xht rm^ titiipe - >.- V.''ii •» . -• *..-!-■ » 5 v: [A P A 1 C K.) SLAVfi COAIT. ill «Uun. indtoa- culMirc, earity aa lereigiity |ina|r not OIK at pbibil«4. otht- lOWIl, «♦, biw. I prac* allownl lion u ithat utlider* fltiiM fMrt i»r tt i4 (altn) Atm, iM wm formrrl^r i klni- 4«»inf.f iHilfi bill hi I 'Bo, or ifiHi, It ««• cfMqiWrf d i>y tilt liilnbttinn of A'liMintKM, lo wliom it hit ««rr riric« ' htm inbiiMry. The country i« not fo fitrtilr ii tbr other '^jirt« wt hiV« nl»ntifmcd, thete being very little fVuit, or any kltirfiM'Ktiiiii i nilil whut rattle tlirv havr, art lirniighr fiotnaihtr paitTi it it, li»w»ver, a KfiJ IpottliiK ((.ntiiiy, «n»l aboiiiMn wi*i hafu, t;it»hrt», ff|iii»r«l«, red titd I'allo* dtf •'•M '"^it*, ptntaHo hftii, aitd mhtr t'owh 'I'hr hWM M • I nilf^l, (hat the blickt kill ihem with rti> li> 11 thry pjt. ill' I in thrir ordinary ilecaliont. Amoit^ t*)r f! r, M.i itiii part ol thefiiaft, i« onf Ijird,.! that »!< ■> -Jitig bcanitifttl, and pcrliap* tlwtiltof Vlicitc ■lliiMbiim. .ifft' quill. 'I'hahi' ~i Ihlttf rwn Itotn* taming back m> tii '■ l''<-ad, about lb e iatcHat »IW rbrt Jime«, ■od ii I flrOttg, fnaciniii liuilding It >» (^atfl oil the top of a fteep rockV f liff that b>n;t« ever the fea, and hai t bafivry of nventy piccc» 6f cannon jjlt iimlcr the wall i htftiet >»hiClt, thcfVirthai C>v*tal targi! flr.nkei* mounted #t ordnance. The walli, which ■*«kof. rtoftf, »revety thick and lofVy, and in the center «f the fort ii a fnuare tower, with a imall fpt re, on the top of which ii the flan-ftaff. The ( trrifon .tonfifli- of . of UAdiiig only With them. The other fort of Crevecoeur li«to*g to tlie Dutch, ind it (ituated on a i-ocky headliiiJ, aboi,- a muUcet-fhot 'ftomfort lames t »nd tliouKh boat* c«tl C( le up to the irand with fafely, ytf the landing may be ea ly oppofed by 'dtegulii of the tert, ahJ the fmall arnu oi he garrifon .. Th?hulldlt\g U of a fqukre form, with ! ur batteriel, J'|rtliIatrorni, an the apart- nenta are convenient both for the olBcer* ani. garrifon, Which confifli of fifteen white men, and twenty iive ne- cing p -d by confiJcriblu prefciiti, which the Dane* and 1 li *jadc hiui, granted them that lilierty ; at firft, they d J to build each of them a ftore-lioufe to fettle a bflor n, ; tinder the obligatitm of fcveii marks of gold ycarlv )r" ■' cachhoufe. The houfcs thu* built, the Dutch and Dais ; «onaaiuIy infinuated to the lutive*, that whcrca* tl. / ' Were continually expofed to the aflaults of their moii-l enemies the AquamW*, it would be for their fafety to al ■ low thefc houfcs to be turned into forts, to proteA then %nd their families with their cannon. By thefe mean they prevailed on the people to permit thefc placea to bt put into the condition above dcfcribcd. . The European fort* arc chicHy fiippllcd with provifions fcroui ht fiom cape Coaft, Anamaboe, and Cormantin. The -untry round Acra is exce<;ding pleafant, not being ^ woody a* other part* of the coaft ; but it is much left i^rtik. owina; to its being almoft depopulated by the fre- ^ent wan with the Aquamboes. A inail»ct is hckl three times a week, at a village called •^^ i^beno, alwut twenty miles from the coaft, for the fale ot gpld and (laves, of which commodities the triide chiefly con^fts : JsJthcr the r,cgroci nfuii from the inland coun- loej. The gold is reckoned as good in quality a* that at M»n, or any other prt of the whole coaft, and the llavcs beiiw fo numerous, it otcafitoncd by the fieqiicul wart '- No. a8. , (land* nly one ^theited appears 'V ; for 1 .fbe- With he nrtghbonrlnf hMkMM, whicti UIm «iV»n»t aftltation* of the waves ; fo that It eatt only be pafltrd at certain tittMs in the vear, which are |eneraUf Betwixt ih« fnonthsof ^pril an<( Norember, this being the dry Icafon Rix) thr retlux of the river not lb rapi4. At the mouth ' ittfitMll illaoH, ftrep on each Me, and fovered wiH .: ttr.s On »ch fide the river, a few mile* from rite II >>. thee ntry Is open, and adoi'ied With a great num. >( pain- tree* plantvd at (i|<> m di(« tanee* , but fartlwi »oodv, and rifet int^. Itilb, and very Reeii mount.i 1 he more ii border' < ill along With a latge landy » ', forming (everal u»ll biiyi, whseh, about Vague t<^ lea, aie tt Itaft iticfttboaAt detf. 8 » C T. IV. ttUHfitg r:mfrrhrn -{ ai th* iiiMitiVf'«/iMi. fivtrtt Unfiitmi ihtrnr.t •MNt «/ iht Jijftrtnt flatrtf .ii/lmi, trMU, lit. aitdv*' > the river Benait, ar« 'V'five milet , from thence to and thirty-five ) and froth ins of Ambrifei, one han- ice Cbuthieard to the river "lary of the country, one hundred fixty-five milet. !<■ i(.ingdom of Benin ( on II the north, by Biafari, the Atlantic ocean, onth* THAT part if II der the appcllii tenfive ; hw at It ' pcrly alc:ruin its diitai. at the river Volta, from about one hundred and i cape Formofa, one hun thence eaftward to the mr drv'd and fixty-five ; an. San BoiiiTo, the utmoll hundreds. .id twenty -, in It is l)i)un«tcdon thecaft, the weft, by the Gold coaii with the dclart of Seth ; and foulh. The four following kinnjom arc on thii coaft ; natnelj^i Coto, Popo, Whidan, and Ardi->li but the principal ck (hem are the two laft. Coto (by fome called the Lam' i^mpi) begina at thk river Volu, and extends eaftwai. <• Little Popo, a dif' tance of about fifty milet : it is a tiat, fandy, an>i barreii country, and the only trees to be found in it are the palih and wild cocoa. The town or village of Coto, otherwift called Verbon, is about fourteen miles from the nvet Volta, and was formerly the refidcnce of the king. 1 he inhabitants of this kingdom are poor and illiterate, and their chief traffic confifts in Haves, whom they fteal from the inland countries, and li^ll to the Europeans. They praAife much the fame cufloms and manners u thofe on the Gold coaft, exceut being more fond of their fetilhet, in the number of which confifts their principal sveahh. Popo, extends about thirty miles, and is divided into two parts, by the names of Great and Little Popo. The laft is remarkably fandy ; and fo barren, that the inhabi- tants are fupplicd with all their provifion from Whidah. They chiefly live by plunder and ftealing llavei, in both which they exceed their neighbours of Coto, being of a more counigeous and warlike difpofi; n. They are alfo great cheats, and frequently take advantage of the Euro- peans, by deluding them on ftiore in expeAation of flaves, at a timA.|hey have not one to difpofe of, when they not only fleece ihcin, bur fometlmes det.-iin them for feveral' months, before they can procure the number wanted, and then exaA upon them,' by fixing an exorbitant prict on thofe they purchafc. Little Popo, is fituated on the (hore, about ten tnilet from Coto. It is a poor miferable place; and rnnfiii. cnlf of a number of ftraggling huts, inhabited by people whole lives are chiefly fpcnt in concerting mcafures for the en- flavin^ 'lid raifery of their tiellow-creatures, whom the diAatcs of humanity Ihouldexcilethem to relieveand defend. 4B Ol«M ,i82 The NEWawd UN I VE R S A L S YSTE M o;f GEOCRAPIjIY jf,Gr*u. Popo, i« not fo barren as thoCe already mentioned; rolr,ui the inland parts aie great plenty of varioas kii)ds,of frviff, as alfo cattle and poultry. The town ftaruls on an illand furmed by marlhes, and is divided into three parts, . ca9beautifully variegated; the bill, which is as long as the body, is vrry ftrong and tharp, and is furnillied on the iiilide with fmall teeth, not unlike tliofe of a law. Thcv build in hii^h trees by the (ides of the nveis, and their Hells are conipofed of earth mi: < ■ If- ■Wi W t iU - A ■ M.! ' i ^> " i$| fizc ;ated ; and 1, not the •artli :fts it hang oval )cncU Tlie : !rhe, pintado, or Quiney hen, hta a lound b»ck^ Will* • tail turifcd downward] like a partridge ( and the fe«t ar« fbrnilhed with inctnbranes.or webs, like water-fowii. The head is covered with a kind of helmet, and the whoU rluniage it black, tor dark grey, Ipeckled with white fpo'ti. t.is tlvc fize of a common fowl, and the helmet' on the middle.of -the^ i headi is of a horny fubftance, and a ' duflcy red colour. Undisrthe bill are wattlci, but tltey do not proceed from the lower chap as in. heiij ; tliey grow from the upper, and the head is bare of fcatben, but on the upper eye«lids thorc are long black hairs that turn up* wards. The bill it like tliat of a cotnmon fowl ; but m fome«f themK attlie tootof it,' there is a I'mall tuft con* fitting of twelve or liftcen threads, one third of an inch in kngth. at thick. as ia pirt, and in fubftance nearly refem- blinff the brilUes of ahqg. On eachfldeof the bill there is a Nuifhlkin,iwhicb extends towards the eye, and fur- rounds it, but becomes black in that place. This fkin fonns tike eye lids, and, being lengthened, and becoming double, make the appendices or wbttles uf the chceka. They are of different Inapes, fomo being oval, tome fquare, and others triangular : they are of a red colour > in tlie fe- male and blue in the male. The cars are placed behind the )f attles, and are quite uncovered ; but the apertures are very fmall. The feet are of a greenilli colour, and VDvered with large fcales bcfcre, but behitid there is only a rough Ikin, like Ibagreen leather ; and the hinder toe Ls (hort. Tbcy feed their chickens indifcriininatcly, each attending to thofe thatcotne firft in their way. They ^iQinonly go together in large flocks. . ; The Numidian damfel is a very delicate bird in its conftruAion : the body is long and taper, as are alfo the. Jcgs. The featlicrs on tlie upper part of the wings and back are of n light colour, out the tail, which is long and ragged, is black. The fides of tlie head are white, and. from the top of it behind hangs a long tuft, which reaches for Icvtral iiiplrcs down the l>ack part of the neck. 'I'his bird is very muchefleemcd by the blacks : the flcih of it is firm, and of an ao;rceable tatte. The monoceros is a voracious bird, and lives chiefly on filh : it is alfo very ugly, and tlie flclh of it harlh and clifagrecablc. It is Ihort and thick, of a dark colour, ex- cept the wings and upper part of the back, which, are ^vhite. The back is long and very thick, and the tips of the wings reach to ihc uppetvpart of the IfRS. The neck is fliort aitd thick as arc alfo the legs, and the claws in 'particular are remarkably large. Buttards here are about tlic (Izc of the Guincy hen. The bill is of a whitilh colour, and much longer than tliofe of Europe. The eyes arc large, the iris har.le co- loured, and the eyelids of an a!h colour. The fide;, of the head, all round tlic ryes, are of a bright brown, but tlie top of the head, and the whole lUck, arc covered with bhick fc.tthers hanging a little; loofc, with narrow points. The back, rump, and tail, are of a bri!:ht hrowni and the feathers of the latter have tianfveii'c black bars. The quills, or greater wing fcaliicrs ntau-U the back are brownilh, with white fpots, and the middle quills white, witU tr;inrvcrl'e bars of black. 'I'hc legs arc long, and the toes fhort in proportion, being void of feathers (ome way above the kntcs. Thev have only three toes, all of whic-.h lUiid forward, and they are covered with fcales of a while colour, l>tit the claws are dulky. I'lie flefh of this bird is excecdin,'; j^ood I'he ')ird c-ilUd the aigrct is of the heron kind, but is rcniaikable lor the colour of its le^s and feet, which are of a deep red : the body is about the lize of a goofe, and the feathers are of a darkilh colour intermixed with white ; til-; neck is long, but the tall is remaikably Ihorti the bill, near the h'jad, is of a bluilh colour, but towards ihe point it is black. As their flclh is dry and ill-lallcd, they arc little ul'ed by the negroes. Swans difier greatly in Ihape here from thofe of Europe j their, tl'.lh too is coarfe, and dilngrceablc to the palate. Thev arc white from the head to Ihe (houlder of the wings ^ but from ihcnce to the tip the colour is a dark brown, as is alCu the t.-iil. The legs are long and taper, and the luck is alio long, and very thick, but tenninates with a Ihiinp p'-iiit. The iVa, tho' it runs very high in the road of Whidah, nlMund^ with lilh, which the natives take with tines, they Ttciiig tlrangers to the uli: of nets. Among the filh caught hero is a remarkable one, called by the natives the ape or fnonkey-hlh. It is in general about ten Icet long, and between thice siid foiir bioau, fioiii ihc rxircmity of tiie neck, till witliin a third of ill length, when it Jiniinilhrs iulenlibly, ending in a long round tad. The head is I toand^.lhevyes iVrltll, imd th6ttiin'(hor(t>Nhilth« 4f>^t' lipiii furifilhed with hair lilM whifken. Thetteck is vetV diftinA from the body,' and on that paH of if next the head it around excrefcence like a crown. I'thaa f<>ar RiH' which refemble the beard or wbilkers of a whale '. thtf two. fbranoft arfe ib fiinated, that they fiipply the place of hamiti.foT he can convey aily thing' With th«m' to hii' mouth. The hinder fins are placed beneith the mMdIe oi? the belly, and arc lefs than the formei*; It has n6' fcalcsj' but a fkin fpotted with fmall pimplet like that of the lhark> It is of a black colour, but fhines when firft taken out ot the water; but, whendead, lofes its luftre. It is a lively jSfh, and fwims very fwift. When if appears firft on th«' furfgce of tbe water, before betakes the'ltoOlSt'tlls Wlotioni' are. traly diverting. - He cbmcs gently near itr 'looks at itV takes it.witli.the edge of his lips, and then quItS'lt. Aft«r' feveral evolutions, he at length' f wallows it i and* Wheii' he is enungled, he tlirows hiinfelf into fuch pofturcs, as to afford a very laughable fcene to the fp«Aators. The fielh' is tolerably good, and in its tafte greatly rolcmbles ieaiV beef, .-..■•■■' :■' I. ■ ■.: ,..l ■ ' ' <■ Great plenty of Various kinds of fi(h>» 'tuttd irt ihtif rivers, . particolaily eels, onilleM, foles, nibackii aHdi a fortot whitt fifh,in fliape much likeo. pike. Th«y have alfo great quantities of ihrimps, o.-ay hlh, lobfter*/ and other fliell-iUh. The latter are reekcned much better < than thofe caught in the f«a ; they are Tound near thd mouths of the riren, where the water is brackifh. : Tlvey have great numbers of fnakes or ferpenttt but thev. are chiefly of two forts. The firfl of theft i« blaclt and poifonous, but the other is quite harmlefs, and wor- Ihipped by the natives, as their greateft fetifh. The poi* fonous fort is about twelve feet; long, and three inches irt diameter, . 'i'hey have a tiat head, with two large crooked teeth , they attack their enemies with great eagernefs ; and always creep with their head er«6b, and their mouth open<-3^ The fetifli iiiake has a large round head, with beautiful i,-^ eyes : the toitgue it fhort, and pointed like a dart, and tlieir motion is exceeding flow: tlicir tail is (lender and Iharp, and the fkin is very beautiful, the ground of it being white, with waved ftreaks or fpols of yellow and brown agreeably intermixed. They arc fo gentle, that they 'will not hurt any creature except the vcnomoiii ferpentsi to. whom they have the greateft cumity, and fcem to take a pi»fure in deftroying them. Both negroes and whites handle and play with them without the Icaft danger ; but fhould cither a negro or a white min kill one of them, whctlier on pur- nofc or by accident, his life would pay for it. When tha Eiiglifh firft fettled at ".Vhidah, -i captain of that country having landed and lioulji' hi' cargo, his inen found one^ night a fnake in the lodge, which tlicy inadvertently killed, and threw out before the door. The blacks next mom-. ing feeing the dead fnake, and the Englifli innocently owning tiicy had killed ir, the natives niaflacrcd ail that were in the lodge, let fire to it, and deftroycJ all the goods; 'I'lic Englifli, detcned by this cruelty, forbore going to "- trade there for fome time ; but at length, foiiic of thein again venturing, on their arrival, the negroes Ihcwedtliein fome of thcl'e liiakcs, and dcfircd they would not hurt them, as they were fagrcd. The Englill) re.idily obeyed this requcft, and their commerce was renewed. The veneration of the \Vhidaians for thlV. fnakes is fo great, that they will not hear any think fpoken in derifion ot them, rtoppinn their ears, and running .iway, if any European pretends to lau^h at their I'uperfli'tious reverence for them. IJofman relates, that a hog happening to de- vour one of iliefe fiiakcs, a proclamation was immediately ilTued for dcftroyiiij all tlie hogs in the country, and abun- dance of them wore fl.iui^litcred on the occafion ; but at the inflancc of fome of iiieir ricli owners, artd fome pre-, fenis made to the king, the fcvcre decree was revoked j but it litems that lb many of them were deftroyed for this offence, that hog's flclh became very dear while he was there. \\ ith refpeft to the perfons of the Whidih blacks, both fexes are generally tall, lufty, and well proportioned, but their colour is not fo fltining a black as tliofe of the CJold coall. Their drefs confiUs of three or four ells of a ftuff called jwen, which is wrapped round tlie wailt, and then defcends to the middle of tlic leg. The ladies wear a filk garment, with two or tliree rows or fringes, the bot- tom of it covering the tiwt, $om.nimcs they wrap them- felvcs round with apieceof the abovementioncd ftuff paen, and bring part uf it over the head and round the (houlder; like a mantle. The better fort of tlie men are diftinguilhed by their hat.s, which they purchafe of the Europeans \ the larger (hey ace the better they like them, and are pacliculai!^ ;^v%: ^4- The NEW and UNIVlERSAlL 6YST«M or GEOGRAfaV. puticuUrly pio»i Qf them kfter ibcy art .iit4! mA iiiifly: athfrt,h«vc bomwu nwde «f deer or, dogskins.! They weirftrinis of pearlt or coral on theifneckst and oa their arai and wriiln luvo bracelets of the iiutie mate-, rials. . / The negroes here are mote polite aiid civil thaa any other peppie on .this part oi the coafi, though in gtnaral t^y are very illiterate. When two pedbns of equalitnit- i)ition meet, they both^l down on their knoca^ dapidieir hand*, and mutually falute, by wifhing each other a good day. They pay particular refprd to their fuperion ; for whan they chance to meet them they immediately (all on theirknees, and kifi the earth thrice, clapping their hands, and addfeflitig. them by wiihing them a good day or night, ty^iph the ifgperior returns, by genlly dapping his iMhdi togetlier, but without altering bis peAurc ; all which time' 4i« inferior continuea on the ground till the other departs. The fame Uind of ceremonies are alfo ufed by the wives to their huibands, the children to[tbeirfiithert,aiMithe younger (o. the elder brother. The blacks of VVhidah not only differ in good beha- viour and colQur bam tliofe on tlie Gold coaft, but'Stfo in ppint of \uM&n -, for as the latter are naturalW llothful and indolent ; (o tlie former are cleanly and aibduous in bufinefs i nor will the* ever leave any work they under- «tatw till it is thoroughly completed. Bciidc* bein^ em- irfoyed in agriculture, l»e men make calabalhas, wooden utenfils, hardware, and fcveral other things, which they mecute with great neatnela. The women are employed in fpianing, and in planting and (owing their corn, yams^ eotatoec^^c. The Whidah cloth is of varioni colours, ttt tlwc Bioil in ufe is either white or blue : they make it about two yards long, and a quarter of a yard broad. Thofe that arc very wealthy, befides hulbatidry, apartm«Mt« This cuftom prevails wiHi lite king and gvantlacs, u wM M amongft the common people. > . Thapcopltkareareeqnalfy fond of dancing with thofii •n4h«OoU.Caift ; and the methods they of* in thntvticrciM art-much (he fame. Thoir mafleal iniVnlmems an* tdfo of tlie like kind, but are much belter madfeaiMt tb«ir foutt4 i* not fo harih. ' i i > They praftife cireumcinon in Whidah as in moft wtbeir parts of Guiney ; but the time of amforinirig the ope- ration is ttiKCitain, fome doing it at (he moft iiifaiit ftate, and other* not till the children are flv« or tin ycata of age. ■. f The natives are liable to iaveral kinds of diftales, "par- ticukrly malignant fevers, and tlie ribfh>vkro{«as, trhich latter we have already defcribed in our lalft feftion. Ttieir fevers are moft prevalent in the months of June, July, and Auguft, aiiddifcover thcmfclvcs by violent pains in the head and reins, an inclination to vomit, bleeding at theitofe, and fuch a thirft that the tongue appears <{uit8 hiadk. However, they have excellent phyficiattst fo lli^t though thefe diibrders are frequent, yet they fe4d»m' pttfve fond. The worftand moft difficult oHbrder to core is the dyfftn- tery, which attacks people at all fealbnt of the year. It eommonly arifes either from their making too free With fpirituous hquors, or from eating the country frvit to etc* cefs. Theiy are greatly alarmed at the approach df (ick- nefs ; and the mention of death hath fuch an Med tipon them, that it frequently accelerates their illnefs. Even t« fpeak of it before the king, or any greet man, 1* xccotinted a capital crime. 1 here is little difference between the religion of th« Whidah blacks and thofe of the (Void coaO, except that the number of the fctithes of the former is much mo/6 con(iderable. Tlieir chief deity is a fcrpeht of a particu- lar fpecies, wholie bite is not nkirtal ; and is fo well u(ed by his votaries, that he fcarce ever attempts to hurt them. 1 hey addrefs themfelves to this animal on the moft iin* poitant occalions ; as for feafonable weather, the prefcr- vation of their ftate, or whatever elfe concerns the public welfare. They have alfo a grand temple erefted in Whi- dah, dedicated to this ferpent ; and a telTer in almeft every village, with piiefts and priefleflcs to officiate in them, 1 he king annually makes prefefits and ofTrrings to the greattemple, confifting ofgoM, cattle, pieces of (ilk, and all manner of meat, drink, firuits, and European merchan- dize to obtain a plentiful harvell, and the profperity of his kingdom ; artd if they apprehend any calamity like to belal them, thefe offerings are frequriuly repeated. In this temple, it is (aid, they always keep a ferpeht of a monftrous fize, worfhipping the creature in perfon, and not in effigy : and formerly, the king ufed to go on pil- grimage with his whole court, annually, to adore this Kr- pent ; hut, of late, deputes a certain number of his wivea to perform this aO of devotion inhisftead. Once every year it is pretended, that the virgins, and young women of the country, are fcized by this fpecies of fcrpents, and worked up to a kind of religious frenry : whereupon they are carried to the ferpents temples intherefpedivc villages, and obli};ed to remain there for a certain time, till they return to their fenfes. Theft; are ufually the wives and daughters of the principal men of the place, who there^ upon make prefents to the priefts and pricflcfles ; but out author looks upon the whole to be a pious fraud to get a little money out of the people : and, it feeins, if anv one refutes his wife or daughter to go to this idol temple, when they pretend to be thus infpired, he does not only incut the reputation of a profane perfon, and an enemy to their religioi<, but is in danger o(^ being ruined by thi* influence and fugijettions of the priefts : and that they iiiav be fup* ported by the government in their prctenlions, tlickingrit feems, is allowed to Iharethc profits which the priefts gain by this pretended infpiration of the females, who, when they are dil'miired from the fcrpent's temple, are required not to divulge what has happened to them there, under the f'evereft penalties ; but this feems to be neidlefs, becaufe the women are fond of going to thefe temples on fuch oc- cafions, being allowed to take greater libei ties tliere, than they could at liortie. Tlic next thing the Whidahs pav divine honours to, are fine lofty trees and groves. To thcle they apply in their (icknel's, or on any private misfortune ; all the fcr- pents temples are in fume grove, or under fome fpreading tree. The facrifices offered to the tree* confift of loave«, of millet, luaii, or rice, placed at thciuot «f the tree : if th« patient [a F R I C A.j W i^i) A R li/ jwrientcomplimrnti the prlcft vrith t peetinfiiy prefeht, be leavei thcin id be devoured by the bettfts and brrdt ; if not he takes tlictu home; and converts them to his owtl wfe. The fi» ts another of their jprinttpai gods; toi^Hbtn ihef facrifice, when the winds and waves ire fo tempeftuons, that no foreign mcrfcWartVcah vifit their coaft ; whith ttfually happens in July and ' nunifti :irid fometimeti iti other months : then tlicy tllfbw in all tnSKiSf !• of gd«, ' meat, drink, and clbathiiigi And alfo a ring,'io ap'ptefe the en ^ raged elemt lit. But the brtafe of the Vein ftefHtcetf oft this ocrifioii is the property of the prieft. Who difpofes of It in fuch manner as he thinks prdjier ; fometimes he di- vides it among tile people; but irt generld he appropriated It to himfelf. ' . BeiidoJ thefepublicrtbjcAs of adoration, every ittarrliS* « numerous fct of gods, of his own chtifing, at Whidah: Every thing they meet v»ith on going abroad, antmtite; or iiiTiiinate, they iritrodvice into the number; after it ixni uiiJeigoiic the following trial : they pray to it for fome- tliiiiy they ftand in need df, and if they dbtairt their d*fire by any means, they al'cribe their fueeefs td the influetfct of this new Rod ; butifthey ai% difapttoiiited, theblanie ii general! V kid oh themfclves; qnd not oh the deity. Another of their public fefifhes, called agoye, it riild^ bf black earth or clay, and in fbrtn fomewnat refemblel » negro fquattiri^. It is placed on a kind of peoelV*! oriia- tnenfcd wiih a ilip of red cloth 6drdlaceil en a table ill the houfe of the gntrt(J facrificer ; befort it ftaild three Wooden bowls, or halfcaUbafhes, in one of which are a number of fmall earthen balls. The people generally confult thii idol before they coihnience any capital undertaking, for which reafon he is called, the god of councils. Thoft whrt advile with this fetilh, addrefs therrifeWes to the facri' fccr, iiifbrmiiii? him bf the bufinel^ they ate abottt to un- dertake; afterwhich,theyt)refcrit their bflferings td ago^et ind give the prieK, his interpreter, the fee. If the prieft Is fatisfied with the pt-elent, he takics the bowls, and, after ieveral grimaces, thrown the balls at random out of one bowl into another. If the nuralier in eich ajtpeart to be odd, the 1iiidertak|rtg is declared profperous, and the ])erfon who applies fur advice returns home perfeAly fatisiivi. This OTscle, however, frequently proves erronedus, in which cafe, fuch is the prcpoflcifion of the negroes, that tlwy lay the blame intirely on themfelves, and acquit agoye. < PrieUt and prieftellet have an uiKo(i\|non retpcft Ihewrk tlicm in the kingdom of Whidah ; their perfona, and all that belong to them, are held facred and inviolable ; and though the wives of other men are little better than ilaves to their hutbands, the hulband of a priefiefs is obliged to be al! obedience at his peril. Both the ecclefi- •(tical and civil government would refent his afluming any authority over luch a wite, which makes the natives very -cautious of marrying a prieftefs. Nor would they ever confent that their wiv«s (hould be admitted into the o^- der of the prielth'ood, if they could help it. For as I apprehend it, there is a ceri in trilx; amoiigft them who arc prielts and prie(leodies, made at the time they were initiated into the religious order. In other refpe£ls ' they differ but little from the laity, their habit being much the fame, though they have the privilege of dreffmg them- felves like the grandees. They trade like other people, ■'•nd gather coitlideuble poflclTions by the tale of cattle and flavcs ; but their grcatell gain arifcs iVoin the credulity of ^:thc people, from whom they extott offitiiiigs and prelents ".for tlie gieat ferpent, which their deluded devotees imagine "it religioully l^ilowcd, whereas it only contributes to the .'emolument of the prieOs, for (hey con\«rttbcinto tlieir . own ul'e I and in this they are tu diligent, that they Come- "thncs even leave the poor ferpent without viAualt. I he Whidah blacks have iuiperfeA and confufed no- ' tinns of heaven and a future uate ; and fome of them - mention a local Iwll for the punifhmcnt of the wicked, ; - but leem to regard it as little as Chrilliaiis do. Sooie of them lieiicvs, that both black and white men were crcatsd ' by the fuprenie Ood at the fame time ; while oiliert afcribe f tile creation to a great fpider they call analie. Every thing ^relating to religion, they denominate felifh : but to the ) idbl of their hearts, or tikvourito god, they give the titlit of '>' No. a8. bofluKft ahittbthUgott; th« belenred wife it tUlniyi def- eated, and itlfo allbntei that name. . . . Each pri^, or fetiflier; hath a difltobt giid, to Whom the people, itnder hii care, apply on public iiccafibni, or common calatiiitie*; When they are defaatihg oii, war and peace, they bring fiicrifiees, and confult the gcid by their prieft, who fometimes performs the ceremttny alone, and r^turiis an iuifwer tit thofe who come to enquire of him ; at other tinlet he cohfults the idol in their piefeniie ; from whom, however, they expeia no votal ahfwer : but tho prieft throws up fome nuts or fmall pieces 6f leather, and Mihcy fiiU nearer or (anher from each other, he foretells good or bad fuecefi to the undertaking. They take every foleliin oath alfo before an idol; drinking i draught afiter it, tad ntaying their god nwy ftrilbe them dead, or the liquor, may bnrft ihemv if they do hot , .'fbhn their engagementt^ or if the thing be not true which thev atteft : however, it fceitla, the pneft has power to abfolve them from thefo oaths i to ptevtnt which, upon great oecafiOni, they make the prieft iwear,' that he wiU not ablolve the patty, or dif- penfe with his oath, requiring the moft dreadful impreca- tions from the prieft to confirm it : and the negroes be- lieve, that whoever drinks tlte dreadfiil cup with fuch im- piecatioiis, and afterwards breaks it, will inMiUy burft ot die fooii after. If the weather it nnfeafbnabie, either exceffive wet or dry, the whole town or country confult their prieft how tha Vengeailce of heaven may be appeafed : and he generally advifct themto oftier certain bcrificet, which is readily complied with : arid every villi^ hu a facred grove fet apart, where the facriftces are killed; and divine worfttip performed, and theft tUy will not fuflvr to be pro* faned or cut down upon any occalion. But befides the idol tliat belong* to the prieft, every perfon has his par- ticular honlhold god, before which he conftantly perft>nii8 his devorions on the day bf the week he was bdm; This they call their Boffam, aa they do the day itfelf, and drink rto wine or fttong liauor on that day before fun-fet : they aM alfo tlten habited in whiter or their flcint coloured with a wbitilh earth ur paint. There ia another day of the week a<'b fet apart for divine worfliip -, when the poor facritice poultry, and the rich a ftieep to their god, witnout the afliftance of a prieft, which it eaten by the man and hit friends, but the guts and inwardt, boiled in the blood« it reckoned the moft delicious morfel here, at well at at the cape : and there are flew .'femiliet in Guiney, but what are obliged by anrient cnflom (which they thinli them* felves religiouny bound to< perform) to abftain fromcertaia kinds of meat -, fome from the fte4h of goats, others from > that of hogs, and a third perhapi» ft-om tame white fowls ; and their refpeAive ohildmi aiid potierity never deviate iVom tae riles prefcribed by their anoeftort, among whicii, at Acra, on the Gold coaft, circumcifion is one ; but fiom ivhcnce they received it, or how long they have ufcd thia rite, w« cannot afceriain, u none ainong.them could givt ttt any fatisfafiory information concerning it. What notion they have of the deitiet they worihip is alfo uncertain, any farther than that they look upon them at Uings v^fted with great power, and that carefully ob- ferve their behaviour, and reward and punilh them in thif life according to their demerits : they, have no great ex* peAation, or dread of futurity ; it is laid, the rewards tiiey expeA are mukitude of wives and flavet, health and wealth, and other profperous circumftances in this world; and the punifhments they apprehend, are a deprivation of tbefe. The greateft caUmity that can befel them, and what they dread moft is death. Mvrder, adultery aiid theft, accord- ing m our author, are venial crimet,.and maybe atoned f»r with gold, &c. But their eating forbidden meau, and drinking prohibited liquors, and a negleft of theii holi- davs, they think, can never be Oardoned, but will (with deliberate and wilful pcijary) oe punifhed with death. Moft of them, at has becnobMrved,^ believe little of future rewards and punifhments ;' though tbe^ feem generally to iigree, that.thcfoails of good men fwviye afW death i and fome few of them talk of a paradife not unlike the elyfian fields, whither good fpirits arefrni ; that is, fuch as have kept tlieir holidays, inviolably abftained from forbidden meats, and obferved their oaths : and they that have been deficient in any of thefe particulars are drowned in a cer- tain river, and a period put to their exiftence ; but fcarce anv of them feem to have any notion of a wicked nun's being punilhcd etcnuUy. Thofe tlut have are fuppofedto have learned it from the Gbiiftiant, with whom they have converted upwards of two hundred years : and there are thole that imagine their CnuUa °^ ^oni '^re'irtc ten thoafimd miraJea, and believe he Jaom'i them to bap|nt»& or mtfery after 4e«th« accord- ing tuthc^T detcttt. Having thus given a» account of tlie religion of the Whklib meajfts, we fltall next proceed to deliuibe their goTeminoit. with the Icvcral kind* of punilluaeiMt ill' Aided on oftenden The king of Whidab, toufe the word* of one of the Datchfaciors, is feared, and revci-enced by bi* fubjeft* a* « densi.god, #ho alwayd afipear in hit : pretence, either hnseliiig, or prolirate o» the .groatiii : when they attend J 'I hjtn iar the niomin)^ tliey proKratc tfacmfelve* fceferd thft ' :' gate of his place, hit* the earth three time*, and clapping, , tbeir hands togeifacr, ufe fome evpretTiofM that look more . . liicethe adoration of fome deity, than compliment* paid to an earthly prince ; and they even tremble at the fight of him : he has his viceroys, govemor»> generals, and other ofti-crt, as Furopean princea have, of whom, he con- fiaotiy mbimxiin ur or fir* thooAtod wi :: his Uic ^guards, and arc frequently icnt on his em- ba^iesyand employed in e««cuting fueh coftmands and fehtences as fecm much more proper for men ; a* to pu- ° »ifh criminals, pull down thei boutat, andtlie HIk. liof- man relates, that a little before his arrival at Whidah, a negro officer nf his RC(}iiairitanoe having been nniuftly wcnfed to the king, orderf were ifibdd to demolilh hi* lioolb, and delb-oy all that he had : of which the man Uiving receivred feme notice, wben a decicbnient of two or three himdivd of the king'a srivcs came to esetcuie the ftntence, they.ibund him placed near a heap of gunpowder, i^ith a lighted match in his hand, proffflimg his innocence, bat direatened to blow both them and hiinfelf up, if they &;i rot rivc him time ts tcprefent hik caCe to the king ; - itohnh being acrerd to, he had the good fortune to convince bis Wladiian faajefiyof liiia innocence, atidlogettlie fen- tMiee 'Mruftd. : .When tlte king goes abroad £ve or fix hundred of hia wives run befbce him, oratteiidhim ; be has not, it is laid, a finale man iii his train ; but he l^iendt'tiic greateft part of his time at home in hi* palace, adminiftering jaftice to bisfubje£bs,and tranfaAingaffitirsef (htte, orconverfing with the boropean fafior* or merchaitt*, who find him, I ufaally, in a ilately ball of todisiKe, richly habited in gTtdanifilverlhin : hit wives, alio, when they attend tun, are richly clothed and adorned with gokt, coral, and giittcsing trities, efpmaUy their hair; and though the kin;; never eats before company, it is laid he wiH drink very plentifolty hotlf with the tLuropcank and hi* own fubjcAs, m certain times. - The'cabeoetos are the chief magiOratet imder the k^, thefshe confalts in itate affairs, and ocmctrning peace and war ; and by tiiefe, be ufually .adminiflers ju&ce to the fwe^le. Iraveller* .make two ctafles of nobility m everv (^vemment in Uuincy : i . I'be cabieeros lail mentioned, vhd are the grandees of every kingdom tir ftatc. t. The infcnor nobility, an order of knight*, who facing polTefled of canliderable forttinci, either by deicent or purcliafe, •xnd having bbtatncd'fbme.TBpaation in their rdkieAive -countriei, are allowed to have Tevan. trumpeta, or hollow i«)«pbBntt teeth, founded before themi when they go abroad. The king of AA'^idah hu leveral viceroys under him, whom he appoints at pleafute, and wlio, in liis abfence, have an unlimited power. He has al(^ grand captains, whO'dre viceroys Dveclrerttin diArifks ;. belides thefe, there arc a grarr number of Honorary captaitts, ai^ another fort thatareiMrutted with the caM of the maiken, daves, pri- . 4bns, &c. Notwithflandiiig there be no writeen iawainGainey, yet they liave particular punilhments appropriated to certain crimes by cuftom. Murder is lilually puniibed with death, if the perfon killed w%s a frce^man ; but if for tlte mtntlerot' a Have, a tine only it cxa£lcd. Adultery is alf» ptanilhed w.itliideath^ where it is committed with any of the king's wivis, or the wii&of a great man. But of the punilhments tor thefe 'criihe*,< we iliall fpeak more ' particularly, before we quit this fuhjed. In criminal cafes, the king aflemblet a council, wlnn be '"* cpent the iiuli£lment, and ret^uiret every nerlou to declare hi* opinion what puuilhmein the offender dclervcs i ».!:*, according to the vetdifk, the puiiilhment is iramcdiatclt intliatd. For tilt murder of a free ful^efl, the criminal iicut open alive, bit entraiU taken out aiul burnt, and bit body fixed on a pole creAed in tb« market place, whrre it cuntinuet for fone day*, and it tlien carried to fome remote place, to be devoured by bird* or wild beafts. Adultery is no lefs feverely ptmiflied than murder, Cfpectally when it it committed with one of the kinj;'* wvvet. If the guilty couple haoptn to lie furpiifcd, the king pronouncesfentenceof death immediately , the manner of executing, according to the abovementioncd author, it thui performed : the king's officer* caule two graves or pits to be dug, fix or feven f Quite broiled. When they no longer perceive figns of life, they untie the body, fling it into the pit, and fill it up with earth. When the man is dead, women ifl'ue from the pahice, to die number of fifty or fixty, riddy drefled a* on a felUval day. They are guarded by the king's muf* keteers, accompanied by his drums and flute's. Lach car- ries on her head a large pot of fcalding water, which thef pour one after another on the (lead of the female ciiminal, dead or not dead, and throw the pot after it. 1 hi* done, they loofcn the body, take upthe fVake, and caft them both into the pit, which they fill up with flones andeanh. When it happens that the wife of a grandee is taken in adultery i the hulband is at liberty to ul'e hii own difcre* tion,eithertoputhertodeath, or lellher as a Have to the Europeans. If he determines en the former, fhe i« flran^led or beheaded by the execntjoncr, and the king i* fofficiently (iititfied on being made acquainted with wlut hal palled. I'he injured hulbaiid, however, lus not any power over the man that difhonoured him, unlel's he hap- pens to catch him in the fa£l, when he has liberty to kill him on the fpot. If othcrwil'e, be rauft apply to the king, for juftice, who ufually fenteiiQcs the criminal to death. The Chevalief Marchais, wJio w.-is picfeiu at one of tbcfc exccutioni in the year 1715, gives us the followii^ aocqui>t ' of it : "A grandee LOinpiained to the king, tha^t a pri- vate perfon had debauched his wife. His niajcUy, upoQ hearing the wirncllcs, paiTcd fcatcnce, that the offender fhould be beaten to deatli wherever he could be found, and his body expofed fqr food to tlie beatls and birds. The officer* belonging to tlic govcrnoi pf Sabi immedi,- atdy went iri fearcli of him, and found him alraqft en- tering his own door, where tliey foon difuatched him with their clabs, and left the body as the king had ordered. Tlie neighbours went to ac When the filiwaidays have clapfed, the grandees depute one of their number to go Go Ardrati, with r magnificent retinue, to requcft one of tlie nobles of that kingdom (in whofc family the right has continued time immemorial) to Come and crowi the king. The greateft rcfpcA is paid to (his nobleman liy all ranks of people, and the cxuonccs of his journey, aredcfrayc«l bytlie grandecsof Wliidah. When •he arrives at the lalt village next tho capital, he and his retinue muft con:imie there four days ; during which he re- ceives vilits fioin ttie principal pcopleof the kingdom, who make him prefentj, onddiYctthini with various kinds of ontcrtauiraenti,) the king's wives atfo, prcccJod in a pom- pous manner-by a guard uf fafileers, and his ninjefty's band of mufic, carry him pruvifio:n twice a day from tlic royal table. After tiie expiration ol tour days, the grandees, attended by their ufual train, *ai » prodigious ooncourl'c of people, I gr to the villagw, ind conduJ^ the Ardndi hobleatm id gi-\l ftau to dabi, where he is received by the firing of the king's cannon, and the umverfal apcUmationi of i}w "ople. After tliis, he is conduftcd to the apartitaents p(e- pircd for him near the king's palace, y tlie king's principal officers, and receive* vilits from all the grandees. He continues here five days, on tho third of which he enters the palace, with the chief of his train, witlrout taking off any part of his dre^ tft ornaments, and foeaks to the king (landing, and withftut proftrating himfelf. On tlie evening of the fifth day niitf guiU are fired at the palace, to give the people notice th«t the king will be crowned the following day, aitd that lie will Ihew himfelf in public, feated o^. his throne, in the court of the palace deftined for tliatpurpofo; and the gates of it will be open for the admillionof all ranki of people. At the fame time he fends one uf liii> ofTicurs to acquaint thg direftors of the European (a^orics with the time and place, and to invite tliem to be p^eiisnt at the ceremony pf his coronation. The king fets out frotn his (cragUo, about five o'clock jntheeveniiigof thefixth day, attended by forty of bis favourite wives drefled in tlie mod fumptuous manner, and ratlier loaded thaii ornamented with gold necklaces j pendants, and bracelets, foot chains of gold and filver, «i)a the richctt jewels. The king is drclTed in the mod mag- nificent manner, and on his head he wears a gilt helmit, de- corated with red and white featherii He it attended aljb byliis guards, and proceeds ftona tbe fenglio to the throiwi which is placed ill an angle of tlie court to die eaft of the palace, and is called,. The Court of the Coriination. The throne confids of a Urge gilt arm chair a little elevated, with a velvet culhion rtehly laced with gold, on which the king fiu, bavins another of tlie fame quality at his Seat. On the left hand of the king are placed his forty £ivourite women ; on tlie right, bit principal grandees, and a line with them the chief Europeans of the Engliih fac- tories. One of tlie grandees holds in his band an iiia- brella, which is more for ornament than ufe» at the cere- mony is performed at night. It it made df the ridieft cloth of gold, the lining embroidered with gold* and the edges adorned with goM fringes and.toflett. On the top of it is the figure of a cock as Uige u tlie life, and ilic pole that fupports it it about fix feet long, and gilt. Ano- ther grandee kneels before the king, and keeps fiinning him during the whole ceremony. Oppofite to his ma- jefty are two of his dwarfs, who alternately cepcefent to him the good qualities of his pcejeceflbri extol his jajf- tice, liberality, and clemency, and eadiort the king iKit only to imitate, but furpafs Itim 1 and coticiude their hatangne with wifhes for the king's happinefs, and that he ooay cif- joy a long and profperous reign. Thefe ceremonies being ended, the grandee £rom Ar- dtah it fent for, wholia office is to crown the kkig. Wbaii he arrives at the outer gate of the palace, the cannon ate difchit|^d, and the mufic plays. He enters the court with his attendants, who guard him to a cfcttain diftance, when he leaves iheni, advances fiiigly to the throne, and falutes the king by gently bowing his head, but withoot urodrating himfelf. He .then makes a Ihort fpoech to the king, relative to the ceremony be i'i to .perform ; and* taking the helmet olT tin head, which ho holdt in his hands, lie turns ta< the people. A £gnal is tlicti made, i.t which tile inuiic inimediaculy ceafes, and a total filenoeeii- fues. The grandee of Ardrah then, with a loud voice, re- peats the following words three times: *' Here is yopr king, be loyal to him, and your prayers iludl be heard by the king of Ardrah, my nobler ;" after whidh, he replace* the helmet on the king^s head, aiakci a km- bow, and re- treats : the cannon and fmall arms are immediately fiied, the mufic drikes up, and the acclamations are renewed. The grandee of Ardrah is then oonduded in great date to his apartments ; after which, the king, attended by hit wives, bis guards, and the Europeans, return to the ferag- lio, wlKreUie ladies make their oompliments to bini, as be enters tlie gat^. The nextday the king limdta handtbine prefent to the Ardrah grandee ; after which he aiuft ittnrn nomci not being allowed to remain three dayi longer in the kingdom. The rejoicings that follow tlie Coronation coiv« tinue for fifteen days, and tlie whole is doled with a grand proeedion to the houfe or temple of tlie great ferpcnti the manner of which it thus related by the Chcuaiicr Marchxit, who wai a fpcAatur tif it. ' ..., lir.mediately on notice being given of tlieie procdfionl^ the crowds are fo or«t from all j^rJs trf the kingdudi thai it would be impofnble to pafs, if care wat not taken ts rai^e them in order on each fide. For this end, a »!rcat „ number 4 4 i88 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAt>H¥. humbtr of liradics, or coiiftables, with large rods or fwitches in their hands, go foremoft to keep order, aild fnake way. 1 hefe oblige the people, gathered near the temple gate, to fit on their heels and keep filence. Next follow forty of the king's muiketcers, fotir and four, with their captain at their head : then the king's trumpet-ma- ior, with twenty trumpets ; and after him the drum-IMr jor, with IS many drums, beating as loud as tliey can ; pext, the chief player on the flutes, with twenty mulicians, on the fame inilrument. Thel'e three bands are tlie king's chaml)er'|iiufic ; and fometimcs pliy feparately, lomctimes together. Twelve of the kntg's wives, two and two, carrying the king's prefent* to the liirpent, which confift of bujis, brandy, linen, callico, and filk : the king's valet-de- chainbre atone, with a cane in his hand, bareheaded, and cloathcd like the grandees, his pogne trailing on thegroundi twenty-one trumpets, three and three; forty foldicrs with mufkcts, four and four ; twenty drums, two and two ; Cfventy tiutes. two and two ; twelve of the kmg's wives of the third clafs, with large balkets of reeds on their heads, with viAuals for the ferpent, from the king ; three of the king's dwarfs richly drelTed, and long pagnes trailing behind them, which mtkea them look more diminutive ; the grand mailer of the ceremonies barelieaded, his cane in hn hand, dreflcd like tlie grandees ; forty mulketeers, four and four -, twenty drums \ twenty trumpets ; twenty flutes ; twelve of the king's wives, carrying the queen-mo- ther's prefent* to the ferpent ; three Talet3 of the queen- mother carrying her arm-chair -, the foremoft has the back of the chair laAened to hislhoulder, the two ot'ner carry t!ie teet , three of the king's dwarfs, dreflied like the for- mer i atttr tbem comes the quecn-motlKr, walking alone, her cane in her hand, magnificently dreflcd. her pagncs trailing behind, and on her heada reed hat, neativ wrought; tlirt.elzfliesof the palace ricbdrcfledbutbarc headed; twelve women trumpets, two and two ; twelve women drams ; twelve women flutes ; the grand facrificer. bareheaded, bis cane in bis band, richly diefled, like a grandee ; laftly, a body of forty mufketects doling theprocef)ion,withlomebecdles or confiables, to keepoflF the populace, and prefcrve the peace. W ben thefe fevcral bodies arrived at the place of the ferpent, w ithoat entering the court, thev proftrated them- felves with their faces to the taith at the g.-itc, clapping their hands, throwing d.iA on then heads, and giving ex> traordinary (houts of joy. , Mean time the men and wo- men muficians, langed on each fide, made a horrible noifc, while the foldiers kept continually firing wkh their rouf- kets. The king's wives, who carried his prefentt and tkofe of the queen-mother, waited, ranged in a line in 'he ontei court, till that princefs entered, and delivered ihefe prelents to the grand lacrificer. In doing this, fhe was afliAed bv the kirm's valet-de-chambre, the mafler of the ceremonies, and the three ladiesof the palace, who were the only pcrfons admitted into the temple. This princefs it fttmt, was not admitted to fee the ferpent, for that is a &vour not even allowed to the king, who is not fufiercd to . enter the fitft hail, but makes his addreffes to the ferpent by the mouth of the grand facrificcr, who brings back fuch anfwers as ke tliinks proper. After ibif, the ptoccfllon re- tamed to Sabi with the fame ordei and attendants that it fet out with, from the palace. We need not wonder, that the exalted cliaraAer of a monarch of this country, after the obfcure maimer in which he hat been brought up, fhould diOate to him the paths of eafe and diffipation ; and that he iliould enjoy a peculiar relilh for thole pleafures, with which, had he been ' progrr.ffively familiar, he would in all probability, have been faiiated. He lives almofl in a ftaie of indolence, feldom going abroad, and only attending his grandees oc- cafionally when they are aOembled in the hall of audience for the adminillration of jofiice : all the reft of his time is fpent in lite reccfTcs of the feraglio, attended bv his wives. Tbcfe are exceeding numerous, and divided into three daflet ; the firft conliftt of the moft beautiful among them, whofe number is not limited. She who bears the firft fon is the chief, and is diflinguifhed from the refl by the name of queen, or, as tliey term it, the king's great wite. She haa the fole managemcntof all affairs belong- ing to the litraglio ; nor dare any perfon controul her, ex- cept the king's mother, whofe authority is fuperior to that erf any other fubjcA whatever, iihe has a fcparaie apart- meal, with a fettled revenue for her fupport ; but fhe is un- der this reftriAion, that fhe mufl remain a widow during the reft of her life The fccond clafs of the king'* wives conllfl of ihofe that have had children by him, bat, citlitr from age or other caufci, arc iciiucfeu incipsu'c cf ccn- ttibvting any fortlierto bii future amufcmentt ; there is no i limited number of thefb. The third and lift clafa confiftt of thole who ferve at flaves to the king, and his other wives ) and though they are em)iloyed in rbefe menial offices, yet It i« death for them to leave the fetaglic without permiliion from the king, or to have cohntxioni wi;h any other men. The king it extremely jealous of his wives ; fo that fliould a man meet one of them in the flreets, and only touch her 4>y accident, fhe it never permitted to enter tm leiaglio again, for both fhe and the man are immediately fold IS (lives. If it appears there was any premeditated de- fign in their touching each othcr^ the wcman is fold, biit the mm is put to death, and ill hit effefisconfifcated to the king. For (his reafoni fuch at have occalioh to go to the palace, call out immediately on their entrance "Ago," which fmnitiis, "Make way, retire, or take carej" when the women place thcmlclves on a range on one fide, and the men walk as dole I* they can «tn the other. Irt like manner, wheh the king's wives go to woik in the fields, whoever meeit them muft infUntly fall on (heir kfwet, and continue iit that petition till they have pif&d. But thooeh the people are obliged to pay fuch difference to the king j wivci, yet hit majefty has very little icfpeft for them himf If ; tliry attend him on all occafiont like fervantt, and infteid of fhrwing any affisAioii, he generally treats tbem with tUe mpft h nghty contempt. As the king coiifideri his wires otily al ffavety fo oh ihe moft trifling occafiont, he will fell a number of them to the EiMopcant i and even fomctimet, when fhlps arc waitinji on the coaft for flaves, he will (upply them with whatever numbei they want to complete flieir complement. The defieiences are lupplied by the alfiduity of liiscapiains, ifr governors of the Icftiglio, Who go about the ftieeit, »M fcize fuch girls as they think will lie pleafing to the king ) and as they are the handfomeft they can feleft, his majefty is fometiines particularly attriQed |by their beiutiet. When this hapix-ns to be the cafe, the olije^ft that moft ftrikes his fancy it honoured with hi« company foi two or three nights, after which fhe is difca ded, and obliged t6 pat's the remainder of her life in a ftate of oblirurity ; for which realon the women are fo little deflrous of becomii^ wives to the king, that they would ratiter prefer a life of celibacy to that honour. The palace of this monarch it magnificently fqrnifhct, and abounds with ill the elegancies and luxuries of life. On all public occafions he obf;;nre* great ftate i at which times he ts dreflcd in filk and gold, and k attended by hit principal officers, or thole who hold employments undc: him. No fubjeA is permitted to tee him, unlets his bufi- nefs be of a peculiar and urpent nature, and he liat oh- tained the royal |ierm fTion; in which cafe he it ufherrd in by the high prieft, belcie whnm he muft proftrate himfelf, as well as to tin- king. Even his grandees (except when a general council is called) find lomediiTicuityinobtainingan audience ; and whin they do, they muft appear before him in the nufl humiliating form : tliev advance creeping to a certain diftanc, till the king by cia ping hit hands mftly, gives tlieiii leave to fpeak, which tliey do in a low tone, u ith their face almoft to the ground, aft r whiih. they re- tire in ihc lame manner in which tliey advanced. The cap- tain of the feraglio, and the grand facrificer or hiuh-pritft, aic tlic unly petlons that are allowed to enter th fetaglio without ^)ei million firft obtained from the king; but if liicy want to Ipeak to him, they muft pay the fame homage as any other fubjeft. The Europeans rcfiding here are exempted from thcfe flavifh ceremonials, and aicgi anted an audience whenever they defire it. Thev always falute the king in the fame manner as tlicy would do an Englifli nobleman ; and lie receives thcni with a diftin^uilhed familiarity. He takes thehi by the Itand, makes tltem fit down, and drinks to them : if it be tliefiift vifit, and the peifons be diredors, or commanders of Ihips, they are generally fa- inted with five or feven guns, wlien they leave the palace. In the audience-chamber are two benches, one of which is broader than the other, covered with a cloth, and by it ^a an oval ftool, whereon the king fits during die confereiices. The other bench is covered with matt. On which the £u- ropeaas fit bareheaded, not by order, but from a vo- luntary dcfirc of Ihcwing proper lefpeft to the fovertign, who entcrtaina them in the bcft manner be it able during their flay, and endeavours to make hit companyas agreeable to tlwtni as poflible. If thejr dine or fup with him, tlic ublc is fctout aild ferved with great elegance. While they arc fcafling, the king's grandees profltate thcmfelves befbre liim, snd fttm tesdlly sndchesrfsily to ;cec=t what pro^ villous arc left by the Europcani to be eivcii tncm. Whfn '. i'>£I'Jk.i ' [A F RiIiCiJ^.f'00 I i',' l^^.'H I.'C>''A.'R. ing TO > Ibftly, lone, ihey re- " he c«p- •|>ritft, f:iaglio if liiey linage as }m thcfe hcncver he fama and he ty. He wn, and font b« rally fa- paUce. of which d by it i» iferencM. the Ett- ile during agreeable htm, tlic rbile they vet brfote \Vh*n 'With raffKa td the king'* ret^Mi, i)itf aM' Very om*^ (iderable -, for, befides what arifci fiwnbiltMd*, k* rcMiviJ* a duly vi(loni.fer hit hou(hoM, bdt ilfo ht expotutlon, |tMR Juantltiea bsin^ annually fold to the nciighbourtni^'rlMion*.' ill property in this t«f|«oA ii not confined to th« htfrrich t>( Sabi alone, tor his landt extend inio fevtralof the pM^ vinccs. Tliefc arc under the 'cogniMiMe of the gotef- ndrt, who take care of their htirfg tiiMi get in 'the har- veft, and, Without tH> leaft *M{i«nce to the king, lay up th« ptodoce in.the rayatfflagaaiiiifs. ' One moiety of all the toiti and finev in the vice-ra^N lieir^becomei alffr itle propeRV of the king ; but diii it in- conBderkhle, from His Iniquity- of hit coIleAota, «b« nikk«M°u(:h\lepredationi on their truft, that fcaroely «n«- foiirtb of it oomcj to hit majefty i though if' any of thtM (Iiould be detcAed, they are fuhjea to be Ibtd, and their family and etfeStt con6'>n another kppointed tO'iir- vi^eAih«iitenet,wkichltaatMTo4)aa,ooinmiM||[offtriiigi .'nf-iitlh;ii»tt)e number of forty !| aiid the wholvkrerfor- .liiiteli tothefcinK if one'of thelefiringt happen M be de- liieien^xif Kiingteflielli < ' . i Booths ate ercdcd round the market! i femq ' of tiicfti arcocaiptadrby ebokt brfutlert, kho fell proviflonl i^dy o^rpibdv aaibeet, pork, goats flefh, tec' othen are fbr tffe .fide of ride, hiiUet, maix, and bread ; md in fomo are f«id •falm-wine, brandyVandpito'.ia kind of l)eer. i: The priiKipat commeditiet fuld at Wliidkh, ire, flavet, 'flxtn. flieep, goats^ poultry, and moft kinds of fowls '; -mbnkies and other aninuls i various fdrts of European .cloth; linen a:\i woollen, printed callicoes, fiUuJ grocery 'goods, china,' gbid in duft or ; bars; iron in hah or ytKhifjta. .^'hei^bimn^nUnufeftures, of this part al litecpafk, are iMhidah cloth; raaU, . batketa, jars, caiabalhcC'^f various rfarts, woodeit bowls aitd cups, palm'^il, fait, red and Uue < Lpepper, iic^ .. . . i : . . ) We (hall here give an account of the trade In^eneral on ■the Guiney coaft^M « flotxi about tiiebcginningeftlie pre- fcntcentttry. ..;'. i ^'i '•'TheAfrib«'ic«MipaiiTi'ln in iftourUKiIng condition, gained annually tpijIiiglandAiiiehdlndndtlioumild poundt, whereof Birbadctes wanted «»- maitlf four thoniimd negvaet ; 'Jamanca ten tbouland ; iJtewairdiAandsfilt thdufaiid t'and becaufe the company .'xonld potiiipply this number, having only imported fofty- ; fix fmy Haves, and' the fepatite traders, in I tlta; irime, fevcnty^ne thoufand tarn hundred and Hxty- I eiglie. ' { ^intbottliiigiy: wttluhew all fn|iptle river' GJt&bi^' h«7Mi| . e^ly twdvo men, wns taken by a privatcerOtVeigitt guns '!8nditlMfc Mae^f 6t ahy chaiae^to MstfcefB^aiiTf'. lieis of) the MU at OhMdcrii; who became a yen great proprietor ia their ftock; and .promifedr ironi hit fi|ure and intcreft, a renewal of their psiVilegee: more ihipt were employed than for many yeart pafl ; birt whedsct k wete (heir too urge ex pence, or corruption of their chief oAcen, who tod often in companies think thev are fent abfoad purely for their ovm iervior, ther foon Mt, that, witlitMt a fcparaie aft, they kcre incapable of contending irlttt peivate tnini ; they applied topailtainertt for, relief but inftead of finding any, were diflblved, and a new com- pany ere Aed; by aft of parliament'.'' The favonrert of companiei fuggeft, that if that trade be allowed, it feemi better for the public, that fome rich and powerful fit of men ihould have exclufive powers ttt encourage and enablfc themto maintain forts and garrifont, to awe the natives, -andpre&rve the trade from Iwing en- greffed by ourdai^rous rivals ; for here the French and Dutch, as we reluMuifb anyplace, feixe it, and thereby obtain an opportunity of fixing what price they pleafe upon goods imported fVom thence. We now proceed to our mctiMd of tra^. Private trading (hips bring two or three boats with them upom this coaft for difjpatth ; and wtiile the mates go away in thorny with a proper parcel of goods and iliftmOioni, into the risers and bye-places, the (hip is ncUng good her trade at others near hand. The iueceir of a voyage depends, firft, on the well fort* ins, and on the timcing of a cargo. Secondly, in a tuiow> ledge of the places of trade, what, and how much, may beexpeAed every where. Thirdly, in dramming -wen sridi Englifl) fpints; and xd nl Uiu iiig to the humours of thanegroer. 'Deurthly; in. timely tarniihingr proper food for the flavd. . Fifihly, in diijpatieh ; and; Laftly, in th« good order aitd nunagement oi flaves when on board ; of each a word or two. Firft, onthbtimeingof a cargo : this depends, at fe- deral plaoesj.iiMcbnpon contigencies, firom the fiincif^l «nd various humoua of the negroes, who make great de- mands one Voyage for a cemAodity, that^ perta^ieitbey tejcfk next, aiMit in tMrt 10 be remedied; either by mak- ing the thingk they itch after to paft off diofe they have not fo Biucbinind to, peculiar to the .windward coaft) attire bra(k>pans,'from Rio ^euotto .Apolkiiiia< oovrries (l«rH>ugiee)Vkt^ Whidah; t p y y fa endaaan-beis at Calabar ; hntiaiitiariganpoardervitallavi^ old fticeta, cotr tons of all th« vJa-i&oardaniiihmioNs,! mai Engtifli fpiritgt are every where called for : feeling wax and pipes are ne^ ceftry .'in baall quantities;' they forve -for' dilmebs '(t>re- -fentt) and are a ready pnrchafe for filhi a goat^aikid} oiM ibwi. :i ■ : ...'.I ji/ ti .._!.. • . . . , . ]•,^ Many^pIaoercM the 'Afvifan Uiaft,are'rendei)tdr danfeeri ites, fion tlie triohs and< |paiiyutTa.iifoi tradeiJs Havr fivft ^Oifod npoii theinegroeaitisaMtwilgeabufy now':kcep- angeaohfidnttrywatcli^agiinft iriolence4 When we •trade oh bosA'd die 'Uripi, we Jieep ouii £uioia < ia dofe qi)a»> 'ters abaft; aaJat night wBkepp^^pfbbd .wanJi , fotttn^ groes, attempting now and then to fteal with thciriaaitbift i ilk* ifoitti'thiey Captairi'Cainiiimfi «rf. 3»' t' t|» Tilt N&W AND UNIV&RSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY^ «f fM*watn ittia iheir n*, and •!« vImM ivhM Mifwtrt4 tnibifMMnHuiner. Thit ptlfai lor an cMgigenwnt of |»«w hmI fMorityi mi y«t, after all thit otmnony, they will fattim a rainm to fhort t if hardjr enough to coma t>ti board, they appear ail the time Ihy and frighianed, and fron tha km appearance ot° a pinyarr, jump all over board. Downward* to Bafim, AiRnce, Jaqaela* cape le Hou, Jaqac, Jaquci, cape ApoUenia, and Three Points, or Where thej have eained a knowledge of the Englifli fin- terict, f here it a better underiianding and fecurity. Thefe Are placet that fell off a number of (lavet, managed, how* ever, wholly on board the Ihipt which anchor before the toifn, hbift their cniign, and file a gun ; or when the na< tivet lieem timeront, do it by their boatt catting along tiie beach, and pay at fome of them a fmall duty to the chief cabieeen. tVlten a ftiip hu gathered up all thit trade, (he maket «p the deficiency of herfitightat Antinaboc, three letguet below cape Corfo, whet* thejr conftantly flop, and are fcraetimet two or three monthi in finilhing. it it a place of very confaitrahle trade itfelf ; and befidet, the compfny have a houfeand fa^or, keei»n|[alWayt a number of flavet kgainft cbofe demands of the mtariopert, who tliey are frnfible want difpa^:h, and therefore make them pay a liigher price than anv whereon the whole coaft, felling at fix ouncet and half a (lave (in exchance for goodt) tho«fh the poor oreanma look at meagre and thin u their writcra. Thirdly, giving way to the lidiculou* hvoiottrt and gef> Caret of tlM trading negro, it no fmall artifice for fuctxA. If you look (krange, and are niggardly of yovrdrami, you frighten him ; Sambo i> gone, he never caret to ticat with dtyliptiand attheciqpence it in Engliihfpiritt.oftwofliil- Ungt a gallon, brought partly for that purpofe, the good ikumonr it brina them in(o< ta fonnd dtMonnttd in the i&le of die geodi< Aiwiiier article it, the wbola&MM viAoalling and ma> lugem«ncof iavet on board. The common, cheapefi, md moil commodiout diet it vegetablet,horfe-beant, rice^ Indiancom, and&rine, orflouri the former, Ihipt bring with them out of England ; rice they meet to windward about Seftor; 'Indian- com ht Montftwri, Aoamaboe, tec. Jind farther rnppKes of them, or fiirine, at the iflaadt of %t. Thomaa and Hrince*, maften soveming tbcaalelvet in 'VMrcbafinK, acctnding to tbccourie they defign to ftrer. This food it accounted more ialatary to flavet, and nearer to their actnftomed way of fceding than lab fi(h. One or Mfaer it boiled on board at conftant timca twice a day into a dab-a-dab (fometimet with meat in it) and have an over- feer, with a catMif-niM>4ailt, to force it upon thofethat aic Inllen «td refofe to cat it. Whai^ thefe anw that great tiade for <1«*et at Whidah, the oomnandeftk wkk tkdr. furgemu, alwaya attended .on fliore, where they purcbaled thnn, in what tiiey called *a^r and open market. The mataa kept on board, fc- ceiving from time to time their aaaAer't diieAkmt, at to the 'goodt wanted, and to .prepare the (hip for reception and fecurtty of the flavet nt bin : whtre ihit it a rule alwaytobfeHed^ to keepthe naalea alwaya a-part from the taoaen ami ohildren, to handcuff tiw former (Btiftol (hipt triple fuchaa are ftunly with fChaiiU t««nd their neckt) ; and to'keip your own men fobar, and on a barricaded quar- ter-dtck r thoogh the natural CMratdiee of thefe creaturet, kmd no cither profpeA npeA lifing, bm foUins into the handt of the fame foil of ragnet thai fold uiem, very mochlefeitthedaigier : ncvertkeUtit it advi&ablc, at oU timet, to have a dili^ait «ntcli on their aftiont, yet tbatingthairfettett) 10 Heal than with aUgemlaneit and ciailky. The bidk of diem ate cooatry people, ihipid in proper* tion toJkair thit iddocik (latey the wooaeft re* taiA a modefty ; for tbDtigh daiplxd of diu poor clout which €oveat,tkeirBriiritica.(aa'WC kaow die Whidaiu ge- Mratty do) te7«iillkMpi«|nanBd«llday lengonbaird,rta Mdathem. .: :i l.:WfcMah(kvet«rB Hmtt fobjaA tpLthe^fmaUpaxaad fenayet; Mhec|!am*»aCeepytfifici^ert andt«w^^ waid, eioA^^Wot'tb Thetra are fear inAancat of dcfi>r- niiyaiiirwiBivIi cvdtdiciBDoUeakBowtMKhingofchfo- njcal diftempcrt. nor their ladiet of the vapours. Their ■liattiAiMfe* aaa oariag-t6 a cont'inual grillibing in their ^haprV^^^''^^^*'^'^*'^^^^ ^^ within, tha kaaaet whstharMon traaait arbiifinca, for a y«ar or tko, the time of their fackinf. Whan we aiv-flavad. fayi our author > ai^loat atfea, it it coaaaionlv iataginad the itcgtoet ignorance of navi. gation, will uwavt be a ftfcgnard t yet, at many of iheol tMnk themlelvei bought to eat t and more, that death will bnd them into ilieir own country, there hu not been want.* Iiifcaampletof rifingaiid killihg a (hip't company dif« tant from land, though not fo oltan at on the coaft i but once or twice it enough to (hew, a maftcr'i Care and dili.< gcnce fliould utvcr ba ItVar till tha daUvety of them. Soma negroet know well cntiilgh. that their ^raferVirig bni whita man may anfwcr Ibair purpofe in an exchange : however, generally fpeaking. we allow greater liberty in oiirpalSige i a* conducive to their health, we let them go at lane oit the (hip't deck, from fun-rife to f\>a-kt j give lyth u Hk« it pipet and tobaooo, and clean and air their doimitoriea every day. Slaves differ in tlieir goodnefi : thofe frfam tha Gold coaft are accounted beft, being cleaneft limbed, and mora docible by our fettlementi than others : but then they are fix that very reafon more prompt to ravenge, and murder the inftrumenu of Iheir flavery, and atfo apierin the meana to compaft it. To windward, they approaeh in gtfodiielii, u it the diftance from the Gold coaft ; fo at at Gambia, or Sierra Leona, to ba much better than at any of the interjacent plaoti. To leeward from theiKe, they alter gradually for tha worfe i an Angolan negro is a proverb for worOileiSteft, and they mend (if we mav focall it) in that way, till you come to the HottcntMt, that it to the Ibuthemmoft extra* ^ mity of Africa. We have obferved how our trading it matmed for flavet, when obliged to be carried on aboard the (hip. Where there are wOoriet (u at (Gambia, Siem Leona > the Gold coaft, Whidah, Calabar, Cabend«,.aad AAgola) we are more at Urge I they are foU in OMn market m (boae, aAd are examined by ut in like nauat u ew brathar tiade M beaflt in Smithficld ; the cMnia nance and flanre, a goodt (et of teeth, pliancy in their limba and joint*, and bcii^ firee of venereal taint, are the diingt infpeAcd, and governa our choice in buying." Before we conclude thit account of tha (lave-trade, we (hall ^ve fome further particuhrt relative to the unhapw (itaation of thefe wietchea while on board the veMU, which is truly deplorable : they are all put in iront twd by two, (hackled together, to prevent their mutinying or fwiroming afhore. Such it the horror of their mindt at the thougnti of leaving dteir own country, that they fre- quently leap out of the canoe, boat, or (hip, into the Stt, and keep under water till tlwy are drowned, to avoid being taken up and bvcd by their purfuert. Captain Pkilqitt who was commander of a Liverpool flave fhip to tlie £Mft of Guiney, after aarrating the (hocking fufferingi of » great number of negroes who were chained and confined on board a (iaall (hip, and the botrid barbarities ex«rtife(| on fome of them for a conf|nracy to murder the crew, and recover their liberty ; makes this refleAion : " Will not Cbriftianitv blufh at thit impimi* fiKni«gel May the rela- tion of it (erve tocall back tiieilruggling remaint of hu- nnuity in the heaitt of dK>fe,.who, from a love of wealth, paruke in any degree of thit Ofpreffive gun t and have ftich an eftcA on the minda of thtfincere, u may be pro- doAive of peace, the happy t§e& of true repentance ht paft iranlgreflions, and a refohition to renounce all con- ■cAion with it for the time to come I" Among other of the dreadful confeaacncet ariCng: firoin (hit diabolical traflic, we (ball only take notice of the fol- lowing memorable, but tra^cal event, which happened « few yeai^ aco on board a fhip from LivApooI, tbei» lyii^ at anchor aoont three milet from fhore, new Aera fort. They had purchafed betarcenfour and live hundred itegroct. and were itady to Jail for the Weft-lndiet. The men :«cte (hackled two and two, each by one leg, to a fmall irgit bar > thefe were avery day broncht on the deck fov the benefit of the air, and left diey fltould attempt to recover dieir freedom, they were made faft to two common abaint, which were extended on each fide the main deck ; . the womsn and children were loofe. S«ch wa* the (iMa- tion of Ae fiavaa on board thit veflel when it toedt fire feom vthb carelcfhafeof;a peifon who was drawing fpiriu by the light of. a lamp i :tlia caik-tatfling the iae fpread widi (aeh vwlencQ, tbtt I'm ahoM ten oainutes the failort apprehend- iog it impoffibte toexiing«»(h it before it would leach a iaige quantity of powder they had on board, eonciuded it iKccflary to thfow IhcasfclTes into the Ilea, at (he only ,' rncaus ..^ [AFRICA.] W H k d H. »*« I %t fra- fea. being kilipit I pro- fet con- :oit. nen fmaU deck, npc to mmon aeck; fina- :(ioin by the hiiich ihend- Kh a iuded oiUy meant • 1 utcani of (avinc their live*. HoweTcr, they firft cn4e4> »oured (o lofc uie chtina by which the negroiAcn were fattened to th« deck, but in the confullon, the key being ■liffinc, they had but juft time to loofe one of the chaini by WJeiKninc the flaple, whcntlie vehemence of the fire foina teicalcd, that liitj ail but one m»it junipeiJ overboard when iuuAediately the fire haviiingaiiicd thepowder, the vcfTel blew up with all the flaVet who reinaitic4ill(Bned to the oitechain; and foch oiheti u had not followed the ft ' v^uoyUi. There happened to be three Portagucfe vc in nghr, who, with other* from the fhoir, putting out tneir boat*, took up alwut two hundred and fifty o*' thoie poor fouli who remained alive, of which number about fifty died Oli ihore, being nioftly of titofe who were fettered (bgtthef by iron (hacklei, which, *i they Jumped into the fea, had broke their leg*, and thcfc fraAurci, being inflamed by ihr violriice of tlicir ftriiggling, mortified, and occafionad thtlr deatlis. Thole who remained alive were foon dif- iwfed of to otlier purchafert, for the benefit of the owneri. The European! pay for tlie flavei in gold duft, but the pyincntt for other coramoditict r .t in itriiia* of cowriei, which, u we obferved above, contain each forty in num^ bcr. Five of thefe ftringi make what the nativei call a ibre 1 aitd fifty foi«a make an alkove, which weight about fixtv poundt. At tlie negro tradcn bringtheirgold fromdiftantplacet, fo they do the flavet they furnilh us with, many of which are captive* taken in war by the negro king* -, and having agreed with the European muctaanu for the price of the ^oodtthey art to take m exchange, a (hip i* foondilJMtdied, .' if they deal &irly ; but if a merchant delivert hit goodt .before he lia* hi* flavet, they will fometimei make him wait a great while, and, perhapt, put liard condition* upon him. It i* computed, by traveller*, that about forty yean ■CO there were ar loally eaported from the whole coaft of Ooinev, ferentv MBUod flavet and upward*, by the Em- lifh, Dutch and . ortugotfe ; but the country where the grtateA number of (lave* were porchafed, till of late yr >n, wat tlie kinedom of Whidah, or Fida, for that ica/bn ufually called the Slave coafi. The revenue* arifing from the (lave trade are very con> 'fiderable, the king receiving three rix-dollan for every .^ave fold in hi* dominion*, Every European veflel alio .jjlifyt him a pecuniary duty, exclu(ive of prefentt, which mtf make to the king for uie liberty of trading, and hit ,ptoteAion. S E C T. VI. 'Trgalt if thi rtwlutitn in tbt Kliaiom tf fFhiM, h iht mm* f(/l»/ it, «>ul iIhU tf AUrdt, by lit Hug tf Daktm. WE (ball novvgive a relation of t]^e conqueft of the kingdom of Whidah bv thct jiinc of Dahome, and the revolution iha^ happened there in the year 1726. Sabi, the chief town in the kincdom of Whidah, it (ituiied about feven mile* firom the lea-fide. In thi* town the king allowed the European* convenient heuCe* for their fafiw8rd, arid where they might have been fecure front their enemie*. Many thou- ftnda of thefe poor people, thiit (heltered thenifem* up and down tlie country, amoilg the bulheii perilhed after* ward* by fwo^d and famine. But to returrt fo the Dahome foldier* : when they firft came to Sabi* it feemt they mlarched dire ^ly tO the king's court, where, not finding hiid they fet it on fite, and tMh fenttiieirgeiieiBlWord what had happened, who brought the whole ariiiy over the riVer that evening. He wa* in fuch furprite at hit good fortune, that be could hardly be- lieve whM he faw i and the white gentlemeri vtete as much amazed to (ee the neat cowardice of theft people, who hiid vafMumlfo Highly, and as igivominioufly quitted tht town, without oppdfing their etkmie* in thei lean, leaving them entirely in the power of the conqueron, with aA thfit richei. The day aner the uking the town of Sdii, the white men taken prifoners were lent into the country to the^ui^of Dahome^ ydto ttrnt 1*7 tncuT!|rfd VKith ano- '. > v.- i^ The new and UNIVKRSAL SYSTEM or GEOORAPflY ihet' ftrmy, about furrv mitei ofT in itie kiitgkloid of Ar- drih I fome hanfiniocli bring |>rovitl(() for tli« principal white people, wUieh i* the uTualwiy uf travelling in tliii cc/^try fiSrgcnllcmcn, cither wliite or black. Some few(J,iyi ijfter their arrival in theking nf Dahomc'i tamp, the rnro|irani were fel at lit>erty, and fuffrred to return to tJic l^jicjllh an>l Frcrtcli forti, the prlncipalgen- ttt\iren being j>rrftr(red ^tth Hiva ; and tht kin;; aflurcd Thenf, ai Toon ai ftii n/tairi were felttrd, he lluiuld cn- coiinge trade, and have a partii^utar fcgard (o tbcir in- teftftj. CSfptiin' Srtclgrave relaten, that ho arriVeil at Wliidah ih a mod moving fpcAade, the fietdi bting irt a imumet covered with their car- ealTei. FiTftn the road of Whidah, the captain failed to laqueen, « [(ort'ahout feven leagues to the eallward of it ; tlil« peo- ple luvin^ rubmhted to the kiiig of Daliome, and yiett tiien under hit protcAion. The king, of Dahome, hearing of captain Snelgftve'i arrival on' tht cnaft. «»ith' an intent to trade, invited him to hit camp, which then lay alxiu) forty milci up the country, ^nithcr tli^' captain 4acn(, bciifg furniO'cd vkith horfes, hamifiocks, icrvanti, alid all manner of accom'- modationi for lii« journey. The day after his arrival at tht camp, he had an a^tdienee of hii negro maj^fty, of which the Captain eivci llie following account, (viz.) " The king wu in a Targe court, paliftuloied round, fitting (contrary to tht cutlairt of the'cAuniry) on a fine gilt chair, which he had taken fVoni the kmg of Whidah. There were held over hit head, by women, three Urge umbrellai, to (hade him from the fun, atvd four other women flood 'behindtK'e chahrof (late with ftifeet on their (houlderi. It wai bbferved, that tlic w'omeit were finely drellcd from the miJflle downwird' (the cultom of the country being, not to cover (he bo<(y upward^ of either fex.) Moreover, tllcy had on tlieir arms many large manelloca or ring* of eold, of great value,, and round their necks, and in their nair, abundance of their country Jewels, which ai-e a (ort of bead* of divrrs colour!, brought tromalirge iaiand country, where they are dug out of tne earth, ana arr Md in the fame cfteem by the negroes, aa diamoiuU a^ ...-; the Eia- ropean), " Theking bad a gowit or., flowered with goM, >a«t pf Pfy<"E,!'be foldiers for captive* taken in war, and the heads of the (Iain. " It ("'happened, that in the evtniitg of the'day vre caoie mto the camp, there wete btoi^ht above cignreen liiindred captives, Irom a country eaUcd TulTo, at the [ di(lance of li» days journey. "Theking, at the lime we were prcfent, ordered the captives of Tuffo to be brought into the court; which being accordingly done, )\e chofe bimfblf a great number out ofihcmtobcfa^rUiced tohis fet!(h,' or guardian an- fcl; .the ott)»rs beirtjg kept for ()ave* fo(- hi* owh ufe, br to e fold, to tlie European*. There were ptobe'r dfliters'whb received the captives from the fnldiershantUi^nd paid them | tlie value of twenty (hillings (terling for ' every nUn, in cowries (which is a (hell brought from Ihe Eaft' Jndics, aii^j'carried m. targe quantities to Whidih by the Eurt)- .pc'vis. being {he current monev tf all tlA; itieighbouflr^ coun^rie* far and near] and ten (IiHImgs fbf < woman'^ b6^, •or gvrl.' 'T.b«r<^ ^"^'^ Ilkewife brought IW'tKft foldi'ert' (orjte .'t^oufaiid*'of dead peojple's heid4 jntoPtHe ooart\ every lU&M'Vi, ••.. ••* ..-' -—«.-, w....^...^ ....... — — ,., ...w, fhiTC, or more heads hanging iti a ftrihg ; and as llid tfro-,_ per officlrs received them, they pAid the foldi«.-rifivr each head : then fevc tal iKopIc carried thettl awat In order to h« thiown on a great iMap of other [itiit that lay ncartli'* canip.thc lini^niu telling ui, hii majetly diTign* to btiHd a minumtnt witli them, end Ihj hradt of otnet tnrmits I'otmcry con )iiered and killed " 'I he captain afterwards wvnt to fee the manner of fi- eriliclng ilicir enemies.. " Our guard, fayi hr, msAte way for us through the crowd, till 'W« came near f«ft ttftall (\a5ri, which were ererted flvcftct from tliegrou^ti;^: w« flood ck)l'r t(i them, and obfervcrf the ceremony, "whieli was pcrfurmetf in the (bilnwing mannrr : ** The (iril viOini we faw was brought to the fide of the flate : it was s coniely oM matt, bc^vcen fifty and flaty Vt/ri of ace ; hii hands weft tied behind him, and in hb behaviour lit (hewed abra' eiMundatrntedmrnd, noihiri]; like fear appearing in him. A* he (tood upright by rhto •fliiHe, a ftttftier, orprieft, laid hit hand on lii» head, fay- in^ (otni woMi of coKfcciaiion, which tailed about twn miMuTci : then he nave the lign of caecutionto a man thit flood bcjiind the victim, wh< , with a hruad (word, immtf- diateTy HiAefc him on the neck with fuch force, that tlie head wa* levered at one blow from tht body -, wherhipon the rabble gave a great (hbiit. The head was cift on the ftage, .md tht Iwdv, afur having lain a little Wifilrf on the gioond; that the IJIood' ntiglit drairt frvm it, wi* carrici away oy naves, and thrown into a place adjoining to the camp. The ISnguilt told us, the lieadof the viQim wa» for the kMtf; die bt6od for the fctifir, or god, and the bodj hr the c6ftniM people. We fa« Haany other perfon* fa- criCred in thi* lamentable manAcr, and bbfervM, that the nirr went to ihe(ide of iheltaget bold andutteoncemcd ; hv he crifct of the poor wotnen and ckUdren, mtn sciy meving. ' I fftlrf an offlAr,'. I wondered they (hould (H- criiM. 10 many people, of whom they might otherwib maKe good advantage by telling iliem.* He replied, ' It h.iu ever been the cudom of their nation, after any emt- queft, ta ofl«rto (heir god a ecrtfetn number pf uptheu which were r.lwBTt chole out from among tiie prtfonen b^ the kiitg himfelf^; forthey (irmly believed, (houldthii M oni'rtted, iromore (ucceft would attend them : and he ar- gued for the jieceflity and afefulnef* of their doing it, frtm> the large conquefts they had made within a fbw ycacf, without any defeat.' Then 1 n(ked him, * Why fo maiw old men were facrificed in particular f ' He ahfwered, ' n wu beft to pot them to death ; for being grown wife Vf their a^ ana long experience, if they were preferred, they would be ever plotting againft their maftert, and fo di(lu(D theii country; fur they never would l)e eafy under (lavcry, having l)cen the chief men in their own land ; moreover, if (hey (hould be fpared, no European would buy them 01* nrcount of their age.' I then obferved to him, ' I'Uat Ihadfer^ feveral handrome young'ucople facrlfipcfj. vi^ro , ing ueop,v .-^.,.,f.,;„ 1 waTfb^ethe Europcahs wovld glajity have bb\ight.*''He rcpUed, ' They were defigned to attend, in tlie oUicr WoUd the king's wive*,. Whom me Tu(foc*< ' their t6\jntrm^, had (lain.' IntKCTCning (fays Qur author,) we paitb^ by the plac^ where the CBCri6ced bodie* Were thrown 1 there were two heaps 6fthem,,cohrifting of four hundred pei- 'fon*, wh6 had been chofVn out by; lhirfd''n 'tiuWitftle; as alfo abondinfc? of atl'Vfpdj' ^^WOTifu^h/ 'Nia^ttie'Ettropean'faftBfift VTO a •foriod/ Ali^^ 'MV- rnrnt'=d \V!>h IrOfry and Wdttririil t^r^C^'iiKUtir ^rhiMt ihh itfci forti without alArminu l|ke ganifon. •< tliere ii a deep and broad ditch to nch of them, ut I'ume dillance from the wall. SECT. VII. inhtihHinti, thd 0/ lf» hnnit^rlrt anil txtinl, prtiutt hmi, rtlii[itn,lawi,Ue. tf iht kUt—— -, — ■ - an tectum tf iht kiHgitm if Dabtmt, ill elimau, iMha, tanit, Miiimalt, Ut. \r t*f' TVS. kincdom of Ardrah, or Arder, )i bounded on the ealthy the kingdom of Renin i oh the weft, by that of Whidih ; and on tlie fouth, by the eulf of Oui- ney ; but how far it extendi northward, and what coun- try it bordera upon that way« it not known. It i* very Harrow towardt the fea, but widens coiifiderably, and it divided into two part*, diftingnilhed by the names of Great and Little Ardrah. It licj \\\ three degrees five mi- ■lute* eal> lonp.itiide, and five deerrea north latitude. Thi» kingdom ii not fo conlldcrable as that of Whidah* but is very populoua and containi many good towns and ♦illa'»ei. The country in eerteral it venr flat, and being well watered by feveral fnnall riverf in different parts of It, the foil is exceeding fertile, and produces great quantities of Indian wheat, millet, yams, potatoes, as alio feveral kinds of fruits ; particularly pine-applci, bananas, cocoa^ Butf, oranges, tnd lemons. The mannen, euftoms, religion, 8(c. of the Ihhabl- ttnts of this kingdom diflcr little from thofe of Whidah. The dreft of the men confiftt of feveral cloths, the ma- nufiAurc of the country, wound round the svaift, and fcftened sVith a girdle : but the better fort wetr two fhort Mttieoatt, made of taffety, or other filk, and have filk fcarfs in the form of fhoulder- belts. They moftly go with their heads and feet bare, though they are permitted to wear fandals.and hats or bonnets, except in the king's pre* fence. The women of rank alfo wear petticoats and fcarfs, but, like the men* they have not any covering either to their heads or feet. The poorer fort nave only ihort cloths tied about their wtifl, the other parts of their body l)eing intircly naked. Both fexes are exceeding cleanly in their Mrfont, walhing their bodies every morning and evening in pure water, and anointing themfeWes with civet, or fome perfume of an aromatic Havoiir. Rice, pulfe, herbs, and roots, with *f>e«f, mutton, and dog's fleln is their common food : their ordinary drink it the beer called pito, which they generally mix with water: palm-wine it tne drink of the letter fort. Filhinf;. boiling of fait, and trading, ire the employ- ment of thofe who live near the fea- fide; but the inland in- habitants dedicate their time to tlie breeding of cattle.and the cultivation of their lands. Thefe people are in general exceeding illiterate ; few of them cart either read or write \ for whicli reafon, in buy- ing and felling of goods, they make ufe of cords tied in knots, each of which has a particular (ignificatiun known onlv to themfelves, and thole who are iccultomed to deal with them. Some few of the richer fort underftand the Portuguefe tongue, which they not only fpeak fluently, but alfo read and write with great accuracy and propriety. They allow polygamy here as at Whidah, every man being allowed to take as many wives as bethinks proper. As lio difference is paid to birth or fortune, the pooreft man has liberty to pay his addrcfles to a woman of the ^reateft (juality \ but il (he rejeAs him on the firll vifit, he is not allowed to make a fccond. Little ceremony is ufed in their marriages, the chief thine coiififting in the mu- tual confrnt of the parties, and tncir rvfpeltive parents : when this it obtained, the bridegroom prefents nis bride with acallicopaan, and invites all her relations, and his own, to an entertainment : when he declares to the com- pany, that he takes tlie woman for his wife, and tliis pub- lic acknowledgineiit coiiilitute: the marriage. Men of condition marry girls at ten or twelve yetri of No. 29« K A If l|«, bat they do WA e< have krpt them (everal f when f^ twidei Itrlitio tan imr isflir ' a pitce "' hwtfa pin rfacir dn* ,.r- V'Vd & ' Ih ■ ! 4k, or a fh ifl« imms«i ^lUrof fcrvants I 'w\ ritnx their 1 ^Oi:«, 4'ld tha Hi eteganv entcr- ^m uft nearly the (ante cercmo« except in this panicaltri 4ecr4fed in a vault uii Icr the i«-time ; the king is the chief bflom \ he is buried in fome 111 .,ii, '1 ho. •>'tetl , . perltM. . 4 froii place rcmoti am the piU':e ; and many unhappy (laves are ucrificcdat Ini interment. The relicinn of the peob'le pretty much refemblei that of their nei|;hbouri in Whidah, only they do not wor« Ihiplheferjienti on the contrary, they not only kill the.> , but are exceedingly fond of their flclh. Though they arc fuch grot's idolaters, they acknowledge one fupreme Be- itij, who, tlicy believe, appoints the time when tvervperfoil (hall come inia, or go out of the world ■, notwith(tanding which, tlicy tremble at the very mention of death, and are greatly alarmed at ficknefs. If a perfon is taken ill, he fendt for a prielt, who im- mediately goes to him, and facrifk:es fome animal for the recovery of his health. The prleft rubt the patient's (is- ti(h with the blood* but throws tw^y the flelh of the animal. The high prieft appoints tde fetilhet bcloilgihg to thA king and court ; thefe are birds of a black hue, not un- like the crows ih England I prt>digious numbers of them ■re kept in the gardens of the palace, and it is e(^ually cri- minal to pay difrefpeA to them here, u it is to the grand ferpent at Whidah. The common peoples fetifhet coiifid of a particular ftcne, t piece of wood, or fome other Inanimate fubftance, which they always keep hid in their houfe under an earthcm pot : once iii every fix montbt they make an oflfering to the prie(\ in honour of their fetilh, at the fime time alktng the Idol feveni quef- tions relative to their future welfiire. If the prieft thinks the olTering too infignificant, he tells the people that the fetilh does not like iti and will not anfwer ilia queflions till lie has one to pleafe him. On this the per- fon cntari;et his ofl'erlngi and theri the anfwert are aeli- vered by the prieft in a low voice, which the fuperftitioui blacks imagine td be eflfeAed by fome fecret Impulfe of the fetilh; The oracle thus delivered, the prieft covert the idol with the pot, arid fprinkles it either with beCr or meal. The like is done to ovcry perfon prefent ori this occafioit.' 7'he people confider the prieus in general in the moft refpcAable light ; but the great marabout, or high-prieft, is perfiiAly adored by them. They imagine him to be an infallible diviner, and that he can foretel things by con- veriing with an awkward image, which he keeps in bit hall of audience, where he receivet vilits from his credu- lous devotees. This image Is painted white, and repre- femsachitd, which the marabout tells them can commu- nicate to him fuch circumftances as (hall arife from their future conduA. When they go to confult the marabout, thffy prefent him with the beft offering their circumftances will afford ; and the intelligence of their future fuccefs or misfortunes is principally direAed in proportion to it. As to their laws, whoever difobeys the Icing's Command* is beheaded, and his wives and children become the king's llaves. Infolvcnt debtors are left to the mercy of their creditors, who have liberty to pay themfelves by felling them for flaves. The fame punifhmcnt is alfo infiided oii him who has debauched another roan's wife. I'lie fame punilhmeiits as at Whidah are infliftcJ oa women con- viAed of adultery, and other crimes. Aflem is the moft diftinguilhcd place In Ardrah \ but the Europeans call it Great Ardrah. It is tlie capiul of the kingdom, and is fituated about fixtcen leagues inland to the north-weft from Little Ardrah, a fpacious road leading from the one to tlic other It is eiKompafled with four walls of eaiili, which are very lofty and fubftantial : each wall has a large and deep ditch, but tney are all withitf, and over them arc wooden oridges. The houfet are in general well built, and the ftreets regularly formed. Ths king's palace is a fpacious edifice, though greatly inferior to the original building, which the king ofDaliome de* ftroyed in the year 1726. At that time the palace con^ lifted of many large courts intirely furrounded with porti- coes, above which were apartments that had fmall win- dows. Some of the floors of thefe apartments were co- vered witli mats, and others vritb large Turky carpets, tnd the furniture confifted of eafy chairs, cabinets, and porcelain brought from China. There was not any glaft 4£ Ml •14 The NfeW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM a» GEoOf* AMtY. ill \p th^winJowt, bill only Irtiiici of mIiiU liiitn, mmI Uf- Wty ciiruiiii, Thr|[iriUni Kiluiigiiig to it wcra very «|- tenfiva, iiid Uid out in lont vilUt of tnick and lofkv trcci, which afTorilrJ ncnoltnJ Inuljr rtlrMi when tlie luii wa> intcnlrly hot. The prdeiit paUce, however, it l«r from briiiiiciiiiirinplihif. 'I rekiiiK* couit ii krpt willisreal fiilrnUnr, tliouyUhli niaiclly. like ihd rovsrriKii nf VvhiJali, ii tlrpciitli'iil on ihrkiiiKot Dalioiiie. He tcUluiii goet uUcnsd, and wUdi lie (Ion, it ii in fo privale amauntr, tlial lew of hi* fulio |c^l« tic liini. He keep) a gitat iiuiiiIk.i of wimieni with W'lioin hit tunc hii chiefly ciiip'uyej , tlic uiiiici|nluf tlulc liai the title of nliern i with iliii piciojr.iiive, that lli'- liai the litieiiy to rdl lumr of hit other wivct to fuj ily lirr i>, ill cafo hit inajsOy denici hei any thing llie hai otx^fion fur. No pcrfon wliatevcr eata ht company with the king ; ■nd when lie J.'iik), art officer iiukci a li^nal, hv flrikiiig two rni.ill rodi ot iioii to;;i:thrr, in older that all who aic within fight may inin aw.iy, aneads or buglet of fevcral colours, looking-glaflcs, gunpowder, mu{kets,fiIelocks,^c. The town which is called by the Europeans Little Ar- drali, and by the natives OfTra, is Lirgc and populous, and, like the capital, is inclofcd with mud walls. The Dutch had once a fort here ; but their faftor lieing killed and the land laid wufle by the inlh-ibitaiits of Popo, they tied, and for foine time defertcd it ; however, tlicv li.avc now a fac- tor there, as liave alfu the Lnglilh, each of which has a very large and elegant houfe ; and they lx>th, but particu- ly the Dutch, carry on a confiderable trade in flavcj. The townof J:ickcn, or Jack in, fituatc Wtwceii Great «nd Little Ardrali, is of confiderable extent, and inclofcd * ith a thick and lofty mud wall. Here the Eiiglilh have a faftoryj and the governor's houfc is a fpaciouj building, and very neat. Grand Foro, n large village, lies a little to the north of ilacken, and is remarkable for having a kihd of inn for he accommodation of travellers -, as there rs not, in any other part of Guincy, a convenience of that fort to be met with. Dahomc, whofc powerful king fubdued Ardrah and Whidah, as related .ibovc, i. fituated to the north of the Slave cond, and extends n cuullderaUe way in Und. Itt I houndaiitton the waN, iMttU. ;iiid (tf>. at* otKertain. Thii It a very whuUfomc couun > *t it Ik'\ digli, and it datN rrfrelhid by liitcronli ig bicr/eti and the kingduni of Great Fupo, thoagh at a vuiiliderablc diftaiico, ituy b« f«cn front it. AtionUy, it fituaird two liundicd milct up in the inland CQiiniry : the king hat hit palai't in thit town. He it 4 vtry |K)wtrful piii'te, andalMrayi kccpi uconfidciaSIc tluiid- ing limy ; but it conhllt oniy of loot liildicrt. lie hat fiM hit rnrltilet a nation called Joet, ubo live a (;real vny to ilw ilorth towardi Nubia, and all light on hoileback. rhefe two powers have liccn fia|uently at vaii.incc willi each other , but they have been upon good tci 1111, liiwe the treaty, which wat unaninioully agreed to, wm fuinicd b«* twerti them lumc few yeart ago, Adioiiiing to Ardrah is the kingdom of neiiiii, which extends about li( hundird iiiilei fin:ii call to wcU , but itt extent fiuni north to luiitli caiiiiol lie alcciljiiicd. It i« liuunde'l on the rati by the kingdoini of .Mujac and M;u koko , on the well by Aitlr.ib, and part of the gulf of* Ciuincy ; on the louth, by Congo , and on the north, by pait oi ( i.tgu .iiul lli,ilar.i. I'his ii in j.cncrala very low and woody cuiintry but well watered with rivers, the ntoO diftinguilbtd of which it that called by the I'.nclilh and rreiich the livcr Benin , but hv the Portugucfe Rio iornioli, or the Beautiful Ki- vcr. it! leiiKlh and tburcc aic not known, but its biaiiche* are fup|K>fed to extend throii);li mull parts of the neigh* liuuring countries. Its lianki are exceeding pleal'aiii, be- ing ornamented with lofty lives, and many fniall but ileal viilagei. iTie noxious vapouri ckhalcd fiom the low groundt b/ llie heat of the fun tender the climate uf this kingdom ra- ther iinwholcfonie, but the foil is toterably foftile, and well adopted fur the produce uf millet and rice 1 but iis the in- habitants are nut fond uf thul'e giaini, little of them ar» cultivated. Their prillti|>al attention it dire^ed to ttiu firodi.cc of yatut, which they ulu iilllead o( bread ; and they lave alio great plenty of putaloct and other looti. Thechief fruiti here are oranges, lemons, and bananas j and they have fome cotton and pepper-trqes , the latter of which fr - duce a tolerable cuuimudity 1 but nut in lueli i|uaiitilies, neither are the corns fo large, at tholouf the I'.aft-Indics, In thit country, the wild bealU arc, tyger^, leopards, bean, and monkiet. The tanie ones conlill of lioilt:s, cows, Iheep, dugs, and cuts i the two latter of which tli« natives prefer to any kind uf ticlli whatever. They liavd alio great plenty ut poultry, and tlic wumls abound with game, as halts, hares, tilitle-doves, pltvalaiitt, par- tridges, \c. The people inliabitiug this kingdom have c.ich their particular king i all of whom, except tlie king of Ovcrri, are (laves or valliils to the king uf Cireat lienin. The na- tives ill gcneial arc good-natuicd and obliging, partieularl/ to Europeans 1 and if the Litter compliment them with nrefeiils, their lilKrality is furc to be doubly returned. When any favour is aUccd of them, they will ufe their ut- mnll cndeavuun to grant it, even though it may in Ionia degree be prcjiidiciid to thenirelvcs. '1 o uli: gentle iiiea- furcs, is tile only way to fiiceeed in whatever is wanted t and in that cafe it is their greritcll plcalure to oblige the pcrfonthat applies to them : on the contrary, if they arc treated with violence, no peojile in the world can be more refraflory , and then they will take as much puins to in- jure, as they would at other times to lerve you. Ainoii;» tliemkivc.s, they carry the appearance of civility and coni- plailancc, but in ic.iliiy iIkv are very dole and refer\cd, eljicelally in their dealiii^js, i,ot caiiog to trull each othei. The traders are very attentive to bulinefs, and reiiiaikably teii.tcious of their old ciillunis, and .1 foreigner may ealil/ de.'il with them, if he complies in thii particular. There arc four clalfes of inlubitants <\\ this kingdom i the lirft of which is coiiijioled only i]f Uirec perlon«, called great lurds, or great men, who are always near tin: kind's pcrfoii; aiidwlioeeer «a;Us to obtain a:iy favour from hii inajelly, niuU »p|4y to thel'e people, who ac |iiaiiit the kin^ with tlieir deliie-:, and return his aiilsMr. As tlieie i> no iiuermediat.' pcifon between tliefe, the kint, and he who lulieiiK fivours, ibey wci on the!e occations 111 fuch manner as bell luils theii uwn interclU ; fu lli,it in rf.ility the whule goveiiiiiunt is intirely in therr hands. Howcontradiclory iucver tlieh' coiidui^t may be to the in- tentions of the king, yet it can never be known, as no other perl(jn3 are admitted into his prelii'iice, except tliofe in n public capacity. Ttie orci dc rocs, or ro.id chiefs, who arc of four fott.s aie the fecund rank ur clals uf jeuplc hcie : the r i-i''"if I ■TiU'tV ti'ii^frffiif'"ilr-"t,ii^r"'rii'' II I a limiWMatt^ iwMIt im't i -in '■VgAii-ja&^ rr^-rti I* tiVitiiii 'if''" fA I' R I C A.) H M t. •4i mcancfl pn Ad« i*tr fUvn ; thnrf * dcRret liigh'i ovfr the low ithhir , the iliird inlpctt ilidontliiclot tholeconcerntii til hnf'MixJty «iid ifiriciiUurc , tiiii ilie iouitli, «) lu|i*rior orilpi-, ruiteriiitetid III* niilit«ry. I'hdc pco^e irc v*iy t%uin«ii)ii«, and train tlieiii »r« cholieii tht viccioy* *nd go- *«iiiatio( iIikIc cuunt'it) luhjcO lo th« king. I liey 't<> *ll uiklri llic cniiiniiiid of tli< litre* ureal meiii ind arc ic- Ipuiifit'le tu tlicin nil ill occjiioiii. They oliuiii ihrir poiU by Iba itcmiiiicndalinii nl' Chel* ilirec Inrda ; and lit* kiiiK, ■I an tnluii '>( ilxir honou'i pralriili ckcli of ihem with • l)iii>Kot eoial, whiili they are ohiigrd conliiiually In wcir alwul their iwcki. Tluy aie made ot a tort of y»\t lailh or ll»no well i^laitdt and greatly icrenilil* vaiiegaicd niirhl*. I ho jiollrlliirt mull lie very carelul of Ihciii , lur If iiiiy ui><^ lliiiiiM lofe lhiih«il>{e of honour, whether by aL'ciJeiil uf otiu-iwile, the-ei : thofe wove in thii country, arc very tine, and ^auti- fully «aTieg.itcd with different eolouri : they are faftened found the waift, and Ihe upper part of the body ii covered with a piece of cloth about a yard long, whicn fervei in- {)r>d of a vail. Tlieir armi, lega, wriflt, and iinjijeri, are oriianiented with copper or iron ringt ; and they wear ■icckliu-e< of coral agreeably dil'pofed. The men lot llieir hair grow in itanatnial form, and take hut lilile pain* with it, except buckling it in two or three place), in order to hang a great coial to it : hut the wo- meit'i hair it artifically formed into large and fmall bucklea and divided on the crown of the head, fo that the latter ■re placed wilh great uniformity. Some of them oil their liair, by which meant it lolc* in black colour, and in lime turnt to a fort of green or yellow, which they are very find of, but to a ft ranger it hat a difagreeal)le apjicar- ance. In this country, when a great man goct abroad, he it attended by a number of fervanti, all of whom are armed, fnme with fpeari, othcri with long lUits, and loine wilh bowt and arroH's, He ul'ually ridei on horfeback, and llti on the beall lidewayi, at the women do in Kngland, One of hU attcndantt holdi an umbrella over hit head, to Ihel- tcr him from rain, or the violcni h:at of the fun ; and ano- ther goet before leading the liorfe. The only fecu.'ily of the ridi-r conl'ifti in hit rcfting the left hand on thelhoulder fif one of hit attendants, for they ulc neither bridlcj nor faddlei. There are very fpacioui and lofty buildings in mol\ of the towns in this kingdom, but they aredilFerently con* llruftrd, fome of them being fquarc, and othert of an ob- long firm. The doors are made hl);h but narrow, and the windows ate few ill number and exceeding Imrill, They all- all nude with a flat roof, on the top of which is a co- vcrinR railed leveral feet, to keep off the heat of the fun ; .ind when they } ay a vifitto each other, the) frequently re- j-alcthi'iiifelves here. I'crfoin of condition live well, but not luxurioufly : their principal diet conlilU of beet, nuirton, or chicki-ns, mill for bread they ufe yams, which, after being boiled, arc (>cai tine, and made into cikes. Their common drink ii water, but foiiKtimcs they mix brandy with It. The pooler fort live on dried tith, yams, bananas, and pullc j and their drink is water, or a kind of beer, lumewhat te- rcmlilini; ihat drank on the Slave coaft, called pilo. They allow polygamy hefe, wilh the fame latitude as on thccojft of (juin'ey ; and their marriage ceremonies con- (iU only in the confent of the parent*; and an entcrtain- intnt for the gucfti on both fides. The great men arc exceeJitij jealom, for which reifon the wives of the poor people enjoy a picafuro to which ihofe of the better fort tr« lniir« rtran|«r«, for while the tirivet ot thefe Utter aie dole cnntiiwd, in obviate ail opportuniea of iranf- frellion, the fo:iti«i: have the full enjaymeni of dMir lU leity. All tht bdya born in this coiintry are pretmMil M tht king at hit prflMrty, for which rrafon all tiM malet art cjll/d lh« kirtg'i flavct, but the fenulei «re iha property of tlir tailicr, Who hat llbattv lo difpoi'e of ihtm ai he pleafc*. U a woman happent lo ti« lelivcrtd of two chihlreii at * birib, immedlare intiftrmalioit of it it given to the king, who tirdtrt publii. rvioleinta to b« made oit Ihe occafion, .StKhiircumrtinceiarecoiifKlvKdai htf.^;' omentin all the leiriioiiei ot Henirt, eicapi « a pUce called Arebo, wheie rhry an- product iv» ot the moti horrid trueliici ; fc.i il.a pcoplellirregcncrallyl,ictiticc both ilia woman and < Snldrrn loaccrlal|id«ii1oii,whi>'h ihevUy liihabiit awootl near the lowrt. Soiiie'.iiiiei, indeed, llicy will fpare thewife, by iho hullv Hiilinan, that while ho wat at tliii town in iAt|n, be knrw a marchanl't «rifc ihu* redeemed, but her children were d«nroyed, whole fad fata Iho often deplbied with lean. Ihe ibllowliig year, fays the fame writer, the like happened lo the w*^ of a priell : (he wat dclivcitd of iwo children, whom, with a (lavo in hit wito'i room, the father wai, by virtue of hit office, him- fflf obliged to facritice with hit own hands. Thii Ihock- irtg cuflom ftlll prevails in that town ( hut of late years, they that aie enabled to defray the expence, a'nidthecon- fei|uencei, by fending their wives to a mora i^umane part of Ihe country, wlieii they draw near the time of their delivery. Circumeifioii is praAifed on both fexei, which It per- fornicd when the ehildt,yt , for their parenu are very liberal in be- ftowlng thcfe marks, which are (onfidered as thcgreateit ornamcntt they can have. I'he thoughts of death are 'not fo terrifying lo the ne- groes of llcnin as to their neighbours on the coaft of Guiney. When a perfon falls lick, he inlmcdiately ap- plies to the prieft, who alfo aAi in the capicity of phyli- cian, and fufnilhet him with medicines ) but if^thefc prove inclt'cftual, he has recourfe to ihcrlKces. If the patient recovers, the pricft is rewarded fbr his alTiflailce ; but no farther rct;ard is paid to him : fo that the prieftt here are generally poor, having little other dependence than what arilcs from their uliilities at phyf ':ians ; for without apply- ing to the pricll, each man offcrj his own facriiices to hit idols, and think they fufliciently acquit themfclvcs 6f their religious duties. On the death of a perfon, the corpfe is kept only one day before interment, except hr happens to die at a dif- tance from his general phcc of rcfidence ; ill which cali;, in order lo nrclerve it for conveyance, it is dried over a gen- tle tire till all ihe moiilurr ii extraflcd, when it ia put into a coffin, and publicly c.pol'edi after which, it is carried on mens Ihouldcrs to the place of interment. When thq. luiicral is over, the tieareil relatiotis go into mourning, and licwail their loft by cries and lamentations. The (hew of mou.iiing confifts only in Ihaving their heads, fame half- way, and others half-uver ; and the men Ihave off their bearils on tliif occalion. •Many flavei are facnficril at the burial af a gnlndee ; but the greatcft number fall vi£timi on the death of a king. The ceremonii's attending a roy-'. funeral in this country aic very fingul.-ir, and that dcfcri,cd by BarboT, who was once an eye- wrtnrCs of them : "At "oon, fay he, as the king of Henin expiree, thev dig a large [.it in the ground at the palace, 16 deep, that tlie workmen are fometimes in danger .of l)eiiig drowned 'jjr the quantity of water that fpriiigt from the earth. T ^-.3 pit they malce wide at tlie bottom,' and very narrow at the top. They firft let down the royal corrpj into it, and then fuch of his domeftics, of both fexcs, as are feleded for that honor, for which there ii great interel^ made. I'hefe being let down into the pit^ they Ihut up the mouth with a large flone, in the prcfence of a croud of people, who wait day and night at the place. The (lone is removed the next morning and fome proper efllicers ..Ik the pcrl'oiu Incloled, If iIky found out the king i If thev alilwci, the pit is Ihut uu again, and the tollowiiig 296 The N'EW and UNIVERSAL S\STEM of GEOGRAPHY. •rf foUowliic day openem laiiienting their fate; that they reckon it tlie biglieft mark of honour tlMy> can be favoured wtthi Thefe people worihio Tarious kindrof idalt,' Inme of ^hich are made of elephants teeth, claws, dead mens heads, ikeletcnt. Sec. Each it hit own prieft, and ad-' dreflics himfelf tofuch of his idols as helikes beft> Many, however, have a rolerable idea of liie fupreme Being ; for tliey afcribe to God the divine attributes, and believe that he governs all things by bis Providence. As he is invilible, they fay it vCould be abfurd ta attempt to make any oor- poreal reprefentation of Him* for that could nbt be cfti:£)edi as it would be impoflible to inake any image of what was never feen. 'Fhe imagos of their idol gods xhty confidcr at fubordinato deities, and believe that tliey are mediators between (hem and God. I'hcy believe alfo in the devil, nnd think thEmfelvt* obliged to reverence him^ left he Ihould hiut them. They make their offerings to him By th« fame idoli as to the higher power -, fa that one image ferves them in-lwo capacities. Such are the ftrange ab- fwdities-and incbnfiihrncies of their religion I h it geoerally believed by thefe negroes, tlwt the ap- jKM'itioiM of ttietf anccilors vtfit tbcm, but it is only when they ara afliop. TUey call' the ihadtw of a man p3fla> door orCondudor, which they believe really to exift, ^•^d that it will fomt time or other give teftimony whether l' .y have lived well or ill. If the former, they are to be raifed to great digriity ; but if the latter,, they are to pctifh with. Iinnger and penury. Daily offerings are made by the poorcrfort tatlicir idols, tkhich ooiiiiil only of a- few yams mined with oil; foine- times tltey offer a fowl, but they only fprinkle the btood of it on tlie idd, for the llelh tliey corivcit to tlicir own ufe. The great men make annual facrifices, which are very expenfivc, and they provide an elegant entcrt,^inmenc for their friends, that laft teverai days ; belidcs which, the poor l>«vc always handfome prefena made them.on< tbefe occalions.. The time is divided by them> into years, month}, weeks, and days, each of which is dillinguilhcd by a par- ticular name ; but in their divilion they make loiirteeti' months to the year. They keep their fabbath every fifth day : which is folemnly obfcrved, particularly by the better fort, who on the occafion facrifice cows, fheep, and goats i while the poorer fort kill dogs, cats, chickens, or what- ever they are able to purcbafe. In order that the fcflival may be univerially kept, thofe who are fo difirefled at not to be able to obtain any o£ tliefi:, ate affifttd by the Mhcrt. They keep tw» other annual feftivals, befides tltofe held en the fabbatlts. The firft of thefe is in commemoration of tlieir anceftort, when tiny not only facrifice a great number of beafls, but alfo human beings ; but the latter are generally malefiiAors fenteiKedi to death, and relcrvcd for thefe folemnities. If it happens that there are not fo tuny criminals as arc requifite on thefe ocoalions (the number of which- is twenty-five,) the king orders his offi- cers to parade tlK ftreets, and feize indiderently foch per- fbns at they meet not carrying lights. If the pcrfons fo feized ate wealtity, they are- permitted to purchafe theif redemption ; but if pour, they are- facrificed on the day appointed. The flave» of f^ceat men fo fei/ed may beailo ranfomed, on condition that the madcrs find others to fuppiy their place. This cnftdm contributes greatly to the emolument of die priefls, it being their province to redeem the peifons fo taken, from whom they arc foro te re- ceive » very haiWtbmc complHnont. But tfac molt conf)derable is their fecond annual fcflival, which is eallcd the eoral fcafl. It is celebrated in the month of May ; aitd the king appears in public the day on which it is held. A perfon who was prefent at this fedi- val, gives the loiiowing account oi ine finguiar cercmo- niet attending it . " Uu tlie day appoiittcd, tits kiii^ came 4 magnlfkently drcfTed into tlie fecond court of tlie palace, where, under a rlcli canopy, a feat wat placed for him, at alfo others for hit wives and a great number of hit prin- clpxl oliiccrt. Sooiv after the king was ftated, thepro- ccflion liegan, whioh being ended, die king removed, fxoiik hia throne, inotdei'to facrifice to the godt in the open air, and thereby begin the feaft. This a^ion was accompaaitd with the univerfal and loud acclamations of the people. After pafliiig a quarter of an hour in this mftnner, he re- turned to the former place, wliere he fat two hours, in or- der to give the remainder of the '^leoplc time to (lertbrnt their devotions. Tliit done, he returned into the palac* The reft of the day wm fpcnt in coflly treating and feaft- ing, the kingcaufing all kinds of provifions to be liberally diftributcd to the populace, and the grandees following hit example, fodiat nothing but joy w«s to be feen through- out the city. The reafon why this is called the coral feaft, : is, becau feat this time tlie king beftows the firings of dotal on thofe whom he advances to any preferment, whiclk he never does but oil this feftival, wikit a very extraordi» ' nary occafion>urgts the contrary,.- 'tite kinedbmof Benin, n^hich' lies coriliguout to'Ar-° drah, is fnojeA to an arbitrary monarch, ami hit will it; an abfolute law ;- but the chief dire£fion of govenunent' is veiled in the three gicat lords, 'i'heir taws are in gene- ral very mild, and not attended witb tbofi; diftinguiiiied- inripofitions to wbich'the inliabitantf of fonle other coun- tries are fubjeft. When a perfon of property diet, the' right of inheritance devolvei to the eldeti fon, but he is obliged tu prelicnt a llave to the king) and another tb the three great lords, witba petition that he may flitjceed hitK father in the fame qnality, which the king aooordincly- grants, and he it declared the lawfiil heir to all the poKf- lions left by his fiither. He is not compelled to noake anv allowance to his youiiger brother, that being wholly letr to his own difcretioii-) but if his mother be alive, he muft allow her a maintenance fuitable to her rank. He takes hit fatheF't other wives home, efpecially thofe tlut have not had children, and if he thiiikt proper he makes thenv his own ; thofe he difapproves of are obliged to work for their m.ilntenance under his inlpeflion, but he never coha- bits witli them. If tlie deoeafed leaves no children, the brother inherits the efieAs ; and in cafe of failure of fuch heir, the next of kin ; but the whole becomes tlie prdpeity of the king if no lawful heir appears. Criminals are punilhed ii>. proportion to the *atiire of their offence. From the particular refpcjbtbey payio fo- reigners, the injuring of any European itconfidered as » capital crime, and the punilnment for fuch offence it thus executed : they take the ofteiider, tie his handt behind bis back, a|id blindfold him. After thit, the judge raifes him up, fo tliat his bead hangs towards the ground, which tlie- exircutioner cuts off with a hatchet, and feparating the body into four quarteiSr leavet it for tlie wild beaftt anif birdt to devour. When a perfon is found guilty of theft, he is obliged ta reftore the goods, and pay a fine ; and if he it unable to pay fthe latter, he fufiert corporally. If the robbery is committed on a grandee, the punilnment it death. But theft it feldom committed here, the natives not being of fo pilfering a- difpofition as thofe of the neighbouiing na- tions. They puniftl murder with death, except the crime be committed by the king's fon, or a grandee, in which cafe the offender is baiiifhed to tlie inuft diftant part of tlie kingdom, and never permittel to petum. But murders feldom happen lietc. If a perfon kills another by acci- dent, he may purcliafe his life, by firft burying tiie de- cculed, and afterwards producing a Have to futtcr in his ftead. When the (lave is facrified, the offender niuft bend his body, and touch tlie flave's knees with his forehead ; after which he muft pay a fine tu the three great lords, when he obtains his freedom, and tlie relations of the de- ceafed think the offence has been futiicicntly atoned for. They have various ways of punilliing adultery, in pro- portion to the circuniflances of the parties. If a com- mon perfon furpiizes liis wife in the fa£l, he is entitled to- all the efkSti of the perfon that hat injured him ; and tlic woman, after being feverely drubbed by her hufbaiid, is totally dilcardcd, being left to fhitt ior hcrfelftlie ic- mainder of her life. In thefe cafes, the better fot avenge themi'clvet much in the fame way ) but the relations of the effending ptrtyr in order to avail thcmlelvct of the fcandal that nnglit aecrue to their family, frequently bring about a reconciiiation, by paying » >ai^ pecuniary cuni- pliiiicat to the injured llulUnd, who after (bit Utitfac- tion, [AFRICA.] 6 fe tJ tion, hulhes up the matter, and tite uiiraaroilable libenlit^ of fail iiKonftant Ipoufe is apparently forget. Crimes of an Interior nature are puniflied by fliie; whieH itproportioneiltdthe nature of thi oflfence ^ and the cri- minal is fubjeft to corporal piinifhiHent, if he is not able «o pay tlie fine levied. I'he tines on thefe oecafiont are thus difpofcd of : the perfon injured is firil fatisfied ; after wliitfh, the ijovernor has his (hare, and the 6\rtt great lord* . have the remainder of the finei . We Ihall now point out the nioA remarkable placet in this kin^om^ the principal of which is the town or city u( Benin) the Ufual rcfidcnce of the kin^. It )• a large town, pleafaiitty fituated on the banks o( the river, about £9rtv -miles from its mouth; It contains a great number •f .ftreets, mod of which are very Ijiucious, and the houfes uniformly built. 'I'he principal ttrcet is cxceedini^ broad, aiid at kaft three lililes in length ; it is interfered by many cro& flrects and lanes, all of which are Oraight, and of con- fiderable extent ; and the whole city is at lead nine miles in circumference. Thehoul'csof the grandees are much higher tlian thofe of the commonalty, and are afcended by {leps. At the entrance of each is a veftibule, or porch, which is every morning cleaned by the flaves, and fpread Vrith (iraw mats. The inner chamber is fquare, with an Opening in the center for the admiffion of' light; and in thefit apartments they both fleep and eat, though they dreft their vifluals in other places feparate, having many offices under tlie fame roof. All their buildings are made of red Mitli tempered with water, which being dried by the fun, forms a foUd wall, and they are covered with reed', ftraw, or the icaves of trees. I'he houfes of the common jieopl^ are entered by a fmall door, which is in the center, and ievel wch die ground ; and light is admitted from an open- uig ininc roof, inftead of windows. A laarkct is kept every day, in the principal ilreet of the city, for the fate of provifions and merchandize. The former conOfis of dogs, of which they are very fond, | foalled baboons and monkies, bats and large rats, par- tots, hens, Utards dried in the fun, fruits and palm-wine. Their mctchandiz* confifts of cotton, elephants teeth, wooden platters, cups, and other houlhold ftuif; cotton Uoth, iron inftrumcnts for tifhing and tilling the ground, lances, darts and other weapons. The merchandize is all 4lifpofed with great uniformity, and a place is allotted for each fort. ' The royal palace is very extenfive, and confifls of feve- «ml large f^uare* furrounded with galleries, each tif which bu a |i«rtico or gate, guarded by foldiers. Th; firil pl- iety, on entering the palace, is very long, and I'upportea on .each fide by lofty pillars. At the end of this gallery is a large mud wall, with thm gates, the center one of which it ornamented with a turret about feventy feet high, termi- nated . with the figure of a large fnake, caft in copper, and ^ttv ingenioudy carved. Thefe gates open to a large pliin about a quarter of a mile fquare, inclofud by a mad «vall. At the end of this plain is another gallery much like the foriper ; this is terminated by a gate that opens to a third, the pillars of which are carved with human figutvs, and in one part of it, behind a cotton curtain, arselaven mens heads caft in copper, on each of which is an elepliant's tooth. Leaving this you enter a large plain, where there is afourth gallery, beyond which are the king's apartments. The firft of tliefe is the king's audirnce- eliamber, where he receives the nobility, foreign ambaf- fadors, &c. The fides of it are hung with tapeflry, and the floor is covered witii carpets uf European manufaAure. At one end of the room is the king's throne,' which is made of ivory, it is afcended by tliree (\ens,and over it is a canopy made of the ticliefl filk. All the other apartments are very fpacious, and tlie furniture of tliem exceeding ele- gant .ind cofily. This city is intircly inhabited by the natives, no fo- it'ignur being permitted (o ixlide in it. Some of them are very wealthy, and fpend their whole time at court, leaving trade and agriculture to be executed by their wives and fcrvants. Thefe go to the circumjacent villages, and cither trade iji mcrcliaiulize, or ferve for wages, and are obli^^eJ to bring home the greateft part of what they get, Otherwilcthey would he fold for flaves by their mailers. Some years ago the city of Kenin was much more |x>- puloti'i then it is at prefciit. its decay was owing to the m-aricious difpofition of the then king, who, in order to in* creafc his coffers, caufed two of h4» road chiefs to be put to death, tuulcr pretence of their Itaving confpired againll kis life. The wealth he accumulated by thefe rwo, prompted him to make ttic like .utempt U|ioit a thitd ; but this man was iu uiiivcrlally beloved, thM lie tiad timely i W. •9f notice i mouth of the river. Bocdodoe, is a tradirig vilUge, *t a ttaiR ^iftahce frond Awerri : it contains abontfifty hodfct, built with reeda and mud, and covered with the itaves of trees; It it governed by a viceroy and fome grahdeet, whoft authority ^ktendi only to trifling maners, as itiiil cavfis, and die raifing of taxc!i for the kine ; but they iiiiift ftate the mtatter to the couit, and wait their determination, iil cafe any thing con- fiderable happens. The village of Ogatton, near the ihouth bf the riverj is pleafantly fituated on a high Ifland in tlie center of it; and furrourtded with moft kinds of fruit trees. This was once a confiderable place, but it fufiered fo much in the wars, that it was almoft'laid Wafte ; however, from its de- lightful fituation, the buildings of late yean have confider- ably increafed, and it feems as if its original fplendor would in time bereftored. Arebo, is theneateft placf of trade ort the rirer Benin, and is fituated about fifty miles from its mopth. It is t large populouis towrt, and thd inhabitants of it are re.^ niaikably honcft in tlieir dealings. The Dutch and Eng- lilh have both fadories here ; but the latter having iiegr lefttd their trade, the lodge fell down, and has never fince been rebuilt ; fo that the only European fettlemeiu in thit part of the country now belongs to the Dutch. The town of M< iberg, is a fmall but very neat place, and the houfes are built with great uniformity. The Dutch had once a fadory herai, and were greatly refpefted by the natives; but during their ftay a melancholy circum(tanc< happened, occafioned by the indifcretionof the principal fac- tor, tliat intircly ruined their aifiiLrt ; which was this : N. Beeldfnyder, tlieir laft fiiQor, hairing caft a wantoh eye on one of the negro governor's wives, ravifhed her ; which fo enraged the injured hufband, that he came with a body of armed men, and rcfolved to kill the adul- terer, who narrowly efcaped on board a (hip ; but in the tlighi was fo wounded, that, through the furgeont nnflul- fulnefs, he died. The company's dire£lor-general on th« coaft, not being rightly informed of the cafe, fent a veflcl from El Mina, well manned to Benin, with ftti£l orders to revenge the murder. Thefe foldiers fo exceeded their com- minion, that they^lledortookprifoners every pcrfon in the town, who could not dene. The kin^btin^ infbrtned of this, and the occafiort of tlie maflacte, commanded the negrO'liArtCrnof tobe brought lvfr>re him ; «nj rk^n^ij' k. had done nothing butwMTmigfat be jnflificd,ih defeSdiy ♦ f" Am :iv. 0^ The new and UNI VE RS A L S Y STEM op GEOGRAPHY. |;hc honour of hit fan>ily, .y«ttliefcin|icaured hitnond hit whois >Vc VP be put to, death in (he mod cru«l mkiuier. The dewl bodies of thefo uiii«(xd>l* wretches were expofed to be devoured by the beifts, and their houfci ¥ neba. Hisl'rat, or palace, it fituated on a delightful fpot that commands the adjacent .country, which is exceeding fertile, and produces great quaiuities pf yams, bananas, ' palija, and other fruits. The people here carry on a con* Sderable trade with the Europeans, having plenty of ele- phants teeth and flavcs, wbicu they fell at very rcafonable nte*. The goods fold by the Europeans, in exchange, confift diietly of iron and copper bars, brafs pott and kettles, buglet or beads, ox horns, and Aeel files. I'he natives here have a remarkable linoath flcin, and are lufly, tall, and well'fliaped, About fifteen leagues from cape de Lopo Gonfalvo, or ti>e,utmoft point ofjthe gulf of Benin, is fituated the ri- ver Gabon, which is verv large, and the mouth of it is at kaft fix miles. acrofs. Aoout nine miles up the river are two ifiandi, one of which lakes its name from the king, and tlie oth.-r from the prince of this river, two great lordi of Benin. But thete i^nds have now but tew in- habitants, the king having left one, and tl)e prince the other, each pf them living on particular paru of the ri- ver. The river it navigable for fmall Ibips fevcral leagues Up, but its fpring and courfe cannot be afccrtained. I'hcre are many villages on its bankt ; and the trade carried on here confiftt in elephants teeth, honey and wax. The people whodwel| niear thit river, arc with rcfpeft to their perfoni, very large, robufi, and wcll-lhaped, but they are tierce and cruel in th^ir difpofitiont. 1 he men are greatly addifted to thieving ; and tlic women are fo abandoned, that they care not on whom, orinwlut man- ner, they beftow their favours. They are divided into three claflet : the firft of which are under tlie govern- jnent of the king ; tlie fecoi>d under that of the prince i and the third are totally independent. The two former are atwayt at variance \ ahd though tliey will not engagt in a war, yet they make depredationt on each othert pro* pertjr at opportunity prefeiits itfclf. The drefs of the men confills of matt fiiftened rouni the waill, made of the bark of trees, and painted red ; be- fidcs which, thev are ornamented with tlie flcins of mon< kiet, or other wild l>eafts. MoH of them go bareheadcd« ' having tlieir hair ilrangoly cut, or tied up : fome hav« fniall caps made of twigs, or tlie bark of the cocoa ; and ethers have feathers fattened on their heads with iron wire, or plates, of iron. They dye' th:ir bpdiet red, andhav*' great (juantitics of rings in tlivir nofct and can. The wo.^ men wear malt of reed round their wait\i, and have brace' lets of copper or pewter on their necks and arms. Somt of thcni Acep on mats made of flraw, but the generaUtf lie on tlic bare ground. Their food conllAt of yams, po< taiocs, and bananas, with filh and llelh dried in the tun. Their houfes are very ingetiioufly made of reeds and canei« covered with leaves of the banana-tree< The drefs of the king diiFcrs greatly from tliat worn by liis fubjcfts. It confiftt chietly in beadt of bone, and thcln dyed red, and ftrung together like a chaplet round his arms, legs, and neck. The royal palace it larger than the other buildingt. Before the gate of it it planted a braft eannon^ with feveral fmall gunt, the appearance of which flrike aa awe into his fubjeSi, who are very obedient, either from fear, or other motives. , . Cape Lopo Gonfaico it fituated about eighteen leaguM from the river Gabon, and it the utmoil boundary of^tha gulf of Guiney. Itappeart likealow Hat ifland, but it it along, narrow peninfula, flretching, from the continent feverat leaguei to fea. It has a good harbour cither for an' choring or careening thips, elpccially for thofe, hwMward* bound, provitiorit being not only pfentiful, but tJm very cheap. On the fhore are feveral huts, where the lutivci occafionally rcfide, at the European vetfeli Hop for the at>ov« purpofet ) but the town they Deloni to it called Olibati^ and is fituated abou: fix miles from Uecapc. It it the re* fidence of a king ; and tlie town contain! about three hun* drcd houfes, which are made with bulruthet interwoven, and covered with palm-leaves. The natives are much more civilized than thofe at the river Gabor, but they dif- fer little in their drefs, manners, and cuflomt. The coun- try abounds with wild bcafts, at elephants, buffidoet, wil4 boars, apes, monkies, &c. As foon as a vellij arrives at tlic cape, it firet otF four guiu, to alarm the country, and give notice of their arri* val i when the people immediAely repair from Olibtto, and other inland places, to the cape, and cany with theiB fuch articles as they have to difpofe of, the principal of which are water, wood for fuel, and provifiont. They al- ways keep a flock of wood by them, that they may be ready to fiipply fuch vetlels as ftop at tlie cape : they cut it into billets about two feet long, a boat load of which they gene- rally fell for a bar of iron. Thev get their water out of • large pond near tlie cape : it is allowed by moft feamen to be exceeding wholcfomc, and preferves its good quality at fea. The Europeans alfo purcnafe here elephants teetn, was, honey, and cam wood ; and the articles fold to tlie na- tive!, arc, fircluckt, powder, ball, and thot, knivct, iroa bars, beads, old Ibects, axes, and bral't bafona. ^^..-^.<, .. > ijp H A i"f:.,., .,^«^,.i ,M.:'^ • ■ ■.L.iV 9lii''. /f««»ftilf!-:*'!'.-'»f**" 'Vf" '!■' r. -pJ .>..'ii4ttr»»5t-THE NEW ^^HI S.TORY AND DESCRIPTION OF .>j.tS«5^i";' "■ • •\^i'-r- ..W;.-A«."Ttt— >--" _, , .01**. ill rs ^tp-.V i'i VHVtiJi.ii.;',; "'*6. ?t» »rtv>. iy - ,. , — ,_, ff ,• til Hiri ,5? ;'i* .)ft,t ■;!;.-' :l:tvK5' .. tf^- !' est ■ 1 ', A^.Mi" SECT. I* Ctiitai»i * gmiral Jt/criftitn tfthi kinidim i^Cmf, tr Lnutr Guiiuji*J/t«uae(ikiiti/tiat diviJmH tj tt (ttiUd Bingtula. THE kingdom of Congo is fituated between the cqui- noftial line, and eighteen degree* of foulh latitude. It IS bounded on tlic north by the kiiiulom of Benin ; by the inland paitt of Af(ic«j oa the eaili by Mataman, cA ' •'■ ■ 5 on the fouth ; and by the Atlantic ocean, on the weft. It extends upwards of one thoufaiid feven hundred miletfrom north to louih. In order to give a more clear and diflinA dcfcription of this extcnfive country, vre (hall divide it into four parts -, namely, i. Bengucla) 2. Angola ; 3. Congo Proper; and, 4. Loango, and Ihall treat of them feparately, at there ii in < adi of theic kingdoms fcve al thirst wortliy of notice, and which are peculiar to itfclf. JScngucla, tA P R I e A.] ft fi K A. 891 beligucla, in bonnded on the v/tfi, by the Eth'iopic ttcean;ontheiu)i'tli,liy Angola ; on the ibuth.by the king- dom of Matinian -, and, on the eaft, by that of the Jaggai, from whence it h icparaccd by the river Kuneni, It is •bout four hunilrcd and thirty miles in length, from eaft to weft, and one hundred and eighty from north to fouth. The coaft part begins near the irtouth of the river Coanza, and extends to cape Negro. About the center of it is the bay of Cows, which, though not very large, is neverthrlefs ■ good hirliour, and capanle of receiving nioft (hips of burden. It receives its name from the many herds of that fort of cattle which arc bred within its environs. The counrry is plain, and produces Imoft kinds of provifions. J^iffercnt forts of metals, particularly (itver and lead, are found in fome parts of it. With refpeft to the climate, it is fo exceeding unwhole- ibrtae, and prejudici.il to ftrangers, that few chule to land there. Even the provifions are affeAed by the ill quality of the air, lb that they who eat of them at their iirft com- ing, rmi tiie hazard of their lives, and, if they efcape, genenilly centni£t fome difagreeable and lafling diftempct'. TliR Kuropeans that rcfide here look more like companions of the dead than the living, the unhealthincfs of the place rendering them mere fpeftacles. Among the few places in this kingdom that merit any particular notice, the niol\ material is Old Benguela from whence the kingdom receives its name, and is fo called to diftinguilh it from New lienguela, a fnnll town built by the Portaguefe, on tlie north fide of the bay of Cows. Old Benguela is lituatcd in ten degrees thirty-five minutei fouth latitude, and thirteen degrees icn minutes eaft longi- tude, fiefides the kingdom, it gives name alfo to a pro- .vince, vMtL extends about ten Icagxies along the coal>, from capWt. firai, to the bay of Pullets and Fowls, fo called from the great numbers of poultry found there. The land here is very low, but the foil is fertile, and pro- •ducts abandaitce of cattle, as alfo feveral kinds of grain •nd roots. Here the Portuguefe have built a flrong for- trefs, dlled fort Benguela, in which they maintain a gar- rifon to keep the lavage Jaggas in awe, who would other- wife ruin the whole country. I'he fort is fhaded with orange, lemon, banana, and other fruit ttces, and is fur- l-ounded with houfcs. There ate feven villages ih ttie neighbourhood of Old De t w ut la, the moll confiderable of which is called Mani- kafomba, and is lb large and pop.ious, that the inhabi- tants can raife three thoufand men at a very Ihort notice in cafes of emergency. The bay is fituated to the foutlt of the town of Beiu gueU, is about two leagues broad at the entrance, and fo deep, that Ihips of burden may find good anchorage in it. A village called .Vlanikicongo lies about twenty miles from the mouth of the bay : at this place the Portuguefe have a warehoufe for the reception of various commodities. The village Itands at the foot of a hill, and is very large knd populous 'I'he chief articles fold here by the Por- tuguefe to the natives, are guns, gunpowder, hue linens, knd cotton cloths. I'he mouth of the river called Caton-belle (which is formed by two or three f'niall rivers united together) is to liie fouth of the above village. The water here is ex- tremely brackilh,fo that the natives, convey it into ditches, where they let it evaporate, till it becomes fait. I'liough this fait is of a very infciior quality, yet it is in fuch eftcem, tliat the merchants load their vefPeU with it for exporta- tion. The mouth of the river is Ihelttred from the wind ; •nd it being at leaft fifteen feet deep, -nd quite clear of rocks, Ihips anchor in it with the grcatcl> fcturity. A bay, called by the Dutch the Good Bay, on account of its fafe anchorage, is a little to the north of the river Caton lx:llf. The coaft here is low and fertile ; and the Inhabitants breed great plenty of hogs and black cattle. The face of the interior part of (he country is covered with forefls, which arc inhabited by prodij,ious numl)ers of wild beafts, particularly lions, tygers, elephants, rhi- noceronirs, and wild mules. Itutthemoft remarkable animal found here.and which is peculiar only to this country, is called by the natives abada. It is of the wild kind, very fhy, fwilt u'Otcd, and of the fizeof a half gro»ii cult : but what renders it more lin- pular, i^, its having two horns, one of which grows on the foithcad, and the other on the nape of tlie iKck : the for- mer i^ about three feet in length, and (harp at the point, but near the root it is about the tliicknel's ot' a roan s le^, and bciuU downwards ; that on the nape of the neck is flatter and Ihortcr, of a blackilh or daik brown hue. Tlie head is not lb long in propottioiS st tlsst %'f a horft : ft is (hortand fiat, like thatof an ox, only morehairy.and the hair much.ftronger. Its tail it alfo like tliat of an ox, ihoueh not quite fo lon^ aiid the hair more like that of the horfe : the fleet are cloven like thofe of a ftag, but they arc much larger; when this creature is young, the front horn isihaight, out as it advances in age, the horn bends gradually up like the tufkof anelepltent. The hati vet hunt it for the fake of the front horn, which they efteem as an excellent antidote againft poifon. -I'hey look on the virtue of it to be greater or lefs, according to the age of the animal when killed i and the Portuguefe, in order to know tlic goodnefi of it, make ufe of the followiiig expedient ; they let the horn up- rightoutheeround.andfufpenda naked fwordovcrit point to point ; if the horn be good and hard, the point of the fvvord will not penetrate it, whereat when the horn is fofi and young, the fword immediately finkft into it, which : (liews that it is not arrived at its full perfe£(ion, and of courfe greatly leflcns its value. They alfo make a poultice of the pulverized bones of thit creature mixed with water) which they fay is a fowereign remedy againft all achs and pains of the body, by drawing away the peccant humourt from tlie whole niaft of blood, at well i* from the pact alTeaed. trlafs beai)s about an inch lonr, and of varioiis colonnv are the current coin of this kingdom : thefe they alfo ufe a* ornaments about their arras, legs, and other parts of the body As the manners, cuftorot, religion, &c. of the inhabt« >' tants of Benguela are much the fame with thofe of Congo^ we (hall omit the mention of them till we come to treat of that kingdom, and in the mean time proceed to a de^ fcription of^thofe countries and nationt that border oa Congo and Angolo, bc^iilrtingwith tlie kingdom of Anfikoi S E C T. II. Htfcriiing tht iingihm if Anfiki, lUfrfMii inhaUlanti^dck and thtnuntry if ihi Jaggai, thiir iiuur/nni, ravagn, bir* riJtrutltfi, ana iariartui tufttrnt, A NSIKO, is bounded on theeaft,by die river Umb^^ ^^ t\, which runs into the Zaire i oh the weft, by the borders of Loango ; on the north by fome of the defartt of Nubia ; and on the fouth, by the province of Songo. H is one hundred and eighty miles in breadth, (ix>m north to fouth I and two hundred and eighty-five milei in length, from call to weft. There are many copper-mines ih this hingdom, of which the Portuguefe make confiderable advantages. It Is in general a very barren country, and the inhabitants of it merefavages. I'hey have no lands or inheriunre, but wander like Arabs, from one place to another, regardlefs of life, and intrepid in their underukings. They pay no attention to agriculture, nor do they ufe any endeavour* to preferve their exiftence, but by plundering all who hap- pen to fkll in their way, fome of whom they kill, andl others tl-';y keep as (laves. They are dres|ded for theit extreme brutality i and are f6 irrational, that few Europeani can trade with them. Their language is barbarous ; and fo unintelligible, that even the inliabitants of Congo can- nut underflaiid it. in order to preferve their health, they all anoint theijC bodies with a coiiipofition made of white faiidal-wood pounded, and palinoil. Both fexes ^o naked from the waift upwards ; but the better fort dithnguifh themfelvet by wearing red and black caps made of Portuguefi; velvet. The Anfikan$ are pcrfed cani^ibals, their chief food being human He(h ; and there are public markets where bodies are huiig up and expofed for fale> They believe thcmfelvcs pofleiTed of an abfolute right to difpofe of theii flaves 1 and thofe taken in war are fatteiied, killed, and either ufcd by their conquerors, or fold to the butchen. However fhocking thetc relations may appear, yet they arc indifputable fafls i for the people of thit country feed on each other with as much indifference as thofe of other countries do on the refpc£live animals appropriated by Pro- vidence for the fuftcnance of mankind. Here difcon- tented (laves offer themfelvet for food to their maftert : fii- thcrs and Ions, brothers and fillers, reciprocally feed upoit each other without the leaft remorfc, and infants juft born, are cat by their unnatural and inhuman parents. Here are no graves for the dead, except the lielliet of the living, who eat the deceal'ed foon after their departure. Their weapons are battlc-axet, and fmall but very ftrong bows, ftrengthened and adorned with the (kiiit of f'erpents \ the firings are made of fupple and tender (hoots of trees, and the arrow of a hard^ out very tight wuud, poiiiicd at iiis ends with iron. 1 hey ihoot with th« 36-5 THt NfeWAND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of OEOORAPHY the moft far,>r!{ing igility< infomach. tb«t tliey wtll dif- Charge near a dozen arrows from the b*w, before the iirft falls to the ground. They nianage the bottte-ax vtith equal dexterity : one end 6f thi| iirftrumcnt is very (harp, ittd the other flat like a mallet, with a handler between about half the length of the iro(i, rounded at the end, aiid covefed with the fkin of t ferpent ; with the Hat end they fcreert their bodies, aivf ajrard oft' thfe darts of their Aiemies. They have daeger<'a,llb in fcabbords mide of the flcins of ferpeVits, whieii tliey carry m Icatliern girdle* Afletted bv their (ides. It iiiay W reafonably fuppofed that their reliron m grofii idolatry. They worfhip the ftm as their chief deity, whom they r«|>reretM m the fignre of a man, ai>d the moon lAider that of^a woman. I'hey have alfo aa infinite nu.-obcr of hiferi&r deities, each keeping one peculiar idol, to whom ite affeti facrificcs, and conftantly invokes before lit en- ^ges hi any enterprrze of importance, Zimbis, or fmall Ihellsy are the current coin of thefi people: thefe they gather on the coaft of Angola, in ex- change for which, as alfo (idt, filk, glafs, kuives, and other ihercnandize, they give ilaves. The Juggas,is a favaceand cannibal people, inhabiting t| ftnall kingdom called Matamba, to the fouthward of An- fHto, and ha^fe alfo confiderable tcrritorrts to the fouth- «aft of it.- It is uncertain from whence thefe pcDple ofi- jrinated, but they are fuppofed to have firft fettled alx>ut mc kingdom of Anfiko, and from thence fpread tbcitirelves along tuoiie fpaeions waters that lie between An^kp aitd Xioango. From thbn'c)? it is imagined they fpread .by de- crees along the eailern frontiers of Loango-, Vo^c, and Angola, and from thence eaftward to the kingdoin of Ma- famba, of the latter of which, with the territory adjoin- ing, they made themfelyes complete mafters, and, to the creat injury of tlicir more rati^^nal and ptaceahle ncigh- BOurs, hswe ever fince prefervcd. Thefe peopie poilefs territories which extend from fiorth' one iide, and by the empire of Moni Muii on the other. The only town throughout all thefe domi- nions is caUcd Kaflarji, and is iituatcd on the north part of them, nur tlle frontiers of Matamba, where the great jagga, or king, occafionally refides. Having neither towns nor houfss befides, they roam from place to place with tents remo«i:ig a's inclination directs, or necellity obliges them to fhift their quarters. They live intirely by plundering their neighbours, and fcize every thing tlMt comes in their way ; confcquently they neither fow nor plant : in their perfoiis, tliey are sail, lul^, and ftrong,' yet nimble and fwift of foot, climbing Xthc fleep mountains and craggy rocks with the moll inifliing agility. Their wOmcti are flout, well fliaped, fertile, warlike, and aAive t and both fexes arc fo in- tfcpidv that no enterprize is thought two hard or dan- gerous for them to venture upon ; and whenever they meet with an opportunity of plundering, they rulh on tlieir ad- verfaries at all hazards, and with a fearlefs unconcern for their own lives. They coniider it as the greatcA mark of bravery to attack the iierceft and ilron^eil creatures, and a ilill greater one to be more fierce and inhuman ; and tliis fkvage difpolition not only extend.'; to the people of the na- tions they invade, but to thofe of their own, and even to their relations and children, whom, when t'.iey are in want of other food, they make no fcrnplc to butcher and cat. They build thrir kilombos, or camps, of fuch mate- rials, and on fuch a con{lru£lion, that they are caliiy re- moved en the Ihortell notice. VV hen they go on any ca- pital expedition, they are always accompanied by the CTcat jagga and his court; at which times their camp is fottnca in the following manner : the officers, who are the chief direflorsof them, having pitched npon apro|x^r ^t, divide it into fevcii diftinft quarters, each of^ them Under the government of its own particular cnnmiander ; in the center one is the royal pavilion, furroumled by thole i of the minifters, officer"., and I'cn-ants belonging to the tomt, the whole of which compofcs a I'pacious (ijuaie, f nd is encompafTcd by a ftrong hedge, fo difpoCtd as to ap- pear more (ike a labyrinth than a circular fence. The kalambo, orgenetal of the army, inhabits the next quarter In rank : this ofhcir is fliled miita-aita, or cljicf of Uic war, and on thefe oceafions is the next in authority to die king he orders and direfls all military expeditions, :n ertcampmenfof trtgag e iHents, and retreats -, and muft th«re« ,fort be an capenenced- and ititrepid warrior, cruel, andde- ftitute of tbeleaft fchfationr o^° humanity. The third quarter is occupied by an ofiic«r tailed teii- dela ; he commands the ecooUa, or rear-guard, and is the chief of all the elcAofs, as well as fuprcnte officer during an interregiiem ; for which reafors next to the king, hi; is held in the h)gh«U eileem. I'hc fourth (luarter is commanded by an officer eaU«4' (nani-lunibo ; he is the thief cliginecr of all the fencea and hedges with which tlie camp is fortified, and pat ticu- larly tliat part of it bel«f>ging to the tvyal fiimily : he is the only perfonwhois permitted to eo.-vie i^ito the royal prefcncc whenever he thinks proper ; and ii particuUrly refpoAcd at court 9ti account of thU diftinguilhcd pri- vilege. '1 he officer #h* fuoceed him. I The fixth quarter is commanded by art olfmt caHed il- lunda, or the captain of the baggie, whole bqfinefa it is to take care tint every tlAng is in prooer order fiar the ufe of the army. In times ofpeacc, wnich ftldotn happen, he is intruited with the care of filiingt the mansine* with arms, and is to keep them in proper Alfdck- to K delivered to tite foldiers, on any fudden and tsMrgent ciill for them. Another illunda, or keeper of tlie royal wardrobe an4 baggage, commands the feventh or laft quarter. At thia place is confidered of great truft, it is gencra^^ given to one of the king's relations, who has partiniary ditlin- guilbed hiiufelf for bis courage aitfi loyaltj! WJtlt ftryioe of his fovereign. ^^' I'herc is alio another greatoificcr belonaingto the camp, called the man icurio, or fuperintendant of the proviiioiH, who is ufually chofen for hi J fingular dexterity iu'ihi^ait of plundering ; he hath a great number of officer* an* fhves under him, who are all equally qualified for ^at b«<- finefs. It is to be obferved, however, tliat this oQ^r i» only purveyor to the court ; foraa to the foldiersj tf ara obliged to provide for themfelvea. They generally do thia by force ; but fometimes they purcfaafeprovifions. from the Europeans in exchange for flaves ; the latter of whom often give tlieir new niafttrs the flip, before they can be properly lecured. The pinmbis, or fore-runners, are the laft officers be- longijigtothecamp. There are a fort of fpies, whofi bulincis it is to be in continual motion, and to endeavour to dilcovcr the fituation, flrength, and number of the ene- my ; to Ikirmlfli. oppofe, or even attack them, asoccafion oiler?, and to fupport the van on the firfl onfct. They fight with the moll determined nfolution, being ufually chofen fi-ora amcngft the moft intrepid of the whola army. 'I he foldiers belonging to the Jaggas are neither well difeiplined, armed, 01 cloathed. Their ofTenfive weapons are bows and arrows, fpears, daits, daggers, and clubs j but they are taught ratlicr to ufe their dcfenfive weapon's than tlieir miflive ones, being particularly inflruAed to cover their bodies, which are almoft naked, with their largo oval fhitlds made of tliick bides ; and this method is fiii- gulhrly ferviceable in a retreat, as it prefer^es them frona being wounded by the arrows and lances of their purfuing. enemy. Their chief excellency conlifls in ftrength and aflivity of body, in the artfully covering therafclves, and the throwing their miflive wr.ipons, by which they gene- nlly annoy the enemy, and make them I'pend their Ihot againft tlieir fliiclds : after this they renew the onfct witli. fuch vigour, as I'eldom fails of putting the enemy to flight, which is always fo lowed by a general flaughtcr; for they pay norefpeft either toperlons or tiex when viftory de(iaie» in their favour. If they happen to invade a country where any confider- able opjjofition IS c\peftcd, they intrench themlelves very miictly for fome time, and only alatin the inhabitants witli frequttitlkirniilhcs, till they think they have fuflkiently hariaffed them i or, if thefe afl'ault them, they ftand on the def<:nlive for two orthree days, till the others have fpent their flrcngth and fury; when' the commanding officer fends out a large dLtachinent in the night, to lie inambulh at feme diflaiicc from tlic enemy's camp. On the follow-' iiiR morning they begin the attack, when the poor natives, being fudd.-nly liirprized, are ealily put to the tout, aii^ leave tliulr country to the mcrcilel^ invaders, to plmidev and lavage at their plcalurc. Tlic iovertign of the Jaggas, who tJic.vsh a man of grcaj „i..^\*V '4^t-f*:ii\"1. ¥ WK' ■i-' • 'kili-C'ji' ^: ■ M^ ^y't-gif.:^^-^- ' •** '-.•^•• - 1 " ■,■ > ■'•m^:: Sfn^ «« d/taUirif^/w'yiSLLtSi^\ri^l^/tJ^^ / The JAGAS a ^^"^^ People of AFRICA; ■If ■*■ ;■* nr. r 1^ ^SN [A F RICA.] J o 8. S«l jreit courage and refoluiion, never undertakes any diing n war without previous cntliantinents, and confulting his linokillb, or devil, by racrlKees, from vsheiice ho pretends to foreknow the event of his enterpiir.e. On theie occafiont he rifes before day- break, and (cti himrelf on » ftool, at- tended liy two of his conjurors, one on each fide, and about fifty wontcn Aandiiig in a circle round hint, waving the tails of beads, and fnlcing. In the center is kindled ■ f:reat fire, over which is placid an eartliern pot containing ome white powder or paint, wherewith his conjurors be- fmear his forehead, temples, bread, and belly, ttiing at the fame lime many enchanting terrfis, and continuing their ridiculous ceremonies till fun-fct ; at whitti time they bring his oafengala, or hatchet, and put it into his bands, bidding him be llrong againft his enemies, for the mo- kiflb is with him. A male child is theii brought to bira, which he immediately kills ) after which four men tro brought to him, two of whoia he flays, and ordari tb« other two to be killed without the camp. He alfo order* ten cows to be killed, five within, and dve without tht camp, with the (imie number of goats and dogs : tlie blood of thefe animals is fp^inkled on the fire, l)ut the flefh is eaten with great f«ftivity an^riuroph. The fame cere- monies are likewifc ufod by the inferior officer* of the army on the like account ; but as they pretend that the mokiflo frequently a}>pears and fpeaks to them, fo neither tliey nor their chief make uie of idol* on thefe or any other oc- cafion*. . An extraordinary degree of refpeA is paid to the great jagga, or king, no pcrfon being permitted to fit before him, except the kalambo, or head general, who is fupreme judge in all cafes, whether civil or criminal. This officer is allowed to fit in a chair with a back to it i but the tien- dela, who likewife fits as judge, is onl^ allowed a fmall ftool about a foot hi^h. Thofe of a certain rank are permitted to fit in tlie king's prefence on a carpet, but tliey muft fpread it with their own hands. They who obtain audi- ence of the king, muft fjpeak to him with their bodies bent almoft double i and, if of an inferior rank, muft proftrate th4;mfelves on the ground. If the king happens to fneeie, cough, or break wind, the whole afleinbly muft wiHi hiivi health aiid long life ; and they who are neareft to his perfon, muft give notice to thofe at a diftance to do the fame ; on which they all exprefs theirgood wilhes, by lending their bodies and clapping their hands. That our readers may have a proper idea not only of their drefs, but alfo the importance of the moft dignified •niong thefe people, we (hall prefent them with the follow- ing account, as cxtrafted from Battel, of the drefs, &c, of the kalambo, or head-general, under whom he ferved for fcvcral months. "He wore. (fays this, writer.) long hair, fct off with many knots of himba Ihells. His neck was adorned with a collar of .mafos, which are another kind of Iholls found along the Ethiopic coaft, and fold among tlieni for about the valu: of twenty (hilling*. His middle was incirdcd with a girdle of lardes, or beads made of oftridi eggs, and under it a palm-cloth, as fine as filk. His body was painted with various figures, and anointed every day with humaii fat. He wore acrofs his nofe a piece of copper about two inches long, and two others of the fame fort in his ears. He had about thirty wives, who followed him when he went abroad, one of whom canied his buw and arrows ; and four others his cups and drink- ing velTeU , and whenever he drank, they all kneeled down, clapped their hands, and lang. He kept his men under the ftriAeft difcipline; and if any of them tnrned his back to tht: enemy, ho was condemned to death, and bis body eaten, and the more efFc£lually to deter them from cowardice, he ufed to nuke an oration from a kind of kaifold every night, in difpraife of it, and in commen- dation of courage and valour." We have alio, from the fame writer, a defcription of the method in which they bring up their young foldiery, ** 1'licfe (fays he) are not iticirown offspring, but the children of fuch captives as they make in their excurfions ; for thoueh they allow tlicnifelves many women, and thefe are no lei's fruitful ttian thofe of other African nations, yet they fuiTcr few of them to rear up their children, but order them to be buried alive as foon as born ; and, in lieu of them, make dioice of fuch as are the moft promifing from among thofe of their prironcrs, to he trained up to arms, and to the plundering trade. Thefe they corauionly chuli: at about the age of twelve or thirteen years, the fe- males for procreation, and the males for war. The latter are no fooncr rnrulkd, than they have a collar hung about their necks, in token of llavery, which is to be worn by them till tlicv bring linms the hesdcf ail cii«rki¥, when i: No. 30. is pilblicly taken oC, aitd (h«y deckred freemen of the cah' nibal commonwealth. The roinaindet of the caMivrt train of both feacs arc inhumanly referred to be kiUea and Mten, not ill time of fcarcity of cattle and otiicr provi* Con*, but out of cruel wantoimffs, and in preftrenoe 10 all other Hefti. This privilege of beins accounted men, aiid fraed from their badge of flavery, feldom fails of in- fpirinf tha youths fo choien with an nncoramen ambition toattainitat all hazards,andtofiK:ethegreatcft danger* with an intrepid boldnefs for the fake of it. By this method they keep up their number complete, and the fietce favage nature of the jagga republic from recoiling intocompaflion and tiumanity. In thi* countrjT. the eoiqmort people of both fexes gn alffloft naked, having only a piece of cloth fattened round tbewaift, which is ii^fiqall, that it barely cover* half their tliigh*. Perfon* of rank indeed dreft ihemfelves in gaudy u>parel, adorning their hair, neck, afni*» and leg*, wiln ihells and beads of various foit* i bi)| tlieir additional drefil arifes more from pride than any aiFeAaiion of ttaodefty. They have a ftraag^ ciifton>:of pulling out fo«r -of their teeth, two above and two below ( and they who refofe or negleA to do this are fo defpifcd by the reft, as to be deemed worthy to be excluded their foctety. Thefe people have no ceremonies of marriage among them, intermixing with each other according to their in' clination. But they have fome particular cwom* in the interntcnt of their dead, efpecially thofe of the male kindt and which evince fiuth;ht by tf^^vfAM' Zinili«:«rhu.-lM4'l^ of iK; i^TfK rhr!ii«rtdi; naidwd in all btiptf i».4tefidrt with a ficmrup^ of fonocit, e^eagol (he Poitujpidreyominwvicr, ind, «nn' |in ohainite (Irajr- ' g|e on both Adct, 4e(ettt4 and kiHodliinv inaViog aHb a. moft fireadful (U<^t4«^ 'among tke irfi nl' hit lunxs. I'ltoTe ' whoita he took pnOmeri underwent a* (nore cTiiet fitfc, be- ' ing p« to the noft' hoftitl ' dcMlit, partif nfauly thA ch^ lain, wImmb he had oblfrvcd «a be (iagnlailvaAive darinj tliel engageoient. • He ordi rrd all their fabadt to be (tuck 'on lances, and carriH away li trmlhict, together with all their church Ctcihiicmt, and, dremng himf^Jf in°a nriefllT habit^ fa^iiiRaa of their feGjion, he nurchcd at the herd of t^eipteffiet*^ ' - iEliiU«nihthi the']^r«ibcd : the reft he took ptifonen, fome qfrwti^lie onkred to be la- cHfiti«li'tO &iVMol«« ind made a*irn of the reft. ■ '•Thrkifi|4|f Melinda, warthe next objeA of thU fiMMioM aMhtViicr ; the inhabitants of which at' the firft new* of 'hikiupiitoach, determined to (are their livc« and propeniM, by Mtaking tliemfeh-et to tlie woods. I'lier were prevented, however, from carrying their dcfigii into ezectnion, by their noble -fpirited monarch, who rrprc- fented to thcni, in the (Irongeft terms, tlic impropriety of abandoning their country to a fet of robbcrt, who had neither religion, honour, nor humanity ; protclling tt tlie lame time, that whatever they might rclolvr on with iTgard to their own fafety, he was determined to meet and rngage them, and to defend bit country and fubjefts to the laft drop of his blood. This declaration lb animated the people, that they de- terminedt one and all, to (land by him to the laft man ; and the king, having made every nfceflary preparation, fet out with them to engage the enemy. Havmg accordingly ad- vanced fome dinance from the capital, he met /imbo at the head of his viAorious cannibals, who immediately engaged the king's troops with liis ufual fiercencfs and al- furance of fucceft. The engagement lafted feveral hours, during which it was fo obflinatr and bloody, that prodi- gious numbers were killed on both fides. At length, how- ever, thefavages, defpairingof fuccefs, betook themfelvcs to flight 1 when the king thinking it moft expedient, if poflible, to extirpate fo diabolical a race, ordered his men topurfue, and kill all that fell into their hands; which or- ders they fo readily obeyed, tliat very few, except fome of the moft aAive, efcaped their fury. Zimbo the general, who was among the fugitives, re- tired with the Icattered remains of his army into the woods, where he continued fome time, in cxpe£lation of recruit- ing his army ; and during his ftay here, he formed a rcfo- lution of making a tour round the coafts of Africa, in which there was a profpeA of daily incrcafing his army from amongft the favages, and enriching himfelf with fuch fpoilsai might fall in his way. Accordinely he fet out, and fteered his courfe fouthward to thecape of Good Hope, without meeting with any oppofitioii or difafter : and, as he found his army confidcrably augmented, he divided them into feveral columns, for the better convenience of ravag- ing ; but charged them not to feparate further, than that they might, in cafe of an emergency, be immediately af- fembled together for adion. Leaving the cape, after a^ort ftay there, he proceeded northward as far as the river Cuneva, on the banks of which he formed a camp diftributing his men into feveral bodies under proper commanders, and referving to him- felf the fupreme command over the whole. In a fliort time he greatly increafed hit army i which fo animated him, that he made all neceflary preparations for fome grand expedition, when death put an cud to all his pm- jeAs, and likcwife foon carried off the faithful companion of all his travels, his favourite concubine Tein-ban- dumba. The furviving commanders, on the death of ZimSo, not chuling to fubmit, or become dependent on any other chief, readily agreed to dilTotve the communiiv, :ind each of them accordingly look upon liim the command of his own troops. Some of tlicni went in ijuelt of new I'citle- ments, while others contin"«d in their former (latinns. One of the chiefs tliat icparatcd from Uie reft, v^ as named 5 ; 1 >»n|^t ; ne wai piincipiBy icmaritibk for ba»R flie h. thwof Che «raA infcmsl virago that ewr llvrd. She ivit hajprf ti the caaip w^irJi Zittilw darfe tin hii 1^ rrtroat. WW wn turned Ttm^un-duidn, ia oounjihmrnt to tlie t^t f;!mcral't tavooritr couciihiBe IXm^is, her fallier. nauuvcaj witi) his fmall iiniijr to the prir. ince of (iang- lielli, filaated «n ilie (rmth tide of Hit kjiigdoiji of ll«- •tamha, wtKirdnni iaua ahrr, hit wife V1^JUi7.;^ a bold ■»hd cmutfriiinf wuoiin, took the coaiinasid into Im o*nhaai<« i and iuviaslieea brought op in tlic jJimdur- tng mdr fnxa beryonth, gtve them hch nuniteli proof* of her intiiyidlty, tbarilic^ icadiiy fulirairted rtifwl.Kcs to Hit rundii^l, ^ (itbwtsd lur in the u>ol\ OaB),'riou» cxpcditiotM. She aJwavi apjieaiiid aiiiied and ditfftd like ,***aJfc T'ttrior ;' and f -civhig her daughter to be pof- Klixj of i«ninlcnura^, (he diiUcd Iter in tlie Cuneman- tfcr, and Miok the yOuitg «i/agp with her in alt her excur- •fwus, Imiinf thereby tiie4boreeffi:aaally to train her uy Uthe mfcrhai biifmelii flie was then profeculing, and had been ia well praAifed iii. /Tem-baii-dumha, thongli at ttiit time very youiig, d«lc«»md fuch prudence and pnrfence of mind on tlw ptateft emergencies and diflcultjca, iliat Muflaia, lier hk- tlier, made no hcliutioii to ciit.-ull hci vith tlie command of fome of her foTCes, while llie lier^if led the irft on t» fome iminrtantcxpluits. 'I'he young virago was fo elated at this, tiut (lie liegan to think berfclf of too much con- fwjuencc to be under anykindof iubjr^iun lo her inotlier. SIk- tbrn-fon; amo\ii , tu be bioughtto her, togctlif r with a Urge ptftle and moitar i in which, inftead of bcflowingon it the careftirsofa young and tender mothei, as might naturally have been expc£led, (he, to their great furprize, and witliout the leaft (new of icniorfe, pounded the innocent bal)e alive, till (he had le- duci-d the bones, Hclh, &c. ijito.a pulp, among which Ihc mixed I'cveral kinds of powders, herbs, roots, oil, and other ini'redients ; and thus, having formed the whole into a kind of ointment, Ihc ftrippcd hcrCcIt', and ordcii-d Ibmc of her maids to anoint her with it froir head to foot, before all lui intii. After this was done, (he refumed her nuitisldicis ; and toldllicm, that w.is the iovercign b;-,l- faiii tliat \\(ji\\d ii'iidcr tliciii not only ftrung, and (it fur iii.i'.tiii ■.:l. [AFRICA] J S. m they led au Ito be liitar ; c£leJ, cw of la le- Iti (he and kvliole rdci id I foot, Ld lur [> bnl- lit lor l>3!tul tntrti.ll cxnioiti, hut invincible, and cnnlcqitrutlv a terror to other kmg'Joni!. Thii iiiftaiice of dinholical heroifm >was univerlallv approved by her haiharian liibjeflit whp immedialcty followed her example, by murdering many thoufandt of male infants in the fame horrid manner. ' Teni-han dumba, after this, made fevcrallawi, which flie ftri^ly rnjoinrd lirrfubjeAi to obferve ; among theliii fine of the tnntt. dcteftahle wai, that none of her lubjcfl* Ihould ni^dertake any thina of confrqucncr, or even coli- fult about any entrrprize, till they liad previouHy anointed themfelvei with the (hocking compofition al)ovc dcfcribcd, «rhichlhe faid would infpire them witli wifdom lo ohufc, and courage and refohition to execute, all their projeflj with undoubted fuccefi • and that there might ntvcc be wintinij a lunply of it, Ihe enaflccj fome other cdifts, by tohich levcral forts of male children were excluded ftoiii being admitted iniothe camp, 6r even from being brought tip i fome of which, that were either diformed or defec- tive, (he ordered to be thrown to the dogs and othen to be pounded or boiled for the ufe abovementioncd. Fearing, however, that fuch barbarity might at lengtli terminate in a general difcontent, or perhaps irt open re- bellion, Ihe found hcrfelf, in the dourl% of time, und^r the necelTtty of reducing the force of (uch of her lawi as were either detrimental to the iiKrcafe of the male kind, tor too (hocking to natural alFeftion of parents ; and,'in- flead thereof, ihe introduced dtheis more agreeable to the tiaiuiil cruehy of the people, among which was that of feeding on human t^elh, and preferring It to ever/ other kind of diet. In this law, however, Inc made an excep- tion againft the kilhiig or eating any of her own fex. She made, bdldes thefe, feveral other laws, all of which ^ere of the fame inhuman nature, andcalculitcd to cncou- tafit and enure her fubjcd^s to all manner of rapine, blood- fhed, and remorfelels cruelty. In Ihort, fhc had at leiteth fo hardened all hsr fubjcfts in their dcftruflive trade, that they fpread fira and (laughter all over the weftcrn parts of Ethiopia, without mercy, or almoft any oppofitiuii : and if at any tinie the met with a rcpulfc, or even defeat, from her warlike neighbours, inftead of iH'ing difcouragcd, Ihe only grew more fierce and defpcrate, reinforced her army Witn allpolTible fpeciJ, and fell uixjn her enemies with fuch C.-tgernels and fury, that every thing was forced to give way to her, or flee from her viflorious arms. What gfFcflually ■nimated her troops to fallow her through the moil ar- duous and dangerous entcrprizes, was, the applaufc and recompence ti.ey were furc tb meet with on their return to the camp, elprcially with refpeft to the diftribution of the plunder and llaves, [which Ihe divided amongft them, without referving to nerfelf any of the nio.l valuable part thereof. This defpciate and blood-thirily monfler, aftel- having filled the gieatell part of F.thiopia, with terror, blood, and daughter, at length fell a victim to luft and inconnancy. After (he had murdered great numbers of her paramours in order to prevent the dlfcovery of her private del>auche- ries, (he at length grew enamoured of a frclh one, in whom, though then only a private foldier, Ihe dilcovcred fuch ex- cellencies, as made hcF overlook the great diCparity lictween herfclf and him. His name was Kulainbo ; he was in pcrfoi., tall, ftrong, and wcll-lhaped ; in his diftiufition bold and fearlefs, and no way interior to his .-nilircfs in craftincO, and cruelty. As he w.is not ignorant of the fate that had attended fo many of hi^ predecelTors, fo neitlu-r did he accept of her con ifccnding offers, but with a fixed refolution to retali.ite it upon her, .is foon as he found her afTeftionfor him in the lcal\ to decreall'. In the mean time, however, he ulcd every mains he could projcift to plcafe her, andinalhort time fo wuiked up her pallions, tliat he prevailed on her to marry him. The nuptials were accordinjjiy cilchiitcdwith great pomp, after their manner, that is, with the death of a great number of human and other viflims. for the entertainment of their numerous puefts; ; yet neither could this, nor the many other favours ihe heajx-d upon him, prevent his keeping fo watchful an eye over her, that lie became more and inoic aiipiixed of her fickle, lewd, tre.icherous, and tyrannic difpolition ; in fomuch tliathe at length perceived he was become at Icall indifTcrtnt, if not wholly difagreeable to her, in fpite of all her female art and addrcfs. Ktilamlx) now thought it high time to ward off the blow that threatened him. by renewing and redoubling his carciTcs to her, by fumptuous banquets, and fuch other entertainments and diverfions as he knew were moll likely to fufpend her treacherous intentions .iqainft him. He fupplied her in particular with a variety of European wines, and with the mod delightful cordial water, tiU he found an opportunity rtf conveying aflrongdofe of poi- fbn into oitc of them, of which Ihe had no Iboner drank. iImii the expired in hU anils, accordidj^ lo his exp«Aa- lion. He appeared, after this evjtrti. to highly afBiOed, and Conduflcd himfelf with fuch artfal fuctcfsi that he palled altozether trnfulpt^tcd of havnig had any hand in the death of a fpoufi:, whole lofs he Iccthed fo deeply to lament, that he afTcAed to attempt, in order to diilcmme ttve bet- ter with tholt who ml^bi fufpcA hi'iti, hu>fe than once to Iheath the fwnrd in his ()wii breall. This counterfeited excels of grieft jointd to hit well-kilown courage, made fo deep an impreffion on the minds of the Jag|^, that ' he was declared her fuccefTor, 1iil4 fooii after nifed, by procUmatiort, to the IdVerejgt) KUthority over theln. I'hat Kulambo't nevr fUKeflfs itilght have a frefh proof 6f his pretended afTeflion (or hit laie fpoufe, he buriod Her with the moit ditlinguilhed magiAncence. The place which he chofe fbr her interment was oti i diflant emi- nence, where he caufed a fpacious cave to be dug, and di- rided it into feveral large apartmenti, all of which were hung withfom^of the rkheill elothi of Eyrope, aiMJ the flooti covered with the rnloft.furi,' and mpl) rpy tlie fivigc JjICHi that it eAnCitaiigii hn KR ; for 'lie 'wii» Toon »nor »llSrd C'sirange-Cii^Oiti^Guiii i and entcrt^ncJ lb|i'i(^li aii'ppinioii of Ui* Portiiauefe, Oiat, in O^dt-r t6 bmiii their b-ieiujll^ip, he catifcd hiinrcif to be InlV^if^fd 111 tlic Drii)f:,|pks «if Uie Rpui^n-Citbolrc r^h- Son.'HjWH wa« b»pti«etf by the naiijie of Don Pal'caU. iif, A^blrijicr throucji fear,^f bciujj dcihroiifd, or from ■ naturin^Kltlrf^iourof'fhi Jji^j;* curtouM,' l»c foon after ircliAiiUitHdd-liis ncW'pcrtu,iw)n, b«c«itc moic < HM ffioftvl and Jlpm)^)^■'J - -' -- -■- mi pyWccftfpr}, ni» foot! cruej aiid l'grcat'«r ravigcj than any of ■L- .- u.u, If*. "'^ H%»>>njl «v^y *'»«"c «a««k«d witli delTTi and dciuIaiion> W(? hayc no particular akx9unt of any Ring of the 1>M;a«,'a/J« tliii : all We kno* farther ii, that di/Ttrcnt ■^ -•-^ " *■*'-'- -ill in- they JJT<^"6f l^ele DcboJejj^niler their ro(p«div« chtel!, flii 25i5ji n ) 1tii.i'. »ii. ct. nr. rivinuf. - Ctntaini t irtcripiidn tf Iht tiniittm tf, /pjtFa ; lit ^ riAf fltval'iin, tiiturt tfiai ctkiilrj, rivtrt, fi ' 'ttviltt, tkhiiHlaiils,'tfiiit,'giVirnmof Bengucla. iriiW'tiefWechTeVeit dtki'eei tfiihy; minutfs, and ten de- greci'fcrtv ntWilte's of lofmh' latitude, and between tbirty- ttWlrfridfohyoHide^fe^J of eart longitucTe, being about two trutldhr'd and fifty mileif tjmad' from north to foi^th, and ^hout three hundred and lixty ui ienetli, from cad to "ThiJlj. W gfineraya virj M'ouiitiiinom roontry, 'berc Wrfftfuilf^i^rj^liihs tobfcnkt'wHiij except oil the rtiaii- fihie -fide, arid' between th(i ridjjei of ijie luounuins. It is litnvcvcr well \fatered wrth rivifrs, the moft cuiifpicuous ■jnb'i^ wHich aft the Daiula aiid Coanza. '1 he former of '«iry 'liirgif, ana capable i-f receiving vclTcU of Bh^hbndl*d totis; it is \#eir O^rcd with iiioit ItiiiJi of fitli, but it is dkogeroits tocau'l th'e^ on account of tlir HVer b^lBfe' gteafly ^\\et<^ with irocodile?. The Coan -a h iHp (Wg?, deep' itti'ti^Hl, dnd .tnpties itielf into the fime oceSn with tUc Danda, about nine degrees twenty mirmtdi fouth laHtude, and about twelve leagues foutli of Loanda 8»i P^ullo, the f-japital of tlio kingdom. It h navieabl^ at far ii a place called Cdmbainba, which is about ' one nahdt^d and fifty miles {t'am its inogtii, where the Por- togUcfe'haVe a fortrit*, or fctf lenient,' under the direftion •f^a |6Vemof ftifed' by theitV capfaiii. It bath a good depth of water all llie way to tlje above place, but after- wards it is full of rocks and dreadful cafcadcs, wliicli ren- der it? courle fo rapid, that it is impoflible for any vcflel to advance mi'cli farther. It receives inany rivers iu its course, tlie chief of wliicli arc tli^ Mocos, the Lucnti-, and th£ Calucala. It forms alfo fcvcral iflands that are pleafantty fifuatcd, aiW Very fertile. The principal o*' thefc are the McfTai\der and Mbtclii.ima, the former of which is about nine miles long, atx^ two broad. The foiiof it is fo fertile, that they have gcmrally three crops a yearbf tnaiz, millet, and other grain. It produces alfu great quantities of file manioc|root, which the inhabitant* ul'e inflead of bnfail i as alfo iiuralicrs of palm and other fiuit treef. The ofVicr i/land is five niilr* in length, and one inlircadthi it Ismoftly level i there is on it great plenty of cartle, and a variety of roots and herbs. But the natu- ral produce of this kingdom in geixral, as well as the per- fons, manners, culloms, religion, government, ari«k«, :>buut fix inches in length i and tliele tliay ta- ahangtf with lite Portugucfe for meal, oil, and other com- modities. The merchants make confiderable advantagaa by exporting ihit fait to moft parti of Ethiopia, 41 it it not only excellent to be ufcd with food, but alio in phydc, it bcinga very plcafant diuretic. This province alfo abouiuk with fins honey ajid wax 1 but it labourt under conlider- 'able difadvaotagei from the want of ftcih water, ai they have fcldom any r.tin from May to OAober, and tlieir itiountaini arei without fpringi or rivers. They who live near the Coan/a, fi;tcb it froia that rivtr, but It ii very dangerous, u that part of the coiuitry U infeftcd by great nuiM)ers of wildibtafta. Siimbi, is for the moft parr flat, and well wattred hj feveral firull rivers, particularly tliofe called Rice, Caiba» and Calacombola. The natives are tall and ftrong 1 but folazy and inc'olent, tliat tbey will not be at the trouble of cultivating tht lands, though ibe foil is raturally fo weU calculated not >iily for breeding cattle, but alfo producing various kinds uf grain. The moft indufttious part of them are thofe towards the mouth of the river Calacambola, the foiiof which is remarkably fcilile, and the country freer from wild beafts than any other part of the province. 1 he inhabitants biecd vail cjuantiliei of cattle, with which, aa4 other provifioni, they fupply their more indolent neighr hours : their lands alio are well cultivated, and produce fcf vcral forts of excellent grain. I'.Imba, is divided into twenty-eight lordflt; ^• or dlfr trials, whofc governors always keep a great 1 'nber of militia. 'I'his province is bounded on the eaft, by Tembai on the north, by Lubolo ; and on the fouth, by Scetta, The land is fertile, and produces great quantities of grain* nith plenty of cattle ; and the riven aoound with nu>l\ kinds of filli. The inhabitants are induftrioui, very trac- t.ible, and not addi£\cd to any particular vice, but are chiefly idoliiters. The province of Scetta Is one of the moft rocky and mnimtniiious ill all tite kingdom, particularly on one Ijde of it, wUeic a ridge of perpendicular rocks covert a fpace of thirty miles rn length without interruption: the fur- face of tliefe rocks, Imwcver, is well inhabited and culti- vated, enjoys a fctene aiul wholefome air, and is plentifullr fupplird with ficfh water. The low lands arc alfo weft, watered, and produce excellent paftuic for cattle, great nunil)ers of vriiich arcbred by the tnlubitants ; but tliey often fuftain confiderable lofs from the number of wild licarts that Infeft this part of the country. The torrents that flow from the hilts bring with themgreat quantities of iron ore, which the inhabitants caicfuily gather, by laying ftraw and other fuch materials acrofs the ftrcams to receivs it ; and, afterwards, by means of iiie, convert >t into ex- cellcQt iron. Great tjuantities of a kind u( tratUparent or;:, which the natives call uic, are alio luund in this coun- try, and which, when wrought, \» in appearance much fu- peiiur to iron. The governor of this province is one of the moft powerful in the whole kingdom i he hat twenty- two inferior officers under him : his refidctKe is on the de- clivity of a high mountain called Lombo, on >hc frontiers between this and the piuvinceof Rimba, iJeinbea, extends itielf on one fide along the tea, and on the otherdividcs the kingdom of Angola fiom other na- tions on tlie fouth. The greatrlver bucai.o, or San Fran- cil'ca, waters moft part of this province ; but it is of little other ufe, for though it abounds with filh, yet the inha- bitants dare not venture to catch them, owing to its being infeftcd with gieit numbers of croiodilcs, fca-horfei, and monftrous ferpcnts, which not only deflroy great quantities of fi(h, but alfo do confiderable mllchief to the adjacent grounds. I'lic country is very large and popu- lous, and abound5 with finall cattle, the hides of which the iiUubiuuxt convert into garments, and anoint tlieir hcada i." . • —A .-ifi [AFRICA.] An o •nd tiodiet with ^Im f«l. fhefe (wople tre niucli ilinrc Hi- viK* thin theinWiKhbouri, ire ilmuK ill idulitcn, iiul hxve ■ linituikKe prcdiiar to tlK'nifclvn. Thcv arc vrry arllul, •nd ufe I fiii^iiUr nrartucm in w«r, Wliicll ii, in drive greit iiumbrrii of cattle r^wardt tli.i* lidc »n wliicli llic ■iKiny iitxix^lcit, whllft ilifjr I'ccrcte ihtmlielvti at a fmall rfiflince,' cltiR'i by lyii^k; tUt on iticir bellict in tlie hij^h iraff, ot among the liiith or coprci : the cattlu leldom nii of eicitiiig thi.r enemy t:i .ulv.iiice In order to m-ike a ca|>turr, when they l\ih hills and plains : and is fo well Altered With rivers and forings, .tiat it is one of the moll delightful |p«oyinceH in the kin^ilor <, Thefe advantages, hovvevcr, ■re of little ufe to the iiUi. es, who arc retrained by the lords from cultivating any more of the land than what is •bfblittely iteceirary to fumilh piovifiot^.. forthtii o\Vn fa- milies; This is one of the mod formidable provinces in die whole kingdom, is the chief governor of it his twenty Whcrs under Inm, whofe principal bufineft is, to difcipUne tnd cxercifbthe military. There il a dillemper which thi nitivts of this ptovince ■rcfubjeA to, and which is {leculiar to the ctii.i^ie of this •art of the country. It generally bejins with i violent ■■cid-ach, and vertigo, and is followed by convuHions, •fhich foon reduce thi; patient to a mere fkeleton. The medicine fot- this difeafe IS made from a plant fomcthing bkc our hylTop, which they pulvcri/c, and drink the infu- fion : tliey illbextrad alt oil from it, wiih which they anoint the parts convulfed. They are hkcwife inbieft to ■ kindof fwelling, that l>egiiii at tlie mouth, and fpreads all oyer the tuck, which often fwclU to the bignefs of the head, and is frec|ucnily attended with I'uffocation. It h generally cured by anointing the |Mrts affcAed with foiiic of tlie iDovemcntioncd oil. A very (in"vtl3r infcft is found in this province; it fome- «h.it relcmbtc^ our drsjron fiv ; its fting is lo dangerous, that if a ijuanlity of blood be not immediately drawn fiom the .liTiilcd part, the pciloii is thrown into a Viol.nt fever, attended with exceflivc tortur»s, that commonly end in a total delirium, and, if not fpeedily relieved, in convulflve death. The moil remarkable circumftancc attending this >s, tliat when a pcrfon is cured, he fcldom falls of aielapfc, tiwing merely to the remembrance of what he felt during t'ie time iie was afTcAcd ; and fome of thcni undergo fich excruciating torture, that they clofe their mifcries, hf putting an end to their exillence. But wc rather think that this relapfe is owing to the unlkilful manner in which they extra^ the poifon by lilcedinj;, v/hich Iving impcrfcAly done, may occafion the rctnrn of the difordcr. The poor idolaters, when Hung by thcfe poifonous in- fers, have recourfe to their priefts, who feck out for any infrft of the fame kind ; wnich having found they dig a hole in the earth, and put it in, adding fundry fumigations, exorcifms, and fuperilitions, known only tb thenifelves ; aAer which, they hll the hole with water, and rcplenifh it as the liquor finks, ilirrhig It, and letting the earth fettle ■gain fevcral timci, at length, without (laying till it Is apitc clear, and divcftctl of its difagreeable earthy tafte, icy give the patient plenty of it to drink. fWii occafions a violent fit of vomiting, by which fo great a part of the poifon it thrown out, that the natural ftrength of- the pa- tir.nt en.iblcs him.togetrid of what is left l)ehiiid. Many, however, who arc cured by thi< Urange method, are fome time after ftized with pains iiul convuinoiii in their nerves, No. >n.. o A. hi which iumciimfi tuniinale in i dead paify, but more frt- ■|u^ntly in a lltttled lanieneft. The Kurojwan* ihcmfiWat will inlj>iteof thuexprclt |>rohibili<>n of therhuich, hafb-^ tecnnile to thealtuve meihod of oiia. Ilowevcl fupcrfti- tious, from iti being ioinetimei fuiirhful. The provinke of Cab«/.»o ii very |iopulou« and fertile, IirodiK'ing not only almiidance of cattle, btit alfo nioft .Iiul J of prnvilioiii. In one |Mirt of il i> • hill, cilled TIm Iron Mountain, from the yielding greit r|uintitiet of thai ■nrlal, winch the Portugurfe have taught tlie nitivei to pu* ■ ify, in i large city, plea- fantly fituated on the declivity of i h'il, near the fea coaft. It is llroiigly defended by a fpacious lortTefs,' in which is a church dedicated to St. Amiro, and a convent of Cifter- lians, hefides feveral bulwark! that ferve to guard the en- trance of the pott. Thit city it called by the Fortuguefe San Paulo de Loanda, and was built by them in the year IJ78, under the diretiion of Paulo dias de Novait, the firll governor of this part of Angola. It is very populoui, and greatly icforted to ; not only on account of iti being Ihe lel'idence of the Portuguefc governor, but ilfo for its contaihirig the chief courts ot judicature for the whole kingdom. 'I'-e chul-ches and other public buildings ire Aimptuout, .>s are alfo thofe of the merchants and oflKers, both fplri- tual and temporal. The ftreets are llraight, wide, and re- ular, and always kept exceeding clean. The hou.'ies be- bnging to the Portuguefc are built of ftone, and muft of them very elegantly lurnilhed ; but th tie of the natives are very mean, iKing built only of earth, and thatched withdraw. In the center of the city is a large convent belonging to the jefuitt, who arc here held in the higheft eilecm. It is a ftatcly edifice, and endowed with a confi- dcrable revenue. On one iide of it is an hofpital called the Mifericordia, which hath twenty-four wards or rooms for patients, bctides'coiivenient aprtmenti forthedireAort, phylician, furgeon, apothecary, and other attendants. On the other fide of the convent is i church belonging to the fraternity of St. John the Maptift. At a fmall dillance from thcle three buildings is the cathedral, which is a large ftately ftru^ure dedicated to Our Lady ot the Conception, un- der which is another dedicated to the Holy Sacrament. Mere arc alfo many monafteries and chapels belonging to the capuchins, carmelites, and friars, which, with other parochial churches fofurround tliecity, astoferve initcad of fortificalions and walls to defend it. Prodigious numbers of flaves are kept in this city, who are employed in tilling the ground, carrying burdens, and fetching water from Iprings in an adjacent ifland called Loanda ) the city not having the convenience of being watered by any other kind of means. On the north fide of the city, at a fmall diftance from it, is a lofty hill, on whichthe original city Aood. It ftill bears the name of San Paulo, and upon it arc Ibme fine houfes, together with the ruins of a monaflery which formerly belonged t« the jeluits. The prefcnt city furteied much by the Dutch, who took it from the Portnguefe in the year 1641 but the latter loon after retaking it, reftored it to its primitive grandeur. Notwithftanding the want of watei, tbecoun' try round is very fertile, well cultivated, and heautifiilly divedificd witli a variety of fruii-tres, gardens, and villas. A H ' *• loi sol Tm NEW ANo UNIVERSAL SYSTEM o» OEOORAPHY. AWhn half ■ mlk from th* obliged to maintain a nuaaevcMS foldier*-, not, as is genc> ally fuppofed, for the idtmcettt the kingdom, but for the licrvice of tlnir Por- Uguefe nuaftcit. Tlie (oil is very fertile, and, befidet grain, is re mariuble i'ot producing the manioc root, which is fo plentttiil. that large quantitiea of it are annually lent to the ci>' .. Loanda. Mittes ui various k 'M of inetal are found in thit pro- vince, particularly iit the Koverntuent of Cambamba. What 19 very remarkable, ikIi mine tinges the com|>lcxion «f the inhabitants who live in that territory i for though thav arc all naturally !uih. They both 'pay t trihuu to tha fortagnelc, a«t very fertile, and the natuct chiefly Chriflians 'Ilia Higher llUnibu hath mines of excellent irni, and la al- moll covered with ftiiall hilU. In the crnter of it is ■ lariir nmuntaiii, from the liiinmil and lidet of which llow^ a prodigiout niimbar of (brings ami rivalttt of clafer iiij wliolfunie water, whi^ is luit only exaMdi.ig good to drink, hut of infinite licrvice in contributing to fertilita that part of the country. This province pay* ii conlidcr- able tribute to the king of Purtugal, and the governor ii obliged to maiiilain a numerous militia for tlie krvice of Ihatprincr. 'Hie province of Oarii, iiHtualrd on llie northern banks of the river Co.in]sa, and adjoint to the province of Ma> Icclie. It is watered by a great number of fmall rivers that fall into the Coaltaa, but winch, in the time of the great lains, beC'vnie large, rapid, and dangcmui. Th* Por- luguefe have two fortrelletin this province, ateachof which they keep a ftrong eariifon (Jlic of tliefe is built at Qui- tongo, an iiland i4 great initmrtuncc on the river Cuanxt, and the other at a placv Called Maimnnge. I'his lafl-mcntioncd fortrrl'i ii filutted on the top of •' number of large rocks, and apjH-ari, at adillancc, tike • conlidLrililccity furrouiulcd with lii->li walls, and diverfi* lied with fteeples, turrets, pyramids, olielilks, iriuniplial arches, and ntlicr eminent ftruAurct : uii a nearerapproacli, liowcver, it Ihews iticif to he no more than a heap of gi- 8 antic rocks, parted from each other by intervals of a vaft epth, and fcveral fathoms wid.- ^ and the lummit of it, exclufive of a linall part round tlic fortrcft, it a Urge, bar« ren, and uncultivated plain. 7'hough this place it near one hundred leagues from the fea, yet it abounds with a variety of fpringtof brackilh water, very pro|)cr for making fait, and which, riling *n4 falling with the tide, mount up at high water in larga Dreams above the level of the plain. A circumflancc ftill more finijular than this, is, that thefe fpringi are inter* mixed with an equal number of frelh ones, the waters from which are both clear and wcll-tafted The fepulchrts of the ant lent munaichsof Angola, called by the Porta* f^uefe Las Pubuilus de Cubazzo, are ftill to be feeu about hx miles from this place. The province of Kmbacca, or Membacca, which il the laft we have to mention, is fituated on the north fide of the river Lucala, and between that and the Higher lU laroba. It it wholly fubjcA to the I'ortuguefe ; for tliough the lord who governs it, alTumes a claim to a kind of iiv dependence, yet it is ||ranted him only on condition that he Ihall nuintain, at his own expence, a numerous body of foldicrt for their fervice. Thefe troops tliough idola- tcri, are ftout, warlike, and wcll-difciplined, never batrav ing any fear of death when they engage an enemy, for which realon they are highly valued by the Portuguefe. I'he reader will eafily peiceive, from what we liave ob- fervcd in defcribing tlie above jut ovincet, that form the kingdom of Angola, that the Portuguefe arc made rs of the chief part of it : we lay, the chief part, becaufe foino ot them nritlier pay tribute to, itor acknowledge any de- pendence on them, except when they want their afliftanx* in cafes of emergency. The following, namely, I)»ik<4, Mol> he, KeiiRO, Higher and Lower llTamba, Oarii, h m- twcca, Scetta, Cabezzo, Lubolo, and Oacco, acknoK i^Ui^ a ical fubjeAion to the king of Portugal. I'he purchalingof flavet conflitotrs the chief tradecaa* ried on in this kingdom b^ the Portugucle and other En* ropcans ; and indeed this inhuman commerce tirfl inviteil the Portugucle to thit part of Africa, The coininoditio* brought in exchange, are, broa- ing-hooki,pins andneedl(s,tire-arm.<:,fA'ordt,cutlairei ait4 other weapons, fmall bells, variety of other trinkets and baubles, glafs heads of all fizes atid colours, rings of th* fame or other materials, ftc. It is ufual here, to divide the inli:ii itants of every pro- vince (called bv the lutivcs Mirindoi into four different clafles. The iiiA is that of Macoias, \^ho are a kind of noblemen. 1 be lecond confifis of thofe ftiled the chil- dren of Mirindo, who are the original natives of the coun- try, of either fcx, whether raerchaiits, urtificcrs, or huf- . bandmen The third is that of the Quilicos, or flavet, who arc the propeity and inheritance of tlie lords of tliat province, which dc\olves, like all otlier real *flatt>, tu their heirs and fuc^clfuri. And the laft it tli* Alabicat, who f A F R I C A.) rOKOtt PHopbA. tt^ ■I* iIm fkrtt tithvr liken in w«r, purclitfcd, «r c«n4«inn*4 10 fbrfetl their fnrcdoin for fom« luifdcmcanour or crim* lh»¥ h«»» cnmniit'Td. 'I'ltc kingdom of Angola wii formrrljr fubjcA to Congo, but H lion mx «t prcl«nt ickiiowlftlie my luch dtncii- dcncvi (lid the kinc, from ih< prrrtrAiim h« receivci from th« l'orTth and variety of oftrich, |ieacock, and o:bcr faathcri. with winch they adorn their cap*. They wear about (heir neck^ feveral links of iron chain, to which arc fafttiicd great numbers of rings tliat make a loud jingle at every mi'M.in ; for the fame purpofc aifo, they hang a numbci it Ivllt about their middle, the noil'e of which they fupiiufc aiiimates the foldieri to fight with more ardour, and at the fame time give tliemtelvet a greater air of pomp anil grail' 'rur. They wear buflcins on their lcg«, after tlu iiMiuie; of the I'ortiigncfc. Their weapons arc the bow, Iword, target, and dagger, thofe, however, who carry the Ih>w, arc allowed only to wear the fword and dagger, but not the target. Some of the common foldiarsufe broad fwordi, mufkets, and piftuls, wliicli they purchafe of the Portuguefe ; but thofe who go nulced from tlie wairt upwards, tight only wi.h tx>w and dagger, and wear Urge crooked knives in their girdlet. With refpcA to the language of the people Dt' Angola, It it radically the lame with thole of Congo ; but the dia- lect of the Jilferent provinces vary fo ellcatially in pro- nunciation, that it is difRcult for thofe born in places remote from each other to converfe together. This, however, is not to be wondered at, in a country where there it no regular grammar, fince England and France, which abound in polilhed writers, labour under tlic fame iuc«nv*nienc*«, as ih* jar|on {pi»go i«. divided into fix provhices, the fituatknfs, : iiues, an(tt4tl<:s'o(^w,l)iSh, are in follow ; viz. tlieCoUtity': J<'«itldw*' of SongiJr witl tHcigfeat duthy of fiferaba, • ;ong the cclft J the duchy ofSnudi, aiiid tile nlarquifalS' -TPnngo^ to the liorlfi eaft ; iliedachy of Bala, b«fl«»ardi lid the mawjViilato of Pemba',' in the middle. We ihay Id to thcfe prhvliifes the tcrritbtiei or lordAips of Ama- CB,. Dantbi Antbuii.-!, De(nbo Quingengo, Dembo An- MMi th* little duchv'of 0«3tido, and the territory of :tva Cavaitgt I b^t t^efe dilVrlQg are fo triDing, as na« to -.-quire any particulate defcriptiOH;'' ■ Tlieprovinee, or county of Songo, is'bt>iinded,' oh the ; aft, by Pal)goandSundi< on the <(ve(li:by the Ethiopic A ! on the north, by the«ir)ver Zaire ; and, on the toutlr,' by the I.eluhda. The toil i< dry and Candy, and- Were it not for the grrat quantities of faii which are gather- d on tlie fcacuaft, thegovertior or count's income would je very trifling. The chief produce of the inl.ihd parts are palm-trees, the fiuit Qf which is t}ie principal fubfift- eucc of the inhabitant. Hanza, or Banza-Songo, tlie capital of this province, is fituated about nine miles from cape Padrone, en thd fouth fxleof the moutbof rhe.Zairr.' It contains abo.ut 400 houfes, which are built fo irrejgular aivl ftraggKng, that they take up a large corapafs of ground. They are geher^lly thatcjhcd,- and tlie Bdesi of theiA i^fe^feobed witl^ pAlm'-branches, drliaves nearly Rtiter woven. The infidea are hung with mats 6f various eitfours, ind Retellings are' madeof mfhcs. The cbttnt of Songo's jialace, which is made of wood, is very fpacious, and dillinguilfaed from thf reft, ndt only for its fize,' but is always painted with a mahd^ny colour, or nearly refemblMig it. There is'acliuich in thistswn, whi«h is rematkable for' its iintiquity, if being fuppoledto havveral ftrings of coral, with a large chain td pure gold. Hefnre him march a num)x:r of muficians, -enc of whom is ditlinguiflied above the reft, by having leve- ral fmall round bulh fixed to an iron about a yard long, luhich !!"* k'''""* enntiuually jingling ai he walks, Op- 'cach £dc of him is a man liolding an umbrella iixcd on the i- 5 Mbe.t(^6flongpi>]«i. to ibelttr him fro^ tiw he^ of tbttit 1 1 fun. ..After m»(t, hit guards, who alw»y) attend hiiti.x fire a volley, which is followed by the fowid of dnimi,aiKiLi other inftrameiits of war. ■ • , ' Nine or ten of the principal men in th« province ekftTl ,the count to th« cMrlaoiiii tltefe centrally attend bA.Mf* < ^fon. The clk>ice.il.«Lwa|!r made M^irecn the deatl^vr the. 1 ; , tb« former count and hitriatermant i but the govemnienv : I i« in the baads of the eleuwn dor jng tlt^ vtpuKy. , :' Oti the death of the cQunt, it fcmetime* happ;i)i that ;hti foh, or fome other Wfon in the Ainily, wiUraifea. fadionin tliCprorince, 19 order to obtain polKliioii of the tbronc) and axcluda t)ke eleAaa.frpm their accuflomcd • privilege I finwwhich reafoi;^ t)ie eDchatifl ha* bepn (bmc- f times dniituM to b«.a4^iniftt;««) to Jtiqi, ii»r ieir of dif-' covering his fituation« by die prieft't ' going A>cq,i)rti aiv4j * hit death it always cpttpeidtd as mpchi^ pomble ^(tqi t}|#r :;pnbli«. -.; 'All the count's fubjeAl,^on the feal^ of Si Jamet, (bevit ; their allegiance by heir cmployn\ents are difcarded.' The ducby of Beraba is the fecpnd provtoce of Congtf Prop«r« it i* fituatcd beltni^p .the rivers of Aiobrifi and Loza, the latter of \rhicl)fi^rate( it from the iiian)vifate of Pemha on the «9il,;ai)df>t^ former from the county of i Soog«ion thcnfuth. Along;, tjie fea-coaft it exten^sit- i felf much fiicther ; v>7. pn;th^ fouth, to the rjver C)a|jda, ' which parts it from the 'kingdom of Angola, and nortbf ward to the river Lelundo. _ . _ Bemba is one of the largetf and richeftproV^icet in t^ih whole kingdoin: its foil is naturally ^rtile, aiid woiila produce abundance of all the neceijaries of life, wer; ttie natives induftripus in cultivating and improving it, .'ith« fcacoafts produce likewife a prodigious' quantity, o^'falt^ inlbmuch that they hav^ not^only a'fuffi^iency.for their own confumption, but tltcy* alfo export it] to foreign countries, which makes the asticle yield an extraordinaij revenue to the crown. The inlubitants in eeijeral profeija the Romiih religion, and keep feveral jefui6, and othex priefts, for religioiui puippfcs. 'T.-Bant^) or Panga, ibecapitalqf this country, is fituau^ about chirtly miles from the fea-coaft. It is a' Urge towni^ but the houfes, like thofe ia Sengo, are built in a very,' ftraggUng and irregular manner, h fiands in a hiijy country, and is watered by two rivulets. Here are fevem churches, . but they are a|l very mean buildings, the topa being covered with thatch, and the walls made of clay. Thegreateft refpe£t is paid at court to.the lord of Bain- ba, who is alfo captain general ot'alllti; majefly's forces^ and the moft powerful oTaU his vaflids. . The duchy or proyince of Suudi begtqs about forty miles uortb-eafi of St. Salvador. It is boanded on die eaft, by the provii(ce of Pemba ; on the weft, )>y that of Pango ; on the north, by the river Zaire ; and, on the fouth, by the duchy of Batta. Its capital is caUetl Ba>aa Sundi, which name was given it. to difiiiiguifli it from Banu (now called St, Salvador) tlie capital of the whole kingdonK There are feveral diftin^ governments in this province, mod of which being hi diftant from the capital and in places furrounded with mountains almoit inacceflible, the (jcople pay obedience to the governor according to their own difcretion. They are always armed, and keep the wliole province in a epi>ftant fiateof trouble and agitation; for, as the Portuguefe have not been able to propagate their religion amongft themy tliey are more refraaory uian any other people in the whole kingdom of Congo. If thisprovince was well cultivated, it would be one of the molt fertile fpots in the univerfe, it being watered with feveral rivers ; but the inhabitants are fo indolent, that they rather chufc to live almoft in want, than apply them- felves to labour : and tlierefore they purchaft from the adjoining provinces what provifions they have occafion for. Tlic moft precious, metals abound in the mountains licre.i but, by reafon of the turbulent fpirit of the inha- bitants, they are not fufFercd to be dug for. Tbcy work only the iron mines, and one mine of copper which is found in the mountains on the north fide of the Zaire. This lall is of a beautiful yellow, and the inhabitanti of Loan(,o purchafe great quantities of it. Pango, was formerly called Panga Logos, at which time it had tlic title and prerogative dignity of kingdom ; hilt it hath Icill both ever fince the l:lnfft ofConvn fuMti^il and reduced it to tlte rauk of a pu vuice. This marqui- ' lilt* V ..1 (A F R I C; A.J cdNOd i*RC)PEft. $64 fite ii boanded on tlie mft, by the moiintaini of the fun ; onthe^cfti byPemba) on the north, by Sundi ; arid; on the (butb, by Batta. Itt capiul U called Banza Pango,' and it fiiuited on tho banki of tUe river Barbebi whicU runt thtOQgh the center of the province. The nature of the inhibitinti; at ^Ifo their difpofitiorit, Cuftomt, and manneri, «re the Tanle in gential at thofe of Congo, nof hw tlie tdwn, or the provinte Iticlf, any thing reniarkabie in them. The province or dubhy of Bata, or Batta, it fituated oii the foatfi-Weftof Pimeo, and hath the fait petre mouniaint, on the eaft ; on the louth, it is bounded by the Montea Quemadot, or Burnlrig Mountains; and, on the weft, by the province tff Pemba: It it of confiderable extent, and wat formerly a kingdom of itfelf, till It voluntarily fub- mittcdto thekingibf Coneo; for which reafon it enjoys more privileget mia any otner province In the kingdom, and a perfon defcended from the antient kingtof that couri- try is alwayi apiMinted governdt of it: Thit province hu a very fertile foil, which produces ie- veral forti of excellent gfain ; the inhabitants are more civilized and affable thart their neighbours { and were more eafily converted tochriflianity , the principle* of which they have ever fince ftriAlv retained and adhered ttf. Batta, is the capital city of this province ; but it it not confiderable for any thing except its being the refidence of the governors of the province, who are allowed to have a number of mufketeets in pay to defend it from the in- curfiont of tlie wild Jaggas, who inhabit hear its eafterii frontiert beyond the mountains <>f the Sun and Salt Petre, living chiefly by ravaging theii- neighltours on all iides^ and would ao the fame by this, were they not over awed by thofe troops. The road between this capiul aitd that of the whole Kingdom hath a grrat number of houfes and iiamlets onbothiides, acircumllance very uncommon in thei'e countries. The boundaries of this capital are ex- tremely fertile. The governor of this province, wUo is fliled niani- batta, is conftdercd as the lecond perfon in the liingdom. Whatever he fays, muit not be controverted by any of the reft ; and on the ^ilure of the royal line, the fucceffiori de- volves upon him His court and attendants are little in- ferior to thofe of the king, for when he goes abroad (|n any public occafion, he is preceded by trumpets, drums, and other martial inftruments. He fometimes alfo eats at the king's table, wiiich it a privilege not granted eveix to the king's fons. The marquifate of Pemba, is tile laft provliice that re- mains to be mentioned in this kinidom, which, though fraaller in extent than any of the reft, hath always had this fineular advantage, that its capital haeh always been the 'native refidence and burial place of all the kings of Congo, Whether idolaters or Chriftians. This province is well watered, notonly by the Lelu~nda, which runs quite through it firom eaft to weft, but alfo by the river Ambrifi and fome others, which equally contribute to its fertility, and the riches and happinefs of its inhabitants. The conftant refidence of the king and his court, which is very nume- rous, emulates the peopleto induftry, whilft the great con- fumptiort of protiflons, and other merchandizes, improves their commerce, entourages their diligence, and increafes their wcakh; the fruit of^which they quietly enjoy, with- out being expofed to the extortions of foreign viceroys, or (being fo happily fituated in the heart df the country) to the incurfions of barbarous neighbours. We Ihall now give a particul:lr defeription of the city of St. Salvader, the capital of the kingdom of Congd, which is fituated almoft in the center of this province of Pemba. It was (as we before obferved,) formerly called Banza, which in the language of the country, fignifies, court, from itt being the ufual refidence of the kingt. It received its prefent lume, from the Portuguefe, by which it hat for many years been known to all othrr European^. It ftands about one hundred and fifty ntiles from the fea, on a large afid high mountain, which is almoft all rock . on the top it' a plain about tm miles in circumference, which commands a moft extenfive and delightful profpe£k, and it beautifully (haded with a great variety of fruit treet, as ptim, tamarind, plantain, kola, lemon, and orange- trees. The air is alfo exceeding wholfome, which was 0ne of the motives that induced the kingt to fix their featt here i another reafon wat, itt lying in the center 6f the kingdom, by which meant, if particular circumftances tf^uittd i(; ffli^f ffiii'ht bf ^iiicklv fAntto iinv oth^r nnrt * a third -reafon was, the great elevation of the land, which Itnden it almoft iruccelHble to an enemy, and confe- quently neither c«fy to be furprizcd or attacked. The No. 31. moniittiii bath alfo fome iron mines, which are of fingii- lar ufe to the ihhabiuntt, who fiibricate it into weapons and inftruments of agriculture. It it tbetefore little to bo Pondered lit, that the Como monarcht Ihooid have choicn tor their ufual place of reudeHce, a fpot which is rendered valuable by fo many conveniences. The city is very po; pulous, the nutilber of inhabitants bcinig compnted tt fbrtv tboufaiid. •' , ,■ .. On , fheep, goats, and hog*. This country abounds with poultry, particularly fowls, geefe, and ducks. They have alTo abundance of wild ibwl, as partridges, phealiuit*, woodcocks, pigeons, doves, heiu, kc. The wild hens are much more bnutifiil, and Ae flefli better ufted than the tame ones, but they are not efteemeJ by the natives. The birds of prey, are, ea^es, falcons, and fparrowhawki. In fome parts of the kiag- dom are oftriches ; and on thebordert or AngoU is a wuod encompatKd with walls, whete peacocks are bred for the «fe of the king. The feathen of thefe birds, mixed to- gether, and made in tfie form of an umbrella, are ulcd ia- ftead of ba>iners and enGgns in war. There are great numbers of parrots in tlie woods, moft •f which are very large, and either of a crey or green co- lour ; but there is one fpede exceeding Imalf, not being, larger than fparrows, and their feathers are beautifiilly va- riegated : the moft admired among the fmall birds are thofe called birds of mufic ; they are about the (ize of a canary-bird, but differ greatly in the colour of their fea- thers ; fome are all red, and others green, with their f^t and bill onlyliUck ; fome again are all white, grey, dun, et black. Thefe Iftft are kept in cages by the better fort of peopk, merely for the fake of their fong, u they have the moft agreeabk note. They have feveral kinds of reptiles here, as fcorpions; millepedes, vipers, fnakes, ferpenu,&c. Amongthe fnakes, there is ont fpeciet fo amaxingly large, that we are told it will fwallow a whole fluep. It is called the great water- adder, from its being chiefly found in the xivers. It goes, however, on hind in fearch of prey, and climbs the trees, where it lies in wait for the cattle that come to pafture. As foon u a Iheep or hog arrives near tlie place, the fnake iminediatelv defcend*. and winding its nil rountl die hin- der parts of the animal, fecures it m>m moving, when he fciUaanddevoura it. When he has gorged his prey, he becomes for (bme tinteflnpid ; but as foon as he recovers, he immediately makes for the water, where he continues till hunger prompts him to ieek for a frelh fupply of food. A great variety of fifli is found in the leas and rivers : among others, in the former, are prodigious quantities of iardinias and anchovies ; and in the latter are plenty of fturgconi, fotes, barbel, trout, tench, aitd other excellent filh. They haveaUb, particularly at tlic mouths of the rivcr.feveral kinds of ihell-tifh, as oyfters, roiirdcs, codclct, and large crabs. There are mines of fevrral fortt of metal in this king- dom, efpecially iron and copper ; and in the mounuinous nuts are large quarries, that produce not only excellent ftonc, bat msrbls of ririsss soksars, s!Js porphyry and ^"^i, ^ith re fpeA to tl»c natives of Conf(o, they differ in tiicir perfons, according to tlie refjiefiive ixovincct in S which they are born : bme of them are very tall and ro- bu'ft, but the generality a)e of a middling ftature ; foM« agaift are of an olive complexion, while others ai« quit* black. They have all black curling hair,f but their nofet are hot fo flat, neither are their li^ (o thkki as tbo& of the negroes in generaL In their diftiolitions, tfaey. are proud and haugh^ amongtliemfelves, but to ftnmgart they arc very affable and courieous. They have a natnrid pro^ peitfity to theft ■, and whatever they get, either by fteJing torotherwife, they fpcnd in liijuors, of which they arc very fond, and frequeittlv driaik to the greateft excefs. They have naturally a ready turn of Wit, and. whenfober, will converfe with great circumfpeAion. They are, how- ever, very revengeful; and ^ ,.■ itver they think thcnw felves oflfended, nothing wilt wt sfy thetn but dtftroyine the objeA of their ctfenunent, whidi they geiMrally efleS by poifon. The drefs of the common people tonfifti only of * loofe garment made of cloth, whicli is felkned round the waift, from whence it reaches to the middle of the leg» and fome have the bottom ornamented with a frisg^ The upper part of the body ii intirely naked, nor do they wear any fort of covering on their headst. The richer fort have long and broad cloaks made of cloth or ferge, and in fbrnr much like thofe worn hy the Portuguefe, under which they have a white fhirt, or a kind of damalk or fitttin petticoat, which reaches from the waift to the andes t they have alfo gold or filver iiilhes, with neck- lace* of red coral, and on their heads they wear cap* aude of white cotton. Some of the ladies liave a vail over their heads, and a velvet cap richly ornamented with jewels un- der it. The great men, when they travel, are carried in ham- mocks made either of net-work, or ftrong fiuffs i the man- ner of which is thus^lcfcribed : tite bammodc i* faftenaO to a long pole about a foot from each end i and when a perfon ha* got into the hammock, two jnen, one before and the other behind, ukc up the pole, <>nd biy it on th>; ihoulden, carrying the perfon in tlik -.. — t eonfider- able way without reiling. Whenu. giournies, they have four OMn, who relieve each the doing of which they are fo expert, that the> „op, but Ihitt uthey walk, atthef-^me time keeping their uiaal pace. Thi* IS a very eafy method of travelling, the perfon fittir/g or lying in the hammock as he thinks proper; and iiv or- der to ftielter thcmfelves from the heat of the fun, lliey have fometiroes a piece of callico thrown over the pole. ^< ThejLhave likewife another method of travelling,, whioh is, that inftcad of a hammock, they fatten two ropes to tlic pole, one of which is much (horter than the otiier : they are each tied in two parts, and hang like fwii^igs ; in the former the perfon dts, and at the bottom of the latter is a fquare piece of board, on wliich he tells hit feet. Titc perfon carried generally holds an umbrella in his hand, to fheltcr him from the heat of the fun, or the inclemem^ of the weather. The reafon of their ttavel'ing in thi* manner, is from the want of hnrfes, there not being !« the whale kingdom any ot thofe ufcful animals. , Their buildings heie pretty much refcmble thofe in th other parts ot" the wellern coafts of Africa: they .form little towns or village*, by ercding feveral houfe* together in the midft of an inclofure. Thefe buildings are made of wood, and covered with the branches of^treet : ofKh houfe is divided into feveral apanments, the inneimoft of which is adapted for the women : they are all on the ground floor, and arc without windows; the only light they have being admitted at tlie door, which i* fo/matU that they are obli^ to (loop when tliey pafs it. The hwlofure of the huufes is formed by trees, which grow fo clofe together, that they keep ofFthe violent licat of the fun, at the £uu& time (hat tliey fervc for a fence. • I'heir lioufes are very thinly ftocked with furniture, the whole of which confifU only of a few nrccfliiry utenfils, as pots, kettles, cala'jalbcs CO hoU their nrovifiont, a mill to grind their corn, a hatchet to fell timoer, and fome ia- ftrumcnts of agriculture. 'Some of them have beds made of cuarfe cloth ftuffed witli ftraw, o> the leaves of trees, but loofe ftraw ifiread on the ground fervcs the gpnerality ^ tlKm to lie on. The common people live chiefly on rice, filh, potatoef,. and other roots ; but pcrlbns of higher rank have alfo fle^ and fowl. They Ibmetimes regale tlieml'clvcs witli palm- wine, or brandy mixed witli water ; but tlieir efMxmoa uiHtK \i water oiiiy. The natives who rcllde near townr, live chiefly by trade ; but in the country they arc principally employed yi agriculture, and the keeping of cattle. About ihi^ tivtr ° ZaiM «• Zi :.y^/vMlLLAR's. Srm/^i/r/eJl/Utui'tiiui/'^^'Yimii.ciQ. ii' IiiJmh Iffthui/ Ji.'Jn. iiiiiti,!/ tt^fi,)/ ll>. , 1uni.i H,-4if fdl.ln^'iwi'.ffjifiittiii/:;!^:^;' '>•'<>'.■ "•■i.i! . fjj ■ ■ "i »1M •H.T*" .41 "ihi \ , *„? f 0X ^^.Jis^.A .I w* ■■*^.- ; -Hi. • ■ • 'V ■ If "h*^.. ■■f-^\ / ■/ *'^ »%, %: • A ,.S,-~v. i.l 1 * *^' •v » Mrf, ,,!, ^i .''•'4,|^«'*'j ^ jSJs i^ 1^4 ' 1. '■iStt''J*'E't ^.i. ,.>.«1 •VVk *- h «4 (-if- '-:^^ -. V f Jf • <■ ■^ '.' •%, ^ ' «^' ' 1,' %l^ i}'' -.■!*rx..*w^ . tA i'' R 1 1: A.) fc o » do i»V(5^1» 1 R. ' .•-■■„> ^f '^■ Xiira fome of tbent fubfift by filhin^, (birie by driwing K'm-wine, aild otiiers by weaving, rowanit the eAftera lien of the kingdom aie fome excelknt irtifti, who get coitflderabl* wealth by making varicun fort* of cloths, ai elMbi of tiflVie, faiiins, tiffiua, ilanialki, farfeneti, velvet cut and WKUti tec. The yarn i) made of the leavea of paim-titft, which treei they alwayt keep ihoit, every ye«r cutiing-avd watering them, that ihey may grow (maJl and ttoder agKinft die next fpring. The threads drawn froiA thefii kaveaare very fine atid even, and with thcfe that are longeft they weave the largeft piece*. Thcfe {iuA are woven in reveial forma ; fome like velvet on bve-fongs, which are attended with a tiriety of mufical iilftiument*, confiding of flutn, pipe*, ivory taunpeta, and drums, the latter of which Are made of tht* vtood; and covered with ihetkin of A beaft. (hinehtthaoalkin^[iardon of ner hulband nuthf of- fence the ha* committed. Thofe who arf deteQed-ut ce-' habiting together without the ccremonicf of inarriage, an. punilhed with a ftMi which it Uvied in ptopoitioa to tb« effi^nder'* circamiUiMe>. , , , { ^ ,■ ■^■^ Ihe pagan pricn* here, eiie faine ^Vf^^ toaiiip, liy.afr* iain ii\)unAion*oi^ young pe9p^(nEl|,a»pb)idwfl**<>lUa^' tVie ttiM* are u in- violably kept a* twy a»tta|ha|M| ft btf,wfwh*i h*s been forbidiiea, ( ftw.tMttb^k« if th^,coamit tb^ Ieaft trefpafs uahiftthe. )iejilli|( , tM)r m|}i ckminlyjue. in a very fltort ume, Tha ptepoflemon of t^r milida oq this head wi|l be evident mm die foUowifig! ftpty men* tioned by Metolla, in hu vOyage to Congo i '^',' A nqwu black jiya bev upon hi* jottri^ey (who^nid rediivM ttw kejilU,) cominc to afiriend't boiaw it na^ax^ hi* bdif neat mornil^ i>*^ ^ breakfiifi a. 'wiM fowl, f^iich' i«, fflucia betterthana tameone. The jpwft het'eapon tlcipwi^ Ut it w«* a wild htn f .a|id,bein| anfwttcd irt themntive, I19 iat down and •>» intiry hMrtily. Four yeaia ijner, thcfii two meeting togsther ipun, tha oouiury black aflced bU friend, who wa* hot yet n^med* if h« wiovU ciftA will heni The youiu; manar.fw^red that h^ l)*^ nc«lTsd tthi keiilla,andqicrtfon; ^uld not ) the pthar %aipM(lt an^l aiked, Whatmade-faim refhlc U now, frhf n b« lu^ eaten it at hi* (able (b m^ity ycfr* brfure ? At hearing JOii*, thi other began to zremhlei and in lef* than tweiity-Cqnu: houta died, by tlie mere cffiiA* pf iiitagii)ation; The method they taketo cum the h^' . jhg the paiieii|t in the tei9{ple*« in doiM. .. firit cut theikmwiMi tfi« edge of a. Ml; Widened, and then applyingafMI hqnitotbepart, iockoattthe blood.. Eor complaint* in other pain of the bo;iy> they perform the fame operatiotii On tlie death of any perfon> a nunpbfr Of hisai ia iqif nkediaielv killed by.Mie f^lationa, whp V^b^^ <*>« P'^m* both within anfl *yitbont,.witb thebl|d!ad,^om a.fiiuao& t(on that it wili Mevsnt the anaurition.of ,^ deecaMafroq^ vifipiaa adiy -.ot l/ifi, fntorq, inhabitant*. A* foofi j(f thia par^ or thecercniKiny'U xweTiritheir ih«||f in^ittlMiit^tatioa by howling over ;the .ecffti fffi Ibnw ,mj^i,jiner, which they regale themfelve* -, and ^,ieoi|^i Jftipi y"wif^ VP in a pie*!!fh^> iRloudeta t^ the grave, which ii nude inlbmereinote^Mf .aV,a,cpnj^- derabie diflancefrom the vi^a{st,m ,.iffhi^ tiw ^i^^cafcd iiy^. A kiitd of memorial. a(;{»rdiiiig, to the qiiahtf! of the prrlon interred, 'yt. staqed ov^ r.tbe{tj)ve : fymf. have a UrgjBbcav of earth niied. otf them ; pthert a jong^and ilraight horn of fome .fttfptgi^ Dcwi>.*it eanhc^ putter, bowl, or any other veflUiinind.iiio, other pei^n)* furred to touch thefe tbingvi, , vhiiih afe heJd ina fac^d,iight. , Previous to the inte^etit of ariy pe Jonpf cqnfcqti^nc^ they ftiew (be way with leaves and,bnnche^.<$f Irecs . tap moft likcwife be^qirtied in,a ftraig^i^n^;^ th^gjraTC,^ that if iny,hi»areoriiM|U,|M||>pen*tiot,iiiter^apttlie |{«f&ge» it muft be immed>at«jiy pirijed do«v» . pit tlteie fKc^on* feveral (hve* were foraierW~li»PRfi£«4 tQ-ierra thtdr. mf- terin the other w<(T|d,i:bu^:^tcc.|^ ,Po{twiiji& 'iia)t worked «rc&rmatiw» vmhit i^^ffim 4QlpgH'>%np^ of tliefe deltoied pe«pU,' t]|*t^,,|H?iftiM .haail^tinSjclj^id aftde I .and iti*.o^y,preffff^4>y thi^wbo firi^^ad|ptf|$e to their oviginat.- figan. jmxjms j ."hafs, minttef,^;^ obliged to drilJbyAealth.i for,Jhoul4it be.it^own, pfm would not only bejr!;huked^.(>M feveijity B)*/)^^')*! 'M* of fuperior power, who are wtnuoui mamtaihen of l^a .Romait Catholic religion,;;, . ' ,-. i-^- r <',.n , '• , » The king of Coneo i*iyr:.|jl}f(«)jl|ie. mctturch^ fhe l^^f* and property pf bis <«bje4ka heiMi vutlp-eiy^a^his^i^ppfi^. They apprftit:h.bin)P9All:P0cafioi;M, in t|aif,ia# f^bqipve manner i and:Whoib<»rci) nc^jy^a* puvitii F^,p^b^ic natjure ,are alfo.BWKle,knflwn.hy ^fm, ,tq!„w>^;tthe,pwrie, are ioWiged toipjy.thc ranHe*>f4««lW«MiifiiWi'v«»Jmw •a royal pvoclamMion.., i ji "? ..-jiiL . A ilruiig (uard i( always 'wfiK by the; Ipuig, which i* in* tvndcd not only forthqdiiBnity <^ ltit.,foti.it, but far the IVcurity of his perfon^ anct he i»^i«^*atended,by aAiiin- :herqf the iiobvlity, «ho dwei|l .ini^abop.t.the palaije, l>clidcs hitdomeUics, and other otncert' of liit hcrmhold. Ho iff Tni NfiW.ANB UNfTEft^SAt SliSTEM qr fifiOGR AP FTT. Re giTCs public audience twice a week, but ilo one is pti*- Aiitted to fpeak to hinV eicept hit ftvourite nobtei'. The tinges *'''B'*'^"(>t obKged to attend him pn aay other occafioh: AttHefe times the king itdrefled in hi* richefl' robes; whicN confifl of a long mantis, or< doak of fiik, ornamented' in the moft elegant manner. H« iDrears a bothered cap on his head, and round his neck are «^|isof gold intermixed with the fined CDral-: his arms ^d wrifts ate'deiioratcd'With bracelets of gold, and hebu- ffmiof- half UootI oirbtl lees; ; -TK^ pompand (^deur of theking arealfo par»iculari)r tfilplavcd at other timet ; and thefe are, when he gives •' j^dttlic treat to fuch' of hii- nobles' as have diftingailhed. th^mfelves in his fcrviei.' Oir thefe days he eaufiM-all the tiOblemen, then in the bounth of the palace, to be num- bered, a|id a proviflon is made aecordingly. Theenter- Tainmetit is prepared in tlie largeft aprtmcnts of the pa- < lacTi and the pro-vilioili at& broacnt hi pots, fome of { ^falch'-eontcin boiled beans, others flelh and ft(h, and'Ibme Ae fiUed with millet, feafoned only with fait and palm- tjjl. When every riling is ready,- the king fends tothe ereateA lords each his mcfs i(i a wooden platter, with a imali flaflt of pa)m-wine ; but tht others are callad up by ^eirnanies, fl^'or fitfveh toeetlieri; and fuch provifiont ar« SVerj toHlihiras tfatkinc ttiinks piroper to direfti with hich th^ retire to an a^iining apartment. As foon at -they ha^e done eating, th^ come all into the king's pre<- fence, and, falli^upon their knets, clap tlieir hands, and liow their heiids, in token of thanks and fubmitTion ; after Which, theydepait faoare, except the king's favourite;, who during the remainder ofthe-day, fmoketobacoo and diink wine with him. This monarch has but'ohe'lawfur wife, who- is called lAahi-fnembada. that is, <)ueen ; bcfides whoit>i he keeps a great number of Concubines, in violation of tlie principles of that feligron he fcems dtllerwife fo ferioufly to profcfs'. The q\ieen is maintained at the etpcnCe of the public, there being an annqal tax, called pintelfo, gathered for that purpeie from'every honfe in tlie kingdom. This tax is ■ttlleiaed- on th# kind's wedding-dav, when the' proper dfecefs of each province go to the reipeftive ha«fes, and 'ihrafiire die length and breadthof every bed, the oivners of wliKh istaxed according to'itt Mrearith, viz. for 9ver y ipant He giveii either a (lave, ortfie-vaiue of one; for which reafon,. they who "uft^ beds haveihem exceeding fmaJl, but niofl of .'the commenpeoplclie onthegr«und. A gttat number of ladies attend alterTiately both day andnieht upon the ^ueeni- and niflied with perpetlial flavery. She lives withgrtatfplendor, having apartments in-thc palace peculiarly appropriated to- herufc. With relpeft to the royal revehue,. it confifts chiefly in- the tribute that is paitf to hitn'By feveral vaflal prin«e9, at tiltife of Angolti, Loango,' and fome other inferior ones, andwhidithertiain, or goreniors of the fix provinaes, are obliged togather for him. Others make him a kind offree wjll ofletings', fome of cattle, others of grain, wine, palm-oil, and the like, as uknowledgments for the lands ."tHey hold under him-. H* is tifo proprietor of all the TsiinSisi or cocWe-lhelk (the curtent c»iii of this and othar 'i^iighbouring'kingdoms,} which bring him, in exchange, ■"Si^, elephant* teeth, fattders, ftirfft, oattle, millet, «M»d ijtlier .commodities. Fines and confiftations, likewife '^ihg'iiit^'a d>Midi>r«ibW Fricomt ; to which may beadded^ . ■ (lis power 'in levyhig taxe* on hit fubjefts as often as Ivc tn j-but-tliijlie Idilom does, except in cafes of necef- llie • poverty 'df his fubjeiU being i"o great, that It might prompt them to ravolt, and confequently produc* fame difagreeable cohfeqocn«et> wen he often to repeat fuch oppreiTions. The military of this kingdbm'are not very numerous, nor are they either weil closithed or difciplined. The bell: of them are the muiketeen, who^ having been taught br the Portueuefe the ufe of fire-arms, ftill retain the an of handling therti wiAforprifing dexterity. All the king'a flib}e£H may be faid to be foldiers ; for, whenever there it otcaiioni and he thinka proper to aommand, they muft all attend. Sometimes he orden a general rcvk^w of them> when he attends liimfelf ; but their figare and variety of arms mike them'amiear more uheoutli' than can be con- ceived. Some of ufemare armed with bows and arrowa of different maket and fixes, others with broad fwords, daggers, andcutlafles ; fome without any dtUer cloatht or anus than their long targets ; othert with tbeit bodies co- vered with Ikins of diftrent kinds of bcaAs, from the gir- dle to the knee ; Tome have their face- and body paint^ with figures of animals, birds, 8ic.. In<))ort, all of tfaen» are armed and accoutred according to ba^e fome emblent«f the buUncfs they follqw, beCdet their particular weapon I ' /' • When they engage, the foldiers are taught to fell on ther foe with a dreadlets kind of fury, which they accordingly do on all occafions ; but at their arms are of little ufe in fuch violent and irregular onfets, for want of better difci^ pline, they are fometimct pnt to the rout ; and when that happens, tlicy are fddour able to rally ; fo that the break - ing of the very firflibody is inoftly attended with the lofa- of the battle. The-flight of one army generally animates dieother toan eagerpurfuit,. the conf(T|uences attending which are dreadful, the carnage being alwAys great Whem tlie conquerors tliink proper to give over the purfuit, they ntturn, and plunder the enemy's camp, feiaeallthe men, women, and childrent they meet with, and fell them to< the Europeans for llaves. Tlxy look upon this as tlie- tooft confiderable part of the fpoil, and thetefore haflei»> them aa foon as poffible to the fca fide, oi to fome inland, market. Few of thofe wounded in the battle furvive, their arrows and darts being infefted with fo deadly a poi- ibn, that if they draw blood, it is fure to caufe a fpcedy andi unavoidable death, if the perfoit is not provided with fomo powerful antidote. Terms of peace arr projpofed by the viftor after 'a con- queft ; and thefe, though favourable on his own part, ark generally accepted by the vanquilhed ; but they are no- longer attended to by tlie latter, tlian while he becomes fuf- ficientiy formidable to recommence hoftilities. No order it obfervcd- refpeding the facceflion to the- erown of Congo, neither legitimation nor feiiiority taking place farther than tlic rulinjp nobles think proper, who efteem all honourable' alike, and chufe him from among die king's fons for whom they have the greatefl refpefk, or think the moft proper to- govei-n. Sometimes they ^ivo tlie crown' to a brother, nepliew oirfome dilbmt lelatiou, letting afide all tlie children. At foon. at a f^cceifor it pitched' upon; and die day ap- pointed for the coronatibnt all the grandtet are fuin- moned to appean on a plain near tlie metropolis ; front whence, with the male children and relations of the de- eeafed Icing, they proceed in great pomp Co- die cathedral, which, on thefe occafions, is-riclily ornamented. At one, aid of it itereAed an altar, b^ the fide of which is a (lately i throne for the bifhop or prieft,- and at the odier end ia a cltair of (late for tlie principal officer, who is furroundcd bydte refpeftivc '' candidates for the kingly oflke ; b«it the perfonto'oe cleAed is concealed frointhe olficerandpeoplr. Before the perfon is named by the principal officer, d.e latter rifes firoro his chair, and proceeds to the altar, where he kneels downi and makes a fhSrt prayer ; aftci- which be relamcs his feat, and makes a long narangue to the peo- ple on the duties of a monarch, and the neccflary care that If required'to difcfaarge fo important- atrulL- He then de- clares totlw afiiirtibly, that he aiidthe other eieAors, hav- ing maturely weighed the merits of lach refpeftive candi- date, think fuch a one the moft proper to bu elefted to the fovereign dignity. After this, the officer takes the new linonatcb by the hand, and leads him up to the altar, where I lX>s'i 1 ■^ >%;*.; ».*' ■'»?• |e new wlitre <:'>y/<'//'^/^/ Millar's, VrJi/^^fnUk/t^UM/nf^M^t^y^^'Yi^iA /j^^Geoohaphv j^iS .J# \ «*. ^ >^'J.'w -'-^ ¥ 'm ;l t^t^- -jittu^t^lti^, •V • ^^i rtM'i ■%:• ^•1- .'.■■» ?c ■•*.' :-> -^.-'I^; '^:-:''t^'#^5 ■> ;X -''■>i ^' '■■','■■ ' 'n'.'^ A- ^fi -.ffT"'^' » • -V . '^'vL^ i ^ '^:: tA F R tCllsJn CiO!.'!fT0/©.> ^>;Tfcva.» illAtty3''i s'lT ^ir| •.'■*^ ib' ft':, •■ ■. ^ lltpr bdih|t^ftr«Mitbcr.firt»MtB l iw<W | h M mnuaMA iMn bw |MJimh •JnMMiiimitJn mhitkr taoM MMr Jmm, Wtahcrtt him lo be ■ |MiiA*rta> MrfNM fk, •bMiiMM (• ilw (JMholic diiiMk, mi • awni«>f>*i ■loMr of Cbriftiullir. TtieWii|tiMn r*cm«ei tlwtitait •Mil*, aftar whitib h« i< «on^A«l to ihe throM tw iM priaft, who pun ih« royal fbn4aM inio hh bml, bnd Ibacrown iip«n hit b«ad. Tbi« aoha, thawhatoaAaiMy ■roA'^' • ihkm£iWat m ibaiCnraiirft mfim Mn t t rn M att^im for 'ig, which it taftifiad by (bt ebippini Vllmmdit «•.. tlw idnnrf <4 nwrtiat inftniinaatt. And whan nha wh»leoarainoit|r i« ovat, ihekiag, pncaArd bj Mi pHncix pal noblai.and fvllowa^ byall ihitaRaiidaii tha cofotiaiian, pracead to th< palaaa, whw« bit cbiaf nabta* Ihttiw twih and land apm hiaii, not only «t • whan «tJQf, bat alio at an adinonitioni intimatiiMc, that haimft in tima bb« wmadiiftaiidaaiai, though M ia now raiMi to ibatortted • «hanAar. Aitat tha oMonation. of tha kinc, bt daai not Air fcav hit palaca for aiglit day* I in which tima all' tha nabiliiy, and the PortH||uclc, come to pay their tcTpaAi, and Willi I hiMfuacef*. rheblMAMdohimhomagaan bMhfetaM, by clapfinc tliair handi. artd liiling tha Idnc^t !ri|Nk bind t tna Pottugnata hnd cicfgy do itonfy en MwhiMh- , Whan the aicbt daya are expired, tha hing ^ paa w In Hw maricet attended by hu noblat, where ha anka* a faaadkri* Ihe people, declaring hit rcfolutien to patferm what Wat paopoutided to him at bit comnaiiOni and atfiiring thcaa, Ihatit Aall be bii conftaol ftady to praiMte the weMm «f Kit liingdomi, and airo to propagate the Romifh' raliglM; •f which he ia a member. That juftioaAiay be properly adminilieiwIi^thttmgiliMHl bit dominioiM, die king aopaantt a )wlge in ««lry ' tMni^ cwiarpnivinGa. who it to bear and dctemiihe all caufet^ Whmar of a civil or criminal nature. Thtfa are called ioyal judges ; from whom, however, an appeal may bo madaioitM king, who prefida twice a weak at tha fapMrne cowrt forihat pmpofe. Tw9lv« alBtotlt *Tr allmrad w each taf tha Myal )udg«t, andilheyarectaCdttediutfaailame Ikiitw tha )«nits iH Enghmd. In oivtt taaret, the fdaintiff dnd*limduit are thit only pletden, eadiof whom reMtfcma tha lAate of tha difpufe in the beft amntwr be ii M» t6< ¥ N<'fc ' '^,«iiMi"4i'«t:«i. ^t»iieKctaM«iiai^by«ia roRii goal, or being Md Mr*4UNi, ilaW^I |MiH>iiMi UwliifihidliKi'MM HfdJiii DMhid 1^ Mfi* Mli«iM!feiali Mfomt li«aal*r"(MBrioaaf'liUviMli'Mli pMbn kiM hijria ft*ad» liliha HaUr mmmii'iif m umII mmi mfuprt lUkUnri^m ftoai hiai dihaHHHMraiMiM hiM4hriito4tbb Which *a>dMMm4aalMii*«fo«il^A ". ,.>•> )• Vtfry,diAiMlMiMdpri«)lefectaM«ilai^by*d fmn* gacAJitaai aridtteh atan 1 . . - pMW. YhofrataailMadiaj not only dieterminet all aHanllliftoikolam'of Farra|dl,bataMb'IItnwen thim amltbanaiiuailihaUtantii' I ii'HMMikipalicMetieeof tha Pairtaamft l» at St. 8th> tadop|#l *»o th< y (brey onaoonMenbhtfafiih with oxMi othanpaiailofitfaalktagdcH. • iThrkearii tha^ ftlltoMi nattutt an* YaftaiiaMrtai 1 (ahaecat wiae^lfifiMehi» limaH vUkht ftMlfemadi cf wttekt, lln^ and'waoiUit r *itn agiiiai variety ^ UtenfiliiaHd woikihf tool*. . ' . M ■ I'f ■ hk aattim for the abbv», tHa Pditugutfb bbtain fmn th» nativeai aWphaiMt taeth, fura, • ahd other iceibRibdititt oj^ the country 1 but the chief article it ilavei, pradigioua- niiofliert at sHileh thay annXiaUy-asjiort tO' tha plantaiioin* in Anwrioa. > Tha bajlt dnd raoft ferrlcaabtc of thofe ar« baoii^tfraMI^Ahgalaviithe oaantrf of the Jtggai, and' odMra^oea* aorta,' whfete thay an naiuidlly vaty w\ott and^rOng } 'trtioraaa mile ih the provhMetfat Cohgo, be*' ing for tha moll j^rt brought tip in floth ahd indaknoat eitherdiemth whieh the' fefotteaiMt ; king af Pbftu»al, being Mkoui of difebvtrinR the eoaft of Mioa.'andAsdirtg oal the vhiy tb tha &ft Indict* fitted ootlk flatt.for ttqtt'putpdfo* tha comtaaand of whictt wat givtn-aa Pon Diigo Cad)» i gcDitemah' «f the aaoft enterpiifiMgMips; andUnaitf (hcabteft -taimen in hilf bt^xcti^ .Cmv aft*>""ten«^>fieoWHt' at Inigth artlved itr Hits mouth of thaviver Mit, when h^ caft anchor, not doubting, ftorti the appcafimlbe of the country, but thera^ mvft be inlwbitantt on both fidn of it. Thefe cohjee- (ut«* he fooii found' to^be juft 1 for going with tevetal o^ hit people fame arav up ttie rivtr, lie met t^ith a nuniber of native*, wha^ ioftr fiNim beina aiarmedi t»m highlf pleafed wiilt the light of thefe flrangen, and not only uftifyihg their '«hMfithey w«fe {bbiea> Pleaftd with tfait rafermaiMn^:'4t)d dMirMk' of knowing, who thit powerAd prince wat, he prevailed on five of the Wttivei to tccom-' aanj tha fame number of his men to dw Ung, with whom he rent confidinble prefeMs, and limittd a cimaHi timtf for their ntarhi 1 he men, hatrever, not ntuming aa cxp«ifllcd| Cam, alVit waiting double the timd allotted took four of the Mdiret, whom ha fourid to be men of fome rank and abiliiiat, aboard hit ft.ip, and^ oromirmg to bring them back Widiin fifteen moont, failed (m PftrtDf^, withi out Haying for Ihe return of hit men. Theft Mackk, from the care Cam took of them during the voyag;e, and their quick conceptioni, became tclanhly wall aconainied with tlM Por«ag«eia tekMe \ fo that «rliei| they arrWed at the court of Poiti^, thiTy ware able to in* Iwer feveral important quaftlons pat td them bv the kiRg; J his fo pleaiieo John, that afttr making then feiknX floM* fiderable orefcnlt,'h«ordcr«ii,Caffi to take theih back tothtfir own country ; and at tha faNW tiaaa told hiM to ufc hi| 4K utmoft I •oomwt to ilH'Rami iUKPiN «Mdiup!ltoea«hDui bia i»«dM*tiMih»ilftkM UN* w iH'RamUliclnMch, ana w pmhIMi aiiawpmhIMiM*' gH Tai NEW A» UNIVBR8AL«Y8TEM *r GEOOR'ATHT. ' AJ w ^- tMl Mi4lr«h^ «n4I ftrfoio MtmtiMt m tlw MiilicMien fM prw4 g»Tlr *l t<(uy vtici* i tha r«(\il( of wliMJt IVM, llMtf M nmrndiBtiW MMrad an builitnf i mufkiliMifi ativte^r ; jh{» MfiaM fct iir r«Mpi)oi> of th* pritfli kn4 vMiHili v lnAilw«gli ke WM obtigMt m> gci ih« Mtl tna^tiMt tor iff faani liiiMaf the rimMBft iparMol the liing4oM, yM kif ImI ibr thk txacatiai af mwm !• gMM, (Irai bjr the mim> W oflMMb •■iptsytd, itw tJifk* wucompkRtt, ki ihrv* noAtlM, MMl thi iMwe of tko imtf wtk wm giwtit (o it u (btrttion. Whife< fromCMigo, ihi mm hi'tmi Mt biMml.iNN iNUi4rwHii M> ltd nfpiA bv ihM ktnv< than ikM Mtlvw wtn bf the kinn «r Portupl'. And oq ki) ■(Tnnlltl» ft<«M tima at Con([oi ba fafl fem a fbtnr mcflafaM ihc kinft whib ihu nativei b« bad b*«tugnt back rchml, in evaiy placa they came lo, itM fplsnlbr ttl iha.Pnnn|>iAn>tin»u'. ■ Canii »fcw:4«)p»««br*l ptM a fbrnal vMt i» iiUkH|, Vy whdiiUhtinaatitMed wiib jtaai tga <« tiiy, ai<4 tnmr* Wihc4«rtlh*Uli^ fplaikbtaiMlmagnMcaiicdtafan Aftiaan •Qurt. Tba4lng aflMd bias manjr quaftion ,ftlali*a la 4« ttaadctm of liw MrtMUf ft doninioM, all which Chb anAwercd in the moil ample manner ; and I particularly >iii^ fenaad biim. t)f tha naMae of (bcia ralitpait, which he laid the kiiMi t.i« waiia aaraaftly intraatad Im wamld net matfjnkb hiiniirir bat rifb prapagaMl it noM^ft alt kia .Stch tna,tbaiAie of ibia confcrc«)ct» that the AMcaia king conceived the hijjheft rOrt 'd Arthe Poitugacfe, and irtlitnatcda drfira p£ bccoaiinii a ptoftlyia to tbti RaaAilh nligion. An aJiiaitcc waa imiacdiateiy fetinad i hatw aa tv ibc two croatni, vbicb wai coM;nued faon thattinatw thrwoleM, ihoagh often Itdjpendad by iatcnrcning waia. On (Cam'! depaitwe fraca Con^o, the king a p pcimed •ritk tiiaa MM of the 'young itobiet, who bad bacn wii W PbnugJt lo f?>> now at an aBihaAdBtfirom hit coant t» Stia Poktagaafe nui^ dy, rtfpieftingihat be w aa l d inanmii-^ aiahrftpd propn peifoot to inihuA him and hit fabjefta in the priirrplct oiF the Chriftian iaith. The AfiScawatai- baflador was accompanied by fevcral other nobles, Wha went in order to b«. pf'^wrW < \ ucatad ; 'and with then the king icnt to bit PortUKueit iDtfefty fome valuable articles ■aaprefent. -" On their atttval at LiftoR, Caan . pcefaitad the aa>ba£< frdot and bit catnpanians to the kiof, whd raccivcd dNitt in Aicii a mtnnct aa fully eTinced the fttitfiiftion he fak at die fueoeis of the eKpcditien. ; They coniiaMd fet : ioMa timt iw Portugal, during which ibcy mtit educated inl a- manner fuitibw to their rank, and particularly iaftni Aad 4a the principles of- tha cliarcli of Ronae. fhe amba&dor, attherequeft of the kiag, waa baptiaad at Baja, the ccre- laony of which waa perfanncd' w ith gtaat : magiiiiicenca c and the king bimieir voucbfafing to ibmd godnthei', the. anbaAdoi wi« cbaiftcncd in hia naaic. A Otort tima aAfci this, Am klagiinit the Afiricana to tltcir own country, i* a fltip which he a i A iat d to be fitted out for that purpMB under the ctNiBiand of one Goiuttea de Souu, a matt of no Icfa tank and ai>iUtlea than Cam ; aod with them he atfoiei\t layatal priefla, iiogethc* with: ftmta, nitret, okalioHi. and oltict ne«effiwiet p^ofet far dilW dursingi the ceremoftiet of ilhe Rbntifb pcniHfioit. An.' aockfent, however, bappeMd om their pallagc;; for thai plague biving for feme iitae ngadviolciiify at L.ifl>on,.tfa« aontagionwaa carried on board the fliip by feme of tbofe who bad croharltrd, when fevenl of them. di<;d, among whom was the coiumander ; bultliialofikwat fooit rcnie-- died) for Gonzales Ae Souaa, a near relatian of the de- eeafed, was appointed in hi* Aead, by coafent of all the officers. Arriving at the river 2aire,, tbey landed at Songo, where they were rccnvcd with great joy bv the gover- nor of the province, who was urKle to tne king, and had kb fixed refidence in dut capital for the fake of car- 2 ing on a commerce with the.Portugucfet. and had been well infiruAed by t)iem in the principles of dK Romilh chwch^ that he was baptised looti,' after their landing by the name of Emanuel, which waa that of thobrptbcT of kia Portugueii! raajefly. Gonzalez, feon after this ceremony waa performed, went to the king's court, where be informed ht» nMJcfty of the converfion and baptifm of his uncle ; at which he was fo highly picafcd, that he gave him ablblute powcv todellroy every diing tlut tended to pagaiiil'm throughout his do- minions. The I'ortuguefe conunander then informed the king of his commiflion, and of the holy veikis and orna- ments he had brought with him. 1 he king appeared greatly pleafed at this information, but niucli more io, when, at his requefl, they were brought to him, and ex- pofed to tlie view of the whole court, ainidtt crowds of hit fubieAt, who all beheld them witli the greatcti veneration, particularly the cwh, before which the Portugucte tailing CM their knee*, the king and nobility fullbwed llieit ex- ample by profirating thcinfelves bcioie it.. Hi- majetty was' very particular tucumiuiog every vcilcl and vcltwcnt, ua Another rulmii\ity no leA'impcMMrfueeeedad this !a#, namtU, the puMic hiaptifntol the kh«t and queen, with^ (everal of the nobriity, which waa partorawd in^ tha new-. ateAcd chuich, W ith great muniAaenei. The king waa cbrifltiidd by ilw nartia of JofiaK and tb«q«t«ntiy nia< of Lldonora, in dM 0f boih Cnita ft llowed (he oainpleof their I'overeign ; and tko king tha aaert llrai^ ««|^diha'paopla in gtnarai lt> become «oti verts, OM acODUat of hit being then at Tariance with » mighbouriiig prince. The king being dtterminrd to en- gage h^ asMmy in peifent Souaa, the Portiigaolc amhaM MMtgava kJm a. royal ftandaid, an whkh was the ligure of baiuih idolatry irodi tkecouiitty. %o effe^k diit, ibey bafve aiabliihed fevcrai perfoiw aa MiooI«r»ften« by whom die inbabitantt arc taagbt to read and write, tiid are inftru^ed in the prinoipletof the Romiib leligion. Several Portuguele and MuUtto priefls, wh» ofiioaleaccordiugio tlw rites of the church ot Rome, ard alfo maintained litre. 1 ' < We mud however ohicrvr, tlial though the inhabitaBtl pf thcchicf placetiu'tbit kingdom appear outwardly to ptofelt the Romilh.icJi^ion» yet the principal pait of theita 4re ftill idolaters in theit hearts, and focreily purfue dieit antient fuperflitious iwtiooi. To fpeak mote plainly they are mere hypocrites, appearing only to be Chrifliant when they are in the prefence of the Europeans ; they openly Hirry their beads and crofl«s, and fccretjy their hcatheniiUi ditfrni 41M) amulets. Such of them as live near diurchest and in the ^ght of the Portuguele, are married according tp the,(;ereinonies o( the church oi° Rome ^ but ibcy witt not fulfil their engagements, fmcc every one takes as many concubines fts he on ixtiiitain, as we have . ab/>, «a^ tki tit'' p^Utt thirt I awf tktflt^t tadJUgnitj t/lh* Uh, hii gt- vtmmtHi, Umt, f in thit province. Cbilongo it a more eitcmive province thait either of the other three. Some peitt of it arc very mountainoui, but in olbert there are large and exteniive plaint, which are very fertile, and produce gpod grain, u alfo abundance 6f pelm-tteet ; it it a very populoui part of the country ; •nd though the inkabitantt are not fo well polilhcd at their rteighbour-, yet they cany on a conCderable trade, par- ticuiarly ii\ clcphanti teeth and cloth. The governor of thit province it abfolute, and the people have the liberty, at hit deceale, of chufing a fit perfon to fuceced him. The province of Piri, it a very flat country, but it it well peopled, and ptodocct great plenty of moft fortt of provifiont, particularly cattle and poultry. The woodt •re well floated with timber ; be6des which there are fruit trect in aoundance. Some of the inhabitanta .^re great traders, and they are all diflinguiflwd for being very quiet and affable in their difpofitiont. They live chiefly on milli, and beaflt which tJiey kill In the woodt. The mcft diftineuiflied of the other provincea, which are mudii fmaller uun thofe already mentioned, arc. Ma- jumba, Sette, Kilongp, Caeongo, and Angov. They are all maritime placet i and their coaftt being frequented by European (hipt, tnijict chem better known than the larger onet. The firft of thefe provincet, called Majumba, it fituated to the weft of Piri, Dctween the third and fourth degreei of fouth btitude, and extends weftward to the fea coaft, where there it a high promontory called cape St. Cathe- rine. The bay or port of Majumba liet two Iea|>uet to the fouth of cape Negro; and the great river Banne, on which arc feveral fmall iflandt inhabited chiefly by fUher- men, runt into tliis bay. The principal part of the country conflib of woodt and gravM, iheforMT of whieh aboMd* la XHJMi kindl of wild animal*, particulaily Uihoon*. ape< • m4 fc««nd forte of BMnkiai. The foil of the province it i^ genetil very benan, not produeing any ttuid of oorn or grain, fo that the native* live on planum*, rooli, nuts, and filh > and fometimet they catch elcplianti, whole Heih they greatly tdr> mire. There it only on* long ftreet in the town or village of Majumlw i and this i* Tiuili to near the lea, that the wave* often oblipe the iiUiabiuni* to delist their huufei. Un tlie noitli ude of it i* a river lb*i i* remarkable for producing great quantitie* of ovfleri. Thia river it very nirrow at tlio mouth, and not above fia htt deep i but higher up it ii botii broader and deeper, and it navi- gable lor large canoe*. It ii very convchient for tboie who trade with ihe inlubitant* of Satte, a* it extend* at le4ft Kity mile* up the country. In dii* town ■* a mokiflo called inarainbe, whicli i* kept in a large houle, or temple. It refcinbk* the flgufe ot a man, and (land* upright in a high haflwt made like a bee-hive. When the lord or go> vernor of Ihe province goet abroad oo any particular occa- ftoa, Ihe iimge it alway* carried before himi and the fiift cup i* poured at tha feet of the idol when the ^vernor drink* palm-wine. The provinoe of Sette i* fltuate iucan hiiiidingt, iieing irregulU' in their fono, and ooa» ftruAed only of rccda and mod, coveted lOugUy with btanchei of tteu. The bay it a tttf rngwiiiliBm pUoe, _. , lad "J*= lie Tmi new AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOORAPHY. ••• MM ntttm WIM rtffHf tiMMMlftI WWW W^I5g* Mtd foati t Mt thh Mkitiiay I* fu|i|i4ia4 by ih« poul^i wtnch it fo pl«mtfol| that a gMxi fowl may ha porchaM at Hie value of an Englilh fcrthiitg. 'I'h«y havt alftgraat pimty of wiM fnwl, ami f«v*t«i uw«omtm>n iNnia y*c«liar to the country i among ibe latter, the moA rcmarluMe ii that eaUad the pelican, whicb, bcln| a iiri little known to Earopeanf, tunity of defehbingi I pelican, we iHaU take lliii opjiM. The pelican, from the top of the Mil to the end of tha tail, it alioatAve fcciin Imcih, and weif^bt in general 0m left than twenty pouttdl. The bill, which it liooked, it •bo Mt foarNcii inchet hmgi from tbe tip to the corMert of . the moMih. The fcaiheri of tlie body ate pf a creyifh ' colour, and thofc on the top o( the head fland ercA, and at* much longer than the reft. The tail and covert fra then of the wing arc of a dufky a(h colour ; but the endt of the quill fcatticri aia black, of Whkh there ere twenty- eight in each wing. The npoer chap it Hat and broad, and tha biH near the head it of a lead coloor, but vcllowifh towardt Ihectid, The lower chap U like two wng riba imiMi at the citremlty 1 and betiveen them ilMre it a thick yellow membrane, or (kin, which it can draw fo clofe up to the bill, at hardly to be perceived ; but IMI- withfUnding ihii, it may be to dilated at to contain a pio- H digiont quantity of water ; which it often of infinite ale «o the bitd when it travelt over fandy traAl, where that «' drfkia it not l« be obtained fcr mirrr mile*, i he left are 'I' bare above the kneci, and the fcct are webbed, having four i^ loet. B«t the moft remarkable eircimiftaiice bcionjiing to M thii bird is the bonet, which appear to be tranlparent, with many fibret and vcint roMrang op and down them thfoogbout their whole length. Another fingslarity, which it not to be met with in any other bird whatever, it, that near the middle of the ftomaeh the windpipe it di- vided into two bnmchct. With refpaA to the inhabitamt of Loaiwo, who ait caHed Irainat, they arc tall, well-fliaped, and of a fhin- ing black colour. They are free and genenrai to each other, but very eaf^r to attain richet, aiMl greatly addiAed 10 drinking : however they are tolerably civil ; and though libidinout themfehres, are enoeeding jealotti of their wivet. The men wear long garftientt, that reach from the middle to the anclet, at the bottom of which it a hand- fonie border of fringe. They are bftencd at the waift with a ftring made oif tbe leavei of the matombe tree i befidet which, they have two girdlct, each three or four inchet broad | one of theic it inade either of red or bMck cloth tightly embroidered, and the other of yam wrought with ftowct«,andie ftringi . 9mik ulc girdiei made of biilnilhct, or pelm-lravet, wnidt they weave and plait togefftet ( and all of them Are oMi|^ to ■;^ , - have en the outfide of their gariacnlt a piece of the flcin * of a leopard, or Ibme other wild heaft. They wear ilringi of beaJi about tlieir necki, and their arms and Icgt are or- namented with brift, copper, or iron rings. They have a cap dn their heads, whit» it made to fit clofe ; and in their handt thbtained, tliey affembleroj;%;l(er ; .md the parlies agreeing tohVe each other, an entertainment is provided for the u conunanaca iiiem not to work on gtefts, and the whole ceremony is ended. The ) t>lan, ani nat only peri'oiw ihair domeftk 4Met, but af« oMigad in enliivate tlia land, wklh tkeit hulhandi 'We in a MMra Hate of indolence. I'kay iwit never I'paaa to their halbandt in any other pcAnea the* ott their handed hneet 1 nor ever eat till alktr Ihair hnf* bandt have done, and than ahtarfoMy akathe leavings. Thcevtonr of infimtt here, when IM bom, is naaify the lame atof thqfe in lv«(«p* (•-bM in two day* it tavM to a perfcA bku:k. 'Miii drcumftanc* greatly deceived the l^irluguefe for fomc time after they tttllcd in thefc parts I for, havlnc ':amnMrte with the negro women, thcv took it for Branled, that, when a child wu bom, it muft be thein 1 Mt when they came to fa* ilMd : hewisvtr, when a child is predttced between bofli, that la, a mahitto, tiey have nat only k great rafpeA for the infimt, bote high vene- niiioii for the ubjeA that produced it. Bm It It not a little remarkable, llixt though both partiet ire nccroci, Tct it fometlniet ht|inent that 'lh« cHiM ll very di^ient m colour from that Mitt paretus. Theft, at a diftancct gteally lefemble Kuropcent : they have gw v e y as, and red or yeHow hair , hut when you are dofo to them, their «>• kmr it like the corpfe of an European, aitd their eyes ap* Bear at it were llanl in their heads Their f^ght Is very imper fe ft in the day ; but at night they ft* ckai. •fpecltlly if It be moon-light. I'hefe rxiraordtnary Mrtni a*e ftip- pofed (u be occatioiwd by the efKrAs of ima^itaHmi in tm Woman on feeing a wbiie man, in thk fainl' Ity an iWl n hiftnry informs us, that a white woman' t>t Ibrth a black child, by viewing the piAurc of a negrfr. Tbe iMtives callchildren of this kind dcnioa, which t >ft of taking fttch attidet u fbey think pitmer. On the death of ipy veral of their honfhold goods, and lay by the (Ida Of iM body, at alfo the moft valuable thinjn ufed by the deccifed perloii while living. They thenhaftily take up the corpfe, and t II ry it with ill expedition to the grave. In which it la immediately depofited: fome of the goods are thrown inta the frravc 1 and after they have eipreflfed their faimentatloilir by liowliiig, and the moft ftrangegefticulations, it it HU/ti up with eanh. The remaining goods are fet over tho grave on poles, being iirft cut to prevent their beitig ftnien. 1 he relations bewail the loft of the deccafed M attending tlie grave for fix fucceflive weeks, morning aM evening. They will not fuffer any foreigner to he buried In thel^ tountry i when it happens that an European diet here* his body It carried in a ix>at two miles from the (hore, anij thrown into the lea. This cuftom took its rife from a Pot* tuguefe jrentleman being buried here fome years igo,,f90il after which the whole country was affliAed with a^mlne. The prieftt thought proper to anribute the cadfe of the general calamity to the interment of the foreigner, whofo body, in confequeiKc of their opinion, was taken up, an^ thrown into tbefea ; and they have never flocC permitttdf a ftrangerto be interred in their country, itierely ftoat tliil circumflance. Thefc people are all idolaters, though an attempt wAir once made to bring them to a knowledge of Chriftianity : foi in tlie year 1663, a fiimous railltonary, naiAed father Rernardin, an Hungarian, being at Loango, had fome con- ferences with the then king, acquainted him witli the dot- trinet of theCbriftian religion, and baptized him, tcgetlier with his queen, hiscliildren, and fome peribiuof hit court. The people, however, woulJ not be perfuadol to follow rhe kiiig't example, nor could tbe molt forcible arguments induce them to relinquiih the kaft particle of 'heir fupcr- flitious maxims, 'rhey paid no refoeA to themanJatcs of the king, who in order to eftablith the new religion, commanded tliem not to work oit Sundays, which they their idolatioiii notions. as ware derogatory from * This [AFRICA.] M V7 er uro belttg fed M ig uta hcre« :, tn4 |«Pof- a,(pon amine. lof the 1 whole Thi« Tlili tF&i'tnriiirr* uf llu- p*o|il« pfniluccii • ntliotnl •oinmoiKin : u»e ut llw kin^'* coullits, • inaii |i;ii' l«rly r.r:«l'Mit li>i iikiU* king wIki w«t n*lur;ilty couragcotii, went willi liii irmy to *U»C< CliL' rclitli, iihI a ilcfpciaK ciif(rin|t over iIm Srint ipal p«il <>f the loyal oiiuy Ouiiti); tlie «iiK>n''i'*">i< K kiitK wi« oblip.t'J tu tctiio wiili th* few lliit liaj le- mamcil laithlul to liini. I h< comiuciori olfercfl lu lay down llu'ir aiuu, unci la p;iv ob«ilicMce to him ai for* mcrly, il lie wuulJ tanuuiicc tlia new religion Im liaJ em- br.u'cii, an«l put ihiiit;* aKaiii uftm ihcir anticnl footin);. The kiiij;, who, aniiciicJ cuiivinccJ in hi< minii of the luilh gf the Chrirtiiii ri'li}-!!!!!, maJe anfwer, that he woiikl iirver renounce (lie wotlliiiiof tho true (iod, and Would fpillihe veiv tall diop of hit UUkmI in tli« JcfciKc of it. In confr<^uenGc of lhi« reroluiion, fcveril otiMr bat- Dot were louii;lit between the king and tho rcbeln, in the bl) of winch ihc kiiw'i tru, to enjoin to Keep fome patUcuUr thing as a law. No. 31. 11m pried alls the pisrrtiii what Wt« their ln|unAion« andthat uf ilirii aiurltorW wh-ii Uinginlwarvd, he tclti llit'in, that the oracio, by the iiiokiUb, hat ordered, that the child (hall lie riiiuined not lo 4o fuch things during tlio couile uf III life . which the mother takes tare 10 in- culcate in the mind of llie iiilant at it growi. Tlicfc in- tun^lioiit are of vaiioiis kinds, at, that they mul\ abftain horn inch pattiriilar llrili, hiilis, or fruit -, or that, if t* ry cat fuch Hclh, ih'y mull uul it alone, leave none, and b >'^ ihc buiws deep , iliat ihey n»ay not be eratc way, he afcrihei Itis health lo the mokilFo, and not to thote virtues thomfclvei. If a ficlc man recovers, they never impute iteithr, to tlie force of nature, or the applii atioii of medicines, but the mo- kilTo gets the credit ol the cure which they pcrfoimcdi and if the patient happenj lo die of old a^e, or by any misfortune, they lielieve he was killed by foicery for having violated the niokilfo's injunfliont. Thev have, belidct their private mokiflbet, many public ones, that are kept m temples or huls, lo which they daily repair topav their devotions. One of ihel'e is at a 'ilLige called 1 hiriku, and in figure leftmbles a man. The g.inga, or l\i(',h-pried, who is loid of the village, pcifuims the fervice every morning, in thii manner : aa loon as llie people are alFembled, Ite fits down upon a mat, and with aleatliern bag llrikei his knee feveral limes, having fmall iron bells taflensd to his fingers. After thir, be flriket the bag feveral timet on his bread, and then ufes many Urange motions and poduret of his body, handt, head, and eyes : foimlimcs he railist hit voice, and then depieili't it, lictiueiitly repeating the word marioraena ; to which the aflirnilily anl'wcr, ka. When ihit hat conti- nued for fome time, the ganga appears as if didra£led, and his rage Incomes fo violent, lliat he is obliged to be held i but by virtue of a four liijuor dnwn from cane, «itl» which tliey fprinkle him, he recovers, and then declare* what he has leceived ficm the mokidb, and what mud be , done in cafe of ficknefs, and the like. After this, he re* commends lo the mokilTothe health of the king, the wel- faie of the country, flourifliing of the feed, fuccef* to the merch'.nis, and full nets for filhermen. The wholo company clap their hands, in token of afTeflion, at tha mention of the king's name ; which concludes the ccro-. mony. Kikokoo, is another remarkable mokilTo. This is a black image cut in the fliapc of a man fitting. They believe that this mokiflbpiefcivcstliem from death, and that h» kecpi them fromucin^ hurt by forcereri. It is kept in a. hut, which is always giiaidcd, on account of its having been oikc ftolen by fome Portuguefe failors, who took it out of the houfe, and carried it on board their (hip ; but in the way the head and one of the arms broke off. When the Portuguefe came again to Loango, they were afraid to venture on lliore without rcdoiing kikokoo, fo nailing on the broken limbs, Ihey conveyed him at night to his old habitation. The next day a report was fpread among the blacks, ilut kikokoo ha.l been in Portugal, and that a trading (hip had cariicd him away thither. Some lime after this, a Portuguefe (hip happening to drike upon the rocks of Loan^o, the blacks faid that kikokoo hail broken the Ihip, bccaule the Portuguefe had driven a nail into his head. But the mokilTo, called malemba, is the mod reverenced - by them, and is pjrticularlyedeemcd on account of its being viflted by the king. It is a max about a foot and a hatf', fquare, on the top nf which lisiig feverai fmaii ba(keu„ with fcollops, featnert, iron bells, rattles, bonct, and oihef ' iriHet. Tlie ceremonies belonging to thit are performeil with little drumi or tabert, on which boys (Irike with thci^, 4 L haiUt. ■">»«?'■ i}t« Tue NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. Iitruh. After thti, ■ fong Is cliantecl by the company, and a perfon appointed ibr that purpofe dips a brufh into fome wati-rtliat has becncoloured with takoel, which hefprinkles on the king and dte ganga, or high-prieft. The nobihty that attend receive a ftretk on their bodies o\it of the fame pot ; after which, they have the honour to carry away malcmba, with his potn, bruihei, tec. which they replace as before. Another of their mokiflbes is called kofrte, which con" ftils of a fxck with fome horns full of whiting. The fer • > ice to this im.ige is performed with rattles, long fticks, tinging fongs in the night, creeping on their knees, waffl- ing, tpitting, (houting, tying ring* and bands about their bodies, and the like. They fay this mokiflTo fecurcs them againft the dreadtui coiifcquences of thunder and light- ning, and alfo prefervcs them from lickncfi. Belides the abovementioned, they have many other images, which have different names, and are fuppofcd to be ferviceable to them on various occafions ; but tney are all equally ridiculous, witli thofe we have already defcribeU, and only tend farther to evince the folly and fuperftition of their deluded votaries, who facrifice every particle of rea- fon to defend the honour of their contemptiole idols. Before we dcfcribe the city of Loaiigo, &c, we (hall give fome further particniars relative tome trade, inhabi- tants, method of travelling, houfes, coin, produce, tee. of the Loaiigoefe, as extracted from the account given by Captain Uriiig, who failed to this part of Africa. " The chief of their trade, according to this writer, is in flaves, though they have fome elephants teeth, and bees-wax. aiw) have very rich copper mines in the country. I have feen, fa^s he, quantities of copper-drops, which were pieces of about a pound weight, run from the ore, »n liave canc-wsU: of sbsut ten or twelve ftit high, which form a walk about ei^^ht 3 feet wide, reaching near forty yards from the houfes, but with fe many winidings and turnings, that you go ftve times that dilfautce before you come to their habitations ; which is all the grandeur 1 obferved in their buildings. I have been entertained with palm-wine and fruit at many of their houfes. " The chief of their common people'* food is cankey, potatoes, and other roots ; the b< iter (brt eat fowls and Hewed (i(h. Their (i(h is drefied thus t diey take five or (ix frelh mafounge, and put them into an earthen pot, with a little water and palm-oil, and a great deal of bird- r^pper, and fome fait i over the (ilh they l.iy three or four pieces of fmall fticks acrofs, and then (ill the pot with Sreen plantains, and cover it dofe , the fume of tlie pot cws the plantains : this is eftccmed an excellent favoury dilh. I was prevailed on to taflc it, but it was fo hot of the pepper, tliat I could hot get the talle of it out of my mouth for feveral hours. " Their money they oil mucates, being certain pieces of clotli made of (ilk-graVs by the women, about the bigncfs of a (heet of paper, and paflcs as current coin j they lew feveral of them together, which make a (iithom, and was what they cloathed themfelvcs with, before the Europeans traded with tkcm. They value our goods by an imaginary coin, fomething in the nature of the Portuguefe manner of counting by rets, o( whom I fuppofe they -learned it. A piece of blue bafts is valued at one thoufand, a piece if painted callico at fix hundred, b piece of neconnes (ix hun'- dred, a Guinea ftuff three hunclrcu, of paper-braul three hundred, »{mM keg of powder three hundred, and fo of the reft. Aniiabafcs and brafs pans, pewter-bafons, guns and powder, are much cfteciiied with them : they are very fond of fmall black beads, and coral, to make bracelets : we had alfo knives, tapfeels, and chareolees, with a fmall (quantity of fcarlet. and blue broad-doth, which the na< tives wear in (inall rings tied round their waift (or orna- ment. We bought men-(1aves from three thoufand (ix hundred to four thoufand, and women, boys, and eirls, in proportion. We reckoned a man-flave at fifiy (hillings prime-coft of the goodit in England. There was in the town a Uige Portuguefe faAory, and in the road a huge Dutch (hip and two Englifh (hips bifidet ourfelves, or we (hould have purchafed (laves much cheaper. They have a market every day, where provi(ions and good* are fold ; it begins very early in the morning, and lafts about three hours ; they have plenty of Indian corn, kidney-beans, calavances, pindas and guba-gubs ; which Uft are in (hape and tafle like our white peafe, with thii difference, one grain being as big as four or five ; they grow upon a vine which runs upon the ground, and every ungle grain is covered with a diftinft (hell. They have great numbers of plantain and baruina tree*, as they have of palm-trees of feveral forts, from whence they draw great quantities of palm-wine, and cxtraA a great deal of oil from the fruit, which they both eat and anoint them-"' felves with, and fell to the Europeans. They have alio large cotton- trees of a proJigious fize : pine- apples are fo plentiful here, that I have bought ten for aknife, which coft in England about two-pence. They have fome limes ; but I Taw no lemons, and but very few orange*, and thofe bitter, four, and ill rafted. They have plenty of dunghill- fowls ; but I faw neither turkey nor duck in the country, no black cattle , nor hogs, (except wild ones) and but one iheep. The men have their drinking-bouts of palm-winr, . , which i* the only liquor the country affords betides watcri they let it ftand two days after it is taken from the tree, in • which it ferments, and grows four, and has fome fpirilf in it, which exhilarates them, and makes them merry : they fit at thefe drinking-bouts twelve hours togetlier, till' they get drunk. I have tafted it, but found it very dif- agreeanle, but when it is (irft uken fivm the tree it has ^ veryplealant tafte," Thus far this author. we (hall now, ar we propofed, give a particular de« fcriptiou of the city of Loango, and particularly the king's palace ; with an account of the ftate and dignity of the king, his government, laws, punilbments, reve* nues, &c. Loango, the capital city of the kingdom of the fanM name, (unds about four miies from the fea coaft, and is (ituatcd in four df'grees and a half of fouth latitude, it is a very large and |topulous city ; the ftrcets arc long and fpacious, and on tlic fides of them are planted rows of palmetto and banaiu-tices. The houfes arc built of an oblong form, with two gable ends, and a Hoping rnof, which rells on lon;», thick podi fupported by (lays. They are ill bui!? n«ari j af th . jinc Cue, ftand at equal drftances, and appear witli great uuiforniity. The infiJc contain* three [AFRieA.3 three 6r four ipartmenb, which ire all oh the ground floor, and only Icnarated bjr « flJEht partition made of widcer or reeds, 'rheir honfhold nrhiture conliftt chiefljr tof pofti, wooden trays, ntat*, fmall and great baikea for their cfcMths, tiC. There is a fpadous fquare, farronnded with lofty tree*, hear the center of the city : here (m if obferved above) a daily market is held for tlie fale of all kind* of provifions, as meat, poultry, iilh, vrine, corn, and oil; atfo palm cloths of various forts, and mat quantities of elephanti teeth. t)n the weft lide of Mill fquare ii the ro^l palace, whidi fconiifts of a number Of detached buildings. The kfng's apnrtments are in front, and behind are thofe be- longing to his women. " The whole ii furrounded with tofiy palm-trees, and it at letft a mile and a half in cir- cumference. At a frnall diftance from the front of the palace is the place where tlie king hold* jniblie audience, and tranfaQi all bnflnef) relatire to the ftate. Adjoining to the en' trance of the palace, on the eaft fide, is the banquetihg- houfe, where the king every day retire* to diiwk palm- wine. It is a noble building, and die place wh:re ail dif- ficuh cafes arc adjufled in the prefence of the king. The fh>nt of i( Is open for the benefit of the air, and abovft twenty f<»t backwards is a fcreert or partition quite acrof*, 10 prevent tlit palnl-wine being feen oy the people. The foom is hong v'rh richtapeftry ; aitd irt the center of it; juft without the icreen, is the throne, which i* fnpported by fmall pillars iiuile of palnietto-branchet curioufly wrought in imitation of bafket-work. The throne is nnfed from the ground about a foot and a half, and oil each fide of it are two large wicker-bafkets that contain feveral weapons kept there by the king for the fecurity of his perfon. The king's eardens are on the eaft fide be- hind the palace ; and mole belonging to the queen are on the wefi lide. There are two mokilToes at a fmall difbince from the city, onc-of which is called mokifIbaLoan«>,and is hig^hly cfteetned. It is kept in a fmall hut, ami relembles a manin a fitting poftnre. The natives perform their fervices to this idol by dancine round it whh rattles in their hands, and throwing themfelve* into the moft ridiculous poftnre* and gefliculations. A (ilace called the Broad way, is fituated from the eail end of the city, whither fach as nave been found guilty of any crime by the imbonda drhik, are dragged and exe- cuted. The ceremony refpeding the triaiof innocence- by means of this drink, we fhall take notice in treating of their paniftiments. The monarch of this country hath a great number of wives, idl of whom, except the pniKipal one, arc obliged to be very obfequious tohim. 'rhe hitter, however, vnio who is diftingailhed by the tide of makenda, has not only the fuperiority over tlie reft, but indeed over the kin^ her hufband ; for he is obliged to confult her on all affairs of importance, nor can he aft contrary to her will. Such too i* her power, that the lus the liberty of chafing any other male companion her inclinations may fuggefl -, and what- ever chihiren fhe has by fuch lionneAion are reputed of the royal race. But notwithfUndin^ die king i* dius fubjeft to his principal wife, he otherwife preferves a kingly dignity. This prince is very powerful i and fo drcnmfhnced, at to be able to bring into (he field a confiderable army ; for all his fubje£is are obliged to equip themfelves with armt» and immediately attend at his commaitd. His drcfs cdn- lifts of a garment made of clotli or ftufF, and both he and his nobles wear, on their left artn, the fkitl of a wild oat fcwed together with one end ftufied. He makes two meals a day, the firft of which is about ten o'clock in the morning. Hit providons are brought to his apartment in covered bafkoU ; and widi the peme that briitg them there is a man With a large bell in till tnnd, which he rings, to give notice, that the king's dilhes are arrived. I'he king on hearing the found of the bell, leatn M« company ; atid as foon as he enters tlie apartment, the fer . vitors retire and leave him, when ho Ihuts the door, and cominncs by himfi^lf during the whole time he is at din« ner i for (as is the cafe in other parts of Africa) fhoult) any perfon happen to fee lilm either eat or dHitk, he wtmld imtncdiately he pTir to dtatfi. Ai>d fojmnAtnlly is this law obferved, that even animals tt« fiihjea to the lame fate, which h.ippcned to a fine dog preftottj io the king by the Portiifiuefe. This creature, not being well fkd hr\ thofr Who had the care of him, fntelthiG; the vHtuah one day when the kina went to dimier. fowt and arrows, lajices and darts, leaving only a finall pkice open, that the king miy have a conrenicnt opportunity of feeing the fport. They fpread nent before this opening, fo that if the leopard Uiould happen to take his coarl'e tliat way, lie may be taken alive. Vi h:n every thin^ is rfady, the beaflis roufed by tlie peo- ple making an tiniverfal ihouting, together with the blow- ing of horns, and beating of drums. As foon as tlie creature finds hiinfelf furroundcd, he endeavours to make lis efcape, but is prevented by the vollies of darts and ar- rows that are difcliargcd at bitn by the multitude, who follow him clofc; and if he happens not to take to the r.et, overpower and difpatch him. When the leopard is killed, the king retires to his palace, lieforc which the hunters bring tlie carcafc, and tiiumph over it by danc- ing, iinging, and exhibiting various kinds of antic pof- tures and diverfions. The highell rcfpeA is not only (hewn by the common people of the city of Loango, to the king, but alfo the greatcil fubmiflion to the nobility ; for when they happen to meet any one of thefn in the Ihcets, tltey immediately fell on their knees, and turn tlieir heads the other way, intimating that tlMy are not woithy to look at him i and in tliis pollure they continue till tlic nobleman has paired, I'he laws in this country are not complex, but fome of the punilhmeat: ire as fevcre as'thof^ of the neighbouring kingdoms. Theft is never puitilhed with death, uulcfs it be committed on the king : in common cafes, when a thief isdeteflcd, either he or his friends muft rcftore the goods Aolen, or atone for the want of tltein by an ade- quate compenfatioD ; befides which, the thief is tied to a Eofl in the middle of the Arect, where he continues an our as an objeA of ridicule and contempt to tlie fpc£la- tors. if he is unable either to reftore the goods, or pay the value of them, his relations muft work for the. party robl)cd till he thinks bimfelf fuflicieiitly fatiiiied. They punifh adultery only by a fine, which is levied in proportion to the circumftances of the offender; except it be committed on any of the king's wives, when tho man is buried alive, and the woman burnt. Whenany perfon is fufpefied of a crime, and it cannot be clearly proved againft him, he is fworn by drinking a certain quantity of a liquor called imbonda. It is made from the root of a fraall tree or Ihrub fo call"-? which is atraut fix inches long, and much refcmblv's ■■ '• ik t. The root is fcraped into water, which is boilv. i li^ gourds. The liquor is as bitter as gall ; and fo ftrong, that one root would ferve to try an hundred people. When the perfon drinks the liquor, if it be too much infufed, it oc- calions a fupprefSon of urine, and ftrikcs up into the head, inebriating to fuch a degree, that he fidls down as if dead, in which cafe he is pronounced guilty, and is according dragged to the Broaa way and executed ; but if he can Aand upright, and make water, he is deemed innocent. The determination oLMi matter rcfts intirely in the im- bonda giver, or perfon appointed to ■dmirtiftet the potiorft. for however innocent he may be that is fiifpeAed, yet il' tlie imbonda man has any dillike lo him, or bis accufer i* a perfon of iinpoi*taiiae, lie ts fvure to give him tht liquoiT fo ttron^ly iiitul'ed, that its operation proves fatal, though he does It fo artfully, ttiat h coiuiot be difcovercii 7hi» ceremony is performed at Loaueo almoft every Iveek, fo that many people are (kflroycifby it in tlie oourfis of « year. On tlic ileath of the king, the fuoeeflioo of tlie crowrt does \-^. devolve to his children, but to his eldeft brother ; but, for want of fuch kindred, it falls to his fiiler's chiU dren. T'lv>fe who have preKnfions to the crown are fivei in number, and iciide in towns or village* at Ibinc dif- tance from tlie court ; tliey preferve their titles agreeabl« to tiK names of the refpective villages in which they live. The next heir to the crown is called Mani-kay, who refidcs at a large town of that name about fifty roilei front Loango. The fecond is called Many-fiokke, and lives at a town called Bokke, fituatcd aliout fourteen miles up die country. Tlie third, called Mani-ballogs, lives at Salloga, a large town fitoated about thirty-five miles noitlt of Loaitgo. Mani-Kat, the fourth, lives at the village of Kat, about fity milet from Loango. Atid Many-In- yami, the fiftli and laft, refides at tlie hamlet of Inyami, which is fituated on tlie borders of the kingdom. When, on tlie king's death, Mani-Kay fuccccds, Mani-Bokks removes to tlie refidcnce of Mani-Kay, and the reft ail follow, a proper perfon being appointed to fupply the place of the laft. And then they lucceed to each others villages, and afterwards to the crown by a regular rou.< tion. Mani-Kay, after tlie dcceafe of the king, immediateljr enters upon the government ; but he does not go to couir till the funeral ot the late king is over, the ceremonies at- tending which are thefe : tlieyfirft make two vaults under- ground, adjoining to each otlker, in one of which they lay the corpfc, richly dreflcd, on a (tool, and by it all man- ner of houlhold fluff, as pots, kettles, pans, cloths, and garments. They thcp place round it little images made of wood and red earth rcprefentii^ the houfliold fcrvants of the deceafcd. After this, they leave the royal corpfc, and go to the other vault, where they place the bodies of fe- veral flaves, who luve been facrificcd to ftive the ] 'ng in the other world, and to make atteftation in what man- ner he behaved during his life. I'he two vaults are then clofed ; and in order to preferve it from tlie inclemency of tlie weather, a covering is crefled over each of them. Tlie revenues of the king of Loango principally arile from elephants treth, copjicr, and Haves. The grcatdl part of the copper is brought by ftealtli from an inland country, bccaufe the inhabitants of it and tlic kiugot Lo- ango ate nlways at variance. Kefides the branches of trade mentioned above in cap- tain Uring's account, the natives alio deal m tin, lead, copper, iron, red-wosd, and feveral ibrts of cloths, tho inauufaAureof the country ^ in cxdiange for which, they purahace of the Europeans, fait, Silefia tick'mg, beads, looking- glalHes, cutlaffn, andotlier cammodities. ■S>: a» ir. ■ ;■ ■ /■,■-■ CHAP. V. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF C A F F R A R I A. pw|// »^;«j ;'.* aw.'; 3« Sf . ;.;.,.('.» >»,! (,.;•. -/..v^, A.>W ."ifll tut K-.-s i r^ii . • . -ii" ^fM i- ■ . . c; >•; ut^t's SECT. I. Ctntatni a gtntral otctunt if Cafraria, and thi tiuntrtti thtriuilo heLnging i a difnipthn cf the interitr ttumrff tht Caffrti i t^al port of Caffraria called thi csuntry tf tht Hcttfittats i and of tht klngitm tf Mataman tr ClimktJt. CAFFRARIA, or Caffrcria, it excellently well fituated for navigation and commeice, both which advan- tages are ahnoil intirely nc&lcAcd. The country ii fci iile, ^iJ but waott the benefit of civilization. The inhabitants are naturally fagaciotis, but their faculties are abforbed in in- (kilence ; thus both the lands and minds of the people re- quire improvement ; but ^ft cultivation in the firfl Ihoutd introduce luxury, and tnAirixation in the h& produce dif- obedirnce, neither of theif are encouraged bv the politic Dutch, who pofll'fs the greatcft part of thecoall. TliLi country extends about leven Jiundrcd and eighty milet fiom noith to fbuth •,. that is, from cape Nc^to (o W: [A jF, R I C iLj . A. sf -i^ > ■i t I are in- re- buld fdif- llitk ^..- Aw cipc of Ga^ Hope f from the latt iik«ntiohad c*ipc, l^rnlng n0rth>e*(l> to the mouth 0/ the livcr Spiruu (OatitOi it rail* ^bout fis hundred and fikty miks t -and Iftoni theiice j^ri^feding up ih.- country almoftio the «(}4ii- .'nonial line, it i» about lOiw thoufand fevon bundled and ifoity miles farther. In feme placet it i$ nin« hundrwit' ' and in Qtheri not above fix hundred broad. Cmc Neg^o | M in filteen degree* thirty minutei footh Utittuie, and in ' ^c rivtr Del ^iritu Santo in twenty -fiv« dettrrM foothrk- ,'iiti|de. C«<&uia is fo named from the Ctffstn, it* inha- bitant* i though fome author* affirm, that thi* luune i« mrrelyan oppiobrkui term given by ttie Arab* to all who (have put contuled notioiu of tb* Ueity, and 'which the ^Bituguefe have by miftake apj^iridto tltefe people. ' pieof rjiphrrs uloaUy divide this e^cienfive wgipn iiUo 'five parts ( ' lidmely, i. The kii^^dom of Mauman, oi- ClfiDDcdef -2. Theiakan^countrieibctwaenMatamanand !JAonoi9ot*pa ; 3. The countryof the Hottentou ( 4. Terra de Natal ; and ^ Terra dos Fumos. But it in necefllMry .firft to lake notice of the dilicovery of thb couairfi bcjfbre Wc enter upon a local defcriptlou of it. The ttfc of Good Hope* which is the moft fouthelrn JMit of Atrica, till fo late as the year 1493, when it was tirft difco^ercd by Bartholomew Diaz, tlie admiral of a PortUguelc fleet, who, on account of the boifierout wea- ther he met with when near it, diftinguilhed it by the nante pf Cabo dos totos Tormentos, or the cape of all Plagues ; fince whid), no place in the uniyerfv hat oetn more t'pokai 'M>(f though little of the country, except the coafl, ha* been jitbetratesl "r known. The reafon why it lu|s fo much at- Siiiitd the attention of mariners of all nation*, u, their ti^ifii; under a ncccffity of frequently calling there for wa- tc; or other rcfreflnoent*, and alfo of doubliitg it. ii; fheir voyages to tlie lialt Indict. But John, king of Portugal, not Ukiiig the name wliich^is admiral had bellowed on this large promontory, changed it to that of the cape of Good Hope, which appellation it bath ever fince retained. Neither Diaz, or hit luccefliM V'afco de C>ama, tliou^h tbey law the caoe, thought proper to land at it. ,Btu ill )4a9 the Purtugucfe admiral, Rio del Infamte, Wat the firu who ventured on Ihore ; tnd from bis report, Eiaa- nue], king of Portugal, on account of the eligibility of tlU Ration, detei?nined to cftablifli a colony there : but the PortUguelc, who aro naturally pufiUanimout, having taken it into their heads that the inbabitantt of the cape were camtibab, were too much afraid nf being devonrni, to obey ihtir fovereigp ia making the fettlement he in- Some time after, thefe timid people landed here, under ibe condoA of a viceroy of Brafil, named Francit d'Al- meyda, where tlie Porti^ueft were IhamefuUy defeated by £ie fcarcc armed and uawarlike natives i the viceroy and venty-iive of his men being killed in the engagement, and the reft obliged to retire witli precipitation to their ibipt. Tb« Portueuefe were much chagrined at thii dif- •fter, and greatly abalhed at the idea of fuch martial fo- pcriority in a people by them deemed at once (itvage and oefpicablf . They determined to be revenged ; but not havingmagnanimiiy enough to (hew abecaming refentment, they contrived a moft inhuman and cowardly expedient. Touching at tlie cape about two years after, they buided with all the appearaiice of amity, and brougltton (bore with them a large camion loaded with ^pe fliot. Knowing the fondneft of tl:e unfufpeAing native* for braft, tbey pie- tandtd to make a prcfent of this engine of «leftru&on, which wa* of tliai metal. The poor pcopie, overjoyed by the gift of fo great a trcafure, began to drag it away by the help of two long ro|ws, whidi had been previoafly faAened to tlie muzzle. Great number* laid hold of the rope*, and many other* went before by way of triumph, when the trcacherout Portuguele Ariug oiF the cannon, a prodigiov* Daughter enlued, at moft of the people ftood within the the range' of thr fliut. Many wcte killed, fe- veral wounded ; and the few who efcapcd, abandoned with the molt precipitate terror tlie fatal yrefent. 't'h* Dntch, about tiie year iboo, bmn tu touch ac the cape, in their way to and from ttic Eaft Indies t and be- coming annually more fenfifale of the importance of the place, they eifiiAed a lottkineiit litre in l6(Hl irt their' own' opuntry, ther let tliemfelves dut to hire as fdldiert, to , fight the battles of fome of their more laxy and lefs war- ' like neighbour* : fo that tlicy may not improperly bp' < termed uie fvrifs of the c4pe. Cattfe is fo fcarce among' ; them, that tbey rlever kill any but upon certain Iblettih oC- ; cafions 1 their food being either the game they provide themfelves with in huilting, or fuch rootsi plants, and' ' herb* as their poor Country furnilhes. Many empW' 'tbemfdlvet in fearchirlg hollow tree* fbr honey, wnicH tbey barttr to the l)n<-'>t maflers : fo that tha-HenTaquas ate exceeding formidable to tlicir neiglv* iwurs by the afiftance of thefe tretnendpus light troops. The fourteenth country is inhabited by the Attaqnat, who are poor, having but few cattle, wliidi i» owing to the barrennefs of the country, and the want of water. This poverty of foil, is, however, their giand fecurity Igainft invauon ; as few care to rifque their lives with a certain profpeft of being loicrs," or to Ileal that which is not worti'' the having. The coofitry of the Chirigrkraas, being the fifieentb, borders on tne bay of Sr, Helen t ; the people are Arong, •Aive, and bold. The territory it watered by an excel- lent ftieam called the Elephants river, en account of the great number of elephants which frequenit its banks. This ^iftri A abqonds with mountains which a>c nent anfwer to all queiliont. I'he women are the foi|deft of finery, smd the moft artftilin their behaviour, of any of the natives about the cape. The country through which the Elephants river winds, it menntainons, .nony, and barren. Wild beafts an ntimcrous, though there are liit few wooehr. A beautiful deer is found in this part : it it fmall, exceeding fwili, and affords delicious Venifon, it it of a handfdme make, and the hide is admirably marked with while and yellow fpott. Thefe animalt are ne^er known to go fiitgty ; but herds of feveral hundtsds of them are frequently feen together. ° I'he feveiiicentli country lies to the noirthof Sahhina bay, and is peopled by the Odiqoas. They are continually at wai- with the ChirigriqVias ; therefore they are in perpe- tud aUtatKe with the Saniquat, for their mutual defenct againft the common enemy. Adjoining to the laft- mentioned nation is that of the SafTiquat : the country is mountainous, but at the limie lime covered with verdure, and the vallies are finely cni- ni/lic'd with flowers. It wat once a very populous country, but is now thinly inhabited : for the great fcarcity of wa- ter has induced many of the natives toq.iitit, and othen have been driven aw ly by the Dutch frtrtiooters. The coantiy inbabttcd by the Cochaquas, which it tllh nineteenth, is ptrticularly fertile ii^ paftnrage, on whidi aoeoutK a great rxtent of it is occvmiW refervingtoeach family a fmall portion of land juik' . funcient for the maintenance of their cattle, and retaining,'- ' the privilege in hunting in thofe grounds which the Eu- ropeans p^Hed. It M neceflary to obferve here, tint tlie Hottentots and ,\ Caflret have been often confounded togettier by writers, but' they are a dilTerent people, having a confiderable diffimi-' larity even in pcrfon and featuirt, as the Caffres are total!/ > Uaek, and the Honentots of a dark olive colour ; but w«' Ihall give a more particular dcfcription of them hereafter.' And W9 muft not omit to mention, that the above names' of the feveral Hottentot nations were not given to thefe people by the Europeans, hut arc rendered agreeable to the' found of thofe appellations, by which they diftinguifh each.' other: nor is term Hottentot a word of derifion, as I'oine fup|.nfe, but tlie name by which thefe people have called tliemfelvet time immemorial. The kingdom of Matsman, or CHmbede, extenr^s from ' ftxteen dectces thirty minutes fouth latitude, to die i iver Bravaghal, in twenty-four degrees fouth latitude, croflinc the tropic of Capricorn, and Ixiiig in length four hundred - and fifiy miles from north to fouth ; and two hundred and dxty ntilcs broad from enft to weft. The river Bra- vaghul bounds it on the eaft and weft; Benguela, on the north; andthe Atlantic ocean, on the fouth. Thefirft plaeewo.-thy ofobfervationin this Kingdom, ' is cape Negro, or Black cape, which receives its appellation - from its table appearance to mariners wh*n at a confider- able diftance at fea. At the extremity of the northern aogU it a bay «b9Ht fed vilet bread -, and on tb« fummit ' . ^iS-liys^'Vi■■i »*«* *^'^ ■ [A F R 1 c A.J c A p fe^ *d ¥■ ^ii6'ki'-6^' tt o p e. of tbemoantun ii ij9{Uir,iif lOt^er. wtdiS^'iKnu i^ ll .^ A Portogil apon it. Gfuffb Fri«,' l^d the ««pe 4^ tbe I name, lie in rigbteen tt^nei thrny-five arinoM; M^d^ bay of St. Ammofe in twenty-oifc desreei fouthlMitMC; ■nd beneath the eighteenth deeiee of fonthcrn liflitud^ liet cape Rvy-PIs,'lrhi^ extend ,abiM mews, as thefe neveVfly aboVe twenty' leagoes (roni tah4. There is lik^ire amitner token' by jvljiich (ailbts kjno^ .wheri they ate hear the ihttte,' whicH'.' ii' by'ijie' f the place for a fettleipent, and, laying before the Dutch Enft India company, a plan of its eligibility, the fchem; Was approved, and the propofer appointed governor. This 'gentleman, lailin^ with four inips to the ctipi, entered into a negotiation wuli thepeo- de, -who, In coniidcration of fifty thoufahd g'lilders, or tour thoufand three huiidreiJ and fiVenty-iive pounds ftefl- ing, agreed to yield u|i to' th^Dutih a confiderable traftof country abotft the cape.' '■ ! , V«n Ricbeeck, in order to 'fetrure his h^pdtchafe, im- inediattly creAed :i (Iruii^-fquare fort ; an^,'Jaid out a large garden, and planted it with a neat variety 'of the pra>- duAionaof Europe^ that he might rert<£er,tht ^ace a'l commodious and agreeable da pomble. ** The Dutch company, 'having thus filccefsfuUy begun the fettlement, propofed, in a\Akr the more efTeftually to efiabliih it, that every man, who would' fettle three years at the cape, IhoulJ have an inheritance of fixty acres of land, provided thai during that fpace he would 10 improve the eftate, as to render it fufficient to maintain himfelf, fend contribute fomeHiing rdwards ttm maintenahee.'iif the garrifon ; and at the ex]>iration cf the time, hi might cither keep poflenion of it, or fell it, and return home. Induced by thefe propofals. many went to feek their for- tunes at the Cape, and were furnifhed on credit with cat- tle, grain, plants^ utenfiU, &c. The planters, however, at length grew weary of their habitations for want of con- jugal fociety ; thtreibie the governors of the compa'ny, to prevent their leaving the place, provided them with wive* from the orphnn-houfes, and oth^r charitable foundations. In prncefs of time they greativ i Afcd, and fpread diem- felves farther up the country, ai ins; the coaft, till they occupied all the UniH from Saldaiinabay, round the fou- tliern point of Africa, to Noflel b>y, on theeaft; and af- terwards purchafed Terra de Natal, in order to extend their limits ftill faither. The Dutch nofleflions, then, may be confidered tender fnur diilrrent iieads or colonies, viz. i. Cape; z. Stei- y..bo(h; 3. Drakcnfiein i and, 4. Wavertn ; and «f thefe, after having pre- i-il'ed a few particulars concerning the Dutch fettlements v'lie cape, welhallfeverally • In this celebrated Ati::an fettlement, there are cftablilhments for the public adminiftiation of ait..:.;,, namely, t. A grand council; «. A court or college of juf- tice for capital matters ; 3. An inferior court for the dif- cuflion of petty aflairs ; 4. A matrimonial court ', ;. Ah orphan court ; 6. An eccleliaftical council; 7. A common council ; and 8. Aboard of militia. The great council has the governor for its prefident, who has a double vote, and is aflilted by eight of the oHnpany'S officers who refide at the cape. The members of the grand council.in coniunCticn with the three chief burgomafiers of the cape town, compofe the fecond conrt, or college of juftice. The court for the difcuflion of petty affairs, or the in- ferior court, confifUo(aptefident,whdmaftbeameiaberof a; yiM-M^0dcat| li the o^ptny^ cbrk, aii4 iM* «*lwr tjteir lyiWfAjufe fewanu and fel«andant>> ' >.• Different iiMtler* come under the: oa(iv||jprkv .<>.lte fiiatriinaiiia! couirti whichconfibof .thelaiiM wamUn.m thf foraging. . ' , Sjye» penti^i compoft tb« Qf|fap ooort, v>». the *5fl»». praadenit of the jpcafeounciU tl^Me oftM «9q>jp)>A/f ftp- Vanu, And ibr^rnirBberi of tfaie capei. .. Tbrest piiRoici m , tht; three rc<9rinad ch»rcl)e^ Imre, .fin eld^rl «r churcbwardaiSk and ^frelve ovcrffcrs of the ipMNV coAftitute the eccleiiafliol council. in' every cape colony acourtof common-coaiKirM eila* blifhcd i each of th«fe it compofed of burghers cltofen out of dielitfs prepatM by the burgefle* of eaith coloity. Hera. are two boards of militia; iMmely, the Cape Tbm ^rd, which confifls of a oMipbcr oS the gnmi copiicU, «i)4 nine of the principal military oflkers of th* cape colony ; ind the board for SteUenbofiiand Drakenftein cpIoniM, in which tbe land-droft c' Stollenbofh colony pt^efidea, and nine military officei* of both colonies ar« ajw oin teji to affiH him, TBe power of thefe tenni courts is n follows : the firft tik0.cocnifance qfieverj(thii|ig wbfchcoitc^rnacoawwyce; lofngnit^and repeals, lawf.; aini^ )i4uwife hath authority to (j^lare vfar or make peace' with the nations in the vici.iity (>f the fettlenfient^ The iccbnd uiet all,capitcl esliN in ci- vil and criminal caufea ; but an appeal lies from this court to Batavia aq^gHqlland.. ; The vifitA is inftituted (or ili« detmpination of, aOront ^r (ipwl 4ebts, and f<>t trefr paDes ; Mo tbat no a£^ion can be entered here vrhich «]t> c^ds'oheJinndred croyrn*. '. The fourth infpefts Ute va<] iidity of the marriages of the Europeans at the cape, on grants permiflion tor their celebratioo. The fifth take* care of orphans, uul prevents thofc: who have fortunes firom m'arrying before the age of twenty-five. The fixib {iftributearaopey.to, and l;^ef care of,, the poor. The fe- eh|h cotle£t^ taxes, ^and piuimes criminals, partieularlf iiavest wtth'iti its pWii jnrifljifUon.. The eighth cloattta the militia once a ye^r, and (i^ncls oiit hmcfieraen in pwfoit of ilaves that have run away from thei^ naafiera, The cxperices of the government arc e^mated 1^ tbirtyi thoufand pounds annually, out of .wliicb fix hundred fcr-, Vauts,, andf^x huwked flaves are maintained, and tlie go- vernor's incom^ i^ valued at four hun4rcd and fifty poun^to a year. A tithe'^of the produce of all lands is paid towardt fiittaining the government. The dfmes on lirandv, wine» tobacco, andbeer, arefjirn^edatfivptnoufandtwonundreii and fifty j>pu^ds per annum ; and the profin of other mercnandia(» aiitoupt to feventy-five per cent. Great indulgence is (hewn by the Dutch to thofe who f.itle here, and tltc cape Europeans meet widi mttch ciw. : ctiuragement upon all occi^ons ; nor are they lefs falicit-. ous to cnltiVate the friendship ,an4 conciliate toe affeAiont'. of the difFf rqnt Hottonitot nations. They generally live in amity with them : and are fo much refpefted at to be chbfen arbiters in mo(l of their quarrels. Deputies fironv ' the principal of thefe natioiu frequently waitonthe Dutril, i governor with ptefbnts of cattle, &c. when they are. hoCfi pi.ably ^ntertaipednand, .iiv return, ai« fent back agp^i); with what is iequally agreeable to themfelves. ^ , , It appea^, however, that on the ftrfl fettleif^nt of ilic> Dutch at the cape, all the Hottentot nation% did notac-; ouiefce in the fale of the country to foreigners ; for l]^. Gunyemains ditTrntMl from the agreement of the othera,' and, in i6$q, difputed the pofleffion of tl)e porchaf^ ter-; rltorie$ with the Dutch. TheySways made their attack in ilormy and hoiflerous weather/u ttunkine the firs-aona , then of Icfs . ufe and efficacy ;' and upon tofsfe ftccafionv y they would 'murder indifcriminatt « ''^ the Europesfo^, I they could meet, burn down their h«. ., om%(v and ano- ther chief called Garabinga, >-■ 'xtnltted great Jepredaxions. But the Hottentots them lelvcs .1' length growing tired of the war, one hundred of them,^ bjpngiugto.one tution, came unarmed to the Dutth fort, wi^ a ptefinjt of thitteea head of excellent fine Rattle, in order to file for pe*Gf^ This, it maybe imagined, was readily granted by the Dutfh who were heartily lick of 4 conteft, in which iliemfelyea. were fuch great lolers, wttbnt Wieln I whW the'men bwtn to be intoxicated, tW6 tit tntee huitdred little piecei Qftobocco where thrown amortgft tlie(A, (n (I ! jmbline'for which, they tiude a horrible np'tlc. 1»hii «««{(! ■ ?: hW-ly biJHy over, tilery began to leap ihi dai^e with ^.'':ralftrahgegeftureii the^oraen'inihe.iijeah .l^hlle ritippri' their hands, and continoally finging,' 6( ra- ttRefrottiMg > cirtamfcrence, 'ahd ttiefarthell is about four mSlei^diOar.t fittth' the cape : ujioii ittefe cmi'iencfs are tvrtnty^tv^d dhtc, tisi ;y>flilf)0^ of Which have not only a !(ood Vhanfioii houfi' vjc^irh, Mt gtear fjuantities of can'r ; (bine havicg abo.e pne »iiou Hihd Jli^p, and three or four hundred head^:'ldtx't. cMi. '■' N< IV twenty miles from the cape ftands <^iW-Lli ; biit it is I < ; Co well fettk'd as the farmer, the htiiJi 'ind watir tvsiilj; very indiff«rrnt, - 7fcc iiiext, c^Moitiinated Lion-hill, extendi nortbvt'aid ff ,Ai I iWc- Valley to the ocean, fts nime is clediiced by| fti.Hv' f:om tlie jfrtinblance it bears to a lion, wheh viei»ta 'tSiift ctefcj but bthets affirm it Was fo called from hav- -:.g formal' < abounded with lions. In a declivity tvtWcCn tnii'-trid "fible -hill are two centinds continually u^n dtrv, a con;^ bcin? crefted there for their rclulence. Their burmcls is, daily to afceftd to the fumMt o; this Hill, which they do alternately, by tteans of rope It iderii. The {itrfon at the top is able todtfcry a (ail at the ddl^rice cf thirteen Of fourtcep leagaes at fea. At foon is he p^-r- ^ivet'i fail, he gives a figiial to his comrade below, Kho goes to the foTtrtfs to give notice to the governor, »ii;)<: the reiTiainingccntinelhoifts the Dutch fla^,aiiddiichai|^!^s a two-ptfnnder. At the foor of this hill a little iott, moAnted/with four g^irij; was erefted by the governor, Si- mon VandCr SttI, at the hesd of afnuiu ciecic, but fcarcc ^yremavivi of it lie nriw'to be feeii.' - Table-I.ill, is thehighiftbf any, being near two thou- Jknd feet iii height. If fr Very fertile being covered with «?heyards, plantations, rattle, &c: ' The governor, among ctficri,' i£as arhar.n):nrfe;it at thrs plaCe i and two gardens, thtt tine named Rouiicbtilh-garileniaYid the' other Ntw- ttHd, which a.-e txtrtracJy plcjrtlnt! The former receives i« n.-iine from the fine It-ftJ trt^tijT'irhich agreeably (liade it, art^ render i5la good rttreat iii the iuhihier months. The latter hath io appellation from having Been more recently icw, tint l)ut«H i..,7T 1! H T^j^e left off Wkiiig It. „ to Filfo Bay, H ■"^lif'i/tx. LipiV.hill ftands ihe .Wind-bjllt W JDevii's- by a delaft (>f || hill,' kk it l« ^ctinci by the fatiors ; it is Ccpatatcd from tlw fointcj' ^y i vSafhJ ( , eal'ey. li rei;dve» thqfe appclla- ?ri»J^k' from tiie biVtttroU* jft^ndii which break from tlu •■■'iitc cloii^ that li'ti't iioyers over^t 1 for when tbel'e liar> ;ic ;iici iTvi.; fht;.i''.iig, •, \ wh tends to i.ne lira i loMo uiiif I !<<:■ iioycrs over 11 ) |or vrnttyi lueie iiu i>vi.';p5|oi[ki >,' . ''4^, andi^uctjirppfh the deft th-v 'fio ;,'( ; "iiMi"'.T to corn, fruit, houfi u' i iiUiiibles a ferpcnifwith 'a carbunde •■ \, i^i n6t peculiar to the coiyvrors at th*: cipe, fji i.. i*rtier (Mr. Hayncs) »nforhis' u« of a lece.t . filimin' folly : '"On the capeof SaclMi^, hetis\ .' . .1; lilKtis feen/wiiich mutfh reftihl)Ki a i^t. TJh tihi's mate &id, he liad fecn this lighr fcvcHrf tin?". vojngei by ihii tiland, and it wat laid to He a Iarg>. of. •,>un- *ni'9U< '■r'^'of or houfcst ■ic» in t';fir' way. This hill ex- id; togetiier with Table hill and Lion.'hilL encon^^>.]|i'..'!j 'A jplain called 'J°able-valley> which is toleVanly fertile, as vve/ffaA*?!.iWf ibom ;, liot 'he"»g *'«h f'Jpplied with watet-. " ' ' ' Thofc call' J the Npryfccen-li)Ila are very craggy, aiul •11.M17 f --umijei ; but as tlicy art at a confiderable dif- taiice -I . die cape, four only (« fettledi and on theft cxeM qu.int(ties 01 cattle are reared : but the governor \ ander Std builta hanJibmccountry-hpufej afiih-houicf a <»paciou3 ftablci 4cc. on a fertile fpot here. 'The'laft of tl^clc; ca,Ued Bulh-hiilt *< fo named from tba trees 'and' (hrubs with which it abound*, and nina tlown M a place called WoCKi's bay, on tlie coaft. ' The Salt river, is the principal that water* tbis colony : this is fo cafled, tiecauie the waters, towards its mouth, a| Table bay. are brackilh, but at its foifrce in Table-hili it id°/weet, iatubrjous, and clear. Siwon Vander Stel at* tempted to cut a canal of communication between this river andFalfo Bao ; but on being convinced tliat it would neither anfwet the de^gn, nor rciniburie the espence, lia dcfifted. Th^^ river Mufliel or Mudel, is only a temporary one« virhich.ii fprmcd in tlie rainy feafop, aad falls from tho moun'^ins into the S^lt river. Another flream, calle4 Kerlcy't river (froi^i a German of that name drownec) t^'jcrcin) 1^ alwaya Aojppfd upin ihedry iinfon by the fand- baiikt ^bicb are ra|fcd by the violent louth-eaft wind ; and this, by throwing the water out; of its channel, forma a confiderable lat(e ; till the wet feaibn caufca it to How again in a regular manner, bydemolilhing its fand-bankt. Many parts of the country abound with fmaller Dreams, : fpring'n, fountains, cafcadcs, lutuial aud artificial canalty p6h^, and other rtfervoirf, . .,..,,,,...■ .ir.;.. Stelleiihofh colony was origirtally a wild country, over- run wj^h (hrub^, brambles, and bruih-wood, and called a* firif, by the I^^tch. \Vilil I^oreft. At lerigtli, the governor* I Sliuon Vander Si !, cleared and fettled it, when it received J fiotn'him, the n iinc of btel's-bufh colony, which was af- terwards conupted to Stellenboih. This colony which it ; fepacatqd from Cape Colony by a fandy delatt, is divided ' into fpur diftii£ls i nain.ly, Stcllcuboiti, Hottentot Hol- land, Mottergate, an(! Bottclary. The UiAtia of StcUenbofli is furrounded by 'I'tls, Iis.,f ' wholcfonie air, fertile foil, and alxjund.; with \. .' V yiitu. I rngCt hcibk, fiowets. Inc. The pbnuations - <. > undivided J into vineyards, cornficUU, 'i hards ar 1 ruens. The banks uf Stellcnbolh river, which falls I- -i the mountains, • ar^^adorncd with many coiumodiovs h ifcs and pleafxii ; eftates, tlic Aieamitfdf yields various kinds of fniall filh ; near Tab!r bay into wltich it difchargcs itfelf, many of a larger fot are taken. A fine bridge is laid over the rivnr, which was ere^Ud by a pu' ■<: fpiritud gentleman .-it his owiv cxpcnce,'in the room ot o.ie ot a very r.arr'iw ai).' incon- • vfnici|t cunftrufiiou. Adirain \ aiidcr Slcl created ano- ! tlicr bridge over a Jificient nart of thi? river, which hat . been Chcc fuflci d to run to deciv , aud is now in a luiiiout fiatf. Tlu; vjllaj^e of SkJlcubojIh was accidentally '■ t" t to th» 1 *"'" "" V'jaiid ,4i-J;ii.-4^3.V^j< ^■^' i l2m^^^ . . ;^F tAFHICA.1 C A t^ P CaA4 irt t } lo, Ut iia4 Uu W«i icbuilt ^Uh. tri^Utal ■»• WuliiiUiafloanihirigfitMUioaatpKfimt. T)m ktnai of tiMlii diftriaii ctIM , HoiisMdi iU- ImmI, is th* matt ftrtllt put of SUtltiiboai coloMyi ob Wllich acCMill grcM i|Uiitt(ltici of cittle kra bred hslw for ttic MBMwy't uk; tbcie *re mtny houftt. irioeyardti tn4 gKd«M, iKunging to tti« plaMMtioiu, hk6in Ou ptOiirM. Though this country wi> formerly inhibited bf ftwcc tar Umm bat wild bc»A«, it is now in genettt trultivttedi IM ihow voncioui muiimU have been either driven to Inon nMel«andiei)ueA«feii placM, or totally dafttoycd. In ibt hiUy pwt of the country are three riten, whicU 4U«nbo(iic ucniitlvei inis Falwi bay, and wattT the dif- triA ; the one, called Lawrence river, frequently over- flowed, till a fcTwvoir waj made to icceive in rapkt water*, hj which the miCchief was prevented, and plenqr of water retvned againft tlie drv ieafon . a ftream from this bafon lurniacommill, andafert waa formerly built opoa the liMkf of the river, but the latter hath been iufmed to tan to decay. Theother two riven are lei* confidenible i ■hd have not at yet obtained aiiy name I butiti< voryex- iraoiiGinry, that though the waiert theafUvea are fwect, |ret irdh water fifli will not live in cither of the three. Two roads lead from the am to Hottentot Holland, the ohe over the fandy downs in Tyger valln, and the other overa ihoantain whiefe haa not yet been difiinjraifhcd ,hf any peculiar appellation t the latter is the moft plea- Mt, on account of the fine profpeA it aflbrdt, though the lermer is the moA commodious. . Several circumjacent moanuiiu, namely, the Hottentot «-. Holland nioimtamt, the Norwesen mountains, the Stone (tills, tec. firom Falso bay, which it about thirty miles in circumfincnce, and hat m the center a large rock riling conliderably above the water, upon which a great number of C»-birdt breed, and have their habitation*. The bay •boundt with fifh, and had once •» eftablifhcd fiflwry here, "Which the company, for cogent reafont, thought proper afterward! to tirop. SttUenbolh and Hottentot Holland river* empf^ thcmfclve* into this bey ; and the rock which 'i terminate* it to the aaft, from the refemblance it hcut to a lip hanging over a chin, it called Hang-lip rock. Near the end of the year 1710, > dreadful hurricane, jf which blew Aom tlie foutb-eaft, put the wattn of dila 'hay into a terrible commotion, and occafioned a flood which fprcad far into the country, where having done in- credibledamaf^e, on its return to the bay great number* ..of fifh were lefl upon the lhore> ^, On one fide of the bay is Sea-cow vaUw, which re- ceived its denomination from the number of lea-cow* that famicrly frequented it ; fb many however, were conti- nually killed here, that the reft grew fhy of the place, and have found out much mote fecnre retreat*. In one part of this valley is a lake of about three miles in circuit, the wa- ters of which, in their natural Kate, are fweet i but at cer- tain times the waves of the bay overflow the valley, and, mixing with the waters of the lake, impregnate them with fait, befidet leaving a quantity of fifh Dehmd 1 thefe, on the return of the Tea, live while the fidtneft continues, bat at foon as the lake water recovers its iMtural fweet- 7«i|iefs, they die for want of faline noorifhment. A great y;4iumberof wild ducki, with various birds, breed among 'j-i^ flags of this lake, which is prodigious reedy. ..>< ThediflriAof Mottcrgate, lies to the north of Hot- '- lentot Htriland, and was fo called on account of the mel- lownefs of the foil, occafioned by the fitaiient flood* which intirely overHow it, and render it mnady ; for the word " motter" implies muddy. The water*, however, at the fame time that they make the roads bad, give an un- common degree of fertility to the foil ; To that this dif- trift is not infirrior to any of the othen with refpeA to houfn, inhabitants, produce, &c. The advanti^* of thefe inundations are many ; and the fi^w inconvenience* might be cafily remedied, or at leaft palliated, by the ereft- in^i'' bridges, ami cutting dykes ; which improvement* ve have realun to believe will take place, as necefBty muft point out their utility ■■iuA the inhabitants have bom tim- ber and iii'^iiftry. ■••v Thediflfiftof Rottclary, which is the moft nonhem part of the colony, receives its name from the quantity of liay made in it. wliich cxcecJs all that is made at the cape bcfides. On an elevated ground, called Jolten hill, are feveral plantations, confiftiiu of vineyards, orciiards, paf- Allies, farms, ca'tle, and nurlcrics. F uel and water are very I'earce here ; ot the latter they have little but what the rain 7iford$ thr-n, and thi» ti» liot weather turn* brackilh in No. 3i- ... ft A H f A. M5 the 4ylite wMXk »« ^ftwfA , To rtiMtytk iA«>*v<' nicqoer |n|ng from th* wknt of wpodi the coapaay h««l planted %erai«cr«t of this dHlria nith treu, «t4ta«ElMl a kwt tikt kuty ptrfon fhall be puMicly wd ikveielr whipped by tbtcouiiawnhangdlaii. who A»U <«t a fingie twig. Lpr«(iun«t# DMcenftcia tolotiy wiw fettled Irt 16^5. pridclp«Uf with French refugees, and un Jcr the dlreOion of the go- vernor, SioMMi Vender Stel, who g^ve it it* ptel|;nt namo, •"eomplimeM tq his ercat friend and patron ibc bfcort Vaa Khecdcn^ lord oTPrakenaein, in Gueidtthod, ia Holland. Thit cotoity it frery Urge, extending northward «» Suit* danna bay* fbi^thward to the Turnacjua i«ouiu>u>% tsaft- w«rd to the Qtaktofteia mouotaiiu, and weft ward to Horfe mouoiaiit. Ihe Urakenftein oMunulnt arc liigljj Veep, and ragged i bcricc travelling over Ulem is tedious* utiguing, anddiuigerout. on which aceount they are calkd the Vexatiow mounuins by fonfe. The only public buildings in this sicry eittnfiye country are a church and a water-mill : there is not a fmgic village, thovgh it contains many feaitered £trmt in iLc ttveral lSt'> tlenents. . The Moim<«in dver Is eiic piiiicipil one i It U lb named from having its fource in the mountains. There are many good plantationt on hot^ fide* of this river, hnt it b«s no bridge over, to fiMiUitaUitt communication. The waibn * of it eatpty thcmfclve* into the bay ot Sii Helule; aftat' meandering thiough feveral diftnftt. The air it ferene, confideriiM| the fituation, the vrttitf remarhahly fidabriont ; and the Toil, though nounialnovi^ i* fertile. From Tvnugain monntiin to the chvtchi the raid it <^eep, narrow, and dangeroui, belMg fbll of piecipiee*i *oi infefied by wild beaft* ; (b that many luy# leaped dowk the former to avoid the latten and perifhed by one ddilh in, fhunniiig another. Near thit toad t hiker mine hat been dilcovered, hut no pcrmiffioh hath been ynt given to work it ; ami a noble manfioii, fiappofed u^ iM one of the fioefi featt in Africa, hath been erefted here. Here it a noble cftate called Simon'* VkUey, eoitfii^rig of a ftatcly dwclling-houfe, commodious wiae-honAt miU, gardena, orchard*, vineyard*, eom-field*« h6, %t were buih, and troopt potted here, a* an adtraneid dhe^ upon the Hottentots ; out nceiu treaties, aiid the aiaicahlb *iehavioar of diofe people, having rendered fncb pree|u» tions unnecefGiry, the former have been foftred to pm to decay, and the latter withdrawn. A diftriA called Twcnty-fonr Rfarert* hi lititated at thoat a days journey north of Riebeeek'S'Caftle : it received iii lume Rom the variety of ftrcams which water it, and nag der the paihinMe emceUent. The hind is not entailed, |bat grentedoy lieinoe, yet it i* well inhabited, fertile* aiM aboond* with cattle ; the people here grind their com vk little hand-miUi, at they are notaoeoininiidated widi eiiiM| wind or water-mill*. The Honey mountaint are at die diftanee of |^ dayt jonriMy from Twenty-four Rivert : tbejr derive their iimm firom the neat quantitiet of was and honey found in th* clefts, which the Hottentott obtaia with imminent danget of- their lives, and fell to the Europeans. The wnita people here are greatly infefied with the Hoitentoi fiailtr, idlenefs : they leldom cultivate any land, dnendins chiefly on their cattle ; and, what is fin|;uhir, inftead of eatiiw bread with meat, tliey eat meat with meat, that is, a pieoe of dried venifon with a piece of frefh mutton, or oeef. Their drink is water, milk, or honey-beer ; which are fe falubrious, tliat they are feldom vifited by difeafes. About a days journey from hence a few cattle feeders inliabitfome high hills called the Piquet mountaint, from the flrft fettlers having been immediately given to gamine and' in particular to playing at piquet. The greateft harmony fubfifts between thefe people and the Hottentots, who in- termix with each other. ''^'f'H* ■ -~ "■ Waveren ^ ^Zt Thb new ANb UNIVERSAL SYSTEM 6i OEOGRA(»hV. y^-' WkVncA'colony Wtsfettkdin 1701, by tha govet^olr, WUliatn Vander Stcl, it wu nnmd kfter ih ■ llluftrioui Wtyeren fiuntljr to which the sovernor ciaimed retation* Ihip : it ii ihsmoft call wxrd eolony from the capo. Ue- tty aiul the cape : it wai fo de- nominated from the colour of the foil : tltere ii fuch dif- fienlty in travelling over ir, that the waggorM are taken to pieces on oh« Me, packed il^, knd carried on the backn of the teams, and put together km the other fide : there as a fertile pfaice calkd Hlackland, near this irtouhtain. The inhabitants of thi Mnt tratellert ; and from the moft copious and ample de- Kription we have been able to obtain concerning it, we ' learn, that fuch part of the country as lies toward* the fea ;n plain, champain, and woody ; but within Und it appears norc uneven, by reafon of ntany hills which rife in un- «quid heights above each other : yet it is intermixed with I'pfeaiimt vallies and large plains, and it cheqtiered with na- tnial. groves and favannahs or roeadowi. There is no 'Want of water -, for every hill aft'oid: little brooks that glide down feveral ways ; fome of which, after Icveral tiimii^s and windiitgs, meet by degrres, and make up the 'fiver of Natal, which difchaiges itlielf into the eaflern 4ceaa, in the latitude of about thirty degrect (buth ; fben it opens, pretty wide, and is deep enough for fmall veflfeli. But at the mouth of the river is a bar, which has not above ten or eleven feet water on it in a fpring tide ; -though within there is water enough. This river is tlie prinapal of the diftriA of Natal, and hat been f^uented by fome of our Eiwlifh Ihips. There are alfo other ftreama and riven, whicb bena their courfet northerlv ; cfpecially one of a conliderable bigncfs, whicb ruiu due north, aoout onu hundred mites within land. Several forts of trees grow in the woods, many of which afford \err good timber fit for any ufe, they being tall and large. The favannahs are doatlied witli kindly thick graft. The land animals of thit country are lions, tygcrs, elephants, bufbloes, bullocks, deer, liogt, rabbets, See. Here are alfo abundance of fea-horfes ; buflsloes and bul- luckt only are kept tame, but the reft are all wild. Ele- phant* are fo numerous here, that they feed together in prodigiou* herd*. Mornings and evenings they are teea gracing in th« fiivannahs -, but in the beat of the day they retire into the woods, and tliev are very peaceable if not molefted ; deer are alfo very plenty here, they feed quietly fai the favannahs among the ume cattle ; for the natives feldom difturb them. Fowls of various forta are fbuitd liere in great plenty, fome fuch as we have in England, ducks and teal both tame and wild, and plenty "f cocks and hen*, belides abundance of wild birds, wholly unknown tu us. Here are a fort of large wild fowl as big as a peacock, with many finecoloured feathers ; they are very rare and Ihy. I'liere are others like curlews, but bigger; the flelh of thefe it fweet and wholfome. but black. Though there is plenty of divert forts of fifh in the fea and rivers ; yet the natives do but feldom endeavour to take anv, except tortoifcs or turtles, and that is chicHy when tlieycoine aihore in tlie night time to lav tlieii eggs. fiut tUcy have another very ftrange way tu catch turtle : dtey take a living fucking fith, or remoni, and fiftoning • couple of (hings to it (one at the head, and tlie other id the tail) they let the l'uckinK* together. The fame way of filhing i« alfo praAiMat Madagafcar, one of the illands in the liir dianbccilnL With (tfpeA to the natives of thit country, they are but of a middle ftature, yet have very good limbs ; the colour of their Ikins is blacK, and the hair crifiied 1 they are oval vifaged, their notes neither flat nor high, but very well proportioned : their teeth are white, and their afpcA alto* ecilier graceful ; they are nimble but very laity, wliich pro* nably ii for want o( commerce ; their chief employment is hulbandry. TItey have a great many bulls and cow*, ; which ihey carefully look after ; for every man knows hia ; own, tlieOghthey all run promifcuoufly in the favaniMh«( ' yet ibey have pent near theirown houfc*, where tltey male* , ihein gentle, and bring the cows to the paiK 'f'hoy allii plant corn, and fence in the fields, to keep out all cattle, as well tanoe as wild. Tliay have Ouiney corn, which it .; their bread ; and a finalt grain, 110 bigger than muP < tard-fecd, of whicb they make their drink. No art* or j tfades are prbfcflcd among them, but every one make* for '. himfcif fuch neccfliiries a* need or ornament require* » the men keeping to their employment, and the women t» theirs ; the men build lioule* and hut* ; plant, and do what is to be done abroad; and the women milk tlHi cows, drefs the viAuals, Ace. and manage all domeftic matters. Their houfes are notlaige, nor richly fumilhed ; but they are made dofe, and welt thatched ( fo tliM they are well defended from the inclemency uf the weather. Their clothes, of which they wear but few, are ex« tremety mean j the men go in a manner naked ; tlieir common garb being only a fquare piece of cloth nude with filk' grafs, or motto rind, and wrought in form of a fliort apron ; at the upper corner* it has two {traps to tic round tueir waills ) and the lower end, beiiiE finely fringed with the fame, hangs down to the knees. T licy have caps made with buff greafed, of about nine or ten inches high; they are a great while iu making thefe caps 1 for the greafc mud be made very pure before it is fit for tliis ufe ; be^ fides, they lay on out a little at a time, and mix it finely among the hair, and fo it never afterwards comes off their head*. When they go a hunting, which is but feIdon\, they pare off thiee or four inches from the top of tlieir caps, fo that it may (it the fnuoger 1 but the next day they begiiitobuildit up again, andio they do every day till it i* of a greater and faihionable height. It would be a ridi- culous thing for a ms I here to be feen without a grcafy cap ; but boys arc not fuffered to wear any till they arrive at years of maturity, and then they begin to build up their head*. The women have only (hort petticoats, which reach from the waift to the knee; when it rains, they cover their bodiea with a fimple cow hide, thrown like a blanket ver their flioulder*. The food of thcfc people chiefly conliftt of Guiiiey corn, beei; Uh, milk, ducks, hens e^t, &c. I'hey all* drink milk often to quench their thim, and this fonHetinie* when it is fweet, but commonly they let it be four firlL Befides milk, which is their common drink, they malic a better, but of the fame grain beforementioncd, purpofely to be merry with \ and when they meet on fuch occaHons, they make themfelves extraordinary fine with feathers fluckinthcti cap* very thick : ibey make uft of the long feathers of cocu tails, and none elfe. fierides thefe head ornaments, they wear a piece of cow hide made like a tail, and, like that, it in faftcned behind them, reaching from their waift to the ground. I'his piece of hide is about fix inches broad, land each fide of it is adorned with little iron rings of theirown making; when they are thus at- tired, their heads a little intoxicated, and the mufic play- ing, they all Ikip ubout merrily, and Ihake tlieii uil btilkly ; but in their miith they are very liarmlefs and iii- offcuhv^. Polygamy being tolerated here, every man may '- .«. j, many wives as he can maintain; and, without : -r; - lierc arc iioite to be had; neither is tlieie any other jin-- I H,>y to be bought or fold ^ -t women. Vcung vngins i^.c^\\^p'lkd vi by their f-!ii( brothers, or iicarcfl n.aje r- iions ; the price ii> according tothe beauty of the danilcl. ucy have no money in this country, but give cows in ex- change for wives ; and tlieieforci.e is the richeft m 11 who has moll daughters or fiAcrs ; for then he is fuu £,ct cattle ctibugh. Tlicy make merry all the \NcdJing, ':ttlie S .. rids , ^r'i!^«i^ltU:L ..M^f^ , [A p R I o A.JMJ ji ;> lo tiny / jp f R A , liii ';k A. bride crlti all rtit wtddtiig'dt^. «ted htve» jo'ihi inKl the oldelt men govcrni tne reft i for all that Jiveltogalher in one village are a-kln, 8hdthrrefore>wilU*glf fiabinitiohit government. i ratei it from Terra de Natal ) on the horttiy bf Zanguinai on the weft, by the country of the- Ntonetai i nvAof the Eaftern ocean on the eail. It extendi from tha ttiautb of the river I^llagoa, to the mouth of the river De Ivadroorti or Teude « the firft appellation i . garden, fpreadin^ along Che Ta^l- bay. The fort It vaUe) at a little.diftance, its form is peritagonal, it com- manqt the bnding plaCe, and is garrifoiied by twd hun- dred foldiert ; the government ftorchoufes are within it ; the governor and outer officers have apartments here* . as well at fix hundred fcryaiitt > the fame number of Have* are lodged iit a commodiout building in the town, which is divided into two wiir it, the one for the men, and the other for the wdmen ; and there it a houfe of corre^ion for the reception of dilTolate perfontof either lex. .The hofpital for fick feamcn it of^ eflential life to tlie Dutch fleets in going to or returning from India. I'he church it % Urge commodiout edmce, elegantly plain I but the roof and ftecple are thatched, lor the reafon already mentioned. Thatching indeed, fr^' i ute of the hurricane^ feemt abfoTutely rieccfl*. om the method in wKTch it wu formerly done; it appears that is was frequently attended with danger, at we are informed that there were Ibm^erly (helving pent hbufes erefled on l>oth fides the ftreett, to (belter oaflengers in rainy wea- ther ; but thefe brought the inhaoitanis under fucli dangers and incorivenietKcs, that they wertquickly all pulled down by order of the government. Sailors and Hottentots were continually atrembling and fmoaking their pipes un- der them, and fuinctimes through carelefliicfs fet them on (ire. 1'hc government very wi^ly laid hold of that occa- lioii to rid the ftrccts of thofc fellows thit were continually pefteting them, by publilhing an order, which is ftill in force, and from tunc to time repobtiihed, that no Hot- tentot 9r common I'ailor (hall fmoak in the ftreets ; with a declaration, that the failor or Hottentot^ who (liould prcfume fo to do, (hould be tied to the whipping poll, and feverciv lalhcd. Ibis cleared the flreets at length, and keeps them clear to this day of all failort and Hottentots who have no bufineft there i for it it witb great difficulty i^7 thit either of tliNH cait (brftear frooakln(( whilt thty art a'^kc, if tliey have tobacco, whiiUi they are (cldont with* out. What m mod td be admiitd at the cape it tlte company's garden, whete they have inirodu^«l almofl all tlia fruiti an^ ftowertthn are to Iw found in Europe, Afia. or Ame- rica ; and moft ol iliem are improved, and Aotirilh mors than they diU in Iheir refpeftlv* climatct and countries from whence they were brduchti tiul t>>«gard«n it wattre4 wii^i fprings tliat fall down from the I'able mountain ju^ above tliem. The applet and peart of Europe are planted here, with the grapes of Afia, as well u thole of Europe t all of a delicious Havour. Here are alio cxcalUnt lemuntp oranges, citrons, iigs, Japan applet, aiMl a grsat variety of Other fruits. SECT. lU. Cmtaint tn attiunt tf thi. elim»fi,, M, frtduct, 4iiimaa% titd tht fiipU itttUd nnuntnit m im dp* tf Qti Hfi. 'T^HE weather at the cspe of Good Mope may be divided . X iiito two feafons only, via winter and fumitMr i or the wet monfoon, and the dry mpnfoon. The wet mon- foon begins in M*rch> and the dry one in September \ fo that fumnur commences at t^oap* aboqt th« time tlu:. i ' concludes with us Thc.inconvsnitpcci of th« dimata are, eaceffivc heat in the dry fe^fon, and heavy t«i»)t, ^ick fogs, and unhealthy itQrth-weft winds ip tbc iret fi;a(on. 'J'hundcr and lightcnii^g ate i>cver ,||U)OTn\ here but in March and September. Water (cldoin fre^xes, and, when it «k>«t, the ice it hut thill, ai)d dilTolves upon the lead ap- pearance of tlie fun. Ill ths;bo.t weather., tlie poople are happy when tb« «rind blows from the (outheaft, becauff it K^epa olT tlte fea-weeds, which oiherwife would tfoat to the (here, and corrupt there, wb>ch, by infcAing the air, ' aiid:cauQng dreadfnl lKad-a6hs; would prove very trouble- forae. , . , . . ■ . . 1 he appearance of two remarkable doudt, which fre> quently hang over the fummitt of the two raountainti of Table-hill and Dfvil-hill, commonly enable the inhabit fants of cliii) liouiUry to prognqllicate ijvhat weather will liappei). .Tbefc clouds are at firA but fmali, but, aradually incrcafmg, they at Jepgth. unite, and invflop both mouiv* tains, when a terrible hurric;^^e foon enfues. Tlie violence of the wind doejl great damage to the corn and fruits, a^d endangers any (liippin^ that happens to. bo near the coaft i but at the fame time it purifies and accs« fions a bin1( circulation of. the air, which greatly C9ri.tri- butes to the health of the inhabiuntt. A gentleman who relided nuuiv^ ye^rs i^ the ^apc: layt, " The (kirts of this cloud !'(; whitj:, but item mush compiler .than the nutter of common cloudt,. The tipper partt are of a lead colour, owing to tlie refraAed rays ut. light, No rain falls from It, but Ibmetiines it difcovers great li 'midity ; at which time it is of a darker colour, and the \ iiluing from it is broken, .raging by fiu of (hort t ^noe. In its uiual ilatcthc widd iieaps i)piti(]r(\fi.>, ^-'cdforoqe, two, three; or eight days, at' I fomctUnM,< . yonth together. J 'he cloud fecn^s all the while t^iiniiiiflied, though little ceces are fcen torn from the flurtt from time to time, and hurried down the fides of the hillt, vanilhing wU:t tH the found they produce is very agreeable to tlt( ei^i . . , Tl,, tSf' jaS Th new aho UNlVftRSAL SYSTEM at 0SOaRA.PHr. Th« f-imxt of tht ri««n In ilili raanirf an In iha m««m«i.ii : tlity glide ov«r » gn««llv honom, kn cbir, pleaftnt, «nd faJubriovi i but noA other ftmnu irr J»A, ■luddy, Md umriwironM, Htra an t Cr» brafkilh f^inn, whofe w««Mi, mediciiMlly nCed, Rivatljr parifV th» Mom, and fevml warnt and hoi bathi, which an W>|«» lUrtf elftiiacioui in varioui cfilitrdcrl. I A Wavcren colony an three hot f^ingi, the imA par- Mealai efwlMch ia Ihck hula hath. Th* aMMihl of ttii* Me ii of the colOor of Jet, light, if reafy, and fo Mk, that Mm leet of htuft* (ink into It. line waten are uM in fcorbotie, leproua, and chronte diferdain, being flroMtf WnpragnaM wMt lUiiio and flecljr paitictef. Vftn we whoK rite ref«Biti«n! of die can waten it fo gfMi, Ami ever< Oatiifli Ihi^i returning nom India i< obl iged to fill a irge cdk with the ciaar AmcC water that abotinda hcrt, lor the particalar ufc of hit lAnilh majeftv. Whitr ' f '; ' chalk 1 an fbuNd in abundance at the ua> < " ' xcellcnt clay both for the purpoCn «fVr)iM.ii . ,u earthen- ware : the white cbaik i* itlg^!; ti-> r J , i«wh'tewalh their heufca, and the nd b. ihi. 1 .•tteniot women to paint their ht*%. Varioui r iimineuf 'ftbftancet of feveral coloott are fiawtd in IftakcfiAein tolony, patttetilarkf a Iuii4 of oil which oMtei from Am rMM« and haa a veir MHIi (onU. If ll MBdieinaily «Mkl'l* f MifMive by iM'HailentoM, who mdtferinHnaialy m^ St meiMehrei mt rive it to their eam uCed, M (hd mtlit m \n fnerai ii made of asafeto AmUi. U bctft«nO»t tooehAonce, and flima arc ecniinon ; bnt the moA nUMtsii (tour if (btMd ia k«iarry near the flape. Ihi* i*«f tidd Mitar, veinad With white, aii4 i|ntted with bHwt Httm M adiainbit pelifli, and ia be«uty eacFcd* (hc^hwA MUrble. With refpeA' to :iiMfH«fila« fiWer m. bae been ftand in feipe of the hilli ; the Ntmaqua Hottentot* bring copper to trade with the Dutch ftom foiiM lu — nt ai iM mi<.h an fit^ated about diree bandrMl miiet ftooa the cape j and thore are alfo feveral iron miiwt here. The Ml in getMral about the cape coilfiAa of a cjayey earth ; and it ib m, that it re<|oites but litde tiMnnrii^. It prodiitct all tii%9*> wiaiin and moA of the' loaurlei of Im. Moft of the kindi of grair prodoced in Enroaa, except ot^, thrive welthete ; but many of the v cgtu b fci in the cul- tivated parts fuffer greatly from c4ierp»lfart, mildewi, and the incnrfiont of wild beafti. the elepbanti in partieu- hr do ertat mifehief among the corn, at they frequently break the inclofaict. When we take occafion to mention atriculture, it ii to b" obfervcd, that the Eurepeant of the cape and their landi ait implied ; fix the Hementota in geiwral detcA the verr idea of euhivation, and would fooiMr Aarre than till the ground, fo greatly are they addifted to Ooth and in- itfienee. The werUfi; 'k (he i Itmgh here it ib hbortoui, from the ftifhf (f of Aie foil, rhat ^ frequently .lequiret near t#rntyoxen ft onepkragh Tlie fewiiW fi»fon it in |i'. -, i-\i the b^i'' eft aboui ftmas. The com ia not thra.i, with a inail, but tttK. tit by horfet or oxen on an •ftificial floor iiiade of cow>d .ng, ftraw, and water, which when miiced togetlKr, cemenu, and feon brcomes per> Mtlthard. It it laid in an oval for|n( the cattle ate 4«M thorebei* iniiM iUni y«lr» Attli«ha l«t«pean vinai' dolntheAAh. TkawiiM itMf it Arong, mellow, and da* liaiwi»> the elMagi a Bntiaue i fawtfio bcglmiing of Fe- bma^lD ikm Imtt oad of March, aad the wina bean • gnet pirn aUMhrlttdia. AiMa ut tlK.^aiifiettat pradaH. of iha piiM, ani alK>rd en agreeable Aigrancy. I'll* cript.le tree haa beoMl leave*, knotted branriwti and bean fruit like a piiM apple. The barb ie aM itf «iiiMer*« and tataaiiMe* aMdieitully by th* cafe phyAaltaa. Tke iMMturta tree growa to tbd height ofahoM'tBtlaat I it piwdaiia wfc'w.bloflbtna, an iHpulatad between them and the hulbandniri. di^ o the nature of the crop "and thckindnel's of tf i Manr trotio have wen ti. anted from Europe and India, beiidet whai tree* mi^ . . origiiMlly grow here ; to that the cape new p>odttce* oak, iir, cam^ire, pine, cyprei ., orange, lemon, citron, quince, pomegranate, apri- cot, apple, pear, peach, fig, plumb, ehcfnut, walnut, and almond trees. I'he cinnamon tree bat likewife been brought from Ceylon, and fucceedt tolerably. The vines of Germany and Periia have been introduced, and tlirive Exceedingly '. fo that the moft inconlid'.-rable hnlbandman is not Without i vineyard. The ftocki are planted in row* ; but that they may not be injured by the fonth^weft wind, they are.ncver fuffeied to grow above two feet high, or three at, the farthcil. It is remarkable liMt t^ey pro -■ • I WbeaabraadiofiMiiN* ie flawi Aom th* dpe r t u ti, and the 'imo4 whaa dry a «« • "^y^ hvAt^lked^ a tree athwaa at. ibooah, whicie la with givat proptfiatyveiidaiiQateo Hm ftiMt w^Abd tita, be- «Mda witeaMpa^he earpeactvacot it, or atHmpt to w«rfc it trithatoaltityiaidtfachaa abominable AmmIi, (bal tfa*]r can feami* twrtntu it ;. yet it i* fo fiuabraloadedi aad ukea fuch a haiMifut poMb,'^ that, tlw had AaeH MAd^g bi liaMKfMat Matitiiic* of fartUiiaji f mado of it. AtiadbrarUd hcii.n caMad dakha. it uTed a* a MAi- (uteAw tabaoci^ aRdwMa odaed witli the hua*r,ltMi*d kaipaah^ aaid f wa U di^gteatqaantiti** by the Hotleaiett ) whoalio ftimiiOlwhaiai dang, and feeaato nliibichkhly, when they can nutbcr pvcatatdaUw or tob^o. ^'k« kanoa root haainiatT qoaliti** ofitAapliaaAitilil'eitf, and prodocet th* tefenaMb aaopiaai, o« whlolHiacMUlt tbo Hottcntau hold it ia*tb«4i%MA efteem. Vh* Ifltmot buUia plaai it anaiMtr he tai iW v tg e u bla, Am th* iMot* nntoti pulveriM tha laoi whea dry, and witii the poar- der, which i* yellow, poviO 'their hair, inHHat, ilieiM- tive trcei, phni*, (Rnib*, root*, and Howcn at th* cape> at* of rariont kindt and admirable qualiiieai and tapft of liM exotic* thrive fo giaaity, that th*y *»coed tholfe «f tbr fiaiM (pccie* in tha coaairie* fiwai whciM* they wero btaogbt i in particular, tlM bead of a cape c tx^e will oilM-tniigb forty, and a potato* ten paundt, ihoagh tbo Aad* wert originally farouglii hi 'ler by tha Itapiaaa. There ara gnat ntuabets of . -m cxttla add -J-aMftig aaiaMti intfcevarioaaoolonie* and trtiiiiiieati at iiMoane, aad tbewoadtand aMuntains abeuiMi with wild beaa*. Th* oaen art latp * aad .>io«r, aavt rather fmall : the dogi an of little iife. and weevt ■* very anplcafii^ appearance. With r< >■ • wild animaU, tha elephant claims thtH rft place, bui m notltnig from thof* found in odMr parts, and whicb we h^tv; ahcadf defcribed. Ia trea,4iNg of th* other aniawh b(lnf^i>ifig t cape, we IhaU firAoffeU hdMtMt^e of the 'hnvoCeroit, ,k ftin it fo hard, that It bdiftntlCIo piem it witli a fword. This creatun is of fe dark'illlilitator, and hat a fnout like a hog ; a horn praytA* abtmt ttrd foet ftom the nolc, rcfltm- ble* a ploughlbare, and it 4Mf • dinj^ grey colour i with thi* he tears up the ground, rip* up the el^hant, to whom he is a mortal etteaty, palU up tree* by the roots, and throwi large AtHMt over hit bead to a great drftance. Another horn of about fix inches long, turns up from hi< forehead. Hit le|;t are fliort, hi* eats fmall, and hitfonfe of fmw ling furpfitiiKly aeute. When hefoents any thii^ br pii'fue* ill a nghtline, and tean op every thing in hi* wi. 1 ; but it if on« hmincfs tltat his eyi ' are exeeediiK fmall, and fo fixed, that ne can only fee .tr tit forward, (o that it iseafy to avoid him by ftepj mg afide, ai he is a long time in turning himfelt, and longer (lili tn getting fight again of the objeA. Ke will not, na^ver, attack a man ualcfs provoketj, or nnlefs he is dteflcd in fctrlet. When he ha* killed any creature, he lick;, the flelh from it< bones with hit roagh tongue, which is like a rafp. He feeds ptiacipally onbcrbs, tliiftles, and a plant which refemhics the juniper, and which, from his fondnels of it, is called rhinoceroil'wfh. The bl(X)d, Qcin, and horn of this animal are medicinally ufed, and an faic >'ery efficacious in various difoidcrs. Wine poured into cups made of the horn bubbles up in a Ihange kind of frrmeit- tation, and appears as if boiling. If a fmall portion of poifon is put into the wine, the cup (pKts -, but if poitbi) only is poured into the cup, it riies into a thoufand i>iecei. Heuce cups made of the horn of the rhinoceros are acenied oiwclltnt ca«>«. .feftM . Thi like • icfem- i with whom ti, and dKlance. From hit hiifenfe nfthii^ in hi« teeediw; vtrd, fo he ii a getting attack a frarlet. Ih from a rafp. which k of it. horn ot' l)C very to cupt ffrmeii- tion of polfoi) pifcei. ! deemed xccllcut ;\K S'?ff^-.' "M ;-i£iii I ■.'i=i . ..^J^t^- 0^ » - •^ t >l ^1 V < • «» ■ < ,|. ii*4* ■•Jt-V?^-,'*!^' \ ' '.^ ^ .-ilMtTP;.,' -;« •• ■' ;.-^Ww» •"i :* »»\ i 4 « ll '%■ •■«pW*(BS*MM-»»»l*i»»»«M((««; . '*^i-i^««*'-^**« ■«-*** .*«■' ^,^ , t. **.»'• «^««|. ■-^^'; ..__i*i§u.n:t-i«*i-.j^:atS!r;i. ■.^8»»V';» .y <•-■■ kxt«)i«tti'(k(^1iwdi MfliBlnR drihk mH^I rKklihtrtiA ; ah4 on that accoUntaiV' bigtHy^Valwd, iit4Bpanqualitie<. • ■ n • • .(..iil'.- oji'rt k , Wo!ve«Mth«cape^eoftw afheep-dog, it fpotced like a Ijiger, Mi4s)iai« Ht<(|l>tik»'»t bull-dog , hl» hair is Aixiled, hittall (H«rt, aittltilir J«lit4s ibarp. Th«oor fifty fliil'i linn. The flelh of the hon'ts eitecmed et^ual to tenifon« ■ndthefat iimuchvatnad. '> ' ' ; Here are much larger boiliikieaHtan'iii EuKrt^i ' TlMy are of a brown colour : the hems are4ho(t, arid' ' c4nfe W- ' wards the neck, where they incline to each «her. -be^' tween them there is a raft. of hair Oftoh the fereheiu], which adds to the fiercenefs of the looki I'hc ikin it ex- ceeding hard, and the flelh rather tougbi' He>n'ft{ftrortgt ' fierce creature i and it enraged at anf thing red« lilw many other animals. They have very Urge elks here, being fivd Mt high) with horns a foot long. This it a verv handibmc'Creatur*< ' having a beautiful head and neck, llender le^t, and foft fmooth hair, of an a(h colour. Their upper jaw it larger' than the other, the tail about a toot long, and the flelh by the cape epicures it faid to exct^ed the belt beef. They run fwift, and climb the rocks with great agility, though they tifually weigh about four hundred pounds each. 'She creature called flink-breechet, or ftink-box, it one of the moil Gngular animals at the cape. This .beaft re- ceives its name from its oiienlive ftench both living and dead. W hen porfned, it can (link away thofe who follow hi and, if killed, thefmellitfe odious, that none can approach the carcafe. It it about the fize of a common bouTe-dog, and made much tike a ferret. 'The goats are of various fpecies, particularly one called the blue goat, which is of a fine asure colour. The fpotte^ goat, is larger than tlu: other, and beautifuily marked w(tb brown, white, and red fpots. The boms are a foot long, and the flelh is fine eating. Tbr, tame goat is much like the European. The rock -goat is no larger than akid, but very mifchievous in the plantations. The diving-goat is much like the tame one, and receives its name from its method of fquatting down in the grafs to' hide itfeif. There is another animal called a goat, bat without any additional appellation ; it it of the fize of a hart, pnd extremely beautiful ; the hair on the back and fides is grey, {Ireaked with red, and that on the belly white ; a white ftrcak palTes from his forehead to the ridge of his tail, and thttc others furround hit body in circles. The femah hath no horns ; but thofe of the male are' three feet in length, and the fleih of both it exceeding' delicate. The liorits of the hart do not brtnch like thofe' of Europe ; but tlic roebuck is in every lefpcSt like o\.rs. Wild cats are of feveral forli here: thefirfl the Dutch call the civet-cat, not that it is really the animal fo deno- minated, but becavil'e of the fine fcent of its fkin. The next is called the tj'ger-cat, from its being very large, and fpotted like a tyger. Tlie third fort is the nwuntain cat, which, as well as the tame cat, cxadly rcfcmbles thofe of Europe. The fourth fpecies is termed the blue cat, from its colour; as it is of a fine blue tinge, witli a beautiful red lift down its back. There is a fpecies of mice peculiar to this country, called tlic rattle-inoufe, which is about the (Izc of a fquir- rcl, and makes a rattling noife with its tail, from which it receives its appellation ; it is very nimble, refides among trees, lives upon nutt and acorns, and purs like a cat. The rats, and their other mice are like ours ; and indeed fome have affirmed, by miftake, that there were none of this fort of vermin at the cape till tlie Europeans carried ttiem thither. > The country abounds with liogsof feveral forts j namely, the common hog, whidi is of the breed of thofw brought from Europe, and reftmbles ours. The Java hog, which came originally from Java, but is not unlike the former. The wild hog, or rather wild boar, is very fierce and harbours in woods ; and tlie earth hog, which is of a red colour, and without teeth ) this latter lodges like a badger in holes, and feeds upon ants, which he procures by forc- ing hi;> long rougii pointed tongue into their hills, and drawing it thence with a great number of thofe aninuls glued to it. M:ti\) jackalls, and fomo ermines, arc found about the ca|)e. Baboons, apes, monkieSi aii«4niidttti£fbdiild«tiMmd diis dnuiiiy a thd' ftdhiBafeiblet tfe^iim wif l afa efj flmvpr, Mit ^totHher is atteMJfataitanlif caUkAkhei tMi,>iaiii>ihe^ti(A>mxmMl*. a0idtMM(iritdhii(MNR>elMcHbe3kHM)»:tln'irtto'lifii^ ului.. dtd* thrrttif aa«ftniieiUhigittte<|fad1attifvaidi«*t^ hiMiA.valLoth^Tef|f*as hvat'if mMhiautAbotdelappqavw. anoe. .. It /ia aaaiica^fyiwtillfaaiiiiitvoti^ittdwBilMiiiytnkaMU fo extremely fwidj) tbiftirt tix^f^abmAetm pdnbeii wb *a.dlOancet. It hM.Aie!te(p>i a' liK^iifad tail< tooi^ ilefliy' i luutnahei, and a'fqtoalbiflnn. ' T4ik ftiiBlet p(lairM'.AMi diflaht beholder to I 'If iicbricuBy eov(|rcd with rt^tfu: I M«r(knatp|lnk'di»fltbraj tanied,' that.whiohhraii prefi^t^ ts^Mrs^efent majcfty <{ueeii Gharlottd, aodkapt fMerk) jtcaMmheAabiet near UiukA io^tatatfpati .: cbntiiuitd't viiates: ,tiii hi ; death,; . whjch hsfi^iMiihaiM foiaujrean; finat^sihoiigh it was' bioagbt. o«erybung(< and accrff poffifaifc arfans ufed to mndcnMi traflableb it fitd; i!ip6n hay,(inkihdie noitc it made.iiriAHer , refeihbled thbbaikingqf nafdliffdoli'-thaa the brayi^'of an afSi . . -ip i:'\-; . . i Capmin^Cait^t having,, r^brddr <£ iiis p'tefcnc: friar jedy, pertormeda voyage round the. vmrld in the Sw^QoWf floop'of war, wratealettcr tatfaobteDr. Maty, fseretalry to the Royal Society, iislwhich lie mentiulsrthe cMtjO*' {A[dalis,;laidto have been fiiund'ih the countries abovflk^ cape : '* From the fcarcityof this aeattirs (ikys'^) ai>Sl bpiiose none have been CNn iaEuidpry fincb jiiliinCeefar'^)'. . time, (wh(;n, l tbink, there were two of llicm at' ftoivc^'^ Irimlwii^ a moiecettain.knowlcdg(t of its rcalityi will noti -9 be diiagraeable toyou, as the exillbtec of thii'iiiW aninal''^ii^ hat becildokibtMby'many I .if :ymr lliink it tnay afford' anypleafdTee moves both the fore feet togetJier when he nms, and not one after the other like other animals ; he is eighteen feet in length from the tail to tlie too of tlic head, and U lixtcen tcei from the ground when he hrilds up his head. There it a great variety of birds »iid fowls found at the cape, moll ot which are I'Old cheap, pailiKuUrly cocks, hens, turkiei, capons, and otlier poultry. Here are three forts of eagles, via. the boiie-brc.nker, who feeds on tortoifes ; to get at the flefh of which it uli-s this Angular method : Having carried tile tortoii'i aloft iii the air, it drops it upon fom'- hard rock, by wiiich m'^ans the fhell is broken, and ths cjgi.: can ealiiy vome at m prey. a. The dung-e,\gle, winch tears out the entrail.s of animals tofubfift ou; and,u » f uli^ aia Tcty iiuinaraM hMai/and dtt mui A^fet ftoa^ttefemothMrfaita: AwyAunMiadfBifable (eatbeta fbc beddja^i u watf aa-ai tolaitibhi guod difli fbriiui tAM.: The paogoinia abootte^M «f MMa-atuU, bnt damia^' flyionaotanntof theimitiiafttfTtfaa wingti • The lagt> art graen, die hiU blada»aad«iiaJMMn.rf'an-a4i oelabr' Itlaverf At, biiiUiitaMAtfinche«, yeUowbammera» «ate»«inigtaiJa, f^Mtrowa, qnaili, thmfhet, &c.>alriFd MfcBblinga c«(ko*iii!«iiidi^ iniiead of fpsakine tbe arord' >' aidu>«r,V> aoBtifinMly' cries " eiolio, " and fereiallnrdiof the bhKkUyd^Jcihdi (bme like ours, beii^ Mack, others' of agpMeoloar, and others brown or red. > The fione-peckMa,feldoa> diAr ^rom theui of E«- rope, and when they d(s the difierenoe is it> their fiivour. The canary-birds are ontydifferant (tota the common ones in the tints of their feathers. The capc>finch and blue bird are pccaliar to^is torn' try : this latter Is about the liae of a common fiarling, co> vered with blae featliers of different (hades, and has a red- di(h bilinear (bur inches long ; the former are remarkable for changing the colour of their feathers twice annually. In fummer the head and neck are fcarlet, but all the reft black ; in winter, they are all over of an a(h coknir. The bill is yellow, (harp, and (hort, and the reft divided iato two apartments, in which there are fi^arate accommoda* tions for the male aid (emale. Reptiles are very niwieroiy at the cape, particniarty the following ferpents, or reptiles of the ferpent kind : i. The tree ferpent, r.hich is fo called, from tefembling the branch of a tree, and firom being fond of winding itfeif about trees, (hrubs, &c. 2. The aih coloured alp, fpcckled with Kd and white, which is feveral yards long. 3. The (hoot ferpent, fo named from the amazing velocity with which it Ihoots, or daru itfeif at an enemy. Some call it the eye ferpent, on account of the numerous white fpou refembling eyes, with which iu (kin is marked. 4. The blind flow worm is a black, fcaly ferrrnt, fpottcd with brown, white, and red. 5. The thint ferpent, or in- flamer, is a moft venomous and dangerous ferpent, about three quarters of a yard lon^ ; has a broad neck, black back, and is very aaive, 1 he hair ferpent it ibout three feet in length, as tliick as a man's thamh ^nd received its name from its yellow hair, its poifon ■ fo malignant, that nothinebut the icrpent ftone cin pr> /cnt its proving mortal. 1 ne ftonc abovemciitionrd is (M to be an artili - cial compolition prepared by the Bramins in India, who keep tlie fccret to themfelvei. It is fliaped Hke a bean, in the middle whilifti, the reft of a flty-blue. Whenever this i^ applied, it fiisksdofe without bandage or fupport, and imbibes the poifon till it can receive no more, and then drops off. Being laid in milk, it purges itfeif of the ve- nom, toming the milk yellow, and fo is applied again, till by ite not fticking. it proiees the poifon is cxltaufted. Some affirm, that horned ferpents are (onnd at the cape, but the brft autlientics contradift this aHsrtion. Hoolie ferpentJ, however, are very common ; but they are in- tirely inoffenfive, and may perhaps be i fti^ifoAoo* Mack fpider, butttrflies, liiails, j4ie«,4>rtlkMca,lMt%.ant^4M. .. : ..,.../...; I Mie unKsto.Caftt vf parahopperit tbe faullcr Itaau*' bH*rwnJ«Mk» fUaiar bailT.rgteea: wings,. an4 a(h Coloared: l«Ci i .tbfllanlettbaalB red Mad, brown witign^aft^Mchnei back, (ilver belly, and red legs. „' ;, : .Tbalm»(M.akidMisape'aregteaily tnftiUd with bugs i t»daAr4y wfaich»'ibe £in«peans. niahc uic of, ait 4!oioara and neit«ry, and with the(e they paint their aaainfiiots and bedfttads Fleaa aiti.wiiy muiifcrMis, MM'troiiblcfome even to a proverb i aa they have • fiqringt ailuch may bo ithw ttanlhMi !?'iG«r^|BCMeaaeithe(e •; .<*riiMl, flies, and i Bm$" iThd fbronc, h*ire«cr, «rMn it coiaeiii canics away I or (Mmya tho(e veimin. ; ' Though the HomentlMt fearaa with liee, none nriii li n • j on lite MWy of atei EtarOocaB at the cape ; and even if any I of the fliipa eil^ frdm Burajpc ar<: infeded with tko(e ver« I mint t|iey die iiMm after the pcrfon arrives on ftore. The i beetles are of feveral kinds ; fome having green backs and , bdljM, ilptckkd vritb' whittf and m!, jgrey legs, and gold Wiagfc Whabevcr place ona of tbefe inleAe alight oft, ia dcMMd (acred by tfie Hottentots : tbe Other beetles have noefiential diffierence fhxa thofe lof Eurtipe. The fcor- pion, whieh to appoiahce aelianbles a cfaw-filh in everjt thing but havmg a Migef and narrower uil, is eitctedingljr dangerous, and very mudi dreaded botb by Hottentota: : and Europeansk . The f.4 On and the fea lo«(e ate the molt particulari in- fers about the Tbe latter, whieh ia a (hadU-fUh, is as troubletbme with ita mouth. Seavrorio* of feei^nd kinds abound. The river : iulefta vt only water fnakea and Ititcbes. Both tosdi and (irogs ate (bund in the ditches and ftagnate waters. 'I'lie Hottentots, hostcver, take ifacm to be the &me animal, not knowing the diflerenec; it The neighbouring fea, affords a plentiful fupply of fifli: to the inhabitants of the cape, The raeat of di: fi;a cowbt is ouch admired. ThcByir.g fjlh which has winp like a. bat, is reckoned a great delicacy, and the herrings are ex- ceediiig rood, llie biower is fo called, becaufie if can Ulow itfeif up into tlie form of a ball : thisfifli is wilhoiik feales, has a yellow back, white belly, and a fmaU montli, armed witli four teeth ; but being of a poifonons nature, is not fit to be eaten. I'be brown fifh is as big as nn ox, and is deemed good fiiod either frclh or falted. The benner is nvar three lect long, and weight about ftven pounds i the eyes and uil are red, tbe hns yellow, and the fcaks purple, with gold ftreaka. The meat it of a crimfon ci>- lour, and fo remains after it is drci&d i neverthekfs it is deiicioos eating. The elft ii about two feet long, has yellow (icalct, a black back, white belly, witli dark ftreaks and t tilhes, (harks, and dolphins, abound here. Tbe liraflcm is only found abrut the cane. Of this lilli there are two forts : llie one has a black back, and purple head ; the other is of a dark blue colour, and the former is rounder than the lilter. They are both che;^ and wholfome food. The ftone-braflem is good either frelh or fidted, rrfembles acarp in make, but is more deli- cious in tafte. One fpeciei of riiit fi(h is called flat-nofe, from tlie (hape of the head, and it much more vilued than the other fort The rcd-ftonc (i(h, is exceeding beau- tiful to tlie eye, and exquifite to the tatte : the back ia ' fcarlet fpottcd with blue, and befpangted with gold ; the • eyes are of a bright red, and furrounded with u (ilver cir- ; cle, and the belly is of a pair pink colour, has a fltinrnT iilvcr tail, lefem'bles a carp both in Ihapc and taile, and i^xiahs about a pound. Barbels, lortoilits, tunnies, foles, r-)ck-fiih, eels, kb- Iters, crabs, oyftcri, fca-fnails, &c. are innumerable. Of the latter, there is one lingular fpccies called klin koafeii, which has an upper and nnder-lhell, thick, lougli, twifted, and incruited. In vinegar, howe^'er, tbe cruft drops oW, and the fliell exhibits an admirable pearl co- lour. Sea-funs and fca-flars are fmall round fhell-fifh ; and te- ceive their denominarioni from thc|irf4tvurictyof pi'.cklrs, which (hoot from thcni like ray; ot li|;ht. Tlie (iJh called pagger has a prickly (hell, and is much drcsded by the people at tlie cape, as a nound from one of itv protube- rances ■4 :.£tl^^ii^ '^^' tiinty litlicr Ideli- Inofe, luci cau- tk it the : cir- Inir.l ana I lub- Of ireii, :raft Iklrs tailed the luhc' ^r ^$/^^// v^A^/MlLARV , V//'^W/^/^,y/^//vv^*;'/SYSTEM VGEOGI = .*> [AFRICA.) CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 131 nncei turiu to a mortification, unleri great care it taken to prevent it. The (i:a-fpaut rdemblea a piece of mofi ftickin»fiift tothe rock* : it i(ofagTeencolour,eniit8)water, and within it like a tough piece of flefli. It exhibiu no odv. The tongue wat all fat in a man- ner, and jweighed aoove fifty poundi. The colour of hit ikin wat yellowifh. Beferej he had two fhort legs footed like a goofe : in the place of hfaid legs, he had two broad fint, each about eighteen inches long : his body upered to a tail, ending like a half mooi^. Several barrels of oil were exttaAed from him. The torpedo, or crarap-tay, found at the cape, is a very lingular produAion of nature. The body it circular, the fkin bd, fmooth, and yellow, marked with large annular fpoti i the eyes fmall, and the tuit tapering. It it of dif- ferent (izes, and wri^hi from fivt to fifteen poundt. The narcotic or benumbmg quality of thii fi(h wat known to tlic antientt, and hath fumifned matter of fpeculation to the phitofophrrs of all aget. If a perfon touchet it when alive, it iiiftaiitly deprives him of tlw ufe of liit arm, and even hat the fame efttA if he toqchet it witli • ftick. Kcmpfer, in fpeakingof thit creature, fayi, "Theinfiant I touched it with my hand, I felt a terrible nombncft in my arm, and at far up u my fhoolder. Even if one treads upon it with a Ihoe on, it emAt not only the leg, but the thigh upwards. They who touch it with the feet are feized wiuiallronger palpitation than even they who touch it with the huid : thit numbneft bears no refemblance to that which we feel when a nerve is a long tim* prefled, and the foot it faid to be •flccp : it rather appears to be like a fudden vapour, which pamiig through the pores in an in Aant. penetrates to tlie very Tpringt of life, from whence it diffnfes itfelf all over the body, and gives real pain. The nervei are fo afleQed, that ine perfon ftruck imagines all the bone* of hit body, and pnticularly thofe o? the limb that itceived the blow, are driven out of joint. All thit it accompanied with an univeriid tremor, a (icknefs of the flomach, a general convulfion, and a total fufpenfion of the fsculties of the mind. In (hort, fuch is the pain, that alt the force of our promites and authoi ity could not prevail upon a feaman to undergo die (hoi.k a lecoiid time. A negro indet ;, that was {landing by, readily undertook to touch the torpedo, and wu feen to hand): it without fiseling any of iu efFe£lt. He informed nie, that his whole fecret confided in keeping his breath ; the torpedo was harmkfs ; but when we breathed ever fo little, itt power totk place. However, experience has fince proved, tb>t thit expedient will not aiwayi prevail, at the Ihock hath been fometimes found very great, even when the breath wu held I but climates in thit may mike a difFcrence. It has been obferved, titat the powers of this fiih de- cline with its flreneth, and intirely ceafe when it expires. Thit benumbing nculty is of double ufe to the torpedo ; firft, it enables it to get irs prey with great ^Kiiity, by rei;- dcring other ftfhes infenfible with its touch, and confe- quendy 'ncapable of getting from it > and fecondly, it is an admirable defence againU its enemies, as by numbing ^ fifh of fuperior force with its touch, it can eafily efcape. I'be narcotic power of the torpedo is greater in tlie female thvt The male. According to Appian, it will benumb the filhcrt.'un through tl(C whole extent of hook, line, ?nd rod. The tl«'fh of this remarkable fiih having, however, no per- nicio\i'i quality, it eaten by the people attliu cape, in com- iv/ith others. *' S E C T. IV. • Trmtt tf thi ftrftnt aiui kaiits tf tht rhttnUtt, thtir fiti, cttmf$^ Itvirnminl, f>Tcit, milbti tf fiftyi't* fwimmimg, marriaga, iurMi, riligitn, (it, THERE are fUteen Hottmvoi nations, which inhabit this fouthern promontory ; at leaft, theic are fo many that hold a currcrpoiidcnce v/itli the Dutch though it it pref'uined there xn many more to tlift northward. The ftattire of the Hottentot men is from live to fix feet ill height. Their bodies are proportionablr, and well made : tliey are feldom either too fat or Ic.in, and icarce 4 6 j ever any crooked or deformed perfons amongft ttieiidi, any farther than they disfigure their children ° ^lerafelYti, by flatting and breaking the griftlet of 'their nofes, looking on a flat nofc as a beauty. Their heads as well as their eyes, are rather of thelargcft: their lipaaie naturally thick ; thtir hair black and fhort like the negroes, and they have exceeding white teeth : and after they have ukcna ' great deal of pains with greafe and foot to da, ken imai natural tawijy complexions, refemble thenegioes pi^n much in colour. The women are much left than mf men -, and what it moft remarkable in them, it a callou* flap or fkih that fiills over the pudenda, and in a maaner conceals it. The report of which ufuallv excites the cu- riofity of the European failois, to vifit the Hottentot vil- lages near the cape, where a great many of thofe ladies, on feeing a Aranger, will offer to fatisfy hit curiofity, far a halfoenny, licfore a crowd of people, whicl. perfeQIy fpoili the charafter that Mr. Kclben has given of their modcfty. The men cover their heads with handfuls of greafe and foot mixed together ; and going without-any thing elfe on their h:ads in tlie fummer-time, theduftfticks to it, and makes them a very filthv cap, which they fiiy cools them, andprefetvej their heaas from the fcorching heat of the fun ; and in the winter, they weai flat rapt of cat-ikin or lamb- fkin, ludf dried, which they tie ivitii a ihong of the fame leather;dDder their chint. The mm alfo wear z kro^ or mantle, made of a fhecp-fkint or ot'ierfkins, over their fhoulders, which reaches to the middle ; and, being faf • teiied with a tbone about tlieir neck, is open before, in winter they turn the woolly or hairy fides next their bade.', and in fummer the other : this fsrves the man for hit bed at night ; and thit it all the windine-fheetor coffin he hat when be diet. If lie be a captaii. of a village, or chief of hit nation, inftead of a fheep-tkin, iiis mantle it made of tyger-fkint, wild cat-fkins, or fome other ikiiit they f^t a value upon : but though thefe mantlet reach no lower, generally, than tlieir waifts, yet there are fome nations who wear them as low as their legs, and others that liave them touch ^e ground. The man alfo hangs about his neck a greafy pouch, in which he keeps his knife, his pipe and tolMicco, and fome dahka (which intoxicates like tobacco) and a little piece oi wood, burnt at Kpth endt, as a charm againft witchcraft. He wears alfo tbiec large ivory rings on his left arm, to which he faileit»a bag of provifions when he travels. He carries in his ridlt band two flicks, thefirft called his kirri, which is about 9ir«e feet long, and an inch thick, but blunt at both ends; die other, called his rackuro-ftick, about • foot lone, and of the fame thicknefs, but has a (harp pointy and it ufed at a dart, to throw at an eneinv or wild Dttft ; which he feldom miffcs, if he be within diftance. In hit left band he hat another flick, about a foot long, to which it fattened a tail of a fox c wild cat ; and this lerves him as a tnndkerchief to wipe oft' the I'weat. They wear a kind of fanJals, alfo made of the raw hide of an ox or elephant* when they are obliged to travel throu^i ftouy countries } and fometimes luve bulkint, to prewrve their legs from bulhes and briars ; but ordinarily their legsand rhighs have no covering. The women wear caps, the crowns whereof are a litcle raifed; and tliefe are in:ide of lialf dried fkins, and tied undertheirchi is. Tliey Icarce ever put them off night oc day, wintei or fummer. Thcv ufually wear two krofles or mantles, one upon another, and, as thefe areonly faftened withath /ng, about their necks, they aupt^r naked down to the Jii< lie : but they have an apron, larger than that of' the men to cover tlicin before, and another of flill larger dimenfions that cover their hind parts. Abojr their legs they wrap thongs of half dried Ikins, to the thicknefs of a jack-boot, which are fuch a load totlicro, th:t they lift up their legs with difficulty, and walk ver; much like a trooper in jack-boots : this fervet both for a diflin£lion of tLck fex, and for ornament. But this is not all their finery i if they are people of any figure, inflead of a lh;ep fL-i, thej jrear a tyger fkin, or a mantle of wild cat fki>i. Thef have alfo a pouch hanging about their necks, in which they alfo carry fomething to eat, whather t.iey are at licime or abroad, with their dahka, tobacco, and pipe. But the principal ornaments both of men and women are briifs or glaft beads, with little thin plates of glittering brafs and mother of pear', which they wear in their hMr, or about their cars. Of tliefc glafs or brafs beads ftrung, they alfo make necklaces, bracelets for the arms, and girdles, wearing feveral firings oi them about their necks, waifl, and arms, chufing the fmalleil beads for their necks : thoCt are finefl that have moll flviiigt WW m'tnyw ' ) ! '' ■' ■ -" - ' '■ ' ^ tywf '334 The NEWANb UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGR.APtlV. %5 fcre fometimej covered with bracelets from the wrift to the tibow. I'lie largeft beads are on the ftriiigi about the tniddic : in thefe they afficA a variety of colours, all of which the Dutch furiiilh tliem with with, and take iheir cattle in return. There is another kind of ornament peculiar to the men ) and that is, the bladder of any wild bead they have killed, which is blown up, and fallened to the hair as a tropiiv of their valour. Both men and women powder themfelves witlt^a duft j.V tliey call bachu ; and the women fpot their faces with a '' red earth or ((one (as ours do with mack patches) which is : j' thought to add to their beauty, by the natives ; but, in the V eyes of Europeans, renders them more frightful and ihock- ■"■ ing than thev are naturally. ■; But, as part of their drefs, we ought to have mentioned, in the firll place, the cut\om of daubing their bodies, and the infide of their caps and mantles, with greafc and foot. Soon after their children are born, they lay them in the fun, or by the fire, and rub them over with fat or butter, mixed with foot, to render them of a deeper black, it is ' faid ; for they are naturally tawny : and this they continue todoalmoft every dayof their lives, after they are grown up, • •' not only to increafe tlieir beauty, but to render their limbs . 'fbppleand pliable. Aifome nations pour nil upon their heads I and bodies, fo thefe people make ufe of melted fat : you 'cannot make them a more acceptable prefent than the fat 'br fcum of the pot that meat is boiled m, to anoint them- felves. Several of thefe Hottentots coming on board our ■ 'Ihip, fays this author, as foon as we arrived at the cape, •addreflTed themfelves, in the firft place, to the cook for fome of the fat he had Ikimmed off his boiling coppers , which ■ ■ being eratiticd in, they immediately clapped i; on their . heads by handfuls ; which confirmed us in the opinion of their naftinefs, of which we had heard fo much. Nor are tlie Hottentots more cleanly in their diet than •In their drefs , for they choofe the guts and entrails of cattle and of (bm; wild bcaOs (with very little cleanfing), rather than the refl of the flefh, and eat their meat half boilc! or broiled ; but their principal food confifts of roots, lierbs, fruits or milk : they feldoin kill any of thofe cit- tle, unlefs at a fellival I they only feed of fuch as die of themfelves, either of difcafes or old age, or un what they take in hunting ; and, whtii they arc h.ard put to it, they will cat the raw leather that is wound about the woniens legs, and even folcs of fliocs ; and, as their mantles are al- ways wellffockcd with lice of an unufal ii/.e, they .ire not afh.imed to lit down in the public ftrcets at the cape, pull off the lice, and cat them. And wc ouj;ht tu have remem- bered, that they boil their meat in the blood 'f beads when they have any of it. They rather devour their meat than eat it, pulling it to pieces with their teeth and hands, difcovcriiig a canine ap petite and liercencfs : thev ahlUin, however, from ^wiln..^- llefh, and fome other kinds of meat, and from (ifli th.it have no fcales, as religioully as ever the Jews did And here it may not be improper to fay fonutliiiig r t tiic ma- nagement of their milk and butter • they nc\v ftrain tiieir milk, but drink it witli all the haiis and n,'.''iTicls with which It is mixi 1 in the milking by the HotK I'ot women. When they make butter of it, they put It i d fome fkin made in the form of a foldicr's knaplack, the hairy fide iiuvards , and then 'wo of thcin takiii;; hold of it, one at each end, thev whirl and turn it round till it i^ converted info butter, wimh they pot up for anointing themfelves, their c:ips ar.d mantles with, for rt»cy est no butter ; and the rcfl they fell to the Dutch, without clear- ing it from the hairs and dirt it coiitrafls in the knapfick. The Hollanders, when they have it indeed, endeavour ci fepara'e the .naftinefs from it, ami fell it to the (liippiiu', that arrives there, frequeiitiv fur butter of their own nuk- ing i and fome they cat thcml'clvcs (but lurelv none but a DiitcfMnaiieould eat Honentot butter) and the dicRS and dirt that is left thry give to their Ibvri j which liaving been found to create di'rare?, the gjxcriior of the rape fometimes pruhibits their giving their llave? tl-. is fluff by public «dift , which is not, however, much regarded. Tl.c butter-milk, without any manner of cleaning or ffraiiiinpr, the Hottentots drink rhcmrdves ; giving what they have to fpare,.to their lamb; and calve<. Thcnfual dririk of the Hottentots iscow's milk or wa- ter, and the women foraetimes drink ewe's milk , but this the men never touch : anil it is obl'erved, that the wii though a Hottentot will rum 'fpit for a PuccLmau half i day for a drau ;lit or two of fcuf wine, yet do they never attempt to plant vineyards (as fhey fee the Dutch often do) or think of^ making wine theihfelves. We (hall proceed, intlie Hcxt pl.ice, to give in account of their towns and houfes, or rather, their campi and tents. The Hottentots, like the TArtirt and Arabs, remove their dwellings frequently for tl^e conveniency of water and frelh pafture ; they encamp in a circle formed by twentj or thirty tents, and fometimes twice tlje number, contigu- ous to each other ; within the area whereof they keep dieir lelTer cattle in the night, and the larger on the oumde of their camo: their tents, or, as fome call them, hoafes, are made with flender poles, bent like an arch, and covered with mats orfkins, and fometimes both; they are of an oval figure, the middle of the tent being about the height of a man, and decreafing gradually (the poles being fhorter) towards each end, the loweft arch, which is the door or entrance, being about three feet high, as is the oppofite arch at the other end i the longeft diameter of tlic tciit bein^ about tv/elve or fourteen feet, and the' (hortell tetl ; and in the middle of the tent is a fhallow hole about a yaid diameter, in which they make their fire, and round which the whole family, confiffing of nine or ten people of all ages and fexcs, fit or lie night and day in fuchalmoak: (when it is cold, or they are drelTing of victuals) that it it impoffible for an European »o bear it, there being ufualtf no vent for the fmoak but the door, though fome havei fcen a hole in the top of fome of their huts, to let out the fmoak, and give them light. Such a circle of tents or huts as has been dcfciibed, is called by the Hottentots a kraal, and fometimes by the Europeans a town or village; but feems to be more properly a camp : for a town conlilU of more fubflantial buildings, and is feldom capable of be- i rig removed from one place to another i whereas thefe Itvellings conlift of nothing more titan fmall tent-polei, covered with fkiiis or mats, which are moveable, and car- ried away upon their baggage oxen whenever they rcmov* with their herdr to a diftant pafture. As to the furniture of their tents ; they conlift of little more than their mantles which they he on, fome otlter fkins of »ild bealls they have killed or purchafed, aiiear- thern pot they boil their meat in, dieir arms, and perlup* fomeotliei trivial utenfils. The only domeftick animal* they keep, are dug^, as ugly in their kind ai their mafleni, but exceeding ufcl'ul to them in driving and defending tlieir cattle. The Hottentots are agreed by alltobetlie lazieft genera- tionunder thcluii : theywill rather fiaivc, or eat dried Ikius, or Ihoe folcs at home, than hunt for their food ; and yet, when iliev apply ilienilelvcs to the chacc, or any other exercife, iiopcople are nioie aflive and dexterous than the Hottentots i and tlicy fervc the Euiupeans often witli tlie greatell fidelity aiul application, wlicn tlicy contraA to Icrve them tor w;ij;cs : they are alio exceeding generouf and liolpitahle . tlicv will fcarce cat a pieceof vcnifon, or a dilh ot tilh tliey have catched, or drink their beloved drams alone, hut call in their neighbours to paitake widl tiicin as far as it will go. The next thinj we (hall enquire into, is tlie govern- ment of th ■ Hottentuts , and we tind all people agree, that rverv nation has it^ king or chief, called koiuiiter, whole authority dcvoKes upon him by hereditary fuccef- lion ; and that they do notpretcnd to eleft then rcfpeftivo lovereignt. That this chief has the power ai making peace and war, and prefidcs in all their ci.' --...ds and courts of io'^.ice : but then hu ■iiihority is f aid to be limited ; and that lie can diteiiiiiiie nothing without the confent ot tlie captains of tlie levcral kraals, whofceiu to be tl»c Hottentot lenatc. The captain of every kraal, whole office is hereditary alfo, is then leader in time of war, and chief inaKillratrot hi-. kr.ial in time of peace , and, with file head ot every laiiiily, determines all end and cri- iniiideauk, witliin the kraal; only fuch dilfetences as liap|)«n between one kraal and another, and matters of iUte, are determined liv tli.- kiiii; and leuate. The Dutch, finer ihrir arrival at the tape, luvc prclcilted the kinj, or chief uf every nation of the Hottentot; in alliance with -»« m, with a brafs crown ; and the captains of e.ich kraal with a brafs-hcadrd caiK-, which arc now the baJt-cs 6f their ref()eiftive ulik^-;, lormcily they were dt'flgiguillicd (iiilv bv Hir r Ikiits, and a great'T variety of beads and ;'.litfctiiig II. tics. Ill tlieii councils thrir king fits on his heels in the cen- ter, and the c^fiuiut ot tlic ktaalijil in like mauiiei round ( * F R I C A.? CAPS OP GOOD MOPE. 333 thoat him- At hit aecefl^ ... n . lid, he promifei to ob* fenre their iittional cuftonu . - gives them an entertain- ment, killing an ox, and two or three (lieep, upon the odcafion ; on which he feifli hit captaina, but their wive* are only entertained with the broth : but then the next day, we are told, her Hottentot majefty treatt the ladies, ana their hu(b.«ndi HrepuioiFin like manner with the foop. The captain of each kraal alio, at his acceffion, engages to obierve the cuftomi of hit kraal, and makes an enter- tainment for the men, as his lady does the next day for the women i ahd, though thefe people m which tliey fcarce ever deviate. Murder, adultery aitd robbery, they conflamly punifh with death ; and, if a peribn is fufpeAed of any of thefe crimes, the whole kraal joinin feizingand fecttring him ; but the guilty perfon fimietimes makes his efcape to th; mountains, wliere rob - ber* and criminals like nirafelf, fecure themfelves from jiifticc, and frequently plunder the neighbouring country ; for no other kr;ial or nation of Hottentots will entertain a ftprnger, unlefs he. is known to them, and can give a good xeafon for leaving his own kraal. If the offender is apprehended, the captain alTcmbles the people of his kraal in a day or two ; who, making a ring, ai'ia fitting down upon their heels, the criminal is placed in tKe center of them : the withcfles on both fides are heard, and the party fuflered to make his defence: after which, the cafe being coiifidercd, the captain colicAs the fuffragcs of the judges i and, if a majority condemn him, the pri- ^ner is executed on tlte fpot. The captain iirfl flrikes him with a truncheon he carries in his hand, and then the reft of the judges fall upon him nnd drub him to death : then wrapping up the corpfe in his krofle or mantle, it is carried to fome place diftant from the kraal, where they bury it. In civil cafes alfo, the caufe is determined by a majority of voices, and fatisfaAion immediately ordered to the in- jured perfon, out of the goods of the perfon that appears to be in the wrorig. There is no apeal to any other court : tlie king and his council, confiftin^ of the captains of ths; ^kraals, never interpofe unlefs in matters that concern the public, or where the kraals are at variance. It may be proper here to add, (hat the Hottentot's cattle and perlonal eftate defccnd to his eldcfl fon ; he cannot dilinnerit him, or give his elfefls to his other children ; but, as for property in lands, or any certain real eftate, no man has any ; the whole country is but one common, where they feed their cattle promifcuoufly, movinp from place to place, to find water or frefh pafturc as necemty re- quires. Even the fcveral nations have no ftatcd bounds ; but ufe fuch trafts of land as their anccftors did More them : it is true, their rcfpcftivc limits lometinies create great dif- ferences between the feveral nations, and occafion bloody wars ; which brings us now to treat of their arms, and the arts and ftratat;i ms they ufe in war. The arms of a Hottentot are, i.Hislsnce, which re- femMes ahalf-pike,fome!imesthrown, and ufej as a miflive weapon , and at others, fervcs to pu(h with in clofe fight, the head or fpcar whereof is ptJifoned. ». His bow and arrows, the arrows bearded and poifoned likewifc, when they encage an enemy or wild beau they do not intend for food, rheirbows are made of iron, or olive-wood ; the ftring, of the linews or guts of foit»e animal : the quiver is a long narrow cafe, made of the (kin of an elephant, elk, or ox, and flung at their backs, as foldicrs iling their knnplacks. 3 A dart of a font long, which they throw exceeding true, fcarce ever miffing the mark they aim at, though it is not .ibove the brcidth of half a crown ; thefe atlb are poifoned, when they engage an enemy or a wild Ivaft that is not to be eaten : and lattly, when they have fpent the reft of their miffivc weapons, they have recourfe to ftones. feldom making a difchargc in vain ; and, what is raoft remarkable inthcirlnooiing or throwing arrows, darts, or ftoncs, they never ftand ftill, but arc all tlie while fkip- pingand jumping from one fide to the other, poflibly to avoid the ftones and darts of the enemy. Thcv arc all foot, and never engage on horfeback ; but haveditcipliiicd bulls or oxen rauglu to run upon the enemy, and to tofs :ini! dilorder them j which thefe crea- tures will do with tlic utinotl fury on the word of com- mand, not regarding the wcinons thstsre throTrn at them: tor thoM';li til! Hottentots have numbers of large cleplunts No. 33. in their couilft^r, they have not yet leantMt iStM ait Af uming - them, or traimne them up to war, u ihaaUitaiy naenia the Eaft Indies do, Every able bodied nun is a feldier, and {lolMU tt a fet of fuch arms as has been defcribed 1 and on the Atoi- mons of his prince, appears at the rendczvoua with all imaginable alacrity and contempt of danger, attd t'Mnf man rtiainuinshimfelf while the expedition iaftt. Ai their officers, civil and military, have no pay ; lb neither do tiM private men expe£t any; afenfeof honour, andthepablio good, are the fole motives for hazarding their lives in their country's fervice. In war, the Hottentots ttavs very little Conception of dilcipline, nor indeed is it poflible they (hculd 1 for the only method of raiiing an army, is, for the kraal captains to order the people to foiiuw them) the only method of maintaining one, is by hunting as they march : and the only way of deciding a difpute Mtween two nations, is, by fighting one battle ; the fuccefs of which determine! the whole affair. In an engagement, they attack with aii hideous yell, fight in great confufion, and put more confi' deiKe in their war oxen than tlieir own (kill: for, as we have hinted above, thefe animals, when trained to the bit- finefs, are better difciplined, and much more formidable* than the Hottentots themfelves. The principal inducement to their enteting into a war at any time, is the prefervalion of their territories. As they have no land marks or written treaties to adjuft the exaft bounds of every nation, they frequently difagree about tlM limit* of their refpeAive countries; and, when any neigh- bouring nation grazes their cattle upon a fpot of ground another claims, fatisfaflion is immediately demanded ; and, if it be not given, they make reprifals, and have re- courfc to arms. But this is not the only occafion of wara amongft the Hottentots : they are not always that chafte and virtuous people Mr. Kolben has reprelented them ; fome tempting Helen (for Hottentots poiiibly may appear amiable ia one another's eyes, with all the greafe and cat- , rion xhey are doaihed with) has fmitten a neighbouring chief, perhaps, who prevails on his people to afliil him in the ra|>e of the defired female ; and this frequently feti their tribes together by the ears. The ftealing each others cattle is another cau(e of deadly ftrife ; for though each kr.-ial pjiiifhcs theft among themfelves with death, yet it is looked upon as an heroic a£l to rob thofe of ano- ther nation ; at leaft the body of the people are fo back- ward in giving up the offender, that tliey frequently come to blows upon it. When they march into the field, every man follows hit fiarticuLir captain, the chief of his kraal : ihey obferve ittle order) neither do they takethe precaution of throw- ing up trenches to defend themfelves 1 and what is ftill more furprifing, have no (hields to defend themfelves againft mifiive weapons, though fome fay they will ward off" a lance or dart, and even a ftone, with a linle truncheon about a f^ (etmt, eftaem^it a raoeh tmter hotmur to "tart killed ono of th«fc {cm to'winkiiicl, tlu» an •nemy of cheu own fpecics. I'^ere are mftaittei; *4 a lhnmin) t''» engati^ 1^^ with the iierceil wild bcafii, and killing them> ; but ufuMljr the whole kMri w viUace aflefflble, when a wild bnft i» difeovercdi in (heir neighDonrhood, Mkd, dividing them- felvet iirfiakl! parties, endeavour loifarround him, Hav- iitgfavndftieiir enemy, they nfealty fee up ai great C17, at which thcrlVigNed animal endeavouve to break throush artd efcape them' : if it prove to be a rhinoceroi, ai> elk, or elephant, they throw their lancet at him, dart* and ar- row! Deing too weak to pierce Ihroagh their thick hidet : if the hcaft be not killed at the firfl dit'cbarge, they repeat the attack, and load hint' with their ipeart ; and, at he runt with aN lri« nee at the perfoni who wound him, thofe itrhii rear fbliowhim clofe, and ply him with tbeir fpear* on whom he tvwns aptn, but it ovecpowereit by Ins eiw- irfies, who conftantlv return to the charge, when his back IS towards them, and fcarce ever fail of bringing the crea- ture down, before he hat taken hrs se ve wge on any of (hem. How hazardous Ibcver foth an engagement may appear to an European, thnfe paoplt aoake it their fport ; Mi have this advantage, that they are exceedittg fwift cf foot, and fcarce ever mifs the mark thev aim at with rtteif fpear* ;' if one of ih .1 b hard prefled oy the brute, he is furc to be relieved by his companion*, who rkcver quit the field till the beaft is killed, or makes hia «iicape : though t)«ey fometimes dexterewAy avoid the adivcrfary, they im- mediately return to tbe diarg^, fubduing the Mixed either by itratagem or force. In tlie aitackin^r a lion, a feoMird vtitvgn, their dart* and arrows are ot fervice to tnem t attd therefoic tliey txgin tbe engagement at a greater diftance, than when they charge in elephant or rhinoceros ; and the creature has a wood of dartt and arrows upon fcis biek, before he can approach bi* enemies, which make him fret and rage and fly at them with the greateft fiiry ; but tbofe be attacks, mmbly avoid hi* paws, while others purfae him, and finifli the conqaeft with thi'vr fpears. Sometimes a lion takes to his heels, with abnnt'ance of poifonsd darts and arrows in his flefh : but, the f oifon begirming to operate, he foon fiiils, and becomes a jircy to thofe he would have preyed upon. The elephant, the rliinoceros, atWthe elk, are freqneiMly taken intTap»and pitfelt», without any manner of hazard. The elephants arc obfcrved to go in great companies to water, following in a file one uter another, ana ufually take the fame rend till they are diftarbcd : the Hottentota therefore dig pits in their paths, about eight feet deep, and four and five over ; in which they fix (harp ftakes pointed with iron, and then cover the pit with i'matl {licks and tvrf, fo as it is not difcarnible: and as thefe animals ufually keep in one track, frequently one or other of them falls in with his fore feet into the pit, and the ftake pierces his body ; the more he druggies, the deeper tbe weight of his tnonflren body fixes him on the ftake. When the reft of the herd obfer>-e the misfortune of tiKtr companion, and find he cannot (lifengage himfelf, they immediately aban- don him : wherei>pon tl>e Hottentots, who lie concealed, in expectation of the fuccefs of their ftratagem, approach the wounded hcaft, ilab him with tltcir fpears, and cut his largeft veins, fo that he foon expires ; whereupon tliey cut him to pieces, and, carrying tbe flefh honK, ftaft upon it as long u it lafts. His teeth they make into rings for their arms, and, when tliey have any ivory to fpare, difpofv of li to the Europeans. The rhinoceros and elk arc fre- quently taken in pitfalls, as the elephants are. The Hottentot, who kills any of thefe, or a lion, leo- pard, or tvger, fiiigly, has the highcft honour conferred Upon him, aiid trvcral privileges, which belong only to fuch intrepid heroes. At his return from this hazardous and important fervice, the men of the kraal depute one cf th? feniors to congratulate him on bis vi£iory, and defire that be will honour thrin with his prefencc ; whereupon he follows the oM deputy to the aflembly, whom he finds, according to cuftom, fitting upon their heels in a circle ; and,tamatof diftinAion being Ia>d for him in tbe center, 1m fets himfftf dcwn upon it : after which the old deputy urines plentUiiUv upon him, which the hero rubj in witit grr.^t eagjernefs, having firft fcratcbtd the grealc off hit fliiii with hm nail* -, the deputy ail this while pronouncing fame words an)n%lligible to any but tbcnifelvcit. Aftti this, thry li^ht 3 pijie of tobacoj, which they fmoke and band one to another till tliere remain itoth^ng but a!h«« in the pipe, and thefe the old de^uVy ilrewt over the gal- lant atutf Trho rubs titaai iu as they foil upon him, not 4 fnffiiriiig the toaft dud to b« loft, Ainv| but they are forsedto cambia about tbe fields, ind to kee^ toa fpare diet, left tiMy Ihould, aa Mr. Kolben furmifetn tempt the hulband» to tbeir embraces : but on the third day in the evening, we are told tltc women return to ths tent, are reaa'ved with the utmoft joy and tendernef*) mu>> tual congratulations pafs between tnem j a fiit Ihccp i» killed,, aud tlteir neigiibouri invited to the feaft, where thft pro wen* of the hero, and tlie honour he ha* obtained, arc ths chiof fitbjeA of their converfation. There is fcarce any wild beaft, but the flelb is good eating, if it bg not killed with poifonout weapon* ; but tha tyger is the moft delicious nwrfel ; and as tiie whole kraal partaka of ih« feaft, the pcrfon who kills him meeu with* double (hare of praife, as he botli rid* th^ country of ani enemy,and pleafcs their palates. Mr. Kolben r*Utes,that he has himfelf eaten of tl)« flefh of a tyger, and that it ex- ceed* any veal in the world. But to return to the field (jporis of tbe Hottentots : when tliey hunt a deer, a wild goat, or a bare, they gofingly, or but two or three in -om- pairy, armed oiUy with a dart or two, and feldom mi; the f;amc thev throw at : yet, as has been obferved alre.i . . fo; loi^ as they have any manner of food left, if it be but tlio raw hides of cattle, or (hoc foies, they will hardly be per,< fuadedtoftirtoget more; though itis true, when they rreheiid their cattle in daiwet from wild beafls, no peo> , are more aAive, or puilue the chale of them with greater alacrity and bravery. From hunting, we proceed to treat of their fifliing ; at which according to Kolben. they ue very expert ; taking, fi(h with angles, nets, and fpears ; and they get a cer- % tain fifh, called rock-filh, particularly by groping the hoks of the rocks near the more, when the tide is out: thefe are mightily admired by the Europeans ; but having nofcales, the Hottentots willnot eat them. . When they throw their lines into the fiea, Kolben pre*,. ' tends they allure the fifh towards the i»it, by whiftliug ana ' other noii'es ; which we (hall not encourage our reader* to have much faith in, our filhermen imagining that a noifc frights away the fifh : however, both feem to be of opinion, that filh can hear in the water ; and if tliis may be depended on, wc cannot liec why fi(h, as wcU u ferpcnts, may i^ot be charmed with mufic, or fomething like it. Certain it is, the (hakes in tlte Eaft Indies will rite up and dan':e to the voice of a girl, and the mulic of a very ill inftruinent. But ftill, we muft conftfs, we are in doubt, whether fi(h can hear in the water 1 and if they can, whether they may be charmed witli (bunds of any kind. But tlie manlier of tike Hottentots fwimining,is as parti- cular ss of hisfilhing ; for he ftand* upright in ilie Tea, and rather walks and treads the water, tlun fwims upon it, hi." head, neck, and fhoulders being quite above the waves, a» well as hiu arms, and yet they move fi^iler in tlic water than anv European can ; even in a ftorm, when tlu: #avei run high they wilt venture into tbe fui, rifing and falling with the waves like a cork. However, it i* obferved by our autlioi, that before they venture either into the fea, or a river, they mutter fomething to theinfelvcs, which he fuppofes to DC a ftiort prayer; adding, that when they have put up ihr^ir filh in Ikins, tliey will fwini, or rather walk with a great load of them upon their heads, through the waves to the (koie. The next thing we (hall coniideri* the marriages of the Hottentots : and it leeins, every young fellow has fuch re- gard to the advice of his father, (or rather the laws and' cul'toms of tbe country require it) that he always confult< the old man before he enters into a treaty with hi.- iniftrcfs, and if he approves the match, the fiitli:r and fon, in the firll place, pay a villi to the father of the darafe', with whom having fmoakcd, and talked of iiidifFcTctu thing* for fome time, the father of ihc lover opens t'-.e natter to tbe virgin's father, nho havine coululted tiis wifcj returtu ad [APR *? A.] CAPE OF GOOD H v> i> Ei h u, 1- »r !"» !^ *• rd u. lift tl« nI \Ui lal k» i» lat X- Id ild n- ha fd lu> sr- «y Itb u ng sr- he It: >S jilt infw*r imnidUteljr to the propob! : if it b« rejcAed, the lover itlU lii tiitlier retire without more wordi ; but if the otTer be apoi >ved by ttieold fotki, the dainfel ii called, and acquainted, that tliey have provided • hulband for her: ^ Ihe moft lubmit 10 th^ir determination, unlefi Ihc can hold her lovei at armi end, after a niglkti niUgKling . tor we are told, that when the parenK are agreed, lUe two young people are put together, and if the virgin lofei her maidenhead, fhe itluft have thfc young fellow, though Ihc be never To averfe to the match : but then the i* permitted to pinch aiul fcratcli, and defend herfelf as well as llic can i and if th oker, or red chalk, oil their black faces. . The entertainment being ready, the men form a circle in the area of the Icraal (for a large company cannot fit within doois) vm^ the women form another ; the bride- groom fitting in the middle of the men's circle, and the bride in the center of her own Tea. Then the prieft en- brc the men's circle, and urines upon the bridegroom, which the voung ncan rubs in very joyfully. He then goes to *he ladies circle, where he does tlie bride the fame nvour. Then the i>ld man goes from the bride to the bridegroom, till hehu exhaufted all his (lore. The prieft then pronoL .ces his bet^diftion in thefe words : " That they may live long and happily together ; that they may liave a fon before the end o< the year ; and that he may prove a brave mart, and an expert hunfman, and the like. After which, the meat is fervcd up in earthen pots glazed with greafe ; and fome of them having knives fince the Europeans came amongft them, they divide their meat pretty decently ; bot more of them make ufe of their teeth and claws, pulling it to pieces, and eating it as vo- racioufly as fo many dogs, having no other plates or nap- ftins than the ftinking corners ot the napkins they wear i •ad fca (hcUi witliout handles ufually ferve them for fpoous. Wnen they have dined, a pipe is filled with tolucco, which they fmoke all round, every onetakinatwoorthree whifTs, ana then handing it to the next. It is ringular, that though the Hot^ntots are immoderately fond of (pirituous liquors, tnufic and dancing, yet they do not drink the firft, nor praftife the latter at weddinzs. The Hotte: .. - '• allow of^polygaray ; but feldom have more than thir' i Ives at a time ; and it feems it is death to roarryor liewi' . r. 'rftorfecondcouf)n,oranynear relation. A father feldoiu giv^'i his foa more than two or threecowj, and as many O^.ep, upon his marriage, and with thefe he muft make nis way in the world -, and we do not find they give more with their daughters tlun a cow, or a couple of Itteep i but the latter are to be returned to the fiither, if the bride dies without having had any children : on the contrary, if (he ever bore any children to her hulband, tlie portion be' .i.tes bis, even though the childreivaie dc- funa. i'hey do not leave t'aeir daughters, or younger fons, any thing when 'icy die ; but all the children depend upon theeldeft brother, and are his fervants, or rather (laves, when the father is dead, unlets the elder brother iniranchife thrm ; nor has the mother any thing to infill on, but what the cldeft fon allows her. As there arc no 7reat fortunes among thtm, they match purelyfor love ; h >^reeable companion is all tlieir greateft men aim at : their chiefs intermarry frequently with tlie pooreft man's daughter i and a brave fellow, who has no fortune, does nut Jefpair of matching with the daughter oi a prince. Merit, according to Kolben, is much more regarded there than among politer nations. A widow, wbomarri-s a fecond time, is obliged to cut ojT a Joint of one of her fingers i and fo for every huf- band 1 rr- -3 after thr firil. Either man o** woman may. ; '. i, on (hewing Sufficient caafe before the ciptai. - J ': • ajsain, though the man is allowed to nurry, ad' ..v as .naiiy wivet as he pleafes at the fame time. A youTig rii^tc ' new m 0Ut(er of a but or tent till he marries, unlet . ii father diei and Itavtahim ftua i therefore the firlt I >inels the bride and bridcgroont afply theinfelves to, aflt their marriage fead, is to art A a tam ' or hpt of all new. materials, in which work the staraan has as great a (hare u the man ; fm^ tbit. taking tbam vf about a week'f lime, the iiew married c«^pia arc cntar- tained in the mean tint* in the itata of fonia of their n- lations. When they refort to their new apartment,^ and come to keep houfe together, the wife feems to hava much tha greatcH Ihate of the trouble of it: (he fodders the cattle, milks them, cuts out the firing, (earclies every momiogfor roots for their food, brings them home, and boils or broil* them, while tlie drpne of a hdiband lies indolently at home, and .will fcarca give himfelf the tt'Ouble of getting up to eat when the food is provi4eil fot him by the drudg* his wife. The more wivea he has, ftill the more in> doluu life hf laads, the care of making provifion for the family bein^ thrown upon them. He will. It i« iii|d, In his turn, attend his cattle in tha fiel4 i but axocft* every one of his wives (hould do, at lead, as much towards ukini; care of. them as he doc*. He will alfoi fometimes, but .very rarely go a hunting with the men of his kraal; and bring home a piece of venifon« or a di(h of fi(h i but thi* is not bft«n ; and if he i* of any handicraft trade, he may work at it t^6 ot three hours in a week, and inftruA his children in the art. He alfo ukea Upon him to fell hii cattle,and ; jrdiafe tobacco, and ftrong liquors of the Dutch, with iiccefrary tools, brad* and otb«( ornaments, for which the Hottentot* bartet: away thci^ cattle : their wives are not ^rmitted to intermeddle in tha bufinefs of buying ai\dfelluig, tbit being the fol« preroga^ live of the man. If a woman brings a livine fon into the world, there U great rejoicing : but the fird uiing they do with the childi IS to daub it all over with eoW'Kiung ; then they by it be- fdrethe fire, or in the fun, till the daw is dried , aftei» , which they rub It ofF, andwaflt thachiU with the juice of ce; '^in herbs, laying it in the fun, or befete the fire again, tilt the liquor i* dried in, af*er sihich they ahoint the chilli from head to foot with butter. Or flieep* ht melted, whicU is dried in as the juice iH* : and this cullom of anointing their bodies with fiit, they retain ilfkrvfards as long m the* [ live. After the child has been thus fmcared and grcaferf' the motlier gives it what name (he think* proper, which, it - ufually the name of fome wild beaft, or domeftic anirjal. When the woman is well again, and able lo leave her. hut (he rubs herfelf all over with cow-Hung ; and this filthy daubing is by thefe delicate, people termed a purificatioib ■ Being thus tant to the lower bough of a tree, dr leave it in fome thickeC of bulhcs, where it is frequently dedroy«d by wild beaftti- They do not deal thus, however, as has be«n obfcrved, b# tlieir male children ■ on the birth of a boy,- they kill ^ bullock ; and if they have twins, two bullocks ; and maka an entertainment for all the neighbourhood, who congra<^ tillate the parents on their good fortune ; and, as with u«,' tlie greatefi rejoicings are on the birth of the fird fon^ At about ten years of age, the males are always deprived of their left teft,iclc, the operation is perfoxdied with a dcx-< tetity that would furprize an European furgeon, and bad conlequences are feltk>m ornever known to enfue. A (hem is killed, and great rejoicing* are made upon the occafion; but it is to be obferved, that the meit devoiir all the meat^ and allow the women nothing but tlie broth. The reafod of this abfurd cu'\om of mutiUtins their male youth is un* knoivn : fome of the Hottentots (ay, it is to make thent run I'wift ; but the jreaied part of thefe people give their general reafon, which they ufe upon all occafiom, . whed they are unable to account for arfy of their iibfurd prac- (ires ; namely, Th;^t ii is the Hottentot cudom ; and hat been praAifed by their ane*ftor« tiass ismcnioriw. At' the age of cifihteao, tiu male Hottcotott, beind >3«: S^ T«i NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. t-' ittimi mm, are thu- nimittcd into mats focicty ; the men mt th« villafit (if it may be lb called) fnuai down, and form a ciKle, a* it ufaal upon moll puolic occalioni, lh« fouth Iquai* down witlinut th« circle, at l>'fiie dif- tancc. The uldcft nun of the kraal then rifei tiom tliit circ<««aBd, having obtained the general confeiitfor the ad- miflion of a new member, h« goci to the youth, acquainti him with the determination of the men of the kraal, and concludM hin harangue with fbme vcrfei, which admonifh him to bchavf like a man for the future. The youth be- ing then daubed witli foot and fat, and well fprinklcd with unne, it congratulated by the company in general in a kind of chorui, which contain* the following wifhei : that go< luie ....ly I'tend iiini, t\\!H he may live long, and thri ai/ , that he may foon have .1 beard, and many children , till it is uiiiverlally allowed he i^ a iireful in« to the nation. A fcall concludes the ceremony 1 but t/<' youth himfelf is not permitted to participate of any jurt thereof till all the rcU ate fervcd. Being thus admitted into male focicty, it ii expcAcd that he Ihould behave ill to women in general, and to liij mother in particular, in order to evince his contempt of erery thing frniiiiiae. Indeed it ii ufual for a youth as foon as admitted, to go to his mother's hut, and cudgel her heartilVifor which he is highly applauded by the whole kraal i and even the fuf^ring parent herfelf admires him for bit fpirit, and protells that the blows do not give her lb much pain, as the thoughts of having brought fuch a raet- tlefome fon into the world afford her pleafure. I'hc more ill treatment he gives his mother, the more eftcem I.e ob- tains ; and every time he ftrikes her Ihc is in the liigheft raptures, and thanks providence for having bleircd her With fuch a fpiritcd child. So cgrcgioully will culloin counterafl the very dilates of nature, and inipoli: upon the underflanding of the ignorant. A Kotteiuot never obtains an eftablinimciit, or, in other wordt, never is permitted to hive a hat or cattle, previout to his marriage, but lives immediately under the dirrAion of his fatlKr after eighteen, as he did with his mother before that age. At foon as he is married, his wife, as we hinted above, becomes his flave, does all the drudgery, ^nd has all the care of domeffic affairs upon her hands. The hufbond finks into fupinencfs, and gives himfelf to- tally op to idlcncfs ; if he cvcv (\irs, it is now-.ind-thcii to goafilhingor hunting for a little amufemcnt, or, if he Knows a mechanical bufinefs, he may perhaps teach it tr> his eldeft fon. Upon no other occalion will he quit l^i'i beloved indolence, or (hew tlie Icaft alacrity, unlefs V.vt' ed he happens to receive an invitation to get drunk. T^. n joy fparklet in his eyes and elates his heart, and he •'ijj.lts lie never can make too much hafte to render himfelf a j;reater brute than he n.iturally is. It may be proper new to lay fomcthing of thofe officers .'UAongft them, which the Europeans generally dcnnmi- nate their priclis. Thefe perfons are called furri or maf- ter, and are eleAed by every kraal ; they are the nun who perform thecereinony of making water at their weddingi, and other fcllivals ; the furri alfo is the pcrlbn who extracts the left teflicle from the voung males at eight years of a,;e ; for all which he has no (l.itcd revenue, but a prefent now and then of a calf or a lamb, and makes one at all their en- tertainments. But every kraal alfo has its phyflcian, as well as its prieft, who are perfons that have fomc (kill in phyfic and furgery, and particularly in the virtues of falutary herbs : thefe alio arc cnofen by a majority of voices, and make it their bu- fineft tolook after the people's health -, but have no other reward neither for their pains, than voluntary prefcnts. And fuch is the opinion of^ the Hottentots of thci'e phyfi- cians, that, if they cannot effeft a cure, they coiKlude they are certainly bewitched -, as the doftor himfelf alfo never fails to give out : whereupon application is made to fouie pretended conjurer for relief ; and if the patient hap^.^ns to recover, it gives the cunning man, as we call bim, a migiity reputation. The Hottentot phyfician and furgeon, as has been hinted, is the fame pcrfon ; and though theic gentlemen fcarce ever law a body difTeAed, it is laid, they have pretty good no- tions of anatomy : they cup, bleed, make amputations, and rellore didocated limbs, with great dexterity; cholicks and pains in the ftomach they relieve by cupping. I'hcir cuf IS an horn of an ox, the edges cut very finooth : the 4oaor, having fucked the part where the pain lies, claps on the cup ; and, after it has remained fomc time, till he thinks the part it infenfiblc, he pulls off the horn-cup, and inakot two or three incidons, half an inch in length, irith a common knife, having 110 other inftrumcnt : after 3 which, he apptiri the cup again, which falls off when it is full of blood, but the patient, it is fatd, luD'ers g.rM pain in the operation If the pain removes to anulh>r part, they rul> it with hot fat 1 and, if that does not iaf« the pain, thoy ufe the cup again on the part la(f affcAad 1 and, if the frcond cupping doci not relieve the patient, they give him inward medicines, being inftilioiii or pow- ders of certain dried tuaf and herhi. They let Mood in pi *<;s and indifpofitioni of that kind, having no other ' ument than a cuminon kiiife i and, if bleeding willnv.i efl'cA thecuie, tlicy give the pa- tient phylie. I' or head-act'is, which they are piclty much fubjedt to in calm weather, they (have their heads in fur- rows, as they do when they are in mourning ; hut a brilk gale of wind ufually ci4iries of the head-ach, without any other application ; and this tliey do nut often want at tlie :.ipe. I hey feldom make any other amputation':, tli.in of tlw lingers of fuch women as marry a lecoiid time, oroftnert and, ill this cafe, llicy bind tlic joint IkIow that which it to be cut off veiy tight, with a dried finew, and llien cut off the joint at uncc with a knife. I)np|iii)g the blood with the juice of myrrn-leaves ; aftci win- li, they wrap up thn finger III foiiie healing IkiN, and iKver any pAil of the lin- ger receives any hurt beyond the amputation. 'I hey have little or no IIjII in fettiiig fraAured limbs i but are pretty dexterous at lelforiiig of diflocations. The Hottentot phyfician, in cafe he meets with a foul flomach, gives the juice of aloe Lavis ; and, if one dof« will not do, repeat! it two or three days ; and, fur any ill' ard ail, they give chicriy the powdnj or iiifuliuns of wild fage, wild iigs and fig leaves, bu^lui, garlic or fennel ; but, whatever the diteale be, it feems Ihc patient nevsr fiiils tu lacriticc a bullock, or a (heep, upon his recovery. Thefe people are excerHingly fupcrllitious, and fond of divination. In order to know the fate of a hck pcrfon, they tlay a Iheep alive ; after having its (kin intircly taken off, if the poor animal is able to get up and run awar, it is deemed a propitious omen ; but, on tlie contrary, if the excruciating pain kills it, they imagine that the patient will certainly die, and accordini;ly give him up iiuirely to nature, without taking any farther care of him. Whatever they believt of departed fouls, ilicy have no notion either of heaven or hell, or of a llate of rewards or punilhments ; this is evidenlfroin tlic behaviour of a dy- ing Hottentot, and thole about bun ; neither he nor hii ' friends otfcr up any prayers to their goo, Mity In** not bern ahlel»bi«ak then* of one fingle cuftom, %« prtvoil Willi ilitm to a!ln of the kr^al with fome of the iinior', fearrU the nrighbouf thin fix h'iur«. When all Itlinttt an the ne'Ehb'Muliood aff-mble bcfon; Iht If .! d, the men fi'ting down on ihrir ker and '^'ng tlicir elbowi on their kncn (lb- * a» the w»>mf n do in anotlv r : here Olay I and howl, crving, Ho, bn, be ! (i. r. ftthnjitttti ' lofi. The corplr!hi:ii being brought «ax on that nt, wh-te the perfbn died, and not at the door, tlte bcuuii carry him in their aim< to the grave, the men and worn n fallow it in dirferent partiei, but without anymauiierof order, cryiiiRall theway, Bo, bo, ho' and wringinj; their- hands, and pertiorming a thouland n- dicnloui eeftures and grimaces, \Ttiich \\ frc^oc ntly the ftibjefl of the Dutchmen's itiirth ; it being inipoirible, it fafaid, to forbear Itughmg at tlie ainie tricki they Ihew an Aid) an occafion; Having put tliecorjife- into the cavity prepated for it, «ling, and frequently tail upon thenaireof then departed friemi: after whichtwo •f the oldelt mutch at the cape pofitively alRrm, that they believe in a Supreme Bcinc, whom they ftile Gounya Tequoa, or Ciod ot godi, and fancy that his place of rcfidence it beyond the moon. They allow that Gounya I'a juoa is a humane benevolent being, yet they have no mode of worQiipping him i for which tliey give this mfon, " That he curfcd their flrft parents for naving greatly offended him, 011 which account their pofterity have never ftt>m that time pid him adoration. The believe that the moon is an inferior vifible god, and the reprel'cntatlvc oi the high and invifil.le : that !b« has the direttion of _tlie weather ; and therefore they pray to btr when it is unlc.ilbnabltk They nevcMiit cu aUerable No. Si- and worfhip thit planr u tha n««r and fitU moan, lat th* weather be never lb h.ul 1 and tbouj|h they difturt their bodiri, grin, and put oti very fr ighlful lookl, crying aii'l howling in a terrible manner, yet they hava fonie exprel- ftoin that Ihew their veneration anddependahceontliit m- (irior deity ) at, * Mutfchi Alie, I faluta you , you ir« welcome : Cheraqua kaka chori OuiK)ua, grant tM paftut* for our cMtIt and plenty of milk.' Thele and othar prayaf* to the moon tliey repeat, frequently dancing and CMpi ::; their hands all the wlitle ; and, at tha and of ayerydaiK. , crying. Ho, ho, ho, ho ! raifmg and falling their voiceii alvd uling abundaitce of odd galliirei, that ap|'«ar ndicu* loui to Kuropean fpe^alors ; and whicli no doubt, roida them at firil, before they knew any tl .ng of their language! conclude, that thit could not be t .e ciTeA of devotioni cfpecially when the people themfe'ves told them, it was not an aA of religion, but only intended for their dlvecfioiL But to return : I'bey continue thui Ihouting, tinging and dancing, with proflrstiont on the earth, the whole night, and even anrt of ihe neat day, with fome tbort intcTvalu, never iel\' « fpent with the violence of the r.' >U>wn upon their heeli, holding . 'lids, an4 telling their clbowa t * little lime, they ftart up again, .. tianr ing in a circle as before. ing, unlef< tlicy ai' aOioiii and then their hcadibcr^^ . on their kne» ■ r and tailing tu Utf^.T- with all tlKir might. The Hottentoti alfo adore a lly about the bigntfs of a lioinei, ealltd by (oine the g for the favour Ih'-wn thru kiaal, iH-lieving tlicv Ihall certainly prnfp r after luch a vitii ; and, it thi^ inlc lU hap- pens to li);lit upon a tent, tliey look upon the omier of it for the fuiinc as a tain>, and pay hini more than nlual re- I'ntitl. Tlte bell ox of the kraal alfo is ininieJiatrly I'acii- hced. to teftify their gratitude to tlic liitle w iiigcd deity, and 10 honour the f«int he has been plcaicd thus to dillin* enifh : to whom themtraili of the l)caP, 'he choicell mor- fel in their opinion, with the fat and the caul is prcfsntedi and tht caul boing tttilled like a rope, the lain cv«r after wears it like a collar about hit net V day and 1 t, till it puliifiei and rott olF ; and Uic faint only feat upon the entrailt of the bead, while the reft of the iiraal feed upon the joints, that are iiot in fo hit;h eUtrm among iheni : with the fat of tile liu:riiice alfo the faint anointt his lindy from time to time, till it it all l^nt ; and, if the riy lights upon a woman Ihc it no left revert need by the neighbour- hood, andentitlrdto thr like -^ricileges. It is fcarce polFiblc to exprei. theagonies the Hotlentott are in, if any Kuropian attempts to take or kill one of ihefc infers, at the Dutch will lom-timcs fccm to attempt, to put them in a fright : they will beg and pray, and tail proflrate on the ground, to procure the lilerty of this little creature, if it falls into a Dutchman's hands ; they are on fuchan occalion, in nelel^iconllcination (hi«n the Indiann near fort St. George, when the kite, with a white head, which they worlhip, is in danger. If a foldier takes one of thefe alive, and threatens to wring the neck of it off, the Indians will gather in crovt-ds about him, and imme.- diitelvcolleft the value of a Ihilling or two, to purcha'er the liberty of the captive bird ihcyado e. Hut to retain to the Hottentots : they imagine if this linlo deity Ihoutd bekilird, all the cattle would die of difealVs, or \yt deftioved by wild beads ; and thev theinl'eives fhould be the moft mifcrable of men, and look upon that kraal to be doomed to fame imminent niisfartvne, wliere thi* animal feldom appoars. I'heHottentotS alfonayatfcrt of religiooi worrtiip to the fouls of depertrd flints and heroes \ they conl'ccrato Helds, mountains, woods, and rivers to their memory ; and wlien, at any time, they happen to pals by I'ucli coiv- fecrated ground, they put a fhort prtyer to the fubordinats dtity oi the place, and (bme'iiiies dance rountl, and clap their hands as they dn in their adorations ol the moon. The Hollandei* hare fent feverel reverend divinea to the cspc as milUonaries, who Itave fpnrcd no pains to bring the Hottentot} off from their idolatry, and initucc them to ertthrsse Ciiiiiiiaiiity ; even thtir covetouiiicfii and am- bition htive been apptied to, and trtnpornl rewards olfered them, on condition of their bchtg' inlhufled iu tlie pria- 4 Q. C'pl** IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^. 1.0 I.I 1.25 lis I2£ ■^ 12.2 ! :r ill »£ |20 1.8 U ill 1.6 III

    ngi,ig over two of that nation hi- ther, whom they doathcd decently after the European manner, and ufed them, i:i all refpefts, with the greateft goodnefs and gentlenefs, hoping, m that means, to be bet- ter informed of the condition of their country, and whe- ther it mighc be worth the while to make a fettlemcnt there ; but tl>e two Hottentots only learnt Englifli enough to bewail then- mitibrtune il» being brougltt from their country and their friend* ; and, after twoyears trial of them, being again fet on fhore at the cape, they immediately flripped off their European cloaths, and, having taken up the fneep fkin mantle again, rejoiced beyond meafure for tlieir happy efcope from the Englifh. S E C T. V. 0/ tht Irajgjc and cmmirct, mmufaaurii, ertifcers, lau- guagt, (i(. if tht HetttnUU. THE poor Hottentots fometimes employ themfelves'in making arms, viz. bows and arrows, lancet and darts, bartering them with the rich for cattle, to begin tlie world with : others get elephants teeth, and what tliey do not 'lie in making rings and ornaments for themfelves, are generally difpofed of, it is thought, to the Portuguefe and other Europeans, who touch at Terra dc Natal, and other parts of the eaftern or weftern coafl. The Hottentots fell very few teeth to the Dutch ; though it is manifeft they kill abundance of elephants : they fupply the Hollanders however with cattle, and take wine, brancly or tobacco, in return ; and Kolben relates that an ox may be purchafed of them for a pound of tobacco, and a large fheep for half a. pound. As to coin, the reader will conclude tlicy have none; nor do they ever fee any, unleft fomc fmall pieces €)f money the Dutch fometimes give them for their wages at the cape ; and it muft itot be forgot, that the Hottentots find abundance of oilrich's eggs in the fand, whidt they barter with the fea-faring men, that touch at tlie cape, for brandy and tobacco ; every failor almoft being proud of bringing home 05c of thcfc egg (hells to his friends, after he has fried and eaten the yolk, which makes a large cir.c.ikt. and is pretty good food, but ratlier of the flrongtlt. Their butohert vt faid to be great aitiftt in their way, and to handle a knife as dexttfrbufly ki an anatomill : haf« inglied tlic hind and forelegs of a fheep, they throw tho ' creature on his back, and with cords, two of them extend, it to its full ftretch, whil» a third rips it up ; fo that all tho entrails appear : then, with one band, he tears the guts from tlte carcafe, and, with the other, ftirs tlie blood* avoiding as much as hecan the breaking any of the bloods veffels about the heart ) fo that the fheep is a long time a dyin^ : in the mean time he gives the guts to another, who juft rids them of the filth, atid rincct them irt water, and part of tliem afe broiled and eaten amongft them, be- fore the fheep is well dead : having fcobped t^e blood- out of tlie body of tike animal with their hands or fea Ihclls, they cut tlie reft of the guts in fn?all pieces, and flew tbem in the blood, which is the Hottentots favourite difh. An ox alfo is killed in tlie fame barbarous manner ; being tlirown upon his back, and his legs extended with. cord*, he is ripped up, and b»» gutt taken out firfl ; in which cruel operation the btaft ils half an hour a dying : they feparate the parts with great cyaftnefs, dividing the flefh, the boBe»» the membranes, mu.'clcs, veins, and arteries, and laying them in I'evcral parcels every thing entire. The bones alio are taken out of the ficfh, and laid togetlier ir> fitch order, that they might be eafily formed into an exaA fkeltton -: tliefe the^ boil by themfelves, and get the marrow out of them, with which Ihey anoint their bodies. Oi; the fheep fkin, at has been obferved already, they make » maiitl ■., if it be large ; but, if it is fniall, tliey cot it i»to thongs, to adorn thdr women's legs : and the hide of an ox ferves either to cover their tents, or to make girts and fttaps o^ with which they bind their baggage on tlteir carriage oxen when they decamp ■, and, if tliey liave no other nfe for their ox-hides, they lay them by, and eat them when they want other food. They have another artificer, who is botli felmonger an4 taylor : tliat his, he drefles fkins after their way, and then makes them into mantles : he takes a fheep fkin jufi flayed off, and, rubbing it well with hx, the fkin becomes touah and fmooth ; and, if it be for one of his countrymen, qp rubs it over alfo with frefh cow-dung, and lays it in the fun till it it dry : then he rubs it with fat and cow dung again ; which he repeats feveral times, till it becomes pcr> fedly black, and flinks fo, that no European can bear it ; and then, with a little fhaping and fewing, it is a compleat mantle for a Hottentot : but, if it be dreffed for a Dutch- nun, he only rubs the fkin well with fat, which fccuret the wool from coming off. If he be to drefs an ox's hide, he rubs the liairy fide with wood afhes ; then fprinkling it with water, rolls it up, and lays it a day or two in the fun ; which expedients efieftually bring off the hair ; this fkin is tlien well greafed, flretched out, and dried again, when it is deemed good leather. Their fmiths do not only fafhion their iron, but melt it from the ore : they find plenty of iron ftones in feveral parts of their country ; and having got a heap of thefe, they put them into a hole in the ground, heated and pre- pared for their purpofe : then they make a fire over Uic floiies, which they fupply with fuel, and keep up till the iron melts : and then it runs into another hole, wbidi tliey make for a receiver, a little lower than the fiift ; a* foon at the iron in the receiver is cold they break it to pieces with ftones ; and, heating tlic p'.eces again in other fires, beat them with flones, till they fhapc them into tho heads of lances, darts, arrows, and bows, and fuch wea- pons as tliey ufe ; for they fcarce ever form any otlier uteu- fils, but arms of this mc'al : they gpt the harJcfl flat flone, according to monficur Vogel, and, laying the iron upon it, as upon an anvil, beat it with another round flone, which ferves them for a hammer ; then tlicy grind it upon the flat iloiie, and polifh it as nicely as any European artifi- cer could do with all his tools : they have fome copper ore too, which they melt in like manner ; but th y make only toys and ornaments for their drefs of this metal : nor, indeed, do they ever work in iron, but when tlicy want weapons. They would never labour, if their necKlfitics did not fometimes compel them tT it : but, when tliey do, no people work lurdcr, or i.^on: iiidefatigably ; for tlicy never leave a piece of woik, till they luvc hiiilhcd it. The ivory- tumor makes tlie ivory riii^s that are worn ornamentally about the arms ; and ccntidering ihat his only tool is a common clafp knifi;, which he procures from the Dutch, the workmanfhip has gnat mi.ilt. The potter or maker of cartiicn velfcis is another art ; but thi?; it feems, tlity arc all 'ksterou? at. ?vcr" faini!*' making the pots and pans they want. For tliel'c they ulo only the earth of ant-hilh, clearing tlicm of all fand and gravel ; after wlii«h, tliry work it together with the bruilcd tA ^ ii 1 e A.] M O ^ d M o t A^ 4. 3i0 Ut iggf, (i>at are faid to conftitute an extraorfjinary cement. When they have itiouldedthefe materiaU into a kind of pafte, tbev take at hiucli of them as will make onr of their pots < and fiilhion ii by haad upon a flat ttone, making it ot the formbf a hoinan urn ; tlien they fmootli 't within and without very carefuJlv, not leaving tl^ leaft toughnefs upon thefurface , and, havii.g dried it in the fun twu or three days, they put tli: pot into a hole in the ground, and burn it, by inakiii^a hrc over it 1 and, when they take it out, it appears pcifc£tly black : every family aUb make their own mati, with which they cover their teuti or huts; but tliii is chiedv the burinel's of the women : they gather the flags and rulnes,l)ytherivcrflde, or weave or plat them Into mats lb cloi'ely, it is laid, that neither the weather or light can penetrate them. I he lad artificer we fliall mention is the rop;-makcr, who has no better materials, than fuch tiags and ruihes as the mats are made of ) and yet they appear almoll as Arong as thofe made of hemp : the Dutch, at the cape, buy and uletliem in ploughing, and in draught-carriages. As to the way of travelling here, the natives all travel oti foot, except the aged and infirm ; ind thefe are carried on their baggage oxen. As there are no inns or places for rcfrefliment, the travelling Hottentot calls at the kraals in his way, where he meets with a hearty welcome from his contrymen, who endeavour to Ihew tlieir hofpitality to ilrangers, whether of their own country or of Europe. Such indeed is the general urbanity of thife people, and their ftriA integ< itv when any confidence is placed in ihem, ittft when the Hollanders travel cither on foot or horfe- back, if thev cannot reach a Europ»;an fettl;men(, they alfo call at the kraals of the Hottentots, where they' are complimented witli a hut, and fuch provifion k, t)\cy have, or'tliey may lie in the area of the kraal, in thn open air, if they ;>lcalc, and the weather be good 1 and here they are (bcure, both from robbers and wild beads ; for the bulhis banditti on the mountains are dangerous, as they give no quarter ; but the Hottentot nations in general hold them in abhorrence, and nnanimoufly concur in feizing and pu- nilhing them upon all occafions. 'I'hcir language is very inarticubte and deieAivc ; one word fignities fevcral things, the definitive meaning being djetermiiiod by the maimer of pronouncing ; and (he pro- nunciation is fo harlh and confufcd, that they fccm to Hammer in all they fpeak. Hence, though they are eafily - taught to underiland other Unguages, they can feldom be brought to fpeak them with any degree of intelligi- bility. We (hall here fubjoin a fmall Hottentot vocabulary, for the fatisfaftion of the curious; khauna, fignifiefi'a lamb ; kgou, a goofe ; bunqvaa, trees ; knomm, to hcai-; quaqua, a pheafant 1 tkaka, a whale ; horri, beaftt in ge- neral ; knaboo, a fowling piece ; qua-ara-ho, a wild ox; ounequa, the arms; quienkha, tojall; likhanee, a dog; konkequa, a captain ; quas, the neck ; quan, the heart ; kgoyes, a buck or doe ; tikquoa, a god ; komma, a houfe ; knoaa acatt kowkuri, iron ; konkekerey, a hen; thou- kou, a dark night 1 tkoume, rice ; glioudie, a Iheepi toya, the wind ; ttkaa, a valley ; tkaonoklau, gunpowder , kamkamma, the earth ; quaouw, thunder ; duckaterc, a duc< ; kamma, watery quayha, an afs ; naew, the ears ; kirri, a (lick ; nombha,- the beard t ka-a, to drink ; durie- fa, an ox ; hck-kaa, an ox of burden ; ounvie, butter ; houtro, a fca dog ; bikgua, the head ; kamma, a (lag ; kuu.|uil, a pigeon ; anthuri. to-morrow ; kuu, a tooth; khamouna, the devil ; hakqua, a horfe ; koo, a fon ; kam- mo, a dream ; tika, grafs ; toqua, a wolf ; koanqua, the mouth ; khou, a peacock ; gona, a boy ; gois, a girl ; khoakamma, a baboon ; kerhaiiehou, a ftar ; tnu, an eye ; tquaffouw, a tyger. The Hottentots have only ten numerical terms, which they rcj>cat twice to cxprcfs tlic multiplication of tlie firil term, and three times to cxpreis the re-multiplication of the latter. Their terms are: q'kui, one'; k kam, two; kouna, three ; kakka, four ; koo, five; nanni, fix; hounko, fevcn; khilTi, eight j khalH, nine; ghifli, t^n. SECT. V. ' • •" " Trtatt iftht impirti if Afintmitapa, and Mmumuii ; de- fcrihing their hun/ariis and txtint, prtviiicts, rivtrt, thi inhabitant!, thtir cafiimt, drift, Uwt,t*rtmtHits,enditber farticulari rilalivt to thtft pttplt. MONOMOT APA is one o; the largeft empires in all Africa i being bounded on tlie well, by the moun- tains of C>.6rraria ; on the eaft, by the kiiigtiom of So- h\ii on the, nordi, by;,. the riypt Coaffli, wiiicU fepante* it from M6noemu|l ; uhd, on ihe fouth, iy the rkcr de Spirifa Sanfto. Itisfituatcd betweeri the fbtiiteentb' and tVenHr-fifth dcgree< t>f fouth latitude, ahd between the forty-fir(! and fihy-fixih of call longitude; beiiw; fix hiiiidfed and fifteen mileil in breadth from north to (outU^'*^ anj fix hundred and feventy in length from eail td iveff. ' In thii country are fix provinces, or petty l'.ingdoms« , the governors of Which are vaflals to tht king or emperor' nf Monomotapa. The uaihes of thefe provinces are Mot'I . . nomotapa Proper, Quiteve, Maniea, Inhambamt, Sabia« and Inbamior, ''^ The moil confiderable of the whole is Monomotapt '> Pfoper, which is particularly diftingnifhed for conuintng [ the capital city of the empire. It is fituated in eighteea : degrees twenty-feven minutts fout^ latitude, and oiirty-' , one degrees ten minutes eaft longitude ftom London. It '■ is a large and populous city, and the ftreets very long and ' > fpacious. 'The houfes are built with timber and earth, , and are i>( different fi^es, fome being much more lofty thart ' others, atco'rdiilg to the quality of thofe that occupy them: ' the roofs arc large, and formed in the lltape of a bell ; and '' allof them are neatly whitewafhcd. both within and without. ;. The greateft ornament of the city is the imperial pa- ' la:e, which 11 a fargc fpacions fabric, well flanked witU % towers, and has four avcniitt or (lately gaies, conftantly kept by a numerous guard. The ihfidc confifts of a great ' variety of fumptlious apartments, fpacioui and lofty haUt, \ ■ all adorned with a magnificent kind of Cotton tapeftry, th« manufafture of the countrr. The floors, tielings, beams, ' and raflers, ate all either gilt, or plated with gold curioufl^ ' wrought; as are alfo the chair of (late, tables, benches, &c. ' rlie Catldlfclticks and bfafiches are made 6f ivory inlaid with gold, and hang from thetfleling by chains of thefamo meta.1, or of (ilver gilt. The plates dilhes, and bowls be- '■ longing to the emperor's table, are made of a fortof porce^ ' lain curieufly wrought on the edges with fprings of gold refcmbling thole of coral. Inlhort, fo rich and magnifi.* ' cent is this palace, that it may be fald to Vie with that wbicU ^ diftinguilhes a monarch of tlie eaft. ' ' This proviuco contains feveral other tovVns, all of which ; , are very irtconfiderable, except one called Tete, which is re- ' - maikable for being the refidence of the Portuguefc jefuitS) ' • and is large and populous. To tiie fouth of Monomottpa Proper lies Quiteve, which is bounded or. the eaft by Sabia, on the weft by CafFraria* . and on the (buth by Maniea. The king or governor of ' the province ufually rcfides here in tliis city, which is larger and well inhabited. Maniea, is bounded on the eaft, by Sabia j on the weft, by Caflraria ; on the north, by Quinteve; and, on thd ' fouth, by the river de Spiritu Sanfto. The capital town is called after the name of the province, but it is a fmall > place, and very poorly inhabited. Tlie river de Spirita SanAo, by fome called Maniea. fprings firom th« mountains of Lupata, fituated in nineteen degrees fouth latitude, and twenty -fix degrees eaft longitude. It runs firft from north to fouth, after which it bends its courfe to the (buth-eaft, then pafTes along the kingttam of Manica# and empties itfelf into a fmail gulf, -vJUi which the fe« immediately communicates. The province of Inhambana lies (buthward from th^ above province under the tropic of Capricorn, fo that the air is here exceeding fultry. Thccapital town is called Tongue^ which, though (mall, is very populous, owing to the num- ber of Portnguefe that refide in it. Sabia, is a very large province, and well watered by fe- veral excellent rivers, one of which is called Sabia, and the other Aroe. The ifland of Bocica, and the capes of St. Sebaftian and St. Cathatine, are oh the coaft of tbii kingdom. Inhamior, is \ very extenfive province, but it doth not contain any thing that merits particular notice. Its chief town is of the fame name; and here the king or governor of the province conflantly rcfides. The climate of Monomotapa is much more wholfome than many other parts of Africa ; and the foil is fo fertile, that it produces B great plenty of the principal necef&ries of life, h abounds with pafture grounds, on which are bred prodigious quantities of cattw, efpecially oxen and cows. The chief grains are rice and millet, aitd they have plentv of various kinds of tropical fruits. In the woods and forefts are great numbers of wild beafis, par- ticularly elephants, the latter of which th« n>t!vr« kiU not only for their flefh, but alfo for their %cth, which they muce a confiderable advantage of by felling to the Por- ' tuguefe, while the former furniQies them with food. Thcra E' . P1\ ■•■i«': j^ Thb new Alb ONiviSRS'Aii SVsr%M or GEOGRlAPfiY. J 'f^e(^4re miiii/'riventjit thhtblin^, artd'ikn the battki of mo^ of them grow miny rine trees and fugar-csnei witbput any, culture. "^^ abound with a variety of ex- celkiit firb, alid'io fottili of (henl is fbund gjol^thkt is Twept away from ^e (nines thrQugH ^ic)t they riih ill the more iilland parts. Withrefpea to the natives, they art iii" g^hiral ull,' Well (hapcd, and healthy ; they are auite black, and, have' woolly hair, which they dtcorate with a variety of trinkets. They arc of a very fprightly and docile difpofition ; not- wlthllanding which, they are fond of being engaged in war, and prefer th^t employmei^t to any other. The poorer fort are broueht up to 'diving ; and their chief Dtdinels is, to get th'^'Iand or'niud frb'm the bottom of the ri'vcrst ponds, ao^ Udces, from whict^they fcpvate the gold tlut is mtermixedwith it, ahd^ barter it w1t)^ the I'orta- guefe for cotton and varisusotherneceflar^ itrticlcs. The! coioinon people wear a piece of cotton cloth of o^ various colours round the waili, from whence it reaches to the kuees ; but the upper part of tl>c body is entirety natied. Tlie garments of the ripher fort are of the fame form, but more cofily and eli^aiit, hcina made of Indian filks, or of cotton embroiderod with gold ; and tliey gene- rally yrear the fkin of Ibme wild bead over them. The flclh of oxen and elephants is their common food, whU bread made of rice or millet, which is baked into thin cakes ; and tlKir drink it either four milk or water. The butler fi Tt moRIy eflcetrt palm-wine, which is' reckoned a royd 1! or, aiid greatly u1«d at cotfrt ; tboaeh fome of tliem uie ftrMig licjuors made from honey, iuiliet, rice, and feveral forts' ofifruir. Here, as m moil otiier' parts of Africa, poryganiy it allowed, every man being permitted to take at mai'iy wives as b* can maintain ; but tlie iiif! vfife is the priiKipal ) and ^^e fatlwr's eflatc devolves to the children borne by her. T^hcfe people pay a religious worfhip to the dead, every one prefetving the boiies of the mod dilliriguiilied of his hftnly. Tbefe they bang up in a court, arid kr.ow to whom they belonged by fixing certain liiarks on them. Every feventh day the relations go and vilit thein, being all drefled in white, which is tltc mourning of tlie country, Tbey fpread a little table before them with provilions, then pray to the deceafed for the king's prbfperity, and afterwards (it down and regale themlelvct, vvhich tl>antur, mulk, or forac otfiei' \i\^ fcented per- fumes, of which u.'lo the courtier^ and better fort of peo- ple arc great admirers, and ufc thtm not ortly irt tlicir vic- tuals and drink, but alfo in their apartittents and Walks,, and otlieir places. The emperor's viAuals it iAn'i.yt dreflid by tlie princefles . ahd ladies of the Aril r;ink, wh6 bring and ferveit at his tible : they difcbarge this BiiJineA in their turiis, attd'; tiiink it the liighclt honour to tie fo employed^ Dilrlrtj^' hit meal, he h accompanied' 6y a baitd of mulibians : but' tliefe, before they coine into his prcfcnce, m lift be hood- winked, or have a veil before their iace larly one upon another, bu' without any kind of cement to fatten them together. On the front, juft over the great gate, is a Hone larger tHari the reft, ahd upon it an infcrip- tion in charafters, or rather hieroglyphics, which are fo unintelligible, that no perfon hath vet been able to decy- pher them. And at fome diftance from this building are leveral otiiers, all iituated on fame eminence or rifing ground, ounded on the eaft, by Ahyfiinia i on the weft, by Cdngo ; on the north, by Nu- bia ; and, on the fouth, by Makoko. It is a large king- dom, but very poorly inhabited ; neither does it contaiit anything that merits a particular drfcription. The province of Alaoa, is very large, and fituated to the eaft of Cambate : it reaches to the coaft of Zanguebar, and is inhabited by a cruel people called Gallas. Many of the people are idolaters, and of the worft fort, for tliey oiTer human facrifices. The province of Cambate joins to that of Gingiro, oil the weft, and i< bounded on the eaft by Alaba, on the north by Ahyfiinia, on the fouth by Makoko, and on the weft by Gingiro. This country pays a voluntary acknow- ledgement to the emperor of Abylfinia. Sangara, which is a poor place, and wretchedly inltabited, is the principal town in tile kingdom The province of Monoemugi Proper, is bounded on the eaft ty Congo, on the weft by Tranquebar, on the north by Monomotapa, and on the fouth by Makoko. This is the largeft divifinn of the whole empire, and, except for its being the refidence of the emperor, is no otherwilb remarkable, Exclufive of the refiieftive mines of gold, filver, and copper, the chief produ£>ioi) of this country, are, palm wine and oil, and honey is here fo plentiful, that the ne- groes cannot confume one third of it, lb that they fuffcr the reft to be I. ft. The great misfortune i-, that the air and climate is fo unwholfome, that no mifiionaries, or otiter Europeans, dare venture lb far into tlic inland parts, Srincipally on account of thofe degenerate cannibals the aggas, who iiifcft them, as we betorc obfcrved. in this country the natives drefs themfelves in filks and cottons, which they buy of ftrangers, and wear collars of tranfparcnt beads which are brought tlicm from Camhoyai thele beads alfo ferve inftead of money ; gold and filver being confidered of no value, as it is fo very common here. We have not any account of the laws, cuftoms, cere- monies, aitd other particulars re'ating tothe people; what we farther know of them is, that they arc refractory and cruel ill tlicir difpofitions, a.id moft of them idolaters. According to the Portuguefe, titerc is on the eaft fide of this empire a great lake full of fmail iflands, from -vhcnce ilfue feveral rivers. Thev fay that thefe iHands abound in all forts of fowl and cattle, and are inh,ibitt'd by negroes. It has been obfcrved, relpeOing the little knowledge at- tained of this empire, and thofe parts that border on it to the foutbward, tliat " The farther we move fouthwards towards the cape of Good Hope, the faithcr we may be faid to travel in the dark ;" though all our maps unite to embellifh both the coaft and inland parts with tuch piof- peAs^ and pompous names of empires, kingdoms, and countries, crouded fo cioie to each other, as might Snduce an unwary reader to iguginotboiit couutries to be as fully 4^ .- ,••.-.1. .-J,",-'a--:v: > klJOWO 34a The NEW and UNIVfiRSAL SYSTEM br 6fe00RAl»HY. known M ICarope itfelf t and were he to compare the vaft (hew in thofe maps with the little he finds in the relation! andaccounts of tne African writers, he might be apt to conclude, from the former, that the far greater and mod confiderable part of the latter, like thofe of the antients, have been unhappily loft or deftroyed. And ihis wc tliink ourfelves bound to apprifc our readers of, left they Ihould be induced to afcribeout leaping overfuch a vaft traAof land, overlooking fo many fceming confiderable kingdoms and dates, to our negle«, rather than to what it is really ow- ing, the want of proper intelligence, and to lofe their time in a fruitlefs fearcn after them, amongft that variety of aiuthors that have written on this part of the world. The truth it, the Arabs, as well as tlie natives who inhabit this Whole eaflem coitfl, are Mtfo je^llout of, not to fay in. cenfed againft all Europeans, to give them any intelligence of the inland parts ; much lefs to let any of our mifliona- ries penetrate into them, as they have more luckily done in the wefleni. So that alt the knowledge we have beea able to get of them is chiefly founded on the precarlout report of thofe tradinccoaften, and extends little fiirther than the names and ntuations of thofe kingdoms which make fo fine an appearance in our maps ; and might pro- bably be rcprefented bv them in fuch a light, as rather to deter than encourage flrangers to attempt making any far- ther difcoveries of countries which bear fo unpromifing an afpcA. CHAP. VI. ?i THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ''Vtl-. Z A N G U E B A R. \.'W- ■: it.vl SECT. I. Ctnlalm tnlaStu • gntral ttcceunt of Zanguthar ; atfo a dtftriptitH tf tht kingdtms of Mtftmhiqui, Milimba, and Safala, ihtir touint, rivtn, fait, product, inhaHtants, tbtir firftni, drift, manntn, tufttms, laws, ctrimmiu, (it. ZANGUEBAR, by fonoe ililed Zangibar, is fo deno- minated from the word Zangue, which in the Ara- bic language fignifies black, all the inhabitants being of tliatcolour. It is bounded en the call, by the Indian «:ean ; on the weft, by Monoemugi ; on the north, by Anian, or Aian ; and on the fouth, by the river Cuama, which feparates it from Monomotapa. It is very difpro- portionatein its extent, being not more than three hundred and fifty iniles in the broadeft part, and one thoufand four Itundred in length. This co'Jntry has a very extenfive coaft, and there are many rivers and iflands in it. 'I his pati of it is beft known to the Europeans, owing to the conquefts made here by the Portuguefe. The inland parts confifts of a large, barren, and unhealthy track, the lands lyii^g low, and arc itlterfeAcd by rivers, lakes, thick woods, (brefts, and marlhy grounds. Moft of the inhabitants arc Arab ; a* alfo ahnndance of orin;^ and lemon-trees. It abounds likewife with wild beafts, par. ticularly boart and elephants, the latter of whichare fo nu' merous, that tlie inhabitants are obliged to kindle firet round iIk fields, top -event them from devouring the corn; nor dare they go ab oad at night, without carrymg lighted torches in their hv M to frighten titem away. They have likewife great pleiry of black cattle licre, and there are gold and lilver mines in fome parts of the country. The iMtives of Mofambique ate in general of low fla- ture, very black, and have (hort, curled hair ; they are na- turally cruel, deceitful, and great enemies to ftrangers ; but at they are naturallj timeroos, the Portuguefe keep them under tolerable fubjef\ion. The men go quite naked, ex- cept only a linall piece of cloth faftened round ihe waift ; but the women have a kind of petticoat of coarfe cottors cloth, which reaches from the waift to the knees. Their ornaments confift in tliree or four necklaces of coral beads of feveral colours, with brafs rings in their ears, and brace- lets of the fame metal on their arms. They adorn their bodies by infcribing the figures of birds and animals on dif- ferent parts of them. Their common food 's the flcfti of elephants, with bread made of millet and rice ; frnm the latter of which they alfo make a kind of beer. Their towns are very fntall, and tlieir buildings low and defpical)le. Gold, ebony, ivory, and (laves, arc the diicf wealth of thcfe people, who traffic witli the Portuguefe only, for they will not fufftr any other foreigners to enter their country, or trade with them. Some of thefe people are Chriflians, and others Maho- metans, but the principal part of them are idolaters, and tife all thofe fuperfticious and ridiculous maxims pradUfcd in other idolatrous countries in Africa. There arc two fmill diftrifis, called ^fongalo and An- gos, adjoining to the kiitgdou> of Mofambique ; the for- nKr is fituated near the mouth oi the river Cuama and i% chietly inhabited by Arabs ; tlie other is alfo fitiiated on ar bank of the fame river, about one hundred and fixty miles from the former. Both thcfe places are fraitful, producing abundance of rice and millet, as alfo great quantities of cat- tle. The inhabitants are chicffy MaliomcUns, but m- termixed with negrr>cs, who are idolaters, and remarkable for the lowntrfs of their ftature. They have no covering to the upper parts of tlteir bodies, but roimd their waiw they wrap pieces of cotton or filk ; and a turban it worir by fome of the better fort. A commerce is carried on by the people of both thefe? places with the inhabitants of Kf onomotapa in gold, gum^ elephants teeth, and other commodities. Melinda, is fituated partly under the equinoxial fine, and partly on both fides of it, for its fouthcrn boundaiiej' lie under two degrees thirty minutes foutli latitude, and iti northern extremity extends W the river tiiiiiu.a ici, th« month [A F R I lefs thin feventeen churches and chapels in it -, and they have alfo erefted a ftately crofs of gilt marble before one of the churches. The king's palace it a very fpacious edifice, built of none, and neatly ornamented i the apartments within are large, and deco- rated with very rich furniture. The king is an arbitrary monarch: not\vith(hnding which, he is greatly revered by his fubjefts whole aflfic- tion he obuins, by Being always ti iuy tng's own hand, more or lefs, according to th« ereatncfs of the offence : in the latter cafe, the method of infliAing the pimilhment is as follows : tlicy (trip the criminal naked, and lay him on the ground, in the apartment of the palace affigncd for that purpol'e ; the king thou gives him a number of blowi on his back auJ breed) with a kind of whip made with two long pieces of leather failened to the end of a flick : as foou as the king thinks he has futhciently fcourged him, he dcfids, when the criminal rifes, puts on his clnaths, kiffes tite kiiig':i feet, and thanks him in the moil refpeflful and fubmiffivc maimer. After this, the kiiiK orders him into his prelciice cliumber, wiien he grants hun " jiardon in h« prefcnce of hii whole council, and forbids every A t Ar sH? »iie fimm refleftin^ on him fbr What hat pi(M, Th* crl^ ' minal is tkien condu£ied out of the palate with great pomp^ berfamad trrchei being carried btfore him by the reft 'ot the nobles. I'hey who calumniate their neighbours at* llfo chaftlfed in the fam; manned t but the punilhment it infliAcdby the king's o(Gi:ers) whan thla htppehs ainonf I the lower rank of people. The people of this kingdblh uie bow* and arrowt, dartt andihields fbr their we flandine which, they would certainly have l>een over- powered by their neighbours, who have made feveral at- tempts on (heni, had ndt the Portnguefe conftantly affifted sind proieAed tbem: WIthrefpeA to their religion, folnt of them are M*^' hometani, but the prinoipal part are idolattrl. The Por- tugiiafe have made b(>t few profelytei in this kingdom, the people being obftinately tenacious of their own teligiottt principles. I'he former have tifed many efForu to bring them to a fcnfe of Cbriftianity ; btltas tbel^ have proved ineffeAual, they have long fince dciilted from any farther attempts, and now fatisfy tliemfelves with the liberty they enjoy of eXercifiHg their o«n tetigion Without molefta- tion, Sofiila is a tefy extenflv* kiligdoni, and, like that of Monomotapa, and others above OeliNibed, is remarkable for containing many excellent minetof gold. It Is bounded on the eaft, by th« Indian fca ) by the province of Ma- nila, on the weft \ by the empire of MonOmotapa, on the north i and by the kingdom of Sabia, on the fouth. It is properly fpeaking, 1 cohtinued coaft, extending itfelf from the river Cuama, on the north, to that of Magnicoi or De Spiritu SanAoi on the fbutb, The inland parti are very trifling in extent, being confined on the weft b/ the empire of Monomotapa, notwithftanding which, the whole kingdom is computed to be two thoufaild two hun- dred andfiny miles in circumference, at the leaft. Seversl rivers riin through this country; the moft coiifi- derable of which are tlieCuama and the De Splritti SanAo, both of which are fuppolcd to take their rife from the lake Goyama. The former received its name from the Por- tugtiele, but it is generally called by the natives Zantheie. It receives in its courfe, among othert of left note, thd Mnngania, Mateno, and Suabo ; and after being divided into tw> branches, difchargas itfelf into the Indian fea at fburchinnels, from north to foutb, diftinguiihed by ths names of Kilimano, Linda, Cuama, and Luava. It >t na- vigabl: upwards of one hundred and fifty leasutfs, arid hatb iniiiy Urge iOands befides tholi: formed by iti Icveral channels. This river walhes down great quatitities of goldj which the nceroes gather when the waters are low, by diving to the bottom uf fucb parts of it, as from pradice, they know contain the greateft abundance. They bring up ihe mud in buikets, which being properly levigated^ the metal is afterwards eafily difcovered. The principal capes on the coaft, are, Corientes, St Ca- tharine, and sebaftian. The former is fituated under ths twentj-'third degree of fouth Intitude : it is noted for th* many rocks, fands, and fhelvcs, (hat lie between it and rhe illand of St. Laurence or Madagafcar, and which caufe frequent Ihipwrccks along that channel, to European vcffcls The foil of this country, from the mouth of the river De Spiritu SanAo to Cape Corientes, is very uneven* barren and defart ; but from thence to the mouth of the river Cuima, it is very fertile, and produces great plenty of feveral forts of grain, particularly rice *nd millet j ia fome parts of it there is alfo excellent pallurage, and th* canle bred here are larger than in any other part of Africa. The inland parts abound with various forts of wild beafta, but panicularly elephants, great numbers of which are an- nually killed by the natives, not only for the fake ot their flelh, which is the chief part of their food, but alfo for their tcetli, which they fell to great advantage to the Eu- ropeans. The numbier of thofe animals, deftroyed here by the natives, is faid one year with anoflier, to amount at leaft to four thoufand. But the climate o( this kingdom is exceeding vinwholfome, occal'oned by the vaft nombiir of inarthes in it, which, being dried up in fummer by the fcorching heat of tlie fan, infed the air With pcftiled- tial fteams. With refpeft to the inhtbitsutts of thts kmgdom, they are in general well-lhaped, and have fhort curled hair : they cover thrmfetyes only frsifc the wsift to the kireej, with a garment made of flk or cotton : but they adorit their arms, wrifts, legs, aitd ia oafly inlaid with precious flonct, and they aUb wear a tur< ban on their headi. The people chiefly fubfift en ths flefh of elephanti, lai;g« and fmall cattle, and fifli, with whKh the riven abound ; and they ufe rice and millet, inftead of bread. The better fort have a kind of beer, made of rice and inillet; they have alfo fome ftrong liquori made from honey, palm and other fniiti i but the diink of the lower cUfs 11 water. The language of the country*- ia chiefly fpoken by the common people, but they olfo underfland the Portuguefe and Arabic. Thecoafters in general fpeak the latter, which i> indeed their natural Unguage, for tney arc not tlie origi- nal nativei, but the defcendantt of the natives, who fettted tbemfelves more or lefi upon this whole wefter:\ CMft, after having been expelled from their native country. The king and his court, with a great number oi the principal people, are alfo the def~endants of the Arabs, and not only (peak their Unguage, but alfo AriAly profeft the Mahometan religion ; but the original natives are per- mitted to retain their anticnt cufioms, u alfo their reli- gioui maxims, the latter of whic'i nearly refemble thofe praAiled by other African idolaters. The only place of any note in this kingdom, and which is the metropolis of it, is called Sofida : it is pleabntly fituated on a fmall iflandat the mouth of the river Cuama. Before the Portuiuefe vifited this part of the coaft,, it was a very incoitfideraDle town, neither large nor walled, but fenced only with a thorny hedge ; (ince tlicir arrival, how- ever, it has been greatly improved, and is now a very large and populous place. The Portuguefe have alfo built a llronR fortrcfs here, which is of iiitinite fervice to them, as it fecnres their fliips in the harbour when they ftop here in their paffiigc to and from India. Both the foitiels and illand are tributary to the king of Portugal. The articles the Portuguefe purcliafe of the natives, are, goid^ amber- gris, (laVes and elephants teeth -, in exchange for which they fupply the natives with fiiks,l\uffs,cotton,glafs beads, and other fuch trinkets. There are two other towns on the coaft, near the town of Sofiila, one of which is called Harlema, and the other Dardcnu ; thtre are alfo feveral villages, but they do not Oierit particular defcriplioii, being iiKonlidcrable places. ' A great number of fuldiers is kept by the king : thefe are aU paid in gold duO, each according to his rank. Since the arrival of the Portuguefe, they have been taught the ufe of fire-arms, of which they are vfY fond, andcxcrcife thcro with great dexterity; hut tlieir original weapons were Ijowsand arrows,thercymet..r, javelin, dagger, and hatchet. ' This country is frequently refortcd to by the inhabitants of Quiloa, Mombasa, and Meliada, who come thither in fniall boats failed tainbues, with (luffs of blue and white cottons, (ilk (luffs, yellow and red ambergris, which they exchange with tlie people here for gold and ivory; andthele again fell then! to the inhabitants of Monomotipa, who give them gold in return, without weighing it, (b that tlie profit of the exchange is very confidcrable. This is the ifeafon that when the Monomatapans come to purchafe tfaefc articles, as foon as the Sotalans perceive tlieir velfels at fca, they light (ires on the (hote, to tcftify tlieir joy, and bid them welcome. The gold mines of this kingdom are faid to yield above two millions of inetigals pcrannum, each metigal amounting to fourteen livres ; that the (hips from Zidemand Mecca carry off above two millions a year in time of peace ; T.nd tli&t the goveriMf of Molkmbique, whofe office lads but three yeats, has above liirce hundred thoufand crowns re- venue, without including tlie foldiers pay, and the tribute annually paid to the king of Portugal. From hence many learned men have conieAured tliat this is the Ophir, whi- ther Solomon feiit (nips every three years from Ezion- geber to fetch gold; Ezion-gcber being thoughtto be Suez, a fea-port on £e Red fea. This cbnjeaure is fupported by the remains of fcveral (lately edifices, which arc found in tlie different paru where the gold mines are fituated, and, Upin their appearance, are fuppofed to have been originally Mlaccs or callle* built by tlut opulent prince the kiiw of HVael. It may be alfo confirmed by the authority of the S«ptuagint, who tranllate the word Ophir, i Kings ix. a8. into Sophira which bat fome refemblance to its prefent name ot Sofala. As a 6irther confiroutian of thele con- tenures, Lopez, in his voyage to India, (ays, the inha- bitaiiu of this country, boaft, that they have books to t>!? IfraeUtes failed everv third year to fetch f gwU fiou) tliefc parts, in die time of Solomon. I rk'^ T. 11. trtHitf tiiripuUit*fBrtv4H tni at/i »f th* Kntitmt tf Mtiaitxa, tr Mai»i^» ; »n4 tht imgdtm tf AM, ir itiU,Ut,tlnirfitMaliin, ktundtriti ami tMtinl, frmdpti f,'ttt4,fiil, pr$iiut, inh»kilaMi,tl»ir tr^^git, tit, THE republic of Drava, is the only one on the whole coaftof Africa. It is plealiMUlyfituaud on the coaft of the fame nai.ie, being bounded on each fide by a river, fup- pofed to be two branches of tlie great river Q)>>l>n»ica. lu inland extent is incunfiderable ; and the chief thing that renders it remarkable is its capital, which is alio called Brava, and fituated in one degree north latitude, between the two rivers or branches aboveraentioned, where it has a tolerable good harbour. It is a large city, and, with the wliole republic, was founded by feven Arabian brethren, who fled bitlier to avoid the impending danger that threa- tened them from the tyranny of their king, who was one of the petty monardis of Arabia Felix at that time. • Several flrotig walls enconipafs this city, which is other- wife well fortified. The houfes arc very fpacious, and built after the Morefco ftile : thev are chiefly inhabited by rich merchants, whofe principal traffic confills in gold, (Uver, elephants teeth, gums and other drugs, particularly arabeivris, with which this coaft abounds i alfo coltou and other cloths. ^This republic is fubjeft to an arlftocratical government, * the inhabitants having a tight to chufe twelve chiefs from among (he moft antient families, whom they intruft with the admtniftration of juftice, and the management of all affairs. The Mahometan is the prevailing religion of the inha- bitants, who pay an annual acknowledgment or tribute to to the king of Portugal, and the manner by which this republic became triboury to the Portuguefe is thus re- lated : Triftran de Cugna, admiral of the Portuguefe fleet,"^ havinR feton (horeat Melinda three ainbalTadors, fent by king Emanuel to tlie emperor of AbyfTmia, and recom- mended them to the care and protcAion of the king of it, continued his courie northward along the coaft, till be, came to the city of Brava, where he caft anchor, at the" port. Here he difpatched, according to the Portuguefe cuftom, one of bis officers, named Lionel Codingo, to wait on the heads of the republic, and offer them peace, and the friendfliip and alliance of the king his mafter. To this the chiefs anfwered, that they had no objeAion to enter into fuch a treaty ; but this anfwer proved to be only a piece of diffiroulation, and calculated to detain the fleet to itsdeflruflion, the fcafon being then neat at hand, when fuch boifterous winds ufually blow in thefe parts u would dafh to pieces in tjie harbour all their (liips. This artifice being difcovered by Cugna, he rcfolved im- mediately to affault the city. Accordingly, before day- break, he drew up his men on the fliore, and formed tlicm into two lines, the firft whereof confiftcd of fix hundred men, the command whereof he gave to Alphonfo Albu- ouerque, whilft he refervcd to liiinfclf the command of the others, whidi confiftcd of about fix hundred foldiers. Brava was at this time garrifoned hy four thoufand men, half of whom immediately fallied outagaiiift them. The confliA was fevere on l>otli fides : but the Portuguefe charged them with fuch fury, that they found tliemlclves obliged to give ground, and made a very regular retreat into the city j after which to prevent the army from fol- lowing them, tliey (hut all the gates. Hereupon the place wa^ immediately furrounded by the Portuguefe, who examined, witli the utmoft diligence, where they could beft force an entrance ; but were all that time terribly annoyed from witliinby burning torches, and other miflile weapons caft at them by the befleged. Albuquerque, having in the mean time, dtfcoveivd a weak part in the wall, begsn his attack there, but was quickly oppofed by the garrifon, who flocked thither with all fpeed, and defended it with furprifing intrepidity. The conteft was mainuined with great fpirit on both fides, when, luckily for Albuquerque, the admiral came upj at whofe approach tlie Moors were ftnick with fuch a panic, that they fled with the greateft precipiution, whilft the Por- tuguefe foldiers, eager for their prey, would have purfued them into the city, had not their commanders reftrained thenv Soon after this fuccefs, the aflailantt entered the citjt, and plundered it of a very large and valuable booty, which the Portuguefe immnlittcly curied on beud tficir Ihipt. .'.,.. .Own TfcA. % tAltRf eAhin| the perpetratori of thii cnieltyi Tue virtor* having plundered the city, CdgnS ordered It to lie fet on (ire ; and it wai fnon reduced to alhes in >ii^ht of the inhahitanti, who ftood at a Tnull diflance^ be- bolding the dilmal TpeQaclr. From thii cataitro^ibei diey • Were forced to become tributary to their conquernri i f«* the I'oriuEUel'ewould not permit themto rebuild their eitf, or enjoy their ancient pnvilegei, on any o'her condition than that of paying the king of Portugal an annual ac- knowledgment, which from that' tiiQ* to tlie prel'eht has been regularly exaded and paid. ;^ The kinsdom of Magadoxa, va. It receives its name from the capital I fiiuatidat the mouth of a river of the fame name, and which river, by reafon of its annually oveillowing like that of Egypt, is called by ihe Arabs the Nile of Magadoxa. . 'I he country ii likewire well watered by a number of canals that are cut from tliis rivor ; (o ihat the foil ii exceed- ii)^ fertile, and produces great quantities of feveral kin.1* orgiain, at alfo a variety of excellent fruits ; it likewife atrordt good pafturagc, fur which reafon the natives breed, great quaiuitic'i of cattle, particu!nily oxen and Iheep : they have alio numbers of horfes,' and in the inland partt are various kinds of wild animals, )>articularlv monkii'S, baboons, and apes, 1 lie rivers alfo produce icvcral lorti of filh, which die inhabitants catch' «^ithiMit an^ fear, they toot being infed^d with crocodiles, or any other dangeroua animals, as in mod other parts of Africa. I'he natives of this country aie of different lomplcxions, fome of them being quite black, others of a tawny colour, and fomealnioft white. They are very robult, and of a coura/^cous and warlike difpolltion. 1 heir weapons arc bows and arrows, the latter^of which tbey infcQ with poi- -fon ; thry ofe alfo darts and lances in war. With refpefl to the city of Magadoxa, it is tolerably large and well inhabittd. Grrat number* of metchanis Tf fort to it firom the kingdoms of Add, Camboya, and other parts, who brin^ hither ftuffi of various lorti, at lalfo drugs and fpices ; in exchange for which they receive fold, ivory, wax, and other commodities, from the inha- itants. The Mahometan religion it profrfled by the king and tiii court, as alio by the chief inhaSitahts of the city i but .hofe in the interior parts of the ttountry ftriftly ad- here to their hcathenilh fuperftitions and maxims, being tJI of thcni idolaters. As to the hiftorical part of this cooniPry, We have only to obferve, that an houile attempt was made on its capital bv the Portugutfe fleet, under the command of admiral TriftrandeCugna, who, as we ohferved above, took the city of Brava, and reduced it to afties : tlieir atchieviltentf in this place arc thus related : Cugna, aftrr the reduftion of the laft mentioned city, Jiroceeded as far as Magadoxa, which he caufed to he fum- moncd, as ufusl , to accept of peace and friendfhip, or, in plainer trrms, of fubjcaion, and tributatjfhip to Por- ttigal. But here he found the inhabitant* ready prepared to' give him a fuiuble reception; great numbers of foot were patrolling along the fltore, the walls were covered with armed men, and a conilderable body of troopi were drawn up before the town, which made Codingo, the offi« cer fi'iit with the fummons, afraid of goin{;on ihore ; in- fteadof which, he lent one of the Brava captives to af- fure the Magadoxant. that the Portuguefe came not to de- nouiice «lrar, but to oflcr pe.icc to them. They, however, knowing what dreadful execution had been made at the city bf I'ravg, fci! fuiiouuy upon the mciicnger, and tore hiin in pieces ; they alfo threatened to ftnrc Codingo in the faliiettaiinif, if he blTeni id lan bi'ants : the latter pointed oat the extreme dihger that fflull unavoidably arife to the Ihipi, both from the fire of the town, and the violence of the fi*, cfpccia:iy as winter was then coming on^ and the lejfon for tailing nearly ex> pirrd; fo that if his troops (hciuld mifcarry in their attempt apaiiift the phice, their ticet and army muA inrviubly pc- rilh. Thelie reafonable obfctvationt induced Cugna to leave the brave Mauaduxant in ihe peaceable enjoyment of tiftir own potfeflions, and to rcliiiquilh all thoughts of profccuting the deiign he had lb piecipitately formed t fo tha' lie gave ordert for failing to the illand of Socotora^ where he foon after arrived with all hisjhipa. 'I he kingdom of Adel.otherwifeoalled Zeila,lt bounded on the eaft, by part of Hit e^tftern ocean ; on the Weft, by the kingdoms of Daneaii and Belli ; on the norihi by th« ftraits of Bab«)mindel i and, on the lootli, bv the ktiig> dom of Magadoxa. Itt full extent on either fide ia not certiiinly known i but along tlie coaft, from north to foulhi it ii luppofed to reach about feventy-two leaguer, and about oiw hundred and fixty from eaft to vteft. I'he Iccond name, which is given it, wai taken from the capital called Zella, which it fituated to the rontbeaft of the mouth of the ftraitt of Kabcluundel, near a very fpacious and convenient bay. The city is tolerably large^ and the ftreets are regularly formed : the houfet are built of Hone and mortar, and are in general very Ipacious, and divided into convenient apartments. The foil round the city It veVybarre:1, ahd lo diftrefled are they for water, that they are obliged to gn many miles to fetcn that ufeful article. At fome dil\aiice, however, from the city, the country i^ very fertile, and produces moft of the ncccflii. riei of lite, particularly com and fruit, which are fo plen* tiful, that the natives liave not only a foflicieiicy for their Own conf^iiiption, but alio expoit great quahtitiet to the neighbouring countries. They have likew'.ie .t'uurldanc* of excellent cattip, elpecially oxen, fheep, and hogs i and in the woods are filenty of vanous forts of game. Befides thefe, the country alfo produces aold, ivory, frankinfenfe, and pepper, which the natives fell to the merchants 'of Arabia andCamboya, who come hither with cloths, am- ber, necklaces, glals beads, ,daits,,ratfins, and other com- moditiesi ' ' 'I he people who inhabit the northern coaft of thirking* dom arc of a tawny complexioti, but to the fouih are qnitri black. Both fexes arc ftrong and well nlad^. tnd have hatu> rally ^oodconflitutions. They go almoin . '.'ihavingonly a loole piece of cloth hanging from the wi..' ■> ,he knees i hut they arc very fohd ofornaments, efpeCiall_ the woment who decorate their arms, necks, and ancles'with circleta made of glafs and amber bcadi. The king and nobility are difl^nguilhed in their drefs from the commonalty by having a kind of looie garment, which covets the wholo body trom the (houlders to the anklesi and wearing caps on their heads Thefe people are naturally of a Warlike difpofitioft, and arc frequently at enmity with thofe who inhabit the re' niotc parts of AbyfTinia, as well out of zeal for religion, at in hopet of plunder ; the former being all (launch Maho- fnetant, and the latter a piifillinimous fort of Chrifiiani, no ways equal to them either in valour, difcipline» or warlike weapons. The armf of thclb people confifl chiefly of bows and arrows, lances, and JaVelins, all wretchedly febricated, and the ordinary fort amongft them have hardly any thlii^ better than long (laves, (harp pointed at one end ; whereat the Adelites arc furhifhed, by the Turks and Arabs, with variety of fire-arms, and other offenfive weations, in exchange for v«hich, they give them (laves, gold dull, and fuch other articles as tliey obtain from tlieir neighbours, by plundering them in their ex« curfiont. 1 here are in this kingdom feveral other large townt be- fides Zeila, but the only one that merits any notice is called Barbora. fituated at the bottom of a convenient bay, on an ifland of the fame name. It hath been continually a kind of rival in commerce with Zeila, and it no left re- foitcd to by foreign metdunts, who carry en the fanw 4S kind r"^*; #.,(!' < 1- ^ Till NBW AM* UWIVttRSALiYSrTBM omBOORAPMT.^ A\ «M MiM aMf* conMMtbla itan it U at trnknt, Mag ■iMt^rad and a nut part of it daftroyad \f tha PWrt«* Mcfe IkctuiMkr Triftnn da Cupia, who axpcAcd to ha«« SMind a coi^tdarabic ffiMl io it. bat wf ic greatly diftp- Mintad, tlM inhiMtanta having had ubm enoogh M caity aff ibair laoft valuable dhCu, tnd nuke thair TiJa town U iitoitcd on an ifland, which ii vary iartUe, «iid ]>rod«cai>bandance of diftrcni Itioa* of grain -, ai aifo f4anty of. fniita and cattir, great quaAiitiaa of wbkh an •nmiied to /lonign conntrici by the mercbantt. With refpaA to the inietKir part* of the kingdom of Adel, thev an chiefly flat, and they have feldoai any raini) but thii deftA it fupplied by the numbar of riveta that tviur the whole countn. Among theft, ibe moA oonfi. darnUe it called Hawalh, whioh it wy broad anddaap, andJurdly inferior to the Nile, axoe^ in ibe langrii of lii courie I for it doei not extend above fix miles from itt mouth, bdbre it it divided into fnch a number of caitBi at to be in fome meafuie exhaufled bafoie it reacbea tha da. Thii re iidert the foil fo excaedingly fiutile, that it (roducei grrat plenty of wbaat, barley, and millet, at alCa rodigiout numbcrt of flwep, com, and other catik. Gold-duft, ekphantt leaib, fiaiikince«ir, aivd Oavat, amftitute the principal traffic of ibe^nativaa ia ibaft parti of tbe kingdom ; all which thejr get cbiaiv firom tha iobabi- tanti on the bordert of Abylioia. with waom tbey are eon- kinuilly at war, and mib noospoftoniaa of makiag inioadi into lume of their provinoai, from wheaoa thay teldom re- turn without great qaantitin of different kindi of plunder. Tbcreahey convey «e tbe port of Zeila, where tfacy a«M, and ortiat in aachaiw. TttacaAaro pat of ihie coaft ia a mare landy and bM»> ten traO, producing neither eom, grain, fniit, or any anl* provifioM, «n a great oamaaat-aa. li it aanicalatljr remadufaia far producing in excellent breed of bodet, which are ehiefly SirChafed by foreign merahantt. for which the nativat talui lu. cotioni, andoibtr comnwditiat, in exchange. There arc great nvinberi of ncgreat on the coaft, wbtt iWe and inMmianry with the BcMuin Arabt (an idolii« trout and fuperfliuoat fcA amoagft tho& people), andt like them, ar*! invotariie cnemiet to the Abyffittiani, en whom tbev are continually makiiig inroadi. They ctn^ on a conMetable traffic in gpid, flavci, horfd, ivory, tc4, but thev are brutilh and arrant tbievei, loote particularly thofa who lire near the trading coeSt. It it neceflary to obferve, before we conclude thii chap« ler, that moft gcographen have, by miftafce, included tha republic of Brava, with the kingdoint of Magadoxa tinl Adel, uitdar the general naone of Ajan, though that it but a term aecidantally given by the Portugucfe to the whoh traA of coaft called by that name, which estendt itMf from the ftraita of SaMl-mandel quite to the utmoft verga of Africa an tluuifida, or to the caps called Guardafui ; and on the eaftem fide from the fald cape, in titc twelfth decraa of north htitudt, which dividea it fiom tha coaft of Zaa« guebar, already defcribad. C ,H A P, VI. THft NEW jaiSTO.RV AND DESCRIPTION OF ABYSSINIA PR UPPER ETHIOPIA, ABEX, and NUBIA, '»*'^ t*('»iraltttiiitm$f AtjJJhtUi Itfrtltr uniht it' Jtripthn tf thi difftrint iiniJhmi tni ffmntM tial luw firm that ittUnfiu* trnfirt, ABYSSINIA, it fituated under the torrid lone, ^nd lict bctvreeeq the eighth v\4 ttvcntcentb de- grees of north latitu^f, ai^ between tha thitt^-firft and Sxtiejib of weft loneitude from London. It it bounded on tjb« oft. by the Ked fea, and tbe coafla of Abcx, Or ^;tbc(h, which have been difmeiqbered from it, and now uiakie a province of the Turkifli empire ; on tbe weft, by t)ie river Mala/, whjch dividct it from Shankala, or the country of the wandering Ethiopiant, and bllt into the Nik, after it bath run a confi4erable way into tbe Nu- bian doniinjont ; ont^tenortbpby thekingdpmof NnUai I and, on tlic (butb, by Alaba. fnit country it of a thou- (kt^d miles extent i a^^M bccnknparn by tl)e diflfeiefit names of Abyflinia. Abaffia, apd Habcflinia, tbe itttcT 9t Vbicb is obtained from tbe Arabic word Hibafli. bgnify- iiiz a tniKture, or confufion, it being inhabitad by people of various natitxu. Tbe inbaoitantf, howevco t^Sii tpcfc names, and call tbemielve* (tjo{«|ns, and tbeb' cono- try Manghcfta Itjopia. or kingdoip of Ethiopia ; bm tb« diverfity of names having Ifinctoforc fi^ gfiif ooofH^OlU t|)at of Aby (Cilia at length prevailed, 4|vi uy tbit it l^th foe ages p»il been univcnally knovyfii- It may however be proper to fay fomething concerning the title tliat hatb been abfurdly given tn itt monatcfat, namely, ttut of Pr<:ftor John, »fi4 whi<;h lixmt to hayo thus origii^ated : in the kingdom of Tcnduc, in Taxtftri^ Proper, was an autienxraceof Cbriftianpriiicea, who bore tjic title of Preftpr, or Prett)yler John, at it wat corruptly called by tbe Eutopcans, though clucfly owi^ to an cpi- '■4 • thet which Ung-Chiaiu;, one of tbe fitft o^ tbofe (BO* iiarcht, either took of rreftigian, or wat complimeiKed with by bis fabieAt, that word lig^ifying apoftolKal or or- thodox, but which had by the Europeant, been corrupted into Praft< ilKder, ox Qagamedri { 3. Amara, or Amhara ; 4. 01cc» V)d Cboai 5. Oamoia, or Damut ; 6. Goyam, or Gojamt 7.1>atiAeai 8. Natea, or Enarea. We Hull dciciiba eacli of tbem in the order here fet down. The kit^dam of Tigia it tbe moft confidtrable in th« whole empuT, and it remarkable for having in it tlie rur roai^tof Uie city of Axum, which was formerlv the re fidenca of the ennpccort ; and though now abandoned by vhola monarchi, and reduced to a mere vilbgc, is ftill tho pi"-* whitbei thav renair ta be crawnmi- It j< bsulidsd "^ Oft J'lVJi'jj.:^.^^^ ia^ifii I iiiiii ■ - rAPRTC/t.] ji tt k 9 y t -i', c n "1 ^ % Mil of N«t>M ; Milhe aortk, bjr flanw|»fl t tiid, on ih* iMlki, hy iIm kinnhHM Af Anmt tnii HigMiicrfM'. IM iMIgth, (r«« north w firarii, n conifUM^ to In iteM I kviMliwI milM, mmI k« bnadih tmi Ml hundiwl ait^ = Tb«ctt]r of Asttin, which wu fornurly nry opuhnt, •ii4lW«lfiiil cMy dT thi luAgibw, i« lfa« «iibr|ikc« of •isivialt. Whwiin itt y r o lpiiity, it wm « hiy laiwM tellt^, M ifftm bviu Aw ttmaiM i aiul fliMltd on ■ ffAeiow and d«ii|htful plain, waniwl by iovtnJ rWulMt, «ml WMadoriMii wiUi taktv palaeet. dwKhci, otelifln, Mchti, kc Tlwrt aw friiniealarty Om r«in» of « faa«ioin And magBifitent ftruAuM, CtOM at liM ft«M» of wkMk •re of a ptodl|io«t knith and tfakkMr* ; oiw of tlwf*, ^ich it ftill » ba Oan in iIm fMrin of a mrramid, la oda twiidred aiid foarCaUis high, on abafit of tanaoWta, and nifrd on a |dinth aboat Iwo fbct high. Ba6dti thii, thoa were many Mhrt fapnb baiUinn, alt of which ««« f-^ duMil to a inete heap of rnim daring the wan between the Gallai and tlia AbyAAiam i after wbicb, Ida imperial court being removed, it KU fiM^Mr Aeciinad, and hat new -Icarcely two hnndred hdnCn left, arid they make but a tnran appcacanee. Thit city ii fitoatad abmn ibity -Eng- Mi mitce from the Redin i and though the way to it wu fo rocky and mounuiuoui, that it took up(e««nda)r« joor- flisy, yc« it wu well fapplied from ^cncv with variou* ne> ctflary aiticlei. It wu aattantly the eoidenoe of «nMn Candaoe,and tfvaa of the hm«i qiMen Shcba, ifihe Abyf- finian aceounit may be credited. The town of Madgooa, which is flttnted on a hill, ftands about ten milM buth-weft of Atum : it wat fo called originally ftom the murmuring rtoift of a neigh- bouring nvldet ; but afiwwards receind the name of Fre- moiUiTram thejcruit miliioneeiu, who bed their wR' denoe in krOn account of one fMier FrumentiM, the firft tif thchr order ttut came into ilitl'e pant. Thia piece ho- cmao more celebrated by the kmg ruMMMM and dtMh (rf failier AitdR* de Ovieci*, (em thither {Mtriarch of Aby^ finia by the pope i after whole death it fHtl cominned the rcfidence and lerainary of all the mMomtiet of that ordi^ thai came Into the country (the greuMft patt of whom loft Iheir Itvei for the caufe ihey MMaltt tmNdl there, the (b- prtmacy of the church Mid pop»oriUwi*) talMM tfwir final npuMon out of the wholt mij^. Thwd «M (Mil tfu m* maine of a luge lAonaftery, fkal fiMmaily bekHigtd to th* jefttitt in thii Town. A town called Ambadinet ii iboiff a day't ]ettmey from Madgoga I and a little farther to the ftMRncrn frontlert it another called Manadela; but (hey are both infignifioant pliers, and very iniliffcrently inhabited. To the IMrth* ward of the iMter, however, aretwoof the fineft menafte- rici in the whole empire, both of which were fisrmerly oc> eupied by the jeruji miflonariM'; th« hrgpft- ef them it called Hallelujah, and the other Ab«g»rina. The town of Barnagaft U the umoft evtent of thit kingdom, and reaches to the eeaft of the Red fea, where it had form«rty a flimoai fea-port Cfflled Arftuiido, whieh ren- dered its ommerco very confiderable. Thh' port, how- ever, wa« foine yean ago feiscd by the Turk»,'Nnce which B^rnagafs has gradually dwmdied, and Is now become fe inligniticaitt as not to merit any finther defeription. The kingdom of Aiigot it lituated to the noith-eaft of Tigra : it vrat one of tliofe wrefted frtMA' the Abyffinian empire by the Gallas, who broke into itfrom the fouthern Aarts, where they moftly fpread thcmfrtvet up to, or eten beyond the line, and made themfelyet oompme mailen of St. It hath fome few towns in it, Via. Angot, the capital -. Dofiirao, faid to contain near one thonikitdlioufti. Abu- faha, once famed for having in it a handfome Chnich called mbre Chriftos, and for being the capital of a eonlider- able territory of its name. Befldet tfiefk, there are many Othcn of lefs note, but they all eofttaiitwrttelMd buildingr, and no lefs derpicable inhabitantii Bagameder, or Bagamedri, lie^lM^ ^ Tigra, and ex- tends firom it to the Nile. It ii"ab6ut an hundred and eighty miles in length, and fiaty in breuthi but the greateft part of it is mountainous, rocky, and inhabited by wild nations. It has fome towns, purticolarly one of itt own mune, which it the roetropolitj but (t ah incohfiderablr place, and the othen arefliU mo(« Bnwt>rthf of notioe. This province it Hbwcvef divided HiW thihetn govern- mcntt, moil of which itv MXc, vi& well watered by finall rivcrt. Amara, or Amhara, lick t6 Ae ftratfa of the bft men* tioned province, and on the weft!: Uriisi by ;!k Nile, n^ich 'lepantet it from the proviocr of Gojam. It it t thiMH>> 4«iriAa iwUatorovine twaisaoot tsa mlW'ltHMtB tWSaot iti thfU empire, from in baktg the ufaal AbfAniaa monarebs, and conft^uenily t0, wMRfe IIMM 1«» ly of the chief nabilily . Ithm a peculiar dmtaft dMRMnnt ^om atl Ike lift, whiA la btaomo that ut the coon; mid 4f the poitia throagho m tka emfita. Here tend the roaht dT Atnbagunen, whcru tba ytinou of Hm blood araio 1m* nmHli otMtead and aim mui t tnd Aii provlnM count of th« Poftugueia mitfionaiiet, which could notlH micNad till th^ wwe vhoHy aatifpaiad by the command of mritMnarchr ' lH4iitkii^gdoMi,thei« it, tmoito oiken, a lofky hUl called the Head mountain : tliis it the higheft and eoidttt in all Abyffinn, ond the place to whidi priibnen of llite, and foeh others ao the emperor detnrminaa to rid himftif of, arc feitt 1 fvt haia they ut foon ftarvad with cold and imiinu. The rivtr Mateg haihiu fpring head dnder one of Ihfe moontainf iA thia hirtgAsm, and« in itt couric towanit the Nile, tont aeroft it. There were fenaerly two placet of refidence for the j^ fuitt in Damota, from whenoa they were driven by iho inhabitants, in the infurrcAion abovementionedi On the other ra die north^-VMft to the (bnth'mft: it fomewhat abovo an hdmitvd and fifty miles, and itt breadth firom eaft to treft, Where if ifl Bretdeft, it about ninety, it contains twenty diftriAs or govcrnmentt. This country it fienilct but in ^ nfiddla ii hi|(h and mouhtainout ; and thefo emineiieet are partly Inhmrited by a fmple faid to bede» (tended flr6m Hkgv^ Abtuhanft Egyptian bond-maid. The northevn piffl art altogmher mountainout and rocky, and faid to be inhabited by Jewi ; but it it mora probable that they aw fome of the ancient Abyfliniantt who Kkve newtr yet tfflbtaoed the Chriftitui felieion i for (hough them art; ftreat Humbert of Jewt difoctfei through (he whole empire, y«t titt« peopto are never knoiin to piO' fcr defart htbitiiiont before the inhMted piatatt ond plaeit of commerce : nor it it pMbaUo, that dief wtMild tcfido among the iiiHofpitable tockt, untolt we ibppofc banc rich mines lie hid'imongft them, which koep tnini move pto<< fitably employedi There is alfo, about the neck or Ifthmut made by tho NilCi'a'very Weep and ainioA inQC««WiMt iiKi«nialn« on di* top of which is an oval plain two hundred and My fathoatf in tengtli, and one burKirtd and 'thirty in brendth } to which there are twb'itttht at afctnti atrors'<'he>r«t:kt« UHtm onar fidtt a fprirt^^ef excellent wtt«r. Farther (Bwatria th» Wh it anbther plain feparated from this moantaiti by ap iiaiurai ircnch, wiierc there It a kind of camp, In which tho viceroy refidet. i .. . •• • •- j, * .'v^ .. Thit t';-;'J.'J£LeJ^i'J^^i. i'1,'3 iHi'kir^J.iij\-;- ^.-\ ~(>.i;L^.i:-'-").''-;iw^jUiVii^i-^i^*^ ...o\i.>S^ '':±^ In T>i NEWakI* VtlttVIHSAL system dk OBOq.R a ViIV.A •mAobI/ Mil wMttinvlkii, ii ihWMllMl MM ill ftwnal ptou of ih« liin«lMn< 4»ifw rnmiiu of Hik ahurcii »r« liH m he 6tn, MMiM Mm iliin original {|raiHlaurcai. baiiaatdfrmn ih«ia»^ -i n ,■ Tli*luM|4a«irof Uantbra, iihMidbdaiiilieiball>tt>T Gojam, iron wlwnca it ii re|wnMui bf Hm NUit and Uh Mm of it* awn nam* i on «bc nortK. bji Nubmt' an the «til, by 1'igii ^ aait, an tlta «Kit» hf CHangaMfc In JcRiih from eaO la wall i« ahout iiimty milta, and ham fwtli tofoo'h a^MMt tlumtf-im (vaiiifiva af * Mia, ar vcmv mclading it. h ii one of the Hittelk tetrihaiat bi ail Abjrflinia, irttMt it k firaqaiailt ovrrAawed, noi only ^ ika laka p(OMMbaa»katilG»llM rivantkai ru I run ihmigh lit ftam (kakiahar hmiti i and o* thM aeooani it ii in- ilaifiiAad aliMA cvaey where with daay dikbaa and aanab . ■ Tkaca ia. (Ml tba eiAarn canfinet of tbia fcikfdaai^ a "•Miuitable maaambi callad Umcaa* or OanaiMM « it ia , «(bi^, LudalvbaiTarea at, that tMa ptopla <>era .••Ot only fMcfer (b« liviai; in Ccttiered yili*tM«mt IwroWti 'io toami, where houfei are contiguoiu, ;bM'iilia«rMfe 'Owit ' tbemlalvei at a left to coiKcivc boW it it paflibia to live in large or walird towat, and be there fapplied with aU the neceflariet of lif* t fuc^ ninr ilrangaii are! they to ibo(e •on«tBiciiaiaa.ttladCBr dw carrying on/of coinmeicai« •ihcr co«nttiaf> Thit Icingdom it dividcdiivto faaHMii '4iilriAt,MadgoMincd by atjtetay.^whafcti. 4» *i The tfairgi flioil arertbr of noticahere are tlifrfollaw- ihg : in the caftem part of the iLingdoin it a ftmout na- aalwry called Qaneia Jefa, fituatcd on a low ground, but very plcafiutr, and being well watered, it rxceeding lartijle, Ifttlwahurefabtlohgiiigiotlutnionaftety !.re t\» monu- jnenuoftha Abyiiaiai^ cMperon iidt aget pail. Father Pail, a Portiigaefe jefuit, wai fo pleaM with thit fpot, that hk hitilt here a ahofcb, u alfe a palace for tba, emperor, after the Eun>paaa manna^i but they baaa been both de- flroyed long ago. , T-liera iiWniaen Gtaeta Jefa and the fromiert of Be- senader, a fmaU bw pfeafant lerritoryi laniarliablc for a (iml of Market or f»i kept in it for caititt 10 wbicb the in- babitantt of moft patH of the kingdom tofott. Tbii.ier- fitory vat beiatofore granted to tha pairiacch Mentha for his lubfiAenee, and that of hit ftaternitv. It it about nine Miiet in Ititgth from eaft to weft, and aoon* fia ujm north tofoutb. Cortiigaoaatettba kingdoaftof Dambw it a fmall Unren ■B»viaeanghil|ie kingdomaTAdel, aitd tha vaft ttnitoriet ol AeikftpniGatlat. «... ? , Naaea, orEnara, whKb it the laft k^oft 01 pro-, ainoe woiib notice, extendi footh at fitr at me 4atb degree «f longitude, andoonfequently to tha extremity of tlifem'; aire. Itvrat fornedy governed by its own monat«ht»: wha, atvrell at their iubjaftt, were Pagant^ but beiiig lla*«var.ae«nffiiaihMa |lm or** Ibarttrf^ WN M» fiibilaad.'aml pti^aM tlM[Mi«ar«Mi.- Tha wMa kiUfdaM kitftcamtd rich tnd fcrtMa^ tnr< pe o J um t a waaftiaM k a* af cMile. rhe iiitMbitanttearry on aconfidarattle trad* with the Caitei, who bilng there tbwndanaa of gol|( which they Ckcliangc far cloth, iait, and other mtrcbM« dim. , ■> , , V ■ ' 'M I I ■ Tha NaatantarwaibNml by.iha'Abyffiniani tkeaaMvN to b« the ball and bandfonacft paople inall'Ethiopia. Tbaf an itll, itreng, initwcll fbaacd r and In t^ir dealhigi boa nel), wife, fMihful,^ aiid< ondilgttMMi. Tlwy are alfe bnva andwaalike, ami havaaiwayt dafcadad their aountry with Katgatiaairy tgabiA thriiiaarAfm«f iMe iaild and bar- oai Uallat, wbahave ftbUiMl eaewbalf af the Abyf. iiniaii empire. Tha aiibaia ikay]My» tliaampewr of Abyiinia, tppeatt laihea tatpracaM tmm ihalr loyahv ifhantny farce i for they McaHti na aMaMa iram Mm againll tholii common invadcrt, noa dart ha mainiain anf Oaitding farect, garrifoni, orfo*tfe conAttmUa a part of the ampira, it may mm beiaipraeef to give foma aeaount of them. :i'li«(e Mopla. who are alfe dallad Galli and Ban, are commoni]- diftihguilhed aecording to theia- fituailoa *ilhicipaAiteiAbl8iri*ii«iaMca|lam,^aeflera, aMAfmthfrn. They are a; boU warlike pe«*pte,i whordiat bf tM' fwerd^ and coaCalerthai ai giving tbebaA title to e««nr thing, ana at being aba fureft ntvaiu of pniaifing wlitttha« bava ack quirea. rKhcyac*br9HghtrMie'armtlroMibairaiid to da* Ipife Ihwety and death. 1 heir yoaih an not aliewad tha priyilfgi of cuiiinc their hair, rr'-j-h •tiijrftirTTnThnhwlL" «f raaikhoed. tiUthay iunv kiMedan enemy or. hiiili- vaga. beaft. The grcaiat ikuanbec af brave aAiont a man hatpetformcd, ihaManhaia rafpeftedi and thii give* them itia pttfidtnta at aeandtp and at feflivaii, on which accoont thtylw«tba«a«4«r.llM(eencaMtt that fall h^ their baodHMilv.iBMtlfalaable iropbiet. A6cr an en- fagemcMlliiT lav HKmMM ^ proMreAaara en tbe fifldpf Ipatlie. vAam Ibcyiwe njgiftaraain favour of tbe perlbnt by whom they ate brought : after wiMch tbe ow> net Buy aairy them le hit own tent, together with Jiia (bare of the plunderv wbieh it adjudged to him according %9 the IhtM, iW had in the vifiory , and the coarage he diU . 1 ba bow and arroiw, and (he dart, w|tf n 1 «hey Ught at a diflance, are tiitir commot) .weapont. Tbow of hi&h rankOofein.uponitbe eneimr;«iil> their fiaordt, aid tha reft hare a clu^ with one end hatdencdin the fire. TIteic fliieidt are chiefly aiade of the bide of a bull or buffalo. They bad formarly nocavalry, t>ut have lioce Iciurned ta fight on herrcback ; and tho«^ ibeir hetfei are but in-. different, y«t tbey figbt io ^oSf,, and in fuc^i good order. that tha AbyfTmiaMrihougb muck better mounted, cannot bftr tha Ibock. It it aven«j(apital crime among them to give way after the onfet it bpgiin : heace tlity til fight ta aonK)uci or die, neither giving nor alking quarur ; rulhing with fuch fucy ofi the foe, that it ii very difficu't to make l>ead againft them ; whence (h(t}i Inve gained many fignal viQoriet, over Al^lCitim arnuici thu have been mucit toon auaaqrfiat, ttkd arovi^ad with better horfei and armi. Whenavcrtlifirefote the^allai maiie cxcuiiiont into tbaj lir^tority of an ^nemy, inftc^ of uwning to numberiK lltey commonly cboole a feleA bodvof detciwinetl youthi, not exceeding eight or tcn . . , . Agricuhurr riiiy o^t(ir«th«. bread they tfke tioin tiu: Ahjfli- niantaiid o'tlicr ncighbevn, are geiKrally above fowine corn i an4 if tl^y^^iea^e that work to their llavet and women, while tbay .follow what dtcy elleem the. more aptnly cx«rcile of war an^ hiMltiiV- j ' l>ey« however, feed mimerottthcr^t of Cjtttlp,^4%"<4>' litary aff°air«, and II confincJ toaighl ynn. Tmi oAan- nial cliitf coiiveiMt the grand council, in wKMi tho af- fair! of pcaca and war are deierinintj ; and If ib«y agr*« Upon the Utter, h« heads the army a* comniandar In chilf, diftribuliiig to each of the heath of tJM tribca hli MApcr Krovince ind duty ; and when tlie war or exptdiiktn Mover a alliKiu to each man hit proper honour* and rewards , accori»ng to hit merit : but it any diCpate or matter of compUint arifei, it it adjudged by tlie national council, who atone have a power to eonlinm alter, or abrogate the (entcnce or decree which the luva haipronounccdi That we may enable the reader le femi an idet of the mock dignity preCerved by thel'c chiefi, a* wall u tita An- gular method m which they treat thofe who r«o«eft audi- ence of them, wefliall relate the following partkulari, at Siven by father Lobo, who had an opportunity of feeing ic whole : " Ueinf , fayt he, obliged to pay my refpcAi to ttieluva, or chief, m order to dilcovcr a new way into .AbylTniin, I found him with all hi* wite* and flooki about hiin ; the phce wliera he received me being a hut thatched with ftraw, hut fomewhat larger than thofe of hit fubjeAt. He appeared with all the fceming confeijuence of an eaft- «rn monarch, and hit attendants paid hini the rood reve- rential refpcA. Hit manner of giving; audience to (Irati- gcta iifomewhitfinguhir : heappeari (eared in the middle ' of the apartment, with alt hit cOurtiert about him, (iitine •gaintl the wall, each with ■ goad or OaiT or club in h^ liand, longer or (horter, according to hit rank -, the longer •re the root* dignified. At loon at the ftranger enters the vlace, all thefa courtiert fall foul of him, and baflinado nimtillhehu regained the door, and got hold of it with hit hand i upon which they return to tlielrfcati, nnd he it complimented at if nothing of this kind had lupiiencd, I myfcK, fiiyi he, did not fare one {ot better, notwithftand- ing the peaceable ai>d friendly officet that had pailiid be- tween ua I and when I alked tlie meaning of fo ilnngc a ceremony, I was anfwcred, that it wat to make tliofc that came among them fenfible of the valour and bravery of their nation above all others, and how reafonable it is that they fhould behave fiibmilTively to fucli a people." Notwithftanding the Gattas are naturallv cruel .ind bar- barous, yet they are not without fomegood ijualities : they •re honcu and true to their promil'c, and are never known to violate an oath. They confider this as the moft folemn of alt engagements t the ceremony of which is thus per- formed : they bring a (hcep to a proper place iippointed, where they anoint it with butter ; after wliich the uerfons (or, if it he taken in the name of a tribe or fiimily, the headi of it) lay their hands upon the head of the fheep, •nd folemnly proteft, that tney will rcligioufly obfervc every part of their engagement. l"lie expLination they give of tnii ceremony i i>o. 35, terror into the beboUer. Somt of ibets Un «*fy pUina on ih« toft aevtr«4 wiili tioea mA other wadwvt •mi afEvrd fprinfi of emellciu wMat i tri fbme of thena •rt fo wtU toltivMed ta to piedkan awA of ih« ptiiMipal neMflarict of Itfii. Thofi) fl n fa h io tf e hilk, witick the iwHmi eolt Oadibu. WpcM •! • diAMM with a detightfal MtWty of Ihapaa. S«m« of them refimilNa pyramiJa, Mid othtn look iilM ' towart of variom fhape*. SotM tti of M% «(|Ml IqMNk otfMit at pnliAly rouitd aa if they had taoan tamo4 el brought witS tiie chiUcl. Some i^n fo deceive i)i« tyt. that wlicii you arrive at what you fuppoft M be the lop, yon dlliwver it only to bothe foot of anotlwr, no Ufa iSiUlk. to alMiid, and euoally high and craggy. That our reaJert mn fotna a pn>pat idci of oita of thofo Aranga natural prodnaioiia, and tiia great dangar ani dif- ficuliy there It in afcendiiigth«iR,««fmdl preftnt 'ha laadar wiihailaccoantdrthataaUedauta,ttt«alti In r> uiMploid of Tigra, which travellen who tome firom tha Red fei art obliged to croft, in going to Dambaa t When yon hava gained liie top, it openi to yottr view a handfone fpacloua plain, intliemidft of which ftandi aaotbar mountain of •qnal height, which yoti rooft •lib go over, •ftar ye« kave fiiAciently refrefhed yeufMf on the fcrtila and d»» lightful top of theOuaa. Tha efeent takaa up abont lialf • days journey, and goct winding all tiie wm ap i tho pattit are very narrow, aiid cut into tho fide of the Ibtid rock I •nd •11 tlM w^y von go ptafenn you with a mofl deep and drtadfol precipice, the bottom of which aannot be raaehad by the naked eye. but only ofliira a gnlf, which at Ma make* the head gtddy, and hilt tha heart with a oomimal dread. Should any of tlie caramnt that keep goiitg tip and down thefe ttcep and nirrow roadt, chancs to meet another in iit way, they are in \\ti gteateft danger, both man and liead, of oeing thrown down the precipice, and broken into a thofand pietiet before they reach ttie bot' torn, unleft they take the ntmoft care in paifing by one another. The mules are by fiir the beft for tliofc that ride, becavile they are tho fureft footed ; but they have an ill fa cully with them, that they will always go clqfe to the edge of the precipice, and cannot without great rifoae be turned to the other fide of the road, or be kept to it wiieh they ara. What addi ftillt more to ilie horror of the journey, who- ther it be up or down the flecp declivity, is, that at tiia bot* lorn of the valley below there commonly runt a fwift lorreht of water, with a moll hideout roar, which being echoed by the adjacent rocks, and often heightened by loud winds i aa well at by the continual trampling of the men and bMflt upon the rock, increafes the horrid din to fuch a degree, thatonecannotpofTibly bear one's felf, muCh lefs another fpeak, though evcrfo loud, or ever fo near the perfon. The wifhed-for fummit lieing however once attnined (which is reckoned ab'ive three hundred fiithoms perpen- tlicular above the plain top of Guaa, and the moft difBcult part of all the way, being only provided by nature with a fort of Heps like winding ftairs, rn-o or three cubiti high, and nncomh, on both (ides of the rock), one it made am- ple amends by the beautiful profpeA it at once prcfcnti to the view, which is not that of rugged and iiuerfeAed peaks above, and deep gaping vallies beneath, as might be expeAed, but of • fmall, though delightful nlKin, about two miles in compafs, and a muflcet fhot in breadth, and terminated at one end by a new, flat, and upright rock, like the back of a chair, of which this little plain is the feat, fo that uke the whole mountain together, that of Gaza feems to be a kind of peJeAal to this ( and the latter, which the natives call Lamalmon, reprefents, in fome noea* fure, a chair without arms, the back of which is the up- tight rock at the end of the plain, which is at perpendicu- lar as if it had been hewn out with a chiflel. Along what we may call the feat of this wonderful and fupereminent chair, is pleafantly lituated a town of the liunc name, whofo inhabitants make a decent livelihood by helping the cara- vans to load and unload the beafts of burden a good part of the way of the craggy afccnt beforementioned, in order to help them to leap from one ftep to another ; fo that one would be furprifed to fee wirii what facility they make the beafts climb and keep their fl-et, while they themfelvcs con- vey their burdens from one ftair to another, through every difficult part of this cxtcnfive afcent. Thus far thedcfcrip- tion of tills remarkable mountain, at given by tlie authors of the Univerfal Hiftory. In this country, there are other mountains of much the fame nature as the above, particularly one fiiuated betwcett the kingdoms of Amharaand Olcca. _ Butthemoft confi- derablcuf them all is that called by 'the natives Thabat Mariim r ■ . ^ .. . . - . . - 4? " '^■prcpcr'j TadbaiM niar-jam, whole fum- mit 35« The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. 4 nhgratlyeMtciiallthartft, uU it u the ftM* ttitie very f|M:io«M. This remu-luble mounuiji, wHofe bottom U watered by two Uige riven deleetuiing from it, -ath on it« fnmmit leven handfom* chuichei, tfm of which de- dicated to St. John, ii exceeding beautifiil, having been formerly the burial place of the Abyffinian emperort : within fide are at this time five monumentt ereAed to the memory of thofe monarchi : the armi of Portugal are reprcfented on them, and they are covered with lapeftry. In the kingdodi of Gojam there ii a remarkable holl&w and high rock : direQly oppofite to which, at a fmall dif- tance, it another much at the fiune height and bulk, fo •xaAly pUced by nature, that it echoea back a word barely whifpered in the former with amaxins force t and the joint voicet of three or four perfotu ipeaking together, produces a found not inferior to that of a numerous army Uieuting. Here are many excellent river* in this counthr ; the moft coniiderable of which, beiides the Nile, which take* its rife here are the following : i. The Tacazee, fuppofed to be tlie AAaboiet of Ptolomy ; it rifes in the kingdom of Angot, and, after many confiderable windings, firft eaft, tiMD north, then weft, and then north again, dif- charces itfelf at lenfjth into the Nilej this river, though not to Urge at that it runt into, is in many placet very jeep, and abounds with crocodiles and fea-horfes, as alio that remarkable filh called tbe torpedo, already defcribed. a. The Mareb, or Moiaba, which comet down firom the coafit of Habelh, or Abex« and ruiu moflly nordi-weft through die kingdom of Tigra and other provinces, and at laft falls into the Tacazee. 3. 1 he Maley, which rifes in Damut, and, after a coorfe of fome fcore leaguet to the weftwaid, tnria northward toward Natea, waten Bifamo and Fafcalai weftward of the Nile, and then dif- emboguet itfelf into the White river. ^. The Balir el Abiad, or White river, which fpringt in Bifamo, reteire* the Maley, and furroundt the kingdom of Channia on the weft, dividing it from thofe of Gorham and uacoa, and falls into the Nile about fixty leafpiet below Nubia. 5. The Zebce, which rifet in the kingdom of Narea, and it little inferior to the Nile : it taket itt courfe firil weftward, then eaftward, and after that fouthward ; when it furrounds in fome meafure the kingdom of Gingiro into a peninfula, as the Nile doth that of Gojam; after which, it continuet itt courfe fouthward, and at laft emptiet itfelf into the Indian ocean. 6. The Howafli, or Haowache, which runs through the kingdoms of Gan, Fatagar, Bally, &c. and lofes itfelf at laft in the fandy defart in the kingdom of Adel. This river makes ample amends to the inhabitants for the want of rains, which feldom fall in this part of tlie country ; and being, like the Nile, drawn into numerous cliannels, enrich all that traA, by watering their fields, and fertilizing their valliet ; fo that they produce moft of the articles nccelEiry (ot (he prefervation and fubfiftcnce of the inhabitants, particularly plenty of «orn and cattle. In this country, befides the above, are great numbers of fmallcr rivers, thechief of which fall at length into the Nile, and tbe reft into the Indian fea. The people cut canals from thefe rivers, to water their landt, which in fome parts are made fo rich and fertile, that they yield an- nually two or three crops. Several large lakes are alfo here, the moft cenfiderable of which is that called by tbe Europeans Dambea, and by tlie natives Bahr Tzana, or fea of Tzana, from tlie chi«f ill? i>ci in it of that name. Thi^ lake is fituated in tlte kingdom of Uambea, and is computed to be about thirty leaeues in length, twelve m breadth, and one hundred and fifty in compafs, cxcluliveof its deep bar, crecki, and otiier windings. The country round about it is plain, fertile, and pleafant ; and the infide of the lake abounds witli a multitude of iflandt of different fizcs, the largeft of which arc inhabited by Abyftinian monks. About fevea or eight of thefe iflands contaiki the remains of larec mo- naftcries, which appear to have been formerly ftatcTy edi- fices ; and among the natural produfkions of them are fuch fine citron and orange trees as are not to be equalled in any other part of the empire. One of thefe iflands, and the moft barren of them all, is called by tlie natives Dek, and is tlie place '.vhcre ftate prifoners are ufually con- fined. The AhyfTinians fail on this lake in flat -bottomed boats, v'\ich thev call tancoas : they are not made of wood, but of a kind ot rufhes that grow on its banks, each of which is 2bcut the thicknefs of a man*s arni; and >boyt two vard§ in length. They call thefe rufhes tambua, the like of which grow alfo on the banks of tlic Nile, and arc ufcd 5 for the famt purpofet. Thefe laft ue thofe which Che in- tients called papyrus, and were fervioeaUa to tliiitn not only in making their boau, fails, and other taekte, b«t alfotheir T^hit Uke is attended with one great inconvenience, which is, that it breeds great nuinbert of fea herfet, wfaidi ' not only endanger the.navintion, butdeftroy the (Sfh, an4 fometimet make confiderable ravtget in the landt How- ever, the people that live on itt bankt nuke it their befineft to deftroy thefe animalt, itot only to fecure tbetr corn and other grain fiom boinc deftroyed by them, but alfo fbr ttie fidie of their flefli, of which they are very fond ; ther likewifc cut their fkint into long ftrapt, called altongaa, which they ufe to fcourge their horfet witli, inftead of whipt. With refpeA tp the climate of thit country, we may reafoAably fuppofc, from itt fituation, that it it exceeding fulttv : but the extreme heat is only felt in the valliet or low landt, forthehiUi, or ridget of mountaint (moft of which are of a prodigiout height, u we have lately ob» fisrved), enjoy an agreeable cooTneft ; infomuch that iheie are fome partt where the fummert are left fultry than id Perittgal -, and othera, where the mhabltlntt are mor« aftaid of cold than heat. Thit diftlerence of climate ii, however, frequently prodaftive of violent ftormt of thun- der and lightning, which are fometimet fb terrible at to bcj very deftruAive both to man and beaft. Thefe florms aic alio generally attended with excefBve rains, which are fre- quently fo violent, that their ftreanu carry away with them ttect. houfet, and evenhiUt,whilft all the riven overflow, and Uy the oountrv under water ^ and after the water re- tiret, the hindt and roadt are fo covered with a thick flimy mud, that they become for fome time intirely impafGible. But thegreateft inconvenience that attendt thefi; raint, it, that they infeA the air with a dangerout malignancy i for, Ifidling on a pound that hath bin dry and almoft parched np for a confiderable time, tbey tiatorally raife fuch vaft quantitict of unwholefome vapoun, a* feldom fell to pre duce feme violent diftempen, froai which even chefe an feldom excepted, who remain altogether at hotne. They have property fpeaking, thrcefeafont here ; nimelf , tbe fonng, which begins at the latter end of September 1 the fummer which commence* ontiie 25th of December ; and the winter, which begins on the 2{th of June. They divide the fummer into two Mru, of three months each| the firft of which they call Taadai, and is the moft fultry and difagreeable 1 and the other, which is much more tm* derate and pleafant, they call Hagai, The wiiMs alfo of thit empire differ, at well at the cli- mates : fome efpecially on the high lands and lofity moun- tains, are ^-ery refrefliing and pleafant ; while othen on the low lands, where tlie air is left agitated, are hot and very unhealthy. They are fubjeft to one in particular, which is rather a hurricane, and it called in tlieir language fengo, or fcrpent. I'his is fometimes to violent, that it overturns houfes, tears up trees by the rooti. and it fte- quently very prejudicial to the fhipping. But notwith- ftanding tlicl'e inconveniencies, thit wind hat fome good property, as it clean the air of tlie lower grounds, which would otherwife ftagnate, and prove infeflious not only la men, but to other creatures in general. The lands in Abyffiniaare fome ofthtmfo fertile a* ta yield two or three liarvefts of very aood millet, barley, and wheat. They have no rye ;>iftead ofwbich tlicy make ufe of a fmall grain called teff, which is 6( much the fame tafte and flavour, and yields very eood nourilhment. It i* fmallcr than our poppy feed, and a little oblong ; bat at the fame time tbe people in general live very poorly, and even naftily, and their cattle ieem to fare much better than they do tliemfelves. As tliey have no oats they feed their H horfes, camels, dromedaries, and other large beafls with barley ; for though tlicir low lands produce plenty of graft fufticieiu to feed a prodigious number of cattle, yet they never make any luy, which is here the more necelTary, a* it muft be frequently fcorclied up by the heat of the fun, and even when it is moft plentiful, it is liable to be de- ftroyed by the vaft flights of locufts, with which they are fometimes infefted, which cover the furface of the earth, and foon devour every blade of grafs, befides other vege- tables. A conflant verdure is faid to crown die trees of thit country, and if the inhabitants have a fcatcity of fruit, it is rather owing to their negligence tliaii to any fault of the foil, which is capable of producing as great a plenty and yarietv of them u anv countrv in Africa, I'he" cultivate the black grape, peaches, four pomegranate, fugarcanes and fome citrons and oranges : they have alio feveral kinds nf figi fAFRIdA.) A B t S llgi, an4 »BMng oth«n one ctUcd curette, whidi grbiM to • ptodigiotti fizc, and which Ludolph lu* «mimlrOnred td prove to be khc dudaim of Mofei, which it readtnd muir drake* in our and other tranflati^nt; , i i i l Hare arc not only the fame variety M medicinal and odo- riferous planu, herbs, and roOU ti^at are to be met wiui in Evropi, and which alfo grow without cultiva^oh, b\it many mprt unknown to iii. The country produtes great quantities of fenna, and therv are plains,, covered witli cardamnms, and a kind of ginger that has a mbtl agree- able fcent, and is four times as lai^e u that of India. .To thefe we may add the aflafo, which lus fuch an cflTeflt that it (lupifies the ferpents and venomous reptiles that ap- proach it, and its root is a certain cure for tliofe who arc bitten by thofe creatures. Here are alfo great numbers of the cotton Ihrub which produces cotton in pcf. abun- dance. During the greateft part of the year, the t>anki of the rivers, are adorned with jafmines, rotfes, lillies, jonquils, and a prodigious number of flowers unknown iii EuroM. This country produces a great variety of both domeftic atid wild animals : amorig the former are camels, drome- daries, horfes, afles, mules, cows, Ihecp with great tills, and goats, which arc bred in vaft numbers, tlicy being tiie principal wealth of the inhabitants. Their bt oxen are faid to be of fo monftroUs afize, that at a di(lance they have been millaken forelCplunts : whence it has been iiiid that horned elephants were common in Abyflinia, and thefe horni travellers have reprefented as beinf, fo large, that one of them will contain above ten quarts of liqUor, and fay they are ufed by the people inlteid of pitchers and other vefleb to carry water, wine, milk, or otner liquids. But bdidet thefe large oxen, which are fatted for (laughter, they have an ordinary fort defigned for labour and carriage, whofe horns tre iaicl to be fo Toft knd flexible, that they .baiw down like a dead weiaht, from their heads. lure is a very ^Ue breedof hdrfes, which, like thofe of Europe, are of various colours, but the black are the moft numerous, and in the greatcft cfteem. Thefe are only uicd for war and for travelling. In long journies they make ufe of mulcsi Whlih are totUmonly very gentle, fure footed, and fit for the craggy mountains ; they have a quick eafy pace, and in travelling ire commonly preferred by the Aoyflinians to their lieft norfesi They have here, among the animal of the camel kind, thecamelopardus. which i* faid to be much taller than an elephant, but as flcnderly made as that is clumfy aiid un- Weildy t Its fore legs are fcprefenteti is of an amazing length, and tnough the hinder are fomewhat (hotter, its belly is fo fur from the ground, that a tall man mayeafily pafs under it without (looping. The neck is of a pro- portionable length to enable it to reach the ground, and heA upon the grafs, which is the food it chiefly lives on. Elephants are here extremely numerous, and none were ever known to be brought up tame in this empire. They make dreadful havock among the corn and other grain, much more being deftroyed by trampling it down, than by what they eat. The zebra Is one of the moft beautiful animals in this country, it is of the (hape and fize of a mule, but more lleek and (lender ; it is here curioully marked with white, black, grey, and yellow ftreaks acrofs the back tirom the neck to the tail. This animal is not, however, very com- mon, (ince it is fo much admired as to bethought a prefent of fuificient value to be oflfered to the monarch. We have already defcribcd this creature more at large. Lions, Cvgers, panthers, leopards, wolves, monkies, foxes, wild cats, civet cats, hares, rabbits, fquirrels, and a variety of other animals, abound in this country. Travellers who have vilited AbyfTinia mention k ve^y extraordinary animal, which is probably one of the many fpecies of monkies. They repreient it no bigger than a cat ; but as having the face of a man, with a mournful voice. It lives upon the trees, where they fay it is brought forth, and dies : but it is fo very wild, that there is no pof- libility of taming it ; for when any of them have been caught in order to bring them up, all the care that can be t.iken of them will not prevent their pining thamfclves to death. This place is (locked with a great variety of the feathered kind, both wild and tame, many of which are found in Europe ; but thufe here excel leveral of ours in beauty and fize, particularly their partridges, which are faid to be a* Urge as our capons ; thty have feveral kinda of ihcm, which fecm in a manner peculiar to this country is the ma' roc, or honey-bird, fo called from its pattieular inltinfl in t i if i A. Ill . difcoveriit| jjfe hidden tteafurti of tiie in(iudri6iii lieest i which they ieed bpoiik .... The largeft tad moft iiliwieldly of all thii feathered tacai iiamely, the bfttlch, iscomitaoit. Hot oAly hbr«, b'di in tlid greattft pirt of Africik Ih thjt icountrv kie alfo the pipii fo named from its coilftantly uttering thbfe tWd fyllablei^ ^ aHd It faid to djreft fauntfmen to their garde. When It feeflk ' antK)iblboitbfthebeaft.kiiledbyitsd»eaion. Thecar!<, dinalis fo called by the Portugneiit frdm the belutiful red-' ; nefibf his featbertt Imteptmoils oniubteilt, which tii* t femble the fineft bUck velvet; tad the whit« hightin^iile li |- a bf aiitifiil biird that hi* i bil two fpans iii length. A multitude of bbUdkioii* animals infeft Ai(& jjiarts, particularly ferjpertts 'ind ihfe£ts ; many of the fbrmer are extremely venomous, ahd their bite attended with almolt inftant death, if in efleftual remedy be not immedletely applied, bill hohe of thefe kre bapable of doing an hun- dredtl) pirt ttf the iiiifchief produced bv the Ibcufts, which fometimes appear in fuch thick douas as to eclipfe the light of the (un^ tad to by whole provinces defolats by their raVaces. The crocodile and hipopdtanliis, or river horfe, are the largeft and ino(t deftruAive of their amphibious animals. It IS not eafy to conceive how tliis animal came to be called a horfe, to which it has fcarce ally refemblance : Its body is like that of ah dk, but is twice as big is that of i hull ; it* leg* arc (hoit, and refemblc th'ofe of a bear, it having large round feet. With four claws in eabh ; his tail M like thit of ill elephtat, arid it has no more hair on its body thin there is upon that animal. In the lower jaw it hu fbilf lirfe teeth, two ot them brooked like the two tufltt of a wUd boar, atid the other firait, bdt itanding for^ wardt,'and allof theiUasthltk is thehortisbf anox. Its eyes and tin are fmall confldering its bulk ; but it has a wid6 mouth, great open noftrils, and an upper tip like a lion's^ on which grows a briftly beard. He fpends the day com* tar Wy in the water, and the night on land, when he feedt or "he grafs, which it his principal (bod ; his teeth, on ac^ count of their not being fubjeft to turn yellow, art elteemed more valuable than Ivory. The river* and lakes abound with a variety of fi(h, among which is the torpedo, whofe peculiar benumbing quality, on being touched by the linger while alivet w« ' have already given an ample account of. With te(^& to their perfons, the Abyflinians ir^ ge* neralty tall and Well-(haped ; their complexions itiay b6 called Mack, but fonle of them are inclined to the tiwny, and to a reddilh brown. Anions them, the olive \i reckoned the finelt complexioii, and next to that the jet black, but the reddilh, and particulirly the yellowilh brown, is efteemed the mo(t difagreeable; They have re^ gular and agreeable fintures, and their eyes are bbck, briik, and lively : their nofes are not flat, nor their lipt protuberant, at amone the natives of Goineyi Thefe peopld are ftoutand Itrong, bri(k inci healthy; and their laboilr, together with the temperance they u(d in eating, prolong^ their lives to a good old age. Moft of* then! are fo nimble and aAive, as to climb up the tallefk trees, or fteepeft rocks, with furprizing eafe and agility. The Women greatly exceed thofe of Europe andAfiaiil flrength and fprightlinefs ; they breed eaiily, are delivered Without help, and can take care both of the child and themfelves, without th« afliftance of i nurfe. Indeed, ex- cept where they are weakened by a fedentary life, thit ftrerigth of conftituion is common to all the women id tliefe hot climates. The men of quality wear a lortg veft, either of fine (illt or cotton, tied about the middle with a rich fcarf ; that of the citizens is muchtlie fame, but of cotton only, they not being allowed to wear (ilk, neither is tlieir cotton of tht fame flnencfs. The common people have only a pair of Cotton drawers, and a kind of fcarf, with which they foofely cover the reft of their bodies ; and, till about a century ago, tliii was the general drefs of all the people, none but the emperor, the royal fiimiiy, and fome diftinguilhed fii- vourltes, being allowed to wear any other ; and this fcarf, or a piece of ddth, ferves then to wrap themfelves in at night. The habit of the women is allowed to be as fine and genteel as their circumftances will admit ; for they are fu from being kept in fo reclufe a manner as thofe among the more eaftern nations. Thofe of hi^.i rank ufually drefs in the richeft filks and brocades, their upper garmenti ire wide and full, not unlike furplices : they adorn their I L1..1. MM U....J...J j:ac .-•.«!.... have the richeft pendants in their ears ; fpait no expenn ia adorning their befides they with the Uoil iSi. The N E W awo'^UNI V£ Ri At^ S YSTii M of G E OG F(.APH Y. trioll coitty ornaments ofdMtiiiUliiUi itA dt!i«t'dtfe6rit-' ; T^e liativej of l)ot]ij,fcx«ip are;M which m^kes them contrive, during thehei^tof famnier, to have them as /!ght, and to hang as loofe as pofliblc. ' Hence the cloth that covers their bodies is thrown loofely over them, their kreeches likewife, and the women's drawers, arc made wide and long ; but in the Cooler feafon^ tliey briiig them mu(;h dofcr to thoir bodies, and the rich then appear in haj)d- fome vefis, open only to the waifl, and clofed with fmall l>uttons ; thele have (mall collars, and very long and fttait , ifleeves, gathered in at the wrift. Some authors have iniftaken them for Ihirts ; thougli according to the feafon jknd their circumftances, they wear another lijdit garment under them, next to the flcin, made of thiii taitety, fattin, or damalk. The Abvflinians are not fo tempente in their drinking ' as in their food, crpecially at their feafts, where after a full tneal they ufually drin)c to excefs : agreeable to one of their proverbs, " Plant firu, and then wafer." Their liquors are rendered more tempting than their meat. As they have plenty of honey, their mead is excellent ; they have Jikewife tome other liquors made of various fruits, and a third fort made of Barley witliout hups, Thefe cxcefles are attended with no ill confequcnces, for they live peace- ;ibly, and fu|dom quarrel among themfelves ;or if they do, tlieir contcfls. feloiam go farthet tlian exchanging a few blows ; and in matters of confcquencc, they generally decide the controverfy by umpires cliofcn amongll tlicm- felvcs, or lay tlie affair before the ruler of the place. Here they are allowed to plead their own caufe without the help of a lawyer : and when judgment is giveiv, whether by the judge or tbc arbiti[ator, tncy witliout the lead grudge, murmur, or appeal, fubmiflively acquit fee in it. The men and women arc faid in general to be witty and ingenious ; but thofe of the kingdom of Nerea arc deemed to exceed the reft in fenli:, bravery, gcnerofity, affability, « and other focial virtues. They are extremely inquilitivc and fond of learning ; yet tlie people of Tigra and the ^ighbouring kingdoms are reprefentcd as being for the fiioft part perhdioust cruel, revengeful, haughty, and in- conflant. Though there is 'but little learning found among the Abyffinians, tliat defeA is rather for want of proper means, than of capacity to attain it, for tliey arc naturally docile jiiid fond of knowledge, which is acknowledged to have been one of tlic principal motives that induced them to give the jei'uit millionaries lb kind a reception at their firf^ coming amongft them. An intire negligence appears here rcfpefling the fym- Bictry and architcAure of their buildings i which is ow- ing to their living in huts or camps, after the manner of their monarchi : fo that except a few old royal palaces, here are neither public flruftures nor private buiUlingi; wor- tliy of notice to be feen tliroughout the whole empire; for thofe they flile houfcs would hardly dcfervc (he name of huts among us, they being built of clay and laths put to- getlier in the meaneft and mod tlovcniv manner, fo as to be cafily rafed, and as readily abandondcd, when they think proper to fliift their quarters, 'i'liefc buildings be- long to the infciior foit, who follow the royal camp, and b*ing unable (o purcliafe tents, ercfl tlicfe huts with alinoft as little troulilc as a large tent would require in rearing. The very emperors tlicinfelvcs had neither calllts nor na lacts till the I'orlugucfe miflionarics came among tlicm, bu i ltges him to fwear, that it is to fetch what will fatisfy him ; upon which the guilty perfon fend* him apiece of beef and fome liquor, after which they fometimes eat and drink together ; and then, upon his a(k- ing pardon, the huiband firtl remits one part of the fine, and then aitother, till at length the offender obtains a fall acquittal. -. They have but fevv ceremonies in the internlent of their dead ; as Coon as the perfon has expired, and the body i* wafhed, they perfume it with iiicenic, fpiinkle it with holy water, and wrapping it in a (heet, plact it on a bier. The bearers then take it, and hurry it away with fuch fwiftnefs, that thofe who attend can hardly keep pace with them. When they come to the church, or church-yaid, (for they bury in either), they again iiiccnfe it, and throw plenty of holy water upon it. After the pried has read the fourteen lirft verfes of thegofpel of St. John, they (hoot thecorpfe into the ground, inltcad of letting it down gently ; the priel^ repeating the fervice, and the grave is immediately < filled up. The relations bewail their dead many days; their la' mentations begin early in the morning, and continue till tlie evening ; the parents, relations, and friends, meet at the grave, together with women mourners, hired to accom- pany the folemnity with their outcries, all clapping their hands, fmiting their breads, and uttering the molt atf'e£ling exprelTions in a doleful tone. The funerals of the emperors and grandees arc per- formed with great pomp and magiiit'icence, and are accom' fianied with all the iulignia of their dignity, fuch as the lorfo, (hicld, Lince, and other accoutrements of the de- ceaCcd) which are brought to the place ; offerings are mad* to the church and the clergy, and provifions given hbcrall/ t) the poor I This ceremony continues, according to tl&e quality of the perlon, from three to forty days, and is re- peated a frelh on the aniiiverfary ; and, during the mourn* ful folemnity, the^ all pray to Ciud to be merciful to the foul of the deccaled perfon. But they uTe neither torche?» nor any other lights, either in the church, or in tha pro- cefiion. 9 E d T. V. "trtalt if thi pnvtr, grandiur, and lillet of the tmptrar if Myjjinia; hit camp, marriagt, and rtveiiuts, great offScirtf ftrcei, manner of trying caafei, lawi, punijhments, 6V. IT is univerfally allowed, that the Abyflinian govern- ment hath, from its firft foundation, been intirely de- fpotic i and according to their annals, there never was a period of time, fincc its firft origin, wherein the princes of this empire did not claim an ablblute tight over tlif lives, liberty, and fortunes of their fubjeils, as well as an uiicon- troulable authority in all eccleiiadical att.iirs . and it is not known that there ever were any written Ia;v3 to re- drain tliis exorbitant power of the monarchs, or fecurv the lil)erty of tlie fubje« againd his arbitrary mandates. The emperors of Abylfinia boaft their being defcended from Menilehech, the ion of Solomon king of ifrael, by the queen of Sheba. According tOjtlicm, this prii cl-A reigned twenty-live years alter her return from Judea, and was fuccccded by this fon, from whom dc{c:na.-d a leriet of princes in a direA line down to the year 960, when the 4 U crown JJ4 The N£ ' ..hd UNIVERSAL SYSTEIsi dr GEOGRAPHY. i tn»«h paflM into tnother family, but was aftervrardt re* ftored to it again. Hence tht cinperor ftill retains the )iompoui titles uf tile l}tloved of God, Son of the Pillar nf-Sion, Kiiilmaii to the rac« of Judah, Son of David and Solomon, and Emperor of tlie Great and High Ethiopia, its kingdoms and pi-ovinces, &c. They likcwife bear in tlieir arms the lion of the tribe of Judah, holding a crofs, vith thit infcription in Ethiopic, '* The lion of tlic tribe of f udah ii conqueror." Tills monarch has ■ degree of refpeft paid to him bv liis fubjefts which amounts almoft to adoration : thole who are admitted into his prcfence fiill proft' .te beforehim, •nd kifs the earth as they approach hi^ -. .rfon ; and it is faid,that even in his abfencetliey never hear his name men* tioned without bowing very low, and touching the ground withtlieir hand. The other marlcs of grandeur cliicnycon-' fift in the ivtinue with which be is attended ; tior be is not only attended by his own houfhold and guards, which are very numerous, but by all the grandees and officers of the tmpire, who Drive to outvie each other in the number, richnefs, and fplcndor of their retinue, in the elegance of their drefs, and the magnilicencc of their pavilions. We have aJicady obfcrved, that they cliicHy live in tents[; the emperor's canipalways takes up a large fpace of ground, •nd makes a very fplendid appearance, to which the regu- lar difpolition of the ftreets, and great variety of tents, fireamers, and other ornaments, and efpecially the many lights and fires at night do not a little contribute ; fo that tlie whole appears like avail open and regular city, in whofe center, or on fome eminent part of it, Oands the imperial pavilion, which eclipfcs all tlie reft in grandeur, bulk, and height. Near to it are thofe of the cmprcflcs and royal family, and then thofe of the officers of the court, all ap- pearing with proportionable, though inferior luftre ; to thefe may be added thofe large and lately pavilions which ferve as churches, upon which tliey bcltow no fmail ex- pence, in adorning them both within and without. In Ihort, the imperial camp is of a vaft extent, and yet good order is commonly obferved in it. It has maikcts, courts of juftice, and places where young perfons of rank per- form a variety of exercifes on hort'cb.-ick. But all the reft rcfembles only a great number of long extenfive lanes, of mean ordinary tafte, or low miferablc huts of lath and clay, covered with firaw, which ferve the emperor's guards and common foldiers, befides a prodigious number of futlers, who fupply them with all ncceflaries. If either through the want of wood, or provifions, in the difFerent wars in which the emperor is engaged, it becomes necellary for him to remove his camp, the chief care is to choofc a convenient and fpacious fpot, well furnilhed witli water, and efpecially with wood, of which they make fuch havock, that vaft forefts are frequently laid bare in a Ihort time ; and they are amazed, and think it incredible, that fuch great cities as are in other paits of tlic world, (hould be able without being in extreme want of wood to fubfift £d long a time in one place. When the emperor is on his march, whether in time of peace or war, he is always attended by his chief minifters ; he appears witli a crown on his head made of pure gold, with (liver lillies, intermixed with pearls, and lixcj on a cap of blue velvet, on the top of which is a gold crofs. Some time beFore he begins his march, officers are fent to the governors of every province and place through which he is to pafs, with orders to clear and repair the roads, and open the woods through which his way lies, by cutting down branches of trees, the briars, and every thing elfe that may retard the march ; and to provide ne- ceflarics both for him and the whole army, which travels but flowly, and by Ihort jouriiies, on account of the mul- titude of women, children, and cattle, wliich follow tlic camp. At the time appointed, al! the governors punflually come in with their quotas of corn, cattle, beer, and other liquors i all which are dilhibutcd, with the utmoft exaA- nefi, among the feveral ranks and orders of the army. In thefc marches the titmerari, an officer who commands the van -guard, fixes his pike on the fpot he choofes for the im[icrial pavilion ; after which, every one of the reft know- ing hit own rank, and the ground he is to take up, ealily eiii.'li(:s by hit eye where tlic tents are to be pitched ; fo that the whole encampment IS foon completed with fuiprifing rradincfi, and in' lb exitl and regular a manner, that, not- withfliiiding their l>ein^ (a frequently removeu, every one kiioA't the ways and gvthi I'o well, that he can go to the lent of any one with Tlie Uaii: facility as iic can io ni> ovfn, or XII we can find a ftrcct, Unc, or boufc in any of our ci- lici, and touiii. Thry always divide the camp into feven parifhei, eacK of which has its miiiifter, deacons, and inferior officers, who affifl in the inftruAioii of youth, in performing ii* vine fervicci and the otiier funflioiij of the miniller'i office. Wheheveran enemy ii near, the army is orJered to march clofe and in the beft order, the van-guard and rear drawing up dole to the main body 1 the wing* fpread theinfclves out, ind the emperor keeps in the center with his guards, great officers, and ladies, a fufficient interval be- ing left for int:lo(ing iIk baggage. At other tini s little . order is obferved in their marches, only there is always a number of warlike inflruments founding before, and a particular guard marching round the emiwror. He gene'- rally mounts and alights in his tent; but if he has occaiion to difmount by the way, the gu.-ird$ immediately make a, ring about his perfon, fpreadiiig their cloaths to keep him onfecii i and if he difinounts in order to take reft, a couch, whidi is commonly carried for that purpofe, is brought - him, on wh'Ch he lies on cufliions covered with the tinefi filk carpets. Though the crown of Abyffinia, is hereditary, and mutt bepreferved in the fame family; yet the emperor, if ho ' pleafes, may choofe aiiy one of his children whom he thinks moft worthy to fucceed him. This probably gave birth to the fevere cuftom, formerly obferved in this em- pire, of confining all the princes of the blood to the for- trefs, or rock, called Ambaguexen, which fome have de- fcribed as a fevere and difagreeable place of confinement, on the fummitof a lofty mountain ; while others rcpre- fenl it as an earthly paradife, in which thefe princes enjoyed every bleffing except liberty, and were educated in a manner fuitable to their birth and defcent. I'hefe young princes were brought out of this abode to afcend |the throne, in the following manner : after due confultation, andaftriefore they married them. The generality of thcic piinccs, however, choofe to marry the daughter* of nuble fatiulies amoyig their fubjefts ; while others, lefs attentive ^*¥^ till an th is AFRICA.] A £1 Y 8 t t N I A. m **»• lers, ,5 to iflcd rality liters ,l*h nttve •itentWc to their noble extraftion, pajr a gritttfr regard to the natural eiidowincuu ot' the mini, or the beauty ' of the pcrlbn. ,No looiter hat the monarch pitched upon a young lady for his wife, than the n taken from her parents, and lodged with fome of hit relations, in order t* obtain a better knowledge of her ^ood qualities. If he is fttisfied with her, be takes her with him to church, and having both received the holy communion, they are conduced to the imperial pavilion, attended by the wholecourtin thericheft •ttire ; and there the abuna, or chief prelate, commonly pcrformii the maiiimonial ceremony ; which being ended, the emperor, as at other times, dines by hlmfclf irt his own apartnunt, and Ihe in tier's, in company with a num- ber of other ladies. The nobles and clergymen are treated at other tables in I'epirate tents, with variety of meats and liquors ; and the feaft generally continues among the male giieiis till all the liquor is drank, after which every one re- tires to reft. The Abyflinian emperors ufed (Vequently rtever to ap- pear in public, and they were feldom known to trouble themfelves with the affairs of government, the care of which was comroitcd to two miiiidcrs, called babluded, or favourites ; but this cuftom has licen long abolifhcd, and Ihey ftiew themfelveS to their fubjefts at leaft three or four times a year, though none is allowed to fee rhein cat, ex- cept the pages who feed them ; (for both they and all the great have their meat cut into bits, and conveyed to their mouths by young pages) ; and when they give audience to foreign ambaffadors', they always lit behind the curtain, concealed from the public view. The imperial revenues fcem to be Very Incondderable, and chiefly arifc from the four following branches : the Aril is the tribute paid by the governors oi fuch provinces and kingdoms as abound with gold, which amounts to no more than about five or fix thoufand ounces per annum, one year with another. The next arifes from the fale of all the great offices of the empire, and the yearly tribute they pay him. The third branch confifts of a tenth of all the cattle in the empire. By this laft (which it appears was unknown till about tile middle of the third century) every man that hath cows, is obliged to pay him one out of ten every third year, and the country breeding vaft quantities of them, makes it by far the moft confiderable branch: this is called the burning or branding tax, becaulb the emperor's officers brand 'thole with a particular mark which thev fet afide for his ufe. I'he fourth and laft branch ariies from a duty laid on every loom of cotton cloth. If it belongs to a Chriftian, he pays one piece of cloth ; and if to a Mahometan, a piece of eight per an- num. By this duty arc gathered, in the kingdom of Dam- bca,and parts adjacent, about one thoufand of thefe pieces, and in that of Gojam three thoufand ; befides about two hundred billets, which are a thicker and ftronger cloth, and all ihagged on one fide. I'hc like tax is gathered in all the otlicr kingdoms and provinces throughout the em* pirr, and the annual ameunt of it is very confiderable. We llwdl now, as we propofcd, give an account of the |!;reat officers and forces of the empire ; beginning witti the chief officer belonging to the emperor, who is Ailed ralh, or principal, and is generaliffimo of all the forces ; lie his under him two great officers, one of whom is called bcll.itiiioclic goyta, that is, lord of the fcrvants, and is i kind of high ftcward ; hU power extends not only over tlie a/.:v ieciitors to follow (hat of the criminsl. Hiilnrv informs us, that the Abyflinians boaft their hav- ing received bi>il> their kings and the Jewrfh religion from Jolomon. Of this tbcy have an ancient record, which gives the following account of this Imgular event r " Thai • great ai\d potent queen, named Azeb, or Maqucda, reign- ing in Ethopia, beiitg informed by a mcrdtaM, luinied Tanierin, of the great power and wifdom of Idoman, travelled to Jerulahm, attended by a retinue of tlie greatell nobles and princes of Ethiopia, and with immenfe trea- furc. There Solomon inflrudcd her in the knowledge of 'tlK true God ; and upon her return honw, at the end of nine months, Ihe was delivered of a fon, who was called Menilchech, and aUb David. This fon afterwards going to Jerufalem, to fee his father Solomon, was magnifi- cently er>tertained by him, and anointed king of Ethiopia, ky Zadoc, and Joalh, the high-prieft i and when he was thorongJily inflrufled in the law of God, which he was .to caule to be obfcrved in his dominions, Solomon •lligned fevcral of the firft-born of Ifrael to attend and /erve him in Ethiopia, and iurniflied him with officers and fervants belonging to the houfe of judah, with a high- vricft, levites, and doctors in the law of Mofes, the Jcwifh legiflatop." ^ Though it mod be allowed there is nothing in this ac- count very improbable, yet the fame record adds many circumllances that are evidrntly falfe ; as, that the hrft born of Ifrael, at the inftigaiion of Azariah, Ihe fon of Zadoc, went to Jernralcm, and fetched the ark out of the Temple ; anJ, being alfilted by a train of miracles, efcaped the purfuit of Solomon, and arrived with it in Ethiopia. However, it is not improbable, that the priiKe of Abyf- finia mi jilt caufe ano;her ark to be made like that formed by Mofes ; and tliat this ftory might be afterwards invented, ill order to procure it a more gencial veneration from llie public. They keep this ark fo clofcly concealed, that even their monarchs arenot adtnitted to the fight of it. Since the Abyilinian emperors have atfumed the cuftom of living in tents, this precious relic is no longer confined to a temple, but always accompanies the royal camp, and is ■ earned about with the greateft form and ceremony, at- tended by four prelates in their pontifical habits, and about forty or fifty other prieAs, who chaunt before and after it ; while one marching backwards before with a cenfer in his hand, offers incenfe to it all the way, till it be depofited in tlie grand pavilion, which is tltc church were the imperial court aifemWe. Thefe people maintain, that they were converted to jClu-iftianity by the eunuch or prime minifter of their ' queen Caiidace, or, as they call her Handake, who after bis converfion by Philip, tliey fay returned into Ethiopia, and gave his queen a full account of aril that had pafled ; Tipon which that princefs alio believed the gofpel. How- ever, in the year 335, Athanafius, patriarch of Alexan- :dria, ordained Frumentius bilhop of Axuma, and ft-nt ■him to preach the gofpel in Ethiopia. This he perfornjed with great fuccefs ; the difcipline of the church was then fettled conformably to that of Alexandria ; prielli and deacons were every where ordained ; liturgies, articles, and canons were fettled and confirmed ; and the Abylfi- nian church was brought to acknowlege herfelf wholly fiibjeft to, and dependent upon that of Alexandria. It appears, however, that the AbyifiniaiM retain many of tJie Jewifti ceremonies, befidestliat of attending the ark ; fo that their religion may be deemed a mixture of Judaifm and Cliriftianity. They circumcife not only the male b»t the female infants, which laft is done by cutting off a fmall piece of Ikin from the clitoris. They abftam from blood, things ftranglcd, tlic flefli of fwine, and the other animals prohibited by the Mofaic law. They ufe purifications and walhines after certain defilements. They oblige a nian if his brother die without male ifliie, to m.irry his widow, and raife up feed to ht» name ; and they keep the r..^.»r.»K A^M fahbath. Oi! the other hand thf bffirve thedoitriiieof the trinity, and that Clirift fliall come again yi glory to judge the quick aiid tit* dead, when the juit Ihall inherit the kingdom of heaven, and unrcpenting finners be fent into the miferable regions of darknefs. The people never enter their churches without pulling oflf their (hors or fandils. 'I'he divine fervice confift^ of a fet of prayers, pfalms, and hymns fuitahle to the feafons, and for the moft part performed with great decency and de- votion, without any of that pomp and ceremony ufed in tbo church of Rome. They have no bells, but call the peopk to the church by the found of wooden hammers, which, they (trike upon a liollow board ; ai the hearing of which both the clergy and laity repair thither with a decent gra- vity, faying fome prayers all the way ihey go ; and whea there, neither flare abotit, whifper, nor (pit. The pricfts and laity are feparaled from each oilier 1 the former are in a kind of choir, with a curtain drawn before them, which hinders the people who are in the body of the church, from feting, though not from hearing the divine fervice. They have neither pews, bcnche<, nor haflbcks, but con- tinue Oandiiig all the time. In none of thefe edifices, whether fuinptuous or mean, are any flatues or carved images of any kind, except piflures : they will not fuffcr any crucifixes, whether carved or cart in metal, to \>e I'ecn in them, or to be worn about tlie necks of the people. The clergy are allowed to marry. In baptifm, thcyufca three Md immerfion,if the infant be capable of bearing it ; without danger of its life ; if not, tlic three fold alperliork of water isdeenied fufficient. The firft immerfion is only of one-third of the body, in the name of the Father i the fecoticl of two-thirds, or up to the brcart, in the name of the hon ; and the laft of the whole body, by plunging in the head, in the name of the Holy Ghoft^. 'I'liey then anoint the whole body, elpccially the joints, with tlie holy chrifm, and afterwards adminiller the holy communion 10 the child in both kinds, by Hipping a bit of tlie confecraled bread into what they call the wine, and apply it to tlie tips of the child. There is in every church a fmall room behind the eaft end, in which are the materials for making the communion ' bread, which is & leavened cake, that they conlccrate every time they adminifter the Lord's fupper, dividing the wliole among the communicants, and having it frelh made every time. Inftcad of wine, from which they wholly ab- ftain, they keep in this little room a fmall quantity of dried raifins, which they fqueeze and macct ate in a greater or leflcr quantity of water, according to the number of th« communicants ; for they adminiller the cup alfo to the laity, and receive both the elements as fyniL.jIs and chan- nels conveying to them the benefits of ChriA's death. I'hey do not admit laymen and women to come up to tbe altar to receive, but adminifter it to them at the door of the choir ; nor do they oblige ihem to receive it kneeling, but in a (tanding pofture. The Abyflinian clergy are little verfed in the facrcd writ- ings, having neither expofitors, commentariis, concor- dances, nor any of thofe lielps which ire in ufe amoiiglt U-, except 9 few homilies upon fonie fcleft parts of the gof- pels, or upon a few tlieological points ; but as tliey ncvec preach or' expound them to the laity, it is not furprifini; that they arc extremely ignorant, and in many particulars grofsly fuperftitious. Like the Roman catholics, they offer up their devotions and prayers tothe faints, and have proper oficei, fafti, and felHvals to their honour. Though tlicy do not Ih-Hcvc a purgatory in the fame fcnfe as the Cireek and Roman churches, nor have any particular olficv for the dead, yet they nnke mention of them in Iheir com- mon fervice, and pray to Ciod to abfolve them from their fins, and to make them fit for the joys of heaven. They likewifc keep a kind of annivrrfary of their departure, oil which they give alms according to their ability, to tlic prieds,. monks, and poor, to pray for the fouls of their de- parted friends. In this church they receive the fimic canonical bnoks," both of the old and new teftament, tlist wc do; the former are trandated into Ethiopic fioni the Circck vcrllon, callc ing an unpteafant lafte. They faft with the lanv; ftrjAueft cn ail tjie WedneMayi and ('ridaya ihrouchour the year* tpd on ikok d*y« aiwayi go to pnyori before tlwy b«> Si» thoir avening awtli. The very peafanti leave their Elk tp Imv« tint to pcrfom their duty, before they break if M. Ncittwr the old nor young, nor even the iick, W9 e«ctiM (iwi faftioe, ex«ept in mm very extraordinary It may not be improper, befors wt quit tbii fubjeA, to take fpme notice or th* different orderi of the AbyfTmiati (^gjTi lb«m«ftdi((nifiedof which ii llie abuna, or patriarch, V^ ia wholly fubjcA to that of Alexandria, ai all the reft Vf (lie clerey are to him. Hi* office ii very lucrative i for oavisg no biihopa under him, nor any other perfon to 9omra«ltHm, h« di T» thefe latj be alfo added, a kind of public gathering of fait and clotk, which it annually made for bim throoghout The following onet are the mod diftinguiftied, and chiefly felailb the attention of all Uie curious ; namely, St. Eminuel, St. Saviour, Stt Mary, the Holy Crofs, St. Gtorn Golgotha, Bethlehem* tuted, beinf; proportionable in all tlieir parts, as gate*, windows) pillars, arches.clianneb, &c. and alfo the numbot of them. There are, bdides the above churchett Maiw motlafle^ ries in Abyflinia, moft of which contain two chapeli, on4 for tlie men, and tlie other for the women ; but how they came to be introduced, and of what order the iirft founder* of ihem were, ia not known. At prefent there are ontjt two diffiirent orders, who are tudled by the names of theif founders, namely tbofe of Taklo Haymanout, and of Albtt EuAatius i the former a native of Ethiopia, and ihc othct of Egypt. All the monks belonging to thefe monafterica live in a very reclufe and abfiemious manner i their celU are very mean, being built only of clay, and covered witH ftraw, and their furniture within is equally defpicable i they lie only Upon mats on the floor, and follow everj thing that is aniwerable to a monaftic life. To what We have already faid Concerning their fefts, it nUly be necetbry to add« in this place, that in their work of mortification thej are peculiar to themfelves, for, inftead of tliofe praAifea by the monks of other countries (which perhaps ratbct Aimulate than damp the flcfhly appetites, they plung« themfelves into 'he coUeft rivers, aoo continue in them, with the water up to their chin, for leveral hours togetbert and this kind of mortification they pra&ife even in the coldeft weather. They have all uf them the privilege <» carrying a crofs in their hands, and blefling the people ; ' thole of the abbot* or fupcrior orders of convents are dif-* tiiiguilhed from the reft, by being much larger and betted fhaped ; and, when they go abroad, ate ufually carried be' fore them by feme inferior monk,as a token of their dig* nity. Such as prefer a life of celibacy are much more efteemed than thofe who marry i and are often, efpeciallt their abbots confulted in matters relative tb the welfiuf M the ftate, by the emperor himfelf. SECT. VI. The bijiirj if AhjSaui, auitht futtijfm »f titir tuuatdt^ frtm tbi rngH tflbt fmtn ofSbtha, U ihi prtftKl citilurft ftmfrifing a /fact tfufwarditftvit tbtufrudjivtm buiubr^ THE principal material* relatins to the Afarffiniaft- hiftory have been colleAed by tne jefuit miflionariea wliile in this empire. It is lefs copious and more Tagutf than the hiftories of moft other couiUrie* ; notwithftaiiwiig wliich, we hope our readers will find fome (atisfaAion ia perufing the detached fragment* they have tranfmitted to US. The antient records, £rom whence they have ob- tained thefe accounts, are pieferved in the great chuich Ml Axum, and arc digufled in the foUowias order : The queen of Sbeba wa* the iirft foverejgn of thf AbyfTinian empire. She came into Judea in or ajbooH the year before Chrift 99a, and of the world 301a. She reigned twenty-five years after her return, and left th^ crown to Menilehech, her fon, who reigned in conjun&ion witb his £ither twenty-nine yean, and eighteen more with his fon Rehoboami after wtuch he died, and wai fuo ceeded by Sadgur, the fon of Menilehech, iixiiti whom pcoceedej, in a lineal defcent twenty-four princes ; but tl;^ length of their reigns is not recorded, nor any particulars relative va either ol them, except that in the ri^th year of the laff, (viz. A. M. 4004.) whom the chronicle caUs Fbocon, oitf Saviour was born. Thirteen emperon reigned from this period to die yeat 327, whofe names, and the length of the time each raicncti, ate omitted ) hot it wu in llx abon year that St. Atha- 4X aaStti J58 The new and UtIlVtiRSAL 8Y6TftM Or OEOORAPMY. tuFms lent Fruitiutitii into Ethiopia to totiviert the Abyf> (iliians to Chriftianity. The records, after the above circuinftance, fucnifh ut with a remarkable account of three brothera viho agreed lo reign jointly i their hamei are, Air.fa, Atzfed, and Aniay ; and it is faid, that In order to prevent difcbrd among them, tliey projeAed a Very Orange expedient, which wai, to divide the day into three parti, and to hold the reigns altcrniiely, each iiit third part, or eight hours. I'his was certainly a mod uncommon mode of govertt- mmt, not\Nitliflinding which, if we give credit to the Abyflinian Icccnda, it proved very fucceUful ; for if at any liinc one of the brothers difTcrcd or fell out with another, the third was ready to inCcrpofe, and aA as umpire between the other two. Several othor monarchy fucceeded thefc ; but we have tMi\ any account of their lives and reigns, only that in the three laft of them, whofe names were, Atado, Aladoba, and Alamid, great numbers of monks and anchorites came fiither from Egypt, with a view of propagating the CMirif- tian faith. Tacena, was fucceeded by Alamid, who left the crown (o Caleb, in whofe time new tribes of monks came from Rum, and fettled in the kingdom of Tigta. I'his was about the year after Chrift 511, and the timetliat Juftinian Was emperor of Rome. Caleb was fometimc at war with the Sabean or Homcnte kingdom ; but at length totally fubdued it by the defeat and death of the Jewilh king Du- havas, whole crown he is laid to have fent to JeruTalem, to be there fulbended in the great church of St. Sepulchre, hi memory of his lignal fuccefs over that diftinguifhcd perfecutor of thofe who profelTed Chriftiaiiity at that time. Gabra Mcfkct, fucceeded Caleb. He was a very peace- able prince, and it is faid, formed an alliance with the em- peror Juftinian. His two next fuccelTors were Conflait- tiiiL and Fuzcna ; and at\cr them fifteen more ; all the de- fcindants of Solomon. The laft of ihefe was named Del-Noad, who reign^till about the year 960, when the fucccfTion pafled into tlie ^agean family ; at which time the ufurpation, which continued for three hundred and forty years, commenced, by the infamy of a woman named Tredda Gabex, who, for her impiety, cruelty, Icwdiicfi, and other enormous vices, was othcrwife called El'cat, or Firebrand. This woman formed a plan not only to deftroy Del- Noad, the then emperor, but alio the whole imperial fa- mily ) and this (he concerted in order to rail'e a fon of hers, whom file had by tlic governor of Bugna, to the Ethiopian throne. So efFe£tually did fhe fuccced in this diabolical plot, that only one of^ the whole family efcaped, who fled for fecurity into the kingdom of Xava, where his pofterity were prcferved with the utraoft privacy by the viceroys of that kingdom, who, during the whole time of the Zagean ufurpation, were ftrongly attached to the line of Solomon. While the imperial throne was in the hands of the Za- gean family, tlie following arc the only princes of whom any notice is taken ; namely, Lalibela, Degna Michael, Mewaja Ohriftos, and Naacu Luabo. The firft of thefe eternized his name by many glorious aftions, and particu- larly diflinguiflicd his piety in caufmg ten churches to be hcwnoutof a folid rock, for performing divine fcrvice, ■which we have lately defcribcd. The laft of the above monarclis, was greatly extolled by his fubjefls, as a peace- able, magnanimous, and beneficent prince, andlikcwife of a very pious difpofition. We are not certainly informed who the reft were that filled the throne during the Zagean ufurpation, neither are wc told by what means the crown was reftorcd to tlie de- fcendants of Solomon ; but only that the Zagean family being driven from the throne about the year 1300, Icon Ambac, whofe predeccflbrs had been preferved in the king- ■dom of Xava during the ufurpation, recovered the AbyfTi- iiian throne ; and that it hatli'continucd in theantient line Cf Solomon ever fince. The laft-mcntioned prince held the throne about fifteen years, and is faid to have been fucceeded by fixtecii other princes ; but we have tio particulars mentioned of either of them till we come to Zaara Jaacob. who was the laft. This prince began tt) reign in 1437, and was greatly cftccmcd as a man of learning and deep penetration. After the death of Zaara Jaacob, which happened in 1465, Boeda Mariam alTumcd the reigns, and, after reign- ing only ten years, died, and was fucceeded by Alexander, nhoicigncd hftccii years and fix months, tliat is from 1475 to 1491. During the reign of Alexander, Peter Covillan vvtvcd in the empire 6f Aiiyffinia, and itu the firft PortilMel(l that ever penetrated fo fcr into the interior part (rf th« rauntry. Amda Jeygoki waithefuccellor of Alexr.nder , he reign^ ohly fix montliH, and tjien dying witliout ilTue mate, wU fucceeded by Naliod Ins uncle, and the Ton df Bo«da Mariam, wh* wa» confined, at the time of his acrrfTion, on the noekc of Amba-Guexen, where he had been placed by the eih^'' peror Alexander. He reigned thirteen years and nin*' months, dying about 1507, was fucceeded by F.tant Deng' liel, or Lebna DengbeU who Is bcttes known by tn# names of Onag-Segued and David; which laft he took on his accefTion to the crown. This prince reigned very peaceably for fome ytari afhr his accelfion, but was at length fo harrafleil by the cituel' depredations made on his dominions by hisMoorifh neigh- bouri, that he applied to the Fortuguefe for alTiftance; which gave tlicm an opportunity of enlarging the endea> vours they had heretofore made of propagating the Romifh religion in the AbyfTinian empire. Onag-Srf|ued, by tht great zeal he fliewed for the church of Home, and tlit Pope's fuprcmacy, had not only occafioiMd his fubjefts in general to hate him, but in particular rendered the wholt Abyflinian clergy his moft inveterate enemies, and at laft brought on tho'-. complicated troubles which occafioned his death. Notwithftanding the afTillance ofFrred by this prinet to the Portuguefc, yet fo powerful w«rc his enemies, fiicli devaflations had they made by their ineurfions, and 1<» clofely did they follow him, that he was reduced to tho neceftity of leeking refuge among fome of the defail mountains, where he remained for fome time 1 but being at length routed, was obliged to retire to the top of th« Damo. Having fome of his bravcft men with bun hertk he endeavoured to defend himfclf for Ibnvf time ' hav- ing now little more than the name, much iefs could H* fupport the dignity of a monarch. However, all hit troubles had a period in this fortrefit for here, in the yeac 1 540, he yielded up his crown and life, in the forty-fe" condyearof his age, and the thirty third of hit reign» which hebeganin 1 507 ; the firft twenty years of which had been as happy and profperous as the laft thirteen had proved diftrafled and unfortunate. Claudius Segued, or Atsnaf-Segued fon of the former, fucceeded to the throne. Hit reign was but little roon tranquil than the latter part of his father's, being harralTcd on all fides by the Gallai and Mahometans ) and his whole empire inuft have been totally dcftroyed, had not the Portuguefe interpofcd to prevent it However, 111 the month of March 1559, he loft his life in an engage- ment with the Uallas, after a tirefome reign of little more than eighteen vears. Leaving no male ifUie, he was fuc- ceeded by his brother's fon, Minas, who alTumed the name of Adama Segued, at his coronation This prince reigned only three years, when he was treacheroufly murdered by his own foldiers, in an ingagcincnt againft one of tiie revolted governors of the maritime provinces, in April i j6a. He was fuc- ceeded by Melech Segued, a wife and valiant prince, who vvai blefTcd with a long, and, for the moft part, fucccfsful reign, though hardly ever free from wars, cither againll fome of his rebellious fubjcAs, or his formidable and inveterate enemies the Gallas and Mahoiuctaii Moors. After reign- ing a little more than tliirty-tlircc years he died in 159$ t and as he had no fons by his wife, dcligiicd a natural one, named Jaacob, for his fuccelTor 1 but having changed Im mind a Ihort time before his death, he left the crown to Zedcnghel, his brother's fon, who, though in other re- fpefts a brave and noble prince, yet, on account of his too great fondncfs for the Roinilh cliuicli, unhappily proved the fatal caufe of a moft bloody civil war, as many of the grandees took Jaacob's part againft him. Peter, tho then abuna, was the principal leader of this rebellion ; and, having abfolved the Abyflinians from their oath of alio- giance, they took uparms againft him, wliilft he, with tlie few forces he had left, and a fmall number of the Portu- guefe, venturing to give them battle, was defeated and killed, after he had reigned nine years, in Oftober 1604. Jaacob, on the death of Zedcnghel his com^ictitor, ob- tained the imperial dignity , but had not long enjoyed it, before he found himlelf flrcnuoully oppofcd by the great grandfon of Ltana Uanghel, whufe name was Sulneus, or .Snr.inius, a vouiig prince, no Id's artful than bj-avc. The conteft lafted fomcwhat longer than two years, when it was decided by an obftinatc engagement on the icth of Martli tA P ii r c A.} W t) d. k A. 35^ Match 1607 1 ill which Jktcab Ui^ tlM tblilU I^eUr ioft thfir livet on the Add of battlct .1,, The crown of Abyfliiiia, tUdi dc,V> fucceeded by hit font Baritldei, who alTumed the name of Adsam Sagutd. He had not lung afccnded the throne, before he iflued ■ ' decree againll the Kumaacatholict ; and through the whole of hit reign, proved ai great an enemy to th'e n^iflionarlet, ai^ii father li»d been a friend and patron to them i Jtjfo- inuch, tint before liii death) he totally extirpated then^ from the empire. He died about the year i664t »i<) ^** Succeeded by hit f9n Jqhn, who, oil hi3 tfcenfion, to«)( the name pf Aclaf Segued. This ptincck after reigning jpeaie- •bly for fixicen years, died fuddenly ; aiid wu fucceeddcl ,^ by his Ton Jawfo, or Adyan Seguel, who afcended the throne in ibSo, and, after reigniiig upwarcts of ti^enty- iive years, was dethroned by his Ion Tahlimenothi who took poilelTion of the ciown in the year ^^^b, mi ifx- Ipyed it but a fhort time ; for the people having idn- Ceired a univerfal difgull againft himfor hi* perfidv, (billed him to be maflkcred about two years after by nis own troops. Telilis, the brother of Taklimenoth, then dfurped the throne. His reign, however, was little left permanent than that pf his predeccflbr i |Us prime minifler, named puftat, the fonot a filler of Jawlb Adyah Segued,, having dethroned him in the third year. of his reigni and fciKn tapon the crown. The Abylliiuans, however, wo'u|a iiof fufTer him to hold the imperial dianity longer thaii till they fould raife another prince^ named Dsivid, to (he throne ) but this was not eff«£led till great (laughter had been made by both parties, as appears ttom accounts received froiti Mocha, dated June 1718. David, having obtained intire Dofleltion of the throne, ' enjoyed it without interruption during the remainder of hishfe; and the revolutions occafioned by his acceflio^ri were the laft of any confecjucncc that have happened in this <;mpite, his fucceflors having from that time to the prefent regularly aflumed the imperial dignity, and quietly enjoyed tile honours annexed to it. Having now given the mod interefting particulars we could meet with, relative, to the Abyi&nian hiflory ; we (hall, before we conclude our account of this country, give K fuccinft account of the flrenuous attempts the Portu- {U^-fe have made to eftablilh their religion, the deflruSiort it hath occaConed, and their final extirpation by the na- tives. The Portuguefe miflionaries, reforting to Ethiopia at the latter end of the fifteenth century, when their coun- trymen found the way round the cape of Good Uiape, had alinod made good catholics of the Ethiopians, and per- luaded tlieir emperor, not only to acknowledge the pope's fupremacy, but to admit a patriarch amongft them, fent Ihither from Rome. The governmint alfo confeiited to ^bolilh their antient rites and ceremonies, and conform entirely to the ritual of the Roman church : but many of the nobility and governors of the provinces, with a majo- rity of the common people, having the greated abhor- rence of the popiih religion, rofc in arms againft their em- peror, which occafioned civil wars in Ethiopia, that lafted upwards of one hundred years, wherein many tlloufands were killed ; but the court, with the afliflance of the je- fuits, European engineers, and foirte Portugucfe troops, were generally viftorious over thofe of the ancient reli- gion, but coulJ never fubdue their obftinate perfeverance in ;t i ami fcvei^u provinces revolted entirely from the em- peror. Their emperors, however, continued ftill to profefs the opilh religion, and fubmit to the di£lates of Rome ; till at ength theicfuiis, underpretenceof maintaining the pope's ecclefiaftical fupremacy, took upon them to direft almoft all fecular .ifTairs, treating the prince rather as viceroy to his holinefs, than fovereign of the country ; and having creAed and garrifoned feveral fortiefles, were fending for Europe^i forces to maintain their ufurped power \ which gave luch an alarm to the emperor, as Well as to (he nobi- lity, that It was agreed at once to abolifli popery, and reftore tbcir incieat religion. Th« Komifli priefti wen here- ft le upon generally ftcri'iced to ^e ftiryof th« pebpW,ah«i thc^ MtrUith very harriwly eiica|>ed out 6t tin country, wlt^ ttii life : and wher tHrea c«|wehirti Afterwards canie u ht ts Squtquena, upon the Red fea, frotn whence they feiwi letters (o the emperor of Ethiopia, to Obtain leave to com* iiito his territoritk again, thtt prince requeftcd the TnrUfli bam, who conttnanded on that eoaftt to fuffer no franks to coihe that wsiy into his territories, and to fend him tha hiiakis of thofe Capuchins ; which the balTa did not onif oblift him in, but fent him their fluns flayed off; and Aufted, that he might know them (o be frankt by their co< lour, and pHeft; bj their fhaved ctownt. Thus have the jefdit^ and fathen of the Romifh church procured their fuperftition to be banilhed out of almoft every co'intry where they have planted it; they havei in« deed, by their (kill irt pbyfie and mathematics, and an art- fill addreft, infinuated themfelve* into the courts of many' great prirvces > but then their advancing the pope's fupr*-. mac^tolAch an ' extravagant height; and prettnding to controul the government in civil at mil a* (cclefiaftieal rnartfen, hai ever occafioned theit eitptilfion: Thus it wai^ ih Jattan, where that emperOr, firfding them uforping upon' the civil authority, ordered every Chriftian in hit domi- nions to be maflkred ; and that no Chriftian (honld evcf fet his foot on fhore there again. Thli hal alfo put a ftop to their progrefs in China, and occafioned very fWere per- fecutioht of the Chriftian* there ; but ftill the^ptrfift in their encroachments on prince* whtft they have an op- nortunity, and probably will never be fatisfied, till they have made his hbltiief^nnlverral mertateh in temporals aa Well as fjilrituals ; or broeurcd their own extirpation, by the general confent of Chriftian prlncei, a* the knighti templars did by their infoliinee in (he fourteenth century. 6 EC ti VMi ! '■4 CtiitJHiit it Afirtftiiii ifNuhia, )^ ««f Ani^n, thtif Jliuti fun, txttiti, (lirnatt, vtgtttUn iMtMimHj tl/i ibt ptr- fiitt, Jri/i, cttjttmr, dnj miHMiri tf tbt iniaUtaiiti ; with an acciiinUftht rtjptillvttilin in tbifi tmfirn, »nd tbt ar' tirlii tf thiir cvmmtrct, Uc. NUBIA, which i* alfo Calltd Sennar, is bounded oit the nOrtir, by Egypt 1 on the ea(*i' by the Red fea 1 on the fouth, by Abyffirlia i and on the weft, by tliekiiut- doms of Tagna, Caogd, ahd the defart of Gorham. It'la fituated berweeii rtie thirteenth and twenty- fisurtb decreea of north latitude, and between the twMity-fiftb and tlurty- eighth degrees of eift longitude, extending in an irregular oblong fquare. Its principal river* are the Nile, the Nubia, and the Sira. The Nile overflows here at its ufoal feafon, bi>t not fo confiderably as in Egypt, This country, though entirely under tlie torrid cone, it neverthelefs in many places very fruitful, efpecially on th* banks of the Nile, where the inhabitants, as in Upper Egypt, raife the water up to the high banks by art and la- bour. Hence it produces fome very fine fruits, with plfenty of fugarcanes ■, but the native* are unacquaintr^* withdit method of making good fugar. They have alto a great va- riety of medicinal plants, roots, and drugs ; with othera that are extremely obnoxious, particularly a moft dreadful poifon, fo quick and fatal in its operations, that, it is faid^ a fingle feed taken inwardly gives almoft inftant death. Theie feeds grow on the top of a plant that refembles oar nettles, and it is faid that confiderable quantities of it ar« exoortcd to the neighbouring countries. Nubia alfo affoida gold, ivory, fanders, andother medicinal woods, and drugs. Here are likewife great numbers of dromedaries, camels, horfes, and various kinds of wild beaft*. as lions, tygert, leopards, crocodiles, vipers, and feveral kinds of ferpentt, particularly one of a colour which fo nearly refembles that of thedult, or fand, in which it lurks, that it is not eafily avoided, and its bite is commonly attended withahnoft im- mediate death, and that of the moft painful and dreadful nature. Moft of the inhabitants arc Mahometans ; they are much given to cheating; are a ftupid debauched peoplci and are laid fo have neither modefty, civility, nor religion. Thofe that live in villages chiefly apply them to agricul- ture, except thofe who inhabit the more defart parts, who live Upon plunder. Mr. Norden, who proceeded up the Nile, a confiderable way into Nubia, found them bafe, treacherous, mean, and avaricious ; efpecially fome of th« great, who fcruple neither threats nor entreaties to obtain the treafurcs of thofe whom they dare not plunder by nnen violence and force. Ttw native* are fwarthy, and foiall of ftatare. Thofe )«• TNI NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYl^TEMt or OEOORAPIfY. I. I fawtwif t farMm* alqnliM «Mr Am iMCiwiig . tlM|N«nliiMtM|M»adtonilMiluic'wiik ring* mi •iktririHtotH, fih•^ mi inki m 1u>Ua «f . mnidtnia. wUbout anj r«|ularJt]r, m4 rairoaitdad ivMl a )u|k lf>t !«• bowcvar, famiihaii with fimjtiAftt a w t a aid carioa*) rkb, and colUy i and the floon, afW the manaerof the taftem' ni- tioai, are covered with 1|W liM0 IJDkjfitpan. This prince apidiei himfelf five day* in the week, to aflfairt of (lata, and the 4di«i«iftfalidii «f jaWw. ai wWch tii«e to ^u at the bead of ^iia cofi i ljVaaiirii rjdif oafti arith the utmoA ex- pMiitioat WMI Caiamaeof death it pafid on the cri- uinal. it u intaaedhkie)^ raacaud by laying him fiat on hit hack, and beatinc him qn tlie brcafi, with a (Uck till he expim. It it alM faid, tlut on the death of the king the ^and«aalicilaflMll4ei Mid have ^le inhumani^ la faafe ail.'the bnathnaof itiaif fMW fitveif ign to be put to deaths H ewBwi » the acco«tnu wa have both of thii covntry aad Abyimia are net cMiteW la ^ dmnded Hpen i «hbap^ the aalhpr laft mcmioncd feemt to nave at ■each vBiaaty at thofc writen among tbc JeAiita, who bava defctibed the aonatry of Abyffinia, and have endea* vooeed wirti the oonoft inaligntty, todeAroy hit credit at IMybiilatian. The king of Nubi« i« a defpotic, independeat,, and liowetAil prim». Dangala ^ DongtJa, a>)a Scnnar, the sapiaik a» the chief dniet of Nubia. . Seanar it litaalcdi in tlie faurueiuh degree, north Uti> tadc aad twcnty^aiM^ diegree, caft longitude. It ftandt on the edfem bank of tw Nile, and it bounded on the loath bv Abyftnia, and on (he weft by Gagoa. It it pfealantlv fituated on an eminence, between which i> a Mage plam, coveted with ajneat variety of odorificroiit fruit treet. It itabootfive oulet in circumference; and fa popDkrat, that the inhabilaoti are eAimated at one nmidrcd (hoofaad. The hoalct in gieneral are low, iiat, ond ill boilt ; and thofe in p»tticul*r without the city are truly wictched, confiAing only of boot ftnall huu made of wood and mad. Provifiont of all kindt arc here very jrfentifoland cheap t and a market it held every day in tlie fxntre of the city for the (ate of them. The inhabiunti inske fine wheatca bread for ftmi^eert, but tUey chufc a (oarfer fort for their own eating. I'be inconvenienciet attetidin^ thta city are chiefly owing to the air being very anwhollonie firom the exceflive heaa, which are alio at- tended witli violent laint, fo as fomctimet to prove fatal to men and brartt firom the difordert uroduccd by it. A coniidcrable trade is carried on here, in all parts, be- tween this city and UangaJa, at alfo from thence down to Cairo, and other parti ol Egypt. 1 he commoditiet tlicy dKpoieofaregoM, muAc, elephants teeth, in return for which they receive fpices, cottons, iilkt, and other com- moditiet belonging tu India Dangali it -iitaated in nineteen degrees, ten minutet, north latitude, and tMcnty-feven degrees, ten minutes, eaft longitude. It flaitdt on the calleru banks of the Nile, iKar the confines of (iagoa, and is about topulous, and it bid to iMMiin at Icaft ten thoufand houlet ; but ilicy m ill infigixfaant bttildfngt, being v«ry low, and made only «f mud aad wood, and covered with fttaw. The inhabi S n taiiHhMM««riin«Mli^ar(kmiiwrtk(i, a«ldurry< canfidcraUetiafk fMk Cairo, and oiher parte of igjptt when ilk#v«nAiMM Mf «wn commotlirieH afiicmllf ftndm and mo|tj|ir mm, linen, etwh. he. < Tbafe an fow pHacipal lowiM ia ihit kingdom, naaaein Calk. Gwda. jalac, nd Soki bat thar an aU v^t tniUng, Mifber or tktfa cootahihig any thine woithy Jf" paiticiitr pians, CafTres and Aiabt. Suaqujim and Arliico, or Ercoco, are the chief towns { befidet which then it a number of Tillaget of fifhermen; Suaqnam it built on a fmall ifland ofitt own name, fituated in nineteen degrees fortyfive minutes north lall- ii tude, and in tliirty-ftven degrees thirty mimitet eaft longi^ tude, and it one of the bcft Tea ports in the Red fea ; tm > entrance into the harbour is by a mrrow ftnit that reaches into a like, in the midft of which is the ifland on which the town is built. All the houiift are of f^one and mortar, and hut refidet a Turkilh gmemor under the balha of Cairo. Turks and Arabt an Uie principid "^ inlubitantt of thit city. • r, The town of AAico, or Ercoco, it fituated in fiiteen f" degrees five minutes north latitude, on the coaft of tlie Red fea, and is defended by a caftle i but is fhiall, and neither t'. rich nor populous. i? Seveial petty kincdoms, fcarce worthy of notice : ona »* of th: principal of thefe it Dancali, or Dancaly, which ea* tends beyond the ftraitt of Babelmandel. The foil it for tlie moil part dry, fandy, and barren ; for the whole coui>- try labouis under a great fcatcity of water, and that which they have is very brackilh. The land prodocet little be> fidei fome hardy vegctablet that ferve to feed the piati, which are in a manner the only quadrupeds in the country. It hat fome portt in the Red tea, the principal of which ii Baliur, and having fome fait mines, the produce of them ;: fef^t !Bto other countrtet, and in retain they receive the nrcelTariiet of life. Their king, though a Mahometan, if faid to be tributary to the Abyffiftian monarch. Anian flo^| laid [AniKlJA.i ^ 6 |U Ani«i\ extrndi (long th« (bathern co«ft of ihe ga\t of Btbelirtaiiilel to cape gutrdafuy, and from ihe iwclftli lie- grce of norlti latitud< to the oiualor -, it btiiig tioundcd oil Itic iiortli by the gulf of HatKlniaiidcl, on tiic taft by tlio Indian ocean, on the foutli by ZanguclMr, and by Abyf- finiaand the unknown partt of Africa on the weft. The climate being eicctding hot, Ml tliceaOcrncoaA It t mere I'andy barren traA, producing neither corn, fruit, nor any aniniali, but of ilio wild kind, on which account It ii generally called the Det'art coaft ; but the northern coaft, which it wa(hed by lh« gulf, ii a fertile country that produce! plenty of provilions, in which the nativei carry on a conhdurahle commerce. They have alfo ait excellent breed of horlci, which foreign nierchanli purclufe in great numlwri, in eichaiige for filki, cottoni, and other commoditiet. Along the north eoaft the Ihliahitantt are for the titoft part white, with long black hair, and grow more tawny, or even quite black, on proceeding towardi the fouth. Mere are likcwife many ncgroei, who live aiui in- termarry with the Arabs fettled in (he country, and cany on a great Commerce with them in flavei, hOrlci, pold, and ivory, wliiWi they commonly bring from Abylfinia ; where they are almoft cuiiftaittly waging war t and, by their fre- quent inroadt into that kingdom, have rendered thcmfeVci • warlike people. Several Vingdomi are included i)i thii UXQ, the irtoR conliderahle of which it that of Add, fo called from itt metropolii, which autliori have not dcfcribedi it it alfo named Zeila,fromRnothcr fea-port (ituated on the foulhern crtaft of Ihe Red fea. Thii kingdom hat the ttraiti of Bahelmandcl on the north, part oftlic caftcrn ocean on the caft, and the Gallas with the kingdomt of Dancali and uil- kiiown coiintriei on the weftern par^ Zeila it Icated on a fpacious bay, to the fouth-elft of the mouth of tlie ftraitt of Babclmandel, in eleven decreet ten minutet nortli Utitude, and forty-four degreei thirty- five minutet eaft longitude from London. Thit city it ntremely populous, the ftreeti are regularly laid out, and the houlcs built of free-ftone Itt naven is very com- modious, and it carries on > conliderahle contmerce, it being the place through whitih the greateft part of the mercliandize carried into the AbyfTmiaa empire commonly pailcs, u well M thofe that are confumed in the kingdom of Adfcl. The toil about Zeila It ortiy t dry barren fand, and Ihe Intubitants are obliged to fetch frelh water at the diftance kf two d4yt journey from the city, where tlie country (abonndt *ith eorn and fruit to fuch a de|r«t, that the in- habitants cannot conrumc it all i on which •ecouQj||' IM pcopleof the neighlMuriiig placet come thither to McltaM providoiu, and carry gotrat in return. ^¥ Barbora, the ncut city, it fituatcd at tlie bottom of t b«^, on an illindof its own name. It hilt been all along • kind of rival in commerce with Ztila, and it no left re- forted to by foreign inci^hantt. I'lie idand, which it almoft coniigilout lb the coiili« neni, it very fertile, and produces plenty of corn, fruit, and cattle, great p«rt of which it exported into otlie^ couiitriet. The other parli of the kingdom of Adel Being generally flat, and with very few hillt, they have fcldom aiiy taint i but that del'cA is abundantly fupulied by the many rivera that ri)ii through the country. One of thel'e rivers naineg the Hawalh, tluws dovvn fron\ the Abyinnian inountaint, and receiving fume other rivers, takes acircuit before it en-, lers the kingdom of Adel. Ttiis river it very broad and deep, but it lias tcarce run flx miles thrdugh the country of Add, before the inhabitants divide it into fuch a mul- titude ufcanali, that it is in fome nivalureexhaufted before It reaches the fca. 'I' his rcndeii the country fo rich lli giain, fruit, and other proviiiont, that f»H of it it con> veyed into the neighbouring kingdoms. They have plenty df wheat, barley, tM itfill'' and • variety of cows, theep, and other bcaftt , but*heir priiKi- ^1 traffic confilis in gold-duft, elephants tceti frankin- cenfc and negro Haves, which the inhabitants of .\del carry to the port 6( Zeila, where they nevet fail of meeting with iiiercluntt from Arlbia, (iuzarat, and other parts* who give in exchange for them cloths of cotton, filk, and linen of various forts, collars, bracelets, and other oriu- mentt of amber and cryftal, with ditet, raiflns, and other articles of merchandize; 'i'he natives are brave artd warllkt, artd fight V»lth fur- prifing iiitrcpidity againft tHc AbylTiniailt, who are fiir front Dcing e(|ilal to (hem iii valour, difcipline, artd ofrcnfivi weapons, th; Additet being furnilhed by the Turks and Arabs with variety of fire arms. Their drefs confillt of a piece of eottort tloth, whicll coven them only froih the girdle to a little below the knee; ' the reft of their body beiitg naked ; but tlte king and no- bletof bothfcxet wear a Kind of loofe ^rment, whicH covers their whole body, and a cap On their headt ( how- ever, all the women are very fond of adorning their necks; arms, wrifls, aitd auclet, witli bracelets of braft or ambcr| and othet decorationi; ■■» , ft- if if «sae3^aiaBibssa^-k- ;;• \ '.•;:. s E c T. I. frtali if tht name, fituatiin, and ktundariit, tlimati, iiv'ifitnt, dtfcriptiin tftbt rivtr Nil*, prtduci »f tb* tiuMry,i^t. THE name of Egypt, according to the daflicki, it de- rived from (Egyptut,) the brother of Danaut, once -fovcreign of this country. It is called Mifraim by the He- brews and Arabs, which name it it fuppofed to nave ob- uincd from Mii'raim.the fon of Cham, and gtvidfon of Noah. It has alfo been known by the name of Coptus, the capiul city of Upper Egypt, from whence the nativet Were called Coplitit, as the Chriflians of Egypt are it this day ; and, iiotwlthflanding they are the moil nume • rous, are looked upon to be the true defcendanti of the an- ticnt Egyptians. The Turks call thit country El-liebit, or the over- flowed country : and a multitude of other names have I lyrll aivrn to it > l>ul hv thefe it hu luen mnA Drnarallv H kiiown. I Na.36. I Egypt is filuated on the north-eail part of Africa, beiiig bounded by tlie Mediterranean iea on tlie north : by thi Red fea, aiid thelflhmuiof Suez, which divide' it front AfM, towards the eaft : by the empire of AbylTinia and Nilbia towards tile fouth ; and by the defart ot Barca to- wards the weft. And extends from the twenty -firft degree of northern latitude, to thethirty-firft and fome odd mi- nutes beyond ; and confeauently muft be about lix hun- dred milct in length from fouth to north; but the breadth in many placet doet not feem to be near two hundred milet. THc air of this country is not liealthfal, the fitiiatioit beiilg very low, and the mud which covers the beft part of it after the overflowingof the Nile, fending iipanoifome vapour. The fandy defartt alfo, which eiKlofe Egypt on three fides, render it exccfive hot. Nor are there more, than two fprines in the whole country to refrelhthe parched inhabitants ; to that they feem to be under a neceflity of huiMing their towni on the banlci of the Nile. Accord- ingly moft of thcmiUod oeu the tivcc upon riliag ground^ RVv? > yit Thb NBWamo UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOORAPMY. I I? y to rntd« by «rtor nirnrr : and when (h* river ovtrflowi, ■Mmr like fu Ditiiy iltind<, which liive ■ contniunicaiioti Willi (Mh other only hv hoati. It feidnm nitit here in tht fuiiiMer, hut ill the winter, iiiixlern traveller* *lfure u<, it nini plentifully rometitnri, cAx-clilly in Lower Kgvi' . notwithlUnJiiig It wu utiiverully hrlirvrd tbrmerly, iii.r h never mined lirre at nil; which rrroi, W pielume, «u urcafionriJ by the relition of Tonie irivcllri w li.. Ii»d refided but part ol' the vear in r.i ,>-,]ndhidn< 'fotn thrnilrlvei ot° the differrnt fearoni. Thii country, a« hai hren ohfrrVeil . . -ady, ii ufwlh divided into lower, inuldle, and upper K||(ypt. Lower Egypt in niofl pait of it (oiiMmed in a triaii)',iilar lllanil, nude l>v the Mediterranean fcj, an I *''c two great hraiiclics of the Nile, which dividing itO or fix milei below Old Cairo, flowt one pail ol il dt tlir nonh-wefti and falli into the (n at KoDctto, ana ilic other l.ranch to- wardi the iiorth-ealt, fallinif into tlie fn it Uamicia, the ■ntient rcluliiim ; but there ii • great > it of country Volh to the eallward and wcftwardof this i, itity}' which is insJuded under the name of Lower bgypt. tiui .. iliall fpcak more paiticuUily of thefedivilioii*, when we c -me V> defcribc tlic chief towiia, aiul the aiitiiiuitici con- Uined in thnu. Dr. Pococke obfctvei, that the foil of Egypt being full evening air Bf nilir, occalioiii vapouii ttut render tlic cold nnd imhealthful. On the finall lakei in the low groundi a cake of fall ii left on the fuiface after the wa- ter haa evaporated, which Ihev carry away for domeftic nfi'S. 'J hit nitre, aitd the fedinitntof the water of the Nile, r-i>deri I'gypt fo fruitful, that they fomctimes find it ii:cjila:y to temper it with common fand. For within a mile of the inouniaiitt the country it liiiidy, and '^ lies ui^cnancafy alccnt, which the Nile never reachei, and on the ri',,v (if it iuc luany villaget i but where the mounlaini extk lid four or five nil Ici fioro the Nile, there arc village^ in the midway between them and the rivrr ' built on emincncea raifed by art , and th fe refemble fo many iflandi, from their being furroundcd with water, during the Hood I'lie river Nile or Abanchi, which in llw Abyfliniaa language lijjnifici tlK fother of riven, hath iti fourcet, ai it ^eneraUy held, in eleven or twelve de^eea of nurtlKrn latitude, in the vinpire of Ativirinia : but wheclicr the PortuEurif jcluiti, ai it pretended, or any other pcifont have ri. ':>)-, jrcd tlic very fountain! it iifues from, is very much •; /< I'tioMcd, the country where it riles, at fome ciif tlieiiiii e. '.uw lands in Egypt aiu>aally. The autients, who we>.- v < quainted with thofe latiludcs.wero much pcr)ilc). •'. it <» cover the tiuc caule of the deluge; but at dvt Cr-j n^.. ^^ i traveller obferves, that this is the cafe of all nvev^ ^Ut^h ' | have their ride or courfe withirt the tiopickt ; tlvv iiicik ' their ordinary bound* annually, andovcitlow tlieuiids fui many miles bcl'opr: tltey reach the fea, particularly ni Ton- quin, Siam, B.-ngaL, &c. And tliefe lifo leave • proltAck mud which yields a valt increafie, like tliiit which the Nile i««vet in Egypt ; and titough iIk waters of all thefe rive** b* very tliick, whci> they have Hood foinc time, they are not unwholcfoine or unpabtablc, and ibmc cficciu ukim preferable tofpring water, onaccountof the long courle tliey rto in latitudes wUeic tlie fun hat (o much ioHueuce. 1 There art ireaiKJokinKsannuall* in P.gyiir, when lli« ilvir Nil* rids to a cnlaiii liaigbt, for upnn this dcneitd* the fruilfulncft of the eouiMty t •<>d at the culllnf of ih« bank* to Itt ii into their canals, from wlicnce lilt diftii* buted into tlieirr«fp«Alv« halds, is rulctnnlacd one of their -rd of arch, under which people may walk witlioul being wet j and this fccim to luve been for- merly the atnufcineiit of tlic neighbouring |ieople, tlicr* licing fevtral niches aitd foals in the rock tor the conve- nience of (ittiiiij down. Tliere are alfo, under the arch made by llw calcade, a kind of platform, and foine fub- terrancout grottos, into which the ^oplc ufcd lo retire, iit order fo cool th;uirelvcs ; but thcli: are now become in- acceffiblc by the bKaking in of the>waler from fome frefli paps of the rock. It is alio obfervable, tluU, ^ water, in Its fall below, raifes a thick mift, whidi at 4 diRance re« (cmhies a cloud ; and yet one who tells us he faw this ca- x»ni\, affiinis, that the nativi (hoot it with rafts ; which circumftance we think very i- ■ obable, though it it cer- uinly conformable to Lucan's antient defcription of i' Tlie learned Dr. Shaw's accounts of the cataracts agr with tlie dcfcriptionr of tlio judicious Dr. Pooocke and Mr. Norden, and fecm to difcicdit every thing tltai is nur- vcllous in the above relation ; for he allures us, that they areoi>ly ordinary falls of water, like thofe wc frequently meet widi in great rivers, wlicre the (hreain is » little con- 6i>-' tiuus methods of islling the water, where the land liet bt^hcr ^ ■i V ;>■ I ii tl Cl in an *;! wl Cll Ik ri dJ orl ml l;t |A>«'tO A.} ' * V higtMr I lun lb« InamUtion ril«i. Thii U doM ti Dmu!*!* (where ih« Nile, *lwn at In h«iglH, ti no< much bt'tw Mm fwfut ol ilie cirllt) by in««n« ti k wImcI < with hoict round in iircunifcrariMi which r«<«i«4 i ■ water, and it th« wlKcl turnt round, tlic boxci tm\>ty Ihtmfclvci It the top into » trough manlo' dl i di labour. The water it conveyed by opci' Hi «t, or breaking down baiikt, through can.' i • t\v purpofe, into large refervoirt which arr "tad '/ i'>wcr Und* at tiMra ii occa- fion foi T'k« I xiwiinict ilfo nt'ir Cairo ul« Icatham vefleli, •P'lanI ; ai ' ivchiiie called the Prriian wheel to pour wi(-'' intQ the . .i.talt i and very ingcnioua meihoih nave % r < 'nvented to rc'ain (he water upon the ground till I'uf- h !■ >( tumidity ii imbibed, and ihe foil ilM>rou||lily foakcd, 'I'he grand Signur ii not intitlcd to hit tribute till the canal it opened a; G, nd C'iiiro , and wlien ih« bafla openi it, tlie peoi-le refute v> pay tribute, unkl't the wattrt are liatccn tuhita higii. With rclpeft to the natural hinory of thit country, we mullfirft obferve, that Egypt natundly producet few ve- (;etablet, ntoft of the tendei platiii bein^ dcAroyed by the it'.it and inundation ; but where the Nile hat overflowed, and the land it plowed and fown, it yieUt • great incrcafe. Egypt, whidi wat anciently the granary of tlie Roman eni< pire, (iill producet great iiuantities of wheat, rice, barley, beans, and other kindt of pulfe, with whidi tlie neigh- bourin;* counirict are fupplied ; iHilkkt fxigar- canct, of which fome fupai it made i and likewifc nteloni, datei, tigs, ciicuinlier], and other vegetablei, which llie people eat in liot weather ai a cooling food. Upper Egypt fupplici moil partt of Euio^ with fenna i tnd culotjuintida gtowi wild in the faiidy gfoundl : but at Egypt has no common graft, they fupply tha want of it by fowiiig the land with clovci, without plowing. I'liefpring corn and vrgclablet are Town in No^'ember and December, Mfoonai the Nile is fallen, and fooner where that river doct not naturally overflow the ground. Thit corn con- fills of wheat, Icntllt, and barley that has fix rowt of grain in one ear i and with thit they feed their horfei, (or they have no oats. They fow beans for tlieir camclt, and tliele tlie people alfo eat green both raw and boiled. They have a kind of vetch little inferior to prafe, with one large grain in each pod i they alfo plant ai herb called nill, of which tliey make a kind of indigo Dtue, rclitmbling tliat ufed in Europe. Moft of i; trcct in Egypt fetm to hvic been tranf- . ited from other countiici: thole in their gardcnt are doubtleft cxotict, at tiM cons, oi cr«am-trcc, apricots, orangei, leniont, |>omegranates, cal&a, cotton- tree, and mofch, a delicious htuit. The papyrus it a {>roduAi< n of Egypt, though n« fo plcntilul as furmerly. Thi> ccd grew princtually on the borders of the Nile, and fci\ed the aiuieuts tor writing- paper. The mofl common treei in KKVPt, are, rhc fount, which bears a key or pod ufed intleatt uf naik it- tanning of lea- ther, the tamarilk, Pharoah's fi^. the lycamorc of the antients, the palm, or dati '\.»t>*tt!*ts.-M *e !««%» »<% l«.« \\^A »lukH M.S1I lu ••.••a *v.*~.. •.•** »«'..•»••.*•..*.« •« *.wk kw .A. uMw, k.-w* «Tta, ««V waU«winsia UHtd aad wa^f aliday lik* fwtUM< '»,r' *. .*f ^ t'hey haVa a greu nttmbtr of braAi of btirdMI, p^rti* culatly camelt and dromedatict, and th* TtirlM M( Hw flelh of the young onei at a mu|l delicate dilh i.blll WlB iiOk permit it to bceattnby ih« Chiilliant, yt«iMhty ttut the btitd may not b* deflroyrd. 1 lie bortii, e&cci^Uf tlHtfe of Upper EtjM, are very ftiU onen but thai. m|(te are two Ihort. Tbay never trot, but walk w«Ut tnA galbp with great fpeed, turn Ihort, Hop in a moitianti ao4 ire extremely tratlable i but ihcy cannot pettorlh lan| otirniet, andare only fit to walk in travelling. During li-at u( fuinmer, when there is no cinver-gtaft, they arc led w'')i cho|i|i«l Draw and barley. In Cairo all but th4 itreal ridt ■ <^'' . of which ilicy have a line Urge breed i ' ''1 that city ttiu> ire laid to be no lalt tliaH forty thou* lauu of them. (ircaf nwdilxTt of antelope?, «r« about Akxartdtl* tlttjf have longer li< ,an<)aremo(ebeautii'ulttian ih«>fc UiulJMf uUlltriet. Tlic harct *n>l foxes are uf a lighii colour, b«l the fonricr are not very commut it not half fo large, and is feen about the fieldt like a lanie fowl. Tlw/ have likcwilii a lar^e white bird with t'lack v^ ngt, ihapea like a raven ; but it ii very ugly, and not at a. i Ihy : thed Ul) arc called Pharaob'i hem, and live in tbt I. uc mamier at the tame hawk. Great nunibcrt of the bird called ibii, are fu< td on tjM iHandt in the Nile : tlielie were held in great veii ration by the Egyptians, on account of their delivering th<: country from the multitude of lerpenu that breed in thi ground after Ihe retreat of the N iltf. Thev are of a greyill colour* with the wingi and tail black, anci rcfeinble the ci.'tr.c The llork is held in the higheft ellcem and vei ratioii by tlie Maliometant ; it being as iacred among t> rm al the ibis wat among the Egyptians, and no Idi rof^ntf would that perfon be accounted, wlio (hould attci pt ta kill, or onlv to hurt and molcft it. The great rega J paid to thcfe birai wat at iirlf, peihapt, lefs occafloned ^>y the fetVice they are to moill fenny countries, in clearing hen of a variety of reptiles and infcAt, than front the foirmn gefticulationt they are obferved to make whenever :iM]f relt upon the sround, or return to tlieir nefts : for .hey fiill throw tlieir hcadi backwirdi, as it were, i» apoi ar# of adoration ; then ftrike, at with a pair of calianett, t. xtt upper and lower bill together, and aiterwardt proflrate t. -ir ncckt in a fuppliant manner quite down to tl^ grout, i \ conflantly repeating tlie fame motions three or four tic «• together. Here are alfo great flockt of wild gene of fe< wild ducks, woodcocks, fnipes, (juaiTs, &c. and eaglet aul vulturet arc among their birds of prey. In this country are feveral fom of yellow lizardi, among which is the worral, which y. l. id to be affcfled by mufic , Dr. Shaw fays, he b.u feen fevcral of them keep exaA time and motion with the dcrvifes in their circulatory dances, taming whetithcv turned, and ftopping when tliey ftopped. Tliit animal, which is of the lizard kind, is four feet long, ciglit inches broad, and has a forked tongue, which it puts out like a ferpcnt, but it has no tcetli, and rs harmlcis, liv- ing o lizards and Dies. It frequents the grottos and ca-' vcrns I the mountains on the weft of the Nile, and is only fuuiid during the hot westber, at it always deeps dtir« ing tlie winter. There are two fpecies of vipers in Egypt, which ard much cflccined in phyfic ) the> are of a ycllowifh colour like the fand in winch they Itve, one with a kind of homi* ._i.;.i. I..... Trim. ...r.mki... ,/..«.. •v.^r'. „dv.>:r. l..>.._ -t •VM.W-. (aw.v .»*••«> ■«.■«>■•.".».'«.* kv -..k^.k. kak ,(aH.aa, k/Uk «•« VB • horny fubftauce ; aiid the etbera lilu thofe in ^wop*. r :.l lt.—r:....'.. )ilS^ tm NEVy AHo ONIVGRSA'L StSf Bltl or 6iB66tAF^MV/ /''IWbf ihe.fifhiaUin! Man^rbf Uw riven of Eoibpe, JMKeWeeh tnd mulleli, and no kind of (he'I-fiih, are tb 1>ei nan vfith in the Uih\ tn4 the former, with (brae ttther^v tome onljr at certain ieafoni from the (ea. Of thofe moft efteemcd are the ray, which refembles a carp, Irut if'ftid to be femetimei two buildred (wands weight. Tiie nioft delicate fi(h is the heiker, which is only caught in Upper Egypt ; it has a long narrow fnoutt and fo fniidl a oiaath that onr would imwine it could only live by fuck- ing the juice jv.t of the weeds on the g;rolind. Here Is a •finall fifn in Upper Egypt dtlled the gurgur, which is about • foot long : its head is armed witll t ftrong bone ; the fin OR the back, and tbofe on each fide under the gills, Int alio armed with bone. The inhabitants kelitve that the crocodile is frequently killed by this iilh. Many of the creatures delcribed by the antients are (in- kitown to the modem inhabitants of EgYt>t, particularly the hippopotamus, or river-horie^hich is fuppofed to be iinative ot Ethiopia in the upper parts of the Nilei and die crocodile fo rarely appears nekiw the firA cataraQs, that the Ikhtof it is as great an objeA of curiolitv hei-e, as to dM Europeans ; andthougiithiscreature was thought pecu- liar to Egypt, yet there does not feem to be any material differenc-: between it and the alligators of India and Ame- rica. They are both in the form of a lixard ; are amphi>- bious animals, which grow till they are about twenty feet in length, and have four (hort legs with large feet armed >trith claws. They have a flat head ; their eyes are indif- feientty large^ and their back is covered with kaia, of a l^uare forrri) which, though extremely hard, are not proof ■gainft a mufket-ball, as fotne have aflerted. As manyridiculous and marvellous ftOries haVe beet) told tonceming the crocodile, fome of which have proceeded ftom traveller* taking the Moft abfurd ules upon truft, and Others have been the manufiiAure of their inventive Acui- ties, in order to impofe upon the credulous : wc ihall there- fore prefent our reaaers with the following defcription of one tliat was difleflcd fume years fince by the jefuits : *' It was eighteen feet and a half In length, of which the ^1 was five feit tnd a half, and the head and neck about two feet and a half; the circumference was four feet nine ' inches in the thickeft patt -, the four legs had the fame parts •nd make as the arm* of a man both within and without ; the four-feet had five fingers, the two laft of which had no nails, and were of a conical figure ; the hinder legs, in- eluding the thigh and paw, were two feet two incites long : the paws, from the joint to the extremity of the longed claws, were about nine inches, they were divided into four tor;, of which three were armed with large claws, the longed of which was an inch and a half ; thefe toes were united by .^ membrane, refembling thofc of a duck, but thicker. The liead was long, with a little rifing at the to(>, but the reft was Aat« and cinecially towards tlic extremity of the jaws ; it was covered by a Ikin adhering firmly to the fculland totliejaws. The fcull was rough, and un- equal in feveral places ; and about the middle of thi|fore- bead there were two long crcfts, about four inches nigh ; the fcull, between thcfe two crefts, wu impenetrable by a mniket ball, fdr it only rendered the part it ftruck againft a litde wbit«. The eye, in proportion, was very fmall, and fo placed within its orbit, tliat the external part, when tlie lid WM clofed, was only an inch long, and tlie line running parallel to tlie opening of the jaws : it was covered with a double lid, one within and one without ; that within ym folded in the great comer of the eye, and had a mo- lion towards the tail, but being tranfparent, it covered the eye without hindering the fight. The iris was very large in proportion to the globeof the eye, andwasof a ycllowilh grey cokniT. Above the eye the car v ;. • placed, which ope.ted from above downwards, u it were by a kind of ipring, by means of a folid, thick and cartilaginous fub- Itancc. TIk nofe was placed in the middle of the upper jaw, near an inch from its extremity, and was perfecily round and fiat, being nearly two inches in diameter, of a black, loft, fpongy iubftancc, not unlike the nofe of a dog. The jaws roportion, being not lb long as the animal's body. Th* tongue (which fon^ bavfe erroheoufly* (rom Pliny, afiferted this aninul is witlibUt) confifted of a thick, fiiongy^ fof^ tlelh, and was ftroiigly comieAed to the lower jiwi The lieart was about the fize of a calPs, and of a bright red colour, the blood paf' fing as well horn tlte veins to the aorta as into the lungs : there was ho bladder, btit the kidnies fent the urine to ht- tlilcharged by the a'ndil. There Were fixty two joints ik the back-bohe, which tlitiugh very clofcly conneAcd, had fofiieient play to enable thtf animal to bend like a bow to the right and the left ; fo that what we are told of cfcaptn^ a crocodile, by turning out of the right line, (i»;ms to b« febulous ; nor is there any foundation for the Aory that tlie tears and alluring voice of this creature Will draw per- forts to it, in hope* of devouring them > or that tlie littl* bird hodiiioiKvM on the meat it picks from the crocodilei teeth; or that the ichnemmon, or rat of Pharoah, deftroys this animal, by jtimpiiw into his mouth, and cutting hit wav out^ainthrotigh his belly, though it muft be con-> (e((ed he is a ferriMe ber of eggs, and titen retire till the enfuing day, wliea they i«peat the fame for the laft time, after which the whole is finally clofed. As foon as the eggs ate hatched by the warmth of the fun, which happens at tlie end of thirty days, the young ones begin to break the (hell. The mo' ther, bv iiiftinA, goes at tlie fame time to aflid them by fcratching away the fand. I'he moment they arc at li- berty, the (Ironged move towards the water, and tlie red mount upon the back of the mcther, who carries thcin Mcly to It i but the moment they arrive at the water, all natural connexion ceafes, for when the female li.is intro- duced her young to their natural element, (lie and the males become their mod formidable enemies, and devoiir as many of them as they can ; Uie whole brood fcatters into dilferentparts at the bottom, and mod of them are dedroyed. iTbis animal is not only an enemy to its owii ' |pecies,but is at perpetual war withallother living creatures. Man is its profeflea foe, and kill* it to prevent it* depreda* <> tions, as well as to eat it. I'he flclh of the crocodile is but iiidiflcrent food, though tlie egnintitemed great delicacies, and arc fought after very a UM^j i ; not only by man, but by many beads and birds of prey. The vulture is particularly fucccfiful in dcftroyins its eggs, which tliey e(ie£l by the following dra- tagcm : i'hey iiidc ihcmfciTcs among the buinci aiiii (htubs, about the banks f thofe waters where the croco- dile inliabits, then watching till (he lu(b dc^ludher eggs, ;^H-e! [AlfllKiA.] t' ■•^1 t. iH Ihey (9 to tHe placi ii (ooh in flie ;«tim, fcntch »w^y fM find, and feifl ^pon the fpoil. At other timet, wheh thlsjr luve not dif(!ov«red a crocodile'i neft, they are cxjuatly de- ilraAiv« to the young onei while they are running to the river. . , Having inenttoned the ichneumoii, it may be proper heie to give fome acpount of that animal, which, with refpcA to (tape and colour, rerenlblei a badger ; it has a ' fnout lik«r|t hoe, with which it rootl \ip tlie earth and land, the note it jironktnent, and the ears fhort and rourtd. It is of a yelkmnfh colour at all times, when angry : but if )>rovoked it bridles up its hair lilie a porcupine, and then appears of two colours, which are wliite and yellow, that run in dlfluiA ftreaks. The legs arc black, the tail long, •rid the tongue and teeth like thofe of acat, It is an am- phibious creature, can bear to remain under water much loheer than the otter, and is bold, afiive, and nimble. Some of the inhabitants, particularly thofe who are ntor? faVage than in Lower Egypt, liave feVeral ftrange methods incrofling th« Nile, which they perform without the leaft kpprehemioif of ftUing a prey to the crocodiles. Two men, our author obftrves, were fet on a trufs of draw, ^hile a cow was fwimmiilg before, one of them hiilou« deitici, furpairiiig all other people in fupcrl\ition. Tliey Itad a great number of gods of diderent orders and degrees, which we (hall omit, as belonging more to iiible than hiftory. Among the left, two were univcrfally adored in tliatcointtry, and thofu were Ofiris and Iris, \ylivcli are thought to be the fun and mooni and indeed the woilhip of tli«f« liuniiiaries tiave gtveit rife to idolatry. Defides thefe god(, the Egyptiaui worfhinped • great number of bcaA< ; a« the ox, tlie dog, the wolf, the liawk, the crocotlile, the ibis, the cat» &c. Many of th«fc beaftt were the objefU only of the fuperditioa of (bnx: particular citiei i and wlkilli a people worlhrpped one fpecius of ani- mals as godi, theW neighbours had the fame animal gods '■ in abomination. Tliit Was the fource of the continual wars which were carried on between one city and another ; and this was owing to the falfepolicv of one of their lLiMgs,wlio, to deprive them of tlie oppoitunity and meaits of confpir- ing againft the ftatc, endeavoured to amufe them, by en- gaging them in religious contcfti. Every nation k>d a great aeat for tlieir gods. " Among ris, fays Cicero, it is very common to fee temples robbed and ilatues caricd off i Ihii it was ncirer known, that any perfon in Egypt, ever abulcd a crocodile, an ih»$, or a cat ; lor its inhabitants would have futfcrcd the moft extreme torments, rather than be guilty of lodi facrileRc." It was death forany pcrl'vii to kill one of thcfe animals Toliuitarjly ; and even a punilhment was decreed againft kim, wlvo Ihould l>ave killed an ibis, or a cat, without delign. Dindf^rus relates an incident, to which himielf was an eyc-witnefs, during his lUyin ligypt A Roman had inadvertently, and without defign, killed a cat ; the exaf- pcrated populace ran to his hout'c : aiul neither the authority of thekiiig, whoimuicdiatt'ly detached al'ody of his guards, nor thcMrrorof the Koman name, could rclcuc the un- fortunate criminaK And fucli was the reverence which the Egyptians had for theft- animals, that in an extreme famine, they chofe to eat one aituther, laiher than feed upon thefc imagined deities. Of all thefe animals, the bull Aprs, called Epaphas by the Greeks, was tlie mod famous. Magnificent temples were erefted to him ; extraordinary honours were paid him while he lived, and Aill greater after his death. Egypt went tlien into a general mourning. His obfcqiiies were folemnizcd with fuch pomp as is hardly credible. In the reign of Ptolomy Lagus, tlic bull apis dying of old age,' the funeral pomp, bclSdcs the ordinary expenccs, amounted to upwards of fifty thoufand I 'rench' crowns. After the laft .. honours had been paid to the deceafcd god, the next care was to provide him a fuccefTor, and all Egypt was fought through for thar purpofe. He was known by certain figns, which diftinguiflied bim from all other animals of th:^: ^)ecies j upon his forehead was to br a white fpot in form ofacrefccnt; on his back, the figure of an eagle; upon his tongue, tlut of a beetle, As foon as lie was found, mourning gave place to iov ; and nothing was heard, in all parts of Egypt, but fedivals and tejoicitigs. The new god was brought to Mrmphis, to take polTcmon of his dig- nity, and there inftalled with a great number of ceremo- nies. Cambyfes, at his return from his unfortunate ex- pedition againft Ethiopia, finding all (he Fgyptians in tranf- ^rts of joy for their new gr.tl oti of their gardens; for this, tbcy arc ingeuioully cc^iroaclicd by tju: Utyiill : Who has not heard, where Ep;ypt'3 rcalmsare nam'd^ \V hat uonflcr gods her fiantic funs have fram'd ; Here Ibis gorg'd with well grown I'crpents, there 1 119 CiOCOuilc cuiriuiaiiuit rcii^iuus rear ; Where Mcranou'i ftatuc magick ftdngi infpirt ♦ 2 ll With TtKal foundt tltat emulate the lyre ; And Thebes, fuch fcte, are thy diafirous turnt ( Now proftratc o'er ner pompon* ruin mourns } A inonkey-cod, prodigious to be told I Strikes the beholder's eye with burnifh'd gold ; To godlhip here, blue 'Triton's fcaly herd, The river progeny is there preferr'd : Thro' towns, Diana's power negleded lies : Where to her dogs afpiring temples rife : Aivd fhoiild you leeks or onions eat, no time Would expiate the facrilegious crime : Religious nation fure, and bleft abodes. Where ev'ry orchard is o'errun with gods. Several reafons are given of the worlhip paid to animali by the Egyptiaiu. The hrft is drawn from fabulous hiflory. It is pre- tended, that the gods, in a rebellion made againd thei\i by men, fled into Egypt, and there concealed thcra-'clves un- der the forms of different animals ; and that this gave birth to the worlhip which was afterwards paid to £efe . animals. The fecond is taken from the benefit wliieli tlicfc fcveral animals procure to mankind ( oxen by their labour , fheep by their wool and milk j dogs by their fcrvicc in hunting mid guarding houfcs ; whence the god anubis was repre- fented with adog' head. The ibis, a bird very much re- femblingaflork, was worfliippcd bccaufe he put to flight the winged fcrpents, with which Egypt would otherwife lave been gricvouflj' infefled ; the crocodile, an amphi- bious creature, tlial is, living alike upon land and water, of a furpriziiig Arength and fixe, was worlhij>ped, hccaufche defended Egypt from tlie incurfions of the wild Arabs; the ichneumon, a kind of rat, was adored, bccaufe he pre- vented the too great increafe of crocodiles, which might have proved deltruflive to Egvpt. After having thus eiven an acconnt of the religious worlhip of the antient Egyptians, we fhall proceed to tak»- notice ofthatpraflifrd by the modern ones ; and m"" firft prcmife, that the pref'cnt edabliflied religion in Egypt i»- that of the Maliometanifm, which it heie exercifed m M refpefls the fame as in Turkey, except that they are not quite fo Arid inobferving it in i he former, as they are in the Utter. It appears by the moft antient and authentic records, thatChriAianitywasfirft planted in Egypt by St. Mark, who was the firft bilhop of Alexandria; then the metro- polis of tlie kingdom. The jurildift ion of thefe prelates was fettled by the council of Nice over all the churches of the diocefe of Egvpt, which included Libya, I'entapolis, and Egypt properly fo called ; and afterwards the Ethiopiaoi or Abyihnian churches, became fubjcA to this patriarch. In the time of Severus, a pcrfecution againA the Chrif- ■' ttaiu went through all the Roman provinces, but it waa more violent at Alexandria than any where clfe ; and many ChriAians of the ArA lank in Egypt fuffcrcd martyrdom ; particularly the two female confellors, St. Felicia and St. rerpetua. Churches were cflabliAied in Egypt in the third century. The religion which is profclTed here by the Coptis, it that of the native ChriAians. The Cirecks alio arc very numerous at Cairo and in Dalmatia ; but Ihete ate not many of tliem in the other parts of the country, except » few merchants in the principal towns. The ChriAian re- ligion would be at a Aill lower ebb, did not the people fmd it convenient to have Coptis Aewards, who are well ac- quainted witlibufincfi, and very expert at keeping accounts^ which tliey do in a Ibrt of Coptic charadcrs that none but themfelves underfland. They are tlio proteAors of th» ChriAians in every village and town. The Coptis, in general, are very irrcTerent and carelefs in tlicir devotions ; yet they fpend the night before Sun» days and fcAivals in their churches, which they no fooner cnter.tlicn ihcypullofthcirflippcrs and kifstlie pavement. I'hey pafs their holidays in fauntcring about, fitting under fhady trees in fummer, and imder tlieir walls in winter. They fecm to imagine that religion confiAs in repeating their long (crvices, and in the Arid oblinrvance of their nu- merous tiiAs. I'hey ufc the liturgies of St. Balil, St. Ciregory, and St. Cyril; but the AiA, being fhorteA, ia oftencA read. However, both the prieAs and people are extremely ignorant with refpefl to the do£trines of their religion ; the former perform the fervice in the Coptc langi.mge, whichthey generally undcrAand very impeifeuiy, but ihcy have books of their lnurgy with an Arabic intcr- iJicUtiuii ■iiiiciicu to iliciii. Thcfe people are faid to faft fcvea month* in the year. ■'* '• ■4^ ••.,u; [A F R I G A.] B O \ TtKchiidren are cfpoufcd at fe»cn or eight years of age, and conruminate at eleven or twelve ; and a little before that time they are circiimcifed. They eafily procure divorces on accountof adultery, long (icknefs, or difagrcement ; and, at their defire, the patriarcli, or bilhop, gives them leave to marry again : but, if this be refufed, they go to the cady, who will do it readily, and this is praAifed all orer Turkey by the Chriftians. ' The child at baptlfm, it plunged tliree times into the water, and then the pricft dip.t the end of bis finger into the confecrutcd wine, and puts it into the child's mouth i but if the child happens to be fick, inllcad of being im- nierfcd in water, it is laid on a cloth near the font, and the nrieft, dipping his hands in water, rubs it all over him; but if the infant be too ill to be brought to church, they then only anoint him, which tliey fay is baptifiQ fulficicnt under that circumftancc. The facrament is adminiftcrcd by them in both kinds on Sundays, WeJncfdays, and Fridays, on all their numerous holidays, and every day in lent ; and when the pried, in reading the fcrvice, mentions Peter's cutting off the car of ihe high pricfl's fervant, the people cry out, well done Pe- ter. They abftain from (wines' flefh, from blood, and things flrangledt pray for the dead, and proflrate them- ielvcs before piQureii ; but have no images, except acrucifix. They alfo adminiftcr extreme un^ion, and at the fame time give abfolution, anointing all the people prefent in order to repel the evil fpirit. Notwithllanding tlic religion of theCoptis in many re- .fpefts refembles that of the Greeks, yet they bear an im - placable hatred to tlicm ; and have generally as little regard lor the Europeans ; which proceeds in a great ineal'ure from the endeavours of thole ot the Komilh church to make converts of them ; for they I'ckloni diftinguiih between thofe of dilTcrcnt religions, but include all under the name of Franks, the name they give tu ChriOians in gcneial. Jews are very numerous in Ksypt, and, as in times of paganifm, they were afraid ofdiiiiking wineotfcirdto idolsi tliey flill Itave here all they drink made by their own [wo- ple, fealcd up and feiit to them. This cuftom they ob- I'crve throughout allihe cad. There is a particular rct^ among them who live by ihcmfilvcs, and have a iVparaie I'ynagoguc : thele arc the ancient eilcnes, who are now called charaims. I'hcy aie diOinguilhed by their regard to the five books of Moles, which they ftriftly obfcrve ac- cording to the letter, without receiving any written tra- ditions whatever. In Egypt, the Turks are deeply tin£tured with th doc- trine of prcdcftination, which not only infpires them with pouragc, but ra.ikes them difcover greit magnanimity, when thrown from the height of power into a ftate of po- verty and diflrcfs, faying, It is the will of God. They in- deed behave better in advcrlitv than in prolpcrity : for though perfons in high rank alTumc a becoming gra- vity, and confer favours in a very gr.iccful manner, ihcy arc greedy of money; for nothing is to Ik- Ji lo with them without a bribe ; and they arc apt to fancy that the grcatcll villainies are expiated as foon as they have walhed their kanda and feet, which is their preparation for prayer. Re- ligion is falhionable among them ; thcv pray in the moll public places, and when on a vifit will call for water to walh, and then perform iheir devotions; and yet their words generally pafs for nothing, either in their promiles or protcltions ot fricndlhip. Opium is lefs ufcd by them than formerly. The Arabs fcldum drink wine or llrong liijuors, and the common people pound leaves of green hemp, make them up into a pill, and fwallow it, in order to render them chcarful. The poorcft Mahometan thinks hiinfelf fuperiur to the richeilChrillian; but the Arabs and people of the country bcluvc with great cU-ility ; and, fitting al>out the Ih anger, grow troublcl'ome, by Uing too curious and inquifilive. The Turks iiulced behave with great civility, either to ob- tain prefenls, or to difcover your defigns, in which they aic very artful. They treat their fupciiors with the utmoll decorum and refpc^, and one of great dignity readily holds the ftirrujito anr-'ar who is ftill greater than himtcif, I'hcir falutition, as ihay pafs, is, by ftretching out the rii;ht hand, briiigini; it to the brraif, and a little inclining ot the head. The extraordinary I'alute is kiirmg the hand, I'Ul'ing it to the h»ad. W'licii they vjlit a ftiperior, they kils his liand ; but if he be greatly their fujicrinr, they kifs the hem of his garment. When they take any tiling from a fupcrior, or that is fcnt by a lupci ior, they kifs it, and put it to their foirheads , and they put their hand to their iurbaii, when they piomiic to ierve or protcift you. The Word inadp ul'c of in ihcfc Ulut^iions i* |>cace ; but this finipln word a Mahotnfitan cititnot be prevailed on to make ufe of to a Chrifljan. Joinin; the hands, and bowiitg the head feveral times to him faluted, is the Arab falntation. The Egyptians are very frugal in their proviiiuiis, at they do not often eat ; and the tables of the great are of little expcnce, contidering the number of their attendants, inwhiclt thoy arc very extravagant ; for they fometimea have fifty or lixty Haves, and many other iervints. The Turks, at their meals, make ufe of a low circular, orodangularftool, inliead of a table, utider it a coloured cloth is placed on the ground, and over it a kind of table cloth is fpread, large enough to come into the lap of the guefls. They give to people of condition a napkin before they eat, and another after they havedone, previous to their wathing. A copper dilh, tinned both wttliin fide and with- out, is put on the ilool, and bread, pickles, fallads, tee. are placed round it. Two or three dilhes are then ferved dp, to which, the company either kneel, orfit crofs-leggcd. 'I hey ufe no knives or forks ; they employ tlioir n);ht hand only at meals, and tear the meat with it in a beafily manner, and the maftcr of the houfe fometiraes throws large pieces to fuch of the guefts as he would pay an ex- traordinary compliment to. The entertainment confifts of two or three courfes, and coflec immediately fuccceds. The fecond confiRs of pilu, foups, fweet ragouts, ftewed dilhcs, pieces of meat cut fmall and toadcd ; and dulma, which is any kind of vegetable ftuficd with forced meat. The inferior kind of fervants, who are not flavrs, eat what is left ; but the flavcs have a meal of the coarfeft kind of food provided on purpofc for them. The Arabs, for their own family ufe only a Ikin by way of table cloth which they fpread upon the ground ; but when they have com- pany, a coarie woollen cloth is fubftituted ; when whole iheep and lambs, boiled or roallcd, are ferved up ; and at foon as one company has done, another fiills to, till all it vonfumed by the jjucfts. An Arab prince, it feuins, will often dine in the ftrcet, before his door, and call to all that pafs, even beggars, and permit them to fit down to the rcpalt, tor the Arabs, lieing great levellers, put all perfons on a footing witti them- fclves ; and, bv fuch hofpitable and generous behaviour, maintain their intcrell with the people ; but tlie middle clafs among them, and the Coptis, live poorly. At a Tuikilh vilit, a pipe is immediately brought, and coffee} ifitisavifit of ceremony, Iwectineats with the coffee ; afterwards a Iherbct ; and then according to the finality of the pcrlon, inccnl'e and role-water, to perfume. Some of them have mufic at certain hours of the day, and in others a man tells fome hiltoiy, or an Arabian talc. Tradel'men have often their proviiions brou:5htto the coffee houfes,and tliey having littic or nothing to du, fpend whole days ill them. If any one go?^ to the houfe ortent of an Arab, bread is immediately made, and they ferve up four milk, fried eggs and, oil to dip the bread in, a fait cbeel'c like curds, ind other things of a like nature. I'hc women in f irand Cairo are obliged to ride on aflet becaul'e the men arc weak enough to put confidence in an old predi^ion, which declares, that a woman on horfe- back (hall fomelime or other take that city. They are likewife obliged to have Ihort ilirrups, which would be difgraceful for a man riding on an afs to make ufe of. Fri- day is the day appointed fo' women to go abroad, when they repair to the fepulchre of their relations, to adorn them with boughs and flowers, to hang a lamp over them^ and pour water upon their graves. Ladies of ditUnflion are attended by many female (laves, who follow them all mounted upon afles, The women, in riding, wear yellow boots without foles. Here are public bagnios for men and women : the wo- men more particularly meet in theirs, where they freely chat of the current news, and converfe together witliout the lead referve. The fai.tos, or fantonis, a kind of enthufiails, arc very much admired in Egypt. They are very numerous ; foma of them go intircly naked ; others have a rag or Ikin of n lica(l round about their loins, for the lake of decency. Some leadalblitary life in holes or caverns, others rud lag- ging about the city : thefc laft arc very troublefome to every decent pcrfon who paffcs the ftreets, particularly the Franks, who generally ride when they have occafion to go to any diilant part of the city : for thel'c fantos will take hold of the afs's neck, and keep with you until you give them fomcthing. One of thele, who begs between Cairo and Uoulack, with a brick or (lone in his hand, will accept of nothing unlels the donor puts it thereon ; ouc of the(e fellows has been fcen to run his head feveral times a^ain1l a Ifenc wall, kt tUc la|w q{ two V Uwcp paras. Thofe I'aittos 568 The NEW and UNt VE RS A L S YSTE M or OEOGHAPrfY. iantos who go intirely hdud aK highly eftecmed by the f>eople, who fay they are undoubtedly in t ftate of inno- cence, othcrwifc they woliid know they were naked, and would aly ftop, then run backward, as though im- pellei*. by fome external force ; and as foon as they have Ic; lather pretend to have) recovered themfelvcs, ihev will ^eign to try again to get the corpfe to the grave, ancf fud- dcnly run backward as before. After feveral pranks, thev declare the holy man will not be buried in the commoh ground, but niuft have a maufolcum crefle{l over him. The populace believe 'this, and a collection i^ imnKdiatcly made to defray the cxpence of building one. The people in general arc great believers in magic, divi- nation, and fortune-telling ; arc fond of talifmans, phil- tres, and charms ; Und firmly believe that the eyes of Ibmc particular perfons, commonly called evil eyes, have the power of doing great mifcliicf, by fafcination. 'I'his brings us to inquire into the firft rife of that lafcally people called gyplies. Thofc pretended fortune-tollers that iiiteft moft countries in Europe and Afia, and who are genorally held to be of Egyptian extraction, at lead thcfirfl of them were fuch. ll\ey arc called in Turkey ZiiiKances fiom theircaptain Zingancus, who wlKn Sultan Sclimus made a conqueft of F.gypt about the year 1517, wish feveral other Mannhikcs, and as many native Egyptians as re- futed tofubnilt to the Tuikilh yoke, reiiicj into the dc- farts, wIktc they lived b , r.ipinc and plunder, and fre- quently came down into the plains of Egypt, committing great outrages in the towns upon the Nile under the do- minion of the Turks ; and idle people frequently refortiiig to them in hopes of participating in their plunder t tlicv encrcafcd at length to fo formidable a body, that tl;e Turks were glad to come to a treaty with tUcm, wherein it was agreed they Ihould lay down their arms and be permitted to exercife any otlicr callings with the lama privileges other fabjcfts enjoyed. The Zinganees, howctcr, havirtg bent lortg ufcd to a vagabond rapacious way of living, and conipolcd of a mixture of nations, wlw, during their depredations upon all mankind irv the defarts, had loft all fcnfc of relig'sin, and bccaiiK- averfc to the following any art or Ibitncc, be- gan to have recouifc to their lormcr ways of rapine and robbery ; and though they were often forgWcn by \\k Turks for fear of anotlicr iirfurrcftion, yet n Icin;; toiind at length that tliey were not to l>c rccUimcd, the govern- ment were compelled tobaniHi the Zinganees thi;ir coun- try, and a power was gi^entoany nwn to kill a /ingancc, or make him his (lave, if he was found in Epypt alter a limited time ; and this cdiit was fo well extcutid, tint a Zingancc was not to be feeiT in Egypt for feveral years after; at Icaft, any that dare profels themfelvcs ItKii, lor it Items they agreed to difperfc tliciivfclvcs in linall p.irtics into everv country in the kixiwn world ; and k they were nativesol Egypt, a country where the occult fcicnces.ortlie black art, as rt was eallcd, was fuppofed to have arrived to gi«at pcrfciElion ; and which in that credulous age was in groat vogue with people of all religions and pcrl'ualions : tlicy thought that tlicy could not pitch upon a more effec- tual way to gain a rubllftcnce, and yet indulge that la/,y wandring lil'c tliey had been ufed to, tliait by fettiiig up for a more than ordinary fkili in foretelling future events ; and »s they had by a proHigate life quite eradicated all princi- ples of honour and conl'cicncc, no doubt they had a \>'jm of fupplyiiin their ncccflitics by other means when fortuiic- fclling iKould fail tliim. The reaCon thtiit people are flill tolerated in Turkey, inav be, tlrat they do there, at Icatl of late years, ajipiv tlicinfclvcs to foinc handicraft hulinefs, particularly lliv making of edge tools, which they arc very cxcelliiu at j cairving their tents and utcnllls upon alfcs, and uliinlly pitch their black camp near fome great town, where by working, thieving or fottun:-telliiig, they m.ike a pretty good provifion for tlicjr bellies, but do not much trouble tliemfclves a'oout clothing or furniture; and wii.;n the peo- ple liigiii to I'.row weary of their piltcring tricks, they move off to fome other (art of the country. I hey have a prophecy, it leoni::, 2:riwn;;il t'lCiTi, that tlic-y miaii recover tlic duniiuiou of Ej,yjJt agjuii, ntui tuc.'l uikilU cUipi:e after a certain period (hall be deftroycd, which Mr, RUJ has given us in Englilh verfeas tbilowt t Vears over years fhall roll» Ages o'er ages Aide, Before the world'a controuli Shall check the crcfcetit's prid^t Eaiiifh'd from place to placei XVidc as the octan'i roar, "i'lie mighty gypIV race Shalt vilit every Ihorc. But when the hundredth yeaf Ehall three times doubled be^ Then (hall an end appear To all their (lavery. Then (Iiall the warlike pow'i? From dillaiit climes return i Egypt again be ours, .>..•,'; - And Turkilh turrets burrv. .."'.' There is alfo Ifi Egypt a very particular fort of p*opfg tailed dcrvifcs, which m,iy be diftinguilhcd into two ot three clafles. Thofe that arc in convents are a kind of re- ligious order, and live retired ; though fome of thofc travel with credit, and return to their convents. Some who alTume this character live with their families, and follovt their trades : thefe alfo appear to be a go'id kind of people .But there is a third fort that travel about the country and beg, or rather oHige every body to give. They all wear an octagonal badge of white alabafter, with i greenilh caft, on their girdles, and they have a high (ti/F cap without any ornament ; the tarcomcrr wear the fame, but with a white falh about it, and a little more pointed. Except thofc who live in convents, and others at a fmall diftancO from Cairo, there are not many of tlrcfe people in Egypt. liefuic we quit this fertion, it will be proper to mention^ that among the inhabitanu of Egypt, above dcfcribcd^ there arc two forts of a peculiar kind, the firftof whom ares called the ellablilhcd Hedouins or Bedwins, and the latter the Wandering Bedouins. Tlie former live in villages* and are to he coiilidcrcd as peafants of the country. Thp VVandrr^'jr Keilouins lead the fiine lift as tlie antient pa-» triarchs, Iniiig under tents, upon the mrik of their cattle* and Ihift t'leir habitations for the convenience of pafture :' they ahvay; tncanvp in places where tljcy caii convcnientljf cpme at water : fome take up their refidencc near the mouil>< tniris, and others retire to places before uninhabited. Witli relpeft to thefe jieople, it is faid, the golden age is dill iii being: their cattle not only furnifh thcin with th: moft de-. liclous rcpalls, but alfo fiipply their other occifions. Thft wool of their fhccp Cuffices to cloath them, aS' they make » ftutl" with it which defends them fr»m the injuries of tha weather. A rclebrated French writer obfcrvcs concerning) tlieni, that " they have no difFcrcnce about religion, not wrangling doClors or divii.ej ; fince they pafs their live* undlll uibcd by the rage of oppofite parties, who are always. ready to mmJer one another. Thefe* happy people liavA no tent eiiconip.Mled with ditcl>er, guarded by luldiers,ait<) fct apart for the confm'mrnt of priforwrs of flate ; nor do tliev m;»kc it cYlminal for their brother to think dif- ferently ttont ihcmfclvrr refpcCtirni; icligious malteis, every one having the liberty of addnlling thi deity in whatever languat'e he plealcs. A fuit of l;iw iKtwecn two perfons never ialU above twenty-four hours, (or the oldell man in the tribe givts his dccilion of the nrattcr In queftionoii the fpot. 'Ihcfe people ar« ignorant of eitlOs and new regulation'! concerning property t for never does .% Be- douin go to bed witli an hundred tl',oi,fand crowns in bin pock-ft, .ind rile not worth a pciuiy. The moft he lofc* 1.. a 11. :l]), which 3 wolf niav run away with in the night. Hr pay; no tan at coming into the world, nor any .tt going Mit. ■ But notwitlirtandltv; the pnne^vric of this writer, ii 1.. affiiined by others, (moft probably the wandering; tube;; that they fre(]uentjy rob caravan';, when they happeii (i) I); the ihong'-r partv. The prfHCip.il men anti'iig then* aie t.3iicd ciiurs and iheikt. SECT. III. Givft a (Ifirilithn efthttiiifi of Alixandriay Rcfette, Grorti Ctlrc, Jliiniijtti, and elhtr rimariahlt fliias in E^yfl, MMHEciiy of Alexandria was fo called from Alwande* ' g_ the wreat, who, attei his return from ct nialting tli» oi;tdeuf Jupiter Auimuu, built a cily m the ^af : whfe Uacutis ;■<* [AFRICA.] B t. |60 K«ootii Hood, three hundred yeirl befor« the birth of Chrift. This city it called by the Turk* Seatideria oi ScanderoOHi as ampng theiri Alexander is <^t|kd Scander) It was once an Oj^ulent and elegant city, leattd near tb4 moft wefterly branch of the Nile, where the fda forms a inoft fpacious Irtvert rcfcmbling a crefccnt, in thirty-three decrees eliven mirtutet rtorth UtitU'lc, and in thirty degrees thirty-nine minutes eaft longitude. Travellers inform us, jthat the bort of Alewldria was formed by the ifle of Pharos which extended acrofs the toiouth of the bay, and towards the weft end was joined to the continent by a caufeway and two bridges, ninety paces in lensthi On a rock cnconipafleJ by the fea at the eaft end of the itland was the ancient I'haros. or light houfe, fo famous in antiquity, that it was efteemed one of the feven wonders of the world ; and ort the place where it flood is a caftle called Plurilloii. Nothing can be more beautiful, than to view from hence tlie mixture of antique ■nd modern monuments in this city. On pafling the fmallcft czfllc, called the Little Pha- rillon, you lee a row of grcsit towers joined together by tlie ruins of a thick wall. A Cii\$\c obeliik is of a fufii<- cient height to make icfelf remarked where the wall has fallen down. On turning a little farther yon oerceive the towers appear again, but only in a difiant vieW._ New Alexandria afterwards makes a figure with its minorets, and at tl diftance rifes Pompey's column, a moft majeftic tnonument ; and the view is terminated by hills, towers, fend a large fquare building, in which a magazine of pow* der is dcpodted. The w.ills round the outfidc of the old city are beauti- fully built of licwii flone, {Ircugthcned by femi-circular tbwers twentv feet in diameter, and about one hundred and thirty feet diAant fiom.each other. At each of them are fteps to afccnd up to the battlements, there being on tlie too of the walls a walk built on arches. The inner walls which appear to be built in the middle ages, are much ftrongcr and higher than tlie others and arc defended by large towers, Nvhich arc alfo very high. A fourth part of the city was taken up by the palace, with the buildings belonging to it, and within it was the inufeum, or academy, and a burial place of the kiii^s, where the body of Alexander was depofitcd in a ^old coffin: but that being taken away It w.is put ipto one ut glafs, and «'as probably in that condition when Auguftus taking a view of the corpfe, adorned it with a golden crown, and fcattcred (lowers over it. With refpeft to the ftreet, which extended the whole length of the city, it is laid to have bccnahundred feet wide, and had certainly many magnificent buildings, as appears from the granite columns ftill remaining in Teveral places. Amongthefe was theGymnafium, or public fchoois, to which were porticos that extended above half a quarter of a mile. Thefe may have been where there are great ruiiu to the weft of that ftrcer, and fomc large columns of red granite ftill (landing. In this magnificent ftreet was alfo probably die forum, or court of juDice, which was per- haps erc£led where (igme pillars remain nearer the f«a, and arc now to be fccn. Buttlic moft extraordin.-iry remains of the ancient city ■re the cifterns built under the houfcs for receiving the water of the Nile, as they do at prefent. The canal of CanopuS comes to the walls near Pompry's pillar, and has apafTageunder him. liut the water is not only conveyed to the cifterns from tlie canal on its entering the city, but from fevetal diftant parts of the canal, by paiTages under ground, to the higher parts of Alexandria. The miterial* ^f the old city have been carried away to build ilie new, Co tlut there are only a few hnufes, fome mofques, and three convents within the old walls. Among the mofques, is one called, the mofqueof athou- fand and one pillars. Dr. Pococke obfervcd that it has four rows of pillars to the fouth and weft, and one row on the other lides. This, it is laid, was a Church dedicated to St. Mark, at which the patriarch refided, it being near the gate, without which the bvangchft is faid tO have fuiTered ro-irtyrdom. I'here is anotlier great mofque, named St. Athanafius, whicli was alfo doubtlefs a Chrillian church. TheCireeki, La'ins, and Coptis have each a roonaftery in the old city ; but fome poor Arabs being always eii- canipcd wiiLiii the walls, it is dangerous being abroad after fun lit. All over thtcit^ ure fragments of coluroii* of beantifiil imrble, ibarcmanu of in aitcicnt grandei. and magniti- cciice. Among the reft an nbelilk. formed of one finglc piece of granite, riles fixty- three feet tugh i but two of its tour faces are i» di»tit|vrc4 by 9/l 4)« bicrogly- No. 37. phlcl with whKh they were anciently covered da ^ucely be feen. This is ililt qdjed the obelitli of Cleopan. Another lies ijtear it brokem About a quarter of a mile la the fouth of the walls flahds t'bmpey's pillar on a fmall eminence. As this il not mentioned by Strabo, it wu probably erefted after his tinie, aild perhaps in honour of Titus or Adrian. Near the pillar abovemeniiohed are fome fVagments of granite columns four feet in diameter ; and it appears that fome magnificent building was erefled there, and that tliis noble pillar was placed iii the area before it. Indeed fome Arabian hiftorians fay, tliat here was the palace of JuUui Ccfar. This pillar is of granite, and, befides the foun- dation, confifts of only three ftones : the capiul is fup.! poftd to be eight or nine feet decp^ ahd is of the Corin- thian order, the leaf appearing to be the plain-laurel or bay-leaf, and a hole being on the top, it has beeh thought that a flatue was erefled upon it : tlie ftiaft, including thd upper torus of the bafc, is of one piece of granite marble^ eighty-eight feet nine inches high, and nine feet in diameter: the pedeffal, with part of the bafc, which are of a grcyifll ftone refembling flmt, are twelve feet and a half high, and the foundation, *hich confifts of t*ro tier of ftones, ii four feet nine inches ; fo that tliis pillar is an hundred and founeen feet in height. Three leagues from Alexahdrit are the rtiins of an an- cient temple 111 the w,iter, with broken ftatues of fphynxes< and pieces of columns of yellow marble i and near it are the remains of otlier buildings, part of whieh appear to have been a grand portico, from there being many piece* of columns of grey and red granite, and from the order in which they lie, they feem to have belonged to a roqtid templci Moft of them arc three feet three inches in dia« meter, and fluted. Thefe ruins are fituated in a wide bayi in which is i little ifland joined to the continent by a chain of rocks » and oti the more of this bay are cavities in the rocks, ufed as agreeable retreats, wliere people may enjoy the cool air, and without being feen, fee every thing that palTes in th* port. The natural grottos in thefe rocks gave the ancients the opportunity of forming them, by the aftiftancc of the chilTel, Into places of pleafore. Entire apartments ard thus formed, and benches are cut for feats, Where yoU may be fecurcd from the wet, or bathe in a part of the grottos, into which tlie fed riles ; and llitle haibourti flieltered from all the winds, were ibrtned on the outfide. There is a cavcin generally called a umple, oppofite th«l point of tlie peninlula that forms tlie port. The only en« trance is a little opening, through which you pafs, lighted by flambeaux, and ftjoping for twenty paces, when yoa enter a pretty large fquare ball. The cieling is fmooth^ but the bottom and fides are covered with fand, and with the excrements of bats and odier animals that har- bour there. A paflfaoe leads from hence into a round ca- vern, the top of which is cut in the form of an arch< Here four gates are oppofite to each other, ei>cb adorned witli an architrave, a cornice, and a pediment, with g crefcent on the top. One of thefe gates fcrves for an en- trance, the others form each a niche, that may contain a kind of cheft, faved out of the rock in hollowing it, and large enough to contain a dead body. We may hence perceive, tliat what in that country is efteefned a temple* was probably the tomb of fome great man, or perhaps of a fovereign prince. It is reafotiable to I'uppoi'e, that jarther on there arc otlier ftruflures of the fame kind, as there i* the appearance of a gallery, which continuji; beyond titia fuppolcd temple. A Celebrated writer, in fpeakir.g of New Alexandriai Obferves, that it may be juftly denominated a poor orphan^ Who poflcflcd no other inheritance biit his father's venera.' ble name- The prodigious extent of the antient city i« contraflcd, in the new, to a fraall neck of land, which fe- parates the two harbours. I'hc moft fuperb temples art converted into plain liiofqoes ; magnificent pahnes into ill-conftraded houfcs j an opalcnt and numerous people are fuccecded by a few foreign traders, and a multitude a( Wretches who art. the flavcs of thole frcfti whom they obtain a fubfrftciice. This place, once Celebrated for iu commerce, is no longer any thing more tlian a place where people embark, and is lb far from being a phcenix fprnnff from ifs own alhes, that it may with greater propriety be deemed i reptile fptung from the duft and corrup ion with which tlwkeran hath infefted the whole country^ but nov withflaiiding the meanncfs of tlio buildings in general, thev have piassd • great variciy 01 columns, in feveral houfe's built round the courts on poiticos : iheCs colomn^weM moftly of giaimej with wbi«l> tliey adorned tlw antient cit. ''■\'. ^^o The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY:! ^ ' The decay of rtiW dty is principal)* owing to the di^ tovery of the new way to the Eaft Imtti, by doubling the %bpe of Good Hop^ ; for till then it wa> one of the chief marts to which the (pices and valuable commodities of the F.all were brought, and difperfed into all the countries of Europe from thence. The grcateft patt of the inhabitants are Jews, Turks, Coptis, Greel(«, and Armenian Chrillians, bcfides a tew European merchants, .moft of which arc tile French and EngIKh ; the femicr, it feems, flatter thcnllelves with ly;ing treated with more relpeiV, but the latter appear to have a better trade. The French maintain a conuil dependent on the confui of Grand Cairo, and enjoy a flourithing trade. The Knglifli have alfo a Conful, and fend every year a great number of Englilhveflels to Alexandria; but they are not always ladoii on the account of this nation. With refpeft to the environs of Alexandria, they arc very low ; the only marks, by which the failors can know the coaft, aie, the tower of the Arabians, A'hich lies tllirty- fir. miles to the wertward of the town, and the column of Poinpey, This circumi^.itice often occadons Jhips bound to Alexandria to go to Cyprus, or to Sviia, when the leather is fogp;v. There are neither woods nor paftures for a confiilcrablc diftance round the town. 1 he lind is covered with faiid and fomc few datc-tiecs grow o?l it, but the fruit is verv indifferent. An ingenious writer obfiivcs, *' that it is really a matter of furpri/e that this Ipot Ihould be clioftn for fo great a capital to be built upon, where it is fo difficult of .icccl's (or (hips, and fo dellirutc of wood, water, and all other necclTarics of life. Bnt ii is much more to bo wondered at, that the Ptolomies fpcnt fuch ini- menfe fums to people this place, and to collea together in it all things that could be had in the world, in the greateft abundance." I'he late Marcotis lies to the fouth of Alexandiia ; it is thirty miles long from call to wed, and twelve broad. It isdry about four or live months in the year, and receives ks waters out of the Nile at the time of its overflowing. The town of the Arabs, called by the natives the calUe Abuzir, i.s at the weft end of this lake. It is, indeed, a (r|uare earth, eighty fecthiph, and its fronts are each two hundred and titty feet broad. It is built of fine free (lone, and the walls are fourteen tcct thick. About three quar- ters of a mile from this caftle, h another tower, which is l(]uare at top, and round b-.low, arid fix miles from thence, there is another to the wettward, on the walls of tvhich are the remains of an infcription in Arabic : but all thefe buildings are in a very ruinous ftafc at prcfent. The city of Rofetta, iseftcenied one of the molt plea- fant places in Egypt, and, licing refrelhed by the winds wliicn blow from the fca, is extremely healthy It is called by the Egyptians Rafchid, is fltuated twciity-tive miles to the north-weft of Alexandria, in thirty one degrees live mi- nutes north latitude, and in thirty-one degrees ten minutes call longitude from London: it (lands on the weft (ideof the branch of the Nile, ancientlyc.illed Bolbetinum.ortheBol- butic branch, about four miles from its mouih. It is nearly two miles in length, but only conlifts of two or three long ftrocts : but the buildings are ftately, and the houfes com- modious. It is detisnded bv two caftles, one on each fide of the branch of the Nile, by which merchandize is bfOught hither from Cairo. The tine country of Doha on the other fide of the Nile, and two beautiful iftands a little Ik-Iow the town, afford a delightful profpcft j and to the north of the country is agreeably improved by plcafant gardens of ci.rons, oranges, lemons, and ainioft all kinds of fruits, and is variegated by groves of palm- trees, fmall lakes, and fields of rice, which latter, when ripe, make a very beautiful appearance. Here is a caftle, about two miles north of the town, on the weft lidc of the river. It is a fquare building, with round towers at the four corners, having port-holes at the bottom of it, and fome pieces of brafs cannon. It is built of brick cafcd with ftone, and is (aid to have been eicfted about four luindred years A little lower down, on the oppofite fide of the river, is a platform of guns ; to theeaft of wliicUarc fait lakes, where great quantities of fait are coUcdled. A little nearer to the (ea, from the above caftle, is another, whofe walls, ordinance, and garrifon, are in a poor condition. Somewliat below this fccond eMe, the Nile fptits into two branches, one turning eaft, and the other weft, and forming what is called a bogaz or bar in their mouth, which it known by the name of Canopic. This bar is very dangerous to pals over, el|>ecially when the fea is agi- tated by a northerly wind. 'i'he water at Rofcita, tltough fituated new the fea, it in etneral Aierjr good, unlcfs when the north wind bloiwi ftrong, or the Nile if at the Idweft, at which time it ii brack1(h. The river here does not rife aboVc three or four feet i becaufe the banks are low, and the water rifmg above them, Ipreads itfelf all over the adjacciSt country. The arm of the Nile, at Rofetta, is nearly of the fame width as the Thimesat Gravefend -, but it lefTciis by de- grees, t'll it becomes fo Ihallow in many places as to, be very dangerous, owing to tlie.iilHEculty of avoiding tlit flats. An idand of a tHan'gular form, is near this part of the Nile- it is called by the Greeks Latimia, on account of the divifion of the water here, by which two cntmnces ara made at the month of the rivers. It is about a mile in circumference, and tlieVe are fandy hiljocks from ea(l to weft along the middle of it. The ifland if a kind of moral's towards the fouth, but to the ninth it lifa^dy. A conllderibic nnnVfaftury of ftripcd aad coarfe linen is carried on by the inhabitants of Rolctta, but the prin- cipal bulinefs of the place is the caniagcof goods Iwtwceii this town and Cairo; for all Kuiop'.'an nicittianui/.e is brought hither by lea from Alexandria, and fcnt from thence in other boats to Caito ; and alfo that brought down the Nile from Cairo is here put into large boats, to be fcnt to Alexandria. On this .iccount the Europeans have their vice-confuls and faiSors here to tranfaft their bufi- nefs, and letters are regnlaily brought from Alexandria to be feiit by the boats fropi Cairo ; but tliofe of great con- fequence, which require difpatch, are fcnt by foo^ mcf- * l(:ngers acrofs the dcfait which lies between Alexandria and Rofetta. Grand'Cairo the capital of Egypt, at prefent conlifts of Old and New Cairo, which arc a mile diftant from each other. It is (ituatcd about a mile from the eaftern bank of the river Nile, and extends eaft ward near two miles to the neighbouring mountain. This city ftands in middle Egypt, in thirty degrees (ifteen minutes north latitude', and in thirty- two Jcgrees twelve minutes call longitude from London. It is .tlxiut fcven miles in circumference, and was much l.irger before the difcovcry of the Eaft Indies bv tho way of the cape of Good Ho|ie, it being thrn the center of trade, all the fpices of the Eaft being brought to this city, and from thence fent to Europe. The city of Gr.'ind Cairo may be laid to confift of thre« tbwns or cities, namely. Old Cairo, whicl; adjoins to it; Cairo, propel ly fo called, and the port of Bulac. Old Cairo is at prcfent i educed to a very fmall compafs, not being' above two miles round ; but it is the port for the boats that come from Upper Egypt, and lonK of the liey:i .ind Eu- ropean merchants have houfes here, to which they retire at the riling of the Nile. 'I'he Jews have a fynagogue here, which nearly refcm- bles our churches, and is laid to have been built in its pr.-fent form one thoufand fix hundred years ago. Tlity pretend that Jeremiah the prophet was on the very fpot where they ufually read the law, and that they have a ma- nufcript of the bible written by E/.ra; it is kept In a niche in the wall alxjur ten firet high, before which a curtain is drawn, and lamps kept continually burning : this writing is efteemed fo (acred, that none are permitted to touch it. 1 he ftreets in Cairo, like thofe in moftof the Turkilh cities arc very narrow ; and the wideft extends the whole length of the place, but in Europe it would only be con(i- dered as a Une -, and the others arc fo narrow, that the people freiiucntly fprcad a light duff acrofs the houfes, from one tide of the (Iff ct to the other, to defend them from the fun. Moft of the ftreets, or at Icaft each end of every ward, is (hut up with gates as foon as it grows dark ; and guards of jiniflaries arc placed at Ibine of the principl onei, fo that no idle people can lurk about them without: lieing difcovcred. aeveral ftn-ets conlift only of Ihops, withoutanyhoufes,whicharealfo locked up at night, when the tradefiiicn return home ; and the Ihops of the fame trade are commonly together, as well in the bereftans, ot exclnnge, as in the ftreets. Herfons are appointed to fweep and fprinkle the ftreets every day with water, cfpeciallybe* fore the houfes of the lx.ttcr fort ; for being without any pavement, they are gcnerilly full of duft. The outfulesof their houfes, like thofe in Turkey, are without any kind of ornament : the lower part is built of ftone, and above is a fort of cage-work, ♦'ometimcs filled up with unburnt brick , and the windows which look into the ftreets arel'ecurcd with iron tails and curtains, in order to prevent the women from being feen. The iUlides are equally plain, having no other cmbellifliments than the nccetfarv fnr<>iture fbnlonicOie ufcSi except their faloor.s wtutc t^ey receive their friends and actjiuintaJKe. A per^ ..:J^£'. [AFRICA.] t e- fen who vifitetl the houfe cf » bey, givei Ihe following de- Ibriprioii of tlie fine laloon info which he wm iiitrodoced. It had, fays hr, a lohhy bffore it. The grand room is »n ebloiig I'nuare, witu an oftagon marble pillar in the middle, inlaid'on two fiHoi ahmtcight feet high, with pannels of grey marble, each borJcri.' with Mofaic work. 'I'he floor 1< covered with fincc.irpcis ; u'ld the I'dphaextcndj all round the room, Invinp; ricli velvet cifhioni belongiii'; to it. A canal, whirh comcj out of the Nile dole to Old Cairo, runs through the center of the city. It has water Suring three months only, after which it is a mere dirtv ditch. In the watery fcafon it forms feven or eii'ht fmall ponds in the city and its environs, waters the adjacent fields, and about nine miles from Cairo communicttes with the f.akc of Pilgrims * Alter forming an idea of fcver.il fquares or places about the city from a i|uiricr to three quarters of a mile in com- piA, contrived I'o ai to receive and retain the water of tl>e Nile conveyed to them by the canal, as the river rifes, we fliall have a pretty jurt notion of the I'cvcral lakes that are about the city during great part of the year, when tibthins can be imagined more beautiful, for they are furrounded by the beft houlcs in the city ; and in the fummer, when the Nile is hi^h, arc covered with fine boats and barges be- |oiv;ing to pelbns of diftinftion, who fpend the evenings witii their ladies on the water,'where concerts of mufic arc never w.ir.tin^^, and fometimes fireworks aie added. All the lioulcs round are in a manner illuminated, and the windows filled with fpeftators. This pleating (cene how- ever, iiitlrely vanilhcs when the waters are gone off, and nothing but mud apiK-ars. Yet even this is loon fucccetled bv the agreeable view of green corn, and afterwards of har- velViii the midftof a great city, and in the very places where but a few mon'hs before the boats were failing. Here are twelve churches and a convent belon;ing to the Coptis, who pretend thst ill.; Iioty family were in a cave in the church dedicated to St. Sergius. Tlicir churches arc commonly adorned with columns in the front ; they have two ailes with galleries over them funported by pil- lars, and the fpncc for the altar is feparated by a partition, timt in fome of them is finely ornamented with carving «nd inlaid work cf tortoifelhell and ivo'y. The Romans have an hofpital bcloTi<;ing to the lathers of the Holy Land. Here arealfo \bout h.ilf a dotcn mofcjues, among which one named Amarali is laid to have been a church, and is Teniarkable for haviiio; near fuur hundred' olumns, which, with their capitals fcenj to have been collciUd from fc* veral buildin;;s ofgre.it antiquity. 1 hough the citv of Grand Cairo is very populous, yet the inhnbitants of it are a mixture of various nations i fuch as original li;'ypli.in?, or the Copiis Chriftians ; Arabs ; people of Barbary and other wcftern parts of Africa; and fonKtVomNubi.il but the principal parts of the inhabi- tants arc dilcended from the Mamalukes. Here are alio a great number of Jewi, a few Aiiiicnians, and fome Greeks. 'I'licre are feveral very handfoine and convenient bag- nios in this cltv, which are retorted to by great numbers of people: tome' vitlt them on a religious account, to purify theml'ehcs ; while others go tu them for icfrclhraent and diverllon ; the latter arc chiefly women, who, once or twite in a week, fpcnd niolk of the day in them, and aregjadof fiuh a pretence to lie relcalcd from their con- finement. J'cople of the firU rank, to avoid intermixing with thofe of interior chara£lcr have bagnios in ilieir own huufes. Here are likcwifc manv kanns, which they call okalas. Thcte are indifferent tiiiilclings round a court, and are Cfiinmonlv appropriated to the ufe of meichantsof particu- hi- countries tor the tale of their rel'peftive commodities. There is one for tlioleol Nubia, inii the black Haves they bring with tli'-ni; and aiiotherforwhi'enavesfiomGeorgia. They have likewilc levcral kanns at Boulac i in which all ftran^ers aie ax a very taty rait accommodated wiili a room. There are, in Old Cairo* fcvtril Ciuare courts en- cot^ipafled by walls alwut fifteen feet high, built chieHy with brick ; and llrcn;lliencd bv femi-circular buttrelles ; tlufe pLiccs are ulually c.illcd jofeph's graaarits. The houl'es arc tilled with corn, and room only left to enter at the door. 'I'be grain is covered with nuts, and the door fallened oiilv with wooden locks; but the inlpeftors of the granaries, bv putting a handful of clav on the locks, fix their feal tlieicto. The corn brought from Upper Kgypt, and paid as a tax to the (iiand Signor, is dcpofifcd lure, amldillribiitedamongthc foidiersasapart of their pay. This granary, Ji«vvever, is not very aiiticnt, for it ieems to Iisnc been built in ilio liujc of tl>e Saiaccns. P T. 37« At the north end of the city ii a plain builtHng for raiting the water of the Nile to an aqueduA. The i\ruc- tare is an hexagon, each fide of which is near ninety .""cct in length, and about as many in height. 'I'he water How* into a refervoir below, and is drawn up by five oxen, which turn fo many Perfian wheels, that mipty the water into the aqueduct. 'J'hefe wheels are turned at the top of the building, to which is anafcent on the outtid^ lur the oxetl to go up. both this edifice and the aqueduA are built with free -ftoiie, in order to convey water to tlio caAlet The aqueduA is fupported by about two huil and eighty-nine arches and piers of different dinKiifioiis,. the ^ former being only from ten to fifteen feet \vi4e. Theft ■' arches are low towards the caftlc-hill, where th<. u .-.tcr "xunm into a refervoir, whence by meant of fcveral wheels plafced ' over each other, it is railed up to the daflle. A pleafant ifland named Koida. is uppoHte to OlcL CairO) it is tituated in the midllof the Nile, and extends?' near a mile in length. I'oward^ the north end iii a village of the fame name, and at the fouth end is the Mikias, or ' houfe in which is the famous pillar for meafuriiig the rift, of the Nile. This is fixed in a decpbafon, the bottom ot which is on a level with the bed of the river, and the vra«. ter palTes through it. The pillar, which is^laced under r dome fupported by Corinthian columns, is divided into meafurcs for obferving the rifeof the waters, and is crowned with a Corinthian capital, and from the court that lead* to the houfe is a dcfcent to the Nile by flcpt, on which • the common people believe that Moliss, after oeing expofed on the banks of the river, was found by Phaioah'a dauchter. 'The ceremonies praftil'cd at opening the canal, are fome of the moll remarkable cuftoms obferved at Cairo. When the Nile bcj'ins to rife, they caft up a bank of earih acrofa the end of the canal near the river, and about the middle of Auguft, when the water is rifcn to a proper height, it is broke down with great rejoicings. Mr. Thevtnot, who gives the inoU particular account of thefe cercmoniesf went to Uouluc, the port of all the boats that come up the rivervand which fome reckon a pirt of (irand Cairo; to fee the preparations, when lie obferved levcral ^alliea lying in the river, in the llcrns of which were noble rooms, fome of which were twelve or fourteen paces fquarc, and furrounded with rails and balluders gilt and painted, a'ld the floors covered wich rich carpets and culhions. About feven in the morning the batlia arrived in great fiate ; as he palTcd, a Iheep was killed in feveral places, and three or four more more on the bank of the river. All the beys and great men of Cairo accompanied the baijia \i\ his galley, and having failed as high as Old Cairo, Iw wai falulcd by the guns of the other velfels which followed in order. I'he fails of the balha's gallev were of feveral cO' lours, and worked with larf,e red rotes, and the flags and {)rr.vners in this and the otiier gallics made a very pretty appearance on the water : the trumpets and other mufic played as they palled, while the guns fired, and the people ihoutcd, to ex prefs their great joy. In this manner they moved gently along, till they came to the place where the bank was to be opened to let the water into the canaL Here the mob were waiting in crowds, and there being two pafteboard towers tilled with fireworks, thefe were l«t off as the hatha patl'cd; in the mean time the jicople broke down the bank to give the water a pallage into the caualy and boat loads of fwcetracats were thrown into the river, for which they jumped in and fcranibled. The viceroy moved forward to his palace in the illand of Roida, oppotitu to Cairo ; and bonfltes. illuminations, and fireworks were continued for three nights fucccflively. 'i'liere were pv t:cularly two vail macliincs lepielrnting a man and woman of gigantic ftature pLiced on the river before the baiha's palace, which took up no lefs than two thoufand lamps to tlluminatc.them; betides all the gallies, barges, and other vcflcis were hung full of lamps, and in them the mufic played, and fireworks, with great and finall guns, were continually let oiF. But the ceremonies are more ufually performed by land, when the baiha, attended by his guards, proceeds on horfeb.-ick along the canal, and coming to tlie ciid of it, difmounts, llrikcs the bank, takes horfe, and riding back, leaves feveral pcrfons to break it down, whilq great crowds follow him, tinging and fttiking each other with cudgels. The water at length flows in accompanied by a number of men and boys fwimnting, Fireworks are played off, and all the while the canal is filling, if is co- vered witli boats filled with young men, finsinff and njay-^ ing on niufic^l inftrumcnts, to cxpreft their joy for the fc(* tilityproduccd by this river tu the country. V 37* Tmb new and universal SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. In drii part of Egyptt it m ancienl paltce bvilt \yf ttie ftvcnth kine, mho wu of the ncc of the MimalukM, and Iive4 ahout the year 1279. The entrance to the graiMl aputmcnt it by a fine door fomewhai in the Gothic tafte. Ill this room ii a noble falcon in the form of a Greek croft, with a copoU in the middle, and it it waiiif. colled, or ratlier inlaid, ten feet high, in a very expcndve manner. Round the top, about two feet (, are Arabic infcripiioni ; then for two feet more it it covered with mother of pearl, and different kindi of fine marble, in the form of fmall archei. Below thii the wall it covered With pannelt, fome of the moft beautiful marble, and otliert of mother ol pearl . while all the pannelt ate fui rounded with /I border of Mofaic work, in azure and mother of pearl. There ire feveral magnificent mofquet in N^w Cairo, particularly one on the north-eaft of ihetowncallcd Kab- peel-Azab, which i> .-iboutfixiy feet fquare, and hat a very beautiful dome raifed on a bafe of fixtren fidet, in each of which it a window. It it cafed round with all the molt beautiful kindt of marble, among which are fevcral fine flabt of red and green porphyry. Thefe are all placed in pannelt finely carved and ^ilt, and above is a fort of friie covered with I'entencci cut in large gilt charaOen, callrd the Couphe, i« which they here anciently wrote ihe Ata- >bic tongue. The wallt above have Arabic infcripiion* in lettert of gold. All over the mofque are hun^ a great number of glifs limpi and oArichei eggt : adjoining to J^' T thii edifice are feveralapaicmcntt built for the prietitiand f^' aifo fomc very elegant onet for perfoni of rank who fonaa* timet conie and rvlide there. 1'bit grcai building it Taid to luve been creftcd by jaafar, who conquered t-pypt for Moeia, the calilF. The window latticet both to their mofqun and houfet are very elegant, being curioufly ma> nufaAured either of iron, braft, or wood, Tbey are Blade af round biit let into each otW, and forming fmall iquaret, which are decorated with a variety of ornanicnti. At the foot of the caftle hill there it a roofque which exceeds all the relf, as well in the folidity of ttic building, as ill its grandeur and magnificence, fo at to tlrike the be- holder with admiration. It is very lofiy, and ercAed in the form of an oblong fquare, crowticd with a cornice all round that projects a ereat way, and it adorned, after the Turkifh manner, with a kind of groulque carving. The antrance is inlaid with feveral kind* of marble, carved at the top. The afcent to it was by feveral flep* ; but thefe have been broken down, and the door doted up, becaufe, when public inlurrcAioiis lave happened, the rebclt have often taken Ihclter tlicrr. Eafiward of the town of Tatloun ftandt the caflle of Cairo, faidM have been built by Saladin. It it feated on a rocky hill, and is walled round ( but though it it very difficult of accefs, it it fo commanded by the hill Tabel Mochattham to the eaft, as to be incapable of wilhllanding an attack fiiice the invention of cannon. The ealUtn en* trance it called the Gate of the Janiflaries, and the weflern one the Gate of the Arab*. The caflle is about a mile in circumference ; but yet it an irregular building , and the principal part of it is in a very ruinous condition. Ai the Weft end are theremaintof very noble apartments, fome of which are covered with domes, and adorned with piAuret in Mofaic work ; but thefe apartments are now only ufcd for weaving, embroidering, and preparing han;^iiMt and coverings, greatquantitict of which are annually lent to Mecca by the caravan. The eaftern part of tliis caftle fiandi on much higher ground than tlie refi , and near a grand faloon called Jo- leph's lall, from wheiKe there is a delichtful profpeA of Cairo, the pyramids, and all the neighbouring country. This, it is probable, wat a terrace to tlie faloon, which it openonevcry fide, except to the fouth, and it adorned with large and beautiful columiit of red granite, fome of which have capitals of the Corinthian order; fome are only marked out in lines like leaves, and many are only plain iiones that do not much rcfemUe capitals. In the weft part of the caflle is the goal, which the common pcojilc think CD be the prifon in which Jofeph was confirmed at the inftigaiion of an adulterous woman. A fmall garifon it kept here ; and the men ave lodged in large towers, which form an inclofure or court, on the fouth fide of which are the balha't apartment* ; fo that whenever he receives an order from the Poitc to quit his government, a battery of four or five cannon is railed againft them •, which would fbon dcmolilh tliera, Ihould he offer any refiflance Near the batha's a{>artincntt are atfothofe o'f the great divan, where the beyt aUcmbi* three timei a week under the kaia, or prime nuwtlw ot tUa I M I and tlw latter fomatime* ^ in a room fachio^ I iMt a oanmanication with fome latiiccwindowi. A i I balhai that kiu a oanmanication with fome latiiccwindowi. A ftranger may enter with the conful'i interpreter : and, ba» ingaflerwaratconduAcd 10 the balha's coflee room, will be entertained by his fervanit with fweetineait and coffee, flare are to be feen feveral leathern fhieldi, each almoR an inch thick, with a javelin ftickinft in them, wherewith it i^ faid they were pierced by one of the fulians, and are kep< a* monumcntt of hit ftrength, Thaofflceri under tha baiha have alio noble apaitnieniH here. Near the abovementioned aoartmentt it the mint, wher^ thev coin tluir gold, and rinall piecet of iron walhcd ovet with lilvcr; which laft arcof the value of three fiuthingti and are called medinet. In tliit caftle there it a well, which it much admired on account of it* great depth, which is two hundred and foriy-four fceti but it hat two fhafit that are not perpcndi* cular above one anotlier, ihc firft is one hundred and forty« eight feet long, and llie other one hundred and fixteen feet. It i^ generally called Jofeph't Well, not from the patriarch of that name, but from a grand lilir, who about fcven hundred years ago had thec:'.rs of the work under Sultan Mahomet, but the Aiabians call it the Snail Well, becaufo it defcendj in afpiral line. The water of it can only be drunk at the time of the inundation ; after which it i* brackifh, like all other wellt in the town. They draw the water up by means of a double wheel, .-tnd a double range of earthen jart. The oxtn employed to turn the wheel go up Ihe firft fhaft by a path which it cut in the rock quite round the well from lop to bottom. There aregrot'ot, in many floriet, all up the fide of tlio roc)( upon which thit caflle it built i but feveral of them. are now inaccefTible, though there it a way to otheri by a narrow terrace. Thefe are generally lofty roomt, eight or \ ten feet fquare. Towards the brow of the hill, on the top, Iarvt two rooms, with holes on the top to admit the light 1 evcv which is aii eminence, to which ihe great people often 5(o te.' enjoy one of the fineft profpeAt in Egypt, lince it cimn andt a virw of Cairo and all the country a* far at iho eye can read-. Over the fouth cliff is a molque, ihe in- fide ol which is painted all over with flowers on a red ground : liere wa* interred the Sheik Duife, whofe name It given both to the hill and the inofque : feveral of tlie fhcik* >.!iiUren and fome of tlie font of bafhas are buried near it. Tlierc it a kind of ancient fuburb called CarafTa, to tha fouth of tlie caftle ; at the entrance are fevcral magnificent tombt covered with domet, and faid to be the magnifi- cent tombs of fome Egyptian kings. The people in ge- neral fuppofe tlut they are tlie monumentsof Ihe califs, the relations of Mahomet, who conquered this country 1 and fuch is the veneration for them, that they oblige Chriftiana and Jewt to alight from their aflcs and camels to pay then refpcA, when tbey paft thit way. On an eminence, adjoining to Carafta, it Ihe great mofque of El Iman Sliafce, antiently one of the four doAort of the law, who it held in great veneration among them, and whofe fe- pulchre is there. It i* called Le Salchiah, from a titia they gave SaUdin who built it, together with a college aii4 bolpital. iTicrc flill remain* a matter of a very fingular nature, to bt related of thit part of the country, which every tra* vellcr who paiTct through it takes notice of; as firft, tlieir way of hatchmz chickens in ovens. They put their egg* in oveni, lays Thevenot, which arc heated with fo teinr perate a warmth, and imitates fo well the natural heat, that chickens arc formed and hatched in them : tliefe ovena are under groond, and Ihe heartli of them covered with cotton or flax to lay the eggs upon. There are twelve of thefe ovens together, fix on a fide, two flories on each fide tlie palTage, that is three ovens above and three below on each hand : they begin to heat the ovens about the middle of February, anil continue to heat them about four months : they heat tiieir ovens only with Ihe hot afhes of oxen, or camel's dung, which affords a fmothcring heat without any vifible fire; tliis they lay at the mouth and the farther end of the oven, changing it and putting in frelh dung every day : this they continue to do for ten days, and then lay in the eggs, fometinnet eiglit thouliuid in an oven ; after eight or ten days tliey pick out the good from die bad, which are difcovered by holding them in a lamp, then they put out the fire, and having laid one half of the eggt in the upper ovei It, tliey Ihut up all clofe and let ihem lie alwut ten dayt longer, when the chickent are hatched ; at wbich lime it ii veiy entertaining to fee fomc of the chickens jmt putting forth their heads, oiheit iiaif out oc ilic didt, audothert quiu ficc. Tlumiiu eccaliou* abund- c r C tl g tl ei h ^i,^i.i>Hii.%i', J .it.i. (AP RidA.] ) M ' 1^6 '' ' V ^ '■ I* ' ' ¥i^ '' ^ *■ '^ ^' ^ * ' ^ " ■^' ifi licr ung ID lie at the t of ltd- •iMe'of mi to mHeaiT^ ; tnd »t beft, it h abfmad that (here artXrr of them which have not fotiM defca, and nice people thinli they can diflineaHh one of thefe bullcti from another by their palatei. It hai been difpuled. it fcemt, whether thli can be effeOed in any other coantry ttelidet Egypt, where the natural heat of the Climate ii thought to contribute much towardi thefc nroduaioni : but M. Thevenot telli ui, that the duke of Florence fent fcr fome of the Copiii (who only follow thii bufineft) •nd hatched chickens in Italy In th« fame manner, and fine* that lime, the late learned and ingenioui M. Reau- ■nor, after many experimenti, found it praflicable in France : and in a work on that fuhjed, which has been tranllated into Englifh, has (hewn the manner of doing It. Before we leave Grand Cairo, it may not be improper to give an account of the grand pilgrimage made annually from that city to Mecca, at which time the grand Signor fendl thithera very coftly prelbm. faid to amount to one- third of the value of the revenues of his kingdom. At the time appointed for the caravan to prepare for Me4ckagain; and it is not to be conceived witli wh.it devotion they would kifs the thine that had touched but a rope employed in the facrcd prcient, which was to adorn the place they etteein molt holy. I'hefe ornaments being lodged at the palace of the emir badge, two days after he went out of town encamping near the city. The cavalcade on this occalion was not very different from the former, only there were fix field pieces, which the emir always carries with him on thefe expeditions : there were alio a great many little children mounted on camels and liorl'es, who were the fons of the emir's officers, and feveial camels leaden with provifions for the journey. A multitude of fantos in ftrange antic habits, alfo followed dancing and fcrewing themfelves into a thoufand ridiculous Ihaites and poftures, like mafquers at a carrival, as our author cxpreffes himfelfi At length came the blcfied caraci which carried the pavillion abovemen- tioned, richly drefled out, witit anotlier to relieve him when he was weary. It is wonderful, our author obfcrves, to fee the multi- tudes which come from all places to perform this pilgri- nugc, there being no lefs than five caravans of them, viz. That of Cairo, which confi(\s of Egyptians, and of all thofe that come from Conftantinople and the neighbour- hood nf it. That of Damafcus, in which are all the pil- grims of Syria. That of the Magrebins, or thofe who came from the weflward, conflfting of the natives of Bar- barv, Fez, and Morocco, who meet at Cairo, and thofe of Perfia and India. Thofe who come from Fez and Mo- rocco undergo the greateft fatigue, travelling by land over krge defarts, in which they employ a whole year, and one half of them ufually die in the journey. Tne caravan ot Cairo, our .lulhor lays, was very numerous when he was ■ tlicre ; there being in it four beys or princes, and feveral other groat lords, betides an hundred thoufand other pil- grims, as was given out ; but he underflood afterwards they (lid not ai.iouut to a fifth part of that nuinlxr. The cmirhad^e, orc.iptain of the caravan, has ulually fifteen hundred camels to carry his baggage, and fell to thofe who lofetlirir own, for mai-.y of them die by ii»c way, and he has five huudi'cd cauiels alfo to qury watsr on'y. No. 37. Ti^« ifritr M^lintBt Mtktk^ (oitte tthM etd A (0 fltd city, rtinovcif tmhe milet faither to the blrqut, bairt^ ii great bafbn or reftrvatory of water, about twelve miles to the aaflward of Cairo, and is the rendeavous of all tlie caravans. The emir badge decamped fiom thence on (he eighth of Auguft, it being tiM cuftum fur the catavan of Cairo to fet out feven and fifty days after the beginning of the ramadan, that they may be atMecn at the time pre- fcribed : the next day, being the ninth Of Auir"'> the ca< ravan of Magrebins, who come from the v. part 0/ Africa, fet forward ; thefe do not depend o. .ic emit badge of Cairo, but have a chief of their own. They travel chiefly in the night to aVoid the heat, which is infup' portable, and when iliete is no moon they haye men who carry torches, and either in who died in the journey. The pilgrims are forty-five diyi in their journey from Cairo to Mecca, and as many in raturniiig, betides the time they fpend there ; but they make very eafy journlef« often ftopping to unload and load their camels, of which many die as well as of tlie people. They find but little water in the. way. aud that exceeding bad, and frelh provi- fions they tneet with none but what they carry with them. , What incommodes tliera moft arc the hot wiads, whidl < frequently fuftbcate or (ithcrwfc dcllroy theiri : in on» ', day, it feqms, tlicre died fifvcral hurkdred of pilgrims by th4 ' hot winds in this journey 1 and not lefs than fix thoufand ' belonging to tue caravan of Cairo died by one misfortuiu ' or other. It is no'iincamnion thing, as our author rel^^teif^! , to heal- a man finging fame Verfes'of the alCoran, and in m . moment fee him drop down dead from bis camel; tnd thofe who return alive are fo altered and emaciated that they can hardly be known by their friends ; notwithfland-* , ing which there is not a year but many women and diiU dren perform this pilgrimage. Thofe who have made this journey are called adgi or pilgrims, and arc in great ellccni in the countries where they live ever after. The emir badge amaffcs vail funis in this command i for befides his other profits he is entitl^ to the effefls of all that die in the journey, of which per-' quifite alone he made three hundred thoufand piaftres in oiM,/ year, there were fo many of the pilgrims that ditid : he it' alfo fupreme judge of all tlie people under his charge duT- j ing the expedition. The number of thofe which com*! pole the caravan feldom amounts to lefs than forty fhou-'l . land ; but in times of ^icace and plenty it is often much', gfeater. Every tnuflulman isohligrj rn make at Icsft oiWs ' in his life this grand pilgrimage to Mecca, the center of , . the Mahometan faitl). ' 5B The ,* ^f4 Tmi NEW AND UN|IVEi^8At, Thfcityof DfttikH, mhifk ^muti mqGm^^ofrft, ftand* on the ciljlern hnnen ofMitTiilt, Mvffftf fifvf mi dip m'lUt from th; mouth of iim t'ntf- it U « ycrjr larg« plaee, but ilic houfei in gcitrr«l are iitjl^rraatljr built, and i(> prijici|ul inliabitanli are lilhcrmcn i^d ta lAarici. U i« enconipalTcd by wajli. except that pa^t wliich lroii,u the river, and, at tbe north end of it i^ a i)i>c (arge rot^dd tower built of bcvrn fturyo. It i< reckoned to he naoft ad- vantageoufly fituateJ for trade, on account ,of i^i commo^i- oiia hiirbour on the Mediterranean. Tbii citv ii fiippofcd to contain about twentjr-^ve tnau- fand Inhabitanii, without including iti fuburb on the other fide pf the Nile. Here are about tour huiidr^d (irec|i fa- ihiiMt, who arc the principal merchant! and ijtaderi in the city. Thejr have a chuicni a bifl>op, and th; free liberty of exercifini their religion, except the article of riitging ilie belt. Befidei thi Grccki, hece, are tpany oibrr Orangeri of varioui nation) and i:ligioni ; but they are greatly reflrained in the enjoyment of their nation o' '>y *'he>l'' ^'be lurbour licC nortli and foiith, it not large, and has very liiiJe witir : when tlie tide (im ebbf d o\«t, it is not above five ftal deep. Ai this harbour it only fit lor fmaJl Ihips, tb« Jatger* ones, which are employed in brineing go carry from one hundred and eighty to two hundred and fifty lotis. Some of tliciii are picrpcd for thirty gonj, but never mount more than two, and thcfe are tlte 1^ aruedti for moft of them luyie only two pedercroos. I'hcy dirntli the Ihip by means of a pole ftrongly fafteiied |tp the rudder on the oulUde, and placed In an inc)in'd filuation, not quite horixouially ; a rope is faftened at the end, which palTcs on both fides through blocks faftened to two thick trani'vcrfe pieces of wood, which arc nailed tp the two ends of a Jong and thick i>eain, placed abaft, The rope, bf ing put tlirough the blocks, is tiung or faftencd on a peg, whiL-li fland) on that part of the llcin where the helm is. Oji each fide three men are placed, who inuft not leave iliis rope while the vcilcl is under fail ; and mufl alter the direilion of thehclni, when re<)uired, by drawing at the rppe _ I'hcfc veffcls are but ill provided with failing tackle and trimmingi ; nor indeed do thuy require them fo ':on>- plete at in moft other voyages, for they never fail without a fair wind, and always keep along the Ihore. The har- bour in which tlicfe vcftclt lie at anchor is from five to eight fathom deep ; they are ftieltcred there by the moun- tains of Ettaga from the eaft wind ; and when they are forced away by another wind, they run a fhore, without any daai.ige, on the neiehliouring fandy beach. riic fortifications bcmnging to the town are very indif- ferent, fince it has ivo other defence than twenty- two cannons and three cnlvcrins, all of which are in fo wretched a condition, that they appear as if entirely ufelefs. Theruins of an old caflle, fuppofcd to have been {l*- merly built bv the French, are to be fcen on an cminc'ict at a Imall diftance from the town. Tbe Roman emperors and kings of Egvpt made many atteinpts to cut a channel through the illhmus of Suez, and join the two feas togetlier i but all their efforts proved ineffeAual.. About three miles from the to\vn, there if ftill to be feen a deep ditch, which runs from north to fouth, and is fuppofed to oe a relic of that vain and inipraOicable undertaking. We (hall now proceed to give a defcription of the prin- cipal towns and villages fituated up the Nile i and the firft we meet with is called Gize, fuppofed to ftand on a part of the ground where the an(;irnt city of Memphis once ftood. The town itfelf is tolerably large, but the houfes are very low, mean buildings i and its only omanienio confift of four or five minieretsor mofqucs, and fome palm-trees. The inhabitantx are chiefly employed in mating earthen pott an^ tilet ; out they are fo indilferently executed, as to pto- duce but an inconiGdcrabIc advantage. The village ot'Deiir-Etiin, is lituated about a mile and a half to 'he fouth of Old C^iro ; here is a mofque'and a Coptis convent. The houfes here are almo(l all built of cUy, and covered with reeds. The greatcft ornaments of this village, aswellas moftof the others, are thepalni-trecs, which are cultivated in great abundance. One end of this village is clofe to the NUe, and the otltcr extends towards the mountains. The village of Dagjour, is a little diftance from tbt; above : it it remarkable for containing in its neigh- bourhood many fpacious inpfques and fevcral handlbmc pyramids. Bcnefoef, the next village we come to, is fituated on the Weftem (hore of the Nile : it is a kind of capital, about one hundred miles diftant from Cairo, aj^d the phcc of refidence of a bey, who is the governor of it. '1 her* are in it feveral very lar|>e and elegant inofques. Mount Kobzim, js fituated to tlic nonh-caft of the laft mentioned village, at the foot of uliidi (lands tlie convent XA F R I C A.) f; m •ict •f St. Antony i tnd at fooM diitance trc the moantiirii of Atkar, ing to the C'ln- grcgatio de propaganda Fide ) and the Coptii have • con- vent here. To the eaflward of this village, at the foot of a moun> tain, it the monaftery of St. Senodius. It it built of free Aone, and of an oblong quadrangular ; it it one hundred and thirty feet long, twenty feet broad, and fifty feet high, and a cornice goes quite round it. Tts greatcft fides Itave two rows of twenty-one windows each, allclofed upi there are only nine windows in each row, on the other (idea : five doors were formerly on the weft lide, but they are now all clofcd up, and the entrance to the monaftery is by • tittle double door on the fouth Itde, the leaves of which •re covered with iron plates. The church is in a very de- caved ftate ; but there are ftill fourteen pillars in it, fome of ftone, and the rrft of bricks, covered with gypfum, and which fupport the cieling. The choir, which is pre- ferved, containi three altar', but bath not anv thing re- markable in it. This convent is inhabited only by tnree monks, who have very wretched habitations. There is likewife a deep and wide well in it, whole water rifet and falls like the Nile, though the convent is above three miles from the river. However, this riling and falling of the water (which the monks and Coptii conlidcr as a miracle wrought by Diofcorus whilft he ftaid in this monaftery) is occalioncd hya communication with a canal, wliofe water is fupplied from the Nile, and fo piovidcs this well with it. We come next to the town of Girge, or Tfihirfche, which is the capital of Upper Egypt, and the refideilce of the bey. It is about a quarter of a mile from the river, and tolerably large, being at Icaft two miles in circumfe- rence ; the lioufes are chiefly built of hard brick, and are pretty fpacious ; and here arc fcveral handlbme Turkifli mofqucs. It it alfo the fee af a Coptit bifhop ; and the fathers de propaganda Fide have an hofpital here, where they maintain themfelves by their prafiice of pliyfic, that tenders thcin ufeful to the Turks. When the bey of Girge has any thing to communicate to the chief of the Arabs fcotn the Divsn st C::rc, he knii them word thai they arc to cent* to hini, Thaj Immw) ly f^n '<'' if ImIf number with two thoutand horfcKiert "< 3ii< ■,]$<■» deftmed for thofe Interviewt : thtfe tr.">i wnt rw* round the bey, who it attended by a fuitc r ' vftre prrJiMW only ; atld each retumt to hit owtl home 'i< mutt- view it over. On the eadtrn fide of the Nik ii the village af Oau. which waa on«c very large, but a conflderable part of it hat been wafhed away by the overllowinn of tnat riv*r: Here are fourteen columni, full of hierog^pliica, prefcrved ftandinc. At fome diftance frorri the viAage are manv fcaltered coflint cot in ftone, which the travelleri make uw of at irnught or cifternt to watar tlteir horfti at. At th« font of the mountain are many quarriet, the ftonet of which are white, and have a fine polifti. There it alio a coloftiil ftatue of rock ftone, but it it greatly disfigured. The village of Eridy ii iituated on the fame Itde of tha Nile, and about feven milei from Gau : it it the refidencc of a Iheik (>f the fame name. I'hii village it famoiM throughout Egypt on account of a fnake, of which tha people relate many ftrani^e and miraculoui ftoriet ; and ibme of them believe it to be the devil, banilhed into tbo mountaini of Upper Egypt bv the angel Raphael, Thit fcrpent is kept by a Iheik, ana hat been in the pofTeflion of hit predeceftbrt for a long time. Among other flranga ftoriet concerning it, they tell us, that thelheik would cut it in piecei at niuht, and be lure to find it whole and found the next morning. But notwithftaiiding the abfurd no- tiont the people here entertain of this ferpent, it it remark' able that they can handle thefe reptiles witliout receiving the leaft injury, at we are afltired by a celebrated writer^ who, from the hiftory of hit travels while in Egypt, gives us the following account. " I am now going, fayt he, to inform you of fomething which t look upon ai very curiout ; but I afliire you the thing it foamar.ifig, that had 1 not had ocular d^monftra- tijii of the fid, I would not prcfnme to relate it. Ona morning, at I was looking for fomething in our ware- huulcs, I oblbrved in feveral parti of them, the tracei of frrpents, which g.tve me fome uneafineft, left at any time [ fhould he hurt by them. I confulted ous druggerman about it, who told mc to make myfelf en- tirely eafy, for he knew an Egyptian who could catch them by a charm, I communicated this to Mr, F. H. who, like mc, wanted faith to believe that any morul had thia power. The druggerman fent for tlie man ; and as I fuf^ pe£\cd be might bring tame ferpenta with him, and pri- vately let them loofe, and then catch them again in our prefence i I propol'ed that the charmer, before he began* fhould be ftript to hit Ikin ; which was agreed to be don«. We led him into the court yard where the warehoufet ftood i but before he went into either of them, he hxed his eyei towaids the iky, and muttered fomething unintel- ligible to us i this done, he went into one of the ware- houfet, and with a (hort and (lender ftick of a date tree, h^ had in his hand, he pointed to the roof, and uttered hme- thiiig with a loud voice, at the fame time ftamping har4 on the ground : at foon as he had done this, he told ut, there had been ferpcnts there, but thev were gone, H4 then went into another warehoufe, and, after doing thq fame as he had done in the firft, he faid, there wai a ferpent fomewhcre in the walli ; which were of loofe ftonet, very thick, and much decayed. Here he repeated his charm a and prefently a very large ferpent came out of tlie wall, and hopped ; but the charmer, who ftood in the middle of the waretioufe, uttered fome more jargon with very grea< vehemence, and the ferpent came to hit feet ; he took it up in hit hand as unconcerned as tliough it had been only an eel. In the fame manner he caught another among fome ruini in the yard. We examined the ferpcnts, and found they had their teeth i for I aflure you, fir, wa were fo much amazed, that we could hardly believe out- eyet. We gave him thirty paras for his trouble, and ha went away quite fatisfied," The above relation is coro- borated by the teftimony of the learned Dr. Haflelquift*^ who alfo travelled into Egypt, and tells us, that they taka up the moft poifonous vipers with their bare hands, pliy with them, put them in their bofomt, and ufe a great many • more tricks with them -, and that he has frequently feea them handle viperi that were three or four feet long, and' of the moft horrid fort. He adds hereto, " I inquired, and examined whether they had cut out tlie vioers poifon- ous teetlt ; but I have with my own eyea feen they do not s we may therefore conclude that they are to thit day pfilli (that it, perfons who are capable of fafcinating or taminn ierpenu; in beypti bwt what art they ofed, is not eafily known. 1^ ThiNBW amb universal SYSTEM or OBOGRAPHY. kiwwn. Sonit ptopit m very foperftitimii, ind the Rt- Mnlily balNva inii to he dorw hy lonM rupciiMluril power, which ihcy obtain from iiivinhU bcingi. I do iiul know whcthtr IMir oowcr it to be ■fcrihed to good or rnl, and deteA the fraud prac- tifcd with it, when we dcfcribe the tomb of the pretended Turkiih bint. Near the village of Eridy, in the mountaina, are ten or twelve fepuich m caverni. There are alfo many hcapi of ruins, wliich, are the remaini of the aiitient town of Irgy, according to the report of the Contii. Here IS a final! villaf^e called Dandera, which i« very pleafantly fitualcd, it being cncompaiTcd by cuiitiiiued rowi of treei, which .'produce alt the varioul fruits to t>e met with in Egypt. Nagadi ii a large town, and, among other cdificei, contains fcveral fpacious molquet ; andaCoptii bilhop conftaiitly refides here. Carnac, it a name given to • vafl extenlivc country to the call of the Nilr, where feme confiderable ruins of buildings, that were once fpa- cious and magnificent, are feen in various placet, fcliiay is higher up tne river, and is a large place, adorned with a very nandtome mofaue. It it the refidcnce of an Arab fheik, and is Ctuatea where ihe antient Latotiolis flood, fome remains of which ate ftill to be feen. Edf4 or Kdfou, Is the antient Apollinopolit, and ii fituatcd on the wcfleni fide of the Nile. Here it a fine monument of anti4uity, which hat been long converted by ihe Turks into a citadel. The town of Ellouan it likewifc fitualed on the wcftein fide of the Nile, and is the antient Seyiie, which was un- der the tropic of Cancer. It is spoor and iimall place, with a fort of fortrefs or rather barrack for janiflaries, uii- iler their governor, who has the command of the country. In tliis town, as alfo in an ifland adjoining, are quarrict of eranite, and the remains of fome autieni nuildingt. The nrft cataraQof the Nile begins here, above which is the ifland of Cticfiret Ell Hciif, the Phila; of Ihe anticnti, which it a defart, and quite covered with rocks of granite. The bordeit of this ifland are cut in the form of a walk on the rock i and there are abundance of coloiudcs, buildin^i, and other magnificent and vcneiablc aniiijuities within It. The ruins of fcveral grand ediftcet are to be feen at Debondi,at alfo at Hindau, Sahdaob, and TalFa, where Nubia begins, and Egypt ends. From thence up to l)erri •re many fmall villages, in fome of which feveral ruins of antiquity are to be (ieen. Tne town of Derri, is fituatcd oB tlie eaftern fliore of the Nile, near the place where the river begins to dircA itscourfe towards the wed. It is inhabited by a race of people called Barbarins, who are a poor and mifcrahlr tribe, and live chiefly by plunder. The flope of the Ihore of the Nile here it in many places covered with lupines and radilhes, the feed of which they nuke oil from. Tlie people of Derri freqtiently crofs the Nile, in order to |o to Eilbuan -, but at they have no canoes, they fupply t'le want of them in the manner defcrilwd in a former feftion ; belidet which they have the following : tliuy put themfelvet a ftraddle upon a great piece of wood, after having placed their cloaths upon their heads in form ol a turban. They alfo faOen to it their aflagaye or dart ; they ■fierwards make ufe of their armi as oars. By thcfe me- thods they croft the river without ajiy danger from the ciocodijei, or much difficulty or hazard to themfelvct. SECT. IV, Trtatt tflhi Itngiiagt, am, trade end ctmmtrct, manufac- turn, wtightt, tsim, difiafa, (Jc, if tht E^jptiani. THE moft antient language fpokcn in Egypt, that we luvc any account of, was the Coptic, which was generally ufed till Alexander the Cireal conquered this country, wbcn he introdi>c;H the Greek, which for ibovc nine hundred years afterwards, w;:* the lanf;uage moft in vfe, and which prevailed till the Greeks were expelled by the Arabs ; fiiicc which, the mod univcrfal haj been the vulgar Arabic, or Arbefli language. It is true, the Turkilh, Coptic, and modern Greek, are ftill fpokcn, but not fo uni- Verlally at the Ar.ibic language. The liberal'Or ingenious arts are principally in the hands of lh« Frtnkt oi Chrlftiani, ib« Jfiritti of tiM TlHta tending more to traffic. Tin CbriOiani onl* ai* ilh«r« fniilhs and )■•«. Ikrri \ and ibefc liave a pretty nridi lflid«» •HI account of ilir great demand for trinketa and ttaffingl lo adorn wumrii wid liurtct , for ih« Mahontatant ara not allowrd to keep plate in their houliti, itor ara tkM i permitted to wrar rings, unlefs they give a tenth part of what they are worth to the poor i and (aw of them arc Ci fond of oriiamrnt at topurcliaf* thepiivilegc of tfipfaring . fine at fo gml an cxptiice. The Turks of Conftanii- nople far furpal't Uiofe who rcfide her* in every Uanch of woik they aiti-nipt to execute. The inliabiianli in many of the viiU|pet on the lianki *t the NiM, ate chiefly cnipltiyed in itsakiiig falamiooniae. This fait, it ferma, is pniciirrdfiom llie foot which atilea from Ihe hiiiiit duiij^ of aiiimrfU that Iced only on vigetar bleti hut the dung of thrfi animals it only (it to Iw burnt fur tli.it purpofe duiing the four fiift months of the year, when they Iced on ftclh fpring graft, which in Egypt is • ki.id of trrtiiil or clover i for when they feed only on Arf meat, it will b« inelFeAual. The dung of oxen, buffit- Iocs, lltecp, goats, horlcs, and afles, at tur proper lime, ia at fit for this purpof* as cameli dung. 1 he foot ariling froiu the dung is put into glafs veflcla, and theft vedisk into an oven or kiln, which is licated hy degrees, and at lafl with a very ftroiis lire for three fucceftive nightt and days 1 after which, the fmokc iirfl Ihewt itiiclf, aiid in a (hort lime the fait appears, adhering to the glaflct, and co- vers tlie whole opening by degrees, 1 ney break Ham glades, and take out the laJt in the liime form and date isi which we receive it. Their domcflic trade chiefly conffts in fupplying tlia lower parts of Egypt, from the Upper, with corn, pulfa of all I'orts, dates, Ace and fupplying the upper parts from Delta with rice, fait, &c. Cairo it the general matt for all thingt imported into Egypt ) but Indian lincnt, mullint, callicocs, china-ware, \c. tKing brought the prii>ci| better ad-^pted to fo hot a climate. The chief place for mukiiia the linen is at Rofctta, which is in general citcap uid white. At Cairo, red leather is made, and a better fort is pre* pared at Alexandria ; yet the latter is lar inferior to that which is made in Morocco. Pebbles are here finely po- liflu'd for InulT boxes, handles for knives, &c. 'i hey are done by .n wheel, like jcwellcry-work, and arc nut to b< rivalled any where. A gentleman who relided many years at Grand Cairo, and belonging to the fadory there, hat ^vourcd us with __.,.^ ,-. av fAPRiC A e t. iff the r«ring Kc 'ini of iIm tradf ctrrUtl on b« Um Eng- littl at «ii pTtc* : *' 11m KrxHU we h«v«la ftll hare. Iky* h«, •» cenfniteil Moibvloixie cniineiit Turktv itMrcbMiU in London. Thepiincipjl irttctei irc, wooiLni, l«»d, k*d tn, tin, tr*-«fin<. culleiv. bird wtra, Miict, boh andchiilMclocki. •Ifo w^ttthci, mtdf in a pankuur inannci lor tbr k urkay Irulc. Wc fell our goodi to fome for rridy mone]r, wni Wo bartfr wilb nihtrt for IbiiM of tli- t<>llo«rln^ i^rlicltt, vis. cnocului indicui, afStfoKkli, Ui *i noniac,^ aloM, myrrh, friiiUinctnfe, t'agjpanum, t^tim > 4(tacanlhi gam arable, gum etrmjr, lallafrai, coffar, ami uilMr common dilin. •■ Un nur tirO IctlliiiK here, and Icllinp gooda to lh« Mthoniclant, ihvy would Ibnielimei bring Ihnn b*ck< •ttcr having ke|>t them a week, cuinplalii of dct«At when there weie nunc, and inlift on having the mo ley rtCurnedi but wc were foon after inllruOcd m what manntr to deal withthtm. When wc iicll any ilin now to a Maho- ItMlan, a< loon as the piice i> t;;rrr. n, which we will fuppofe it two hundred zerinahiKiu Lhequini, we call in two Malioniutana ai witnelC:a, and then take a handful of dirt, and put it u|ion ihc good*, laying at the fame time, *• We lell vou thitdiit for tvo hiindied Mrmahuop cIk- quiiii :" it he replies, •• I buy this diit for two hiitulred terinalioop chci|uliii."llic bargain will then bt like the lawi of the Medrt aiid Heitiaiii, which alter not. Per hapi cuDuni only hat clUbUlhcd thit nwtliod ; but be that at it may, the goods are never aftrrwardi returned on our hand*, When wc have eiim arable, frank iiicenic, myrrh, or coccului indicui, to lend to Chrifttmlom, we aUayt take care to have It g, chafed of tht balhafor a certain Aim. " I'hofe mcrchanti who conlign gooda toCairo, Ihould be very careful to lee them well and fecarely packed or •milled. We had thirty barreli of tin in rodi conllgned to ui by a merchant in London ) it came yery I'afe to .\ies- •ndria, and wai there unlhipped and put on board Ibme yefleli for thit place. In their paflage up the Nile, the ex- ceffive heat of the fun had fuch an cfTect on the barreli, at to caufe fume of them to fall intircly to piecei, oiheri loft their hoopi, and fome their headt ; which gave the poor pilfering failofi, who work thefe veflelt, a fine opportunity of making a penny ; which when the goodt arrived at Boulac, we find they had not negleOed i for out of every barrel damaged, they had taken fome pounds weight of tin,andl'uld it atdiflfercnt villageion the banks of the Nile. I would advil'e merchants, who fend tin to Cairo, not to have it put up in barrels, but in ftrong cafet made of elm or oak, to the length of the rodi, and have tlicm well nailed «p ; were this done, there would fcarce be a probability of an ounce being lo(\ i for i never heard of Nilefailors forcing any packages open. Woollent Ihould be embaled ai tight at polhble, with a tarpaulin under the outfide can- vas , for at the mouth of tlie Nile is a bougbas, or mud- bank, on which fonKtimes the germs run loul ; but cloth packed up in the manner 1 defcribc, ntay, in cafe of this accident, be got without damage into another gerin. it is ufual to pack up gold and filver flu% in ftout waxed cloth, and then put them into a ftroiig cafe. In and near Cairo, they make oil of the feedt of fafflowers end fell the greaves at twenty-fix paras the quintal of five hundred roloTot ; thefe greaves are ufed by the poor peo- ple fbr food. In Upper Egypt there are many planutiont of fttgar-canes ; the I'ngar and molaflei made there are fent to a kan near Boulac for falc ; the molafles are put into the ftini of oxen, heifers, calves, and other animals, which appear like fo many dead beafti, when quite fulL Brokers, who aie moft of them Jews, conduA the chief partof the bufinefs: thefe will buy or fell for their em- ployers, np matter how, fo tliat they get the brokerage. A native of Aleppo, who kept a (hop in this city, fold many pikes of woollen cloth, to a great Turk, for the doathing of hit fervants, and to be given to the poor : and a few days after being deftred by tlus Turk to bring in his bill, replied, that, through the hurry of bufi- nefs, he liad forgot to enter tliat tranfaAion in his book i that, hi perfeAly remembered the rate per pilu. agreed on, but as to the number of pikes, be was totally at a loft. The Turk defired him to guefs as near u he cou.d; and the (hop-keeper, fuddenly recollcAing himfcif, afkcd the Turk if he had the lifting of the cloth bv him i and was anfwered in the affirmative i then faid ne, we can foon fettle the matter, by meafuriiig that, which muft be the fame as the length 9I the cloth. The liftiu^ wai mca- No. 37. nDkrip«r wu paM for H miiiv pilwt o^ silly impoiU MS tlM Tark ; tm it waa fund. MJiMafltna cloth 1 btii he gtoli . . (vidaiii hi nwli him'pajr |wtw « niMh ai Itc onfht, at aU woollen cloth Itas two llftinMj Tfaa bareiwi* of thM iraiifa/^ian wu a few dayi aftw explilfMd in tb« Tofk 1 but th« Alappo kn«*i had a fiimd who teamed biin of hit danger, and adiriM him to iacamp, #bich h* immt- diaiely di4. W« pack the dr«g*, <gether, and could 'I \ .,i5« » i;^ "■'^^-■■'"«fe"- 37 i' KEWano universal system op GEOCR'APMt, I '■ ■ ,-.... . . :,-., .-, .: . {^«t n«ifT(«j[>.; You wiU haMly l>e any boNk f them .are inclofed ■, but all have been injured by time. The immenlequantity of materials ufed in conftruAing them renders it impoSbk for them all to have been built at the fame time, and thoft that were tall etf-Aed greatly exceed tlie firft in magnificence and 'graiideur; Thefc pyraiiti(ls .are. the works of llie remoteft anti- t|uiiV» ana even tnore early l^ian the times of the moft an- tienchiftorians vvhofc wfitings have been tranftnitted to w, th« Very epocKa of their Airginning being loft at the Ifme when tlie iirft 'Grbek philofopbers travelled into ^gypt. It is not improbable that the irwention of pyra- ti»d« wal owjngto the ignbrance of tlie people in having Ho Otlxer t^c'dlod of covering a great circumierence, before tliefrto^arcMrig aitd emplovmg columns to fnpport a roof were inventnl. ft is incleed a mortifying coiifidera- tion, thSl ihe •'moft durable works in arclitteflure have been owing to ignotatKC. Thus the famous aqucdufts t)f the aiitieiits, the remains of which are the woiulcr and bJmlration of the prelent times, were owing to their not knowing that water would rife up nearly to the fame heiglit as its fource. It is the Opinion of the common people, that die pyra< tnidi, the vail {lalaccs, and tnetempKS, whofe remains fill the fpcQators with amazement, were built by giants; and, hfdeed, it hat been I'uppulcd, tliatmenfometboufand years ago were mutli l.irgcr than at prefent ; btJt thefe opinions fte faUy confuted by the* height of the ■ entrances of the jpaves from wliencc tli^y'h^irt taken {tones for thHc pur- bofcs, by thf narrowncti of the palTages of the pyramids, and by the hciglit of the dbori of the moft aiuicnt ilruQurct, ■ ' ■■ ■ A* tlic principal pyramids, liei^g (ituated three or four leagues to the weft o( Cairo, near rite place where the city of iviciripiiii i' fuppOicu tu iiavc itum, ilhry ita commoniy «*llcd, '1 he pyramids of .\Kmpliis. They lUnd on a rocky 4 plain, eighty ^et iierpendiculat- aboVe the level of tjitf ground overflowed by tlie Nile'i and Itappears that this rock, not being every-wherc level, has been fmoothed by the chiffel.. It Is remarkable, that tliis rock is ainidft co- vered by the flving faiiJ br9Ught by the wind from tlte ad- jacent mountains ; and that in this fund are n great num- ber of fhells, and thofc of oyflera petrified, which is tike more furprifing, as this plain of folid rock is never over- flowed by the Nile, wuich, bcliilcs, has no ftiell-iiflt throughout its whole conrfei Here are alio found the beautiful flint-flones which, on account of the fingularity of their colours, arc thought much more valuable than agate, and of .which the people of Cairo make handles for knives, and fnulF-boxes. Four of the pyramids more particularly deferVe the at- tention of the curious; belldes thefe, there are fevcn pr eight others, but thele lad are not to be compared with th4 former, efpecially as they arc in a very ruinous condition. The four principal arc nearly upon the fariie diagonal Untf at about four hundred paces dillant from each other ; am} their four faces exaftly correfpond io tlie four cardinal points. The two moft northerly afe the largeil ; ahd Mn Greaves, .who meafured the bottom of the firft, found tliat it was cxafily fix hiindted and ninety-three Englifli feet fquare, and tl1.1t its perpendicular height is five hundred feet; but if it be taken as the pyiaiiiiJ afcends inclining^ then the height is equal to the breadth of the bafe. It ni.iy be proper here toobferve, that the fquare of Lin- cohi's-inn-iiclds is faid to have been formed by Inige Jones of tliclixe of this pyramid, which if placed in that ligiure, would on all fides reach to the houfes. 'I'his pyra,- mid is alccnded on the otitlide bv fteps, which run round the pyramid ; the number of them has, however, been very differently related ; but they are between two hundred ajid (even and two hundred and twelve in number, an4 from two feet and a half to four feet high, and are broad in proportion to their height. The external part of the pyramid is chiefly built of gre«t fquare ftones, cut from the rock which extends along the Nile, ivhere to this day may be feen the caves from wlience they were taken. The fiae of the ftones is unequal ; but they have all the figure of a^rifm, that they may lie per- fectly clofe. The acchiteft has only obferved the pyraiin- dical figure, without troubling himfcif about the regularity of the ileps ; and it appears that the ineijuality of the floncs, which differ four, five, and even ten inches, it the reafon why fo many travellers, who have counted diem, alv;ays differ with relpe£t to number. Thefe kindiof fttps were not dcfigned for afccnding and delbeiiding, and there- fore, regularity was iiii farther fought than was neccfiuy for the general lliape ot the pyramid and the fticility of the work. It appears that the external lays are Ibrely com- pared by the weight of tl>e ftones, witliout mortar, lead. Or cramps of any mrtal ; but in the body of the pyramid they have ufed a mortar compol'ed of lime, earth, and clay. At its four corners it is ealily perceived that the lower flones are placed on the rock, without any other founda- tion i but beyond them, quite to tlie middle of jcach fact, the wind has formed a fk>|ie of land, which on the north fide rifes £b high as to atFord a commodious afcent to the entraiice of the pyramid, which is about forty-eight feet in height. When you afo;-nd to tlie entrance, you difcliarge,ap(f- tol to frighten away the bats, and then two Arabs, Whom you are obliged to have for your attendants, eater and re- move the faiid, which almoll ftops up the paTage. You then-ftrip yourlclf to your Ihirt, onaccour.l of the excef- live heat conftanrly felt in the pyramid, and in (his con- dition enter the paflii^ie, each of the company having a wax candle in his hand ; for the torches are not lighted till you are in the chambers, foe fear of cauiing too much fmoke. This pafliige runs downwards ninety-two feet and a half, and is very fteeji ; but at the iarthercnd of it is an opening fo fmalV that it is barely a foot and a half liigh, and two feet in breadth; yet tlirough this hole you are obliged to pafs ; but the traveller, inftcad of creeping^ commonly lays himfelf down, and each of the two Arabs that went before take one of his legs, and tlius drkg him over tlie fand and duft tlirough the palfiige. After having pafled this Itrait, which is luckily no more than two ells long, you enter a pretty large place, where tiayellert' commonly take fome rcfrefhment to givethetn courage to proceed nrther. All thefe palfages, except the fourth, are three feet and ■ ii.-i!f Hjuaic, Biid iincd on the four fides by great 'blocks of white nmblc, fopulifhcd, that this, with Ute aodivity 9i CHK wav3 .hT 7f Oftbe way, would xeuder Qicnvarapiluplf:, wer«.,lt,ti!4tin>r 'jule holes cut fon^eding the leet kl. ItcoOs,gn:at trip- le to advance fotwaiJi si»f yon atAKC a tiUJe liep,. you i 'Ih will niJe baclcwiMKls ta tile plv:e. fr^iii wlt«uq: y«a Utout ; liut by obferviiig tUel'e bojfi you pp(;fi:le«t vi Tciigtlf: you tiieil qoWc to •.(«U;t\g,-fIac«,;,aii .tk« ri^Ht liaiiti ui' which is an opening into a l^Utd ot yvcUiW ^liwit iiotliitig it. to .b6feu)t4:t>«<.t)«t*:thut are upwud^o^f^foot The third paiEkge, li«sina at thi« rolling place ; it is a huii(Ued twf!iuy''four ic«t ii]| (cngtili •*'^ riuislioiyr zoiit«% ii^ a ilriight line to tlu int'sriojur clu«rob^r- Tlie Jieiglit of this gallery ii twenty '■iix %t, aM4 the br«>4tl> 6*, >vith benches on each f)de o4 p4l»ll^d,AoiK;. liefote H\p chamber ars Ibnie iWcs with wliKh thie .way u cooIm* latled ; but having furmo^nteJ tUi« liifficuliy, you cntar |i Lliomber which ii alfo covered wicli. Honey. Th>» chM*r Wr in lined with granite, finely uoi^h«d i,.h«t ft pffAliH extremely black, with tliefmokc of lit); X9>lii|W< uM iU «)>•- Minhiiitg m vai'iout farw. ' i After vilUiug tite lower di^mUer, yoii. t^uif'^ to Uif TciViiw-place^ aiul 4^cnd upwards by ^|id the top. I'he iSoor, fidca, and roofi are all formed . of ^ft blocki of 'gr«nite luarhle. There are butfiarang^^ .offtoue from tlM Uttlom to the top i and thofe which cover it air of a ilupendoos height, like fo many huge beams tying flat, and travelling the room, ninoof tliem forming the cicliiig. This hall is fomcthing more than thirty-four fcot in length i it is feveii- teen feet broad, and ninstceu (est and a half in height. On tlu left lide ii what is genoially fiippoHtd -to be .a coffin, farmed of one entire piece of granite marUe, aiid mncovcrcd at the top ; aitd oil being ftruck with a .key, foundsiike a bell, 'i'his is faid to bcthc toinbiof Cboopis, kn^of Egypt, whom Diodotu* calls Chemnis. Its form is like that of an alur, hollowed within, and. the (lone is fmootli and plain without auy relief, 'i'he exterior furfacc conbins fevcn feet three inches and an half in Ini'th, three feet, three iMoltcs, aiK).titi!(et|uarter»in dc^pth, and as infich in brcaUtli. '1 he l«*ilaW]|^(wilhiit iaiiitlc .lanre tlun fm feet long, and two-f«et bro«^l,: . i|t^^ commoii> for people to dilchargti a.pil^ol ill tbii room, t which makes a noil'c rclicuibliug thunder. Perfous go out by the fame way they'cntered ; aiul tlte tnivoUcr,h4» no fooiicr quitted the pyramid, than be, wrapt himfclf up wwm, oimI diinks a glals of fome fpitituoua It^uornto.pc^ctTs himfelffroin ia pluurify, occ^ifioncd by (he fuddun tiaulMon'fiOin aivc)[> trtniclY hut to a teai)>erata air. When the perfoii has regained hi^' natural heat; -lie aCceiidt the p\raiuid, in order to enjoy a del^itful prof- pe6l uf the furrounding country, 'i lie way to afccnd it IS by thenurtit'cail corner ; and when the Ueps arc high, ur are broken, thctperfoil mulVfcMvh: lt>r a «oi)v«tiient place wliere the -ftepf are entire, -«r,« higli l\«p is moul- dered, fo as to tociliiato tlie^alitcHt. 'i'he top doet not4nd in a |>oint, but in a hctlc-tiatTor i«)uaK, confiOdAigof nine Aoncs, bvfidct two at tl»e-ailgl^-« that arewantiug. ' Altun> dance of people, who have vUited the pyramid at different tiroes, and were willing to traitfmit to pofterity the meiao« rial of their being here, have iijfcribed their iMincsonithc top, in the cntraiicc«4nd>inittie <;liamber» of itr < It hat been alfirmed by feyeral -traveileit, that iTDRn who Aandt on (he top of thit p^'ramid, could not (boot m\ arrow Either tlian the bottom, but it mud iieeeiliirUyi.fall u|>on the Heps ; however, it it very certiin, that a good Ixiw :ind a ftroHg arm-wiU fisnd anarrow'lwyoud Utcm. 'i hero it as little juUice in ilie remaikt thai;ithcJ'ei|iyrRmids caft no (hadtfwi.: In-fmnmer-timc, i it iftitotry land.for near tlircv quaitcrt <>t a year, the pyoition- able to their bulk ; Mid 'i'liilcs, the Mik-tian, according to , I'liny and Lacrtiut, took the. huinlit of thcfepillan by their ihadows about two lliouland yeart ago. . I'bc fccond pyramid appears on aproaching it, even li^f xian, tlie ^t^, «|tj^^ l«'6wl%'^i)M ImigplaccdiiH araqie cletaiiBd iS|ta^iqni for iJiwy i^ w,<>liMr refpoa* botlt of the fankfizc) only the fecond it (ct^ell dofed) tiii^t theife it m'i t.lw leaA Hgii of Its ernr haviilg been opened ; and it is coated on the four lides with granite, Sa wsll ,io)M mt4 P^fb<)4i th^t the aii^eiMiitig It.MloliId fCfircf^ tour great pytamids are furroanded by dthert that art) ifoiallcr, 'Which are in aivery ruiiiout condition, and liaytfbecn for the inoft part opened. The>pyran)idii.of Soocotra, fo called from t mean til- iago *>i (itat name, are at near ten miles diftance from thole fa|)>ii|MiMioiMd. 'Thefe extend from north. to (buth, arid •re fitwatcdatlhcrfoot of themounuint, in a tilain that :(iKmt formidby nature, for the ufe to wiiich it is applied, j|niot:b*ing;ofgrBatMlent,iiies appear wrapped up in a linen Ihroud, u'lon which are faftened I'everal linen fcrolli painted with hirre has feldoiti lefs than a thoufand cUs of htletting. Thofe efpecially about the head and face are laid on with fuch furprifin ncatnefs, that there rflay be plainly perceived fCniethiu 'of the (hape of the eyes and mouth. The learned and ingenious Dr. Pococke brought a inummy lo England, which was in a coffin made of wood, the feams of which were filled up with linen and ■fine plafter. Four folds of cloth were over the head, and the upper one painted blue. Beneath thefe was a compo- tition about half an inch thick of gum and cloth burnt by die heat of the things applied to it, and over the fkin was 'a coat of gum, or bitumen, of the thicknefs of a wafer. The back part of the head was filled with bitumen, which had beer, poured in at the pofe, and had penetrated even into the bone of the Ikull The body was bound round with a bandage of linen tape about three quarters of an inch broad, under which were four folds of cloth, then a fwathe two inches broad, and under that eight difiercnt bandages oi the fame breadth laid aCrofs from the Ihoulders to the hips on the other fide : under this was a cruft of linen about an inch thick, burnt almoft to afhei, but (licking together by means of the gums with which it liad been fmcarcd. The arms were laid acrofs the breaft, the riglit hand over tlie left, and both lying towards the face. From the hips to the feet, were eight bandages twelve inches broad, and under thefe were bandages an inch thick confumed by time, and the heat of the drugs ; but the outer bandages did not appear to have been fmeared with gums. The coffin in which the body was put was formed of two pieces of wood hollowed fo as to receive it, ».id being put together were fallened with broad pegs in the top fixed in holes in the Icwer part. Thii coffin was in the fhape of an human Itody, as bound up after its bcingembalmcd; and both the coffin and body wrapped up in linen, were painted and covered with a thin plailer. One of the catacombs is appropriated for the birds and other animnls worlhipped by the antient Egyptians ; for when they happened to hi\d them dead they embalmed them, and wrapp-.-d them up with the fame care as the hu- Hnn bodies, i he citacomb is about thirty feet deep, and lias the fame kind of entrance, only the palTagc from it is about eight feet wide, and ahiioft filled with land. It is alfo niurh more inagniliccnt than the others. The birds are dcpofited nicarlln.nvafei,coveredovet andRoppcd dole with mortar. In one of the irregular apartments are largo j:irs that mii^ht Iw for bigi^cr animals. In fhort, the birds were embalmed by dipping them in gums and aro- matic drugs, and bound up, like the human bodies, with many folds of linen. We ihaU conclude this feAion with a defcri,)tion ofthat famxus building called the Labyrinth, at a place called the town of Caiouii, near the city of Memphis, which is laid to have been much moie I'urprifmg than the pyramids. It was built according to Herodotus, by the twelve kings of Egypt, when the government was divided into twelve . parts, as fo many places tor them to meet in, and, tranfafl thcatfairsof llatc and nligion. 'I'his was fo extraordinary a building, that Otvd.ilus the famous Athenian artificer, came to Egypt on purpolc lo Ice it, and formed the laby- ' rinth in Crete for king Minos on the model of this. The lame hiflorian thus dcli;ril)cs it : " This labyrinth has twelve lalooiis or covered courts. With gates oppolite to each other, fix tow. ids thelouth, and lix towards the north in continued lines. 'I'hcy are i'urroundcd by the fame out- Ward wall. '1 lie apartincnts are on two floors, the one under ground, and the other over them, and are three thou- f'and in all, eacli floor conliftin^ of one thoul'and five liundicd. Tliofe abuve ground 1 niylelf have feen and gone through, fo that 1 tjicak from my own knowledge; but tliofc beneath the lepulclircs of the kings, and of the facred crncodilcs, the rulers of the Egyptians were by no means willing to exhibit. The upper apartments are greater than any other human works ; for the outlets at the top, and the various windings through the faloons, give mc infinite furprize, as 1 palled from a faloon into •tpartmciits, mid from apartinciits into bed-chambers, and into otlu-r rooms out ol the bed chambers, and from apart- ments into faloons. The roof of the whole is Hone as well a; the walls. The latter arc adorned with fculptnre : «ach lalooii has a prrilfvie of white i\oncs admirably joined togellier. (J^nle dole to the line where the bhyrinth terminates, is a pyramid of two hundred and forty het, on whirh !i»'g'.' animals are tngravcn, ar.d the entrance m'u u is under-ground." Little, however, is now to lie fee', of 'tliefe boallrd pieces of art, but heaps of ruins, broken co- No, 3S. luitins, fhatterefl t^lls, iind entablatures. Among the reflV it the foundation of an 6blong fquare bujlding formed of a reddilh ftone or marble. Some femicircular pilaflen are placed upon it, and the retilaini of the edifice above arc of brick pliilcred over. It is the opinion of Diodorus Siculut, and feverai ot'her antient hiftorians, that this ftruQure was abfolutely a (^^ putchre'in which lAahy of the Egyptiail kings, partici^ltrlf thofe who are fuppofed to have landed it, were interred ; and this opinion appears the ihore probable, as thofe monarchs prided themfelves in being depolited, in pyn> mids and other magnificent ftruAutes, after their deaths. Hiftorians mentioh, that aiKiong the bodies of deceafe4 men, which had been preferved through many ages, and were afluafly entire in the time of Augvdus, was that 6f Alexander the Ureat. 1 hey farther tell us, that Auguftut, when in Egypt, had the curiofity to vifit the tomb of thaib mighty conqueror, and faw therein the body ii a Ihnne of flats iubftituted in the room of one of gold, which had tea taken away by Selcucui. S E C T. VI. TriaUng oftbi ruinijiitt tt hifiin 'of fivtral chits of Egypl't fiinuui in antient timts ; particularly Bufirii, HilitptliSf jinlintpclls ifivtral'rtmarkaitt anlifuititt ; a mtrt parti- cular acctuni tf thi miraeuloui ftrpint htridy; flfi a dtfcrip- titn tfthi ruins t/Ttniyra, and Tbtbit, dfc. with itbir d- tits anJplacii tf Upper iind Ltviir Egypt. SOME of the ruins of the cities and tempfcs oF Egypt, like thofe of Palmyra and Balbec, raife our ideas of their antient magnificence anci gi>nd«ur; while other* only fhew thf places where the moft fplehdid cities', ice, onse flood ; the vail length pf time fince they were built having levelled theni witli the dull, and only left a few fcattered monuments of the moil fuperb {ItuAUres as tef- timonials of the truth of hiftory, and as fpecimens of the architeAure of the early ages tefore it was improved, and carried to perfe£iion by the Greeks; Thofe of Hie lafl kind, and which ate moil imperFed, ihalltiike the firlt place here. The village of Baalbait, a litUe to the liorthward of Cairo, is fituated on one of tliofe artificial eminences orl which probably flood Bufiris, a city celebrated for its tem- ple dedicated to Ifis : here are the reitiains of ik templei whofc materials are the moft coftly of any in Egypt. Tho temple appears, from thefe ruins, to have been aoout two hundred feet long and one hundred broad, and, at about one hundred feet diftaiwe, It is encompailed by a mound railed to keep out the Nile. The outfide of this ftrufture was of grey granite, and the infides and coliimns of red, the capitals being the head of Ifis : there fcem to have b'en four rows of twelve columns each in the temple. But what mofl commands the attention and admiration of tbe curious, is, theexquilite beauty of the fculpture ; for though the figures are only about four feet high, there is fomething fo fine, and fo divine in the mien of the deities and priefts^ that exceeds imagination. But the columns are frequently cut into mill flones by the natives, who aie conflantly em* ployed in deftroying tliefe fragments of antiquity. To the nortl) eail of Cairo are the fmall remains of He- liopolis, or the City of tlie Sun, fituated on the borders, of the Delta, which is the Or of the Icriptures, and is noW called matarfa. It was a city of great antiquity, and h' mous for the worihip of the fun. They alio worihippcd a bull, which was kept here under the name of Mncvls. A large mound cncompalTes the wholes the ancient fcite being about a mile long, and half a mile broad. Here ate the remains of a temple, fcveral fphynxes, and an olieliik near l<:veiity feet high. The pricfts of Hcliopolis were the mofl famous of all Egypt for the iludy of phitbfophy and allronomy ; and were the firfl that computed tinie by years, of three hundred and fixty-five days. They had here a fort of college confiiling of a grcrt number of rooms. Herodotus came to this place to be infliu£led in the Egyp- tiatt le.->rningi and Strabo, when here, was Ihewn the apart- nients of Plato and Eudoxus. Near this city was a famous ubl'eivatory, which received its name from Rudotus, who was agrcataflronomer, and ftudied th.it icliiice here for many years. There is gieat reafoii to think that the ter* ritory about Hcliopolis is the land of Golhen, called alfo Kameles in fctipture; cfpecially as the children of Ifrael Weill by Rameies the tirit ftation, on their departure from Egypt, the country beintr near Memphis, where it is pro* bsdile Pharaoh rclidcd at that time. jD W, $«i The new and UNIVERSAt SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. i-*h- We teMi in htftory, tint Sefoftris eicAed, in Heliopolii, Iwo obctidts of extreme hard fione, brosght from tbe <{«MTin of Sycfte, it tJw extremity of bgypt, which were etch cMie hundncd and eighty tl-et high, and of one piece of granite. I'licy were cut with a dcfign to ac<|uaiiit pof- tcrity with the extent of his power, and the number ot na- tions he had conquered. Aiguftus cau*cd one of tlicle tibclKks to be tranlported to Koine, and placed in the Cam- pas Martins. He durft not veiiture upon a fecond, wlitch >«ras near the palace of tfcliopolit, atid of a prodigious (izc, made in tbe rrigit of king Kamefet, who it it laid em- ployed twenty thoufand men in cutting it. This obciilk matt be confidered as one of tlic moft valuable monuments which tww remain of Egyptian antiquity. It was re- TpeAed even by Cambyfes, at the time when that furious prince put all to fire and fword in Egypt, and who neither ipcrcd temples, nor tlioTe fiipcrb monuments, whole ruins are dill the admiration of travellers. This prince, after having made himfelf maOer of Heliocolis, gave up the whole town to the flames i but when he faw tlte fire ap- proaching to this obelifk, he ordered it immediately to be extinguilhed. It was afterwards brought to Rome by Conftans, the fon of Conftantine, and placed in the Cir- cus, with immenfe labour and expence. It was afterwards thrown down, but recilablifhed by the care of pope Sixtus V. The village of Matare is fituated at a fmall diftance to the fouth Ofthe above city. It is faid the holy family lay for fome time concealed here when they -ame into Egypt , and they add, that being in dangei from fome bad people, a tree opened, and became hollow to receive and (lieltcr them. More to the eaft are the remains of an oblong fquarc edifice of white hewn ftone plaftcred over, with a kind of bafe and plainth ranging round. Near it is a kind of ruftic building that fcems to have been agate. At length appear the remains of the grand ftru£lure itfelf, which is now called the caftle of Caroon. It had a portico of ruflic work, which is now no where above fix feet high, and die front is more ruinous than any other part. On the other fides are forty tiers of ftone, each nine inches deep, and confequently it is there thirty-three fi:et high ; it has figns of a cornice ranging round with ornaments of fculpture. There are four rooms in the length of this building, with tlie doors crowned with double cornices, and over each a kind of &lfe door ornamented in the fame manner; on the fides of the walls are feveral niches, and many ftones are fcattered about the plain, of fome of which the Ihafts of the columns appear to have been compofed. The ruins of the city of Antinopolis lie a little farther to the fouth, where antiently was a town called Bafa ; An- tinous, who accompanied Hadrian into Egypt, being drowned there, that cmpersr built this city, and named it Antinopolis, in allufion to his favourite, to whom he in(\i- tuted games and divine honours. It was about four miles in circumference, and on the part where it flood is now a town called Enfineh. Some remains of this antient city are flill to be feen, particularly a beautiful gate, of which tlie front is almoll entire ; and behind it are four pillars, together with as many columns and their capitals,the fronts being fiutcd. Beyond this gate is an avenue with one hun- dred and thirty pilaflers on each fide, but they are all in a very bad condition. At the end of this avenue flands the column of Alexander Severus, the Roman emperor -, the fiifls, which is built of five pieces of flone, is thirty-two feet long, and has a proportionable diameter. The firfl Siece and the capital is ornamented with foliage ; the pe- eflal is fquarc, twelve feet high, and five broad. On one iide of it IS a Greek infcription, but the ereatcft part of it is fo defaced as to be entirely unintelligible. Near this pedeftal is another, on which alfo 'are the remains of a Greek infcription. About one hundred yards from this laft is a triumphal arch almoft entire. The fronts are forty-eight feet wide, and the fides twenty-four in length. It has three gates, the two outermofl of which are feveii feet wide, and t\venty high : and the centre one, which is the largeft, is fixtccn feet wide, and thirty feet high. Op- pofite each of the four fides of this triumphal arch was a colonadc, or range of pillars of red granite, of which no- thing remain but fome broken pillars. In this part of Egypt alio flood Cynopolii, or. The City of Dogs, in which Aiuibis was worfhipped; and dogs were held in great cfleem, a certain food being allotted to them. It is laid the rife of this was owing to Aaubis, a companion of Ofiris, who wore the dog's-fkin for armo<;r, as ari emblem of his course ; at .\1accdon, his other com- panion, wore the fkin of^a woif. on which account it is coiijc£tuicd Uicfc auiaidU caiuc to be worlhippcd, n Several otlier cities alfo ornamented tliii rait of the Egyptian country, called, Heptanomis, or Aliddit ligyi'tj namely, i. Acanthus, wliere was a tcniulc of Ollris, and a wood of Thebaic Acantha, that pioducoj gums, from which, it is pioluble, the citv might have received its name. 2. Heraclcopolis, or tde city of Heirulcs, in an illand made by acanaJ running from the Nik*, j. Nico- polis, which flood in tlic lower pait of this illunJ, to the north. 4. Arfmoe, on a branch of the Nile, which rau into the lake Moeris, about fifty miles ibutli-weft of Mem- phis, and twelve miles and a half fruui the lake. It waa fird called the city of Crocodiles, bccaufe the inh.ibiunt* worUiippcd that animal. It is coiijcilurcd that tlin cky was about four miles in circumference, and had a canal oil every iide. Some of its ruins arc flill to Ix: teen iiea.- the province now called Fayoum. y Oxyryiichiis, fo called from a fifh of that name worlhippcd all o\cr I'-gyp', but principally in this place, where a temple was ciuiicd to that deity. 6. Hermopolis, or the tcm|ije of Mercury, now the village of Archo-Muuutain. This city was litualcd about two miles from the river, and was irregular in its form, being about a mile long, and half a mile broad. Here is ftill to be feen the grand portico of an antient temple, contifling of t\velvc pillars, fix in a row, and nine feet in diameter. About three miles fouth-wed of thelc ruins was the antient caftlc of Heimopolis, where they took cuf\om for ail commodities brought from the city of Thebes. 7. On the call fide of the river ftood Anucro- polis, or the city of Anchors ; fo called from a neighbour- ing quarry, out of which were cut ftone anchors. 8. A- phroditopolis, or the city of Venus, the inhabitants of which paid particular adoration to a white cow. 9. Co- recfura, fituated on the wellcrn fide ofthe Nile. 10. New Babylon, fuppofed to have ftood on Mount Jehuli, at the fouth end oi^ Old Cairo, where many ruins are llili to be feen. To the foutli of Hermopolis i* a mountain called Shcbat el KofTeri, in the fide of which are fome remarkable an-, tiquities. After afcending the mountain for about two hours, you arrive at a gate which leads into a great liiloon, fupport'cd by hexagonal pillars cut out of the folid rock. I'he walls are adorned with paintings, which arc flill plainly to be diftinguilhed, and the gold that was cmploved glitters on all fides. There are openings leading to other apartment! ; but thofe are filled up with rubhifh. There is another apartment above, to which you may arrive, though with great difficulty, by climbing up on the outfide. It is fmaller than tlie firft, and has no pillars, but is painted like the other. On each fide ofthe fecond grotto is a tomb ofthe fame ftone with the mountain, with which they both form a continued body. One is open, and the otherclolicd, but almoft buried in the fand. This upper cavern had alio a communication with other apartments ; but tiicfc arc alfo clofcd up, like fome of the others. (iawa Kiebra is a little farther to the fouth: here ftill remains a beautiful portico of a temple, containing eigh- teen pillars in three rows : tiiefe have a lingular kind of capital, and thcii Ihafts are enriched with hieroglyphics, executed in a mafleriy manner. This temple appears to have been extremely magnificent, not only from the gran- deur of the portico, but from the vaft ftones which formed the walls, one of which was found to be twenty-one feet long, eight broad, and four deep ; and another tliirty feet long, and five broad. At fome diftancc behind the portico is a ftone Ihaped like the top of an obelilk, whith is adorned with hieroglyphics, and has on one fide of it a niche as if for a ftatue. There is at fome diftance to the fouth the grotto of the famous fcrpcnt called Hercdy, where is the tomb of a pretended I'urkiih faint, adorned with a cupola railed above the mountain. The Arabs affirm, that this faint, who was named Heredy, dying in this place, was buried here ; and tliat, by a particular favour of the Almighty, he was transformed into a ferjicnt that never dies, but heals difeal'es, and beftows favours on all who implore hit aid. Of this ferpent both Ur. Pocockc and Mr. Nordcn have given a very particular account, and pcrfcflly agree in the particulars they relate of it ; and thcrclbre we fljall give an account of it here, as this can hardly fail of liting accept- able to the curious reader, who will doubtlefs be inclined to entertain 3 very mean opinion of the prople who could be deceived by this pious fraud ; but abfurd as it is, it u not more fo than the vulgar belief among the ancient Ro- mans, attefted by very creditable authors, of /Ll'culapius entering into a ferpent, and under that form iieing brought to Rome and curing a peitilcncc in iiiat city. It fccmi tliii miraculous li^rpent pays j^reat rcfpcA to piuticuLr ■\k:^Li\.^i , ,-4jJi\ [A F R I C A.1 B a T. 383 particular pcrfons, im) is more propitioui to tbe.great lords than to the poor: for if a govnior be attacked by aiiv dif- order, the ferpeiit has the complaifaiice to fuffer himfelf to be carried to his hoiife ; but a pcrfon of the common rank mutt not only make a vow to recompenfe him for his trouble, but fend « fpotlcls virgin on tlic important em- balfy : for the fair alone can have any influence on him ; and if her virtue (hould be the leaft iulticd, he would be inexorable. On her entering into his prefence, (he makes liim a compliment, and, with the nioU humble fubmiflion intrcats him to fuffer himlclf to be carried to the perfon who wants his aUiftaiicc. The fcrpcnt, wlw can rcfufe nothing to female virtue, begins at hrft with movirig its tail : the virgin redoubles licr intrcatics, and at length the reptile fpritigs up to her neck, places itt'clf ii\ her bofom, and there remains tjuiet, while It is carried in llate in the midft of loud acclamations, to the houfe of the perfoa who difpatchcd the ambaffadrefs. No fooner is it brought into the room, than the patient Ix-cins to find himfclf relieved. Yet this mii-aculous phy- fician does not withdraw ; for he is very willing to remain fomc hours with the patient, if during the whole time they take caie to regale his priclts, who never leave him. All this is performed to admiration, provided no Chrif- tian or other unbeliever comes in, wliofe prefence, it is pretended, would intircly mar the plot j for this fagacious lerpcnt, on perceiving him, would immediately dilappcar. The priefts would fcarch for hiin in vain, and it would be impoiriblc to find him : for were he carried to the other fide of the Nile, he would return invifibly to his dwelling in the tomb. The Arabs even boldly aflert, that were he cut in pieces, the parts would inftantly join again ; and that nothing can put a period to bis life, being dcftined to be immorial. 'I he Chrittians, who ought to claim a degree of wifdom fuperior to the Arabs, have even the folly to believe that this pretended faint is the devil himfelf, whom God has fit-rinittcd to miflcad thefe blind and ignorant people ; and III this lx;licf they are confirmed by a tradition, tluit to tins place the angel Raphael banilhcd the devil Afmodi, whom in Tobit viii. 3. lie is faid to fend into Egypt. On which an author of credit makes the following rctteflion : " I am nerfuaded," fays he, " tliat both the Arabs and thefe Chriftians offend againit the rules of rcafon. Before we confidcr a tiling as miraculous or fuperftitious, it is iicceffary to examine whether the fa& itfelf be true ; whe- ther the circumttances are fuch as arc pretended, and whe- ther no fraud is ufed. I agree that the ferpcnt is there, but it cannot be immortal 1 he undoubtedly dies like other fcrpcnts, and the prictts who draw a profit from him fub- ftitutc another of the fame kind in his room. Were they indeed to cut the ferpent in nieces, and were tlie parts fecn to join again, it might be auecmed a proof of its immor- tality J but they can never be brought to this ; and when the emir of Akmim ordered them to make this trial in his piL-lcnce, the prielh excufcd themfclves from the ex- periment. " h there any thing caficr than to mike a tame ferpent obey certain figns ? The virginity of the ainbalfadrefs it fccurcd by her being fo young as to be free from fufpi- cion ; and fcrpcnts arc known to be attraAcd by certain rxloiirs and herbs, with which the girl may be rubbed ; at leaft Ihe is adorned witli chaplets and garlands of (lowers, in which they take care not to forget luch as are agreeable to the fcrpcnt. In Ihort, if it be alked how it is pollible tint it Ihould dil'a^ipcar from tlie fight of fo many people, 1 aiifwcr, that it is lufBcicat to conceive that thefe prielts are excellent jugglers, and there will be nodi(ficulty in ima- gining them capable of conveying away the ferpent in the ptclciice of a great number of fpcftators, without the moft attentive and qulck-fighted being able to perceive it : who- ever has fecn the tricks daily played by tlie mountebanks in the great fquarc before the caftlc ot Cairo, muft have been ttruck with feats much more remarkable tliaii tliis." If to .ill this l)c added the account travellers give us of the dancing-fci pcnts, and ether particulars relating to thole reptiles, in Indollan, every thing myl^crious in the affair will vanilh, and the whole mud appear to be an arrant unjiotturc. Wc Ihall now p-occcd to give a defctiption of the an- tienl fl.ate of Up[)ci Egvpt, or Thebais, and alio an ac- count of the ruins and teiuaining antiquities in that part of the eoufitry. The city of Tentyra was fituatcd dill (arther up the Nile, the inhabitants o*' which p.iid extraordinary adora- tion: !o Ver.u:: r.nd 'ii^, to c.Ku of mhoni iiicy built a temple. Fioui the many heaps of ruiiu fceu here, tltc 5 qitjr appeart to have ^ctJof great extent, «nd to bavf been much frequented fince it wit in itt ancient friejidor." People feem to have lived ev«u in the temples, and foveral houles have been built of unburnt brick on. the top of tlie. great temple, which it two hundred feet long, ana f^rty- rive broad. The principal remaint of the ancient build- ings are near each other ; thefe are two gates and four temples. 1 he grand temple already mentioned appears to be that of Ifis, and feemi entire, only the apartments which ap- pear to have been built at the top are deftroyed, and fix or ieveu of the rooms which have been formed below are, tilled up, There is an afccnt to the top by ten fiights of (teps; The pillars are adortied with large capitals of the hcid of Ifis, each caj^ital having four (aces, one oii each, (ide, and over them are compartments in balFo relievo, fittcly exectued, and in a noble tafte. At the end of tlic grand room are four flories of hieroglyphics in fcven com- partments, each of which has two or tlxrec human figures, but forae of thenl are defaced. There are likewifc four (lories of hieroglyphics on the outfide, and it is uotimpro* bable that be(orc the ground was laifcd there were fivfe batik within and without. On the outfide of the foutk end are five coloflal figures, and two more beautiful than the r ft (land at each corner. Round the top of tlic edifica are feveral fpouts, with an-ornament over them reprefenting the head and (honldert cf the fphynx before -mentlor.wd. The ruins of the ancient city of Thebes, being the mod confiderable in Egypt, and generally known by the luine of The antiquities of Camack and Luxericn, two village* fituated among tbofe ruiiit of antiquity, we fiull now give our readers a particular defcription of them. The city of Thebes extended on both fides the river, and according to iiig lower than lis feet, and covering his whole liiulv. On each fide of the entiance are four men rut in the 'lom above the na- tural fi/e, with the heads of luwks and otlicr animals, of different fptcits. To the fonthward of thefe mountain! are two very ex- tcnfive apartments: to oneof ihein is a difciiit often fteps to a I'pacious area cut in the rock, which Ic.ids to a room fupported by fquare pillars, alfo cut out of the folid rock ; and bc)ond it is along room fupported bv pillars on each fide. All the apartments are adoinrd with hieroglvphics; but they are in inni'- places black and fcalcd, as if damaged hy fire. Beyon.l thefe rooms are ap.irtMicnts, to wliicli there is a dcicmt of fcveral ftrps to the right , and one part Icids to a gallery cut round the rock, which has apartments on one fide, and in tluni aie holes cut pcqiendicularly down to other apartments below, where thcie are doors and openings, and probably as inn.iy rooms as above. One would imagine, fays Dr. Pocockc, that thefe were the habitations of the living, and thtt they were cut under thofe of the kings of Thelies, if they were not theinfelvcs palaces, to whicli thofe princes retired to avoid the heat, when it was moll intenic. Other apartments are cut in a fmall hill near the ap- pearance of a grand entrance nnder the mountains : the way to which is through a valley, ihut lecnls to have been divided by walls or mounds into lour parts ; one of them is dug much deeper th.iri the rel), and was piobably a re- fervoir of the water of the Nile, nnj the otjicrj cvt.jti.J to- wards fome remains of old building'!. « T« (AFklCA.] f. ■^i [cry fx- :«'ftcp« room Id rock ; loM eacli Ivpliics ; ]ikiiugcd which bni: part Irtincnts licularly [c Joors above, iCic the It undi-T |intclvcs ic heat, Ithe ap- ins : the |vc been >t' tlicut ly « re- It'-'lld to- To the weft is* room tiiat liat k well-turnni arch, ind •ppeari to liave been ufed as a Chriftian church ; for khe hieroglyphics, which are in fmall columni, and ex- hentely wcllciit, have been covered with plaftsr, on which b painted Chrift encompaiTed with a glory. To the fouth-eaft are the ruini of « larte temple, and ° a diftance from it the ruini of a pTramicnl gate, and of a very large coIolTal ftatue, bi-oke off about the middle of the trunk. It is twenty-one feet broad at the Ihouldersi from tlie top of the head to the bottom of the n«ck U eleven fiet ( and tlie car is three feet long. Two rows of fijuarepillars, are in the firft court of the kempic ; on each lide ot^ which is a ftatue, but their heada eve broke oft'. Each of thefc ftatues has the lituut in one hand, and the tlagellum or whip in the other, as il com- monly fecn in the ftatues of Ofirls. In tlte fecoitd court are the remains of two coloiU ftatues fitting i they are of black granite, and tlie head of one of them, which lie* on the ground, is three feet five inches in length. Many pillars belonging to the temple are ftill (landing, and many others are deftroyed. Two forts of pillan are obfervcd in this edifice, one more beautiful than the otiier. Their thickneft and folidity give them at i diftance a noble appearance, and on approaching them the eye is eiltertained wiih the hieroglyphics ; and when you are near them their colours have a hue eff°e£l. This fort of paintiilg has neither Ihade nor degradation. The figures are encrttftcd with it like painting in enamel ; and it is faid to furfaf* in ftrength every thing feen of the kind, it being • ptrior in beauty to the al-frefco and Mofaic work, with : ad- vantage of being more durable. It is furprifing to fee, how the gold, ultra marine, and other colour* have pre- ferved their laftre to the prefcnt time, Befides the antiquities already mentioned at a confider- able diftance from the temple, are what is called the co- lofliil ftatues of Memnon, which front tlie Nile. The firft appears to reprefent a man fitting, and the other a wo- man in the fame pofture t and they are both fifty feet high from the bafes of the pedcftals to the top of their heads. They are feated upon ftones fifteen feet in height, and as many in breadth ; but the back part of each ftone is bigher than the fore part by a foot and a half, and they arc placed on plain pedeftals five ieet high. The ftatue to the north has been broken off at the middle, and has been built up with five tier of ftones ; but the other is of one fingle uone : the feet have the toes broken off, and the fea- tures are mouldered away by time. The fides of their feats arc covered with hieroglyphics ; on the pedeftal of the fta- tue, which has been broken, is a Greek epigram i and on their intleps und legs are feveral Greek and Latin infcrip- tions, fome of them epigrams in honour of Memnon ; but moft of them are teftimonies of tliofe who have heard his found ; for one of them has been thought the fiunous flatue of Memnon, which at the firft and fecond hour, it it pretended, uttered a found, occafioned by the rays of the fun ftriking upon it, like the breaking of the firmg of a harp, when it was wound up. Not far from thefe ftatues are the ri'ins of feveral others, particularly one of yellow granite almoft entire, and from the top of the head to the thigh, wu twelve feet in kngth. Near two miles from Carnack is a fmall village called Loxuritn, built on a part of the antient Thebes, on the eaft end of the river, adjoining to this village, arethe lemains of a large and magnificent temple, which was alfo a part of the ancient Thebes, and is called by Diodorus the fepul- chrt! of Ofymandns : it is fitt ated on the eaft fide of the river, to the ibuth of the antiquities iuft defcribed. On approaching it you come to 'two obeliucs, which are pro- *rvbly the fineft in the world ; they are at prefent fixty feet bifcli, and niiclit be feventy or eighty, according as tlie fjioiind has rifcn, which is certainly a great d«il: they are even feet and a half fquare, and at bottom might be eight fcet. The hieroglyphics extend in three cotumnsdown each fide, and are cut with a flat bottom an inch and a half deep, and thegranitrhaspeffeaiy retained iu polifti, which it at tine a« can be imagined. On the top of each fide a per- son fits on a throne, and another offers him fomething on bis knees. Thcfe figuresare likewil'e below. Lowerdown are three hawks, then three bulls, and at the diftance of about every foot is an owl. There are alfo monkies, heads •f camel'!, hares, dogs, ferpents, birds, inie&s, and other creaturvs. 1'here is at a fmall diftance from the above, apyramidal gate, two hundred feet long, and at prefent fifty 'tour above the ground. On each fide of the entrance is a coloflat (la> lue, whiah rites thirteen feet and a half above the futfacc ^o. 38. o/the.eaMi, thoagh the dioalUert tire onTr diite fisM ii&k a half above the ground. In the front it the pyramMd. gate are windows and fcalpMiv, niliticularly a j^rton feiiM on a throne, holding out biie Biiiiii in Whick he haia fceptre ot aftaff, attd is furrduhded by othen in pcfture* of adoration. On the other fi tlier nte rtow in ruins, and beyond thit another couit, which had a large and beautiful Altar in the middle, and the hiftory of the king -wu Cut all round ort tlitt walls. The pillars in this court are forty feet hijgh ) but the work in the capitals, inftead of being in relief; is oMly cut out in lines. The walla of the rdonu ate adorned with fculp^ tare, among which a deity it repreieikted carried by eign- teen men in a kind of boat preceded and followed by a pdr- fon holding a particular ehfign. Here are alfo a perfotk fitting, and another kneeling to him, with inftrumentt of mufic, a man leadiiig foUr butlt with a ftring, and men kneeling who have in their hands the heads of liawka. Befides thofe abovementioned, the following citiei, fitn- ated on this fide of the NiM, were contained in Ait part of Egyoti lumely, i . Lycopolis, or The City of Wblrti, /: fo called from the inhabiuntt of it Jtaying in eatradWlinary refpeft to that animal. 2. Hypfek. about a mile to tlie weft of the N ile. 3. ftoleraais, faid by Ptolemy to be die largeft df them all. It had a government eftabtidted after the Greek maimer, fo that it was probably rebuilt tinder the Ptolemies, and had iu nante from them. 4. Abydusi originally &mous for having in it the otagnificertt palace of Memnon, In Strabo's time it vr«a every folall place, aivi' is now a village called £1 Berbl, or the Temple, c. LMi Diofpolit, or the City of Jupiter. 6. HemMnthis, acitf in which Apollo and Jupiter were worihipped, and thV capiul of a province of that nanie. It wi* between tbie«, and four miles round, and fituated in the tnidft of a lone, plain. The rains of thetempllt of Apollo are ftiU U> M ; feen } but fo imperfeft at hdt to convey any idei bf thii' ' form or magniiicente of that ftruAnre. Here ate twd walls of fi-ee-ftone, which are nine feet afunder ; the height of thefe walls is fifteen feet, and the lengtli thirty-fix. On the top of one of them are the remains of a ctthtice, be> low which there it a globe, fdpported by two fifll ijke lam* ' preys. 7. Aphroditopolii, that is The City of Venas. « 8. Latopolis, in which was tlie temple of PalUt, whera ■' both tlut deity and the filh latus were worftupped. TMl principal part of the temple is ftill ftanding, tod is thu* defcribed by Dr. Pococke ; " The capiuls of the pillar* are fomewhat like the Corinthian -, within the temple am three ftories of hieroglyphics of men about thret foet higlu and atone e(td the loweft figures are as big as life, one ot which Itas the head of an ibis;" 9. Ciocoditopolis, Or the City of Crocodiles, fo called, according to Sttibo, froni that animal being the particular objeA worihipped by the inhabitants. 10. ApoUinopolis, where was antieotly a magnificent temple, fome remains of which are ftill ex- tant ; but the interior parts cannot be entered, they being quite filled up with earth and rubbifh. Its front, in breadth, was one hundred and eighteen feet ; tlic fides one hnndred and fixty-nine feet long, and its height feventy feet. I'heiv is now a fmall village called Utfu on tlw ruiris of the city. 1 1 . The city of Elephantine ftood on an ifland of the fame lume. The iftand is about a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad to the fouth, ending in a point at the north. There was a temple atCnuphis on this idand, and a nilo- meter to meafure the rife of the Nile. Here are dill the re* mains of a temple, before which is a ftatue, fitting wittt the haitds acrofs on tlie breaft, and a lituus in caah hand : the ftatue is about eight feet highi 12. The city of Philc ftood about twelve miles front Elephantine, in ait ifland of the fame name, not above half a mile long, and a quarter broad. I'he ifland w^ii deemed facred, from an opinion that Ofiris wu buried there ; and the ruins of a magnificent tempk are ftill to bs ii:en. It was called a Temple of the Hawk, from the in- habitants worfliipping that bird, the figure of which ii cut among the hieroglyphics in feveral parts. It was built with free-ftone, and fituated on the weft fide of the ifland. The outer court of the temple was of confiderable length, and on each fide of it are ftill remaining a row of pillars, ornamented with a variety of capitals. On the outfide of the inner court are large coloffal figures, and within tn fevtra! besutiful piiisn; ornanrentcd with capitals wrought in baflb relievo. The foutli part of the entrance is ter • 5E juiiutei • .; • |8» Tat NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOv'>RAPHY. iakutoi hj > will, u wbkk an two obdUki rvrcd on ««rr tiandwm* pokRaU i «nd on each fid« of the entnuice Mae eaft ii an obriilk of re<< gnuitte. The apiMnuicc of the eountcf (boot thii iihnd it very rtittantic ; the eaft Tnleof it ii ail lOck; an4 on the weft the hilb are cither fandv, or of black rocki. The rocki of granite crofi the Nile ; and in tbiee different places, at Gxne diftanoe from one another, divide the ftream into three parti, ni«king three falli at racb of tlicni. Here are fevcral large cantaAi, the mofl coiifiderable of which ap- pear* to betliat dcfcribed by Strabo, who fayt, " It it a rocky height in the middle of tlw river i tt>c upper part of it it fmooth, fo as tlic water can run on.it, but cndi in a prtdpice down which the water falh." Going down from the illand of Vhilc, and on the call fide of the Nile,fland« Syene, built on very high rocks, oppolite the fduth end of Elephantine. Its ruiiii arc ftill to DC feen on the height over Afronan, exaAly under the tropic of Cancer. Pliny mentioni this place, and parti- cularly the antient forts here, at being fitiiated in a penin- fuh ; and it it conjeftiired hy modem travellers, that the granite pillars in that neighMurhood are the remains of lome antient temple. Strabo tells ui, that here wat a gar- rifon of three Roman cohorts. The fame hiftorian alfo defcribct an obfervaiory here, built over a fiunoui well, for making aftronomical obferrations. The granite auarries are to the fonth-call of the ruint of Seyne ; all the country, the iflands, and fome parts of the bed of the Nile, being red granite, which is ttie (lone mentioned by Herodotus. The quarries arc not woriied in deep, but the (lone it hewn out of the (ides of the low hills. Dr. Pococke fayt, " they feem to have worked in round the (lone with a narrow tool, and when the ftones were alraoft feparatnd, there is reafon to think they forced them out of tlieir beds with large wedges, of which there are evident (igns in all parts of the quarries." The city of Ombos flood farther to the fouth of Seyne; it it now a village, called Oom-Onibo, where a great heap of ruins are (lill to be feen of an old temple. On fomeof the |Mllars, which are a few feet above the ground, are HUny beautiful hieroglyphics ; but the chief parts of the building are fo buriedin the earth, that no judement can be formed either of the Ihapecr magnilicence of ihe build - tweentlie PeluGan and Canopic branches ; tlie latter of thefe was once the metronolis of Lower Egypt, »tid inp- pofbd by fome to be the Sin of the fcriptiiret. Ilrre was a famous temple dedicated to Minerva, and near it wis ttie afylum ofOfirii, where he was fuppol'ed to have been bu- ried ; for, according to the Kryptiaii mythology, Ifn dr- pofited feveral coffins in different places, that his body raisbtnot be difcovered by Typhon. Tlie cities of Cabala and Brutus flood to the north of Sais, the latter of which wat famous for luving in it the temples of Diana, Apollo, and Latona, 1 here are many other ciliet, befides the above-rani- tioned, in this part of Delta ; but we know nothing njore than tlieir names, which have been handed down tu us by the aniienu, there not bciug the leaft trace of any of them now remaining. I'lic following remarkable cities once flood on the eaft- fidc of the Delta, where Egypt was bounded by Arabia Petma and Paleftine ; itameTy, i. Barl>artus, on the raoft eaflem part of the Nile, wliere was a niagnificent temple de- dicated to Diana, whom the Egyptians called Bubadus. 9. Onias, (ituated higrber on the nver, and which had it* name from a Hebrew pricft, who had obtained it of a king of Egypt, and built a temple there in oppodtion to thatoT Jeru! ' gypt, and built a temple there in oppodt lOilem. According to Jofephui, Onus w ing in its original flate. Not the leaft remains are at this time ' o be feen of tl»e city of Elethya, or Lucina, famous for a temple facred to tbatgoddefs. ' The laft city we have to mention in this divilion of the country, is Cnuphis, fo called, according to Strabo, from afgod of that name which the inhabitants worlhipped. Lower Egypt forms a kind of illand, and in Ihape re- fembles a triangle, or A, from whence it received the name of Delta, the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet. It extended from Heptanouris to the Mediteranean lea, and conuined not only that part which is encompaded by the arms of the Nile, but alio Marcotis and Alexandria, witli its dependencies to the wefl ( and to the call, Caliotit and Augttftamnica, with fome other territorie* towards Arabia. This divifion begins where the Nile it feparated into two large canals, through which it empties itlelf into the Mediteranean. The eaflem mouth is called the Pelufian, and the weflern the Canopic, from two cities in their neighbourhood, formerly Pelulium and Canoput, called now Damietta and Rofetta j but there arc five fmaller branches between thefe two large ones. Several confiderable places were formerly near the lake Maxeotii, but there are no velliget of them now to be fisen. The famous city of Alexandria (which we have already defcribed) flood between the lake and the Canopic branch of the Nile : tlie Ptolomies made it the place of their re- lidence, and 'htr capiulofall Egypt, after the deatli of Alexander it. founder. Several other cities were at a fmall diflance from Alex- andria, pertioilarly Nicopoiit, Eleufit, and Canoput. The latter of theic wa* (ituat^ near the fea-(ide, about thirteen miles from Alexandria. It is (aid to have been built by the Spartans on their return from tlie Trojan war, and to have taken its name from Canoput, the pilot of Mcnelaus, who wat buried there. In the centre of this city flood the temple of Serapis, befidei which I'evcral obeliflts were in different paru of it, but not the leafl part of them is novf remaining. Several other cities antiently flood between the fea and the canal that runt from Alexandria to Canoput, at alfo to the foutli and weft of the laft mentioned place. The cities of Mitelit, Naucratit, and bait, wcic likcwife be- , . was influenced to build this temple, by a great fiiith lie had conftantly phKed in a prophecy of Eliaias, who, fix hundred years oefbre, had foretold that a temple (hould be built in Egypt by a Jew, to the honour of the moil high God. Mount Caliut ftood at a fmall diflaiKe, from thele cities ; and Itere, according to Ptolomy, was a town of the fame name. Strabo fays, it had a magnificent temple de- dicated to Jupiter Caliiit ; but what raidered it moft re- markable, wat, that it contained the fepulchre of Pompey, who was buried in thit fandy hill, which runs (into the fea, and faemt to be the place now called by mariiien, Tenerc. Near this place Pompey was treachcroully mur- dered by the command of Ptolomy. He was buried by Cordus, a Roman foldier -, and a fuperb monuitKiit was afterwards erefied to hit memory, which was repaired and beautified by tlie emperor Adrian. The lake Sirbonis, which feparates Egypt from Syria, ■ it a little to the eafl of mount Cafius. The antient Egyp- iftM called it the place of Typhon's exit i and the poett feign, that Tvphon lay under it ; for in thofe times it was fuppofed to be a place of great fecurity. It was then twenty-five miles long, but narrow, and inclofed by hills of fand on eaah Me. Several other cities formerly flood near the lake Sirbo- nis and the Red fea, but there are not any remains of them now to be feen. We (hall therefore conclude this account of tlie antient flate and antiquities of Egypt, by oblerving, from Diodorut Siculus, it originally contained eighteen thoufand cities, the chief of which was Thebes ; Memphis fucceedtd lo Thebet, and at laft Alexandria to Memphit ; as Cairo has (ince done to Alexandria ; in which city there were four thourict i K [AFRICA.]. B O biftoriet i which eouM not poffibly htn been the caf«, hid the world been fit old u they foggeft -, for it cannot be conceived how meil could live uiy time in « regular fo- cieiy without thefe arti. That thii country was early planted U very evident ; but the hiftory uf ilt antient iUte it fo inveloped In ob- Tcurity, or dlfguirrd by (abtei, that it cannot in the leaft be depended on. We cannot with ccruinty afflrm, at fonie have ventured to do, that Meneii, or Mirraim, the fon of Ham, and grandfon of Noah, who reigned in the year of the world 1816, and 2188 years before Chrift, wai the tbunder of the Egyptian monarchy, liecaufe it ii very difficult to Oiew who were the firft plantert of almoft any nation in the unirerfe : it ii fiifficient that it appears, t..at thi . id fevcral of the neighbouring nation! were planted foon after the dil'perlion of the people at the building of the tower of Babel. But lit is obfervahle, that alt wrltcii, ■ntient and modem, republican, at well as the advocates for monarchy, agree, that the fifCk plantations or fcttle- mentt were made and conduced by fome great captain or fcvereign who had the fu|irenie command of hit followers by virtue of hit birthright, and that a republican form of noveinment wat not known in the firft ages of the world. But to return froni this digreflion. Cham, the fon of Noah, is generally held to be the fame with Jupiter Amnion ; and Mifraim, his giand-foii, the fame with Ofirit, the 7ie.-it deity of tlie Kgyptiant, and from him, it it faid, de- fended that race of monarcht, who had tlie general de- nomination of Phaiaoht'i but from whom or how the word Pharaoh came t" be the ftylc of their kings, I find no farisfaQory reafon given. 1'herc are reckoned about iirty princes of the line of thefe I'haraoht, aiiti they reigned, as it it faid, in an un- interrupted fuccctfion to the year of the world J43;, when Pharaoh Pfamniiicus, the fccond monarch of^that name, wat conquered by Cambyfet II. king of Perfia, who united Egypt to that emtirc, under which it remained till the reign of Dariut, oeing upwards of one hundred years, when it revolted from that crown, and became an inde- pendent kingdom again, A. M. 3600, (Amvrteus being their firil kiiie after tliat revolt), in which Mate it coii> tinued about fifty years, when Ochus, king of Perila, re- covered the dominion of it again ; and it reimincd fubjcA to the Perlian inoiiarchs till Alex:inder the Great defeated Dariut, when it fell under the power 0': that prince, with tlie reA of the provinces of the Perfian empire. After the death of Alexander, A. M. 3641, Ptolomy, the fon of Lagus, or, as others inlinuate, the fon of Philip of Macedon, and confetjuenily half-brother of Alexander, found meant to feat himfetf In the throne of Ei;vpt, and render it an independent kingdom once again, wliole fuaeeflTori, the kings of Egypt, ever after retained the name of Ptolomies ; in which time it continued be- tween two and three hundred years, the laft fovereigii be- in^ the famous Cleopatra, wife and filler to Ptolomy Dionyliu), tlte lad kin^r, and miitrefs to Julias Ca>far and Mark Antony fuccelbvely. 'i'bis wm about tlie year of tlie world 302 c. Ptolomy Fhiladclphus, Ton of ths firfl Ptolomy, col- kAed the Alexandrian library, faid to conlift of feven hundred ihoufajid volumes ; and the fame prince caufed the I'criptures tc> be tranllated into (ircek, but whether by fcvciitytwo interpreters, and in the manner as is com- monly related, is juftly queftioned. The Ptolomies fomctimes extended their dominion over a great part of Syria, and were frequently at war with the kings of Syria, ilt which they met with various fuccefs. After the death of Cleopatra, this kingdom fell under the power of the Romans, and was ufually governed by • gentleman of Rome, it being thought too hazardous to Irui) fn confiderable a command with a fcnator. When i( was niaUc a pruviuce of tlie empire, it was looked upon a* tlic emperor's peculiar, and afterwards made an entire diLcefc of itfelf, fubordinaic to the PrcfeAus Pnctorio Orientis j arid while it was under the dominion of the Konians, the nation in general embraced Chriftianity. Egypt remained a Roman province till the reign of He> FicKus, the emperor of Conftantiiiople, when the people, b'ing difgutted with their governoi s, called in Omar the thiiJcaliph of the Saracens, and fubmittcd themfelves to the M.iliuiiietan power, being about the year of our Lord 640. But I'urcly the adininiftration of the Greek emperors n.iift be very grievous, winch could induce a Chriftian nation to mit rity of Mamalukcs out of their own body, who were fo jealous of the kingdom's being made hereditary, that they fcarr? •«"•■ c'-fled the fon of the preceding fultan; and if *'ie choice ever happened to fall upon fuch aone, they were fo apprehenfive o'' its being made an ill precedent, that 'bey never refled till they depofed him. Since the Ottoman emperors have had the dominion of thi I kingdom, they have always governed it by a viceroy, fti'.ed the baiha of Grand Cairo . out as Egypt is fubdivided into feveral inferior govcmmenis, thefe governors we per- ceive are not fent from Conflantinople, or appointed b^ the viceroy, but are natives of Egypt, and feein to bO vefted with fovereign power in their refpeQive diftriftt, and to have the command of the militia of the feveral provinces; and are many of them of the race of the Ma- malnkes. It is true, the viceroy has a confiderable bodf of fpahisandjanif&riesabout Cairo to keep them in awet and everv one of thefe petty princes, it is faid, is obliged to mount the viceroy*! guard in his tuni, with a body of the national troops. There is a perpetual jealoufy between the Turkish bafba and thefe Egyptian royalef ; fometime* ths balha will takt upon him to depofe one ot then*, and perhaps take hii head ; and there are inftances on the other hand, where they have depofed tlie bafha, and compelled the porte to fend them another more acceptable to ttiem : and the Grand Signor has tiiought fit to humour them in it, rather than hazard the revolt of fo rich a province, which is now efleemed tlte granary of Conffamtinople, as it wat antiently of Rome ; tor this is a foil fo fertilized by the Nile, thu it is not in the power of the Turks, it feems, to render it Lsrren. But one great reafon of its continuing to be ma- nured is, that they are yet governed bv their own ptincei^ and have an inheritance in their lands, whidt are privi- leges very few of the fubjeAs of Turkey enioy befides : neither cuh of tiM Mticut hlftory of ih* EgyfliuM^ till tbty bectine fubjcA to tha Tarki, it ma* b« nacciiu v oen W fubjoin the imft mnarktbic paitknnn «• luv« mmi M» to coUcA, rclttiv* to their uitient govtromcnt uul Uwi. The Ecyptiam wete the 6rft peopk, who rightly un* dcrftood the rvk* of govtriMacnt. A nation f« nave and ferioM, immediately perceived, that the triM end of poll- ticki, ii to make libeaTy, aftd a people happy. The kingdom wa* keredltarr ; but aeeonnng to Dlodo* rvt, the Egyptain prince* eoMoAad tbtmMvca in a S/h' rent manner from what it vfoally fcen iti other monar- chiei, where (ha pfinca acknewledn* no other rule ol hit aAioni, bat hit arbitnry will and p>cafure«. But here kinpi were onder freaier reftraintfrom the law** than thatr fubjeflt. They Md fome particular onca digeAed by a Ibriner monarch that compofed 'part of tCoft booki, which the Egyptian! call (kcrfd. Tnut every thing being icttled by anuent coflom, thcr never fouglit to live in a different way from thair ancedon. No flave, or foreigntr. was admitted into the' immediate Arvlcc of tile prince i fuv-f i « poft waa too important to be intnifled to any perfofu, esc^ tboft who were the moft diftingnifhed by their birth, and had received tlie moft ex- cellent edoeation ; to tlie end, that ai tliey had the liberty of apprtMcbing the king** ptrfon, day and night, be might, from men lb qualified, hear nothing which was unbecom- ing the royal majcfty, or have any wntimantt inflilltd into lum, but luch a* frcrc of a noble and geoeroa* kind. For, add* Diodonu, it it very rarely £ten, that kinp flv out into any vicioui exccf*, uttlef* thofit who approach them approve their incguiatitie*, or Un» m in&ruoiant* to their paffioni. The king* of Fgvpt freely pcmitted, not only the qxur lity and sroportion ot their eatable* and liquid* to be pre- fcribed toem (athingcuftomary ia Egy^ the inhabitant* of which were all fober, and whofe air infmicd frugality) . but even that all their houia, and alnon every aAion fhouid be under the tqpilation of the law*. In the morning at mr-break, when the head i* cleanft, and the rhought* Icafi perplcied, ther read the frveral letter* th'.-y received, to form a more intt and diftinA idea ,«f the af ain which vieie to eoooe under their confideration that d»> . At ibon u they were drafid, they went to the dailv fae^'^ performed in the ivmfjie, where, furmunded with theirwhole court, andthcvifli mtul ac e dbcfow the altar,tlicy aiSftcd at the praver pronoiino(a aloud by the big|k-priet. in which ho aflced of the ipd*, health and all otter blcff- ing* for the king, becaulc ho governed hi* people arith Olemeticy and jotaice, and made the law* of hi* kingdom the rule and ftandacd of hi* aAion*. The kigh-prieft «aia«Bd into a long detail of his vittnea s obfcrvkig that he ivai re|i|ioa* to the godt, alUiIe to men, moderate, jail, aiauianimou*, fincere, an enemy to bUhoodt liberal, ' mntar ot hi* palSan* i pttiuflung crime* with the utmoft lenity, but honndlcf* in rewarding merit He next fpoke of the fault* which king* might be gmlty of; but foppoied atihe Ikme time, that twry never committed any, except by fur- prixe or ignorance j and loaded with imprecation* fuch of their miniflcr* a* gave them iU council, and fopprefled or difguiled the trath- Such were their method* m convey- ing inftruAion to their king*. It wa* thought that re- proachei wouM only four their temper*, and that the moft edeAual method to inTpiie them with virtue, would be to Dointout to them their duty in praife* confbrmal^le to the fcniie of the law*, and pronounced in aibiean manner be- fore the god*. After toe prayer* and facrifice* were ended, the couiKili and aAion* of great men uwre read to the king out of the &cred book*, in order tiktt be midit go- vern bit dominion* according to their maxim*, andmain- tain the law* which had made hi* prcdeeiflbn and their fubwA* fo happy. We b»ve already obferved, that the quantity, a* well at quality, cf both catafalet aivi liquid*, were prWcribed by tne law*, to the kiiig ; kit table wa* covered with nothing but the moft common meat* > becaoie catii^, iu Egypt, pre* dc£gned not to tickle the palate, but to btiUy the ' cravingi of natnte. One wooM have concluded (ohferve* the biftwivn) that thdc mbt had been laid down by foma able phyiicitm, who wa* attcniivc oiU* to iIm health of the prince, rather than the legidaiam. The IJHBa fimplicity prevailed in all other thing* ; and we read in Plntarch, of a temple in Thehet, whi« had one of it* ^^re infcribed with imprecation* ^gmft that king who &ft inKodaccd prafufion and luxury into Ein**- The priosipal duty of kii^, and their aoft eflantial t AinAiea, li^idminiAtringiaMialiailMrrlMjtAi. Ad> •oidingly the king* of Kgyat cuUvuM OMtv immcdialelf thli duty, convinced thet tMre«pon depended not only IM •afe and comfort of Itie fcvtral individual*, but tlie kiippi« nefi of the ftaM, which would be an herd of lobbett, : unet than a kingdom, fheuld the weak bo unproiaAcd. and dM powerful enabled, by their rich** and iiilliienee, to temmit crime* with impunity. Thirty judg^* were telcAcd out of theprincip** .itiei, to forma body, or aflbmblv for judg- ing the whole kingdom. The prince, in filling tbeA vacancie*, chole fuch ak were moft renowned for ihei> honefly ; and put at their liead him that wa* moft diftin* guiflitd for hit knowledge and love of the lawt, and waa held in the moft univcrul efteem. By hit bounty they had rcvcnuM afligiicd to them, to the end that, bcim freed flrom domeftic care*, they might devote their whole limo to the execution of the lawt. I'bu* honourably fubfifting by the gcnirofitv of the prince, they adminiftered jaflico gratuiioufly to the people, who liave a natural right to it i among whom it ought to have a free circulation, and, in fome Isnie. amorig th« poor more than the rich, beciuia the laiier find a (apport within thcmCelve* ; whereat tho verv condition of tiie luruMr ni^^akt them to more injurioif and ihercfuir calli touder for the proteAion of the lawt. To ^ird Bgaiiift furprixe, aftiurt were tranfaAed bf writing in (he aOcmhliet of thele jodgt*. That (pecic* of eloquence (a ftlfe kind) wm dreaded, which diaale* tb« mind, and move* the paftiont. Truth could not becx- prtftiid with too madi plainnefi, u it wa* to have the only rway in judgment*, bocaufe in that alone the rich and poor, thej^werfal and weak, the learned and the igtwrant. wero to find relief and fecuritv. The prefident of thit fenaia wore a collar of gold, let with praciout Aonea, at which hung a fgure tcwefentcd blind, thi* being tilled the em- bicm of truth, when tiia ptandent put the collar on, it wai uiiderftood at a ^nal to enur upon bofirtfi. Ho touched the party with it who wu to gain hi* caufe t and thit WM the form of paiiog Icntcnce. With refpeA to the Uwt of the Egyptian*, the aMft ex« cellent dicumftance in them wu, that every individual, from hi* infimcy, wat nurtured in the ftriA obictvanae and without doing any in- juiy to (Ik pcrfonal liberty of its inliabitanii, or ruining their families, purlVsd the debtor with incclbiit fears of infamy from hit diibonefty. No man wat petniitted to borrow money without pawning to the creditor the body of tA P R I C A.J' E O hit fiihw, which tYcry F.dfp««H tmbttimd with %rt*t cii«, tnd kopt ravcrcntiilly in hit houle, (nd thereTor* liiight he riCily moved from on« plica to inollicr. But it wii wjually impioUi and inrimoui not to todcem foon lo {irccioui 1 (.Icdga i and h« who di«d without hivii)g dil- char^cd hii duty, «•• deprived of the cuftomiiy honouri paid to the dead. Polygamy wai allowed in Egypt, eacept to priefti, who could marry but one woman. Whatever wti the con- dition of the woman, whether (he waa free or a lltve, her chililren were deemed free and le^ilimiie. One euftom that was pradtifed in Egypt, ftieweJ the pro-, found dirlmtfi into which fuch nation*, as were moft cele- brated for their wifdom, have been plungrd ; and thii was the marriage of brothcrt with fifteri, winch wai not only I authorized by the lawi, but aven, in (bine maafure, wai a part of their religion, from the example and priAice of fuch of their gods as had been the mod antiently and univtrfally adored in Egypt I th.'it is, Ofirii and Ifis. A very great rel'pcA was there paid lo old age. The young were obliged to rile up for the old, and on every occalion to rellgn to them the moft honoutable feat. 'I'hc Spartans borrowed this law from the Kgyptiant. The virtue in the highcll eftecin among the Egypiians Wii grititude. I'he glory which has been given tuem of being the moft grateful of ill men, (hewi that they weic the heft formed of any nation fur focial life. Bencfiti arc the hiiuli of concord, both public and private. He who acknowledges favours loves to do good to others ; and in hanilhint; ingratitude, the pleafure of dning good remains fo pure and engaging, thit it is impoflible for a man to be inlcniihie of it. Uut no kind of gratitude gave the Egyp- tians a more plcaling falisfaiSinn, than that which wecn in Egypt ; and, after him, to the oUier Greeks, to invent the tiaion of Charon's boat. As Cuon as a man was dead, he was brought to his trial. The public acculcr was heard. If he proved the dcccafed ]ud led a bad life, his memory was condemned, and lie was deprived ot burial 'I'he people were afteAed with law«, which extended even beyond the grave} and every one, Druck with the dilgracc that was intliAcd on the dead pcrfon, was afraid to rctlefl dilhonour on his own mcniury, and that of his family. But if tlic dcceafed pcr- No. 39. T. ih (an was (UJnviAed of any crim*, k» wai inttrrcd In i dilhuiKiurable nwniier. There was a (till more aftonilhtng circumftaitca in Uiii public iiu|uefton the dead) natiMly, that the throne itfeljf was no proteAioii from it. Kings were fpared during their lives, bccaufe tha public peace was concerned in this for- liearance 1 but tlicir quality did not txcinpt them from the judgment palled upon the dead ) and even fume of them were deprived of Icpulturet This cuftom was imitated by the ifraelitei. We fct in fcripture, that bad kings were not interred in the monuments of their more rorthy inceftors. This praAicofuggcUed to prinCei, thatiftUcir dignity placed them out of the reach of man's judgment, while they were idive, they would at lad b* liable to '(, when death (hould reduce them to a level with their fub' jefts. Wlien a favourable judgment wai pronounced on a de> ccafed perfon, the neat thing was to proceed to the cere- nlonies of interment. Inthii |>anegyric no mention wu made of his birth, becaufe every Egyptian wai deemed noble. No pr:tifei were conlidcred as juft or true, bul fuch as related to the peifoiial merit of tiie deceatcd. Ho was applauded Ibr having received an excellent education in his younger years , and, in his more advanced age, for having cultivatcvl piety tuw^: 's the go'ti, juflice toward* men, gentlcnefs, modcfty, moder.ition, aiM all other vir- tues which colli! itutc the good man, Then all the people Ihouted, and bellowed the higheft eulogiumi on the de- ceafed, as one who would be received for ever, into the fociety of the virtuous in tlie kinzdom of Pluto. We lliall now proceed to give lome account of tlie mil!.> tary men, artificers, arts and fclencei, hufljandmcii, &c. of the antient F'.gypti.ins. Among thcanticiit inlulrunts of Egypt, the profelTion of arms was in great repute. After the flcerdotalfamilici, the moft illuftrious, as witi. thi: I'oJy at well as the mind. This ait, Joft by our floth, was well known to the anticiits, .iiid efpecially the Egyp< tians. I'oot, hoife, and chariot races, were performed in Egypt with wonderful agility, and the world couJd not Ihcw bettei* horfemeii than the Egyptians. I'he fcripturet in fcveral places, fpeaks advantagcoufly of their olvalry. Military laws were cafily preferved in Egypt, becaufe font received them from their fathers ( tlie profeftion of war, .IS all others, being tranfmittcd from father to fon. Thoft who tied in. battle, or difcovcrcd any (igns of cow- ardice, were only diftinguilhed by fome particular mar'iC of ignominy, it being thought more advifcable to reftraiil them b^ motives of honour, than by the tcrrora of punifli* ment. But notwithftanding this, we will not pretend to fay that the Egyptians were a warlike people. It is of little advantage to have regular and well paid troopi ; to have armies exercifed in peace, and employed only in mock fights ; it is war alone, and real combats, which form the foldier. Egypt loved peace, becaufe it loved iufiice, and maintained Toldicrt only for its fccurity. Ita inhabitants, content with a country which abounded in all things, had no ambitious dreams of conqueft. The Egyptians ex- tended their reputation in a very different manner, by fending colonies into all parts of the world, and with them laws and politenefs. They triumphed by the wifdom of their counfels. and the fupcriority of thcit knowledge, and this empire of the mind appeared more noble and glorious to thein, than that which is atdiieved by arms and conuuctf. The Egyptians had an inventive genius, and turned if < F i!t i }9« THt NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYbTEMor GEOORAniY. W) mnftuM* ^icCaUlKtfM. Th«ir Mcicurin KM EgnM witn worulfrfui invtniiniit, tiid left it almoft ifnnrtni of tiolhinf which could aecnniplilh the mind, or prucurc rtio ■nd hlppiiirfi. I'lie dilcnvtren of *ny aftful in«ciitioit nceivM,hoth living and d<«d, rrwiriU njuil to their |irofi- nbk lahoiiri. It it ihit tlul conlwratcd ihc hnoki nt their two Mrrttuin, ind ftiiiTipn) tticm with • divine nuilinrity. The flrtt lihr»riet were in F.fVpt i ind llie titkt tliry liorr, Infpired the reader with »i\ eager defire to enter them, ii>id dive into the fecreii they contained. Thev ire called the Ofllce forttie Diftifet of the Soul ; and tnat very juniy, hecaufe the foul wai (here cured of ignorance, the itioft dangeroui, and the jiarent of all other matadieii. Ai their cmititry waa level, and the air of It alwayt ftrme, and unchnided, ihey were fome of lb« firft who obferved the coiirf'et of the plancti. Tlwfe ohfervationa led (hctn to regalatr the year from the courfc of the fun . for, at Uiodd'ua ohfervea, iheir year from the moft r«- /notc antiquity, wia compofed of j^c dayi, and fix hourt. I'o adjuft the property of their landi, which wer.! every year covered by the overHowing of the Nile, they were obligcfi to have rrrnurl'e to furveya ^ and ..M fruit taught 'them gtomctrT. They were great obfervera of nature, %hich in a climate fo ferenc, and under fo intenfe a fun, ivaa vigoroua and fruitful. By this Oudy and application, ihey invented, or im- proved, the Icience of phyfick. Tlie fwk weie not aban- doned to (lie arbitrarv will and caprice of the pliyftcian .- Ik waa ohiierd to follow fixed ruiei, which were the nb- fervalioni of old and experienced pra^itionera, and written in the facrcd hooka, while thel'e rulet were oblcrved, The phyfician wu not anfwerable for the fuccei'i ; other- wile a lYiilcarriagecott him hit life. I'liia law checked in- tjeed the temerity of cmperica ; but then it might prevrnt new difeoveriei, and keep the art from attaining to iia jull pcrfeftion. Every phyfician, ifHerodotua laj be credi- ted, confined hia praAire to the cure of one dilcxfc only i one waa for tlie eyca, another for the teeth, and Co on. What we have faid of the pyramids, the labyrinth, and that Inhnite number of ohelitks, templea, and palaces, ^pvhofe prccioiia reiiuina dill flrikc with admiration, and in which were difplayed the magnificence of the princes who raifed them, the Ikili of the workmen, the nches of the ornameiita difFufcd over every part of them, and the juft proportion and beautiful fyinmetry of llie partt in which tlieir greateP oeaiity confided ; worka in many of which the livelitieN of the colours remain to ihia day, in rpite of the rude hand of time, which commonly de.idrna or dcftrovs them : all this, we fay, (hewa the petfeOion to which aichiteOurc, painting, fculpture, and all other arta had arrived in Egypt. The Egyptians entertained but a mean opinion of that fort of exe'rcife, which did not contribute to invigorate the body, or improve health ; nor of rnufk, which they eonfidei'ed as a ufelcfs and dangcroua diverlion, and only fit to enervate the mind. Hufbandmen, fhephcrda and artificera, formed the three chiles of lower life in Kgvpt, but were nevertlielefa had in vrrv great eHeem, particularly hulbandmen and Ihepheids, 'J he body politic reijuires a luperiority and fubordination of its (evcral members i foraa in the natural body, the rye may be laid to hold the firft rank -, yet ita luftte docs not «Jart contempt upon the feet, the hands, or even on lliol'e parts which are Icfs honourable. In like manner, amnn^ the Egyptians, thcpricfls, foldiera, and fcholara weredil- guilheJ by particular honoura t but alt prefcffions to the raeaneft, had their (hare in public efleem, bccauie the de- Ipifing any man, whofc laboura, however mean, were ule- ful to the ilatc, was thought a crime. A better reafon than the foregoing might have infpitcd them at firft, with thefe fentimenta of equity and mode- ration, which they fo long prefervcd. Aa they pII defcended from Cham, tlwir common fiitlier, the memory of their origin occurring frelh to the minda of all in thofe firft »ges, eft.iblilhed among them a kmd of equality, and flamped, in their opinion, a nobility on everv perfon de- rived from the common ftock. Indeed, the dinerenee of conditions, and the comempt with which perfons of th« loweft rank arc treated, arc owing merely to the dtftancc from the common root ; which makes us forget, that the mcancft plebeian, when his defcent is traced back to the fource, ia equally noble with thofe of the moft elevated rank and titles. Be that aa it will, no profclTion in Egypt was confi- dercd as groveling or fordid. By thit means, arts wen Tailed to the higheft pcrfcftion. The honour which che- riflicU tlicm, mixed wjUi every thought and caie iui tlieir I Imprnvontent, Eftry rtud ha4 hta an, v af life aAgncI him by the lawa, and it waa perpttuatad ftuira father tn liia<> two piiir«fliotis«i nil* lime, ir a chaiM sf that wliidi * man waa b«rn tn, wcr* nevae allowcj. Hy tttia iiM-ana« mm htrkint more ahie and ea|i«rt in «iiu>luyinciiii, wiuck ih«y hud alwaya evtrciUd fitim their inhu'cv ; and every man aildirig hii own experience to that of tils attetlWat was itime rapahle nf aitamiiiK perleAion in his (lartlcuUr art. Rdidea, thia wlinlcfixsie inliimiinn, wlnth kad b«caa rftabliilMd antiantiy tlir««Klmul i"^^,)!, •atinguillwd all irre)(ulai »iiil>iiinn i and taught every man on palm-leaveas next on the inlide of the bark of tiees, tmrn uliencc tlie word liher, or Imok, is derived : after that, upon tablet co- vered over with wax, an which the charattera were im- pretled with an inflrunirnt called Stylus, Iharp pointed' at one end tn write with, and flat at the other to etface what h.id lirrn written i which nve occafion tu lh« following tkprrdion of Horace : *' Ofttutn yosif flile, if vou deftr* to vtrite thnga that will bear a fecond reading)" which in- timates that a good performance ta not be eapeAed wittiout many currcflions. At laft the ufeof paper waa introduced; and this v^M made of the bark ol papyrua, divided into thin Hakea, 9r leaves, which wereveiy proper for writing i apd thia p(- pvrus was Ijkcwile called biblua. I'linycalis it a wotiderful invention i fo ufcful to life, that it prelersca the rocrnnry of great a4)ion«, and immortali/ea thofe wito atchicved them. Varro afcribes thta invention to Atenaiider iba (ircat, when he built Alex.indria 1 but he had only thaV. merit of making p; per more coniaion ; for the invention waa ot much greater antiquity. The fame Fliny adda, that Knmenco, kins; of Pcrgamus, fuliftituted parcliintiu inllead of paper, in emulatioii of Ptolemy king of Egvpl, whofe library he waa ambitious to excel by hia mventinn, which carried the advantage over paper It waa called per- ramenum from Pergamua, whofe kinga had tlie lionour df the invention. All the anticiu maiiufcripls arc cither upoia parchment or vellum, and a great deal finer than the com- mon parrlinient. 'i he planr papyrua waa likewifc ul'iil ; ir lails, t cklinn, cloalhs, covers n, iVc. Kinum, tlax, is a plant wli'ile kirk, full of fiKres and ftrin^s, is ufetnl in niakini; fini linen llir iiu-ihod t4 making thi« Imen in Egypt was M-uiulcirnl. at carrirsi to fuch perii'Oion, that the threads wliich were ci' iwi> out ot' them were -Howed to be tnormall for the obli-Tationof ilw Iharpe ft eyt I'rieft* wd not only llic prieKa, kxit all pn liana of diliinjlion, arote linen cloaths. This Hax formed a confiderablr brartch ot the Egyptian tr.tdr, and great qu!>n> titica of It were exported into foreign aiuntries ■ a great number of hands, ilpccially wunieii, were cmplnved in Mw making of it Another kind of tlax was called BylTus : this waa ex- ceeding fine aiM fmall. and often rccrived a pnrplr dye. It wn< ■ cry dear, and none but ikIi and v.^althy pcrfona could aflford to wear it. Plinv, wf.o i;ives the firil place to the albefton or albeftinutn ('he rumbufliblc tiax), places the bylTua intlie next rank, and f.k<, ihatitlcivrd a-i an ornament to the ladies. It a^rarerries fcrved iliein in former i.mes for bread. There \\ anotlirr Lotus iii Africa, which gave its name to the l-ctofihagi, or Lotr- eitcrs becaufc they livcfl upon ilte f'uit of this trte, which had fo delicious a ladc, if IU>fnrr may lie credited, that it made the caters of it fnr;;rt all ttx hverts of their iiativvcoutttry, as Uhll fmmd tu hit «ott, in Itii icttirii iioju Troy. ■^ ':.t nni •4 n\ to >ur ot' t ilw and loiM iiicd • quaii- RfcH ill fin ex- it rCoiw ICC to l>lacc« an Icrip- m in us 111 ,otr- trtr. Jittd, ilicir (turn I. [A P t I C A.] WQiUtni I aiid niii^i, ti s o fv ilian patft «id frtlitt WMt Plidv oM«rv«), Imv* ftiActd ftiigly for ilw iMmtTihmcnt of th* inlubiunu i fiich «u Ihalr •ictllcnt quality, and fo Rrtil lUeir pirnty. And, tildcrd, working hkii lived llicit almofl upon nothing «irt, •I ippeari from lliofi who were employrd in building ibe ^ymmidi. HelidM iheic tunU ri«)Mt, lli« N)U« from lu Hlh, and the feincfi it gave billir loilhw iht (iMding of cattle, fur^ hilheil the tablet o< the l.KvptUnt with tba dmA eiquifiM id the niuU fuMuleiit lleAt. Thie it iilh of every kind, and •«• whicli nude the Ifraelitct To deeply regn Egypt, whf II Ihey found tlwnilclve* in the dwary dcferf, lv«t whicli nude the Ifraelitct (o deeply regret the lolt of Egypt, whrii (hey found thenilclvet in •■Who," fay they, in a plaintive, and at tlic lam« time, fediliou* tone, " Ikall giwc ut Xeth lu eat I we remember the tilh, which we did eat in Kgypi freely i the cucumber* •lid melonl, and tlie leeki, and the oiiioni, and the gar- lick : we IM by the delh-pott, and we did cat bread to lb* full." But ih« great and matehUli wealth of Kgypt arofe from iticoni, which, even ill an alinoU univerlal lamiiie, en- ■bl«d it lofupport all tba nrit'.hb vclted in a hatha, twenty • four bcvk, and fcvcu corps of different troopt, without the coiilent of whom the ba(ha cannot aA. He hcgint hit viecroylhip with the month of Scutember, which it the iirft in the Cofrtic calendar : and the (Jrand hignor fcndi Lu order every ycir towardi tliat time, by virtue of which be ittillicr ciinltniicd in hiipofi, or dil'miircd from it. Hit refuleiicc i> in tlie oiftlc of Cairo ; and he holdt a di- van, or privy council, ttiiec tidiei a week, ^iz- Sandayt, I'ucldayi, ai'id Thuri'dayi ; at which the bey« and ajas, or head of the abovemciitioited troopt, always aflill and give tlicir attendance. The number of bey. thouj-h fixed at twonty-fowr, it never complete : the hatha, who hat a right to appoint them, turni thr lal.iry of thole who are wanting, tohis own account. 'I'liin faiary is five hundred ai'pcri, or about fificcn ihilliiigs per day ; and in cafe they have lome cam- paigns for thcgocMlof the country, it is double that fuin riie dignity ot bey it purcluled, and thirty psrfe' gc- | nerally the price paid for it. The cafe isneaily tha fame with the militw. or land- forcn, wlio are I'eldoni found to exceed li< ' thrir proper nuniliur , unlv with thii difTcrcnce, that iIk ultk.* s appro- priate to their own ulc the payof thofc °,i.ii a", wanting, though not without makin;; fomc fu.taMc aKknowledg- roenttothe hatha lor conniving at the deteiency of the troap« ordered to he provided. 'I he janiiraries mid Aralis arc the v vo onlycorpt of troopt which I'erve on foot ; tlie rctk !><■ n^ horfei»iei<, »nd are called junialit,tulckgis,lherakl'a<. iiicttefaracit, and ihaoui, The janiflaries are luppol'ed to form a body of twelve thou- fand, the Aral)s one of ci^ht tlioufand, and the horfe twenty tlioufand ; lb that the whole number Ihould be forty tlioufand i but they fcldoni amount to above half the number for the icaton before aiTigned. Tlie foot foldicri form the garrifon in the caftle and city of Cairo, the met- tcfiracai, hold the other cat\les, fuch at Alexandria, Ro- fctia, he. Thcjumdis, tutckgii, and flierakfas.arc diftri- buteil all over the kingdom, to fevve tlie !)eyt and governers of pro^intei ; and the Ihaous are appointed to keep a watchful eve over the Cirand Signor't chargeable rcvenuel. Thit country i* divided into a number of provinces, called callieriis. The i;<)vernors of them are called calheft ; and thote who poflefs villages, mellezeni. Thefc are obliged to oIkv tliL commands of the divan and baiha at Cairo. F^ach meltczen, or owuir of a village, muft either hxe told or given hi* right to another forty dayi before his death. Indflaiilt of this the whole becomet the pro- prrtv ot the (iiaiid Signor, inconfcquence of hit ri|^it to Ganfilc^ieallthc polUniont of his tubjeAt, who are in hit iervicc at the time of their deceate. The troops, as well .is the power, are vetted in tlie b«v«, and there 11 always one ainongft them who takes fome de- gree of authority above the otlicrt, and raifcs llKir jca- p r. lit toufy by that MMn* 1 Ihtt he only ntattot (hit itttMHiM tilt hit eiMniics have found a lUongir party than hit own. The government ol thofo who thui ckvate th«nifilvtt above the rtll it Ihorf, and their tnd often proves tragical 1 Wc are told by Dr. I'ococke, tlM neiilicr ibc hatha, hor any of tlie beys, fcruple taking off then entmlei hy puifuii or the dacger, particularly hy lh« lormer , of which he gives tha lolluwiiiK tiitUnce : ■• A Imiha knowing that the bry whom he would willingly diljmleli was jeaUut of hll deligiH, ordered hit fcrvant, when he came to vifit him, topouthis owncofTae, and that of ih- bty'i, put of tha fame pot. The bey, feting this, concluded that it could not be poifoiied, and drank it of, hut the flave, on hit giving the coflM to the baiha, made a falle flcp, at he wat oidered, and fpilt it on tha floor i upon which the bay perceived the batha's treachery when It was too lata to pr«< vent (h« niiicliicruus tftlU of it," The hatha generally grows rich when any iiiteflino war! ariti;, partly brcaute liie difunion among the troops throw* fome of the power back into his own hhiidt, and partly b*.< cauie a coiifiderable fhaic' of the eftatet of tholit who are killed ill battle, or are afterwatds proclaimed enemies ot tba ftatt, becomes his property. But the moA confidtr- ahle branch of hil revenue arilet from the peftilence that fo frequently rages in F.gypti Infomuch that during the thrto or four montns it commonly lalls, it produces lo great ail Income, ihat a fingle day mav bring In two or three bun- dred tlioufand crowns, by the deaths of thofc who are pollefled of Urge villages. By the laws of the Ottomun empire, thofelandt never revert to the (t rand Sigiwr, bat a confklerable part of them fall to the there of the hatha, to which he is entitled by virtue of his commiinon i and thefo freauenily amount to immenfe fums, el'pecially, as, by the rapid deaths, with whicli tlie purchalers are olteii fnatched away one afier another, he is enabled to foil the fame eftate to three or four diffisrent perlbnt in one week i fince the death of the purcliafer extiiiguillies the properly in every land porchale. In treating of the political conllitdtion of F.gvnt, a ce- lebrated writer remarki, that *■ notwilhllandine hgvpt it fubjeA 10 the (irand Signor, yet we may lay it properly helori<;i to tlie mamatukes, or (laves, mull of whom stif Georgians or CircalCant. The Turks who carry on the trade with ihofe llaves, forde them to abjure their religion licfore they bring ihcm into Kwypt. All the beys, and efpecially •Uiheofiiccri of the troops, are renen;»loes ; and it it reckoned extraordinary to fee a Turk railed to any great military poll. They go into the fervice of the re* negadoei, who psrtly to get rid of the expence of fireding them, obtain for tliem the pay of a janilfary : a horfe- niaii : in a word, all the Ic'ven corpt of t ops conftft merely of the life-guards of thefc renegad'Jcs. I'here aro thayas of the janifUries, who have a guard of four hun* dred men about them, befidet thole whom they keep in their vitlaies. The renegadoes inherit ei|ual Ih.ires of tbeil' mafteri eitatet with the childten , ami it hat been ob-'erved, that the latter being brought up to a voluptuous life, foon fpend their inheritance, and arc reduced to fuch wretched circamftances, at to have recuutic to their own (laves, and beg of them for fubfifteiirr, or even p<'rniiirion to fervs them. It may iMJuftly faiil.tbMt in ,10 country whatever fuch vaft changes happen in families at in Egypt." The Grand Signor i revenues in F.gvpt confift of thres branchet which irife tiom the lan^i, the cuftoms, and the poll-tax on CInilliantaiiil )ews. All the village! in E^pt pay a ceitain yearlv ,, ,,( to the Grand Signor ; and thii is tlie halna, or treal'ure, that it fent every year to ConOantinople. How caly the levy is, may be concluded from the fum which is raifed, amounting only to (ix thou- fand puifc'., each of twe ity-five tlioufand medinet, or about one hundred and twenty pounds fterling; out of this, corn. Hour, oil, and the like, are fent yearly to Mecca, and twelve tlioufand Ibldiers arc paid, which reducet the treat'iirc to one tlioufand two hundred purfes. After other deduAions, for the conveyance of the water of the Nile to their lands, piefervinc the public canals, re|KiiijijT the callles, fupplying the Icraglio, and (loring the arl'tnal, the whole 01° this treafure carried to Conflantiiiople doe^ not commonly amount to more than two hundrnl pin'-s in (pc'ie, or aboul twenty-four thoufand pounds llerling. The cuftomj arc farmed ; and the p.-rlbns that pay the poll-tax (which is called the harach, and levied only on Chriftians and Jews) are only iiKn after they arrive at th« age of fixteen. Not only the political, but civil government of this kingdom it firft vetted in the bafha, whofe prime minitter is called ctUa, and venrraUy held! the d:Ts:i. 'I'hc baiha prefcrv«i ^'^y^uj^i J92 The NEW and UKIVBRSAL SYSTEM ov G EOOiR APft *. ' '» 1 -m srafetres a dimity wbt inferior to that of rtw Gnind Sigfiw. He always (\U behind a lattice at the end of (he divan, and fcldom aflifts in pcrfon, except on very partleulst ecea- . fions, fucti as reading fome order fi-om the Portrt or the ykc. When he goes abroad, he is always attelMfed hj one of the great ofiiccrs, callec! a dru^germarv m, who is not only an interpreter, but more ^pecialiy aSi as mafler of tlie ceremonies i and he is always efc*ned by a body of the guards, tike tlie Grand Signor> 7'he divan is held at the balfa's pahice at Cairo, three times a week ; vis. on Sonday, Tuefday, and Thurtday. This grand council aflemble in a fpacious and magnin- cent hall, which hath a noble fquare, or court before it, where the members of it parade with all their retinue, and make fuch a fplendid appearance with their fervants and liorfes, richly dicflcd ana caparifoned, and glittering with gold, filvcr, and precious ftones, that rt is laid to exceed even the pomp of the Grand Signor at Conflantinoplc. Ac- cording to aiiticnt records, we are informed that Snltan Selim, having told his divan at Cairo, and in the {lately hall of the royal palace of the Egyptian monarehs, forbad the llKn baflia, and all his fucceilors, to meet any moiv in that magnilicent apartment, left the fight of fo much grandeur aiul opulence, joirted to the noble appearance of the divan, fliould infpire them with a delire of fhaking oiF their allegiance to tlK Porte, and of making themiclves abfolute mailers of Egypt : fo that this hall, where the divun now meets, is quite different from that of the antient Egyptian kinga ; nor is there any thing in it worthy of obfervation, except feven deal planks, each about half an inch thick, and clofely failened together with an arrow, which, it is faid, that fultan fhot through tliem. Thcfc are kept fufpendcd over the place where the cafla £ts, as a moincmo of the abovc-.uentioned moiurch's ex- traordinary fliciigth. Egypt h fubdivided into fcvcral provinces, fome of which are under the direflion of governors, called fangiacs; ether Jivilions of it arc governed by Arab ihciks, or chiefs, all of whom are annually cholirn by die divan, on the 29th of Auguft, which is the firft day of the Coptic year. The bufinci's of tliefe officers is to coilefl the revenue be- longing to the Grand Signer, and keep the people under the rcfpcAive jurifdidlions in proper order. Grand Cairo, and the country north of it, are under the protection of the janiflarics ; and the Arabs guard tlie country round llic city. An officer called the walla, eon- ilantly patrolcs about the city, elbecially at night ; his office anfwers to tliat of the Turkiln foubalha. He takes into cutiudy all diforderly perfont, or fuch as cannot give a fatist'aflory account of themfelvcs ; and, if they are not protc£)cd by the janifaries, frcquentlv puniHies them as he Eleafes. 1 he mctcffib is another dit\inguilhcd officer be- )nging to tlic city, whofe bufincfs is to infpcft all weights and nicafuics, and tee that their (landard is juft and legal. Another great officer is the tefterdar, who is lord high trcafurcr of the tribute paid out of the lands to the Grand Signor, He is choicn annually by the Porte ; hut ufually retains his office during life, except in cafe of mifbehaviour, or breach of trull. The officer called the emir badge, or prince of the pil- grims that go to Mecca, is alfo cholen annually ; but in order to make amends for the great cxpetice he muil neccflarily be at the full year for his cquipapc, he is gene- rally continued two years in his office. It lie be a perfon of abilities, and har. great inicicll .tt the Porte, he then continues much longer, though rarely mure than fix years, for if they coiidufl the caravan fcvcn years, the Grand Signor prefcnts them with a collar of gold. Their pcrfons are ellcemed facrcd ; and Ihould they in any rclpeit devi- ate IVoin the conduct they ought to prefervc, they are not fubjcA toanyotlicrpunifhnicntthanuegradation from their office. He has the command over the eflates that belong to Mecca. If he behaves well during his adminiftration, it procures him the general eflccmand afTeflion of the whole country. The pcrquititcs of his office, exclulive of what he is allowed by the Porte, confift in being iiititled to one tenth ofthc effeils of all pilgrims who die on tlKJr journey. The adminiAration of juflicc here, nearly refenihlcs tlut in nmfl other parts of the Grand Signor's douiiiiioiu. A cadilifkicr (whole office is roi.ch like that of lord liign chancellor) .. fciit annually to Grand Cairo from Conilati- tinople : appeiUs are made to him from the cadis -, and, at h:i arrival, many cauli-s of importance are brought before liim. His houfe is in tlie place of juflicc ; and he has his deputy, who is called nakib. 1 here are eight cadis in uiulrciit pari* of Cairo, and an oniccr in every ward, ' called knbandl, who U fnmethinglike a netary-pnbri are brouglu licfore leading men, who finally decidt the matter, wiiliout having any reference to a magitlrate. VVttli rcfpeit to the punifhments intiiAed on offenders in Egypt, they are proportioned to the oflencet committed. Thole guilty of nturdiEr is punifhed with death ; but in trilling natters', they either give tliem the baflinado, Or elfi: fcverely whip them. They are particubrly fevere ia the punilhnient of bakers for making their bread deftcien^i as alio to butcher;!, for felling their meat either fhort of weight, or fo (lale as not to be wholcfome. We have a particular account of thefe latter punilhments, given by a perfon who lately travelled through mofl parts of tliis kingdom, which we flialt prefent oat readers .in hit owta words : " The punifhment inflided on bakers in this country-, for making their bread deficient in weight, is, I think, fevere and cruel ; for though I cannot excufe fo barbarous an impofition on the labouring part of the community, yet I would by all means limit the punifhment within the bouuds of humanity. When found guilty of the firft offence, the overfeer of the inkers, (who it the examinet, and only perfon who tries them) immediately orders tlie delinquent to be fevcrely baflinadoed; which it, beating them on tite foles of their feet with a large ftick i for the fecond, they are more feverely punifhed in the lame man- ner ; and, for the third, without any other'^rocefs than the above officer's order, they arc fometimes put in their own oven, when hot, where they are foffered to perifh, being burnt to death } which punifhment I faw executed." " The punifhment of tlie butchers in this country (the fame writer informs us) who are deteCled in felling meat either flale or deficient in weight, is no let's extraordinary than that of the bakers, though not fo cruel or fevere ; and as I mean ratlicr to acquaint you more particularly with faAt I have had ocular demonflration at', than re- lations culled from other travellers, fuch as dancing camels, &c. vouclied by many, and which, after tlic moft firift enquiry among the natives, I could never learn the Icafl intimation of, from the oldeft inhabitants of Cairo ; fo you may be afTuied the following is a fai£l, of which alfo I was an eye-witnefs. A butcher in the ucighbourhood where I refided, was detciflcd, by the examining officer, of l>cing guilty of this crime, and without any other form of trial than the order of the officer, was immediately nailed by one of his ears to the pull of his own door; his nofe pierced, and one end of a wire, about fix inches long, faUened to it ; at the other end of which, a piece of his tlinking meat was lixed. In this fituition he was obliged to continue near I'oui honrs." It is a privilege lielonf^ing to tlic relations or defcend- dants of Mahomet (called in Aiabia, llierilf or noble, and by the Turks, emir or piiiicc) to be exempt Irons ap- pearing before any judi;c but their own chief, who is iiimfclf a relation of Mahomet, and is called ncckilcl- llierifF. Tliey arc fo much elteemed, that though any one of the military bodies will nonilh them if gudty of any mifdeincanor, yet they fiitt take off their green turban, out of refpeft to their cliaiaflcr, and then fubjed them to equal punithiiKnts with others } and when they are piiniihed by their own magiflrates, the like ceremonies arc alfo ulcd. Nntwithflanding the hatha, his beys, and the military officers, adniiniller jullicc in fome cafet, yet they thcni- firlves pay little regard to the lavvs of equity. 1 he military officers ill particular, enrich ihcnifelves by various op- preffions of tlic iwople, rf|K'cially of the lichcr Ibrt, whom tlicy cither artfully iiilift, or picteiiJ tohavu inlilled, under fome of their boJits ; by which they fleece them while alive, and Icizc on the betl part ol tlieir eti'eAi after they are dead. The balba Luiuiives at all thelcaLiulcs, eitliei ^ bcinj; (AFHilC A,]. 6 T. m tfccnd- itoblr, prn ap- vho is kkilcl- |n Y one }( any lurban, licm ti> l;y arc jiilitary Ithcm- ]iilitary Lit op- Iwlium I uiiiler ulnte Ir they IlllCI !\i beiiij; .b««ca|l)i«rtioCtl»efpoUt, or ont offcar of dUifblinng- Ik ^UiMlof (b;«B,i|wii«t)4e4ll*l»<«» :.thc fenvUe* bavj^liaKM, Ifj^npt (1m nmlw, aw riiWNttiii^ oftbit wbitnry Mtim •i»«i«KiCid by ttw ailitjiry. nwr* oc lefs all ov«r the ktoadpim etpecWW aippog thie AttbiM) Oieiki, firoia«ri>omlhty eupit the nopft «lPKb(niu contributions, undct tb« jpcciout nwm of tri- bute for ptoteaift them. Thojaniflarict are fi» beat upoi^ thil point, tL«t they keep an cxatt ns^ftcr of all t)ie vanoua, eftltw, tni4e«KaiKl occoMtioiu ia tne kingdom t of aU tbo rich and poor i of the difrnnt way* by which tbey hayq tSlpnad , anyiVwH Wa and bafrta delaft ar^ expoijbd, atiincmaftd bf inqndibkmwItitiKka of lioDS,'tyMxa,.wolvBt, wAomerfiiiiageaniflpalli with vhidh it i# iiifefte(l. Tb^t t\k r^adev may, Vl|t« a^ dlfttnfl «n aficotutt of thif grnt itaA of county aa poffihle. we Cbali defcribe th« «Wei^ pipvincet and d^Wtt into which it it dividad. B(^nyi|attbe fou^> tlM province of ^Saraga extendi firom the Seofgi) on the (ou.th. to the. provinea^w Snx oa tlis npitU i it it bounded .by thA AAMXtic ocean nn the weft* and by the terriforic* at 9«iam« $un4l^ and Z«enxiga on the eaft. It Gontaint the two defana Awro and Tagguaxn or T agjBofti The laj^ of thefe ptoduica a prod^ioiia rintity of rock-falt, which is conveyed hence into til adjacent countiiet, and ia uied in tne de&tt tihiefly to moiften the mouth {Hirchfd with the fultry heat, and t» prefervethe gnm* iCwnljt ttfeorhutVeditfoTdet to which the natives ate very liable. If tl^ fumnvt provei dry, trayelling ii heri! extremely fittwuinganddangeroaai Mareeadiop of water being to be teen tor thirty league* together ; and when any it fouitd it it fo brackifii, aa to be equally unwholfone and unpt* labble. Nor do the cattle farehemr, the barreii earth not yielding lb much a* a. bM« of gnb, or any thing for their fuftenance, which obfigca the pK0elu(e(a to carry not m\f provifioni Ijar tttBiniitlva*. but fbr weir hef fta cf burthen. Befide* the country beiiw4«t am) fandy, without moiw taint, wood*, riven. Iake»» «c any wftfi to direA thck courfe, it would be impc4iilli|e tt) avoid lofiog their way; were it not for the fttgnt of cmtain birds, who are ofaierved to go and return at certain ftatad pttriodt. They are alfo guided by. the c^urfie of the fun by. day, and by Uia fiart by night i which left it probab^ the ufual time of travelling here, at well a* in the defiuti ol Arabia. Vet it it oer* tain, that every part of theie defitttt it not equally inhof> pitable, at they are allowed to be inhabited by feveral difr ferent nationt, particularly by the Berviche^, Ludayerii Duleynti and Zenequ>. fome of which are fo numeront aa to raire fifteen or twenty thoufand men \ theic are alii> e variety of Arab tri bet no left numeroua, potent, and war* like, and confequeatly they find landt capable of providiqf them and their cattle witli fubfiftenoc. Zuenziga is, if poflible, a more dry and barren pro* vince tlian %aiu|ga : and we are told, that of large can* vans that pafs through tbit country, feldom half the num* ber, either of man or bei^t, ever return ; moft of them dying of thirft, hunger, fiitigue, or under the whirlwindt of fand with which they are ovctwhaloud : but thia we can* not give entire credit to. Nfany beautiful horlct are bred in thii diftrift ; and thek inhabitants arc fuch expert horfemen and warriort, that they are become fbrmidabfe to the princesof Barbery, who ftudy to keep on good termt with them ; nor are they left dreaded by the negroes, whom they feixe on all oconont. and fell to the people of Fez and \lorocco ; and when tM Wf, let get any of^ them in their power, they cut thcok in pieces by way of retaliation. _ Targa is laid to be left barren, dry, and fultry diaa either of the former provincet, it having a variety of good wellt of frelh water dug deep in the around, and the un4 produces graft and feveral vegetablca » for food : the dimat* IS healthful, and great quantities of manna are pthercd here, which tliey fell m their neighbour!. The province of Leropta, which lies to the eaftofTarga* travellers find no left dangerout than any of the former, on account of the exceffive heat of the fun rcAeftinj^ from the faiul, the fcarcity of water, the whirlwindt of land, and the barbarity of the people, who endewour to rob and plunder all tliat come in their way. Throoeli thit inhofpiubie region caravant paft from ConJAanoat and other towni of Algiert and Tunit, to Nigritia, tliough equally in danger of perilhing by thirft, hunger, and £9 fword : but their attachment to commerce, and the advan* tagestbey reap from it, make them enoooater thefe haxard* With the lumoft fortitude. The province of Bardoa fli eac b aa from the fifteenth t» tiie tweoty-fecond degree of eaft loitfitude. The inhabi« tantt, who are named Bardoeita, have notowiM butUvie ia tenti on the plunder of mcrchanta and ptkflengera. Near ih« mountains, which form th* aorthcm barriers betateen this priivinco and irmoii, ftaitdt thf town of Kala, when «ne kept fane nin^ tn i*)y«k ■MWhrnin. rafofi fiwr. •"^ m %-^ ''"^m h'- $94 Thb new AMD UKrlVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. every part of Zihm, and the nations bordering upon the Mediterrtiiean fea, with the wealth of their fevcral countries. Thp foil is in general dry, barren, and pro- duces no commodities that merit particular notice. The kingdom or province of Bomou extends from the twelfth to the twenty-fecond degree of call longitude, an4 from the feventeentb to the twenty-firil degree of north la- titude. The northen part refembles in barrennefs the other provinces of Zahara; but all the reft, wilich is the greater part, Is well wateicd by fprings and rivers, that fall with a dreadful noife from the mountains, and render the country fertile in com, grafs, and fruits. Botli the eaflern and wcfleru frontiers are inhabited by a people of a roving difpofition, who live in tents, and are faid to enjoy every thing in common, no fuch thing as propcrtv being known among them, Thefe frontiers are divided into mountains and vallies, covered with flocks of cattle, and fields of rice and millet ; timber, fruit <><"<, and cotton, alfo grow on many of the mountains. The people of this province, as we before obferved, live in tents or cabins, which are placed together in the form of a circle, and in the center is 4 fpacious area, in wliich they keep their cattle. As they frequently remove from one place to another, th^y are confequently under difagreeable apprehenfions from robbers and wild beads i and, in order to guard againft any furprize from either, they always keep centinels without the tents, who, if any danger appears, give an immediate alarm, which is cir- culated throughout the encampment, and every perfon able to bear arms, defends his own habitation. The poorer part cf the natives, who are chiefly ftiepherds and hnfiMndmcn, go almoft naked in hot weather, wear- ing only a ihort apron before, which reaches to their knees { but the'bctter fort wear a large fhirt made of black linen, and faftened round the middle by a falh. Their heads are covrrcd with a red bonnet or cap edged with white cotton; and they wear fandals of t/lorocco leather, which rife to the calf of the leg. Bothfcxes wear ear-rings and pen- dants, as alfo rings on their fingers, and bracelets on their arms. The men let their hair hang low, but the women tie it up in aknot, and ornament it in proportion to their ilation and qualitj^. During the winter, tliey are warmly doathed witii the foftcft Iheep-ikins, of which they alio form their bed cloaths.' Cakes made of millet arc their chief food, and their ufual drink is milk or whey. They have wheat and barley, but they are fo avcrfe from flaying long in a place, that it is leldom reaped by the hands that fow it. They fit crofs- legged at their meals, on a mat made of Morocco leather or palm-lcavcs, and the dilhes that contain their food are nude of copper or ivory. They wafh after their meals, and tlicn regale themfelves by drinking coffee, and fmoak- ing tobacco. They eat but two meals a day, one a little after fun rife, and the other a little before fun fet ( and the women are not permitted to eat witli the men. Their male children are circumcifed at the age of four- teen : after which they may marry as foon as they can pur- chafe a wife. I'hey who have many daughters coniider them as a capital cilate, for wlicn any failor offers himfelf, he muft nialie confiderable prelcnts to the parents, as his fuccefs principally depends on that. They form a judg- ment of tncfuitor's ancAions by his liberality ; and how- ever well the parties may like each other, the parents of the girl will not deliver her up, till they are fatisfi'^d with the prcfcnt made by tlie intended huibaitd. If he does not ap- prove of his wife after Ihe is delivered to him by her pa- tents, he may return he' back to them: but he is obliged, in that cafe, to forfeit 'iie prefents made previous to their marriage. , On the death of a perfon, the ncarefl relation alarms the whole camp, who immediately aflcmble round the tent of thedeceafed, and tcftity their forrov mdifcriminately by the mod lamenuble fhrieks, I'his continues for lome time, when the body of the deceafed is wafhed, and placed on aflool, to be puolicly viewed till the grave is made, wlien he is carried to it, attended by his relations, and the principal people of the camp. After the ceremony, an entertainment is provided by the relations of tlie deceafed for the attendants. In tlic fouthern parts of this province are feveral good towns, inhabited by |>eople particularly diftinguilhed for their politenefs and hofpitality -, and among them are many artificers and merchants of various nations, and of all com- p.'exioiu. It is faid that the government is in general mo- narchical, and that the king rcfidcs at Bornou, the capital^ of the province, but his palace is a very mean building :' ■nd on^ remarkable ibr its furniture, tlic nrincinaj par! cf which is orfolidgold, asirttUlfewirehii (lirmps andfpura,- with the bit and omamei^li'M'his bridles ;, whence it may be.conjeAured, that a great trade is carried on here in that article with foreign countries, or that cold is produced either in this, or fome of tire neighbourmc kingdoms. Befides Bornou, the capital of this province, there are fiid to berhetowns of Amozen, Sagra, and Samegonda, ;ill of them to the northward of the metropolis, and, to the eadward, tliofe of Sama and Nabrina, but as the very ex- iftence of thefe towns is qucfltoiied by thefe writers, there- fore no account can be given of them. • The lad and mod eaftcrn province of the defart of Za. hara is called by the natives C>aoga, and is reckoned to be upwards of five hundred miles in length from nortli to fouth, and three hnndird in breadth fVonieaft'to weft, ex- ;, tending itfelf from the nineteenth ta.the twenty-eighth do- ,' gree oteaft. longitude, and from the twelfth to tlic twenty >;, fecond degree of north latitude. It is bonitdcd, on the • eaft, by Nubia ; on the weft, by Bornou ; on the north, by part of the fame province ; and, on the fotith, by the kingdom of Gorhara, from which the river Senegal fe- , parates it. -' i, This is for the moft part an exceeding mouatainout country, and the inhabitants are little better than favages. They go almoft naked, and their chief fiibfiftence arifes from their cattle ; but they fometimes obtain a confiderabic booty by plunderingtravellers. They live in fmall wrctdied huts, made of fo light a conftru£tion, that they frequently take fire, and the whole village fotmed of tliein is totally confumed. Gaoga, is the chief and only city in this province : it is fituated on the north fide of the lake of the lame name, in fifteen degrees forty minutes north latitude, and twenty- five degrees thirty minutes eaft longitude, but it is fo wretched a place, and the inhabitants are fo rnde and illi- terate, that travellers have not thought it woithy of a parT- ticulardefcription. - • We Ihall now take notice of the learning, poetry, and mufic, of the natives of the defart of Zaara ; their method of making war, flcill in horfrinanlhip, and their riding upon the back of an oftrich, ^c. The learning of the Moors and Arabs of the dcfarts, is fo extremely limited, that few of tliein are able to ic.id Arabic or any other laiigaage ; yet fome of thein have a tolerable notion of aftronoiny, and talk with the precifion of an European fcholar upon the flars, their number, fitna- tion, and divifion into condellacions. The clear and fe- rene iky in which they live has greatly aftifted iheir obfer- vations, an advantage they have improved by a warm ima- gination and a happy memory : their fyftcm of aftronomy is, however, fo replete with fabk and ahfurdity, that it is in general dilTicult to comprehend their meaning : yet, with all their ignorance, they feem formed by nature for liberal fentiments, and with a talk for the polite arts, as their eflays in poetry and mufic, which are far from being contemptible, feem to indicate. 'Ihofe who are rxquaintcu with the genius of the oriental tonjues, from wliicli theirs is derived, have been highly dcliglited with their longs, fung in recitative, accompanied by a kind of guittar, which they are extremely fond of. It might be imagined, from the foftnefs and effeminacy of theit mufic, that thefe people cannot be vciy warlike j but if we may judge from Ionic of their in.ixims, they are far from being pufillanimous. " Can any thing, fav they, be more daftardly, than to kill a man before yoii .ipproacli him near enough to be diftinguilhed." Hence they never attack an enemy till they come within the length of their lances, and then retiring to a proi^er diftance, throw them, or Ihoot their arrows, with lurprifing dexterity. They fight chiefly on horfeback with Ihort ftirrupi, and by raifing themfelves high in the faddle, ftrike witli greater force. They never draw up tlieir cavalry in long lines and extended wings, but in fnull detached fquadrons, by which means they are lefs liable to l>c broke or thrown into confufion i and when fuch an accident happens, are more eafily rallied. The agility of their horfes, and their own (kill in riding, give them great advantages by att.-icking in all quarters, wheeling ofl\ and returning to the charge with amazing dexterity and quickncfs. We are told, that they fometimes mount the oflrich. Mr. Adamfon lavs, that fome of thole hehadfeen amont; t'le burning fancls on the north fide of the Senegal, aio incredibly large, fwift, and flrong. Two boys were mounted upon the back of one of thcfc gigantic fowls not full grown, with which weight it ran feveral miles with a velocity exceeding belief, and the fwiftnefs of the fleeted courier. To try the ftretigt!'. of us ssssedin; Isrgs I odricli, [AFRICA.] E G odrich, the eentlemen abovementioned had tmt ftout men mounted upon his back, when their weight appeared by no mtfans diiproportioned to his ability, as it was far from retarding its progrefs. At firfi the bird went a pretty high trot I but when he was heated he extended his wings, as it were to catch the wind, to which his fwiftnefs feemed indeed equal. " Every body, fays he, muft havefeen apar. tridge run, and confequentljr mud know tliere is no man whatever able to keep pace with it; and it is eafy toimagine, that if its fteps were longer, its fpeed would be greatly aug- mented. The oftrich moves like the partridge, but with the advantage of a longftep,and%reat afliftance from its wings.'; and I am fatisiied, thoic lam fpeaking of would have dif- tanccd the fleeteft race liorfes in England." Whence, we may remark, ir .t if they could be tamed and broke in the fame mann ->' as a horfe, we might cafily judge of their utility. The natives of this country are in general fond of long journies and cxcurfions into remote parts on affairs of trade and commerce, in which refpe£l they are fo indefatigable, that no hazard is too great, where profit is the motive. Thefe expeditions being undertaken in larce caravans, in which their goods and necelTaries are carried on camels, they are able to make head againft any oppofition they may meet with on the road, and feldom return without rich ladings of gold, ivory, gum, oftrich feathers, camel's hair, flaves, and other commodities, which they fell to the Eu- ropeans, or to the merchants of Fez or Morocco. As no " road orpath canbepreferved in thefe fandy dcfarts, they .ire directed in their courfe by the flight of certain birds. The zealous and devout Mahometans confider tliefe as guides fent by their prophet to direft them in their way ; and it is faid, they never prefume to undertake a journey of anyconfiderable length without their direAion. The kingdom of Tombuto, which borders on the pro- vince of Zucnziga, is fituated to the fouth-eaft on both fldei the Niger ; and, though little known, is faid to be of great extent. It took its name from Tombuto its capital, which (lands in the latilide of fourteen degrees thirty-two minutes, and in the '- ' ^'"ide of two degrees twenty-five minutes eaft from i. i The houfes in the . ' »ell as iliofe in the circum- jacent country, are ! . <:11 foim, and only compofed of hurdles plaifteredovc. with loam ; bur here is a hand- fome mofque built with ftonc and lime. The royal palace islikewife built with the fame durable materials, after a de- iign drawn and executed by an excellent artift of Granada, who was driven hither when the Moors ivere expelled from Spain, There are fome other tolerable ftruAures, befides thofe abovementioned. Many weavers of cotton refide in the city of Tombuto, and mechanics are more encouraged there than in any part of Africa. European cloths are brought hither from Rarbary and tlie coaft of Guiney. Markets and public fairs are held for the fale of them, to which tlie women refort with their faces vailed. Some of the native inha- bitants and Grangers who refide in the city are fo rich, that ihcking thinks it not beneath the dignity of his rank to enter into an alliance with them. This country is very fertile, being well watered by the tiver Senegal, wliich runs through it ; and when that river overflows, the w.iter is conveyed by duices to Tombuto. Hcfides, tins, there arc many fprings, the water of which is exceeding good. Here arc all kinds of gra'n, grafs, cattle, milk, butter, and all the neceflaries of life except fait, which they procure by land carriage from Tagara, which is alioutfive hundred miles diftant, and is fo highly valued, that eighty ducats are given for a camel load of it. The monarch of tliis coi\ntry, when he goes abroad, rides ii|i«n a camel lichly caparifoncd, all the furniture ihiiiiiij; with hurnifhcd gold, and his horfe is led after him by one of his principal ofiicers. He likewife rides upon a canu'l in war ; but all his foldiers are mounted on horfcs. His attendants conlift of three thoufand horfe- ir.en, and a prodigious , .umber of foot, who, belidet other arms, have poifoncd arrows. They have frequent fkir- railhes with thofe who refufe to pay tribute, and when a conqueft is obtained, the captives are fold to the merchants of i'omlnito. Their horfes are chiefly brought from Barbary, for thofe bred in the country are fo few, and at the fame time fo fmall, that they are only ufed on very trifling occaflons. The king, however, is always well provided with thefe beafts ; for when a merchant comes there with horfes, he orders the heft of them to be picked out for him, and never Icruples to pav whatever price the merchant demands. He has in his polTelTion a prodigious quantity of gold plate, aiid tiic whole court is laid to ear T. 3W out of gold veflelsi ffl#«r, of any other metal being feldom ufed, The king has the mofi profound homage and refpeft paid him by all his fubjefls ; and when any ftranger, or ambaffador from other princes obtains an audience of him« he muft fall proftratc before him, and (hew his fubmiflion, , by taking up the dud with his hands, and fprinkling it over his head and (boulders. I'his ceremony is particularly obferved by all who never had the honour before. This prince has fuch a natural antipathy to the Jews, that he has (lri£tly prohibited their being admitted into the city ; and if a merchant is known to trafRc with tliein, he is fubjeAed to a heavy penalty. The king's tafte for literature is faid to appear from the great number of doc* tors, judges, and priefts, whom he maintains at a great expence in the capital, furnifhing them with every conve-. nience for ftudy. Manufcripts from Barbary are brought hither, and fold as the moft valuable merchandize ; and fonie traders are affirmed to have amaUed immenfe wealth by conlinnig themfelves to this literary traffic, which the inonarch en- courages with a princely fpirit, tafte, anj^generofity. Notwithftanding all which, learning has made but littl* proerefs, except about the court, it having produced no vifible alteration in the manners of the people. The inhabitants are in general mild and gentle in their difjrafition, frugal in their ceconomy, indutirious in the difcharge of their feveral employments, and chearful in the hours of relaxation, which they devote to (inging, dancing, and merriment of various kinds. Great quantities of European cloth are brought hither by the Barbary and Tripoli merchants ; befides wliich, the latter alfo bring glafs beads, coral, paper, copper bafoartof tlie animal is left unem- ployed in fome ufeful purpcfe. The Arabs likewife live En the flelh of cantels and goats, and drink eitlicr the Ji in which it is boiled, or camels milk, for tliey feldom water, that which is good being generally more fcarce than milk itfelf. They have fome horfes which tliey ufe in the chace, where people of rank are attended by negro ihves'; and thole of^interior fortuiw by theirwomen, who are no lefs obfequious than the Oaves themfclvcs, looking after the horfes, and performing the moft fervile and labo- rious bufiiwis. Learning is here at a very low ebb ; they have never- thelefs fchools to which all the boys of diftindion are fent in order to be inflruAcd in that kind of knowledge which is raoft in repute, and are raifcd from thence to the digni- ty of judges or priefts. in proportion to their genius and tlte proficiency they have made in their fludics. Some addift thcmfelves to poetry, for which many of the natives of this country Ihew a very early genius ; and it is not un- common to fee a perfon merit the higheft diAinAiont hy means of this talent, which, confidering the rude ignorance of the people in general, they fometimcs carry to an amaz- ing pitch of fwcetnefs and lubliinity. Their invention is fcrprifingly fertile, and lliey particularly excel in fiibles and parables. A few of them purfue the mechanic arts : but the people in general defpite them as mean and I'crvile; and where any of them engage in the employments of bufbandry, titeir wives and llavcs, commonly do all the labour. Toufera, which de Lifle has placed within the limits of Biledulgerid, ftands on the confines of Tunis, in thirty- two degrees twenty-eight minutes north latitude, and in ten degrees twenty-fix minutes eafl longitude from London. Of this city Marinol has given us the following account : that it was built by the Rumans, and fortified with high walls, the ruins of which are ftill to be feen. The Ma- hometans, on their entering this country, plundered and deftroyed the city on account of the refinance made by the innabitants, and thus all its noble ftrudures were de- molilhed, the prefent buildings confifting only of low and mean huts. Here they have fairs at certain feafons, to which the merchants of the furroundii\g countries refort. Through the center of the town runs a river, by which the Arabs and Africans are feparatcd, each poflelBng a cer- tain quarter, the one to the foutli, and the Other to tlie i north, enjoying different privileges, (hough all are equally the inhabitants of the lame city. Tlicy are even conti- 5 " nmU^ at war rith each other, and make incurfions tcroTs tii« rivet with aUthetancourand auimolity of declared ciif miei , but when cn^Mvowrs are laadc tobrin^ them uiuler a foreign goveriuaent, they wilt then frequently unite agaiujt the common fix. Atnitt ninety mUet north-weft of Tonfera, in thitty- thiee degrees fifteen minates noith latitude and iiiue 4n- gcees thcce minutes call longitude, wa« fituatcd tJic city of Capfa, which was almoft a Roouia city, and m»s focour^ futroundsd witli high walls, towers, S«3. but tiiey weteai- moft totally demotifhed by the Arabs ; h«y( the walls of the citadel, arc ftiU Handing, whicli are built of large fauai« ftotics, and art thirty feet thick, and oiv* hundred and ifty in height. It was once a very populous citv, and con- tained many (lately mofqnes, and othe« nugoWent firuc- tures ; but it is now very poorly inhabited, mid the people arc greatly opprefled under the Tunifian governiucnt. la tlie center of the city is an iiiclofcd fountain, tlie water of which is hot, vtd ferves not only to bathe in, but, witcoi cool, to drink. The adjaceiu country is fertile, and abowuh witb palm, citron, olive, and otlier fruit trecr ; but the cli- nwtc IS very unwholelbme, and tlie inconvenience the in- habitants labour under on tliat account makes then) natu- rally of % pecvifh aitd churlilh temper. Both fexes go wxUI cloathed, except about their feet, on which they wear lane coarfe Ihoes made of the (kins oif wild bcafls, but fo mixli out of form, tiutthey notonly disfigure them, but art alfo exceedingly inconvenient ; fo that they are obliged to lay them alide, and travel barefooted, when they arc o*ta joiu- ney that requires expedition. We cannot, with propriety, take leave of the continent of Africa, witliout, in tlie firfl place, giving the upiniont of the learned concerning the real'on of tlie dark complexion of the negroes, who chictly inhabit this quarter of tiae globe. And, fecondly, introducing fome obfervatioiK, together with objeA ions and anfwers, relative to tlie (Int trade, in order to prove that it is abfolutcly inconlifient with, and even contrary to found policy, as well as ab- horrent to humanity, toafdn, and juflice : with Ibmc hinti to thofe who are not to be moved by fuch arguments ; Cot the better treatment of flaves during their paflage from Africa to America, and oa the pknutious of the latter, for tlie benefit of both. A learned author, in treating of the deep-black which tinges the complexions of tile negroes, fays " Tbecaufc of this fingularity has been tlie fubjcft of much inquiry, which has given rife to a variety of lyflems. Some have abfurdly fuppofed that the negroes, being the defccndauu from Cain, have had tliis mark of infamy (lamp«d npoa them, as a punilhment for the fratricide of their ancellor. If it were fo, it niuft be allowed that his poflerit)- has made a fcvere atonement for his crime, and tlut the blood of the pacific Abel lus been thorou^lily avenged by hie pofterity." It wsis long the opinion of thechtifliaiu in general, (fays Mr. Salmon) and perhaps of tlie jews before them, that all men were white till after the flood ; but that Ham, the fccond foil of Noah, was converted from a white manj to a black man, by his father's curfing him ; and that A- frica, falling to tlie lot of this Ion, all his podcrity whop of- felTcd tliis partoftheworld.have remained black ever lioce. But that this curfe of Noali's was nut the occafloii of fuch a change of complexion is pretty evident ; for titft, the pofterity of Cham, or Ham, if they polTcficd Afijca, arc not all black. The entire nortliern coaft, from Egypt to the empire of' Fez inclufivc, and for feveral bundi^ miles to Uic ibuthward, even as far as the Tropic of Cancer, if not further, are not black, any more than thofe who inhabit to the fontliward of the I'ropic of Capricorn. a. The people, in fome parts of Alia, particularly in the peninfuia of India, on this fule the civcr Ganges, and who are funpofed to be tlie pofterity of Setli, tlie favourite (inn, are full a.s black within the Tropic of Cancer, as any of the negroes in Africa .' nor is there, in tHc inlahft country of India, at a diflaiice from the coaft, a fingk pcr- tbii to be found that is not black j at leaft I never met v/iUx. one, though I travelled fome hundred miles in that country, and refuied foiuc time in it. It has been repotted, indeed, that there are no blacks out of Africa i but pro^ bably thole writers who allcrt this, lud their information from fuch aiercliants or li:«raen, as had viGted only the coafl of India ; where, 'tis true, tlieie is a tawny miqBiMt breed ; b«t even there tlic grcitcft numbers of the natives are black, who lie wiftiin the Tropic of Cancu-. Indeed the Indian blacks have not the flat iiol'cs, and thick lips, or the (hoi t frizzled liair of the oegroci. Buttheiie, I tfeuttJt, liave ucvcr been leckuned part ofi^'oalt's curie. AnodMi tA f ft I C A.] a t. Aaothet reafort aifigaed for tli* blackncfi <>f the negrqfii. h the h«at ot the chmate, their coitntrjr being fituated within the torrid zone. But neither can thi* be admitted as the fele reafon of it, fin great pait of the eontincnt of America olTo liei within the torrid zone ; and yet there nevtr wu a black man there, till the Europcaiu tianfported them thither firom Africa. Otben have fuggcfted, that the people of Africa, behl^ •fa tawnjr (iomplex!cll. between black and white originally, and not able to r >.i. iieifrfelve* ai white a> their northern neighbours, took ut tt pajni to make themfelvei black, as a more dehtsble color than the olive i that they Hccordinglv rubbed ovjr their bodies with oil or greafe, mixtd with foot, or fome other bUck ingredients ; and thereby con- tributed to render their com^xiotis darker than they w:ere ertginally ; and that the women afterwards, feeing nothing elfe but black men, brought black children into the world i and thefe flrengthen their opinions by fome very notabit fads. It is obferved by all travellers, that the negroes greafe or anoint themfclves and their children, continually from the hour they are born ; and that mariy of them mix black ingredients with the ointment ; that (he CalTries and Hottentots, beyond the Tropic cf Cancer, who are not naturally of fo dark a complexion as the negroes nearer the line, do aAually darken their ikins pretty much, by rubbing them with ht and foot. Others obferve, that not only the complexions, but the Very fixtures, hair, make and ftature of^ people differ, as the counti^ and climate differs, wherein they were feverally bom I and as to the negroes in particular, tneir hair, their lips and nofes, are not at all like thofe of Afia or Europe, or even thofe who live in the north of Africa. The Scy • thians,of old, and the Tartars and Laplanders, atprefent, kreof a very different make from the people of the fouthem parts of Europe or Alia : the Tartars are remarkable for their olive •-omplexlod, fquat make, flat ^kxs, and little eyes fet deep in their heads. Irt fottie tountries the people are tall, in others ihort ; and not only the perfons, buttne very genius and temper of men differ, u tlie foil and cli- mate differ where tliey were born. The Spaniard Is grave and fedatt, mighty flow and circumfpeft m his anions ; while the French are gay and airy, perpetually dancing and finging : and this differenct, no doubt, proceeds from.t)!* foiitoi fituation of the refpeAive countries ; for, tranfolant any people from one country to another, they will alter or degenerate into the fame kind of men, in a few geiiera- fions, as the former inhabitants were. If the Spaitiards and Frendi were to change countries, they would, in a few ge- nerations, alter their perfons .xnd humours ; the French would be Spaniards, and the Spaniards French. Did not every body foe aremarkAblp difference between the FrviKh and the En^Iilh, when th» French firfl ca^ie over hither i and yet, u) two or tbrec g^erationt, it was imnolfiblctodiflinguiih the one from the other. And fo I take it to bi in complexions, as wellaf in features and hu- mours : blacks, in a tew generations, would become white, if brought over hither i and.pofTibly white men might be- come black, or very near it, if they were planted a ktr generations in the V.art of Afric», efpecially if pains were taken to make them fo, by rubbing their children withgre^fe •nd foot from the time they were bprnay the Africans do. To fum up all : the fun, no doqbt, goes a great way to- wards the darkening the complexion of the people that inhabit tlie torrid zone ; but then the foil (hev five upon, the pains tbcy take to make tlieir children flill blacker, and Ateir women convernne altogtther, or chiefly with black men, every oneo tbcTe may contribute fomctjiing towards making them (p exceeding bl«ck ; for the inn alorc, it is certain, will not do it i or the people, who live within the torrid zone in America, would De equally black. And, as to Noah's curGng hisfon Ham, it is evident, this fan be of no weight i for, as I have obf«rved alreadji, great yMilt of the people of Africa (the cof«ntry his poflerity are c' Arocfed to inherit) are not black : ait4 the people of the Uwt-lndies, who are fuppofrd to be the (Kfce>vl*nts of Seth, t!te favourite fon, arc as bUck ai any of the negroes of Africa ; thongb, it is true, tlieir hvr is lonb and their features much more ending than (hofe of the African nreroes. If it be fitll doubted, whether the ^Iteration of cliimte or foil will have any rfFcA upon the features as well fs complexion, we mav remember, that the T.urks, Pprfians, Indians, and ChineCe, all come origin;my from Tartary (at leaft (he fovcreigut and governing parts of t^ofe em- pires) ; and yet they do not at allrefecpble the Tartars from whence they defccuded, at this day, bat the people of Ihofe countries they relpeAivcJ^ pofltflcU to ttw foyith.wMd m D I of thent, s^iticiii t beljere, wi|l be admittcd^d lMito\itt{ td i demonftration of what has been advanced oH this hew/' To this may be addU, that whatever nviy M the orjgiini tue. We hope, that what we are going to advance on this fubjcA will fet the matter right, and convince every dif- cerning perfon, that fuch art opinion Is altogcilicrenoneous and unjuit. In the year 17JI, Jin Englifh (hip that traded toGuiney was obliged to leave the furgeoii behind, wl|ofn b^d ftatq of health did not permit lilni to continue at fea, Murray (for that was his name) was there endeavouring to recover his health, when a Dutch fhip drew near the crvaft^ pot in irons the blacks whom curlofity had brought t6 th# fhore, and immediately fet fail. After this tranfaftion, thofe Who took the pdrt of thefe unhappy people, incenfed at fo bafe a treachery, iiifiantly rap to Cudjoe (a blark » «l;ofe houft Murray lodged! Wlio flopped tliem at his door, ind aflced them what they were -n fearch off " the white man who is with you,'* replied thejf, " whly i^ut the fpirit and manners of (he place where they are fi^cd. This attachment is fometimes exalted into beroifiti. We f1)all here eivea remarkable inflance of this. A Portuguefc flave, who had fled into die woods, hat- ing learnt that his otd mailer h^d been taken up for an aflkf' fination, cme iiuo the court of ju&ice, a:id acknowledg«l himt'elf ^ilty <»' the fafl : fufiered himfelf to be put in prifon in^lead of his roaftcr) brought falfe though judicial- proofs pf his pretended crime, and ti^^ered death inflead of tlie guilty petfpn. AQions of a Icfs heroical nature, thoi^g^ oot micommpn, have toudied the hearts of font); cdpnifts. Several would readily fay as Sir W illiam Gooefi, governor of Virginia, did, wheit be was blamed for re- turning the ffJvtatioii of a black ; "■ I (hould be very forty that a ilaye (hould i'urpafs me in potitenefs." It is a ,i)i^9chpl^ confideration, that many wdten hiitt piofHtuted their abilities to juflify pplicf wDM ^nerality Qondenuis. fie that as it may, it woqjd be unpardonatm in us, at a pcripd when fo many errors are boldly incnl. Mted.. to conceal any truth that is luteiafting to hamsaity. If whatever we have hittierto .ndvaiiceJ h::Th feeminuy tended only to a«lev'.ic Utc ,bui>lcn of fUvcty, tht fniSn SH ' li. ■'^i^rllh^ m0 i^ The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. /.: ■*, that it was fitft neccflary to give rome comfort to thofe unhappy beings, whom we cannot fet free ; and convince their Oppreflbri, that they are cruel, to the prnudice of their real intercfts. But in the mean time, until to pay a greater I 3 attantiua \,« 400 Tib NEW ams UNIITBRSAL SYSTEM or OBOORAPHT. iMnii«itodUihti4MtfMnllt, M wittMiMdlftaM tt tiMitm'itf. TliMw{UiH4«liutb)rcoinmi«in|radi/••' *f Afturiliut, tr tb* ijh tf trmui, ill tmHitrin »tdt*ttia, rivtri, itrhurst frmuttt, wikut/t, iiiksiiUiUt, dc, rriUlS idand lies in the Indian ocean, between the JE nineteenth and twentieth degrees of Touih latitude, ana in fifty-eight defect thiitv minute* eail longitude from JLondon, about one itnndred league* to the eiA of Ma* di^i&ar. It WM early difcovered by the Portuguefe ; after 4lKni, tha Dutch took poflel&on of it in 1J98, and fettled «i| fouth (hore, bot abandoned it, after tney became pof- MhA of the cape eS Good Hope : they garc it the name •f Mauritiu*, m honour of prince Maurice their ftadt- liolder. It remained uninbabt ted, after the Dutch quitted it. t>U die Ftcnch in 1710, landed on it. Maitriliu* ii reckoned to be about forty-fiTe leagtw* in .«ii««ni£rrcncc. TIm form i* oval j and from the many jiiigh monntaini lontent* of ^ater ru(h down with great jowftuofity, and form various rapid river* and rivulets, Wi^icb are fevl near where they nil, pirticularlv in the lainy feafim, but grow dearer a* diey ttarn ftrther from ^mountains, utd are tranfp" rent a* cryflal before they diirmbogne themlelve* into the fea. A French oflker, who made the circuit of the ifland in 1720, during the dry £eafon, eroded tweniy four riven flowing wMi frefh -water, but none of tlicm are navigable for floopt above a tnudinat fliot from tlicir mouth. One of thde riven, wbidi it naibed At\^ui]I;s, flow* from fpringsof a&r* Tuginous quality, which cover* the water with an oiL According t? the meafurement of the Abbe dr CaiUe, the i0c of France, :s in its <^ateft diameter, tliiity-one thoufand eight hundred am .fouth, and twenty-toro >hoT ^oof from eafl ■ -^e^ : :?* dMd and rhi(ty-v\ wards the fea by a fort, Called fort Bhnco, and a battery. This hatbour is greatly obftraAedby hulks of ihipt, wliich having been long fince fonk there, form each an iOamt. which i* every day increafed by the madrepore* growing round them. Tltere are imly three churches in the ifland, one at pott Louis, the fixond tt the fouth-eaft part, and the third and handfomeft at a fottiement raHcd Pamplemouift. The two firft are fmaller than the chnrAies of a country vRi^. Indeed, another church was built at port Louis upon a vary cammodious and elegant plan, but the roof being too much railed, the walls were infnflkient to bear its weight, and refift the force of the hurricanes ; what remains of it is now nfed at a ftorehoofe, of which there are but fow fat the ifland, and the greater part of tlirm are built of wood, a material by no racans proper for public build^i^ 1»eiT, where the ftronkcft beams will only laft forty years, if the wormi do not oeftro;- ♦liein fwiner. It hu been remarked by a late writer, that every thii^ in tlrit ifland dilfert ftom what is feen in Europe, even the herbage of (he country. The foil is almoft every when: of a redifl) colour, and mixed with veins of iron, whidi are frcqxiently found near tht furtac*. in the form of grain, the fire of a pea. In the drier parts, efpccially near Am town, the ground is very hard. It refembles pipe day ; ■ with axes, at _— r_t 1 UVtt >dt OTVJ ■•«*'■ '*■*' i^wV"'' -TV ■■ 'fticky. and, to make trenches, they fomcfimes cut it ' *»y4»!ea4. Aj i<^ v U vuss, i:. bnrcn ■«* #^' '^•' [A P R I C A?f M A t^ ft ! t ru fi. '/^H li 4dt mod g. » imn« taena edom OH, c brlh* kick ■ M. •■ ^ biciito^: im «»:. bMit (ikMr Lo«M( br- MMlA utctjr mTii fill fKty* tiich Im^ iag MfC iir4 rhc 'V- wy too sf it fcw kof jug* ■ri, ittie here hidi tilt, itIu (licVy, notwithMftding which, they have not yet heert «Me io make it into brick). There it no real fand in the foil, butthci-rounj ii every where rocky, except whert trtiSclal meani have been ureif ton ake it otherwife. The rocky fubftai>ce» in general are o an iron grey cotoar, ConUin a f;reat deal of iron ore, and /itrify in the fire. The whole Hand ii furrmmdea with mad reparei, a kind of vegetation of ftone, formed like a plant or Ihrub: Ihefe are fo nume- roua, that the rocks feem formed of ihem orthr. Withrefpeft to the natural produftioni of^thii idand, thefirftwe Ihall mention is a turf, which ^rowi in bed) near Ihefeafhore; it i) very thick and eUfticj it) leaf i) very fmall, and fo (harp-pomled ai to prick people) cloath:. The cattle will nottouch thl)herb, but love to browfe upon ■ kind of dogs graf<, which grow) in many part), and puis out hrtle hard branches from the joints. The bcft herb, howe'. jr, i)one that grow) on the windward fide of the ifland : it haa pretty Urge blade), or rather leave), and is green ami tender all the ytar. Here is likewife • Ihrub that yields a kind of fruit whofe hufk might be turned to Angular advantage. A prickly afparaeu) ; a nwllow with fmall leave) ; atliiftle with yellow flower), which yield feeda that are poifonous ; a bad Ccented gilliflower ^ fwect bafil, which i) of a healing quality ; and a kind of fweet- fcented lilly. The vel antier ii a plant whofe odour is quite agreeable atadiftance; lefs fo, u you approach it, and pcrfcftly naufeou) when you come near it i and here i'. a kind of bramble that heart a nut, the kernel of which i) bitter, but eflicacioui in many diforderi. The plants called ra- quettc), which bear yellow flower), are ufcd in making hedges, on account of their fharp prickles. Here i) a very pretty Ihrub called l)ois de demoifelle, or lady-wood ; other) that refcmhie the hox-tree, and tliat bear a great affinity to the cork tree. Balm Ihrubs and a baflard kind of potatoc are common ; as is panier graft, which ferves forphyfic and clcathing, for it is ufed medi- cinally, and likewife to make thread. Here are likewift many other Ihrubs, which have not as yet particular name) afligncd them, but go under the general denomination of liaimcs or rattans ; thefe twine round the trees in a furprif- ing manner, and fccure them from the violence of the iiur- ricanes ; of the barkof thefc they make flrung cordi, which are tougher and more ferviceable than thofemadeof bark. The mapou-tree, is as penetrable to a knife as a turnip, but it i) of a poifonou) nature The baflard cinnamon tree is large ; it) timber refembles that of the walnut tree, and its wood it much valued by cabinet makers. The iron wood and {linking wood trees are common, as are likewife the fandal wood tree, the vacoaer I'mall palm, the latnnier, the mangrove, which is a very Uige kind of fern, fendgrowt in the land of the fea, Tne real or black ebony tree, grows very high and thick, h&s a bark of a dark colour , and the leaves which refein- ble thofc of myrtle, are of a deep green. The ebony trees, after being cut down, are buried under the ground forfome time, which it is faid improves the jetty black. The wood, being very fine and beautiful, is ufed in various Mofaic in- laid works, and toys ; thequalities are, being hard, heavy, of an admirable black, and hearinga high polilh. Theebony of this iliand is reckoned the fined in the world ; but (ince the Europeans have difoovcred fo many method* of giv- ing other hard woods a beautiful black colour, and an ele- gant polilh, this wood is on tliat account not quite fo much .in requeft as formerly, Maiiy vegetable produAions, which have been brought into th)s iflind by order of government, tianfplanted by ■rivate perl'ons, or imported by the defire of fome of the lettlcd Inhabitants , have greatly increafed. Thefe are dit'- tingnil^ed under four clafles ; namely, i . The plants, which, being once fown, afterwards grow fpontaneoufly by refovVing themfelvcs, and thus l>7Comc naturalized. a. Articles of cultivation. 3. The produce of ihc kitchen Ijart'cn. 4. The produce of the tiower garden. Thoik of the firft clafs, conlift of a kind of indigo, Surflain, watcr-crclles, daivdelion, wormwood, muLlen j le bulrufli, which is green for about five months in the year ; white grafs, which was introduced firft of all for ibrage, but none of the cattle will cat it, and its increafe is now fo great, that it may juftly be deemed one of the plag'aes of hulbindry ; the brctte, a Ipecics of the morell, with a prickly leaf, but plcaiuiit of taftc, and of a purgative nature ; there are two ipccies of the biette, one of which it li;rved up at table in the manner of i'pinach, and the other is ufcd as a medicine. Thccatlau root is one of the nlant< whicl! are the ob- jeOs of cultivation. It was tranlpUnled hilhci from Amc- No. 40. rica, and grdWs In gfett plenty t ^ It ot gMt fervlee lit fuHilling the negroet, who are allowed three pounds of it daily. Maizor Turklfh, and mtmoe, are common; af are wheat, rice, millet, faiague, a fine kind of graft brought from Mtdagifcar, and tobacco i but the latter is very in* difFerent. Veget*hl';t, it has been obferVed, a kind of lobfter, whofc hinder part il not provided with a (hell ; but ii niftinQively lodfpi itfalf in empty ftiellt which itfindi on the Ihore, They fun to- gether in great numbers, each with iti boul'e after it, which, aiiladvancei in growth, it ahandoni for a laigerone. InfeAi are extremely numerous in this iHaiid, the moll deftruAive among which aie the graflioppen, which fomc- limes light upon a field like a All of fnow, when they eat up the verdure in thccourfe of a night. Ant* are equally mirdiicvous In lioufes, where thev piey upon every kind of provifion, which it i* difficult to fecuro from them. Here are likewife wafp*, fpiders, variou* kind* of fliei, centiiK-des, and lizards, Moths, or fmall butterflies, fo iiifeft the houfe* after dark, that they are obliged to put their candles into glafs cvlinder*. Thefe flies draw* into the lioufes a very beautinil lixarJ : it it about five inchci Jong, and has bright and fparkling eye* ; it climbs ak>ng the walls, and lives upon nies and other infcAs : they are not ill the lead mifchievou* i but, on the contrary, fo tame, that if fugar i* thrown on the ground, they will im- mediate v come and take it. But the greatefl enemy to thefe iiifeflt is the fpider, fome of which have bo- dies as big as a nut, with large paws covered with hair. Their webs are fo ftrong, that even fmall bird* ate fome- times caught in them. They are particuhrly ferviceabla in deftroying the centipedes and wafpa. An inKA called formicaleo, prove* very dcftruAive to the ants here ; and another, named canerclu, is equally fo, of which there are three forts : the mod common are about the liie of a cockchafer, of a reddith brown i ano- ther of them is flat, and of a grey colour. They arc very deftruAive to furniture and book* ; and the houfe* ait greatly annoyed with them in wet weather. It i* obfcrved by a late celebraied writer, that the tem- perature of this climate it fo Avourable to the propagation uf infeAt, that in a (hort time the fruits would be eaten up 'by tliem, and the ifland itfelf become uninhabitable, were it not tlut moft of the fruits of thefe meridional countries are cloatbrd witli a thick rind, and afterwards with a fltiii, a very hard flicll. and an aromatic bark, tike the orange or citron; iiifomuch that the flies can introduce their eg^s into but very few of them. Many of thefe noxious ani- mals are at perpetual war with each other. The formi- caleot lay fiures for the ants ; the green fly pierces the ca- neielai ; the lizard hunts the butterfly i the fpiders fpread nets fur eveiy infcA that flie* ; and the hurricane, which lagcs once a year, annihiUte* not only a great part of the prcv, but of thedevourer* alfo. The animal* of the quadruped kind, broueht into thi* illand from other countries, and which may be called do- iiieftic, ire horfes, oxen, Iheep, and bogs. The horfea are very fmali, and fo dar, that a common one cannot be uurcliafcd for lefs than a hundred piftoles. Here i* one fort of oxen, of the Madagafcar breed ; but they are not fo good a* thofe from Europe, nor will the cow* of that breed give half tbequantity of milk. The pork it at leaft equal in quality to that of Europe ; but it will not receive thefalt,cn accountof thepeculiaracidityofthatarticle. The (hrep are large and fat, but they are apt to lofe their wool. Great numbers of wltdgoati, hogs, hares and Hags are in tlic wood*. Tha latter are particularly numerous ; Md at tMf fleflt » txcetdtng good ftom A» baginning of April to tha end of AuguA, they therafora afford a vcr* aropto fupitiy V lbq4 for the natives. Thair poultry conrifts of various kinds -, but tha ntoft common are ducks and fowls, tlie fornKr of which were brought from Manila, and the latter fioin Curops. 1 hay have alfo a fmall fpecics of fowl from China, wliof* flclfi is exceeding <). Iicate. The wild fowl aie pinUloes, Chi. nele iiliearaius, pigeons, aad three forts of partridgfs i thefe birds, ihc better tofecure thcmfelves fiom being dt. flroyed by the rats, always rooft on the lops of trees. They have a very beautiful fmall bird, called tlw tit- moufa, which has a iiumhcr of while Ipoii on the wings. There is alfo ano< bar from Bengal, called the cardinal, foiiM of the plumage is of a pjrty coloured giey ; but the licad, neck, and be|ly,atacenain limeofthaycar,is of alivelyred. The martin is the moft proiugating bird in this iiund, and in fize, colour, and aptitude to talk, greatly refemblcs the En^hlb ftarling. It will perch upon, and peck at bcaftt without feari bat it< chief prey is the grsfhopper, which it purfue* with an uiiwearirrl perfevcraiice. The* alway* fty in pairs, and conflanilv airenil>le at fun fet in "ety conliderable flocks. 7'he Ihootinj -.f them is pro- hibited, though tliejrflelh is verv indiffticnteaing. In (hit idandare two Ibrti of birds, brought from thfl cape, one o.' which is called d'.e gardrners fncnd. It i* of 4f a brown colour, about the fixe of a large fparmw, andlivet upon wormf, fnail*, and fmall ferpents, which it not only ' eats when prefled by hunger, but colleAs an ample ftor* -^^ of, by flicking i.'ieni on lIi. , ckles of the hedf es. Th« " other cape bird is much like ilic Eiiglilli Iky- lark, and it the only featliered inhabitant of this ifland that is heard to fing. Ihey were fiilt brought here as curiofities ; but fome of them efcaped Co the woods; wlierp they bred fe fcU, that tliere are now great n\iinber* of ^em. Here are two fort* of foreign tirti , on9 of which i* ths Chineic gold fiih -, thefe thiive equally well a* in thair own climate ; but as they incieilfe in btalk, tliey lofe their ,ke««tT. The c»her is called GouraniS, and was imported Trom Batavia. It is a freflt water fifh, about the fiae of a falmon i bnt the tafte of it is fiir fuberior ; and in India it is preferred to any other kind of flih. It hu been leveral time* attempted to introduce frojt into thi* country, that they might eat the eggs which tlw muli)uetoea lay on the Handing water ; but every attempt has proved mifuccefsful, eitlier from the difletence of cU« mate, or fome other unknown ca>ife. Mr. Boffbn take* notice of an animal of a very lingular nature, Which he call* the great Madwafcar bat i but as it ' i* common not only to that ifland, but to the ifland* of Bourbon and Mauritius, and there are great number* of them in the latter, we (hall here defcribe it ; previou* ta which, weoblierve, Uut the bats feen in Great Britain ara inofenSve, and, from their fixe, incapable of injuring mankindi being alfo not fufficiently numerous to incom- mode tbem : but the race of bat* here is truly formidable : a fingteoncit a dangerous enemy ; but when lliey unite in flocks, they become really dreadful. Defmarchais (ays, tbktifthe inhabitants of the African coaft were to eat ani- ihalaoftliebatkind, as they doiiithe Eaft Indies, they would never want a fupply of provifions. Here are fuels numbers of them, that when tliey fly they obfcure the fel- ting fun ; early in ihc monting they are feen flicking upon the tops of trees, and clinging t^ether in great heaps. The Europeans often amule thcmfelves in (hooting tbem ; and the negroes arc expert in killing them ; but they would not eat it it they were n «a.:. '*fe'> '•„ ^t'i'.i^^Kf.J.'^ : ^^^M (A F Rl C A.) M A U R I T I U I* 4*1 tbtn two milM, with t moft Iwrrlblt din t but lliM afiMUy retire si ibe appra*eh oi dtjr. Nothing it (»k from tM ilcprnlationi of tlKle nature, the Indiani cat ihefaanimali, and lay the 0«(h ii very good, erpeciallv at panicular limai of the ytar, when they have mora ni than ufual i and even Tome of the F'reiKh here, and in the iile of Uourbon, have brottghl tlicmfclvet 'o ufe them, in order to give a relifh to ihair bouilloiit , but negroei, ai we oblerved before, hold them in the uimoll abhorrence, and will not touch ihem upon any account. Perfoni have been atiacluid by 'Jticfe crca> tttiea, and have Ibmetiniei paflird from a found ilecp into fternily i for the bat it I'o dex'roua a bicrdcr, at to ktfi- noata iti Iharp pointed toni^ue into a vein uiiperccivad, and to fuck the blood till i( i) fatiaied, at tlie Ume time fan'nine witli iti wiiigi. and agiuting tlie air, which, in h(i( regiont, lulli the perfon attaclteifby tliein into a Aill founder. It ii tbcicfore daiueroat to be in anv refpcA cx- pofed to the ineuriioni of tliefe noxioui animali, and clpecially to repofe in the open air. About tbe month of September, whalet arc often faan to the windward of thii illand t but they are fmalkc tb'B in the northern feai ; tlic negroci have a metliod of har« pooiiing them. The vicille ii a blackilh filh, and their Belh in fo ttc OMafare refemblei the cod fifli, in tafle and maki;. Sea cowa are fometiroet caaght, aiul their ficflt •aftet much like tliat of beef. The fijh caught on the windward fide of the ifland it unwholfome. The mod eftcemed ft(h for eating here it a kind of iw- bot called the watar pullet, the fat of which it green, and exceeding deliciout. 1 ha ho| fifll ha* a head like a pike, and upon itt tnck arc feven pomti, u large at iu body, the pricki of which are very vencmoui i a membraiM, flreaked with blown ftripci, and itlcmbling ihc winf of a hti, unites them. Manjp of the fiili near thi* ifland are of a poifonout quality, particularly the white onet, with ■ large belly andgrcU head, fttch ai the captain and cmmi« uee ; and it nuy be obferved lefpeAii^t the reft, that Ae laller the fifh, the greater iha danger. I'heie ia alfo a inhabited. The firll French people who eftablilhcd them- fclvet here, were a few hulbandmen from the ifle of Bour- bon. Thefe people were fimple in their manners, in- duflrioui in their callings, and hofpitable in their beha- viour. When the importance of this illand was known, fimm its fituation in the courfe from Europe to the Eaft Indies, many perfons came to Kettle here, particularly leveial who were fent by the French Eaft India Company. Thefe, by titcir tyrannical and avaricious behaviour, foon became exceeding otlisnfive to the people in general ; com- merce employed their thoughts, but they lud not the inft tuee; linalli i4« af haaMuiinr i that fappofed ih«r etoie fe iv (a jit . ■MMwy, nst to 4o ma* i and, inftead of ilaariiig lim mi$ ^ t» the pttcpofot oragwwilwie, the* cl*ara4 ti^ai !• craft . dweUing-houiiN and wwahoufiit, wbiah thev might feUai an csarailant priea (o new iettlen. Coatplainit were in' deed made of ihair arbilrarv procatdingt, but the com< pbinn wet* too inconidcraoU to obtain rcdttfi, and the aggreffort too grwt to be punilhad. After thit, many lea>laring peopl* fettled bera, wIm hoped to gain gical advanlagct fiooi lh« commtrce carry- . Ing on between Europe aiuTlndia . bat iMUthcr the luan-* ncrt or moralt were w the kaft mended by thcti iie«« , comeri. The French Eaft Iitdia Cootpanv foon ifbrwardt fent a military foree hither, eommandcd by oflkert wbofa families were very good, while iliair pockets were but low Theft, having more pride titan ntoiMy, did not cbulie to keep company with the mcichanu or clerkt, bccanfe thay were fordid i with the planters, becaulc tliey were mean i nor with the lailort, becauHe they were brutilh , fo they aflbciated with each other -, and hence remained as poor in , thit ifland, u they had been in Old France, from whence , thev fct out. Some liiiN afurwardi, fomeof the king't tfoopt touched here, and fie veral of them became fe'tlert; but ihclii enter* • taincda fovcrtign contempt for the troopt of the company and the refk of the inhabiuiiu ) and fhis dillihe wu re- tained and ugmenied, by the difdain the other parties ex- prefTed towards them. Some miAionariet of the order of St. Laxarus, were tlie. next Icttlert ; when all the endeavours of thefe were to lei^ u uncontrolled over the mindi, at the company'! principal fervanu did over ue livct and propertica of the inhabi taint. Then following a fuccef&onof fcheming merchantt.who introduced monopolies, and all the chicanery of trade ; and at length, to complete this heterogeneous mixture, the late war (which commenced in 173b) uccafioned the fcuin of Europe and Afia to emigrate to the ifle of F>ance 1 bankrupts, ruined libertinci, thieves, proflitutes, and Mrretchct of evcrv caA, driven by their crimes from tha. former, or by the Dad fuccef* of tlie French arms iroin the latter, fought refuge here. On the arrival of this fet of men, the complaintt, both general and p«iticttlar, of the inhabitanii, were increafed ; every charaocr wu traduced with aa Afiatic ingenuity, hitherto unknown to the ca- lumniatori of Europe. Nu woman wu now looked upon u chafie, nor any num u honeft) all confidence and efteem were at an end. Thut they thought to reduce all mankind to their own level, by vilifying all without dif- tioAir» Uvcrtly NVlit(t|ir.), iml liiin-ltriiri); , hut ili« i)tir4 orttncr I* puni(he>l wiih limili, wliich ii tieootrj by hang* in|(, nr hrffkiiiK on ihewhtcl. HoiiM of iImIc (kvti have brcn Imprixrtl, hni that haib f^ivtri III) tiKoiirai'ciiirtU In oilicri In hcconii- Chiirtiant | iir lhor« who arc imptlitH ate nu heiwr titcd than lltola who are not i »» the rrligintM Ifiilimcnti o( tl>« itegrocl' are not fo much altrndrd to, ai the inltttitt V t>K planter lo whom they Iwlon^. Attn ihc coiitiiNiir i)f thit iflaiiH, the inhihifanii of It rrerive umltoC iheir ulrtililt from Clitna, ihcrr apparfl fromltidm, their navn fiom Madarafcar, inoft of the *^« tielc^of provender whicli ttiryeoiilumc from the cape of (rood I 'ope, Itieir money fiDin Spam j thttf lawi and f,o' eei nitKitti Arom Krancr ^ their folliea from varioua na* imiK hoth white and Miick i aiitl their vtcr«, at th« head of whicti ftand iirhunMiiity aitd avarice, from iIm devil, the arch enemy cf iiMnltintt 'Iriolr hire r» frcMly clogged hy their paper etirrency, which IS i-iY*hlr m Franco, at fix mniithi after fylit, but at the hell rati, of exchange it hear» ihiity-tlirea per cent, rfilcmiiit, frequently riftv per eriii. Ready iitoncy in thia ifland is reckonrti to produce thirty-ihite per cent, iit cicU- teen monrjij. A learned writer hat ohfrrved concerning thii tfland, that notwithtlanding the Hrprn«ily,of is iuliabiianti and the inconvenience of thccliittate, it i> of rlir otnioft poli- tical cOnfequence, and \% at prefcnt one of iht- lined, at it alwsyt was one of the mod imritiriant and iinprovcahK fjpon upon the globe. Admiial Itolcawen m 174B, with I1X line of battle lhip<, made an h'>nilc vilit to it 1 hut found it to be To well »lefi-n,lrd b.fli hy nature and art« that he did not vnture tu xttvrk it ; and no .iitenipt but been fit»ce made to wrell I'lom the Kiench tliia valni l» lettlemeiit, vfiuch reitdcn the iiritilK pofTeffHUU in AM inftcure. ■•;■"-•■ ■•■••■ ,(•■-» wi ...^ J—.i-iJi . i»c,j -1 , i ., .UA:i ■:.. : ..». ■ . .-.., (, ! ;>*»(/ ' •' • ■« •- SEC T. fr. 4H Tmi new and universal system of OEdGRAPIIT. WOTMM ai Ar* ttMj tga/ffiiifliciit/ thiijit t/BmriiM MdtL CmutS iJJtmli. ,:,:' • ,'^ll^S■J^) fut iijlf-^ a THK VHand of Ronrbon, wlirch TIci {h twvhty-oMi degrees foiith latitude, and fifty four drgrcei ea(l longitude, wat (iifl difcovered in 1^4;, by a Portuguefe, named Mafcarenhas, who called it by bit cxwn naane , hew> ever, he made no fcttlentent. It lioon after became ■ place of refuge for piiatcs, who cohabited witli negro wemei> from Mada^alcar. I hey (ixed here ib<'iu ihc ^car ■ 6t7. The French India comp.iny had a I'adory and ■ governor. The pirates gradually decicafed in iMiiiber^ wliilft the French were aupwiitcd by the licqucnt arrival of their countryincn from Mad.igal(ar. The liU) of thefo pirates, wbofe name was Adam, died at the age of an bun* died and four yean. At a diOancc the ifland appears like a part of a ftjiere. with very high mountains, tlit land of which is CDltivated to tbe height of eight hundred toifes. Here are three in* acccflible pikes, which are reckoned one tbotilandtix hun- dred perpendicular toifes to the luinmir. (he wliole ill.inil i! (i»ty miles in length, aud forty-five in breadth. It ia only fotty leagues to the leeward of the ille of France, and a veffel can go from thence to Hourbon in a day, but a month is frequently fpent in returning. In this illand it a volcano. The principal place in Bourbcn. is St. Dennis, the rr-i fideiKe of the governor and council. As the iliorr here ia very (teep, and the fea rolls with a great Curl, lo that »» vellel can come to tlie land, a dniw-iuiilgc lias been '•on- trived for unloading of (hips, whicU projoils more thaia fourfcore feet over the fea, iikI is fiiflaiiit Jby iron chains. At the end of this biidj'.c h fixed a rope ladder, whiclt thofc who would land mull climb, 'ibis is the only placs in the whole ifland where any one can land without liiflt jumping into the fea. St Paul, another town on the rlland, is (ituate^^ on iho fide of a great lake of frelh water, of winch a port ntcla- bly might be made. When the wind blows into liic bjy of'^St. Paul, there is no getting out of it , and if a vtilji filouJd run afliore, (he mu(ViufallibIy tx: lofl, the fea break* ing open a very hinh fand. Tl.e want of a harbour ia an inronvenicnce which admits of no remedy, and greatly ikdiLns the value and importiuice of tliii (tuitlul and beat> thy (pot. sixiy lA F R 1 C A4 C 11 Siity ilioubiiJ bladu «l« itdwnMi t» (in in Benibov. •ml fiva tho- Iqui II ihe idaiid of Franc*, on which It Jfyandl ror In axfort iralBt. |i it alfo mueh baiwr euHWaiaa. hMicM produced rarcnw ihoufand quin«al« of Min, u\A U «atn coffia, hafi'lfi rkc and other provifioni Ibr boiM cenfum^ ilun. llaiJt of oaan aM not fbarca her*. Tito ^'ranni king pay* iiftean lirrei otr cam. for corn (ihinacn ftjlt- IhiRi ftcrliiijj aiid (ha Inhabitanii M a miimit «f com for forty-five livrei (one pound nineteen iKUnnp ftirlhig) In piaileri. ind ftventy nvrai in paper. T hii ifland aboundi in all klnJa of ntttfhnentt, and tha air it particularly excaltant. The fltnch £aA India lliipa loucb here to tak,e in water and peevifiMia i for the roadi are good for (hipping, but there it no hai^our in the whole ifland. Here ii plenty of ^ood wood and water, and the tiee of tlie cuunrry ii lieautilully dtverlMed with hilb and daUa, Mllurea and woodi, and wateicd by rxccltent Ipringi and tivulaii. In one of the mouniaina (h«r< ii a fniall volcano, which dilkhargci tire, and (Uli the ncigh- bourliovd with a bitamiivoui matter ; and the Ihniet are perceived, in the night time, at t\weniy-flve teagaci dtf- Unce. The foil of Boarbon it more Tandy than that of the Mauritiui -, and ii mixed, at fome djftance from land, with the fame kind of fmall pcliblei n iih which the (t* i< eoveicd ; from wiMch it appeari, tlwt either tha iiland hai rifcn out of the ocean, or the Tea hai withdrawn itiielf. Soma of the tre« here are fit for building rtfTttt. The Arub that bcari cofTee. the tamarifli, the coaco tree, the Itet from, wbeuce benaoin dilUI*. the cottori, aloe, and ehony tree arc produeed here. The black ebony ii left dteemed tluo the yellow ; and the wild coffee, wbicb is very pi n ■ tiful, ia exceeding good. Many o( the tra«a and planU lirodiiee odoriferous gurot ; and itere are plenty of orangei, bawiM. tobacco, pahaa, white pepeer, itc. Tbi< inattd Hkewife abounda with black cattfo, tiot;i, goati and boan, ^ flellt of wfaicli ia adiuiiable, on account of their feeding •n Uwtoifia i many kinda of fowli, pigeolii, turtle -dovei, ^ritt, &c. I lae furrounding leaa and inierleAing ri- vera, rivoleta, &c. fuoply the inhabitants with abaitdance of 6&.\. i and on the more are found great quantitiet of am- brgriii, corala, and beautiful iTient. Here are no Croco- dllaa, i'nakctr mu£kctoca. or any of thofe vennin, or other VcBQinoui creatures, which in moft other patta of thk (Dtrid xotte ue foexecedingly troublofome. The bcft animal found nere, whether for tafle or whol- Ibmeneri, ii the land tortoife; and the mod agreeable fruit, is thf anant. The tortoife is of the fame ^re withthoTeof Earopa, butofa very different fize. They (ky it lives a prodigious number of yeart, that fevcral agei are required to bring it to iis full growth, and that it can lire (etcral months without food. They have kept fomc joungones in the ilknJ, which have incrcafcd only a few (ichea in bulk at the end of twenty years. *' The anaiu is a fruit of an oblong form, and of the hit- licft of a melon ; it is covered with Ihort leaves, difpolcd' Tery mucli in the fame manner M the divifions of a pine apple, and it is crowned with a tuft of leaves fornetning longer; it growson aplani refembling an artichoak, and bas the tafle of fevcral fruits, but that of a (|uincc more than any •(her. TIkic is in this itiand a very (ingular kind of bat, which •ne mi^,lu call the Hving fox, flncc it very much refclbmes this antinal in fize, liair, head, ears, and even teeth. The' female liath two teats, and, under each wing, a bag to carry her young in. The Icogib of the wings is about four feet from ona extremity to the other. The flcth of them is fo Vicious to the tafle, that the people oo a hunt mg fur tbent with the iiune eagcrnefs as we thoat for partridges in Eu- % Of Lite years, vines have been fuccertfully planted here, fod now coniiderabie quantities of different wines are an- nually produced i but the grcatefl inconveniences here arife froaa tie terrible hunicanes and florms, which are not only exceedingly violent, but verr frequent ; hence fliip- wrecka aw common, and the mott horrid devaftationi be> come fitmiliar tothe eye. A Frencit writer obfervo, that though this ifland it in piany refpcfls agreeable, it doea not come iwar to the boiuty of ttie coaOa of Java and Sumatra i plains, which are covered with orange, cocoa, and other fruit trers, with t wsiplierof rivuletatMl water them, hills adorned with 4eligbtl^il giovea, fbrcfts forevergeen, and the mod charm- ing and fipliindid towna and viUacet. With te(ve& to the oriKinal inliabitants of thii ifland. we aae told b)f a French o^r, who viiitctl both tbii aod Wo. 40. % A, 4*1 the id* of Fmnce. iMt the ^aiUWn of tha ibft iiil»yMttl of Ihe Me of Bottffaaw <>«» ««rf KMale » tha graant ntMl* twr of tiM botttke wMtiMiriiM* M ftot ; • Ida, #IN • M« rioffty. ItNMpaoirtaaymfMtlMV Mtotaay in a flwTl over tiMti; Wf. Tb^ il« noticed f^Dod fortuiv:, but leek in Kuinpe piaafurei and hnnotifs, in exchange for dnmeftii: happiiiefk, and tha i{ttUl and fimphciry of a ceunii y lilfe. The Comora Iflandi are ((v« in numhn-, the fargeft o^ which gives name to the whole 1 tl\e other foor are iif* tlnffuiihcd by tlic names of Mayott^ Vfohilla, Angaxeja, and Johanna. I hefe iflandi He Onpolfte the fltc e of Zart< guebar, and nordi of the great iffand of Kt;>dagafaat, andl 111 twelve degree!) hfteeii minotet fbutli tatitud. Comora, it the moll northerly of thef^ ■Aandl i tilt though the molt confiderable in point of fit t in all oth' ' refpeAs the mott infignifkant, (or it has no fafe harbo r forftiips; and the natives ira (b tintradable aitd uiWi'iv lized, that no Europeans have y^ntured to Itop hen •:■! i( confiderable time. For this perhspt they have a fufi ient reafon, as it was ' > common for rtie Po ' ' icfe, H'pecl- ally at tlicir fltft laiuling here, to take jJ> 1 .. of the (irt- ptleiry of the inhabi'inis unacqumn- ' wrtt) arint, aild incapable of defence, for they not only ro..aed tlietil 01' theif property, and committed the moft dreadful outraMt, but al(b mad^ them captivea, and frequently divefled (liem o( every earthly enjoyment, by forcMig them on bond thei^ fliipt, and then felling thrm for (laves. Thie may bavtf given them a traditional averliun to flrangeri in genentf ind particularly to Europeans ; and.it is not impiohable. that the (cvenge they iititbt take on the text who vifitej them, without diflinguiming the innocent from tiieguilty. may have gained thrm the inhofpitable charaAer #hicB they flill retain, and have oocafloned them to look with ab- horrence on thofe who had proved themlblvos flrangera Ut the common diAutci of humanity. Ma^otta, is faid to be rather >o< but to abotind with firovilions and fruit. The French commoJore Bead., ieu, in the narrative of his expedition to (he Eaft In- dies, informs uvth- > is cool, moitt, covered with y«t* dure, and inhabited) '-' ' ■' ng the fea flhore. "The tid^ (fays be) carried w >■ . ; ircTatong the cOaft, to a point where we came in light of a (hip ^ upon which I fent out our long' boat with ten mufqvicseers,whobroa*htmeword| that it was a veflcl of forty tons, liotind fVom Mi^cca', and that the captal ;, taking ui for Dutch (hips, had run all tbd goodion (boie. The captain of this»vcflel (Hewed md two lette't. one from an Knrfilhcomman'dkr called Mari tin, and another from captain Banner,, to it)fot(n thetf countrymen, that tliey had taken in refrefhments at thB< place ; cfpccially fruit -, that they had found no Witttr ^ and that linen cloth aiuj paper Were proper commodities tor that place ; adding that cate ought to be taken, tiot to difoblige the inhabitants, who, thoug)! thvr a^oekre4 friendly, were able to do them a great deal of cmcluef, " The road being furrounded with rockk, tie ArabiM matter advifed me not to attempt landin|; without f<:tchi(ig apilotfromihafhoiie, atld aecordin^j^ t feitt my pt^t' along with him. and in the afternoon ha ^tbrnedwjtl) of the inh^bitarits, wli(>, before fun fet o(6t^f o<^ fa/e to an anchor. I then. feat the 4>r*^>ait (iVtfl<=>^ ^ his own ffiip, wkh fujl al^'ritncet of the>iiAi6tence tilovt defigns, and tbe (riendly dilpaf%ioh of the Ficim;!!, tp» ^ther witH a letter to the Ijtine purpole, to the king of di0 ifland, addte^Ted ii^ SpanilK; "The king afterwards (fcht fbme <>rhii chief fayiiii- rites to afliire ih of his firtendihiD. and nadiaefi tofuDofaT with wlutaver the cotmtry *ffordiri. tJpoa tl)iy, I "S^ iK j.U fUm n 4b6 The NEW anij UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. him a piefent of a iilver billed hanger, a couple of vety htndfiome knives, a ream of paper,_ and a looking glafs, wjiich he received with jpleafure ; and, in Ktuin, lent me a young kid and fome trait. I at the fame time delired the y^rabian captain, who waa tlien on.lhore, to buy ne fome provilions, promiling to fend fucb commoditiei as were proper to be eiv^n in exchange. Upon this, the captain iient me word, tliat the inhabitants of the ifland were of fucb a particular humour, that they would not conclude a bargain of the value of lialf a rial in a day's time ; and would not buv a y>rd of cloth, without calling together all their neighfiours and relations to fix the nrice tltey fliould give for it. 1 was alfo informed, that the inlubitant* were to overilocked with rials, that they fet no value on them, having obtained a great quantity from a Portuguefe carrack which had been nil away upon tliat iHand about three years before. '* Having, onthe next day, obferved two Hilps belong- ine to tiiat country, I bad the captains brought on board, when they informed me, that they came from the idand of ' Mayotta, that thev were laden with rice and dried fifii, ' and were bound for Monbaze. The next day they fup- Jilied me with as nuch rice, peas, and hung beef, as would ierve us for fome months ; of which I was very glad, as I could buy noijing of the inhabitants without iudinite lofs of time. Beiides, I began to fufpeA their honefty ; for the day before, when we wtt founding, in order to come to an anchor, fome of tliem made a (ignal for us to come over a place where we obferved a long ridge of rocks ; whence I prefumed, the advantage they had made by the l^ipwreck of the Portuguefe carrack, had tempted tlicm to with us the lame fate ; and as I alfo found the water brackifli, we left tlie place, and purfucd our voya^'.e." . Angazeja, is inhabited by Moors, who trade with dif- ferent parts of the continent, and moft of the iflands to the eaitward, in cattle,, fruitc, and the other commodities «f the ifland, exchanging them for callicocs and othrr cot- ton cloths. The bread ufed in this ifland is of the kernel of the cocoa nut, boiled or broiled, and fpread over with honey : their drink is palm wine, a juice cxtraded from the fugar cane, and fuftered to ferment, or the milk of the cocoa nut. They never let their women be feen 'ly flrangcrs, with- out permiiTton from one of the chiefs, or an order to fee them, which the ftranger brings with him. Many of them write and read Araoic with great facility ; and lome of them underftand the Portuguefe, which they learn from ' (heir intercourfe with Mozambiuue, whitlier they trade in veilels of forty tons burden. The houles are built of flone, and hme made of calcined oyfler IhcUs, with which the walls and roofs are plaflered in a very elegant manner, and the roo6 and windows are covered with palm leaves, which ferve equally as adefcncc againft rain, artd the fcorch • ing heat of the fun. The conftitution of ihis illarrd is purely ariftocratical, being under the goveriunent of llic lords. Mohilla, is an ifland very fcldom vifited, not onlv from tbediflike the inhabitants have to ftranccrs, but alio from ^bere not being any convenient place tor tlie reception of inips. It is under the direAion of a fultan, whofe chil- dren, whether male or female, fhare in his authoriry, and govern in quality of viceroys in difTerrnt parts of the tfland. All, however bear the title of fultans, though tlicy jire in fome refpcclt, fubordinate to tlie authority of the father : each has his guards, his crown, fceptre, and all the cnfigns and pageantry of majcAy, togetlier with a bril- liant court and numerous houlhold. Th; faltan never goes abroad without being attended by twenty of the principal perfons in the ifland ; upon which occaiion, his drefs IS a long robe of ilripcd callico, hanging from his |houlders to bis heels, with a turban on his head. The people in general wear loofc callico gowns, and ai: con- tinually chewing artka, or betel, in the manner of the £al\ Indians, to whom tliey have a near affinity in their ci((loms. Johanna, as wi; hinted above, is the mod 'requented, j^nd bed known; to Europeans, of all the Comora iflands, on account of the fafetyof its road, and the civil difp6(i- tion of jt; inhabitants ; which, together witli the tineneft of tbt country, have indiKcJ tlte ihipt from Europe to (ouch here for refrefhmcnts in their pafTage to Bombay itnd the Malabar coafts of India. I'his ifland lies in twelve degre<:s twenty minutes fouth latitude, is thiny mile* long, fiftfen broad, and about ninety in circumterence, Thcugti fori^t p^rt; of it are exceeding mountainous, yet it is in general a very beaiftiful and fertile fpot. The foil ii na- to>iU!y very gobd ( and, frorh iti being well watered by ri- tcrr, produces abundance of the oliict tKccilaiics of lii«. When fhips approach this ifland, they anchor in (her road on the weft nde of it, where the hills, covered with ever-greens, ending in a delightful valley, form the moft pleafing Iandfca|)e that the imagination can paint. Tha. Tailors ufualty pitch a tent on Inore for the rifteption of the fick, when, fuch is ttic excellence of the climate, that thofeeverfo much difabled with that dreadful diforder th« fcurvy, generally recover their iiealth with furptiling fpeed^ which is probably as much owing to the falubrious infli^- ence of tne earth, as to the variety of excellent refrefh- raents with which the country abounds. Nevcrthelefs the comoion failors, who arrive hither in health, are fometimet in danger, by their intemperance in eating the delicious . fruits the ifland affords, of laying the foundation of diflem- ' ' pers which break out when they go again to fea. It has alfo . ; ' been laid, that lying afhore is prejudicial to them, on account.' ', • , of the moifl vapours difTufed from the neighbouring hills ; .* but it is probaUe that their not being fuffaciently l^reened from the keenncfs of the night air, and the damps which. arife from the earth, expofe them to the greatcft danger. ..i; .. The ingenious Mr. Grofe, and another Englilh gentle- " man, by their account of a walk taken by them on thit ifland the day after theirarrival, have given us an opportu- nity of conveying to our readers a defcription of its beaor- ties and natural produflions ; which we fliall fet down in - . their own words : ■* As we fet out pretty early in the'i. . morning, fays the writer, wc made fhift to penetrate')- abob. five iniics into the country before the fun Degan to.'f be iXiS ways troublefome : and this was no fnull flretcli, ^• conliciering the mountainous way we had to go. We had t . fowling pieces with u^., and the view of excellent fport in^i ' fliooting, could we have reached the places where we per- r ' ceived the game to lay ; but we could not conquer tha^ afcent of the hills, though we endeavoured to fcramble up' them on our hands and knfes : we were obliged, there- ^j fore to reft fatisiied with what fmall birds prefented them- \;'^ cafcades that fell from the recks, and, according to 'heir diftance, feemed to found a gradation of notN, fo as to form a kind of agreeable water mufic. " The orange and lime-trees, which flood in grvai^^ numbers about that fpot of ground, bcntling under th«^ .1 H weight of their fruit, difFul'ed a moft fragrant odour. The^' ;?! I were alfo pine-apples which grew wild, of eleven and tbit^ . - teen inches incircumference, of a much richer flavour tbaii^ r tliofe I afterwards met with in India. Our guides too madrf us diflinguifh a number of goyav), and clDeci^Uy plumir m trees, tlie fize of whofe fruit is about tliat of a damaficene, '- and leaves a plealant relifli on the palate for fome minutes ;: after it is eaten. All thefe growing promifcuoufly, and l without the lead arranger.ieiit or order, ccmbinrd with tha >' falls of water, and the ftupendous height of the furround« ^ ing hills, covered with trees and verdure, and in their va- .; - rious breaks and proje£tions exhibiting the boldeft ftroktf - of nature, altogetner compofed what might without ex- t*; aggeration, be called a terrcftrial paradife, compared to which the fineft gardeiu in Europe, with their ftatues, »tJ • ' tii^mi cafcades, compartments, and all rtie refinements oCV human invention would appear poor indeed I here it wat impoflible for art to add any tiling, but wlut would rather fpoil than adorn the fcenery. " It was not tlie r. without regret that we quitted f* < charming a fpot, after having fcalled our eyes with thii.; beauties of it ; to which it may be mentioned, as no in* :i confideraiile addition, that there was no fear of wild beaite or venomous creatures inixed with our plealure, the ifland l>eing fo litppy as to produce none. \\t returned then to our tent, well paid for the llight fatigue we had undergone in this little excurfion." They have hcfidcs the fruit already mentioned, and mani* ;- others coinmoti in the Indus, pirticulaily a remarkable fort of fweet oranges of a finall lize, riot exceeding that of a common apricot, but tilled with a juice that has a mucll more delicious tiavour than the lirger fort generally im- ported here from Portugal, under the name of China oranges : and their being gathered ripe and frefh frooi tlM tree, renders their talle more agreeable. A great Qumbcr of moiikic! o^iffcrent kinds and fite^ are in the woods ; and alfo a bcaft about the bisneli of a common monkey, with a head nearly refembling that of ■ fox ; it has a lively piercing eye, its coat is woolly, and ge- nctaJly of a moufc colour , and its tail, wdich it abotif c tfate* ir-'^ .K'"' [A F R I C A.] J H N N 407 tiuee feet long, ii varteipited with circles of blacV, within an inch of each other, quite to the end , the natives call it » mocawlc, and when taken young it foon grows ex- ceeding talite : the country alto abounds with fquirrcls, which are generally large and Ihy ; but neitlier of an agree ■ able colour or well ihapcd . The principal cattle in this ifland are oxen, which are very numerous, and uf a middling (ne ; like thofe in the EaiV Indies, they are remarkable lor differing from ours in having a large flefhy excrcfence between tlicir neck and back, which, whin kept in pickle for fome time, is,gc!»e- taUv prefSerrrd citlicr to tongue or udder, it tailing like firtn marrow ; and their Helh is extremely fweet. Fowls are here extremely good and fat ; but our author obfcrves, that he had no oppo' tunity of tailing their game, of which they are faid to have great variety 1 for as the natives are very inditferrnt fportfmen, eitlier with net or gun, very few of them are caught. The fea abounds with tilh ot dtiTerent fort?, which thry arc very expert at caldiing. Amone the reft, they have a particular fpecies called the parrol-filn, which is beautitied with the liveliefV colours th it can be imagined i it is about three feet and a half in length, and tliick in proportion ; it ukes its name from the form of its mouth, which is iiooked like the bill of a parrot ; the fins are blue, as are alio the eyes, which are very fprightlv, and have a yellow irii i l\v^ Icaics are very large, and the,; are two rows of flrong teeth in tlie mouth, with which it breaks open mufcles and oyfters. I'he tlelh of this iifh is very firm, and is cfteemed delicious eatine. They have liKewife fome flat tifh that nearly refemble the turbot ; and alfo thornbacks, mullets, and teveral other forts. The inhabitants of this ifland are in general tall of fla- tlire, ftroiig, and well proportioned ; they have piercing eyes, lon^ black hair, lips fomewhat thick, and their com- plexions m general are of a colour betweirn olive and Mack i but their women are rather more clumfily made than the other fex. The drefs of the common people is only a ikullcap of any fort of ftufF, and a oarle wrapper round their loins ; but thole of fup tior rank have a Icind of widc-Hccvcd fhirt hanging over a pair ot lung drawers, and a waillcoat, which is either thick or tliin, according to the feafon ; few wear turbans, except thole of high rank : thcfe are alfo ufually diflinguifhed by the nails of their lingers and toes, which tliey fufTer to grow to an immoderate length, and tinge them with allhenna, a yellowilh red, furnilhed by a ihrub that grows in the marfhy places of tf e ifland. They ufually carry large knives, orpomaids, wi>ich are ftuck in a fafh they wear round then waills ; fome of them have filreV or agate handles, but they have commonly carved wooden ones. The women wear a fliort jacket and petticoat, with a fort of loofe gown, and vail to cover their faces. They ufually adorn their arms and wrifts with a number of bracelets made of filver, pewter, copper, iron, and glafs, according to th^ir ra'ik and circumftances. Their fingers and toes, and the I'mall of their legs, are likewifc decked with chains and rings. Their ears are Auck In full of mock Jewell, and ornaments ofmeral, that the lolxs are in |«rticiilar greatly dilated and weighed down, which, from their inlancv, they arc taught to confidcr as a lingular cmhellilhment. Ttt^ Children of both fcxes are fuffered to go f\aik nain f^m the time of their birth till they are feven or eight years old ; which proceeds Icfs from any confideration of tlie heat of the climate, than from pl yfical reafons ; for they imagine that infants are more apt to be hurt by heat than by cold, and that the free accels of the air to evei^ part of the body is nutritious and more favourable to their growth, than their being heited by fwathin^ and deaths, which deprive them of a hardiitefs conducive to health ; aHit in cafe of any difpolition to deformity, obOruil the free courfe of nature, which ftrives to free itfelf from any unperft'ftions. By this means they arc alfo prtfervcd from the ftalling and chafing of cloaths, which fret)uently occa- fiun fucli crying and (Ininings as terminate in ruptures, if nat carefully atKiided to. Th« foil of this ifland is fo naturally fertile, as to pro- duce every ihinj they covet for food -, fo their conflitntional ' >lcii,c kecpv them fatisfi>:d, without any attempts to iiuvc It by lilLigeorcultivalion. Thry chiefly fubfift ilk and vcgetahlcs, both which they poilcfs in great Tity niiu pciicctiuii. initcad of oii and vinegar to ihrir UUds, which arc of the lettuce kind, they ufe a liijiiid Uicli hai tome reilitiblance 10 oiir treacle, and is a pre- paration of the juice yielded from the cocoa-nut tree, bf incilion. Thefe people fpeak a corrupt Arabic, mixed with ths Zanquebar tongue of the oppolite part of the continent, from whence the Comoia i (lands were probably firft peo- pled : but tliofe of the faireft complexion, who are gene- rally of the bell rank, or at leaft the moft eftccroed-unongll them, derive their colour partly from the Arab mixture, and partly from their communication witli Europeans, which was formerly much more common tlian it has becii of Ute years. In their manners, they (till retain much of the iimpli- city of uncultivated nature. The mildnifs of the climate renders tlrem indolent, and prone to venery. They fre- ({uently make ufe of the liberty granted them by their re- ligion, which is that of Mahometanifm, of divorcing their wives upon flight pretences, for the fake of novdty ; they have ufually two or three of them, and may have as many concubines as they can maintain. Though tliey are for- ward to beg whatever they like, they are fiur from beiri^ thievifh. They treat the Engliih in a very friendly man- ner, not merely firom a principle of interelx and conveni- ence, tliough this has doubtlefs fome influence, but alfo from a fenfe of gratitude, for the effeflual affiftance they formerly received from them in their wars with the Mo- hillans, and from their bting aflured, by frequent inter- courfe with them, that they have no intention to invade ^ their country or liberty, of which they retain a flronj{ jealoufy againft the Portuguefe and other Europeaa nations ; but chiefly place their fafety in the inaccel&bility of their mountains, which nature has formed as an im- penetrable barrier and defence Of the inland country againft f invaders. The lower fort of people have huts, fomewhat refem- bling our barns, the fides being formed of reeds tied to- gether, and plafleredover with a mixture of clay and cow- dung ; and the roofs are thatched witli cocoa-leaves. Tluf man who has a houfc erefled with ftoue and mud, is ac- counted very great. With refpeCl to the town, or more properly the village of Johanna, it is compofed of about two hundred boules and huts together, Thofe houfes, which are of ftone, belong to the chief, who is honoured with the title of king of Johanna, and to the principal men of the country. Their hut buildings are very low, and only of one (lory high. The houfe in which the king refides, is built, likA the red, of ftone and mud, and does not appear much belter than a common alms-houfe, it being wtetchedlr furnilhed, and aukwardly bung with pieces of coaru chintz, with here and there a fmall looking-glafi. The people here fufier ftrangert to come familiarly into their liril apartment, but fet apart aU the others for the ude o£ their families. Notwithilanding the above-mentioned inferiority ia point of flate and grandeui, in comparilbn of whatis feea in more extenlive and civilized kingdom*, yet the title of king is juilly given to the chief of this ifland, he having all the efleniials of royalty, an unUmited power over hia fubjc£ls, both in temporals and fpirituals, together with.i|p feventy-threc villages, and near «o,ooo inhabitants under his dominion. He refides, for the moft part, about nine miles up in the country, feldoin coming down to what- they call the lower Town, by the fea (ide, except when the European Ihips are lying there, at which times a very numerous retinue accompanies him. , The king generally goes on board tlie veflels which arrive on the coaft, when he exprcfljs a great defire dC learning the name of every diing that is new to him ; and as he has obtained a tolerable fnuttering of the Engliih tongue, he is very inauiiitive in relation to our wan ia Europe, and is particularly pleafed with the civility of the Enghfh captains, who regale him in the bcft manner they can, after the European ialhion, and falute him, both oa. his arrival and depanurc, with a difchargc of five guns. This is a ceremony he is exceedingly fund of, u it is a mark of refpcft that give* him an air of importance, and tends to increafe, or at leaft preferve, the eftcem of hia lubjeAs. His attendants, however, are far from ftanding . fo much upon ceremony as their Ibvereign, and have a ' forward way of begging any thing they fancy, and if they , ue refufed, feem greatly diflatisfied. On the arrival of any (hip, the captain is obliged tpi- obtain a licenfe from the prince, for dealing with tfao nativti, cfpccially for the more confidcrable articles of re- frtlhment, fuch as oxen and goats ; arvl alfo for wooding, watering, and Uniting the men. But this parmiffion ■• ^ ■^5 1^ 4o8 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. :k I- ^ li-' putchifcd at a mfonabfe expence, contifting of a (cw pre- fcnta, as a Ijitle pun-powder, a few muflccts, fomo yardt of fcarlet cloth, or 'othdr triiling articfc* of the manufitc- turc of Europe. When n mip eaftt •nchor'in" the road, it is prelcntly furroundcd by a nuinhcr'of cancel, the people hurrying aboard wirh rrfrrOimmts of the produce of the iflanda ; and it is diverting enough to obferve the confution and ftrife among the rowers, itil of whom exert their utmoft endeavour to get firft to their market the fliip. When the fea runs high', tliey are fometihics overfct, but tltis is at- tended witn no danger, on account o# their being excellent fwimmers, and thetefbre they only lofc their little cargoes of greens and fruit. MoK of riieir canoes are balanced on each fide without leaguers, formed of two p»!es eiih, with pne acrofs to piwvent iheir overfetting, whicli has fome rcfembtance to tlic ftying proas we ha^ befbvc conclude thi< foAion, we fliall, for the enter- tanmKnt of our readers, give an account of the manner in which the illand pf Johanna became fubje£l to the prelent race of kings, which we have been favoured with by Mr. Grofe, who wasa confiderable time in this illand, and to whom we are indebted for many curious particulars relat- ing to it. • " The grandfatlier of the prefenc king, favs our author, *W«s an Arab, or Moorilh trader to Mofamkique, where, ih a quarrel with a Portuguefe, with whom he was deal- ing for fltives, he killed him, and being obliged inilantly lo^Hy, put to (a in the firil boat he cuula ki/yc on the fhorr, when the lirli land Ik made was Johaiiita, whtre, laeetiiig with an liofpitable reception, kc remained fome years in oblcuritv, till an Arabian veflel, being driven ifi there by ftrefs of weather, he made hiralcll known to Ms cottntryinen, and procured them all the relief tlie pla^ afforded. In tlie meiin while he had pcrfi:£ily leanicd the language, was become ac<]uaintrd with itic manners of the inhabitants, aad was k> pleafcd with the fertility and plcafantnafs of the conntry, tli.it lie not only laid afide all thoughts of leaving it, but formed a fdiemc to raife hiin'elf to the fovcreigaty of it, in whicii he was greatly countenanced and alttlled by tlie Arabs, liis countrymen, who, from the advantages they hoped to (fcrive frotn the event, cnme readily into his views. '* In the prol'ccution of his plan, he did not proceed tu snv violent metliods but mad* himielf ncccflary to the infivrs, by iiiftruAing tliem in the ufe of aims, before unknown to tlienv, patticuUdy tlie lance, which tbolit of any dilliiiflioti amuiigtt tlicm ik>w handle with great dex- tenty. I'hit, with hit teaching them other niethodi of war, which tbefe fiinpic favaget were before icnoraiu of, proved of fiiigular advantage to tliem, bv cnauling them *.« «..«.. ITm >K^ tnli»KiMi\ta nf fke l^el'hbour!!)" itlai,.!* efpecially thofe o( Moliilla, with whom they were con- ihntly at vaiiance, fomctimet invading, and at otliers bc- 4 in; invac>t raudib. It is fituated between the twelfth an4 twenty- fixth degrees of fouth latitude, and between the fotty-fouttk and fifty-firft dtgrces of caftloiiytudc from London,. abo«t forty leagues to the eaftof the Contiiicut of Africa, it beinf about a thou&nd miles ia length from north to foutli, an! generally between two and tWee hundred milci bioad. It» fouthernmod end, which leans, towards the cane of GooA. Hope; is the broadeft ; for towards the north icgrow* audv narrower, 4:ud terminates in apoint. At adidancc Iroratlie ita. are many bigliand fleepmoaov taint, yet it ab'junds in fpacious plains that have excdk^ paflure, and Las fi-veral large tbrefls always greeo, ,ix. which lemons, pomegranates, and a variety of other fnuta. grow wild. Madagafcar it inoerfcaod aad its coalls divided b* tmtv which have tbeir fource in the ialaiid parts, aad difcharia themfelves into the lea 'Ihe bays and culls are innumaT rable, and in general abound with good roads and har- bours, fo that the iilaiid miglit be rendered extivoMly b*- ncCcial. Tlie French always claim tlie honour of having fifft difcoveiedthc maritime countries between tlie hay of Anto gil and tiie bay of St. Aug^iftinc, although the Foj-- tuguclc, in all tlicir voyages to the Eaft Indies, have con. lUutly.Cnce theyear ijc'^.aiichored in this ifland, an4 Koved their dilcovcries ; and the Dutch have foUow^rf xami.Ic of ills Portugud'e 1 and it mutt be allowed, that ihc ndi have |>enetialcd lanher into the couottr tiiaii citbci of tlie two former. Modern geojp^aphers divide this ifland into twenty-eiglA provinces, or countries, which torm fo many diftiiia peo- pk and governments ; namely, 1. AuoHi, or Carcaufli ■ i, Maiiatengha, or Manaiiipaoii 3. The valley of An- boule; 4. Vohitlbaiig ; j. Itonumpo ; 6. IcondtB; 7. Vatciiianahon i 8. AiiacliiinoulB j 9. Eringdrano; 10. Vohits-Aiighombci 1 1 . Manacarongha ; 11. Matataa. 13. Antavarce; 14. Ohalleinboulow j 15, Tanlctari j 16. baluvch J 17. Voulovilou; 18. Andovouchc i loT Manghabei ; ao. Adeimoui 21. Mandrerci; 21 Aiapa- tre ; 23. Caramboulc ; 24. Mahafall* ; 25. Houlouve 1 26. Sivah ; 27. Ivorodhcoe ; 28. Machicote. There arc a great number of rivers in this ifland, the principal of which arr Francliere, Aconere, Imaahal, Manainbatou ; Manhafio, H-irangaiavac, Fantac, " ia tliu province of Anolfi. Manampani, in the province of Manatongha. t* Manatenglia, Aviboul, Andraghinta, Sandravivangnv • Manambondrcu, Mailiaiiac. Maiianvhare. in tb; nrnyjiw.. of Vohitfbang. " ' "' ~~^' Itomampo, longainon, Maropte, Maiiglai»c : thefe ran lh(eii|h -ix-a^ .. > ^i'jibV'ijrSS'fii'^i ' ..i-M fA P R I C A.] MADAGASCAR. 46^ •I'.' i^ through the provinces of Itoniiimpo, Icondre* Vitemana- 011, Caramhoulc, and Anachimoulli. Mananghare, waters the provinces of Manacarongha and Matatan. Avihabeand Sacavil, water the provinces of Antavaree and Anachimoulfi, Manangliorou, Mananfatra, Morimbo, Sumiame, Ma- nangliaie, run along the coaft from 'I'ametavi to the bay of Aatogil. Mandrcrei, watrri the provinces of Ampatre, Mangha- bei. and Caramhoulc. longhelahi', water phin's bay. The entrance is rocky and dangerous ; but within it there is a fecurc harbour for either fhipping or boats. A fmall ifland, called by the French St. Clare, lies near, and forms another convenient harbour. This province includes fevcral other lefs conlidcrable pcninfulas and fmaller ifland; on the coall. The country, upon the whole, is beautiful, abounds in fruit-trees, is fertile in pafturcs for cattle, and, with proper culture, might be made to produce not only the ^Kccflarics, i>ut even the luxuries of life. It is furrouiided by mountains, finely (tirerfified with hillocks and plains. Belidcs villages and hamlets, this province contains eight towns, namely, Franchcre, Imanhal, Cocom- fccs, Andravaole, Ambonerana, Mor tiamou, Imours, Marofontonts, and Fanangba.. At fome leagues diftance from fort Datiphin the Portu- gacfi; bad formerly a fort, on the fummit of a high rock, and leveral inctofures that furnilhed them with all forts ot' provilion; ) hut the neighbouring natives at length maiTacrcd theni all. The aiountains in this province are covered with trees and thruht, and the French have often dug here, in ex- peA.ition of finding gold, but have always been difap- poimed. They liavc indeed fomctiines found flones in the rivers, and alfo yellow cl.iy, intermixed with black and white I'panglcs, the latter Ihining like filver; thefe ihey carefully pounded ^nd walhed, but the feparated mat- Jer proved much too light. Some writers, neverthelefs, afbrm, that the Portugucfc, by digging bore, formerly found gold, and that the pl.ices where they dug had been filled up by the natives, atier they had expelled thofe in- vadrrs. Here a" > forts of inhabitants in this province, namely, >. and negroes. The whites are defccndcd from lomc Aialii, who fettled here upwards of 200 years ago i and the ncgioes are the original inhabitants of the country. The whites are divided into three clafles or degrees, viz. Rohandrians, Aiiacandrians, and Andxatfi, TIte negroes aic divided into four cIsfTes or degrees, viz. Voadziri, Lohavohits, Antfoa, and Andcves. The chiefs and kings are chofen from anion^ the Ro- handrian whites, who are ihe nobles. 'I'hc Aiiacandrians are of the blood of the Roliaridiians, but it is l>y ,1 dci^r- neratemode, or, in other woids, they are the illegitimate offspring, or lite defccndants of the illegitimate otTspring of the kings, princes, and nobles of the Rohaiidrian race. Both thefe clafles enjoy the privilege of killing cattle, which in Madagafcar is coiilidcrcd as a very great ho- nour. The loweft clafs of the whites are the Andzitfi, who are Ibc illegitiiiiaie delcenilanis <,f die Anacanduaiis. '1 he peopled this dais an- m riii-ral lilhermcn, ;ind arc not {Kriniiird io kill any living creature excpt chickens, and the fifh they catch. No. 41- The people above-mentioneJ are rither of a copper colour, their hair hanging down in ringlets, hut they are generally diilinguifhcd by Ihe name of whites. The negroes of the firft Or Voadziri clafs are the nloll powetful and rich, being mailers of feveral villages : thuy derccnded from tlic oii)>inal lords of the country, though Ihey are at prefent. and have been for a confidcrable time, fabordinatf to the whites. They are permitted to kill cattle, if no white happens to be in the village ; but Ihey mufl not afpire to that honour, if a white is near at hand. The fecond clafs, called Lohavohits, are chiefs, but are notwithftanUing inferior to the Voadziri ; as tliefc lat- ter ate lords of diflri£ls. and Lohavohits only of fmgM villages. Thefe are lik> wife, when abfent Ifom the whites, permitted to kill beafls for their own ufe. The third clafs of people, called the Antfoa, are the le- gitimate offspring of the Lohavohits. The Aniieves, or people »( the fourth clafs. are confi- dered in a defpicable and mean light, the term itfulf, by which they are denominated, implyihg " lofl men," and as fuch they may be confidcred, nnce they are either flaves made by the fortune of war, or thi childreil of fiaves. In times of famine, or Icarciiy, if the mad-rs of the An- devcs cannot or will not I'upport them, the latter have the privilege of chaitgiiig mailers, and giving tliemfeWe* to he the flaves of others -, but fitcdom is a thing they never can obtain, till death rcleafes them from their ty- rants. Others may vary ihcircircumflanccs by indtiflry, and gain an accelCon of wealth by fortunate contingen- cies, but the unhappy Andeves have no alternative, nor any hope beyond the idea of flavery. Manaiengha is well watered by rivers, but nothing particularly remarkable is incntiuncd eonccrniiig this pro- vince. Aniboule is a valley, in which there is a variety of fprings, which it receives from the mountains ol En- cxlidae, Hiela, and Manghazc. In the midilof this plca^ fant valley fluids the large town of Amboule, which is populous in ilfelf, and the circumjacent territories abound in cattle, plants and frjits, particulaily white yams, and the herb fefame, wbofc feed, when comurefTed, produces the oil menachil, and tlic cattle are here rematkably fat and fine. This province produces iron ; and near the town of Amboule is a hot fpring of mineral water, which is deemed exceedingly efficacious in the gout. The people of this diflrifl are principally employed in manufafluriiu, uveapona and domeftic utrnfils with iron and fleet. They are li- centious and dilhonell in their difpolitions ; fo that this dilliiil is deemed the retreat of the roguilh and lazv, who cfcape from other provinces, and run hither in order to herd with fuch whofe charaflers refemblc their own. This province contains only about eight hundred perfont, the men of which arc deemed the befl foldiers in the ifland. It is fubjefl to a rabertau, or great lord, who is vc.'jr rich, particularlv in cattle, and governs in a very arbitrary manner. Subordinate to this rabertau it ano- ther, who rules over a little diflrifl called Izame. Vohitlbang extends from the river Manatengha to the river Mananghare, and flretches up the country to the river Itumampo. The fea-coall of this province is luoun* tainous, and covered with thickets, and the plain parts arc fertile, and abound in honey, lugar-canes, yams, rice^ and other forts of grain : iron mines are alio found here. With rcfpeft to the inhabitants of this part, they are black, with long thick curled hair, extremely quarrelfomej vindiflive, cruel, and treacherous : they are alfo great thieves, and pay fo little regard tu humanity in their rob- beries, that they frequently Ileal the wives, children, and fervants of their nearell relations, and fell them for flaves. They have conceived an implacable hatred to the white natives, as they are poU'.flcd with a notion, that the latter have the power to bewitch them, and. what belongs to them, and to lend dileafcs and death among them and their cattle. Their garments art made of the baik of a tree called frautraftanou, and ihofe brought from Mita- ton arc made of another bark called avo. Their arms are a heavy dart, and a wooden fhield covered with aa ox's hide : thefe people i'omctimes travel into the provinces of AnoiU and Ampatre. Itomampo is only about three leagues in length, and narrow in proportion : it is fitualed in a valley furrounded by high mountains ; and the bcfl flcel in the ifland is pre- pared in this province. Icoiidre is alfo a very fmall and mountainous province. It boundaries on Ihe noilh-cafl are higli bills, which di- S 1- vide ,.4i 4i6 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. vide it from ^tomampo. On the fouth are tlie counties of Vitemanahon and Machicore ; and the hills and woods adjoining to various provinces are the other boundaries. Vatemanahon adjoin* to Icondre i but the whole race of the inhabitants of this province having been extirpated and dcftroyed b^ the wars, it is at prcfent uninhabited. Anachimoum is faid to be four days journey in extent, and is principally bounded by mountains or rivers. This province is extremely populous, finely watered, and ex- ceedingly fertile in cattle, yams, rice, and every other ne- ceflTary of life. The people of this province formerly be- cnme very rich and powerful by the afli(l.^.ice of the French, in the wars carried on by them againtt the neigh- bouring provinces. The title of its prince is deean or dian panohahe. Enngdrane is a fine flat country, of grtat extent, and divided into two diflriAs, namely, greater and lefTer, which reparation the river Mangliarae occalions. Voliits Anghombe is divided frotn that of Eringdrane by the river Mananfatra, which river has its fource in the laft mentioned province. Thefe two provinces, we arc toiii, are uncou..iionly fertile, and fo exceedingly populous, that Eringdrane can fend into the field thirty thoufand, and Vohits Anghombe one hundred thoufand fighting men. In both thefe pro- vinces, the towns and houfcs furpal's in beauty thofe of •ny other. Iron, ficcl, and alt the iieccfTaries of life abound here. Cloaths arc made of the rind of banana- trees, and thefe garments arc almofl as fnic as lilk, and ate preferred to it by the natives, though they can like- wife make filk. The people of thclc Icitile provinces, however, are at perpetual variance with one another. Manacarongha is fituatcd on the fca coat\, the inland parts being bounded either by rivers or mountains. The river Mananghare, which waters this province, is formed by the conflux of thefe rivers, vii. the Itomampo, lon- gainon, and Mangharae, belides many fmall rivulets that run down from the mountains, and which all uniting, lofe their refpeAive names, and take that of Mananghare. This river afterwards fcparates, and difembogues itieif in- to the fea, by feven mouths, none of which are naviga- ble, nor is the river itfelf, though a very wide one, on account of the rocks in them. Matatan is fituated near a river that bears the fame natne, which hath its fource in the adjacent mountains, and difcharges itfelf into the fea by two mouths, fevcn leagues diflant from each other, and by which a large and delightful illand is formed. Sugar canes, honey, yams, and cattle, abound in this province, which is wa'.cred by many rivers, in which are great quantities of fifh. Sugar-canes grow in fuch plenty, that many fliips might be loaded yearly, could the natives be brought to make fugar, and were they furnilhcd with proper implements. Polygamy is allowed to the chiefs of this country, and their wives, which are generally about twenty in numlier, live in feparate apartments in an inclofcd place, furrounded by pallifadoes, like a large town ; and the punifhment of death is infiiftcd on any pcrfon who prefames to enter it. Antavarce is watered by many ftraams, f'ome of which have their fource in the Red mountains, which are the norlJi-weflern boundary of the province. (ihallemboulou furrounds a bay of the fame name, which is very extenfive, with a good road for boats behind the rocks, but extremely dangerous. The village of Ratf- malone, called St. Matthew by the Europeans, lies upon the coafl of this province. Tameuvi, fituated on a bay ' • ^i:,>h of the fatne name, is tolerably fertile, and well w :■'.. Salieveh is alfo (itu d upoti '. gv ph of the fame name : this gulph is of a great depth, the bottom it fandy and good, but the excefiive high winds render the bay unfafe. Voulovilou it near cape Long-Point, and, being well watered, it exceeding fertile. In this pro>'incc are fome rocks which projeft a confidcrabic way into the fira, be- tween which there is a fine harbour. Andovouche is a maritime province, conta'ning many golphs, bays, harbours, he. patticularly the bay of An- tonghil, formerly called Manyhabcc by the inhabitants of the country. It it fituated lengthways to the north, and is about eighteen miles wide. At the end cf the bay ftaiids an ifland extremely high above water ; it it about fix miles in cir<:uit, covered with the moft delightful verdure, and abounding in all kinds of grain, plants, fruits, bananas, honey, fowls, ^^c. Befidcs this ifland, there are fome rocks, and three or four other fmall iflands. in tlkc middle of the bay ftoiu ihc cuUaQcc to tkc iioitb- 3 eaft fide i fome of thefe are covered with wood, and other* fown wiih tice. The province of Manghabei, which contains many po- pulous villages, borders on the before- mentioned bay. On the north fide of the river flands a large town called by the Portuguefe St Angclo. Advancing deep in the bay, on the left hand, flands another, called Spakcnburp, built by the Dutch, in is<)^, in their firfi voyage to ilm Eaft-Indies, containing, in the inclofure, about two hundred houfes. The coafl here is covered with forclls of high trees, for feveral miles in length, and the inte- rior part of the country is full of liamhoos, or a kind of thick cane calUd banibuvocilau. 'I'lic foil itfelf is good, and fat, and properly mellov/cd by the frcrjucnt Ihowcri of rain. 1 he meadows arc rich in palhirc, tlinuah the inhabitants arc never rich in cattle, the grcattU llork of the mofl wealthy not amounting to above twenty head. The mountains are peculiarly fruitful, and the towns, in this part, are eredled with great regularity and folidity,' and even exhibit fome figns of tafte in the choice of finj- ation, as they are cither built on plpalaiit eminences, or by the fides of rivers. T'liey arc IlionRly palliladotd round, and have only two gates or entries, one for the ufual go- ings in and out, and the other towards the woods, to fa- cilitate their retreat to thofe places of refuge and fafety, when furprifed by their enemies, or when too weak to refifl them. The people in this province are in general fairer than the whites of Matatan j their hair ii long, ami hangini down; they arc free, liberal, and liofpltaUlc to f^raiv^cril and are not addiftcd to murder and theft. They aic fond of finging and dancing; their dances have rather an im- modeft tendency, and love k the only fuhjoft of their fongs. Adcimou is fo fmall and inconfidcrabk a province, as to be fcarcc worth mentioning by geographers or travellcis Maiidictci is paitly watered by the river of the lame name, and partly by other ftreams. This river, which near its fouicc, divides the provinces of Anoffi and Am- patre, runs, like a torrent, with gieat rapidity ; it rifes in the fame mountain with that oi Itomampo, and runs a great way to the fouth- weft, receiving feveral other rivers and flreams in its couric, till at length it empties itfelf into the South-fca. Ampatre lie* along the fea-coaft, iifixty miles in length and between thirty and foity in breadth, from the fea to Machicore. As there is no river in this province, watcl IS very fcarce, and can only be had from a few liiarlhcs here and there. It is fuppofcd that Mr. Drury, when upon the following occafion he mentions the great fcarcitr of water, alludes to this country, wWch he calls Antern- droe, the name given it by the natives. " This em- ployment, fays he, of attending the cattle, was agreeable to mc, except in exceffive hot weather, when it was a great fatigue to drive them feveral miles to water, at leaft every other day ; but, in the colder feafon we had no occafion to obfervelhat praaice, for the dew falls fo plen- tifully in the night, that we find it fuflicient to drive them into the grafs about break of day ; and even the inhabi- tants of (hit part of the country of Antcrndroe, who have no water near them, go into the fields in a mornine with two wooder platters and a tub, and in lefs than art hour will collcft about eight or ten gallons of dew water which IS very good while frelli, but will, turn four, and grow difagrecable to the taftc, in a day or two." Caramboule is but a fmall province, being not above twenty miles in length, and ten in breadth. The fea bounds it to the fouth, and towards the weft there is a gulph, which is denominated the hay of Caramboule • and tliis bay or gulf runs greatly from the wefl towards the eaft, and thereby dividci this province from that of Ampatre. The country of Caramboule is in general dry and barren, notwithftanding which tlwre are fome good pafturcs, and many herds both of tamo and wild catUe They have cotton and fome filk, which the inhabitants make into apparel. Mahefalle is fituatcd more to the north-weft, on the fea fide, and extends as far as the fait river, called by the Portugueli; Sacalite. This river flows from the coun- try of Houlouve, and turns into a gulf, an accuftomcd anchoring-place of the Portuguefe, but the French never frequent it. Houlouve extends aI)out two days journey ut the coun- try. This province begins at the mouth of the fait nver above-mentioned. Sivah extends about tWclvc Rlllil iloug Shc COaft of iua iHaud. Ivoronhcoc, (A P A I fc A.J Ivotonheoc, or the country of the bay of Jt. Auguf- liiie, in filuatcd near the river lonphflahc, which rcceivei the waters 6f three fmall riven, namely, Oiandumainthi, Uiij^helaninircv, und Sacamare, befide* many rivulets. ^Iachicore ii t>( great extent, and of equal length with the river longhelalic. It is upwards of two hundred miles from eaft>north-eaft to weft-lbulh-weA, the fame from eaft to well, and about one hundred and fifty from iMiih to fouih, th.1t is, from the river loni'helahe to the provinces of Mahefalleand Ainpatre, Some ycait ago, this country was hid wafle, and ru- iiKd by war, tlie inhabitants hving concealed in woods, for fear of their enemies, and fubfifting upon roots only, or the flelh of wild cattle. Previous to that time, feveral of the before-mentioned provinces were under the fove- reignty of one lord, called Deean or Dian Baluralen, or lord of an hundied thoufand paiit.: t in the life-time of this prince, thefe countries enjoyed a profound peace, and flourilhed in excels of riches and plealure, but, upon his death, a war broke out between his fons, which was carried on with fo much fury and animofity, that it ended in the ruin of thcmlelves and the country. lit the gulfs belonging to, or near the coads of Mada- gafcar, are feveral in.Ards. The tirft wc iliall take notice of is the iflaiid of ft. Mary ; or, as tlie natives and Ma- •lagafciiHiij call it, r-.offi ll>rahim, or the ifle of Abra- ham, which lies in leventeen degrees fouth latitude, about two leagues fromtlir (liore ofMadagafcar, and oppofitetbe mouth of the river Maiianghare. it is abou tlifty miles in length, from north to fouth, and almoft ten from eaft to weft. It is furrouiuled by rocks, over which canoes may pafs when the fea is high ; but at low tide they are {carccly covered with a foot of water, which renders the coaft in general dangerous, and only accelTible for Ihip- piiig at particular places. Various beautiful (hells, and great quantities of white coral, abound about this iHand. 'J'he whole is interfered and watered by many rivers, rivulets, and running tprings, which give fettihty to the foil, and beauty to the (ceae ; enriched on every fide by plantationi of rice, yams, mil.let, fruit, vegetables, Stc. The air is extremely moid ; for there is hardly a day in the ^ear but it rains fome time within the twenty- four hours, •nd it often rains a week together, without i>ilermiflion. The catle are fat and good : anibergtis is found about the eaftern Ihorci and the ifland abounds with various gums, particularly that excellent one called tarainahaca. Since the French were fettled on the ifland of St. Mary, it became much more populous than before : nor dare tl>c neighbouring Madagafcrians now fet a foot on the ifland, though they formerly ufed to carry fire and fword amongft the poor natives, and were a great fcourge to them. At prefent there are ten or twelve villages, and near a thou- tiind inhabitants, who employ themfelvcs chtctly in cul- tivating rice, yams, peas, beans, He. They are likewife very fond of a filh called hourils, which they catch either by nets or hooks, and eat or fell them, as their necefli- ties require. Their religion is paganifm, intern. ixed with fome particles of judailni ; and though none of them have been known to become profelyics, yet they keep on good terms with Chriftians. Southward of the illand of St. Marv is a fmall ifland, feparated by a narrow channel, not above three fathom over, fo rich, fertile and abundant, that the inhabitants of St. Mary fend their cattle hithei t} fatten, and I- ojt large plantations of ticc, corn, roots and fniitt, notwith- fianding which they have not thought proper to plant any colony in it. This is probably the lame ifland which Flacourt places in the bottom of the bay of Antogil, which he highly praifes for its beauty and fertility, as well as for the fafisty of its harbour, which, during the early voyages of the Dutch to the Eaft Indies, was much fre- quented by them. In nineteen degrees fifteen minutes fcjth latitude, and about twenty-two leagues to th" eaftwatd of Madagafcar, is fituatedthe uninhabited ifl.-rd of Diego Rodriguer. I'hc iflands called by ihe Portuguefe lllas Primieras, and four other iflands called Angoras, are fituated in the fixteenth degree fouth latitude, but tbefe iflands contain nothing in them deferving a particular dtlicription. Several fmall iflands, called Utiques, are placed by Le Croix oupofite to cape St. Sebaftian, on tlic coail of Sa- fola, and under th« latitude of twenty-four degtees nine minutes from the continent ; yet thele we have reafon to hcheve to be the little duller of iflands which ftand pif St. Sebaftian, on the norlli-\vcft end of Madagafcar, vai( u{ the Cuuiora iniiiiut ; ilicy produce rice, iiiiiici, aitd grctt abuadanco of csnte ; ihctc is alio ambergris MADAGASCAR. 411 found on the fea^coaft, whtdi the people cellea and ek« port to dilTerent parts of the continent ; but the moft valuabi- commodity of thefe iflands is a pearl filhery, wliicli might turn to good account, if the natives UO' dcrftood their virtue, and did not fpoil their colour and ' tranfparency, by boiling the oyftcrs in which they find the pearls. 1 his ifland is inhabited by negroes, who rcfemble thofe of Madagafcar both in perfon and drefs, if the hit of rag or lamber tied round, their middle, merits that dcnomina- tion. Thcii religion is paganifm, with fome famt glcami of judaifm 1 and they arc exceedingly fuperftitious, bcinn extremely fond of attending to prediflions, though their lives are ufually rendered unhappy thereby, as, indeed, how can it be otherwife, anxioufly agitated as they are between the hope of pofTcfling fome certain good, or on the contrary, that fome dreadful evil will afiuredly befal them? There are a numlier of fmall iflands to the coaft of Madagafcar, from the fifth to the fortieth degree of lati- tude ; but a defcripiion of them cannot be expefted, a* they are all uninhabited, _ Under the latitude 01 eight, and ninety dt^rees eaft lon- gitude, lies the ifland of Diego Garcia. Near two de- grees fouth of this ftand three Imall iflands, called Brom- dons 1 and dircftly fouth of them, about three degrees, ftands the ifland of Rodriqut, or Koderigo, between the continent and Madagafcar, not very far diflent from the Comora iflands. Under the twenty-ninth degree of fouth latitude, ftands the ifland of Kamareires, about three decree? eaft fouth- eaftof Mauritius; a little beyond which is the illand of John of Lilbon, in twenty-fix degrees fouth latitude, and in the fame longitude with the ifle of Bourbon. There lies an illand, in latitude tliirty-two, and longi- tude feventy-fix, which was difcovcred by the Dutch, who never gave any name to it. To the fouth of this, between latitude thirty-feven and thirtv-eight, are two other iflands, one of which is called Amfterdam, and the other St. Paul, but neither of them contain any thing that merils particular attention. To the north of the cape of Good Hope, are three fmall idaiids, called by the Dutch, Robcn Eiland, DalFcn V.i' md, and Frans Eiland. The firft of thefe is alfo cal- led Rabbet ifland, from the prodigious numl)crs of t'.iole animals that burrow on the fliorc : it is very (mall, being not more than two leagues in circuit. The fecond is railed Drcr ifland, by its being inhabited by great num- bers of di'cr. It is imagined that thefe creatures wert brought hither by Spitfbcrgen, in the year t6ot. The Englifh and Dutch afterwards brought hither fome fheep, which have alfo greatly increafed, though not in propor- tion to llic deer, which ate fo numerous as to cover the principal part of the ifland. The Ihcep here grow to an amazing lize, and their tail* are from thirty to forty pounds weight. It ij lurprifing how thefe animals procure a fub- fiftence, or what could induce the people to bring them here, as the ifland, which is fandy, produces nothing but a Hew flowers and briers ; it muft, therefore, have had a very unpromifing appearance for the breeding or fattening of cattle, though the event, by the pec ''iar care of Provi- dence, has anfwered the expeflatic ^ ' t' thofe who were induced to try the experiment. \V,'.., ftill Increafes our aftonilhment is, that it wants frelh water ; which cir- cumftance alone, it might have been imagined, would have ruined the whole projeft. But to proceed to the iiatural hiftory of this ifland. Gold, filyer, copper, tin, and iron, are found in M.i. da^. - >; of which the natives make razors, lance;!, hatdi- ets, and other inftrumcnts, Here are alfo fcvcral forts of precious ftones, as topazes i;)icthyfts, agates, and fcvera) forts of jafpeis ; frankincei... und benzoin are found 1 abundance ; and ambergris is gathered on the fea coaft. Befides the lemon and pomegranate trees already men- tioned, they have, among the fruii, palmettos, plautancs, bananas, tamarinds, a currant which grows on a tree and not on a bufli as ill Europe, and is very pleafant: to the t,irtc. Here are alfo fugar caiics, vats, barley, and rice. They have a large tree which bears a kiiuiofa phimbi which, when ripe, is black, and of the lizc of a cherrv and on tlie infidcarc little ftones like thofe of grapes ; this tree has thorns two inches long. They have alfo a very tall tree, the leaf of which rcfembles that of the pear-tree • it h.is a fruit fpecklcd like the fparrow's egg, and of the', fame iiic ; it is full of feeds, and of a fweet juice, cfteemed a certain cure ror iiuxcs. They iiavc a kind of nut which fincllt of all liotts of fpiccs ; it is at lat^c ..^ 4 nutmeg, but kr»wncr. 412 Thi new A?.:n UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. I « £ browner, and more ro.iitd. Pc rer ^rrowi here in firan quantiiiei, nocArcbeiiti t.i.oii 'o uuit^'ate it . t'lii pef ptr glows ill cluflers ipon mrubt tliitt "rkii \ .on viie i,;.ound. In tliis ifland is f. tree, whol'-.' leaves Aiid tender Ipriilgi fling like nettlea, but the toot in tif^rt-at ui'e where there iaa Icarcity of water, wbicli i:< 'iterate in many parts of the country ; for it rrtaiiis a gK.it d;;al of juice, which i' cxtra£ted by beating lite root id a woorfcu mortar, anl prrfliiig out the liquor ; and of tlie bark ol this tree lliey make lopes. Here is likcwife wood p.opcr fur builHtni;, as alfo cedai and ebony, but none Ht for maUs. Sevcial forts of giafs of diflcicut colours gr a/ m; 'V plains, to a mueli greater hciglit than any in ''.ii),i.t',....i . the nativi? never cut any for hay; for before thk I ii withered, rrw grafs fprings up under it ; but tlw^ .::ira monlv bum the old grafii. 'i'obacco giowi there, which is fmokcd in ictrds or ihclls. The natives are alfo fond of fnioaking a |ilant, to which they giv,.- the name of jerinangliler ; this plant grows about five 'ect high, bearing a long and (lender leaf, and a pod which cuiitaiiks about a do7.en feds like henip-rt::d. niie natives mix the leaves aiul teed-: together, and lay tlicm three or four days in the f\ui, till ;hey are very dry and fit to be fmuked , liut it Oioitgly mroxicates the peo- ple; their eyes, aiter fivioking it, look u«l and firry, their aljieft fierce and wild; and they arc cvn more ad'i.t', Ixild, and vigoioas, while the etlcd continues ; but ihulie who ufc it much, are weak and difpinled wliencver ihty arc not iiuoxic ted. 'I'he foil is indeed fo fertile, that if p oo 'tts two crops in a year ofeverv thing, except fuga' "tnes, which muft be left two years (landing, that they inay ?,' w lo a proper iize and maturity Their oxen aic prtsdigioufly large, xrA yer I'c I^'mble and unruly, that they "ill leap very liitix .' iice! : tht v are b.-.iijtifully coK)uicd, lome of thorn bcurg ilreak -^ I'w: 7. tygr.r ; others are bliick. with white fpots, and ft i-i.; tamci. Slid contiliis of £it and liedi ; fome . c iinds Tlie cows do not give fo ir.uch milk as ijvti its vngland, t.t -vill they ever fuffer them'.v.'ycsto be J. 'Veci till the ca'fliJ.i urlH\'-ked ; fo tlva: they --.sf a cj!.* :<><■ every cow '.lil Am is a^in with calf, for they (eMom (tnU\ a kafon. Here are fcrne (f,wt? with gicat hca.y tail<, and alTo goats ; but they kec^) nc> tanio hogi, thefe ' -iig {iilficiintly iiutii(';o\>s in tl.. couiJti-y, and fo very ms- chievoas to the piiixtations f .4;;atoc», and other rooi ,, that thty a;e forced. to fet trap* i.;. i^tch them. They hav-. alto wild dogs, »t«I foxes, w-jJi!; m: >cry fierce, atid fornetiines will attack a man ; t>u theic arc no lioas, tvji.ers, or any otl»cr ferocious animi'. i: the i(!and, ex- eeiit wild biiais, which have two horni . •.; the nofc, like prickles, and t^hcir (kin is alaioA impenc;; . .>le. Here arc oxr^tUent fowls, with pkiuy of turtk-doves, piitridges, pigeons, ducks, teal and other wild fowl in the woods. In Madagalcar, bei;8 art vii-y numernHas, aiu? great quantities of luiney are fovit.'l in ill: voods. The natives alfo keep bce-hivcs ; tot the. 'ic* o.-.!y cat the honey, but m:.ke a iialiitablc liquor of it, c?lkU toa^k, which has a confidcrablc fp'vit, and of which tliey frequently drink till ihey arc iiitoair^tcd. '1 liis it. tiie ccmiouti lii^uot drank at cntertainir.cnts. In this iC.and are two or tliree kind: of ink, which ire found in plenty in ajmoft every part *t it, fome of a brcwniih colour, and one fort white, Ibe «utfide of which ■ \. of fmall pointed prickles. TIk cone is about three ill lies long, lliapcd like a ninepin, a.id at tb: top i> fuutvd 1 fir.all hole, out of whkli a blackilh v> . n is lometiiiics . .en to creep ; but \ve ha-'c no account ot its clianging its Ibrir. in the manner of the common filk-worms, though it probably becoikiet a flying infeA. There are, however, no mulberry trees in tlic ifi.and, and tlicli: worms and filk arc found on three or four diffcitni forts of tries, adhering to the thick brarxhes or trunk. The people pull out the con; on tiicir knees, tearing it to pieces with their hands, and then fpin it with a fplindle made of bone, and a rock- ftnif ; after which they weave it., atki wear it round ibcir waift, as a garment. There is a tree called roJieei in fome parts of the eoorjtry, which is of great ufe to the lower, or middhng (. . of people, from its furnilhing materials for a cloth to wear round their waift. The Ic.tf rcfcmbles that of the cocoa- »r»j> Kilt i« Ir>n(ffr l>v f*wrt (*-t' t 2!lii bc'^*^ * -•h'nr^K Kw twr\ f*"** *. m «l.. like I damafccne. Tbey uke tsniy the outer liark, and peal entirely oiF the inner, which is white, and beat it with ■ (lick which is foft and pliable. It then refemble* a long, white, thin (having. After this they foak it in water, then fplit it into threads, which they tie together, and weave it into cloth. In this ifland ixn fcreral kinds of river and other birds, kiown in fa.- lan^ ^'.'cof the country, by the general name ot Vourou ; but tl ." arc much lefs than thufe of b'.urope ; the eggs of tlie hen , lot being Urger than thole of pigeons, l-lereare many plie.. tnrs, which are of the fame kind as tl>ofe in England ; bit there is a particular Ibrt, that have violet fealbers, and a red beak. Here are tikcwili; fmall parotjucts, and foinc of a dark redi but thcfc laft are very fcarce. Snaail ^rren finches, that whiftle and imitate the fongs of other birds ; wild^Jrkics; black, white, and grey epf;lcs, with fine plumage ; wild (lorks, with crrfts on thiir heads ; comino:i teal, and a particular fort, with red legs and claws, cai'.cd halivcs ( pelicans ; black and white herons ; water-wag :.Me good eating. Talivai r.lfoariverbivd, ..i>out the fwi of a hen, with violet plv.ii,.!,:.', with r doth. 1 he voinbaa is a batterfiy variegated with difierent coiourt, among wliicli are ihofe of gold and lilver. Otlicri are known by the name of facondre : thefe proccf d fiooa bviiisi, iiid timg u> UK \mk of a patiicuiu u,.ui>, o)^ , whJcU vr ■ -II- .«»' ■•»■,■ % * ■b^vi'i^ [AFRICA.] M A D A O A a( tf 'a' R. #. ■n- whieh ih«y depofit honey, equtl to that tlte bcei pro- duce. Ma^y^ort* of fmili nre here, fome of which have their particular a(>pcl)atinni, true tliey are in general called ca- Ucora. CaterpilUrs alfo abound here in great variety, but the whole of them are diftinguifhed by tne name of fin- gouton vonlbn. Hereclieicche is a beetle that fllines in the wood* and l>oufe« with a furpriiing luflre in the night. In thit ifland are worms of various kinds; bat iliemoft diftinguiihed are the fillc worms, which are four-footed. loMM trf tliem, called landevc, produce one prickly cod \ •(htfn,€alledltndcleraha, make fmall cods inclofed in a bMfe one, frequetitly containing fi/e hui^dred young. The third kind, called landcanacaj, fpin their (ilk on the tree anactu that gmvn by the fea iide, the cods hang in firings, feparated from each other, and the filk is the fineft, *r<»ngeft, and beft of all. The fourth fort, called hnde- Vn;>)4gdea, make their (ilk on the tree vontoniir, which is »i.o! ff> fubAantial m the former, but very fine. l' .vo forts of land-tortoifn are to be found here ; one «f . 'mcIj is called hiiinftoca, and the other fanou. Ants *tf5 V' ynaircrous, ^nd exceedingly liarmlcfs, except one li 1' Alti ric^n.-oucouraTi>, wliich are particularly deflruc- ikiiii JOthe rice, of which they devour great quantities. Ill this ifland arc mines of iron and fleel, which the na- tlwi tuve tlie art of purifying and forging wilh much Icfs dfffkulty and labour than the Europeans, In the inland, moon ;imous parts, filver n found ; and a white metal, «'hA '\ much rcfembics tin. The gold here is of two forts, nar'.Iy, a pale (oft fort, which is of little value; and a iner lort, which is tolerably good. In the valley of Amboula, is i foontain of hot water, i*t>ecmed a fovereign remedy againft all diforders proceeding fi'.itn cold in the nervous parts ; and the fame water, taken i.iwardly, removes obftructionsintheloins, cures aflhmas, amd all diforders of the lungs. ■yVe (ball now treat of the perfons, manners, cuftoms, drcfs, &c. of the inhabitants of Madagafcar ■, previous to which, it may be proper to obfervc, that this illand, though reckoned to be eight hundred leagues in compafs from ilorth to fouth, is not populous in proportion to its ex- tent, for it is fuppofed not to contain aoovc one million fix hundred thoufand fouls. All the inhabitants are btack, except thofe of a little province beyond the Maratanes ; and moft of the great men, who are defcended from the Arabs, and ftill preferve fomething of their complexion, though tli'^y become blaek infenfibly, by their intermarriages with the original in- habitants. The Anibs, who feized upon this ifland in the beginning of the fifteenth century, eftablifhed com- manders in all the provinces, and fixed the chief feat of their government beyond tlie Maratanes, which is tlie Tcafon why their defcendants, who are fliled lavaleftes, arc (Hllfair, or at lead called fo, for they are for the moft part of a tawny complexion. The natives are ingeneral tall, well made, nimble, and have a proud gait. Their liair is not woolly, like tlwt of theOuiney negroes, but it is always blacK, and for tlie moil jnrt curls naturally ; their lips are not thick, neither •ate their nofcs flat, though they are fmalt. They fome- times afTcA a fmilinoi'cr.mtenancc , and l.c\' kn»w how to conceal a grand delign, or the (\roiige(l palTion, with as much artifice as the moft crafty knave amoog the nations that arc moft famous for their political diffimulatioii. Wild people are found in fome parti of this illand, who let their liair and beards grow, go almoft naked, inhabit thick and unfrequented woods, live upon wild cattle, fruits, roots, honey, lucafls, &c. and do not afTociate with their frilon natives. Though, accordinc; to the account? given by thr French of the inhabitants, Iciuecf l r,fi.;,'e ir- liij tc 'e very deceitful, flattering, .iild la.'u , , i r Jii:. r.iurt h-. unJi:ifiood cliicHy of thofe of the cr - '■.>>' ivlangliabei, ■ > ihf end of tlie iiland, ithward i the people in gene.a. re al- lowed to be of a hv .ne and friendly difpofuioii , .hare with their neigh'joi; i what they taV. in hunting; and the great even take a pride in relieving the diftrcflcd, tliough they were before at enmity. In mort, they hive mauy virtues ; but, as in other courvtrics, there are con(i- derahlc imbers, who violate the laws of juftice and hu- manity, in order to ^ntify <' ^ir palTions. They are, IJowever, not il'.tjciciit in point of undeiflanding, but ate capable cf reafoning upon any fubjcdl where they have not been blinded by fupciftition ; anl m my of them are en- dued with adnuriible ^ood fep'c The women are remark- able fur their obedience to ''• ifboudSt tlieir good tcm- ^R"' 41. 4«3 With refpeift to (he drefi of the ^fadagtfcriani, the mtii wear only a piece of co'non clotli or filk round their waift, called a famMr 1 fome of thefe they make themfelves , but. thofe who arc rich buy the (ilks and callicoei at fea port towns, giving a great price for them, as a cow and a calf for no mbre thatt will itiake one lamber. The men and wo- meii of diftiiijtion alto adorn themfelves with rings on their wrifll ; fome are of gold, fome of filver, but moft of them of copper. They curl their hair and make it lie clofe and fmooth ; and thofe of fupicHor rank adorn their hair with rings and other decorationl. The habit of the women conlifls of a lamber, which reaches to their feet, and above it a garment like a ftraight Ihift, which covers all the bo^y, ahd hks (hort (lecves. This is commonly made of cottoli, and dyed of a dark co- lour. Thofe of a higher rank, adorn it with beads, el]pe- ci.illy in the back, where they ar^ ranged in rows, and crofs each other ; thefe being of diiTerent colours, form a' large double croft very much refeiifbling the union flag. Some of the women ufe faravohitt, or drawers, with ai\ aezan, or long robe without lleeves, and a piece of linen before, fcwed at both ends like an aprOn. Thdir ornaments, called firauach, are difTetent kinds of chains worn round the necks, arms, and tegs ; ear-rings, bracelets, rings, and other toys, with necklacei of different names, fuch as falantcs, faraves, and endachs, confifling of three or four, and even twelve rows of pearls, corals, beads of gold, glafs of all colours, rock cryflal, agates, cor- nelian, and fardonian ftones. Thefe ornaments of gold ari. only worn by the Zaferamini, who are tlie chiefs of the illand; and among the negroes, by the Voadziri and Laliavoljits. The common diet of thefe iflanders is cows milk, rice, and roots. They roaft fometimes large pieces of beef with the hide on. They drink water and honey-wine ; but they have neither bread norgrape-wine. The honey> wine is acompofition of thi-ee parts of water to one of honey, which they boil together^ and fkim, after it is re- duced to three-fourths. They afterwards fet it to tvork ia large pots of black tarth, made in this ifland. This wine has a very pleafant tartifh tafte, but is too lufcious. They have a fort of wine, ftill more unwholfome, which is made of fugar canes. Licking the feet of a fuperior, is deemed the moft re- fpcAful lalutation. This kind of abjc£l fubmiflion, is praftifed by all inferior perfons when they addrefs their prince, and by the women when they come to welcome their hulbands on theirteturn firom tne wars ; thofe of fu- perior .rank lick only the knees of their fovereign ; but (laves pay to their maflers the above prepoflerous matk of refpeft Here it no other marriage ceremony among the negroes, than agreeing to cohabit to^eth^r ; but the whites have a peculiar ceremony in b^ing jWried, prmarried to the head wife; their other wives are taiduf \ri^ as little form as thofe- of the negroes are. They praAile polygamy throughout the ifland; and th« people in general are exceeding incontinent, which may be afcribcd to the extremes which aAuate both fexes ; the men having too much freedom, and the women being uit- der too much reftraint ; yet thefe oppofite Caafes produce (linilar e<&dls ; for here nnce the men take all the licen- tious liberties which fuch an unbounded licence permits ; fo the women, being impatient of reftraint, allow them- felves fuch freedom in private, in order to corapenfate for what they fuffer by the fcverity of the public laws and tyranny of their bufbands, that the ineftimable jewel chaf- tityis rarely to be met with among them. Their funerals are conduced in the following manner : the relations wa(h and deanfe the body of the deceafed, and then deck it with the moft coftly ornaments which the perfon wore when living. It is then wrapped up in a mat, in ider to be carried in that manner to the grave. Tlie head of a woman's corpfe is generally embellilhed with a kind of cap : but the heads and beards of men of rank: aftei their deceafe, are clean (haved. Previous to tl: ime of burial, the corpfe lies in flare for fome days, during which fpace a lif^ht u continually burnt at its feet i and afl the rclaticJS, friends, and flaves, frequently fur- round the corpfe, and utter the moft difmal lamenutions. Having tired tneu'Celves with bewailing, the women fiiU a dancing, and fhc men have recourfe to warlike exercif;s. At length they all furround the body again, call the dead by his name, very gravely expoftulate v/ith him for dying, and p >thctically den^ ^nd whether he had nov every thing that could fatis^ him in this life, fuch as beautiful and faitlify": yfive" 'J .tifal chil'^jsn- lyviixr &i?R not only many other natioiK in Africa have the fame cuftom ; but that even in Europe Tome perlbns, who pretend to be more enlightened, flill retain thefe abfurd ceretnoniali. When the day of interment it come, thecorpfe is car- ried to the buryinc-place, which is named Amounou- que, in a coffin made of holUw trunks of trees, which are curioufly clofed together; and there it it depofited fix feet deep, under a ftrong hut, in which are Icf^ plates, dilhes, apparel, rice, tobacco, itc. that the dead may want no ne- eefliiry accommodation I The deceafed being thus properly provided for ; the hut is intircly clofed up, by placirtg a large ftone before the only entrance. Then, on the out- iide, beads are facrificed \ and the company having re- galed themfelvet, fome fragmentt of meat are left, which Siey fuppofe will be equally diftributed between the dc- pitrted perfon and the demons. Fifteen day8after,imaginingthe proviiionsareexhaufted, the relations and friends fend more, left the dead body, or the dxmons who guard it, (hould be &milhed ; and thefe prelentt are always accompanied with the kindeft mefTijics and iiioH refpeflful compliments to the deceafed. The heads of all the beads which are facrificed, are fixed upon long poles, and placed round the fcpulchral hut ■;• the manner of trophies. Sacrifices of beads areliiicwife made by, pr in favour of the children del'cended from the de- ceafed, or thofe nearly rtUtikl ,lo him, wlicn the juvenile hand, in a kind of hymn, invoke the fpirit of the de- parted perfon to fce propitious to them. When a perfon of rank dicr at a uidance froni home, his body is burned upon the fpot ; but hii head, having been previouflv cut olF, is carried home and inter red in a proper fepulc'iire, with the ufual funeral rite^. But per- fons (lain ii» war, who have been liiUily buried in or near the field of battle, are, in times of peace, a^aiii du!» up, and reburied in the ufual form, provided the body be not nearly in a date of pulrefaftion, from the long Ipacc lince its intevinent. Thefe people hold the memory of their ancedors in the utmodedcem and veneration; their grcated and mod fo- lemn oath being, to fwear by the fouls of their predecef- fors, or the vlilues of their parents or ncared relations. In confequence of the execrable fupcrdition? of thefe people, tliey have a mod barbarous cuftom of cxpofing theirchildrentoacertain andcruel, thougli indetcrmitiate kind of death, by drangling them in the biith, or facri- ficing them to demons ; which horrid and atrocious prac- tice may in all probability be the true political reafon why this Urge ifUnd is fo thin of inhabitanu, in proportion to its great extent and amazing fertility. Thefe (hocking cruelties are owing to the ombiaflea, who exercife a moll uncontrouled power over the minds of the people ; the latter being under an obligation of expofing their new born childrenin dcfart places to fiimifli, or be devoured by wild beads; to dranglethem intheirbirth,orto facrifice them to their daimons, according to the prediAion or the command of the oinbiaflcs, who pretend to contemplating the afpe£l of the planeu at the time of tJieir birth, pronounce ar- bitrarily whether they are fortunate or inaufpicio^s, and decree the diild to life or death accordingly. Thefe de- tedable murders are the more frequent, inafmuch as, bcfides tbeorabiaflcs having the fate of new born infants at their dif- pcfal at all times, thofc who are born on what the people deem unlucky days, arc fure to lie put to death, and, un- hapi)ily, above half the days in the year are accounted lb. The inaufpicious or unfortunate portions of the year are ; tlie entire months of April or Safard, March or Ra- mahara } the lad week of every month in the year ; every cightli day, whether it falls in aufpicious months or weeks, or otherwife, cvcrv eighth day being called Aflarontor, and every lad week in'each month AlacofTi. Every Wednefd.iy and Friday throughout the year arc rleemed unlucky ; and even particular houi-s are fuppofed to, be intlucnced by the vitangs, or unlucky planets. Howe**'r, the force of na- ture iomeliines overcomes the prevalence of fupcrdition ; and the prejudice of cudom yields to the diOates of pa- rental affcflion i to which we may add, that the ombjaflcs are not infeiifible to the pow.r ot bribery ; and wli.it will not a parent, who has tender feelings, give to fave his in- offcnlive offspring from immediate deftru£Hon / Thus wealth, the grand fountain of vice, and ftiniulater of crimes, may, properly applied, be rendered the means of benevolence, and friend of humanity. 'rhroughout tlie illaud of Madagafcar, the fame lan- guage is fpoken, but differently pronounced in tlifTcrcnl provinces. It bears a great affinity to the Arabic, is ex- tremely copious, and, in the manner of fptakine, and ia the order and conjunilion of the nouns and verbs, it a<;reeable to the Greek. The charaAers iu ufe among the ombiafles are the Arabic, twenty-four in number^ written from the ri^ht to the Ic't, tboiizli ihj pronun- ciation of. fome differs from the Arabic. 'I'hefc cha- ra^ers were introduced about three centuries ago by Iht Arabs fent by the calif of Mecca, who landed at Mata- tan, intermarried with the women of the country, and taught the Arabic language, with the koran, to tliufe who embraced Mahometanifm, which foaie af tUcm Dili ad- here to. In order to give the reader fome idea of the foftand liquid tones, with which the Madagafcar language abounds, we have here felefled a few of their common words, with their trandation in Englifh \ vi/.. valu, alive ; inulanjore, to agree ; nialiflce, anger ; lethulu, any-body ; munonegp* afcend ; bettu, brains ; hancr, beef ; omebay vovva, cow ; tanna, the earth ; omebay, cattle ; morte, dead ; varlarvo, a moufe ; oroong, the nolc ; overnarmo, potatoes ; plato, a pidol ; hulu, people ; color, years. Teenongher, caft ; audrcfFer, wed ; avarruchs, north ; atecmo, foutli. Their numbers are, cfcr, one; roaa, two ; taUi, three ; eiTutcht^ four ; deene, five ; eaniming, fix ; feeto, fcven ; varlo, eight ; fever, nine ; folo, ten. The days of the week are, Alhaida, Sunday ; Alletenme, Monday ; Talorter, Tucf- day ; AllcrrerlKer, Wcdnefdav ; Commelhee, Thurfday « Imnior, Friday ; Sarbueche, !>aturday. They reckon from one to ten, like the Arabians and Europeans, and, after ten, add the number one, as £ir ai twenty. All the people of Madagafcar, except the negroei of Machicore, and the inhabitants of the mountains, are tolerably expert at cading up finall funis. They ufe no weights or meafutes higher than adrachmj for as they weigh no articles whatever gold and filver ex- cepted, drachm weights are deemed luflicient ; all other commodities lieing fold byway of barter or exchange. The names of their fmall weights are, nanqui, half a grain; facare, agrain i nangue, fix grains ; vari, half*' drachm ) fonipi, a drachm. The meafures are, i . The voule, which contains lialf a pound of rice, ice, 2. The monca, containing, fix pounds; and, 3. The zatou, which contains one hundred voulus, or fifty pounds of rice, &c. Thefe are meafares of capa- city. The meafure of length is only a refe, or a meafuie of about two yards in length, which it ufcd in racafuriii^ cordage, duffs, &c. the land not being cdiiiMtcd by admra- furemcnt, but by the quantity of grain with which it may be fown. T hsy make paper, in this ifland, with fewer indrumenta and engines than they ufe in Europe. The bark of the tree avo is boiled two days in good lye, made of the afbea of the fame tree, till it become foft, 'and fupple , when it is walhed in clear water, beat to a proper confidency, and poured afterwards on mats of exquifite fine reeds, twided and regularly joined together, in order to be drained and become paper. After this, it is placed on a leaf of bali- fior, oiled with menachil, to dry in the fun ; each dried leaf is afterwards dipped in a decoAion of rice, to prevent it from remaining ipongy ; then being dried once more, it becomes fmooth, even, and fit for ule. Their ink is extraflcd, by way of decodion, from the wood called arandranto, which is likewiL- made ule of by the principal people for building. The extrafi, being mixed with verdigris, becomes exceeding black. Thetr. pens are made of bamboo, and are cut to the fame fize. falhioned after a fimilar manner, and tendered almod at tranfparent as the quills ufed in Europe. SECT. IV. ' -•■■-r-'^-.y Of /V trtdt tarritd cn in Madagaftar j mttheJ «/ gMif Ir war bitvin* tht diffirtnt prcv'iitcHf (se, and ibt puitutl and civil givtrnnuut tf tbi ijtand. THE natives of Madagafcsit have very confined ideas and iniperfe£l notions of foreign traffic ; fo that tlis trade of this illand is chiedy of a domed ic nature. There being no currency edablithed among them, they deal to- gether by way of barter, and if they obtain any gold or filTer coins from the Europeans, wh i fometiraes toucU here, they immediately melt them duw.i, and coa vert them into cjr-ruig«_ brscelsts, &c. _i^ I cotti carr Hav each are who furn inig duc« nefi fma raid font fi».e the tliey "^ they fron that artit Ular com .-i-= ';.:..','li4i4<^ i -" {AFRICA.] MADAGASCAR. 4M t • The doirwftic trade is of this ft«ture : the people of tli* cotton provincci take carMu cultivate that atticic, and then carry it to the proviticei which abound in cattle, rice, kc. Having trucked or barieted commoditiei, the waiiti of each iifeluppllcd i for thcv who have plenty of provifioiis, are by thcle means fitpplied with cloathingi and tlicy U'hocan eafily procure apparel in fhi-ir own country are furnilhed wiili provifions, in which their own provinces might be deficient. Thus the inierchanj;e of the pro- duce of the different province! Iwcomes of leciprocal be netit to the whole. The foreign traffic which fome of rhe Midagafcrians carry on with the Etjropean fhipi, confifti in exchanginn frrth provifions Ibr yellow wires I fapphires for hard and fmall ware* of all forts 1 rubies for looking glafTcs i erne raids for beads ; cornelians, and other precious flones found it) the country, &c. for firearms, and coral of any iir.c or colour, pie-ced through for fltinging, He. Thus the richri of tncfc people conliU in the wares and com- modities which they procure i in the bills, hatchets, knives, lances, iron and ftcel fpadcs, lambers, *ic. which t)iey m.ike, in the flaves they take in war, or fleal in timet of peace, in the cattle they breed, and in the lands which tiiey cultivate. The French, who trade with thele people from the ifle of Bourbon for flavcs and cattle, complain ' that of late yean piallres are demanded for thofc and other articles. The celebrated French governor Hacourt efteemed this ifland of great importance fur advancing and efiablilhing ooramrrcc towards Ethiopia, tlie Red fca, gulf of Arabia, and other Indian countries i and that great advantage Blight be made fiom the convcnicncv of wood for building Ihips, for carrying on the trade, and from the exchaitge of conimodiiics. The Ibvercigni or princes of the different territories in. this ifland are moil of them related to each other, as arc likewifc their great lords and inferior fubjeAs, by continual intermarriages; nevcrthelefs they are perpetually quai tel- ling with and waging war againll each other ; private fa- mily difputes often occafion open ruptures, and the re- fentmentof an individual will indu':e fome thoufands to commit hoftilities on the offending party. I'hcfe domeftic wars are parfued with more rancour and hatred than a war with a foreign enemy would be j for when relations and friendi difier, it is oblcrvable, they entertain a greater im- placability againft each other, than flrangcrs whc:> they hap- pen to be at enmity. 'Their engagements in the field ar&IVIdom regular i they chiefly depend on furprife and ambulcade, and fACiifice courage to fttatagem. When the profpeft of advantage offers, they ufuatly alTemble privately, aa with the utniotl caution and fecrecy, gain the eneniieerate the neigh' bom iiig inhabitants, who might immediately purfiie them* or cut off their retreat, they fatisfy theinfeWei with only plundering the towni without burning them. Thele kind of expeditions are named tafichamanthi, or fecret war i and the marauders, who engat^e in them, art) always provided with what they deem charms, which ara fmall billets >yritten in Arabic charaAers ; thefe they ima- gine will procure them fuccefs, and brinf^ the greateft mif* fortuius on their enemies, l:y taking aw.iy their ftrength, and depriving thcitiof their courage to defend themfelves ; tliey hkewife imagine that they atriiAlheir foes with innu- merable difnrders, and occaiion the moft fatal dillrmpers to attack them. Their warlike Weapons vary actording to the different part.'< of the ifland tliuv live in. Some itiakc ufe of a dart, which is named lenclefi, with an iron point lo-igand thick« and carry bcfidet fifteen leflcr darts, that are named fito- raclies. Others ufe an ample fhield, and a large dart called cauhahi, but the generality ufe lances as well as darts, and the great men c.irry fire arms ; for to carry a lance, denotes a perfon to be of common or vulgar rank ; but to bear a gun upon the Ihouldcr betokens gentility, and Ihews that the bearer ranks as a nubleman, or pcrfun of fuperior decree, riicfe illanders have little notion of dlfcipliiie in their wars ; they gciiarally charge in feparatc bodies of one hun- dred each ; rliL-ir charges are irregularly made, as each irt- dividual tries to do his beft, but at the fame time keeps con* tinually fhoutlng. papering and jumping about, in order at oiiee to intimidate the enemy, and prevent any aim be- ing taken at himfelfi lb that an attack thus made, appearl to be rather the allault of a promifcuous mob, than rht . well conduArd onlet of difcipliiicd troops. When an enemy falls, he is immediately pierced through with darts by a* many as can come near hini, and his throat is after- wards cut from ear to ear. Andwc are told, that during the time of war, the women keep up continuiil dancing (alternately) by day and night, never eat or lleep in their own houfcs, and, howevef addiftcd to incontinency, never, fulfer the company of another man, whilft their hufbands are rxpofed to danger, pcrl'uaded that the men would be killed or wounded by infidelity in their abfence, and believe them to be animated by their continual dancing, and thair ftrength and courage increafed ; wherefore in c nplianCe with the moft fnperflitious cuftoms and cereraoi,, •■, they keep up their dn .Ing during the war. If it iiappens that one of the princes finds hi"iWf *rn weak to oppol'e the other by force of arms, he has rccou. * ■ to ncgociation, and fends ambj^dors, laden with pi fents, ti) fue for peace, appoint a time and place for con- ference, and fettle ^11 the preliminaries for an accommo' dation. If the prefeiits are received, and the propofaU approved, other prefents are fent in return, and every thing is fettled for the intended meeting, the place ap- pointed being always on the banks of a river. vVhcn the day arrives both prince? ■ r chiefs repair to the river at the head of their refpeAive armies. Each then kills a bull iit the fight of the armies, and then they prefcnt to each other a piece of the liver on the end of a fpcar, which both are obliged to eat a piece of ; and after thi.s they mutually wi(h, with the inott Inleiun alfeveration, " i hat the liver may burft tlieiti; that God may withdraw his hand frofu amongfttheirt; that they may be deftroyed t'v : . .. wy. mics; and that their race may end in themrdvi ■ . .[ they anv longer think of carrying on the war j u they have any del^gn of fendiii!^ witchcrafts or poilons i^ito the enemies country ; if they carry off the cattle, or deftroy the fub- jefts of each other, 6.mr' : which cvinizcytlut the Ucavcits arc an uni- verlal 4*6 Tm NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOORAPHi'. «crf»l book, ikat it opm to all n»iion«, mty be rwd in eictj climate, iikI b« rrrviccabic even to the moA L\ tge •tul i|pioniiit. It i> til* gviicril opinion, that the (tcrprtual enmity, \t\ which the Maiiagalciiaiii fecin to hvo with each other, •lil'ci either fruiu jealoufy or tlKft ; hut while the former occanont many private animoliiiei, the latter uliiallv ter- miiiaid ill war. Princei and iiublci tluinielrci make no manner ol cunlicienoe of ftealing their nrighbouri cattle privately ; and their ncighhouri rculiate upon them in the lame manner whenever an oppoituiiity profrnta. In thii inaniiei ii foinetimci only prompts the party to return the bniciK atiiuiit , but, at oilier limei it occr'oltta war to break out bctwccti- tlieui. While Mr. Drury w«i in captivity in the idancl of M«- daftafcar, lie wa.* a llave to a cliiel' ol great conlcquence, who was iicvcrth«Kfi very fond of dealing hin neighbour'a cattle privately, lie tiiut delcribes tlie diftrei's which af fe£ked his mind, when he liril went with hit maftcr un one of tlicfe exjicditions ; " My mafter, lays he, attended by fcveral of his Haves, look me alio with iiim one evening, iiitotlic woods. I ohrervcd great preparations made for killing and dreffing a bullock, or lome fuch thing i but tliere being none to kill, and it being then dark, 1 per- ceived tlut they walked with great circurofpedian, talked foftly, and teOificd all the fymptons of lome fccrct defign . upon this, the tears Hood in my eyes, imagining that they intended to cut me up, and make a meal of me i but ray fright was foon over, whon 1 law two llavet hauling along a buUock by a rope faftened to his lioriis, and my mailer ftriking bis lance into liis throat, in order to difpalch Imn. They immediately cut up the carcalc, and drcflTcid hii en- trails after their own manner. The booty was equa' i vided, und I obferved tliat each man took care to hiil<' ! j portion in Tome private place, from whence he might i > . vey it away by night At foon u our bufmefs was o .-r. we parted, fome one way, and feme another, fo^ tdi o; being taken notice of. I now plainly perceived, ^lui «e were all this time plundering our neighbours of tticir pro. perty." Thoiigh, as we oblicrved before, the mvcs and (laves of the chiefs come creeping to lick their feet when they return flroin war, or from a grand hunting match of wild cattle; yet when tliey return from their thieving matches, no luch homage or fubinilfion is paid to them. I'hc above gentleman has all'ogiven us a curioiit account of their manner of hunting wild cattle, which is one of the principal dfverfions of tliefe people, and it at follows: •' It was now night, fays he, and they were going a liecf huntifig: forwhen tliey goouton purpofe to kill Uie beft beads, they always mal^ choice of the dark It nighti. They oermitted me, on my requeft, to accompany them, but firft ordered me to wain myfelf, u they tbemrelvcs did, that we might not fmell either of fmoke or fweat. 1 would have taken two lances according to cuftom, but they obliged rp'^ to leave otie behind, left two together might rattle in my hand. " Thefe cattle fiwd only in the night ; and if all thefc precautions were not taken, they couU never be furprifeil, for they are always on their guard, fnorting with their nofcs, and liftening after their purfuers. We can hear them roar and bellow a great way off, by which we know where they are, and wc are forced always to go round, till they are dircAly to the windward of us, for otherwife they would foon fcent us. As foon as we had got the wind and cattle right a head, and were within liearing, we walked with all the circumfpeftion imaginable, cropping the top of the graft with our bands, as ciofe mt poffible, to mi- mick as well at me could tlie noife a cow makt^ when Ihe bites it. The moment they heard us, tliey -vr.e all hulh, not one of them bcUowcd or grazed, but feemtd to liften with the utmoft attention ; which when we perccivH, wc •11 ftood flill likewife wiihout a wliilpcr, wliilft three or four, who beft underflood the nature of it, rontimicd cropping the graft. When the cattle had lifttned till, at we imagined, they took us for fome of their own fpeties, tiiey returned to tlieir grazing, and we wall. ith caution nearer, ftill mimicking them as we move loltly along. Dcean Murnanzac (one of the chiefs) orcii-red me to keep beliind, left tliey fliould difcern my whic- llcin, and be flartled i be alfo gave me his lamber to cowr myfelf with, which was a large piece of black lilk ; fo that, as the grafs was abov: k' c deep,'if I liad been near them, tliey could liave feen nothing but by face. " We got at length amongd them, fo that one of our men, with fome grafs in his' hand, and under the cover of » buili, took hold of the dug of a cow, and, finding that ihegavenoHiJik, be cetsclaied tlist An wii nst kiu , for which reafon he ftrock hit Uiwe inflmily into lifr belly, and drew >t out again, making no other raotigA. The caw, then wounded, will give • fpiing ptrliapt, mi4 make a noife, at if another l>«d run her horns agtinik her i but this ii locunimon tmongft tUeni, that ibe herd it not any w.iyt dithirbed by it : I'u that oui |icople ftack tlirci or four after this manner, and left tliera with an intention to come the neu morning and trace them by their blood, lor it it very dangerous to keep too near thcni iii the Kight. At fo>m as iliey find ihemtclves forcly wounded, they ru* from their companions, and will iltick the ftrll mn tbef lise. 'I'hey are ^ntrally found aAaalty dead, or bUeti down in fome wood or Iheltrr of bulhct, is if they iuditf< tsioufly endcsvoiiird to conceal thefflfelvrs at Uiele liincsk " Soon al' . this beef- hunting, ire had an accidcuul diver. «t.; r,. ' into a thicket, and were vwy bufy in runr '^ " li'' '-> > .ould find no eiiliaiiwie fera confider*)^' tioie k. ' however, tliey found tiie pulli which ih. fwinr I ^ ," 'i , and attempted to enter ib« wood liy >i ■ tlie paiQgc was defended by a large boar wh* fou).,' ' ''u- dogs with great fury, and wounded one of ihens in 1 i.1, ,^ratc manner. Now what with the dogs on ona hand, and the fwine on ihe other, theie was ludi a yelpiu^^ Kruiiting, and howling, that the - woodt rang with their Moife I and one would liave imaj^incd all the hogs in thai illand had met there by coiifciil, in on' •- • ".c thctr quarrel upon ut. Welaidduwn ..., .u.Home ^ us went lip to them armed witii guns a..i: lances i Ueeak Mumanxach Ihot the boar that wounded ki« do^ i wber^ upon aiiotlier, in an inllant, defended Se etitcance, uU fought lo refolutely, that neither the dogt, nor wc our^ fclves, could conic near the ca'tle that were within, tili wis had made a uafliKc behind tlicm with our hatcfaet* and UiKes ; and then fired upon fome of tbe mott rcfolute who uirned upon us : the reft, perceiving theinieWos it^- tacked hcliiiiJ, fought their way through the dogt, wii ran away, wiili the dogs after them ; when wordi caiingt defcrihe'the iioifc there was, efpecially aiter a nuflober of tlicm were wounded by our men with their fire." With refpeit to the fioliiical ftate and govcraaKnt af t1il< illand, the accounts tranrmilted to us diH'er very much flu .: each other, which ctniu^ be imputed to any want «f authenticity in tlie Icvcral authors, but to the revoluliuse wMch have fo frequently liaNK-iird i o that different wri- ter j, ill treating of the political (late r>f Madtgtlinr, aC vaiious periods, muft of comic vary from each otjKr ex- ceedingly. Hence Viiiccutiu!, Albus niid Gafpar de Saa Keriiardinohave inlutnied us, ih»( this illand was divided into lix diihn^ kingdoms, whofe I'overeigns were at conti- nual variance with each other i and Marcus Paalus, the Veiietiaii, tells us, that in his lime it was governed by onl/ four fovereigns. By later accounts, however, it is certain, that every province hath its particular fovcrcign, or lord, who is called deean, or dian , ind this fovereign lord ap- points a tiloubei, or govei '< tiled m ' lots, begiii ^ at the err wn a€ the head, whcic tliey forntcd a iiiiall c. Je : below them wu another ring of knots, and thus tlict were continued in feveral circles, each longer than tliat above it. On ionu; of thefc knots bun , ''^ne beads ; lie bad alfo a forebear! - piece cf beads, uui ,>jng fo low as '" reach his nc . About his neck i.c lud a fine neckUe, formed of two ftrings of beads, feveral of winch wcie "t gold : .'his neck- lace hung do/ n before in the tuaiinct chain, and on each wriQ lie had ^'''e or •iger'.. Iruii ■ (ii \,~ alderman '« iver braceleti, in each aiscia very dole, and mautk over hit :f> I, about hit le dilpofitioii and four rings of i,ild upon were iMar twenty tUiugs of ! exa£lly fitted i<> liis Irgi. He thoulders, and anotlier piece a. Ii.k, a^ waiil. Hut thtl'e p. uiccs dilTer ^ much of their ornaments, as in their (;'!liuns. The fovere i;iis of this iHaiid, though they have an abfo- lute power ovci tlie lives of their fubjeiit, and fomotimet kill with their own haiKl tliofe who exalperate thein, will neverthclel's talk familiarly with every liody, and ftill pre- ferve a decent ftate. 'J'liey ufually give audience to their fubjeds fitting cro's- legged on a mat. Tlicic princes have no regular bodies of troopt trained to war, but make ule of tlieir vaifals, who endeavour to imitate Uicir hi aver y ; but generally fly when they fet them tlie example, or when they are killed. Their arms are lances, hiubots made in the country, and guns purchaled of the Euiopcaiu, who ?5 -— ..— -*t-'- j;/r_Z' . _!_.- ..f .1.- :n_.-j la ■:H: [A rit t 6 A 1 MA A o A ft e A t. 41^ \ in tliU tflftml, th» cifil (jsfernreMW i« not J«B««^i»t «l ttdiAi Of public inlUtimeiiti ; nor ii fhert • wriiMn Uw la the wliol* country. The fii»» guide pf th«fc p«oj»to U • kind of tmurnl Uw, iiiling uom th« common oewr- rencti of lifr, founded on die feelln|i of humin naturti tftfultinf from re»fon, .iid handed down by tnullrion from ruhcr to foil. Here ire thru kln>li of thefe irtditlontl or or»l l»w» i in. I. Miffindilj, or the Uw of the prince ; i. M«fflm- poh, or the Uw of IndividuaUi ind, 3. Msirm.mc, or the|ciicr)tlkworcuPom of the iflind ; til of which «p- |ie«r to be founded, foi '.iie moft p»rt, on good 1 "nfe. «» naturil juOice. The Uw of the prince rtrjie«» hli pccuiiat prertJMtivei, ■nd fhewt how f«r hii will (hould be limited, ind now fcr hii power cuendcil. The fecond.orthe Uw of individu»li, ii of kdomcftic nature, ind refiicAi c»cU Individ-ial, hi» manner of living, hit depoitment according to his cir- cmnlttnccs, hii behaviour to perfoni of hi* own fiimily, or to hi> immediate neighbouri. The third kind, ii the univerfai law of tlic country, or what may l)C called tir cuiumon law. It regards all occurrence*, offelicci, and C'lnplalnts whichareof a public and material nature, or which in any mcafurc affcdk the welfare of the public m general. By the I.1W of the prince, or the prerogative law, (which ii of the firft kind) it is maJe Jeaih to fie with one of the fovereign'i wives. According to the laws of the fecond kind, if a man is ' a; irm, he is fined fifteen head of catt.' in a forfeit to party injured. If any one biciks ' icad of »ii iili . and the appricvcd party has nrtietui J the blow, Uc receivei thrct l>eeves by way of damage. 1 1 anyone llcaU anotlitrs hive of lioney, and is caught i I ♦>a, the fine is threi. iron Ihovels ; for >t is to be ol)l, 1 (as trade is by way of barter), that iron tboveU, hoes, &c. are a kind of fmal! money among thcle people. If one man' i break into another's planta- tmn,tlie owner, forev- ift found there, muft give an iron (hovel. If two n juaip ', and one happen! to curie the Oder's father or motlici, whether they be liv- ing or de.id, and his aiitaconid has fo much command of himll'lf a4 to refrain from curfing the other's father or mother, be recovers two b:eves at a compenfation. If any one is found guilty of ftcaling Guiney corn, cara- vanccs, potatoas, or the like, out of any of tlie planutions, he forfeits acowand a calf to the owner ; but if the da- mage done is fuppofed to re()uirc a greater forfeit, more is tlicn to be given. Before wc conclude this feAion, it will be proper to take notice, that to tlie foutli-wefl of Madagafcar, are a p "I'le wIkj fcem almoft of a different fpccies from the other ui- liahitants ol the illand. Thefe are called Vi> J^imbeis. Thi'irhcads .uc of a very fingular Mupe, the hinder part being as Hat as a trcncUi., and the forehead nutly fo, Wliicii, it is obfcrvcd, was probably occafioned by their {ireffiiig the clrild's head fro 11 its birth. Their hair is not ong, like tli.it of the otlier native*, nor ii it quite fo woolly at the hair of the inhabitants of Guiney. 'i'ticfe pcopk liave a language peculiar to themfelvet, though they fpeak that of the iHaiid. Their religion is likewifc different from tliat of the other natives, they liav- iiig no uwlcy (a kind of portable images) in tlx^ir lioufes ; but pay an extraordinary aUcntionto the new iwi>n, and to feveral aiiiimis, at a cock, a lizard, and Tome others. Whcii tliey fit down to their meals, tliey uke a bit of niev. and throwing it over their headt, lay, " Tliete it u bit fur llie fpii it," I'hcn cutting four more little bits, they tlirow them to the lords of th$ tour quarter! of tlie earth. No. 4j. Thk k tb* gtitntl pnAte «^ AaA «^ tM*« * Hnid fbc relliion, though there are many who iMgleA It 1 luft ■•« In Eutrope, many neilcA (ay> ri liftn by diftrefs on the fouthem coaft of Madarf» car, and there detained many yean, among thefe were R«* bcrtDfury, a youth (to whofc minuiet we are indebted for fcvoral remarkable particdiari relating to thit ifland) an4 Mr. John Benbow, fon of the famout admiral of thai name. Drury, after having been flfieen years a flave, waa redeemed by captain William Ma.ckett, and brought to England in 1716. I le refided in London many yean, and there publilhed an account of hit adventures, Benbow alfo lived many years after his return to Kngland, and wrote a dcfcription hf the foulhern (lart of the ifland, which was handed about in maiiulcupt amonn his ac- quaintance, and by that meant wat loft i this curioua iierformancc hating twen in vain attempted to be recovered By tlic family. SECT. V. Cintti>ii»H»eople expeft, tlut alter a facrifice, thefe fpirits will tell them in dreamt what they arr to do, and warn tliem of the d.-ingen that will await tli n. Thit naturally rendeis them fuper- ilitious with refpc£l to dreams, -id their moft common concerns. Tlicy perform the rite of circnmc.fio/i, bat with very dilfcrciit ceremonies from thofe ;i!iftiied iiy the Jews and M.ihoinetant, from whom tliev aie h\i\ to have received the cuftom, by means of the Ai^Im, who came to fettle the < . ThU ceremony is performed every third year» at wi.ich timethey build a hall rai fed upon wooden pillars, and cncompalTcd with a pallifado of ftaket The great lord of the province killt a bull, and havine I'pilt tlie blood of it, mixed witli honey-wine, round the miilding, he opens th« pallifado and plants at that opening a baruina-tree, with leaves and fruit, on which hangs a girdle tinged with the blood of the bull . after which that place is looked upon u (acred ; no peribn approaches it but witlt the utmoft rc< fpeA, ami none enter into it. The fathers of the diildren who are to be circumcife^ fal> daring the eight days of tlie moon of March, and tha Utt day they walk abroad two and two, carrying tlie chil. dren on tiKir (houlders, wrapped up in paans. The young men who are not married follow them, and holding their fabiet in their handt, they make threatening motions with them, as though they were going to attack an enemy. After they have walked three timet round the dome (the ^ N ■ lurd' 4il TmllEW ANO'UKIVERSAL 8V8tEM or GEOGRAPHY. leid'ilMurt), rtxy (Utp Mon lU Joor, tnii dWMini lbcm(«lvei into lroop«, ibcy CMrcira ihcmrilvM ■ long while in Aignc olf tiic piepucc ; which done, the father imme- diatrly cutt the throat of the chickrn, makci the blood of it drop on the ground, and givci the child hack to the mothc-r i who, dipping cotton into the bluod of the ox that hat been killed, and into that of the chicken alfo, tiei it uhout the wound of the child. The follovNing account of ihcir method of thanfgivlng after a ruccefslul war, ii cxtraAed Irom Drury. " The ■nhabiiaiili (fayi he) have in all their houfci, a fmall por- table utrnfd, which it devoted to religioui ufei, and it a kind of hnulhold altar, which they call the owley. It it made of a peculiar wood, in Imall pieces neatly Ruined, and making alinoft the form of a half-moon, with the horni downwirdi, between which arc placed two alliga- tori teeth. Thii it adorned with variout kindi of bcadi, and fuch a falh faftcned lo il behind ai a man lies about hii wait\ when he goci to war. However, I ohiervcd that they brought two forki from the wooJi, and tixrd ihcni in the ground, on which wai laid a beam, (lander at each end, and about fix feet long;, with two or three pcgi in it, and upon thii they hung the owlcy. Behind it wm a long pole, to which a bullock wai fattened with a cord. They had a pan full of live coalt, upon which they threw an aromatic gum, and planted it under the owley. Then they took a I'mall quantity of hair from the tail, cbin, and eye-browi of the ox, and put ihemon the owley. Then my mailer ufed fonie particniar gefturci with a large knife in his band, and made a formal incantation, in which the people joined. In the next place, they threw the ox on the ground, with his lec> tied faft together, and my mafter cut his throat." Thus this ceremony ended ; and this is deemed an oblation for hating obtained a y viAory over an enemy. Thefe people- have a great veneratioit for their forefa- I thers, and have an afluiance of tlieir fpiriti always ex- I ifting, which appean in almoll every circumftancc of the few religious aai which they perform. The burial of The dead is very lingular and folemn. As they treat each oiber in all caltmities and misfortunes with great hu- manity, fo they frequently vifit the Tick, and contribute all in their power to affift the afni£led family, and to re- port thofe to health who «re ill. When a perfon diet, all the reUtioni and neighbours come to the houfe, the wo- men lament, and the men aflift in preparing for the funeral, the manner of which we have already de- icribed. Each family has a peculiar burying-place, which none 'dare to break into ; it it enclofed witii a kind of pallifa- doei. No perfon it permitted to enter thefe burying- croands but fome of the neareft relations. They com- monly go once a year to thefe burying-placet to clear them of weeds, but never enter them till they have burnt a bullock or a cow before the fepalchre. Their method of mourning doth not confift in the •olour or form of the garment, but in (having their heads ; and every man under the jurifdiftion of a king, or lord, who does not do this at the death of his prince, isefteemed diracople called llic Madasafcriaii whiles. It is therefore no wonder that ihey Ihould nave made fuch a felcAion of Chiillian, Jewilh and Mahomcian leiicti, and have inieilarded them with abfurdilici of their own ; nor can we lie lurpriled that they Ihould have attempted to make the M.ihometan the prevailing and primitive re- ligion, fince, where chronology it unknown, any error which dates alone can rcAify may be initnbcd. However, they are in a great mealure tight in their notions rcfpeAlii}; Chiift, as they allow that he wa< lent hy Ciod ^ that h« was not begotten of man , that he was burn of a virgin j that he was God and man i that he was a great prophet, and that he wa« crucified by the Jews i but then thrv add', that (Jod, not thinking proper that bo (hould die, luhfli" luted a nialcfaAor m hit place, who died inftead of him. The latter ciicuiulUncc might originate from the fcrip- lural account of the malcfaAor who was crucilied at IM fame time with Chrift ; but mull have been adopted from their total ignorance of the end for which the Redccnwr of mankind came into tbc world. S E C T. V. 0/ lit hiftiry end rtvtltil'iin$ in ihi ifiani tf Madagnjiaf^^ AS the people of thii ifland are wiihput public recorji, or the chronological knowledge of eventt, conlc- quently the anticnt hiflory of the country cannot be given by Ul. All that it known it from oral tradition -, but the tranfaAioni thus handed down are too futile and vague, and too much interwoven with fiAioii, (o merit notice. We are indeed told, that the province of Anofli, which has been better known to the Europeans than any other fart of the ifland, was, previoui to the arrival of Ihe rcnch, governed by a fovereign, who wai riat only honoured as a king, but almoft revered as a god. His name was Andiaii Ramach, and on bit demile devolved to Andian Maroarive, who wai a Chriflian, having been educated at Goa, and baptized by the jefuiti. Mc however, foon turned to paganifm, and was afterwards, on the attack of the town of Franchcie by the French, killed by a mulkct-ball. In the year 1642, captain Rivautt, a Frenchman, ob- tained pcrmilTion from cardinal Richlicu, for nine year*, to lend (hipi and forcei 10 Madagafcar, and the neigh- bouring idatids, in order to eflablilh a colony and plan- tation, and cllablifh an exdudvc commerce tbeic. For the (aid purpofe, this gentleman crcAcd a lociety, under the name of a French baft India company, and tlie grant was drawn out, with the addition of ten years more pri- vilege i fo that it extended to the year 1661. In thcmcari time, that is, immediately fubfcqucnt to tlic nuking out of the grant, A. D. 1642, the tirft (hip was fcnt under the command of captain Coquet, who was going to load ebony at Madagalcar, on the' account of himIcK and fome private merchants ; but had orders to lake with him twq governors, whofc namesiwere Pronit and Fauqucatiourg, and twelve other Frenchmen, thefe being commanded to land and remain there, till the arrival of a (hip from France, which was in November following. In September captain Coquet arrived at Madagafcar, having in his way anchoied at the iilaud of fiourbon, whici) ^'^i.'.;ijB.A..-^%-.. Whicb Im look polki)i«ii of in iIm ntim a( )< M** iliglfcar, be >i)«it in * fimilir nt*nner, fum'u kiul K»u< i|Utiihourg wris ■( IriiKih United in iIk pMI of %t. Lucil, In ihc provinc* of Mjtigh«bcl, whicb it Aim of tbt priii- lipal placet ui Ihc idand> On tlic fliA of April in th« «nlViin|t Te*r, Ilia rxpr fliii fliipfrnin Titncc trtlrcrf. It wiinamfd the St. f.kwrcoct, and w«i unOo the loinmtnd of ctpinin (iilti Ktrmiont. Tliit officer brouglit fevrniy men wilii hii|i, to reinforce Proiiii. The innibittnti, jealoui thit the French would ubtiin loo firm a footing in lite ir countrjr, meditated an oppofiiion ; but their mtentioni were prevented, 01 at leaft diliyed, by the piuJrnt conduft and timaly prcrcnii of Prnnii. Upon tbit fuccafi, I'ronu lent twelve men to penetrate into the province of Matalan, fia of whom «cie cut oiT by the nati^i, and the reft comprltcd to re- treat ; and foon after captain Refimont'f Ton and fix failori Were murdered in the province of Vohitlbana. I'hii i^p- polilion wai owing to the fecrct inirigiKi ot the leading mrn in Anoffi, who, from their nuritime fiiuation, did Itot dare to ofTi-nd the French iliemfclvei 1 but upon all occartoni, ftirrtd up the people of other pruvirtcca to op- |ule and mui Jer iliem. Captain I'ronii, in I&441 ib«ui;hi proper to rkmovc from St, Lucia to the bay of Tliolongitr, where he began lo fortify hinilelf 1 and bavin,; reduced almoft the whole province of Aiiolii by force of arnx, he built fiftrt Dau- phin, the fituaiion of which wai ciiccllent, the harbottr comn'iodiout and finely liicltcicd, and the entrance very convenient for lliipping of any buidcn. Behind the fort, he eriifteU lievtial other building*, with Urge iiiclorurei, which produced vaiioui forii of ve 'ctahlei and fruiti. However, in 1650, the fort, by foiiie unforcfcen accident, took tire, and wu totally deftroyed 1 but wat foon afier- wardi rebuilt, and flrongly garrifoned ; the French being •Iwayi at variaiica with tue nativei, and fre<)iicnlly at wtr with them. Tlie celebrated French governor, Flacourt, in the year 1651, at the head of eighty Frenchmen, and a great number of armed mgroei, ravaged the country 10 a cunfiderable diflance from the fort, carrying oflT great (juanlitiei of cattle, and dcflroying all the houfet and huti in hit way. Thii occafioiicd ilie nalivei to conceive an extraordinary •verfion to the French 1 and what added to their diflike wat, that whenever any prironertfcll into Ihc haiidiofihe French, they looked upon tliein all in an equal light, and fold them indifcriininatcly to the then Dutch go- vernor of the idind of Mauriliut, not making ntiy dif- tinflion between deeani or lurdi, fiecmcn or flavet t or (hewing any greater refpcA to their ladiet, when capiivet, thani 10 wtinirn of a lower rank. After thele tranf- aflioni, the French, finding that (he idea of conquering Mtdagafcar was chimerical ; and the danger and expcncei of nuintaining a colony, and kccpiHg up a forlreft there, were not recompcnccd by the luohtt accruing from the fcttlement, thouglit proper 10 abandon the ifland, and all projcAt relative 10 the reduAioii of iti Mr. Drury, during hit captivity in this illand, hat col- lc£\cd fcveral traditional accounts given by the nativei, of the attempti made by the Ftetich to fcttia on and fubdue Madagafcar, whicb being extremely curioui, we (hall here picfcnt to our readers for their entertainment. *• Thii part of the country (fays he) to which the French have given the name of port Dauphin, it called Anteiiofa, in the Madagafcar language. There came hither, upwards of a century ago, two French (hipa, on what account I cannot learn ; however, they came to an anchor clofe un- der land, in a very good harbour. The capiaint, oh- ferving that there were plenty of cattle, ail kinds of pro- vifioni, and a very good foil, determined that one of them fliould (lay here, and eftablifh a fettleiiient. Here- upon they caft lots who Ihould continue on the ifland, and the pcrfon on wham the lot fell was captain Melmer- rico, who landed with two bundled white men, well ai^ed, and provided with (lore of ammunition, and other necclTariei for the building of a fort, which they imme- diately began. No fooner had the natives obferved their inteittion, but they ufed their utmoft ait and indoftry to prevent them : thii created a war, in which the French were the viAors, who took at fevcral timet a great number of prifonei t. In tliis war, the king Antenofa and hit brother were killed ; nnd, amongd many other cliildrcn that were made cap- tives, the king's fon wat <. le. When the French had fufprcded tlie aativci, and completed their fort, the (hips ii I IHAfl/br Franca, ^d cfrricd with lb«m (hit ]roun| ^nct, and (tn-rill dtnef perfont of diftiiiAion. Tha natives, about a year aflar thii vliirRliiiort, bejan to la beitar rreoncikd ifo the Ptench, noiwithdanjinji Itiey War* fecreliy difguftcd at the mdignilv oflVicd lotlicit yourtg prince, and could by no meant lalilh the ■ovcrn- roetil and •l1r<-<\iou of for«i«rtiri : b'>wyver, the Fii'iich, by thtir anful and cunning department. ai\d indiiuationt, gained (6 much friendlhip among ihcm, that ilicy nut* ried, and lived Up and down in fevrral townt, at lomA diOanc* from each other t and not above fii« ur fix in • place. I'hey pccafibnally affillcd the natives in their wara agalnll a king thai rcfidei to the nmtbward, whom iliay dSfcaitd, look a gteat number of flavei, and manv cattki. In thU manner th*T lived for feme years Witti great triiiqiiility, nealeAIng their fort, andextcndin.;lhcmfclv«i all over rlic wTioU country of Antenofa : but at laft, u their familiea grew numeioui, the nativei grew jealoui t and recollcAing how inhumaivly they had treated their prince, and perceiving them thus fcattercd and difperfed, they thought thii a favourable opportunity to free tbcm- fevei from a foreign yoke. Hereupon they formed a con- IpirKy to cut off all 'he while mtft in one day, and tha Wednefday following it wat pdt in execution, not leaving a while man alive in the place. A French Ihip foon after caMe lliiibcr *i ufual 1 when the rtuiuromindrrs, or flavct, who retained a refpefl fur tha French, golaCinoe, and weniofFto thtm, tnd informed them that iheir countrvmen were all maflacicd. Th* captain was (laiilcd, and deeply concerned at this mcUn' choly newt, but could not revenge their caiife, being glad to (leer another courfe, without hnaking the leaft attempt to ^o 0(1 (horc; fo that the natives, baviiig now nobody lo interrupt them, put their government into its original form, and made choice of one for their king, who wat the nearcft related to the former ; there bung no other Ibn but him v^bom the French took captive. Th'ey lived peaceably unilcr this new king's diicAion for fevtral yearj, no rieiich (liip ever prcfuniing .0 coma ntit them 1 but now and then an Englilh (liip paid ibcnl a vifit i aud lliey traded in a fair andhoncft manner wiiil thi: o(!iceii on board. But foine yean after this, a French (Iiip, homeward bound from India, happened to be in great difticft (or t^aiU of water and providans, and could not compafs the cape. Though port Dauphin lay verj coihmodioui for the captain, yet be kne# that the nativei were their implacable enemies, neither Was he ignorant of the real occalion 1 and therefore refolved to make ufe of the following flratagem. Undef pretence of being fent atnbaflador trom the French king, he went on fhore in great pomp, and with proper attendants. The (hip lay at anchor as near the (hore as poflible, in order to be within reach of their gun*, in cafe any a£li of hoftility (hould be (hewn them. The nativei, who came down to them, afked if they weic Englilh or French i They replied,, tha latter; but ihey were fent by exprefi oideri from the French king, with fomc valuable prefenti, *nd were in- clined to make a treaty of peace. The king they had laft chofeit, whoin we havp mentioned before, died about a month before their arrival, and no new one wat the.i ekAed in hii ftead ; but the old queen (mother of the young prince, whom they had fo clandellilicly conveyed away fome yean before] being then alive, gave diredioni that the ambalTadori (hould be conduced to her houfe. Hit men carried a number of thingt of no great value with them 1 but fuoh, however, as they knew would be highly a^reeaole in thit country. Thefe were fbrnially preiented in the iiame of the French king 1 aiid the queen teftified her fatiifaAion in the reception of them, by entertaining, the captain in the moft elegant manner (ho could deviic. Thit day pafled in compTimentt, mutual prefeiiti, and fuch other Cbrtmonict at were conliAent with their ideta of public grandeur. i'he next day the qocen fertt for the captaiit, and in- formed hirar that (he cxpeAed hit men, at well at Him- felf, (hould take the oaiht, according to the cuftom of her counfry. The captain, having readily agreed to her fii'opofition, the ceremony wai performed after the (bl- owing manner : The holy owley (of which we have al- ready given fome account) wat brought out, and hung upon a piece of wood Uid croft-wife on two forkt, all which were cut down on thit folemn oecafion} aa wat alf^if a long pole, to which a bullock Wu (aliened : ihia wa» provideid by the queen, and when killed, thev took part of the tail, and ibme of the hair of the no/e and eye- brows, and put them on fome live coali under the owley j they then took fume of the blood, which they fprinkled 4sT' . "JWfc '"f^ 4ii» The NEW Ann UkurEiSAi itlWM or OfiOGRAf ttV. i** vfoait, md apon tbe besm .whcnMilt ttengi Qie"fii|itr i ■Uo WW raaftea, tiWI a pi«Gejpl..:^<»n tt i two o^r jMd^ werejMM on two Iwicct, which wetc ftttck in ibn pound betwixt the queen and the ambafltdor: aftei' which die auecn Tador, fjayed on Ihore about two or three days, and fent on board what provifiont hit people wanted. A firm firicndlhip beine now eftabliihed between thetn, they flrove who Inould outvie the other in t^.e arts of cour- lefy and oomptaifance. The captain invited the queen tp go on board his veflel, and ftie very readily went widi fe- veral of the chief of her people, who were treated bv the capoin with great magnificence, and to her intire ulii- bfiion. " When the queen returned on fitore in the (hip't boat, (he flood looking-ahout her for fome dme after Ihe waa . landed. The Frenchmen, not reguding the prefence of the block queen, ftripped, and fwam about to walh ahd cobl themfelvet ; her ma|efty, oUerving the whiteHefi of their ikins, indulged her cunofity in looking on them : at lall, peiceivingone man, whofe'flcin wat much darker than the left of hiscompaniori, as he came towards the ihore, and was going to put on hit doaths, Ihe efpied a particular mole undsr hit left breaft ; (he went to him immediately, aitd, looking more wilhfiiUy on ir, would not permit him to Dutonnitlhitt : btit daim^ him at her fon, who had been carried away when a diild many years before ; and had not ^ticnce to reftiain herielf, but ran to him, (cry- ing with joy, thatflte had found her fon) threw her armt about his neck, and alrooft fiilled him with kiflet. Tliit frnprifedaU the people, u well hladu aa whitet ; till hav- ing rectr.'ered herfelf a' little, file turned to them and told them, this wat her fon ; and (hewed them the private mirk. Theywhohad known the youngprince, drew near, viewed the mole, and acquidced with her, that it mull be be, and no other. " The, Frenchmen could not tell what to make of thii odd difcbvery; nor what fiital confequencet might poflibly attend it. The captain, therefore, taking the man afide, adviled him to give at artful anfwers as he could to what dueftiont ihey mould a&him, for their bfetj't lake. Now mere were feveral Uacki who fpokc French, and by their meant the Frenchman at Qaaa nnderftood the queen aa they did. She dCJtifed tbey would aik him. If he knew the country he was bom in ? He aniWcred, he could remero- her nominE of it, for he «vu carried from hit native place when a diild. She afted him. If he kOew her / He laid, he coold not pretthd to &y abfolutely that he did : but he thought (he bore a great refirnibbnoe to fomebody he was much ofed to when young. Thit confirmed them more and more in their opinion : at to his bdng white Ikiimad, ihey thought th»t might eatity be from hit wearine cloathi, ^ni^ the dme be was abfent fiom home : and bit hair Was at Made at tfacirt ; So that it w^ . condwded it mufthe theirprince. " The old qoeen war tfanfiMMtedwidi joy at finding her (an, and the natives were for chafing hira their king di- rcAly, be bdowthe next heir. They afted «hat wat bit name f He toM them, be never remembered that he wat called by any other jurae than that of Samuel ; but they g.ive iiira wnat tfaey thou||U wat hit original name, com- pounded with Tuley, whKh denoted hit rentn, or arrival, fo they called him Deean Tukv-Noro ; and be wat alfo fntther falutid immediately wim tbe utle of panaiker, that it, kirwof Anteoofia. " The French captain and hit men were fnrpri&l to find tlie man aA hit part to dexteroufly, not perceiving at firtldttt he waa ineameit, and wat at fond of being tlici. king, at they were of elcQing him s thougli it wat ta iMUhenifh a place. . He had ticrr twelve thouf nd fighting men iTimcdiately under hit comound ) and a fine fpacioua and plentiful country. The ^'hiVi crew (ailed awajt, ahd left him behind tlieni ; but at oium ai the French had oc- cafion bt irfaat this iflaod afforded, tfaey taf/K it a confta.>t fiwft pttftiM to pitt iat» port Dau^H. anJ traific «!3l them. " About tht«e yeart before we ' lity, and growing too proud to be commanded., the captain found liimfelf intirely deferted, when, venturing to fea in an open boat, with only one aflbciatt, he lannE^phin, and the bay of !)t. Auguftiiie. 1. The bay of St. Antohgil is fituatcd on the e.iftem, coaft, in the IixtH»ith degree of foutli ladtude ; it extends about fourteen league* due north, and is nine leagues broad at iti entrance. In the bottom of the bay is a Ihiall iflaiid, whi^h affiwdsplsnty of provifions, good water, and a fiife harbour for (hipping. This bay wa« once (requented by the Dutch, who had a kind of fiAory there, confiftii^ of focttcen men, fcr buying of flavet and rice ; but fomc of them died with (iduiefi, and ottiers were murdered by ^hr inliabiunts, whom they treated with infolcnce. 2. The ifland of St. Mary, alfo called Noffi Ibrkhl-.i . «t the ifle cf Abraham, is hiuated to die fouthward of r'.k. bay of St. Antongil, in the fcventeenth degree of foutb U titude. and is fifty -four miles lone from north to fbotl kit •-.-.l tl b ft fi <« tl di ti li at tl ti d si a ^.. It •« d] n; th 01 fe tr ft bi C T SI « P ai 1 tl 01 tt ai d fc !) ti , u c II f "tl V E«Sfc,.-',ti. (AFRICA.} B A B B L M A N D B 4*1 ^If.'i '■^ hu it* netteft breadth firom caft to weft docf not mcerd nine mile* ; the HMieft part ii abont two Icagtm diftant front he coifi. This ifland it entirely furroand^ with raclci, overwhich canoet nuypafi at bign water; but at ebb there ii not ■bore half a foot depth, and on thefe rock* may be Ceen the fineft white coral in the world. Anibeigrit is often found on theeaftem coaiVof the ifland, and the ifland it- tcHS afford* many fortt of gums. But we (hall give a fuller defcristion of this ifland liercafter. 3. Fort Dauphin, which wat erefled by the French, \t fiinated iieariliefoutli-eaft pointsf Maduafcar.in twenty- four degree* twenty-five minntet foath latitude, near the ■MMUh of the rirer Pranchen ( but the French', finding that die trade there did not anfwer the expence of keeping rhs cplony, quitted it lon| fine*. 4. St. Augttftine'* Bay n on the weftem coaft of Ma- da^car, in twenty-three degree* thirty minute* fouth la* titwie, that i*, juft under the tropic. of Capricorn. It in formed by the mouth of the river Yong Lahe. The Eng- li(h formerly traded at thit bay, and at other place* on the weftem iidc •f the ifland, for naves. The Eun.;ean* who firequented the ifland of Madagaf- car, purchafed fcarce any thin^ there but flaves and cattle, which the native* exchanged tor gun*, gun-powder, beads eloatbing, and hard -ware ; and here the fhipi bound to ■ltd from India fometime* flop, in order to furnifli them- Mvc* with water, frelh proviitons, and fruits, for which they give piece* of filk, ralicoc, and foma of the above ar^' ticiei, by way of barter. It is thought the French will again attempt to eftablifh ttemfclves ii) this iflaud, if not prevented by the other ma- sitime power*. Dtferiin thi ifland Jff ; «lft 161 if M*rh«rt. SECT. VJI. iitdaiidflrtights if BaitlmatiJtl, mar tbi Rid iJUntdt if AiajHt, Martta, Swaktn, and THE flreightj of Balielmandei join the Indian ocean tolheRedfea. The name given to them is, ace: - soption of the word* babal mundul, which latter fignitie* *' the gate of weeping," an epithet given by the Arabs to liitie Hrrights, on account of the danger that attended the navigation of them, which was conceived to be fo great that when any of their relations pa^Ted them, they put •n mourning, a'; for pcrfons whom they had given over for loft. Neverthelefs, n\any, allured by the hope of gain engaged in thefe voyages, notwitliftanding the danger* they were expoled to. Tlie Arabian gulf, or Red Tea, which inrJude* the ftrcights of Babclniandel, begin* on that part oi theocean, bounded, on the fide of Afiica, fay cape Guardafay, of Old Aromata \ and, on the fide of Afia, by cape Tartak. The (bore* run weflward from tbefe capes as far as Aden and Zeyla; and proceed from thence, narro?rmg with defart coafls, and with little windings, till they meet with two promontories in the mouth of the Arabic gulf. The part of the promontory on the Arabian fide, was xntirntly called Poirudium, but the name of that on t^ie Kuropean fide is lolK 1'he Arabians and Indians called the intermediate Urcight Albabo, which Signifies the gates or month*, as it i* not above fix le^ue* wide, and fo in- terfpcrfrd with little iflands, &s fcarce to admit of (hipping :>. pafs through its narrow channels. Thefe fmall iilands ire full of hay*, ports, nooks, creeks, tec. the ebbing and flcs«ing of the waters into and from which greatly inipedt the navigation here. I'he cape, on the fide of Arabia, appear* to ihofe at fea, to he nn ifland at a confidenble diflance from the main land. T he ifland of Robon, or Koboan (fignifying, in Arabic, a pilot) ii not tar from the cape. This appella- tion witt given to the ifland, bccaufe feveral pilot*, vrhc umlerdood the navigation of thefr ftreight*, refided here. The illand of Robon is very flat, atid not two mile* in compafs. The water from here to the promontory i* fo- Ihallow, that, when the tide i* low, it may eanly be forded. Here i> another ifland about a league farther : it ia fome- thing bigger t!.«.. H.obon'* illand j but, though it has k very good haven, is unfiequented. It muil naturall/ be fuppofed, that, by means of fomany litandt, feveraj cJianneK arw mait^ . y*» •>• thCTC tS cicvcn J^liom depth ouite through, and neither flat ilioals, nor «ny other obftrviQion, tht principal of them m^ b; >»•. 4a. pafled in thb midft. String notth-weft^ weft, or (bulh. ead by elmandel, the luvigation of thefe flreight>i, end of the R«l fea, with the entrance inti» the latter, which we Ihall here, for the entertainment of our readers, extraft from tlie journal of his voyage froia Goa to Suc7. De Caftro, in parting the ftreights, made an obfervation ' at noon, and found the mouth of th.rni to be in twelve degrees fifteen minutes north latitvide, and two hours after midnight tlie Portut;ucfc ftt fail foi the mouth of the ftreight*. In the morning they faw both coafls, being nearer the A bcfliim, between which and the firft ifland they failed north-weft by weft, the wind blowing hard at eaft till noon. This coaft wa« qui'e new to the Portn- guefe ; their diftance from land was about four leagues. An hour after fun rife they faw a range of ifland*, moft tk them very low, which extended north-weft and fouth- eaft ; a* the coaft did along which they lay, for about fixty leagues. They failed with a fiur wind in this chan- nel of Abe(him, having iflands on both fides all the way. Ship* cannot fail here by night, or without the wind ire the poisp ; for if it happens to change it is impoffible to tack about or come to an tnchiar, tilt the (hip arrive* at the firft iflands, which are nine iittlc ones. After having paffed thefe, tlie Tea become* more open and free, but, to- ward* thelhore, thefe are feveral iflands and rocks, which render the navigation dangerous if a vefTet k;cps too near the coaft { and De Caftro thinks that none (hould attempt the navigation of the ftreight* of Babelmindel, or the Red fea, without a pilotbelonging to the country. A little far- ther are feven ihiall iflands, called the Seven Sifters, be- tween which and the (hore are fomc very dangerous rocks. After having pafled there, they arrived at the ifland of Sorbo, and anchored in nine fathom and a half water in a harbour of the fame name. The ifland of Sorbo, accortling to this jnumalift, is in fifteen degrxs feveii minutes north latitude. It i* near twenty miles incircumfcitnce, and beiones to « great ar- chipelago of iflands, about four leagues trora the Abyfli- nian coaft, and twenty-four (hort of Mafua. The Por- tugnefe roved about this ifland, and perceived it was low and full of trees, but the trees wtie all (hort, or 1 1 tl'e (hrub kind ; the plains were verdant, snd they difcove red the tracks of men and bcafts in feveral places, though they did not happen to meet witli either, a camel excepted, on which account they called it Came! iiland. After all their refearches, they did not find any wa'.er, except in one well di^ed in a ftone, and" made principally for the reception of rain, as they conjeClured. After leaving Sorbo, they failed among many iflands. nioft oi wuicii wrcre very iow, and aimoll even with the fea. In their [Miflige, they kc t about a league to the ntc£t, it is liiid) they extr.«A that gum lac, ufcd in varAithing, making (eat- ing-wax, &C. The ifland of Mafua is only ll»lf a mile in length, and fomeWhat lefs in breadth. It is very flat, and lies very near the main land ; that is, on the north-well (ide. It has a go6d harbour, fecure in all weathers, the depth of the -water being about tight or nine tiithom, and tlia ground ooxy. .The entrance of this port is on the north- call (ide, towards the middle of the clunucl -, fur lioiu the north-eaft point of the idand there runs a (hoal to- wards another point, fo that (Itips mud take care to keep the middle of the channel, which runs noitli-call and fouth-weO, is very lliait, and confeqiiently da:tg:rcus VVitl) relpecl to the people here, they rcfcmble thole of Dahlak in calloms, manners, vices, itc. and have likewifc (imilar virtues. The men are alfu of two clille 1, thofe who follow traflic, or the pearl-llfhcry, and tholtj who live by piracy ; yet both dafll's are looked upon in a light equally favourable, as piracy is not dfcmcd crimi- nal, or even dilhonourable here. Whatever profits .ic- crue from eitlicr trading are, by the men in general, ap- phed to tlie purpofes of gallantry, and the facilitating their amours ; for the people here ate very great votaries of Venus, and Cupid (eems to reign with unbounded power; the men being as expert in intriguing, and the women a« faithful in the arts of coquetry, as it they had been edu- cated in much politer nations. As the people of Mafua are extremely warm in their padioiij, both from their manner of living, and the natural licut of the climate : fo their fanguinc conftitiilions, and the heat of tliciv imaginations, often occafion them to commit very ralli a£liuns, and their amours are frciiuenlly attended with a fatal calaflioplie. This ifland, wiih all the oppolltc coafl, was formrilv fubjcct to the cin|icior of AlniriniH 1 hut within the laft century it was fcizcd by the king of Ualil.ik, who rc- (ides chidly here, for the convcilicncy of carrying on t trade with the continent ; from whence great quantitie* of golu and ivory arc bro.ught to him, t During the months of May and June, the air is ex- ceedingly unhealthy, for want of wind ; fo that the king and principal inlubitants, during thefe months, retire to Dahlak. Two other illands lie very near this, to the fouth aaJ fouth-weil : the largelf is next the land ; the other, ly- ing towards the fouth-wcft, is very round. There art many (hoals between tliis illand and Mafua ; but gailie* and row-vcllels may pafs at full fca in a cliannel tliat luas through tlie ir.idd o( tliein. Thcl'e |>eople vah"; thcnirclvcs upon a tnidition which they luvc among flie.n, that the qii*cn of Sheba ciuliirc) from the continent hither, and took Ihippin;^ in th.-ir |x>it, ill order tu vilit king 'i exceed live uii!e> in circuit. Hue is a very good haven on thr li near the ihorc, and it lailier muddy ai ilia. bottom. With refpeft to ciftoms, manncn, d.'. fs, he. the people who inhabit this illind dilfei in iiutliing from tholi; who rcfide in Mafua, DatiLik, &c. The ifland of Swakcn is litua'ed ninet.:'?n degrees forty, (ivc minutes tiortli latitude, and thirty-l"c»ciid»gicci thirl/ minutes call lonsitude, and tlie poit is defined one of the beft. in thcU;:d S««. TSieenJraiiCv i.by aiianow Oreig'nt.nhitih kads tu a lalur ; iu the >ni4ll uf which i> an illanJ, and a town ^^^ — m7 ;,^u. '^^''Jh^^\:: ■•'^*' ■i^....,..^:..,,, ..a^ fAFftlGA.J fi A S g fe'-^M A K D^ fi I, k tdwn that covers e^ety (Mrt of the ifland. De C.iftr0, in his account pf De G^a's voyage, informs us, that this town was ontt Very important, and extremely opulent. At the I ime'he ^bs .there, which was about the year i ^40, he thus writ^st^oncerning it : " Swakcn is at prefent one of the richelbcities in the eaft, -{landing near the coaft of ' Aliyinnia. I^(lc]uals, if not exceeds, the moft cminrnt places in the goodnefs and fecuriJy of its harbour, facility m lading and unlading of Ihips, traffic with remote coun* tries, flrength and ndvintageous firuation of the town, &c. The harbour is iiieitered by nature from all winds ; and the waters are fo fmooth and ftill, tlut the tides are ftarce pcrceprible. It is capable of containing two himdred large fliipi, belidcs a ptMigious number of gallies. The road is from five to tWelve fathoms water in depth, and hath a mud bottom, which is fcen in all places not exceeding fcven fathoms water. The fhips conle up clofe to the Ihore, quite round the city ; and may be laden by laying a plank from them to the warehoufes of tlie merchants." The fame writer fays, that, with refpeft to commerce, he knew no city, except Lilbon, which could compare to it, for at that time it traded to both the peninfulas of In- dia, tlie Arabian and Petiian gulphs, Grand Cairo, Con- ftantinople, Alexandria, Ethiopia, and other countries. For flrength, the city fcemed naturally well fecurcd by the many (hoals, iflands, rocks, fand-banks, and intri- cate channels that lie from (ixteen leagues about it, which renders the approach by fea very dangerous, and even terrilile to navigators j yet the inhabitants had not taken the lefs care to defend it by art. '* This city, he adds, thus fiiuated, in the midft of a circular rock, {lands in a flat illand, almoll pcrfcAly round, and level with the water, about a mile in compafs. In this (pace there is not a foot of ground but what is taken up with houfes ; fo that all the ifland is a city, and all the city an ifland." Such was the importance and opulence of SWaken between two and three centuries ago, at which period it was under the do- aiinion of a Caffrian prince. After the time above-mentioned, this place has fallen into the hands of the Turks, and, like moll other places which theli: haughty, tyrannical, and indolent people have become pofll'fl'cd of, bath ever fince dwindled away to little or noth'ng, loft its commerce and confcqucncc, grown poor and thin of inhabitants, fo that at prefent it makes but a very mean appearance. Such are the fatal efi'efts of idlenel's, an arbitrary government, joined with fuperftition and iiel> buildings in SwuUcn are the baths ; and the moft plcallng mufe- nxnt nlrch both the I'urks and Ara*'S take, is that of (■nthing. Indeed ihc fiillry weatlic here Cecmn to renuire lrc(]iiciit a!)luiioivi, both for health and plcafure ; and M.^h(>mct appears to li.ive cntcrl.iined the fa nc opinion of t'le lurliilli doiiunion'; in tyncial, by his having m:\di puiiHcRtions, bv trtquent wafhiiif.s and bathni.ts, a duty ilailv incumbent on every one of his followeis, an'l a (undamcntil point ol the Mahometan religion. it may not be improper to give a particular account of llufo baths, and the manner in which the peviijnt are treated by the atlcnditnts appointed to wait upon the pi-r- li)ns who ficiTucnt them ; wc mutt firft of all remaik, that the men never '.)athc with the women i and indotd there is f.) much moJefty obfcivcd, that any 0!ie would l)e re- proved v.ho Ihd'ld happen to lee ihem through inadver- t ncy, and, if he did it by dtfinn, would lie haftinxfoed. Some baths aie for the ufc of tlie men ii^ the motiving, and for the women in the afternoon : others are frequeistitd one day in ihu wcik by one tex, and the next by the oiher. I'eople .ire very well attended in thefc baths for titrec or I'lui alpers. The tl/ll eiiii.incc i» into a line hall, in the middle of which the principal fountain appears. All round the li.-ill 1.1 a (mall b^nch, about three tect high, coveted with a nut. The men lit upon it to Imonk, and pull ofl' their cloiihi, wlicli aiB I'ol'led up in a towel. Theairinihis Uill h,ill ii io hut, that nothing can be baino upon the 4 body, but in apron about the Waift, to toyet befote and behind. In this condition a man paflcs into a fmall half which i« I'.ill wanner, and from thence into n latgcTi. where Ihe heat is more fcnfible. All tlicfc halls are gene-' rally ciofed ahere with fmall domes, which let id light at thetop thrO«g||a round glafs, like thofc our gardcnet.i put over theii' melons. In the laft hall there are marble bafons with two cocks, one of ho: water, and the olher of cold, which eveiy one mixes according to his oivit fancy, and pours upon his body with little buckets ol brari belonging to the place. The pavement of this cham- ber is heated by furnacc ' duftrious traders, and carry on a confiderablc traffic,' by exchanging cattle, gold, frank, ncenfc, ivory, pepner, ki. for clothes, atr.ber, necklaces, gtal^ beads, raiunSf d.itcs, and olher articles. The inhabitants of Bar'uO.'a exchange iivay either the piodiicc of their own illand, or what tney procure from the neighbouring continent ; for their labour is looking alter cattle, as many of them officiate in the capacity of fliephcrdi and graziers to the (xople of the kiri^jdoin of Adel, on (he cppofitc continent. Thofe who l;crc tend the herds and flocks, are feme o( the bappicll inn inoft inofFenhve pcopl': in ihc univcrfe- : indeed their felicity hath iiern fo mucli '.he admiration and envy of others, that many capital m.ri from Adel, and the adjacent kingdoiiK, and fevcralrich Arabian nierclinnts,, have thought proper to retire hither from the .idr-taticii of courts, the dangcis of war, the hazards of conimerci.%i voyages, and the painful buflle of trade, in order to taflf , in rural retiiement, thole deli'ious pleafures which ho- nours and liches could nut procure them. The Turkilh, Moorilh, Arabian, Egyptian, &c. Bier- chants, bring their commodities hithrr Their traffic, however, is much decayed fiiicc the f^uronec(t mart. :P •*»::,?. 4*4 The NEW amd UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOGg.APHY. Bart, aru) feck the moft profitible mode of vtnding their commodities, or trafficking with the nativei. Thcfc people are admired Ny all who have traded in tjjol'e fcaj, for tl»eir univerfal pbilaiithropy j aiM) are pe- culiar for their Angular benevolence la each other, aiid their very humane trcatrrKnt to damedic a»d other ani- mall. Happy would it be for nunkind in gerKral, if fuch virtues were more general j and that they who clleem themfelvet politer people, and boaft of a more refiiKd educatiort, would copy the fhining parts of all charafters, how different foever from them in political or religious ienii meats, o< remote with rei'peft to the locality of fitu- atioiu SECT. VIII. Of the ijkini if XtcaUa, "Ltctfra, »r Sscctort, iliJkMtUn, bauHaariii, climate, prtJuilitHS ; alfa an acctunt tjthi inha- laii/its, their difpefititn, drefs^ cujhmi, laws, punijh- menti, Ue, THIS ilhr>d was tirft difcovered about the year ic6o, by one Ferdinand Pereiia, a Portuputfe. It is litu- ated about feventy-iive miles to the north eaft of cape Gauruufuy, in twelve degrees ten minutes north latitude. }t is bounded on the fouth, by the continent of Arabia, front whence it is diflant about fifty miles ; and. on the north-eaft, by the kingdom of KUIinda. It is of very confiderabie extent, being not lel'i than eighty miles in length, fixty in breadth, and one Ir'ndred and fifty in circumference. There are feveral p, oJ harbours on the fhoret befides whidi, there are two excellent bays, where the Shipping ride with the greateft fafcl) . The ground in the bays is fand, and in fome places itony ; but not fo as to iitjure. t^e cables. The tide.- here are contrary to thofe of India i for when the moon apprareth on the horizon, it is high-tide, ' which thence begins to ebb ; and by the tiii>e it con>elh to the meridian, it begins to flow again in the fame order as it fets at Goa ; and it is full fea when fet. The weather here is exceeding fultry, owing to the fhort continuance of rains, which feldom laft more than two or tbre weeks in the feal'on. This dcfeft in the climate is, however, happily remedied by heavy dews, occafioiKd by the lofty mnuiitains, whofc tops are gene- rally covered with fiiow, fo high as to condenl'e the clouds, and afterward: diUblve them m a kind of thick mill or foe- In fo^e parts ot the illand are rivers, which rife from forinc;s, and are never afFefted even by the drieft feafons ; but other pa. (• of it, except in the rainy feafon, are to- tally deftiiotc of water. 'the inhabitants of this ifland, which is exceeding po- pulous, are under the government of a prince or fultan, who was once fubjefl to the HiarifTs of Arabia i but is now tributary to the Turks. Thiscoantry ahuunds in cattle and fruit, with which, and fome other commodities, the natives trade :o Goa, where they are belter received than the Arabs, who ,arc not permitted to enter tliat town without paiFxirti. The Oilier pioduAions of the ifland are, aloes, naiikinccnlc, dragon's blood, rice, dates, ambeijris, and coral. , VV'c ihali take an opportunity of dcfcribiiig the two la(l ar- ticles, as they have not been hitheilo particularly no- ticed. The former of thefe, namely, ambergris, is generally of an afh-colour, or grey, and is a fat, folid fubflance, like fuel, but light. It is variegated like marble, and is fometimes fpecklcd .vith white; it fprings f'-i-m the bowels of the earth, is coiidenfed in the ^a, aud is found float* ing on the water, tliouch fometimei it it met with on the fca-Ihor«, where it has been thrown by the waves. It is fometimei black as well as grey ; but the grey is ac- counted the bed. There is ;ittle tooip to doubt that thii is a fort of bitumen, wbidi proceeds from the earth near the bottom (;f the fea ; for it fometimes. contains ilones, fhcllt, the bones of anima's, and the bills and rlaws of birds, as well as hoiKV-conibt, Crom whicli the honey has not been all loft. Hence it appears, that th^i bitumen muft have been firft in a liquid late , lumps cf aoolb. weight have fome- tiniet been found. When put itwo the fire, ambergris will melt into a fort of gold co!oured refin, whicli will kindle and burn when held to a candle. It will not dilfolve cnt^rclv m Ipitits ef wiiic, hut leaves a black, pitchy matt.r behind it. Tiic iuluiiuii, attur foiuc liiuc, will leave a white cloudy fediment, which will coagulate by little and little, and grow thick, efpecially by the incorporation of the finer parts of the fpiriti of wine. When this is dry, it be- comes a fhining fort of earth, not inrndi unlike fptrniaceti. • It confifts of oily greyifh particles, which arc very fine and volatik:, with olheis that are thicker, faMiie, and bitu- minoni. Ambergris !s of great ufe amonf[ perfumers ; and is recommended by phyficians for raifing languifhitig f'pirits, and increafiiig their motion ; wbeiue it is given for dilor- ders of the brain and heart, as well ai in fainting fits. The dole is fioni one grain to eight in wine or a poached egg, and, in fubAance, a pill of the fize of a Iniall pea. Coral confifts of various kinds ; fome of which re- femble fmall trees without leaves ; others are in the form of a net, fonulimcs with large niefhes, and fometimes with fmall. The infide of the branches feems to be of the nature of horn, for it has the lame fmell when put into the fire ; but the bark is of a llony nature, and con- tains a great deal of fait. Coral, properly fo called, ii of a ftony nature, and is placed in the animal kingdom, becaul'e it produces fca- infeAs. Some of thefe are red, and others white, and others of various colours ; however, the red, of the co- lour of vermilion, is bcft, and is by fome laid to be of the male kind, and th^t which is palilh of the female. The white coral is the next in value i and next to that, the black ; but fome will not allow thofe of the other colours to be coials, though they are found in the lame places. It is always covered with bjik, and is fiony, fo- lid, and very hard, even in the w.-itcri liioujih the branches arc a little flexible, but loon grow hard in the air. Tlie bjik of coial II a mixture of tartar and a fluid of a glu- tinous nature i aiid though it is a little rough, it talus a very fine paliftl. Some perlons lake the black coral to be a fea- plant of a dilTcreiit nature. Red coral is not fo much efiecmed in Europe as ic is in A'ia, and p.iiiicuUrly in Arabia. It it ufcd for making feveral (iirts of toys, fuch as fpoons, lieads of canes, knil'e-h.indles, fword hills, and beads; and, when tipped with filver, it ferves as a plaything for children, and is deligncd to rub the gums ihercwitb, to fa- cilitate the cutting of tlicir icctb. There are found un the youn^ branches of coral, fe- veral fmall eminences, in the form of liars, and full of a milkv fluid when they aie juft taken out of the water. Many learned men have thought fea-piantsto be nothing but petriticatioas, conlifiing of plates uf lah and layers of tartar, placed one upon another ; and as coral always grows with us head downwards, in caverns of rocks in the fea, tho fituaticn lias caufed them to ruf'pctl that tliey were nothing • clfe but petrifications, ' ike tholi; found in the roofs of certain caves in the rocks. Uui fince the uifcovery ot the flowers of coral, and fome other marii.c produ£lioni, it is not at all doubted but they have a regular organisatinn j and if their feedi have not Iwen perceived, it is bccauCc thcic fmallnefs renders tb'im ..Hi'cernible to the eye. The generation of thefe plants have been thought bjr fome :o be not owing to thefe feeds ; becauie at they al- ways hang with their heads downwards, they would fall off to the bottom of tlie caverns, and not place them- felves on llit top j but this difli:uliy may be removed, oy ("uppofing they are lighter than the fca-w,iter, and that tlie milk which f'urrounds ^hem is of fo thick a nature, that it may help to afilft them in fwimming. Hence in- deed it may happen that many of thefe may rili: to the top of tlic water, and there perilh ; but then likewife others may ali:end to the lop of the caverns, and titere fix themf'elves, and then they will grow like coral, from which they proceed. Hence we may conclude, from the regularity of thefe produftions, the organisation of their parts, the great numbeii of (m.ill pores in their bark to receive their bitumen, and other fca-juices, the cninencca regularly hollowed in the farm of ftari, which ferves for the rows of flowers m 'nc fame (hape, the vcflcli full of a miiky fluid which is found l)etwcen the t>ark and the body of the plant, to make it i; ow thicker liy little and litth, and the perpct'.ial unfovr.jiiy of t'le farne ciicuin- flances ( from all tiicfe particulars ive have lealon to be- lieve, that the bottom of the fea is covered wiih plant* that have charaAeriftici different from tiiefc wr. are nc- quainted with. 1 he faculty make choice of the red coral only for me- dicinal ufei i and many authors I'sve aCcribcd great virtues thereto, which are in a ^reat mcalure imti^iniry ; bow- ever, it cannot be denied thm an< bo IC( an R« Ml of th< ni he to I ever, it cannot be denied iIij? '.'. •■■: ?. ^ocU ibioihint. •«>: I is therefore prt^per to relliain tlic oii^;inif'm o< the blood sui ■1 -^i-^i-^.- -;j»r-*f>fs. er «• ti. id u- it s, r- s. :d [A F R 1 C A.) and to blunt the acrimony of the hile and other huniouri in various lbrt» of fluxes, ai well at for patni ■' the lioweU o( cliiWren. From h lcr«plc to a dtachnt it ''<« dofe, according to tlie nature of the cafe. Thcle atttclei are purcliafed by the inliab<'.ants of Goa, who cxpoi t thftn from thence to many parts of the Indies, and to mort of the khigdoms of Europe : whence arife great profits to th:: traders, and advantages to the inhabi- ' tanti, who are luxurioufly lupplied with til the neceflaries of hfe, in e«change for their commodities. Formerly they had a more immediate intercourle with F.urope, by means uf the Eaft Inaia ihips, whidi frequently flopped here, when dilappoinled of thoir paflage, either by bemg too eatly or too late for the monfooni i but this piati has been almoft entirely neglciled fince the ftated periods of tboli: winds are fo well afcsriained. In this ifland are great numbers of Arabs, befides the natives ; the former of whom call the latter by the name of Bcdouii\s, or ftapid brutes. Tbefe laft are divided into two Ibrts, namelv, the natives of the coaft, who inter- marry with the Arabs, and are called half Bedouins, and thole of the interior parts, who rigoroufly adhere to their own culVomb, and reckon it a heinous crime to mingle blood with foreigner!), The lad are tlie true Bedouins, or original nihabitants of the country. They are much iairer tlun the Indians, and ar: in general ull and very proportionably made ; but in their difpolitions they are deceitful, indolent, and great cowards, fulTerine tbem- fclves to be enflavcd in a manner by a handful of Arabs, and attending to nothing befides llulbandry and pafture, both which are chiefly carried on by the women. Their ibod conlifls of milk, butter, rice, dates, and the flelh of their cattle ; water is their common drink, WitJi refpedl to the other inhabitants cf the ifland, though they fccm to muke ul'c of all tlic benefits of their fituation, yet they w.-mt at the fanie time the perfonal ad- vantages of the Bedouins ; tor tliey arc of a low flaturc, difagrccabte complexion, Icau habit, and have hideous features ; but they arc very hardy, and are prodigious ftrong and active. I'hey feed on filh, flelh, milk, butter, and vegetables : their ul'ual dilh, is a compofition of all tlicfe hciilta together , and they generally cat bread, dates, or rice with it. There are difTerent kinds of drefs worn in this ifland, according to the fevcral parts of it. The native Bedouins go almou naked, having nothing more tlian a fmail piece of cloth faftened round the wailt, and a cap made of goats ikin. The women go Ijare-headeil, and have a Ihort gown, or cloak, with a (hift inide of goats hair. But the jnoll general drefs of thefe illandcrs confilU of a long cloak, which reaches from tlic waift to the ancles ; it hangs down in a traiii behind, and is not unbecoming, though exticmcly incommodious, on account of the heat of tJie climate : they gather it up, and fiflcn it round the waifl with a girdle, when they are at work. Theic people are entirely ignorant of arts, infomuch Hr', were it not for the Arabs, they would be deftitute cf almofl every convcnienc- of life. They aie, if pof- iihle. Hill more ignorant of the liberal arts i and fo little defirou^ are they even to acquire the knowledge of reading and writing, that tiK'v think they h.ive fufficicnt learning, it' they aie able to reckon their cattle by making notches in a piece of wood. Their chief ingenuity is difplayed in the cambline manufafturc, which is a Ixautiful ftufl^, made with the hair of go.(ts, and other animals. But they hav! I'everal \evy tlraiigc and uncommon culloms, which we lliall here particular <». 1 he Zocotran. praftifc pt)lygimy, and divorce their wives at pleafure, either for a certain time, or for ever. They may even be the father of children, without being obliged to inaiiitain either them or the mother, provided tlie latter, during her pregnancy, confetits that the f-.ther 11)211 give away the child, when it fees the light. On ttiele (gccafions, th : father kindles a lire before ihc door of his Vut OS cave, and then niakc:i proclamation, tliat he wit] give away the infant of which his wile is on the point of bcini; dclivcr'-H. After this, !u; fixes on fomu particular peiibii for its a.iupled father, to whom the infmt is car- ried immedi^'fly after its birth. Hero it meets witli all lh:it tendcrncfs, kindnefs, and thole cirelTe; which are denied it by the unnatural Hither, is given to a ni^rfc, itnd oi'dtred to be fed with goats milk. Theli- children arc called the Ions in' daughters of 'niuak ; and it frenuently bapMi's that a good-natured man, who U hinifcli inca- pable 01 getting one, Ihall have the honour uf rearing a do/cn cliiMieii, upon whom he Uftows all tire affcAion ' • f^. «<• .1,- —-A Z O C O T O R A. 4«5 Ho 4a. V, M*« M«V«» fr.b- traordinary and unnatural ctiftoms to b« met with in hlftory, as it does not kcm to be founded on tlie princi- ple of religion, policy, or inclination, but upon mere caprice ; for it is common with a father, who cxpofcs his own, to adopt tlie children of others, and ri:quite the good offices due Co tlie former, by his kindneU to the latter. Another cuftom among them, no lefs (Irange and An- gular than the above, ii, that they ecnerally bury their nek before they hav: breathed their laft, making no dii- tinftion between a dying, and .i dead perfon. They efieem it a duty to put tlte patmnt as foon as poflible out of pain ; and make this their reaueft to their friends, when they are on the fick bed, which, in all acute difordcrs, may be called the death bed. When the father of a family finds himfelt thus circumftanced, and has reafoii to lx:licve that his dillblution is approacltiirg, he aflenihles his cliildrcn around him, whether natural or ailopted, his parents, wives, fervants, and all his acquaintances, whom he ilroiigly exhorts to a compliance witli the following arti- cles of his laft will : ' ' Never to admit any alteration in the doiElriiic or cufloms of their ancellnrs ) never to inter- marry with foreigners ; never to permit an aflPront done to them or their predecelTors, or a bead ftolc from either oi them, to go unpunilhed ; and laftly, never to fuffcr a friend to lie in pain, when they can relieve hiin by death." They commonly perform tlic laft iei|ueft of tlie dying man by means ot a white liquor of a ftrong iioifonous quality, which oo/cs from ,". tree peculiar to this ifland. Hence it is that legal murders arc more common here thaa in any ot'-'ir country in the world ; for, befides the in- human cuftom laft-mcntioned, the otlier requefts of dying men produce numberlcfs quarrels, and, by taking revenge of the injuries done to their anccftors, entail family feuds and bloodflied upon their pofterity for a long feries of years. Jufticc is adminiftercd in Zocotora by the chief magif- trates, who are next in rank to the lultan : they are called hodamos, and fit at 'certain times to judge and determine in all caufcj political and ecclefiaftical, civil or criminal. There is no appeal from this tribunal, nor can the fuc- ccflbrs rcverfc any decree palled before their coming into oflice, which they hold only tor one year; and during, this time they prefcrve the moll diilinguilhed power and dignity. The punifhmcnt for murder here is death, which is in- flifled cither by cutting oft' tiic otFeiider's head, or era- paliiij; him alive. In cafes of theft, if the robber efcapes with ills booty, mid takes I'anftuary in a temple, he is pro- tefted i but if b is cauaht by the perfon robbed before he reaches the temple, he is thcii delivered up to iu*\icc, and the puniiiimcnt of the crime is the lofs of^his right-hand. Otlier tiifling matters are punilhcd iiy fines i of which, one half is paid to the lultan, and the magiftrates fhate the reft equally among them. As to tlieir religion, they are pagans, and praAife the moft fu{icrftitious maxims : however, they adhere ftriflly to circuincifion, and are fo ftrift in their adhercnce^to this rite, that they cut ofF the fingers of thole whofe parents have noglefled to perform the operation upon them, or have ilicinfclves refused it. The Arabs amongft tliem ar« Mahometans. Lent, or at ieaft a time of fafting fimilar to it, is kept by them : thty begin to obferve this at the new moon in March, abftaining, for the fpacc of fixty days, from milk, butter, flelh, and filh -, and living wholly upon ^atcs, rice, honey, and vegetables i procuring the honey from Arabia, in exchange for aloes and frankincenfc. They havers of goats. Wheiievcr the moon rifcs or fcts, they enter into their temples, and prafkife feverai oilier religious ceremonies, which denote them 10 be the zealous votaries of this inconftantdcitv. A celebrated French writer tells us, that " at the riling and fctting of the moon, or more probably at the new and full ;i;oo:i th*" Ris^-'e llilcnt!! .*r*x.%.l^/^«J .-^v.tM^ »!.•;, 5 V teroplei 4iB The NEW aiid UNIVBTRJAL SYSTEM or OEOORAPHY. ten^lel or moiftinnios, m tUb rooiicl their buriat-niaces, flriking together two uiecet of odoriferous wood about a yard long, which racli mat) holds in hii hands. This ceremony they pcrfbrm thrte times in the day, and as often at night '. after which, pnttinf; a large caaldi^n, fulpciided hy tliree ch)in<:, orer a great hre, they dip into it rpliiuer!: «f wood, with whicli (bey light their al- tars and the porch of the teinplc. They thsn putuptheir prayers to tile moon, that flie will enlighten them with her countenance, Ihcd upon them her benign influence,' and never pcnnit foreigners to intermix with tbera. They make alfo an annual proccflion round the temples, pre- ceded by a CTofs ; and tlie whole ceremony ends upon the prieft's clapping hit hands tc^cther, at a (ignal tnat the moon it tired with their worfnip. Others fay, that the fignal confilh in cutting ofF the fingers of him who holds •he crofs ; in recompence tipr which, he hu a flick given, on wiiich arc certain marks, prohibiting all perfons, oif wliiiti'ver rank or condition, to moieft or hurt him tfver after ; on the contrary, they are to aid and aliifl him with all their power, in whatever manner they may re- quite th-ir help ; they arc doomed to fuffer corporal pa- nifhmcnt, and ilie (ois of an arm, unlefs they refpeft ind honour him as a martyr to relieion." Sir 'I'hoinas Roc confirmed mcfe particulars relative to the religion of the Zocotrans. This great man, during his lUy on tliis iflaud, took great pains to prefervc, in his iuiiinal, a minute account of the manners and cufloms of the natives i and tells us, that Ik *"( und the inhabi- tants to confift of four difftrent f< i - ci men, viz. of Arabs, whom the liing of Caxera had ilnt to keep the ifland in fubjeinion to him ; of ilaves to the prince^ who aloes, and i ther offices of r"'!!'.!!™ f, habitants of the 1- inovntains, till they fub- , he..', up their children ■■, !•■ ily of favages with :i. .ic fncnds : for the governor has always fentinels, on vhe highefl part of the ifland to the windward, who give no- tice of the approach of all fhippin^, and guns are there- upon fired, that every man may refort to his poft. It is impoflible for any fhip to come in the night-time, but what has lieen difcovered the day before, and piepaiatioiu made for her reception, if an enemy. Notwithilanding the ifland on every fide appean to b« V" a barren rock, yet on the top it is covered with a fina layer of earth a foot or a foot and a half deep, which pro. duces all manner of grain, grafs, fruits, herbs, roots, and garden-ftuff: and the country, after we have afcended th«- rock, i , prettily diverfified with rifing hills and plains, >' adorned with plantations of fruit-trees and kitchen gar- dens, amonc which the houfes of the natives ate inter. fpcrfed ; and in the open fields are herds of cattle always grazing, fome of which are fiitted to fupp!v tin ihippiiw that touch here, and the reft fiirnifli their dailies witn milk, butter, and cheefe ; they abound alfo in hogs, goats, turkeys, and all manner of f«uhry, and their feas ar« well wiTtA with filh. The greateft misfortune is, that amidft all this affluence of other things, they have neither bread nor wine of their <• own growth ; for though the foil ii exceedingly ^toyet for wheat, yet the rats that harbour in the rocks, antl can- not be deflroyed, eat up all the feed before the grain ia well out of the ground : and though their vines flourifti, and afl^ord them grapes enough, yet the latitude it too hot for making wine. As we have obfervcd already, there if no country, except Peru, within the torrid rone, wltere good wine is produced i neither cold nor verv hot couii. tries agree .nth this liquor. All the wine thry fprnd, therefore, they have from the Canaries, the MiJeiras, or the Cape, which is brought to them in European ft!«p- fiing, as well as their flour and malt : and tlieir very louics arc fome of them brought rerdy frcm^d from England, "here l^eing no timber on the ifland, trees not taking deep root here, for the rock tJiat lies fo near the furfiwe. However they have underwood enough for their ncccffary ufe? in this warm climate. Befides grapes, they have plantains, bananas, figs, le- mons, and fuch other fruits as hot countries ufually pro- duce, and they make fhift to railc kidney- txrans. and loiiiv other kinds of pulfe in theirgardens ; though they cannot prefervc their grain from the rats : and to fupply the want of h-xad, they eat potatoes and yams. Thtrc were u~!".', the jiknd, :.". the yesr 170;, ihoui two. '■«K5 - w^ (A F R I C A.l St. H E L E V A. 4«7 two hundred famili>!a, tttofi of them Englilh, or uefcended fironi Eiiglilh pareiitJ, though there were feme French re- fugcei amon^lt them, brought thither to cultivate their vinei, and teadi them to make winej but iii tliis, itCtemi. the heat of the climate prevented their I'ucceeding, as hai been obfervcd already. Every family liai its boufe and {ilaiiution on tlic higher part of the iilaiid, where tbey ook aft^r their cattle, their hogs, goacs, and poultry, fhiiti, and kitdien- gardens : they fcarce ever come down to the town in Chapel-valley, unlefs it be once a week to church, or when the (hipping arrives, when mod of the houfei in the valley arc converted into punch- houfes, or lodgings lor their gueft*, to whom they fell their cattle, poultry, fruits, or garden-ftufF. But the inhabitants are not fufficred to purchafe any merchandize of the Ihips that touch here. Whatever they want of foreign growth or manufaflure, they are obliged to buy at the company's warehoufe, where thry may furnilh themfelvcs, twice every month, with brandy, European or Cape wines, Ba- tavii arrack, malt, beer, lugar, tea, coffee, Cfliina and Ja- pan ware, linen, calicoes, chints, mullini, ribbands, wool- len cloth and ftuffs, and all manner of cloathing ; for which they ate allowed fix months credit. The coin chictly current here is Spanilh dollars or Englifli money. In all other places near the tropics, the children and de- fcendants of white people have not the Icaft red in their cheeks ( but the natives of this ifland are remarkable for their ruddy complexions, and robuft confti^utions. Their being in general healthful is alcribed to feveral canfes; among wliich arc tlicfe : they live on the top of a moun- tain always open to the fea- breezes that conftantly blow here : they are t^fually employed iu tlie molt healthful ex- ercifcs of gardenin,^ and hullxindry, and their ifland is frequently rcfrclhcd with moderate cooling Ihowcrs, and there are no fens or falt-nurlhes about it to annoy them. They are ufed alfo ro climb the deep hill between the town in Chapel-valley and their plantation, which is fo ficcp, that they are forced to have a ladder in the middle of it, from thence called Ladder-hill ; and this cannot be avoided without going three or four miles about ; fo tliat they fcldoiu want air or exercife, the great prefervcrs of health. Mr. Salmon, who was in this ifland, fays, " As to the genius and temper ot the natives, they teemed to me tlic honellcU, the moft inolfenfive and hofpitabic people we had met with of Knglilh extrai!>ion, having fcarce any tinflurc of avarice or ambition. We afked ionie of them, if they hid nocuriofity to fee the reft of the world, of which they had heard fo many fine tbiiigs i and how they could coiiAnc themfelvcs to a fpot of earth, fcarce fevcn leagues in ciicuiufcrcnce, and feparated from the left of mankind } To which they anfwcred : They en joyed all the nccclfaries of life in great plenty ; they were neither parched with cxceflive heat, or pinched with cold , tin y lived in peifcrt fccurity, in no danger of cnc- miei, of iubl>crs, »ild beads, or rigorous feafons, and were happv in a continued tUtc of health : ttiat as there were no ricli men ,i uongft them (Icarce any planter being worth moie than a thouland dollars) lb there were no pour in the illand -, no man hardly worth Icfs than four hundred dollars, and confri^uently not obliged to un- derj^o more labour than was necctlary xr ' eep liim in health." The Portugucfc, who difcovered this ifland in 1502, flored it vMtli h»|is, ;;oats, and poultry, aiHi nlcd to touch at it foi water and frelh provilions in their return from Indi* . but we do not tiiid they ever planted a colony here or if thcv did, having deferred it afterwards, the Englilh Kaft India company took polleilion of the ifland in the vc^r 1(100, am! held it till 1673, without inter- ruption, when the Dutch took it by furpiize. However, the 1-Lngtilh, comm.\nded bv captain Munden, recovered it again within the fpacc of a year, and took three Dutch £a(t India Ihips that lay in the ro-id at the fame time 1'he Hollanders had fottitied the landing-place, and planted batteries of gieat guns there to prevent a delimit ; but riw tnglifh being acquainted with a fmall creek wheic only two men could go a-breaft, climbed up to the top of the rocks in the night- time, and, appearing next morning at the backs ot the Duich, they threw down their arms, and lurrcndcrcd the ifland without ftriking a flroke. But, ai \vc li.ive obfervcd abo.c, tliiii creek has been fmcc forti- fied, and a battery of great guns planted at the entriinco of it ; fo that there is iioi» no place whtrc an enemy can snake a delcent with any probability of fuccefs. The affairs of the company here are managed by a goTcrnur, ucpt-ry governoi, sraw iiarcbotSiC-kccptr, who have ftanding (alariet allowed the' ' ; eomputy, be* fides a public table w?ll furnilhv ..^h all comman- ders, mailers offliips, and eminent u^.iongers are welcome. The natives foinctimei call therelultot their contuhatioits fevcre impofitions , and though relief tiuy perhaps be iiad from the company in England, yet a late writer obfervrs, that the unavoidable delays in returning a rcdrefs at tliat diftance, fometiines put the addreOirrs under a bardfliip : lie alfo thinks, that were not tlie (ituation of this illand very ferviceable to our homeward-bound Eaft India Ihips, the conftaift trouble and expence would induCe the com- panv to abandon tlie illnnd ; for though it is furnilhed with the conveniences of life, yet the merchants lind no proiiuble commodities there. The mailers of the plan- tations keep a great many blacks, who, upon fevere treat- ment, hide tlierofelves for a quarter of a year together, keeping among the rocks by day, and roving at night for proviuons ; but tliey are generally difcovered and taken. Near the mouth of the river Sierra Lcoiu are fituatcd the iflands of Bulam, La Gallina, Cafnabac, Cazcgut, Calaclu, and fome others : thefe are called the Bifagoe iflaads. The ifland of Bulam lies at the mouth of Kio Grande, or the great river, which, by meaiu of this ifland, divides itfelf into two branches. Bulam is between eight and ten leagues long from eaft to weft, and between twen- ty-five and thirty in circumference. The whole coaft is bordered with woods, beyond which tlie country is fertile, rich, and beautiful, covered with rice, Indian corn, mil- let, roots, and fruit, which are cultivated by tlie negroes of the feveral iflands, who come hitlier in feed-time and harveft, and afterwards return home. The ground rifes almoft imperceptibly for two leagues from the fea-fhore, to the foot of fome hills, which ferve as a bale to higher mountiins which Hand in . the center of the ifland j yet thefe mountains are neither l^eep noc craggy, being Covered with fine an J lofty trees. Through the many vaTlies between th>;le hills and mountains run feveral confiderablc rivulets, which the negroes al^rt to run conllantly, even in the dry fealbn of the year. While this ifland prefents to mariner* a mnft delightful profpc£t from the tea, it Axcites at the fame time their adtuiralioil at feing fo beautiful a fpot uninhabited. Botli (ides of the Kio Grande or great river, are very weU Dcopled, and covered with lofkv trees, of feveral forts, which the Portugucfe cut to build barks. This river lies to the fouth-eaft of the ifle of Bulam, is about two leagues broad, and, having run fome leagues from eaft to wcif, makes a great elbo\«, or winding, and turns to the north-eaft, tilla little higher it is divided into two arms by tlie ifland Bifagoe. In this ifland there is ol\e particular tree, which they c;\ll Micherv, and might be employed to great advantage in (hip-building, as it growt to a great height, is catily worked, and is at the lame time hard, folid, and proof againll worms. It is full of an oily moifture, exceffively bitter, which probably keeps the worms from infefting it. Trials have been made of that wood in feveral parts of Europe, Africa, and /imetica, and it has always beea (ouiid of equal eoodnefs. The molt eatterly uf all thefe ilknd is Formofa, which is nowdefart. The lAand of Uallina, or Hen ifland, was tlius named from the great number of hen* the l\}rtuguefe found here. This and the illiuid of Cafnabac ate very populous and fruitful, and have al>undance of good water. Cazegut, one of the nioft confiderablc of thefe iflands, is about tix leagues long, and two broad ; its foil is vcrv good, producing orange and palm-trees, betides millet, rice, and all kinds of pulle. This ifland, with thofe of Carachc, Cunabac, and La Gallina, are the only ones where the Europeans may trade with fome fc- curity. They trade, however, at fome of tbi; other iflands, but they muft be extremely cautious ; for if they venture on fliore, they will be liable to be robbed and murdered. Each of the Bifagoe iflands, except Bulam, is governed by a chief, who alUimes the authority of a king. All thefe monarchs are peifeAly independent, and frequently at wai with each other. They have canoes that carry from twenty-five to forty men, with their provilloiM and arms, which are fabres, bows and arrows. The Dcgioes of thefe iflands are tall, ftrong, and healthy, though it is faid they live only on filh, nuts, and palm-oil; and fell their rice, millet, and other produce of the earth, to the Europeans for the ornaments they wear. They are in genera! idolaters, and are faid to be of a la- "S"s Si!'' <*'»•■■ dilnoiition. not onlv to fiianirert. but to ' 4u _. 'Jk^fidLie-^ £&< >>2* 'V.tUL.^ 4:8 Till NEW a«d UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. [A hnr mother ; for authori hy, Ihtt they frequently quarrel xhnnt triflci, and will ftib or <inted of ilirir revenge. I'he ifland of BiOao i> near forty leaguci in circuiH' fcmice, aflbrdi a very agree, ble profpeA from the fea, fifing on every Cde by a gentle afccnt to an eminence in the center of the ifland : yet there are a number of hilli inferior in height to thai in the middle, feparated by beau- tiful uiid fertile valliei, divided by fmall rivulets, which at the funic time augment the richnefi and elegance of'tht rcciic. Merc are little groves of palms, and the reft of the ground is cultivated, and produces a harveft equal to the moft faiiguiiie wilhes of the inhabitants. Wheat and inaix fpriiig up here to a great height, fo as to refemble a tiolil covered with reeds of bamboos. They have like- wife miother gr«in tli.it is a fpecies of maiz. which they make into cakes. . 7'hey have alfo oranges, bananas, man- gocs, and every kind of fruit to be found in the warm climates, and perhaps in greater perfeftion tlian in any other place. The Mttic of Biflao ate of an uncommon Cttt, and fcein to keep pace with tlie moil extravagant growth of the corn . milk and wine are in the greatefi abundance ; but the ifland affords iteithcr fwine nor horfes, the natives forbidding the importation of the former, and the incrcafe of the latter is in general prevented cither by tlie climate or foil. ^Notwithflanding the perpetual flate of war in which the natives are engaged with the neighbouring iflands, and tlie kingdoms on tlie continent, yet Biflao is not lefs po- pulous than (eitile ; but though the iiihabiunts are nu- merous, they live in cottages difperfed up and down the country without the leaft veftige of a town, except where the FrcncI) and I'ortuguefe have eftahliflied themfelves. Even the palace of the king coiuins only of a nunib«r of irregular nuts, that have a commuiiication with each other. There are about iix hundred perfons in the Por- tuguese town, all of whom fpeak the Portugucfe, and pre- tend that they arc defcendcd from them, though they have a fixed and inveterate diflike to that nation, aitd their com- plexions a. J jet-black. In this ifland, the drefs of the women confifts of a cotton girdle, v^liich falls down before, and bracelets of bralii, cor.-il and copper ; but the virgins go entirely luked, and thofe of high quality have their bodies marked or pinted with a variety of hideous piSores, of fnakcs and other reptiles, that give their (kins fome refeniblance to flowered (attin ; even the eldeft daughter of the king is diflinguilhed from the other ladies only by the elegance of thrfc paintings, and the bracelets fhe is adorned with. The cloathing of the men of all ranks is only a fkin fixed to their girdle, and drawn up l)rtwcen their legs. One of their moll extnordinary omaiuents is a large iron ling, with a flat round futfacc on the oulfidc inflcad of a ftone, upon which they ring changes with a bit of iron, in fuch a manner to converfc with the fame facility with their ciflaiiets, as by means of the moft poiilhed lan- guage. There is, however, foinetbing in tliis that appears highly improbable, for it is difficult to conceive how ideas can l)c conveyed li) iliiking together two pieces of iron: it is ncverthclcfs .icUnowlcdged, that they have another language that is vocal, and ufed upon all common occa- fions, iK-iidcs this artificial one. Thc^e people are all idolaters; but their notions of reli- gion appear fo confufcd, that it is difficult to enter per- tcftlv into their fyflem. Their chief idol is a fmall image which they call Shina ; but we cannot afcertain the fenti- ments they form of this objeft of their wortiiip ; lielides this, it is laid, that every man creates a divinity accAding to his own fancy. I'rees are worlhipped as the rcfidence of fome deity or fpirit fuperior to man, and are therefore held facred by them. The government of the Biflaons is altogether arbitrary, the people in general l>eing fubjeA to the will of their firince \ who, though he has nothing to lofe, yet may bu aid to poiTcfs every thing within his dominions, at his power extends over his people and their eflcAs. We Ihall give the following inftance of the policy of one of their princes : two llavcs, who had been (old to an Euro- pean merchant, made their efcape, and were taken bv tlie king's tioops. Equity fccmed to require that they (hould b: leiloicd to their mailers i but the king gave a different vcrdifV, fayiNg, they had obtained their freedom by having efcaped, and, by being retaken by his troops, were again reduced to flavery ; fo that aow the lung liitd au intire proocrtY in them. • -^~ -^ When the fovereigii of this ifland dies, all the women and (laves, for whom he had a peculiar recard, are tacri- fi< ' and buried near their mafter, that they may attend him )n the next world. It is likewife cuftomary for the nobility to have fome of their living friends buried with them. A traveller to this place mentions an inflancu where a' father dciired that his three fons, of whom be waa very fond, might be buried with him, at his death. Thefe people are warlike, and fighl with extreme fury, though with little difcipline. As treaties of peace are unknown among thefe nations, fo they have no kind of intercourfe except in war, and hence no fchemc of poli- tics is carried on among them. As the Europeans find it their intereft to ferment their quarrels (war being their intereft, by augmentiiig the number of their flaves) con- fequently they are far irom offering their mediation. If at any time the monarch of this ifland is determined to carry the war into the neighbouring tenitori«s. he or- ders an inftrument, called the bonhalon, to be l<>unded ( this being the general fignal to arms, all in tlie govern- ment's pay aflemble hereupon at certain head quarters, that are always fixed ; where they find the royal fleet, which ufually confifts of thirty canoes, each carrying thirty men, with their arms and provifions, under the command of an admiral, ibr the king fcldoin puts bimfcif at the head of his fleet and armies. Before the fleet fails, a number of facrifices are oAlreJ to the gods, and tlie flclh of the vidinis divided between tlie court, the priefls and the foldiers. In this confulta- tion of tlie gods, tiK kinp always receives a favourable anfwer ; for the deities being of wood, it it eafy for the prieil to direA what they (houM fay ; and hence tliu u- my always begins a campaign with tlie fulleft allurance of fuccefs. They make a defcent with all poflible privacy, furround the enemy's towns and villages, cany on the inhabitants with every thing of value, and then embark before the troops have ti.aie to aflemble in order to oppofe them. One half of the booty beloiiES o tiK king, and the re- mainder is divided among thofe who obtained it. The flaves ate fold to the Europeaivs, eccept where any of them happen to be of quality or foftute; in which cafe he is reitored to his friends, onconditon of their fending, in exchange, an equal number of flaves, equal in value. When the invaders return fi^m thefe expeditions, they afl'ume an air of great importance, and go round the coun- try, fhewing tlMir wounds, and rcbting the wonders they have done and feen, with a long train of prifonera be- hind them, whom they oblige to fing the praiics of the heroes ; for which they make tiiem prefrnts of pieces of cloth and other things, which they excliange for palm- win*. But when thefe incurfions are attended witii left honour and profit than was expcAed, the prifoners are in danger of bemg facrificed, efpccially if the Biflaoiis liave loft an officer of diftindion. Tlic warriors who fiill upon thefe occafions receive pul>- Kc honours by dances performed to the mufic of ubors. The women exprefs their grief in a manner extremely af- feAing, pulling their hair, and beating their brcaft ; alter which they are fenred with palm-wine, in order to iupport their fpiritt. When thus recruited they begin their mourning with redoubled vigour, and fhed tears moft plentifully, till the corpfe is laid in tlie grave ; whee their countenances fuddenly brighten, and they refupie their former chearfulnefs. The king never goes abroad without l>eing farroundcd bjr fome thoufands of hit nobility, women and guards, all of them richly drcfled and armed, as far as the Ikins of beafts, and tlie brightnefs of their fcymetars can make them fo. I'he paUce is about a league diftant from the point of Bifliio. There was formerly in this ifland a fort bcloagingto the Porti'^uele, which they mounted with eight pieces of can- non, in order to awe tlie natives, and prevent their trading- with any other foreigner but themfelves i the BilTaotu, however, ibon tlirew off this reflraint, and now tnain- tain the full liberty of receiving alt ftrangers into their ports, where they enjoy pcrfcA fccuritv under the king's protefiion ; but before they arc fuffcrcd to land, his ma- jefty confults the cods bjr facriticcs, whether admitting thofe ftrangers be for the intereft of Inmfelf and fubjeAt, and the grneral good of the ifland. The ifland of Gorec is fituatcd in fourteen degreei thirty minutes north latitiidc, and in fevciitcen degrees twenty minutes weft iongitudr from London, is called by the native" Barliiguiclic ; but tlic Dutch, who were the fjjft European! tliaJ tsoi: pollbilior. of it, givc it the nan» oi .% [A F R I C A.3 (jt)icc, froni in idand and town of th« fune name in Hol- land. It ii oi)ly about ciglit hundrci) and forty yardi in length, and two hundred and forty-right in breadth ; ill whole circumference, including a point at the eaftern end of the idaiid, tieing;, accordiiig to » lite menfuralion, about two Enstilh mites. It Itandt to the fouth-weft of Cape Vtrd, within cannon-(hot of the fhorc, and confifti of a long narrow piece of land, and a fniail but llccp mountain. Notwithftanding iti fmallncfs, its fituation rcndcm it agreeable : for on the north part of the ifland the inhabitants have a viaw of Cape Verd and the neigh- bouriii); promontories. Thuugh Gorec is lituated in the torrid zone, the people biciithe a temperate air all the year round, owing to its being continually refieliicd by alternate breezes from the hnd and fca. A multitude of furrouiiding rucks rendeii it alnioft in-icceflible. except at two particular bays. Upon the funimitof a rocky hill is St. Micluel's Fort, >; . ;he late dircflor M. de St. Jean enibelhlhed with fcvt. ' • ~iv buildings, and added works which, in the opinion ot the French, rendered the ifland impregnable : the land is alfo defcndci) by fcveral other forts and batteries, in different paitsot it. Formerly tlie foil was compofcd nf only a red fand, without either grafi, trees, witer, or fcarce any thing bc- fides reeds i but, by the dili;;.iicc of the above t^cntleman, fcveral fpii"~- cf f;. il, water were difcovercd in tlic ifland ; gardens were planted with excellent fruit-trees j pulfe and all kinds of vegetuhles were made to grow in great abun- dance ; and, in fhott, from a fmall, barren, and difagree- atile in.ind, it was rendered one of the plcafanteil and muft . impuriant lettlemeht° in thefe parts. ( ioree was ceded tc the Dutch in the year .1617, by the Viug of C.ipc Verd, w'lcnthey immediately built a fort on a rnck to the north -w.:lt, to which tiiey gave the iMme of Naffau Foi t ; but finding tha. it could not command the baihour, they credled a foi: 'iration, called Orange Fort, rear the lliurc. 'I'll* Dutcli j^ept the ifland till admiral Holnins taking it in 1663, placed an ILiiglifli garrifon in it. Two years after it was retaken by De Kuyter, and the go- veiiinr and gariilon obliged to furrender prifbners of war. The Dutch then augmented the fortifications, and the ifland enjoyed perfeft tian(]uiHity, till in 1677 a French ftjuadron, commanded hy the count d'Kftrcei. attacked the place, and obliged the Dutch governor to furrender at dif- creliun. D'Klhees found that the lower fort mounted forty pieces of heavy cannon, and that the works were kept in excellent icpair , but having no inllruAions to garrifon them, hcdifmantled this, and ei^tirely demoliflied Naflau Fort. Soon after M. Du Cafle: arriving at Cioree with* for:ygun Oiip, folcmnly took poirelTionof the ifland, and concluded a treaty with the king and negroes, on the fame conditions the Dutch had enjoyed the ifland ; and as this ineaf'ure, which he had voluntarily taken, was approved by the court of Fiance at his return, he was fcnt back the following year in ijuality of "oveinor ; and foon after, this conquell was fccurcd to the French company by the treaty of Nimegiiiiij whereupon the French inft.titly repaired and added ncw^ works to both the forts, calling the lower fort Vcnn.indols, ind the higher St. Michael. Several tinrucccfsful attempts were afterwards made by the Dutch 10 recover a place of fuel) importance to trade, but all of them proving a!)ortive, the French continued in the pof- feffion of this ifland till the year 17 eg, when a fiiuatlron was fitted out under the command of commodore Keppel, confining of the Toihay, Fougueux, Naflau, Prince Ed- ward, and the Duiikiik, fcveral frigates, two bomb- ketches, and funic tranr|x>its, with more than feven hun- dred rrgulir troops on boaid, commanded by colonel Worg.-. On t!ie arrival of the F.nglifh fleet before the ifland, it was rcfolved to make the attack on the weft fide, not bc- caufe it was the wcakeft, but from its being the wcatlirr (idc 1 and therefore Diould their cables be cut by -i cli. .1 fliot, or any other accident, the ftiips nii^,ht, without dinger, put to fea, and beating to windward, renew the a^ion ; but if they had anchored on the eaft fide, fuch an accident might have c^ufed the ihip'. to be driven on Ihorc. However, on the iith of Novcml>cr, at about niic in the morning, the Prince Edward .'iid the Fiic Drake bomb, Ixirc down to.vards th: ifland, and in ten miiuUrs after tlr; aflicn was iK'gun, by throwing a Ihell from a bomb. The enemy inftantly returned the frc from the forts and batteries ; and at the fccond Ihot carried iiway the Piiiicc F.dward's e'nfign flaff, and fet fire to an arms-cheft clufe by it, which, blowing up, killed one of the uuitucj. Encoui.igcd by tlu$ luccciiful Uginaing, they levelled their orditaiiee at the Prince EtSnird, titd bcun a terrible iirr ; and few in the fquadron law this veflel, in the midft }( this fhower of bombs and bullets , without lending up their moft fervent wilhes for hir fafcty. When the (iommodor* obferved tlut the Firt Drake overcharged her mortar, and that all her (hells fell beyond tlie ifland to the fouth, he fent his boat on board the Fur- nace bomb, with advice, that as they faw the error of the oth:r in overcharging the mortar, they fhould avoid that extreme, and that as the enemy feemed \itnt upon finking the Prince Edward and the f'ifr Drake, he dcfired they would begin their fire, and endeavour as much as pnlliblc to ihaw part of the encmy'i attcntior\ from their fufTering friends i and thefe orders were witli alacrity iiitlantly obeyed. The fire from all thr f.iips was foon difcharged with prodigious fury on the enemy, and that of the Torbay alone, in which was the comino'lore, fcemcd fufiicicntta have razed the very foundations of the ifland. I'hc Com* modore had brouglit up with fuch judgment a brcalt of tli« angles of both the weft point battery and St. Francis fort, that the enemy could not bring a gun from thence to l>cac upon him. Five guns only couMhave touched him with advantage ) two from St. Peter's, and three from a fmali lunette on the hilt before St. NFichaet'i ; both which wero fo warmly Kttacked by the other (hips, that tliey were foon dcfcrted. Indeud the fire from tlie Torbay was fo terrible, fo near, and fo well .inied, that none but madmen could have flood it. The Ihip feemed in a continual blaze, and tlut part of the idand was darkened by a very great cloud of I'moke Several hundred negroes lined tlie oppofite fhorc, to be- hold the ..ngagemeni, and were aftonilhed at feeing Ihip* bear down with the utmoft intrepidity agaiaft ftonc walU, and receiving *le fecn out thofe who were flying towards the caftl- on tlic hill. Upon this he fent a lieutenant, attended hy his fe- crctary, to wait upon ttie governor j but lielbic they had left the boat, they were met by M. St. Jean on the bicach, who afkcd on what terms the honourable Mr, Kepp.l propofed he fhould furrender ? Surprifcd at the queftion, they afted. If his flag was not Uruck f He anfwered. No, he only meant it as a lignal for a parley : and being told that the commodore would hear of no terms but his own, replied tliat he was fulficiently prepared, and knew how to defend himfelfi to which 'he others returned, that the canimodore hpf* brought up in .-. tituatlon where no gun could hurt hii", nd did not care if they flood out for a month. Here< ii the engagement was renewed -, but M. St. Jean, ieon nding it impoflible to keep his Ibldiers to their qiarters, ft.vrendered liim'elf and garrifon pri- fon:rs at difcr ion. and the Britilh liag was hoifted on St. Michael's fortrefs. This ifland, at pref'ent, however, bo- longs :o tlie French, being afterwards ceded to thcin by the treaty of peace in 1763: The Moors and Aralis bring to tliis place and Senegal great quantities of gum, which are fent from hence to Europe and o' c.r parts of the world ; they bring it hither on camels, bu.'ocks, horfes, &c. The gu.n is me.ifurcd in a cubical mcalure, called by the Moors quantor, and every quintal p,.ys a certain d'lty. Proper cnmmiirarics put it into facks, and then allow it to be carried to the fcltleincrits belonging to the comp.iny. The inh.ibitants ha 'c no water but what they catch in cifterns, rcfervoirs, iic. and wood is extremely fcarce. Mahometanifi'-' 's the religion of the intives of this place and Seneg.., and tJiey pra£kicu circutiicilion with ^reat rigoui. They perform th's operation at the age of fifteen, that the youlii may have ftrengih lutlicient to un- dergo it, and be tolerably well inftrufled in the principles of his faith. The ceremony is never pcrtoriiiej in hot weather ; the laft quarter of the moon is always chofeh, through a notion that ''ic operation is then lefs painful, and the vound c.ired with more eafe. It is done in » br:iu'"'' . '".'ow, furrounded by gardens, upon a tew boaui ■: . i little from tlie grouii>l. The vi^ims ate leu iw Sy relations fuccecding each other according to their riti'.: , -v-heii tl\e prieft pcrfonus the operation ; after wliict., u.r uth retires with a clwarful countenance, either real ot a. .■- d, - /~\ ' r r* /-^ -T* t?*-" 430 Tub NBW amo ONIVBRSAL »YsffeM or OEOORA^HY. f- * SECT. X. Ctnuhinr n iifmflim if Cdfi 4i y»rj iflandt, tUrJtlat- lita, fill, tlimttt, frtiuitiim, inMitUHli, aitimsU, U'c. Tlir. Cipe dc VtxA inandi arc fitiuted in 14 degtcci 10 min. norlh lititude, wij i6degieci 30 nim.wcft lotiKJtudc. Tliey were To < allcil from a cape of the fame name oppofite to tliem, ami were difcovered by Anthony Noel, St Cjenocfc, in the fervice of Portugal, in tlic year 1A40, nrid aie about twenty in number ; but fonic of them are only barren uninhabited rocki. I'hc cape took in name from the perpetual verdure with which it ii covered The Purtugucxc give them tlie >' me of Les Ilhat de Verdcj, either from the vcijuic of ll .. cape, or clfc from an heth called fiir;;airo, which is green, and lloati on the water all roand thcra, Hii Hortuguezc mjjelty rppoinf- a vic-roy to govetii them, who conftaiuly refidct ui the idand ot St, Jago. The Dutch call thrm the Salt lllandi, from ihc great quantiaci of tint commodity pn>du<^ in fever.\l of iliem. '1 be principal of thefe tflandt are the following 1 name- ly I. Way, or Mayo; a. San Jago, or Saint Jamc«'i ; 3, Sal or Salt; 4. Huera, or Bono Vifta, or Good Sieht -, St. Philip's, otherwife called FiKgo', or the iflaiM of ire ; 6. St. John, or San Juan -, 7. St. Nicholas i 8. St. Vincent) 9. St. Anthony*; 10. St. Lucia j 11. Brava. The foil of thefe iflands is very Aony and barren ) the climate exceeding hot, and in foroe of tlieiit very un- wholefome ; however, the principal part of them are fer- tile, and produce various forU of grain and fruits, parti cularly rice, tnata, or Indian wheat, bjnanas, icmons, citrons, oranccs, pomegranates, cocou-nuis. and figs. They have alio ealavanes, a fort of pnlfc lilce French beans, and great quantities of pumpkins, ob which the inhabitants chiefly fubCft. Thefe iflands produce alio two other fruits of a remark- able nature, viz. the cuftard apple, and the papali. The tbrmer-of thefe u as large as a )>on)egranate, and nearly of the fame colour. The outfide hulk, Ihell, or rind, is ia fuhftancc and tliicknefi between the ihell of a pomegra- nate and the peel of a Seville orange, fofter than tUc for- mer, yet more brittle than the latter. The coat or rind is alfo remarkable for being covered with fiiMll regular knobs or rrlings j and the infide of the fruit is full of a white foft pulp, which in its form, colour, and tafte, greatly refemblel a cuftard, from whence it received its uame, which was probably firft given it by the Europeans, It has in the middle a few fmall black ftoncs, but no core, for the whole of it is intire pulp. 1 he tree tHat bears this fruit is about the fizc c( a quince-tree, and has long lien- der brMiches that fptead a conliderabic way from the trunk. Only fonie of the branches bear fruit, for thougli thefe trees are larg;, yet in general fuch trees do not pro- duce above twcn ■■ or thirty apples. 'I he fruit grows at the extremity of thefe braucUcs, upon a flalk about nine or ten inches Ir ig. The other ft jit, called the papab, is about the (izeof a mulk melon, ajul rufcmbles it in fliapc and colour both within and without ; only in tlxe middle, inflead of flat kernels, which the melons liave, tbefe have a quantity of fmall blackilh feeds, about the iiae of penpei-corna, the tailc of which is much the fame as that rpia-- I'he tree on which this fruit grows, is about ten or twelve feet liigh i the trunk is thickeft at the bottom, from whence it gradually decleafcs to the top, where it is very thin and taper. It has not any finall branches, but only large leaves, that grow immediately ou thi! ftalks from the body. The leaves are of a roundilh form, and jagged about the edges, having their ilalks or (lumps longer or fmaller, as they grow twarer or farther fcois the top : they begin to fpring out of the body of the tree at about fix or feven feet high from the ground, the trunk being below that entirely Bare, and the leave* grow thick all the way from thcBce to the top, where they are very dole and broad. The fruit grow only among the leaves, and moft plentiful where the leaves are thickeft ; fo that towards tlie top of the tree the papahs fpring forth from it in dufters. It is, hoW' . or, to be obferved, that where they grow fo tliick, t.^y are but fnull, being no bieger than ordiiury tumept ; whereat ihofe nearer the middle of tlte trunks where the leaves are ivot fo thick, grow to the firll-mca* lioiied lize. Poultry of various forts abound in tiie Cape de Verd iflands, particularly curlews, Guiney hens, and flamin- goes, the latter ot which arc very oumctoui. The fla- mingo if a Urge btrd, m .1 like • heron in (tiane, but bigger, and of a reddtih colour . they go in flocks, but are fo Ihy, that it is very diflicult to catch tbrm : they build their nvlls in (hallow pondi, where there ii aiiu h mod, which they Iciape together, inaking litile billockit like (hialt iflands, that appear about a fisot and ■ half above the furfacc of the water. They m.ike the founda- tions of tliet'c hillocki broad, bringing them up taper to the top, where they leave a fmall killow pit to lay their eggs in : they never lay more than two eggi, and fildam left. The young ones cannot fly till they ate ainioft full grown, but tbev run with lurprixing Iwiftnefs : their tonRiies ar« broad and long, having a large lump of fat at the rr- . .. " deliciou< in itJi fifte, and lo greitly admired, ' a -.iih of them will produce a very cnnliUera- ble I'uiii of money. 1 l't<' Hefh ii lean, and of a (lingy co- .our, but it neither taftes filhy, nur any wiys unpllaluiit. Here are alio feveral other forts nf fowls, m pigeons and , turtle doves -, miniotas, a Ibrt of land fowl, at big ui crowi, of a grey colour, and the flrili well talted ; crufias, ano- ' ther fort of grey-coloured fowl, almoft ai large as the former ; thefe are only feen in the night, and their flc(h it faid to be exceeding lalutjry to people in a decline, by whom they arc uled. They have likcwil'e great plenty of partridges, quails, and other fmall birds, and rabbttt in prodigious numbers. In thefe iflands are many wild ani«ials, particularly lioni, tigers/ and camels, the latter of which are remark- ably large. There are alfo great numbers of niunkies, bnboons, and civet-cats, and various kinds of reptiles. I'he tame animals are horfes, affcs, (lieep, mules, cows, goats, and hoj;s ; and here llie European (hips bound fur the Eaft Indies, ufualiy ftop to take in fre(h water and provifions, with which they are always plentifully fupplied. Fifh of various fnrts abound in the fca near thefe iflands, particularly dolphins, bonettai, mullcls, fnappcrs, filver fifli, &c. and here is fuch plenty of turtle, that feveral fo- reign (hipsiome yearly to catch them. In the wet feal^n the turtles go alhore to lay their eggs hi the faud, which they leave to be hatched by the heat of the fun. The flcfh of the turtles, well cured, is as great a fupply to the Ame- rican plantations, as cod-filh is to Europe. I'he inhabi- tants go out by night and catch the turtles, by turning them on their backs with poles 1 for they are fo large that they cannot do it with their hands. In thtf'e iflands are many Euiopean families, all of whom pretrfs the Roman Catliolic religion. 1 he natives are all nr loi'.. and mudi like their African neighbours, front ''.:unii t!i'. y are fuppol'ed to be dcfcended ; though, as tlwy t-< ii|o< « to tlie roitugueae, their own religion and lan- , •£'': n;' tail among them. Both men ana women are > !U.>u, ■I'A well limlicd, and they are in general of a civil ;.iut III et difpofition. Their drcl's 'particularly in the ifla! ri tf St. John) is very trifling, confifiing only of a piece of cotton cloth wound round the waift. The wa- mcn fometiraes throw it over the head, and the men acrof* the flioulders. Neither fcx wear (hoes or flocking], ex- cept on certain feftivals. The men are particuLirly fond of^ wearing breeches, if thty can get them, and are very happy if they have but a wamband and flap before, be they ever lb ragged. ^ We fhalT now proceed to a partial defcription of the ft—' veral iflands in the order above fet down. The iflaiid of Mayo, or May, obtained its name from its being difcovered on the fitft of that month. It is fituated in 15 degrees 5 t., notes north latitu'.lc, near three hundred miles from Cape Verd, and is about fevcn- teeiv miles in circumference. The foil is in general very barren, and water fcarce : however they have plenty of cows, goats, and afles , and alfo fome corn, yams, pota* toes, and plantains. V'hat trees they have arc fituated oi> the (ides of tlic hills, and they have feme water-melons and figs. The lea likewife aboundi with wild fowl, fi/h, ' and turtle. There grows on this ifland, as well as ou moft of the others, a kind of vegetable done, extremely porous, of a greyifh colour, which (hoots up in ftemi^j %^ and forms foraething like the head of a ca\iliflower. I'kerc is a bay on the weft (ide of the ifland, and a fand-bank that runs two or three miles along tlic lliore, within which there i» a large faliiia, or falt-pond, encom- pafTcd by the fand-bank, and the hills beyond it. The whole fall-pond is about two miles in length, and hajf a mile wide; but the greater patt of it is generally dry. The north end, which is alwayn tupplicd with water, pro- duces fait from November till May, tliofc months being the dry feafon •( the year. The watcts that yield tliit fait work, out of the fca'tlicougU a hole in Uic fand-bank, aiii 1^ r )i \'jiru>u.s CifAnxs of l!a.Af»n.H Av, in the ATi^iwrir >t PACIFIC OcbAxs IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I »£ 1^ 1112.2 2.0 u 1.8 — 1— 1-*^ < 6" ► V ^ ■.J'y r PVintnoranViir Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 .,:.l. 1 .. ik r^ - %.., ■!^i tfel *««' ,i;;»i«.*s!j.:j4,-, if.««rf-^r^ •W^ m r.is:t,^.- M6r'- ;*^- ii . iM ' il^i i i ' I I liil m - ■ - ■iif^l< e^iH %::*^s^. .,*•.,% h' ■ ^ ■■ ,\ ■■■' y'-' _ . . -' fe .^: but in two or three days after it begins to congeal, and I'o continaes till afwih fapply of water from tlie ka comes in igain. A confiderable trade for fait is carried on here w the Englilh, and'ic armed fhips deftined to feciue tile African commerce, afford the vc-fltls thus engaged tlieir proteftion. The Inhabitants of the ifland are principally employed in this bufinels during the feafon ; they rake it together, and wheel it out of the pond in barrows, from whence the; convey it to the fea-lide on the backs of afles, which ani- mils are vflfy numerous here. The pond is not above half a mile from the landing-place i fo that they go backwards and forwards many times in the day i but they reibain themfelves to a certain namber, which they feldom exceed. There »n feveral forts of fowl, particularly flamingoes, eurleys, and Guiney hens. Their chief cattle are cows, goats, and hogs, which are reckoned the bcft in all the Cape de Vcrd iflands. Betides the fruits above-mentioned, they have calavanes and pumpkins, which are the com- mon food of the inhabitants. The inhabitants of ihis ifland live in three fmall towns, the principal of which is called Pimont, and contains two churches, with as many priefts ; the other is called St. John, and has one church i and the third, which has a church alfo, is called Lagos. The houfes arc very mean, fmall, and low ; they are built with the wood of the fig- tree (that being tlie only one fit for the purpofe that grows on the ifland) and the rafters are made of a fort of wild cane w'ltich grows here. 1 ne Portugueze governor of St. Jago grants the patent to the negro governor of this ifland, whole fituation is to- krably advantageous, as every commander that lades fait here is obliged to compliment him with a prefent. He Ipends moft of his time with the Engliftj in the fairing leafon, which is hii harveft, and a very bufy time with all the natives. Thefe people have not any veflels ot their own, nor do any Portuguese fliips come hither, fo that the Engi;ili arc the chieton whom they bepend for trade i and though they are fubjefts of Portugal, they htve a par- ticular efteem for the fc-nglifti nation. Afles are alfo a great .commodity of trade here ; and are fo plentifiil, that feveral European fliips from Barbadocs and other planta- tions, come annually to freight with them to carry thi- ther. Tht ifland of St. Jago, or St. James's Ifland, is fituated about four leagues to the weflward of Mayo, between the 15th and i6th degrees of north lat. and in the 13d of weft long. This ifland is the moft firuitfut and beft inhabited of all tlw Cape de Verd iflands, notwith- Aanding it is very mountainous, and has a great deal of barren land in it. Th'e principal town is called after the name of the itiand, knd is fituated in 15 degrees north latitude. It iiands againft the fides of two mountains, between which there is a deep valley two hundred yards wide, that runs within a fmall fpace of the fea. In that part of the valley next the fea is a ftraggling ftreet, with houfes on each lide. and a rivulet of water in the bottom, which empries itfelf into a fine cove or fandy bay, where the fea is gene- rally verv finooth, fo that fliips ride there with great fafcty. A fmall fort flands near the landing place from this bay, where a guard is conftantly kept, and near it is a battery mounted with a few fmall cannon. The town of St. John coiitiina about three hundred houfcj, all built of rough ftone, and it has one froall church and a convent. The inhabitants of the town are in general very poor, having but little trade. Their chief manufaflure is lUiped cotton cloth, which the Portueueze Ihips puicUafe of them, in their way tn Brafil, and fupply tiicni with feveral European commodities in return. There is a tolerable large town on the eaft fide of the ifland, called Praya, where there is a good port, which is : fcUlom without fliips, efpccially in peaceable times. Moft : of th: European (rips bound to th« Eaft Indies touch at , tills port to take In water and provifions, but they I'eldom }lop litre on their return to Europe. The town of Praya docs not contain any remarkable buifding, except a fort, fituated on the top ot ^ hill, which commands the harbour. VVIici) the EiKopeaa (hips are here, the country people bring down their commodities to lell to the feainen and palFengcrs ; thefe articles generally confift of bullocks, hogs., goats, fowls, eggs, plantains, and cocoa-tiHts, which thty Mehali|fPMjl (hihf> S»i»th, ImiVmlUii^ hats, waiifcoitt, bteecheit, ind lihcn of any kind. The complexion of the n«t<*M of this town and St. Jago inclines to black, or is at haft of a mixed«olovr, except fomejew of the bettwfiMt that refide in tha httqr, among whom ai« the governor, the bUhop, and fome of the padres (fathen) or priefts. The people of St. Jago town, as they live nnder the goyemor'i eye, are pretty or- derly, thouM generally very poor, having little trade ; but tboie about Praya are naturally of a thievifli difpofition, fo that ftrangers who deal with them muft be very carefnl, for if they fee an opportunity, they will fleal their goods, anit run away. I'he ifland of Sal, or Salt, is the windwardmoft of all the Cape de Verd iflands, and is fituated in the 1 yth degree of north latitude, and $ degrees 18 minutes weft longitude from the Cape. It received tliis name from the great quantity of fait naturally produced here from fait water, that from time to time Overflows part of the land, wbicb is moftly low, having only five hills, and ftretches from north to fouth about eight or nine leagues, but it does not exceed one league and a half in breadth. There are only a few people in this ifland, and thefe live in wretched huts near the fea-flde, and are chiefTy employed in gathering fait for thofe fhips that occalionallr call here for that article. I'he beft account of this barren ifland is given us by captain Roberts, who landed he.e, -nd relates the following ftory, which he fays he was told by one of th. blacks that refided in it. " About the year 1 7C5, not long before I went afliore, the ifland was intirely deferted for want of rain by all Its inhabitants except one old man, who refolvrd to die on it, which he did the fame year. The drought had been fo extreme for fome time, that moft of the cows and eoats died for want of fufte- nance, but rain following, they increafed apace, till about three years after they were again reduced by a remarkable event A French (hip coming to fi(h for turtle, was obliged, by firefs of weather, or from fome other caufe, to leave behind her thirty blacks, which the had brought from St. Antonio to cairy on the fiihing. Thefe people, finding nothing clfe, fe;l moftly on wild goats, rill they had deftroyed them all but two, one male and the other female, thefe were then on the ifland, and kept generally upon one mountain. A Ihort rime after an Lnglifh (hip (bound for the ifland of St. Mayo) perceiving the fmoke of feveral fires, fent their boat on fhore, and thinkinethey might be fomcfhip's company wrecked on the ifland, put in there 1 when they nnderftood the fituation of the people, they comniiferated their cafe, took them all in, and landed them on the ifland from whence they were brought." The illatui of Buena Vifta,or Bona Vlfta, thus named from its bcipe the firft of the Cape de Verd iflands difco- vercd by the Portugueze, is fituated in the 16th degree of north latitude, two hundred miles weft of the coafl oC Africa, and Is twenty miles long, and twelve broad, moftly confifling of low land, with lome Tandy hills, and rocky mountains. It produces great quantities of indigo, and more cotton than all the other Cape de t'erd iflands ; yet there is not one of them where there are fewer cotton cloths to be fold : for the natives will not even gather the cotton before a (hip arrives to buy it ; nor will the women fpin till they wan: i^:. They have, in general, the fame ani- mals as i;i tilt other iflands, with plenty of turtle, and many fous of fi(h. . When the Englilh land there to take in a lading of fait, they hire men and afles to bring it down to the fea ; fbr which they pay them in bifcuits, flour, and old cloaths. This illand had alfo formerly a pretty good trade for horfes and affes, which are the beft of all that are upon thefe illands. The people are very fond of filk, with which they work the bofoms of their fhirts, (hifts, caps, women's waiftcoats, See. The people of this ifland prefer the Eng^ifh drefs to their own ; for moft of them have fuits of cloaths bought of the Englifti, and have learned to make cotton cloth to imitate the European fafhion. The women have, one, two, or three cotton cloths wrapped about them like pet- ticoats, tied on with a girdle about the hips, and fome- times without a girdle. Their (hifts aie made like a man's (hirt, but fo (hort, as fcarcely to reach to the girdle; the collar, neck, and wtiiftbands, of the young people of fome rank, are wrought in figures with filk In various co- lours in needlework ; but the old and the poor have theirs worked with blue cotton thread. Oyer their (hifts they wear a waiftcoat, with fleeves to button at the arms, not above four inches deep in the back part, but long enough before to ue with ftrings under their breafts. Over all tliejr, have i^ cotton claff in t|M Hwwili«( ■ m«nil«i i tbofe of the married woincn »re geoenkUy ^6>f, and th« darker tlte colour the richer, it ii itckontd ; but th« maidens, aud gay.young wives, and widows, wear blue and white, Ibiuc Ipfattcd and feme figured- They, however, rather chool'e, if thay can get them, linen lui.dkgrchicfs wrought on the edges, and Ibmetimcs onlv on tlie corners, with red, green, and blue fdk i the firu being tbe colour they inoft admire. Tbey wear neither ihoct nor ftockingt, except in holidays ; and, indeed, at other timet the wo- men iMve generally only a fmall corton cloth wrapped round their waitt, and the men a ragged pair of breeches ; to which, if there be but a waiftband/and a piece hanging to it before to hide what modefty teaches them to conceal, they tliink it fuHicicnt. Tltc people of Bona Vifta are fond of the Lnglilh, and moll of them can fpeak a little of their language, I'he iliand of St. Philip, called alfo Fuego, or the IHe of Fire, received this latter name from a very laree moun- tain, which frequently emits great quantities of fire and lulpiiur. It is (ituated in fifteen degrees twenty minutes iioilh latitude, and fix degrees fifty-four minutes weft from the Cape i is the lughclt of all the Cape de Verd illands, and appears at a diliance like one continued mountain. On the weft fide of it there is a road for (hipping, near a i'mall caftla fituatcd at the foot of a mountam, but the harbour is not fafir, on account of the violent beating of the waves. The wind blows very firong round this ifland, and the fliore being on a flant, the water is very deep, fo that, except very near the cattle, no ground is to be found within the lines. Water is very fcarce in this ifland, there not being a llugte running brook throughout it ; notwithflanding which it is tolerably fertile, and produces great quantities of pompionii, water melons, feftroons, and inaiz, but np Ixinaitas or plantains, and fcarce any fruit trees except wild ii^i ; however, in fome of their garden^, they have guasa-trccs, orange;, lemons, and times. I'liey have likewifc Come good viiuyards, but they make no more ivinc than juti what they ufe themfelves. Moll of the inhabitants of tliis iliand are nogroes, there lieing an hundred blacks to one white ; they are all Ro- nton Catholics, tliough fome of them introduce many Ti-jgan fnperflitions into that religion. They breed great numbers of mules, which they fell toother nations^ and make cotton cloths for tlieir own ufe. The rortugucxr, on their firll peopling this ifland, brought with them nrgro-ilaves, aud a flock of cows, horfes, afies, and hogs -, but the king bimielf fumilhed the place with goats, which ran wild in the mountains. There are many of the latter animals here at this time, And the piofits of their Ikins is reliervcd to the crown of Portugal. An officer, called captain of tlie mountains, has the management of this revenue, and no perfon daues, without his licence, kill any one of them. St. John's is fituated in tifteen degrees twenty-five minutes iY:>rth latitude, and I'eveii degrees twc mmutea weft of Cape Verd, and is very high and rocky. It has more falt-petre than any of theie itiands : this is found in feveral ca^es, covering the fides like a hoar-fro(l, and in foiire hollow rocks, like iliclcs as thick as a nuui's thumb. This iliand abounds with pompions, bananas, water-me- lons, and other fruir, and alfo with fi»wls, goats, aflcs, hogs, &c. , There are plenty of filh in the fcas about St, John's, and mod of the filh here have remarkable (harp teeth; and they generally ufe crabs and infeAs for baits. Fiftiing is the principal employment of the natives ; hence thev mil's no opportuiiitKt of wrecks, or, when fbips touch here, to procure all the bits of iron they can. Captain Roberts tells us, that it is his opinion, that tliis iHand .-ibi.uMds with copper, and perhaps with finer metals, for wliidi tie gives his reafoiis : he obferves, that there are feveral acid Inuntains, of a vitriolic quality, which he tried by putting a clean kuife into toeao, and in about hall a iiiiuute it would be all covered with copper, nearly of a gold colour, very tliick, and, when dry, it might be fcriptd off in fcilcs, or powder. Some of tliefe waters had a mucli Iharper power than others, and their acidity dintinillied in pro|)ortion to their diflance '(om the fountain-head. Many are found of a dark blue, black, and reddilli colour, fome of which exceed iron, and arft iicarlv equal to lead in weight. in'tliis iltaad, ttte fait is made by the beat of the fan, wliich lliining on the water in the holes of the rocks, ii tlicreby turned, and foinctimcs lies two feet thick. The jutivea uibjatly go and get a quantity of fait caily ii^ibe 6 ' Tf^'^^A^ ;l»c.gr«teft part of the day, dry, (i)lit, anS . ■ rail their flfl) in the evenint. aiui. having heaped them up let them lie in the fait all night. On the enfuing ipornine th«y fnread tliem out to dry in the ftin," and they are fit to ufe when wanted. The baleas, a fort of whale or graippui, ii very com- mon near this ifland; und fome affirm, that ambergris it the fperm of this creature. A, great qMamity ' i ambeigrii WM formerly found about this ifland, but it n. lefs plenti- ful at prrfcnt. Some years before captain Roberts wai here, Juan Carneira, a Portuguefe, who was baniflied from Lifbon for fome crime, having procured a little niip or (hallop, traded among thefe iAands : meeting at length with a piece of amberRtis of an uncommon bignefs, ha not only procured his liberty, and le.\ve to return before the term of his exile was expired, but had fufficient left, after defraying all charees, to put himfelf into a comfort- able way of living, and a rock near to which he found th» ambergris, is called by his name to tliis' day. The natives of this ifland do not amount .to above two hundred fouls, and are quite black. They are the mofl: ignoraiu and fuperilitious of aiiiy of the inhabiunts of thefe iflands. But in their difpolition they are fimple and harmtefs, humble, charitable, humane, and friendly;' pay a particular rcfpeft to their equals, reverence their elders, are fubmiffivc to their fuperiors, and dutiful to their parents. People wear in common only a flip of cotton faflened to a ftrina; before, which pafliJig between the thighs, ii tied to the fame ftring behind i but when full drtflej they alfo wear a piece of cotton clotli, (fpun and wove by themfelves) which the men hang over their ihoulders, and wrap round their waifts, while the women put it over their heads, and then wrap it about their bodies ; and on« tunOufclr mat iiclWrni*. WMir ■MgrUtfmft^oMMliaaliMft uwjMrt of ibc i$m4 ^ 4ia;^i(« wtll. .Tte town oTSt NkMMi At «kkf yhM la th^ WMAt ititcMe Mil Md papiilciii. b«t all tiM hfoafo, ' and cTfn tiM cb«i«k««rec«rcns4 intlidaaiii. C^ttin Awryi Ik* G«lal^«Mfd jAmiK 'kkving 0M« ncaT*a Ibiw oncnce from the inubtnnttt burnt Ab tmm ; but k w«t.aft*fWM4« ftbwh* oMchi ill the fiuMiMniicr, and to tbo fiunc nmit M iMfitqi. ^ The p««fik ben tat nmiflf btock.. «Mi IqiuM h»M. Tbey fpcali tbe leitwwM \utpm» toMiijr mU. but •n UMcvidi mi bkiMihiiAy, Ijn WNMn bew aift awn ingtniow, utd bMer hottftwi^n ihM i» mh oibnr of the Cape de Vcid ifiuuly. Moft ftmilkt hlwe boiftit bop, Nul itMliry t' and maoy'Tf tbe peopk of St. NklM- lunndtrtmd^vtufhaM-bwMiBft m iriwditbe in* b*bi^.ilH>wyaMte :fl£the iAcctf St. Vincentt £> that that . i» the faltft barboc* pf any i|t al} thcfe iflandt ; andyetit i» didbrft-iof >tecBfi« beowft of the fwlioua winda that WfiW WSdt .^ vtffioft iaapetnofity bam the moantaina «lf»vf 'the eoaft; tThefee atp ieytral ether faaall baya on the foadi>fide of Itwlflind, where Ihipt may anchor, and thtdier the l*of« Mgnei^ ■enetaIly|o to im4 bidet. The Ibnth-eaft Me of thia tnndil a Tandy Ihore, bat there is not a dropAf eriME on die b^h, nor ever in any of tbe deep valleya, ciceptone, bswUUbfiteih water ia fera to %ont ontof tikecroaraf an digdng a liikie. The ifland «f at. Anthony is the aaoft northward of all the One de Vetd iftaadt, and liea ander Ae eichteenth degree m north btitudr, ievea milea from St. Vincent, with a channel betwet.i theas, which runt from fomh- tttit to nonb«eaft. Heie ve two bi|h momitaina on thia ^and, one of which ia nearly as bi(^ as the pike of Tcneriff, and (eemt always inveloped m donda. The inbaUtantt are about £ve hundred in .number i and on the nectlk-wcft fide of the ifland there ia a little village, conilfting of about twenty houlca or cottagea, and inUi- faiicd by near frfry ftmUiea of ncj^ioes and white people, erlio are all vrret(Bbedly poor, and ^eak the Portogveae Jangu^^e. On the north £de of the tlland there ia a road for fliipptng, and a colleAion of water in a plain lying between high mountains, the water running from all Gdea in the rainy feafon ; bu( in the dry feafon the pe(^ ate greatly diftreOed for srater. The principal people here •re a governor, a captain, e pricft, and a (choolmafler, all of whom take much upon themfelrea, fo that the peooie fcave fome jingling verles concerning tiiem, which imply, that the governor's (taff, the beada ofthe priell, the fcliool- mafler's rod, and the captain's fword, give them a licence to fcaft on the natives, who fetve u flinrea to ftqppott their luxury and grandeur. The ifland of St. Lucia lies in latitade fevtmieen degrees eighteen minutes mtt'tfa. It ia high land, full oi°hills, and is about eight or nine kagtwt Jk>ng. On die (budi-eaft end of it are two finall ifles, very near each other. On the eaft- fotttheaft fide ia the harMur, vrtiere the fliore it weft of Fnego. "There are two or three fmall iflands to the north of it. The beft harbour lies on the fouth-eaft fide ofthe ifland, where fldm may anchor next to the fhore in fifben &thom water. There is an hermitaga and t)^hanttet juft kbove the haibMr. On the weft fide of the ifland there is a "i^o. 43, - T- p » - I I 411 8KCT. tt fTKH^ 0«'(inrnV¥i|iii^*a(ttwfpty::reYeil|MKraadiirW Opmttt W4,til» t«ei)».B}n*,d«W«S» norCffiWf. •«»* b^f !» ?>• ^ll*,attiftv^|#^enth<^iw|t♦ fi% mifiutiy weft longitude from London. A jt«4p<>Wfi traveU<)r pPf fcnet* that on 4dli|ig S^af im4r^ laiid inY ' On tbii ifland there aic only two (own; ; one called Cayii, or Rubicon, which it rittiated aliout two leagues ,to tlje north-wcA of Porto de Naoi, and may be termed the capital of the ifland, fincc It was fornKrly a biOiop'i ■fee i bvt it conmini only iboot two hundred lioufes, moft of which have a rLC).n appcarancr, an old caAle mounted with fome guni, a church, and a convent of friars. The town of Haria. the next In ftze to Cayai, (t^^dt ^ ibotit two leagues within land, to the fouthward of the ) lufmw part oT the cliff at El Rro, All the buildings, except the church and three or four pri««t* houfei, are very mean ftruAuret. The town contains about three handred ii>habitants. Graciofa lies on the north fide of Lancerota. This ifland is barren, uninhabited, and deftitute of water, dio' it it about three miles in length, and two in breadth. The iilani^ of Fuerteveniora is about eighty miles in j| length, and about fifteen in breadth. It belongs to the lord of Lancerota, and is about twenty-four leagues diftant firom Grand Canaria. 'i'he north end of this illand ties •bout fevcn miles fouth and by weft from the fouth*wef the foil, and the ftrong northerly winds tliat almoft continually blow; whence tlie inhabitants in general live to a great age. From the middle or end of April, to the liegiaaing or middle of Oftober, the wind blows vio- iemty, and almoft witliout intemiiflion, from tlie north and nonh-caft. From ttie middle of OAoher, to the end * of April, it moft commonly Mows in the flime direQion ; {nit fometimet intermiu, and give* place to other winds. The fouth-weft wind always brings rain, and therefore is moft welcome. Other winds, particularly the nortli weft, bring fliowers, but thefe are partial, and of ihort duration -, but the rait» which comes from the foutli-weft frequently bfbs two or three days. When thefe rains begin to iall, the natives fow their grain, and about fourteen or twenty Aij* afkr the latter ratns, that is towards the end ot April, it IS ready for reaping. The north, and north-north-eift winds blow (o hard and conftantly, as to prevent tlic growth of all (brtsof tree), efpecially in Lancerota, which u icaft expofed to their violrnce : yet we find there a few (hrubs caUed tubayba^t, which never grow to agieat faeiglit anywhere; l»ut here fpread along the grourtd, ex- cept witen fliclteredftom the wiixi by rocki and wtlli. In tlicgardtnsare lig; trees, or totbe low trees, of Ihrubs, which Icldoni (hoot up higher than the walls of tl>e garden. This ifland, being Ids cxpofed to the wind than Lan- cerota, is not ijuite lo bare of trees and fhrubs, and pro- ducea (he palm, the wiM olive, and a fort ef'wlM plnei alfo cotton and cupliorbium flirubt, ilie Ihrub wtiSch Dean the pricklv pear, and fig-troM, '1 hcfe illandt tho«(ih dcftitutt of trees, abound in cks, to about three tncliet, and fometimet eight or ten inches. It it of.a rOund form, and of thcthickneft of common fewing twine; it it of a grey colour, IndiHinij to white, and on tlie flalk u* white (pbts. Many ftalks pro- ceed fioih the root, at a diftaiice from which they divide into.br,incliet. Thit weed dy«s « betutiftil purple, and M alfo much ufed for brightening and enUvening other colours. The beft fort it that of the darkeft colotn-, and , of a form exaAly round : the anors it abounds with wbioi ' fpott or fcabj, the more valuable it is. Thit wted alfif »- growt in the Madeira and Cape de Verd iflands, and en the ;" coaft of Barbary; but the beft fort, and the greatsft 4 quantity is found in the Canary iflands. There is foati ■:. reafon to believe, that the orchiiu was the getnlim puipb > of the ancients; and in fupport of this opinion, it n ob* < ferred, that the coaft of Africa adja^At to the C'anart ' iflands was called by the ancients getulia, and abeundll with orchilb-wecd. Fcwfpringt or wells are in Lancerota. The inhabitants ■ ufe for tiiemfeives and cattle rain water, wfiich they pi*. ' ferve ja pits and citterns. This is alfo prattifcd ia Fuerteventura, though they Iftve more fpiings and welli; bit the water it generally brackifli. At El Rio, to tha northward of the ialt-works mentioned in the laft fe£lion, is a well of medicinal water, eftecmed a fovereign cure for the itch. Jt ia alfo good for common drinking, and will kctp fweetat fea for a confiderable time. Camels, horfcs, aflcs, bullocks, llicep, goats, and hogs are found here, all of which, except the Ihecp and goals, were brought from Barbary and Spain, fmce tbc conquefls of thcfc iflands by tlie Spaniards. The horftt are of- the Barbary breed, and are much efteemtd ia Canaria and TencrilF, for their fpirit and fwiftnclt ; but the natives of thole two iflands we are nowdcfcribing have little or no ufe for them, on account of their liaviiig no great diftaiice to travel, and therefore little care is taken to incrCafc the breed ; whence their numltcr is at prcfciu very fnull. The natives ufe for travelling afl(:s of a larger fize than thofe of the otlKr iflands, which ferve well enough for their fhort joumiet, and requiie little expcnce to keep then.. Their cattle, being fat and good, appear in the fpring plump, fleck, and gliltcnas if rubbed with oil ; but it) tlic oeginning of autumn^ when all the graft it either withered or eaten up, they have a very dii&rent appearance, and arc unfit for eatint;. They generally plow here with a camel, or a couple of afles, for the foil is light, and they do not plow deep lit the ground. Tlie want of trees or bufliet occafions a fcatpity of birds and wild fowl; yet there are fome canary birds,' aiulabird calh-d tubayba, about the fize of a ilarliiigv fpecklcd black and white. Here are Ukewife partridges and ravens, with plenty of dunghill fowls ; but neither turkict, geefe, 'nor ducks : the want of the two laft fpecies may probably be owing to tlic fcarcity of water. 1'be black fpider is the only venomous animal lierr, the bit* of which the luuvet fay occafiotv a ftrellin^, »t- , . tcQdcd tAFBlQA.)- C A./NiA;Mf 'jV8|''A-'N-A,8. 435 t^dcd Willi irbitrning pain. ; Thtk {cuq^foff uiMf e»^« fimU quantity of iiuin»:i ordure. ^ w" *i '^' 1'Ik inhabitinu cMch grw^quintity of ^ of VartQui kindi on the lea coafts of tbofc inanf>i^||xoer' is cadght here, cajitd mero : it ii ^;l^ha[ at a,.cpfi«f them however ousht not tobe omitted ; this it the picudo or reaj>ike, the bite of which if M -poifoi^oui at that of a vipir : yet.when.tbii^fiih it killed and drefled, it i« uwd »n4 innocent food. There •re many Ihell-filb, and particularly limpctt on th* rock* i>y ib«fa«^lborc, . ,.•■.;• I, : ;:; rnt '1 In both theic iJtouitare nranf kdli that Wf r« lonnWy polfaooett Ihettys of wbich ai«p£ft.jti)(iAU^iff«^iiffcfc(9;«, find afcc 'M>o>» for • l^e way it/miMitsdn t|i«cdgii« pf .the topi bciiM ufiulfyiunow and (harp, and.on;tbQ out- iide i« genaiatiy Mn a great d««l of blacl^diilA and binlnt ftone liKe pumicc-ftone, oi^y dail^r.a^ itwre ppi^fout. .N<»^rap w LuNcrt^ta, wh^h mt^vt jihirty yc;(rtiMobn)K« 9uf qn,^ foBtbtWf ft put offline yiika), thropring oat fuclj Ks^, immeijlisqu^tity flfJafliM Mdinij^.ioiHJ,,apd tajtb fo dimdf«M oo>^ ttNUmanjr of the u>|Mbi^otij leaving their liouf(U:M{( to Fwrfevisn- jnrai hMt lomt i^n^.^t^ke/, finding U^ dwi^ wto lufi «cy 'h^ iivl*"?; '^'V^*' out of the vc^no. The noile, of tnit cttiption Wju^p knid, that '« wat. heard, at Teiyri#, which fiandi air the diilanae of ifbrty leagoet -, which Was pi^bfibly, o^xa^Qcd Jhjr the windt«nMf't • .uthf|bM|uit» o|; t^ifceraita and ^f^ufttey^ttfra* l^iftofm* sarc tjimiihed w,i|rith,thK fpUowing pamc^a^,- ;naa^>y. iThat the people ^vftrei^jtholci timet df alargef qceiaijd '. (better made than thoiie of th" otberi, and fo they are to day. The dteft«f the nativet pf L40F't^'a wat made of I ' joati^fluift ievred vgfthcr, refcbJp^g,do«(iL]» ^ Uneet.and ! ,«rM fptnf ; habit were neatly lewed wuh,lknder.thoiut of , leather, > which were as fine as common tltrean the country j and wlicn thev bad acute pains, they Icariiiad the part ' .aflfcAed withmarp (tones, or burnt it with fire, .aqd then anointed it with goat'a butter. When anv one died, they Jiid him between goat's Ikius in a cave, {(retching put tlie body. , When they fewed their landrwith.batlev, ;which was ,theirown gram, tliey turned it up with goatS horns : the corn tliey threihed with iicks, winnowed it with ^ their 'lands, and ^ognd it with a han4-lluU made of two flonet. Their method of lighting a (ire wat by taking a i\ick of dry, hard thorny wood, which they caul'ed to turn rapidly round on the pov.t, with.''i a foft dry, fpongy tbiflle, and fo fet it on fire: and this method hubeen , ' ufed to this day. ^ F.ach of thele iflandt wat divided into a certain i^nmber of lot dfliips, and feparat^ mie from another by a wtH of lovfe (loncs, that crofled t^e iOand from lea to fta. Te- netiflP in pvficular, Hat ruled by nine diflerpnt, lords,' or peny fovereignt ; and thefil had frequent wart with each ,Mhcr. But the inhabiianu 4f .Iff^fe qiiartert >i4 a. great .cUeem for the refpeAive chieft who governed them. The infafbiunu of both thi^lB iflandt were of hoinane, /ocial, apd ehcarful difpofitionii. 'extremely fond offinginc '»»d dancing. Tneir miific vii vocal, aGcompanied >>ith a noife madeby clapping their hands,, tnd betting with their feet. ' Thdy Wore rebafkabiy ninble. and took great dcliglil in le'tjiihgand jiimpiilg. vhki-. Were iheir prinei-' pardivcr^ns, Two men took • Haff, which they held by the ends, 'aiiil, lilted lip tr high above their beads at tMy could, resell, I^Seping It parttlel with the ground t kill! lie ,whi>' could Icati o«er It vi^s cflccmed vefy dcatrout, ^ome of ' tliem ivce fo aQiw, tlut they could, tr three l^apt, booHd' oVer three, polts placed in that manner be* hind each ijthtr. They alfo cliMbed'up craggy rocks with Vmaxing tgifiiy, *t\i dercended with equal eafe. They freouently^utrrellcd, and then fought with ftickt a yird and an hafl Unjt. , It was 1 cuuom among them, that if a man entered thl$' doo^' of hi^ enemy't lioafr* and" Wounded or killed him',' he Wat itot rttnilhedi but if be came upon him unaw^rei, by teapm^ over the wall, and killed him, the > captain, or xhief, by, whom the caufe wu' tried, otdcred him to Tie ff4iil. ' .Theif mannel^ of exuutitig Criminils, wat as follAWf t Jthey carried them to'thefea-lnoic, and, placing their head* drt a^ flat ftoiW, ttiUlt anbtbei* of a round form, and with ;t'dtMedp^Mhiir bViini. ' i'bdr children were held in> Taluoiu, Afinttie piirtntt bad been thus punilhed. ' Thnt/p'e^ple were cKcetlrnt fwimmcrs, and ofed to kid thfc fifh on; tbiiy, cOaftJ with 'ftickt. Their honfes werk huilt Cff .ftdi'le without '«;tme'nt,' yet were ftrong; and the erttry-Wtt m<-'y bad alio houfos for worfhip and de< ration I ' riidfe were round*, and compofe^ of two wallf, , biite'^ffliin- the Other, with a fptce between i and, likt their dwelling-houfes, were bailt of loofe flones, with • itiOtrttW chtry. They worlhipped only one God, and in nerally pave the floors with flag-ftones. Few even of the better kind, have either cciKngs or lofts ; but they are built in the form of large barns, and divided into apart- 'mentt by boarded partitions that rife no higher than the walls ; fo that all the rooms are open above, and have no other covering than the roof. A dilh called goffio, is the ufual diet of the peafants : this it the flour of wheat, or barley, well heated by the fire, which they make into dough with water, and then eat it, without either knives, forks, or fpoons, which ate not wanted. They fomctimes make it up with their hands in balls or lumps, which they dip in honey or molafles 1 and, during the winter, when grafs is in perfirAion, and I they have plenty of excellent miHc, rtiey put the goffio * into it, nfiiw fea fhellt infiead of ^ont. They alfo prepare gofBol>y putting it into boiling milk, and l\irring It about till it' It fufBciently boiled and thickened. On partiCaUr occafions, fuch tt feftivalt tnd weddings, tha poor tit fifh and flefh : but bread is r.irely ufed by iny but the gentry, and there are fome people in thofe iflandt who have never tafitd it. Water is their vifual liquor, at they feldom drink any wine. Few of the men jn Ltrteerota and'l^ieTtaventara, ara """""' are made by the WOBMfli '"^i ■':fy- kr*tllf.«!% i 43« The NEWamo UNI V'ERS'il/L JfyBT^KT or OEOORAPHV. •tiki MiHif-beMt; havtbhoid famirare. fofk«eco, fliuff, ben-wK, foip, candlei, tiMi ■ confiil«rabt« qat w^oiBcn, Mid iheir honlhold Airnitofc U tbr«f^ iniA th^ other itUnit. Tho pMfiinu tre amploycd in tining tMl gtoiind, lowing, rMping, ind other pant of hulbtitdry. The cUfi ot |>eople dMmed gmttj in iheft iflandi, arc 10 avcrfe to leaving their country, and hiTC fo little ^• riofikj, that few of them vific Spain, or even Canariit except when oblif^ to attend their Uw-fuita in that ifland. A gcniJcDun who pofleflci a few acm of Tend, a camel, a coupk o,' aflei, and a do«en d»ep, would chafe rat^r „ to live all nil dayi on goCo, than vcntnre le the Spanljn Weft'Ind a, in order to better hit fortune by trade, whifch, in hii opinion, would difgrace him and hit tamily for everi yet he wi; I, without flume, opprefi the poor peafanti, and deceive ''irangieri, in order to Aipport hit intaunarjr ratijk, which, a4:ion>; the middling fort, confifti woolly Sn not working, and tiding a iiitle way on an aA, aitende^ by • ragnd fcrvant^ vil, antf the otner of the ianaraea|.f|ropit^ed^K| oyal audieitce in the if and maipr rccuvei hit e«deii The religion of the church of Rome i| the Uili dnf pro&flbd here i but there are. but few monki, and no nunt among tiKm: thev are, however, in no wantbf ptiefta, for there ire feveral parifli-churfhea, and an infitrio^ court of inquifition in each idand, in order t^ pfeveiit ^M^iy. Though all the Canary iflandi are fubjeA lOtSpiin, vat Ae nativei of the two we are now defcribirig, with Upeile of Gomeia ai^d Hierio, do not hold their landi of (^eifroyrn, but of the fomiiy of Don Uj^o de Uerrerfii wb^ eon- qivercd the ifland pf Canaria. The chief partjofi^ mnv originally poflcfled by tlie proprietor! of. thele jflanfh hM been, however, taken from ' . . crown, probably on account of fuch an cstenfive authority. ,. , . . i The government ii now vefted in an ,aicaide,m^or anji a farfienu^ n^jor.talle called goveriia^or de lfi,artiMi. Thcfiril ii the. head of itie civil, aiui the other of; toe military goMinfsant. There it an /ion of thd alcalde tn8)or to the ro;^ of Canaria (, and thp faigenta m|jpr from the eoveMlior>general of the Canary Jflandi, who ufoatly rebd^i in Te;ieriff'. No flan^g.lRW* are kept here ;, but tlKte ii a mi|itia properly regulaliBd and d*vi4^ into corapauiei, to each of which i« « captain, Ueutenaiit, and cnlign. The fargento major i> colonel, and taVei care that tlieir armi are kept in order, and that the cooods, and Cierman linens, both of the coarfeS kindt, wine, brandy, oil, fruit; planks, and other timber, ^arkt cafh, whiebr they receive in the balance of tra^, pait of which >* P*M to thr ptoprietort of the lands, and the reft jVtt «> Orand Canari*, to fupport the expcnee of their bW-reht i. the naifvti of all the Canary Iflm4iMngM. mrally estrenniy lUigiotn md qoarrelfbme. SECT. XII. TfMti tfthtjftni tfOnniCtnark, hth with nIMI H its amitHt aiul mMbrn Jttt. ' THE ifland of Grand Canaria is greatly fuperior W thd reft of tbefe Uhinds, hot «i«y on aeooant of flie_dellgrs *iir anfritbri Hiid' a^m ' ' THeft iMMatibni , Miff#MM ik^ ptt^itii tot Whidi Ittiey ynrt difignti, W ^e i|iieth fouyitf her irifliience kniamj decreafe. ' This ^uedher fo much, that'W alrtetM^netl tb_gf*' hit Mnd to Gn^idufr, W- braves and |M>|JDlar oifi&r. TW AtothH wfcre no fdotje^ ptr- nrtned, than the oofrt inviikd Ijet hufband with h^ hdf juiwer; aiid itiide him fole comniander of Irer army. m«tng put hKMbif' tit tlw heatfof tUfttoope, hefoccet fivfely ^ttikked'the other petn foyrttigns, cttnMertd'theih with greiat rapidity, andbrboght all their doibihibnt b(!w nekth his own fway. This prince hft a fon by AntMamara, wti^focceWafl him at king of the whble ifland; and thi« fon, at'h^ de4lb, left two fpns, between whom he equally divided hn domihioiu. Thefc were, on their refpeAive thrones, trying tb maintain What' their father had left them, and the db^ pofid petty foverc'igni were ainring to ligaiW what they had loft, at the lime the Spaniards conquered the ifland: whith etreiin, at the fame time that it united them in one yneral olainity, put a iipal period to all their intefttne S Canaria it abo«t forty-two ^i|et in letigth, twenty;, feven inlmadih, and a hundred and five in aicnmfeience, reckoning the length f^om the north-eaft point fouthwaid to the point Atganeguin, and the breadth from the port of Agaete, on the well fide of the ifland, to that of Gando on the eaft. The north-eaft point of Canaria liet at the diftance of eighteen leagues from the foutb-weft end of Foertaven- rora, and in clear weather either of thofe iflands may be feen from the other. Towardi the centre of the ifland, is a number of lofty moontaint, which rife fo far above the clouds, 'as to ftop the current of the north-eaft wind that gerierally blow* here 1 fo that when this wind blows hard on the norili fide of the mountains, it is either quite calrti on the other, or a gentle breese btowt from the feuth-weft. The calms and eddy wh>di caufed by the height of the mounuins above the atmofphere, extend twenty or twenty-five leagues beyond theni to the fouih-welt There are alfo calms beyond fome bf the reft of the Iflii^di -, for thofc of 1 enerifF ex- tend fiheen leagues into ^'e ocean, the cahns of Palmji thirty, and thofe of Gomeri ten. Upon firft coming ro the caiint, the waves tppear foaming luid boiling like a pot, breaking in all ditectioiu ; and when a veflel enters the verM of them, (he it ftuken and beaten by the waves oh all ndes in fuch a mahiteK that one would im?giue it im« > poffible'io withftand them; This confbfion, however, doettiot laftlongi for after a Ship it anoe Airly entetea liRO the ealffli, the win tiihtr find a dead calm, and fmoothi ,. ^'^r •-m lAPimCA.J C^ A K^A'H r I'« t A W D 8. ind H or I pharant irt^ eonflint brecte it ^u^ or (bwh- tMft, (Gcordiiig u «h« ffiini hlowi witlioot I lor'thiicdiy wind, li it rv<^ bo caltrd, conftaQiljr blowi ia an oppofite dlir«£lioii, Tliera ii » fKninfaU *t (he north-eaft end of Canaria, 1 ahottt two leafioei in eircomfiirertlfr, which It conneOed >\itli the main land hy an iilhniui aboiit two fflilti In kiiglh, and a tioarter of a mile in breadth at the narroweft pait. On cacli lide of (he ifthmui ii a bay. which on the ' north Titte it expofed to the fweFI of the fca. That on the ether lide it called by feme Porto dr Lds, and by other* forte de Hkiet, from loUNs fteep roclw or itlindi at tlie entrance of the bay, towards. the notth-eaft' Thii it a .food road for Ihip* 'Of any ^nhen, with all windi, ex- vcept the Ibuth-eall i but that wind it not common, and .rarely blowi (o l>ard at to endanger (hipi. The landin{i;- >place it at the bouom of the bay, where flandt a hcrmi- tage, or chapel, dedicated to St. Catharine, and a caRle of iu> ftreiigth mounted with a few gnnt. . At thrte milca diftoncc it the city of Palmai, the capital i«f the ifland, between which and the abow caitle are two «h«r font, mount i whh gum i but tber bave no gar- f'ttmi*, exoept • Xjw hitajidt. At the o^er end of the city it another caftle, called St. Peoro ( but neither of •ham are oapabic of ftanding againft a regnlar attack. Though the city of Palmai it of no flrength, it it pretty krte, and conuiiM iievertt fine baildingt, particularly the •atliedral of fit. Anne, with many churches, conventi of friart of all ordeta, and nnnneriei. The private houfca ■re in |;enerahgeo4, and built with ilone. The city it divided into two ih« breaking of flie tci upon it. Thtt indeed is the cafe of the Ihorct of all the Canary Ilbndt, pariicohrly at the hill and change of the moon, except thofe of Lancerota and Foerteven- tura. 'I'here are no inland cities or large towns in Cf- naria, though there are many Yillagei, the chief of which are Telde and Gaidar. Tlie fruiti of Orarid Canaria ate melons, peart, applet, •rangct, IcutWM, pomceranatei, figt, peaches, battatoes, or Spanilh potaioit. Tlie plantain grows near the fides of brooks, is very lirait in the body, and has furprizing thick kavci, wliicli grow not on the branches, but at the extremities of tlie tree. Every leaf is tinioft nx feet long, ■nd almoft two broat}. The fruit grows on the brandies, •f which each tiee hath but three Or four. The fruit in flwpe refembles a cucumber, and, when ripe, turns black, •t which time it is one of we moft delicious confcrves in the unirer'ie. -I'he plaintain tree will bear fruit but once, when it it cut down, and another tree fpringt from the fame root ; the cutting donn is therefore repeated every li-afon, at foon at the fruit is gathered. At thit idand hath a falubrioiit air, and it well watered, ulmoft every thii>g tbfivci that is planted, fuch as the pine, palm, wild oiivc, lamel, poplar, dragon-tree, lera nueiTa, or lignpm ihodium, the aloe Ihrub, Indian fig, or prickly pear. Kelides thofe above-mentioned, tliey ha.e all the Ameri- can and Euro|Kan fruits, except the anana. They have alfo wheat, barley, and maiz, potatoei, yamt, llie beft tnioiis in the world, cabbages and fallads, and many kinds •f roots. The climate in this ifland is extremely delightful ) for the heat in fummer feldom exceeds what it generally (eh in England in July and Aoguft, and the coldcft part of the winter is not fnarper than with ut about the end of May, in a backward fcafon. The fame winds blow here at the fame periodt u at Lancerota and Fuerteventora ; hut the nortlierly wind it left furious, and compared with tliat, it only a gentle breete that cooli the air. To at to tender it agreeably temperate i and the flcy if continually 'ferene, and free from ftormi and thunder. The only difagreeable weatlier it, when the feuth-eaft wind blowt from the defart of Zaara ; but thit doet not often happen.' Thefe windi, being verj hot, dry aivd ilifling, are of great prejudice to the froitt of the eactb, by their pernicioui quality, and by their bringing doudi, which devour everv green thing tney light upon. In the mountains, indeea, the air is not only cold in winter, but fheir funimitt are uninhabitable, from the great qaantitiea of fnow that fall upon them in that (eafon, but the air it txoeedingly wholeiome btlow. Ww. 43. 437 Notwtthftanding there it In Canaria mora level and ara* ble land than In any of the iflandt to th« weftward of It, yet that heart no proportion to the barren, ftrong and rockv ground. The mountain of Doramat is the moil ' fertile part of this ifland 1 it is (ituated about two league* from the city of Palmai, and fliaded by groves of fragrant trees of different kinds, whofe lofty bought are fo inter- woven at to exclude the ravt of the fun. The rills that water thefe fhadv groves, the whifpering breeze among the trcea, and tne iinging of the caiury-birdt, form % itioft delightftil concert. A modern naturaliil gives at the following account of this nioft beautiful finging-bird : " Thit bird wu origi' nally peculiar to thefe iflet, to which it owet itt name ( the fame that were known to th« antienti by the additiois of the Fortunate. On the fame fpot thefe charming fong-* ftert are ftill to be found 1 but they ate now fo plentilul among ut, that we are under no neccffitv of erOflin^ tho ocean for them. In itt native rcciont, tha canary-bird ia of a dulky grey colour, and fo different from thole faen in Europt, that doubu have arifen whether it be of the liuM (peciet. Next to the nightingale, the canary-bird it con* fidered at th* meft calebrated fongftet : it it alio reared with left difficulty than any of the fbft-billed birdi, and continues itt long throughout the year. We cannot give a verj agreeable defcription of the upper part of thit Hland, which it entirely barren and defblate 1 tot at it projedt far above the cloudi, neither dew nor rain fall upon it. fo that it li espofed to a dry, parchinc wind, entirely different from the trade-wind below, whicB genendly blowt from the weft. Thit Wefterly wind blow* hard in the night, but abate* in the day. The amaaing quantity of calcined ftones, alhe*, and lava, that cover the greateft part of all tha Canary iflandl, greatly disfigure them. But though ilMioe* not appear that any volcano hat burnt in Canaria, fiiioe the illand waa conquered by the Spaniard*, nevettbelefa the apertures from whence combuftible matter proceeded may be dif- cerned in all quartert of this and the other ifUndt, a« may alfo the channel* made by the fiery ftrcam* that flowai from the volcano*. Olives have been planted in thit ifland 1 but no oil ia made of the fruit, which doe* not come to fuch perfeAion at in Spain, Barbery, and other coontrie*. Formerly much fi^ar was made here ; but the great demand for the wine* and brandie* of this ifland- in the Spanifh Weft Indies, flopped the cultoni of the fugar cane, and the n»» lives hiid it more to their advantage to receive the ptoduM of their wines at the Havannah in fugar, than to raiA k in their own country. Canaria alfo abound* in honey, which is good, though of a black colour. The win* o( this iOand, though of a very agreeable ufte, haa not fuch a body at that of Teneriff, and it therefore left fit fbr ex- porution, yet many pipe* of it are annually fent to th« iipaniih Weft-Indies. Camels, horfes, afles, a few mules, bullock*, fliaep^ goats, hM* Kiid rabbits, are amortg the animaia five of women, children, aged perfons, &c. which mnft have rendered the illand extremely pt^ulou* ; but IboM time after the firft arrival of the European* there, a pefti* lence fwept away two thirds of the mhabitant*. Theib were of a dark complexion, like the nativcf of Lanomii and Fuertevenlnra, of a good ftattite, and weU-propor- tioned, aAive, watlike, cbearfnl, good-natured, and fiuth* ful to their promifes ; for they confidcred a li« u ode of the greateft crimes. They wen fiiarlefs of danger*, and fond of hasardou* enterpriiet, fuch aa climbing to th« tops of fteep precipices, and ibete fixing pole* oT fo great a weight, that one of them wa* of fnmnent burden foi a man of Common ftrcitgih toearry on hyel ground ; aii4 with tliefe they would leap from one rock to another. Their drefi waa a fhoit tight coat, with a hood to it I like that of a Capodhn friar ^ it readied to the knee*, and was faftencd to the yyaift by • leatiiatn girdle. This garment mi mad* of • kind M lulb, wbicb tbev beat " i i 'till s^- 4^8 The NE>^ and U N 1 VE R 8 AI< IY8TBM or OnOGIlAf*t(V^<^ **1 . till it became Wi likt !!•«, tni tlun the* fpan inJ wove It, Over (hiitlwvlMd * gnti-tklti cloak, with llie luiry (id* iimarH in winter, and outwud in rummer. Thejf hud likrwife opt made of the fliint of ihr heads offMU, - taken ofT ainiull entire, which t\my formed in (uch • manner that a %'•">*'* heard bung andcr each car,' and theft the/ fometi\iie« tied under the chin. Some had bontieti 'of Ikini, adorned with feaiheri. Thefe (armcnu were all neatly fewed and painted, and were in every refpeA much more cnrioua ttian ihofe of the native* of the other iflandi. •8ome of them won (hoee made of raw liiddi the work- manlhip of whitb wa» very neat, and oihwi went bare- footed. , ^ , ^ . The noble or (Vmcrior tank of the Cananani had an nternal mark of dininAion ''ora ihafc of th« vulpr or lowrr daft . which WM hy the c it of their hair and baardi ; but a man could not be entitled to thii honour, merely ttom hit hcin^; the oftapriitc of noble or rich parcnii i hut was tu be drciaird noble by the faycag, a pcrfon whofe bufitieli it wai to decide difpnlei among the naiiret, aitd regulate the cercmonlee of their religion i in (hort, he wu a priefl, and aded alfe at a jndga in civil affaire. The manner in which nMiuty wai conferred wai very (ingular. At a particiilar tinM of life, the fon of a noble- man let hit hair grow longi ami when he had obtained Itaflicieni llreiigth to endure the fatigue* of war, went to the h\c»g and taid, " I am the Ion of fuch a nobleman, and defire alfo to be ennobled." Upon this the faycag went to the town or vilhige where tlie young ma" wai brought up, and there aftmbled all the noblei, and other petfeni orthe place, whom he caufed folemnly to fwear by their god Acoran, to declare the tmtb. He then afked them u they had over fecn the youth fo far demean himtelf ai to drcfs viAuals, orto go into the fold* to look al>er the ■Aleep or goan, and whether he wai ever fren to milk o( liill them i If he waff ever known to (teal cattle, or forcibly take them in time of peace from their ownrrs ? W hether be w*« ever difcouneout, of a flandcroui difpofition, or gViilty of any Indecent beharioui, efprcially to women t If they all anfwered thefe queflioni m the itcoative, the fiiyaigeut the youth's hair in a roimd form, lo (hort as not to hang.bel(<' nrt, and giving him a flalF, declared him noble. But if any of the ftanden by could charge bim with anv of the offences mentioned by the faycag, ' and bring ftilRcient prtxif of them, inftead of being de- dated noble, the faycag fhaved bis head, and fent him ^ away in difgrace, by which meant he wu rendered incapa< ^ We of nobility. ', They efteemed it bafe and mean to molcft or injure the other perfbn, thev were obliged to carry a man who had a vouiig child, received a (bate for each i or if (he happened to be pregnant, the received the allow- ance of two perfons. Thclie people had never more dian one wife. When the parents were difpofed to marry their daughter, tbey fed iter thirty days witli large quantities of milk and goffio, ill order to tatten her ; for they thought tliatiean women were left capahla of coiiceivii^ cbiUtcu (Itaa thofe who V ■-Vi ,^r (APftlCA.) C A N A R^Y %tr« ht, ind ihtf it wm • bid otn«n for p«npte lo OMiry wiicit lean. I'lie CmiaiMni «r«fe very careful in ihc ediicaUan of Ibeir cliiliircn, muI rwvvr f«ilcd lodwOife (htoi when ibey , 4i«i iinifi. li WM iifnal lo pro|iar« two of the yuuih m . MM»pi«( to lh« ten, tlic on« i>f Tiitue, the other of vie* ; tad when a cliiM didiiiv iliiiig tlui w«* praife- worthy, hf «H commciHlvd, and told tint luch beliaviour wia ami*- .bit, ttMt rcftmbM ihM of t|it good hoy. On iht other hand, when a child dirpleafcd iti parfiiti, tlity obbrved Itwt iDch an aAion rerenuiled thofe of ib« parfon fat ap a* • bad eiiamptc. By thii inaani they raiiM a Ipirit of emu lation for excelling in virtufi Tlierc were raligioui womtn, called Magadat, among tba Canariani, a number of whom lived together m on* houfr, or convent, of wliich there were many in Canaria i and thefe were held fo facrcd, 'thil criminala who fled to •n* of litem were proteAed from the oActri of juttice. Tae Magadai maintained, that Acoran, ihcir god, dwelt on hijih, and governed every tiling on earth i and when ibey addrciled liim, lifted up their joined handt to heaven. This women were diftinguilhed from other* by their long white garmenti, whith iWeM the ground u the* pafled. In thi* ifland are two rocks, to which the inhabiianti, ill time* of public calamity, went in proccdion, accontpa. nied by lite reiigioui women, carrying in their liandi palm branchet, aiid veflcl* filled with milk and butier, which they poured on die rocks, dancing i.->und tbcni, and ringing roournful fongi ; from thence ikwy went to the fea fhore, and all at once fhoutina together with a ktiid voice, (truck the water with their roii. ' (tood governincat was maintained, and jaflloe ftriAly adminillercd, among the Canariani. At the tiiiKof the comjueft of tlie illand, it wai governed by two princei, <*ch of wliom had hi* feparate diftria \ but before, they ikere raled by captain*, or head* of tribci, who prefided .over faali ciicU*. The people of each tribe were con- fined to their own diftriAi, and not allowcii to graie their flock* on the ground bcknigiiic to another tribe. For crime* of a Icf* criminal nature iney ufed the law of reta- liation (an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth) ; but fiKh crime* a* deferved death were punilhed by dalhing bnt their braiu* with a ftone, in the manner already re- lated. When any of the nobtei died, they brought out the Corpfe, and placing it in the fun, took out nil entrails, and buried lliem in the earth ; then drying the body, they fwathcd it round with bandages of goat-lkins, and fikM it upricht in a cave, cloathed with the fame garmenti which the 'deceafed wore' when alive; but if no proper cave wa« at hand, the body was canicd to one of the ftony placet, now called Mai Paices, where, after they'had level- •a the ground, and (iaed the loofe Hones, tlicy made a fort ,)pf artificial ctveof Urge flonei, placed fo a* not to touch the body, and then taking anotlier large ftone two vards in length, wrvught into a round form, with this clofed ', the entrance, rnd aficrwardi filled up the outfidc between : (he top of th'.- round flone and the outward part of tlie other large ones with fraall ftone*, in a very neat man- ner. All the corpfci, except thofe placed upright in the cave*, were laid with tlieir liead* < j>->,iras the north. Some of ttieir dead bodies were put in:o chefts, and afterwurdi de- polited in ftone fepulchres People of the lower clab were intened iu toe Mai Paice*, in hole* covered with lonat, SECT. xiir. ISLANDS. 419 pike of TMMif. wtiak i* M4« ^ ^ the luiiverfa, and ilrUM* the behiKir SI^L li near and at adittanct. TU« mm( ^I^V* C$ntatmHg « Jifiriftitii t/lht ifland anJfiki tfTtturiff\ alfi »f thi ijtatidt if Ginura and Patma \ thtir Juaalini, liUiiti, harinrt, tlimalt, frtiuct, inbabilaali, lit, )T^HC illand of TenerifT was antiently called Nivaria, J[, from the fnow that inclofe* the neck of the pike of 1 eyda, inu a collar ; the name of TeneriflT, or the White Mountain, brins given it by the natives of Palma, in whofe laneuage Tener Ijgnifie* fnow, and iffe, white ; the fiimmit of the pike of Teneriff being always covered with li Q V { the prcfent names it Vinchoni, but it wa* called CUineche by tlie aatives. Point Nago, or Aiuga, which i« the north-eaft point of I'encriif', Dear* nonh-weft about fixteen leagues diftant. f{(ua the north-weft part of Canaria ; but from that part of Canaria to the neareft part of TcnerilF, the diftance doe* not exceed iwcIvr leagne*. ' Thi* iiland it nearly tdangular, the three fide* being [ aimoft equal, and each about twelve kague* long. lathe eervie* is the famou* bellie higlirll hill inl^ i Willi aoMMmeiM, both near and at a dittanct. TU« gnal mountain eateitde it* baft la Uanachinn, lireni wbenca )• it two day* and a half* jawrney in the top t bM we OmU treat ntore particularly of this in Ihf (eqaeL In coming in with I'cnetiir, in olaar weather, the plh* MMy be eafily difeerncd at a hundred and Iwenn Hiiki 4i^ taiH* ) and in failing from it, at liMdiOanaeof a buniwi and Kfty miles, it then relenibie* rtbin bl« «lpoM, nr fmoke, very little darker than the fliv t and at a fuihar didance, the Ihad* difappearing i*j|M diftinguifliabla froia the aaure of the firntaroeni. Before wa lofa tigiu of this lowering mounuin, it faeia* a •oofidenble haigM above the horixoti, though firowi in diftance« and ika fplicrical figure of tlie eanh, tba reft of Itie illand k* fw)k beneuh the horiaon, notwitliianding it* being oaaad- indy high. rlicre aw frvrral high perpandiciilar rock* new PunM de Nago ) and on the footh eaft fide of the idand, above five or fix leagues diftant from them, i* the harbour of Santa Crus, the moft fn^uanlad part in the Canary iflandi. The beft road for (hip* i* about a mile «o the northward i between the middle of tlie town aii4 fort or calUe, Ihips may lie here bcure from all wind*, though the liav is expoled to tbofo which blow ftea tba nortli>a*(t cualln, and (outh-eaft,|yat tbele wind* do notbhnr io hard at to caute any conliderable damage above onca in the I'pace of four or five year*. However, fome mart ago inoft of the Ihipping in the road were driven tm tlMtc by one of thefe gale*. Soma Ei^ilifli (hipa ware then in the harbour ; but the crew* prudlanily cuttiag away ibcic maOs, rode out the Aorm. A mole, built at a vati esptnca, for thacmvenienac nf landing, is in the middle of the town. It ruiu «p to tba northward, ami the outermoft part turn* towaid* tba (bora. However, in mild weather, good* are landed at a ereak among the rocks, at the diftauca of a Aone's caft to tba fouihward of die mole, and near the cufiom-boufa. In the way from the mole iitio the town, there ie a fi|Wfa fort on the left hand, named iit. Philip'* t this i« the prin* cipil one in the bay. To the northward of it are fonM forts and hatterie* mounted with guns, the moft oonfider- able of which i* named PafTo Alto. Near it ia a flaep < rocky valley, which begin* at the fea-fhore, and ran* a ?}rcai way within land. There are fcveral batieria* at tba outh end of the town, and beyond them, clofo to tba fhore, is a fort called 8l Juan. All thefe fort* art mounted with canrwn, and joined to each other by a tbMP ftoiie-wall, which begin* iifar the above rocky vallajr, aitA continue*, with lirUe interruption, to Fort St. Juan, r bis wall i* within only breaft-high, but it i« higher oBi the outfide facing the fea ; and from thence to the fo«lb> waid, the fhore, Ming naturally ftnccdwilh rock*, i* gann* rally inaccefTible. ^antaCruz is a large town, aitd contain* fevcral chnichctt three convent* of friar*, an hol'pital, and the baft con- llruAed private building* of any to be found in the Canarr lllaiids. It is indeed the capital of tlicm all i for thougk the rpifcopal fee and court* of judicature are in the city of Palmai, in Canaria, the governor-general of the ifland* always rcfides in Santa Crux, where a great concowfa-oC foreigiten continually relort, on account of it* being tba centre of the trade between the Caiury Uland* with £tt« rope and America. The number of yibabiant* ar« fupf , Dofed to amount to about five or fix thoufand. The wai^y ' diank by them iv conveyed into the town in open wooden troughs, from a fpring beyond the above- nwntioued val- ley, and tliere arc pits of water, which ferve for ether piir« pofc*, in many of the lioufe*. Near twelve mile* to the fouthward of Santa Cms, and clofc to the fea, there is a cave, with a church or chapel,' called Our Lady of Candclaria, in which i* a little image of the virgin Mary, about three feet high, boldiiw n 5reen candle in one hand, and in tlie other an infant efus, who has a gilt bird in each band. Thil chapet received it* name of Cand( laria, from it* being pratende«l, that on the eve of the Purification of the Holy Virgin, m great number of light* ate conftantl^ feen going in orocef- fion round the cave in which the image i* plaoad ; and they afi'ert, that in the morning drope of wax arc icat- tered about the lea-fhore. ThU iiaaga i* baU in tho highefi veneration, on account of the naany miracle* it ia faid ra have performed, and her chapel i* a do rn e d with fo matw ornaments, tlat it i* the ricncft place in all tba feven ifland*. At a certain leafon of the year, looft vS tha inhabiants of the illand go thither in pilgrimaga ; whan uSiiyi uf yvitug gitu Biarch nnginf , iti an agrceabia man- Mr, «•«' c||« Tat NEW AND ilNIVBRSAL'SYSTEM or OEOORArHY. i ,^^^ MHV ^ ipriUki e|(fe« Vi^ia, tni Mm Blneuimt 4miU tW/^M «Im inMM U Dud Ml kMt pcrfnirmeH. ^^^ Koita wcflwaM of jlw illtnd n rtie bay nf Ade««, or, * H it it aron*unc*4, Adeltf, mtttn large (tiipt mty an- •Hor. On the north- wl- p «ano, which kad openad hv at Icaft thirty different *enti within tbccompaftof half a mile. The horror of thii fcene wat giMiiy encrcafed by the violence o( the (hocki, arhieh never oikc intermitted, but by their force entirely •werthRW leveral hoafet, and lltook othcn to their very 'fMindaiioM I whilt the wietched inliabitanti were again driven dcfenceleft and difmayed into the open Adds, where they every moment expcAod to be fwallowcd up by finnetiew gulf. The noUe of the volcano wu heard at fta at twenty leaguet difttnce, wliere the Tea (hook with ibch vMence at ahmied the marincn, who at lirft thought tha fhip had ftruck upon a rock. Mean while a toircnt * «f fttlnlrar, and melted orei of different kindi, ruilicd uimar, wliere the houfcs |||tr. and public baiMinn were thrown down by the violence of the adcompaivying fhockt. ^On the Iccoiid of February another volcano broke out WNi in the town of Guiroar, which fwallowcd up a large church. Thus, from the twanty-fourth of Drce.-nbcr to Ac twenty-third of February, the people were conftantly alarmed by continual fhockt of earthquakes, and the terri- Me vdcanoet that bnrft forth in diflcrcnt parti. The town of Garrachicaii Aili pretty large, and contains feveral churchct and convents of both (exes. It bat a AnaM trade for brandy and wine, which are ufuallv fcnt from thence in barkt, or large open boats, to Santa Cruz, •r Port Orotava. Strong and durable (hipi are alfo built there, fome of which are upwards of three hundred tons burthen. " ' About fix milet to tlie eaflward of Garrachica is the town of Port Orotava, which it a good harbour in the fwniner (cafon ; but in the winter, (hipa are often obliged to (lip their cables and put to fea, for fear of Iwing iur- prised with a nortb-weft wind, wh»:h throws in a heavy Im upon this coaft. I'his it a place of condderable trade, , '^ ' k having (louriihed greatly fince the deflruftion of the bar- bour of Garrachica. It contains two churches, two con- Tcntt of friars, two of nuns, and fome good private buildingi. At each end of the town ,it a black fandy^ bay ; afong the nortliermoft it a low Aone wall, built to Jirevent die tending of an bnemy : at the other bay it a mall caiUe, or fort, for the fame purpofe, and at the knding-place between them it a battery of a few cannon : but the iW that continually breaks upon the (hore, it the beft defence of thit port. ' The town of La Villa da Orotava, which !s about three mitet within land from Port Orota>-a, it a large place, and eoniaina feveral churches, conventt of friart and nuns, with a iramiber nf flately ftone builditt^ belonging to private peiibnt. A rivulet, which runs through the midft of it, refifeihcl' their gardens and orchardt, and fupplict the inhabitant! with water. The city of 8t. Chriftofaal de la Lagona, that is, St. . CbriAopher of the Lake, extends four milet witliin land < & fton Santa Qnz. The road to it from the above town it • picttv Seep afatot, till within a (iiull diftance of ttw aboTC I town which is feaiad in iba eomar of t ^ii, tbMt Mr milet in length, and a mile in breadth. 1 Im city ii tli* c iptul of the tlland, and containa two parilh chiiichca, llirtc convent! of friars, two of nnn^ and iliitc ItornittU | two of wliich are for tha veiiertl diftaft, and the other for foundliugs. 1 he j«ruits have alfo a houre hci«, and, befidet iTitlit public ftniOures, then are ntiny hsnjfome •nvaia buildinga. Tita water drank by the iTihabitmia It conveyed in trougf^i to, the oily, firom the mouniailM fittttted to tilt fouihwatd of rtie plain. Ill tliia city there it not the Icaft Ikow of hudticft, it being cbieriy tahaUtcd bv ilic tantry of the iflatid, parh- cutotly tlie oificert of juflicr^ luch as the corrrgidor and hit tfnianiitOr liaunnant, th* raaidoree, or cat 11 Jo, with the judftef tba Indiat, who prefidrt in the India-houfe, wbera ali aAin ivteiing to tha WelMiidia cnmmeKi are conduAad. HcA it liktwife an uf^ce of iniiuiiitioi), with iu proper olfictr, fubjeft to the tribunal of Hie Holy UiGca at Grand Canaria : vet tlie city anprart to • flraiigcr at if deiolata and uninhabited ; Iur hirdly nny body can he faen in the ftrccti, and graft grows in the moA fftijMntBd pbicet. TIkk it a laguna, or lake, behind the city, about half • mile in circumference, from which the city takes its name. It it dry in I'uninier, but In winter ii full of (k»v- lunt water. At ihit city it fitualad on a plain, elevated a conTiderabla height above the lea, it ii extremely c ing patticulart are extraded from Mr. Glafs't hiftory of the Canary lOands, which valuable work it highly deferv ing of the public efteem. Thit gentleman begins his nariative with informing at, that " early in the month of September 1761, at about four in the afternoon, he fet out on hoifeback, in company with the luafler of a (hip, to vifit the pikt. They had with them a fervant, a muleteer, and a guide ; and, affcei afcending above fix miles, arrived towards fun-fet at lh« moft diitant habiution from the fea, which it in a hollow ; here finding an aquxduS of open trought that convay water down from the head of me boUow, tbcir fitnranit watered the cattle, and filled fome fmall baneli to fen* them in their expedition. The gentlemen here alighted, and, walkin| into dm liollowi found it very pleafant, at it aboundad whh many i tAFRICAj C A N A ft r I • L A U 1. ni Iffct of M edMiCtrent AmII i inJ foHM fitUi of imii or 4nJitn corn tra iicti iIm bouffi. On ihfii niouniiM •|>in, thay traveled for fuiiM tint* upaftccp rottli, ■»« rtachcd ih* woodi and cluudi i litilt beTora Hiulit. Th«« cngid not reiri ib.ar. .. '>|' Aficr rclUng fur fume time, they began to obferve the Ipp of iiic pike, which is auvui ■ uolaiuca bimi ibriy No. 44- vardi in lutfih, «ftd » hvntni Mi tM In Invi^. U it iMltowt and 4lMped likt an Inverted bell From' tha •dgea of Ihi* bell, or cauldron, aa It Is called by (he nativta^ it la about fertv yards to ih« bottom, and in many parts of ibia ImiUow, ibey oMitrved fiiiuke and fleaaiiof lulphul iKbini fenh In pufi i and the hcat-of the ground In par- liaakir plawa waa fc gmi, aa to penatraie il calm tiH. midnight. The land>wind then begini, and continue* till feven or eight in the inoriUng, witeti it is followed br a calm, wh£h lafts till the fea- breczc returns. In the bay of Santa Cruz, and on all the •aft- (-de of I be ifland, tlie fea-brcese commonly blows at call, and tlic l.mdwind at weft. On the north-fidei the fea-Ureeze.blowt at north-eaft by eaft, or north>eaft, and the land-wind dircAly oppofite to it ; but there it no land- wind at Point Nago, where the land ftretchet towanls the north-caft far into the fea. _ At the brow of the bill above Santa Cruz, and at the city of Lagnna, a frcfti gale blows from the north-weft all the time of the fea-breezr, which is occafioned by the nountains alnioft ciKompiTing the plain. Thefe being lb exceedingly high on the fouth fideof it, at to beat back die fca-breeze, and throw it againft the mountains that bound the north iide of the plain, where finding no fft^ fiige, it veers to tlie fouth-eaft, and there meeting witli no refiiianct, forces it» way with great vehemence through the {tiain : till coming to the brow of the above-mentioned ■ill, part of the current of air pours down it towardt Sanu Cruz, advancing » ithin a mile and a half of the fea, where tlie true fea-breeze checks it. Yet there is no Kgular fea or land -brreze on Vhe foqth-weft coaft, which is Ihcltcicd fiom the trade or nortft-eafterly wind by At inimcnfe height of the pike, which towert above thie re- gion of I lie wind : hence on that fide of the ifland, there is either an eddy wind at fouth weft, or a calm. ThisiAand produces nearly the fame vegetablct at ''hat «f Canarisi, only there are morevineyards and lei* corn-land. The wines aic fliong, good, and very fit for exportation, efpecially into hot climates, by which they are greatly im- proved. Formerly a great quantity of Canary lack wat made bete ; but of late years they do not make above fifty pipes in a fcalbn i fur they now ufually gather the grapes when gre'M, and make a dry bard wine of them, which when about two or three years old, can hardly be diftin-. Guilhcd from Madeira; but after four years of age it be-' comes fo fweet and mellow, at to referable the wine of Malaga in .Spain. This like all the other Canary iflandt, affords oichilla weed in great plenty. The dragon-tree, aloe, and pine, are nativct of Tene- riffl The apricot, peach, and pear-trees, bear twice an- nually. I'he pregiiada, lemon, and lignar wood are found here; as are the cotton-lhrub and coloquintida. The rofe blows at Chiiftmat ; the carnationt are large and fine, but tuli) s will not thrive. The rocks abound with (ami- phire, the meadows ate covered with clover, and the beach produces a broad leaved graft. About fourfeore eart of wheat fpting from one root, the graiitt of which ai^ at tranfpatentas the piircft yellow amber, i|nd in a good fea- fon one bufhei will produce a hundred. fold } and the bailey and maiz arc not interior to the wheat. With refp.-d to the animals, here are plenty of rabbits, hogs , wild eoats, &c. Quails and partridges are larger than thofe in England, and extremely h'andfome. Wood- pigeont, turtles, and crowi, abound in the fpring. Se- vcial iotts of wild fowl rtfort hither in the winter feafon, affording plenty ot game to the inhabitants of Laguna. I'be falcons, or railicr flrong large hawks, which hover over the lake of Laguna, are thus defcribed by a gentle- m:in who lately travelled to thefe iflands : " I cannot for- bear mentioning the haggard falcons that foar every evening about this lake. It is very good diverfion to fee the ne- gioei fight them with fling« ; for they often ftoop, feveral at a time ; %nd belidet, they are the heft mettled hawki tn tbeworld, Feingot a larger kind than ibeBarbary falcon. 1 he viceroy (governor) being one evening to fee the fport, on the auihurs commending their ftrcngth and mettle, afTured him u[: on his honour, that a falcon bred in that illand, nliic i he had formerly fcnt to thednkeof Larma, did at one thglit (unlets Ihe rcfted oil any Ihip by the way) pals from Aiulaiufia to Tencrifl^, which it two hundre«l and fifiy Spanifh leagues, *and was taken up half d«ad, having on the vaf&ls and bells belonging to the duke- Filhcs aie found in great quantities he^, paiticulatly dolphins, fbarki, meros, lobfters, mufTets, (criwinklet, the clacas (which is deemed the bcft fhell-fiih in tlie uni- verit:) and the cherna, that exceeds in reUlh any we have -_ V..-I 1 . u--* ;- -ir- ...--I — rrt. — uz-u :- — ii-j — 1(1 &:<,i^iAiiu . iic.x. IB •■iw wm^tuvi luu Wlin.u >• ««lf«w ««■ ccl, tliough with lictk propriety, for it has feven tails of a ffUi long joined to one body and one head, which ai« A''%i,- t nearly of the fame length. Silk-wormi excectt^ il^gW J and bees profper in the rocks and mouuialnt. The city of Laguna, which ftandt near a lake about nine miles from the fea, it the principal place in TenerifF: it is called by the Spaniards St. Chriftoval de la Laguna, or St. Chriftopher of the lake, and is haodlbmtly btttlt« having two fair parifh-churches, and a palace for the gt>- vernor who rcfidet here. The aldermen of this city pa* a certain price to the king fo ferve their offices of magif^ trates J but this givet thein great power over the inhabi' tantt, who are divided into three claiKs ; namely, gentle- men, roerchanit, and hufbandmen, or, as they are termed b? the natives, idleiiien, bufymen, and labouringmen. The land on each fide of the road, leading to Laguna, if in general rocky, but fome fpois of corn-land are inter- fperll:d here and there, and terminated by fmaU vineyuds on tht fidet of the mountains. This city piefents the beholder with an agreeable pro- filed, a» it ffandf on the fide of a hill, and ftretches its ikiitt on the plUint behind : it is large, comp^A, and po- poloat : the noufes, though not uniform, have a pleaiant appearance; beiides the governor's hoofc, and the two parifh-churches, liere are two nunneries, four convent;, an hofpiial, and fome chapelt, befidet many geutlemen't boufes. The convents are thofe of St. Francis, St. Au- gufline, St. Dominie, and St. Diego. The charchet have pretty high fuuare ftceplcs, which top the reft of the buikhnES. Tlie Areets are not regular, yet tbcy are for the naolt part fpacious, and pretty handfome, and near tht middle ot tlic town if a large parade, which has goo4 buildings about it: There is a ftrong prifon on one fide of it, near which is a large conduit of good water tliat fuppliet all the totirn. The inhahitantt of Laguna have many gardens that are fet round with orange, lime, and other fruit-trees, in the middle of which are pot-herbs, falading, flowers, &c. and indeed, if the people were curious this way, they might have very pieafant giirdens : for the town Ihnda high from the fea, on the brow of a plain that is all open to the eaft, and has confequently the benefit of the trade wind, which blows here, and it commonly fair ; fo that there are feldom wanting, at thit town, all the day, brilk, coolihg, refteihing breezet. There it a large phin on the back of the town, three <1^ ' four leagues in length, and two miles broad, producing * thick, lundly fort of grafs. On the eaft fide of the plain, near the buk of this town, is a natural lake or pond of fiefh water ; but being ftagnaiit, it is only ufed for cattle ; it is about half a mile in circumference. The ancient inhahitantt of Teneriff were called Gaan- ' ches, but their origin it not certainly known ; they were, and the remainder of them Hill are, without literature ; but their language, which fUl! rcmaint among the remnant of them, bears Tome affinity to that of the Moors in Bar- bary ; it was formerly very guttural, and ciitirciv different from that ufed in the other iflands. I'hey were of good flature, well made, and had tolerable complexions, but thofe who dwelt on the north fide ot the ifland were much fairer and had had lighter hair than thofe in the fouth. Thefe people fome notion of a deity, and held that there wat a fupreme fovier, whom they Jiflingniflicd by the names Achguarcrgenan, Achoran, and Achaman^ which fienify the fuftainer of the heavens and the earth. .' ^, They alio gave him the titles of the Great, the Sublime, the Maintainer of all : but they did not woiihip idols, ^ nor had any images of the deity. They believed thR'^.^;''^'- God created them of earth and water, and nnde as many ''^';, women at men, giving them cattle, and every thing ne- c^ty for their fubfiftcnce ; but that afterwardt ther*; ap- pearing to him too kw, he created more ; but to thefe . laft gave nothing ; and when thev prayed to him for flocks,' "^ of fliecp, and herdt of goats, he bid them go and ferv* the others, who, in return, would give them food. From thefe, lltcy faid, were defcendcd their fervantt. ' They had fome idea of the immortality of the foul, by ^^ fuppofing the exiftence of places for future rewards ana puDifhnenti, In pirticalar, they fuppofed the pike 6( Tetwriffto contain hell in itt bowels, irhich tlicy termed Echeyda ; and gave the name of Guayotta to the devil. In civil affairs they had fome regulators, as each diftrift IukI a fovereign, whom they thought it their duty to obey ^ at a fupreme magiftrate. They promifed vaflalage to hin ' at a certain age, and confirmed the fame promife whch v .1. I. I ._ _..... TU_ __l f.. of ._.. U™^ ditaty, and all diildrcn (exctpt illegitimate) were permit- > t«i to.tti|m f^t kiogi, hgwevcr, u well u the coii^;^ ' . ' ■ *> II i> ■1 It til fr dc of . i, f A P R IC A.] CANARY tnh A NDS. ,>T m kion fttpk, dw«l» in cavw, irA had not ilw leaft eooetp* I ^1 of •Khinttare. One of thrir Mngi, nMOwi Adnxe, nlod tlie iflMlo ifand fiMly for nunv jttn, bat having icveral childrttii tkeysonlfiredkgaiMlr Mm, dcpoM himt and then divided liit dominiom miong> tbrmftlvee. Tlicy made war pvineipaUy for the purpolit oTftealing eattla ftom each other, particularly fpoticd goan, which were highly •ftecmed, and. the remaining Guanchet let a great value upon them to thii day. They were very neat and cleanly t alwaye wafliing their hands and face* whenever they arofe from- flcep, when tKey <•! down to eat, and after ihey had aawn. Their food wu the fteih of Ihoepand goat*, roafted mr boiled, which diey ate alone, and not like the £«iropeant, with bread or root*. I'Hey atf . fiki upon barley-meal, roaAed and drefled with mitk and butler. After eating, they re- {rained from drink for about half an hour ; from the Opi- nion that drinking cold water, inwiediaiely after eating warm viAuals, f^ioiled their teeth. Sheep and goate wer* their only oaitle -, and wheat and lMiity« beam and'peafe» their only grain. The ground wai prcpircd fbr the feed by th« nicn, Whtt broke it up with a kind of wooden hoes ; and the women fowed the fMidi When they were in great diftrefi for want of corrf, through drought, or any other calamity, they aflcmbled with their children and flocki in certain places fet a part for thaft purpofe, wheie they fat on the ground in a eiiele, weepin| and making a mournful nuilii ; their flocks at the fame time Moating for want of food ; bvtli men and beads being debarred from all kinds of fuAenance on thefe oceafions ; for they imagined tliat by tliefe me»ns tliey would appeafe the wrath of^the he^svens, .' kiiUubcaiii what (hey flooain need of. In marriage, they paid no regard to kindred, except tiiat of a brother or filler, but no roan Itad more than one wife. When a man had a mind lo raarrv, all the preli- minary ceremoiiies were, afking u ■ cefnient oif tht girl's parents, and, if thatwas obtairted, the marriage was iin- mtdiatelyconrumina'cd. 'I'hey had a cuftom, that in the lionll- or c.;ve, where the huiband and wife flept, no other ntrfon waf allowed (o Heep : yet tliey did not Ue together, Dut in feparate beds, winch were imade of herbs or graft, ^vcred with goats fklns, neatly drefTed andfewed together, 4lrith coverings of tlie fame fkint. 'They could put away ':,| •tiirir wives Wh%n they pleafed ; but the children of tbe ■}' Women, who Were bora after the parties Were divorfed,weit :; Ucemed illegitimate, and could not inlierit their father's :' VlkAs : but, fbr I'occeiEon fake, this cuftom did not ex- tend to the kings. When a man accidentally met a woman alone, or in a I 4i>litary place, he was not to took at, or to fpeak to her, > vnlcls Ihe fpoke firfi, but to him out of the way ; and if -*■ 'he made ufe Of any indecent expreflion, or behaved in an imbtcoming manner, he was fevtrely punilhed. Ifanyper- fon went to tlie houfe of another, inilead of entering in, •he was to Ik on a ttonc at tlie door, and eiyier'to larhiftle or ling, till fomebody came out, and deftred him ^ ■fv walk in. Whoever nrglefled this ceremony, and ' entered another perfon's hotife without being invited, was deemed guilty of a great affront, and liable to punifh- ment. When their children were born, they were wafhed all over with water by virgins, who were fet apart for that office, and never allowed to marry. Their ufual diveriioiis were leaping, running, fhooting the dart, throwing ftoncs, dancing, &c. at all which they were extremely expert. The men wore a fhort coat made of tamb Ikin*, u4tliout plait, collar, or Heeves, being liiftcncd together with fVraps of the fame leather, orikins: thole of the women were longer, and reached down ttt their fcot, and underneath they had petticoats of the fame (kins. They lived, died, and were commonly buried in tiiis garm:i)r, which was caHed the tamarca. In the luniincr Icalbii the king refided in the mountains, but in winter iirar the !ca Ihorr. When he travelled, or went to change hrs place of refidmce, the elders of his tribe afTciublcd, and carried "befbrc him a (lafF and a lance, ^ith a kind of flag upon it, to give notice of the king's approach.that allwao wrre travelling upon the fame road might pay him the cutlomary homage, by prollrating thcmfelves before him on tlie ertiund, wiping the dutt from his feet with the cornrr of tneir garments, and kiffing tfiem. 'I'hc prince was obliged to marry a pcrfon who Was tris equal ; but if I'uch an one cuuld not be found, he look tin own liircr to wife, for he was not perinttlcd to debafe his family by a mixture of plebeian blood. They had a furpriiing facility in counting the number af their lliscp and guats, when itfuing tumultuoully outoi kfoli, withotttcven poiiiting W'lkim'iAik.nhtiA^inptt* or moving their liot. Fnawait (|ifpat» hipiim4«niaiBg than about their floska ana.piR«tet, whieh •&« ended n war. Their ofRmlive w**pona weie datta made of p'lteh- pine, Iharpened and Wdaned in th^fiie, like thofe>ufed ia Qiand Gaoaria : the* Uadaifo a weapon lih« a fpcar, verf (harp, and wem fo dratrootat throwing tlieb, that tb^ iiearcc ever mifled their naik. At the approach of an eitfmy they alarmed the oovntfy» by making a fmoke, or bv'wbmling, which they lepeated bom one to another : thia tad metiuki ia ftill in ufe, and may beheatdatanalaioftiocradiblediftance. Th^wera attended, in their wan, by their women, who brought ptovifion*, carried offdieir dead, and buried them. On the death of any peribn, their frienda carried the body toatoavei and fltetching it on a flat ftone, opened it, an^ took out the bowels, tMn twice a day wafhed the poroua partly that' is, the neck, the arm-pita, behind the ears, tho groin, and between the fingers, with cold water : after walhin». it fiiffidcntly, tbcy anointed thofe parts with fhcep'a Mtter, and fprinklcd them with a^ powder tasidtaf the duft of decayed pine-treee, and a kind of brufb- wood, called by Ifae Spaniards breflbs, and with the powder of pnmice-ftone. They then dried the body, by extradiiig from it tU its moifture ; aCfet which, the relations of the deceafed came, and fwaddled it in drefled Ihecp or goat-' ikins, and-girding all tight with leathk* thongs, they pitf k in the cave which had been fet wait by the deceafed foe jiia burying- place. The king could only be buried in the cave of nil anceftort, in which the bodies were fo difpoted aa to be known again. A learned gendeman, who refided fevetal years in the ifland, tells us, that being one day hunting, a fch«t, having a bell about his neck, ran after a coney into a hole, where the found of the bell was loft. The owner being afraid he fhould lofc his ferret, in feeking about the rocks and fhrubt, found the mouth of a cave, and entee- ing it, wiat fo aiKglned that he cried out. His fright arofe from onoof tSott eerpfes, verv tall and large, lying with the head on a great ftone, the feet fupported with s little wall of ftone, the body itfetf reding on a bed of 'wood. The man, being now a little recovered from his fright, went nearer, and cut off a great piece of the fkiu diat lay on the breaftof the body, which was more flexi- ble and pliant than any kid's leatlier gk)ve, yet not any ways rotten. Partkular perfohs were fet apart for tbe office of em- babning > and there were men to embalm the bodies of the men, and women to perfsrm that office for thofe of dwir own fex. During the procefs, the bodies were wttthed by the embtlmerc with the greatcft care, to pre* vent their being devoorfld by the ravens ; the huiband or wife-of the deoeafed bringing them provifions, ju>d waiting on them dnringthe time of their watching. Ijt is fiiid, that not many yckrs ago, two of thefe em- balmed bodies weic taken out df a cave ; they were entire, and as light as a cork ; buk quite frefh, and witliout aiw- difiicreeaWe fmeil. Their teeth and garments were alio frefh and found. It b obferved, that in the poorer fort.' to fave charges, tttej took out the brains behind, and fewed them up ita fkins, with the hair on : whereas the richer fort wertf ut up in fkins Ho finely and exaflly drefled, that they remain extremely fupple to this day. The bodies found in Grand Caiiaria, are faid not to have lieen fo well embalmed as tliofe in TenerifF, ax thej are much more confumcd, and not fo entire in the different parts. Their antient people fiiy, that they have above twenty caves of their kings and great perfonages, with their whole Amilies, yet unknown to any but themfelves, and which they wUl never difcovcr. f The iOand of Goroera is fituatcd to tlie weft of TenerifF, in twenty-eight degrees north latitude, and eighteen de> grecs weft longitude from London. It is about thirty miles lone, twenty broad, and fixty in circumference. The principal town is featcd clofe to tlie fca-fhore, in the bottom of a bay, where Ihips lie land-locked from all winds, except the foutb-eaft. On the north fide of tliis bay is a cove, where fhips of any burden may luol clofe to the fhore, which is a high perpendicular clifT, and there with fkfety heave down, dean, and repair. From this cove ia a path-way along tlie &ce of the cliff to the town; but it is fo narrow that two perfons cannot walk a-brea(t. Near the end of this path- way is a gate, which is always fhut when it grows dark. About a ftonc's caft from the beach tbe principal (heet of the town begins, and from tlience runt ftiaight within UbJ. ^t 'i "'•t;- 444 Thr NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or Ind, Tbk town U called M VIlia de Palmu, of the town of Palow, fiwn the nunbet of pKlm-trtet growing ihctw. TMM fcn here athtiRh aiid conreht of firiant with about a iHUidrad and iRfty private houfei, moft of wliieb«t« fmalland (»eaa. It it, however, well fnpplled wi4i good water, wbiah the inhabituui dnw from well* in tvery nart of the town. iXring the winter Won, a large rivnlet, which then flow* fcom the>nioumaiat, A(* cbufN iu #ater» into Uie&rt ; and on the feuth fide of in mouth flandi an oM roniid tower ; alfo on the top of th» jMrpendiciiler clilTon the north fide is a chtpd, and the rort haii a battery of a ftw pittei of cannon for its dc- feiKe. In this ffland many rivokts flow from the ciaagy tnanntains, whicbrcfiefli and fertilife the narrow vallayt, and indeed water may be foundjii every part cf the illand, by digging to the depth .of about five tcec or upwards. Gomcra produces much the &me as the iflands of Te- aeiifi^ and Canaria. - Ti^e inhabitanttf have guterally jufi Wfn enough for their, own ufc, and fektom import or ex- port any. In this particular it refembks.Canaria t for it Au ibnoft every necefiiity witliin itfelf, and therefore has little need of any thing from abroi-l; tor cattle, fowls, GO.n, wute, roMs, fruit, and honey, are hire in great plenty ; and if there was fufficient encouragemeift for the •aertion of their induflr^, the. natives could calily manu- ftAure a fofiicicnt^iaantity of wool and raw (ilk, to clothe thrmfetvet : here is alfo Hone, liibe, timber, and all othar mMcrials for building, except iron. The wine of this illand is in general weak, poor, and ftarp ; it it lliereforc U'ifit for exportation, yet fome of it, when two years oM, cjcelt the very bcfi vMi mode io Madeira, both in tafte and fiaiour, tliough it it u clear as water, and at weak as linallbeer. The fame, animal* are common here at in the reft of tlie iflands, and alfo plenty *of dctr, originally brought from Batbary. There are likewife mpre mule* bred in Gomera tlian in any of the other Cana^ ifland«,4nd fonw fhaket ; but. it does not appear that they rate any way* noxious. * . With refpeft to the origiiul nttiYe* of the .ifland of Gomera, tliey were of a lively difppii^pn, of the middk ftature, extremely aAi"e and dcfxtroni in attacking aikd detending, and excellent llingrrs of Aone* and datti, to ' which they were trained from thcii infiuwv, it being the i common amufemeiit of the young p^ple to caft Tmall ' ftoues aiid darts at e?tch other ; to avoid which tliey fetdom - moved their foet, but only waved their bodies to and fro ; and b expert were tliey at this fport, tliac they ufed to - catch in their liands tlte itonet and darts as tliey flew along. . The anticnt (jonKnns ufed to drefs tlierafelves io a . foit of cloak made of goat-fluni, which reached to the calf of the leg ; but the women were doathed with % petti- < coat, and a head-drefs that hung down to their fhouUen, botli of which were made of goat ikins dyed and curioully , painted. The blue dye they MtnAed jfrom an hcrh whicb they called paftil. and the rtd Iroio the foot of a tie«, which they called taginafie : all betvrtea th» heMriiriwf* and pttticoat were left bare. They wo^ fbof* inaile of bog** ikins. When the men had.any quarie), , wbifdb was tp Iw |j decided by a combat, th^ laid alide.theii; cloakt, tied a fort of bandage round their waill, and bound their foie> heads with a kind of painted turban. In their comlMU ihey ufed the fame weapont as the nativet of the other illands, which were flicks or poles of hard wood, with tlie ends Ibarpened. They It.e bad amongft them fcveral ui n diftinguifheJ by thei.r bravery, whole lame they flill celebrate in their baiUds. I'hc iflaiid uf Palma lies in twqnty^ine degree* north latitude, vid eighteen degrees we(t longitude, about iifty miles to the welt of TenerifT, and two hundred weft of tlie continent of Africa. It is about thirty miiet long, twenty broad, and fcvcnty in circuit. On tlic north-eafl part of the iflaiid, within land, it a high and fpacious mountain, flcep on alt fides. This if called La Caldcra, or tlie cauldron, from a hollow like that on the pike of TeoeriiF. The fonimit is about two Icajjaes iu circumference, and on (be iniide the catUdroo delcendt gradually from thence to the bottom, which it a Ijpacc of about thiity acres. On the declivity of thf jnlide fpringt levcral rivuleu, which joining together at tticbatton, ifliic in one ftrcam through a pa(&K to the o Jtfide of the mountain from which this brook delcends ; S.tJ havis* run Ibnie diftance from thence, turns two lugar- mills. The water of thi; dream is unwholefomcl t>ii account of its being mixed with fome water of a per- iiictottt quality in the cauldron i all the iniide of which RAPHY. •bottnda with hcrhiget and it Severed With patot, tfitdi* Kinc, laurel, UgnaMi>rlMdiimi, and iMamaa ; wbica lail ate in thit ifland • ycUow fawk, aiid grow to the flae oi* large tree* t butin Iha otbert they an oiUy Ihrob*. The people here take great care not to kt the he'«Dal» fad oo the leave* of the ftiama, on aceomit cif than biaading • ftone in the bladdar, which it mortal. ' Two rivulet* fpring on the oudkk of the cauldroii t one of theTe runs northward to the TiUager of. St Andrew* and turns two fngar-miUt, and the otiier nana to the town of Pahnas« which liM to the ealftward. Thefe aie the onlr rivuleu or ftreamt of any conlequence in tiit ifland : on which account the natives build tanks, or iquai* lafervoir* Witb. plank* of .Mtch-pine, which tbcy hmIk tight with caulking. Thm they fill with the tonrot* of nin-wtur that in the winter feafon rufli down from the mountsintf and pmfcrve it for themfclvc* and cattle: bnt tiieibcep, goatt, and hou, in piMet • at diftanoi from the rivulet*, iced aliBoftalTtbe yeaf rmnd on the root* of fern and af-> Ehodii, w>d thdicfM* bai(t little or no need of waterv thcra eing qioitture enough in thofe roott to fupply the want of that elOMnt. Though tb« feuth quarter oi the ifland is m6ft deflitute of water, yet there it • medicinal well of hot water fo dole to the lea- but after they have got through thit paflage, they enter a ijpaciout grotto, where water diftibfmm between the large flakct of flate ftone* that hang from the roof t tlie leaft blow given to thefe, refoundf with, a noife like thunder tfaromh the cave. In the diftnA in Ibair kitcheni. The Aim:> all the Canary Iflandi, eio^ Lance- lota am* ^ ^ otnra, are generally covered afith fnow fox eight nid-. . .n the year* The fumnrit of Palma for- aMrly abou.Mi<(i c/kih trcea, but a great drought in 1545 dcflroyed them ali: and thouoh oibcri bcpn to fpring up lame time after, diey were deftroyed by the rabbita. and other animati, which finding no pafture .below, went up there, and deftroyed all the young tree* and fhrnb*, fo that ' the tipper nut of the ifland i« at prcfent quite bare and deroiate. Before the trees and flirubt were deftroyed, a great deal r.{ manna fell there, which the nativet gathered •lid fent to $lpein. The rabbiu were firft brought to Palma by Don Pedro Femandes de Lagpi the learned lieutenant-general of Tencriff, and have fiqee eocreafed ia a furptising manner. Faima afibidt nearly the fame produAiont at Caiwtia 1 but a great quantity of fuga; ii made here, particularly on lh« feutb-weft fide of the ijland. Good winct are pro- duced on the caft fide ; they have a difTeient uftc an«ifti- Tour from tbofe tif TeneriiF : the dry wine it fmall bo- died, and of a yellow colour. Tbefe winct arc, however, very difficult to prelcrve, cTpccially when exported to Cold climatn, where they frequently torn four. The melvaria, or fack, it not fo lufciout or fo ftrong u that of TeneriiF, but on itt being about three ycart old, it obtaiiu the rich flavour of a ripe pine-apple. They have here lb great a plenty of all the kindt of fruit that growt in Teoeriff and Canaria, that the nativet cannot oonfumc theat b« at they have abundance of Aigar, ihejr make vaft qnantitiet of fweetmeatt and con- Jervct, which they eapott lo tba Indict, aa well at to the neighbouring iflandt. A great Seal of good honey ia pmductd here b* the beet, efpccially in the hives ttut are at a great diftance from the vinet, and the mocaret, a fruit that relemUraan •Ider-berry ; both thefe having a bad eflcA on ito colour. In time of fcarcity, they make good bread of the rooii of corn, which it faid to be not inferior to that made of wheat- flour i but the corn of Palma it notefleemed fo good at that of Gomera. There it alio much gum-dra- gon, and the nativet exuaA great qnantitiet of pitch from the piirh-pine. Notwiihftanding the ddbnaion that bat happened to the trect, which formerly grew on the fummit of Palma, there are ncverthelcft a great number in the region of the cbudi, and heneath itt fo that at about two leaguet diftance, the iiland appeari lika an entire wood. Pine growt here to Aicb a fisc, as to be fit for mafti of the fitfger (hipt; but at they are eiceeding heavy, and the roadt very lugged, the bringing them to the fnore would be attended with a great cxpeooe. They have alio much the fame cattle and pouury aa thole in the ifland of Canaria. The principal port in Palma it ctlled by the Iwie name, ami is iituated on the foath-fide of the ifland. The toad it about a quarter of a mik tirom the fhore, where vcflelt generally ride in fifteen or twenty fathomt water, and ate e«poibd to eaftaly windt, yet with good ancfaora and cahkt, they may ride with great iafety in all the windt that Mow in tbia part of the world t for the ground it dean and good, and the great hciglit of the ifland, with the |>erpendicular rockt that face die road, repel the windt tlut blow upon it, though ever fo ftrong. IMiiiB is a large town, conuining two parilh churchet, iiivcral convenit of friart and nunt, with many neat and Civate building, though they are neither fo good nor fo rgc at thofe in the city of Palmu in Canaria, or of the townt in TeneriiF. Near the mole it a caftle or battery, OMunied with foro* picca of caniton, for the defence of the fliipt in tba liav, and to prevant the landing of an enemy. The inbabitantt are fnpplied with plenty of good water, from fountaiat filled by a rivulet near the great church in the niidu of the town. On the noiih-caft lidcoftbe port of Palma !ict another, called Tallacoru, but beii^ eapoled to wefterly windt, it it litiit freiiocuicd by any other vcflclt than bcnu : it hu , • village of llie rame liame. There art no «lii«c tMrat ^ aifj DM in Palm i but N0.44. .■- ■ •:» . ,-, I ^ many viUkgac. thechiefef which it calM St. Andiew' wheit there are four enginet for the miking of fiuar ; but J the land bereabooti it very poor. To that the inbabitantt are fappliad fom the ifland «f Teneiiff with gtobi arii other neetfliuy artidci, • SECT. xnr. .^/ O/ti* Ipmi^tirrt \ U$fihmlit»€tidt»tinttfiil,'fnibuit Mimalt, Vt. iJfi m fmnitwUr Mirlflim tf tktjmfMt ntaiwttfthiijimidt i^CmimrU,, Thmig^ Pjma, Gtmra, anifim ; unth fm utttaa tf thur ftrftmt^ hikiu tUa^ iniUiiigs, mmuurit cufUmit (it. THE Spaniardt call ihit idand Hierro ; and the French L'lUe de Ter, the Ifland of Iron. It ia the moft wefterly of all the Canariea, and liet between the twenty-lcventh and twenty-r tantland. T Ferro rilct onldl fidet fteep and craggy from the );g<><(er, Ktadually afeendi it, aAd advincci flowlf froifa ' ' fn'riicc to the extremity of the valley, and then refit u|ioh ' ftst wide-fpretdine branchei of the tree, fiNHn #lielMA! h diftils in drops during the rriiiainder of (he day, >>> tlK ,Tamc manner an water drips from the leaves of trees after ^ a heavy fliower of rain. This diftillation is not peculiar to the tree, for the breros whicH grow near it alfo drop water \ but tlicir leaves being only few and narrow, the (Quantity n"fo tririing, that though ttte n^ivet tttt (b«t 6f it, Jix. thfy make little account Of any but what dtftits froM tli6 tree ; which, together with the watet of feme Ijfirltig*; U fnfReient to ferve the Hafives and their cattle. It lias been remarked, that this tree yieldl ttfoft water, in tliofe year.s when the eafterly winds have luoft prevailed ; for by them alone the clouds or mKts are dralvn Aithtr from the (tH. A pcrfon lives ntlar the fpot on which the tree grows, ^ho IS appoinK iriMitt it w e c rtHrr y frequently to k«p from one ffone to aneKheri this tii^ ptmtnkd by meant of tfaefe poles. Polygamy was not allowed ; but they had no renriAioth With rtipen to their marriages, ekcept a man't not beinf allowed to ntarry hit nollief or tifler -, fbr every man might Mke the wMian he liked belt, and wholfc eonfent he could obtain, without the leaft regard to rank or rtobi'> lity. Indeed all, eteept the king, weie in this refpeft upon an equality : the only diftinCiion among them con- filled in tlie nilihber of thetr fiockt. It was ofual for ih* than, when he ehofe a wife, to make a prefent of cattle ta It^ ftthcr, according to hit abilitr, in return for the &« tour of Mttlrtg him have bit dngnter. The king teteived no particular tribute firofn hh M>* j^t t and eteiy oite made him a prefent of Cattle ; fbt they were riot obliged to give him any thing, but accord- infelo their pkifVire or eircumffamcet. For a feaft, thiv killed one or two hi Unbt, according to the number of their gueitt j thefe they pUeed in a Vfeflel on the ground; fitting round it in a circle, and never rifSng till they had eaten the whole. Thefe feallt are fUU. continued amont their defcetidants. If a pcrfon fell ikk, they rubbed bis body all over witK bOtler and fhtep's marrow, covering him well up to keetii him warm ; bat when a man happened to be wounde<^ they burned the patt allMled, and afterwards anointed i( whli butter. I'hey baried their dead in caves ; ajid if the deceafed was a man of wealth, they interred him in his doaths, and put a board at his Sett, and the pole he ufed to travel with - at hit fide i and, in order to picvent his being devoured by ravenk, tliey clofed the nioutfa of the cave with ft*nKs. Murder Md thef\ weit the onjy crimes for which they infliAed corpor.il punifhment. The murderer wu put td ' d«Mh in the fame manner at he had killed the deceafed ; an4 die thief, for tht firft offence, was punifhed with the lof!| > Of one or his eyes, tiid for the ficond, of the other. Tfait . wtet done that he might not fee to fieal any more. Thef office of exectttionet on diefb becafiont, was peifbrmed by a particular |Krfbn fet apart for that purpofe. As Itt Acir religion, they worfbipped two ddties, onA of whom was male, the other female i the male wat named Eraoranzan, and wat dhe objeA of the men's adO' ration ; the other, worfhipped by the women, was calletf, ■ MoACybt. They had no iini^, or rilible tepiefentations of thefe deities t nor did thty ever facrifice to them, but ' only prayed to thetn in Aeir iwcefiities, at when thef wanted rain to bring up the -aft for Aie fubflftence oC their cattle, &c. The nativet pretended, that when the god* were inclined to do thein good, thev came to the ifland. and alighted on tiro great rockt, which are in a pUce to which they gave the name (>f Ventayca, where they le- cdved the petitions of the people, and aftel^l|urds returned ■ to their ceieflijl abode ; thefk toeka are now called by th^ Spaniards Los Antillos dc los Antiquoi, or the hilii of tfai aAtlentt. Wc fhall now, at we |»ropofed, gire a puticfelar dei> fcription of the prefiint nativet of Ouiaria, TenerifF, PaU ma, Gomera, and Ferro, with an account of their peifons, dtefi, &c. prtvioot to which it will be necef&ry to Ob* ferre, that the defcendaius of this mixed nation are at prefisnt demmiinated Spaniards, vrhofc hnguagc it that tX thfcCafKlian, Which the gentry .Qpeak in perfmion; btA the ptafkntt, ih i^e remote parti of the illands. in an iHU moit uixintelligible manner, fo that they arefcarcely unde(<> flood by flrangcrt. The greati% part of the nativet are fmall of ftature» "well made, and nave good fi»turet ; but they are moik - 'fVrarthy than the ihhiminints of the four hem parts df - Splint tlieir eyes, howferer- are fine, large, and fjpark'« 'lliig, «nd ttieir «!oifitttoaifcet ekccecRnglv expreffive ; btlt ' the Old people have a Very difiwreeable alpeft. Perfons of difliitftion wore in ctimmon a camblet cloidc of a dark ted or black ctlonr. a Knen night cap, bordcnM with lace ; and a broad flouchrd hat. When they pay vifitt, a coat, fiirord, and white peruke are addM, tha 'latter of which fbrms a very odd contrail to their dufl^ eomplexiimt, and what is fNI| mnre finvnisr. th<*« isif their lane llouched hat upon their beadi tlwayt in the bode; Mtwtieo tbtfaffroutof doon, theyctfry them • -under [A P R I C AJ a A'H A ft Y I 8.1 AN Da. '^ '"'■', r Mder their witt. Kaittwr clo they pat an tiieir pernln*, upper coatt, orfwonti, bat when they walk inproraffion, pajr fbrmal vifiti, or to to £hureh, on high fefttvali. The lower cUfs of |>eople wear their own black,' bofli^ hair, and taek Csme of it behind the riglit car i and their principal carment is > white loofe coat with a friar'i cape, tnd girded round tlie middle with a faih. Thii garment i( long and narrow, tnd made of the wool of their own fbetp. Women of inferior rank wear a piece of gauze on their ' Beadt, which falltdowntheflioulderi, ii pinned undrr the thin, and covcri the neck and breaft. A part of their draft if « broad-brimmed flonched hat, but >they ufe Ihit with more propriety than tlte men ; for abroad they wear it upoti their hend<, whereby their Ace* arc fereeoed irom the fcorcliing beam* of the fun. Thev throw a mantle over their ihoulden, the goodneft of wnich it in propor- tion to the condition of ihe wearer. They wear jacket* inftead of ftaya, and are all rery fond of a great number ofpetticoati. The principal lad%» of Grand Canaria and TenerilT drtfi after the &lhion of France and England, and piy Tifits in chariot! -, but none walk the ftieett without being trailed, though fome are fo carelef* in the ufe of their < traili, that ihev take care to let their finef and necki be ' feen. Some ladies hare their hair curioufly plaited, and frftened to the crown of their head with a gold comb ', Their mantles are very rich, and they wear a profufion of ,. jewel* ; but they tender their appearance ndicutous to «n flran^r*, from that clumfinef* of dreit, and aukwardnef* of gait, which is obfervablc in both fexe*. The poorer fort of people are afliAcd with many loathfome diforders, and are naturally very filthy s thie , gentry, however, affeft great delicacy. Both fexe* go every mbming to bear nul* { and raoft of them go before they take any refircihment> Their bn akfaft i* orually cho colate ; thev dine at noon : and iliot up the doois till three o'clock. People in eoud circamftance* have four courlie* brought to table. The ti\-ft diflt coniifta of foup made of beef, mutton, pork, bacon, potatoes, turnips, carrots, onions, and iaffron, ikewed together, with thin flicet of bread put into the diih. The fecond oourfe conliAs of mmM meat, fowie, tec. The third i« the olio, or in- gredienti of whiok the foap was laade. After which, comat the' Meit, confifting of fruit and fweet-meatt. The coOiMny drink fredy, of wine, or wine and water, while at dinner; bat hava no wine after the cloth is re- tnovad. Whih drinking, llieir teath arc much like ours. When dinner is over, a Urge lihrer dilh, filled with wa- ter, it iettuKm the table \ when the whole company, all at once, warn in it \ and that a fervant, who Aands at Ihe lower end of iHc table, cries, •• BMed and prailcd be the tnoft holy facranoent of the altar, and tbe «lear and pure conception of Ihe moft holy virgin, conceived in grace from tne firft inftam of Iter natural exiftence. Ladien and gemtemen, much good may it do you I" After which, making a low bow to the company, he retires. They theh rife, and each goei to hi* apartment* to take a nap fcr about an hour ; which prove* a great refrefhinent in this warm climate. Perfoni of bif^er fletiont have generally a (Haf (br one of their guelli, who We may fuppofo is the confeflbr to foiAe of the family, and {reqaeiitlv behaves with great rude- nefs ; yet neither the mailer of tlie houfe, nor any of the company, ehufe to take much notice of it. Mr. Glafa was once invited to dine with a gentleman, where a Fran- cifcan friar made one of the company \ but no fooner had they begun to eat, than the friar alked him if he was a ebriftian } He anfwered, that he hoped fo. He was then de&ed to rehearfe the Apoftlc's creed ; but aiifwering, that be knew nothing about it, the reverend father ftaied fiilt in hirfaee, and exclaimed, " thou hiack aU !" Of^nded at diis piece of ill manners, our author afked. What he meant by treating him in that manner } When the friar only aniwered by repeating the abufe ; the mafter of the houfe endeavoured in vaiil (o perfuade him to give over ; but u the perfon-did not at that time underfiand SpanUh fo well a* to exjpreft himfelf fluently, he arofe and left the houfe, after taHing the gentlenun, that he faw he wu un- aUe to proteA him from infult* at hi* own table. They treat widi choci-late and fweet-meatt in the morn- ing and evening vifiti i but in the fummer evenings with fnow-waier. People fup between eight and nine, and le- tire to reft ibon after. Toe diet of ^ common peenie conunt of goiiio, fruit, and wine, with fah-filh brotight from the coafl of Bar- bary. SooMthiitk their being'iabjeA I* the itch, bowing to tiialr eating fe miiek of thit iaft fe«d. lit the fiunmef ,' ftafon frelh fiOi it pretty pleniiAilt but more fcarec anf " dear at other timet of the year. People of rartk here have houfet two ftoria* higb« wbidk ace handfoawfqoara buiMingt, of ftoneaad nioitar,with ^ open court irv tlic middle lilte our public innt in England^ and like them have balconies running round, which m on a level with the rioor of the fecund ftory. The ftieel- door it placed in the middle of the from of the houfe, and within that door it a fecond, the fpace between thcat being .the_ breadth of the room* of the houfe. The court-yari^ which it on the infide, is larae or fmall acaok'ding to the blet, or other lionet. In the centre of the court i* a fquare or circular ftone- wall about four fieet high, filled witil earth, in which are comihonly planted orange, banaiia« or otiier trees common in tliele parts. The lower ftory of each quarter of the houfe confifta entirefy of {lore-rooms, or cellar*. The fiairt leading to the fecond (lory ufually begiit at the right or kfthand coa- ner of the entrance of the court, and coofift of two Aightt of ftept, which kad into the gallery, from which one may enter any room on the feCond ftory. The prin* cipal apartmenti are generally in that quarter of tbenoufe facing the ftreet, which contains a hall with an uaitaMnt at each end. Thefe roomt are the whole breadth of thit qoaiter, and the hall it twice the length of any of tie apartment* at it* exttemitiet. The window* of thefe roomt are formed of wooden lattices, curioufly wrought i Mint of them k>oking inwards to the coiitti but they are all in the oatfide wall. Some great houfe* have balconies in the middle of tho .front, on the outfide above the gate, equal with the ftaof of th: fecond ftory ; and fome have a gallery which run* from one end of the front to the other, but the out&de of the houfe has feUom any. They white-wafh all the apartment* ( and thole at the cxtremitiei of the great halls, with fome of the reft, are lined with fine mats about five feet high, and the floor it fometibies covered witli the fame. The fides of the win- dows of all the rooms are lined with boards to prevent people t cloatlis being wluteiicd ; for tbey commonly fit in the window, there being benches on each fide of it for that pnrpofe ; and wlien the anafter of the htoule intends to (hew a ftranger xt.^fS., he always conduA* him to the window, to converfe with him. The great Itail, and the walls of fome of the anutmer.Ut are hung w»h paintings, reprefenting the virgin, the twelve appftles, faints, and martyr*, ufually drawn u large a* life, and diftinguilhed by fome circumftance of their hiflory. Thus St. Peter i* ufually reprefented look*- ing at a cock aud weeping, and a great bunch of key* ahvayt bangs at his girdle. St. Anthony preaching to tba filhes, is one of their favourite paintings. I'heir beds have feldom any curtains, for thefe they confider as receptacles for fleas and bugs, which abound here extremely. They chiefly ufe matrafle* fpread on tba floor upon fine mats \ bef dcs the fheeu, there i« a blanket and above that a lilk quilt. The fheets, pillow*, and quilt are firequently fringed or pinked, like the Ihrouds ufed fbr the dead with u«. There is « place, in a particular apartment, railed a Arp higher than the floor, covered with mats or carpets ; and there the women generally fit together upon cu- fhions, both to receive vifits from their own fex, and give direAions concerning tlieir houlhold aftiuri. The houfet of the pealants and lower fort of people^' thfaughonly one ftory high, are built of ftone ind lime,' and the rooft cither thatched or tiled. Thefe are gene- rally neat, dean, and commodious. Indeed there is but littledift or duft in thefe iflands to make them uncleanly ; for die ground it moftly rocky, and feldom wet, from the' almoft eontinm fine weather. The deportment of the natives it grave, but at the fame tiitie tempered with great quicknefs and fenfibility ; the women, in particular are remarkable for their fpright> Ihieft, and vivacity of their converlation, whicii is .laid gready to exceed that of the Englifh, French/ or nortlicrn nation*. The great fiimilies in thefe illands would be highly ofiended Ihould any one tell them, they are de- fcended from the Moors, or even from the ancient inha- intants of thefe iflandi ; yet it wouU not peiliaps be dif- ficult to prove, that moil of their cuftoms have been banded down to them from thofe people. The gentry boaft much of their birth, and indeed that they are de- feended from the btft ftuwiie* in Spain, there is bo reafon to doubt, ■.; ■-■ ■■ -\\ ■».*'.■ '-^ li... . —."•^i\ 'A W- m very furpfiiiiif , that thcv (hovM not iHta ailT tnf mu cftwin ror tbt profeflion of a batcher, or that the empoy- ment of a layler fltooM In cenfidcred u fomawbat t«o affiminate for a man ; bat it it diiBcnh to imagine why nillen and portan OioaM be derpiM, afjpecially the for- mer ; but it maA be «onfidered, that the wUen heic ire generally eflcemed great tfaiereti and u th«r mafler of every family fendi hM own com ta be gimmdt vuMi it be narrowly walckcd, tbe miller will Iriu loo madi toll. It i( faid that when any criminal k to fnfler death, and ilie executioner happent to be out of the way, the oflioen of J jafiice have the power of (ieiting the iirft batcher, miller, or porter they can find, and of obliging hnn to diiitharge that office; fuch ii their didilie to perfont af- tlartc occupations. It may not be aniii to mention a drcomibnoe given n% by Mr. Olaft, who once tooching at the iOtnd ofOo- mere to procure firefh water, hired Imne poor ragged filh- ermen to fil) the water caOn, and bring them on board ; bqt fome tiaM after, going to the watering place to ice what progreb they had made, he found the caflu fall, and all ready for rolling down to the beach, with the filher- men ftamling by, and talking together, at if thiy had no> thing farther to do. He reprimanded them for their laai> neft in not dirpatching liie bofineft in which be had em- ployed them t when one of them, with a difdainfol air, replied, " What do yon take ut to be, Sir? Do yon ima- *' gine wc ate porten f No, Sir, we are feamen.^' Not- withftanding all hit intreatiet aiid protaifet of reward, he wat unable to prevail vpon anv of them to roll the cafti to tbi warerfide ; bat wat at laft obliged to hire potten, to ^o thebofincft. The gentry of theft i^landt, though for the roeft pert poor, yet are extremely polite and well bred, the very pea- . tants and labouring people have a confiderable (hate of good niaiinert, wim little of that fnrly rafiicity which is loo common among the lower daft of people in England ; yet they do not iiwm to be abalhod in tbe picfence of their fuperiors. A beggar aftt charity of a gentleman, by fcy> ing, . •■ For the love of Ood, Sir, pleate to give me halt a rial," and if tlie other gives him nothing, he retorat, *' For the love of God, 1 beg your wmuip't pardott," and then deparu. The eonunon people and fervants here are noch addiAed to private pilfering, for which they ai« ofually puniflied by betng difcharged the fervice, beaten, or imprifoned for a ihort time. Highaniy robberiea are feldom or ever known > but murder it more common than in England > and they have no notion of duels, for they cannot imagine that becaufe a man has the courage to qgfat, be thereby atonet for die injury done to another, or that it ooght to give '::^' bim aright to do him a greater. ^ When tbe murderer has killed a mui, be fliea to a church for icfoge, till he can find an opportunity to elieape to another ifland ; and if he had been greatly provoked or • injured bv the deceared, and did not kill ium defignedly, ■> ' every 'body will be ready to aflift him to efeape, except too near relations of the perfon who hat loft hit life, vet quar- rels are far from being frequent bete, which may be owing to the want of tavemt and other iwbiic houfet, their po- lite behaviour, the little intefconrie there ia between them, . and their temperance in drinking. People of tlic lower dafs neVer fight in public, but if one perfon puts another into a violent paffion, the injured party, if able, takes his revenge in the baft manner he can, till he thinks he has had fatisfiiAion, without any regard to the equity of the method he ufet for this purpofe. Tlic iiihabitants of the Canary iflands are in general extremely temperate ; or at leaft, if they are otherwife, it is in private only ; for notliinf; can be a Dealer di%race ilicrc, than to be feen druiik ; and a nun who can be provetl a drunkard, it not permitted to pve rvidenoe, or taltc bis oath, in a court of judicature. Hence thofe thait are fond of liquor, intoxicate themfelvet in their cham- bers, and tlien lie down, in crder to flecp till they are ibbcr. Pcrfons of all ranks in thefe iflands are extremely aiiii>- rotts s but tlieir notions of love are pretty fingular i which way perhaps be atributed to the want of innocent iVeedom between the fexes. However, they do not feem to be in- clined to jcaloufy, any more than die Englifli or French. It it ufa*! fi>; young wwinle here to bll in lt»ve at fight i and if tlie parties agree to marry, bus nuu their paranti averfe to their union, th^ coav«ain to the caraie of the parilh, who goes to the boufe wbcre tl^ girl livtt, tod 6 4^ Tai NEW ANB UNIVBMAL STSTfM i» OEOORAPHT. Th«r hlivethcntiBoft contenni* hi thr umpl e i t n t of endcavomt to perfosde them to agree w her marriage i but ■ bttimer, laylor. miller, or porter. I( b neit indeed If they rcfofe to confent to their onion, he taket her away before their fiMet, without their being abte to hinder him, and either placet her in a convent, or with fome of her ic- lationi, wiiere ftie mat remain till llMy conidtt to hit marriage. We are told, tint a lady will fom etim e i iind a man an o4er of her perfon in an honourable way ; if he deellnet it, he keeps the matter fecret till death, (bould lie do otherwife, he woaid be looked upon by all people in the moft defpicable light. Young tnen are net allowad to court ilic yotttli of the other fex without an intention to ■urry tttetn; for if a woman can prove that a man bat, in any inilance, endeavoured to engajp her aUcAioiu, (he can oblige him m marry her. This, Kke many oilwr good laws, isabufed i for loofe women taking advantage m it, 'fiwquenily lay fnares m entrap the fimple and unwary ; and fometimet wortfalefi young men, form defignt iniou tlie fortunet of ladies, without Having the leaft rcg^for tlieir perfons : there are not, however, many mercenaty loven ill this part of the world, their notions in general being too refined and romairtic w admit the idea of that peffion being made fubfervient to their ambition or iii^ tereft ; and yet there are more unhappy manriwct here . tlian in the countries where innocent treedoint being al- lowed between the fexes, lovers are not fo iilinded by their palfiont, at not to perceive the fiailty and impctfec- lioni of their miftrefles. On the death of a man's wife, it is ufnal for fame of hit relatioM to come to his houfe, and refide with bim for fome time, in order to divert his grief, and do not leaea liim till aaotkcr tehtion comes to relieve the firft, the fe- cond is relieved by a third, and thus they fuccced each other for the fpace of a year. * Each of the Canary iflandi, m well at every town and fomity, hath a peculiar tutelary iiunt for its pamm, .whofe day It celebrated as a feftival, liy a fermon preached in honour of the faiiit, and a fervice fuited to the oocafion. On thefe days, tbe ftreet near tbe church it ftrewed with fieweri and leaves, a multitude of wax candles are lighted, and a confiderable number pf fireworks phiyed o£F. A kind of fair is generally held on the eve of thefe fefiivalt, to which the people of the adjacent conntryn- fort, and %eiid the greateft pait of tile night in mirth and dancing to the found of tiie guittar, acconipanied with tiie voioet not cily of thtrfc who pfaiy on that, inftrument, but by thofe of the dancen. Tnc dancei praAifed here are laiabindt and foliat, wUch ait flowdancet; thofe which arc quick are the canario, iirft utVl by the Canarians j the fendango, which it chiefly praAiftd by the va^^t uni the rapetei, which nearly reKmbiet our hornpipe. Sotne of thefe dancert may be termed dramatic, u the men fing verlet to their partners, wIm anfwer diem in the &m« manner. Moft of tin nativet of theft iflandt can play on die guittar, and they have in-general excellent voiect. Playt are aAed in the flreett for the entertainment of the populace, at the feaftt of the tutelar feintt of Teiieriir, Canana, and Palma ; but the pe r former t cannot be fup- poted to rife to any degree of perfcAion, as they are not profeOed aflort, and only fome of the inbabitantt of the place feen to have a natural turn for aAing. The gentry frequently take tbe air on horfeback ; but when the ladiet are obliged to travel, they ride on aflet, and inftead of a faddle, they ufe a kind of chair, in which they fit very commodioufly. I'he principal roads ate Cved vith pcbble-fiones, like thofe oltd in the flreets of mdon. There are a few chariots in Canaria, the town of Santa Cnia, and tlic city of Laguna in TencriiF ; tliefa are all drawn by mulct, but tbey are kept rather for (hew than ufe ; for the roads are net proper lot wheel carriaget, being fteep and rocky. The lower claft of peopk divert tbemfeivet with daii- cing, finging, and playing on the guittar ; likewife witli throwing a ball through a ring placed at a great diftance, cardi, wreftling, and qnoitt. The pcafants, particularly diofe of Gomcra, have the art of leaping from rock to rock when they travel, which is thus performed : the long ftalFor pole nicd on thefe occafions, has an iron fpike at the end of it, and when a man wants to defeend Uota one rock to another, he aims the point of tlie pole at the place where he intends to alight, and then throws himfelt to- wards it, pitching tbe end of the pole fo as to bring it to a perpendicular, and then Aides down it to the rock oi| which he fixed it. in the convents, chilufcu ■>€ tsssht nsdisg, <»rri!!ng, Latin, arithmetic, logic, and otlier branches of philolo- phy. The (i:hoian read tlw claffict » bat tlie brrek i.: never ■^1 >\A- '.fc™ [AFRICA.] C A N A K Y I JJL A W D 8; 449 never aught hert, and ii cittinljr unknown event* the findcna in aivinlty. They en aanicntarly fMd ofcWil bw and logic, but the latter it chwAjr Bceferred. The people belonging to iheie idandi have a genial for poetry, and conpofe verfes of diflmnt neaforct, which they let to mnik. Some of their fotigt, and other poetical piecet, would be greatly eftecmed In a eountir where tafte for poetry pievaili. Few of tlioft booki calm pro- Ane (to diftinguiih them from thole of a religiom kind) •re read here, finoe they cannot be importmi into the iHand without being firil eaamined by the inquilition ; a court which nobody caret to have any concern with. The biftory of the wan in Oranada it in every bodv'i hands, and it read by people of all tankt i they nave alfo feme playi, moA of which are very good. Thomat a Kempit, and the Devout Pilgrim, are in efery library, and much admired. But ttic booki moft read by the laity are the Livct of the Sfinti and Mirtyri, which may be con6dered at a kind of religiout romtnoei, iinffed with legends, and the moft abfurd and improbable ftoriet. With refpefk to the civil government ef the iflandt of Canaria, Teneriff, and Palma, which are called, the king'i iflandt, it will be proper to obfcrve, in the firft place, that the nativei, on their fubmitting to the crown of Spain, were fo far from being deprived of their liberty, that they were put on an equality with their conauerort, in whicn the Spaniards ihewed great wifdom ana policy -, but bow they came afterwards to aft in a quite contrary manner in America, it hard to determine ; perhaps they might be apprchenfive, that if thev proceeded with too much ri- gour againft them at firft, they mi)(ht in time be induced to Ihake off the yoke, and dilpofle(i their tyrannical maf- ten, which we are informed, by late events, hat proved to be the cale in South America, as the following pieoe of intelligence, publiftted in September 1782, announces : *' You have reoeatedly heard it reported, that there was a rebellion in Chili and Peru, in South AnMricai xnd thougli the Spaniards do all they can to licep it a fecret, 1 can aflure you, from undoubted authority, Oiat all the mines in Peru and tlie city of Pes, which is fituated in the interior part of the country, where they lodged their bars of gold and filver, and other valuables, ar«^ taken from tlteiu, and there were one hundred and fifty mil- liops of pulkres taken out of the ftroiig cheftt. The na> tives will very fooii have tlie whole country in their pof- ielfion, for they dcftroy every white man, woman, and diitd, and even kill every one begot between a Spaniard and a native." But to return. After the conquclt of (he Canary Iflands, the Spaiiiatds incorporated with the na- tives in fuch a manner as to. become one people with them, aiul in cenl'eoueiKe of this political union, the king of Spain is able torail'e in thefc illands more foldien and fcamen than in any other part of hit dominion* of ihice tiintu their extent. The alcalde, whoisajuflice of peace, -is the lowefl of- ficer except the algua^ili ; there is one of them in every town or village of note. Thefe magiftrates are ap|K>inted by the royal audience of the city of Palnias, in Canaria ; they hold their, places only for a certain time, and. in cafes of property, can take cognizance of no difputea where tlie value of what is contended for exceeds feven- teen rials, or feven Ihillings fteiling. Over thefe roagi- flratet is the alcalde major, who is appointed in the lame manner as the other, and cannot decide any cafe relating to propetty, that exceeds the i°ura of two hundred dol- lars. From the decifion of thofe magiftrates, appeals lie to the tinieiue and corrcgidor : the firft of whom is a lawyer, and nominated by the royal audience; but th: latter, wliu is appointed by the king, is not obliged to be • lawyer, yet muft have a fecretary, clerk, or afliftant bred to ilic law. The corrcgidor generally holds his place five years, and fometiincs longer. Few of the natives enjoy tliis honourable oflice, wliich is commonly filled by Spaniards. The proceeding} of the corregidor's court, and in that of the tinientc, are the fame ; thefe courts feeming to bave been originally intended at a check upon each other. Appeals are made trom the corrcgidor and tiniente to the royal audience of Grand Canaria ; a tribunal compofed of three oijorcs, or judges, a regent, and fifcal, who are ufu- ally natives of Spain, and are always appointed by the king. The gpvernor-gtneral it preudent of this court, thouKh he rcfides in Teneriff. In criminal caufes there it no appeal from their determination ; but appeals are carried to the council or audience of Seville in Spain, in i relpcAing property. No. 4j. Tit the Canary Iflandt, the ftanding fereet amount only to abont an bnndred and 6kf men ; oat there is a fflilitfa of which tne governor-general of the iiland is always com- mander in cfiief, and the officert, u colonels, captains, and filbahenu, are appointed by the king. There are alfo Svemon of forts and caftles, lome of whidj are appointed the king, and others by the twelve Rgidors of the indt, calkd the cavildo i fome of the forts belong to the king, and tlie reft are under the direAion of the regi- dort, or fub-governory, who alfo take care of the repair of the highways, prevent nuifances, and the plague from being brought into the ifland by ihippiiig 1 for no man it allowed to land in thefe iflands from any Ibip, till the mailer produces a bill of health from the laft port, or ijU the crew have been examined by the proper offi* ccrsv The royal revenue arifes from the following articles i A third of^the tithes, which Icarcely amounts to .a tenth part of them, the clergy appropriating almoft the whole to tbemfelves. This third part was given by the pope to theiiing of Spain, in confideration of his maintaining a perpetual war againft the infidels. The fecond branch confifts in the monopoly of tobacco and fnufF, which the king's officers fell on his account, no othei perfons being allowed to deal in thofe articles. Another branch of the the revenue arifes from the orchilla-weed, all of which in the iflands of Teneriff, Canaria, and Palma, belong to the king, and is part of his revenue ; but the orchilla of the other iflands belongs to their refpeAive proprietors. The fourth bianch confiftt of the acknowledgment an- nually paid by the nobility to tlic king for .their titlei, which amounts to a mere trifle. The fifth branch it a duty of feven percent, on importt and exports : and the fixth duty on the Canary Weft India commerce. All thefe branches, the fixth excepted, are faid not to bring into the king's treafury above fifty thoufand pounds per .annum, clear of the expcncct.of government, and all -charget lelating thereto. S E C T. X\r. Cmtmmng tn accnmt if th* manuhBurn and t»mm*rtt if tht ifanit of Canaria, Tintriff', Palme, Gtmna, and Firro i alf» cf their fifitry m ihi ciafl »f Barbarj, tbtir utUfiafiic'l gtvirtimtnt, and thi ttint, uuighli, and aue- furii ufid in ibt Canary Ifiendi, WITH refpeftto the manufajlnret of the iflandt la general, they confift of taffetics, knit.filk hofe, filk garters, and quiltt for beds. Jn Canaria and! Teneriff, ooarle linens and gauzes are made of the flax imported firom Holland. In Canaria are alfo made white blanket! and coarfe cloths, from the wool of their own flieep. ^ The reft of the illands alfo make a coarfe kind of cloth, ^ which is worn by tlie peafants ; but on feftivals, wed-, dings, &c. the labouring people ufually wear Englifh coarfe cloth. The exportation of raw filk is now prohi" biied, in order to encourage their filk manufiiQures. In the large towns men are employed in weaving, and as tailors \ but thofe trades are exercifed in the villages only by the women. ' We may divide the Commerce of die Canary lOandi into thefe proportions following ; namely, that to Europe, and, to the bnglilh colonies in America ) that to the Spanith Weft Indies 1 that carried on between the iflands tbemfelves, and the fifliery on the Barbary coaft. The iflands of Ferro and Gomeva are fo poor, at to be vifited by no fliips from Europe or America ; nor are the natives of thofe iflands allowed any fliare of the Spaniftl Weft India commerce ; they being not entirely under the jurifdiAion of the crown of Spain, but fubjcA to the count of Gomera, who is the lord and proprietor of them. The ifland of Teneriff is the centre of the trade to Europe, and the Britiftt American colonies. A finv'lhip* indeed to Canary and Palma, but thefe are not to be com- pared to the numbers that arrive at I'eneriff. 7 his trade IS carried on entirely in foreign bottoms, efpecially in Englifh, the natives being afraid, of failing in thofe feat where they are in danger of being taken by the corftirs of Algiers, Sallee, and other ports of Barbary. Thegreateft part of this trade is in the hands of the Irilh Roman Ca« tholic merchants fettled in 1 eneriff, Canaria, and Palma* and the dd'cendants of the Irifh who formerly fettied thviw. and married Spanilh wives ; and, the Englifh aitd Dutcli confuU, and two or three merdunts who lives at Te- neriff, m the only proteftaau who lefide there. SX The 4f* Tm NBW aii» UlflVBRf AL 8T8TBM 9f OEOORilfHr. Tlw comme4itiM infMtA (nm OftM BritoM «• tbcfe Iflutdt eonfift chiaflv of woollen footb of varioM kki^, hui, hui^wtn, ftJ'haninn, pikluwdt* mi4 witaaf wkon it i* fatrco in ih* ifl«N4t( with inM«i oilur utkku, Thiy imoort iron Ireland twaf, pork, pialil«d*i(, when the cntpa in the ifland fail. Thofe iflaiids, in return for the above good*, eapoit to Great Britain and Jtetaiid, wine, orchilla-weod, can- seachy wood, and a confiderable quantity of Mexickn dol- lars. TIte fame aiticlet to Holland and Haitibargh i b« a aretler quantity of dollan, and little or no orcbflla-wecd. To Marfriilcs, Malta, luly, and Spain, they fend the oem- modities they receive from the Spanifh Weft Indict, pirti- , cularly fugar, hidet, Campeachy log-wood, fome orchilla- Heed, and dollars : they export a i;rcat quantity of wine, but no other artidei, to the Britilh colonies in America. The above eoodl in getMral pav a duty of feren per cent, on the efumated value, whetncr they are imponed into, or exported from tiiefeillandt. There are particular regulations, to which the coMtmerce of the Canary Iflands wuh the Spanilh fettlcments in the Weft Indies are fubjefl, and no foreigners are allowed to nave any (hare in it; nor are any fliips fuffered to faij to «fa: Sranifh ports of that part of America, hom any of tlie illands, ^except TtneriiF, Canaria, and PalHla » Md the trade tliere is confined to the ports of the Havamab, Campeachy, and La Guaira on the coalU of Canoeai, St. Domingo, Porto Rico, and Maracaroa: the tbrae firft are called the greater ^rts, and the others the tttBtt, becaufe the trade of the latter, .when compared wilb ihR of the fonner, is very inconfiderable. Every thing relating to this trade is managed by a judge, a fccrerary, and other officers, who rcfidc in ths city of St. Chriflobai La Lacuna ; and before a ihip take* in her loading for any of their ports, Ihe muft obtain a lioencfc from the Judge of the India trade, which it generally granted, if it oi her turn > for althougli intcteft and RMney arc frequently found to prevail againft jullice, yet tills it not the cafe here, for all Ihips are regiftered, and muft tiave their turns. I'l.e produce of the Canaries conflituie the whole of their trade to the Spanilh Weft Indies; fuch as, wines, brandy, almonds, railins, liga, &c. of which they cim annually fend one thouliuid tons ; and are only allowed, bolides, what is termed a general for each Ihip, which eontiilt of all kinds of goods thought neceflary for the nfe of the veilel, crew, and pallengcrt, during the voyage { and is more or left extenfive in proportion to the nae of titelhip. But though they are reftrided byifaefe rules, diis trade is extended much hrtber ; and it is laid they export at leaft two'thouf nd tons of the produce of the ifland*, and alfo European commodities to a very great amount. The imports from the Weft Indies into thefe iflands coniift of commodities of the ports from wheitce ttttif came, and are chiefly logwood, hides, cocoa-nuts, fegn, and Mexican dollars ; all which they arc obliged tokild at Sanra Cru^, in Tcneriff, but Cochineal and indigo arc Btohibiied from being landed there. The filver they bring It limited to fifty Mexican dollars per ton, aecordincto the regiftered tonnage; yet fome of'thefe fhipt ire laid to bring honw a hundred and twenty dollar* to Teneril^ Tbare art coMimenly employed in Hdt inHte Ihlpa of aboM iwc hiwdftd and fifty, or three hundred tont bar- then. Stme af iliein are built in the KlaNdt, and other* at the Hayaunm «r Old Spain. No foiaign bntteuMran be enifrioyed kt thi* tfadc i for whieb iea f »n the fteight ifani the Canariet to the Wetk Indie* it eatrenely high » for the Canary ihiffing carry fa nwny nlcM* handt^ particafaiily chaniain* ; Tie M long in the road of Santa Cruc, waiting their N«itrni i and ai* at fueh vaft eapjnee of anchor* and cable*, that the owner* cannot alibrd to taks left freight far a pipe of wine, froin the Canariea to La Guaira* than tan pcund* flerling « and yet tin run from TaiKriff to thai port beinnall the way before the wind, laufBally performed in leA than thirty days : yet our aMhor oblcrve*, ihu were the luitivat allawcd to employ EaglUh Ihipt m thii trade, they wouU foon find a fnlBcient number ready to carry their wine at the rate of twenty iWUingt for each pipe of ill The trade carried on fi^ one iltend to another, i( Cc follow* : The native* of Ctnaria export to Tencriff fome raw and wrought iilk, eoarfe woollen blanket*, provifion* of all fort*, particuUrly cattle and fowl*i eroliUte-weed, Iquare fleg* ht pavementst fome lalt, and fihering-Aon* vclici* for purifying water. In return for tbefecommodi- ties, they chiefly receive calh, and the other produoe of the Spanilh Weft Indie*. Palma exports to Teneritf board*, pitch, rawfilk,oichiIfa''Wced, fdgar, almonds, and fwect-meaui and receives in return Enropomand Weft India goods. I'be natives of Qomera eaport to I'encrUf cattle, brandy, orehilla-weed, a gicat deal of raw filk and fome wrought, and in return receive EaropeKn and Weft India foo rilF caitk, brandy, orchilla-weed. Lanccrota and Foer^i tCTcntura export a great quantity of corn to TeneriflTi befidcs cattle, fowls, and orchilla-weed i and, in return^ generally receive European goods and «a(h, wit!> ion* wine. I'he native* ot the faiiM iUaitdt fen corn to Pabna, for whidi they recive fagar, wine, calh, board*i and other timber. '1 he natives of Lanccrota alfo expoti to TenerifF and Palme ferae dried filh and ialt# 1 lie veft !i employed in thi| mide are bttilt in the iilandf < and are fi-om twenty to filty tons burthen i they are aboiA twetKy-five in noBAer, af>d each of them navigated hf ten bands, on aooomt of the great hbour required iM loading and untoading. The fiihery here is carried on by the natives of tbo Canary Ireland* on the coaft of Barbery. It employe about thirty veilel*, from fifteen to fifty tons burtlicn, tbo finalleft carrying fifty men, and the !'«rgelt thirty. Tlw owner* having htted out a veficl for this voyage, put o* board a ^oantin^ of iait fuliicient to cure the fiih, with bread enough to te'rre the crew till their return, iuich matt ha* hi* own filhing tackle, which confifts of a few linei^ hooka, one or two ftout fifhing rods, a little brafs wire« and a knife for cutting ouen the fiih. If any of the crew carry wine, bnndy, lielh-meat. or any oilier ftores, it muU be at bis own expence i for only bread is piovidcd by. the owner*. On like north, this fifhery it boimded by the foutherA extremity of Mount Atlas, in the latitu tilde of twenty d^ree* thirty minutes ; an extent of about fix hundred mile* ; in all which iraA there i* neither town nor village, and but fiewr fettled lubitatibns. llie wBn>> deriiig Arabs who frequent this part of tlie world live in. tents, and have iieitlier barks, boats, nor canoes , and Ih* kii>g of Morocco's cruitiers never venture fo far to the fouiliward. A* foon as the fllhermen arrive on the coaft, the*' cni deavoor to caich bait, which is done at we do trouts'.vrjth a fly, only tlie rod it three timet at thick as ours, anA does not taper fo much towardt tfae point. 'I he line ie formed of iix braft wiret twitted together ; the hook ie about five inches in Iciigth, and it not bearded; the Ihaft is leaded fo as to lie horizontally on the furiace of the wa- ter, and the hook is covered with a.filh's fltin, except wlwie it bends to the point. The filhermon getting wl'hin a quarter or half a mite of the (liore, carry fo much iiiil atta caufe the batic to run about four mile* an hour, when two Or three men throw ilicir lines over the ftern, and let the hooks drag along the tvrtacc of the water. I'hv filh taking the books for fmall filh, fnap at them ; and they art no ioisiKr hooked, than the 'filhermen fwing them witll tkeif rode into the bark. The Canariari. caU th«f¥ iilh tal&ttt ; they hivr.TA fcalea, and arc Ihaped liWe a mackarel, but are at large a* a falmon, and they arc lb voracious, at to fwallow all the bcok. t V o « tl « ft ti tl fi ai ai tl tl fi t< n ft P P Vi tl 1< n o il (AFRICA.) C A N A R V t I t A K D S. iH iiMwIthfttnding In bting (b targ«t an4 wu it i, k would bt ifflpoffibk lo raifma It, wiiheot cat- ling optn tlM tilh. 'I'hrt* men, In lb* iUfh of ■ bark, h»ve bctn Icen to cMch a humiml MUi Hhy nrfbn* fn balf an hew, and a bark will fotnetinwi eomplata bar lading with thsfc fi(h only. Anothai fart of iiik which they call anhoM U tahaM in tha iiuBe oMnnir : ihii i( raihar biggar than a lirga maeka* tal, and alfo icrrat for a bait i i* docf alfo another fiflt ttUad cavalloi, which 't fhapml like a mackarci, bat i» lomewkat more Am and broad ; it ii about a fpan long, and i* caiched with in angle-red and line, with a very IhwII hook< baited with almoft any thing that ean be pro- cwed. A> foon u a bark bu obuined a ftiffieicnt ftock of bait, Ihe leavci Iter boat with ftve or fix men to catch morat and ■funi out to lea liK (he acti into a great' depth of water ; there flie anchori, and tiT the crew heave tneir Hnaa and kooka over-board, baited with the abovt em open, and having tlior6uglily cleaned and walhed them, they chop oiF tlieir heads and fins, and pile them tip to drain off tne Water ; after which thev are failed, and flowed in bulk in the hold, and in this flate they remain tiU fit for ufe. *' It it ilraiige,! fay* a judicious author, to think that the Spaniards ihoulcl want to fhare the Newfoundland fifbeiy with the Engliih, when they have one much better at their own Ation. I fay better, for the weather here, and every thing elfe, concurs to malie it the bed filhery in Iheuniverfe. What can lie a flronger proof of this, than the Moors on the continent drying and curing all their filh without fait, or any other proccfs than expofing them to the fun-beams f For the pure wholfor.ie air of that eli- inate, and the fttoiig nortlicrly wind which almoft con- ftantly prevails on this cuaft, totally prevents putrefa£lion, provided the filh arc fplit open, well walhed, and then perfeJlty dried in the fun. The barks ufed by the Canarians make eight or niuu voyages in a year; for, having unloaded their cargoes, they leave the tifh with their agents to fell them at their leilure, while they go in fearch of more. They are com- monly fold at three half pence for a pound of thirty-two ounce*, which it the weight uled for fiflt and flefh in thefe iflands. The magiftrates, inftead of encouraging thi* tifeful an.-* profitable branch of trade, ukc every method to injure it, by fixing the price of tlie filh, dogging the trade with unreafonable duties, and forbidding the ruhermen to have any intercourfe with the Moors on the coaft, wheT they fometimes go to filh ; which i* a great hardlhip, as they are frequently obliged, when they meet with bad weather, to go alhorc for fuel and water. They correfpond, how- ever, privaiciy to iheir muiuai advaniaee ; for the Cana- rians give the inhabiunts of the defart old rope*, which tiic latter untwift and fpin into yarn or twine for filing-nets ; ihcjr iM» gi«« tbam brnd, peiMoet, sMonii Uid man/ kind* of (Mt I to rettitn far Wbkblba Moor* make them pnfcnn af a^Mch** cni aiui ftatfian. atid alletr thciki to laka wtod and wataTon their epad, whenever tiMV •>• hi inni Af tb«fe nceefiiry trtkia*. With nt^ to Hm eecMhmcal |pVc i ii n >«nt oT kha Canary Iflandi in general, it mail be obftrved, that dia hMiM I* iMiragm to the arcbbifliop of SaviUe,. to 8pdn« and ha* ■ rtvenae of fix thoufand petindi ftarlto| per annom. He' rcfide* in the city of Pahnna, in Oamrilif where ha i* treated with u nrach rtfpea ot« hMian at a fovaraign prtoee. The fuBcrior of tha varioo* ordrn U hm* and nana reflde* in the dty of U. Obrttt^al eni alms, they would bo marked out as obje£)s if ibeir vengeance, and be expoicd to the inquifitipn. In Ihort, all ranks of men, who have any great point in view, take care, in the firft place, to fccure in ihrir intercft the leading men of the clergy i an^ it is cafy to furmount every otiier obftade when tbia ^ accomplilhed. As the Catholics of thefe iflands fcem to think, tliat all excellence is confined to thofe of their religion ; therefore when they fee any of a ditftrent pcrfuafion behave with common decency, they appear greatly furprifed, imagining that thofe they call heretics differ but little firom brutesi Such is the prevalence of bigotry and fuperftition over tlio minds of the ignorant I The Mexican dollar, and the half, quarter, eighth, and (ixteenth parts of a dollar, are the current coin in tbd Cananes. There is alfo the provincial rial of pUte, which is a fmall filver piece worth five-pence flerlingi alfo the quart, a copper coin of the value of an halfoennyi ten of wliich make > rial of plate. The provincial ftlver coin is never exportedi on account of its pafling in the iflands for more than its inirinfic value. Accounts "ata keot in imaginary money, that is, current dollars of ted rials of vellon each. The rial of vellon-is equal in value to eight of the aiiove quarts, and the current dollar is exaAiy three (hillings and four-pence, and therefore fix of them make one pound fterling. Three fixteenths of th: Mexican dollar pials for two rials of p)ate. Gold coin is very fcarce here. The quintil, which is their hundred weight, weiffha only an hundred and four pounds. The arrobni ii twentaf- five pound*. The pound and (inaller wdgbti are neuly the Unw U thofe in buropc. Tha 4|a Tni new amb UNIVERSAL SYSTEM ov OEOORAPHY. The following ut tb* mMfum ufcd in the Ctnirie* ; ■MMly, the ftnega ar hanap, the •Imod. the liquid tr- raba, the ({lurtillo, and the var. The fanega ii a mnCitn kt earn, cocoa, lalt, &c. and oonuiiu nearly the quantity •f two Englifl) htilhel*. Twelve abnudi make a fiinep. The liquid amba contain! little more ihait three galteni, and the quartUlo la nearly the dm'! u oar 4oart. The var (which m fomewbai left than the Englidi yard) U a laeaiare for cloth, &c We have now com|>leated our defaiptlon of the Cartaty Ilbiidi, Init cannot with propriety conclude thii feAion, without flrfi giving a conciie account of the iflanda or rocki nained ine Salva^i, which lie between the Canwiei and Madeira. There idandi are fituated twenty>revcn Icagae* aorih from t'oint Nago in TenerifF, in thirty degree* twenty minulat north liKilude, and in iisteen degrcei twenty-live minntei weft longitude from London ; the moft coafider- able of «hich li liij(h and rocky, and ii about three miles in circumfereiwe. Three or four lewuei to the rouih-weft of tbii ifland is another, not unlike the Utgeft Needle rock at the weft end of the Ille of Wight. Between thele iflands are a confiderable number of rocks and fandt, feme above and cflhert under water, fo that it is dangerous ht tbofe unacijuaintrd with thefe iflands to approach them, except on the eaft fide of the great i(land» which produces iMtthmg but orchiila-weed. There are great numbers of cormorants, or fea fowls tiat nearly re ftroble them. " Some bsrki and boats belong. ing to the Canary Iflanda frequent the Salvages in the fummer fcafon, in lisarch of wrecks, and thofe lea fowls, for they catch the young in their nefts, kill ajid fait titeu, and afterwards difpofe of them at TenerifF. Thefe iflands, though uninhabited, are claimed by the Portugueze, whoconfider them as dependent en the ifland •f Madeira, and, notwithftindkig they fcarccly ever vifit them, will not allow the Spanivds to gather oichilla- weed there. A few years ago fome filhermen went in a bark from Teneriffto thffe iflanda in queft of wrecks, but finding none, went afliore, and gathered about half a ton of otchilla-weed. But this was no fooner known at Madeira, than the Portueaete complained of it to the Kvernor- general of the Canary Iflands, and would not fatisfied tiH the mafler of the bark was thrown ijite prk> fon» whwe he was a long time confined. SECT. XVI. 0/ lb* Madrira ir MaJtrt J/Utub; thtir fttutttiH, miJ Srfi /ifinutj tf thm \ alf* tbtir fiil, fruuti, frinciftl ttwtu, inbaHltnti, Irtult, fit. rf^HESE ilTands are only three in number ; nanarly, I Madeira, properly fo called; the illand of Puerto, I on»or«o Santo j and Ida Deferta, or the Defolf.te Ifle. I They are fituated to the north of the Salvages, and in the Atlantic ocean, between thirty two and thirw-three de- grees, and feventeerv and eighteen degreea weft longitude, two hundred and fifty mUe* north by eail from Teneriff, tliree hundred and fixty from Cipe Cantin on tlie coaft of Africa, and three hundred nortlv of the illand of Farro. They were tlius named from tlie principal of them, which was called by the Portugueie Madeira, fignifying a wood or foreft, from its being overgrown with trees. They were firft difcovered by an Englifli gentleman, and many years after by the Portugueze { andu there is fomething extremely fmgular in both thefe occurrences, but more particularly the firft, we Ihall, for the emettain- meni of our readers* relate the eircumftancet attend It the reign of Edward lit. king of Ei)gland, » young gentleman, named Robert Machin, conceived a violent paffion for Ann D'Arfet, a beautiful and aceomplifhed lady of a noble family. Machin, with relped to birth and fortune, waa inferior to the lady ; but his perfonal quali- fications overcame every fcru|ple on tha; account, and ihe rewarded his attachment with a reciprocal affedion. Their friends, however, beheld the young gentleman in a different light ; they fancied their blood would be coma- minated by an alliance with one of a lower rank, and therefore determined to facrifice the happinefs of the young lady, to th« hereditary pride of blood, and tltetr own merceiuiry and inrerefted motives. In coafequence of thefe ideas, a warrant wu procured from the king, under the fanAion of which Machin was ■pprchended, and kept in dole confinement, till the objeA 6 of hii afTeAions was married !• a nobleman, whofe chief aacrit lay in hia honorary title and large poffefliona \ and immcdiit^y after the nuptial cetcinony was over, the peer look hia beauiilul biidc with him to a ftrong calilo which lie had in the neighbourhood of Urifiol, and then the unfortunate lover was fet at liberty. After being rclcafcd from his cruel confinement, Macliiis was ac()ualntc«f ilmt hit miftrcl's had been compelled B> give her luiul to anullitr. This retidtrcj him almolt ftantic, and he vowed to reveiiM the violence dune to tlie lady, and tlte iiijuiy which he liimfrU Uid fudained j antt with this view, imparted hii delign to fome of his friend* and companions, who engaged to accompany him to BrlOol, and alTitl him in whatever entcrpriae lie under- took. Accordiitgly one of hia comrades contrived to get liim- fclf hired by the iiobicnMn as a fervanr, and by that mean* being introduced into the family, lie fooii found an oppor- tuni'y to let the Udy know tlie fentiments and iiiicniion* of her lover i when Ihe fully enured into all his ptojeAt, and proraifcd to coo^ply with whatever he Ihuuld pro- pofe. i» order to fiKllitate the deflgit, the lady appeared moM chraiful than ufual, which lulled afleep every fufpicioit that her luid mijht otherwife have entertained ; Ihe alio entrfated permilfion to ride out daily to take die air for the benefit of her health, which requeft her confort eafily granted. 'J hia point beiug gained, the did not fail to take advantage of it, by riding out eveiy morning accompanied by one fervant only, which was her lover's companion, he having been pievioufiy pitched upon alwsy* to aUen4 her by her own contrivance. Matters being thus prepared, fhe one day rode out aa nfual, when her attendant conduced her to his friend, wh<> waited at the fea fide to receive her. Tliey all three imiotediately entered a boat, ai.d foon reached a Ihip that lav at fome diftance ready to receive them on board t and Machin, having the obie£l of his willies on board, im- mediately, with the affiliance of hia aflbciatea, fel fail, intending to proceed to France ; but all on board being ignorant of maritime affairs, and the wind blowiiii a hara gale, they miflisd their pott, and ilie next morning, to their aflonilhmeiH, found themliilves driven into the main ocran. •lathis miferablrcniulition, they abandoned them* felves to dcliiair, and committed their tiitcs to the mercy of the waves. Without a pilot, almofl deftitute of provilions, and quite devoid of hope, they were tolled about for the fpaceof ihirteen daya. At length, when the morning of tne fourteenth day began to dawn, tlu y tiiuried the/ could defcry fomethinc very near them, thai had the appcaranco of land i and wtieii the fun rofe, to tlieir srcat joy they could diftinAlv perceive ii was fuch. Their plcalure, however, was in Ibnie mcafuie lelleneil by the refle£lion, that it was a flraiige country ; (ot they plainly perceived it wu covered with a variety of trees, whofe nature and ap- pearance they had not the leafl knowledge of. Soon after this, fome of them Unded from the Roo^, in order to make their ^bretvations on the country ; when, returning foon after to the Ihip, they highly commended the place, but at the fame time believed there were no in- habitants in it. The lover and his miflrefs, with fonMof bis ft lends, then landed, leaving the reft to take care of the Ihip. The country appeared beautifully diverliiied with hills and dales, fhaded with various trees, and wateivd by many clear meandring ftreams. I he rood beautiful birds of different fpecics perched upon llieir lie.ids, arms, and hands, unapprehenfive of danger ; and feveral kinds of wild beaft* approached, without offering any violence to them. After having penetrated through feveral woody rcceflef* they entered a fine meadow admirably incircled with a border of laurels, finely enamelled with various Howe's, and happily watered with a meandring cryftal rivulet. Upon an eminence in the midft of this meadow, they faw a lofty fprcading tree, the beauty of which invited them to repofe under its (hade, and partake of the Ihetter it wottla afford them from the piercing rays of tite fun. They ii length attempcd to make a temporary refidence beneatli this tree; and, providing tkcmfelves boughs- from tlic i.eighbouring woods, they built feveral fmall huts, or ar> boun. I'hey pal&d their time very agreeably in this ploce, from whence they made frequent excuvlions into the neigh- bouring country, admiring iis ftraiigc produAions and various beauties. Their happinefs, however, was of no very long continuance ; for one night a terrible ftorm arol'c from thr iwirrlj-'sft, which tors the {hip fioui, iicf aikchor, suid drove bet to fea. The crew were obliged to lubmit ■■f'- X.^i-.i, (A F t I C A.] M A t> ei^R A; 4IS Mmil 10 tiM nMfcy of ih« clenwnn, whm ilwy wtrt drhieii to thu coaft of Morocco, whert ttM (hip b«in| ftrandtd, the whole crew w«i made cintivcf by the Moon. Machin and hii comfianions having mlflW the ftiip Ike navi morning, they '-oncludeti the had foviHktad, an<( Wu fona to the heitoin. 1 liii new calamity plangc^ ttM» tnio the dcapeA melancholy, and fo greatly affeAcd Ibt lady, that (h« could not Tupfiort herfelf under k. 8h« iMd inoied bcferc continually fed her grief, hy fad prfbgct •f tht Mtterpriati ending in fnme filial cataftropbe to all •oiwcnMd t bat the (hock of the late difafter ftruck her .tiwBb ( to that (he expired In three dayi afterward*, in Iha moA bitter agonlet. The death of the lady alTeAed Maehin to fnch a dcgrte, that he furvived her b\)t (bur dayi, notwiihflanding the dtnioft cndcavoart of his companion* to afford himconfo- huion. Pi«vloui to hii death, he beg^ them to place hi* body in the (iuiM grave with lier'i, which they had •teJc tt the foot of an altar, ereAcd under the beantifiil lofty tree befbra- mentioned. They aflerwardi placed upon k • laige wooden crofi ; and near that an infcrimion. dnwn op by Machin hirordf, containing a fuccina ae- coum o4 the wlwte advcniuie -, and concluded with a it- mwft, that if anv Chriftiant (honid come thither to fenle, tlvtt they would build and dedicate a cliarch to JefUa Chrift upon that fpot The remalniM companiont of Machin, after hit death, 4eltnnined to attempt returning to Lnghnd in the floop, which had been fo well fecur;d near the (hore, at not to be in the leaft danuged by the ftorm which bad driven away the Ihip. Bat, haoponlng to take the fame cottrfe theothen had been forced upon, they unfortunately arrived in like manner upon fome part of the coafi of Mo- ntcco, where they met with exaAl^ the fame fate, being feiaed in a fimilar nunner, and earned to the fame prifon. Here thejr met with feveral other Chriftian llaret, be. fidct tbetr own companiont ; particuhrly one John de Moralct, ■ Spaniard of Seville. Thii man wu an ex- cellent failor, and took a peculiar delight in hearing the Englifh captivet lehearfc their adventurei, by which meant he learnt the fiiuaiion and particular niarki of thit new diicovered country, which he took care to retain in hit memory. In procefa of time, John I. king of Portugal, having '•ntored into a war with the Moon, pafled ovcrlnto Africa with a formidable a'lmy i and in tlio year 141 j laid fiege to and took Ceuta. In thit expedition, he wai accompa- nied by hit font, one of whom, prince Hci\ry, took great delight in the (ludy of the matheinalici, particularly gco- gra^y and navigation. Upon thn occafion, they had a .graat opportunity of convtrfiiiK witli the Moort and Afri- can Jewt ; and luforniing himl'clf, by thair meant, of the fiiuation of feveral foreign countrioi, the feas about them, their coaflt, ttc. Hence grew an iiifatible tliirft for making new conqueftt ; and ftritt thit time he wat determined to devote hit attention to the difcovery of unknown conntriei. In confrciaenc* of which refolation, he retired, after the reduAion of Ceuta, to the Algarvei, where he found a uem town within a league of Cape St. Vincent, ereAcd a fort to defend it, and determined to fend out fliipt from thence upon difcoveriet. The peribn he intended to employ at chief comnunder, upon thefe occafioni, wu a gentleman of extraordinary •bilitiei, named luan GonfaWo Zarco, who, became fa- mout not only for bit maritime difcoveriet, but for being the firft perfon who introduced tlie'ufe of artillery on board Ihipt. In 1418 he dil'cdvered Puerto Snnto, one of the Madeirai 1 and in 1410 he pafled the (Iraiu, and fur- veyed a confiderabic extent of the coaft of Africa. In the mean time, a Spanilh prince, dying, left by hit will a large fam of money for the purpole of redeeming Spanilh Chrifiiani, who were kept u flavei in Morocco. I'erms being agreed -upon between the emperor of Morocco and the conmiflionert, for the redemption of thole captivet, a Spanifh fhip wat fent to Morocco to fetch home die rc- 4cciKd Chriitiani, among whom wat John de Morales btfore^incntioned. On the return of tliit (hip to Spain, it happened to fall in with the fquadron commanded oy JnanUonfalvo Zarco, who wu, M we have juft noticed, then paiHiig the (traits to make ohfeivationt on ttie coail of Africa. Spain and Portngal being at thit time at war, Juan Gonlklvo Zarco made priM of the Spanish (hip ; but finding it contained only redeemed captivet, he wat touched with compalTioh ac mv tniivrici lucy nmi wivaujr iun4.icu uumig uicir »■- yttj, and gencimiay diiiai&d UwiSt taking out only John ^0. 4j. * MonMi, wiM* tm imni to tw • «M]p tiHiUi|»a(M' ihn, an able lUlor, •n4M<«pmpliM. WhMt MonlwviiMbmMioriiM rMibnorMt** •intion, a«l the dl(hoveric» that the Foftineae weft iMn« he wat migbtUy rajtlMd, and offimd voMntarilV m MMtr into the (aif ioa of prinM HMiry. He tiian told itM P«r- tu«ucie eomnundar •( the Iftend which had b«M laiil* dUcovercd bv the Englilh, related the ftory of the two unfortunate loveri, and everv other dreumftanot, which, during bit oaptivity, he had heard froCB Machin't com'* pani«ni4 (ioitfiUv* wu fo delighied with hit relation, th« he tacked about, and returned to tfic new town Which priHcc Henry had built, calM Terra Nabal. On M» arrival, he intitiduecd Moralet to the prince, when the Spaniard again repeated all that lie had before told to Jnan Oonulvo. The prince thought thii worthy of becoming a national affair ; and therelore, communKating the whole to tha king hit fiither, and the Poriugueae mnilhj, they dtt*v milved to purfue the difcovery ; and for that purpew fitted out a gooa fhip, well manned and provided, and a (laop M go with oart, when occafion required : and Juan Oon* falvo wai appointed to the whole commandi Some Portiiguexe, on the difcovery of Puerto Santo a (hort time biforw. had been left bv Oonfalvo on, that illand ; and jui'^ing bv the account of Moralea, concern- ing the fituation of the illand they were in ouefl of, that it could not be tar from Puerto Santo, he dttermined to fail (hither. Where when he arrived, the Portuguese whom he had left behind, informed him, that they had obferved to the north-etft a thick inipenttrabte darfcnefi, which conftantly hung upon the fea, and extended itfelf upward to the heavent. That they never knew it to be dimi- nifhed > but a ftrange noifc, which they could not aceonni for, wu often heard from thence. John de Moralei appeared to be convinced that thit wit the illand they were in fearch of ; and luau Gonfalvo wu inclined to coincide with him ; bat all tlic reft were terri- fied at the accountt ihev had heard. It wu therefore con- cluded to remain at Puerto Santo till the change of the moon, to fee what cfTef) that would have upon tlie fhade, or whether the noife would ceafe. But perceiving no al- teration of any kind, the panic incrcared among the gene- rality of the adventurers. Morales, however, flowTfirm to nil opinion of tliat being the illand they were looking for; and verv fcnfibly oblerved, that, according to the accountt he nad received from the Englilh, the ground wai covered over with lofty (hady tree) 1 it wu no wonder, therefore, that it (hould be exceeding damp, and that the humid vapourt might exhale from it by the power of the fun, which, fprcading themfelvet to the fky, occafioned the dark doudt they faw ; and with refpcA to the noife, tlut might be occafioned by certain currents djUQiing againft the rockt on the coaft of the illand. Noiwiihftanding thefe* obltaclet, Juan Gonfalvo deter- mined to proceed ; and, fetiiiig fail the next day, be at length made land ; and tlie tear of thofe who had been all along terrified, now vanilhed. The firft point they faw, they named St. Lawnnce's Point : doubling thit, ther found to the fouthward, rifmg land, whither Moralet and othen were fent in a floop to reconnoitre the coaft ; and came to a bay which turned to anrwer the defcription given by the Englifh. Here they landed ; and finding the crofs and infcription over the grave of the two lovers, they re.^ turned to Juan Gonfalvo, with an account of their fiic cefi i whereupon he immediately landed, and took pof- iitlfion of the place, in the name of John I. king of Por* tugal, and prince Henry his fon. Having built an altar near the grave, they fearched about the illand, in order to difcover if it contained any cattle i but not finding^any, they coafled weftward, till they came to a place where four fine rivers ran into the fea, of the waters of which Juan Gonfalvo filled fome bottles, to carry as a prefent to prince Henry. Proceeding farther, they came to a fine valley, which was intetfedled by a beautiful river, and after that to a pleafant fpot covered with trees, fome of which beiiig fallen down, Juan Gon- falvo ordered a crofs to be ereAed of the timber and called the place Santa Cruz, or Holy Crofs. After thit, they began to look out for a place proper to fix tlieir relidence in while they ftayed : and at length found a fine traft of land, not fo woody as the reft of tlie country, but covered over with fennel, which, in the Portuguese language, is called Funcho ; from thence tha -__„ -« u*....— k.i _. c..„.k:.i. •_-■. :^ J, • , WU afWwarda built on the lame fpot. « 1 ^« ^4 Tmi new AM0 Utfl¥eR8ALiY^TBM or OlOORimff. Jatn Conf*ive, »kn lM«in| vitwad sriMi pH* af dM •And, and finding dally tMib m near ■dmirMion of lb* bctHiiM Mfitlnuaily dllcovtrtd, rMvirMd •• fompl, utd Miiv«d M LUbrni in iIm rnd «f AogaA 1410, wMmui ImvIm lofl • ingU man in rh* what* antn prtia 1 aod a dky W aMMncflbtiM a|i|)-i i«- ) for ktm 10 mlu hi* ripwi e# bia «oyif»< th* King gave > iv,i nc of Madaira to ih* ■ewdllcovii ' H;! .r on xioM., ihr )i;r«l quantity 0/ •koallanlaro' An opdar \ "ad* for Junu noitbtvo to Mtui ' Madeira m ti, '^ fp'ing, with tUf (itl* of aaptam-govarnor ol Madcn... whWIi dtk tb« bcir of hia famUir at prcftnt ad t anrlmr in the roadv nil il>''» called tlx Englllh Ti.- , but OciirilTo, in baiwar o( u fiift diCoovarar, tbcn called it Pmilo d« Machine, frniii tiich nama it waa coi 'cdto Machirn, which ii now bcin Ha liK '(dcf'' the lirgr (ynmimg baautiful tree hafoi*- mantienad (und' hich Micbin and bia companion! bad taken up ibtir nixlenca) to b« cut down, and a fmall chuich tobe arcAcd widi iha liiiilieii which, agrcaabia to Mackin • raqaeft, h* dedicated to ]t(\t* Cbrift, and intar- lii^fd the p^voinent of the clwir witli the bonaa of the two unforiunat* loveri. Ha foon after laid iha foundation of «h* town of Funchal, which (harwacda becaiM Aunoui ; and iha altar of tiie new wooden church wai dedicated to St. Catherine, \)j bi* wifi* Coitflantia, who waa with bin. John I. king of Portugal, dying, bi« aldeft Ton and fucccflbr Uuarte, in confidcralion of the great fumi of money expended in peopling this ifland. by prince Henry hi) brother, gave him the rcvtnuaa of it for life. He like- wife gave the fpirituilitiei of it to tb* order of Cbrit, which endowment Aloiixo XV. aficrwardi confirmed. Tba iiland of Madeira, propcily fo called, i« com- Bofcd of one continued hill of a wonderful height, ea- trnding from eafi to weft ; the declivity of which, on the fouth fide, ■• cultivated and intcrfperied with vineyardi 1 and, in the midft of thii flope, the merchanti have fixed their countty-feata, which help to render the profpcA very agrecabk. The ail of Madetia ia more moderate than that in the Canary Iflanda, and the foil more fertile in corn, wine, fugar, and fniiti. Fine (pringt abound almoft in every part, befides which rtiere*are eight good rivert. The great plenty of water ftrft fuggcfted the hint to prince Henry of fending funr canea to Madeira from luly, which greatly improved through tbeiiKiaaft of beat, ?nd produacd more than in their native foil. Thii ifland afTordi plenty of citioni, bananai, peacbct, apricoti, pluRit, clierrict, figi, and walnuu \ with oranget of all foiti, and lemona of a prodigioui fia*. Fruit-treaa from Europe thrive here in perliftlion ; and the nativea are (iiid to make the beft fweeimeats of any in the world, and ■particularly greatly excel in prcferving citroni andoran|^i, tnd in making marmalade and perfumed pafici, which neatly exec' thofe of Genoa. The fugar made here it very fine, and bai the fmell of violeu ( tnii, .ndeed, i> faid to be the firft place in the Weft where thi< manufaAure waa fct on foot, and from thence wat caitied to America : but afterwardi tlte fugar- plantaiioni at Brazil profpering extremely, the greateft part of the fugar-canei in thit ifland were pulled up, and vineyards planted in their ftead, that produce excellent winea, which, the author of Lord Aiifon'* voya|je ob> fervet, fccmt to be defigned by Providence to exhilerate and comfort the inhabitanta of the torrid xene. I'he cedar- tree here it very ftrait, ttU, and thick, and hat a ri'-.h fcent. The wood of the tuObtree it of a red rafe colour ; hcic ' atfo ibe maftic and gum-draeon urea ; and bcfidet Uv ''vrea there are a wiety of other trees, which are ctijn, . ''•otH to E »rope and Africa. The everlaflinjj- ft 'wcr ti i cuiiotu/ ; for wh«n it i* plucked it can>iot ^■. Y-" "** •*" »*^ • '' 8'**** '''" ^e, flowera like rai Main ■yi *ii vaja appears frefh and blooming. ',..,. , , . Vinei ai« here iwaa in a^iu idanee 1 and ' jta the «rapei which they produce a vaft quantity of tli« molt Sclicioui winei are made. Indeed the (oil ii fo well adapted for the cultivation of vinea, that the grapei exceed the ieavei in number, and fome of the bunches are fixteen •r eighteen inches in lengtli. I'bf rr >A feveral forta of thefe winei : one la of the colour of champagne, but is not much valued : another iuft it & white wine, much ftisnger than the former. \ i tkird fort U aacallani, aitd sa ff Ma i mahnfy, il ha4 are not aoual In goodn«fi to fuch aa ara Ml aarriad lo tl 'Vcft Indiaa « an4 tb«ir llavanr it excaadunily hidfbl- «i. .t, if >hev raniain foma lima in Barbadof.i The pruduA of each vinaryard 1* ufaaiiy r .-vitad aquaMy between tb* proprietor, and tba paifon who „th*ra and pnw* th« grapes 1 it commcnly hapaens, hawavar, thai white Iha marcham i* rich, lb* gaUMiar i* pobr. Tha pawb h«i* trada aaaomi thcmfolvaa, or hantr. Tha principal lawn in tha whate iOaad i* Fimahal, nr FoiKhiak, and i* laaiad in tha fomh part of tba ifland at the bottooa of a large bay. Tuwarda tb* Cm il ia fottifiad by a hiiLh wall, with a battery of aannon, b*fidea a caAla on tb* Loo, which ia a roek ftanding in tba water at a unall dilhinc* from iIm fhor*. This town ia ihaoiUy ■lac* of trad*, and indeed ih* only plaaa wbaia it te poC- bic for a beat to land : and «vtn h*ra tha fasMb ia covarad with large ftonas, and a vioJant furf condnadU* ba«a upon it. Tb* only good tim* for tending ia betota dM Mi-bra**e com** on. The town ia v*ry popwlr la, bvr the oujority of tb* iiibabitanit are not natural-bum Pr^ - tnguctc I lor a great number of Englilh and I'.(.i."\ Roman catholics fettled there, who live after ^h« Portn- guex* manner -, fomc Englifli protcflants, ai.a a prodl> gious number of ncgroci and mutettoaa, both fretnam and Itevet. Tha ftreeti ar* flraiaht, .mi dnMtn b; a line, and their houfas are pretty well built 1 their chuicMa are well-built beautiful ftruAurci, enriched withgtidin|. fine piAurcs, and plat*, and people are liiid lo meet m thcin upon bufinefs that hai little relation to devotion. Tbole women who have no domeftic chapete, never go. to church but on Sundays and holidayi ; wbrn, if thai* be leveral daughters, tbcr walk two and two bafeta tha mother, each naving a urge thin vail over bar faea 1 bat their breafta and fhoukter* ara auile bar*. By th*ir fida u Iks a venerable old man, with a firing of baadt in hte I .tnd, and armed « ith a fword and dagger. This town it the fee of a bilhop, who baa the whola ifland under his (jpiritual jurifdiAion, and is fufiPragan li> the aicbbifttop vt Liflion. Tha governor of ibe iiland alfo refide* bcia. Hera ara two olbrr towns ; one calkd Manchico, which has a church named Santa Crux, or the Holy Crofi, and a convent of Bematdina friar* : tb* other town ia named Moncerito. In fliort, the iftend lately contained thirty-fix parilbas, a collage, and a monaftery of jefuin, five other monafleriea, aighty-two bcrmitagea, and fivo hofpiala. There ara fcv«ral fine fieats and eafttea about lb* country, in which the mercbania chiefly refide. The ordinary food of the poorer paopla, in iIm lima of vinuge, is little cU« than brrad and rich ^pca 1 and were it not for their abfter.i .inihrlii, firren in th* hot feafont would be fireqnem i^c'^'tc e* n the rich. Vie hot months, ufinking. very wt ni... ♦heir diet r' The ganeralily of peop V'. ■' ;,# , a grau gravity in their deportment, and uiuxiy dcef* in black 1 but tbef cannot diliienfe with the fpado and dagger, which eva» fervanta ar«ar 1 fo that you may fee a footman waiting at table with a fword at leaft a yard long, and a great baftet, bill to it. The houfo in general are ptein, at the inlu- bitanta put themfelves at nu great expence in furnilhin£ them. The windows are fecured by wooden fhuttars at night, and inftead of being gteacd, are latticed. With refpaA lo their niarria|*a bete, affeAion it aevai confidered, the principal enquirie* are into fiunily dafcenr and ciicumftance* ; tne women are probibitad from mar- tying Engliftimen, unlefs the latter confent l|i> eo^iace thtf Roman catholic religion. In thte ifland inurdera arc very frequent, on accoant of the great number of places dc«n«d fanAaaiies, and tha eafa with which n murderer can thereby feiecn bimlatf from juftice. But if the crioiinal it taken befoie be can reach the fanAuary. the nunifhment i; niily >>•>•»• bsRiik^ meitt or imprifonment, both which, by a ptcuniary caaa* pofitien, may be cvaikd. Hera ^A P tt'f^ A.] r E R N ANP O PO,ke. 4tf .,/ mar- i; who ■** irtMMlly rkb t but noiM «*h« t '*{t*n4»i fiom Moor* or Jtwi ■ra MlminiJ to Mk« onirri. TIm ckurehtt u* Rmm n-> ih« dtarft niW the cuf ptn w curiewd/ 4f«IM yet ill ib« iiitf rnitni, (lot* of Hum b «M« ia oidir lo conUaiia ilio body m fptotitiy m foUlM*, wkkh iiI'Mily ti*|w«nt in i f' ■night i lb ilat ihtrt U than leom fit MtoiiMr corpft. lie iMtliu oi primtwui mnot tUawui III bt buri«tl, bui .1) be thrown into iIm (n t iMMTttihaMi ilMy *rt Mrnti («a lu b« ititcrrid in o«n- CmiMmI groand, provitlcd a li> idibtM lui, > tA4nd«, atKl lica to rhc iMinl- caft of Mtt'i'-). in ihc thirty-iiccoiul dtuaa rhirty n "M9» notiii i.< 'e. and twa figiwvntk MttM fivt mn > wrft longi.udc from indon, and u only about fi(u«n miltk in (ircumfarttK*. tl wa* difcovarrd in tJie ytar 1411. I'y two PurlufMac ptutauMn, oiia of whom wii Oon lota (• lUivOt fent by wiiwa Hann^ fen ib Julin I. king ol I'oniigiJ, m MUblaC*i« Ba|iRl«r, in orderto iiudic (anbcr dlfeovc liei I bal Baing Airpnftd by a violent ttotm, wcra drivan «iit tp (m, and. «uaa ikcy ga«a thaiufiilvn ovar Car M* bad th« tUfiriiMl'i lo find inii iltaiid, whick froving a bh afylum to thaoi, ilia* 'uiKhal in Madeira, They would live a very quiet life, wait it not for the pirate*, who often pay them Iroublefomc «iieiiig fituaicd undpr the eauator, the day* and night* t^e confcquently of an equal leiiglh. The only rainy month* aie March and September, when the fun paflci vertically over the illand ; but at otber time* they have noAurnal dews, which tefrefli and fertilize the foil. It produce* lefi fugar than it formerly did, but is extremely fruitful in wheat, winr, millet, rjre, barley, melons, cu- cumbers, fig*, ginger, red parfnipi, cabbages, French turncpt, leilocci, radilhes, fage, beat, parfley, &c. Ohve, peach, «nd almond-trect thrive well in timber, bat excef- live beat aivi moifture prevent their bearing fruit. Par- tridges, qu till, ouxrii, parrots, &c. abound heic ; fo do the tra With excellent nfl), and large whales. A moun-. tain, in the centre of ilie illand, hath its top covered with a '-load, which moiilens the trees, and greatly noarilhe* lh.< ')). ri^f highcr'the fun afcends abov< 'he horixon, the nore moiltuie the cloud alTordt. Tha 1' tuguezebuilta town, called Pavoal'an, with a harbour' towariM the conti- nent This town 1: exceeding pl^fant, and the inhabi- tant* bartrr fu^ar for clothi, leatbar, wine, and cheefe. Nurly under the ramnoftial line it Princc'i Ifland, in latitude one degree thirty minutea. It i* woody and tnauntainout, abounding in fruit, rice, Indian com, fu- v*r. hrrka. cn#>t.^ *>;, ■• cd'taini auO caiiie, hogs, and goatt, but the vaft number of aflen are both troublefome and dangfiou), for they wilt attack and Kit in piecei s Idand. Anmbon wu difeovetad by ik* NaHfaaa* m Nc# Yaar't Day, and waa on that w rumm fmmU An— hiB. whirb kniflaa tha ^od or tha oaw yeas. It liaa to tho eatt of It. Matthew, in two d.^«a« K-mttk latiiwda, an4 five degrtat Ian minoiN aaft liM t raJ a, being near ««• l.andiai niln fraw itic coaft nf Leangiv tr '-^ mat Ihirw mita* in caaspat*. Tbefe *r« twd high n^ «ialni, which being cooiinually c >i fertile valtiat of it ar« producrj J 'nry of bananat, pt laioei, ottngai pine-ip' ,>let, umarin.is iid rocoa-nutt , ba6dca wbuh the ifland abrtMiids with kmons, aitrom, not*, Agi, Turki 'S, and miDei. Here araalfo oxen, cow*, hog*, goat «, pigeons, and pleney of tth, The ifland u(o f^oiv ^ great qu«fiiiiie* »( cotTon. The governor it a Portuguc/ who hat very fiew -.iiita oaopla with him , all the othei inhabitant* are bU lu. who art nevertltelcfi very fuhmif- live to tly aoveritur. and aaaloafly attached to 'b« H ouun catholic raliginii On the fouth -caft part of the iland thei« are two 1 )(«., oiM of which is very low, and almoft av«a with the < hce of the fea . the oilier i* much higher, ami vrry la On tbefe rock* are a multitode of bird*, fu '^ thtt u ' fulfir rticinfelve* In be taken with the hand The wiii i* vciy deep between there two rock*, fo lU Ihipa mn, cafily pall bciv»e«ii thens. There is a vary good w tiering, place on tlic l-ijno fi.le of the ifland, the water rdtii^iM down from tin- mountain into a valley full of oi.mge arid other fruit trees but it i* a difficult matter to cOme at that water, beca x of the violent breakings of the fea, and the negroes Imv' raifed an intrenchmeni of ftoac there, from vvhiih theyc in very much incommode thofe who g< thither lor water. The road for Ihi ping i* on the north eaft fide of the ifland, where one ')y anchor in feven, ten, thirteen, or ftxteen fathoms ma r, on a fandy ground, clofe to tha land, over-againft tl. village where the above-mentioned intienchment ii. Vv hen the inhabitaut* cannot pcevcnt a dei<:ent, they leave i eir houfes, which are onlvottiraber and fand, and retire i^ to the mountaini. The-v are vary well at med. 1'hc inhabitant* arr poorly doftthed 1 the women go bareheaded, and have 'fro the upper part of their body naked, wearing only a ; ~ce of linen wrapped round them, which reaches from the it of the ftomach to juft below the khee. In the moui aim are fome civet-cat*, which neverthelcfs ifTord but lirtle profit. The revenue of the illand conflfts cliieliy of c ton. The ifland of St. Matt :w lies to the north of St. He- Icna, under the fecond dc ree of fouth latitude. It wu fo callid by the Portnguezr becaufc they difcovered it on that faint's day. It is a dr irt, though there is a fine ri- vuletoffrelh water runniii' through it. Garcia* de Loai* fa, a gentleman of Bilcay 1 Spain, who commanded th« fleet which the emperor C .rles V. caufed to be fitted cut at the Groyne, )or tli' purpofe of conquering tho Molucca iflandi, having lan<: I at the ifland of .St. Mat- thew, found it nnciiltivated, at full of Urgeoranee-trees. He found alfo fome poultry -liere, and on the bailcs of trees there were infcriptions in the PortU);'ieze tongue, which proved that fome of th^t nation hid been there be- foru tkey are faid to have coirmued on that ifltnd feveral ycai<. Afcenfion Ifland it fitoatec almoft exaAly between Africa and America, being nrstrly at an equa! diftance fiom Loango in Africa, and Fer -lanbue in Brafil, lying in the fame parallel, in feven dcp ee* fouth Utitude, and thirteen degree* ten miniitt* welt longitude from London. This ifland wa* difcovered in the vear 150S, by Tuftan do Avignz, on his return from the Eaft Indies, who called it Afcenfion, becaufe he firft perceived it on Afaenfion day. It is about twelve miles long, not above three broad, and nearly twentr-five mile* in circumference. The whole ifland i* quite mountainous, and almoft barren ; yet it i* generally nfed by our homeward-bouml Eaft India Ihipa u a place of refrefliment. Oreas nun- titiet of al'het and V:inder* are found upon the foil, irhicb induoet fome to imacine, that a rolcano muft have fer- iserly been Ben, Tb« harbour, howcv^; it mMditi|* 4)6 The NEWamd UNIVERSAL SVSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. I If oonVenitnt, and fon* few ]daee« ar« fit for til- age. When the (hijpt tonpb hc^ theircrm* fonwtimtt Hy« ttpon turde fttr afertnigbtt« •ni^ ' There ii a place on llii« tflartd, which feamen tenn the Poft-oAce, and where tfaef kave letten'. The method Alts lake is. to put tham into hottles, whioh they cMrty qork, when the people in the nent ihip that codiK takt «Dt the Icttcti, aud:ltave othira in theit Head. 1 Though neither tbe Portugucze, oi %ny other nation, have thought proper to take, pbiit, or mltivaie thii ifltnd,^ it ii Hotwithftanding very convenient for Eaft India fliipa to call at, when they happen to go beyond, or mifa of Sl Helena. Juft before the fliip* leave thit place, the iailora, after having thcmfelvet feafted fufficieniljr upon turtle, take a large parcel of thofc junphibioaa anmiak on baud, in order to gratify the luxuriaut appcdtet of tht Englilh epicures. The failor* urotlly diflingtiilh turtles into four kinds ; namely, the trunk turtle, the loggerhead, the hawk's bill, and the green turtle. The trunk turtle is generally larger tlian the reft, and its back is higher and round ; but the flelh is fomewhat rank. The Ic^erhead hu obtained his name froA the fize of his head, which is much larger in proportion than tbat of the other kinds ; but the nefh, like that of tlie former, being very rank, is very (eldom eaten. The hawk's«biU turtle has a long and (inall month, refembling the bill of • hawk. The flefli is but indifferent, but the thelt ferres for many valuable purpofes, fuch as making fnuff-boxes, various trinkets, &C. The green turtle is the mofl ccleUrated and moft valuable of the turtle kind. The delieaev of its fldfh, and its nutritive qualities, have rehdertd it highly elteeiti'^ ed. It forms a principal difh in th« banquet of tlie epi' MitM, -and u-ik»^mM'^mii- nfw ft n tnd'Ma tea fciter,! ■>••■ ■ ■•"■ ■'■ !;■<■ fa.-i Con«cill«i>d«s an made in fltipi fw briiigiac tbefe oyct alive, which cannot, however, b« always dMcdf; '^ diM^ tMey feareeiy leqvire any pravifiotfiiff ifti'toyif^, yet tbe waffling of the fliip ooeafi«ns them to be belt uainft the fides em, by which they become battertd md lean ; fo that in order to «at thit animal in perfeaion, the epicure ought (• be tranfported to the turtle, inflead of brmging th« turtle to him. Tbe colour of tbe fbell of the litter fort >( radwr tfrrtnertbalt that of-the others, fran whicb drebmflince it ittini) iti name. Som: of them are faid to eicced five hnmred powtds weight, \m tbofe of about two hundred kit th« aloft common. This animal fthfam leaves tbe lea, except to depb^ it« eggs, or to fpert (n frefh water. In iAiont'tw«ntyifive days after Mting, fte eg^* ar» batched \m ibefctM 6^ the fiin, and tbe y*ang turtles, about the me of qoaitSi ard ften biNrfiim front ttie fand. as ifeattb-t f^i ^ I '1 m ~.i I , >»r ! ..,51 u V , " ii.*» "» ..I . . -*• I . • 1 r .t T H B ■4> i'jmiif , •■ ■''«:,» til ' 4 f! J.. «*,-£ ,*(*{**(!'-.•< 'sd-i' T^A n-4a^ (,!•«*; I? * Si. ■'" "i »-?! il-H J!»#r; It.* *'«ft it&". j..» ;, V. 1 » \ '■ I ■1 ? 1 ^ * ' I .». 1 *■ % t ' '-^|»]> W - r _^^^^*-»^»».i(«^r; I n 1^ .' ;iB'^^'.' -l ' »•* >* . ' ' 'v,, .— It (/ •■*' -" »; :f i1' ■> 'Y "-.^ J. ^.rii •*Cf6' ».•■■«?;•' -.^!r-:*'ljs^r^** ■*^?-.;)#M?*iMfJr'' .^.. '-j.fe*^V^',^i(«»,h^,. ^ ' ■««: 's^m^^y ••'.". if* «?- ■<■■ ,.:^^ '^ tr«*-*.,i *^v"t«*f' ..* .■MiMM"^'^''' H A\ tal fovc • namely, - I Pruflia, Inro Sici' 4t duke- ^ice, the { four in- Marino, Excltt- ttui about Italy, &c. ji archbi- 1^, dttlwt, ind (bnoe 4eani and ien Ger- fcditerra- i bctween- |nd Afia, aind tb? Two incci St. I ^Bav; ths \ tini titrea Finland -, ~ enetitn, [rivlrs In in Ger- |irei tlie Severn la i in Ger- \ in Svfc- j in Scot- moun- Spain ', hiliii in lis in the iculatiy and f~ rciiiuk,' lier« ait> ftprelieiiij. i. breadth, ion, i«U> RW 0^ *.T 4t.y /^Millar's. \fti^n>nt^/^^,;.^//ttfi^n / Mrifhri it'fiitntf .Ififne . / L»^ x I •'•"ji-. /, / ' ^<.^, 7ntM,v4{ .%. ''^- *•», *?j «v rfe^' K A jv^Y^-';^^'',:. /*«C" *fl ^ T.I40''' ^k i "• "■ i ' tgg wii.a*.... . . W/A^i»^^^,.^>^/;v'W//SYSTEM//l^l^ t- t. ,,JW5.,.t^r^ ■ ^ "W V r N >2 J 1 ¥5 ^h \- ••* ■ # %■ I'lT*' / (Jp^^y*- *'ir J.'Sf4 2*«^/ 1 457 r Thb Ni1|r:4Hi> UNIVKR8AI, SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY ; j 9%tHQ A '5 M P L 1 T « i HISTORY ^^dDESCIlIPTlpK OF The whole WORLa maammmm*-^* BOOK IM. I^HE NEVr AND COMPL£TE HISTORY AND D^SCRIPTIOll Ot E V k OPE. M-* Or EUROPE, i n . g 1 M b H A l. ♦ THE etymology of the lUme ttt Europe iiM been varioiifljr given, fcy difbrent authors ; fome of Abofe eonjeAures eonnmini; it fun been fo romantic, that it would tend r.uher tojiciplex than inform i the. CMidcr to mention Uiem. Howrrer, it Wa* antiently krtown to the Romans, as' It it at piefent t6 the Italians and Spaniards, bjr the name of lMiop« i Eorope hf the Englilh and nxnchi the Twin, cfited it Rumeli^ orAfirankithe Georgians, Frank'oba ; and the reft of Afia, Fraukiftan. On tile norili, Europe is bounded hj ^e Fro^icn Owan ; on tlie fouth, by the Mediterraneart lea ; whi<^ divides it from Afitca ; on (he eaft, b^ Afia, Aroip wbichjt it pi^d Sf the Archipelago, the Euxine or ^ladk Sfa* and! the alui Moeotis ; and thence by a tine drawn from the river 'faiiais, or Don, almoil to' tiie river Oby, ii) Mulcovy i ttid it is bounded by the Attaiitrc Oceait, on the weft. As a continent, Europe contams in breadth, fromr the North Cape to Cane Matapan, in the Morca, abodt two thoufand two huiidredmiles ; and in length, from the north of the fiver Oby, in the eaft, to Cape St. Vincent, it it near three thoufand fix hundred miles. It lies betweennine degrees, thirty-five minntos weft, and feventy-two degrees, twenty>five minutes eaft longitude, and between uirty- five and feventy>two decrees of north latitude, though it does not fill up all that Ipace. This divifion is the fmalleft of the four parts of the «o;l4> but is much to be preferred to the otlier three for the mildnefs of tlie air, the fertility of tlie foil throughout, the many navieable rivers, the ^reat plenty of corn, cattle, wine, oil, and all things requifite not only for the fufte- aance but even for tlie lutury of humsin titt t but efpxi- ally for die beauty, ftrength, courage, in^;noity, wiidbm and learning of its inliabitants t the excellency of their governments, the equity of their laws, the freedom of their fubjeAs ; and abWcall, for the fandity of ibcir re< ligion, vvhere it is profcfled in its purity. The European langvaget are all derived from the fix vicinal ones ; jumely, the Greek, Latin, Teiitonic ^r Old Ciernian, Celtic, Sclavonic, and GotliiC; difftreikt dialcAs whereof with accidental additions, being the lad- guages of all the confidenbk parts of Europe ; Turky and 'I'artary excepted. Though moft of tlie European governnwQts are mo- narchicai, yet iiiFi|r.,aKnuiiiuUtiQns.ani. iar n£s atbiirary, and their fovercigiis' much 'lefs ablblute, than tholis pi Alia and Africa. Kxcluiivc ojf thofe monarchies, in whi4> one man only bears fway ; hcrfe are ariftocracies, or govcrii- mints of the nobles, fucli as Venice, &c. and democracies, or ^ijvernmeius of- tJie people, of wliich kind-are Holland, ^ iimiMidt. i^jj J9t(K of iiw batiaa ftuca. "'Mb. 45. There are in Europe^ thtee empires, namely, Oerminy« Kuflii, Mid Tvrkyt one fpirituiU or ecclefiaftical fove^ seigniy, odled the Popedom i eleven kit^oms, namely. Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Poland, PrulM, Denmirk, Sweden, Sardinia, Hvng^ry, and die two Sici* lies '. one archdukedom, whidi is Auflria ; one great duke- dom, Tofcanv i four great jfepubHct, namely, Venice, tb« linitsd. Provinoct, Swifs Cantoilt, and Genoa; four in- ferior republics, which are, Geneva, Lucca, San Marino, Rag«fai and one Cham, via. European Tartary< Exclu- five of thefe, are the olcAoiaisa of Germaity, and abont three hundred fmalter foveftigidtes iiiGeroaarty, Italy, &c. t2(9 foTcreignt of which tie either fpiritual, as archt»- Ihopi, &c. or temporalt W princes, landgraves, dnka*, XuiflM, counts, mUrgnvet, hofpodars, :ii>d foiM S. , ...... i . Europe CQnt|ilu, befides .the circumfcribing oceans and fe»i, one'ocean, called the German Ocean, between Ger- many and Engbnd. Five feas ; namely,, the Mediterra- nean, between Afia and Europe ; Adriatic, between- ' lt)ly and TorkV; Blacks betweea Europe and A(», White between KuiGa, Sweden, -Lapland, &c. and th? Baltic between Sweden, Deiunark, and Poland. Two Channels ; EngUfti, between England and France ; St. George's, between England and Ireland. One Bav; the Bay of Bifcay, between Fiance and Spain Am threo Gulfi, viz. Bothnian, between Norway and Finland ; Finland, between Sweden and Ruffia j and the Venetian, between Turky and Italy. The following arc forac of the principal rivers in Europe ; namely, the Danube and the Rhine, in Ger- many; Volga and Dwina in the Ruflian empire i die Lbire and Seine in Fiance ; the Thames and Severn in England, fee. I'he chief Lakes are Co/iftance, in Ger- many; Geneva and Guarda in Italy ; Wenner, in Swe- den ;' Ladoga and Onega in Ruffia ; Lochaber, in Scot- land ; and Ne^gh in Ireland. The principal moun- tains arc, the Pyrenean between France- and Spain ; tlie Alp* between France and Italy ; the Dofrin hiVs in Sweden; theGrapach hills in Hungary ;- fome hills in die Highlaiidi of Scotland ; and feverat in Wales, particularly Snovvdon, &c. That our readers may form at once a more Clear and diiiMicl idea of the coniineni, - iiinidsi and other remark' able narts of this (quarter of the globe, we have her« an- nexed a general IntpeAion table for Europe, comprehend- ing the different nation'thereol with theirlenghtli, breadth, chief cities, diftance and bearings from London, leli- gioBs &c. s'/. A Nr> ma^ t ^m l l »l . l ,.l, .11 —II.: < fi ! ■ 13 A New, Complete, and General TABLE of the Continent of EtJROPE. Ntiloni, R II Oil Norura SwtJe n • Dcntinirk> (jercnUndl Laplinii - Qrocnland K. o» PruAa't Dominiont Germany Huhrinia i 600 3«o 120 ru lergen - crlin ' - Vienna «ltue am ■ Madrid BrilffeK -. Dill, it ncar.rroai Lot , 1140 J12_ soJT Rd'gloni. (irick ChurcK" "NT" Luilierant 1 — T* , • — I ill " ^o 600 aoo 8.00 AmAerdam liO Rome _98 Jl. aa >7 _»5 J5_v^ aoo 420 a40 NiplM Cufal - Alodcna Parma - Mantua T~r Buda Florence _st. 340 lA'hent - - Couttanlinopk C5K 850 180 180 420 870 Sao 78c V tjaa 1500 E. TTY. "~5r Luiticrim & C»\7.\ "hpiK.lLuth.& Cal. Papiftt ~ XvvT S. E. xt: XT- XX" ■grr X h. >PapU{a Calviniftt "CalviniftaitPapifti 'Papift* ) A^homctani \ and J QMek Church A New and Complete TABLE oif the Islands of EUROPE. Nami. Great Britain '- - . . - fllreland Anglefea ---.-■'- Wight --.-.-. Scilly - Man -------- The Hebridci, or Weftern Idea Shetland ------- Orcades ------- Sicily ------- Malta ------- Sardinia ------- Corfica ------- Majurra ------- Minorca ------- Ivica -------- European lilands of the Archipelago and Lci-ant --...-- Lufic-na, Corfu, Cephalonia« Zant, Leucadia Ufcdorn t Wollin i Ofel Dagho } Gothland 1 Oeland Aland Rugen Zealand Funen Alfen Falfter angiuiu Laland Femcren Mona Bornholm , Ireland 'SS. M Situation. ^Atlantic Ocean 'Mediterranean Sea Adriatic, or Gulf I of Venice 1 . . > Baltic Sea Northern «cean Chief City or Town. London atad Edinburgh Dublin Beaumarlf NewpoR Dougia* Ourart Larwick Pomona Palermo • - Valetta - - Cagliari - - Baftia - - Majoica - - Port Mahon - Ivica - - . Skalbolt To wbon fulgcA. Great Britain King oftheTwoSiciiieii Knts. ofSt.Johnof Jcruf. King of Sardinia France Spain France Spain Turky Venice Pruffia Ruffi* Lreiunark Denoiirk. l p"""M ^l ft. ■:M- ^■'- /^ j^\.''ys*r:^'^ '4:^ ■>• ^■>* ^•. f '••*, •A • -i, * -f ^ ' *v ■■»• St » ,r?i«i ■*%lt. 'fi ^". : ^* i- imi«i^.=i !■!*•. :*/ ■ < *, ■ ■< ;.-,'j*niNHi4. i.^:.i!tjn4(Siri.i.j;:;.rj.v«T tat- 3tai«|H||«fiS«^« ;/ # t 45» MMi CHAP. I. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF GREAT RUSSIA. SECT. I. Ctnlnmng « gtmml tetuml if ih Ruffian tmftrt, in «^ txUHt, A//, tUmtti, /iintiUii, rivtri, Mti, f^inth mimrM, tad miimtU ^ alf»*f ikt inhtiUntu, tStir fir- fini, drtfi, maimtn, hnjti, dirt, Vt. "n U S S I A ii dctmed the moft extenfiv* tm^irc in the t\_ vnivcHtt and UifM than all the other dommioni of Ciirope tiken colleAively. It U bounded, lowardi tlie north and cad, by the main ocean, and towardi ilie «Nfi iti iiaita ar« fettled by treaties concluded with ftveral ftrdiAantaoweti ; with Sweden, the Pole*, Tarki, Pcr- fiani, ana Chine fe, by whofe dominion ihii immcnfe 4 ' U country ia bounded. It ii a greater extent (Voltaire juftly ^ ■ oMcrvet) than the Roman empir* in th« tenlth of it* rar, or the ampire of Dariui fubdued by Altxander i it containa more than eleren hundred ihtinfand fqoare lei^uca. Neither the Roman ainpiret nor that of the Macadoaian conqueror, compriicd more than five hundred and fiity thoufand each i and there if not a kin|dom in Europe the twentieth part fo estinltva u the Roman empire. In length, from the ifle of Dago, u far aa its utmoft limits, it contains very near a huMred and leventy degree* ; fo that when it is noon-daj in the weft, it ia very nnr midnicht in the eaftem part of this empire. From north to foutn, it flreichea three thouiiuid weru, - which makes eight hundred leagues, in breadth. This country received the name of Mulcovy from the river Mofeo, which gave name likewife to the city of Mofcow, once die metropolis of the wliole empire. ' It hath likewife been called white Ruflia, on account of the fnow with which it is covered the greateft part of the year ; but at prcfent it is ufualiy diilinguilhcd by the name of Great Ruflia. Geograpliert ufualiy divide this extcnfive empire into fix frand diftrifls ; namely. Livonia and Ingria ; Mufcovy, roper, or Wtfteru RulTia ; Eaflern Mufcovy, or RufBa ; Mnlcovite Tartary ; Rulfian LapUi\d, and Nova ZembU; and the countries difmembercd from Poland. Thefe are again fubdivided into a great number of provinces, which include fcvcrat k'lisdoms, duchies, &c. which have been fubdunl «t diflcrent periods, and annexed to the Ruffian dominions. It lecnw nccdlefs to remark, that as this empire confills ef a great number of pruvincct, many of which arc very cxtentive, tlie foil and temperature of tlie air muft of CAnfequcnce be extremely various in different parts of it. \ In rholie which lie beyond the (Ixticth degree of latitude, I there are few pUces where corn will grow to maturity ; i and in the nortnein parts of the empire, which reach be- yond the feveiitieth degree, no garden fruits are produced, except in the couiitry about Archangel, where many buflics and Ihrubs grow fpontaneoufly, and yield feveral , ', . (brts of berries : lioriicd cattle are alfo bred, and there are plenty of wild bcufts and fowls ; and in thu neighbourhood ,of that city are feveral forts of filh. Moft kind* of trees and garden-fiuits, corn, honey, &c. are produced in the middle provinces of the empire. Horned cattle are likewife very numerous here ; the rivers arc navi|>iil)le, and full of the bell forts of fifh ; and the woods abound with p.ame. ; The cliinatc is hot in the fouthern provinces ; and j • though there arc m.iny barren waftes in tome parts, yet in othcis the land is covered with verdure and tiowers. Toliacco, wine, and filk might \ye thrie produced, as the two firft are at AAracan and the Ukraine ; they have game ♦ in proportion ta the extent and number of the woedi ■ and the coiuntry is wklt-wateted with rivers, which affbra plenty of filh. In the northern part* of the empire, and alfo in th* middle, the cold is very favere, tnd the days extremelv (hort in winter, but the {hmmers are warm and delightful* and the twilight it very luminous even in the Inorteft nights. At til* winter- loin ice, when the day is at tbi Ihorteft, the fun riles at Arclungel at twenty four minute* after teit in the morning, and fets at thirty fix after one. At Peter(bur)|;h the fun rifcs at fifteen minutes after nine, and fett at forty •live minutes after two i but at Aflracan the fan rifes at forty eight minutes after ikven, and fets at twelve minutes after four. At the fummer-folfliae, when the day is at the gresteft length, this order I* wverfed, and the fun rifes at AtUacan at twelve minutes after four* aitd lets about forty minutes at\er feven i and it rifes at thirty fix minutes aiier one, and fets at twentyfour mi> . nutes after ten, at Archangel. Eaftem countries are in general much colder In winteri and hotter in fumincr, than ifte wcllern that lie in tha fame latitude « and this is particularly true with refpeA to Ruflia, for the river Neva, at Petcriburih, it in foma years covered with ice fo early as the 245) of OQober ; and ill other years, about the zad of November, at tiM latefi' ; but it generally tliaws about the abtli of April,- old ftvie, and is never known to exceed that time. With refpe^t to the feafont at Patctfburgh, Mr. Hanway hat obferved, that February generally brings with it • bright fun and clear flty ; every objcA leems to glitter with gems, and the nerve* becone braced with the cold< There is then no froall amufemcnt in riding in flodge* upon the fnow, to thofe, who from the length dF the winter, have loft fight of the fujpcrior pleafure which ita« ture yield* when cloathed in her nimmer apparel. The month of March is frequently attended with ' Ihowera, whicht with tlie heat of the fun, penetrate tlx ice : this is generally three quarters of an inch tbi<;k on tlia Neva, and much thicker in fomc great rivers to theiiorth- eafl. This renders it like a honey-comb ; and it ufualiy breaks up about the end of that month. April is fa-qucntly very sftrm « funiraer feems to pra.^ cede the fpring ; for ii is fometimes the frft of June be< fore aiiv conliderabic verdure appears, and then the intenfa licat brings it on fo faft, that the eye can difcover its pro* ^rcfs from day to dar. It I'ceins to be one continued day till the middle of July, tiie fun not entirely diiap|icariiig above two hours in tlie twenty-four ; but the extreme heat of the weather confidcrably IclTcns the delight which thit fcafon naturally affords : however, a week feldom pa£^ without the air bring refrelhed by foutherly and wcf' ' terly winds, which often biing gentle fhawers. The above gentleman, who rcfided about five years in this city, once experienced a delightful autumn to the end of September ; but this rarely happen*. Augufi clofes the fceiie, fo that the fuminer hardly continues abova three months. I'he month of September generally brings rain and ft'oftf the feverity of both is increafed in OAober, and the Neva, is always frozen in November. Then comes in the feafbn for the eafy and fpecdy conveyance on the fnow, which brings fre(h proviflons to market a thoufand Englilh miles by land, and the inhabitants of Peterlburgh often eat tha beef of Archangel. In DrcKmbcr snd January the cold is fs very i^icn£r, that the poor, who arc overtaken by liquor, or expofed to tile air in open places, are fiozen to death. But tlie birds and * t*-:, :-w I i 460 Tut r#BW Ai»» ViMyitRtA i|f{||"l|ijiiB of iIm floMi. eiwbb Mm 10 mfiaSi Mi cotoi. >M (Mrtenth of yl«d» Mrtttnth wllM«ii4ii« In Umimi vl|*'P*f iiiliaSittiktfcAf Ihi "-*« iwpin It rallei«nils fi^' •rij ctfMvtM : tfitj Ml* It, im number of lnha> I ii compuhd onlj M livt. n4 ) Mul ib« rti, iiief~"" It t«n mitlloni ticiufiw to th* cmpirt litf l«fp«A to ih«*bouiutarict of the mflnd p4ljt the KiiCwi tmpirt , lowirdi ilw eatt, <^yjMtMy|il| with the limit! between Europe tiul A(»j cnmMp^M tliectO, t« iheWercoimiin nio«nt*ini, tn4 Mlt»-fM* of the WoIm, which feparate it from Siberia 1 on ItM foulti, it !• bourxied bjr the river Don, «n4 • lint 4nmn from ilic N'icDcr to the mouth of tba Don, •! i^ wMnnn into thr lini of Afoirfi ( 911 (Im «w|hi *"!< W^jtg w m wn i iv« huiulicU railct in ftitpir, wfiyililwwi Mioh^l bi MiJrti I end cKtrndi from tlk«-nMnl9{ivenih to the fcveiliy-fecottd ttegree of north Utltudc. Th« mlowina art the principal r'lMM «f ■•At: I. Volga. Woha. or Kha i 0. Ootiif ot Tttndi ; jk I>wiiia, formed by the confliix of the Succhaiw and thejucxi 4. Occai 5. ICnna ; 6. Obyt f. JetMliuda. I. The ri«M'Woi|[a it the mo(t eonfidcrablo in all Ruilla, ami otir of the Urgrft in the world, a« it traverfei ibe fir gHHef part of KuflU ; and, aftar a lon( winding courfe of upwardi of two thoufand Englilh milet, falli into the Cafpian fea. It haihiMMf-WB » ih< 1*1" "f U"- iKiw, at a rniill dilUnce ^mnlw oity of Kaeva (Jkidii incrlici, near the frontieri of LMraania, about fil\y>iis degrees, fiftwn minutes of north latitude, and bafiiu to be navigable, and to cariy A(M« of a conMerabIt bardrn, fni miltt hotpw in Ipring In Iti courfe, which it moflly fmm cjil\ tp weft( it receive! near forty rivcrt, . fome of them very large, wtten the walli of near double that num- bar of touini, icrtiliic* all the lanJi on each fide, ani > fupplic! them wi|h prodigioui quantities of Mb, larly Uurgeoh, falmon, pike, dc. of a large eniuilite tafte. There grow likcwife along it! banks the fined truffles, and a kind of large afparagu!, of a fponta> neou! growth, and delicioui time and flavour ; and wa arc told, lliat aloikg its bank! arc to be found the only oaks that Nfufcovy produces. But il iinforttmately hap* pens that a great part of that fruitful traA of land along tliia noble river it lb rxpofed to the iiicurfions of thaCubait Tartars, tltat it lies altoactlter uncultivated, and it almoft without iiihabiunts. ^'o remedy this, tlie lata Csar Peter I. caufed an intrenchment to be made fiom lha( rifver a little on the lide the city of Zantsa, quit^toth* river Don, near tlie, ^itf of Twiti hf whkh iMnt b« ha> fecnred all tot part of jliiooMtry wbiahliai 1 the trunch ; but m 'n^;^*!*^ '**''i? .^'''^ IragKct in Icngthap^l " hooters, and lies _ _ _ lattsr end of its courfe' takaf a sHi||iiiK onrrt fouth, and GdU into the Cafpian Ha, uwut th)itjr4ls below Aftracan, in latitude Mt^-five dcgicM, minatcskmgitude, iRkj ( l sgrs m, i9MM|it,#Ag|^^ melting of the ice and fnotr, >tsiHilMMilM 'Afmmttm, . particularly in the montht oflMay tk^Jtbai. ' ' > The maf> tert of the vcllels which fail down the Wolgt to'Aftncan, •ai-efully obferve the fearoii, as at this time they havettot only an opportunity of a fafe paflage over tlie (hallowt, but alC> over fcvcral flat iflands which then lie a conlider- ablc depth under water. Trees are often torn wmjbf the roots from tlu banks of this river by the violeiKc of the current ; and the anchors of tlie veflcls arc frequently fo entangled 'amoagft them, that there is a neceffity of cut- i'.!«c Uie eibla(| fa that manv anchors are fuppofed to Im at me lottom. The Woiga aoounds with a fine fifh called beluga, which is about eight or ten feet in length. a. The river Don, which is the Tanais of the ancients, ia called Tuna or DnKia by the Tartars, and divides this country, in its moft callern parts, from A(ta. It has its iburoe in the province of- Kexan, on the north cad of the lake Iwano-Ollero. or St. John's Lake : and, in its courfe towards the eaft, comet fo near the VVolga above- mentioned, that in one place the diflance between them i« »h»ut a hundred and forty wcrti, or about eight Englifk 3 mrveonf IMV WllrWti MfMlil, It iht Th«>t*koli lUifh of tM cowfr it ••« a«eo«M ofllMaiMylarnliip and kfuringitiisadMAl&M, it itnowom ' iMRMr IrattdniEniliai nilea. TIm «*M ^ Hm Do* art 4lkkaM chalky, confiN]u«ntly tuk ««i|ifMdbuc to Mak. TMi river it very (hallow in funimr, wbui it it '«l SH %k»> il iArdt, howeiw, pkniy of toip I HwHMifu MMIIIiiyrift. *i Tbt mar ; U tar-iwH.' Im ^ .. (Mici4ltdS«Kh«|: AittptM(ht«tty«f tlni) kath no f^ing-hea^ i|« Mi'ltMy oblbrvtd, ftom^ .#i)«gk< UmAi iom thair loT i«tty WOtl B ^ H fci «T^ *'•*• pMvint* of . mim0»p*iim.4mMii'U \n it tuiMtM of tholit i«o tivvra, mmI iti coiiHt ItiMla iinilllWanlfi in which it raatww Ihk ViKbgda, titd ft*tral AikirWMI. and. kavhil ra«i«M«i|^ Ai ih > n i l , ttnpti^ MklSS iwoiMMikt, fhrte^by i AnU|.»Mi» hM tto %l(f|i». r^^KtoS llttl& ««NMt4tt-aratta lb mm at 16 («np fklX^^^tmm tf. tt.'mh dnwB nUnr to ._^_ *ff*flat^ which divide fttilNwaZonbla. tf Jtniliria, and Jenifia, which i the feniMr ; hath its rife like* and Mlt into the fame northern hwidred leagnat caft of the mouth and properly belongs to Mufcovy in jiflli therefore fluU take no further notict of it in thia place. We are now to delcribe the principal laket in tbit part of the Ruffian empire, which an thole of Ladoga and Onega. . , Ladoga is ntko a tj Mia e f :he iit|ift lakkatn Enrqtt. It is formed by^fwif ii««tt, which eoatinaaUy«eur ia their dreams, and thofe of other fmaUaif^llltot mto it : tlw two priiici|Ml onet aie the Vozen, Or CMak'4he Fair, which flows Worn the lalie >rtv-Bv9 !s bl'sdth, whsc fTmSft, IS estcads itfelf in length ttom liaty to fisty>oiie d^ictt fifty minvtaa of latitude, and liath the province of Ctrclia Mtheaortb, andibofebf [ngriaand Novu»or wMt.inG*Mt -wecabrtkoat one afjbc Oby. •rtary. [B V R O P E.J RUSSIA. 4^ r«uih. Tb« iMi CV' Frttr t. Ml imUnf iIm (muH fn- 1 by wbich Im liMh op«i'« M Im wtni one nthV tww I'll cvtit from Umik* ijttiM lo AArtc*!! I ihc liclp o( thu utU feoM oib«r riven which f'»ll iiM-i WoIk« above- McniioMil. Ai for Um Ult«, ii brcc'Jv ^rotligioui quanlilMi and vaiifly of good filhi fuih 'I. iiUmon, Itargeon, ind a ftcwttai kindtilM liulagt of iIk lugiMl'i of I herriitg, but ol a tiiMC uilt, fiom which iha Mm it (uppolad to hava ii* nam*. Ontg* i« ihe iicat in btgntfa, and lw» abmii ftfty niilai «. Awmil ut 1.4>iu|a. It mend* itlall in tangtli ftoni nonh to foHih. fium iiaiy dagrcci ihtrty aiinuiea to fikiv-ihiM dcaree* I)' I uud«, and i> about' forty Icigufaiit wiiglh, and -kghi in brradih -, Juving the country of Cartlia vn ih« ituitli, tb< laka of X.adoga «n th« waft, i be pro- vince of Velogda on tha foutb, attd the CarfMoi, and tcrii'ory of Onega on ih« eaft. I; recaiva* IM rivan •f fuvcnta, ncM ika city of that imim on ika north ; that of Zaluiof4, oniha eaft i iltola of Viiagra and Sulla, , on tba fouth i Ibofe of Saala, Pudoa, NikiAima, Anda- in^, and loma othari of left note on the eaft. Lafily. iiie Stair carilct Iha waiatt out of ihit lake into ihat of L^oda. On iba foaib of tiMii of Onega ii that called the Wblta L»ka« about twenty laagvat fiom it, which di(chargca itUlf into it by tha livar Coa&haa, and ii about hati! tlM bigiieft of ilui. Abng tha coaft of Onega are fcvcral cniifidcrible citiet, filvata ntoflly upon, or iwar tlie mouth* of tlMi'c tivert that iail upon it from all iha four fidei, for ibe convenieiKc of coninicrce. Thii lake gkvai name likewife to a conlidcrable river, and to a territory Uuough which it run* till it emptie* iifelf iiito the While Sea. Tbi* trafl of land, which extend* itfirif on each fida of that rivei, the only one it hath, quite to the fame White Saa, ii obTcrved to have neither town nor city, but » vaA oumbar of foreft* atvl wood*. There i* alfo the latie of Peiput, in Livonia, which i* naar favanty mile* in length, and aboat forty in breadth. It tun* into the gulf of Finland, by the river Narva, and ■bound* with fiu. All iIm lake* in ihii country breed fuch innumerabla fw^m* of fliei, gnati, and other inicA*, during two or tl»«« montbt of intanfa heat, a* make* iIn fummcr nearly ^ troubtcfoina u the winter to the iiibahitant*. There are leveral medicinal and (aline fpringf in Ruflia. Fine filver, which alfo yield* fo-iw gold, i* dug out of the mine* of thi* country ; here i* alfo ifinglaf* and preciou* done*, ««ccediiig fine copper, iron, aM many other mi- RulBa i* moft fertile near the frontier* of Poland, wltere llie iuhabitanti are able lo fuppty ibeir ntigbbouri wi'h corn. The northern pan* are not only estreinely cold, hut marlhy, and over-run with forefti, chiefly inhabited l>y wild bead*. iicliJct domeftic aniinali, there are in Kuftia, hyena* or glutton*, wildbeevei, rcin-decr, martens, white and .black i'oxc*, ermine*, and fable*, lirhofa tkint make tlie bcft fur* in tlte world. The foil of Rufia i* rather more varioua than the climaai. The fouibtrn province* produce wheat, barley, rfe, oan, pea*, heibi, wrth variout kind* of fruit*, and all tbefe grow fo uncommonly fafl, that corn is commonly reaped in two months after it begin* to appear above the futface of the ground. Thi* is attributed to the fnow, which not only enriche* and mellow* the land, but che- rifltet and flielter* the produA of it, and make* it take deeper root in the ground. In many part* the fowing-time maft follow the harveft immediately ; becaufe the former, not lafting above three month*, there can be no fowing alter the froft i* begun. But in more mtidcrate cliiue*, tney will not low till April or May, and then their reaping time come* on in Auguft, and fometime* in July. They have no need of manure, the fnow fup|>lying that in every refpcA. Bcfidee grain, and fruit* of variou* fotti, the country pioduce* |3enty of rhubarb, flax, hemp, good pafture for cattk, houey, wax, &c. The afiomftiine quantity of niufhroomt produced fpontaneoufly in Ruflia, are a great benefit and relief to the poor, while at the fame time they ate dcemad dclicacic* at the tablet of the rid) and luxu- riou*. At Mofcow, about a thoafand load of mulhroomt have been fold annually. Till »!« time of !'••«? th« Gfsst; igficuU'jr* wsi but little undcrftood in thia country i but tliat monarch, brought hit I'ubieA*, in fome mnfnre, to a better know- ledge of it. The principal article* in a Kullian farm are wax and honey, which iometiines produce to the peafant 46 aeompctBHcyi a* h« frIU tteww Mii flMWif liMhMit)* and mtk«* a dMiMtlic Jiiok ol Iba r«A Tkit drMi It • kind of mathaglin, eaircmaly ftronc, and very palaiaUi^ ThaRuliian meibodof wming bcahive* i*Mfe41*«t: tha pcalant cati down a trta, faw* the truitk lots many parti, hollow* tlie pieeat, than ftop* ap itw eatrMiiilaa, and borci rmall hula* into itia body for tlie admittanaa of the hccai then tlit beehive I* made, and ilw hooey fncurtd from all ilie attack* of llie baar, who i< •icradingly 'oiU of It, and, in order 10 make birniaM mailer of ihe I'weet Iraafura, will uttan try a varwiy of aapcriment* and llre- tagenu. In thi* country, tha rya (jirvaanM only fur bread, but • nrong liquor it tairaatd from it, mluch ii prtfiirrfd i* brandy by the RulTitn*. Ill the nun hern and weflarn province*, tha wild bwlH are mucli iIm iknie a* tholis in Laplanu, Norwar, Sweden, 6(0. fuch at ifin-dcer, foxc*, martana, bare*,' bean, er> mine*, (able*, and iqoirrelt. In the fouiheni provlncae art bred black caiile, eamcU, foiatl hoifc*, goat*, (beep, «c, Tha whole amfira abowidt with Muliry, wild- fowl, pme, bird* of prey, li«. and the dinrent part* of It are pifiitifully fupplicd with variou* kind* of filht by mean* of tha noriliern ocaan, Baltic, Golf of Kinland, While Sea, Black Sea, »i,J Cyprian Sea, and tha inn«- merabl* liver*, lake*, rivaleu, &c. produce immtnCt quan- titie* of fahpon, trout, pike, fturgfon, te. SECT. II. Ctnfinini a JifttiflUm tf ikt frfi gramUMJltii if GnM R-Jji^f namtfy Lhi»m» an J tmgrU, THE province of Livonia, or Leiiland, i* bounded oti the north by the gulf of Finland ) on the fouth, by tna duchy of Courland and Lithuaui*. ; jn fr eaft, by Ingria and part of Ruflia ; and, on Ui. thr vreft by the gulf of Riga. It i* idmiiahly fituatid for commeicr, n»vmg the Tna on ttie north and weft, the graat lake Poput on the eaft. and the river Dwina on the fouth. Threa other internal Uket, and many froall river*, likewife greatly contribute to X\:t advantage of this province, by fiicilitating the inland navigation. From eaft to weft, witere broadeft, it i* about one hundred and ten mile* in iMigtbi and about one hundred and fifty ^om north to fouth. Though ex- tremely marfliy, it i* in general very beautiful, having many pafture grounds, and producing in great plenty comt cattle, honey, Ik. About the twelfth centurv, Iht Livonian* were involved in pagan fuperftitioni, and were to a ^reat degite fcro* ciou* and lavage in their manner*. '1 ney were brought to embrace Chriftianity by their neighbour* the Ocrmani, who, in order to convince tlieir new converts, were obliged to ufe the compulfive mean* of fire and fword. Albert the canon of firemen, jgbo built Riga, held Lt< vonia at chief of the empire \ he afterward* obumed per- milTion to coin money, and to inflitute a new order of knighthood, called the fword-bearert. Tbefe knightt* attempting to make convert! among their neighbour*, ih«d oceans of blood. In the year 1 134, tliey were united to the Pruflian, or knightt of the Teutonic order ; when, in conjuAion, they maintained very long and bloody wara againft the Pole*, Ruflians, and other neighbouring powra. Albert of Brandenburgh, in the (ixteentn century, Dccams a Lutheran, which occafioned a feparation between the Livonian order and that of Pruflia. About 1535, not- withftanding the menacea and intrigues of the emperor Charles V. tlie principal part of the Livoniani declared for proteflantifm. The Germans, Ruflians, Poles, and Swedet, have ^> ternaiely ravaged this fine country. By the treaty of Oliva, in 1660, it wis entirely ceded to the Swedet, who kept pofleflion of it till the beginning of 'he prefent cen- tury, when, during the wars of Charle* XII. the Rufliani fubdued the whole duchy of Livonia, at well at Ing ia, both which were afterwvdi, by the tnaty of Naef.:Jt confirmed to Ruflia. With rcfpeA to the native peafant* of Livonia, the^ are of ftiong conftitution*, fit to undergo hardfhipt, but even to this time retain a great part of ueir ftrxious and fava^ difpofition ; tliey call Ibemfelvct Luthenmi, but are lo extremely i^orant of religion in general, that they fcsrc: knsvr an £it:clc cf thst nhicu tiicy praicnd io proicn, Wc (hall here relate fome remarkabfe (octtUaritiei ia their marriage ceremonies, and other fttpermtioui <>b- fervances amtmg them. When a country fcllow it dif- pofed to marry a laCi out of 'utethar vilwM, be goes on I 6 A hotftbKlc '>«« Thk new and universal SYSTEM of GEOjORAPHY. horfeback tli fetch ber, and m'aVtt her embrace hiin with with the right haiid. He hath in his liaiid a tlick cleft at (he top, where be putt a piece of hnU money, wliich he gives to him who opens the wicket through which Itv is to paft. Before hiin rides a man thkt plays iipun the bagpipe, as alfo two of his friend*, who, liaving imked fwords in their handi, cive two Uiokes thetewith ncrofs the door of the houfe where the maniage is to lie coitfuin- mated, attd then tliev thruft the point of one of the fwords into a beam over the bridrEroom't lieadi this is done to pre- vent charms, which, they tvf, ai« common in tliatconntry. To the fame end the biide fcalters little pieces vi tinrh or fed ferg^ by the way, efpecialiy where crofs-vrays meet', near crofles. and upon the grave* of little children dead with- out baptifm, whom they bury in the highways. She hath » vail over her bgc whik Ihe is at uble, which is not long ; for, as foon ahuoft at the guefts are feated, the mar- riedcouple rife and retiie. About two houn after tliey get up, and are brought to (it down at the uble. Havine drank and danced till fitch time at they are able to ftand Jio loqger, they lie down oa the floor, where, like-fe many fwine, tliey fleep all together. Their notions refpeding vtligion are very extr«vagant : however, they believe there it another life after this. A Livonian woman, being pi-efent at her hufband't burial, put a needle and thread into the grave,- giving this reafon fi>r it, that ber hufband b«iag to meet in the other world with perfons of good rank, (he was aihanied he (hould b* feen with iiis cloaths rent. Nay, they pay fo little regard to. a future ftatc, that in. the oath they uke to decide any diflerence at law, inftead of in- tcrefting the falvation of their fouls tlierrin, their prrfeiit and temporal advantages are the principal objaAt of their confideration. Tbefe people are greatly addiftcd to forcery ; and think it To neccA'ary for tl:e prelcrviition of their cattle, that fathers and mothers teach their children, fo that there is fcarcc any peafant but is a forcerer. They all obferve certain fupcrftitious ceremonies, by which tiwy tliink to elude the tSt&t of it : on which account tliey never kill any bead, but tliey caft fome part of it away ; itor do they ever make a brewing but they fpill fonic part of the liquor, that the forcery may fall upon tliat. They have alfo a ciiflom of rel^aptizing tlieir children, if, during the iirll fix weeks alter tlicir biitli, they happen to be f,ck, or troubled with fits, when they think tliecauii; to arife from the name given them at their birth not being proper for them { wherefore they give them another ; but they ufe their ut- moft endeavours toconcnl tliis ptaftice, which itdceniul both finful and criminal, and, if known, would be fevcrcly ptmifhed by tlie magiflrate. They are not lefs attached to the exaft obfervance of their caltoms, than obiUiute in tlieir fuperftitions. Time is a very pleafant ftory related of an old country fellow, who, being condemned, for fome great crime, to lie along upon tlic ground to receive bis punifhiaent, and Madame de la Barr^, pitying his almoft dect«pid age, having fo far interceded for him, u that hit corporal pu- n<(hracnt fbould be changed into a pecuniary nulft of about fifteen or fixteen petKe, he thanked her for the kindneft intended bira ; but feid, that, for his part, being an old man, he would not introduce any novelty, nor fuN fer the cufloms of the country to be altered, but was ready to receive the cbaDilement which his ()rcijtcc<((>rs had not thought a haidlhi)) to undergo ; whereupon he put off his cloaths, laid hiinfeU' upon the grounJ, and liifTered the punifhment ordered to be inflified upon him. Wcmay here obferve, tliat in Livonia, this is accounted no punifbir.cnt, but only a cuftomary chanifcmcnt : for the people, being of a refraQory nature, muil be treated with tliat fcverity which in other placet would be iiifup- portable. 1 hey aiC not permitted to make any purdiale ; and to prevent tlicir fo doing, they have only fo much ground to manage as will afford them a fuhfitleiice. Yet they will veivtUK to cut down wood in fome placet of the fiurefts, M>d, laving prepared the ground, low wlicat in it, which tliey hide in pits underground, to be fecKtIy ' fold.- If they are uken m tbit, or any other fault, they inake them (trip theuilelvcs naked down to the hips, and to lie down upon the ground, or are tied to a poft, while one of their comrades blhes them with a fwitch or holly wand, till tlie blood cooics on all (ides, efpecialiy if thefe word<; — I'eicke nack maba pexcnu, beat him till the ikin felit off from theflefh, are pronounced by the matter. The ufe ef money is likewife prohibited to this clafs of people i for as foon at it is known they have any, the geii- tieoKa and their officeri, who are paid by tbc peafanuy. take it from them ; hot this crueltyof the maftets frequently overwhelms thete poor people wi'ihdefpalr i of which tlitro Ibnie years ago happened a fad example : a {.'cafailt, prclfed by liis oHicer for what he neither had nor ougtit to pay, and being deurived of the means whereby he might inainUm hi.s fHinilv, Itraiiiiled his wife .ii:d children. T"he officer cuniiiig tne next day to the houfc, thinking to receive the money, llruck his head againft the man's feet that wai hanging, and then peiceived the miferabie eataflrophe of which 'he wus the occalion. The province of Livonia is divided' into two dinrifh't namely, bftonia and Letieii ; the former of thefe, which is the molt nerthern part, is bounded, on the fouth, by Li-tten ; on the eall, by Kuiiia ; oiv the weft, by the gutt of Riga i and, on tlie norths by the gulf of Finland. The chief cities and towns are, i . Revel, the capital of Eftonia ; it is iituated partly on a plain, and the other part on the declivity «f a 'mountain, at the top of which there is a flrong caftle. It it a htlndred and twenty-five miles from Stockholm, and Hands on the gulf qf FinlaH.d. Waldemar, the fecond king of Denmatk, fouiMed ReVel. but fold it, together with Narva and Reientberg, (o the grand matter of the Teutonic order. Rerel was ime of the places originally admitted into the confederacy -of the Hanie-Towns, and was a coronjercial place of loiiie note till 1550, when the Ruflians removed the commeree of Revel to Narva, after having fubdued the latter. Bat in 1 7 1 1 , when tlie Rutfians conquered the former, they again turned itt trade into the old channel, and fince that period the place hath in fome degree increaled in wealth and im- rtance. The ciliaent flill preferve the privilege* granted , their former patrons the grand matters, tiie king* of Swlde n, ho. and alfo enjoy their own forms of govern- ment, though a Ruffian garrifon fecurcs the place. Tbe market place, however, is guarded by a band of their oton; The civil government is democratic, confiftiiuj of ete£livc magiftratet, counfellort, ^c. wboareobli|ed oc^ calionalty to confnit their eonfti renu t and their religioa is Proteuantifm, according to tlie Augfboiirg confeffiaa of faith. The Danifb peatahts, who formerly fettldd here, are fiill difiiaguilhable from the original inhabitants b* their habit*, cuflomt, maimers, &c. During tbo' laft liege of Revel, fifty thoufand off the inhabiianit died^ the plague, which was probably owing to the wantofroomi proDcr provifioiM, &c, at tnany people had tdwn (helttt in tne city from the neiehbouring parts of the country. 1. The other town it Narva, fituatedon the river Narvai which divide* Livonia from Ingria. It was or^inaUy built by Wahlcmar H. king of Denmark ; taken br John Balilowit(,caar of Mufcovv or RulTia ; retaken byilM iiwedet i and filially reduced by Peter the Great, in tlie year 1700. Previous to its reduAion, when the Kuffian*- laid fiegeto it with an army of eighty thoufand men, under' tlia command of the duke of Cray, Charles XI 1. king «f Sweden, advanced to its relief, at the head of only eight tlionfand men ; attacked the Ruffians in their lines, gave them a total nvertlirow, {lew twenty thoufand men on tba' fpot, took the general, moA oftheoABcert, and a great' number of private men prifonert, with a huiHkcd aind ninety pieces of cannon and mortars, a hundred and fcventy one coloars and llandards, the whole baggage of' the army, Aic. &c. But I'eter afterwards mott Ivvei'eljr revenged tho dilhonour of Iris aims I'm that unfoT'- tunatcday, when lie a'lerwards took >Narva, and trans- ported the wretched inhabitants to Aftiacm, the moft remote i>art of his dominions. They yet (licw the baftion where lie gave the allault ; and it is faid, th»t on his en- tering the place ; and finding tlie Swcdilh governor in hi* robe dc chambre, unappiehenlive of fuch an event, ha flruck him fevenl limes, reproaching him for his iiia tioii to his fovereign's interctt, and tor having been tbund in a drel's fo unworthy of a foldicr, while theplacc was in fuch imminent danger. The Livonian diefs is ttius defcribed by a late Engtitk traveller : " I had the pleafure, fays he, to dine yellcrday in company with four ladies, who were habited in tlm Livonian drcfs. Nothing conld more aptly realLte that barbarous fplcndor which has been fo feequently depiAed but is now (o rarely to be Icen, in any pirn ot Ev- ropc. It wasexpeiifive, and might have been worn by perfoiu of the (im eminence, without dcgradatiwt ef tbcir...^ ran.k. I'heir head: were coveicu with a compieie bonnai-ii of pearls, which were not wortli lefs than two thoufand rubles (four hundred and fifty pounds fterling, at four (hillings and (ixpence the ruble) ; and round their neck* were (everal ftiings of the fame t a part of their neck* was left cxpolcd, but the lower part wu concealed by a ' eft [E U R O' P E.]- R U 8 .Miif'^A. veft 6( red filk, which fiit clofe W the btwft, «nel w«« bordered with a very brciiid'gotd luce,- which dtfteinlei to tile feet. Tlieir «rm» had no other covering thin the (Iccves of their (hifts i and when they Walked out, th*y threw over their headi and ihoalden a piece o> flik re itmbling a-higblaiid piaid, and which anfWtn to the filk cloak* of our ladiei. On the other fide of the ri»er, v\d juft appoflte to Narva, it the fortreft of IwaiiMonMi, upon a rock which it almoft furrounds. At the foot of this rock there it a little town called Ruffian Nanra, inhabiied'only by Ruf- fiana. Among other ridiculoui l\ip«rftitiohs, the people luve a cuftom of obferving the eve of Whitftmday at a lcftitall°aciTd to the incmbry of the dead. Ou tbii occa- lion tl)e women afleinMc in the church-yard, fprtad clean na|ikini on the grave* and tomb-ftonei, and cover them «vith painted c^«i fifti drefled various wayi, cakett cuflardi, ice. The prrefttbmprayi over, and perfame* thefe with fiankincenfe ; thc^lcrlc foilowt, and gather* lip tha oftr^ ing* for the ufe of (he church i and the women make the mod difmal lamentation* during tbe:wholeeei«mony. Neart#o mile* from the city, an iinpettioas catamft rudw* violently down aprecipice with a nwft tremendou* noife, and daihca fo torioufly againft the r«Kk«, that a milt or vapour continually afcends fr6Uit*'foam, whidh ptoducei • beaotiftil rainbow when the morning fan obliqaely thine* opon it. The river Narva, which flow* firom the lake Pciou*, and emptica itfelf into the gulf of Finland, it alfo exceeding rapid ; and ort tm^nkt of thi* river, near whore it iflfaes out of the above lake is a flrong fortreft called N icflat or Ncwfort. There i* another iltmj; fortification, called Weifenburgh, in the river Weifti •boat twenty mile* weft of Nanra ; and thirty milei loath pf Weifenburgh, in the midft of a moraft, is fituatcd Wcfienfiein, another firong foiticff . jA: came again fubicA to the RulSant. The town ot LduJ it • place of great firenRtb, and bat » cattle of |ood force. It ftandt on the Baltic, or rather on tbegalf ot Riga, fixty milet from Hapliil, to the fonth eaft. The town of Parnaw, or Pctnaw, flands on the galf of Riga, at the mouth of the river Pamaw, fixty five miles from Revel, tothefouth. It is* fmall city, bat • place of good trade, a grrai quantity of corn, efpe- cially, being (hipped hencs for the Netherlands. It is divided iiito the old and new city, and was formerly one qf (be Hanfe-Townt. It is pretty well fortified, but owes - itt Arength chieflv to its ciftle ; though it is built only of limber, as are all the houfes andcharclies The Poian- .ders made this the of capital oiie'of their palatinates, when it was under their jurildiAion. It became I'ubjeQ to the Swedes in 161 7, alter it had been taken and retaken many times in thu Uft century 1 anJ in 1 7 to it fiirrende od to the KulBant. A univerfity was removed hither from Derpt, in the ytsar i6Bc, but it is iwt raudt freqWiiicd. .The river Parnsw, on wliich this town is fituatcd, has its fpring in a Urge (oreft near the little river Beci, and the cattle of WeiiMifieiu : this liver falls into the gulf of Riga a( Pariuw, receiving, in itt courfe, the rivert Fela and Pienikeia. The large and antient city of Derpt, or, as the inbahi. tani* call it Derpit, and the Ruflians Junogorod, is fitu- atcd on the river Eimbeck, between th.e lake* Prihus and VVeriBi,whiclihave a conimunication together by that river. It i« fixty mik* diftant from Narva to the fouth, and fe- venty-five from Patnaw to the eaft. It was formerly the fee of a bifhop, and wat adorned with an univerfity in 1632, by king Guftavus Adolphus, on account of its be- ing a pleafant healthy place, abounding with provifions, and all neceflarics : but the aniverfity, as we obferved above, hat been fince removed to Parnaw. The hiiil>!- ipgi at Derpt ar« of ftoiie and brick, but the town it not fo populous a* it wu formerly. It hat a flrong caftle for its defence, feated on a hill 1 but it has, however been fubjeft to many matters. The Teutonic knights took it from tiM Rufliant in 1580, the Pole* icized it in 1 j8a, altciwardi the Swedes diiove them out ; but in i6oj they 4 regunedand kept it till i6lj, irbtn the^«Mde« Meli^ a^ainiandat lirngth, in 1704, it futreiidffcftd tsjhilie Ruffians, who have ever fi«tcekul^pofii;- tiched. TberivaViDwina it an inexljaftable foarce^ pkoty, and maket ample amends for every uther defieieitcy. if runt a vaft lenigth into the interior para of Poland, and Miiveyt down all the articles of trade exported froo hence. X imber it one of tho chief ; and many of (he fargeft ireei do not arrive, in RiBt, within two yeart, being cut neaf Bender, on the bankt of the Niefter, fiom whence ttey are drawn over the fnowt to the Uwina, in winter ; and the enfaing feaftm are brought down to the harbour for ftiipung. Theeity of Rin (lands in a laift plain on the vKflern bknkt of the river Dwina, fi > milet above the moudi of it, iwhicb maket acommodiout harbour from die gulpb of tha Btltie, called from thence the gnlpn of Riga, thoogUby foine the gulpit of Lrvonia. The city it one hundred and twenty milet diftant from Revel to ibe Ibatb, and one hondred and fi. men, to go and live there, and trade in fuch commoditiet u they were ordered. Provifions being fearer, and eon- venienciet wanting, the place at firft was lar from being agreeable to perfons of diftinAion, who had in Mofcow large buildings, aiMl feats in the'country with fifh-ponds, gardens, ftc. However, lie linle regarded the coinplainta of thole who only confidered their own cafe. The Boy- art (nobility) brought gteat retinuet with tbfem, and mer- chants and mopkecpert foon found their account in fet>- tlin^ here. Many Swedea, Fintandert, Livoniani, fifom towns neariy depopulated by the wars, repaired hither. Artificers, mechamcs, faamen, were invited alio, to en- courage ftiipping t who, having worked out the time agreied on for the caar, were employed hj the noblemen ; and fome built for themfelves and fettled, each man being al- lowed to pitch on the fpot he liked beft. In one year, thirty thouland honfet were ereAed, and, in two or three more, double the number, which doubtlefs are very much increafed fince. Some, indeed, but chiefly in the flabodat or fuburbt, are mean, and may be taken to piece* in tw* or three hours, and fet up elfe where. . To build this town, the czar caufed that of Ninfchani, a ftronjg fort on .the Nieva, not far from Notehurg, lo be demoliflted for the materials, and the inhabitants removed hither : and u he intended to transfer the trade of Arch< angel to Peteriburgh, in 1713, he made one thoufand fa~ milies come froiR Mofcow, and oflfcred great advantages to all foreigners that fliould fettle there | and ordered that all goods, ufually fent to Areh^ogel, to be foldi &c. to ftrangers, fliould be fent hither, and the duties to be in every refpcA the fame i but the commerce, fee. were not cntirtly removed till fome years after. In 1714 it waa ordered that all future hoafes thoold be built of briok, and tiled. The citadel is a long and irregular hexagonal, with fix baftions parallel to each other, except the two raiddlemoft, one of which oppofite toCarelia, has two orillons or blindt ; that over.igainA the river, rione 1 each of tile four others, one. 1 hey were ail at nrft but earth and turfi but in 1710, the czar rcfolved to have them all lined with flrong walls ; thofe on Carelia fide were (inithed in his life-tiinr, and the work has been carried on and cotnpleted by his fuccclfors. The wall it thirty feet high to the parapet, and the £Kct are alt lined with large icon and brafs guns. On ) the -II! .■ >:'*^' \ ■ - ■■-' V - ■ ' ^ - ffl | B|> ll|fc l W ll w" l ii| ii j i I t£ U R O P E.] RUSSIA. 4«i \ the flutks, which »rc ptttty fliorf , are t*o rowi of cafi- tnite*, one above another, arched over, and covered with beami and turf, bomb-proof, 'he curtains on the right fide of thii citadel's gatrs has < of tlie lineft royal dlf- pcnfiries in Kurop?, both fori great qu&iitity of drugs and meditihei, and the large number of beautiful [k)rcc- lain veflels from China and Japan, corttaitied therein. This citadel has tWo gates, one adorned with flAtues, par- ticularly of St. Peter, with his two embleitutit keys, and on its inlide the black eagle of Ruflia, with the globe and the fceptre in its two talons ; and bdo^ the i^ure, the Ruffian tutelar patron, St. Nicholu. Before that gate it a ravelin { from whence is a bridge. With two draw- brithtea over an arm of (he river. Galtits and fmall veflels kre ineltercd from bad weather in this place. ^ It being the defign of Peter the Great to mtroduce as much as poflibte politeiicl's and leflnertient amongft bis fubjeAs, he therefore, in 1719, caufed aflemblics to be opened at Peterfburg ; which he put Under fevcrat excel- lent TecatatiofU, being fcven in number, and which were nrintedin the Ruffian tongue. In thefe aflcmblies, the^ 11 daacing in one room i ih another playing at cards, di«u|^n, or chefs, in which faift game the meantil Ruf- fona excel; in a third room, there are commonly people fmoking and convcrfinf; together ; and in the fuurtti, are Jadiea and gentlemen divertilij; themfelvet with tjueflicuM and commands, croft-purpolet, and fuch like innocent ;,;|tmufeinenti, that promote ntirth aMd good humoiir. Al- lhou|^ none of the company are Obhged to drink inote wine or brandy than they alk fori except on tlie tranf- grcffing the cftablifhed rules of the aflctnbW, which hip- pens very often ; yet there are many Ruffians who em- Drace that opportunity of regaling themfelvet at other V tnen't coft, and confider aflembtiet as one of the moft lau- ° dable of the late czar's innovations. Every great man of the court keeps, in his turn, ah aflcmbly once in the Winter at leaft ; and the mafler of the police bat notice fent to him« if the czar pitdies upon a particular petfoh lor that purpofe. ^ Peter the Great alfo eftabliihcd an atUdenty here» whith tat in it a great number of profeflbrs in moft fciences, fend the belles lettres, who have liberal falarie«. The building is a fuperb pile, containing two (lories, with i beautiful cupola in the middle, and an obfervatory. Here it a good library, and all manner of natural aiid artificial cariofiiies. Dr. Cook fays concerning it, " In one of the galleries, in a cafe, is the ikin of a Frenchman tanned and fluffed : this has \Hin the tailed man I ever faw. In •notlicr cafe, is his Oieletoti, and a ,>alr of brce<:hes made of hit wife't ikin, alfo drefled ; the leather wai like buff. On ^e bottom, or ; avementi (tabds (he Ikin of an En- glilh che(hut horfei (hlffcd, faddled and bridled, and be- de it the flceleten : Peter the G rtat ufed to ride thit borfe. Here I faw the head of the unfortunate Mifs Hamilton, a Swedifli lady, who wu put to death for having murdered lier child unlawfully begotten ; and this is the Ohiy mur- der of that kind I ever heard of in Ruffia. It is faid, Pe- ter went and faw her executed ; he wept much ; botcoUld not prevail upon himfelf to pardon her, for fear, they tell tit, that God would charge him with the innocent blood the had fhed. He caufed her head to be capped and in- jeAed. The forehead is abnoft complete. The face is the beattifnlleft my eyes ever beheld. The dura mater and brain are all preierved in their natural (ituation. This it kept in fpirits m a large crylbl veffel." Belidei the rix>ve, here are depofited great Quantities of earths, foffils, fionet, ores, natural metals, minerals, ihclls, moffcs, co- nb, fcc. In one room is a figure of Peter the Great in w(x-work, u large as tite life ; he fiu In an elbow chair crofs-ligged, dicicS in a blue fuit of deaths, and has a hanger by his fide. He has fl^rt Mack hair, his head coveted, and is fiioronnded by mathematical, philofophical. and mecha- nical inflmments. 'The pUn of this academy was drawn up by Peter the Gieat himfelf, and confifta of eleven articles ; fpccifying the number of membert, ice. the fciences to be taught ; direAiont to the members, relating to their ftudies ; their tiitKS of meeting ; public leAuret once a day, and fyftems of the fciences proRfled ) filling up vacancici, &c. Befides the above, heie is alfo an acadenw for the im- provement of arts, fuinifhed with fevcral Greek and Ro- ll.;. _-J.I. %r^ B..> >k:» ia Aill in its infanM. .«.J tllSI* M.V^*'.-, .Mv. •*..* »•** .* •-»• ..- •.« a.^vMaa^r^ , »...« Ruffia baih at yet ptoducvd ""i great genius in thit way to tender it fimout. On the fouth fide of the river, erppofite to the academy, it the admiralty, which it a noble h^uate building. It is No. 4& „ . , fortified, hath tiiree entrances % me^ns of Jrawt^ridnti and contains a great variety of offices, magazines, ,&c. Many large men of war, Hoops, &c. are built here. On the top of a tower belonging to the admiraltv is a high fpire covered with copper double gilt, and a (nip made of the fame mctid, and alfo double gilt, is placed on the fummit. To tlie eafiward of the adniiralty flancts the caftle, a royal foundeiy, in which are cafi fome of the befl cannon, mortart, bombs, &c, in the univerfe. It is a noble building, and oh tHeiop of it it tlie figure of a burning bomb, double gilt. An adademy of the hiarine was alfo eibbliflied at Pe- ftrfburg by the late czar, to which he obliged every con- fiderabie farfkily in Ruffia to fend one or more of their font or kinfmen above ten and under eiehieen years of age, whelre they Were inflruAed in navigation : they were hers kept underaftriA difcipline: taught the Ungutges, alfo tb ride and fence, and other cxttciCu proiter for gen- tlemen. There is a wharf at the weft end of Peterlburg for buijding fmall veffeh; and machines called tamelti which are ufed to carry great (hips over the bar for Cron- fladt. And ou the weft end of the wefteinmofl idand be- longing to St. Peterlburg, there is an excellent well forti- fied haven, Where near three hundred Ruffian gallies may ride with great fecurity. On the weft end of tlie above-mentiotied ifland is the cuftom-houfe, ahd a fine exchange (though only a wooden fikbric] well frequented by inerchaiits. It is an extenfive and uniform building, with convenient warchoufes for the prefervation and (lowing; of goods. Not far from the Caftfe is a noble f^iuire magazine built of brick, for pre- fervlng merchandize. It has only one gate; which is Ver/ SarEe, and is guarded conftanily by one hundred foldiert. On thefouthernmoft part of thecitT flands the grand market iplac'e, in which are many warehoufet to depofit all kinds of eommodities, domeftic and foixign, for fale. It ii a large fqusire, with four entries, and a range of (hops on each fide, both Within and without, with covered galleriet to (ecure from (he rain thofe who fi-equent it. A learned traveller obfervet, tliat a ftrahger need nut, as in other place, hunt through this for what he' wants 'to buy; a pleafant Walk in thefe galleries will give him ah opportu- nity of ftelhg at the fiUie time all torts of commoaitics ill . the world, at well U many of the beft people in Pcterff bonr. "fhey haVe cftablifhed here both Woollen ahd litten ma- nafaAures, of which the latter is brought to great yet- fcAion, as is evident froni the quantitiet lately imported from thence. Here is alfo a Worklioufe, where an old Ddtch woman has employed eighty girls at the fpinning- wheel i and feveral regulations ate nude for improving the phntations of hemp and flax. Paper-mills and pow- der-mills have alfo been creAed, with laboratories for gun- nety and fire-works ; and other places for preparing (alt- petre and brimftone. They have fit up here rope-yardsj like thofe in England and Holland, for thf making of cables and tackling for the navy. The great forge at Pe- terfburg fuTiiifhes anchors, and fupplies all neCeffary forts of iron-work for building (hips and houfes : and they bum bricks, and ufe them in their buildiiin, inftcad of wood. A printing- houfe is alfo eftablilhcd, and ncwt- pwers are now as te^nlarly printed as in other countries of Europe : fevcral ufeful books have been tranflated out of the High-Dutch, and printed, the government en- | couragihg the fubjcAs to enquire into the (late of the -.'. world abroad, indead of keeping them in ignorance, ac-' *:.'. cording to (heir antient maxims. C, There are a great number of palaces and fide buildings ,v' in Peterfburg ; of which the moft remarkable are, a fmalt hotlfe, which is the moft antient and refpeAed, as being creAed by Peter the Great. It is built of Wood, andcon- fiflt only of a little kitchen and a fmall bed chamber, not ^ bigger than a common bed-chamber, and an antechamber foriiufinefs. A covered gallery goes found, where that *j ' monarch ufed to walk when it rained. At the end of tltit miniature palace Is placed the firft boat ever built at Peterf- burg: the houfe, gallm, boat, &C. are all at prefcnt, (hel- tered with a cover of timber, to preferve them from the injuries of the weather. This little palace ftands near the citadel, ort the north fide of the river Nieva ; and on tlie r .k CJ e .1.. f : a.1 :. .u- ■-• - . ■vuti. iiw vt «t.w aiuMC ■■«(:■ ii,civ ■> miutlici WUOQCn DB- lace, which was likewife creAed by Peter thr Great : it is large, contains many handfome roomt, rich apariments, &c. and adjoining to it are fpac'wus gardeds, Mvilions, pleafure houfes, JheU-work, water wvtks, fine llatuct, a * Ji - private -4«^ The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of GEO-GRAPHV. has be«n lately tnuifmitted to us from Peterlburg, datcil Auguft iQ, 1782. I Sui V"* private pUy-boufe, and a large lake well ftored with fifli. Before tnii palace there is a Imajt (hip mooitting fix can- non, which was faid to have' been Duilr, and afterwardi ppefented to Peter the Firft, by a RuUlaii peafaat. About half a mile further down, on the fouth fidt of the Nieva, is the wincer- palace which is a fuperb iquaare ftone building, the infide excelling the outfide, thoggh witli refpcii to its external appearance it it deemed one of the moft magnificent in Europe. The furniture is made of the nobieft materials, and moft excellent wotlcmanihip. The royal family, with the proper retinue, attendants, &c. are ail lodged here i ai are likewife five hundred of the military, who regularly mount guard, and are relieved every day. And upon a canal, at fome tittle diftance from the Nieva, there is another elegant wooden palace, built upon piles, and two others in an inferior ftyle. A noble feminary for tlie education of females only, aiid founded by the late emprefs Elizabeth, Aojids at a litile dilUnce from the town. I'he whole contains about eight hundred young ladies. I'he building is capa- cious and grand ( ana here children of diilin£lion are kept feparate from thofe of an inferior rank. There are feveral admirable buildings on tlie great quay, or rather angle parade, which runs above a mile in length by tlie water fide ; and a bridge of pontons is built overtlis narrowed part of the water. Canals are cut from xh'ti ex- cellent river to all parts of the city, the whole of which is laid out with great regularity ; there is not any thiiig in it that looks old, though many things appear imperfea and untinilhed. I'he l>uildings which are iinilhed are handiome, and formed on a lai;ger fcale than is ufually fecn in other places. A gentleman who was lately at Peterfburg has favoured us with tlie following account of it : " 'i'he ftreets, fays lie, are moAly paved ; but they have a cufiom here of Jawing, in many places, a flooring of timber on the grouivl. This, I am told, was yet more common formerly in Mofcow, where, in the frequent fires they ufed to luve, tha ilreet itfelf caueht tlie flames, and the conflagration became terrible. The public buildings of dtfTerent kinda arc fo prodigioufly numerous in this city, that I am in- clined to bflieve they conftitate a fifth or fixth part of the whole capital, tiome of them arc flonc, but the larger part are only brick or wood plaiflcred." The fame perfon obfervcs, " Near the Nieva is a fniall palace, builtby the prefent emprefs, and called, I know not why, the Hermi« tage ; for it no more rcfembles our idea of a hermitage, than it does that of a temple ; but when her majefty reiidei in this part of tlic building, Ihe is in retreat, and there is no drawing-room or court. 1 was admitted a few days ago to fee thefe apartments, which are very elegant, and fumiihed with great tafte. There arc two galleries of paintings, which have been lately piirchafed, at an im- menfe expence, in Italy. The crown, which I faw in the palace itfelf, is pcrhapa the richeil in Europe. It is (haped like a bonnet, and totally covered with diamonds. In the fceptre is tiie celebrated one purchafed by priiKe Orloflf for iiVe hundred thoufand rubles (a hundred and twelve tlioU' fand five 'hundred pounds) and piefented* by him to hii ibvereign mifirefs only a few yeara ago. It fv exceeds Pitt's diamond in (ize, and is not inferior in water. La- tidaries declare it to be the moft beautiful and rare ever rought from Golconda. " One of tlie noblefi monuments of the gratitude and veneration univerfally paid to Peter I, is an equcftrian ftatue, which her prefent majcfty ordered to be creAed, and had been foinc years under the hands of Monficur Falconer, but which is now completely executed. In this produAion, the artilf has united the greateft Gmplicity with the tueft fublimity of conception. No other ftatue, whether aiitient or modern, gave him the dcfign, whidi is fmgular in its kind, and admirably adapted to exprefs the charadcr of the man, and of the people ever whom be reigned. Inftcad of a nedcftal adorned with infcriptions, or furrounded by ilavei, he appeared mounted on a rock or ftone of a prodigious fize ; up the afcent of . which the horfe labours, and appears nearly to have reached its fummit This attitude hat ^iveii him room to exert ereat anato:.nical beauty and iki]i in the raufdes of the hor&'a hind thighs and hams, on which the whole of bis body is 'necelTarily fuflained. The czar's figure is full of fire and fpiiit; Uc fits on a bear-lkin, and is clad in a (imple habit, not cliaraAeriftic of anv particular country, but fuch as may be worn without via(ation of propriety by an inuabitant of hiiv cuwniry. 1 lie following circum- fiantial account pf tlic opening of (Uii magnificent llatue 3.. " On Sunday laft the celebrated brafi equeOrian ftatu* of the Emperor Peter tlie Firft was opened to public view. At about five o'clock in the afternoon her Imperial Ma- iefty, after having dined at the Hermitage, came in Jier barge, attended by feveral of the firft nobility, and landed on the New Quay ; froin whence, on a platform covaied with red bai/e, (lie proceeded t» tlte fenate-boufc ; v/bcrcp from a balcony handfomely fitted up for her Majcfty!s re- ception, flieliad a full view of the ftatue, tlie royal yacjits on the river, of which there were feveral, all dreUed in the various colours of dih'cent nations, and of the prodi- gious concourfe of the people :^mbled en the occafid^u- On her arrival her Maj^y found the ftatue inclofcd withA fcreen, on which were painted rL<:ks, uncultivated fpaces, and other emblems of the rude flate in which the emperor' found his country. Her Majcfty had not been long on the balcony, when, on a fignal given by « rocket, the fcreen, which concealed the ftatue, on a ludden, and as it weru by magic, fell, and difcovered one of the fineft pieces ot workmanfhip, I believe, that was ever known to aay ag» or country. _ The fuddiu appearance of tlie ftately figuie, big with majeftic fire, gallopinc up a piecipke oiia iiiiious fteed, moft exquifitcly finithed, m all tfat a£lion of con- tending eagerncfs, together with the firing of cannon from the catUc, admiralty, and yachts, and a running fire q£ about ten thoufand foldicrs, pioduced an tffea on the mind not eafily dcfciibed. Aftsr the firing ceafcd, ajul thc^ Emprefs had contemplated the ftatue for fome time with the ereateft fecming fatisfadion, all the regiments of guards, the regiment of artillery, and three other regi- ments, which were drawn up on the occalion, marijied round it, lowering their colours as they palled by the bat- cony where the Emprefs was placed. After this part of the ceremony was ended, her majefty was rowed back to. the Hermitage in the fame manner the came. In the even- ing the city was illuminated, and every face nunitefted joy at the happy remembrance of the father of their country." In the winter feafon, the Ruifians contiive to make the warmtli of tlieir houfes fuitable to the feverity of the cb- inate. They give a proper degree of heat to the different rooms, by means of an oven conftiuAed with feveral flues, and their ovens confume a fmaller quantity of wood tlian might at firft be imagined : a fingle fmall faggot only ia put in, and fuflfered to burn till the hUck thick fmoke is evaporated. The chimney is then ftiut, by which the heat is retained, and the place kept warm for the fpace of twenty-four hours } and this fire fervcs not only to warm the rooms, but to drefs the food. The windows, in the houfes of the poorer fort of people, arc very fmall, that as little cold as poflible may be admitted ; but in thehouics of the wealthier fort, they are largj ; and iu order to guard againft the inclemencies of the weather, tliey have double glafs firames, which are caulked up in the winter. All ranlu of people are very expert and nice in regulating the proper heat in their houus by roeaiu of a tliermometer, when they incteafe or diminifh the heat to a great d^iee of exn£lnefs, by opening and (hutting the ttucs. ^^ They have here a let of Italian fingers i bcfides which»j< tliereare French, German, and Ruffian players, who per-' form before the court in their rcfpeAive languages. No perfon pays either to the play or concert, but non; ar» allowed to enter except fuch as have tickets by authority^ The pUy-houfe doors are guarded : and if any one ihould get in without a proper tight, they would be fevcrcly punifhed. Some few years fince, an Englifh company of comedians went over to St, Peterfburg, where they met with great countenance and enco>ira^cment. The beautiful pahKe of PeterfhoflF is fituated about , twenty miles welt firom Peterfburg : it is buiit on an eminence, in a large garden, commanding a fine view, and furrounded by many out-houfes, offices, &c. foK fervants and attendanu. It faces the fouth, and in the front there is a betutifiil canal of clear, tranfparent water, from which three fountaitu arc fupplied, and conflaatly phiy. When the emprefs is here, the guards are encamped in a part of thegarden, where their teitts make a vary agree- able appearance^ Infpeakiiig of one of theTe jet d'eaU|S, oc fountains, doAor Cook lays, '* out of the water, mucia to tny agreeable furpr'ife, arofe a dogai in fingle boats, which was praOifed with great danger before Peter the Great would confent to tlie forma- tion of the grand bridge of pontons. An account of this calamitous event was inferted in the London Gazette, OAobcriStb, 1777, from a narrative dated at Peterfburg, in tlie fame year : and is as follows : " On Sunday lall (September 1777,) an inundation happened here, more cxicnfively deftrudive than has ever been remembered in thefc parts. A violent hurricane of wind at weft I'outh- weft, which began about two o'clock, in the morning, raifcd the water, in the fhort time of four hours, to the height of fourteen feet above the ordinary level of the Nieva, by which the who|e town, and a great extent of the flat country in the neighbourhood, was rapidly over- flowed. The water remained aitout half an hour at its extreme height ; and the wind getting a little to the north- ward between fix and fcven o'clock it returned in a very lliort tine to its ufual bounds. It is impolfibic toellimate, with any degree of exaAnciti, the lofs which the ftate and individuals have fuffercd. I'he number of perfons drowned muft amount to fevcral hundreds. In thu bcft parts of the town many houfes were unroofed, and the lofs of liquors and other provifions in the cellars end lower apartments is very great. In the fhojis, which are all in the fame quarter of the town, goods were deftroyed to a very confiderable amount. In the gardens of the fununcr-palacc, great numbers of the fincft trees are bix>ken or torn up by the roots. The lower fkirts of the town, where the houfes are moftly of wood, and inhabited by the poorer fort of people, prelcntcd a fcene of defolation which can be motr eafdy imagined than defcribed. Many per- foiM were drowned in their beds, and others, who (ought for fafiity from the waters en the roofs of their houlcs, were carried from thence by the violence of the wind -, and tliofe who efcapcd with life were left dcftitutc of ha- Imitations and efTcAs. ** Great damage is done at the quay of the exchange, and the lower magazines and warehoul'es. Numbers of barks, laden with icon, hemp, grain, wood, kc. to a very great amount, were ftaved, funk, or driven in pioces in the ftrects or fields. Several large vefTeis, lying between this place and Croiifladt, were driven alhorc into the woods and gardens. Many of the country boufet m the neigh- bourhood are deftroyed. The village of Catherinehoff', and fome others on the fame coafl, were intirelv fwcpt away, with all the cattle ; and many lives were lolt tltere, as well at on the iide of the Gallev Haven, where ti.e (i;round is very low. The great bridge of boats over the Nieva was carried away, and moft of the bridges in the town, except thofe on the new ftone quay, no part of wliicli has fuffered any material damage, were torn up. We have the fatisfaftion, however, to hear, tliat tlie works or ihixipingat Cronftadt, have received little or no damage. " It appears from accurate obfervations, Hiat the waters were a foot and a half higlicr than in the great inundation ^hich happened here in the year 1752- The plays at the court theatre are ftopped for fome time, an Kcounl orth'j public calamity. MetftiVes are taking to relieve the poor fafTerert by every poftible meant. " It gives us fome fatis^Aion to add, after the above melancholy account, that the emprcl's, with a degree p( ' humanity, that will ever do honour to her charaAer, or- dered the royal coffers to be opened to thofe who have fuf- fered moft materially by the umpeft ; and that advice was received from St. Peterfburg, that four of the Ihips, which w^re I'uppofed to have been loft in the hurricane, were re- turned to that port, but in a very fliattered condition) and likewife that nme of the Englifh merchant fhips bad fuf- fered. Peter th% Great, after having laid the foundation of his new city of Peteifburg, and made fome progrefi in the buildings, thought it necelUiry to have a convenient bar- bour, in which the fliipping might ride fecure ; and, for this purpol'e, pitched upon the ifland of Retrifani, at the mouth of the gulnh of Finland. There he built a new town called C'ronuadt, and fecured it with a caftle called Cronflot, fituatcd on a fand-bank near the fide of Ingria i fo that between the caftle and the town, the fhipping ride in a fafe, deep and commodious haibour. The caftle is built in the form of a round tower, and three tier of gal- leries, well furnifhed with cannon, furround it. Two fmall batteries are at ptelent placed on the oppofite ifland, and, in cafe of emergency, the piers of the haibour may be mounted with a confiderable train of artillery. There ara many elegant houles between Cronftadt and Peterftiurg; and on an ifland formed by the river Nievaf near the weftern banks of the lake Ladoga, is the ftrong forfrefs and fea-poit of Noteburg or Orefco. It Waa taken from the Swedes by Pater the Great, in the year 1702. The town of Nieufcbam is demoliflied : Iwano- gotud is a firttng caftle oppofite the Narva, from which, at thediftan^^ifortv-five miles, is the forlrefs of Caporia, fituatcd od^Hgttks of a fmall river. Jama is anothet fortrcfs, ^^^V* rivr of the lame name^ fiteea uiiks to the north«B[PRlwanogorod. .^, SECT. in. 1 Ctntprijtng thi fe'ttnd Grand Divi/ion cf RuJJja, tentaiiiiiig Mufavf Propir^ tr frtjltrn Rujjia. WESTERN RuiTia, or Mufcovy Proper, contains twenty-two provinces; namely, i. Plefkow, or Pfkow; 2. Great Novogorod Veleki ; 3. Twerej 4. Rzeva or Refchaw ; 5. Biela or Bielfki 1 b. Smolenfko ; 7. Severia ; 8. Czeniichow ; 9. Vorotin \ 10. Rezan ; II. Bielgorod ) 12. Mordoa ; 13. Nifi-Novogorod { 14. Volodimeri 15, Sofdil ; 16. Mofcow; i7.Roftow; i8> Yeroflawla ; 19. Bilejefora or Rclozero i ao. Vologda; at. Cargapol i 22. Dwina. I. The lordfhip of Plefkow or Pfkow, is fituate be* tween the duchy of Novogorod on the eaft, Ingria and Eftonia on the north, Livonia on the weft, and the pala- tine of Polockz on the foath. It was formerly a republic, after which it had the title of duchy. It was at length fubdued by Iwan Bafilowitz, anno 1509. It hath a lako of its name, which lies on the confines of Ingria and Li- vonia, and empties itfelf into the larger one of Pcopus or Crudkow. It lies under fifty-fix, fifty-feven, and fifty- eight degrees of latitude, and twenty-eight and thirty-two of eaft longitude. The chief towns in it are, Plefkow, Abdova, Petzur, Ofirova, Fieburgh, Voronecks, and Poftarzova. Plefkow,^ the capital, is feated on the mouth of the river Muldow, on the right hand of the lake of its name. It i* divided into four wards or quarters, each of which it eiicompafTed with its own wails, and is moreover de- fended by a ftout caftle built on a high rock. It it a Rofliaa archicpifcopal fee, and a confiderable populous city. It ftands in fifty-feven degrees, forty minute* of latittide, and twenty-nine degrees thirty minutes of eaft loDj^tvde. In this territory are fome other iiKonfiderable cities, not worth farther notice, except for their ftrength and fortifi- cations, whidi gave the late czar no fmalf trouble to re- duce 1 and are ftill carefully kept up, for the defienct of this advanced frontier. But that of Plefkow it looked upoa at the flrongeft in all the north part of Ruflia. II. Gtest Nsvcgcrcd Vcicki, &; the ducay of Novo- gorod, it fituate on the eaft of Plefkow, laft mentioned* with Ingria, and the lake of Ladoga, on the north; oil the eaft of the duchy of Beloacra and Twere^^ and the province of Rzeva on the feytb. It it divided inw . » 468 Tub NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. iBto live prineiMl diftriAi, via. Ob Ondluia Petini or dittriA on nil fide the Uneu, Orifina Pagoilor Grafinean tribe, Vichny Voiock and Zasaolfi Volar.k, or the le- . public] ot Vichni and Zanaoliki, and Bervoiki Petina, or the dry or barren quaiter. It bath Tour Ukei, called the Ilroen, Voldti, Lutinfch, and Mftim. It hath no left iban fixteen rivert, the moft confidcrable of which are the Wplohowa, Vitcgra, Bagda-konfa, Niefca, MftaTua, Pa- hmil, Vidaca, Inichep. and Ie.ga. I'he moA confi- tlerable citiei and town* in it are, the Great Novogorod or Novo((orod Veliki, Stiraia or Old Ruflia. Nova or New RmICu PircoiF, Vitzgora al. Vitcgra, Ochloma, Tiffina, Ladoga al. Ladiftla. Soltia, Gorodna, Polilla, Crocka, Q^elcor, Nicwbochi, and S. Nicolat, This duchy ii called Novosorod Veliki, or bupetior, to diftingtiith it from the Inferior or Nifi Novogorod. Iti extent fi-om eaft to weft, on the fouthern part, ii computed to be near two hundred and fifty niilea, but growi more and 'inoie narrow towards tba north. Iti chief |>rodnce ii corn, flax, hemp, wax, boncy, and leaiber ; in all which it drove a confiderable traffic, when it wat governed by it* own princei, though, even then, it wai very often obflruAed by id wan witn Mofcovy ; but fince h hat become under itt robjeftion.it ii much decayed from its dourilblMg condition. In the middle of the fouthern part is the lake Ilmen, out of which Hows the river Wolo- bowa ahovementioncd, which paflct through part of tbia province into the Lidogan lake. Novogorod Veliki, the capital of thii province, called bv the French, Neugard, and, bv the Dutch, New Garten, ftandi on tlie Wolobowa aoovemeniioned, and it a large and confiderable place, very populout and well fttrtificd. But it is plain from the remains of fome old walk, towers, fleeples, &c. that it wu formerly a great deal more fpacious : and, indeed, when oite brholdt the rrcat number of thofe towers a>n4 fteeplet which it hath nill ftanding, one is apt to expeA to fin^^^hing grand in the place, whereat it it indeed |>ut m^^Htlw walls being made of timber and mud, w well u |||[|Rateft part of the houfet. This change it owing to me feveral dif- aftert that it fuiiered from the Polanders, Rufliant, and ether natiotts ; for it wu once in fucb a fiourifhing con- dition, that it wat a common faying,' Who can hurt God or Novogorod I but llnce it fell into the hands of the Rnffians.its great trade and fp'endor have fcnfibty decreafed. It i* however an archbilhopric of the Ruflian rite. The cathedral, called Santa Sophia, is large and beautiful, thoBch in the antique ftyle. The caftle i< on the other fide of the river, and it joined to the city by a large bridge, famed for the many thoufan4t of clergy, citizens, and others, whom the tyiant of Novo- cordd, duke Iwan Bafilowick, caufed to be thrown from It into the river, anno 1569. The caftle i« the refidenct of the Vaivode, and near unto it is die •rcbiepifcopal palace, and a monaftery dedicated to the miraculous St. Anthony of Padua, mentioned a little bighcr. There is another ihonaflery, called Perunki Menaftir, faid to have been built on the ruins of an antient temple, dedicated to Ferun, or the God of Fire, formerly worfhipped here, under the figure of a deity, holding a thunderbolt in itt hand. Here are befidea about a hundred churchct, moft of wbofe ftiret and towen are covered with copper gilt, efpecially the cathedral ; and about feventy monafterics. It ftandt in iifty-ei|^t degrees twenty minutes of latitude, and thirty- four degNct of eaft longitude, about one b'.}ndred and fifty miles noith-caftward from Plefkow, ouc buudred and tix almoft fouth from Peieriburg, and two hundred and ten noith weft from Mofcow. Staraia, Stara Rufla or Old Rufla, from which fome authors affirm the country of Ruflia to have bad its name. Hands on the oppofite fttore of the lake Ilmen, from whence flowt the river Lovat, which runt throueh the town, etit of which the inhabitants make a good (alt, of which diey drive a confidcrable traffic. It ftaiida about Ibrty-two miles fouth of Nov«>gpcod, and is well built and populotM. The town of New Rufla flands on the above-mentioned river, about ten mikt from Old Rufla, but does not con- tain anything worthy of particular notice. Ladoga is about eighty miles north of Novogorod, in latitude fifty-nine forty-five, and thirty- four forty each. It ftandt on the left (hereof the river Velcot or Velkova, which falls into the Ladogan lake. Moloea ftandt on the confines or tb* isshy ef Bs!9= ccra, and al die oonfluenoe of the riven N id and Wo%a. 1 St. Nkholu if a largf aod populous town, near the 4- ^.^^ ■':--: .^r.:- - Wolga, and it famed for a fpacious monaftery drdicaied fo that (aiiit. III. I'hediichy of Twete it fmall and compuft, hut popaloai and fertile, and ukes its name from itt capital, and that from the river Tweria. It it bounded on the north and weft by the Great Novogorod laft defcribed, oh. the eaft by the duchy of Roltow, and on the fouth by thai of Mofcow, and tho province of Rzeva. Itt chief ciries and towns are, Twete, I'uerfock, Wolkofkoi Starica, Prexifta, (^lefchna, Collin, Siiiritc, Gcrodinal. Qorodna, 'Clin, Miigrova, Caoniaia-Sloboda, and V.itre. TIk capital city Twerc, is fituate on the confluence of the rivert I'wertaa and Wolgi ; which laft is by this time become fo wide, that they are obliged to crofs it in ferry boats. It i< piearantly (ttuatecl on the fide of a rifing hil^ on the banks of the I wertaa, from which it has its name ; and is a larce, rich, and populout city, hiving no lef^ tbaa fixty churches, and an epiicopal fee ; and is the ftation df a mint. It ftands about fixiy leagues eaft fouih-eaft of Pleikow, and twenty-five north weft of Mofcow. LaiiiudO fifty-fix fifteen, and longitude thirty-(i!ven twenty eaft. A little below it, on the fame river, ftaiids the large town of Terfack, Torfack, or Tatfock, about twentjr milea north from Twcre. The other towns have nothing that merits particular attention. IV. The duchy of R«eva or P.efchaw, it bounded, on the north, by that of Twcre laft defcribed, and t>y that of Mofcow i on the fouth, by the principality of Biela, and ratatinate of Witepfli } en the weft, by the lordfhip of Pieikow i and on tbc eaft, by part of the territory of Mof- cow. The towns belonging to it are, Raeva the defart, Racva Volodinieriki, Toro|»:k>, Velikie-Louki, Borgo Cove, Boroveo, Zari, Lnbickte^ and Dudure. Moft of them are inconfiderable. Rzeva the derail, fo called becaufe ruined and aban- doned, wat the capital, and flood on the weftern (Me of tbc province, on the (buthweft of Velikie-Louki { hue hatu yieMcd itt dignity to Raeva Vi>lodimcrlki. This town is plearantly fituated on the Wolga^ oh ths caftern fide of this province, near the fmall lake Wo^, which it one of the head fp^ingi of that river. It is faid ta have been bailt by prince Volodimer, who made very con- fidcrable con(]uefts in this and the neighbouring provinces. It is but indifiercntly built, b|it well peo|^d, and «)vivcsr fome fort of trade in hemp, fifh, and other articles. . The town of Torupeckz it fmall, but neat, and plea* (antly fituated on a little river that falls into the Dwina. V. I'he principality of Bitia or Bieliki, is bounded by Raeva, on the north and eaft, by J^lthuania, and the pa- latinate of Witepik on the weft | and by Smolenfko on the fouth. It was formerly i^overned by its own princes, though ftthjcA to Lithuania ■, and was then a aonliderablo place, till fubdued by the caar Bsfilowitx. It ftands oil the river Opfcha or Ofca, which difcharges itfelf into the Dwina. VI. The province of Smolenfko extends about (wo hun- dred miles from eaft to weft, and it ufually ftiled the duchy and palatinate of Smolenfko. It hath, on (he north, the principality of Biela; Lithuania, on the weft ; the duchy of Scveria, on the fouth t and Molcow, on the eaft. It hath been alieiiuiely fubdued by tl>e Polet and Rufliant, and at length wat finally ceded to the latter, by treaty, to- wardt the conclufion of Ibe laft century. It it watered by the Nieperor Borifthenes i the land is in general defart; but the inhabitants derive fome profit from the fkins of tha wild beafts, with which it abounds. The capital is called by the fame name, and it agree* ably fituated on the banks of the Nieper, near the confines of Lithuania, it is a large, populous, and well-furnifhed city, and contains eight thouiand heufes tolerably welt built, It is two hundred and ten miles from Molcow, has a citadel and garrifon to defend it, was once a metro- politan, and is now a bifhop's fee. I'he furroundins woods arc faid to produce the beft furs in Ruflia. The town of Dragobufa is fituated on the fame river, about fifteen leagues from Smoknfko, but is of no omfi- derable note. VII. Tbc duchy of Seveiia or Severiflci, it fituated to the weftward of Little Ruflia, to the eaftward of Czerni- kow, to the weftward of Rielgorod, and to the I'outhward of iimolentko. It had formerly princes of itt own, till the country was fuhduvrd by the caar Balilowita, It after- wards fell into the hands of Sigifmund III. king of Poland, whs iriEwiporaicd ■( with his own dominiont { bat it waf at length uially ceded to Ruffia, at a member of the an- tient palatinaie of dmolcnlko. The i t .t c i < 11 J b y d « a ' ■« f I i »i , iM m mr^ ' *'*P^^WfliPW* E U R O P E] R V « S I A, 4*9 Tbcfhief river» tliait v»»t«r tliii piO«liing ftrpentine oourfitt difofaargas itMf Inia the Faint Mwotit ;Mt Afeph. > Tli«(c to#nt were fneft of ihMn formerly confiderablc, rich, and vtoU-peopled i but have been fo mifeiabiy plun- dered and abofed by the CrimuTartart in the year 1568, •nd follow ingt that riiey have nat been .able to recover IbenifeWet mot ; partioalarly Rcaanor Rbcfait, «he aniicM capitiA af^it proviiMe, ' ■»*» -forrnerly a fiair, jaige, and poputoos city, and advan- tagcoufly fiiuated 011 the Occa. It is chiefly famed for the fioMe Tcfiftance Which it made againfi the Tartars in the jttt 1370, by *lud\ the wholatmpirewnprcfervtd firoWt their fury, thod^U the city itfislf and almMl the whole duchy, were deflioyed by them. Sinoe ahat lime, the fcT'^ f.IHy ^f tKR'^uRd, ;;hic!i rssshss nsoi mn «iy arid fhe tfvM Occa, quite to the intrenehiiMnta Whiah were after* wkrdt madeon the confiiMs of Taitary, to prweni the in- turfioni of ihofe free-hooters, induced tha Mnfmiritet to ttthcr vf> all Ae difperM inhabitant! of tim «ny of tba inhabiiantt uf Perafta went likawifa and fak- tWd there. All that. tbc antient Raun now raiaintaf iai former grandeur, it itt archiepilbepal fee, mad iia being ftill the rafidence of that metropolitan. The town of Voroncta, Woronits, «ginaonly noia Veronii, it the moft confiderablc place in tliit duchy, oa accotint of the great ftilpt of war built there bv Iha diiaAioa and inlpeAion of the lata cxar Peter the Great s it being fituatcd on a faaall river of itt own nama, wiiichfaUa iM« the Don, or Tanais, a little below it, and it daapanoggb to carry tliem into the great rivar, and thence doan to ua Blaek fea, to which that prinoi opened himiiilf a firaa paf- fage by the taking of Alopfa. It is (ituaied on a hill, and furroundcd with a wooden wall almoft rotten. It it divided into three parta ; one of which, called JakatoCT, it tha conmon rndcnce of the Ruffian aaerchand : it hath large and aattnfive ropewalka, and a faadooa liib«anneaa ma- gaaine of powder without the walb. On the declivity of the hill, and along the waler-fide« ai« feveral fpaciout liuufei, fome of tlwm four bundrtd pacet long ; which belong fome t» the Ruffian adainlt, vice-admiralt, and perloiu of rank. Moft of liiea ftand Awing the citadel, and behind tliem are ftreett for that are employed in ihip-b'uilding. I'be aity fianda oai the weft fide of the Veronis, kiid the citadel on the other; and a large bridge it built over it for oomniunication be- tween them. The citadel is a large fquare building, flanlied with a tower l4ce ab^nt tbuiteen roni Rezan, lituatc near the fpring-head of tha Dan, or I'iinais, and I'oul, or Tula, on the weftam ctm&iet, near the borders of Vorotin, which is d^mded by « ftout eaftle, built by the czar Baiilowick feon after he took it. XI. The province of Bidgwvd : it was formerly caUc4 Organia ; but we find it Ailed, in the map of the curiova Mr. Thefing, tlie palatinate of Belgorod, or Biq^orod. it it a lane traA of famd lying on the fonth of drie pro- vince af Resan laft defcribed ; and it bowidcd 1^ it m (he north, as it it on tiie fouth by the t^ttgay, md Dtiii €0(ra«kt ; on the weft, by the Ukrain and pahmmtte df -Kiow I on the eaft, by the Don ; and, farther aoMh, fair 'llM^Weiga. It is watered by feveral other riVart, 1^ hath a foil fnfficiently fertile, were it well caltiratcd ( btik itt vicinity to Little Tartary expofet it fo aoch to tiia «ontinMl inroads of the CofliKkt abova-mentionBd, that it is nekhar rich, firuitfiil, nor well inhabited. It hath % c un wderabie namner of I'maii towni, moft of tbetA poor, and hatf-ruined; bat h bath no citiat, faecpt diat oC ^ielgoiod, from which it hath itt name, and whidi n it> Mf hardly remarkable upon any other actoant. Tha Don Coflhckt an the foath-eaft, aallad alfe Rodoni Donlki, 6 C bacaa^ 47«> Thb new and universal 8YSTBM or GEOGRAPHY. be«a>ife tWy Chiefly inli»btt along the Don, tiidthe Nogfey ColHick* ol) the Ibuth-weft, arc eitbrr very boggy or iMKxIy, and hava fiew town* in their territnry i wliich, with ihc pahlinate of Bielgorod, wai formerly part of Tartar^, hot haih been conqucrrd from it by tlie Rafltani. :. Having now gone through ilic wcftarn previncei of Ruflia, tiom the lakei Ladoga and Onega, to the ibulhern- molt pait of it, called Litui Tariary ; we (hall proceed lenarUs the north, where, in our courfe, we meet the province! above-named ; the firft of which ii called XII. Mordwa, or Mordva, and the inhabilanli Mor- duatea, ot Mordaa Tartara. 'I'hcy arc furrounded on the fouth by the Lefier Tartary and Reian, laft dcfcribed ; on the well, by the duchiea of Mofcow, Volodomir, and NifiNovogorod, or Lcffer Novocorod ; on the north, by part of the fame laft named, and the river Wolga ; and, on (he caft, by the foulhein Czercmifle. The inhabi- tants of Ihit provitKe are faid to be the moft civilized of »U the Tartarian Motcovy, and have foine towni ; the chief of whicli aie Adeiua, about forty leagues eafl from Volodo- mir, and twenty fmm Niii Novogrodccic; and Motuma, ieaied on the river Oocai but neither of them worth dc- Icribing. The people here arc heathen, and worfhip one God, and a drvil, the former out of love, the latter out of fear I but have neither templef, altari, or prieftt. Their coantry is fjnall, and full of large forcfli, and is by M. do L'llle placed between the riven Occay buia and Mokf- cha-Keka. The province or difiriA of Czercmiflir, or Scheremiflle, which lies on the cailiide of the former, is a vail trafl of hnd, extending from fifty -four to lixty-one degrees of latitude ; mid ii divided by the river Wolea into two parts i tlie I'uutheru diftri£l, which adjoins to Mordva, has the name of nagorho, which iniplie* mountainou* ; the northern is called logoai, or lowland. The inliabiunts, who are deemed the moft f^vage of all tha Taitits, breed vaft herds of cattle. They arc without lowna, faithlefs in their dealings, fupeiflitious in their noliont, and crnel in their difpolitions. Some are called Mahometans ; but tlie greater part, cfpecially towards Ca- xaii, know nothing either of tliat or the Chrifiian re- ligion. Theirwayof naming their children is, bychufing a day itx/ months after birth, and giving the name of the Adl perl'on they meet. ' I'licy Iwve no notion of a future life ; but believe that Qpd fajefles, and the devil puniihes, accordine to their dej'ert in this life. Ihey go to a place called Nemda, forty leagues from Cazan, full of marflics, to pay their .dcvotiona to the deity ; and believe if they go empty handed-, tlic devil will punifli them with a lingering and jncurablc ditcafe. They worihip fun, moon, ftars, and aniinalf t but to God they lacrifice a horfc, 0X| or ram, roafled, and balled with liquor made of honey. A man is allowod thice or four m\e*. The women wear only a coarfe linen gown, which co- vert their whole body j and the head-tire of the married Ditea rifet over thrir head* like a horn growing out of their Ikulls, at the <(^ of which hanga a little bell by a ,filk ftting of feveral coloura. The men have much the :(tmit gafb about their bodiet, with drawers under. The -BiarriBd (have their heads, aiid the unmarried let their hair grow to a coiifiderable length. They are fubjeA to the czar, and are free from all tribute except voluntary p.e- fcuti. Their language is peculiar, underflood neither by Ruffian nor Tartar. XIU. The duchy or lordfhip of Nil! NovMorod lies to the feutfa-weft of Cazan, and to the caft of Mofcow. ]t is watered by the Wolga and Occa, abounds with fo- lefts, but it neverthetefs pleafant, populous, and fiertile. - Nifi-Novogorod, the ouMtal city, is fituated on a rock at the confluence of the Wolga and Occa, furrounded by a ftone wall, and defended by a ftrong citadel. Near the river-fide, and before ilie (lately gate of tlie city called Iwanoliikit there i* a fpacious nurket- place. A noble flaect, ioterlcAed by other*, runs through the whole town ; the cathedral, which is built afur tlie model of Saata So- ■phia.tt Conflantinople, i* a flately edifice ; it bu five cu- jiqlas beautifully varnifhed with green, and adorned at ;the top with elegant crolles. The fuperb aicbiepifcopal tnlace u near the cathedral, but contains a diurch within -It* own walls. Tlic governor's palace, and the chancery, are nob|e fibridu, and the houfet in general are well built of timber. The city itfelf is fmalt, but the fobwtb* are laroe. and the whnle hat a aood Inde, and if we!! iliirniiiwd with proviiion*. The luxuries, a* well at the ' .r>ecelTaric* of life, are remarkably cheap i but the iohabi- .UAU of botli kxm ai« given to excellive drinking. The tWhgt Of Bafillgorod it faid to h*v» neither wWIt nor ftone houfet, either public or private. It ftandt at ilie foot of a rifing ground near the Wolga, and was ori- ginally founded by the czar Baliliut, as a check upon the Tartars i but a* the Ruffian frontier* at prefent extend much farther, the fortifications have been fufTered to co to decay. The other town* of inferior note are, Paftotf, Balagna, Slaboda, and Nifi-Novogorod, the latter of which i* computed to be diftant from Mofcow about eight hun- dred weld*, or fixty (ierman, and on* hundred common leagues, by water, but by land it is not above an eighth pan fo far. XIV. The province, called alfo the duchy, of Volo- dimcr, i* bounded by tliat of Nifi-Novogurod, on the eaft ; by the duchy of'^ Mofcow, on the foutli ; by thof* of Hollow and SuI'dal, on the weft i and tlie river Wolga, on the north. It it in many parts fertile, well watered by the river* Occa, Clefma, and Wolga, and hath a great number of foreftt and fen*. The capital city Volodimer, ftandi abont feventy-firt miles from Mofcow to the north-eaft ) it it fituated on a fine hill, which is beautifully divcrfifled with plantation*. Hence a moft noble appearance it exhibited to the dillaiit eyei It was built by prince Volodimer, in the commence- ment of the tenth century, and he and hit fucccdbrt re« fided here till the court wa* removed to Mofcow, fince which period it* fplendbr hath gradually decayed. There are, however, fevtn or eight fine ftone churche* in it, and feveral more of wood, and the territory about it i* ex- tremely fertile. Tha other town* are, (jdTachowits ; B*> lucluia, which ftandt on the banks of the Wolga; and llcfs, fituated on the river Clefma. XV. The duchy of Sufdal is boitnded, on the north, by the Wolga ; on the fouth und eaft, by Volodimer i and, on the weft, by the duchies of Roftow and Jeroflaw. It is very narrow, out extends in length near one hun^ dred and twenty mile*, and it watered by feveral river*, which render the low land* exceefUngly rich and f«i 'ile. It however contain* many foicfld, which mt well'ftored with fallow and other game, and with wild beafia, whole fur* bear a good price. Thi* duchy was beftowcd, by the czar Jeroflaws, on hi* fon Andrew, who became a branch of tlie duke* of Suifld, from whom Bafilowitt Suifki was dcfcended, who wa* chofen czar aiier the defeat of the (ham Demetritu, u waa hinted at the beginning of thi* article. John Bafilowita fnbdued tbii whole coun- try in 1565, and incorporated it with hi* own eftate*. Its diief town* are Sufdal, the capital, Caftro-Moigorot^ Loucb, and Yourieff. I'he town of Sufdal it (ituate on the river Clefma, oA the foiithem part 'of the dochy. . It ii an archicpifcopaJI fee, and was formerly the metropolis of Ruifia, but iigone to decay fince (he feat wa* . removed from it. It it built moftly of *ood, after the Ruffian manner, and retain* but little of itt pi iftine gramlear. It it, however, famed for a flately monaflery of nun*, and for Ibme other anticnt building*. It ftandt about feven leagues north-weft from Volodimer, aitd twenty notth-north-eaft from Mofcow ; latitude fifty-fix degree* twenty-five minutet, longitude forty degree* eaft, XVI. I'hc province of Mofcow, or Moicoyy, properly fo called, to diftinguiflt it from the great empire of which it i* the principal province, bear* alio the name of duchy, becaufe, for a long time, the priitcc* of it took only upo'a tbemfelve* the title of duke*. It hath it* name from iti capital, Mofcow, or Mofcova ; and thi* firom the river of that name on which it i* fituated. Thit province i* bounded on the north by the dtKhiea ofTwere, Koftow, Suidal, and Volodimer, already dc- fcribed ; on the fouth, by that of Rezan, from which it it parted by the river Oct ; on the eaft, by the little principaUty of Cachine and the fame river Occa, which parts It from Nifi-Novogorod; and on the weft, by tlie du- chic* of Rmvb, Biela, and Smclcolko. Itt extent, frcm eaft to weft, it computed about fixty-eight leagues, or a littk above two hundred mikii and iu breadth, ft«m north to fouth, about thirty-tliree league*, or one hua- dred mile*. The chief riven that run throu^ it are, the Mofka, Occa, and Cleiina ; all which fiill into the Wolga : and on the weftetn fide of thi* province i« a luge foreft, out of which flowi that htaed one called the Bory{*.henet, which, croffing tlie duchy of SmolenlHo, make* it* courl« to Ilkrania.- I^thiunia. and Poi'iuj, The roil, however, it nothing near fo fertile as in fomc of the province* we have lately goiK through i but the air, though (harp, it here very hMltby i which, with thradTantage «f it* utuar t'oo/» i„.,^l; lis U R O P E.3 R u s s ; A» 47t tion, tnidll fome of the txit provincM, ii.Juccd fume of the monarcbi to inakc It ihcit chief refidence, tud the tne- Iropolis of the empire. Thecliief ciiiei kitd to*ni *tf, Mofcow, the capital, TrcytM, Columna, ColomenlVo, Mofaift, Wicftua, Go- lulwina-SlaboJa. al\d DmitrofT. Tlie city of Mofcow, or Mofkovj, wIllJi It theetcateR In the whole RiilTian empire, ,i« feated in :. fine (pacioui plain, on the river of Itt naiiic, over v tiieh it hath a ftjtely bridge of twelve arclici, of a pro.ligioui height ■nd breadili, lieuufe that river of^cn ovciHow*. It wai biiill by prince f Jafifchin, on tlie defign c\ a Polilh monk, iiid it the only flout bridge that we kliutv of in all Kuflia. The town (land* in » grwelly :>" an.l wholfome air, »nd alitlort In the center of the i .^ ^lOv'tnUt of Molcovy. It was founded in the year 1334, and we are told very ftrance tliiiii;ii concerning it4 laigenel^, prpuloufhels, and number of honfca, which it I'ccnis once aniotinted to above eighty thoufand ; though, if wc may cue(< « thcfe by what they ate nnw, the far greater part of titcn might be more pro)x:rly called low wooden nut» than lioufei ; on which aocoont, thii city hai \iten alwayi liable to fuch violeht couHagrations a'i fclJon\ failed of coiifuming neat two iMrti in three of it. It was taken, and almoft burnt down, by the Tartars, In ijji, and by the Poles, in 1611, in which laft, we are told, forty-cnr tl.oufand houfcs were dtflrtiyed, befidet the «aft numbers of men a:id women that pcndied, cither in the flames, or .by the fword. Notwilhftandir.R which lol's, wc find.- in 1662, when lord C^jrlifle was am- haflidor there frcni king Charles II. it was fo well re- covered as to be twelve miles in comp^tfs, full of hoofcs •nd inhabitants ; infomuch that the number of the for- mer is, bv the loweft calculations, laid to have amounted to forty thoufand 1 and by the Ruflians affirmed to have been above double that numbtr. This city (lands about fix hundred and fifty miles from Carta in Crim Part.iry, n'wt hundred and fifty miles north-caA from Couilantirtoplc, feven hundred and twenty eaft from Cracow, fix hundred and fixty eaft from Stoch- Iiolm, and one thoufiind three hundred and twent^r from London i latitude fifty five degrees forty-two minutes; bngitude tl.trty-cight degiocs forty- five minutes eaft. It 'is of a ciicul.ir fornf, and Conliill of ".'ir Hiflinfl parts, ar quarters, all lurroundcd with - diflinft Wall ) via. t. Cataigorod, a. C/ni^oiod. ',. Skorodom. 4, Stre- litze-^labodi, fo called bccaufe ii Was formerly the qw-^ itr of the ftrelitr.es, t)r ciar's guaids, mentioned here- ' after. 'l"he Cataignrod, or middle city. Is furrnunded with a brick wall ; and ott this ftuni'^s rhe caftle. which is two miles in circuit, and fonified with three flout walls, Itfftely towen, and a folTe : and in the caflle ar«, 1. Two ril.iccs of the czart, one of timber, th» other of ftone, and uilt after the Italian manner. 2. The patriarchal pa- lace, a large aiitient building. 3. The exCheqael-, chan- , eery, and other offices. 4. The grand magaaine. 5. • Two handfume luonafleriet, 6. Five large churches, among which is that noble one of St. Michael, in which ate, among other enrichments, the tomNi of the grand dukes, or ctan. We omit feverat other ftately buildings that are in this ^reat caflte, at whof« ga*c ftands that llateljr antient fitbnc called the church of Jcnifalcm ; and froinmg the caflJe ii the great market and monftrous bell, mentioned farther on. This quarter is wafhed on the ibuth-wcft by the river Mofca, and on the north, or north-weft, by the Negliga, which firilt into the former on the back of the caflle. It Is called Cataigorod, not on account of its being fituated in the titiddle of the city, u Oleariui fancies, l>ut from Cafai, the antient and Ruffian name of China, becaufe the cliief merchandiiies fold in it came from that country : fo that the name implitt the fame ai the Chlncfe city. The quarter called Czargorod, or docal city, eocom- » nfles the Cataigorod, and is itfelf furtounded with • white ftone wall called Biela ^tena ; whence it is ilfo called Bida Gorod, or White City. It contains, amone otbir btiUdings, the great arfenal, and it Watered by the Negliga, j which runt through it,' andtheiKe flowv into the ditch that Ifarroundsihe miiMIe citr. The SkonNfem, or iicoraduin quarter, ftands on the , rtortli-weft fide of the Ctargorod, and i« chiefly inhabited by ' timlter-mongers and carpenters, wito fiill houfet ready made. H'hefc houfcs are moveable, and foHl rtrf cheap, and in great .lurtibert : and, ihdeed, confideting the fVh]uent Hm that happen irt this city, owing, moffly, cither to their ' drunkenneft, a reigning vice herei or (o theiriiegleA of ' pnttinc out die candl^ whicU thcT Ijriit to feme favoorite, . *.'!.-; -ft trji ... j'j'^.'t ';;•.'»■. ...I'lhll »i../..,,' j faint in their houlci and chamtxrt ; they hare need of fuch a l.irge market to repair to on thofe occafiont. It it called .Scoradum, which, in the Ruflian language, fignU Aei done in hafte, alluding lathe mud wall that lurrounda it. And it well del'erves that name, if what tliey tell us be true, that it was finilhed in four days, on a report 0/ the Tartars approaching, though it wit fifteen or fistecn miles iif compaft, intTihe earth evcry-where fuppor^ed byplarikt and bcami of flr. 1 he quarter) called Sitelitic-Slaboda, formerly that of the Ibldteii or guards, ftandt on the eaft and foutli-eaft fide of the CaiaigortMl and tlie caftle; is furrounded and fortified with wooden ramparts t and is divided from the reft by the river Molica 1 for which rcafon it it ftyled luburb, or flaboda. At the houfbt ate fo meanly built, for the moft part, except thofe of the noblemen, gentlemen, and rich merchantt, the furniture of the mfide cannot be cxpeAcd but to he of a piece ; fo that, excepting the livet and mcro chaitdiae that may be loft in fuch freqtent conflagntliont, the damage is generally looked upon as fo inconHderabie, that ihr^ never attempt to cxtinguifh the fire, but by pulling down fuch a great number of tliem as will prevent its fpreaJilSg farther. But the merehaiiti who have much to lofe, take care to depolit their choiceft wares iu vauttt of ftohr, which are proof againft fuch difaften. There are reckoned In thit wiiole city about thiee tito«- fand fuch honilM of ftone, or brick ; whirJi, if they flood tlofc to one another, would make a noble (hew ; but they flaiid at fuch vaft diftanccs from each other, and are iittermingled with fuch long rows of thefe wooden hutt, that they are almoft loft, efpecially at they do not ftand in the Arrets, but, like moft of our colleges at Cambridge, o» thehackfideof them, for the convenience of large courts and gardens, which moft of them have, fpacious and in ample order, and furrounded with high and ftrong walls, to keep oiF thieves and fire. The itreets are not paved with Hones, but boarded with thick fir planks ) and the delcriptlon we have given of the houfet may aftbrd fome idea of their beauty. Their churches and chapelt, ihcluding thofe that belong to monafteries, ate fo numerous, as to be computed bv fome to amount to above one thoufand five hundred, and by others to two thoufand : and fome of them are very large and (l«tely ; that, particularly, which is in the Kre> meliii, or palace in the caflle, it a vaft, antient, mufly building : on the right fide of the altar it the caar't throne, on the left that of the patriarch t and in the body of the church hangs a chandelier, of immenfo weight and value. The very jewels, and other coftly omamentt, that enrich a piOurc of the Virgin Mary here, are valued at half a tun weight in gold, befidet a vaft number of cha- lieet, piaet, patins, ftatoet, and other church-utrii£tt of gold and filver, finely wrought, and enriched with ptcci- out ftonet ; a vaft number of other prieftly veftmentt of great value, and an immcnfe quantity of donatives and pie. fentt oflRcred to the reliquei of three eminent Ruffian faintt ; which maket the treafure of thit church equal to that of any European cathedral. The learned and ingcnioua Dr. Cook hat fitvoond ua with the following account of the celebrated great bell of Mofcow ; " 1 went, (iiyt he, to the great bell, which was then in a laree pit. A fire had about two months before burnt down about two thirds of this great city ; and the helfiy, being all of timber Ihared me fame fiite { the bell fell into the bottom of the pit, and had a piece broken out of its edge, large enough to admit a man into it. Ita weight it four hundred and forty-three thonfiuid feven hundred and feventy-two poundt, and itt height about twenty .one feet four inchet and a half. I then went to the top of a very high tower called Joaa Velike, or tlie Great John. From this tower, I had a complete view 6f the whole city, which indeed made a grand appeanmce. The weather being very cold, the Ruffiant heat tneirftoves before day-light, and make ufe of fire at no time of the day, except to get dinner ready, ib that the view it never obflraaed by the fmoke but at thefe timet. On the top of rtiit tower there are three belli, the kaft of which, I diink, exceed! in fiae the tergeft in Londoa. The antient imperial palace, which it a large ftone Gothic building, ia under the tower. All thefe whioh I have niMitioaed, and all the imperial antient aicbivet and diffinem conr^ of jufiice, are in that part «f tfa* city called the Cxialinc, (aid to be thorn two dtouduid and ninetv Meet in citCBnt. (erence, and is furrounded by e high hncfc wall." The flMgniiiceiM ehutch of tke Sahoor ia hioftty k» in length, hath • fttttly dome fopponad lajr fwc l^a pillart, »'-i»Wv.i ,ia>*it<^r-.,*irf«t?ji»»}c rt-r ■nd 47* Tut NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOORAPHY. •nd 11, though in the tntitnt ftyle, quite fiiuerb wiiliin aiHi without, and niitcty fret in length. T hit of Si. Micharl it llie rrpufitoty of the deaJ c/ari, aiiti ol all (>i« Toval family of llie male lex. I'lic body of the ptiiicrirel o^tbc blood arc interred in the ftalcly ablKy of ihc iiuni called 'laudoff MonaOir, in tlie fame cattle, aiid near the church above-mentioned. The tonibi of the prineei who never reigned here, are in a fcparate chapel. Hut holhing it more uiagnifiGent than the palli with.Mliich their coffint are covered ; IMX conflantly indeed, but only on holiday! ; thufe of iIm csari, pirticuUily, are of (be (iiuft velvet, and have eitlier a mafly or einbroidcrrd golden crucifix upon Ibeai, of eurioui worknianlliip. and enriched with a vaft variety of coftly oriiamentt, efpecialiy in&riptioiii, which ai« moftly done with pearls and uUier precious Ilonea of great value. Here are many monaHcrie* of men and women, nut only in the city and caAl*, but in the fuburbs and avenues of the town. Wc have no room to enter into a detail of them ; we can only liiy in general, that tlie^ arc, nolitliing . of the next Ipriiiging geiuration. The firft it (oi hiicua- nity, rhetoric, and ptiilofopby i tlie ftcond for mattie marict ; and the third fur navigation, al\ronoiny, and uthrra fciencet fubfervient to it. in all tbefe the youths that are taupht are kept under (IriA dil'cipline, and liave, at the liuue time, all due cncourigcnirnt to excel in their rc- fpcAive ftudics. To thefe the fame prince added a difpen- lalory, which is not onlyoucof tlic iineft flruAurct in Mofcow, but, by all report, one of the bed furnilbcd with all forts of nKdicinea, drugs, &c. in all Europe. It is put under the care of fome Germans, who are allowed the bell makers in that art, though the moft tlovcnly in their compofitiont, they never ftudying to pirale the eye or tafle in their preicrintions, at we do in kngland, but naolcatt their patients by the inelegance of their cofnpo- fitiont. and, in that fenfc, nuy du bcU fur that country. Thit difticniatory batli a yearly revenue of twenty thou- bnd ramea, to renew tlicir Materia Medica i and furnilhes not only all the army, but. hkewife, all the principal cities in tlie empire with medicinet. In this city the courts of judicatoic, cuflom-boufc, and other offices, are generally large, and built of Aoncj and foow of them rather refemolc a gaol, and, indeed, are fuch, ift^ome fenfc ; they having apartments for debtors, at well ' as criminals, who aie kept there chained up. But tliis. and other particulars lelating to the political government of this city, we (hall avoid ciilait(ing.upon ; and only ob- fvrve here, for the liciutit of thole who may liave occafion to vilil tJic'fcp.irtt, that though juftice it, in gencial, ad- minifter'd with fome (hiftnefs and fcverity, yet tlie Ruf- fians beingnatnrallylaiy.ind given tod I inking, the whole J city fwarms with bemrs and vagabond*, and nioftly of fuch a (hirdy breed, Uiat it is dai>gcrous to deny them an alms. Thit makes it very dangerous to walk the ftreeis m the night ; for they generally lurk in comers, with a Ihort truncheon, or blodgeon. hi their bandt, which they throw at the headc of )nirci>gert, with fuch dexterity, tlut they feUom fail of knocking them down ; after #hicb, they rtib iiid matdcr iliem, and go off. Thefe ditaftert happen inoi« fteooentlyon holidays, andcif.> A».L. -f U.a X^—liJ MofiWW it oraeh ^eeayed from itt aiMient grundetir aitd MUhaiqr,. fitaae thc4Miiding of the cityof Peteriburg, aitd the court lb often repairing thither, huwcvc, it ii Hill 4 very full of infiabitantt , and all kiiidi of provifions tit broiiRhi ill, in presi plenty, and fold very eheap. Filh in the only de^i luod,'..c»rionedbotli bvthe number of in- inhabitantt, and llic four lenti, and other faftt, lliai me tih- obfcrvrd I y the Riifli.int ; and thit guai cltrapiiefi liath fa Itt lowered the price of ihe bud nil about ihc country, that the nobility and gentry me great lufTcior!! by it. iluir cflaies being reduced tuhitic nioie than one third of wliat tlicy for- nt«rl^ biouglil in, when the city «a( in itt flourilhingnaie. W c cjoiiot omit faying a word or two of itt fine canal, made by the oidcr and direAion of the late I'ctcr tlie Ureal, to o|)eii a communication between this inetinpujii and hit new-built and favourite city of Peteriburg, and by that means, to the Daltick and Ucrnian Uccaii. Thia gieai and noble work, winch lui liecn I'lHiie time finillicd, at an iinnMnrc charge and labour, between two cities, which, in a direA line, (land near ninety le.iguet afnndrr, begins at Petei (burg, on tlw river Nieva, or Ne\a, which empties iliclf into tlie gulf of Finland, and, going up that river tjuite to the lake of Ladoga, formerly dclcribrd, erodes It at the fouth end, and enters into the woltulT.aiM- tlier river, which flows thither from the province of No- vogorod. From the capital of ihat province, begini what is pro|ieily called the artificial canal, which, palfing through the territories of Itrogiiiix,Chie(lita,Chilul(.va, W'itlcliau- Volofcha, Turfchuck, the pruviiioe of Twere, and the diflria of Kihi, reaches, at length, the city of Molbow, and enriches it by the vaA <|uantitict of inercbandiies that arc brought to and from tbeiKe. A lite traveller into RulSa sivtt the following accotit* of the niunallery and church of jerufalcm : " Thecb iTcb« hilliop't, and nrielV: houfes, art all inclofcd with high brick walft ; the wall, forming one fide of the bifliop'i paLue, is built on t beautiful detached hill, having on the l^1l^ north, and well, the ftneft lawns in the world, through which, glides a noble river. In the plain, upon the t>anks of the river, Hands the builder s romantic hoitle, all built of ftuue. It is quite alone, three floriea in height, in every one of which are four rooms, except the ground llory, where are his kitchen, flore-room and another room, 1 imagine for hit atiendanti, The a:ea ot each of tliefe rootnt it ahout eight, or it moft but nins feet Iquare. In every one it a fmall flove ; bis bedllead ia of {(one, u are hit bed and pillow. Hit chairs are of the fame materials : every Uory of his lioufc is vaulted. and it is flat on the roof, for the conveniciicy of taking* view of the country. It - has but one entry, and every room receives light from one wittdow of tiie leaft Cue. I'he bulkier wat a hermit, and a profclkd religiout. The Itofpital it not large, but well enough provided with every necelTary cxc^t medicine, praycri being, in their opinion, fufficieitrly efficacioutfor the cure of alTditealiM wbwb ap- pear ii. ilut holy place. ** At the well end of the church it one of tlie psoft capaciout cjpoiat I have ever feen, only the miadle of the arch had fallen down Ibme years ago. The dome is very magnificent and high, with a gallery which furrounds it ne.-r the ton : it is well lighted, tl" n.ndows being laige, and the walls are all hung round with various pidurea of the fwnu, very ridtly adoinei with filvcr, gold, pearls, and precious ftunes ; and the altar is very grand. Mid adorned with variout pieces of curiout woikauinlhip. I'bis dome is a noble ftruAure ; but I 'cannot fay whether it is aa larj^ at that of ,St. Paul's or not." I'reytM, or Trcyttki, isaltnall, but bandfome town, faniod for the flately monaflery of that name, or convent o( tite Tiinity, a fpacious huiidihg, with throe large gun, and a noble ohurch, fttuding in the middle of the lijuarc. The abbot here is fo rich, that he hat fifty-fix dioutiuid peafantt dependant on him, befides other revenues. The czars have here fome apaitmenti for titemlelvet, and a noble palace, ftrongly fortified. Jn thit monaAery it wat that the late czar Peter I. in bit younger dayt, wat fotcad to retire, to fecure himfelf from the fury of the lioyatd Cottvanlki and h>* flreliices, who plundered and innr- dtrcd all opponciu^ iit hit metiopoli* ; aiul fiom tlM plo^ and confpiraciet of tiis ambitious fifter. I'he town of Columna, or ICalumna, is Ctiiatcd iwar the confines of the duchy of Reian oii the wcAem ihoca of the river Occa, winch divides it from a Habode, er fuburb, on the oppofite iide. It it almoft of a rouiid figuic, half a mile m compafe, well fortified witli a flona wall, fix fitthomt l^gj^ and two thick, and flanked with Ssut and high tswi^-tr st the difiassa cf vm UmiH4 pace* fimm each other /tut js iiow gone to decay, and i« alrooft ruined on one fide. , The fuburb, which is called Colutwin4 flaboda,' is the pltca where the merchandisct art ^d'i'-MdM;.. £ U R O P &.] R U % S I A. 01 krt tapoM to fale. Ai fat the citjr, it luUi nodiiiiR con- iidcnblo III it exftpt the Hi»e lUuly chureh ol the virg»ii Miiy, »i»d ilw »icliicpifcop»l i»Ute i llie city heiiig aigiii iMd with the Mtle of «n erclibillioprio. It 4aiidi about liflccn lenjiuci lbulh-t«n from Mofcow i Utitude litiy".fi»e de^tccii Longitude tUitly-niiio Jcjreti twenty -ciKlit Biinutei eaft. Cojomcnlko, or Kolommmfti. it a finall city in the iMiahbourhtKKl ot Mofcaw, lituated on an cniineiicr, from whMh it yieldi a bcauitfut profpcA. it lutli a luniifonic chitrcb. with two bigli towcu, and a llalclv moiutUry. It hath two avcnuct to it o»cr the Mufca, which murt be cio^d over a tlojt of liiubci faftenul tuKotlicr, 16 u to be loofcned and dividcil, to give paHajc to the trcireU that go vpaiid down that iivcr. The lawn of M«f*ifth, fituateil on the fame river, •bout ijPe lc.igu«foiith-»trt of tlie city of Molcow, but not condierablc enough at puloiil to merit ■ particular Jcfcriptiort. „ » , , L J J XVll. The duchy of RoftoW» or Roftofi, ii botin territory, anno 1(64. It wm •ftcr" «rardi afligncd for the maintenance of the urowilz, or heir apparent. Koftow aboundt with corn, frahi, herbi, game, &c. The capital, called alio Roftow, it a Urge town and metropolitical fee, fituatcd en the lake of Roftow, from whence illue* the finall river Cobrii, or Kolfpar, Which runs into the Wolga. There are Ibme elegant Aonc chuTclie] in thii city : it (landi about one hundred ■nd twenty niilc.4 to the noith of Mofcow. The town of Dglita, fituatcd on the Wolga, about eighty Inilet to the wcflward of Kollow ii celebrated for the excellency of ilio bread made in it. Here the young prince Demetiius, fun of the zir Iwan Bifilowitr., wai murdered by order of hii brotlicr-in-law Ttcdcrowit/, Ciadenaw, during a tumult whitli wai occafioned by a contlagralion trade on purnol'r, and the throng was ulurped l>y th« R' irderer. 'Ine town of Chlopigorod is now gone to do- cay, though it wan formerly a place of conlidcrable trade. The town of Fcnftaw in large and populous, ilanding at in equal dillaiKC fioin Mofcow and Roftow. Theotber towni and villaget are known by the names of Mologa, Semabrataff, Uuo, Imbilowa-Uova, and Bafnia Nova, but there it nqthiog remarkable in any of them. XVIII. The duchy of VeroOawla bet between Mofcow •nd Vologda) it ta exceedingly tiknile, •boandt with corn, cattle, and honey, and it watered by the Wolga, which runi thiuugb the heart of it. The capital •>< the fffnak>fke, which ue of little nofc, are the otliei (owns of this ditbiA. XIX- Tl«e ducliv of Bil^fora it a very faudl provinotf, rKarly, circular, and derives its name from • lake called Biclc-Ozoro, or tlie White Lake, which it forty miles long ;.-id twenty broad, and on the banks of which Hand* the capital of the fame naiiK. This duchy is bounded, on the fouth, by that of Twere ; on the weft, by Great Novogorod ; on the north, by Vologda ; and, on thu eaft, bv Yrroflawle. The whole is fo much incumbered witli lakci, fens,, begs, woods, &c. that ihe roads in p;cncial are ufclefs, except in the winter, when the froft lenders them paflable. Some parts of tlie piovince afford corn and pafture ; and there is plenty of iilh : Uiele-Ozoro, or Beloxero, tiK capital, it hrge populous, rich plice, is ftroiiEly fortilied, liath an j.nportant cattle, and is furroundcd By the wattrt of the bctote-mentioned lake. yi%. Tlie duchy pf Vologda it boutided, on the weft, by BUeielora ; on the (aft, by the rivet Dwina, on the north, by Cargipol and Ouftriaug ; and, on the fouth, by Yeioflawla. It aboundi with fifh and game, but it deditute of uioft other kinds of proviGoiu ; being woody, inountainouk, full of lakes, firs, &r. The capiul, which is called by the name of the pro- vince, is lituated 011. both tides of the river Vologda ; is a capacious, populous, and coir.uercial place, as, bcfidw iiUivci, fiiaiiy Engiiui, Da>.>:ii, and other merchants re- tide ill it. I'bis city it ois of the moft antient Ruffian aicliiepi^opal lies t tittcu Wo Uuiidied aud thirty miles to No. 47. tlie northward of Mefeow, f«rfo«n' ' coaputcd near one hundred leagues long, in form of a ' lozenge or rhomb. It is bounded on the north and nonh- wcik by the White Sea, and part of Iiigrix ; on the wc'^ by the provinces of Vaga and Onega, la<\ mentioned, Irom which it is parted by the rivtr Dvt ina ; nn the foutli by that of Ouftioug, or Ulliug ; and on the eatt by part of tlut of Zinnia. It it watered by feVeral riven, beiidit till Dwina above mentioned ; forae of which, particularly the . 'inega, fall into it a little above the town of UpfiiaU, and run with it into the White .Sea breadth ; bat yet it rich and populout, and ot modem ttruAure ; being chleOy become confiderable by Ihe tnglilh fhips coming; thither to traffi;, and thereby fanringinK a gre >t refort of meithtnts thither from inoft parts of Molcovy, as well as from Holland* Sweden, Denmark, Sec. infomuch that thofr months in which the river is not frozen, for it will frcszc at leaft threa months in winter, one may fee between three and four hundred, and fomctimet mottf fail tif flilpt, in that harbour. Thii chy mu firft dlfcottred by the Eftglifh, anno ij;3, when Sir Hugh Willonghby having received a comaaiflton M> go to find out the north-caft pafl&ge to China, Richard ChaiMellor< maftcr of one of the fhips« was feparated from the reft of the fleet, and accidentally fisU into the bay of St. NicoUs, on the White Sea ; from whence be was fcnt for, and kindly received, by the then cxar Iwan Bafilowitz, who loon alter granted the Englifli free bbcrty to trade into hit dominions. A company of merchantt was accordingly incorporated in London, anno 1555, and had large privileges granted to them by that monarch ; upon which encouragement, a confiderable traffic was fct on fioot, to the great profit of both nations, which ours enjoyed folely, fibr feme lime. Till then, the Ruffian commodities ul'ed to be conveyed to Narva, a fea-port on the gulf of Finland , but thit laner bath yielded, lince, to Archangel, which i« now, in a manner, the only port, of any confideration, in Mofcovy. After the Englilh, the Dutch and otiier nationt, fooa {truck in for a Ihare of this traffic, though not witli the fame advantage with oun, by reafon of the peculiar privi- leges granted to our company : but thefe were unhappily loft in the time of out grand rebellion, when the czar wat 4'o exat'pcrated againft the Englifh nation, on litt hearine ij iof the murder of. King Charl^. that he wholly deprived '' them of it 1 fince which time, all our effbrtt have nbt been able to regain them : fo that our merchann now trade thi- ther upon the fame footing with other Europeans. The palace, or hall is the moft confiderable edifice in thit city : it is built of large fquare ftones, after the Italian manner, and divided imo tliree pons ; in one of which the merchantt, both Rufliant and ftrangers, have large and convenient apartments, for thetufelves and thrir waiti ; but after the fliipe are failed away, which they commonly do in OAober, they then are ol>tigcd to remove to other lodgings. This palace it a largg ftataly building, with a b D fpcioiit 04 Tmi new Alto UNIVERSAL 8YSVEM or OBOORAPHT. ftwMQHi coart Wfon >i, wlikh i«mIiu qdm to lb* rhrer. TIm coam of jufticc, both civil tmd ciimiMl.an ImM In ii ia ihtir praatr tpwtiMuii. The ciiaM, wbert UU |Dv*mof rfl«i«*. i« bvilt aAtr lh« Ruffian auniicr, and larraundfd wiih woo4«n «*Ha. whkh rmdi, ilCa, <)uiu iv ih« tiver. In ii ar* • vaA Swuiiiiy and variaiy uf Itwpa, wbcra iha RulfMna Aara ap Mir mcrcbamiiM againll ilia liair ; thai*, aa nrtll at Um hoiiliM of iha lown, an all of «>a«4, bui (lo«i and UifC. and wall fvrniilMd wiihin, alipaciitly Ihafo of faraig^i mar* chanu. Tba* hav« all of ibani a Aove wittiin-fida «va«y chamber, to ftnca afainft iho e«lr«in« cold. TIm iliMta art paved with broken AumM, pirrea of limber, and oifatr r'jbbirti, fo rouKlily laid, thai one ia i« emiiininl Janfer of fulling t only in winlar the fnow, which liea aretty thick and hud upon them, makes them (inaoth ami ealy, during that fcafeii, which ii jMre To fevan, that thece t( no divine fervicc porfennad ait thai wbita. However, here i» pleni* of all p,ovifioll^ aa flaih, fowl af all ferta^ clpecially wild , fifli in great variety, and all fold extraor- dinarily cheap : pifrticularly MrtiidgM, which comnMnly fell at about three nanae or tour' pence per brace, Md« which here ai« two kinda ; one like the conmton foit, and the other which turn white in winter, and relume ilMir natural colaur in rummer. The governaMni of iliia city wu wholly lodged iii the governor till tiw vear 1 700, when the eaar created Iwar DurgomaAer* 10 take care of the civil and nwreanlile aiaire ) fo that the governor'! power ii now coafinad to tke naiiitk only. The court fenot hitlMr yearly, a commiiiioner, to receive the cuftomi laid on all iMrchimdiaee 1 and thit, in hit abfence, appoinii four fubtagaici, to coUeA and act them ready a^nil the next year. The revenue which nie cxar rcceivei Irom thef; cuttomi, haa bteit computed to ba between one he ^ired and fifty thouland and two handtcd thoufaad rublci par annum, aitd the iiiMnber of dupe thai comehilhcrfn>mtbeforcigniwtioiM,is,«ommunibusannia, between three and four tiiouiuid. The chief commodi- ticf that are brought iiuo ihii port are, gold and tilver Auffi, fiiki, gold and filver lace, other forta of laar, goM wire, cochiiKal, indigo, and other dtugt for dying ; wiara, biandiei, and other diftiUad liuuora. Howc«ar« tlM Irada of ihi* place ii vallly dccrcafed fuKe the caara, h^ the com* qurft of Livonia, have nuMle the porta of Peterfburg and Rip the rivals of thii, and caufed tlM flow of trade tn pafa, in t great meafure, from it to them. Archangel it the ice and refidciKe of a Raffian arehbi- Ihop. Its latitude iavariouilyixad by geographcn: fcther Kiccioli placet it under fixty-Ca degraaa forty minutes, and the Dutch mapi, after de LiAa, raawve it fiutfaer north by almoft three degreea. We hope ouri will be found mpre cxaA, which, give it fixn-foar degraca thirty. (ix minutes, aod Longitude forty dtgrecs five minatea eatt. ^ St. Nicolaf ii aiiothcr fea-pott •in this pvaviiicc, and Aands on the fouth coafi of the White Sea, about (even leagues weft of Archangel. It feema to have faecivformetly more cottfiderable than it is i feeing it gave namttailiia whole bay, or fea, which waa, from it, ftyl'd St. Nico*' lu'a bay. Cobnogorod is fituated on the weft fluNc of the Dwina, about nine or ton leagues above, or fouth of Arehangri, and is reckoned one of the moft confidcrafale i wi», next tojt, in this province. It flands a little above lu conflu' eiKe of tlie river Piitega into tlM Uwina. M. l>c 'd.xi"., who calls it Colmogora, faya it is large, and the toM uf a Ruflian archbifhop. Here is a ftrone fortrefs, called Nova DwimUca . > was lately built, to defend the mouth of the new rannl, or moft northern mouth of tlie Uwitia, on the W :. 6ca. It hath a large wooden bridgp over tlut ■ ivcr, with a draw bridge ia tlw middle, wide enough fur two ihipa to pats abreaft of eadi other. The city of Sottolitxa is very populous andca wfid er a blc. ai^ inhabited bv many wealthy metcltantt, and in|(eaiiou> mechanics : it uands upon the t'outli limnt of tfaia pro- vipce, in latitude fixty-lbsee degrees. A territory. nijiDed Wolloftutgy, is near this place : it it inhabited by men of a dinetent language, who are civiliaed, and' belong to the Greek church : they nn i'uppeftd to have come nithcr from Livonia. There are a few ifiamla near sUii part of the Rufian (h»re, but they arc wt' very httU importance : iiaiaely, Martinowitz, wiiicb is about 01 e hundred aiiU (hiity mika long, and upwards of fifty bro. i. It t lna d i ueas.twode>- glees to the northward of the ai .iic puiv, u hillot' woodi, and watered by isveni riv;r« ; ti.^ ::U:^ ii^wCtaoy i»iaia Caodenora, or Kandeiiofs. Farther north there is anodter I eaHad KslgoM, (tmm tba eatmM laverlty af the Theft are bw iMnly inhabited, and bat llnia kraNm. The White Sea contains. heAdaa thafc, a fcw other Ikat. tared iflanda, which are for the moA part aninh4Mia4 and barren. 8 E C Tr IV. O0riirf/r#*/ dhi/hmt^ R^, flUdt^Jhn Mtjmfif, trkitfk. E^^ MifiMy tM^, ,f to/ars. «M«Mi whuh fitUw! aMs4t I. mtmtm, t. 7aMr«| J. a«fcrai 4. Ti^, 5. |>«rMra, «. AW.*,; , i.Ptrm», S. fV'*^r> 9- ^irmi»^ la. V»lik». w V I. npHE territory of Meaaen ia fituated to ttM north* I ward of Dwina and the river Prega, and extend* narthwnrd to Jugoia and the ftiaita of Kandanofs. ft is a long traft oi land, lurrow, woody, fenny, niounuin« oas, oald, and barren. The whole region is jloamy end utwoatfoittble t and the chief twvn, called Maaien, ani the fcw vilhiget whieh this province contains, are wretched piMe*. II. The province of Jagara, or /ugatfU. U baunderf, on tk* fouth-wcft, by Meaaen 1 on the north, bytha narthcrti occean 1 on the call, by the ptorinoe of Petxora 1 and, on iIm fouth. by thofe of Uaflioug and Pcrtrria. It is a very large territory, divided by the polar circle into two parts, laaAriireaterofwbichhManthitfidei how- ever, its fituation is cold enougli to aiake the land barra/i and uncaltivated i lb that the coaiiiry is moilly overrun with foreflt, and covered with lakes and bogs : it hath alfo abundance of rivers, the principal of which ai«, the Fitaa, Goleebiatsa, Goloebcica, Otma, Oymitaa, I'eitsK, Peisitta, Voloinga, and Sudtga ; all which tlorf narthwarda into the gulf of I'ceica, ctlfed by the Ruffians. Teeikaia Goaba. There are feveral others on the fouth end of the province, which take different coarfes from theic, and ennty themfelves, fome into the Dwina, and others into lakes. The territory of Vaconitza Volofl ia in the middle tf this province : it hath a few towns or great vilUies i and on the fouth parts are the Jugorieir mountaina, which divide that part ftom the province of Zirania, and are alwaya covered with ice and ftiow. The town of Jugora, or Johora, fiands on a Anall bay of that nana, on the northern coaft, inthahMltude of fikty> eight degrees, between the ifland of Cmdenois on (ha weft, and the gulf of Petatrftaia on the nerth-eaft 1 and the ifland of Colfoya hes over apinft it, about twenty leaguea from the laiid. III. The atorioae of Cotidora, orCendiefki, liesbe« twcen tha Efarulav on Iha weft, Jtigara on tiM tioiih, Petaota otTthe eaft, and Pesmia on the fouth. It i»» large province, witk the title of daehy, bat ib boMy, "woody, and' nwontaiitont, that it (bata* Arfervcs notice, «tfaerwife than Wireatoura, the capital, feattd on the I lotthera parte in the latitude of fixty-fix degrees. Aniient ■naps place this provuvec between the White ^ aiid .Siberia, ' which is the Uivl of the Samoladi. ' > \\l. The tnrrirory of Teefea, north of Condon aiti Jnhorlki, on the northern lea ; havhig the fiiaits of Can- dciuiu, and its ' land, on the ircft, aiM Satooiada, oil tba caft. It liath Uut one town worth naining, via. OoM>* difche, which Itaiidi on a liBall rivat that feUt in about ten Icifuoa be tow it, iato the gulf of Teeiba ; fixty-ftveRdtfiaai latitude, and fifty degreea twenty minuiet eaft longitude; ■' V. The province of Petaoraia a vaft territory, estenil* ins >t^ iJram the take Petxetftie, on the foutherttntoft- p,. t of It, qaitt to the northern or Frozen ocean 1 that it, tiuiu the Mty. third to ahnoft the fcventieth iegitt of north krtitiide. It it bounded, on the weft, byjugtmti on the eaft, by the Riphwan or Obian mountains 1 on the tooth, by the ptovitKe of Vogulisi ; and by the northern !<»» oil tha north. Tha nver Pctzora, which rift^otit of that lake, runs quite through it, in a dirrfl coorfe, from lomh to north, and difeharge* iticlf into the above-itieh- tioiicd fca by fix diiiintht mouths, near tlie A rait of Weigatz, a litde above the city of>Petzora, wh'ith i> fitu. aied u^'on the fame river, about thirty Iragties from the lea. It li but a faaall ptoee, and is fuppol'cdto have been I lormcrly called Pufte Ofero, from fome golden minri', 0^' ' faads, that fell feomtholb Obian mountains into that rivtr. The coLd i> fo exienfive and laflitw lierci that rhr rIvetV' fan fieaen about eight nMniht in the year. Thrv begUI to tliaw in May, and in Augoft freeseagaih. SsaidBi the capital, there are three towiM in thii pro* vince ; namely, Weliki Poyaflat .-tear the fpring head of I U>e -■— '- w n < iH j >i»»- '*'J rmojTi en tht tift fBUROPB.] «iM Aon-tmmU ri*«r i PiMAOWtM*'* ii^M* 'hln*- tMg«M btlow it I Boiwanfliat*, IMW lb* moMih vf ilM Ptitara i PaMl«i of ih* fMM I with Amm MiMtt. . VI. Tht ttrrltorr o( tlw Vo|aliii. «ilM ilfo Vofv- Hni, VoBBUkot, and V«lg«liiMi. ii CmimI feuih of iIm lift MMMi pravinc*. tud nwth of ihatof Ptrmit. Their Muniry ii iKo divided bv lb* Obkn mennMiiu rrom Ibe SDuntty of Sibtria, on im ttft, ind nunds Itfelf weft- «»»d w lb« rivOT Irtti. 1 baft ptoab dMtr lb imich fWxn •11 Ihair n^hbem round abowi, that tbay hava bwn hp- mM to b« «f Taria'te aitraAlon, but without any pro- Ubiilty i fiiMc all tbe I'attari, •iihtr of Siberia ; Caaan, or Aftrican, art all MalHinMiani | wharMt ther* Va|iitiai are hnibeni, and rtlcmbta moA, in their rclision and cuftoin*, iha Sibarlin pagani, but art mora civiHltd than they art. Tkt country raaebet from fiity-iwo dtmat thirty minaiaa to almoft faty* three dtgreti of north lill- tudt. With nApcA to thtir i«li(k>n, thty ackn«wle«iM k fupiMM B^i. the ciwter and prelkr«cr of all i tiiiy i anid racriAce to him once a year, at tht end of ftinuiNl, tn one of the ncareil fercfii, lonie of the baft cMiM tlitjr ■re roaftrr* of, one of each fort ; but can gi«t M itaftm fbr To doihc, bat that their fctheri did fo. ThavbeNtV* inafntaielifc of rtwarda andpunilhitKnti.bot willn««hcar bcint told that ihwtt art any dtvil<, or malcTolcnt Ifitin \ tllt^ing; that ihty hava no infUnect aitionc thcte of an;^ fuch. Their drefi reftmblet that of tht Rulliin ptafanMt and (hey bury their dead in their belt cloaihi, together with fonie money, At little com comei to perftAion in iheir country, they live ohicHy upon the milk of their cattle, and Inch game at they kill. They never marry within the forbidMn degree* of confangninity ; but In other rc> fpcAi may hava ai many wives at they can maintain, wliich tney purcWe of thrir parenti. Hare »tt neither citiet nor townt, bit village* made op of biit* of a conic Hgove, wiih a hearth in the middle, and • ttole at the topi to let the fmoke out i which hole, how- Iver, thty covtr with a thin traiifparent piece of ice, to let fome light iniO tkir liuti, at foon a* their fuel i* burnt to a coal. When a Woman i« near the time of her de- livery, (he i* obHced to go into a private hut raifed on parpofe for her, and to Kve iii it feparate from her halband, tnd all rtkatiimonial intercourft. The men go a (hooting of tHu, ftllowdeer, and other game : thtw live qnittly under the Rulflan Mvemment, and pay their triboM in (him and furt, which arc feni into the public rtpofttofr at Siberia. VII. The pwvince i\,„, or Kmtclkv, it ena of Mm larftft In the K < , empii«, and it bounded, on the Mi^ by the coi. .try of iftt Vdfulisi i on the call, l^ Sibcrlai on ii louth, by the prttrinca of VaMcai «nd •n .thir vtwft b> (hai «r Onftioag, or Uftiugt and itaehci ■IttwK from lift* two to fiity pie, who are here fcatlcred in villages, ot groupt of (Orty huti, are (ierce, bruii(h, and untraAable ) they live upOii the game they kilt, pay their tribma id thr fovereign (n fun, hd alfu make ^loathing with it far thIeMiclvet, aiid covering for iheir houfes, and the reft they (bH tad ax- ihangetoi' other K'-^i. X. The province of Vahka, or Vlatlui hat the tMe of adtehy, and is the laft province in this diviftoM of Rallh; It is bounded, on the notth, ht Pemiia, Zinnia, and Ottftioag; Oh the weft, by Vdfe((la' and PMklkWi oa the fodth, by the kingdom el Caaah t and on Ae oift, W ihit part ol Siberia csUed th«i terrirory of SlMliU. II i* moftly woody, MMrfhyj and barren ; yet yiaMt gttM nuantity of honey, Walt, and fun. It wat ciMiqiinttI Irom the Tartars by the ccar Iwan BtTilowit*, b«ll'tl^4r«f that lime fo fubjea to the incuHions of the SchereMitt Tttnirs. that he found it Iftlf abandbned, and tkVtf ieiiiU Bm (incc both nktiont hart been fabdued ' W the R uilitits, if hklh (kied much better. It i* w«ttiirU by ilie river of itt natHe, which (bringrva Mtlfc'abavO tM '"wu of SestaiiofF, or Seftdtoff, and' ronninf tUMgh iiiat and IHcral ether townt ftHi into the Kuw ; thit Iclk MM iiitti the W6IM, a little above Cktlkn, and ttuilr tbivmgh andther part of the country. The priikipal town* in this province are, Viatka did capMI, Cotelinhi;-Orlow«i or Orloof, GUnow, Ovtnrtoikr Catharina, Verfdiofenlkoi, Roigorod, Keigciodoc, Ur* rum,' Seftahox, or Sexlakoir, and Skboda. The town of Viailn iifituated on the river of it* AaaMt' or, aoeohllitgtoOieari^i, oh a fmall river that (kill into' it, a litKe htWm thiltcify. It hath little or nothing wotth^ J notice, except its bHhop'i fet. and a good ftotit caflle/ ! built by the cuf ilbbve-irieifttibhed; to fupprclii the ihear- i ftoM ef< the SchiretitfIR Tatttn. There aM t«ir6 li^' ' itiadt tbat'lcid frbUi hrnce to Mdfiww ; the one thtough' : Caflroma and Galica ; the otlier through Uflioug ; tw ; ftfimcr is imicb (hotter, but the moft ttooblefaMa aitd daiigerous, on account of the Scheremidi (irecbooien that inM thofc ^irtt, and alfo the vaft marlhet that muft bo crelfcd by the tiavriler. TM fMrn of Cblifhits, whkh it pretty conftderaMatiti II moatiM neat' the tuinfinet of the Xhif^doM of Caiihi ot* 11 Ckfiiif :' juid'SIidbodr, another town, flandt'aiiore to tba) ll noMl'iMl, on the' boiden oC th* Stdicreiriifte Tartiiai " Thia ,Cr6 Thb new AMD tNIVERSALiSYSTEM or GEOGIVAPHY. ndl^ and OnDWn all fortified in the Rvfiiwt flylc SSLCT. ,V. '.flkMMkmg ittfrnrihgrmi 4Mfm,*f Rmfia, ttnud Mif- )?.:,,. ttviuTtrimy, ; jj'..:; I' ' i rf^ HIS dMfion of the RuflUn empin eeni|irife» the X Ctim, Lcfitee, Biikeer, Rtlmuek, Ulbeak» and l»me left confidenok tribes of Twtan ; put of Ckcania, Siheria, Kaaafcbatkar SuMieda»,tnd the kingdomt of Aftncan, Cazan, and Bulgvia ; but a* the priccipal part ;«f thefii beloag (o Afia, wc (hall thcffibi* lafer ow rea- dai* lo that part of . M>>* work fee an ascouMt of them, asd confine ouneliwa to a de(ciiption of lb« 'kingdoaai of CiMnand BulgatUr whicUafc in the European quarter. TUB kmnlom of Cafiu. which thft RuAani aallCaar* ftiroCazantkoyrthakia theCaatiata, orCjuriM kioodoaa of Ca^n, «u fofinerly fnbje^ t»iii own priu«M» Wbe «cse aftceined poi«ei#il lOMarchi ; hot wai at kiwth fwbduad bjr the csar BafilMriis, after a long and hkMdjr waa : hie foa Iwan Bafilowita, fiunaaied the Great, hnilhcd the aonquc^. anno ij54« and added to it the kingdom af Afliacan s ever mce which thefe two kingdoms have been looked upon aa the two richcft jewels in the Caarifli diadem : this of Caftn, on account of iu extraordinary xitcbneft and fertilitjr: and that of Aftracan. on account •f its vaft and valuable traffic Caian it bounded on the north by the piovinces of Va> j(ka laft defcribed, and Permia ; on the caft by the Tu- msean Tartary i on the fouth by Baflciria Bulgaria, and Aftncan ; on the weft, by the Lower Novogorod, and e«(covy properly fo odled ; but, according to Mr. If- aad'ft map, not fo ht to the oft as the common ones do rnne^y place it. It. is watered by the two rirets IjVoTjpi and< Kama, which ma through it, and enrich both ita foil and its ttaffic. The chief towns in this kingdom arc, Calan the <^iul, LaifofT, Sabackzar, Pagantzina, Swiatft, Koleio, Kock> (biga, Mahnifli, Tenil, Karakul, Sundir, BatuU, Sim- batlki, Bur, Uza, and Ibme others of left note. , , ,Tbe town of Cafan, Caaan, or Caxanum, is fcated on a tivar of the ftme. nanoe. near its coniluence with the Wpln, ia a i/^tffii and m^uIous city, and tlic feat of t Ruffian mettoppUtan. The *aft number of churches, tnonaftaiies, and ftecplcs which adorn it, make it yield a fine profpeA both from the land, and from the veflels that (mIwp aitd dowa the Wolg^ The deCcription which Ofev>ut, wha had been there, gives ua of it, is to this yurport : that it ia^tuat^ op a $ne ^>acious pUin on the r^er Cufri'Vi^ abput feven werftes from the place where it ^> into jdiq Wpiga, inl^tude fiity -eight degrees durtyr fight minoles. ^oft of iu hoofea are of wood, as well aaitsna4prts,andtowcn. TbecaiUc.alqne is funounded with ftonc walls ; and this is well-ftored with artillery,, and warlike anununition ; and the river which rant round ii; fervcs it inftcad of a ditch, whictk senders the place «qry Arang, A garrifon ia kept in it, all of Ruflian^lbl- 4ile bulk, which are afterwards /ent dowi> into the Cafeian fea. The city is excellently well dtuaied is»t bqJDg weU (upplied with all manner of neccflitfies and gtoviAoD* by land and wa|cr» and which, afe Sicre in great plpHty aud dteapnefs. The town of Kockfcaga, about ie^enty iniks from Caaan, on tlie b«nks of the Wolgai, is very fmall. There ia alfo an inconfiderable town on the nde of the river Calanka, near the frontiers of Bulgaria* funounded by a wopden wall, and but thinly peopluL At ttie diftance of about three miles fnup the Wa^i^re the rivers of Scrulierfki ; which was once an opulent city between, Cazau and A^acan, till T'amerUne the Great 4eftro]rcd it. , . I The kingdom of Bulgaria, othcrwile ftiled the Horda, or(«gionof the Zavolani, was antientiv inliabited by the Bulgares, or Volgares, a ftrange race of men, who broke into ihefe parts from Alia, and fo diflblute in thcis morals, ttiat i|iciE ^S•>» ucuUiic a Urm of reproach among their iNBiri)bours ; and from tticm the whole kinnlom bad, that of Bulgaria given to it : it it divided iiMo Great an4 l^ttk, or Aliatic and European. The Utter, wbkk lies ■n akng the (buth ooaA* of ibft Daawb^ tevhw the Bladk Sea on the caft, and Macedonia on the wcfli, becanw fat^ merly part of the kingdom of Hungary, lUI fubdned by Suhan Amunt II. (ince which it hadiibMn* awl is ftill* part of Tuiky in Europe, and therefore is foreig* ui tiiis anicla of Rutfia* and wiU bftl^elMrn Of in iu pm^ier nlaoc'. Bulgaiia the Gseat istbatef whicfa.we arc notrfMngtiy jpcak, ai part of RufGa in Europe, conquered itofla the Tartars by fome of the former caara of Mbfcoey,. It hsth its name, as well as Balgar its canitidt fraek the juS gartt before-mentioned, and it bounded on ^ndrtb Iw .the kingdom of Caaan, kft deieribed^ofttliaaaft, by Bar* kiriai on the fouth, by the Samt«y which .divides it fronv the kingdom of Aftraean* andr en ihcweAv by the WolgK The large lake Keighewl lieais*, the fouihena fidet and this i» the meA. we-can mestwemh.roeotioii concerning tlie Rul&an Bulgaria, wheii: capital ^ands on the north pan of it, about twenty -four milee from Caau. Tbe ci^ of Samara is fituated on the lefk fhore of the rivw of its name, aaftward ef the Wolgi; ijtt* which i» nil* a. little below it. U flanda on the dtslivity of n monntatni of amoderair height, and which tcrminattt at the flten on which the city ilands. It is hurs, but WMichedly built, of woodr as well as the walls and tower* that fiirsannd it. The town covete almoft the whole mountain, and the fuburb extends itfelfalong^ the banks of the river, abeut forty leagues fouth of Bulgar,. and ii» kiitude fifty-two degrees forty minutes, and longitidTe fiftf desRca thirty minutes eafi.^^ Ml, S E C T. Vlv CmfrihtnJing thi fifth dhiifin tf ih* m^r4 tf Rujg^t, telM RnJ/iaH Inland, and NtvMZtmik. USUAN Lapland is bounded, on the north, by _^ the northern ocean ; on the eaftand fouth, by the hite Sea; which forms there a fpaciousgulf i and by the river Zoloticza, which di&barges itfelf into it on the «fl fide of Kiemi, and on the weft it hath the Daniih Lapland. It is further divided into three parts, according to their fituadon i whereof one ia called Leporia Moure- maiiikoi ; or maritime Leporia. Terrlkoi,. or Inland Le- poria; aiul BcUamour^fkoi Leporia. Tlie iirft is lituatew«ft ( and ficUamouretlkoi un the fouth e.ift. . The circumjacent country ia mountainous, woody, and bairen ; the air extremely cold -, tUc |nhabinuts areas ludn aa.igneranti,,and, in genera), tlie country, is umchlikff the Swcd^ and Daniel Lap(«ndf ..a. JMM^ of -the iflands, citica, mA^xiofHM, fland oj) the ica-coafts, and are aa follow : Kiemi, fituaud near tq^ mouth of the river Zoloticza. i^eflu a town and illand, in which is a moiuftery of ihe fame name. KcrfeUi, o« Kiedit, on the mouth of the fr«(h- water river. Kemeke, a town and ifland, with foiiic Ituall ones aboat it. Ko- voda,: lituated on the mouth of ,a river v^hicb flows from the takC; Pajorfwoi into the. gulf Omboi,! on the mpi^i of a liver of the iame name, which empties iticif into the Gouba. or Salt River, VVoU)a Oftrof, or liland of Deer, with a town of the fame name. C^P* 1'ouria, Soutkete, Cafcavaron, Warfiga, Patenga, and Pelitzai which arc but fmall towns. Sonfitowitz, ot liland of the Crofs : three otbeo, on the mouth of the river Ponoi -, Cape Or-s loronc, with a bay and l<«vcn, at tj^e entrance into tlie white Scat The ifles of ^mbacho i the cape and idea of Swctutocs, in a bay ; at the further eiul of #hich is the town of Jockna, fituated on a river of the faine name, which aHordi plenty of filh. Nookoftref, called by the Dutch Nagel Eyknd. ot Nail Ifland ; the Mariners Bay. Scvci» iflands mote on the moutliof a nanielcfs river, well-ftored with falmon, as arc indeed moft of the rivers on this coaft- The Golden Bay, Daehu Olignia, or Farther Olignia, to. di(Pingtiilh it from another «f the fame lume, and nearer I the coaft, i^amcly, Daelna Silcnfi, or I'atther.Silcnri, fa named,, on the fame account ^ port GaliricU port of Waioiuai Bliefna, ot Nearer Oligniai the ill^nd and town of Kiidwin ; the town, ifland, and lake of Kola ■„ the Fifhermen's illand i Petainlka rl«ef ,• with a ifunuftcry fo named. I lie lake of P^lina, or Poliua Ozero', wiik a.iown of the fame name, are in the interior part pf the country. Moufcnuiilkoi Leporia. it a mouDtaiiiouf and woojjjr country, and hath few towns of note except Kola, a I Inuil . :!> '(■-i R O P E.I ft tr s s r A. poxi, litiiatcd on the moi^tli ot tr\yit qj fb* '^me whwh fills into the ocwn. ]t liei in iMltiMe ||;i»- de^e^i « Rnffian X:'apiand, called Jetxmt, L«p6rii'^ is alinoft fnmuhiled with the Tea^ and iis tbt inakM the (^If of the Wbit^ Sen. ItiiuokiTs i4'bin«n than the re(\; and th^' f Wef to^wp.init aW,, orer minft ^rth- and at the il,5)h the White Sm ; it ii fenankted ff^ta ybo northern nrt o| li^t (^iIlM Vei^tz, or Wj^t?, which lie tg(S fiven^ degtecs. The lan,d that fori o|:^ liea in ,i\fl!rth ^• . ,^ , _ , .^ . fonni this flrait is a^^foinoiitory, ai^Yancing foutliwajU. from the itiain con;)- tryi whicn is fuppoleil to extend itfelt' much farther nqrtb. 1^ was long (louDted whether this countryjoincd to the. continent o? Greenland on the wefl, pr of Tanarjr on the caft i but i^ is now Icnown to be an idand of great extent. The Ehgli(h were the firft difcovererj of this country in the jear I5S3< when captain Hugh Wilioiighby failed thi- ther with uirei vefleU, and advanced from the north cape ofJFJ^unurk as far north as the feventv-feconU degree. of latjt'ude, wnere besought he had defencd this laifd ; bnt faemg obliged, though flrefs of weather, to put into a port ^f I^plitnd, he there perlfhed with cold, with a(i his company. Three years afterwards captain Burroughs failed in icarch of it ; and having doubled the above- ntentioned capr, difcovered the Orait of VVygatz, between the fonth part of Nova Zcmbla, and the north coaft of SaTno^eda. Since that time it bath been often vilited, both by .flitch and E^nglilh, in hopes of fiiijingoat the north- etui paflag? : but the colilnefs of tht climate, and the mountaibs of fnow that covered the whole country, pre- vc'iite^ tlMiir, nuking any great difcoveties.. Some Uuttli- men wintered there, anno ,1598, but ffiund the cold fo CY^^jtive, that they with great difficulty kept themfelves •l^ve tii) the next lummer.^ They fiiw no fun from J^nu- *tj 4th to June 241I1, daring which long and dark interval tljey ^d no lignt, except what the moon afTorded them Irop the firi^ to t|i^ ,la^ (juarter, in'whic^ ihstlhonc by dajam' night withputintenniflipn. From thipir accpui^ts ofthiituiintry, itappcSart, that faai|f {wrtsof it ia inh^ted by a people of low ,uajure, W^pjt^ idolaters, and bfrba- Totis'. The attembts iDade a^rwards hv captain Bamntx, • Hollander, by Hudfoh, Wood, and Haws, proved lik|e- wiieof litde or no cpnfequence tot^ii: lublic, fnd of a Md ora; t9 tKem, except that Wood m^e fonic remarks, wmch|gave.|)ira realon to think there was a pofla^e between thjis country and thjit ot Green)and. H|e reprcleiits Nova Zepbla'as'the mod forlorn fpot in all the world, the greateft fJn of ,vi>ich is laid nnder fnow i)nd ice i and, where thlre are,neit|icr of thefe, one meets with nothing but difiin|U oiii^gitiires covered with roofs, and fome blue ai^ yeJlofr flowers. Upon digging two or three feet into tlic y ^e ppoA the wster, artd feems to ,6« very JJulf\il in caitcbing Its food. When the fun Begiht to fet," thev retire to ttie ' rocks near the lea, where they continue till morning, at which time they are eafily takm, ;Their eggs are very food ( but tlie lelh hiu a llfhy fifte, and it never eaten U-* '"MfVS^J^V'JW''^'^ Tliey.^«il4th}dfm!fJ>.pn f^W^?^ of the. tockt, to wbtpli tbefa bitc^ can tTie pc^^iii it nSit oiilf aijjjiiSin'lVi^ ^Wbfm partt of Ruffia, but iikewifis m feveM^ebantrief of North Anwrici^ aitd it- evcryrwhere. knfw» by th« liune name. »Wh littk «uno rariat'ion, whicb^iji tbeCeltic. anjit oA^feiit WeJft, figpi&t If wbiM bei;^ u tfci^^M adIualTy hath. Tl^is, ta«ether with f^me gr^tiuSi^i wh^h it .found in pianj ot the ndiol word«i and proper iJamet ufed by people in t^ofe^a^t ng»qJM,..C(vi&i9» a curiout cpnjeaun: we »-ive b«|:iQwe4 fifwt W« i»'«<»T^ « th<; Univeml HJftpry,,,. 4 before takoijaotice t^, nai|)«l|t, th« the d(;%endantt of Opmer, tEe cidel} fon of Ja^et, wer? not only the firft peoplert of Europe even in itt re-, itloteft -partt, but have pnferved th«^,aiitieiit, |tngnag«i j 5J?!*. '"■" *"y '"'**' nation we knoyr of, except the Cninjt^. The fonthern part hath been finfe foun4,t(), be iiUi^bited by a fonat, fWarthy fort of pmiiiU, ^o cloakh tnemrelves with feal-fkint, or with the fjainf «? .% large bird, which they call penguin, with th^.^thct*^ 1 1 he'f woHhip the fuaand moon, aiwi have li^ woodet^ idpls in human fhape, but wretchedly car«ed,; or rather notched. They live upon what ame or fifh i^ey catch. , With refpea to the late acquifitionof. Cuelia, or t^e gt>vernment of Wibuigh, it muft bt ohfer^ed tliat it com- pbfet part of the great duchy, of Finland, which, 1 the. .Swedes ceded to Ruitia, and contains the three diftriQa of Fistlandifh Carelia, Kexholm, and S^iwolex. This province liath fretjuently provecl a biaiie of cont^- tibn between Ruflia and Sweden. In tioj it ^11 under the Swcdilh domiriion, but in 1338 part of it was yielded up to Ruflia. By the peace ofNvft'adt, coiKfuded in 1721, a ftill greater jdiTt was refigned totbeRufrians^ the wellerii part alone being left in the poAe(1ion,of the Swedcr. Afterwardis Sweden wait obliged to give up, by the treaty of Abo, the fort of Fredericfham and Wilmanflranc gulf flf , Finland, is remarkable for the dkcelleiice f its ntuilcit^ ^ fwerdtf, ,aiid iron ,utriifi|t. The greateft port <)f the aim* ufed by the Ruiuim tro<^ are made in ihi%piaoe.. Tbe town of Wibimrgh, once the capital of Carelia, a bilh<^py fee, and the bulwark «^ Sweden againft Ru^m it iituated on the golf of Fintanijt, hat a convenient hat- hour, an4 carri(;t oil aconftderaUe trade. Peter the Gieal havitiii^nthiii town by capijtu/ation, in the yeativio,.,- iirip\pyed iti loitiGcations, whiclj. hi^ve evejfince Iweu {cppl , in good condition, ^at Wibnre may now be confident at ; thc_baiwark of Ruflia aniim Swedei^ I T?* t^f *P pf WilroaSban^ i» feate4<» the Wee Saimai. , and U called by the Fin^ndert Lappi WciE, or Lapp I Water. It had formerly the nanM of Lapftrand, and tm* ! only (I mf rket-jj«ce, but wai aperwardt -^ade a tow^.t, ; yet it bat acj ?fufiiftra» of itt^wo, if being ^ependan* op . i Fredcticnnna.. It was a cqnt^erablc mai^ for.tat, and the r refideoce of a Swedilh governor. ^ On the tfrenT'A'"' of Augiifk, 17^^, an obflipate .battle wm fbn^t abo.ut. U Engliih nule from thit town between three thoufiind Swedes aqd fixteen thouf^nd Ruftiana ) but the fornier wery, at laft obliged to yield to f^p9riority of number*. Tie ^i^wans, after they had gained the viilpiy, burnt , Wiin^nurj^nd, w^iifh wat before fortifie4 with a wall and moat ; liul they have (ioM caufed it to be rebuilt. .Th^ipwn of Fiedericibam it iituated on the golf, of FinlahjI. "J'tit town was governed by two bui^omafiert, an4 wai deieoded by a caflle built in 172a : it hath aUb «,. tood harbour and a cpnfldcrable trade in tar -, but in tho laft war between tbe RufTiant and Swedet it wat burnt t» thegroufid, and ceded to the hitter i afterwardt it wtt, re- built, and the limitt between Sweden and Ruffian Caitiia wert^fixed near thit plac^ < Kexholm ■! * verv cstBnfiv* diftrift ; Vjt SS ChseSj W* veml with rockt anJ laket. It has been frequently con- tended for by the Rulfiani and Swcdct, andwai rcftored to dif toirmer b^ the treaty of NyiUdt. The noft ijt-, markable pUce in it is, the town of Kexholm, which 6£ it m 47l TBI NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM op GEOaRA?|IY. ■■■'"■ .a b ■ place of gnat flicligth: it ii linuted on two fnull Maadr at the inflax of the rivtr Woxen into the lake of Ladoga. The principal put of tlie town ii IniUt on one of tiieft tflatedtt W the houfet are aUof wood; and the cilftfe llaada on the other Uind. SECT. vn. GMaiat ttitml tf tbt p&fiHt, JNfi, smi tmrnn tf tii XatStin \ tht kifit Mi fkmihiri «/ tU'ttimifl \ft^- 1 lbtirfiti,/nkl»^ifirjhtiii lifiurt, Orir h«4, tMimfrrf' A ^^ONGSTfaeiiB'varietyofMapleaifiteOiitoined jf^ in diis exicnfive eqipite, the n|tttre, fiitute*, com- ^eaioii, fgsn\Migur« from licad to foot, and ufually few two ftins toffetiitr, that they may have the for next Aeirlkins, as! wall at on tlie datfide. The natives aliaiit Mofcow, Peterib^rg, and in the middle provinces, aft of a moderate ftature, have good complexions, tAd haici vigorous conftitutioas' ; but no> thing is fo much lidmiied as a ruddy countenance : they are uhamed of l^trfii^ pale, and if they want red, ^ut fiiil to lay it on pi^cttyniick. They are, tt is faid, inclined to be corpulent, but diofe I have feen, and we may fee them every week at the Greek chapel in York Buildmgs, are of a moderate fixe, both men and women. The veft, gown and cap, were the ufual ctoaching of the men, till Pe- ter the great obl^ed tbem to wear Ihort doatfas, like (heir feutbern neighbonn) *nd the people of fiilhion now ge- nerally conform to the French mooe ; though 1 obferved, that fevtrsl had coi^ down, to their heels, like a Teaman's watch-coat ; and it feems a little barbarous to compel ,the poor people to Id^ve off tlicfe fott of doaths iii (b cold a dimaie as Roffia. 1'he men and women bo^ w>;ar their hair long, imd the virgins had their hur Iwaided* as fome of them nave ftill ; die married Women p« thbin «ndtr a cap, but the eentty in eeneral conform to oar drefs. The greateft difficulty cxar Peter met with, vrta, to make die men pan with their long beards, which they feemed to look, upon u facred, and tome it u a fiivonr (when they found they muft part with tbem) if be wO«loth men and woffieti^ an cloathed in long coats made of fheepfkiiis with die wool inwards, which are very proper for thai climate, s>wi ^qA only two rubles (nine fhiflings) and I'waddic up their legs and tcct in coarft doth : their caps aie lined with fur, and rtxmu Of Doot/meijiang on tbelr »i is put on wboi tb«y ttft'Mptizcd, and I «fide u lon|(as tpAr^T«.' The eroA* < Of lead, but Aofi^n by pcribii*^^ cover their ears and neck, as well at the head : they wtiu' I fiilh about the loins, and have doijible g^ves, 6ne pair of woollen and another of leather, which have no M^iioflH for their fingers, only a place for the thumb. F«9pje of condition follow our modes, only they have a fuUgtcaJ coat over ail, fih*^ with fiin, and a dc^ quilted f>r fiMrrciJi an«bHi thiy go abroad. T)« J|«U«( wett fioiKiscd filk doUHl^ied widifius, ofiiallymadeof diefluDtofwhitt hares. •"■' ^erfint of b|^;|^hangon didr bieafi aciiofi, iriiich eif die pisafiukts ai9 by pcrfoii* of Wnllh IN of gi^ or' ^ver, ■' ' ' ■ , The Rnflliub ftlf^M of badiing twite a wciek t % which pnrpflfe almoft tfvefV tiioiiickecper is provided wilif abadii andhe tMhMiioievir Us ama, go^ to diofe that ate pubfic) andfavap'Mairetbargh affirms, that dwy payfolitde ngardto dedM^i |lMtaun;amtliotti«(k/^e nolonpleMiciintc/dwinpiviiiiKUDiiily, abd duniiaiMar . #c^ to each odier, )t Vldfo ob&nrad, thM lbd[will «len fidlToutnalHd>{Atw»({|p$ vfMnn b|^; ni^fMBtinthe, COM, roll themfdvee ifi the fnow, amlp(w^»»MW^' into tHe warm watu: and dlis viciflitudeof heat a^dcdld diey cbnfitkr at boMBHia to the confutation, by rendeiimcmcm ' heaidiy and hardy. ■ In vifits of ceremony, the men fnd vrMBen ilifiaUrtMI- come each odier wi^ a kifs t but thofe of th^ Ibwlr^aaf* fhew thdr profirahd itefpeA for perfona of hiiVninfi, by proftrating themfdves on the ground before tHedi/' l^visn the common people fiifuie eadi otherwith great driijty; but before a Rufliiui welcomes his goeft, the vifitor is cMiged to make the fign of the crofs, and at the fame time to bow to a piAure of fome bint, which is fo plated as to be fe«ii immedhtdy at coming in. With reTpcft to their method of building, Ihieirhioft ' ufual way, bothin the towns and country vilk|j{e#^ h, to ' lay one beam of wood upon another ; and, (Uicning thnm ' at the four cornen, fill t^ the crevices between'the beans with mofs. The'houfe is afterwards covered #itfi (hin- gles, and holes are made in the timber ibr doon ^pA wiiu dows, A brick ftove or large oven is commonly ipade in the houfet of tlie peafantt,' and takes mafoiir^^n of the arte: this is flat at the top, and boarded, Op^jt, and on a kind of (helves round the roo«p, the Wablir fiimily lleep without beds. The hoafes in tbt villus lite con- tiguous, and bubt clofe togedier, as tkofe iii loiMs com- monly are. Three bend^s, an oblong table, amidiepie. tore of a fsint or two, compofe the prindpal pah of Ineit fiimiMre. Tnflead of candles 6r lamps, thepeaEiotiiirually burn long fjjilintns of deal. The apanments ate !■ bbck ' as fe many cbimniet i for the fire-hearth bikig within the ftove above-mentioned (which has no other, vent for the fmoke but ittfo the room), the walls are covered widi foot. It it no fooiiei daik, than die honfies fwarin widi a fpecies of liiftAs called ttrralans, which ana Un4 or goat- chaicrsv Tb« heft method of keejringtfaem out ik bntiv , ing a light in the room till break of day. As to dirir diet, the common peo^ of Ruflla, and in. deed the whole natton, are mucn inorc ufed to fifh than flefb, efeccially fait fifh ; dieir (afit taking up^ntar two thirds of the year, when they are abfolntely (Kohibited by thdr religion to tilb of flefli : and in this they feem to nlaoe the greateft pen of idigion, even their children ob- terving it with the oiiuift fttiftnef* ; and as they cat tio flefli at thefe timet, nehber will tbey taftc of milk or eggs, or any thing that iMtany relation to it. They eat melons, cucumhen, tumeps, and other garden ftuffin great abun- dance, and chufc rye bread rather than wheat, though they ' have enough of both. They will roardi a fonnig^ or three weeks very contentedly when they are in the m*y, if you fupply tbnn but ilritli faecary, which is rye brea4 broken into fmall pieces and baked a fecond tioMk efpecialiy if they are allowed a dram now and then. Cavicre mad* of the roes of ftuigcon failed and dried, is a great di(h amongft them : and people of condition have out of Lent a variety of flefh and fowl at their tables. But before ttie company fits down, themafier or miftrelltof ihehoufcnf what quidity focver, always pirfiints every one of the gnefts with a cup of brandy on a phite with her own hands ; anid among particular friends all the company (alute tlw bulj. ' The firll coorfe at an entertainment ulualty coimls «f"' hams, tongues, and other cold favoury difhes', diat the liquor may relifh the better, 1 prcfunic ; with thefe ftand fcTcn! made difhes, drencd with oil, olives, onions, and Kirtick; which having remained upon tlie t.ib'a about an our, the fecond couri'c, coiifiiting of foiips anJ boiM ■afftl- ^^ ^^^J^'WoAJOSCitA^J/^. «v4,«r/SYSTBM*^^0 GRAPHYk -*<(8?' '' ts»,4.-- . jj|& J ■fy^^-^ m ,;.^" SiiA/'kiF' ^, -A I> i {fiUROPfi.)^^ T!is«"-; *■■ R> U B tSt I A. ♦ff I 'A i. «r ow wofiU dHnkt AlMh* b' ban) #i ^ „, femtraift nett, it bceaglittn ; kfttf wbidiMlo** tlM^ ftrt, wia U^uor in tbamlanQe ; though thii m* ronna ftrtnyiiMly all tb» tine, ffa* bcaWu baiog Mpn tt Um fcvgtnidnk it the nM»l, in Uiftnip* ia the &lfiion of a Thair UqM» A^ «itfi«r ii»cM, c^ ««i». a %i of teatt which tha govemncnt aqgroflM,' all dia Imprhimlit^ aM \itut» Where bmr if raMiM being the csj«rin|i^ and f^ takp'1|>o«iM forUd jfeiajre jtc(:nca« ff the jBa^anuMAiA b»w, If it ge.n)in%y*i7 ftroqg, 9r ihc ftu^an* wciw n«t«ilMiti aiHiiirh:^ %adim,«Poalw|»wi%nMr.a drtirn drbrandy or AMb.or whict^MB OinrdUlO g^t ijna^. tidet^ anil it nuy be M# fia^Pnablc tAar.i ta^ofi^i^ aNb Ok g^cninient M ,tfie mofit. T.bay vM ta b«ini iheir-«titeftaiiimenl» ill Ml in the iitoiiphiii a^d bvtwtlvs "" kalltwi;aft*a^,«flmrtt«- _^ _ ,'^^ inar retue^tO'ti^*, ^'i Yn ilii4bu!1l^perl^' m^tt»M)fM^ W: f •* giaal AiMidittoOom^in' Tdihow^ a^ «^j^>|i; p««^nMdi leading tp the fhieftownt an very eiaAljrfnfi^^lNf ^^i™ the wft^iaMrli^ iii»4(lhi;poft.fl^i? fit^d^aj^^liiflaiw tanejfi ( for tliNtMWut «• whole rawt^,, Vm «nu> » ^1/ h^ a pbtr, ii^bed with ftie^pambftof K^C^* '* ^HtmiTar the Jlli^Wcad). The«irpib/K!is;«rtTawinngia d.\l» ihtliiner is fo oUfy, that bcjtween KMii'and^eteimHfgh. the bin of a poft-hwfe. fbr waf wun it ,no itiore than two topeilu and a Italf, wh><^iit.c^ P*nny three &rthtngt flerfiDtai befween l^ovoigRKi an;!! PeitrRtaigb. only one cope&t but betwtf n Nq^2^ itoii K|oi|co«> bitthalf a Cinrriaget for iti^haltts ant drawn by one hofie i thcfe ■ff'ti/dtt are nine or ten ftet long, and tWo or duee broed, and are principally ^mjiofed of two ftrohg poles, fupport- cd by finif Wheels of n«|r At equal fize, and al>out at high at the fore wheels of om Of^inarycMKihet, but made very ftigbt: many of the rpnndtof the whadt are of one piece of wood, and op^n in one part for near an inch >• and fomc of them are nor Ihod with Iron- Spring aiid .autumn arc very bad iearons for travelling i , a> my car^vait'Bt'thii time experieikcd, ftys ^4r. Hanway. { There is a law ih force, intdc in favour of the carriers, by which, anycontraA for tnafportlnK nierchandize in the winter, beeonWs null and void, if the roads are brolie up by a thaW; and thereby tendered imprafticable to travel in fledget; in which cafe, the caniersbive the liberty cf tape-, ing««f tlieirhorftt, and leaving a caravan in any town they can oioft oiUy ^each. ' ; Thecaravattt generally fet out abbM twelve, both in the night and dayj^^ncept in the 1mA of fuminer. In the witiier, between Pcteribotgh and M^bofW,. tM^ oioaUy , travel fevisnty werAt in twenty- few hoot* (ifi^ty-fiiven, milet Englifh) but firom Mofcow to 2aiitWn< Qply fo^ty or fifty werfif. - Nothing, favt our aiithor, can be accommodated mora ibr cafe and difpatchi' than travelling' in Hedges in frofty wiather, when the fiwaw it well tro^n.' At a proof of i thit, 1 may iqcntitn, continnet he, ihat I flept wilhout waUng whilft I wu carried a hundred werftt (fisty-:fix Engliih milca. ) The whole foad wu niarked out with fir- treet, fet in the fnow on both iidet, at the diflancc of. abbat twenty yards i the confuinp^tin of timber on thele occalions, at a moderaie computation is. a hundred and tvmity-eight ' thon&nd, j^ur hundred and eiglity treet. Tbere wore aHb great oiles of wy tweritjr-fcmr w>ft_-|iQ|feti if any 'tf thenl fiiil on;the road, others are ready to fupply their place : flie it cimeialiv thrre dayt and threii l%l>i' ^ the way ! th^ are wmral Imall palaces On die roaarWlKr^ ihe fomethnet ftopt. Peter the great once nMe dib jour- ney fUUa Peterlbufgh tq Mt^fcow in forty ^fiJt hotir^, bc% fo^r htritAtd and eighty eight EnglHh milei. We are told, thin it'll not uncommon to co. it vrith pWlatt«i«th^havaincrea6dtodiB tttlRllMr 9r thlrty^aightj tmt i«iM|n*|. till of Ute, h«l W,tftoi«iu(hlr oo«rrid' thit «b<3« wnnuyt duM «Mn thit?>^ etern andnobility, at well aa tb««««imon peopb, neidiMr' 1 , «hai,% ))^!iAiiik-m:mn»t*f and pia^of honour aiid jne»,., oA tidb «W| were iD6ft ieanMd^ IjMgniwii at trail aa fntjiila t awl bv Atiibg op fehooit •04 atiadaiBict, and Incitinf and aanmng foch at waa* ifillW.^Wwd fi»aUfprtt««laamuig, and lending' bia yonl% . M||i^«iit«)< aadgi|i4*naen into fonign coontrica fortdqcB' aoiH tM^pinf aniat.way tomtM tnmfriaBling the matta Uit.lHcMalat* tilt.ihiBnwknoiriitiallwaB: and, hadr». Butot thit we fliall treat more partKukrly under the article of IcamiDg. '■, I SECT. vm. 0/ Ik rtllt'tit marritiH, «ni fimtral ttnmuiiis If tit Tut. Ruifiant )^m&, that they profefii chriftianity,; according to the pure an^iant rites and doftrine of t^ Greek ehoMh, thoegh in many refpcAs they have fe far deviated ftom it, that they have introduced even more fuperftidoot and ridiculout cuftomt, and Uy greater ftreft upon them, :than the moft bigotted papiiU ic the world. 1 bey pretend, though without any tbondation, dut the apoiuejt. Andrew, whom theylioU in great veneration, planttd the golJKt.anwng them; when it pbunlv appear*, according to Zonaras, that they were aU fiank into the low4ft pit of idolatry t^l die time of the peat V<4aidomir* di^ of Rul^a. in the year 989. when, having nad» feveral oopfideralile conquefis, he was honoured with a grand eifibeQy from 'the cmpcrM Bafiliut, and with him« bilhop, and othsr clergymen, to convert the Ruffiant to Cbmoanity. Volodomir himielf became oite of the fiift converts, after which, having married the daughter of that emperor, l»e foi^ribiiited all he could to eftablim the Chrif • tian ii|itb ;hrdugh,hii dominiont, and had the picafure tn fee it effcA^ in a little time : and at. they received it from a Cotifiandnopolitan prelate, fo they nave alwaya comioned in the £uth and communion of the Greeic church, fome few artidet and fuperftitiout cuftoms ex- cepted, not worth troubling oar reader* with. They differ „ ■ firoi^ the church of Rome in their diflielief of tranfub- dinu'aiion, purgatory, the Pope's fupremacy and in&lli« bility, &c. DJt they fecm even to qut-do tiiem in their woiuiip of the Virgin, and other fainti, croflet, r^mquet, and the like. They ufe auricular confcflion i communi- cate in both lunds ; make the Athanafian creed the rule of their faith ; and have a fettled liturgy, vis. that of St. B«^, which they ufe three time* a day. They obferv^ four lent* in the year with ereat ftriAneft, hefidet iitfting every Wednefday and Friday in the year. They icckon vhe crcauoa of the world, which ufed to be their common ten^ to have been above 71CO years ago, that it, about 1506 years earlier thaa any Cnriftian nation htth fiied it, bift can give no fliadow of reafon for it, Tbey begin, alfo, the siu in September ; alk^png, that it wu more probiNe that the earth was created in autumn, fiored widi ^1 its fruits in full maturity, ^lan in March, when it* iWhnI; farfjcs U jgyjrjj — ■jdj ttpssd fiSSw. Sut M : bat there tttt fHir cHaichei in which fiittHoni an ever delivered, and even in diofe they ftMom prt^h!. Th«fre m neither liMti nor fomis in the Ro^lM chorchet, but the whole coiigritioh perform their d^O- lion Handing. On feftival dayt the dcrgykre adomtfd With with very ru!h vrlimehn, IbonHthM rcfeinbllng thofe of the Levitical prierti detcKbed in the Old I'eftammt. The people knoMi very little of the Bible, which hai never yet been tianDated into their language, Th«y have, hO' ever, one in the Sckivonian tongue, with apnotatiofl nor are there any proper .mealures taken for the inRrdllion ot' yonng people among the vulgar, in the principkt of religion. l°he people never ling pfalmfi or hymns, nor faa've any hymn bookt in their lioufci ; for none but the choriOerf are allowed to fing pfalms in the chorchet, that office being coiifidered %» their peculiar province, on which accomit they are held in I'onie efleem among them. Some of their great I'eflivals are ordained by tlie Ruffian church, betides wliiah there aie every year othen appointed by tlie civil power, when all public bufineft and trade!) are fufpeiided with greater flriaiieft than even during the for- mer ; - fuch as the anniverlary of tlie birth, inauguration, 'and coronation of the perfon on the throne, and on the faint's day wliofe nanne lie or the bears i and likewife the tefliral of the birth and mine-day of other nerfons of the royal family ; that of St'. Alexander Neuiki, is kept on the thirtieth of Auguft \ and on the i^tlr of June tlie aniiiverfary of the bittle of Pultowa. In the Rutrian empire, there are a great number of con- ventt- for the religious of both feices ; but Peter I. prudently ordered that no perfon fhonld be allowed to enter on a monaflie life before fifh' years of age : yet this regulation htsbecn repeded fincc his dekth, it being thotigbtpibper to fhew a greater coiidefcenflon to themonafleries : however, no man is p«nnitted to turn ironk till be is thirty, norno woman to tuni nun till Such oppofition waa made to thit great change, by the bifhopt and clergy, that the c«ar, who could brook no controul, cauled one of thofe biihopt to be degraded, in order to deter the reft i and thefe infilling, that they bad no power to depofe one of theiifclaft, the PofiOt metropoUian wat ordered to doit, who t6ok at^ay hit mitre and dignity accordingly. Ever fince, tiw'csar bath taken upon himfelf the fupreme au- thority in the Ruffian ^urch, and bath introduced learn- ing auong hit biihopt and clergy, who were before fo gromy ignorant, that they could not fo much ai preach ta tlieir flockt, b«, inftead of femioni, vf.d only fome fltbrt boiniliea of fome of their Greek faints, with which the^gepcrally concluded the divine fervice, after they have fung fome piiidnu and hymna, the Athanafian creao* and the gofpodo, or litany, The monaftick lif: k indutget;; to both fixet. ihbagh of the women, more >ra fnrtsd infs it than take it up out of choice. Till the late glorious rcigii of Peter I. not only'perfona of diffisrent religions, but even of any country, were for< bid b la '"■is)l-_ [EUROPE.] R U 8 bid tocome intotlMredomiitionii itprereitl, that ibrurd l«w it repealed, (nd ill ftr»tiger« ire invited to tome and fcitio there, of what country or religion foe»er. The Lulherani anc" Calvinini have the free exeicifc of ihriri, excrpiirig that tlwy are not allowed belli in their churchei. Thole of the chutch of Rome are the only oiici, of all Chriftian deiiominaiioni, that ever, till of laie, coald ob- tain that ptivilHC, tbo' i.o endcavouri and intrrpodtions, froni Poland, France, Germany, and other " "lan Ca- Iholick countiiei, have been fpared to obtiii ^ tbo' lhi;ie are great multitudei of trtidi, mtrch^nti, roluicri^ «nd ofHcrtj of that religion, fettled in Mofcovy. But tho they aie tolerated, the Jcfulti aiu forbid to come among iheni, The Arminiani have their churchei wilboul lielli, and other feAi meeting houfei. The Mohamedani arealf^ tolerated, and make up about a thiriieth part of the inha- bitant! I uni the Pagani are ftill more numeroui, efpeci- ally tuw4rd> the north : I'hefe differ much in thair notions and worfliip, and fome of them arc fo ftupid and ignorant, that they are but one remove from hrutei. ^ Several popei, in the thirteenth century, laboured ^MP to put thd great duke of Ruflia out of conceit with tie CJtcck religion, but without fuccvri. The doAori of the iftot'honne at Paris have fince maJe the fame attempt i for, when Peter the Great fupj/reflcd the patriarchate, they en- deavoured, but in vain, to pcrfuude him to bring about an union with the church of Roaic. For further particulara relative to thi: Greek ch'irch, we inoft refer our readers to twiiat we havegiven on that head, in treating of their re- ligion in the Ottoman enipirCf p. I55> Wc fluti now proceed to give an account of the ma'- (iagrs and funeral ceremoniea of the RaiKani. With refpcA to the former, when every thing it agreed upon between the parents, if they are of quality, a woman, called the fui- cha, is appointed by the friends of the bridegroom, and another by ihqfe of the bride, to take joint care of the nup- tials : and tbc'fe provide r^itry thing fit for the chamber of the new-married couple. 1 he bed is made of forty ftieaves of rye laid in good order, and encompafled with levftral barrels of wheat, barley, and oats : when all is ready, the bridegroom goes late in the evening, accompanied by his kindred, the ptieil who was to many him Lading tlie van on horfeback. The* are received at the bride's door by Jier relations, invite^ to come in, and ta fit down at tabic, where only three dilhes of meat are fcrvcd up, and even tbcfc arc not to be touched by any one prell-iit. At the upper end of the ubic a place is left lor the bridegroom, which is taken up by a young lad appointed for that pur- pole, while the bridegroom in talking with ii)c hiide's friends: butat length he having prevailed on the youth by fome ptefents to refign his l>Uce to him, takes his feat, and the bride, richly dreffcd, is brought in with a vail over her face, and placed next the bridegroom i two lads, ■t the iainc time holding a piece of tafTcty between them, to prevent their feeing each other. The fuacha then comes in, and paint: her, ties up iKr hate in two knots, puts a coronet on her head, and all the ornaments of a married woman. The coronet is of gold or filver gilt, and lined with filk, having on both fides, near the cars, five or fix rows of peails, hanging down in firings on her breaft. The upper garment, which has flecvcs an ell and a half wide, is embroidered ut the edges with gold and filver, efpecially about the neck, where it is OifFwith embroidery, for the breadth of three inches. They fomctimcs bellow a thoufand crowns upon this robe. The bridegroom is then painted by his fuacha, whilil the women upon the benches fing to^^ethcr. After this, the company go to church, where i)t« young couple (land upon a piece of taf- fety, aitd have a canopy of the fame (ilk over their heads. Here having made offerings of fryed meats, tilh, and paftry, the prie.l gives them his bcuediaioii, and taking the man by bis tight hand, and the woman by her left, he aiki them tluee tiroes, whether they are both willing to be married, and to love one another as they ought to do. To which having anfwered yes, the whole company join hands, and the pricll tings the ii8th pfalm ; which being ended, he puts a garland of rue upon the heads of the young couple, and if one of them be a widow or widower, about their ihoulders, faying, ." Increafe and multiply, Whom God hath joined together, let no man put aiun- der." While the prieil pronounces thcf: words, each of the people invi'cd to the wedding lights a wax candle, and one of tlicm gives a glafis of wine to the pricA, which he j.iHb* . »nA ,1,^ marririt rnunir havlni' oledircd the fame »•■••*■»«, «...- •••- r-- - c. , w . .. three times each, the bridegroom throws down the glals, and he and the bride, treading it under their feet, fay, •• Mm thry tltut (all under our feet, and be trodden to 3 S l A. . ; 481 pitees, who fliali endtavour tofii«'3l*i(toii ardiffcontani between us." I'be women then throw foou flax or h«mp« feed on tha- young coupli, wiQiing them much profperiiy | and fome pull the bride by the robe, as if they would take her from tha bridegroom, to whom (he fticks clofe, while ^)cy feem unable to remove her away from him. When the nup*out him, with a new pair of thin Rullia leather (hoes on his feet, they lay him, with his arms ;icrolt his brealt, in a codia made of the trunk of a tree, and in the mean while fend a prefeni to the prieft to pray foi- his foul. The coffin is covered w;th a piece of cloth, or the coat of the deceafed. The richer fort, if the Icafon will permit, keep the body eight or ten days, daring which the prieft comes every day ;o purify it with i.icenfe, and by fprinkling it with holy water. At length the prieft proceeds with the piiSure of the patroa faint of the deceafed, followed by four virgins, who are neai-e(t related to the latter, and make very mourn- ful lamentations, but begin and leave o(F exaAly at a time. Th^n comes the dead body, carried by fix men upon their tliouldcrs ; but if the deceafed be a monk or a nun, this ^Bice is pcrfornned by thoft of his or her own pro^lfion. "The corpie is furrounded by feveral priefts, who pour in- cenfe upon it, to keep o(F the evil fpirits, all the while they are finging plaimi : then follow the kindred and friends with wax-candles, but without any order. , On their coming to the grave, the coffin is uncovered ; anii roffiii, iikctfiMT iMve. The privft (lien tikci i pice* of ptfwr, which li « kind «f ticket for bit entrance into Dtr«- diie, ligncil bf thc biniep of ilie pl*c« ind th* cenfcflbr. T hit he pall mio the coffin, which ii then (hut and put Into the env*. with the face turned towirdt the cafl , wliile thow who return to the hoaft of maurning ara fup- plkd wiihaood liquor, to drown tbeir foirow. They allot forty dajti for the time of mourning -, duritM which three fcafti are made for the reUiinni oftliedeceafad, •n the third, ninth, and twentieth day after the burial : during wbkb tbc ptieft favi certain praycri morning and avanini over tlM grave, wnich for that purpofe ii rorcrcd with a (mail but of matt : for ihongh the Koffiani do not MicTC in puigalory, tkcy maintain that there are two placet to which tbc foult retire after their feparation from fbe body, there to wait till the dav of judgment, feme in a ^cafint and delightful abode, whert they eniov the con- TCrfaiion of angela ) othert in a gloom* and dihnal *iillCYi where tiKy (ec nothing bm «levili i and believe thrt, while the foul it yet on iit way, it may ba diverird from tbe evil road by tbe prayert of tbe priefli and mdnki, provided dwy tn futtciently Nc'd foe thai bufuiefi. SECT. vni. tyntiHli/lii UmrmH[, arts, mainfiiturM, hsit, wriihtt, mitfrrti, «/»», Vt. i/thi Kujfiani. BEFORE the reign of Peter tbe Great, kaming waa hot little known in RofTiat but ihii illuftrlour mo- naich fpared neither expence nor paint todifpcl the cloudt of ignorance which overfpread hit empire, and to inf^iiee hit fubioflt with a lafte lor artt and fciencet : he founded an academy of fciencti. an univcrfity, and a feminary at Peterfbure, bef.det other fchoolt in the different parti of kit cmpiie; invited prrfona of learning from Eiigland, Germany, France, and Holland, to fettle at Pev.nlburg ; collettcd a great number of hooki ; and encouraged bit fuhjrAt to travel into thofe counlriei where the artt and fci.ncet flourilhed. The KufTiani are far from wanting talentt and a difpofition for learning. Hiftory, geographv, and the mailicmatict, arc the ftudlei to which ihcy chiedy apply themfelvet. There arc only three univi rfitiet in thii vaft empire i namely, thofe of Peterlburg, Mefcow, and Kiow ; fo that Icaining may be laid to be yet only in itt inbncy i however, the membeit of the academy of fciencet not •nly publifh collcAiont of their own memoiri, but coro- Bofe a variety of books for the inftruAion of youth in the fciencet, and make tranflationt of the moft uleful hooka publilhed in foreign conntriet. Peter the Great eftablilhed the myftery of printing, that everlafting guardian and friend of the artt, in Ruflia. Hit typet, and other im- plement] for the purpofe, were brought from Hollaitd. A prefi, with typet, bad been indeed fent from Poland to Mofcow, and a printing bot>fe ercAed, by tbe approba- tion of one of the former czart i but the building wai fet •n tire in tbe night, and burnt to the ground, by the pro- curement, at was generally ibppoM, of tbc ignorant and luperftitious pricftt, who thought all bookt, etpecially fucb at treated on their own hiftory and tbe roiractet of tbe fainti, to be of very mifchievout tendency. Ill Ruflia, the mechanic artt and tradea, are continually improving, and tbcfe improvementi are fat ftom being entirely owing to the fetoignert who refide among them i for the nativet being fpurred on by emulation, freei«c It it made of the roci of th« fifh called beluga, and the flurgrod. I'he beft it made of tbe beluga roei, and it of two forti, (he granulated, and tbc prclled. The former, which is rood efteemcj, iipra- pared in autumn artd winter, but the latter it made in lum- raer, and both forti are expofed (o ihe fouthem parti of Europe. The granulated fork it firft lalted, after taking away the ftringy part, wlih fait well cleaned, and made into brine: and, being drained from the oily partt, it it put into kegt for exportation. Caviar it riiod palatable when firefh and (oread on bread with fait, leeks, ttui pepper, and is therefore lent in the winter, froien, to all partt of tl||»rnipirc ; but it cannot well ba exported frefh, at, with- out fait, it I foon tainted by waimtD. The Rul!ian empire it extiTmely well finuted for com* merce ; and l>er exportt are, iron, hrmp, wood, hides, |rain, pot-afh, wax, cordage, copper, flax, fun, lintfced, iilh, Ir^ther, rallow, materials for Ihip-building, &c. The importt aie, fugar, beaver-lkint, tin, dye-woodt, (balloons, NiMwich flufA, braft-wirt, fpiritout liquort, filk, fpirei, indigo, Englifh beer, lead, clotha, flannels, laiiclicAer velvets, tines, fruits, china, paper, He. The coninxrceis with Great liriiain, Ireland, Holland, France, Germany, rolanj, Turky, Peifia, China, 8tc. The Ri'flians were flraiigert to the couric of exchange, till it wn introduced among thcni in the year, 1670. Money was then fo very fcarce in this empire, that tb- rcigiiert were obliged to barter tlieh: goodt for thole of Ruflia. Moft of the foreign merchanti then rcfidcd at Mofcow, but took a journey in the furomer to Archangel, where tliey bad their warehoufet and faftors. Thit prac- tice continued till 1721, when, by order of Peter the Great, the feat of commerce wat removed from Archan- gel to Peterfburg ; on which the foreign tradert removed tltcir faAoriei thither, where they are not allowed to keep the goodt configned to them in their own warehoufet, bat are obliged to depolit them in maeazinet built for that purpofe by the government, to which they pay rent for waiehoufe-TOom, in proportion to the quantity of their goodt. In Peterflnirg, the merchanti and tradert, at in other countriei, conlift of nativet and foreienert. The former may fell either by wholefale or retail-, but. the latter by wholefale only, and that to none but the nativet : for they' are not permitted to fell any thing to one another, or to have any commercial dealings togcUier. Moft of the (io- reign tradert at Pcterftjurg are only fadors, and the rcfl, who trade on their own bottoms, deal chiefly in gr«x:ery. The faAort are int-ufled with large capitals, and, wit^. outenvaging in commerce fcrthemlelvcs, may raifc hand- fome rortunet. The Ruffian tradert, who bring goodt to Prrterniiirg, and carry foreign commoditiet farther into the continent, do not refidc in that city, but annually bring their goods thither in May or June oy water, and in Sep* tember, OAober, and Decetober, return with foreign commoditiet ; but the wealthy hwe the fiitigue of travel- ling, by fending their faAor to Peterft)uig. Foreign merchandize it generally fold at a twelve- month't credit; but Rul&an commoditiet . muft be paid for on the delivery of the goodt, except the nativet find a difficulty in felling their ftmHc 1 in which cafe they deal by way of exchange j yet will not barter, goodt for goodt, but generally infift on one fourth, one third, or one half of the value of the whole in fpecie ; and of late foieign mcr- Ichaiitt deal for the RuiEan commoditiet by contract, and even advance t^e money to the Ruffians in winter, upoit .. condition of their delivering in the goodt at a fettled price the following fummer ; but thefe contraAs are entered in the cufttmboufe-books, for the greater fecurity. Confidrrable privileges in trade were enjoyed by the Englilh, fo early as the rcicn of tlie cur Iwan Baiilowits, to whom captain Chanceltor delivered a letter from Ed- ward VI. in 1553, and received a licence to trade, which was renewed by Peter the Great. I n 1 74a a treaty of com- merce wat concluded between RuiSa and Eneland, by I which it ivat ftipulatcd, that the Engli(h_(hould be allowetl _ the privilege cf fcndiiig gooui through Huffia into I'erfia ; I but captain Elton, an bngliihman, having emered into I the fervice of Nadir Shah, and built ihipt on the Caipian 9 Sea it to I ho^ wll [E U R O P E.J k \f 8 8 t A: 4ij Sm Ibr (hit mnnirch, the R oAltni put t (lop to thit tfide, lo which (he iroublri in Petfia conmhulcd. 'I'lic F.it|;li(h, however, (till carry no a conlideralile trade with Riiffia, which tX'.ffdi th»t of my othrfr nation. Neil to llie ICitglllh, the Dutch carried on the ((rrateft trade, with the RuHiint, Billi of exchange are drawn at Petfi(burK on Amtterdam only t on which account the iradrrt of other cotininei, who'iiivc comini(rian for buy- ing RulAan commoditiei at t'etcrlouig, are uhliged to pro- cure credit, or to have proper fundi at Anifterdam. The trade to Peter(burK it now carried to » great height, for the number of (hipi whicli entered that port in 17 ; I. fiom Enzhnd, Holland, France, Norway, Dcnin:irk, Lubec, lhiiihur!;h. Sidln, Rofloc, Kiel, Praffia, Swe- den, and Dantiic, aniniiiited to two hundred and ninety. Indeed there ii no nation in the world more inclined to commerce than the Ru(!)ani are at nrelent ; but they are fo lull of chicanery and art, ihiit a forcifjncr cannot be too much on bin |;uard in hit dcalingi with them. The Ruifiau wcii^htiare a folothnic, which ii one (1x1 of an ounce, and is divided into lialvei, quarter!, ai righthi : a Rultian pound, equal to ninety fix folothnici • pud, orpood, equal to thirty-(lx poundi avoirdupoii : « berkowet£, eijual to ten pudi. The other weighti are the bme with thofe of (jermany. The meafurtl of length are the ir(hine, or RufTiaii ell, ei]Uil Id twenty-eight inchet and one tenth Ericlilh raeafure 1 a wetibc, which |i one fixtcenih of an arfnine ; and a farlhen, or fathom, contain! tliiec arfhinci. The Ruffian coini, duntt excepted, have all of tbem infcriptioni in the Rnfflan tongue. The gold coins art imperial duc;it< ; and the larKelf Hlver coin is the ruble, the value of which rifcs and fnlit according to the courle of exchange. A ruble in Ruflia is ci|ual to .tn hundred co- pciks, or four Ihillinct and lix-pence Aerling. The other fitver coins arc half rubles, which are called poltinnics, and quarter rubles. A gryphc, ur griwe, is of the value of ten copeiks, and ten griwec are equal t« ■ ruble. The copper coins are, a copeik, whr?h is of the value of about • halfpenny ; a denga, or denulhka, two of which make a copeik and a ^lu(hki, which it a quarter of a copeik. No foreign pieces are current in fculTia except ducats, Holland rixdollan, and Albert dollar*. The following coins, be(ide the Ruflian, are all current in Livonia : a white fchelling, which is worth two black IcheUingt : three of the former make one gro(h ; which is fsven fiftcenthi of a penny : a farding, which is one ■ralh and a half : a Riga maik, which it (ix grofliei : a Polifh guilder, which it five Riga markt : a kopa-lhock, or lowenihaler, eoual to twenty-iive gro(het i and a rix- 4oUar, at (ixty faraii^t value. SECT. IX. CMt«imni tb* MHliiHl and miJtrn hlfttry tf tb* Ri$ffiaH Empirt. IF we trace the Rufliant to their original, iher will ap- pear to be as antient a people at any upon the Ace of e earth : for their anceftort were thofc Scythian who pofTflTed Moiuit Caucafut, or the Dwittan mounuint, which lie between the Euxine and the Cafpian Seat, im- inediately after the flood ; even before tlteir brethren de* fccnded from ihe mountains of Armenia or Arrarat, into the plaint 01 Mefopotamia between the Tigris and Eu- phratct, as has been (hewn in the htftorv of Germany. The term RulTc (ignifiet a wanderer, at all the Scythiant, or northern nationt were, till very lately. If we only regard the time, when the Ruffiant and other tribet of Scythiant, or Tartan, came to fix their habiutiont, and live in townt, we need not afcend fiir into anti(]uity : for KiofF, or Kiow, upon the bordcrt of Poland, it Held to be the firit town the Ruflians built, and Volodomir their firft prince, who reigned about the year of our Lord 1000. But 11 it not to be underilood thai the Scythiant lived with- out any government till then ; for government wat cer- tainly coeval with the world ; but till then, the patriarchal form generally prevailed in Scythia, as it does in fome parts of it (now cillcd Tartary) to thit day : and, indeed, in many other partt of the world, both in the eaftern and wcAern continent, we (ind the patriarchal government flill prevail; and thefe, like other ilates, wilt probably be united ::; tinss by ferct or ccmpsft, and grow up in:s kinsdoms and empires. Thit country qf Ruflia, aiter the patriarchal form was abolifhed, wat governed by a multt- tvde of petty fovercigiis, which are ufually ftiled duket, H till Volddomir united fev^ral of ihafa drikadoint intoohaj almut the year looc), and obtained lt» name of Ttia Cireat Dnkr, and fonietimct wat called Ctar or Cafar t fnrmmK one |>otciit flaie, which the luverci|ni ttf Caxail and Aftracan hccnmiiig ietlout of, nukM <»•/ upon tb* Rtilfiant, and comprlled them to becoim trifcoury t6 thofa princet. After thit, Jolih ntfilowiitt ol- Vafiliwitt drbiitltit^ united many morr i>f thefe diMjiiat under his government; and rupellcd the 1 arurt, who were then in polTellon o< the caftle of Mofcow, in 14^0, and futdiitd the nrovincet of Novogorod and Twere. HU Ton added ihofe o\ PIclkonT and Smiilen(ko, and John Bitilnwiia hit granUfon, in 15^0, conquered the kiiieduiiit of C'azan and Aitracin^ and added Siberia to the Kullian dominions : and in hit rei|;D it wa<, that tlio Riiglilh, commanded hy captain Chancellor, arrived at Archangel, and brgaii i<> trade willi Ruffia, which till then had never been vimtd by the (hiptr of any nation. 1 he Caflackt and CircalTnns fkuatcd near the moutlii of the Wolga, Don, and Nieper, (bb- mitted to the czar Alexis Micbaclowila ; and many of lh« Calmucki alio acknowledged ihemlelvct to be Ihe fubjcAt of thit kingdom. In 1613 Michael, delbended from the cxar John B«fi- lowitz, alcended the throne of Ruflia, by the unanimouf confant of the dates. He wu fucceeded in 1645, by hia fon Alcxit Michaelowitz 1 after whofe death, hit foil Theodore Alexowitz fucceeded to the throne 1 who dying without ifliie in 1683, appointed lohn, hit brother b^ the fame mother, and Peter his half-brother, to reign, jointly, which they did, until the year 1696, when eiar John f'ti, leivinplhree daughters by his confort Profcovia r cde- rowna Soliicow, viz. the princcfs Anne, married to Fr«- derick William, duke of Couiland, the i^lh of Novem- ber, i7!0i the princefs Catharine, married to Charlet Leopold, duke of Mecklenburg Schwerin, tlie i^tb of April 1716, and the princeft Prolicovia, who died unmar- ried. The czar Peter wat the Ton of ciar Alcxit Michaelo- witz, by hit fccond wife Natolia Keritroun Neiilkin: he, manied the princeft Oltokefa Federowna, a fubjcfk of Ruflia, by whom he hid ifTue the czarowirt Alexis, born in 1690 \ but Wit divorced from hit wile, in 1691. The young c7.ar married the princcfs Cliarlotta ChriO ina Sophia, daughter of Lewit Adolphiis, duke of Brunl'wick-Wol- fcnbuttle, and filler of the einprefs, confort of Charles VL in 1711, and died in prifoii in 1711, being then under fentence of death for a confpiracy againft his father Peter ' the Great, leaving ifTue a Ion named ^cter Alcxowits, bom in 171 j, and afterwards em|ieror, ^ Peter the Great married to his i'econd wljt the lady Ca- thepiu Alexonna, in 171 1 (with whom he had cohabited fome years before ;) he had ilTue by her the princeft Anne, married to Frederick duke of Holftein, and the princeft Elitabeth (the piefent emprefs of Ruflia) who is yet un- married. In the year 169c, Peter the Great entered into a war with the Turks ; ana the year following took Afopb fituated near the Palus Mceotis, which opened him amy into the Euxine fea ) and having determined to build a fleet, and (hare the navigation of that with the Turk*, and tralTick with the nations bordering upon it (though be had not at that time a fingle (hip of war, or a Uiip carpen^ ter in all hit dominions) he refolved to travel into the maritime countries of Europe, where he might meet with irtiAt that could inftruft him in (hip-boilding, and to procure carpenters to return home with him, and aflift in railing a roval navy. Nor'did he propofe only to qualify himfelf and his people for the fea-fervice, but to encourage all other arts and fciencet ; and, by oflcring great rewarai to learned men and mechanict, induce them to accompany him to RulTia. Peter the Great iirft vifitcd Holland incognito, and, arriving at Amlterdam, took a houfe near the principal dock-yards, where he lived with fome of his noblemen, and worked part of the day with the ax among the (hip'' buildert, ai tie obliged the noblemen, who attended him, to do, drefled in the habit of Dutch Ikipperi. Another part of the day wat taken up with rowing and failing upon the water ; and fometimet he made vifits to the Dutch burghers, with whom he would l>e very merry, liaving learned Dutch of the faQors of that nation, l>efbre he fet out h-om Mofcow ; but having feen fome Englilh (hipi while he wat in Holland, he wat much better pleated with uicir uCiiutY aiiu prcpOitiOfiy Ui«n Willi tiiOic ui iuc L>utcn; whereupon he determined to vifit England, and having communicated that defign to king William, wlw wat then in Holland, a convoy was provided to tttcnd him thither : bit TMi NliW ANO UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OFOCRAPHY. but fltii churu)^ (o rf main incognito, « lio>ifii wm taken for lilin, wlien li« itrivol »l Lomloii, in Yorli Ru>IiIhi||i, Wit ihe 1 lumo, wlwre hi nddrii but » little wliile , lor Ihi conftiuAion of Ihip* 'jcing liii chiif burmeCt, he re- inav*rd, beinK atle n'tlej liy (lie mari|ui< u( Csrmattlien, Ton to the diik' of Lredi, who wu theit one of till Kn),lilh idmirali. (lere the buildcri coininu- fticalrd to the '.Mr their driiu|;hti, ind ihc method of lav- ing down by proportion any Ibip or vrffcl of any hulk whatever, with the rulei for, uixt building a (hip according tf> it, which lir faw praAifrd with much pleafure both in tlw Icing'i I'xJ merchanli yardi, wlitch made liim renenl bi* having (prni fo much lime in Holland, where iheir nieihod it left ailitkial, olifcrviiiE, ilut he (hould have been a bunuliiig (hip buildrr, if he had not vilited k^ng- land, and dcclarin;; lie would have all hit Ibipt built a(ter the F.tiglilh model ; he took fcvcral huildeit home with him, to whom he o(rered confiderahle falariei. I'he chief of 'Jiefe buildert, wai a fon of Sir Anthony Dyer, who was lent to France liy liie court of Kn^lund, in the reign of Charl' It. to ini\ruA Ihe Kiciicli iit llup building, who cho(c 111 to follow our hmkIcN, and, itiiliij, have im- proved upon U4 of lale. He Iccnird extremely pleated with the mar>|uis of Cad poirclfcd ihemfelves of foine places in Ingria that be- longed to the KulFians ; and the rcl\ of the confederates made much the fame pretenl^ons ; for which fame of them paid very dear in the enfuing war, and particularly the czar, who having belieged Narva with one hundred thou- fand men, his army was defeated by eighteen thoufand Swedes commanded by Charles XII. in perfon, and the ficge laifed. Voltaire relates, that there were but eight thoufand anen in the Swedilh army, and that it was one of the moft terrible defeats thatever'was known, the Swedei killing eighteen thoufand Rudians, and taking as many Srifoners, among whom were niolt of their gciKral o(ficers. lut a marc particular account of this battle will be feund in the hiilory of Sweden. The czar, at the lime of this battle, was inarching at the head of forty thoufand men towanis Narva, in order to furround the Swedes on every (Idc ; but receiving advice of the defeat of his army before that town, he tliought (it to retire ; -faying, " he knew the Swedes would be viflo- rious for fomc time ; but, they would, in the end, teach the Rulfians to beat the Swedes." The citizens of Mof- cow were in fucli a confternation, when they underftood the ill fituation of their affairs, that tlicy imputed their misfortunes to the force of magick ; nothing but a fuper- nalural power, they imagined, could have defeated fo fine an army as lay before Narva : lb much were they perfuaded of this, that prayers were onlcred to be put up to St. Nicholas, the p,ttton of their nation, to protcA them againft thcfe dcvilUh Swedes : the form of one of them hrincr nf fUr fnljowitig t'.'nor : " O tliou, who art our perpetual, comforter in all our adreifitics, great St. Nicholas, infinitely powerful ; by what (in lijtvc wc of- fended thee, in our (itciiiktl. |rnulltaion(, bowings, arHl thankfgiviiigs, that thou halt furftkcfi us ' W'c twve im- plored thy alhrtance agaiii(\ llicliD tcriibic, iiil'ilent, en- ragol, dicidful, infuiicrabU dcAroyers i when, like lions and I' lit, who have lol\ their younc they have dV'n upon us, terrified, wounded, and (lam by tlioulaiids, ..s who are Ihy pciipir. As it is inipclhhU this (hould have hap- pened Without diabolical intluriice and iiKlianlment, wa lieleech thee, U great S|. Nicholas, tu lie our champion and lUndard besrer, to dclivei tis from this irnop of lor-' ccreri, and drive them far from our cuafts, wiui tlia i«- compence which they dclicrve." After the viAory giiiied by the king of Sweden at Nar- va, he marched the whola length of Livonia, and having obliged the Saxons ts raife the (iegr of Riga, gained ano- ther viAory over them upon the hanks o( the l;wina. lie then purfucd the Saxons into i'olaiul, and obtained a third viAory near Cractfw: but having lel\ no moic than eight ihouliind men in Livonli, the RulTians, whohadiniro- -jjduccd neat one hundred thou(iind men into that province, nrroundcd the Swedi(h general Slipprnbock, and dcUruyed all his iufantry, though that i^ciicral biuke through witb his horfc, and rclicated to l'ciii.'\w, a jioit-town on the I.ivonian lea 1 and there remaining no toicc to defend tii« open country, the Kulfians plundered Livuiiiafrum one end to the other, making; a multitude of prifuncis, and driving them in chains as lar as Aflracan, where moll of them pcrilhed. The Rulfians afterwards furprilcd Doipt, and took Narva by ftorm, putting to death all llicy found iit arms, arid giving the plunder of the town to the foldiers. Thus did this hero, the king of Sweden alandon hii faitqful Livnniait (ubjcAs, iit order to dapoic Augullu* king of foland. Riga was afterwards furrendereel to the crsr, being in a manner dr|H)puliUcd by the plague 1 the whole ptovince was fuon after reduced b v the czar's fences, and Nlarieii- burg amoi>g tho reft, whctc a young v< gin, or, as (bme relate, a wili', \va« taken prilbticr, in 1 70a, whom cjtar Peter advaiKed to theimpeiial throne in his lire-time, and .iiqiointcd his fuccelfor after his drccafc. She was called by tiic name of Callkariiic, being the daughter of a poor wom.m, who liv.l in a iieighuinuing villiigr, as Voltaire relate She nc\. knew her father, but wai baptiiccd by the name of Maitha, and rt /.illcicd amon^ the baflard children. The vicar of the patilh took her, and charita- bly provided fur her until lli< was fuuiteen years of age, and then (he was raamrd in the fervicc of a Lutheran mini()cr, whole name was (iliick, in the city of \iarieji- burg. Keing about eighteen years old, Ihc inairied a Swedifh dragoon, in i;02, who going out the fame day, or the next, upon a paity that was defeated bv the KufTian. , he was never heard ot more i and fonie lew il.iys after, Ihc hcrfcif was made prifotier by the RuKiaii );eii>.'ial Czc- remctolF, who made aprefent ol her to priiKe Mcn/.ikoff, who finding her genius as well as beauty, exceeding any thiiM he had ever met with in the fex, could not forbear boalting before the cur, of the prcfciit which had been made him, and had reprefenlcd her in fo aimalile a light to that prince, that he immediately commanded htfr to be fent for ; at which, it it faid, MenukolF ttentblcd, wlwn, too late he faw hit error, being deeply fmitten with her clurmt himfelf, u the czai alio wu, as (bon as (he ap- peared ; anti from that hour he entertained her in Wi% palace, oblierving in her an aflonidiing capacity i and after a thorough experience of the greatnefs of Iter foul, he proceeded to marry her in the vear 1711. j}uring his reign, (he aAed the part bolli,of ammifteranda eeneral; her advice was regarded more tliaii that of aityof his council, and Ihe attended him both in his lar.d and naval expedi- tions, extricating him out of the greateft diflicullics, par- ticularly at the tiattle he fought with the Turks on the banks of the river Pruth, and in the fea-hght with the Swedes in the gulf of Finland : (he renounced the Lu- theran religion, in which (he had been educated, on her marriage with the czar, aiul profeff^dheifelf of tlie Greek, communion, being re-baptized according to the rites of the RulGan church. But to leturn to the part the Rul- fiant had in this war. While tlie king of Sweden was employed in depofing king Auguftus, and advancing Suniflaus to the throne of Poland, the czar marched into Lithuania at the head of fifty thouland men, arid made himfelf malUr of thai whole province, a'ld of the duchy of Courland : king Cltarlet being at that time purfuu\g AuguAus into his Cieiuiaii doiuitiions : Tile Kulfians and Saxons alio having united their forces in (Jreat Poland, defeated an army of eight U>ou(aiul Swedes and foui teen thoufand Poiis^ of th« IE U R O P E.J RUSSIA. 4»1 th« purtv of king SitniiUiM, cemimnJcJ hy ilie Sw«lilh gc«er»l KUribficU, whicli woultl luv« (iveii Au^uflui ait y kint AiiKultut wat obliged to ii-liM:- kiKiwlrdac hianiflau* ilie lawful king; which he thonghl 6i lo fubmil to, rather than |ir'>viike kinj| Charlci lo de- ftiuy Saxony, of which lie wa« iIkii poflefled. At Ibe cxar paid no leiard lo the treaty AuguOai had concluded with the Swrdci, he rhcicfoK introduced ftill imira furcct into I'olnnJ, »uli which he plunderrd the f Oatct ol all fuel) ai apjicau'd lu he in the interell of Sla- nillaus rvndinj^ all ihc Iniiiilure, piAure*, lihrarirt, Daluci and cuiioniiet he luund in the palacta or noblc- ni' 111 lioufoi, tu Mullow, and rcnderini^ the Country a pirlcA tlilail. 'I'he cr.ir aftcrwardi taking up hli quar- Icri at Grodno, aii>l cinioning the grealcft |>«rt of hit ■rniy in lite piovin> c nf Lithuania, tiie king of Sweden •dvlinccd toward! him in iIm month of January, and having pal&d ihc river N'icnten, within two leaguoi of (iioUno, before the c/.ir knew any thing of hit marcb^ llic cxar left titc town liy the nortli gale, when Chirlvt cnleird by ihe fnulli. 'I'ha king had with him about fix hundred of hii guurda, the reft not iKing able lo follow hint, and the ciar ricd with at>ov« two Ihouland men, upon fupiMifiliun thai the whole «i my waa entering into Grodno ', but luving Icaint ili.it very day fiom a I'olilh delertcr, that he had i|iiiltcd lh< place lo no more than fix hundred men, •nd that ihe l^ody of the ciiemy't armv waa flill above five kaguca dllUiit, he loft no time, but lent a deiaebincnt of one ihouland fiM' hundred horfe in the evening to furprlae tlie king of Swcdci\ in ttic town. The one tnoubnd five bundled Mufcovltei, alHlU'd by the daikneft of the night, advanced ai far ai ihc (irft iiwcdilh guard without being known ; thit goard coiififtcd of thirtv men, and they alone fuftaincd the effbrt of one tlioufand hve hundred for half a quarter of an hour. The king, who lay at tfie other end of the town, came up prefenily with hii fik hundred guardi, and the Mufco viici flid with precipitation : hit army waa not long with. out Joining him, nor be without purfuing the \.i, .ny. All the Mufcovite troonl^ difperfed in Lithuania, retired in hafte caftward into the Palatinate of Minflcy, near tiie fronticri of Mofcovy, where the rcndrxvoni wai appointed. The SwcdcJ, whom tlie king alfo divided into fcveral bodiei, did not ccafu to puifuc them for above ihiity league! of their way : thuli: who Hcd, and ihofe who per- fuod, made exceflivc haid marchet almoft every day, tliougU in the midll of winter. All feafoni had been long cquaFto the foldicri of Charlct and o( the cxar ; the fole tcrroi, which the name of Charlet carried witli it, then made the difference between ibe Mufcovitet and the Swede! . Nothing but moralTci, dcfarta, mountains, and Im- nicnfc forcfti. lie caftward from Grodno to the Borifthmet : ill fucli pb(.i>as arc cultivated, there wal no provifion to be found : the country people buried all their grain under- ground, and whatever tlfe could be preferved there. In order to difcover thcfe fubtcrianeoui magaxinct, they were obliged to found the earth with long poles poii. i with iron. The Mufcovitet and Swedes fcrvcdthemC'.. with thefc piuviliont by turns ; but thcv were not alw^.. found, ancf, when they were, tbey did not prove fum- cient. 'rhrfe dilliculties vvere forefcen bv the king of Sweden, who hau provided bifcuit for the uihfiftence of i,is army, fo that he nut with no inlcrruption in hit march. After he had crofled the foreft of Minflcy, wher,. hit men were obliged to cut dow . trees to make way for hit artillery and baggage, he found hiinrdf, on the icth df June iToiii beloie the river Berctiiic, ovcr-againft Boriflow. The crar lud colIeQed logether in tlut phce the liefl part of hit troops, and entrenched hiinfclf to advantage ; bis de- fi(<,n being tu hinder ilic Swedes from paf^mg that river. Chattel poftcd fomc of his rccimcnti on the banks of the Bcrezilio, direflly againft Boriflow, as though he meant to attempt the paflage in flght of the enemy. At the fame time he led hu army about three leagues up the i iver ; and luving thrcnvii \ bridge over it, made hit way through a boily of three ilioufand mm, who defended that poll, and in.irched to the enemy without Keeping. The Mufcovitet did not wait, however, for hii coming up but imme- diately decamped, aiii retreated towards the Boridhenet, fuoiling all the roads, and fprcading dcflruftion wherever they poill-d, ihjt by thi< means they might retard the pro- greli of the Swedct. But Charles furiuoiinted all diffi- No. 48. culiitt I and advancing flill toward! the BoriAhenti, h« met with twenty ihoufaiid Mufcoviut In hia way, in- (tciiclied III a place called Mollolin, Uhind a inorals« winch could not hz come al wilhoiit paffing a tivar. The .Swedilh Itcro did not wail fur ihc aflault till the reft of hit iiiraniry joined him, bu: threw himf fend lliem, w^re routed ; and the Swcdilh horfe, having made their way through ihe enemy, joined the kin|^ rn th« midft of the htule. He then mounted on liorleback 1 b It Ibmc lime after, finding a young Swcdilh gentleman, named (iiiillcnfticrn, whom he very m>ich efleenicd. wounded in the field, and unable to marclu, he obliged him to take hit horfe, and continued to command on toot at the head of hit infantry. Of all the batllea he had ever fought, thit, in allprobability, wai the moft gloriouii ' >r here be wai expofed 10 ilic .noft dangeri, and (hawed ihc grratefl ahilitiei : the memory of it 11 preferved by a medal, with the inlcriplioii, *• Svlvv, palodci, aggerei, hoflct viAi, that it •• woodi and marfhet pefliid, armiei and enemiet fubdu'd," on one fide i and oy lite other, " Vi,Sricet copiai alium lalurum in orbem," ihal is, " nurching with hit viAorious iroops into a new woild " The Mufcovitcs, being 'bus obliged lo fly, repaflcd the Roriflhencs, which feparatca the doininioni of I'oUnd from their own country. Charlet loft no time in die purfuiti he eroded that river after ihcm at Mo) lou, Ihe laft town in Poland, which foroetimet belongs to the cr.ar, and fometimes to tlie Polei, according to the common fate of frontier placet. And the ccar, thut feeing hit empire, in which m wai giving biilh to arts .-;■ ' -rade, becor^r a prey 't a war which in a little time migiii ruin all hit •. jeOi, and pcrhapt take from him hit tlirone, wat incline to a peace, and even conde* fccnded to tranfmitprr, '. .<, by a Polilh gentleman, to the Swedilh army. Ch <» XII. who had not been ufed lo grant pea'-e to hit enemies, anfwr rd, " I will treat with tlic c7 . Mofcow." VVheni. haughty anfwer was reportc . lo ti ; cxar, " my brothct Charlct, fays he, ttilt MtAi I aft ihe Alexander -, but 1 flatter myfelf he will not find a Dariui in me." About 'hirty lecguei northward from Mohilou, the place where tli« king paflisd the Borifthenei, along the river, and ftill upon the fron- nrri of Poland and Mofcovy, is fituated ine country of Smolenflco, in which liei the great road from Poland to Mofcow. I'he way the czar retreated, and the Swedei followed by long nurchei, and fo clofe, that part of the rear guaid «t the Mofcovites wat frequently engaged with the dragoont of the Swedilh van-guard. The latter had generally the advantage 1 but they weakened themfelves, even by conquering, in thefe fiuall flcirmifhet, which were never deciiive, and in which they alwayi loft abun- dance of men. On the 2]d of September, in the year i7o8, the king attacked a body of ten ihoufand horle, and fix tlioufand Calmucks near Smolenlko. He fisll upon this army with only fix regintentt of horfe, and four thoufand foot, broke their rankt upon the iirft onfet, at the head of his Oftrogothick regiment, and forced the enemy to retreat. He advanced upon them through rough and hollow wayi, where the Calmucks lay hid ; they then appeared again, and threw themlelvct between the regiment where the king wat fightinc, and the reft of the Swedilh army. The I^fcovitet and Calmucki in an inflant furrounded thii regiment, and made their way quite up to hia majefty. They Killed two aidet de camp who fought near bit per- fon I the king's horfe wat flain under him, and u one of his equerries was pMfentiiig him another, both tu* equerry and horfe tvere (hot dead upon the fpot. Charles fought on foot, encircled bv fome of his of- ficers, who immrdiitely flew to relieve dim by farround- ing him. Several of them were taken, wounded or flain, or carried oflTto a diftance from the king by the multitude that fell upon them, fo that only five men were left about him. He was quite fpent with fatigue, having killed above a dozen of the enemy with his own hand, without receiving fo much as one wound, by that inexpreflible good fortune, which, till then, had ever attenchd him, and upon which he flill relied. At Uft colonel DardofF (iarced hit way through the Calmucks, with a finale com- pany of hit regiment, and came time enough to di(i;ngage the king. The reft of the Swedet put the Tartars to the (word, the army recovered Iti ranks, Chark* mounted his 6 O horfe. 486 The NEWamo UNlVfiRSAL SYSTfiM of CEbGAAfHlT. boric, nai, fttigiMd M he mut putfiied the Mofesvttet for (rrmlnikt. The kiof WM ftiU in the mat wU from Smolenlko (new to whieh thie gitat bett^ wm firaght) to Mofcow, «rbich it aboiit three Enodied miiee le, either by kyiiig fueh partt of them under water at lay nwr the BUrmn, or by ^iljMng very deeti ditche* at certain dif- tancea, or by covennc the way with the wood of whole foreBtt, which hit foMien had cut down ; but alfo they fcamt that he had fin fire to all the Tiliitgct, both on die fight and left of the road. The winter was now comiM on, and tbeie wat little appearance of making .any fpeeay adtancet into the c^uA- try, and none of fu^Aiiig there ; and u the whole body or MoicoviiB foreit might unexncAcdly fall upon the king •f Sweden throMh bn- wayt, which he wat not acquainted with t Chatkt tncicrare nude a rrview of hit whole army, and by an account taken of their provifiont, found that be had nut enough to fubfift than above fifteen dayt. General I.cwcnba.!ipt, who wat mo'nted to bring him a fuppiy, with a reinforcement of fifteen tbouland men, wu not come upt fo hftrefolvcd to quit the road to Mcrfbow, and turn to the fovth towards Ukrania, into the country of theCoAckt; wbereopon the Swedifh army wu ordered to march towards that fide of the country, lo the great aHonilhment of all the officers. Chai tcs ftnt orders to Lewenhanot to bring his troop', and provifiont with all fperd into Ukrania, where he i«- figned to paTs the winter ; thtt having iccured that country to bimfelf, he might conquer Mofravy the next ibiing, and in tlie mean time he advanced towards the river Defna, which falls into the Borifthenes at Kiof. The obftades they bad hitherto encountered in their march, were trifies to thole they met with in this new road. They were obliged to crofs a foreft full fiffy leagues broad, which abounded in marihes. General Lapcom, who marched be- fore with five thoufand men and pioneen, led the army tliiny leagues eaftward out of the right way, and they had marched four dayt before the king difcovered the miilake. They with diAcultv gained the rixht road again, but lefi almcO all their artillery and waggons behind, which wer; titfaer (luck&fl, or quite funk in the mud. in this pain- ful a)id laborious manner tbiey marched for twelve days, till titey bad eat vp the little bifcuit that wu left, and tMn tlicy arrived, quite fpent jw'th hunger andwearinefs, upon the batiks of tlie Deliu, in the place where Mazcppa, ge- neral of the Cofliicks, liad appointed to meet them ; but iuflc-ul of that prince, they tVmnd, on tlie other (id* of the liver, ubody of Mufcovitet advancing towards them. Cliailct was very mudt aftoniihed, but refolved imme. flhiccly to pais the Uefiia, and attack the enemv. The Iraiiks of the river were fo fleep, that tliev were obliged to let tlie Ibldiers down with cords ; and tliey croflcd it in the ufual manner, IbnK by fwimming, and others by floats fiaftily made. The body of Mufcovites, which arrived at the littnc time, were not above eight thoufand men, fo that 1 1 icy made but finall rcfiiiaiice, and this obAacle wat alfo faimouiiied. The kinj; advanced fiuther into this wretched country, uncertain ot his road, and Mazeppa's fidelity. MascMa appeared at laft, but noher as a fugitive, than a powerful ally. The Mi(fcovites had difcovered and pre- vented his defign of joining the Swedes : they had iailcn upon tlie CodiKks, and cut off maiiy of theai . his prin- cipal friends were taken, an4 thirty ofthcm had been broke upon tlM; wlieel. His towns were laid in afhcs, his trea- furcs pluiidurvd, the provifions he was preparing ibr the king of Sweden feiied i and lie wu fcarce able to cfcapr himfclf i\ith 6oop men, and tome few hr rfet loaded » iih gold and filver. However, he gave tlie king hopes of fup- (Jorting him by his intelligence in this luikiiown counrry ; and tik: CodiKkt, ouaged againft the Llulcoviict, came iM tKiops to tlic camp, and brought tliem provifions. Cluu^let hoped alfo that general Lewenluupt would have tome and repaired thin ill fortune. He wat to bring with him fifteen th ifand S,wcdei, (more valuable than one hundred tkpufaiid (^olFacksJ with provifions and ammuni- tion ; and he arrived at laft, butalmoA in the fame coiuli- tiun as Mazeppa lud done. Cirneral Lewenhaupt lud nailed tlie Roriftfacnet above Mobilou, and advanced twen^ leagues farther on the road to Ukrania, with eight thoufand waggons, and the money I'- !isd rai&d in Lithvania ; but as he wai upon hi» iuarch, near the place whe/t the rivers Pronk and Solfa join Wii Ibii into the Borifthenes, tlic czar appeared at the head of fifty tliouGuidmeli. ThtSwcdifhdomfflander,wbd hadncKqnitefixteen thoufand men, refolved notto intrench. Their many viAoriei had infpired the Swedes with fo mndi confidiiice, that they never enquired afUr the num- ber of the enemyi bntonly where they lay. Lewenhaupt thcicfbie marched aninft ihein without hefiiation, on me 7th of OAober, 1708, in lb* afkemoott. Upon thefirft on- fct, they killed fifteen hundred M oicovitet. The czar'i ar- nwfiill into confiifion, andHedon all fides, andtheempero^' of RuCa wu upon the point of fixing himiclf entirety de- feated. He perceived that the fafety of his dominions de- peikled upon tlie aAion of that dayi and that he wat ut- terly undone, if Lewenhaupt joined the king of Sweden' with a viAoriotts army. ,At foon r- he faw hit troops begin to ftll back, be ran to tlie rear guard, where the Coflbcks and Calmucks were pofted : '< I charge you (fiiys he) to fire upon every man that runt away, and even to kill me, if I Ihonld be fo cowardly as to turn my bxk. From thence he returned to the van guard, rallied his Ein perfon, alGfted by pijnce M«nzikoiF'and prince fin. Lewenhaupt, who had prefling orders 'o join ifier, chofe nther to continue his march, than renew the f^t, thinking he had done encMgh to difcoutage the enemy fiom harniffing him in hit way. The czar, at eleven the next morning, attacked him at the entrance of a moraft, and drew out his army at length, that he might pjrround him. Tlie Swedes Ctccd about, and the fiaht lafled two hours with equal refolution. I'he Mofcovitet loft three times u many men as the Swedes ; but ftill kept their eround. At four in the afternoon, general Baver brought the cxat a fuppiy of troops ; The battle was then renewed for tlie third time, with more fary than e^er, and lafted till night came on : At laft numbers carried it. Th6 Swedes were broke, routed, and driven as far u to their baggage : Lewenluupt rallied his troops behind hit wag- goiu, and though the Swedet were conquered, they did not fly I they were about nine thoufand, and not a man of them ran away ; and the ceneral drew them up at eafify in order, at though they had never been beaten. The ccar. on the other fide, p^dled the night under arms, and cttnk- manded his officcrt under pain of being c^iend, and hit foldien under pain of death, not to ftir for plunder The nest morning at day break, he ordered a frefh tC- faulti Lewanhaupt having retired to an advantageou ground at foiue auki uiftance, after having nailed down Ipart of hit cannon, and fet fire to hit wagf^ont. But the Mofcovitet coming time enovtfh to hinder the whole con- voy from being confamed in the flamet ; they feized upoa fix thoufiind waggoni. which they fa^ed. The caar, wh« wat dcfirout of compleating die defeat of the Swedet, fent general Flog to Ml upon them again, the fifth time ; and the general offered tlifm an honourable capitulation. Lewenhaupt reiufed it, and the fifth battle wu u bloody u any of the fbnner : Of the nine thoufand foldien he had loft, be loft one half, and.the other remained unbroken. At laft, night coming on, Lewenhaupt, after having fuf- tained five battlet againft fifty thoufand men, fwam over the Sofia, followed by the fave thoufand men he had left alive, and the wounded n ere carried over on floatt. The csar loft about twenty tloufand Mofcovitet in thefe five engagcmentt, in which he had the glory of conquering the Swedes, and Lewenhaupt the reputation of dilputing the ^idory for three dayt, and of letrcating without being broken it laft. He then came to bit mafter't camp with the honour of having made lb good a defence, but broi^bt with him neither, ammunition nor army. King Sunillaus would have been clad to have joined Charles at tlie fame time i but the Mofcovitet, who bad defeated Lewenhabpt, lay in his way. The king of Sweden thus found himlelf without provifions or communication with Poland, ftar- roondeii with enemies, in the midft of a country where ha bad fcarce any refiwe but hit courage. The memoraU/wintet of 1708, which wat fiiH mora ttrribic in thole frontien of Europe, than it wu in France, carried ofF part of bit army. Cbarirt refolved to brave tlw fcafont, at he baddane hit enemiet, and ventured to make long matchet with hii troops, during tha exccffive ^verity of tlie weather. It was in one of tbofe marches, that two thoulaod ofhii men were fUrved to death, almoft before hit eye* : The horfemen had no boott. and the foot had no mues, and almoft without doathi : they were forced to maka ftockingt of the fkint of beaftt in the beft manner they could : they often wanted bread : they were obliged to thro w the bcft^ part of their cannon into quagmires and rivert, for waiii of nones to draw them. So ihatthit once tlourilhing at my was reduced to twenty- four ihou&iid men, ready to perilh with hunger. They neithar received tiewtffoiit Swe> dtn, [EUROPE.] lit :tr s fi I A. -7P':.— '▼,t5y.,r 4tf den, nor mtp they afal* to (end ve with danger, and fighting only for glory ; Alexowitz not flying from datiger, and making war only for intereft : the Swedifh monarch liberil through a greatnefs of foul, and the Mofcovite never ge> nerous but for fome private end t the otte fober and con- tinent beyond exatiiple, naturally brave, and never cruel but once ; theother, having not yet worn off the roughneft of his education, or the brutality of his country as terrible to hit fobjedt, as wonderful to ftrangert, and much ad- dided to excefs of pleafurcs that Inortened bis days/ Charles had the title of invincible, Which one unhappy moment robbed him of| but the nations aroond had aK ready given Peter Alexowiie the name of Great, of which no demt could deprive him, as no viAoriet gave it to himi In order to have a dear idea of this battle, and the placo where it wu fought, we muft imagine Pultowa lying oil the north, the camp of the king ofSweden on the fonth, drawine a little towards the eaftj and hi) baggage about X mile behind him ; and the river of Pultcvira On the north ofthe town, running fi'om eaft to weft. The czar had pafled the river aboot a leagtie from Pul- towa towards the weft, and was beginnine to form hit camp. At day-break, the Swedes appeared out of their trenches with four cannon, being their whole artillery 1 the reft were left in the camp with about three thoufand noen ; and four thoufand remainlrig with the fafeggage. So that the Swedifh army, which marched againft the enemy, confided of about twenty five tlioufand men, whereof there were not above twelve tnoufand regular troops. The Swedifli generals Rcnchild, Field, Lewenhaupt, Sllppenback, Hoom, Sparrc, Hamilton, the prince of Wirtemberg, who was related to the kins, and fome othen, moil of whom had fecn the battle oTNarva ; put the fubaltem officers in mind of that dqr, when eight thoufimd Swedes had deftroyed an army of^ one hundred thoufand Ruflians in their intrenchments : the officers faiJ the feme tiling to the foldiers, and all encontaged one another u they marched- The kiiig condufled the march* carried in a litter, at the head of his foot. A party of horfe advanced by his order to attack that of the enemy : the battle began with this engagement at half an hour after four in the morninc. The enemies horfe biy weftward cm the right of the Ruffian camp, prinde Menxikt^and count Gulowin had pbced. them at diftances between re- doubu fottilwd with cannon. General Sl^tetiback, at tita bead of the Swedes, fell upon them. Au who have ferved in the Swedifh troops knew ihat it #it almoft im- poflible to rtfift the ftirv of^ their firft fliock. The Mufi covite fquadxons were oroken and routed i the cxar hini- felf began to rally them, and his hat wu fhot dirou^ with a muffcet ball ; Mcnzilioll had tliTec horfet killed under him, and the Swedes cried out viAory. Charles did not Joubt but the battle wat gaintdi ht had 48« The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM op GEOGRAPHY. ■i '. "1 lud dirpatcliec) genewl Creuu, 4bout midnight, with five thoufand liorfe or dragoons, who were to tike the enemy in flank, whilft he Jttdckid iherts In front ; but bis mil- fortune was, that Creuts loft his way, «nd did not appear. The czar, who began to derpiktr, by this accident had time to rally his boric, and fell upon tlie king's cavalry in his turn, which not being fupported by Creuts's deuch- ment. Was broken, and Slippcnback uken prifoner In the eng^ment : at the fame lime feventy-two cannons from tlie camp played upon the Swcdilh horfe, and the Kuflian foot advahced to attack tlie Sv ediih infantry. The czar, by a prefence of mind and a penetration, which in fuch mometits belongs only to men that are truly ^rcat, immediately detached prince MenzikofF to poll liirort;IJF between Pultowa and tiie Swedes. Prince MenrikaiF exccnted his maftcr'i orders with dexterity and readinefs, ' •nd not only cut oiF tlif communicatloil between the Swcdilh army and the troops remaining in the camp be- fore Pultowa, but meeting with a corps de referve of tltree tiioufand, he furrounded and pat them to the fword. The Mofcovitc foot, iit the mean time, came out of their lines, and advanced in order into the plain. On tlic otlier fide, the Swcdilh horfe rallied within a quarter of a league from the enemies army ( and the king, aflifted by general Renchild made a difpofition tor a ^neral en- gagement. He ranged what troops were left him in two lines i his foot were polled in the center, and his horfe made up the tvro wings. The czar difpofcd his army in t^e Gune manner, be had the advantage of number:, and of fevcnty-lwo cannon ; whilfl the Swedes had no more than four, and began to want powder. The emperor of kuflia was in the center of the army, having then the tftle only of major-grneral, and fcemed to lerve under general CzcremetolT : but he went as emperor from rank to rank, mounted on a Turkifh horfe, which was a pre- feiit from the Grand Signior, exhorting the officers and fol- diers, and promifing every one of tliem rewards. Ch-irles did all he could to fit his horfe, at the head of his troops; but finding the uofture too painful, lie re- turned to his litter, holding hit fword in one hand, and a pifiol in the other. At nine in the morning , the battle was reyew^ : one of the firft difcharges of^tlie Mofco- vlle cannon carried off the two horfes of tlie king's litter ; he caul'ed two others to .be put to it, and a fecood volley broke the litter in pieces, and overturned the king. The Uoops which fought near him, believed him killed. The Swedes in a con&rnation loll ground, and their powder fiuling, Mid the enemies cannon continuing to nlay upon them, the firft line fell upon the fec.-ind , and the fecond Tfled. In this laft adion, the Swedifh army was routed by a fingle line of ten thoufand men ;o( the Mofcovite foot i (o much were matters dianged. The king car- ried upon pikes by four grenadiers, covered with blood, and all over bruifed by his fall, and fcarce able tii fpeak, cried out, Swedes, Swedes ! Anger and grief renewing his ftrength he tried to rally fome of his regiments ; but the Mufcovites clofcly purfued them with their fwords, bayonets and pikes. Tlie prince of Wirtembcrg, general Renchild, Hamilton and Stakelbcrg, were already taken prifoners, the camp before Pultowa forced, and all in confufion, which did not admit of any remedy. Count Pioer, witli all the officers of (he chancery, had quitted the camp, and neither knew what to do, or what was be- come of the king. They tan from one fide of the plain to the other; major Bere offered to lead them to the lygiggage ; but die clouds of dull 'iri fmoak, which co- . veredtbe field, and their own ci. afion, carried them firait to the counterfcirp of the town, where they were all taken prifoners by the parrifon. The kingr would not fly, and could not defend himfelf; general Poniatofky chanced to be by him that inflant : he was a colonel of the Swcdilh guards of king Staniflaut, and a perfon of uncommon merit, whom his attachment to the peifon of Charles had engaged to follow him into Ukrania without any poft in the army. He was one, who in all the occurrences of bis life, and in dangers, where others at mod would have only behaved with courage, Ihewed a command of under- ftanding which was ever attended with fuccefs. He made a figii to a young Swede, named Frederick, the king's firft valet de chaimire, and as intrepid as his mailer ; they took the king under their arms, and, afliftcd by a Dra- bant who came up to them, mounted him on a horfe, notwithftaiuliiig uie exceffive pains of his wound : Fre- derick got up Iwhind his matter, and fupported him from time to time. Poniatoiky, though he bad no command in the army, bemg made a general on this occafion by draw iip five hundred horfe near the kings nKcflity, perfoii, fomribfthem Drabants, othen offictin, and otlint private trooi>ers. This body, re-animated by the misfor- tune of their pHnee, oladfe their way through mere than ten T«g the Mofcovitcs feized upon his artillery in the camp befbr* Pultowa, his baggage, and the money he had raifed for carrying on the war, where they found fix millions of fpecle, the fpoils of Poland and Saxony. Near nina thoufand Swedes were killed in the battle, about fix thoufand were taken, three thoufand or four thoufand ran away, and were never heard of afterward*. There flill remained near eighteen thoufand men, comi- prehending the Coilbcks with Swedes and Poles, who fled towards the Borillhenes, under the diieSion of general Lewenhaupt ; he marched on one fide with thefe tugitiva troops, whilethe kingtook another road with foiae of hi* horfe, The coach, in which he rode, broke down in his march, and they fet him again on horfeback i and to flnifl) his misfortune, he rambled all night in a wood > there his courage not being able to fupply any 4onger his exhaufted fpirits, and the pains of his- wound becoming more infupp«rtable by fatigue, and his horfe falling under him through exceffive wearinefs, he reOcd hinilelf lbm« hours at the foot of a tree, in danger of being furpritcd every moment by the cono'ierors, who fought for him on all fide*. At Uft, on the 9th of July at night, ha. found iiimfelf uoon the banks of tlie Boriflhenes, and' Lewenhaupt jvft arrived with the reinain* of his army. The Swede* fiiw tlieir kii^ again, whom they jui){^ to have been dead, with » joy mixed with forrow. Tb» enemy drew nigh -ud they had no bridge to pafi the river, nor time to iv: k - o'le, nor powder to defeni tbeni- felves i^inft the enemy, who came upon them, nor pro- vifions to hinder the army from penlhing with iiunger, who had eat nothing for a whole dayi but what gave the Swedes the greafsii uneafincfs, was, the danger of their king. By good fortune, there was flill left a forrr calaflt, which they bad brought along with them, thi* Uiey em« barked in a iiitle boat, and the king and general Maaeppa in another. The latter had fiived feveral chcft* of money ; but the current being very rapid, and a violent wind be- ginning to blow, tlicCoiiack, to lighten his boat, threw more than three parts of his treafures into the ri' ' Count Ponittoflcy, who was now more than ever ne- ceffiiry to the king, for hi* reroaikable prefence of m'nd under difficulties, tojptber with Mullern, the ki|\g'* chan- cellor, crofled over m ather bark* with fome of the offi- cers ; three hundred trooper* of the king'* guard, and a very great number of Pole* and Coffiu:lu, relying iqion the goodnef* of their horfe*, ventured to paf* the nrer by fwimming; their troop*, keeping doCi together, refifted the current, and broke ttie wave* ; but all who attempted to crof* feperately, a tittle below, were carried away by the ftream, and funk in the river. Of all the foot who tried to paf* over, not one wa* able to reach the oppoGta (bore. During tfai* extremity to which the rooted part of tiit army were reduced, priacc Menzikoff eamc «p with ten thoufand horfe, having each a foot foklier behind him. The carcafe* of the Sirede* that hv dead in the way, af the wound*, btigac, and hunger, fuficiently poinlad «nt to tlie prince the road which the body of ue armj had uken. The prince fent a trumpet to the Swediuigeo neral, 10 offer him a capitulation ; four general oAcen, were prefently fent by Lcwonhaunt, *s rKsirs the Isn sf the conqueror. Before that day, fiiteen thoniCuid of king Charl** s foldier* would have attacked all the foicae. of. the Riifliaii *!«■••<» -i:..^} [EUR OP 8] R U 8 S f A. 489 ftnffian empire, and htve perifted to the laft man, rather than have furrendered ; but after a battle loft, and a flight of two days, not having their eyet any longer upon their prince, who «ns emtftramedto fljr himfdf, the ttrength of every foldier being fpent, and their courage no longer fup- ported Vjj any hope, the love of life took place of intrepi- dity. The whole army were made prUbners of war ; fome of the foldicrs, rather than fiill into the hand* of the Moicovites, threw themfelves into the Borifthtnes, and tli* reft were made priloncrs, They all filed off in the piefcnce of prince Men/jioff, laying their aims at hii fiset, M thirty thoufand Mofcovitca had done nine years before, at tliekmg of Sweden's at Narva 1 but whereas ihe king then fent hack ahnoft all the Mofcovite prifoncra but the general oflicers -, the czar retained all the Swedes that were taken at Pultowa, and fent them into Siberia. We (hall relate, in the ' hiftory of Sweden, the king's efcape to Bender, and his conduft there, and afterwards. No fooncr had the czar obtained the decifive viflory of Pultow.', than Axiguftus re-afccndcd the throne of Poland, his rival Staniflaus and the Swedifti forces retiring into the territories of Sweden. The czar at the fame time reftored the duke of Coyrland, whom he married to his ncice, the nrincefs Anne, daugliter of the late czar John, his eldcft l)rothcr, and completed the conqueft of Livonia ; he alfo made himfelf mafterof Wiburg, and the territory of Kex- hnim in Finland. The czar, however, ftill quartered great part of his army in Poland, tliough the diet infiftcd on his withdrawing them, complaining that their country had been ravaged and plundered twelve years by foreign troops already, and delircd that they might enjoy fome reft after fo many calamities : that the Swedes were now re- duced fo low, that the Poles wanted no foreign afliftance,. and they could not underftand what the czar intended by tiuartering his troops ftill in I'otatid, unlefs he had a de- fign upon their liberties ; but they were for a time relieved from the outriges committed by the RulTian forces, by a rupture between the Ruffians and the Turks : the king of Sweden having prevailed on the grand feignior to decU^ v.ar againtt Ru«ia, the pretence for which vvas, that the Ruffians had purfiied the Swedes into the Turkilh ter- ritories, and made prifoners of m.iny thcni there. The czar did not wait to be invaded by the Turks, but tratchec" into Moldavia, being affurcd by a Tartarian prince, that the Moldavians and Tartars would join his at my with a good body of troops on his appearance among them. He marched into Moldavia, therefore, before he had provided fufficient magazines for the fubfiftence of his troops, relying on the Ntoldavians to furnilh him with provifions ; but •vhcthcr tlie treaty between the czar and the Moldavians had been difcovercd by the Porte, or by whar other accident it happened, the Moldavians did not join him as he expefted. The Ruffian army was deftitute of provifions, and being forrounded by the nu- merous forces of the Turks, wai attacked three days fuc- ceilively on the banks of the river Pruth, viz. on the 1 ith, t ?th. and i jfh days of July. The Ruffians, though they defended tliemfelves very well, yet being deftitute of all provifions and nccelTaiirs. it was thought proper to hang out a white flag, and demand a treaty with the vizir, who eommanded the Turks, which he was not averfe to, if he could procure advantageous terms ; and having lufficiently tried the rcfolution of the Ruflians, whom he looked upon as delpera-r men, he coiifentcd lo parly with them. The niiniftrrs on both fides, being met, the Turks in- fifled that the czar Ihould deliver up Afoph, and all his forts on the Black Sea. and renounce all pretences to the navigation of it, which the czar confented to ; and tliereby his favourite projcft of building a fleet of men of war at Woronet?, to fail on that fea, and trade with the countries on the coaft of the Euxine Sea, and perhaps difpute the donunion of it with the grand ieignior, proved abortive. But errcn upon thcfc hard terms, it is prelumed, the vizir, who knew the Rulliaii army to be in a ftarving condition, would not have fuffered them to retirt to their own coun- trv, if the czaiian Catherine had not borrowed of the othcen, all the money thc^ twuld raife, and made a pre- fent of it to the covetous vizir i whereupon the Ruffians were permitted tp march off unmoleftcd, and were fup- pHed with ptovifiani tvcn h;^ the Turks themfelves •, but nieir numbers were fo diminiftied by ficknel's or the fword, that of feventy tlioufand men, which entered Moldavia, itarce fbity thoufand remained alive. The king of Sweden arrived juft as the Ruffians were marching off, reproached the vizir with betraying his Itiaf^. and offeted with twenty thoufand men to attack Ihc Bofliaus, and carry the czar prifotKr to tlic grand No 49. fiiignior 1 but the viKir rtMci to violate the tnitf be had made, and the czar returned to his dominions, quartering; a body of his forces in Poland again, which the Poles pro- tefted againft, defiring he would withdraw them ; but either under pretence of money due to liim for his pro- teQion againft the Swedc<, or fome other demands he had on the republic, the Ruffians continued in Poland feveral years, where they raifed what contributions they faw fit ; and the war flill continuing between the Swedes and RuC* fians, the czn with his ally the Dane, fubdued the Swedifh Pomerania, in 1713. 'Ihe year followina, he defeated the Swedilh fleet in the gulf of 'Finland, afterwards made himfelf mafter of almoft the whole province of Finland, and proceeded to invade the provinces of Sweden < ihe weft fide of the Bothnick gulf, where he demolifliei. ome of their iron and copper works, in which the gallies he had built were of great fervice to him ; this being a fballow fea, in which lie met with little oppofition, as laige ihips ol war could not enter it; but the king of Sweden returning from Turky, put a flop to his incurfions on that fide ; and at he had now no other enemy, he applied hinifelf again to the poliftiing of his fuhjc£ls, and promoting arts , and fciences ; but navigation and trafRc n)ore particularly engaged his attention. He made another journey te Holland, in 1717, not in- cognito, as before, but as a fovercign prince, and was received with all the honours due to his rank. From thence he vifited France, and made himfelf acquainted with every thing he thought worth his attention : but hit principal view being to improve his own people, he en' gaged the artitls in all profeffions in his fervice, and, by the falarics and rewards he o.^-red thern, prevailed with many of them to go with him to Ruflia. Nor did he only introduce arts and fciences among his p:op!e, but imitated the |)olitcft nations in their diveriions at hit return. Before his arrival at Peterfburgh, he received advice, that a confpiracy had been formed to depofe him, and fet his only fon the czarowitz upon the throne ; to which that prince, it is faid, was privy. A great many of the confpirators were put to tkath on the czar's return } and the czarowitz fled to the court of Vienna, to avoid his father's refentmciit : and as his confort was fifter to the then emprefs of Germany, it was given out that the court of Vienna had obtained bis pardon ; but, however, that might be, when 'lie czarowitz returned to Ruffia, he was apprehended and iiiiprifoiied ; and, being tried by a court of officers of his father's appointing, condemned to die : however, the fentence w, is not executed, the prince dying a natural death in prifcn. The king of Sweden being now returned to his domi- nions, and invading the Danilh territories 1 the czar, to make a diverfion in favour of his olil ally the Dane, waa preparing to invade Sweden again; when iie'lif d that king Charles was killed in the trenches before Fi lerick- fhall in Norway ; and that his youin, " Uicr, the princefa Ulrica Eleonora, had fucceedcci hii ' iii tli'.ii turonet who, defiring to live at peace with the c/ai, n tif.aty was fet on foot in the ifland of Aland, in 171b, l"-tv''x-n the two na- tions, which being abruptly broken o*f. the czar invaded Sweden again the year following, and dcilroyed fome of their moft confiderabic copper and iron works, which obliged the Swedes, in 1711, to fubmit to tlie terms lis offered them i namely, that the Sweder fhould confirm to him the provinces of Livonia, liigria, a|id Carclia, and the eaftern provinces of Finland. Tlie cau aiTumed the title of emperor of all the Ruffias, in the above year. In the year 172J, the Pcrfians being encaged in a civil war, and having lately dcuofed Sultan Hdffein, their fovereign ; the czar affcmbled an army of thirty thoufand men at Aftracan, and invaded the provinces on the weft of the Cafpian fea ; having publiflied a manifefto, declaring, that it was not with any ambitious views of eularxing hii! dominions, that brought him to the frontier^ of^Perfia ; but to refcue their king out of the hands of his rebellipu} fubjeAs ; and being arrived with his array near Derbent, a difficult pafs on the coaft of the Cafpian fea, an(| efteemcd the gate of Perfia frcmi Ruffia, the governor and inha- bitants agreed to furrender that city to the ccar upon the firft fummons ; whereupon the czar having confirmed the governor in that office, and left a garrifon of two thoufand men in the ritaid, fturned to Aftracan, wiuioui any farther attempt at that time. In the year 1723, however, the Ruffians aflembled an army near Uerbcnt, and (lie whole province of Ghilaa fubmjtted to them as foon as they took the field ; and fooQ after the RuiFun troops marched into the province a£ 6 H Shirwaii, 1; •1 490 The NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYS tEM or GEOGRAPHY. Sl.irwan, and took the port-town of BaVu : prince 1'homaj, foil of Itie late fultan Hoflein, having made his eiVape from tlie ufurpers at Ifpahan, and alkniblcd fonic forc:s in the north of Perfia, lent a minifterto Pctcrlburg, to delire the czar's proteAion ; and • treaty was concluded on the 23d of Septeniher 1723, wherein the czar ptoniifcd his aflii'tance to prince I homaj againft the rebels, and the prince, on the other hand, ceded the provinces of Uhilan, Shirwan, Mazendcran.and Aftrabad, to Kuilia. 'I'hercwas foonafter-1 treaty concluded between llie Yurk^and Ruflians, guaranteeing to each other the fcveral provinces they had polU-fled thcnifelves ofou the frontiers of Perfu : in which tliey declared, that if prince Thomas, Ihould refufe hi> con- fent to this treaty, they would keep them by force, but ) ield up the reft of the kingdom to prince I honias, o.r any other prince, who fhould be deemed heir to the throne of Peilia, and afford tlteir afliftance ag«inft the ufurpcr. 1 he czar, in the mean time, cauled the czarina to be proclaimed his fucceHbr, and crowned ; and the nobility "twl officers •'f ftate took tlie oathi of allegiance to her : foon after which he fell (ick, and died on the 8th of Fe- bruary, 1 724-5, in the fifty-third year of his age. Where- upon tlic fcnatc proclaimed the czarina Catherine, emprefs of all tlie RufTus, and renewed their oaths of allegiance to her, who was about forty years of age, at her accelGon to Mie throne. The czarina applied herfelf immediately to perfeA wliat the late o.nr hid begun ; encouraging all arts and fcicnces, and inviting tcarnni forcignen and artificers, by offering llicm large revenues, to fettle in tlic Ruflian dominions ; and obliged her fubjeSs to fend tiieir fons and de- pendents abroad, to rjualify themfelvrs in evtry fcience. We liad, and have l\ill, feveral of them in England i but wherever th:y travel, the court of Ruflia takes an account of them ; they are all regiflered, and never remove from one kingdom to another for improvement, without the leave of the Ruflian niiiiifter, who refides in the kingdom to whidi they are deftined, and return home wlicnever they are commanded, Catherine applying herfelf to the increa"t to the Kaltick, is fuppofcd to have been to proteft the l)anc$ and S Acdcs. The Danes had fold Bre- men and l-'erdea to ll.'xnovcr, and Britain liad guaranteed th"ir poffcfiion of Slefwick, the jproperty of tlie duke of Ilolftein ; and the Swedes, in their dillrefs, offered to confirm Bremen and Fetiden to Hanover, oii condi- lion, that the F.nglilh fleet protcAed the ictt of the Swe- difli doniiiitons ; which were fubltantial reafons for I'cnd- inu Sir Charles Wager into the Ralrick, but not proper to b« owned at that time ; and, therefore, fome order plau- (ible pretence im it «rat to benven out, and nothing couk) be more popular tban dcicniwig the frctuuler. nation ajjamft the The Ruffian* making great prcparatiom by fea for ibm« expedition the next year, 1717, another Britilh fleet was fent into the Baltick, commanded by Sir John Norrisj but the czarina fal'in^ Hck, no attempt was made either on the Danifli or Swecdilli coads, and our fleet returned to Eng- land. Tlie czarina, apprehending (lie fliould not live long, appointed prince Peter, the fon of the czarowits, and grandlbn of the empctor Peter the Great, to fucceed her, anddicd on tlie 17th of May 1727, in tlie forty-third yiar of her age. Peter II. at his acceffion, was in the twelfth year of his age, being liorii on the a2d of OAober 1715 He was immediately proclaimed emperor on the death «f the late emprefs ; in which proclamation it was Ibewii, that he had a right to the Ruffian throne by hereditary defcent, as well as by the appointment of the late emperor and em- prefs. The mother of the prcfent emperor was the princely Charlotta Chriftiana Sophia, of Brunfwick Wolfcnbuttle, fifter ti) the con'brt of the late emperor, Charles VI. It was by the particular direAion of P'eter the Great, that the late c/arina appointed Peter to fucceed licr, for other- wife fhe would have transferred the empire tooiKoftha princcffcs her daughters, of which (he left two, i^amely, y\niia Pctrowna, then nineteen years of age, married 10 Charles Frederick, duke of Holftein Gottorp, and Eliza- beth Peirowna, only thirteen years of age. 1 he young emperor was almoft prevailed on to efpoufc the eldi ft daughter of pi inceMenzikoff, who was prime mi- iiifter of Kulfia at the deatli of the emprefs. The nobi- lity of Ruflia were fo incenfed at this, tliat they immedi- ately refolved on ruining him, and cauled him to be brought to trial, wherein he was charged with being the caufc of the death of the late czarowitz, his imperial ma- jefty's faiher; with caufin^ the firft confort of Peter the Great to be continued in prifon, and witli embezzling the public revenues ; with caufiiig feveral great men to be de- prived of tlieir honours and eftates, and with a boundlefs ambition, as appeared in his defign of marrying hit daugh- ter to the emperor ; for all whicll, his eftate was ordered to be confifcatcd, and himfelf fentenced to be banifhe^ to Siberia. The young emperor^s relations next proceeded to give the late czarina, the firft confort of Peter the Great, het liberty, and reverie the fentencc of her divorce. They al:b lepealed that law made by Peter the Great, which fub- verted the right of primogeniture, and the natural order of fucceffion in the imperial family, and the reft of tha Ruffian families, and made void theproc;fs againft tile late czarowits, the prefent emperor's faiher, and reflored the noblemen who had been bantlhed to Siberia, under tlie adminiflration of prince Menzikoff : and having concluded a peace both with Sweden and Denniafk, they proceeded, on the 7th of Match 1727-8, to tlie c«ronation of tlw czar at Molcow. The port of prime minifter was conferred on prince Dolgoruki, who appeared to have no left ambition thia. hit predeceflbr, contriving to get his eldefl daughter cfpoufed to tlie prefent emperor, and was congratulated thereupon, and their nuptials appointed to be celebrated ; but the czar died of the Imall-pox, on the 29th of January I rag- 30, three days before the marriage wu to Inve been folemnizcd ; whereupon the fenate and great officers of the crown caufed the priiiicft Anne, duchefs dowager of Courlaiid, to be proclaimed emprefs. She was the tccond daughter of the late czar John, eldeft brother of Peter the Great; Charles duke of Mecklenburg, having married Catharine her eldeft After. As the court reti«^ed at Mcicow on the deaih of the csar, prince Dolgoruki and three otliers, were therefore appbinced to attend the emprefs Anne, and convoy her to Mofcow.' Tliefe gentlemen arriving atMittau, the rapitatofCourland, congratulated her fuccefEon ; but infifted on limiting the prerogatives of the crown, and \cfting pnrt of tlie legif- iativc authority in the ftates, which fhe confented to, arid figned the capitulation tlicy had provided for liir, tht principal articles whereof were, tlut (he.fliould not maka pence or war, or raife taxes, without the concurrence of the ftates ; that Ihe ihould not marry, appoint « fucceffor, or difpofe of any confiderable office without a like aflent. But the czari.ia appeared to have fo many friends on her arrival at Mofcow, that, the nobility and great oficeri attended her with an addrefs, declaring, that monart^iicU government was moft agreeable to tlic Ruffians, dcfiring that her imperial majcfty would SCCCpt of the foVcrsignty entire, and with the fame authority it wis enjoyed by her predeccffois ; and the articles flic had figncd at Mittau were thereupon cancelled, and both the clergy and laity took the oaths to her majcfty in as abfoiute terms as tjiey had done to 5 Peter [EUROPE.) RUSSIA. 49 1 Peter the Great, without any tefervei or llmitatioiit what- ever. The prince Dolgoruki, hit Ton, and feveral of their re- laiioiis and friendi, were foon aficr banifhed, and their eftatet confircatcd, being principally concerned, it ii fup- poled, in pulling liinitaiioni on the prerogaliva, a> roen- lioiied aliove j but ihe declaration publiflied on ihii ovca- fioii charged UolgoiukI and his fon with bcliaving info- lenily t« the late czar Pelerll. andendra\ouiingioaiarry him to Dolgorulu's daughter, and with embeitcliiig the public treafure. I'be death of Aucuflui II. king of Poland, happening in Obruary 1733, N, S. the emprefi of Ruflia, and the eniiieror of Germany, by their joint iniereft, caufed the etc J^or of Saxony, hit fon, to be advanced to the throne oi Poland, though Sianillaut, father-in-law to the French king, became a candidate for that crown, and waa fup- ported by all the power of France ; at which Lewis was fo incenfed, that entering into a confederacy with Spain and Sardinia, he invaded the German emperor's doroi- niona both in Italy and Germany, expelled the Auftrians from all their Italian dominions, and took Phillpfburg upon the Rhine, though the czarina fcnt thirty rhoufand of her troops as far u the Rhine, in 1735, 10 the aflift- ance of the Germans ; but a peace being concluded, the dominions of the Auftrians were reftored, bolh in Ger- . many and Italy, except Naples and Sicily, which were yielded 10 don Carlos, the king of Spain's eldeft foil by the princefs of Parma. This war with France and Spain was no fooner ended, but a rupture happened wiih the Turks in 1736, in which the Ruluans and Auftrians were confederates, and the Ruflians were very foccefsful ihe two firft campaigns on their (ide, over-running both Ciim and Little Tarlary i bat the Aufirian army being almoft deflroyed by a pefti- lential fever, the emperor made a Icparate peace, and the Ruffians were obliged to telinquilh alt the places they had laken in this war. Nadir Shah, or Kouli Khan, as he is ufually called, be- coming very powerful, and recovering all the places tlie T'Mks had taken en the frontiers of Perfia, the czarina, without waiting to be attacked, in the year 1718, refigned all the provinces Peter the Great had poflefled himfcif of in Perfia. on the weft of the Galpian fea. On the twenty-eighth of October, 1740, the emprefs Anne died, having nominated for her fucocflbr prince John, an infant, iix months old, fon of Anthony Ul- tick, duke of Bronfwick Wolfenbuttle, and of Anne his wife, diiiighter of Charles, duke of Mecklenburg, and of the priiiccfi. Catheiine, cideft daughter of the late czar John : and daring the minority of the infant emperor, Ihe appointed her favourite, count Biron, duke of Cour- land, to be regent. The mother of the young emperor, the princefs Anne of Mecklenburg, looking upon herfelf much better entitled to the regency, and even to the thrbiie itlclf, as her fon could not have the Icaft title to ihe Ruflian throne but by her, (he ordered count Munich to take the duke of Courland prifoner, and, caufing him to be tried for high treafon, he was coiidrmncd to die i but his fentence was afterwards changed to a Siberian bAnifhmcnt, and fhe aflumcd the regency |ic/:nd on the fifth of December, 174: all the avenues to the palace, and the chief pofts in the city, were feized by the guards, who, with the friends of the ^niiccfi. alTcmbling in the palace, proclaimed her emprefs of Ruflia. The late regent and her confort, the duke of Bruntwick, and their infant foi^ were made pri- ibacit. as were alCo count Munich, and Ofterman the cbancrllor. The Dolgerukis', the duke of Courland, and other ftatc prifoners, ueie recalled from Sibttia, and their ientenccs revoked. In th« n'lSan 'ituc csunv Qftsrma.'f, Munich, and fi;veial more, that were thought' not well- allefted to the prefent government, were tried for higit treafoji, and condemned to die ; but when they h^d been bioujjht to the I'ciffjid, and prepared for thoir execuiion, it wu declared, that the reigning emprers bad gTvtn ordcri for them to be baniflied. At firif, it had been refolred, that the late regent, the firincefs Anne, Ihoold be fent with her confort and her on to Germauy ; but upon fecond thoughts it Was judged more politic to keep the royal family in th^iir power, to prevent rivals attempting any chan^^e in the governiflC it i and though they were on their journey to Germany, they were ordered to be flopped and detained prifoners at Riga ; and when the Auftrian and Pruffiin minifters interceded for their liberty, the czarina anfwered, that (he bid giv.-n dircAions that the family of the late regent (hould be treated agreeable to their rank, and (he (hould convince the world of ihe regard (he had for them, notwithftaiiding what had happened. The czarina obferved, that as the duke of Holflein, who was defcended from her eldeft fifter, might be urged to infift on his right to the Ru(rian throne, (he invited him to rcfide in her court, adopted him her heir, and caufed him to profefs himfelf of the Greek church with- . out which he could not fucceed to that empire ; and thus her authority feeraed pretty well eftablilhed, as (he had now in her power all Uie royal family that could make any pretenfions to Ihe Ruffian throne. In the year 1742, the war with Sweden flill continuing, general Lacy was fent to command the army in Finland, who, having blocked up tlie Swedifli forces in Helfing- fort, would grant them no better terms, than that they might embark for Sweden with part of their baggage, but that their artillery and magazines (hould be delivered up to the Ruflians; and in the courfc of that campaign th; whole province of Finland was reduced under the domi- nion of RulTia. During tbefe tranfaAions, the Swedes, in hopes of ob- taining better terms for the czarina, had made choice of her nephew, the dake of Holftein, to fucceed to thlt crown I but he having profelTed himfelf of the Greek communipn, had rendered himfelf incapable of it ; for it is one of the fundamental laws of Sweden, that their fovc- reign muft be of the Lutheran perfuafion, and indeed the crown of Sweden was fcarce worth the accepting, after the polfelfor became obliged to acknowledge the people for his fovereign, and was made entirely dependent on the ftate. The czarina having, in the mean time, adopted the duke of Holftein her heir, caufed him to be ftiled grand duke of Rullia, and married him to the princefs Catherina Alexowna, the daughter of Chriftian Auguftus, prince of Anhalt-Zerbft, to whom he has been married near eight years, and has yet had no iflTue ; and as the emprefi of Ruflia herfelf is unmarried, it is very uncertain who will fucceed to that throne, if the grand duke (hoald die be- fore her. In purfuance of a treaty concluded between K xfTia and Sweden, the czarina infifted on retaining that part of Finland, which lies eaft of the river Kymen, and the lakes to the northward of it ; but reftored all the reft of Finland to the crown of Sweden, in which ftate it remains at this day ; and by a treaty between bis Biiti(h majefty »M ' e czarina, entered into the twelfth of June, 1747, h iipeiial majefty agreed, that during Ihe war between Gic«i Britain and r ranee, in confidention of a fnbfidy to be paid her, (he would keep on the frontiers of Livonia, next to Lithuania, a body of fifty thoufand foot, tnd forty or fifty gallies upon the fame coaft, to zOL vrherever his Britifli majefty ihould require and in fucb places u bis majefty and his allies Ihould think proper ; which treaty was (igned, Hyndford, C. R. Beftuchef, Woronzowi one hundred thoufand pounds whereof were paid down at the ratification of the 'reaty. Sir Charles Hanbury • Williams, the Briti: -^x ifter at Drefden, thereupon demanding a palTage U 1. Ruffian trot^p.' through Po- land, in the beginning o:' :iie year 1748, ' '< Polim ma* jcfty anfwered, that this did not drn-nd on him ; and tw there was no diet fitting, be coul ' n-frmine nothing in relation to this aiFair. However i : . -flians begaii their march through Poland, in April, 1748, at which the French being alarmed, preliminary articles of peace were figned foon after, and a convention was entered into be- tween Great Briuin, France, and the States-general, with refpeft to thofe trtMps, of the following tenor : " We, the undcrwriltsn minifters plenipotentiary of his Britinnick majefty, bis moft Chriftian majefty, and the lords, the Statea-genetal of the Ignited Provinces, at the cooferences at Aix-I»-Chapelle, have agreed, that in ordev :--.e more fpecdily to reftore a general pacification, and to give reciprocal prtwfii of tfie fincere defire their Bri- tanqick i 432 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. t. :i'ii.-k ant' II oft Cliriftian mijeftiei, and the lordi the Stju«-2eiicui l>avc to execute the |>reliin1iiariei of the thirtieth corpi of RulBan lioopj (hdi! return thither ai foon ti ',iol1ibly they can, accordin" '" tht conditions of the treaty concluded and figned iv " wi!iv< j', the nineteenth of November laft, between It, '1.',Miiitck majefty and the Siatcs-general on the one Tidf, J \.ri Imperial majcfVy of all the Ruflias on the other; ai.' il'.t it fhall not be permitted to the faid Rufl'.an troops, upon «ny pretext, to march any further to- wards ilie Low-countries • ;tnd that his moft Chriftian majefty, immrdiately after the (ignature of thii i:onvention, fliaM fend Mito the interior parts of France, a ii'-.e number of it'gular troops, now in the Low-countries, .s well in- fantry »s liorfc and dragoons, ofwhi'Ii a lift fJ.ili be given at ilie fame tiftie to the niiiiifters T' nipotcni.iTy of his Brilaiinick majelty. and the Srates-geiieral w. Aix-la- Chapclle ; which troops, or a like number, iis moft Chrifi'an majefty (hail reform in a month after hr knows, in an authentic mai.iier, of the a£lual departure o* i!h faid body rf Ruftian riunps towards RulTia ; and his Oiiti iLift Chriflian majefty fiiall communicate to hit Britannic'; n.j jefty i!,d !. ie States-grncral this leform within a moii li. His {JtiNiinIck niajerty and the States-general of the (JMircd Piic-iiices f'lga^c, moreover, ihn tlie faid auxilharies Iha'i not bi Clip! >yed in thi' fervice of jiny other power, while ftiey iv: i> i.tir pay ; and l!)«t in cj(r. !i • y cannot return h(!iu.-. ;o ilf;i! own cou.T.vy ^ eft. re the fii it year for which the/ a..: »n;{!i': 'i. Mid li;^- 11.-; .■v^,!ch, aCvuiJing to treaty, thc> arc fti.'I t J uiiiai.'. 11'. '< ;.■ pAv i'nd I'criite ; it is ex- pieisly liipuiarf'iofH."'.ii i.'lian iiiiiiclly o: bi» alia:-, al^cr the iiMinii a();ii->nit:iitioiicri is nude aud CAfcuieJ to the 'rot n» j.; id by {.!« /aid .noft Chriftian niaJLf'y. (i wrrifsi v l;err.ol, f> ; W. Bc.K'uck; F. H. Waifcter ; G. l.j.r.'lne;; W RclTdle." The Jvuflim iioopj, in purfuar.ce of this convention, were otJtrcd to halt i.i Grfimany, and foon after to giarch b»ck aj;ain inifl tl^ir own country : but it feems to have been a very greut ovrfiglit, on tin- part of the allies, that ilic Ruflians were ■■:"■ permitted to join the confederate army, a'ld remain in ',;ie Netherlands, until the French Itad executed their j,;.'' of th< treaty; as nothing but downright forr.e coultl ".ver induce that people to execute t]H:x tiealies according to the true meaning of the ar-. Iic',v3 i Mi'.il 've had tamely fubmitted to give hoCige.* for the }'ck.rman:iof our part, without infifting ;rom ihcni Thi:. '<• •? certainly the moft ingloiious tranlaflion that ever Bi.i-ini could be upbraided with, and has no doubt plrccd he-. ,n a defpicable poiitt of view to her enviuiu nciv;hbouri;. It may with fome degree of probability b« furmifrd, that many politic.i, and fomc private rrafons determined ih'^ prino-'fj Elizabeth to take part wuh the houfc of Aviftrii., againft the king of Pruflia, in the year 1756 Her arm$ a'one gave a turn to the war ; and her conqucfts wertfuchas portended the entire dcftruflion of the Prullian power, u'hidi ras faved only by her critical death, Janu- ary 5, 1 7 ;'(;, when (he was fucceeded by Peter IIL. grand prince of Ruffia, and duke of Holftein Gottorp. This piiiic.~ Wiis a great admirer of the king of Pruma, which was difpleaiing to his people in general ; he had many dir. ";ab;e peculiarities, and, whit was worft ol all 'ainiH It innovation, which even Peter the CJreat duift not av tmpt. Hence a confpiracy was forUicd againft himj fo that he fcarcc knew an interval between the lofs of his i*wn and his lite. He was fucceeded by his wife, who has loigned many jjars by the title of Catherine It. The moll remarkable doiucftic occurrence of bcr reign was, the death ol piinre !wan, who loft his 1 in an ill-con- certed confpiracy which had been entc ' .to by fome 'jflicers, in order to advance him to • ■ fie ; and the moft public tranfaAions were, the late way with the Ot- toman Porte, of which t!ic reader will find an account of in our hiftoty of Afiatic Tuiky, p. I'O; ;^i. We cannot with propriety take leave of Ruffia, without inferring a recent aad important tranfaAion, which has originated fiom (he prefcist Ibvsreiju of tb^$ gresj tuijilic j " Declaration from the eihprefi of Raffia to the coQrfd of London, Verfaillet, and Madrid)" and which ii ex-' prefTed in the following terms : " The emprefs of all the Ruflias has fo fully man!-' fcfted hrr fcntiments of equity and moderation, and hat given fuch evident proofs during the cniirfe of the war that the fupported againft the Ottoman Porte, of the regard that Ihe has for the rights of neutrality and the liberty of univerfal commerce, as all Europe can witneft. Thii conduct, as well at the principles of impartiality that fh« has difplaycd duiing the prefent war, iuftly infpire her with the fuUcft confidence, that her fuhjcfts would peace- ably enjoy the fruits of their induftry, and the advanttgei belonging to a neutral nation. F<'.pfiii':ic? h.'S neverthc- lefs proved the contrary. N'tithi-r ihc .tbo' i>-mentioried confiderations, nor the r-.iud to the rid-'s of notiiiij, have prevented tile fuhji i .. i of ! 1 ■t..ip;;rial tuiijrfty irun being often molefted in iijc.r 'Mnii't'on, apd ftoppfj ifi their operations by thofe »} the b-.-li^crent powers. " Tlieie hirdrancet to t!ie liberty »•'' t'sd' 'in g.-'n-fi, and to (hat of -'■■ jflia in p i'.ii'.ar, ?.:<• cf 11 n; .ore l:; l-k- c-te the attenti •;, of all s.eirrat nations. The ,ri>jpr*.(« 11, ids Iidfelf oblig-^d, therefo-.r to free it by all the mca'it coinp.itlble with !., , dignity, ,.nd the well-being of her fuojc;.'i ■ ; but, befoi' .0^- putt this into e.«!cution, and with s : .;.-rc intention to prevent any future infringe'- uieni^. liic! thought it but jutt w j -blilh to all Europe ih<. princi|i!-;:s ftie n.^wi to follo-v, which are !k p'r>\ reft tti pievent a-iv m,i 1 idcrft?.n.!(nn, "r any occurrcr.'.".. that may occr.'li.n'it. Kcr uiiperial niajr ify does it wi'h tiie more confidence, .s II. i fiT»ds tbolL ;,rin- ';t coincident with the primitiv : rigl.- of natinm, whi^;,' very p^npie may reclaim, anil >vhirh the beilig.. .111 pow-crs cannot in- validate without vijiating t'lc ho. s of neutrality, and with- out difavowing the mixims they have adopted in the dif- ferent treaties and public rngagcmenis. " They arc reducible t > the following points ; " Fiift, 'I'hat all neii adoj 'i'hc couilt ct ,-. - of Holland, and f^ ■'■'■■ '.' have acceded to th v ->iiy it, cftablilhcd ar *f-i .' their trade againft t'.,- 1 •■ it on the high feat. ' ; c:, Thus it may be juftly rer.' become the arbitrefs of < nerai. iCr It war. Inconfequencc ■ 1 'urnilh her command - ' .rmable to the above- n the primitive laws of ..icir connc£liont." >ain, Portugal, the republic' ".' nava.' powert in Europe, ^ud have, in confequence of eutrality for the proteAion of '^ions (Uat may be given to : .- 't war with each other, js the empire of Ruflis c '!-rtie« of Euroue in og- CHAP. [EU icAiot I •ffairtt wwr ',€• •tUKi^l Btj.l baf4M »»« ' mmit fiabli mUk gnbi ffin Snl M cii h it « a t I < HY. he eotitfi ch is ex-" ly m«ni-' and hit w«r th« regard berfy of Thi» that Hid ire her efpeace- antiges venhe- ntlonrd . ittijii), frt'W r<' J in [EUHO^t^JlO'Vi M.y|r:!tf3i/|^r AVn-.u t- K N*t nnri(ll* Jt- nt b^fMM^h «» al Alllow, viz. i,niM fimltt*. W «• feAmg comcily>iAi»WhiatHf th« wMAuy, Which hb ni^ > ^inaioa vf It^Hw ali mblic retrnoM, encept ^h« ^ll-tt* tltd the iftodneeof «Mi(Vilt-W<«rlii.' 7. Tbd ftkiobflbt, «*hWh HKiM out tfat pttbiM ni«n«f.> <•. 'ThtifwHWnivnce, «hi«ce». t»? l'Ne'oMKtiMtbW WapM Ami «I» iMMuWMiyoVlifccd f iVIiM 1ik«#l(^V Mii- fiftorUI jMMittliNi'dM* tlMfirmMlMtt «t«tmMfti iii thHiteWr: At uJtmWMm'tUMtdMrAkm umivM\:»mii6(ipn- «tta«ifbiU( »»« itdXtok c^m( iiMAff'tM Otmt adiM'thi'^tKt M cdarm kn^ hat«M mt thif farncf s' Im lio birtfr'w fittki acedr(" wiftrjMaUttrik HiidkbyfVtei'Iv'xWetVpMoW:^ nrit«1b*«MtfeirtioM'Mt^ makA»hm'iitii^0iiei^ ^MM iK>o'^'' ' i ' tlift' ABlea of M ejecWiijinrr wai for»*erljr»«ft4iliW| Wl'^V lioarabte I but ibt* oncer it now jftefideii innmovi, ttia ih(r <^k«£uii6iiar ti not |terhii(t«d tofelimt oiiiee | for it.Matt coA^ ^iifae m h?i family, onfiUUre of which the hntefieri kit ttbtigcd (0 iebofo cMi out of their oW'n (>ody. T^ ^rdlhary jiiiiiiqitnedi* in KtiAa ire, ^e b^ttogert. kttMi ihd kntite. Tlte HiMMieii it thot inriiaed ; b« «bo it 10 t«« diite (MijcbifttbtbliMiiflfiji^ id lii> fhirt, And laiil ttpot thi ((yoMI mihii bell/, when ttlo inenrming upon him, ohe OpOn hit nedl, ind tht other upon hit febt, beat him on the biclt with littta i>iiiii,' oi fwitchct, Jurins tlie time Ord^r^ b« t^o iiid^,— The kiltie^ is mttihg the noftrih, whicb «U fotttierti InfliAediWiMbftil^hb, contrary to ati tild^rdblbUio'ii, tooE tifhtdtb IbuR— THe' knute, a-derd kt tht^ 6^ti MYnni wUh a boil't 'fiitfe, tb iiui end Of whicti Wef( Mtehed'tbM thcM^ of ah 'ilk'^ ftit^ 't^ifinnea, 'wt«K 4»h(r t^^hg fjtibitf, %Ii«iieMir h^ 'lUiia, tte fcflS^'^^r baci Al,ntett awt;f mtinkleiiv rbey were an tifd toother by the ai-mi t«(oand two i ' id] ■ .■-..-..-. - - J l^lW»*ie»lh^obaiWi?tVfer«bo(iit4!iff,afM^^^^^ ^ tW wUHi~b[(»iilhl U^d/o thkf>m4|r4|K'vgtt^iW^^ euindiM^K tnd'fwe hayc'tnnf apftJt, mt in tfic'cm^or't naiiw, thtf l^jqWitiy m(e iHi^r authwiiy* in MdeC to flitliiy their ifHUit, Hr^fm. or othtif Eihy paflltMM. TV>rdKidftigca(i»bet#cen|MMt«ilien, tM< w fMboleilit aiid WHtteti ImH, pirticalMr K ioiie aaia S«ib»An the pMnttff; whelMsV hi will (kke* Ki Mtb «hkt tlo aakir Wa* m he halh< t^pVefemed it, or refer It ; to tbe onth of tl.s icfenJtm. , Formerly, be who offitm. t6 tktttf hi^.if.x'.t':>::.c- eve^y d«y-rf^ht« W W* thiiitobSirtttt^t •f m ottit, am; he drekdfi) *n of f««ir% AHl^T M^il If after thi* hcftill ^ -It in bit reiidirteft'M ftkAft olitb, thbngb; be fji-'He nothiitg out the truth,' (he Moole would toKfl«l'° him at mi inftmeut perfon, fjpit ■t'hti h6i\' ktttf hirh 'biifti outof'tlKcbuKit; aiidhewat v.^ aft^ idiiiKUd . a fittte CTUclf r> kifs, and aifier- ward* the piAitre ot the laint, which it' taken down froiq the « all for that purpofe. Though the f-tth be indif)tuta*jly true, the strfcn who !*k<:> it i> not adm;tte'dto thecor.iniunion for f.ii(>.^ v«»ti; and though he i» not treated ai infamout, pe"p!* i/t r.» rank will not eafily (uffcr hi;ii in th.irrompaiiy but the iv'- ■ J i«.pupillicd witlithe knute, and then baniiiicd. Hence >"'■■■ 'f- 4 Mi ifieh dIfnyilM.' ; ' Mk^y die Of ^li'criiel fla'geliati'on, But. bbrrid at it mbl} atb^^r to, ev'erv petlbn o^bumaiiiiy, thii u (iiily what it called tbe modferate Vnute ^ for when ibe feiit^nd ei'de'ri it hetwtcn the lii^irate aiid fevefe, j>iccft pt fjf(h ah taketi blF kt every (Iroke 'of thb exi^Uoner -, ini when it '' OM^bnetd tiWd 'kMrihyii after #hicb be ircccivei tite'com^i iiiuttMih, knd'U behead^. Offeitde^i'i^e Ibnietimet balTina^. iM l>ipi^ea: Md coiw < ixidrt;th}(con.| (Hfion. iHl! MMfi fifihiinikA tortar^^^kre ujrd, as ^le Mp^it^ dtinf,ii to Ahd«/^b ibe feburge, tjie nrap|iuo, and' the fcnbuti Th'k inOftfeiere ihffidion oiTthis iaft mehtidiied puDiucnehC (Abvidefcrtbed) '--i-^ii.-— -^ii— .-x..rv.,r._, J by wi wdi, " RJblte8,VlWd .- •ItSttM^'krr^ti^fi'ooiL.. ^ ^ difntii^Wiit^ k'%nf)^bW,.t)ie t^jfikjim writh nd^ hot iront, the bonet, are fc^fcbe^' we At'uicTet broiled over ■* Hb'k tite, ^eT ahd tiiovM ilie pei^lbj^' tttui tbrniepjted ffiUlpc^ S denying Ae Chki^i, AnttUd leid it poiiredi, bpbi>nie crown hiilieia^till'Jlt'iifplrtl, Tfc;tU«f fot^ibe'firfl oifence ii^ iSetijRndkjk'rtfcJ^ndiirte. lie i.s Whipj»roM'S»fore. and, after- wkrfi Wnifbed Itto Sltilria: Theft jj n^yVr, woiftied witit dinMfh' Kuffia': biit ^^e fciieivers 'aW^ coiKcalert of fiolea ^oUdk' iVe jpbnlibed e(]aa)ly., with fne^tW. TrkiMi^; alTtiur &iVln^' nndei^bhe a variety of tojrMlet. al«, bknlfbed to Stberii, but hbt roroetiiit>t which t^ey counterfeited. Tbofe A^bb arelA^^ed are obliged to put tbe noetic about their own n^ckt., n'id id fliii^ tb^itifclve'i (^ Aib'lkdjer when cpmqaandM^ bv the cycCu^ibiii^r. Every jor^ qr ^mafttr, hat a right to in- fllfl the baiag: on his feivant : thit puivlbnient coniitlt in ft^tcti'ing the oflfeiidei' nkkcd ori'tne fl;|bund, and cauiinc him ta be bcitten with ftStks b^y tAo'of bis icflbw-re'rvantt or Uaves. Tbe following account of the wliiinlical manner in which lit>ellers are puniincu lu ivUiTis nc 1 ire p< I rcfi( man who refidcd fomr tiDi: ii> that country : " V\ liile I re- lidcd :«> Mol<:ow (lays be} tbtie \«aa a gcntieman who theoght •bit fl( ■J t^ T«B NQW AHA UNlY^^84Li3fll81|ftlli o» OBOORIkf HY. ''^•f !R»P.*» lip. (Wit, which imy MB Mr cmt of *• vi|a «oai*ftc4t fr«m iMMrtk-nioMf ua BMn-A«v«tf, •ml cMrriagM.— Fi ii igriifcy».faulw I fram Lifftt ^$SS^!! KW|Wli|N9ifc' cAA*'. «i? of tN nWi »u then fiMT«a'«it)i tbi^ Mnii«l«, W "iji Toil, who potthciB into bU moi^^ «^i||«n»|iiiiH df« W^QW» l <{ tine* thtir btfiig ma. lifim, rar th« btmAi dlflM ciMrn.— IhMn- of tmi4 ii » l i t m » r algrt . iMtNiiiite^MmiivwUmSiMSEm ^ J»^ Aw dMninwrfiiMi of UmmmbIi, MpPtciTWl bim J|)()wEMntta( UU«M. fOW«rkt Iff 4r>|4n«rk: '.C Ml 4HMj|ioC dm vmtiA flWKVMM IMnWMiwnUk and cninior I jio.jtovcfnoicitt nMn lion or*^.^ l4>Niric| ibeTi roUbwii _ Hnhdr^dlM rfred ai and nil Ito^rea, Beer.tt -i-Frot . aboat OIK millisii jftom th* titidc c^fiW acrt^ aftbe«lnUe«r »^rlu, wiikh fnnd niMfcv.— From thcidvtjr onehimdredandwciuy ' rh yeatljr briitf iiitbldMrti4^iiry feV^ hondrcatboa* —From thcvvty ort ftaitet IM»Hf amouniiBe.tft 1 r«i>ti*.i— ri»m a at OB M««| :^ss^-s , )^»filt wi » yU iBW *W Hli>i» J ii»y 4 <)m« too laamnwth«ilMpa|lMWti»||iti»i:^. the l^rbMt n top awrvw^ ««l fwiMnMi ^.M. < aM u llMom .ctanr of £» Jw. i. l>9K{Wnk^i|W rto J^wm I i W^#*|K»«»#f4 »»» Uka caatf*. wIm ^gl»*«W»Pi».««W» Oiawn iNtt anad< Lii.*^ .»»**W«|i|. W* * wWMi qc|4(i^» and Omgtu f.?W^i^mmm'm»h ftir««^«d» . a- >fe z5Ey •'IW'Wi^'^^ *M««*»»r aa thttfc .n fcmaerwc I .jh-!fM."/(:-*i It'*, a'l v» •■■ ■■ ,.■.; ■■ " 1' ,:. '"., , :/. ■ : f;i.,il ••I , rj!] .-/(; WH", -III liir;, i;, fifjifttti ,;•' .jir'i l,i-/ .Iron ifrfs ♦•; .ijfli.|,nfr ,TH«ni > l^ •) 'O^^I^^HI'^K % ^'^wmms^t ,PH;|fr' , lnt((l<4t hmm tit bring ma. ^t,cfMrii>«-* mcSmTS ytsA ^ »S£ks rtnuftifw'dttt fetS -■. - ri-jtuM.; «£2^«#W» i4n»n«! «r S''^^ - SMmmui^whI ftSiS::^ 1 MMtfllte ^S£ S' ««i«4«m rtJttb/.i, Mliwn. nr'^ riT ■""'"'V Vi:-. > '*"''K •W' ■ !i*irit^i^is«^i*ft«»^^^ ,,iii... • ;.Js.. ■*».■ r m } J ii i CHAP. II. THl NE\^ 'STOUT AND DBSCRl^TION- OP N O R W A V. SECT. I. ChaMtWuy « gtntrtlatiiuni ifthi nimtry, hi nmiu,Jkmrtit», nttnl, tlim»t*, mumtaim, reai/$, tri4fi, mttrth tnJ tUitr Jlni*l I Mi ftrlUmttH'Iji »/ ih ajtf/l$t, fntitmt Jtm*tt mtut, a*. THIS country it called by the Danct and (he Norwe- giant (hemfelvet Norp. It it bounded, on the RorKi and weft, by the north fea i on the eaft. by Swcdifh Lapland ind Sireden i and, on the north, by the fea called Calcgate, oteiiding in length fiom the fil'ty-reverith de- pee forty- feven minutct to the noiih cape in the fevcitty- fiiil degree thirty miniitei north latitude, and in bntdtb from the fourth degree Uiirty-five minutet to very tinr«)«al diAaiicaa within hnd, it br''ig in fome plaeet two hun- dfod and eighty milct broi' and in the txiremity of thi* country, towirdi the iSandt of Finmatk, tb« fiin it continually m view in the midft of fommer, ■i:d ii oMcrrcd dav and night i* encircle thB north pole, coivtraAing it* orbii, and then gradually, enlarging it, till K Ikigth it leav> the pealanii, wito live among tfa« monntaini, art- conliderable • ffcrert in a mild win- ter; for without I'lit fevere froA .> ad fnow they can neither oonvey to ll>* rivm the timber they have felled, nor carry their corn, butter, lurt, and other cemtnoditiet, in their fledge*, to this market-towns ; and, after the file of them, earry iMck the ncceflaries with which they arc there fop- plied: for the largefl rivers, with their roaring cataraAt, SIC arrefled in tbcir courfe by the fioft, and the very fpittie ii no fooiKr out of the mouth than it ii congealed, and rolls along the ground like hail. But providence ha* af- forded tJieiahauitantiof this cold cKinate a greater variety of prefcivativo .>'::inft the weath;i, than moft couiuriei have. • Their extenfive fotefts fupply them with plenty of timber lor building and for furl ( tlir wool of the Oieep, and the furt and Ikint of wild Iwalls furnilh them with warm iiniiig for thtir tl;;.:'.!!?., and coveriiig for their b¥'J«; ia- numerablc flights ol wild t'uwl fupply thcia with down and /No- 49 , , feather* I their cavvm* aCiri thai flMltrr, indtbt tain* uiiulcd to the roaU, h« i1ll|Mi M« life in afctrnMng iImm, •fpceitlty in wiitttn wlieii ih« wiyi ate llip|H '>. In fuch plKci tlie bodiei of the d (hop of Keretn, it, that one muft endeavour to cling to fboie cliff of tbii fleep mouniain, or, iflilpbe at hand, be drawn up by a rope, and then throw i.,i borfe head- long down • treiuendoui precipice, in ordet to make room for the other traveller to pafi. The cavetni of the nioun- taini alio aiTord Ibelier to (be wild beaflt, which render it difficult to extirpate ihemi and it it na( caiy to defciibe the havock made by the lynxei, foiet, bean, and efpccially wolyet, among the cattle, goatt, baret, and otiKr aniniali. , The cowi, Ihecp, and goatt liclonging to the iteafantt often fall down the precipicci, atid ate dcftroyed. Some- firaei they make a falfe ftcp into the projeuion called a mountain-hammer, where they can neither afcend nor de- iceiid ; on thit occalion a pcafant chcarfully vcnluret hit life for a llieep or a goat ; defcending from the top o( a mountain by a rope of fonic hundred fathomi in ieiigth, with hit Irgi over a croft flick, tilt be feti hit foot on the place where he iindt hit goal, when he faftens it to the rope, and it it drawn up along with himfelf. But tlic molt ■maaing circumftance it, that he runt thit rifque with the help of only a fingle perfon, who holdt the end of the fope, or faftent it to a rock, if there be one at hand pro- Der for that purvofe. There are inftancet of the ailiitant iiimlclf having oecn dragged down, facrilicing hit life from hit fidelity to hit fiiend, on which both have pe- rilhed. When a man or beaft hat thui the miifoitune to fall fame hundred fathomt down the precipicet, it it ob- lerved, that the air preflet with fuch force ajainil the bo- diet thut falling, thit they are not only deprived of life for fome lime before they reKh the ground, but their beillici burft, and their entrailt come out, which it alwayt the cafe when they fall into deep water. The multitude of fpringi that iflTue from the mouniaint, «nd the vaft inalTet of fnow accumulated on their fuuunitt, :Which gently dillblve in lummer, form many Ukei, in ibme of which are floating iflandt, and ■ confiderable num- ber of rivers, the largeft of which it the Glommcn, or Glamer ; but noncot them are navigable far up thccoun- py I the pafl'agc being every wliere interrupted by rocks, and in fome placet by dreadful catareAt, in which the ftream precipitates itfelf from the height of forty, tifty, •nd even a hur.dred fathomt. The bridges over thelc (iveri are not walled, but formed of timber cales filled with Hones, which ferve for the piert on which the tim- bert are laid. The largctl bridge of this kind has forty- tliree iione .cafes, and it a hundred pacet in Iciigih. In tbofe placea where the narrowncfi and rapidity of the cur- jent will not admit of linking ihefe cafei, tliick mails are laid on each fide of the llioret, with the thickcll end faflened to the rocks : one mail being thus laid in the wa- ter, anotlier it placed upon it, reaching a fathom beyond it, and then a third or fourth in like manner to the middle of the ftrram, where it it Joined by other conneAed mails from the oppofite fide. 1 but in paffing over the biidgr, efpecially in (he middle, it feemt tu fwing, which to thole who are not ufed to thefe bridges appears extremely dan- gerous, fo that filled with terror they alight and lead over their liorfct. Some advantages, however, attend the mountaint of Norway ; a great chain of them fcrves as a barrier between this country and Sweden ( and betidet, they exhibit the moil delightful profpefls ; for here nature has added greater beautict to the fituaiion of cottaget and fariii-houfes, th^in in other countriet can be enjoyed by royal palaces, though ^flilled by all the varieties of groves, terraces, canals, jind calcades. A predeccllor of mine, lays the bilhop oi iser- gcn, is fajd to have given the name of the Northern Italy to the Jiftrii* of Want, which lies fome leagues to tlt» tallward of Bergen , and cttlainly thtte cannot he a mora •miMniing prmp^. Tht bwMmgt in It m th« ehurth, the pailbnagc, and afiw farni-houlet Icatlered un diCercnt eiiiincncet. rb« bcttlly of this place it much hei> Inened by t.vounU form mountains gradually liting to t, w.^ neiglit, betwivr whicJi ruiia • valley near half a !<■... ,i< brMdih, and •- rivft which fometimes precipitates ■ !• " ,lo»i. the rocks in foaming catara/lt, and at others fp i% ,ilelf into fmill lakes. On both fidea it is bordcicd with Ihe lintft mea- dows intrrifeingled with little thickets, and by the cafy de- clivities of the verdant mountains covered wiih .fruitful fields and farm-houlea, llanding aliovo each other in a iucctfliun of natutkl Urracet. Hctwren thefe a ftately fo- reft prtfents itfelf to the view, and beyund that the funi- mill of mountaint covered with perpetual liiow, and ten or tHrlvc llrtamt, jituing thcrcltoni, form an agrccabi* contiatl in their menndcti along the blooming fldai of the hills, till they lolc thrinlclvcs In the livers beneath. 'i he bowelt of lonie of the niouiitaiiii contain feveral of the motl beautiful kinds of marble, fbm« white, others veined with blue, and oihera variegated with a variety of colours , ilwrt i* hkewile black marble Ipotted with white, Rreen marble with Rreyilh veins, and blue roubk willi white veins. They alfu contain fuch ciuaiitirics of the magnet or loadllone, that Ibuie tons of them liive bwrt expt thut dcfciibed by Or. Ponlnppidan, bilhop of Bcrgcu : " Having heard of Ibme wood petiified by a ceriaiti fpring, I wrote, fayt he, for Icme lainplei, and. a largo parcel of it wai fent me. At fiift 1 thought it refcinblcj bazle, that had lain a long lime in the water t but upon a narrow infpcAion, and drawing out (oiiic of ilie lilainciiti, 1 found it to be annanthut, much finer than the Green- land tlone-flax, which the reverend Mr. Egede fayt it ulu4 there a* wick in the lampt, without being in iht leaft walled, wbihi fupplied with oil or fat. Thit amianthus, from the fiaflnefs and finenefs of its fibres, delitrves to be called flonc-filk, rather thau ilone-flax : I alio made a wick for a lamp of it, ani it was ttol conlumcd j but iit li|bt bein« much' dimmer than t)iat produced by cotton, I laid it alide. 1 have alio in my poirefTion a piece of paper of thit atbeftoi, which when thrown into fiie ii not d«.> Aioyed ) but what waa writun oit it totally difappcari. " The manner of preparing thit ilone-iilk or ilbnc>< flax it thit : after iti beiiut foftencd in water it it beaten with a moderate force, till the fibres, or long threads, le- parate from each other i afterwards they ate carefully tad repeatedly waihed till clear of all terrene particles i then the flax is dried in a fieva : all that rcnaini now it to fbiik. ^ thefe fine filamcntt, wherein great care i* required i be« (idet whicli the fingert muil be foAwted with oil, that lb* thread may be the more fupple and pjianr.'* *' Notwiuiflanding this country abounda in floncL yet no tiints have hitherto been found there, fo that thole for fire-armt are imported from Denuaark or Germany : but though there are no tlinU, there iite amethiili, gamtti, chalcedonies, cryilalt, agate, andjalper. Thit country formerly produced gold i but theeipenca ;' of working the mines, and feparating the gold from the oie. being greater than the profit, they have been ne- gleacd. I'liere are, however, filver minet, which arc extremely valuable, and give eniploynicnt to feveral ihou* fand|«rlons: iheprincipalof lhcl(:is at Konglbcrg. Other filver mines are worked at Jarllberg, but not to the fame advantage, the ore being mixed with lead and copper. In nuny paits of this country copper mines hivtf been dif- covered, the richeftof which is at Koraas, about a hun- dred Englilh miles from Urontheim, which annually yields eleven hundred ihip-poundt of pore copper, each fhip- pound being equal to twenty Englilh flone. Here are like* wife fume lead minet, but none either of tin or quickiilver. Iron is in great plenty, many hundred thoufand quintal* • being annually exported, chiefly in bars, and the reft call in cannon, kettles, ilovet, and the like. S E C T. H. . ; . t, , • ■' ;- >''■" Triat'iHg ef tht natural hijiory tf Norway j tiamtfy, tfthi . prtduct tftbi CiUHtry ; alft tf tbt btafltf HrJt, inj'iftt, aiid fijht,. ■\jOTWITHSTANDING the northern Ctuation <4 X'^ tills country, it produces rye, barley, white, grey,. and green peas, and vetches, which iall are ufcd as pro- vender (E U R O P E.J N p R V«n«l«r for horfri t liopt, fli«, inJ htmp t tntny kinji of rood iiid itHMi lui Ike kitcli«n, with « conridcriMe iiuni- htt of hicdy (Igwert. Hen U( ftvtrai kiii4f of clicriifi. of which the Mtranit Tell grtti quinlilici dritd i iil'<>m«ny forli of nhollonie intMhci, tpricoli, and gtapu. Iluw- ever, ftveni foili of applci and prari are found til ovtr th« country) but the girtlrftpart of there are lummtr fruit, whicn ripen carl]r i for \t inter fruit Icldom coma to pcrfeAioit, except the (umnier ptovei hotter, and the win- ter fcta ill la'er than ufuaJ. I'liough Norway ii inferior, with refpcA to in fruiti, tomany oiliet couitiiici in Eurnne, ret thit drfkiencjr it comprnfated by iti inimenre for.tti, from which nioit of the province receive pcodigioui lutna from forelgneit for beaini,inafli,plaiik<, and board* i befidci the great confump- lion for houfci built at hone, entirely of beanii of wood i alfo fur fhipa, bridgci, and a great number of foundeiiei, which require an imtnenfe quantity of charcoal In the fufion of metalf. In many placet the nvoodi are only felled to clear the ground, and are burnt for the fake of the afhei, to enrich the foil. Their horfct are of greater ofe in riding than drawing : thry have an eafy pace, are full of fpirit, and very lure fooled. When Ihey mount or defccnd a ftecp rock on ftorin, like flrpi, they firft tread gently with one foot, to try if the floiiei they touch be fad , and in thii they mud be lel't to themfelvei, or the beft rider will endanger hit neck ) but when they are to ^o down a veiy Deep or flip- pery place, they draw their hind Icgi under them in a very lurpriiiii^ manner, and Aide down. They fhcw |;real cuurage in tiihtiiiy wilh the wolvei and heart, whicli ii very ufual with them ; for when a horfc pcrccivci «n^ of tliciV fcrocioui animali advancing towardi him, and has a mare or ^Iding with him, this generout animal pl.icei tlicni behind him, and then attacki hit aniagonill hy iUiking at him with hit fore-legi, wilh fuch courage, that he commonly rrmaitit conqueror. Both the Norway liorfet and cowi are in uencrat of a yellowilh colour ) hut the latter arc fmall, and yield no great quantity of milk ; however, their fleAi hu a fine grain, it juicy, and well laftfd. Their (hecp are fmall, but the flefh it deliciout, and the Deecet profitaDle. Goati, in many pUcei, rnn wild in the fieldt, both in winter and furomer, till thty are ten or twelve yean old ; and when the pealiint, to whom Ihey be- long, it rcfolvcd to lake them, he mull cither do it by loine I'nare, or Ihoot them : thet ate fo bold, that, .on ine ap- proach of a wolf, they flaji.to receive hioi, and, if Ihcv have dog* with ihrm, wilt refift a whole herd. They alio fre(]uenily attack the fnaket ; and when they are bit by them, not only kill, but eat them, though they are ill for iieveral dav>. If thcfe goati are tame, the owner wifhet the wound with their own milk warmed. Swine are not plenty in Norway ; itor are there many of the common deer, hut the harei, which in Ihe cold feafon change from brown or grey to a fnow while, are taken in great number) in winter. In fomc partt of the country there artelki, but they are not rery numeroui. I'lie rciii- ilcri lun wild in herds, .-ind are (hot by the inhabilantt for food. Thebilhopof Brrsen obfervei, that when the rein- (Ircr fhcds hit horni, and others rife in their (lead, they appear at firll covered wilh a ikin, and, till ihey are of a fiiiger'l length, are fo foft, tliat tlicy may be cut with a kiiiti: like a fauface, and are delicate eating, even when raw. The huntlinen, therefore, when far out in the country, and perifhed for want of food, eat them, and find that they laiitfy bull) their hunger and thirft. Itut when the horn it grown, there breeds within the (kin a worm, which eats away the root. It is alfo remarked of this animal, that he can draw a kind of Ikin over his eyes, and can fee through it, otherwilii in the hard liicwi he would be obliged to thut hit eyes entirely. In tliit country are alfo found the lynx, vaft numliert of black, red, and white foxes ■, and the |(lutton. which re-; ceivcs itt name from lis voracious appetite. I'hofe of this, i:uuntry, in thcii fhipc and dze, have fomc reteniblance to ■A long-bodied dog with thick le^s, (harp claws and teeth ; hit colour it black, varicgi>tcd with brown and yctio.vidi . ftreaks : he iias the holdncl's to attack every boih he can po(rihiy conquer ; and if he lindi a carcile (ix times at big at hiqiCcIf, he will uol leave it, while there is any left : whcij fully gorged, hs IquctJti biipfelf between two trees that (land ncjr togcilicr, and thus empties lii^nfclf of wlut he has not lime loiiiyft. At kli Iti'm (hinet Ilk* Jaioaflct and it covered with (uA balr, it ili itiuch valued : tlia liuntrm^n therefore Ihooti thit inlnul with a bow, an4 bllini arrow*, that he may kill hlffl without wounding tiM Ikin. ' They llkewifr hunt tl' ■ martin for the fake of the fltiit ; and the ermine ai«d fnuirrel, both of which are (hot w iih _ hliiiil arrow*. The (kin of the ermine it of a li«,iuliful ' wlitie, and the lip of the tail black. Thefc little inim»' run after mice like cat*, and drag away wlut they ca h, particularly cgg«, which arc their grcateft Ji liracy. ' ClfK are allu nttcri, bcavert, hcdgc-hogi, and badgen. ' m^ ' of Ihe mice arc thought to be poifonoui, and otheri ii- ^- markable for their being white, arid having redryet. "^ The moll pcrnlciou* vermin here i* a litile animal called the Ittmut, or lemming, which it between the fizc of a rat and a moufe ) the tail i* (tiort and turned up -yt the end. and Ihe leg* are alfo fo (hoit, that tlirv fcarce ke-p ' the lielly from the ground. They have very (oft hair, mi4 are of different colouri i many of them are black, with yellow and brown in (Ireaks, and fome in fpoit. It i« liiid of thr(e creatures, that about once or twice in every twenty ycnri, they a(rcmble from their frcrel abodei iri prodigiotii numbers, like the mefli;ngers of heaven, to pu- nifli t1i« neighbouring inhabitants. They proceed from Kolen'i loek, which divides the Nordland manor from ' Sweden, and is held to be their peculiar and native place, marching in vad multitude* through Nordland and I' in- land to the Weftern ocean ; and other bodies of them through Swcdi(h Lapmark to the Sinus Duihnicus, 4*- vourinj^ all the graft and vegetable* in thrir wiy. 'I'hey do thit III a diren line, and going (Iraight forward, proceed inio the rivers or the fca : thus, if they meet with a boat ill any river, they run in at one end or fide, and out again at the oilier, in order to keep their courii;. They carry tlirir yoiMH", wilh them on their backs, or in their mouth's ; and it they meet with peafants who come In oppofe them, they will (land undaunted, and hark at them like do(;s. This evil is, however, of fliort duration '; for, on enter- ing the fca, ihcy fwim as long as their ttren^th lads, and then are drowned. If any are flopped in their cuuife, and unable to reach the fea, Ihcy are killed by the frodt of winter, and if any of lliefe cfcape, mod of them die f« foon as they eat the new grafs. Toads and fnakcs are only in thcToutheni partt of thia ' country, and thcfe fnaket are left poifohous than in wai'mcr climates. Lizards are here of various colours, at brown, green, and dripedi tholie that are green aro- (buiid in ear much left than he really is : when the ejgle drikcs his talons into him, he cannot ealily difenga^e them, on account of their crookedncfs and' length, in which cafe the filh drags him down witlt him ; while the bird,' making a inifcrable cry, drives to keep himfell' up, and works with bis wings fpread a< long at poflible, though in vain ; for at lad he mud vield, and fall a prey to thole he intended to devour. Anotiier inflaoce it mentiuiicd, in order to fbew that this king at birds, as he i.^ 4ii TuttflW A.»» UNl?EltSAi8lra^tEM^» GEOGltilf^. BMm,w,«Mdi fi«MliM<>»|lMilMn|i of • rim, ftmdy ftrack one«rk*t idm iiMitlie not ofMidai turn H Mbib* IM iM*» of ik* fi T^aj^P^^^^ J* ^^* ^^B^i I framolin V rauM «^Mnia.MiiAilMiiMnr w Ml one-* Mt n, i|i.«i# ofAeW. ttfjr ffa 4(«ciom tdte. «l^:«l^ ftttf ' ^ NOfAm im» whieh M Umr iM t 0N«> It M* » kMw^Bcik. lb* oner antoTwbich U biad(. u «»« I* t~ taE W iM t % fiM* the bicaft dow^^tiri* ttil wb« f^Mn WftalfelMMt wkil* fiatlwn « 4ie ««ttt<>H^ ^ •iiMUMlait. The miMa m lb fltotT. mi, ttejr kH% nift ifenfehm wiOi them: ami titt tott i«t4 IrlwtkwaHl. tWtlMr.m Ieliiitll»«akwi&i*n to •Kn itt «mM iftore* That •!«! ' " *" " I q»t modtr ikeirwing* loera aiioiigih w fill one'* fft io. lapicnlBdlMeh tk«]ri>w««MM witblMi tmUe dm oUicf»re catch thcro in a ttap 4be mice. In dtort. ihcR are foch increAUe num* fter* of feaandhnd fowl near the rock* on ^ fea (bore, fifli, and fltaik*; fturpon, falnion, JUmw-trout, tu^t, cod, tbornback, rodi-fiflw flvinc* fljh, whiting, carp, gur::«t, flounder*, piaife, mackatel, hening*. hrta% anchoviet, eeb, aiid many other* tpcll kaownino^wrpart*. , ll'he tia>£ih, wtiicfa it not very conaaon, m forty feet ttr more in length ; dieir liver alone yield* feverai caflu of •rain oil. On their badu they, have a high round and Aarp*bone, with which thej tear open the ecDie* of other flfli. They ate covered with a kind of hair, Ibmithing Kke a boife * mane, and ate often liien aboat ti«e beat* of «he fifheriaien, who are ti much aiWid of them u of the moft dangetout mcnficr that infi>ft the fea. ! dae of the oioft extraordinarv crtkluiet prodttced in the oeean, i* the ink.-fifl>, called by Tome tlw feagnM : it it firom nine inches to upwards of iwo feet in length. Yhe bead lu* two large eyes, and ihe mouth hat louie relcmbtance to a bird s beak : above which there ftand two long arm* or botnt, each of which i* oAanguk.. and covered with & iiomber of (inaU round balk, fomewhat brrer than a nin's head. At,the tick of the head are two of thefe honu twice a* long at the left, and braadct to- warda the end. The body i* alnoft round , it redemblct « linall bag, and is blunt at both ends. On each fldeof it are tw« ikinny membcanes. with which the animal can cover i^lf over i and it afliunes various form* by the tao« tion of iu Ikin and arm*: but what mufl appear very ei-. traordinary, die foie pert of die body tt filled with a floid, which nuke* the flfli appear of a blue colonr, ihoagh thia fliiid ia of u fine Mack, and may fcrve fcr ink to wtilt Widi. ^hen diefr caeatures aft io danger, they diT* diatn this liquid, which blackening the water all roond tbroH tbay become invifiblc to dwir prnfuer*, and by tbi* means make their eftape. Thus tbit othcrwifa beip- kfs animal is ^vided by the wile Creator tor iu 'sftace. If any of this'black flifid happen* to di»p upon the band, it bu;ii* like a cauftiev and cade* great nain. Htie 4rc alio a vaft variety urfl>eU>filh, u lobften, I JR N««f II ctaH craw-flflt. Mtami,' ftri«ip(, oyften. mvlcl^. 6w a It cofife*, fta-finiiki. Ar-flfli, hermit'flfl^aManBt odter* ; be ill- B ojgtrfthe m<« «dih>B* orwijyjfcl* tbefta-i^ ^^liyiMt tUn «ui«^ roU%, hnnftlf abouton hit priddet whciever bepMiw, and i»! generally firand in a iiuu Here it alTo that extraoidiim prodoAion of natan^ ranked among fidiet, called the fea-netde, ud u of twa kindt I oQe comnehcnding thole that alwavt retmun fixed in ope place like fea iplanu ; ?nd the other c^n^ of thofe that change their pi:i^. Reaur^ur Jccmt them real ! animals, becaufe they bsve organiaed bodies, and give ' f^ntol feding when they ate toiidwdi befidel whidi. they lav hold of iheli.fifli, and' others, vdueh ihey etf |. and have aUb.'a proneiBve motkui. Thefe natdet tmam tb many diftnni Ihapet, diat it it impofiUe to deftriKi dKm undnr any determinate figure i but in general dieir out- ward fimn approBchet neaieft to a truncated coai^ haviu; itt bafe fixea to fo«/K flone, to which it i^ fowld atwara adbarinf. Soiiie8n||greemili» o«tot whitKH, wdodierel agu'n of a roft-cplaur t there are odiers like^ of all the dq;Mt ofbrpwn. In ibme of dicfii oettlet, dielii oolow* appft every where on \he furface, and in othei* Acy an miicd with ftrtakt or fpot*. Sometia^apiotlieierpota are diftribntcd in a regular, and at others m an irmuU* manMr. but alway* very itfrecably. The vranderii^ fea- nettles have iwthing comoMn with dl« ptecediug except in the name, and they have diflimnt n^llatioB* in diactcf^ creature* have been feea 9t variou* m^'IsictdH, At. v twolcet to three f*t ikoms, and have x . <''«an4 •' uaay ptetts iif tlie oortla fiau- " Thje* filherr^T itfinmir, in Df imaik, beiM nuDinedupan oath. . >re the privy-cousi/etf^'^ Kredet^^ van Gtam, d*cl»re«l, •*;..« in the mcntn a/ ^ ;'y 17', V, ■ ,^ -. .'n -/--" ■;'^i(#v« ..S^'fe • ,f!!tff:.~^- tll^tMlll fiirtff Hi i:>^^ I iEUR'6*i*fe^°^^^ ■ "^'"6'i;^H-it. m in qtim wotthar, betwee.i> Hvoan tn4 S«e4hl)d« duqr ^ broached, in tlieir boft, fom«tbin|.th»tfiMtcd»,«f JtibtbcAit funit i^ i J i^ i ii n twtfly, »i)d.rofe ii|fili»j»«»ti ' ^ce^ ^TAwc he ftoqtl ncir a qua^; l>f . an of q»tf line rbalw ,wa dived und«r wa^r. .Iw •|>pc*>»* likelliifhr iwD,L|M|i NmA OkwiMm* ]mfltri«i^iwMi l^ead catered wti|i mmWllh^vkilbiatkim imtHWW, blbU^^his /wee m^ip i^d iM»tb«rilMattt% •niliitftiiv was ?o^ffo»«WAaiirjr*t,j[;i. ,..,■■ . „ ; .-.c-: ..: »; Cn>e ol .4i^(4MKip>tl f*»*i4^^''*"c ftm cIM'h )t"dJifv^tl>|il#*^7«utift of thU ftnutri i|t4« foiipK^ of dilMot,fiiH»»4«nd.oft(».«>t|ght on boolUi by tt)aaS(t||^iniin .«f«.Nor«^^ , S«in«,»r< no bi{wtr tb«n iO^iMl iafik y«iaf.,«|il* odMUJn Ml*rK< lir#i)4rt^; of . •' i« »h« ywr S746, .diMi*. Untgm ikmm^fi^ Bergen, IW a(M-?naK«. .^lP«tl,mM>*l*|f A^^ and wfcn t|>e boaiwa% rglN^t. iMi^^e dte^i >»« waw* appear^ tioKfd wiih ;)>lo(id. ,Tm twaAof Ai* animal, wlijcii^ Ititwid at MI?ilwo(($».«lM«t;dtc f\irkt^j>i jlift water, |v«*-of a g{c;i||, c$ii«ittr« Mi^fimJtM tko &f«d of ;( lia«e 1 th* m^t^^fju vera ]aii!e and bi^ickit the fye^ wtrc of the: fanw jeo(mM'„ andaiotigwhtM a>aiic hung dpwnJ^m lunec^tj^fioitcd on the fCjNt. S the 6w U? July. 1734, a hufge and frightful: ira'riinoqQer raifed itlelf.fo high out ofqut, broad paws, and fpotited water likeawlrale, that t^ body fecmed to bt: covered with fcal^ ; the ftin wai,.vacvcn and wrinkled, and the lower part way formed likA a (hake. It plunged lUelf back in the water, and then railbd its tailabove tlu furl'acc, n wliolc ll»ip'j UngtH from the head. Though tlw ex»6k dimsn-, fions of the fca-fnake cannqt be afccrtained, we may con- dude, from the concurrent teftimony ot tliofc who have feen it tt fca, that he in an hundred ^thomt in length ; ,and -, that his body is as large as a hogfltcad. That his lenfc of fmeUinc is very acute, the fifticimen coiyefturB from the rircunwance of hit avoiding the icent of caftor, a quan- tity of ^hicb they ther«fo(c provide themiclvcs with when they git out to fiitt in the fummer : and ihey throw a foialt {iortion of it ove.board, when they naeef tlte fea- iiiake. . " TTie kraken, or korven, is the mcft fnrpriiing crea- ture in this fea, and perhaps in the whole world. .Tliis animal is of the polypui kind, butfcemingl^ xmilerjid a half in circtimfercnce. T'lc Noiw^ian iiibetmen, fonac- times, {n • fummer-dav, find no more than twenty ar thirty 6ttioms water, where the depth ufed to be eighty or one hundred i v iid Itere tbcy catch f reat fitui) of cod and linp; Tbey know the kraken u below tliem, and that tiwy ars filhing upon his back. When they perciiive, bj their lilies, that ttic water glows more and more (haUow, the* jodgc be is rifmg (lowly to thr iwrhce, and row away with gtrat cxnedition. /it a proper diflance they lie upon their oars, and in a few minalM pait of him appears z>ove the watec like a ntAmber offinwil iflands and (and-banks, levered with fca-w«cds, and abounding with a great va- lietyof 6(h, that leap about, and:oilo(rhi) '.ides into the water. At itngtli a grtjit ttumher of pellucid antenna; sire upon his back, ai large and as hiph as the malls of irodcrair vell'cls : by means of thefe inftniiricius, or t^-n- tacoU, he muvus hitiifelf, aitd'guiheis in hn food, which ;j^nfi{tt o( finall fiJliesi after he hat rLir.ained a little time at t'.ic fuifuce, he begins to (ink again gradually, and this motion pioduces a dangerous fwell and whirlpool in tlie water. In all probability, the back of this huge monfler )tas bom miflaken f(>r the (loatini; idandt which b>ve been di^<;ri^«d by ib in,iny voyage writers. The whale bone 4r blubbtfr wlwlc, ilw fpctiMceti whale, the great fea- fnakc, and the krakni, Icein to have been all delcribed, in cjie holy (criptures, under the general name of leviathan - tor that word iinpiio not a particular nih only, buta buf.v an(lcr, or fi(h of a prodigious fiae. For want of knowing tliti, tliolc beaatiful palFa^rs in the Ikio'ic of Job,, w! ere leviathan ii licfcribcd, haare been frequeatlf mifuftUcrlloud. iNo. 49. ^ SECT. Ilf. ^HmmH^UjMhVt 'nidtmde, iff, _ n«)w :¥i#^ftf (iMty dtlMpion»i jpfcihaAodtlHi tjsaft ar<>, find to be neither lb ||H, nor lo rpbiift w th<|(s ^-* iflliahit^tbi* Ttmnounv borwrtAiMrktkat.fbTlciit r. Ttnd >bi|vV« .fsunder fam.. XiK k»ir. aitd mu »r fi^mtgfVM. Mm o( niightw^oMir iii»iHi»»(« at a»^ o«Mr mUpih 1, 4nJ it dark «oa{it)(xi||tr'i* M tM» bfci«, i|M afiMrcqnHplMii^flinlMir' lMeedt|i«dre]r«in«gener% ' biw, ;or of * light gitty : and tbcv diflw lo cfcrr n^ilb firefD^J^ l lie Cwtbcr to tb« lioith, anHMF - ' a£iDilP«r ftatwte, nn*4IUttirvif^!e,.b|Kii. bair, an^a br9w|i «0«>lMH|> The Norwegian* arc in fpne|a brifl^^a(E<|^,e.jM,f»viM . ^t«ri> joxmnsifintik Miiths ; all tb«. Ibfr^tA^^f the Norwagians, who live intenU, te* iiMhllit; ' peatiing fine, have the (earns covered with cloth of dif- ferent coloor. The peafant* of one parilh ate remarkable for wraiing white cloatlu edged with black ; the drefs of another parilh is black edged with red ; and ;hat «f aon- ther is all black ; others wew blick and yellow -, and tbnt the colour of the doaths of the inhabitants variea in al- moft every parifli. On their head< they wear * flapped bat, or a liitia brown, grey, or black cap, made quite round, and Ae ftfam* adofn»d with black ribband*. They have gboeaof a particular cunftruftion without heels, confifting of two L DiccM, tli.c upper'ic«thet f«iting clofe to the foot> and ^« f role being joined to it by many plaits and folds. la winter, and when they tmveU they wear a fort of half boon, that natch -ip to the calf of tbe leg^ and ate laced on one fide ; and when they go on the rocks in th;; fiiow> they put on fnow-flioes : but as thefe are trouljefonK* when they have a great way to travel, tbey put on fnow- Ikaits, wliiclt are about as broad as the foot, but (ix or eight feet long, and pointed before ; tltey ai« covered un- derneath with tcaMk.in, fo tiiat the (jnooth grain of the hair turns backwards to tlie heel. With thefe fnow- Ikaits they Oide as faiV upon the fnow ai upon the ice, and „ with a fwifinefs exceeding that of any horfe. *< ' The lower clal't of peopl<; never wear a neckciotb, JOt "■- any thing of that kind, except when tliey are dre(^; "J, for their neck and breaft arc always open, and they let the ?■ fnow beat into tlieir bofoms : on the contrary, they cover '^" their vein*, binding a wollen fillet round tlieir wrifts. p- riiey wear about their body a l. do the cow- houfes, barns, flablcs, &c. . A hxm h»i tttnerally a mill beloni^Sng to it, firaaKd \\y' torn* rivulet ) Ixiklsa « finitli'i Kirt^. l/jK tUr CoUAtry, where timber for buHdiiij; i»*«f (ittte vk(\|g; t^Mre'^ *re ND UNiyE|S^ ^.Y^TEM OF GEOGppi^,Y^ „ s to Veep ihe provilions 11 quench their ihirft. Tliij thej undergo vMiliout the Ic»(f apiM-atlenliuimtf »told, or* fever, and withont rtioimor* ing. Of lieTuyingthelcaft difconterrt. On llie eonfr»r',) #(dyRo on liiiging merrily^ and with Mc'tdihle chearfnKl rt ft'and afecrtiy urtdfe^goths'hirdeft tabotilr inUgfntj^le fo|< (tiite Iktiira,' «|lih«Dif^mmriiont • ' -'>»f t u .' ;) No'hft finMHkabI* are'tlir ftr6f»| tonflirtftoilin of fW! many farm-ho jfrt as large as the feats of noblcraep : tjiefj ■ fiftiermelikn^ f^Jforiii* ptojilp' ,of this cMintry'. ■ T*(l jicai' high, and IwVe a riifciT Mlfolly 1 llttiJof.brilh rc»<-* rffloitilile ligeiher in prrtdigiouf ndm^' at« frrauently two ftorie< in tlie tiront, and (lie additinnnl bnildingt refenlWe a v)l lage. The oftnnion farmhoMtn have, bawtfVt.'ir, - ohiy dM ground^kior, andnootl^er uindow baf'% fquareholf ill the wall, which in rummer is left open ; but fn'wii^tei*^' or in vret weather, is covered with i wooden frame, 'oitr which it the inword' iranfpaMnt membrane of fonte i^i- inal that i« very i>rong. I'his U(At\ which -^i as liigli ^s; poiTibla, anfwert the purpofc of a chimney, by letting oMt^ tbffinoice^ Under the abave lioie there is gmerally^ltceid a^ig thick table, with Itenches round it t and at tbtv^- pefcnd it a high feat, which belongs feleljmo the mtiOer.' I.n tlie towna thel'c boules are covered with tiles ; but in the oniniry the people lav over the boardk the fippy bavk of bitch trees, which will not decay in many years. - They, corer this again three or four inchei thick With turf, Oli which there always grows grafs or moft. Tlie Norwegian* arc extremely tivit ih their b«htviour, arui are willing to do to another any friendjy aft in ''their vower. They are fo hofpitable, that a traveller teftldom< permitted to pay for his lodging ; for tliey think it tMt clir<, /o treat a ftrangcr aa well as they cah, and think he; ^vi^hem an honour by accepting of their civilities* yet; the {leirfint never gives his place at the upper end of tht ta- ble t» the greateft gucil that ever conies under his roof ; for he claims a peculiar right to that place. At Chril\niat, they keep open houfe for three weeks, during which their tablet arefpread and loadedwith the beft provilions theycan aflbfd. At Chri(lmas-eve, tl*ir hofpitality extends to the very birds, for whole ufe they hang on a pole at tiK bariw door an unthrcfhcd fheaf of corn, which draws thither tlic ' fparrows, and otlier fmall birds, that fcafl upon the pro- vjlion. The diet of the inhabitants in the trading towna it much the fame at that of the Danes ; but the peafants adhere to the manners of their forefathers : Oat cakes arc their com- mon bread ; but upon particular occationt, as at weddings, or otlier entertainments, tliey have rye-bread. However, if grain be Icarce, which is ul'ually the cafe after a very fe- v«re winter, (lie peafaiitii have recourfe to what even they eflcem a difagrceable method of preferving life, by boiling and drying the bark of the tir-trce, mixing it whh a little oatmeal, and making it into a foit of bread } and that slicy may think this food lefs difagrceable in times of fcarcity, they accoftom thenifdves to cat fome of it, when there is plenty of the better fort. The Norway peafants eftecm theii l»eft dainties to con- fift in mi!k. meats, and different forts of chcefe, on which they fpread butter, as on bread. The highland pr-faots arc (b fond of angelica, which grows very plen'itully in the mountains, tliat they chew it i:i a morning dried, and alfo uli: it as fiiuff. The people futnilh themfelvet with game in ihs moun- tains, and (he lakes and rivets afford ple.ity of frjfti-water firti. They kill cows, Ihccp and goats, for their winter flock, (Kittof which tliey pickle and fmoak ; and fome of il th'.y cut ill ihin dices, fprinkic it uith fait, then ilry it in the wind, .ind tat it like hun;; beef. They chew and finoak tobacco, and arc fond of brandy. The lower c'afs of people aic generally emploved in cutting > -jod, felling and Hoating of timber, burning o^ charvoal, and extrafting of tar. Many arc alfo employed in the mines, furijaccs, and (lamping mills -, all'oinna»i- gation and fi(iiii.g, bclides hunting and (hooting ; for every body is at hlierty lo purfue the game, cfpcci^lly in the mountain!!, and on the heaths and commons, where every pcaiant mav make ufe of what arms he likes heft. Thefe people -re inured to cold and hatdlhipt from tlvrtr i cUildhood: for in the latter end of November t'icy run \ ahvtit b?re-foo«ed, even upon the icc. The mouniuinccs, »ho daily go in the wo-od-i have frcquaitly t'leir bjards full of iciclM, and their bofouis full of fiiow. Our author fays, that In hit travels over (he highcil mou.itaint of Norway, which are coveicJ with fnow, and where horfcs ire of no fcrvicc, be hat fttn the peafants in great niimbers do the Wulk Ofuifft SftiiliiiS, WiiOnlV thC y {c£m SimCil tO iWjuii ifl fttcsigth. When ibtj have been in a profufe fwcat, he faw ihemtlirow thcmfelves every half hour upon the fnow, f»r ibc fakcof it* refrcILing coolncft, and tfvcn fucked it to bert about tlw niddl* of j.inuRry, to matte -their winter' hatVefloftlic rich ptoducc of the ocean. The people of i(it¥f latiiityift thtft'ltines Mi^* 4vi* thctri fivfc (Wlix'^cekl' pr<»ViHo«<»,«#hicWt)hl«fly«on6«'4MHwlffl»ii THeykerJ outiat Matt illjrlikiwl a gMK|^riMri^ In this couWry, ^gwcuhaw-lil left biirtheitifoit** to th^ hulbandman than in other partt j for he doft'ftdt hete ttill- iH thk^jdt of an <>ppre*iv«e IdttT; hut the frtfittof Wis la- l>oor, as ill (he Hritilh dominioiit, itre his ahfoliite and eer- taiit property. But, on tlib other hand, it ii in many places attendtd with fereatlincbnvenicriee and fafjguet for thelitldf cb'ifift of litlie fpott of ground aniong tlie rocks, mSny of which nia(t be dujj inftead'of being plbwtd, par- ticularly in the diocjfc of Ikrgtn, wherc'the foil it fcfc' fruit«'ttl, and affords few places Vrhete tlie plouglicat^'ht^ ufed. Infifead of this, they fomMmes Qf<^ a cro6ft.-d ftl6k, with an iron at the end, which yielding ealicr to the ilones, is not fo fubjcft to break. Nor it tht) harvcft without itf difficulties i the grain, according ^> the old cuftom of the pieafahts, not being mowed with' a fcythej etcejpt about Cbriftiana, wheni it is lately come into ofc, but ^Qt with a fickle ; for the corn often grow* fo thick and cjofe, and' the ftalks are fo apt to bend with tht weight of the ear*,' that (he reapers grafp theftemswith one hatid, white theyi cut tlitin with the other, and then bind them in (heave* J'>- that tluy may be thoroughly aired'and dried, agniat nura-- bcr of (Kiles are fct up in the fields, aiid fu orciglil (licavis Ining to each pole. No waggons are ufcd in harveft work, except on the frontiers, where they have been introduced ; butinftcad of them, the Norway peafants ufe fledge*, and are prejudiced' againft any ether kind of vehicle, even in place* where waggon* might eafily travel, though their work would be performed wish much greater cafe and expedition. But iit this and every thing elfe they are fo I'upffrftitioudy trnatiottt' of the cuftoins tranfmittcd to them by tl'eir (otifathers'," that they will not venture to move a (lone which'their pa- rents had plnccd in a particular fpot. Some of the inhabit.in's piucure a very good main- tenance by catchi;ig o( bird? ; but it is iiripoflible to give a juft idea of the fatigue and danger with which the people lisarch for the birds in the liii^b and fleep rocks, many of which are aliovc; two hundnd fathoms perpend irular. Thefe people, who are called 'lirdmen, hive two methods of catching tliem : they either climb up thefe perpendicular' rocks, or i«re let dowr from the top by * ftrong and thick' lopc. When they climb up, the'/ huve a latjje pole of eleven or twelve ells in lengrh, with an iron hook at the end. They who arr uiidtnicath in a hf»a:, or ftand on a cliff, fallen ihis hook to the waiAb«id of -he man's breeches who climbis, by wl-.ich meant they help him up to the lii^hclf proje£lion he can reach, ard (m lils (tct upon.' They (lien lielp up aiiotlur to the fame plucc ; and when* they are both up, give each ' it bird-pole, and lonp tope,' which they tie at c.ich«nd round their waill. The one t'.ieii climbs upas high as he can i and where it is diflictilt the other, by putting hi.s [lole under hi-, lucech, pulhe* him up, till i,e gets to .i good (landing- place. The np- petr.iort of the two then liclps the «;ber up lo liim with «• rope ; md thus they proceed till they get to the part whettf^^ the bir^i build, and tbcrr they fearcli for them. '*' As they have many dangcvcu.! places ftill t« climb, on^ always (eeks a coin;nieiit ('{Kit where lie can Hand fecare by being able lo hold biniklf fail, wliile the othci i*' climbing about. If the latter Ihould lupprn io Cip, he it held up by the other, who (lands hr.n ; and when he has paflisd in liifely thole dangerous pl.»cf-, he fixes himfelf in ;!ie tmiii iiianiicr, (iiai iic inav cnaiiie the other to com» lafe to him -, and then tliey clinibei alxiut after birds where they pleafe. But lontctimci at -ideiin happen ; for if onf docs in)t Hand (iim, ot is too weak t« fuppnrt the other when -J^,; ,*»*, l'^: frirp. OPE.] N R W A V. m »» »j A-- i8i» when he flipt, tl-.ylxith fall «nd are k Hied ; «iid every year fomc jwrifb m this nunjier. On their tliuj reaching the places thut are-feldoni vifitod* they find the hirdi (b tame, that they may take them with their hands, they being; nnwilling to leave their young; bat whrre they are wild, they throw a net over tl»cm in the rock, and en- tangle tlKHc that are Hying, with a net fixed to the end of tlirir polet. Thus they catch a vaft number of fowls, and the bK3Bt keeping underneath them, they throw the dead bird* into it, and foon fill thevelfel. "^ if the weatlter continues fa^murable, and there be a great deal of game, the birdmm fometimes continite eight d»yi together on the rocks ; where they find holes or cawrnt in which they can fecurcly take their repofe. In ti^t calk they dtaw up ptovifions with lines, and boats are kdpt xoibing and going to ctirry away the game they have caught. At nijny of the rocks are lb deep and daitg^rou!), ibat thty cannot polTtbly climb up them, they are tnen let doivit frMt'obovet when they htveaflrong tope, eighty br» hundred itoiom long, and about three inches in tluck- nefs.' One end of it tiic birdman feftcns about his waifi, and then drawing it bAween his l.-gs, lb that he can fit on it, he is let down with his bird-pole in his hal\d, by Cn men at top, who let the rope fink by degrees, but lay a piece of timber on the edge of the rock, for it to Aide on, to t>revent its. being tern to pieces by the (harp edge of tlie flnnes. Another line is faftened round the man's waift, which he puHs to give ligns when he would have them pull liim up, Ici him lower, or keep him where he is. He is in great dangie'r of the ftoncs loofening by the rope, and falling upon him ; he therefore wears a tliick furred cap well lined, which fecutts him from the blows he may re- crive from fmall Aoncs ; but if large ones fall, he is in the grcaicft hazard of lofiiig his life. Thus do thcfe poor men often expofe themfelvcs to the jnofl imminent danger, merely to get a fubfiflencc for their femilics. There arc feme indeed wlio fay thcie is no ha- zard in it, after itiey arc accuftomed to it ; but at firft the rope turns round' with them, till their heads are giddy, and they can do nothing to fave themfelvcs. They wlio have le.irnt the art, make a play of it j they put their feet againft the rock throw themlelves fcvcral fathoms out, and puih thtmfclves into what place they pleafe. They even kocp thcinfclves out on tlie line in the air, ?.nd catcli with tlieir poles nanibers of birds flyingoutandinto their holes. The greateft art conflfts in throwing themfelvcs out, fo as to fwmg under the projeflon of a rock, where tl : birds gather togrther : here they fix their feet, loofcn ihcmfelves from the rope, and fallen it to a flone, to prevent it fwing- ing out of tlicir reach. When a man has done this, lie climbs about, and catches the birds either with his hands or lliepote ; and when he has killed as many as iie thinks pro|x;r, he tics them together, faftens them to the fmall line, and, by a pull, gives a flgn for tlioi'c above to dnuv them up 1 he birdman works ull day in this manner; andlwhcn be W.1IUS to be drawn up, he either gives a fignal to thole above, or, with his btlt full of birds, works himt'cif up with his hands and ft-et. If there are not people enough to hold the rope, he fixes a poft in the ground, faOciis his rope to it, and ilidei down without any help , a,lcr which, he goes to work as before. In fomc places there are flccp clefts of a prodigious fize lying under the la id, and vet aliove two hundred yards above the water, which arc Ilkcwiie vm V uiificult to be got at. They help one another down tlicfc clefis in the above manner ; and taking; aftroiig rope with them, fatten it here .ind there in the cleft where fllcy cm ; iiiul leave it all the fummci : they will run up and down upon this, andtakitthe birds v :ry cafily. To the beholders, this bi-d-catehinc appears incon- ceivably dreadful and dangerous, from the vatt height and exceflive flrepnefs of the rocks, many of which han(» ovor the lea. It fcems impoTiblc for men to enter the hole under ihefc projtftions, or i-y walk a hundred fathoms high on crags of i.jcks, whefe their toes can barely fix. Thcv rat part of thefe birds frefli, and part is hung up to drv foi the winter fc.ifon. Thefe birds afford the inh?,- bitaiits a grxid 'naintcnance, panly from their frathcrs, which are plucked and feiit to foreign parts, and partly from tt'eir Hcfli and eggs, and are lisnt to market, tiiout^h their colours and flies are ditfcie.it. The prcpic of Norway carry on a confidetsolc trade, both to Uenmnrk and foreign naiion:. They import wine, .-nd many other articles of luxury ; but their exports are much more lumicic.is, conlifting of mails, timl)er, drat boards. o;ik planks, copper wrtnight and unwrought, ifon ill bars and cart into cannon, pots, .md (loves ) lead -in fmall quantities 1 marble, ittill-flohes, falhion, herrings, cod, ling, lobftcrs, cow-hides, goat-fkins ; the furs of ermines, martens, beavers, foxes, wolves, Ixars, Jcc. down feathers, butter, ullow, tMn oil, tar, pitch, juni- per and other berries, nuw, alum, fait, vitriol, and ' pot-aihes. S E C T. IV. Treating if the laHguagt, Imui, rtligitiiy and gtvtrtimciit of Ntrway; alft tf it) j^ur chief gmtrnmints, cr frtfiHor- Jhipt, aiiJ lot principal platts in Ihtl^ ^'"''^1^6' 'fll>l ftlvtr minu tf Kingfltrg, tbt niSSmaH*^Bmrp7ol of Mtijk''s, and pay them into the receiver's hands. They have nine provincial courts, over which .ire the fame number of judges : there are alfo inferior judges, each of whom, in conjunflion with eight aiTiftants, has the power of deciding ra-'-s within his diftriA. Befides, in the four chief cities of Norway, viz. Ciiriftiana, ChriAiaiil'and, Bergen, and Drontlnim, are prefidcnts ap- pointed by the king ) and under thefe, as in all other towns, arc collyAors. There arc likeuife colle£tors of the toll, comptrollers over the farmers of the duties, a.id com- milFaries of provifions, in this part of the dominions of tlie king of Denmark. Nature has divided the main land of tliis kingdom into two parts bv the immenle chain of mountains called Dofre- field and L.ingfield, which feparate tlie weftem and nor^ tlicrn parts, that lie near the fea, from the fouthern and caftcrn, or inland parts. Here it muftTjc obferved, that the highlands which lie to the fouthand call of thefe moun- tains air called Sondcnfield or Southland ; while that is called Nordcr.tiold, or Northland, which lies novtli of Dcfrcficid, and weft of Langfield towards the fea. '1 his country, according to the political divifion of it, confiflsjof four general governments, two of which, namely, Chrifliana and Chrillianfand, which lie on the fouth ; and Hcigen and Dronthcim in the north part of the ki.""^ dom. The ecclefiaflical divifion into four biflioprics, is .igrrrablc to the civil ; and the bilhoprict are fubdivided into provofUbips and pariihes, as the general governments arc fubdivided into prefeftnres, and diftrifts or fiefs. , The king of Dcivnark receives annually a revenue of S upwards Thk new aho universal of eislit hufiiitcil thottfutd ris-dolUn from ^ m p0 apwtrdi Norway. i. llw hiyft md tifhdi mm wKt nt 'ukM Marwy i» tnat of ChriiGan% «• AfntrlimM, ^ the Ibuth part of 'the luiigdaaik ltrwliiefi| city ii QtfiftlMU, Wiidlii raid tble ike bcjK hdRtllpA theUlipiom : IrMJwtoMr K Imiltt ii of a cenlkknUe extent, md carries otHrlwir' trade. Tbn* tt» |6«era#aA*1Miep^€MMim fide, and here are ntld the general aitd provincial hidi •ourtt of judicature. 1 1 hat a wodc h9n Vunn ; thrmigh the fitft ram a river, whidi ribs in ManAhin. Tne city itandi in fiftj-niMrdegreci VftyMttiiiutci mnn htitnde^ lind in ten d^ikei 8|||iln niMpicaft Joiuitnde. "tbe laaal ii moan* ttunnu MM woi^, but the fa)li«i we t«leraMv fhii^l, being watered bjr many lakes and rivokts, wliich pafs threqfeh the country, and fall into die BaldA. Here are fevetanes-ports, particularly Healwren, where the filhirtg- trade aCbrds a ptMty confiderable incooae^ 1 he town of Kongibeig, in this government, contains •bout eleven thoufand fouls, among whom are a congrega- tion of Daitcsi and another of Oermans. In the year tt66 a taint ^vas Tct up in ^ia towni and in 1689, tiia mitie college was ereAed. Koiu;(bcrK it moft remarkable fer its filver mines, wliich are the rioMft in all Norway. Tbefe were difeovered in i6a^ npon which the town was ' immediately built, and peoplea with German minr.s. Iq •7i,r, forty-one ihafts and twelve veini were wrought in tl><- t'wr'reviers of this mine, in which Ibtce thonfaml five hundred officers, artificersv and labowrert are nfutfy cm- p!oyed. The rich ore in this mine is found onljr. m dif- •erirj (Irata and interrupted veins. Even pure filver is f.riietimes dug out of its and in 16^7 fome gold was found among the filver, of which lung Chriwan IV. ciiufed the famous fiilien ducati to be coined, with this legend, Vide Mira Domini, " See thi* wonderfol works ot the Lord." In the year 1697, a vein of goM was dif- o- , -f here, of which ducatt were toined, which on one «t WMW^MnnA.m wt^ over theic ntadi, toakhtlwfidmMii, i»itt«xtii|n«haaard of their livM. inahctoifidwrodK ;riy , Tnia Mvemnlieni confint 4il^aa4 1643, and is thuit called firom il* foundei;, aiW theg^faodaf; or flrand, on> which it it built. It is of a fi)uat« fbnii».i and the ftreets aro broad, rcgul:;:, aiMl haiidfilliie. It* fitnation ia very commodious, three fidei of it bn!i$f^froanded either with frefh or fiilt water, and' on the fcnirlh it hu a communica- tion with fine mcisdows and dw mountaim. In i7j4tha church, with the greateft part of the cityi wasdeftroycd by fire. Amdal, thowh a fmalt tptni, ia remarkalde for iu fitu- ation on a rock in the midft of 4ia river Nid. It has a good wharf, and moft of the bofHim ftand on the acclivity of the rock, the reft being btlilt on piu* in the water. The ftreets are onlv formed of bridge* o^ boats, by meant of which the inlubiunts go firpm houfe to houfe. Th« water it of fufficient depth §i)t the largtd Ihipa - lis along fide of tlie bridges. Aa tiie church fhiids high, yid , Soft on the fumini' of the nek, there ia an afcent to it > n the honfci hy a frtat ntmbier «t fteps Itewn out of ^ the rock- Tin- inhabitants make a good ufe of the cumo .^ modioli tituation of lUt town for trade, by employii^g ^ 'tnaiiy Clips and dealing largely in timber. in. Bci]|en is froan tw<^hu! ired and forty to three hun- dred miles m length. 1 his guvernment contains only tha iiagle prefiediurc ot Bergenhuus, including Cnen diftriAs, aiM the fame number of provoftfhi^. Thi* country is . very populous, aad ia rtmarkable for ita having feven mar-^ f We quarries i Mt producea lit*i corn. "^ Theciiyef Bargeri, which .> tlie capital of this govern- t ment, has the greateft trade in alt Norway. It is fititatc, are taught. Tnii l cj car* riei on a large trade in all kiiidi of (iih, tallow, hidei, and timber i and the return* are moAly mad* in com aitd foreign commoditiei, A range of Iflandi extenda from the north-eaft to the foiuh-weft of Urontheim, aitd between thtin and th* continent rum a large bay called Weft Fiorden. Amotig the iflands above-mentioned it a iMnarkable kind of cur- rent, or whirlpool, called the Mofluwftrom, inthefixty- eighth de«M of latitude, near rhe iiUnd of Moffltoe, from which ihi« whirlpool takei ita name. lu impctooui roar- ings are heard at a great diftance, and have no intermiffion, except for a quarter of an hour at the turn of high and low water, when itt vioiniM Aemt at a ftand, and ttbennen ventuie upon it wit^ »Siir boau : but thit motion foon re- tumi, and giadu: -«reafei till it forms • vortex, capa- ble of abfoiUng v>.''' urrr comet within itt influence; thit b fappoied to be cauM by the coUifion of the wavet rifing and fiiUing at the flux and reflux, agalnft a ri4ft of rocki and fliehm, wbkb confine the water, fo that tt pre- cipitaiei like a cataraA i and tbut, u the higher the flood rlfet, the deeper muik be the fall, fo a whirlpool if the na- tural confcoDcnce. At the tinv of flood, the ftream runt up the country between the iflandi of Lafeden and Mofltne, with a boif- teroui rtpidity ; but the ttiar of its impetuous ebb to the fea it fcarce equalled by the ioudcft and mo.l c*re:,dful cataraftt, the noifcbeing heard at feveral lei^juet diftance. The whirlpool it then of fuch extent and depth, that if a fhip comet within itt attraAion, it it iiteviubly abforbed, and dalhed to pieces againft tlve rockaat the bottom. But when the flream is moft boifterous, ar. I its fury heigh- tened by a ftorm, it it daiigerous to come within one Nor- way or fix Englifh li^Iet oT it \ for that boat; . Ihips, and yachts, have been drawn into it from a (..tUiice which they imagined fecured them from itt attraAion, It fre- quently happcnt, that even whales coming too near the flream are overpowered by its yioleace, which they no fooner feel, than they fill the air with dr:adful bowlings during their ftuitlcft ftrugglet to difengage themrelvei. Even large firs and pine-trees, after being abforbed by the current, are thrown up agnin with their trunks fo broken and torn, that (hey feem as if covered with briftles. A bciir once attempting to fwim to the ifland of Molkoe, in order to pre* upon the /heep at pafture in the ifland, af- forded the like fpcAacle as that of the whale did to the people 1 for the flream bore him down, while his hideous roarings reached the (horc. IV. Urontheim, Trontheim, or Dronthen, is the largeft government of Norway' It licj along the coaft of the North fea, being, about five hundred mile* in length, from fuutti to north. I< har tlie North fea on the weft, the government of Wardhut on the north, ' "^'.t of Ber- grn on the fouth, and on the eaft it is if : ted from Sweden by a long ridge of mountains. K ' xt; ds from the fixty-fii > U of Norway, it feaud on the cokJkof the Nonheiti ocwui, on a Uttlegulf at the moutli of the rivet Nlder, Atom whence I it wat antiently oiled Nidrofia. It it about two hvndred and twenir milet diflant from liergen to the north-caft. It hu a harbour, pretty well frequented by fmall vefBjt, though very incommodiom for Urge oiict, the cntnuKe being ohftruAed by rocks. It wat fiirmerly the refi- deiica of the kiiigt of Norway, but the toWn being onl/ built with timber, wat reveral timet burnt down, and 11 very much decayed from its antient f^lendor. It hat nei* thcr ditchet nor fortiiicationt, being only indofed by a fingle wall. Itt eaftle it not ftrong, and fuflaincd but t few days fiege, wiien the town wat taken by the Swedet, in 1658. The Danet took it again that fiune year, the a 1 ft of Deeember, after a fiege ot two moiitht and a half, IS Puffendorf obfervet, in the life of Charlei Ouflavut* " king of Sweden. It it the litat of an arcbbifliop, the only one in Norway. The cathedral, which was dedicated tti St. Olaut. wat a ftately building, and reckoned one of the moft _ i)6agnificent in the northern countriet ; but it liat now in mint, being deftioycd by fire in the year 1 jaa. Thit town hat a pretty confiderable trade, confifting in fmall maftt, and fir-deals. They alfo (hip ofF bete a large quantity of cepjper, the mines of which are eighteen or twenty milet diftant from this town, near the village of Stcckby. At the diftance of fix miles from thefe m'mes there it a filver one, belonging to the kinf(. The other merchandize exported from thence are, iron, tar, furs, a. ir, .ad leaves little or no fpace to be called fpring. T!>< )j'o;1:;')ions, therefore, of tre earth ought to bf, a* < •••5 tai!/ arc, more (p.-eily in their growtli than in m>' r:- io j'h'-: c juutrics ; the rcalbri of wbich fcems to be, h»: ri'jc osi and fulphur in the earth (at appears bv the tree^ .; hJ ^vinciali it producer), being bound up all the winter, are iii!.n en a fuddvn actuated by the heat of the fun, which almoll continually Ihines, and (hereby makes amends for its Ihort ftay, and brings to maturity the fiuits proper to the climate. The heat in fummer is (9 intenfe, that it often fcts the woods un /ire, which foroetimc* fprcadi itielf many leagues, and can fcarce be ftopt, till it comes to fume lake, or very large plain. In the fummer feafon the fields are clullied with variety of flowers, and the whole country overfpread with ftrawberrics, rafberries, currant!, and the like \ which grow upoit every rock. In tlieir gardens meloni arc brought to good pcrfrflion in dry years, but apricots, peaches, and other wall-fruits, aic almoft as Icarcc as oranges. They have cherricji of fcveral Ions, and fomc tolerably good, wliicli cannot be laid of their apples, pears, and plums, which are neither common, nor well-tatted. All kinds of roots are in plenty, and contribute much to tJv* noarilhment of the pour people. The fun, at the bighcfi, is alxive the horizon of Stock- holm eighteen hours and a half, and for fonie weeks makes a continual day : in winter the days are propoitionably fhorter, the fun being up five hours and a \\M , which defcA is fo well fupplird as to lii;hts, by the moon, the whitcnefs of the fnow, and the cicarncls ot tlu- Iky, that travelling by night is as utiial ai by day ; and jciirncys aie begun iii the evening, as frequently as in the nioining. The want of the fun's heat is repaired by Hoves uiihiii- doors, and »arm furs ahiuad ; inflcad of uhicli, the meaner foit ufc (het p-lk their condition, and the climitc they live in, than the common pcojie ia any part of Euroj^e : though where anj^ ncglc£l or failure happens, it ufually proves fat. i, and occafi»ni the lofs of nol^, or oilier inemberi, and fomtiiuits of life ; unlclt the ufual remedy to expel the froll, when it has feiaed aity part, be carefully applied, wbich is, to remain in tlic cold, and tub the part affeaed with Ihow, till the blood returns to its pioper channel. 'I'heir woods and vali foretts ovcilpread mucti of tlir country, and are, foi the no'\ part, of phxi, fir, beech, birch, alder, juniper, and lome oak( tfpecially in tlie province of Bleking in South UothUnd ; the trees grow- ing, in moll places, lo dolis together, and lying to rot, where they fall, that (be wood< are fcarce pafliible. 1 hefe afford a plentiful and cheap firing , and, being generally vcryllraight and Ull, ate cafily convertible into tiiul^erfii ht all ufes. So that the Dutch bt^in now to export, from hence, boards, and mads for th.ir fhipping, which piove as good as thofe uf Norway. In the parts near the niinet the woods arc inuCh dcftroyed, but that want is lb well lupplied from diflant places, by the convenicncy oFiive.* and wintcr-carriagesi that (hey have charcoal above fix times as cheap as in England i though, indeed, it is not half fo good. The piincipal lakes in Sweden ate, the Vetter, the We- ncr, and tlie Maeler. The tirft is In Oftrogothia, or Ealt-Gotlilaud -, and is remarkable for its foretelling of ftorms, by a continual thundering noife, (lie day belott, in that quarter whence they arvfe ; at, alio, for the fudc'en breaking of the ice upon it, which fometiires ftirpnli^ travellers, and in half an hour it becoiues luvigable. It is extremely deep, in fome places above three hundred fathonls, though no part of the Baltick fea exceeJs fifty. It fupplies the river Molala, which funs tlirough Noiko- piiig, where it has a fall of above thirty fbct, and, foide winters, it fo choaked up » ith ice, that, for many hottrt, no water nafles. The fccoiid is in WcArogothia, or VI ti- (iothland, from which ilTues (he river Chre, tlur, lulling down a rock, near fixty feet, pafTes by Goticnburgh. The third empties itlclt at Stockholm, and fiirnifhcs one fide of the town with ficfh water, as the fea docs the other with fait, I'hefc, and abundance of other lakes, whereof many, like ponds, have no vent, arc not ill florcd with variety of hfh » as falmon, pikes, perch, tench, trout, eels, and many o(her forfs, unknown elfewhcre ; ' of which the moll plentiful is the ftreaiiiling, a filh left thatt ' a pilchrr, taken in great qu&ntitics, lalted in banels, and '' dilliiliuiedallovcrihe country. Uefides,tlicgulf of KinlanJ, ' which leparatcs Sweden tVuiji that province, abounds with ' tails, otnhich a confidcrable quantity of train-oil is made, ' and exported | and in the lakes of Finland are g eat qu.-in- ' titles uf pike, which ilicy lalt, dry, a^id fell at very clieap' latcs. '1 lict'e lakes are of great uk for the convenicncy of carriage, in furamer, by boats -, and, in winter, by lied* : and aitioiig them, and on the fea coaft, are almoft innu- merable iflands, of different fizcs ; whereof there arc, in .Swed>n, above fix tlioufai.d which are inhabited ; the tctt arc either bare rc'c'ts, or covered with woods. Ill places capable of cultivation, the foil is tolenibtf fruitful, tliuu^li fcldom above half a foot dc^p i andUiere- fore more eahly plowed, Xi it frequently is, by one luaitl and an ox : and it is geneially belt where there is leatl of it, that is to fay, in the little (paces between the rocks i and fieqiiently (he barren land, lieiiig eniiched by the alhet of trees burnt on the place; wIktc they grow, and tlic feed raked amniig tlie allies, prudoi;cs a plentiful crop, with- out further cultivation. This practice is to antieiit, ilut thiir writers derive the name of Sweden frem a w irj in th.ir 1 in^uage that cxprifbi it ; but the danjBr 1.4 dc Iroy- .;•.; I with ■' treaty ; ' I thict ' (K 'land,';'*' wi.b;;« naJe, ■ .t clieap' icy of fledt t innu. ' c, iii e le* rabtf' luaiii attof •cki I . alhct - ; Ifci witli- iliat .'^ irj in 'rov- mi ■ r.r iiig tk« yitao^ \\»%, o( Uu, occafionad fnflic law to limit tli«r cuOoni. Utile iitlialntaiitt wcic iiiduftiiom, abott wlial nc^i/ily Iwn* llirm to, l(M)r aii^lit, at leaf), tiiv* (xrii IWAcKiit ol (htir ovkiii hut, m thingi arc iti.inaftcd, th*y lMt« Hot, nor ran Uicy fabliO wiliMM great iropocta- tiwii, ul all foil! of f.f^M, from Livonia (a country nine btivitgiitg to Sw«den), and oilier parts of Ciennany adja- Gt'itt u> the Baltick Tea: and, iiolwitbftanding tbcte fup- pliei, tbr pooratt rort« in many placet remote from traf- iic, are obliged lo grind llie baric of birth-ticea to ntii With tlicir corn, aiid make biead, of which they have not ■Iwayt plenty. in thii, at in other nortbern couiiirtcn, the cattle arc generally of a very fntall nly '' UlCy UU||li,, «„« ,*# *v,nw«w .uv tum^,,,, w • greater diilwce : and unkft the king abates a confidcrable pert of the piofti arifiiig to the crown from thii n< r, > i( belfevrd u will, in a liiw ycart, h« at a ILmii, cipeciai. v i# the dtliitni of making cnputr, n hich are on hiol eltewherv, do like any lolciable itfM, The cupper ycaily made out of this mine amouiilt to the value ot about two Iiuii4i«4 Ibouland p««iidt, nl which Ilia kmp has a fourth part, not by way Of ure-emp«ion, but in kind \ bcfldst wbieh, h« hat, upon tlie lemainder, a cuftom of Iwenty-flvc per cent, when il is etuortrd unwrought. Jiome yean ago a gen' ilcnian of Italy came into :swetJen. with propefali to mak* copp'-r a (horicr and cheaucr way than bad MU then been piafi d, lb at lo make Hiat in 6ve dayt wDKh before re- quired ihrec weeks, and with one A.'tti patt of the charcoal, and with fewer hands. I'be bargain wai made, and his rcwaiil to \(licuUy that lie obtained ItaTe tobuy oie, and piii.'lile bis I'lveniion at hit owncliarge. Here ere great number* of iron milirs and forget, tfpe* cially towards tlie mountainous parts, where they bavciha '-onveniency of watei-fallt to turn their millt. From th- *•• >eridM fiipplying Ihe country, there ia yearly exported ' ; ,', 10 the value of near three hundred ihoufand poandt. )'n^< of late ycar^ ibc number of thefe forget hat been i. .t-iK^ incrtalcd, that each endeavouring It, nnuer-liel! otl'r.t, ' ' (irice has been much lowered. And fiiice the prohibitioi^ ot foreign manufa^ures, in exchange of wlticn iron waa plentifully liken off i it i« giowii lb clieap, that it is found iieccllaiy lo ii'lllii liie iiil depend upon thc!e forget and mines, will be deprived of ilic meant of I'ublifteiKe. ' Aaiheaccountwhirb Mr. Wiaxall, a late traveller, hat favoured ut with, of his dcliient into the iron mine* at Danmora, is both curious and ilVcrefling, we Ihall hero t aiifcribe it for the ialitta£)ion of our readers : " We lay, fays this gentleman, at a i>roity village called Oiiarby, and went about three miles, the next inorning, to fee ihe mines at Damnura. They arc criebratrd for producing the fineA iron ore ;n Europe, the. iron of which it eipnrted into every co^mrry, and contlitutes on« of the mou important fcurces uf ihe national wealth and royal revenue. TIm ore is not dug, as in rhc mi les of tin and coal which we have ill England, bul is lorn up by powder. This operation it iwrlbrmed every day at noun, and is one of the moft tte»' rocndout .nd awful that can be coneeived. " We arrived at the moutii of the great mine (which ia near half an Englifh mile in circumference) in time to be l-icleiit at it. Soon alter twelve, the explofioii bega.. : I cannot cumpare it lo any thing fo aptly as fubterraneon* ihuniier, or rather vollies uf artillery difcharged under ground. The Ihmcs aie thrown up by the violence of the powder to i, vaft height above the furface of the eanh ; and the concu&ion is to (•reat, as to fhake the furrounding earth, or rock, on every fide. I felt a pleafure, mingled with terror, a« I \mv.% over this vaft and giddy hollow, to the tottom of which the eye in vsXa attempts to penetrate. As foon 13 thi explofions were finifhcd, I determined, however, to delirend into the mine ; wbich there is noway of doing, but in a large deep bucket, capable of containing tiiicr pcrtons, and fattened v> chains by a rope. " The inipeftor, at whole lidule I had flcpt the prc-ced' Ing ni|(,ht, took no little psint to ditfuade me from the re- folution ; and aflured me, not only thxtthe rof<^ or chain* fometimei broke, but that ilie fnow and ice which lodged on the fidc< of the mines frequently tumbled in, znd do- ftroyed the workmen \ nor could he warrant any abfolute fecurity from one or both of ihcfe accidents. Finding, however, that I was deaf to all his remonftianCes, he pro- vided me a clean bucket, and put two men into it, to ac- company me. 1 wrapped myfelf, therefore, in my «eu coat, and (lepped into the bucket. The two men foilow- ed, and we were Id down. " I am not alliamed to own, that when I found myfelf timt fulpendod between heaver, and earth by a rope, and looked Aowr, into the deep and dark ab)fi below me, to which 1 could fee no termination, I Ihuddered willt appro- heiilion, and half repented my curiofity. This was, how- . ever, oikly a momentary fcufalion ; and i>efore I had de- r.-m.l-J -H lk..M..I«--.l &«» I lrknli«wt rAnii.1 mi th^ (e*nr- wilK »#» very tolerable compofure. I was near nine minutes before I could -< ' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 1.0 bi|2j8 |2.5 K* Ki 12.2 1.1 I'^l^ 'Am 1.25 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 873-4503 m \ V <^ '%^ C^ '<^ Tat NEW ANP UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEQCKAPHt. ^04 1 could reach rhe bottom, it being eighty fctbom, or four hundted and eighty feet. The view et the mine, «heA 1 fet my foot to tlM eanb« wat awful in ths highetk kjgiee. Whether terror or pleafure fdrmed the predo' minaiit feeling a» 1 looked at it, ii bard to bj. The li|iit«{ tbcdajr wa« very faiotly admitied iiito thefe fub> tonaneoiu cavern*. In manv jplacc* it wat alfo abfoiotei]^ 1«^fti and Aunbeaux uipplied in AJni. I ikw banMof woob Mittb fowe pwit, litomonewiif tbeTQcltMtQt •tbeV'whsmti^ngman ii*«apl*||lln boaring ltola»^fb#'^ ■tk^ ailmiffiaii of powdt«» uitb u noch unconwro a* I iwiuUlia^e felt in arty oMiiittty eisiflMrymem, thMtjfb'tlW' Itiaft di»xin«fi,.er even a tailure in prcicnring tbeir eaai- lifariun, mult liave made dwn lole their feat, and iaOk then: 10 pieces uainft tbcfognd fnrbcc of tb* rack bc> Keaib. A conmKnMDt Air lUe. in tbele horrible iraii dnnigDont, maft fnidr, of all Minifhricnn which hMliA fuBnItybu devifed, be one of^ the moft terrible. '> " I remained three quailcrt of an hour in thefe glaiMlkjh and ftighiful caverns,, and traverfed every patt ntfcendfl^^Mpared with ttiat on iMtw down, that I am oonvindHfti five or fix pnes moicT fltould have been perfe&lr inSfefcut to it, and «Mld iiave folved a Kohlem in maOMmatics, or oompofed a ibnwt. to my niuraftt in the backet, without any degiee of fright or apprehtnfion. So contemptible doei daiMjcror korror become,^ when familiarifed by continual repetwon, and fo firopg it fbe cfied of cuftpm on the human mind I" - ; ; peaking of the manner in which the naafantt tnatin- fk&nie the iron, the fame perfon makes tlie feUowing-w> mukt : " 1 have vifited fix or feven fm^/u eia my jownty, each of which conihuitly employs fipom four to fonttcea bundled workmen only in iron. Wherever there it a couiuiy feat, you may be certain to fee one of thefe &• hrics ; and no cydops were ever more dextrous in wafb* ing their materiut. I have feen them ftand dofe to, ^and hammer, in their coarfe frocks of linen, a bar of ore, ' tbt iieat and tcfiilgence of which vrere almofl infopportabia m Bte at ten fcetdiftance, and with the fparkt of which l|w]r an covered from head to foot. I had the pleafure of view* ing the wbtde proceft nfed to reduce the ore into iron, and > muft own it it ven c«irioni« They firft roaft it in the open air> for a confiderable time : after which, it is thrown inM a iitmaee, and, when reduced to fufion, it poured in» .jtiumber 10 a monU of fend about three yardt in length. Tbtfe > • ?'■£*• ** '^^ *** ^^ i>ai«d, are nest put into a Mge, healed to a prodigiont degree -, thev break offa hige piece with pncketi when red-hot, and this is beat to a Mcr^ce with hammers. It is put again into the fire, and from thence intircly finiUied oy being laid under an immenfe engine refembling a hammer, which it turned by water, aid ftment the rude piece into a bar. No- thing can exceed the dexterity of the men who condnft thit concluding part of the operation, u the ey$ it die fble gnidCf ana it ie4iiiret an exquifite nicety and {Re- dfion. SECT. II. Tn^ing t/lhffivtirtil griiMl jivifims tf Swtdm, iitiriK/- pnf^rfy /$ ttUid. rf^HE kingdoiti «f Sweden hat alwayt btM^COa&fendt Finland, SwedMh Lapland, and the Swediilk iflindt iit the Baltick t but, at vre obfenred, in our defcription of Huffit, Livofiia, and Ingria at prtfent apacfcdn tfrthat empire, having been conquered oy Peter thcOraat, and aficf waidt, by pofterior trettiet, ceded to the Rufbnt. Thofe proyipcet which at preftnt remain in iepoftf* fion 6f thoBwcHit, IM'di«Hli& WtHe MtoWiflf MMtewr : Sweden Piopv coBttinti Usiandia, Sudcnaartia, Weft> Cati>Un4. or Gotbu,. contaiu EaA 0)Mhi«ll, Weft vfuiiiiancr, anu uuuiii vsomrano. Finland comatM|Jir Kmhohn, Savolaxt%' •. Smdilh Lapku4|^ Unia Lapmaik, Pifika ] Lqimark, Kima X Sweden, RuOb, totrmmmi w« , of ikdiflinaiy aA#Hliln-ai«itioaed>^ U The Swedilh UiaiMit ■« 'Oothteal, Oci«i4;Oefei, iDtgOt Aland, Haghmd, and Rugen'.';*'' » ->■ - bwedcn Proper m hot m l ti «t.#Mraott| by ttftad't'' on the fbuth by Gilliitani(|:-«in at #fy|f the gulf of Bothnia : and the RMntiaS^ ftn iui# tWi^ froMLNor- way : extending fimit UiiMilM ty«fiv« bom eaftto weft, thougli p^tmj pi||(M it i%jiich narrower. The (.uuntry it firatiTal lhoiy||. «o1i|i|foout inlbmo partti abounds with rich mint of tftgMt, and aiibrda^^ conTciticncy of water andfjielfbr smnmg them, hit divided, at we have alrtat^ obfenred, Into eleven pattt s which are at follow : , 1 Ujpland, in Latin Uplindia, far^'rainmided on the nortn-eafi and eaft \mnbt fialtick ftft an the fouth it hu « pMtbr the feme fea,«liid part of Sllcipania. from whicb'*^ It h feparated by the lake of Midef ; en the weft it u^ bomded by Wefboania, and on tie north-weft 1^. Gef-<' trteia, .fiom which the river Sik pant tt. It extcndt^ about fevttiqr-iiTe iDilet fn>mf«M!thtoi«wh, andtbont. fixty-^ve fimaRl'iM to v«ilb. ' '•Mflk M« itany minei of „ iron and taad^yiiii fomeoffilm' The country it very ;. ^Enitful, an(l^piucei,i«nong(t MMrt, excellent Wheat. The moft conlliierabie d^t aiul Inwnt here, itrilow : V 'The city of SteeUiolia» tiie iJ || HiH lala>Wlndt which lio near one anotbcfr. It tabu up II piNWtt fix Of thofe iflandt. together wkfa ^ fontbem ami nofthem fid>iirbt i'? the one in the penl^hU of Toren, aql the other in Athundria. It V colfmonty Jhridad ihto four partt, which are Soniit-MabnL and NMMfitm, the two fo- burfat. between mhkk tb city ilaiiip& an ifland; the fonrthjpait it called OmUmiii thefe'iiw make logedier ifthcgrtaiieft tpMfetlinrope, with regarjhtotho •r of hoafta. «SIm iMtiritkin which the reateft are at f the whole kitif;- '^ name ftotn ita ufed inbaiM- i an ifland. It one of namely, a w ed tii Pioperr GethUnd, Livonw, Ingtia* part of Stockhoin it iUcMM^WRoun^ by two armt of a river. whiaii*iiiii wM 0M|t%M out of tbehdtt Maelcr: ever each ofthiftaantiiiNlft a wooden bridge. There are feme otfier iiktfi fepM|»AllRim the city but by finaU canalt.. From iIm city Wivfc a profpcft, oit one fid* over the Jak« and ogt, tpwhir over Uttft^ which here ferMt tnd^ «Wik, rai^yfeg betwom L- Ycral rockt, feem at It it ii<|i milliiii kkt. Tb« water it fo little brackifli iMfow Stodllgim, «Mt i anli, boitt ,at ^e city's diaige, ii alfo >* nobK edifice, and, Mtttber with ftverM magniSceat ihoufts of the nobility, all covered witb copper, tmtd ft liandfome prolWt The burghers' bonfet are j:bi«fly built with brick, n^ cept in the fuburbs, where tbty wre of timber, lind ihctc^ fuDJea to die danger «f fire, Whidi «Omnian|y, wHea M jnto Finbnd ; irhere the walls, and ieverpl fepara^oQS, •te built of pieces .of timber Uid one upon another, tnd joinedat the comer* i and afbrwatdk marked, taken down iwd fent by water t6 Stockholm, there to be ftt tip and Ifaiilhed; and, wh^ th^ .are kn>t in gpod fapafc, tMy will laft thirty or forty yeats ; and UK warmer, clomfier. ,and more healthful wan thoft of either bridt or t^it». To prevent the danper vi fire, the city is divided i#ti> .iwehre wards ; and itf eadi of tt^efe there is a mafier, and four affifiants ; who, .VjBon notice of any fire, tm immedi^ atelv to repair to it ( a^alfi^ aU pt^crs aik^ labouren, who Mnft range themlielves under the mafter of tlKir rcQ^c^vd ward. There it, bcfides, a fire-watsh by night, itlio walk .about onlv for that purpofe i and in ckIi church*fteeple a >watch it kept, who toilaabeUupQU thpifivft appearance ■9f fin. This city is governed liv the great fiadtholder, who4i •Ifo a privy.counfeltQr. He.llu onC« a week in the town- boufe, and prtiides alfc in the college of execution, aififlcd by an under-{ladthold( to him lire the four burcomafiert ; one for jnftice, another for trade, the third for the polity of the city, and the four^i has the iiilpeAion over all public and private buildinp, and determines ftsch cafet as arife on ibat'aoeouivt : with them the coUnl^Hors bf the city always fit, and giv« thatr votet, the majoritr of whicli concludes. Their number b tioceruin, but ulUAlly about ^rtotv* naoft iwrchanu an4 Ihop-keepers, or iVicb as h««e ferved tha^illf in fome info;- rioremplpymenti, peiKlet their (alUry, tbey hi^ve an im* inunity from fuch impofiih'ons *« f,n l*id on the inhabi- tants to fupport the KOvenMnent of the city i which mys all iu officers ar;d fei^ants, raaititains a guard of ibree hundred men, and defrays the.charge of all public build- )n» and repairs. To fopport the expepcQ, bcfides a duty belonging to the city, of goods imported u(d eaported (wbiah it about four per cept. of the cuftoms paid to the king, and amounts to about five tliou'and pound* per annum), ihenMgifitatw Impofe a yearly lax on the bnniier* ( in which lEey are tiBfted by a commootoowKil onbrty'«i|^t ^which cha(e| it* owA membanjti 'ivi maetsviety fpnng, to pi«poition jjbrc payment* for the enfiiiag'jtcar. Qn the tn4er* they lifually impofe forty, Cfty« or fixty found* fierliog ( and ri other* of « ggieaiMr «n)diti«i^a* Qtocijiuket*. taylni, five or iix pound*, and on no bonlekacpcr left tbaii fifteen (hillings : bcfidM ^vamriqg die guard*, infinriof oflker* and (crvanK m tbs eonrt. With other kibe charges i Shich altogolher ttovU be ttio«|^ a great tavdtn. av^n in chcr countries : neithtr i* ii ochtrwKe eftfcovd by tl)f iinhi^itant* of this city, who c^ fcwrco be kept in hem by the privilege* thejf enjoy, a* vrellio cuftom* 9* >» th« trad* of Uit places which muR needs m(* thtougb their hand* : for the native* of other part* or the kir.f^ro, as all fo^t {signers, are oUigcd to dul onl^ with the bi|r|h«;n ; ex4*pt th'-f? of the *^ptr*- wbf} ni*ir* iron * the" hsvir** the s£»- vikgc to I'eUlt to 'iUanfen a* (iiott u it U in«ni^auied. No. fQ. m Stockholni i* in a maiUier liia ftaple of iweMt tfe which tnoft of the good* of their own grosvth, a* inn, eoppar, wire, pjtch, tar, maft*, deal*, Arc. are broai^ to be exported. The greatefi part df ttir oommoriitia* im- ported from abroad tome to tbi* port, where Itkre it i haven capabk to nceive one tkonfaqd fidi of fliip*. and ha* a brran or kby near an Englifli mile long, to " "* the gfcateit vedkb may lie with tfakir bro onljrineorareniehce it, that it b ten miles froiD!| the river very crooked, and no ttdet. It m Baltkk, but is of daiigerous aoeefi, by rea(bitV«maBU 1 withiil, it it one of the molt coitimodioiis litntrope ; for the (hips of the brgeft fixe lie dofe to thg key, where they an fo fecarc ftou the wind^ thafdiey need neiti>er an- chors not cables to holo then|. It* entrance i* defended l>^ two fort*; The city of Up(U fiaod* on the bank* of the river Sal, «r 3ala, which fiub into the Uke of Ekolen, and b foni- two mile* diftani firom Stockbohq toward* die nordi-weft. It b a vtfy antient city, formerly the capital of the northj and the feat of the king.' It b divided into two part* by the river, which i* here pretty huge, and b fo hard frozem up in February, that a nit 1* yearly kjept thkri; upon tbo Ice in that moHth. The town b large, but Without any confidMwIe fortificuion*. Here b to be feen the fineft .chnach in the wbok kingdom ; namely, the cathedral. It is all ^ov|red with copp«r, and adorned wiA feveral tombs, •foedaliy^fe of many king*. In the ch^ behind the •Ifar, 'ftandt the monutnent of king Otidavti* in marble^ brtweeii the (Utues of hb two wive*, who Uc alfo buried here. In another chapd i* the tomb of kikigf ohn*« mSk, ^6 was mother to Sigilinond III. UngofTMand : it b Miade of white marUe. Abovk the'cityi on a ffeep hill| there b a beautiful caik, which i* fortified. It b very laicecbWIh after the Italiatfpimner, and h«* a noHe pi«f. pe&overttedty, which Wcommand*. ';^t .ci^ wak i|t firft a bUhop^t fee, and wa* fcreatad into SaiehbHIlOpric by nope AkjUnder 111. at the rtqneft of Off Chatkt, fuccefiqrto StErkk. Ste|^, whodbd in me jwar 1 1 j8, wm ^e fitftudilHihop of (hi* (ee 1 and JohaMagnoi, who, at the lapnation, refufed to admit ,^ Lutheran confeiBon, andrmnovcd ta Rome, was the twenty-fixth. Since hbtiinethtre bam been only phiteftaot trchbifliop*, who , do not live with the fefne pomp and Magniieence u the Roman catholk prelates uM to do i for tba.latter never appeared ih public without a retinue of dour Or fite hundved people on MrfebaCk to attend thetti. In tbfe univerfity of Uplkl there is a chancelloh who it always * neat minifter ot fiate ; a viM-ehancellor, always tkejirchonbcti arfef^ori choiito out of tte ptofeflbrs, of whom there are about twenty that have Midi ooo hundred aind twf nty pdunds a year falary. . The ordinary Hncobet of ibdenu is about feVen or eight himdred, fil^of wfai(% are piaintained by the king, and foihe few others wero foimerly by peripns of quality; The rei^i that cannot fubi^ of themfelves, (bend the vacalkn in pibefing ibo charities of the dioCefe they belong to, which is commonly |tinn^i;mip n>"ii butter, dried (Ml brfleih, tec. iipon «fhivh they iuhfiit at the univerfity tbb reft of die yiar. They do not Ihic collcgbtely, but in private honfes, wear no |9wns, nor phfef ve any other difcipline than what dif* ye wd to by their own necepy or dilpofition. TtK town of Engkoping >* a place of coiifiderabk trade ) it faXM about twcntyrflve mile* from Stockholm, to tht mftward, and twfnty-four from Upfal to tlie fouth, on tb* Ulu Nf ackr. Sudermaiiia is the nextdivifion of Sweden Proper : it it feparaKd from Upland, on the north by the lake Maeler; bouiidtd, on the Touth by Eaft Gothland ; on the weft by Nericia -, and by the Baltick, on the eaft. It is a populem country, extending fixty milet in kngth, and forty-five in breadth ; fruitful in corn, wine*, and timber, of whkh 1^ many (hip* are built ii this province. It it divided into Sudermania Proper, and the iSand of Feren, formed by tiK bkc Maeler and Rekame. It produoea abundwtco of corn, and has feveral ipine*. TJie capital city of tbi* province, called Nicopingi Hands on the Baltick, ^rty-eight mik* to the fouth* ward of Stockhokn. It ha* a good harbour, and a caftk, in. which the duke* of Sudermania ufed to tefide, and b t plaq; of fome trade. The fntU town of Stiengdmei* is fituated on the fouth fide of ditlake Maekr, andisth; fet'of a Uihop, who k fofrigsn to the metropolitan of Upiid. Oppoiitt to Iho intcriatioBt ii)thi; Rtjoic ch^r^r «vince dte intiouity of ■*^cight mile* to the wcflviard of Ar)x)gcn. Lindefaat i* lituaMid 1 1 the callward of the Lindenbeijg mine* : it it an incoqfi- derable place, and buih near a rivulet, whidi difemlwgue* itfrlf into the Ukc Maeler. Nericia is bounded on the caft, by Sudermania ; on the north by Wefimania ; on the fontbby Eaft Gothlaitd ; and on the.weft by part of Weft Gothhmd, and the northern extremity ol the lake Vettcr, or Veter. Thi* proviiiee contain* feveral lake* and rivers, of which the rivci Trofa feparates the (ountry into two parti, from weft to caft. Silver mines were formerly worked in this province, but at prefeut it produces only iroj^ fulpfaur, and allom. The chief pJKCsliere, Mid which alfe not very confideiable, are Aiebro, UeUfinerbcrg, Aikeri'cind, and Glanfli«mnie. Geftrkia is ^tueted between Dafecailia, the Bothnia!) gulf, and the riven Tynea and DaU. This ptovinca conuint three town*« namely, Gevalia, Bon»« Ijjid C*- peiberget : tlie former, W^S at the mouHi of tte river Hafoiida, which forms ii^Tlf that fcrvei at a good har^ hour; carriet on a confiderable trade, but the two kticr contain nothing very remarkable. ; .^ Hellingia it a very cx^nfive province, being bohnded, on the north by Jcmptia and Medolpadia ; on the weft and foutli-wcft ^y Dalecailiai on the footh bjr Geftricia 1 and on the caft by the Bothnian |ulf. The iithabi- untt employ tbenfelvet principally in fiihii^ and huntr ing : thecountiT i* mountainous and woody. Hudwickf- wald it the capital of this province, and it fituated near the iiothnian gulf; roGn, corn, timber, and bidet, are itt principal commodities, in which it carriet on a con- £derablc tntflSc. ... The town ofSoderhamn ha* a good haven belonging to it, formed by the mouth of the river Luifpa ; the oner townt, viz. Hien, Swegb, Korbole, Lufdal, and AlU, ate of very little impottance. Delecarlia, or Dtiecarlia, i* bounded on the wift and north by the mountain* of Norway ; on the caft by Hel- 6ngiaand Geftricia ; and, on the weft bv Weftermanra and V^ftmanland. Thi* province i* one hundred and fwtr- five mile* in length, and one hundred »" breadth ; it B fubdivided into what are called three vallieti yet though it i* fo extenfive, it contain* onlv a few very Inconfidenble village*. The mountain* abound with iron andcoMer.tnd fome of the mine* are extremely deep. It hath been fire- oaentlT obferved, that the greateft number of the revolu- tion* in Sweden have originated in thi* province ; on wbicb account the inhabiunts have been charaaerized a* more cottiageou*, bold, and ferociou* than any of the Swede*, a* well u pofleded of a more liberal fpint qf in- The principal village* are, i . Idra, on the river Etfitum, one of the fprings of the Dala, or Dalecarlia, which mm into the Silian Uke. This town is one hundred and twnty fix miles diAaiit from Hudwickfwald to the weft. i. Lima is thirty-tix miles from Idra to the foulh ; and i. Hede- mora on the river DaU, near the border* of Weftetma- nia i'» forty two miktdiftant from Upftl. Medolpadia is a very mouiHamou* cwintfy, and full of lorefts i it has tiK gulf of Bothnia on the ■aft Ancermania on the north, Jempterland on the rorth.weft, and Helfingia on the fouih-weft. It^ i« watered by three rivers, the moft northern of which ir called Indil, and runs throtigh the whole province length- ^ys The mok meridional one 11 named Miiinind. D The thiid» which nma bMMlsl thelit two. it tb* IhwUcftt B«&kt diefe, there is a rWvWt, 4dM Siamming-Bad(« which water* the fouthero bdtdm of thi* province. Tht Ica-coeft here i* about forty mile* kmg, and full of rocki. to the fouth of Sundfwald, the capital of thi* piovinw, at the mouth of the middle river, with a pretty good liar* hour. Other piecaa of ibac DOie aie, Hafio, a Uga jiort town at the mouth of the river Indal, over-uainft wbick lie* the ifland of Alvon. Niruiida, alfo a Ua-port towii on the Nifarund. Tiop and Tuna ftand higher up on die fame river. Tor*. Indal, and Carlobcc, on the rivet lodal. Ana* , Sion, and Guarp, lie on die tvut coaft. Angermania, or Angennaolahd, i* bo^oded 00 ih^ north by Weft Bothnia and Lapland ; on the eaft, by' the gulf of Bodmia : on the feutb by Medolpadia t and, on tne weft by Jempterland. It it above ninety mile* ii| length, and near aa man;^ in breadth, 't'he river Aiiget- man-Flodt run* through it. But it it a motintainou* and .-ocky country, fall ofrock* and fenfl* ) fo that there are here very few vil|an«, and but pnc town of fome note, which i*Heinoundi.an^thieBotbnick gulf, where it baf a pretty good harbour, "which afford* it tome trade. It lief about fcTeiity mile* from Hudwickfwald to the nordi,- Natra,' in tltefaine province, flands on a bay of tlie fame gulf, Ibrtyfive ipile* diftantfromHetnofand to tlic north. Jilhptia, Inipdia, or Jempterland, ha* Lapland on the north; Angermania on the eaft ; Medolpadia, Mi IGiigLt, and" DaKcarlia on the fouth i and the high mountain* q{ Norway on th^ weft. It it watered by two pretty coiifi'? derab|e rivers t namely, thp Indal, whi^ forms tji tli« ihiddle of this province a hrge lake, apd ram i^ito Mej dolptdia, and the Hamerdal, which runs from north- well to lonth-caft, and enter* into Angermania. H«re^ we no citie*, but only a few viUage* and hainlei* -, tlie moft con- dcrabie of wivch are Reffund, a fortrel* Cxur.iix miles dlln tint fiVMnRemoftnd toward* the weft Lidh, or Lida» reckoned the chief place of thi* ptoyince, f^id* about twenty milei north of Reffund. Weft Bothnia, diua called to difti^gnifh b fimm CJm jania, which lieson the other fide of thegidf, Midi* fome>,. timet called Eaft Bothnia, Vtit afcoc die oordMrn part of the|idf, thenfGe called the Botbnick gulf, which bounds it on the eaft : it ha* Angermania on the ibuth, and ia fhrrounded by Swedilh Laplatid on the weft aivd north.. That part offhit province which lie* along the coaft, i< pretty WeH peopled, and baS many village*, but few towns of any note. The countrv is well watered by feveral rivers which arife from the lakea in Lapland. Tlie chief of thefe rivers going from foudi to norta.are, Uma, Skcl<^ lefta, Pidta, Luia, Rana. Torno, and Rimij the laft of which, together with the gtt{f, divide Weft from Eaft Bothnia. The chief town's here are, Uina. bn die gulf, at th« mouth of the river of that name,' about nin«ty -fix mile* frdm Hernnfand to the liorth-eaft, Pitha^ at tlte moudi of the river of that name, about eighty mile* north from Uina. Lula, alfo at the mouth of a river of that i)ame, eighteen milet from Piiha to die north. Tomo, at the mouth of tlie river thut called, fifty-four miles diflant froio Lula to the north-eaft, iUnds at the bottom of the gulfpf Bothnia, near the borders of (.apltitd. It is a place of fome trade, and has a g6od hatlionr. SECT. III. , 0/ lit fntni grand Jivifan »/ Swutm ulM Gtthtaiul. A>OT!ILAND, or Godiia, it a larp fruitful country, \T and the moft fouthem of all'Stpredtn : it compriui Eift Gothland, Weft Gothland, and South Gothland. The firft of thefe, called Eaft Gothland PfODer, iiidud^ the; country properly fo catted SmaUind, and th« iflahd of Ocland. It is a fertile, open, flat country, pro- dudng com, cattle, fowl, venifbn, fifh, &c. and it boimded on the north by Sndermania) on the caft by tbf' Baltick ; on the weft by the lake Vetter, «r Veter ; aiia on the fouth bv Smahmd. Netkopiiw it the chief town. It flands a]}out feventy mite* to tnefouthward of StockbDim, on the bank of a ftieam which runt from the lake VetteT tA the gulf of Brawiken. The town is populout, hige, and hath con- fiderable commerce. It is likewifc celebraud for a falraon filhery, by which many people arc maintained. The town of Sudercoping carries bn fome trade ^ ir flands on a branch of the tea, aliout fixtccn miles from the Baltick', if onfintificd; but ha) been remukable for femd curious [£ U R QP 6] & W S D jei R 5*; t«ri«M (t]f(Ul ftonci which liuibieea Ibond in the n«igh> boitring placMT. ^tfgebtng (Itrtdt ten railn to the nftmrd of S.aderco- ping : it it a rm»ll town, hu fiMM comoMrce, wtd a tolerahl* hubourr . The i«frn of Wtfteni) or Vadflih, ii fitnated on the tafterh bknii of the lalce Vetter, at t«vnl7>-iive miiei rfiftance from, and it only remaikaUe for Ui« ruin* of tn ■niimi royal palace. *, _ I'he town of Smatand ii fitaati4 between Eift Uoth- hnd, Ike Haltick, Bleking, and Halland. It it levchty jnilet in length, and about icventy-five ib bieadibv and abt^dndi in uttie, Wood, iron, copper, lead, and other •reful artlclei. Calmar, which it the apitai of thia province, it aeert- iiderable city, fitaated on a ftrait of the Baltick formed bj the ifle of Ocland, which liei ovcr-a«inft it. That (Irait it called from tkenceCalnar Sund. Thia city it om han- drcd and fisty mile* diftant from Stockholm tewaidt the Touch. It it divided into the Old and New town : Old Calmar it famoui by a deed Mecuteil there in the year 1^93, by which the three notthem erownt of S<7*dert. >Ioiway. and Denmark, wet* fettled on th« head of ooeen Marcatet. Tbis it called in hifto^y the union of Curoar. Erick, Margaiet^t rucccffor, founded thirteen picbendt here, and gave a decree, by which he put the church of Calmar among the collegiate onci. Alter the divifion of the crowns, which the fatal union of Calmar had united, thia city became a frontlet town, with regard of the Oanet, who were in podeifion of Schonen. It wu olbn takettt letaken. and plundered ( and, to complete itt rain, it waa bunt down to the ground in the year 1547, nothing tTcancd the fire but the thnrch, and about threcfcore hooHit. Soon after this misfortune, the new city was built at a niurqurt-ihot't diftance from the pid town, in a tinle illand called Owarnhplm. Thia new city it lat^, the fiicett are broad and ftrait, hnd the boufet well built ; hot the town it not popttlout. The ttew fortilkationt coniift only of thick walft built with large pebble ftbnct taken otit of the fea, and a few nmpMtt, built only with (and, and therefore fupported by another wall, which the fea furronnda almofi on all fidct, except the gate. The (iiuatioh of thit city rcndert it very firong, all the avenues to it being full of marlhet, or cut off by water frpni the fea, which aboundt here with rockt, between which there are, as it were, fo niany abyl^i, thai it is impoflible to approach the place cither ill boatt, on horfctuck, or on foot. On the fea fide there it a long mole, built with flonei along which boata ahd iliip] ride fecure. This mole it defended by a fortreft called Grinilkar, built at about ilftv paces from it, on a roik furroui)i|etr b^ the fea, and where a garrifon it con- ftaiitty kept, ucliliid the old town ftandt the caftle, which is of yery difliculi acccls, having on one fide the lea, which is full of rocks ; and on the other good rampartt, large baflioni, and ditches full of water. This city it at ptefcnt the refidence of a fuperintendant for the government of the clergy, who is hononiad with a plate in the public ciiififioiy of the kingdom. About feventy milet diftant from Calmar towardi the noiih-weft, ftaudt Wefteiwick, a (ea-pott town of good trade on the Baliick. On the bankt of the Uke Salen, and forty-five milet diftant Irora Calmar, towardt the north- weft, it Wesio, a bifliop't fee, where fomc of the firfi pUntert of Chrifti- unity he buried ( and the fame number of milei to the weft', and eighteen from the Uke Vetter to the eaft, the town of Ekelio it (ituated. The town of Jonkioping it fitnated on a bank of the lake Vetter, about fiity mil«i north-weft of Calmar. It it without wallt or ditcliet, but defended bv a citadel, which it furrounded by rampartt. It it rather a biiflc ptace, at the Uke on which it ftandt a£R>rdt it fome trade. I'he ingenioui M'. Wraxall, k very lai- traveller into the noiihctn paittof Europe, bat favoured ut with a very in- tereftiiis and curious account of hit journey from Helfin- berg (the liift town belonging to the Swedilh dominiont on (he fide of Denmark) to this place i from which we Ihall, for the fatisfaAion of our readers, ttanfcribc fome of tbemoft material paflaget : hit Utter it dated from Jon> kioping, May 18, 1774, He thus cxprcflet himfelf : " I eroded the celebrated palfage of the Sound, though it blew very frefti. We were over in little more than half an hour. At Helfluberg, where 1 entered the Swcdilh dominiont, I had the pleafure uf viewing ihc iKauiifui Undikij^ reverfcd which 1 had fccn the preceding evening from the iflaad of Zealand. Which .3 of the two It the moft charming, t leave connoiltettira U determine, t drove twenty mikt iit the afternooit 1 and wat then obliged, by the approach of night, and the erant of horfet, to flop at a milerable little Inn, or rather eabiiin \vhete I could procure nothing befidet milk : I lay down five hourt in my cloatht, and then got into the carriage at three o^clock in the morning, ti^l un4eiftood properlv the manner of travelling in this couiitry, which it, to fend, a paafant forward from every poft-houle, ioprccure hotba, in readiheft, 1 fbould have doubtkft made a coniideraUe nrogtcfi in my way 1 but as I neglcAed thit neceflary ftep, I wat obliged to wait at every ftage an hodr or two, while the horfet were brought from the naighboUring vilbuet. L wat forced to fpend thit night in a more defolate and dirty hovel than the firft, where I (Trapped mylielf up in mf great coat, and flcpt upon a table. In the morning. whetV I aontinued my journey, the whoU afpeA of natuie wai^ changed. The fnovv lay upon the ground two feet deep, and tlie winter feemed to have renewed itt empire over thefa inhofpiuble plaint, from whence the fmiling month of May cannot baniin him. " tn the hope of reachinc Tonkimiing at night, I fat out, however, m defiance of the iitcwmeucy of the wea- ther, w hich, from having been very warm, ma become in a few hours at cold and piercing at our Decembert. The drivert feemed totally nnaSe^d by ibb fudden alteration, which did not produce any in their dtefii or cloathingt and the peafantt, both men and wometi, were all barefooted u before. The fnow, however, oiNitpiring with the want of horfet, prevented me from reaching Jonkio|Miig t and, I Ikaid all night at a houfe. which for horror of tittiation I never remember paralleled. It U quite detached from any, village or hamlet, and the fpot on which it ftandt it a baro rock, deftitute of any covering or earth, and furrounde^ on every fide by the decpeft fnwda it it poifible to coiteeivc, and in which I had not feenone human creature for twa leaguea before my arrival. Yet, in thii fitoatiAn, fatigue mde me deep very found, and' my iisrrint by me, till three in the morning, when, with the return of day I enteted my c^arriagp, and left thu moft ogielaacholy and wretched habitation. " The nest morning, about ten o'clock, t arrived ai; Jonkioping, and gladly enjoyed a few hourt of relaxation, after fo many pleafing occnrrencei. It is difficult to give api^ureof the country through vvhich t pafied from Hel- finberg, the colony of which you will not imagine artf heightened by fancy or invention. The firft twenty miUa exhibited fonte few markt of cultivation and agriculture % and though there wat not one coUeAion of butt or houfes, whi penny, and infinitely left uncivilized and barbatoo* tbaii one would be tempted to fuppole, from the appearanoe ti every thing around them. Had I not taken the precau- tion to carry wine and ptovifions with me, I iarm have been almoft ftarved in my journey throbgb thefe miferabie provinces, where the pcaUnts are ftrangert to every kind of. aliment, except bread, and fait poik or filh. It u indeed a quettion whether the former of thefe deferrea the name 9f bicad, at it is a compound 6f rye and ottt i amoiu; whiail jo8 The NEW 4MB UNIVBRSAL SYSTEM or OEOORA^nV. ^hkli they mingle, in timn of d«nh ind fimliM, a kind of flow Btiiia of the itiiernii bark of tntt rafpad : khvl a eoloar appitwching to btick, and of a vary dHaartcabla lafte. . • *■ Tbc renrani that attrnded me, wbe ii a Oeroaan, and hat wandered over half Europe in variooi Cn'vicet, was 2 Bite tired with fo«r dajri of fuch miferaMe aoeoramoda' on, and eicliimcd, in a rapture, at the fight of thii phwe, that it was •• le paradii terrcftre." It it indeed, of ttfelf, a «erv neat country town, and moft de1i(htfnliy fitnated on the lake' Vetter. I am juft returned from leelcr )ng down from the top of the church on it, and Iba fur- founding meadowi, which are all cuhivated, and afkar iha defartt I have palled, ire peculiarly grateful to the ay«. The lake iifelf, which it near an hundred Engliih mtie* in length, rather reftmbies thv Tea, than a pieae of inland Water, and extendi, far beyond the view, to the north." We he cathedral of St. Laurence it i jnaxniiicent (lru£)ure, having a very high fpire, which is a landm*t|i for failois ; and a clock, of the mod inge- aious conttivance, faid to be the work of Cafpar Bartho- lious. It not only fhews the hour, day, month, and year, tcftether with all the feflivals ; but the movement^ are fo frfilkiaily conirived, tliat, at the hour, two horfcnien come forth, and encounter each other, giving fo many (lows as the h.immei is to ilrike upon the hell : then a 4f>ot opens, difcoveripg the Virgin Mary fitting on a thxone, witbChrill in .bar arms, and the magi, or wife men, paying their homage, while two trumpeters found a OOle of tri«MBph> Nr^r the city is a hill, on which the tjngs of Sweden ufed to be elcAed in antient times. The town of Malmoe is populous, tltough fmall : it is fituatcd on the Sound, and enjoys a confiderable Ihare of couiperce. Landikroon is likewilc lituated upon the $ound } bas a good harbour, much commerce, is Aron(^ and weU fortitied. Elfinburg, alfo fituatcd on the Sounds IS a p1«ce of confiderable trade 1 but tl>e fonificatiooa are gone to ruin atjprelcnt. Bleking is utuatcd between Smaland, Schonen, and the Baltick. This province ftretche:; above eighty miles in length from eaft to weft -, and is about fifty from north 10 fouth, at' the broadeft part. '1 lie coaAs are rocky, and ihe interior parts mountainous, woody, aiul barren. The chief towns in this province are, 1, Chriflianftadt, which is eight miles from the fea, and fituatcd in the nidft of moialles : it has been feveral timet taken and retaken in the courfe of the wars with Denmark. 1. Chriftiano- ple, Mice tlie capital of this province : it had formerly a good harlxNir, which Charles XI. took a great 4e»l of |>ains to ruin, and render ufelcfs. 3. Ahuyt, fituaied on the fialtick, M ilie mouth of the nver Hellean : it bat « uA, cayciout, and much-frequented harbour, 4. Carl- fcroon, filuatod on • iraali iiland, whidi it entirely oovert ; it it joined to the continent by « long bridge. It it near fony>fis miktto tlie «aft of Ahuyt, hit an excellent bar- ^«r, and it well fortified. There it another fmall fea port, caliad Ctr&ahn, between thii pltcc and Ahayt. Tbc ncut grand divifion of Sweden it Finland, which it ahovt direc homUcd and eighty- fix miles in length, from north to fouth \ and two hundred and fifteen from eaft to weft : it it bounded by the Bothnian gulf, part of Ruflia, and part of Lapland. It abounds in grain, cattle, filb, &c. of which exporti aie made to other parts of the kingdom ; it liltewife furnidies other provinces with butter, chcefe, &c. The inhabitants fpeall a very peculiar diaIcA, fo at Xfi be fovcely intelligible to tlie Swedes of other provimcct ; and their religion it, for tlie moft part, the Lmhcran. Till about tlie middle of the thirteenth century, the Fin- laodcrs had kings of their own ; but tliey w«re at that time fubdutd by Erick IX. king of Sweden ; however, partof tile province of Savolax, all tliat of Ke;(holm, a portion '«f Carlia, and the forticfs of Nyilot, were ceded for ever to Kuffia, by the treaty of Abo. in 1743. This country is divided- into fcven provinces, vis. (inland Proper, Nylandia, Carelia, Kexhobn, Savolax, Tavaftia, and Cajania. Th« town of Abo, which is the capital of the whole 4iichy, and of Finland Proper in particular, it fituatcd No. ji. **y on tkt Botbpie s4f, M ttwokMib oT thatiw AmojoMs «l||Mfite to tb« Mk of AlMd. The «Mn it the A« of • Mlkop I ^d here iu ■ univerfity, which wm CmmmM and endcMMd by ibo ectobrtid umm Chriftina. A vcr^ late traveller, in a Ielitrteafirieii4t ihM rutmAMi eoqteming |bi» town, " Tbet a it not any thini in Abo, which hai aatattaiacd mo in tha fwvey, « aaaMaofoyon by tba dafcriMka. IiiiawralBlMdcapiialaf afarbarowa provinca. Tha bou&i aia alawft all of «oo4 and tb« archiepifoopal pabca it eaaapwM af to bttltf aatetiali, except that it it painted lad. I Inquitad if than «a> nat aiur thing in the univerfity to aMtit atlaniian 1 but th«y alUired me it would ba stgardad aa a piece «f (idiculaiv vifit it on foch an arrand, tlioc bai«§,itotbi«g within iia wallt extept a very fasall libiary, mm* %w pbilofopbicai iiiftrumeiitt." The town, howevai^ dtaiaat fomt trada from itt harbour, in the naighbvvrbaod of whic!i it a rock furroundcd by the water. It it finguUt) that whas any (hip paflcs tins rock, the naadla nv JPMK pointf towards the north ; from whence a vulgar cogJNkara |M^ arifcn, thatiherockcontainaaL The other towns of Finhmd Ptoper, namely, BlonM» Haneant, Bioneburg, and Nyfiadt, are aacaadiafty iiv confiderable. Nylandia hath Sooth Finland Proper, on tha-wcIL Tavaftia on the north, the river Kimen on tha eaft, an4 the gulf of Finland on the fouth. This provinca aon> uiiii the following lowni : 1. Halfingfort, thacapiiMaf tins province : it is a fmall town fitoated on a g«lf of -tbfl fame name, at the month of tbc river Wuida, which fidl* liere into the gulf of Finland. It lies ovar>i^inft itM city of Revel, and is about ninety milet diftant from AW towards the eaft. It has a pretty good hatbour, and a very large fortrefs, Utely built, which is garrifoncd by about eight thottfand men. 2. Bnrgo ; which it a fiiull and not very populous, but antient town on tha coaft of tha Fia> nic gulf, on the eaftern bank of a little river : it flanda over-againft the ifle of Paling, and it twenty-one milaf diftant from Helfingfers to the north>eaft ; and hu a (ataV harbour. 3. Rafeburg, a little town, tha capital qf a« earldom of the fame name, ftandi on the gulf of Finland, thirty-eight inilct from Helfingfort to the weft, and forq^* eight from Abo to the foutheaft. 4, Ekenct, that ia to fay, the pininfuU ot oaks, ftandt on the faiiie gvlf, about fix mile from Rafeburg to the fouth-weft. This town it very dangerous of accefs, ou account of the many rocka|| and fhelves tliat are before it. Carelia is a very fruitful province, and extends, froa* eaft to weft, about one hundred and fifty miles. Tha principal towns are, 1. Wybwg, which is fituated at lb* bottom of the eulf of Finland, is a bilhop's fee, haa confiderable trade, is well fortified, commanded by a caftle, and greatlv benefited by having a good harbour. 3. Mtia, which ftandt on a fmall )»y, that communicataa with the lak^ '..^doga. 3. WekcMD it a very finall poor place, and, Viiaian((radt, which belongt to the Ruf. fian dominioru. Kcxholm it a very exienfive, but unJiertile provinca* containing many large Mxi and barren mountaint. It ia bounded, on the north, by part of Laphuid 1 on the eiA^ by part of Ruflia and the Onega hike ; on the weft, bf Savolax ; and on the fouth, by the lake Ladoga. In thit province are only the two following townt of any note : namely, Kexholm. from which the provmeo has iu name, is called by the Rofliant, Carelogorod, and in Latin, Kexholmia, or Carelogroda. It it a fmall city, fituatcd among marflies, on the weftem bank of the La- doga lake, fixty milet firom Wybntg to the notth-eaft. It it defended by a very flrong citaKi, and was fanneiijr, with tlie whole province, fibjcA to the Rnfltant, tiU about the beginnine of Ihe Uft century, »bei\ the caac promifed Charles IX. king of Sweden, to fnrrender iho town and province to him, if he would aflSft him againft the Polet, by whom he wat then clofely befet ; bat being freed from the danger, he refufod to perform hit promife , which made the Svredet invade hit dominiont, and obligad him to yield up by treaty, in the yeK 1616, not only tua town and country, but alfo the moft confiderable phuet in Ingria. But in the hte wars the Rufiiant have taken all again, as we obferved above. The town of Lexa, in the north part of this province, iUndt on the bankt of a hke, one hundred and twenty milet diftant from Kexholm to the north. Savolax, an inland province, has Cajania on the north, the province of Kexholm on the eatt, Caiciiaaauicfouin, and Tavaftia on the weft. It is a barren and defcrt country, covered with forefts, and abounding with lakes, which 6 N afiord *:m po Tm NEW AND UNrVBRSA ■out thirty from the neareft borders of Lapland towards tlie fouth-weft. It it defended by a good citadel, i. Ula, a little town at the mouth of the nvcr to which it givet itt lume, ftandt on the Botb- gulf, eighty-eight milet from Cajaneburg to the nic weft. 3. Uuburg, a fortified town, liet in a little ifland over-againft the mouth of the river Ula. a, r, Csrelby ; tlxre arc two townt of tbu lumc, tbc one called Old Ca- L SYSfBM or OEOGRAPHY. refby, and the otlxr New or Nj Caitlte ; they an both on the coaft of kba Bothnic gdf, the former abo«t k- vcntv, and the latter eighiy-fa«r milet from Ula to 4m fouth. Bctwem tbtfc two townt ftaiadi, 6. JacabftaM. fii milet from Old Carelby to the fouth, and *I|Im ttota Ny Carelby to the north, y. The fmall town arLockt6 it itiuated on the Ikme coaft, eight ailet frooa Old Qareibr to the north, near the mouth of tke river LoektM, whics foringt from a ridge of mountahu ihM divide Cajania frol^ Tavaftia, and, being fwelled by the waian of a bke, calM Leftjervi, runt to the north-weft, and fallt into the Botftl' nian gulf, between Locktoa and the lock caUcd KallK 8. wafa, or, at tha inhabitaiiu of thia country call it, Muflafar, it alfo a fea-port town on the fame gnlf, fisty milet from Old Carelby to the fouth. It it the native placa of tlie fiimout GufUvua Vafa, who reiancd in Swedin with fo much glory, o. Chriftianftadt alfo ftandt on th« gulf of Bothnia, it fifty milet from Biotneburg to tha north, and fifteen milet diftant from Wafa towidrdi tite fouth. SECT. IV. Ctntainiiit ' t/'firiflint 1/ ihtfi ifanit whiibfirm a part tf Swtdtit, THE moft confiderable iflandi belonging to the king of Sweden are, 1. Gothtaiid. a. Oeland. 3. Oel'el. 4. Dago. $. Hagland. 6. Aland. 7. Rugen. Gothland or Gothia Infula, it fitnatad in tte Balticll fea, over-againft the coaft of Eaft-Gothland in Sweden, from which it is about fifty-two milet diftant, to the eaft. It liet between fifty-fcven and fifW-eight drgreet of nortb latitude, and between eighteen degreet, thirty minutes, and twenty degreet of longitude eift of London. Itt gieat'^ eft length, from the foutn-weft to the iiorth-eaff, it abirat fifty-fia milet ; but itt breadth it not above eighteen milef , from eaft to weft. Olaut Maenut fays, it wat called Gothland, (hat it to fay. Good Land, Mcaufc it it firnit- ful, abounding with all necefliirict of life, and fo Wdl pra- vided with all the bleffingi of nature, that it may be reck> oned among the heft iHandt in the north. It it, fayi h« in another place, a good land, in feveral reljpeftt ; the in- habitant! are a good fort of people ; there are jiooa har- bourt all round the coaftt ; tne foil it good, it aDoundt in paftutet, cattle, wild-fowl, fifh, good water, woodt, and beautiful marble. Thit ifland belonged formerly to tha Pruffian knightt, who quitted it to the l>uiet in 1408, for ninethoufand crowns. The Swedes got it in 16^5, but! it wat retaken by the Danes in 1677, and rcftored to the Swedes by the treaty of Fontainbleau in 1679. There it here but one confiderable city, namely, Wift)y, Wift)uv, or Wift)urg, the chief place of ^t iflind, on the weftern coaft of it. It is built on the dt« clivity of a rock near the fea-fhore, it furrounded with a ftrone wall, and defended by a pretty ftrong caftle, built near the harbour, where the goveinor of the ifland nfualiy refidet. Oleariut relatet, that the ruint of fburteea ehurchet, and of feveral houfft, gatet, and wallt, of free- ftone and marble, which he faw uiere in 163^, made him judge that this was formerly a very large city ; but it ia now very much decayed. It began to be oonfiderabit to- wards the end of the eighth century t fincc which time it becaime fo populout, that it contained ten thogftnd ioha- bitantt, moft of them merchantt, without rcdtoning the Danct, Swedei, Vandalt, Saxoni, Mufcovitet, Jewi, Greekt, Pruffiant, Potandert and Livoniant, who traded there. I'hefe foreignert were fo numeroui, that they could make head againft the inbabitanti ; and in the year 1288, there arofe a quarrel amongft them, and a battle wat fought, in which a great many men were killed on both fidet. However, the inhabitants gained the vidory, and Magnut, king of Sweden, reconciled them wi|b the foreignert. The inhabitantt of Wifliy are faid to be the firft wh» made hydrographical tables and fea(;hartt : thev alio pretend to the glory of ocing the firft that made laws for regulating trade and navigation. But Monfieur La Martinicie ob- f;rvet, that they have rather admitted than invented their. He fays, that bicisg grown rich by navigation, they intro- duced among themfclvet the fomout laws of Oteron, an' ifland of France, in order to decide by thun the difputes' that might arife amongft merchanu. They tranOated. thofe laws into their own language, and made fome ad-. ditions to them ; by which means, they were not only lookcu upon as the authors of them, but acquired alfo the reputation of being tlte ntoft fatuous ttadcrt in Europe. ' in ffi u A p e.] B w t n it a. *»» tn I j97. Mm llMtf-Towm f«nt Jiipaiict m Lulxck, in bnkr l» dni# up Mir* ralttiw to lUTtpHoit, w^ .ch law* iM Hill oMfl(««il'WMilfhout th« whol* Btltick r b«t thty ir«, > ftrotMttlt tpMklntt the very Itwn rf Wilby, with fotne id- HiiioM Iii4 (mptovemeiHK : tnd whit AicWi thii thcfe Invtartlto^miMltrnthanthofeorOkron, it. thatthofe •f (.abcck are falter than thoTe of Wilby, u tb* Utter are note eomplete than tftofc of Oleion. OalaiU to a narrow flip of land over-agiinft the conti- nent of South Gothland, bam which it ii Teparaied by a < Ibait, which it not above nine or ten milei broad, and te called Calnurtan, or the ftrait of Calmar. This ifland, whofe name figniliea tin land of bay, it about (t- ', vaniv milei long frofn footh to north ; but iti mateft brMdIh it not nove twelve milei. The foil ailbmt good ■tAura, and many lierdt ofoxen, horfei, and (allow de«t. ''On the weftern coaft are onlv two villagei, and thefe > liot aopuloui, named Alebeckand Smedeby, with the city . •f Borkhdlm, in Latin Borcholmia, tht eapini of thii illand. It lie* under fifty-fix aegreet, Mtj-fAtn mlnotet, ' north latitude, and eighteen degreei, ten minntei, of longi< tude, eaft of London. It it about fifteen milet diftant from Calmar towardi the nortli-eaft, and is defended by a caftle. '' The eafttrn coaft i» very well peop:ed, and conuini, ' «o|na from north to fouth, the towm of Boda, Kohingf- mfd. Hogaby, Kilda, Supeling, Qenllala, Remaften, Mo- WtM, Stenah, with the village» of Hulderfiad and Otten- . Vy. There aie many foiti and calUet to defend thii ifland, tlurt have been often attacked. In 1J30, it wai taken by the Dtnei, foon after which the Swedei recovered it i but, being loft again, Guftavui Adolnhui finally retook it in 161 3, fince which the crown of Sweden hai pofleiTed it wiilhout moleftjtion. T& illand of Ocfel h about fifty milei m length, but %e bctidth variei in different parti. It ii onpofite to the coaft of Livonia, and hai no town of connderaiign but 'AtcnftMrg, which it fituatcd-on the fouthern coaft of the Vtitad, and defended by a caftle. There ii alfo a fortrefi ealkd Somebttiig, on the northern coaft. The whole ii now in the pofleflton of the Ruffiani, who took it from the Swede! fome yean fiitce. To the northward of Oefel i« fitualed the ifland of Da- rn :' they are feparated by the narrow ftrait of Honf- wlc'k : it ii of a triangular form, the lidci being from twenty to twenty-five miles in length. On the Wetlern cape trere ii a high tower, which wai built by the fcnatc ofRevel, at a lignt-houfe and land-mark. Between this illand and the continent of Eftonia are fome fand-banks, ilnall iflandt, rocki, &c. The northern and north-eaft pattt ire mountainoui. r^iie ifland of Hogland is about nine miles in length, ■nd it fitnated in tlie gulf of Finland. It confifii only of a dt^er of rockt interfpeifed or covered with fir-trees, brambles, &c. and has on it a few hates that in the win- ter grow vrtiite. The ifland of Aland, in the Baltick, 11 fittuted between fo.ty aiid fifty milei from the fouth-weft part of Finland ; the ciicumferenct is near an hundred and eighty miles, and die inhabitanta near fi« thoufrnd in number. They live in toll hamleu, as there it m r v<,ular town in the ifland ; for indeed the pCafants have .itmoft remonftrated againft the building any, which the Swediflt government have been deiirowsof effeOing. The unhappy king, ErickXIV. «vat confirm in a caflle in this ifland, which goet under the name of Caftlehohn. The apartment where the king wat imprifoned is compoied of ftone, and vaulted over bead, and it entered into through a trap-door : it is about tvKnty-diite fi:et long, and twelve broad. Any perfon muft be ftnick with compaflion and horror on reflcAing that a foveteign had been the tenant of fuch a dungeon, which it too miferablc for the worft malefaAor. TIm ligbi is admitted by a narrow window, through a wall five fcetinthicknels. ,^. .« , , There are abondanct of cattle on thit ifland, fome wild bcafti, aitd plenty of filh in the circumjacent feat. It it farrotiadc4 by many fand-banki, rocks, and fmall iflandt, fome of the latter being inhabited and oihera not. To the fottth of Aland there are feveral otiier iflei, the chief of which ai» Hyi, Landfweden, Rodan and Nyan. . The iSe of Ekcro, in tite weft of Aland, extendi from north to ibotk about fix milct : and it feparated firom Aland by ■ narrww channel, about three miles broad. The left ifland «• Ihall take notice of it Rngen, which bra on an irtand called Lappo. I walked 10 a littla bamlit at a mile diftanoe from the (hure : the poor peafants wry dMwfiillf brought me fome cream, and afllAad in boiling mv mKtt. Nothing could exceed their poverty : a littla blaek hiui, flfti, pork, and a fort of mixture tMT called ' — — *" tveii aN their fuftenance. After having mad* a vtiy forttMe breakfaft on ihii unknown and feqnaflcrad iOand, 1 retatiied again to the boat.* Daring iha whole day wa purfued our voyage through a labyrinth of fmall rockt an^ iflei I many ot them covered with fin and afpina t Ibma few green and beautiful, but the far greater part brown and ruggeiJ. I could have fancied mylali among ilie Cydadn, folamoai in antient fteryi but beta wera no tcmpm iKivd to Apollo or Juno, nor had gertim and poetry coitljpiitd to render every eliflFand promontory immortal. Many of the profpcAs were, however, wonderfully piAurefqua and i»* mantic, and I frcqqemly ftopi the boatmen for a miiraia, to gate upon (he extraordinary fcenet irotind me. Somi* t met w« went through channe|l of only twenty or thirty feet in breadth > fomeiimet the water opened into a confi' datable expanft, and often there appMitd id be no aVenna on any fide. I was aftoniflied how they fo caaAly know their track in this intricate and perplexing mase, through which nothing could have conduAcd them btM long eape- riencc and praAice> S E d t. Vf Of tbi iiAuhitmm t/Svitdiii, ttuW firtmi, 4rifi^ md^mn, ■ lu/limt, *mfUjmnti,fiil, tl*0thinff UKgntgr, liainim, rt- iiXUn, »rli, manu/a^urtt, Iradt, itiHt, t^c, IN general, the Swedes are a very ftrong and rohuft peo- ple ; and the climate alTording a healthy and dry air, ay have excellent conftitutioni, and are capable of endur* ing harjfliips and fatigues. Where Ihey are not too much expofed ro ihevteathcr, they have good complexions ; and their hair, like that of oilier northern nations, it inclined to ytllow. The women are of a juft proportion 1 they have alfo good features, and thofe who are employed at huaie are generally fair t but the peafants are accuftomed to make their females undergo an eoual fl)«re in all faibo- rious employments : they go to the plow, tbrefti their com, row upon the water, and carry burdens in common with the men. The inhabitant! are, however, far from being fufficicnt to people the country ; a remarkable inflance ot this in one place, though not the moft northerly, is, that in the compafs of one ihoufand, two hundred, and feventy fijuare miles, there are hardly four thoufand, feveo bun* dted people 10 be found. Some learned Swedes have computed the number of in*^ habitants of Sweden and Finland at about thieo millions, reckoning eighty thoufand farms, on which are one mil- lion, fix hundred thoufand fouls, including the women, children and fervants ; and it is faid thefe farms make up above half the number of inhabitants in the whole king.^ dom. Indeed, fome pariflies are at ptefent fo exienihw, and at the fame time fo thinly inhabited, that a peafimt muft travel linreial Swedifli miles to vifit his next neigh- bour i others contain not more than feventy fiirma, and ?et uke up a iraA of land equal to the whole province of lolland, though perhaps that flourifliing country oontaina more towns than there are cottages in fuch a parifli. In Sweden, the common people fubfift by agricuKura, working in the miiiei, grazing, hunting, tiihing, and com- merce, both domeftic and foreign. The inhabitants cf the northern parti are ftrangeri to delicacies, and live very hardy. Thej eat a fort of bread made of the bark c^ birch and pine-treei, draw and roots. . The bocky or flampe, ii alfo a kind of bread very common in the north 1 and in timet of fcarcity is fometimes uki in the fouthern pans. This is nude of the ears of corn cut from the ftema and chopped fmall i after which it is dried and ground : on this kind of meal they pour boiling water, and mix it with leaven and corn meal, where it is to be had. In fpring they alfo take the bark of firs, which at that time comrt the e^fiefl off the trees ; but not the thick bark next tba wood. Having pared off the outward coarfe luiots, it ia cried :!i sn even, or BaSCMi ovsr a Wuu«i fire, iiii both ndea become brown, fwell, and undeigit a kind of fermcnta« tioo, :gtt Tni New and UNIVBHSAL ITITBMor GEOGRAPHY. lion, b]t which ih« itiin ii coafsiMil. TNy ^Mk* bmd «4 ihc ntcal which frscecdi frum thciii pitai oC buk, aAti Wiiift lltat iifiiccrs, reUiing 10 the levaral dcpartmeiiis belonging to the government, and two (bouhnd Cx hundred phy<3«iat>i and fuifeoiu. Within a century or two aits and manufiiAures baira made great prngretii. Formcrlv no manuAiAures were eflabliUicd in lliii kingdom i (he ) laiife towns not only ea> ported unwrought iron and copper, but the ore of Iboie metals, and when they were wrought into varioua tooji and utcnrits, fold iIkiu again to the Swede*. The in- babitaiiti of tlie coafli were all Alhermen, and the towni had no artificers. I'hc Swedei rirll began to work their nictali, and even their wood, in tlie reign of the great Guftavus Vafa, anno 1(301 and towards the middle of the fcventeenth century began to fct up all kinds of ma- nufaAures, but chiefly employed foreigners, particularly (he Dutch and Flemings. In the year i64i,aglars.|iouio was flrft ereded in Sweden ; in 1643, the Swede* began to make Aarch ; in 1646, they ereOcd tin-works. I'bejr had no boolLfellers Ihop* till tlie year 1647, nor needle and filk manufaAuret till 1649. Leaiher-drefling and foap- boiliiig were introduced into this country in 1651 ; fawing- mills were ereAed in 1653 ; iron and Aeel manufaAurta in 16541 fugar-bakin^ in 16611 but the woollen and filk manuftAurcs douriflied mote than all the reA, till tbtt wars of Charles XI I . put a Aop to trade, and confequentlv to the progrcfs of the arts. But in the reign of Frederick 1. trade and manufaAuies revived , the breeding of Iheep wa* encouraged, tobacco planted, and foreign artifts ana ma- nufaAurers allowed the ficc exercifc of their religion with- out molcllatioii. There are at prefent in Sweden manufaAiiit* of Alk, cloth, cotton, funian, and other Auffii 1 liiif 11, fail-cloth, Morocco leather, dying, and printing of cottons 1 they have hou(iis for boiling or refining of altum, fugar, leap and fait ; for making glafs, porcelain, and paper j they Imv« alfi) gunpowder mills, ftaropinf mills, bormg mill*, wire and flatting mills ; vaA quamitie* of copper, braCi, iron, and iteel are wrought in Sweden, which ha* fbun- dcriei for great gun*, pot*, and lb« like, and forge* for <%?■'■ ivi^^^' [EUROPE.] 8 W B D B If . $»% tnJ diM §Ri. Tbt intpoiii art urain. Mk, bMon, chMft. buiUr, lallpw, wiiM, brandy, drngi, bidat, hamp, tail, filk, li«. Tbair colaa an, ibajgU ducal, wonh abow nina (nil- ttnga and fa«r*ptnca Ihrlinc. Tba filvar coina ara iba •ar, oiM of which ii aauat m fwir pfannlitai, itMniy of them to a aarallnt. which i* about ona (hilling and iwo- panaa ilarling, and ibirty-iwe to a filvar dollar, aqaal w MM (hilling and (U-panaa Uiraa-liinhingi Eiigli(h monay. 'I'htra aia doubla and half earoliiwi t and doubk, (ingia, and half-Bngia oan, ara ciirrrni btra. Among ibiir coppar pi«c«i are ilia copper oar, which, like Iba lundftac, ii t<|ual m iwe pfcnninga, and It no more ihan iha eiablh pan of a penny EnglTlh. An half, a i|uarirr, and a naUi pan ol a copper ocr. A copper dol- lar, whieh ii about (bur grofchen, and ii nearly (qnal to Sn- uenaa (Jiihing. Thele are vcr* large, and the merchaiM ii often obligedtocarrvthem away in a cart or whwl-bairow, when payment it maoa in them. Wa (luU now proeaad to dacriba tha poliiical, civil, and roiliniry eilabli(hiiMnit in Sweden, alto their count of Jo(Uce, lawt, panilhmcnti, tic. Il appear* u be ihe falib poUcy of tha Swadilh govarn- mani to ditcouraga agriculture, and to enceuiige manu- faAuret, in order to Tuppon the arbitrary power of tha nobility, and opprefi the commonalty. Tnut many of tbola who ara fond of naval or military employment* ara driveiunto iha (crvioe of other (Utea, and the poor oblt|td M refon' for prole Aion, (hdur, and fuMillence, to oinei countria*. About ona half of the bar iron which i* made in thi* •ounUy it cxMitad cither to Great Britain or Ireland i and when tha laaMn happen* to be Hiif**ourable, or accident* attend Ihe minan or forget, tlie merchant* are fo poor that they ara obliiad to dra» upon the Englilh merchant* for Iha price of iba exponi, be(bre they are able to (hip them aC Yet. notwithftiindinn thefe indulgence*, and inai the balance of trade i* greatly in their favour, the Swedi(h go- verr.mcnt give* the greaieft difeouragameni to tha Britiih tndct which it fo capital a fourca of their wealth i and faflar* tba nation to be annually drained of i great deal of their l|)ccie, by encoui iging a* much u po(Hble, the French trade. Moft kinda of good* hare cannot be made fo cheap by an hundred per cent, u theyare fmuggled from the ntore foutbern pant of Europe. The government indeed i* not only totally fupine with rerpcA to fmuggling, but moft of the principal people prefer fmuggled good* to any minu- faAured in their o«q country. T'd tncfe impediment* to the increafe o( traiie and commerce we may add, with an accurate judge of Ihefe mailer*, that ilie heft eftablilhed commerce in the world might be ruined by the exchange alone, ai it it conduQed in thi* country. The trade to France i* very prejudicial to thi* kingdom, a* it take* otf but few of ilieir commudiiiea, eacepi iron and a little bnf* wire, yet run* away with a great deal of their fpccie, and rr:urn* them hardiv any thing but lux- uric*. But the trade to Portugal and Spain, lor fall, fruit* and winet, i* not againft the Swedea, u they baiter for thok commoditica lueir iron, (i(hand copper. With refpcA Iti iIm e(Ubti(hed ravinuea of Sweden, ihey principally uile from, i. a capitation lax ; a. crown land* i 3. cxcifc* i 4. cuftom* ( j. certain iythe* 1 6. filvcr and copper minea ; 7. law proceeding*. Thele taaca an- nually amount to ten billion, one hundred and four thou- fand, four hundred and (ix dollar*, filver mint, which, in the year 1769, aocording n Ihe then value, wa* equal, in pound* fleitiiig, to five hundred and ninety- four tbeutand, one hundred and eighty pound*. But we hear that the Swedifti government hu lately taken great pain* to aug- ment tlie yearly revenue, aoolilh paper currency, and niake other ulcfut regulation*. A third part of the revenue* are appropriated to tlie ufc of the royal family, and the reft to fuppoit Ihe civil and military cQablilhmcnt*. It 1* necelTary to obfcrve here, that the crown of Sweden hat, for above a century paft, received a fufafidy from France, (or which the former hath ufually facrificed it* deareft inicreft to the latter ( and for the fake of reuining tlii* paltry annual prefcnl, Sweden, in the late war with the king of Prudia, wa* forced to contraA a debt of three million, five hundred tboufand pound*, which ha* fince been confiderably augmented to luch a degree, that it will iie alway* a dreadful national weight upon them. An eftablilhed national militia compofe the chief pan of the Swadi(h foice* ( tlie regulation* rel'peAing it were cither Ibrmed or impraved by Cliail>-^ XI. and have fince continued to be the ball* of the prefent eftaUiflkment. — PJo. }l. Tke nebility and amlfjf iren ob%e4 to (WnMi the «n valrv I and a nolileman, after having (Wnidiod a uian, enuld iio« put either bin m hi* horb to any ether aai< plovmenk. The infantry am railed from among tha larata. and the king'* commiffion diftributt* ibam iAraa|h Ike variou* provincae, in erope n iea to tha number ef larma, •tch of which, to IM valea ef ahave fiaty pound* per annum, not beinc occupied by the e(Beef8, m apprr)priait4 to their ptculiar lervicc*. are ckai|id with ona foot loldiart who receive* (rem the farmer lodging, diet, aloaiha, and e trilling allowance ef money 1 or ethetwiCi a waa4*n houfe it built for him at the farmar't charge, who mud tUm (^rnifti him with at mnah hay aa will keep a cow in ivin* tar, and with paAurage In femmer, and mow mi (om ht him fuch a parcel tif giotmd aa will albrd Wm bra^. Thofa thai are ntarriad (aa many ef them era) gaiier* 1/ aecept thi* latur condition : the unmarried (bidicr* Hdially dwell with tba farmer, but ara not ebligtd to do him any brvice without wage*. When they have enoe taken IM peafant'* money, and ara inlilbd into the king'a Ihrvka, ihav can never quit it a* long a* ihey an able to Aave ; and if they delen, they ara punUhad with death. The (irft inftitution of ihit method proved very burihenfomi to the peafantt, who were at great charge to hire Iheir men, who coft them ten poundt, and ((Mnetimat twentt pound* apiece, and they muft do tlie (kme, whenever iheii foldier die*. I'hi* i* nol fo chargeable in peaceable linwt^ aa in war, when men ara unwilling to lerve, andliureiaf greater demand for recruit*. A* the country i* thu* liable to provide all the common foldieri, fo all olBcer*, both boria and foot, ara aaainuiiMNl by the king, who ha* appropriated (or that pgrpolb fome or tha land* re-i:nitcd, or formerly belonging to the crown: fo that every officer ha* a convcnieni houle, and a com* pcient portion of land to live upon, fiiuaied in that part of Ihe country where Ihe regiment he belong* to i* quar- tered I a* alfo the rent of a* many other farm* a* malie Qf hi* pB^ I which, ihoagh it be fomawhat kf* than formerly, yet being punAually paid, eiil- in money, corn, or other commoJiiie*, they find il mo,^ profitable ilwn when they were to folicii for it at the treafury. A colonel of foot baa of Ihcle land* the yearly rent of about three hundred pound*, and the reit proponioiubly 1 which amount* lb about two tboufand five hundred pound* a year, for all tlie olficer*, both upper and under, of one (bot regiment ; and there being in Sweden, Finland, and Livonia, twentr- eight regiment* of foot under ibit cftablilhaMnt, tne maintenance of all the oflicer* belonging to tlem eofta the king about fevaoij tboufand pound* a year : what charce tne cloaihing o(^ the common foUicr* once in two or three year*, tbeir aim*, and (Uch other neoeflariea, may amount to, cannot fo cafilv be computed. The oA- cer* of horfe are provided fur auer the (ame manner, with fucli Urge allowance a* i* requifite. There are fifteen rei- ginitnt* of horfe thu* eftablilhed, and the maintenance of their officer* i* computed to be about eighty thouiand poundia year : all wnich erife* from the rent* of crown land*, a* do alfo the wage* of civil olficera in th« coun- try, who have hxiui annexed to their employmenta, aa the militia have. I'he king ha* made fome very exaft taw* for maintaining thii conftitution i and provide*, with great caution, th« neither the peafant* (hall be oppiefled, nor the land* (k houfe* ruined : to which end all fuch land* are yearly Vi- fiied, uA the pofleflbr compelled to make fuch repair* aa are (bund needful: and u every officer, upon hi* firft coming to fuch an eftate, fublcribe* an inventory of il, (o upon advaiKeroeiii he cannot lake poflHTion of anoibec charge, tili he ha* put that eftate into a* good a condititm a* he (ound it 1 and till that ii done, hi* neir cannot ii»> herit. ' —All trefpaflea and crime*, committed by the foldier*, Ml ordinarily under the cognisance of a civil magiftrate, who ha* the fame authority over them a* over the re(| of the king'* fabjcAa; except when they ate encamped, or in girri> foil, or any way* under 'ftying colour* ; in all which calea, u al(b in matter* that relate (olcly to their prefeffion, tbeir officer* have jurifdiAion over them: without whole Inve a private foldier it not permitted to lodge o«t of hi* quar- ter*, nor be abfent a day firbm the parifli he belongt to. The inferior officer* cannot be abbnt from their chaigr, but by their colonel'* permiffion t iwr captain*, and ifaefe above tbtm, without the king'* leave. Tbe force* ke^ up in Sweden, amounted, fome year* ajo, to Wj-foat ihoufand. Above the ordinary eiubUlhment tbe king an- nexed to each regiment twenty fupeinvmerary famu, w an- fltcr any exttaoidinaiy accident of fire, Ifc and to fomib 6 O andMincMe tU tig NEW AND UNlVeH^IUL lYlYfiM or GEOOKjAmt. •dmmon ftMien, whom age «n4«rtfiindi hiv« Vtmimtt ttMltlbrWa^ '.nil* it one ieMnl b6liiit*l, which bu • gMd tc««hHe : kni befidtt 4H«, ctcr; officer who it »!• linM, Wnrt to It a Ami oT ftionrv praportionaUt to the 4l#ie<(h«ii taHMto: a o61oncl ^In hundred crawtii ; 9M1 oritng the farmera to recruit the body of feamen. The port of CarlfMoon it defended by fevcral batterietofeinnon, and Itfuppofed, in tbit conotry, to be a verj[ -ftrong place; W .Vitir 'Endidt ilivemy or eighty gun ftiipt would feon fiience ill tbcfe batteriet if tbey were to. be attacked by ihem, in fpite of any refiftance the place could taake." In Sweden, at in Denmark, the feamen are of two claflhti namely, one order, which it alwayt aAualW ready ehher to man' the fleet, or work in the dock-^atdi ; and ^Mother, which it but nominally ready, at the mdividoalt an only regifteted, and mail apfvar at tccmitt, upon oc- There are five great oificett of the crown, who rnefide eadi in' a tribunal compofed of fome fenatora t and when Hny Of their placet become vacant, the kins givct it ge- nerally to the raoft antient fenator of the tribunal, where U^e vacancy Ifappent s though he may beftow it in wbofe hvcw he pklwt: thelle officert are, i. the drotfer, er chief tnftn» -, 'he it the fiift officer in the nation, and ^mrVaftiy akind of viceroy ; he hat the honour of jitttiing the crown on the king t head tt the corona- tion : he prefidts in the fupreme court of jnflice, to which UMrreit an appeal from all other conrtt. a. The confiablei ka pit&ita in the council of war i hat the inQjcAion of the spline, and all that relatei to war ; and enjoyt many great and honourable privilegei. 3. The amiral ; kit Mwer alfo is very great ; he hat the command of Iht Icet, and appoinu all the officers who ferve by fea, an4 givet them their commiffiont : juftice, in all that relatct m the admiralty, it ndhniBifiered in bis nimc . he hat alfo iikriv mother frivikget. 4. The chancellor ; he it the chief of the police, reAifiet abniirt, and gjivet the ne- ceflary «rdert for the good of the public; lie it the keeper '«f (be fealt of the crown, difpatchet all ftate affairt, and '>yt the kirig't ordcit and demandi before theftatet-grneial. C The lord high treafurer ; he bat the adminiftration of ftetteafnry, and of all the king^t revenue ; audita the ac- Vnuiitt of all the feveral receivers ; figns all the etdert for paymehtt -, managet the public funds, and pan all the offi- cen bf the kingdom : he alfo prefidei in the chamber of ac- compts, where the impoitt on the people are aflefled, >idwh;th it the t>lace of icfort for all the exchequer 'tiSCcrt^ The king of Swede nt revenuet were anticnily fo finalK that (hey could hardly maintain him t they'iarore only 'from fome dutiet on merchandizet imported or eaported, •ithcr by fea or land. It wat confideraUy increafed by the difcovery of the minet. but chiefly by the iittraduAion 'of tlie reformation ; for Guftavut I. having propoftd to the nobility to Ihare with him the church hirida, which: made up tiDove one third of the kingdom* feiiKd thegreatefi ' part of tbett), and united alfo with the crown the right of Cifeituret, which belonged to the bifliop almtt dirough- ont all Sweden ; ai\d the refumptlon of landt granted «Tray from (be crown by preceding kingt, to the nobility, ' <^ S*""^!* '"^^ '*"'**' ''** king't revenues t«) a very big^h' dterea. Tbit wat done by kIngCbarlet XI. in the year ' «f the ftattt, equally by the nobility, yet the lower order '"^fAnrin^, the nobility were foited to comply, ficfidct thtfrltralkHct, (hl^lHt bat a thitdjNht t,f lU (inn. wtwh iSMf^'tM* eaterdlerty 'UMirfca of unt » he n they do. he takes it all t he haa allb all (bi..,iuret upon ilia ibcount«f1iigii treaArii. «id the «fla(ea of Riwigen, if their hcitt do n lort, doaMbfit: fedoetthe chanceHor 0/ ne court, (an efficer nest in degfee to a privy comfelhtt) whaii prefi. dent of the «nder-revifion, where he and ttni fecretariet do put bnfinefs into a method fit to bH»Ou|(fat'be(bre ih« kiiww There are three degrees ofcourtt of juftice, inierierlo tRIt; oftbeloweftdwrce. orfirft inftance, there U one in each corporation (befidet Stockholm, where theW are three) as alfo in eikh dinria or territory, whereof every province contiint feveni, fome above twenty ; in thefbrmer, liame- £, in citiei, an aldcrmitn or connfellor prefidet, and hak me of hit brethiei) for affiftantt : in the latter the go- vernor of the territory prefidei, with a (landing jury under him ; hit coutt it ambniatonr, arid ufindly kept near or upon the place, whete the fa9 or trefptft wat committed. In thefe couiti examinatiom are taken, and mtttert not e:iceeding forty (hillinn are determined: the reft are tranfmiited to the aiext fuperior court, of whidi in every corporation there it one. where the burgpmaftcr it prefi- dent. and the aldermen afliftanit: and fo in every province there it one or more of thefe count, the ptcfiitent wt.oreof icnint the name ef bghman, without any other auAo- iity tbin that of « judge. From thefe count, all caufet of blood muf be tnhfmitted to the refpeftive national count, where they are dcte rmiiwd without fanher appeal) and thither alfo all civil aAiont, not exceeding twenty pounds, may be appeakd. Of theTe national coaru there are three i one for the ki|ii- dom of Sweden, held tt Stockholm » anodKribr tho kingdom of Gotfaia, or Gothland, kept at Jenekoping^ and V third fer the dukedom of Finland, at Abo. In eacb of thefe a privy-conafeUor it pitiident, and above half theafleffiin moft be gentlemen. All thefe conrtt fit con- tinually, or at moft have bbc Stort vacationt; and, not being uefiered with too much fotmality, give caufet a fpeedy difmtdi, unleft th-sv be retarded by vesaiiout lit^ationt. Tbofe aAions which relate to the fea are to be tried ia the ofttinaty conns, according to their fea laws, (bunded upon thofe antieiit onci of WiAiy in the ifle of Goiit- hnd, which have formerly been aa flMnont in the Baltidc fea,^ as the lawt of Rhodes and Olertin in oiher placet. The court of admiralty hu not any peculiar juriUiAioik in the adminiftration of thefe lawt, hut only in fuch mat- tert at direAly concern the king't fleet, and in fome placet that belong immediately to the admiralty. There it a confiftory in eMh dioceJe for ecclefiiAiai caufet, of which the refpeftive bifhop is piefident, where caufes of bafhrdy, contraAs of marriage, and other mat- ters of that nature an tried, and church cenfniet of pe- nance, divorce, He. infliAed. Thefe eonnt have no power to adminifter an oath, nor to iiifltft any corporal Sniflunent. From them there lies an appeal to the n- , tAive national couns, and in fome cafes to ttie king, at in all other matters of a doubtful nature. ■VVtoi refpcA to diipuiet relating to the minet. bcAdet inferior count affd officert fettled in therefpeAive pant of theceuntry; a genttai coun, called the college of the nihet, ' 1^ (feURd:psfe.i mItW' b *i> .# :ii*.I .■UF:^.,'3- Ik I Ifavf opontlia mun, If JKn ti SncklMlm, '•(^wliicii moft>«|»rdl aranioi^.iekaa'aiMl.pkir- I kicnUr, itttn in otkariluttmi 4n4 Mtttw;Hwft fUt I <^flica it «i|ry cinliiUy.adniniftknri (n tbitfoAit. I TUe riHcatiA^ of 'til Jodicial fenMiclM;i»kd|id 4o ibe jpivenMiM (»ltl>a prwinaM, tfca fttdilididcit df fliwhhtlia, -wtd other |^lior»t' tM iitom then doiivad lO'iafcrior.qi- fioert, who ataMjpUMlUettt (he mtiMi«tcvimv-«ilH|Mir tiMT mty be AiiBniMHfdi^ind paniflWd.jkfoA plirin ftaof bf drfauit: bvt the jtrMF beirtg difiealt. and rtinifien «f ; ■jaiiiceapt toftvotnreacii Atiier, they talie gNM Hbtttgr -n * dday exeeution , or toarbiirate and' pat their owinieHre upmi 1 ftntenotti fothat thik-fartof jsftice it admini(ic««d lile ' irotft of all otheri, i tdlltran ijjHuenoehtttotilf athoBfic, W leflent the crtHh of-the Swedifh fobj^at. abroad; ■n!»ft whom jufUce caanot, without gfctt>riifl<.Mty, 6e tobiained. > Law>fnitt are no where itnoie OMRlcratily defri^ ihui in Swedrn, the eieateft bardm vifing from a late «onftiM«- ,^on. that all daelarationt^ «ftt, and fenMncti, oMft'be -^rritten noon ereiy where^ufed, exoe^ only in the Ir .'^r conrtt in the country ; and ibei^tbc jurynien are for life, and have falariet. They havelliit r^'-uliar to themfthret, ; that there muft be among them an irna<.timoai confent to ' determine a cauiie, which i* done by •■majority of voiett in other countries. ' Eftatct ar« rcndeied noire fixoce to the poCeflcrt, and left fubicA to contefb. by the regiflert that are k««f having an after bargain i\)percedehtt> 'With refpeft to criminal mattert, where the foA it not Very evident, or where the jodgee are very favoarable, the defendant is permitted to purge himfelf by oath ; to which •re alfo added the oatht of fix or twelve othn aaeit, who are all vouchers of bis innocence. Treafen, murder, - double adultery, burning of hcalet, witchcraft, and the. 'like heinous crimes, are puniftied with death, which it ea- ccuted by hanging of men. and beheading of women ; to which burning alive or dead, quartering, and banging in chaint, are fometimes adde4, according to the naiwre -of the crime. Criminals of the gentry or nobility-are nfoally | Ihot to death. The panifliment of ftealing hat- for fevcral years paft, inflead of death, been cban^ into a kind of' perpetual flaveiyi thf guilty party being condemned to work all bit life-time for the king; in making foitifieaiiont, 't or other drudgery t he likewiie alwayt wean an iron collar about his nrac, with a bow coming over 4iis head, to wbidi a tinkling bell it faftened. In cafe of duels between gentlemen, if one of the parties be killed, the furvivor is pnnilhed wiih death, and the mc- nory of both branded with a noteof inbmy. If neither be killed, ihey are both condemned to a prilbn, with bread and water, for two years : to which ii added, a fine of a tlioufand crowns, or one year's iffiprir<'nment, and two tliouiand crowns. Reparation of hbiiour, in cafe of aiiront, is referred to the refpeftive national court, where t^y ufually adjudge recantation, and begging of pardon. AlV kinds of ellatet, as well actjuired as inherited, de- fcend to the children in equal portions, of which a'foK hatf two, and a daughter onC) nef ■« it in the power, nf the parent to alter wis proportion, without the intervention of a judicial fentence, in cafe of tlieir childrens'difoDedii cnce; only they may bequeath a tenth of their aeqaiicdl; pofleffioiis to luch child or other as tliey will fiivear^ where an eftate delcendt incumbered witli debts, the heii; ttiuaily taket two or tltree months time, u the law allows, to Icarch into the condition of the deceafed's «ftate ; and ihen.cltbei; accepts the inlieritance^ or leaves it to the fanr,, | 'wb^>^ailm1nifler«, in that cafe. i, - Tiwrc are tntee Or^ert df knighthood inSw«den,namdyi border of the polar -Aar ; the orda (if thrfWord; cMneJ :ti* n4«MV M^f'V' 'T^E iboA maieriil event in tbe^wadifli lUJkory, thpt J. we can depind npoi^ took phlce in the year 999. when Anfgariai, bifliop of Bremen, was Ant by lli» 'cffipworlwewit dutpiout, to convert the SwodUb idohteiti .tbd \a ibc Nun of StenchiU,, about the year MOi Ib^ >rcat,ii)pl at ^Vpftl in)i demoiiihed, ^d the. worlblp if (b*t image (upprefledi which fdehraged his Ji«iHiitnifi)]W|^ .JeAti OMtd«yi|fliiffln«ited bint; however hit, IwptNrvid Taocefor, Statit,, lent to Etfaelred king df Iwgfand. 1^ ■l9i«,ebrijftiaiVpFieih, who perfuaded km^uModf ttmptMe anannual rwB pa maintain a vnr aninft Jiie S«igeM» wbiGbtpmi!4U«istvof peomtricMd Non^ijigrirlnMW ;iM4eni«ir«ttnderher)K>w«r, iMid retancd fole «9nai#i .of Soandi«Mv>„ in 4M6 ; bat GufUvnt Eriofon, i^i|t >ttejear.KPDd«|iy«tMiiwed«ainmthe.I)«u'>iibifoict. Thit monardi wat defcended firom the •wient Unnlf ' iSwedent^btit redqCM at this tine, fo |a«i «« I9kbe •MMll tD.»eik in the copper-mines of DalcnwiU-fer hit fcmf^ cnce, and to conceal bimfelf from ihaMymrtitiealpfinMi .*ho then pofleftd the thiooa of l>ci»aMk;:^:tMre- jHeiCia crowned at UpCd in the year.iuB, Mii|t the fame time the catholic religion was abp|i^|i,^ai|4M|(i Lutheran teli^on eftabliOKd, tor the in lintiiiniua w|ijp»f future foverei^iii were always fwoai. After tuitr vm- tavus reigned in peace, except that the Rit^^A 4}mbiafi incudion into Finland, and were repnIM. 1^ Though the king and datet had fettled tha%icGeA«i upon Erick, he gave fome part of hi»tmitOcieta« who delivered Sweden from the 'tvnmny of the iDanet. H» was ft ice e eded by hit brodier Jeihn, vrtw endeavouring loreAote the Roman catholic religion, met with great Mpofition { bn dying in the year i mi, he wu fuceMded Vf hie fan Sigifinund, then upon tbe thrend of Poland t b«t the fiatet infifting on the refloiation of the proteAant ' laliglon before he wat cntwned, he«iBrnied,thatthelunc dom was bendiiMt, and gave ciSmifing turn to the Swediih a£Riin ; and hit Atbier, kin|; Charles, dying the neat year i6it, WW focceedad by hit fon Guilavut Adol|diui, then eigh- Iten years of we 1 when, by the confent of the ftatet, he took upon him me adminiftrationof thegovemment, though, kis hauf, bad appointtd queen Chriltina his mother to be rcgenf till be came of age. Gttftavus finding hit kingdom involved in an unfor- tunate war with the Danet and Ruffiani, pnrchafed a peace with the Danes, in 1613, at theoriceof a million of ' erewnt ; and carried on the war againlt tlie Rufliant, over whom he vru viAorious in feveral battles t and at the peace that er*ued, they vielded up Kexbolm and Inger- maoia to the Swoles. 1 .<« truce which had been nude with PoUnd being expired, he invaded their dominioAt in Livonia, took the important town of Riga, and made ' kimfelf mafter of that whole province : he afterwardt in- - ftiM Pruffia, took Elbing, Marienbuig, and feveral ather towiw, which wete confirmed to Sweden by a treaty coitduded not long after. Iti ihit war, the Poles were •Afted by the Gernunt, which probably induced Guftavitt ' to carry the war into Germany, addra to the invitation the proteftantt gave him to come over 10 tbrir ailifiance. In the year 1630, he embarked hit army, with which he invaded Pomerania ; and advancing to the capital city of Sttfin, the duke of Pomerania admined hit troops into that city, and entered into alliance with him. at did alfo the acchbilhop of Bremen, the duke of Lunenburg, tlie . Laa^ravc of^ Hefle, and rooft of the proteftant princet of Germany, in hopet of bit protrAion againft their catho- lic aerfinctttois. The French alfo entered into an alliance witk the Swedet, and agreed to pay tben>«B.tnqm4A>l>« 'fidy of four hundred thonfandcipwnltUus .ui^A »^ir>;. i The Silndet, in 1631, msde themfehm maftert of fovaral other towns in Germany ; and tlie great city ot Magdeburg deehucd for them, which being bcfieged by TtUy, the Auftrian general, Guftavut advanced towiiidi it in order to attempt the relief of tbe place, espeAing to be joined by the elcAor of Saaciny 1 but that cautioui prinoe not thinking fit to bttak with the Auflriaiit, the opportunity waa foft t Magdeburg was taken by ftornv the imperial Miyral maflacred fi>rt| ing a part of his forces to affift Saphiea againft prince Oginflci (thefp great men having drawn the whole orovince into a kind of civil war) he marched with the reft to the capital city of Warfaw, which opened her gates to him ; 6 P r » j,.^^ 5ib* Tm« new arb ONIVERSAL SVSXfeM or 0Ed6RXl»fiY. king Augiiftai ind hit frieitdi being fleJ towardi Cracow. Meie he (Icclire4 to the cardinal primate, who came (o attend him, that he would iMver give peace to Poland* till f hey bad cleAcd another king, and Dcgan hit marchto* wardt Cracow ; which Aitganut being acquainted with, ■flembled hit Saion forces, and the Polei in his intereft, determined to give the Swedei battle. "the two armies met in the plains of Cliilaw. almoft in the midway between Warfaw and Cracow, on the 19th of July 170a. The king of Poland's army confifted of twenty-four thoufand men, Poles and Saxons 1 and tlut of flie Swedes is faid not to have been more than twelve thou- fand. The young duke of Holftcin, a prince of great merit, who commanded the Swedilh horfe, was killed by a cannon ball, on the (irft difcharge of the Saxon artillery. The king bemg told he was dead, Ihed fome tears, and thrn covering his face a (hort time, fpurrcd his horfe, and charged the enemy at the head of his guards. The king of l^>land, on the other hand, thrice led on his troops to the charge, and fought like a prince, wh tie crown was at Hake I but was at length forced to fubinit to the fuperior fortune of Chirles, who gained a complete viAory, made hlmfelf mailer of the Saxon camp, colours, artillery, bag- gage, and military died, and, without refting, purtiicd ^iugnftus as he fled towards Cracow, who, not think- ing himfelf fecure, Irft that city before king Charles ar- rived there. The citizens (hutting their gates againft the coiujueror, he forced his way into the town, and took the caftle by fiorm, obliging the townfmen to pay him large contributions ; but he made his foldiers obfcrve fuch exi& difcipline, that tiuf were not fulTered to plunder any of the inhabitants. Soon after this, Charles left Cracow„ and purfued Au- guftus very clofely ; but had not advanced far from the city, before his horfe threw him ; and broke his thigh ; whereupon he was carried back to Cracow, and confined to his bed fix weeks, the party of Augoftus giving out that be wM dead ; and a dirt being allrmbled at Lubiin, moft of tlie grandees of Pohind came in and took the oaths of allegiance to king Auguftus, in this oath, they declared, that they never had, nor ever would, attempt any thing againft this prince ; and the primate coming in among the reft, Auguftus excufed his taking the lirft part of the oath, at which the cardinal hlulhcd, but took the latter part of it. TIte refult of the diet was, that they would maintain an army of fifty tlioufand men in defence of Auguftus, and •How Clurlcs hut fix weeks time to cnnfider whether he intended peace or war ; but tliat prince having received a reinforcement of fix thou£ind horfe and eight thoufand foot from bwedcn, overturned all their fchemes, and fell upon a body of Saxons, commanded by general Stenau, who were encamped on the oppofite fide of^the rivrr Bug, fwimming his horfe over that river ; which fo terrified the Saxons, tliat mofl of tliem tied without waiting tlie attack. The city of 7'hom, (till holding out againft Sie Swedes, tlie king laid ficge to it, and, as he v^ .'re a plain diefs, was never hngled out by the enemy's gunners ; but general Lieven, in a laced coat, walking with him, the king per- ceived the (hot fly very thick, and direAed the general to walk behind him ; which the general refiifing, becaufe the king would then be moft expofed to the fhot, his majefty took tlie general by the arm, and compelled him to walk behind him ; which he had no fooner done, but a can- non ball, which came in flank, ftruck the general. This very much confirmed the king in the notion he entertained of piedellination ; for his majefty would have been in the very place where the general ftood, if he had not removed him in that inftant, with a defign to preferve him. ' Rovel, the governor of Thorn, made a hrave defence aninft the viaorious Swedes for a month i but was then obliged to furrender at dili:retion. The king was' I'o well pteafed with the conduA and courage that governor had exprcffed in defence of this town, that he gave him l)it own fword, when he was brought pril'oner before him, and prefenied him witii a fum of money. He never failed Co reword valour, even in thofc who were enemies to him. Alter this the king next marched to Elhing, -..hich rity not opening their uates to him fo foon as he expcflcd, h> obliged them to laile him two hundred and fixtv thou- iand crowns ; and thus lie made the conquered towns cuntributc fo laigcly to the charges of the war, that his own kingdom was very little hurtliened witli taxes ; whereas odirr generals frcquciitiv beggar :hcir own country while they riiUx^e tli< ir conquclh. lluriiie ibcl'e iraiiCiflioiis, the cardinal primite, who IimI h little bd'orc riiicwed hit oaths of allegiance to king Aujvltus, ailhiublcJ tlic ftates of the kingdom at Warlaw, the 14th of Fsbnuty, 176), ifid d«ehrcd, that (hit faincl Anguflus, eleAor ofSaxony, had rendered himfelf tn<»pa- ble of wearing the crown of Poland t add the ilatrt im- mediately dcclarad, that the throne was vacant, at leafl! fuch of them at were afTembled on this occafion ; for Ainuftus had Aid manjr friends that lefufed to appear. The alTembly at Wailaw, before thev fepiiratea, rriceWeti a letter from the king of SWrden, dtfiring tliey would make choice of prince James Sobiefki for their kiiig. What was the fon of John Sohieflci, their late kiiie, who re- lieved Vienna. This Prince was then at Brelitlu in Silt- fia, and received the compliments of fome of thi Pole's oit this occafion ; but u he was one day hunting within ■ little way of that city with his hrother prince Conftahtine, they were both furprized by thirty Saton troopers, that king Auguftus had fent to lie in ambufcade, and carried off to Leiplick in Saxony. About the fame time, Rencbild the Swedifh General was very near furprizing king Auguilu*,. whom he hunted from place to place, as he would have done a wild bcaft 1 but the king had the good fortune to efcape him, and retired into Saxony. Charles hereupon offered the crown of Poland to Prince Alexander, the brother of Sobiefki ; but he refufed it, looking upon that crown to be his eldeft brother's right. Charles wu then advifed by count Piper his prime minifter, by Staniflau*, and all the poles of hit party, to accept the crown of Po- land, himfelf; but his bwediftt majefty had fo little ambi- tion, that he would not comply with the importunity of his friends, though the kingdom wu at that time entirely in his power, Suniflaus, whom Charles recommended to tlie choice of the Poles, feeins to have been a prince of great virtue and merit, which Were the principal motives Charles had to advance him to the throne. He is alfo faid to ha«^ ' endued with 'great courage, abftemious like hiid|| tremely temperate, hofpitable, and generous tp |^' and dependants, infomucb that he vtas aloioft 1, andtfteemed in every refpcA the propef^'perfon to Tl. ceed to tlut throne. He was elcfted by Am diet at War faw, on the 12th of Inly 1704; in tM lAbfence of the cardinal primate, who ftill pretended to be neuter ; where- upon StaniQaus wu crowned by th4i>tfhop of Pofnania, and the primate, as well as tlie reft of the great officers, were oblii>cd to come and take the oaths of allegiance to him I which was no fooner efleAed, than the king of Sweden marched into the fouth of Poland, and took the town of Lemburg, or Leopold, capital of that part of the kingdom, where Auguftus had lodged moft of -his trea-. fures, and Charles met with no lefs than four hundred chefts full of gold and filver, in this place. While Charles was engaged in this fortunate expedition, Sianidaus remained at Warfaw with a garrifon of fix thoufand Poianders and one thoufand five hundred Swedes 1 but having received advice that Auguftus was marching to- wards that city at the head of twenty thoufand men, and being fenfible he could no- defend himfelf at Wariaw, which was in a manner an open town, he fent away his family into his own palatinate of Pofnania. The cardinal primate flew into Pruflia, and moft of them that were of the party of Stanillaus abandoned the place. I'he new king fled from his capital within fix weeks after he bad been proclaimed, and joined Charles nearLemburghj only the bifhop of Pofnania, who crowned him, was left be- hind, being fallen fick, and not able to travel. The Swedifh garrilon retired into the calllc, foon after which Auguftus entered the city at a conqueror, and not only de.nanded a contribution from all the inhabitants in gene- ral, but fiiflcred his foldiers to plunder the primate's pa- lace, and the houres of all the gieat men who adhered to Sianiflaus : tlie bifhop of Pofnania, afiet feeing his palace plundered, was carried away into Saxony, where he died, and the Swedes in the caftle were obliged to furrender tliemfelvcs prifoners of war, which Charles was no fooner acquainted with, than he prepared to engage the Saxons, who fled before him, and at length overtaking general Schuleml)crg, who commanded the greatcft body of Saxon troops, it was with diflliculty thk! general made his efcape from him into Silefia, lofing tlie grratcft part of his army in the rctieat, in which, however, he difplayed a great deal of grncralfliip. Auguftus, having now no forces captblc of making he.id againft Charles, abandoned Po- land a fccond time, and fhul hinilelf up in Orrfden, the capital of his (ierinan dominions, which gave an oppor- tunity to Siauiflaus to reibrt to Warfaw again, where he Wis iolfttiiiiy crowiifd on the 4th of OAu—cr SyOC, by the aichhilhop of Lcnihurf>li, alfiftcd by feveral other piL'latc^, the cardinal prelate dying at Daiuzick ab]. -PMice a day, with forage for their horfes ; then he ordered '-."^i' jtfietw honfe, in which any of his foldiert were quartered, '\;, '^.'i/k'/'^ lend him certificates of the foldiers behaviour every '" ' .'"' month, without which the foldier wa* not to receive his " ''i- P^y* He affigned infpeAors alfo to vifit ever_y houfe, and ' cnquin if his foldiers had committed any irreguUrities, and punilh them at they deferved ; and under luch exaA difcipline were his foldiers, that when a town was taken ' ' by ftorra, they durft not feize upon the plunder without ! ' ; leave : and fo well fatisfied were the people with their fe- curity, while the Swedifli forces remained in Saxony, that '> the great annual tairs were held at Leiplic, witliout inter- •lii i niption, at before. '7''t AuguAus having fent to the conqueror to beg a peace on his own terms, he immediately tranfmitted to him the fol- ^' lowing articles : viz. I. That Auguftutihould for ever re- nounce the crown of Poland, and acknowledge Staniflaus lawful king, and momife never to remount the throne, even after the death of Staniflaus. II. That he renounce all otiier alliances, efpecially that of Ruffia. III. Ihat he releafe the prince Sobiefti, and all hit ptifoners. IV. That i be deliver up all deferten, panicularly John Patkul ; and that all who hare deferted his fervice arid been entertained ^' in the Swedilh fervice Ihall not bo liable to a profecution.- ' While this treaty was in agiution, MenzHcof, general «f the Ruflians, entered Poland at the head of thirty thou- r And men and joined Auguflut, who had ftill a body of fix t thoufand Saxons with him ; they attacked the Swedilh \ general Maderfield, who commanded ten thoufand men near Calilh, and obuined a complete viAory, for which Ausuflos fang Te Deum at Wailaw i but in the midft of theie rejoicings, Auguftus received advice tlut his pleni- potentiaries in Saxony had agreed to the terms above- mentioned, which he found himfelf obliged to ratify, or Cee hit German dominions rained as well as Poland : Au- guftus hadfcveral conferences afterwards with Charle<, and endeavoured to procure better terms ; but Charles was fo iiicenled at the defeat of his forces under Maderfield, lhat he made them ftill worfe, and obliged Auguftus to fend Suninaus the followiitg letter ; vis. •• Sir and brb- tiier, as I ought to regard the dircAions of the king of Sweden, 1 cannot avoid congratulating your majefly upon your accelfion to the crown, though pcrhapt the advan- tagrous treaty the king of Sweden has lately concluded for your Majettv might lu . c excufed me from this corref- Bondence; however, 1 congratulate your majeftj^, hefeech- ing (iod tliat your fubjcAt may be more faithful to you Uiaii m*» MMVV U**... »W .M*. ••W^M..M., n...^. -«-.|MtW, April 8, 1 707." Auguftus was alio obliged to order his Saxon fubjcAi not to widrcti hint as a king for tlie future, an4 ctnft hit titit to be omitted in iU ptijati n&d In tb churcbct. Auguftus WottU ^in have ptocttni the cfolM ^ f ai> kill i but in fpite Of all hts «iideavours. be was at lenHtit delivered up liy the governor of Koniffing ekHle in Sax- ony, to four Swedilh o(8cert> who carried nini to ttseking of Swcdeti't quattcrt at Alranfted, whire lit retoaiiiel three montht hi chaihti ti(l he #at tried by a council of' war, and condemned to be broke aUv« upon the wbCcI, the ufual punilhment of traitort in Sweden ; for Patkal wu a native of Livonia, and confequently a fubjeA of Sweden, and wat one of the five deputies feni with a ma- morial to Charlet XI. king of Sweden, to reprefent Vt that prince the hardftiipt the Livonians lay under, by the invalion of their liberties, and to foliiit redrefs ; which was fo refented by the then adminiftration, that Patkdt was condemned to have his right hand cut ol^* and after- wards to be beheaded) and hit eftate confiicated ; to avoid which fentence, he fled into Ruflia, where he wat ad« vanced to the higheft employments by the czir and Ad- guftus : but Charles XII. was moft mcenfed againft him for being the principal occafion of the invafioh of Livonia by the Poles and Ruflians : it cannot therefore deferva cenfure, that this prince did not fpare him, when he wat condemned at a traitor for fnch atrocious crimes, fo many yeart perfifted in. During the king of Sweden't ftay in Saxony, he waf attended by ambofladort and miniftert from all the power* in Europe ; the allies were terribly afraid he would Joui the French againft the confederatea The duke of Marl- borough therefore was fent by the Britifli court to found his intentions, by offering him the tnediatton between the allies and France ; but when he found he had only a de- fign to mortify the emperor for fome affronts he had rC'' ceived t and that his prefent view wat the conquaft of Ruf- fia, and the depofing of the czar, the duke retanied well fatisfied that the alliet would meet with no interruption from the Swedes in carrying oit the war uainft France. About this time count Zobor, lord chamberlain to the emperor, having fpoken verv difrcfoeAfully of the king of Sweden, the king demanded that he fliould be delivered up to be puniflied at he deferved, which the imperial court found thcmfelvei under a neceffity of complying with ; but the king having kept that minifter with him a Utde whilft fent him back to Vienna unhurt. Hit next demand wat, that the houfe of Auftrla ihould grant their proteftant fub- jeAt in Silefia the libertiet and privileget they were en- titled to by the treaty of Weftphalia ; and the Luthetati* had thereupon upwardt of an hundred cburchet refigned to them, which the Roman-Catholics had taken from them, and were allowed to profeft their religion pttblickly ; (but that king wat no foonerincuableofaffbrdinsthe Silefiant hit proteAion, than the Aunrant revived the patiecution of the Protrftanu again.) And now Charlet navin|[ob' tained for the Proteftantt the reftoration of their nghtt* he began his march towards Poland, and at he pafled by Drefifen made Auguftut a fliortvifit, attended only bjr two or three gentlemen of hit court, and having break-< &fled with that prince, and viewed the fortificatioiu of th« city, returned to hit army, who were in great pain for him, when they knew he had put himfelf into the power of hit mortal enemy, and were over-joyed when ibey £iw him return in fafety. Charlet maiched out of Saxony into Poland in Septem- ber, 1907, *t t'^c l*^<' of forty-three thoufand men, aod he had another army of twenty thoufand men in Poiaiyl, commanded by count Lewenha-jpt. The czar wu then with his army in Lithuania, but retired to the confinet of* Ruflia as Charles advanced ; the erand feignior about thit time fent the king of Sweden a folemn embafly, and pre- feiited him with an hundred Swedilh foldiert the Tartars bad taken. He dcfircd tlie alliance of the Swedes and Poles, that they might make a diverfion in his favour whenever he Ihould be engaged in War witli the emperors of Ger- many or Ruflia : the king of Sweden founa Poland fo de- flroyed by the Ruflians, that he wu forced to remain there a year before he could furnilh himfelf with fuppliei to enter upon his grand defign of invading Ruifia, and then he followed the czar towards the Ukrain, who had aflcrabled moft of his forces on that fide to reduce tha Collackt, commanded by their general Mazeppa, who had promifed the king of Sweden to join aim whenever he Ihould march that way. Charles, apprehending the Coflacks might be fup- /n.j u.. «u. u..a;.... i.-r 1 ;..-j _*.— u-j _:.i- ptVllWU UV KH%i txuUIAlia ItVIUI,. ilW •illVCU, IIIAIVitCU Willi great expedition towards Kiof on the Botifthenes, leaving general Lewcnhaupt to follow him with a body of fixteen thoufand 5ao The NEW and UNI V£ RS AL iVftTfiM or OEOORArHY. thourind meUr ind con\-ov ■ train of inilleiy* and fere* ral thoufand wiggqnt loaden with ainmunition and pro- vUionii bnt LcwenbtuptlMing furroundcd iu hit marcli by a numeroui army ofKufliani, commanded by tlie czar in pcrfon, after he had defended himrelf three dayi, WM at Uft compelled to retire, having loft the grratefl part pt hit army, and all his artillery, ammunition and pro- yifioni, and with great difficjilty joined tlie king with the nnaainder of hit IrooM^'which did Hot amount to more than four or five tbcilAuiid, - Mazeppa alfo haviog bcien defeated by the czar'i forces, Joined the kin^ with very few troops ; and now the com- munication bemg cut off between Poland and Ruflia, Charles could receive neither recruits nor provilions, and gttM part of bis army perilhed by hard marches, and the rigour of (he feafon. In the winter of 1709, hi loft, as is reported, two thoufand men in one day, and in April following his army did not amount to eiihtren thoufand men, bcfides CoiTacks or Tartars of the Ukrain. In this condition, about the latter end of May, he laid fiege to Pultowa, which lies in the latitude of fifty, about forty miles eaft of tlie Borifthenes, in which the czar bad a great magazine, by the taking whereof Charles hoped to furnifti himfelf with provifions, and open a way to Mofcovy ; but lie "was defeated at Pultowa, and his whole army entirely cut off or made prifonera, except three or four hundred horfe, with which he efcaped to Bender in Turkey. He there gave fignal proofs of a defperatc intrepiditv, as inca- pable of fear as void of difcretion, having with a handful of men performed prodigies of perfonal vidour againft the frhole force oi RufTia : he was at length made prifoner, , and peace being ratified, returned to Sweden. His pZfTion ' fpr war hurrying him into t'refb broils, he met his death ' by a cannon-ball at the fiege of Frcdcricfhall, anno 1718, verv fortunately for the peace of Europe. The peculiarity of charaficr wbicn diftinguifhed this 'prince is ftronrly depiAed by M. de Voltaire. No dan- ; gets, however ludden or imminent', fays this writer, ever . occafioned in him the leaft difmay, even when they have , Ihaken the conftancy of the firmnl among his followers : tie feems in fliort to have been a man divefted of the fmall- eft particle of fear ; and the manner in which he is related to have endured cold and hunger fhew him to be a prodigy ' of ftteneth as well as courage. His rapid fuccelTes againft 'Cie conobined force of Denmark, Poland »nd Ruflia, prove him tp be no ordinary man ; but although they aftonilhed all £uttipc, yet in their confeqnences tliey were fatal to the kingdom which he governed. A flrong refentment againft the unprovoked attacks made upon hhn, led him to meditate enterprizes againft bis enemies, extravagant and impraAicable in their nature, and the cool and undif- maytd peifcverance of his great adverfary, the czar Peter, ' at lengtn prevailed over hislll-direAed ardour. On Charles's death, his fifter Ulrica Eleanor afcended the throne, by thefrcceledionefthe'ftates; but firft gave up' all pretenfions to arbitrary power; and in 1720, by confent of the diet, transferred the government to her htil- •" band Frederic, hereditary prince of HefleCallel. King Fre- deric having no ifTue, the fiates, in 1743, nominated Adol- phus Frederic, duke of Holflein, andbilhop of Eutiii, his ToccefTor, who accordingly, on the deceafe of Frederic, afTumed the reins of government, on thefifih of Af ril, 1751. The fenate had been gradually advancing in power for feveral years ; the encroachments made by that body on the royal power were fo confiderable, that me condition of the king of Sweden liecame extremely difagreeable ; he found his authority difputed, and his p«rfon treated with difrefpeft by an arbitrary fuperciliom fenate. Frederic lia'ving applied to this boidy to convoke an extraordinary diet, in order to examine into the caofcs of the many heavy grievances which epvrefted the kingdom, found the power of the latter too prniominant to accompli/h his pur- nofe, and had the further mortification to fee it proceed to tome unconftitutional afts which direAly encroached on his prerogative. Fully determined to wreft from tbe fe- nate their afTumed power, and to recover that participa- tion of authority which the conftltation had aftigned to the crown, he proceeded (o a meafure both bold and deci- fivc. On the thirteenth of December, 1768, he figned 4 declaration, by which he formally abdicated the crown of Sweden j and oy giving public notice throughout his do- minions of this fiep, at once fufpended all the funAions of government. The fenate felt their authority infufii- cient to counteraA fuch a meafure, for their orders were difputed by si! the college! of ftate, who had crsffd to tranfad the bufinefs of tlieir feveral departments. Tlie magiftratet of StocUiolm, agreeable to the form of govetn- ment, were proeeedinj; to convoke th« order of butgber*)- which compelled the fenite to confent to tbe defirni ar< femhiy of the diet, and ihe king's concurrence was re* <|aeftfd to confirm the proclamation for that purpofei Which being given, he relumed the reins of govrrnmeni4 At the meeting of the diet, which followed on April !<>• fj()c, though it coincided in fome particulars with the kind's views, yet it was fiir fit>m cifcfting every thing which he wifhcd. On February 11, iljt, the king of Sweden di.d, and was fucceeded oy Guftavus the prince royal, ihen twenty- five years of a^. The accefTion of this young prince to the throne, with the prrpoflclfions of the people ftrniiglv in his favour, was a favourable period for extending il-.c power of the crown by the redoAion of that of the Jenntr. An ariftocracy natarativ and ispidly degenerates into dcl^ potiPm ; the yoke of wfi ch is rendered more intoleiable to a people in proportion as the oppreffions of a number of tyrants are moresrievous than thofc of a tingle one The new king fihind his people divided into two great political J)artits, diftinguifhea by the names of hats and caps ; the brmer erpoulcd the liuercft bf the court, tlie Utter the country or patriotic party. The moft mafterly ftrokes of policy, as well as the moft profound diflimulation were ufcd by' thit monarch to cir- cumvent and deftroy the influence of tbe fenate. 1 lie people were grievoufly oppreiied -, for befides the rigoroun exactions made on the common people by their rulers, they foffered every calamity which a year ot great fcarcity natunlly occafiont. The army was devoted to his inter- eft, and his two brothers, prince Charles and prince Fre- deric Auguftus, each commanded ■ body of troops. In 1771, whilft the king was amuVing the fenate at Stockholm with the moft warm and fprcious profelTions of difintcreftednefs ; and of his withes to be ihouglit only tlie firft citizen of a free country, an infurrvAion of the mili- tary happened atChriftianftadt in tlie province of Scan»i this was fict on .%0t by one Hellichins, who commanded liierri The pica made ufe of to juftify it was, the tyrtiiny and opprcffion of the governing powers. Prince Charles, who was purpofely in thofe parts, made this a pretence to alTemble the troops under his command, whilft his bro- ther, whoDMb 'at Oftrogolhia, put himfelf at tlie fame time at the head of tbe troops in tliofe paits. The fenate were much alarmed at tliifc procccdinRs, whilft the king, with the moft ooiifiimmate dilFimulatioii, exprefled his rerentment againft the iofurgents, and his zeal to fupprefs them, at the liimc time, by ftationing the military force in Stockholm fo as to furround the fenate- houfe, he effcAaally controulcd the deliberations carried •n ther«*' In this exigency the fenate found tl.;mfelvc< tot.-illy abandoned by the foldiery, who one and all look ouths of allegiance to the king, who being thus fnpported. wai enabled to accomplifh a great and almoft unparalleled levolution ; and to deprive an extenfive nation of its li- berties in a fingle morning, without bloodthcd, witlioiit noife, without tumult, and witltout oppolitiun ; while the people tlockcd together with as much indiflcircnce and tran* quiility as if it had been only to partake of forac divetlion. After this, the king repaired to the caflle, and, having fent for the foreign miniflers, who had retreated there during the commotion, informed them, that it was with tears in his eyes he had agreed to the meafure of whick they were witnelTes, and which he was forced to take for the fccurity of his perfon, a« well as of the fl.-ite, which were both eoually in danger. He intreated them to al- fure their refpcAive couits, that his motives, when made known, would juftify him in the eyes of all liuropc i that this affair fhould not be produAive of any alteration in his coiiduA with refbeA to other powers ; and to be af- fured, that what he had done was for the wctfirc of his people, and the maintenance of true liberty among them. Next morning the king received the oatli of the ina- giftrztes, the burghers, and the college of Stockolin, hv whom they wen: bound to obey him only, and not the fenate, or their deputies ; and a book was opened in one of the apartments of the palace, wherein all thofe in ge- neral were to fuhfcrilic their names, who were willing to take the oatli of fidelity. I'hc fenators, and great officers, who refufed to take the oaths, were all ftriAly confined, among whom were baron Rudbeck, count Heireiiileiir, the chief magiftrate Sontderbald, the fifcal Eiigerftrocin. the king's fecretary Hclfingius, the fecretaries of the iiu- blet, baron Cederftioeni, count Kalling, and general Strufenfcldt, the three fccretaries of the clcrcv, the two ot the burghets, and the two fecretarics bsloiigiii!; tu tht; or- der of peafants. Thelc were toon after aci^tiamted bv the 1.6 king, . i'f^ihiK-. (E U R d P U.) 8 W fi D e N. Ii» are : Tliat the king it to ctiooA iti< fenrie hlnifcll^i "f hai he it to dali tho flatei tctttiher when Im blcalct, aiIe j, be dirclc. ■Afcaiidd«atttia«t ,/aM thfrifcttkiorJect, Mikflfiin|«f an HamlrcditmU twenty Stmnf, Mdiladjanvl^diing, to Ni«tn°>liini'itmtki'fi>r hi* paternal cars, by which the rtltion had^tem i«ltorcki to iti ling, that they muft take tlieir filial rcrolutioht either tb fi«car III the new form of government, or to quit ibe king- , ism -Wr -mm^tatd-tmaant* iiaMRadiil iMnii aiMiii iti nmivhi and the following day (Augiift ii) being ao- (loiatcd for abolilhing the old form of government, and inc ctlablilhing ot the new, ihe kingadcriibled lil'ttte ftatfl In a plenum plenorum for that purpofc. Such decifive mia^rea men W"M?' 4^ **''!rtf '"^if'l ihit great aA, ai Commitled noiniiig io chan6e', or to ihe fcaprice of fortune. A large detachment of the gnardt took |ioflcflion in the morning of ilw fquare )>i|wre tlieiiourt of, hoblei flaiidt i the palace w^rjliveftad «n every i||a with . trooM ; all Ibe garrilbn mu uiukr arm* i and every thing carried on not only the appearance of war, bvt of the im- The king prdceeded, in the' next platlej td mediate attack of an enemy ) whilf>|ji;iapwiiJ|fr.rB JHfmltf -ii ilT Titf i frlTllrtrr* — ' to confer the dignity on in and planted ih the great 6>urt of Ine hall where the Aaica Were aflemblcd. Being tbui conveniently fccured in Ihit J>laee of terror** it was not a matter of much confideraiion, ' ||e[,Uivy,aa|i|d4.^c«vk-t9 thfa:|« «U*l W«e i.iqide;^V)Vip. Ut,u|pli^ I loon^fter w|>ich. . hAvii)gitl>f jMlrKrhiniRt^ ,«( Gaaavui Adotphut in hi* hanfi,ii»mideAiaKMM.il^<^- lial f«r %wir, an aAB*whi«h-)H»af>MyJ|(«»M4 ky a ikf\ftoti bnt nj9ne^tl(;U h9d« mne ^ t6»,p«an|pt iWIIH ,bly. lliiis .kiM (hen /fa#4p ^^n|,fg|9Ch,|l»4k« AWM. tin I jj|^|ch/)i||i rMf#nKdi|h« AtiivfMe^^m M» iftbMtrJrtHP^M- /yap wa« rcduced1>lM'>ll>Nl:Jli»'iMAlie neeiptai'Mut by t^iafpnfmbaytWfn-^y^.Wiit .w«M| iiuo two fi^taic my^onif .wikP^wMimly in (he .maot- < ing their country i .th¥4he rancour, rcvdngp, md fw- fecution th^tjtrpcatded/rmn thiilVAteAfiMcPid* wwyeo- A\Ai\9 of new KevdMtwni, (hatsmv 4t|l«i||th int9 *fB- Ao4'^'di{M^. ilth>«h;«i|ii|W)td W»«^h^ <«mpHMi«ieaitb.i rtat.esrotyiiMWPa. :«lhM)* imimk jlw jrnim, .vnni rfr«a Ihp ,Mihittion ,ff ^ kf utttftjkmpif ^ Wo«d ^tfaarek, ^i t^ e^nt ,it w^itth they ib«l>bitlt Utile ««• iccm, i^^«tih> had bem pMnrtad s and pibeic it iMd been (talpaJMir WpMnant, it had bean broken thi^iglk. TJiait nothing had ,bcea tiured 'toia people in> l^ned wilb hffiied and nrmit : and that l^ feeds of confafion bad in the end evicndedfo ftr, that at became a ^colfred flpjil^tnmt- fefMed int9 im nnrupponahie aaifiocraiical tynmny, in Ihe^nn^ af.fhi imUng partyit whieh ,«aa itielf^nflaved, vnAJjfi fitpl^aiehy a very fmall ntunber of iie body. That the notiqe of a new aflqmhly fdlhc fiatei made every pne,tr^hlCi Mut. Ar fr«ni«onodaringliowihe.affainof thie i^iiop ^i^t ji|i« be^ trantaAed, ilbcyiwore only boiied iif MttiPg Utffi^itf a majoriiv for llieir ;party, that they fii^t he (c^ecned fton the inielenee and bwieti vioienpe {iftha other. The king Jjben hnd, 9r infmuated, a charge of the (iackeft dye. He pollibilily /or ,nc to believe that foreign Icbemes at conttm^ the kingdom kn been thrown by your quarreJa." Then the king'VU)!* a folemn rennneiation upon oath of all 4bMiw(e fovareignty and power, aHdithat lie did not even dcfire or wifl> for it) after which he ocdcred the nevr form of govfrnnwnt to b« read to the flatet by tlte fount- tary of nvilioii. Thit piece, whkfa is nf a g^icat Jeneth, cowiftt of fihy-iaven atticlct : the matt eAntui «f wliick No. 52. -SI' -' ■■ live <>f^iM«in#>bat icepipliantkt in the fiill7ilup#(i^'*'PMitnnicitkrwikfleHs, WmMif^m .SoaMi mntfltiltee, and conftitutcd hhrt ktrlghiv%'- Minp mrtually ipofliAd of kit Ibe -fiimta of tltfVefrtinenL 4nd.thafl8ies-lekin tbenby to ^vefa>(iBM«ab)y OidMibi^ Mvniloam ; ibr the drowta aMieats'ta'^ave'rt9 oadthc "J^ laonvskito a diet any moie, tiniiifi^foine ?ery ekeraonSiniirtr ikbanne ofdriumflanoA Mbee jUMEe, •» render H netxllar/. Tiiit Ihe .fiwMie* tfaonit lh« ^mi\y «iidi^re \be over- throw of thfirconflitutioA, and the lots of their libeitiet, willtfrer oentifline a (MjeAof admiration. The tiihe is not yet beyond theWnofy of man, wfaeti they wcreeman'" dipatcd fr«m the moft diuMrahle |la6 of de^wtifm Adf •ny nation «ou)d groan under. In the reikn of Charlee XD.they ktH iiAiMl^ k minjatatft ^^ npBn )|iettitan'i •jlit (fudvareiv ibt hapfiy cffcBt ofUrt lubKqnenfchanee df gwemnenti that 'MtwithnaMdin^ the 19$» tSwIiaa fuT- uinediiy kb wari, fix' liimdi'ed 5«[etli<^. *«. O-K AF„ ^3-r V> 5" 1 C H A P. i IV. THE NEW HISTOETAND DESCRIPTION OF r 1 I !l . it .•■J ■> mn * >'« . r- S E C T. I. Cmpriaitf agmtr^ sutimi */ihii tiarAm, iujumium mid i i m m b ri M, fiU, tlimau, iriduu, Vc. sifi lit dm/bk, tititi, ttwm, (St. tmummJim ii\ ptnrtktkrfy tfJmUimi, THIS kin|d«Bt oIImI in Latin Dtnia, ia mm of iIh mail antknl in Eiiropct bting coippaftj of lii- vanlpun, vis. Jwlind. indiriinK the duchmof SM- trick, wkick b tMcominnital part; and thiillaada ofdie Baltick, wbich 'on* dMm the noft eonfidcnMi pprtion. The nam of Pawnatk ii now given lo the wbola country. Tba oontimniai pail of Oenmark. namely, Jotiand, !lith to the foitymh degne 6( .ieaft leiicitade, ci^tendiai from nonli to Ibatk near two hundred and rarty milet » the breadth, in fome patu, not ]behg abtwe twenly-foar milet, aitd in others neeran han- died and eisbty. Op the fontb, it it dividMl from the . dncbiet of Lsnanborg and Bremen by the river Elbe ; on the caft, |t it beiuaded by the Categate and Middle Fort .'Sound, or LeSer Belt ; and the German ocean waflwt it on tlie northern or weftern parte. On Uie qontinent,^ and in the itlandt which form pat of tbit Jkinadonii the foil variet greatly. In the fonder, there are good paftaret, bnfihe bflter arctoofandy tobefruitfiil. In Noith Jutland the air it flurp and piercing i. but on die eaft fide.of South Jutland, and in the iflmdt of Fu> iien and Zealand, it ii milder and more tempeiMo: inthe low and marfliy put, and in the ifland of Laaland, the air it thidi, rooift. and onheahfay. The fudden changes of the wiiidi, indeed, render the weather femevrbat va« liable, but at the lame time fOW the air of iogi and va- jpoms. The weft wind, whi.b ncqacntly blows in tbefe parts, is the moft violent. JpteitfuikiedmflTofalowand level forftcc, and, ex> cepl the traft of boa aboot the middle of Jutland, it very fcrtile i (a that thocoemtry jmducet plenty Cor its inhabi- tants, and yieldl every ncceflary for the fuppoii of human life : diey breed horned cattle and horfet for exportation, andgrowaltaffcimcydfcornforthcirownr«|iport. The iM-coafit, ^kes, pondt, rivers, and brooks of this cnnn- iij yield abundance of fifli. Denmark produces no wine, no metsli, and very little fait. Moft of the provincei have wood fufficient for their neceflary occafiont i but others, having a more fcant; fupply, are obliged to burn turf. |kecb wood, which ii the kind moft common here, and which it burnt in their ftoves, rarities and cicanret the air, and in the opinion of Mr. Molefworth, prevents the numerous diforders which prey upon the lungt firom being much felt in ihefe parts. We fhall give a more particular account of the produce of this kirtgdom when we come to defcribe iis feveial pro- vinces and illaiids. There are four grand divifions of Denmark ( namely, I. Jutland, properlv fo called, or North Jutland. 3. The duchy of alciwicK, or South Jutland, 3. The duchy of Holftein. 4. The Danifli Illands. North Jutland is bounded on the fouth by the duchy of Slefwick. towardi the caft by the Baltick, the Categate, and the LefTer Belt ; and on the north and weft, by the Ciermar ocean ; and is divided into lour diocefet, vis. Ripen to the fouih, Arhufen to tl»e caft, Wibuig to the weft, and Aalburg to the north. I. The diocefe of Ri^n is bounded on the north by tkofe of Arhuicn ukd Vv ibuig, on the fouih by the docby 3 of Slefwick; and it ntendi nft and writ from the Balikk to the German Ocean. It contains thirty ptefeftorftlpt, or Baihwicks, tWe hundred and eighty-tVro parflbee,' ten royal palaces, an hundred nobleincfit feait, and firrtn d« ^1 which ate u follow ; Ripen or Rypen, is leated en the river NIplhw, which, before it comet to this city, divides itfelf -into three branefaet, the largeft of which rani on the north fide of the lawn I the fnMdle branch, which is the fintlleft, runt onlbe fouth of in tfa< third, alfo, on the fonih, butts fbmedHfamaet they join again a little lower, and fall into the Gemah odtMii three «^ile» bdew Ripen, maMni; a commodioM harbour. , Thit city is fwenty-fix miles dif- taat ftom Tuftderen teWardi the north, and tweciallyi^ Hollamt : their com they eipert into the iieighbeurini coantriM, wbicb have oceafion for it^ aU which aflbri them very great profit. The city 4t often expbled to imminent dlngert from the tidet ft«lMlb(f' in with a prodigiont violence from the lea, fo that tN water fometimct comet into the very chuKh-yard of the Cathedral, whieh (bndrM a bill i and even during the terrible inortdatien #ith which Jutland wat alliAed in the year i6u,' the Water tofe an ellliigh in the very cathedral. Tbie plaee-it flrolit' by itaivra onlv, witboM much afBftanee from art. Towirdt the wen there i< a caille, flanked with four bnlwarki, after the old Mbion, faid to have been built in the*vc«r 1 1 to, Thecitis^n* haufct are pretty well-built, arid the inba- binntt vra« Cnnaierly in better clrcoinftartcv.t than they •re nwW| but they fuffered Very much duHng the wan with Sweden, the city being taken by the Swedes in 1645, but foen after recovned by the Danes. Before the le- formation. tbie was a biibop'i fee. m it is now of a foper- intcndant or Lutheran biihop. The cathedral is a noble pile, built with fjne-ftone, as well at its fteeple, which is. fijuate, very high, and covered with kid. It is adorned within with feveral marble columiii, and with the tombt of ftuiM kings. TbereJi another chtircb dedicated to St, Catherine 1 here are alfe two public fehtoolt, for the edu- cation of youth in polite literature ; and a college for divi- nity, in the court of the bilhop's palace, where there is alfo a public library. The city is governed by two burgemaften or eonfutr, and by a lenate, who formerly adiqiniftered joftice with fo much feverity, that * the juAice of Ripen ' was becomo a proverbial faying, to exprefs a rigorous eiecotion of the laws. The lianiii is the common languM of the ciri- zens, though there are 1 great many «S them, efpecially among the merchants, who fpeak tbe German toneuc. Colding«r'Kolding, is an old citj meiuicned by Pto. lemy. and ftands on the banks of a tittle river called Col- diiiger At, .which parts North Jutland from the dpchy "if Slelwick, and faNs into a little golf, ihcnce named the gulf ofColding. DeViUe, author of the travels efDenoMrk, obferves, that this gulf is wrong fct down in De Wit's map, which makes it too round 11 the bottom. Colding is about eleven miles diftant from Haderleben to the north. It wai burnt down during the civil wars in 1247. In 1768, king Erick VI. redeemed it out of the hands of Erick, duke of Sletwick, and Ion to king Abel. He built a cita- del there, to be, u it were, a bulwark to Denmark, and Ibrtified the town, efpecially towardi the foutb. Chriftiaa \ *-•{. # t^>-.^w -o"^- :.;.. L^,.-i .<.Ai^;i/i\i:... [EURb^fi.J D IS N M A R It. ^•3 ..J Chrifliin III. who liked the c'ltjr very much, on account of iti utveable rituitlon, ind wnolefome air, built the -K»nU or AriAihur^, tboiyr the city, removed thither witli his court, end died there Jiiiuary the lA, ISSQ- I'he IvofpiflU WM Inillt bv Frederick 11. wliofe Ton endowed it .'omdenibly. In Mav 1644, theDanet gained aconlider- ableviAoiy over the Swedci nearCalding. 'I'lili place ii butfimall, lince It doei not contain above one hundred or one huitdrfd and tifcnty hourei ; but what makei it chiefly cetifWerabte ii iti bridge over the river Aa, which it called Boherrii, and gives name to the whole country about it. All the' bhwk cattle and horTes, that come from Jutland, and go into Slcfw^k, muft fafs over this bridge, and pay each ■ crown for toll , whence arifes a confiderable' part of the kins of Denmark's revenue. Though this town lies com* mvalous for trade on the LeiRr Belt, over-sgainft Middle- fort ill Funen, yet tliey have hardly any trade but in cattle. 'They hMve'good fifti, and the river Aa produces excel- lent c«li. ' Pirtderkki OdM'llaitds on the banks of the Leiler Belt, ten milee f^m Coldlng to the iu>rth-eaft, and about twcmy-fintn from Ripen towards the eaft. It was built by king Frederick III. of Denmark, and is weM feated m\ ■ point of land, with an eafy defcent to the eaft, and twelve from R ingcoping to the north-eaft. It lies .cm a river which communicite* with the German ocean by • lake into which the river fall* : it i* an inland town. II. The diocefe of Arhufen i* the caflern part of Jut- land, having, on the fouth, the diocefe* of Wiburg and Aalburg ; on the weft and fouth, that of Ripen ; an?, on the eaft, the Catfcgate and Leflcr Bilt. It extends about lixty mile* along tlie coaft of the Baltick, but is not much above thirty miles in breadth at the wideft part. It con- tains thirty-one prefeAorfliips or bailiwicki, three hundred Mid four parifhes, five caftles, or forts, and eight cities, or willed town*; namely, 1. Ariiufen, the capital of the diocefe : thi* city Hand* at the mouth of the river Gudi, which run* through it, and a little lower falls into. the Categale. It i* eighty-fix mile* to the northward of Slef- wickr and forty-two north-eaft of Ripen. The litoMian it ptcafant, being furrounded with forell* fiilt of game, pafture* that are exceeding rich for the country, and field* which produce a confiderable quantity of grain. The town itietf i* neat and agreeable, well ftimilhed with pro- vifiont, and domeftic neccdaries, from the neighbouring country 1 and with other commoditiei and luxuries from various place* by mean* of (hipping. The htrbour ii tole- rable, and the cathedral cbqrch ereAed afier a curioui ftyle of architeAurc, beautified and embellilhed with various ■aonumcnts of noblemen, prelate*, jrc. The bifhop't palace was once a magniticcnt tlruAure, but is now fiillen to decay. I'liii city is now the fee of a fupcriiiteiidant : it vat made an epifcopal fee, in the year 1014. 1. S^derberg is a good fottrefs, fix mile* from Arhufen to Vfouth- weft, 3- The iinall town of Horfeut is twelve miles from Arhufen, fouth-weft. 4. Randeri Is ■ very UMkai city Of\ the riycr Gude, and a place of gvsM tiy« 1 ami aboiMdt with excellent falwon, and com. c. EbaMat it about eigliireii miles nocth-wcft from ArhuCm. 6. Griiuai* fevcn miles diftant from Ebclftot, to the norths and, 7. Mariagcr is fixieen miles from Arbufcti, to the nortk. n. Tlie Iniall town of Hobro is fix miles above Maria^y', to the wcftward ; it it fituated on the bay of the Cilegatt. III. Wiburf; hat the diocefe of Aalburg oa the north, from which it is partly fcparated from the gulf of Limford. having Arhuien on the eaft, and Ripen on the fouth and weft. This diocefe is not above twenty-four miles from fouth to north, and twenty-fix from weft to eaft, being almoft of a round figure. I'hough this ii an inland country, it l< not without the convenience of navigation i for here are large lakes, that branch out into licveral pail* of this land, and from whence, by means of the Limford into which they run, and which communicates with th« Baltick fea, they receive veftels of great burthen. Among thefe lakes there isone named Othefundetfroiutlte emperor, Otho, fumamed the Great, who, about the year 948, made an inroad this way, and penetrated even as far as thii eenntry, and, cafting his javelin inra the waur, gave it the name it ftill retains. 1 he beft horfei in Denmark ar« bred in that part of the diocefe called Sailing. In thiatcrri- tory are mmpreheiided fixteenprefeAorfhips or bailiwicks^ two hundred and eighteen pariihes, and thrte garrifoni. The moft confiderable towns a:e, 1. Wiburg. wbic|> ftands in the middle of north Jutland, of which it is the cmtal city. Thi* ii a place of great rcfoit, being the f^t of a high court of judicature, which receives the appeala from inferior courts, but none con be made from it, fav* to the kinx. It has been the fee of a bifbop for above; fix hundred year*. The bifliAi and chapter ftill fubfift, though tb^ iite now of the Auefborg confiiflion. It ftaniuneara'branchof the gulf of Limford, colled Virk« fbnd, and wu aritiently called Cimmerlbutg, as being th* chief city of the Cimbri. a. Sokeve, which ftandt oa the fame gulf, twelve miles to tlie notdi-weft of Wiburg, titd it fiimous for it* breed of horfe*. 3. Nybe^on the fame gulf it eighteen miles from Wiburg, to thiul, it IJ^lltd on a fmall arm of the fea, called the Sley, at the difliiKC of iboot twenty two milet ffoin ^iel towardt tlic north- weft, thirty-eight mm Glnckfhdt to the north eaA, and iwciity- ciglK from Lnnden to the eaft. Chrifkianiiy wat efta- WTlhad here in the ninth century ; and ilir great church %at feund^ by EricV Kani. aflUted by ^. An^hjr, bi- IhOB of Itamburgh ; and in the year 930, king Harold Alataiid cteatd kit cpilbnpal fee Iictc. AAI(^rdt ih$ flclavoniaiit ihvaded ihelc prti in the year.iM^, rviiud the cirarch, and reilorcd the Pagati (ii|M.'iflitiont : but, Ibon after, t'licfe foreigner! were again ex|Klfed. Chriftia- tiity was rcflorvd, and the cliathidril rebuilt. In the next century it wat a place of very gnat trade, and n\ucli fr?- ?iKniMby ntcrclianti, from Great Britain, Fraiwe, Spin, hndert, Ac The foil, efnecially towfrdt Ihe fouth and eift, it not very fiuilful ; nut the town it fufliciently fupplicd with all ncccflariet of life from the neighbourinc country ; and the Sky affordt abundance of fith. Tliey brew Ucr here. Which II noi very palatable i hut they import fome from Armd, at well u vyine, whicli it here pretty clicap. The bdiMtngt aile very indifferent, thoaon fo^e of tlicmoft eminent cittcent have pretty fine hoalei. " The town has t^ forttficationi', and' is only furrbundcd with a wall, which pnrtt It from the fuburbs. The cjith^dral i& the bolt church within the town. , It it a large and beautiful ^le, in '#liich are to be feen .the tombi «f the antirnt Afcet of Sldwick. Mid of feveialbilhops. In the fuburbi fiit^t it a church ^MiditU to Sr. Michael. S)ffwick was Jbrtaii^rly the fee pf a'-Rbman catiiblic biftiop, and is now thatnfl proMfaiit fiqinrntawlant, wlio aftfta 10 be fly led iWdibp. ' ' 'At 'a few vnilet diftaiKc from Slefwick, to i^te fojaih, ^re yet to' be ijtliii, in majny placet, the ruini of the famout trail and ttenfch^ whidi' was buih in anti«iit timcf tiy the Danifh kinet againft the IiKur .loMof tfia Saxcnt. l,t it thouglir to nave been begun by Gothcrick, orGothofrcd, kink^ Detimark, to keep' 6i« tl^ ■%!**^* °' '''* <'»!«ror Chfrlet ibc'Gi^ about>tlKyear SStt, and altcrwards im- t^vedby fliitein^Tliyta', asd'odie^Dtflifli moparcbs, and made 6 iuon^, at to 6c effcco^ imprecnahlc by the cXunfeltbri of Htnry, furiiagicd the Lion, duke of Saxony, whb difltUKled that wflbriout' pnncc from attempting To hazardous aii obdertsdiing. ' *f:^\% rampart wat qUied Dabewark, and, like ^afjiian't frail in Encbutd, it tc- iJb^ tc>1iaVe' teacbcd troitt fca to fca, quite acroft ibi.i Pcwund: '^ _^ - . , , . ' k. Gonorp, or Gottorff, wat the antient teat and patii- mony of 1^ dojiet of Holfteih, the chief branch of which fttnily, a&r the royal One, took from thence the title or fiirfllihe of Gottorp. It it about (\x milet diflam from £eiwick to the fouth- well, and flandt on the Sky, v^tch' alnio^ furrounds it, ^id carries veflclt, of fmall fiorilto, to and from the Baltick. I'his place it, at the Ame time, # fbrtrff^ and a noble palace, being reckoned ^Mof tha fineft ilatt in all thcfe northern partk. The caflk fiandt l!o the wed of tbe Sky, in the middk ^dt » i.^b* f«tr * aiyt ' it Kitijt ill Hki; forrn of sn oblong ^^zn^ ft(^fie4 wi4t C^teftions of earth : the bettoin is paved . - „ S^:.^ . ^ .:. . ■: •■ . ■■ ' i. -m'-M (■ • ' with frce-ltnnc, tlw rnrtaiilt are lottl, *nd i)m tt^t ftan^ north and fouth. Yuu apur(>:\dt the eallli by a^tdgej wbkh joint it to ilir lb«tli ihoic. it it OMi^imntHAIty 4 ittouniaili that flaiult iiortl|-«aft of it, fnun wheuM Ml* Danes annoyed ihc cai^c in the year 1/67}, •rkM»|^ d«lvJ Wat trcaClKroutly furprileti by tltc Iking u( Dfitmmk «* Kentlburg. The duke, bct'orc hit death had dcfigiiad 10 rebuild the callk, but iha frfitit only it finilhcd i v>i< it the uholi; had bc«n Completed, it k^ bfan olic of ilw Hnefi iMJaccs in Kuropc. A ntfffiM »y4>| M a|i i t thi fti4 court, and -the g^tc of ilie c|^Qlf )» qf AlV'i' Wtf* <^om« ** hard at roarbk, with a lantcVit Wfr ^i, .iiiyt|l)iu iwent]r.- fvven llglitt. On Ac north fide oftl^e a^k ^rc,ii |i.Vi^ of (MP huitdrcd paces, oVer the lake | a^d at 4^ eoo of ikt (iri^lgt ilt/re is a walk, brti»ccn.rc;iKi^ tret;*, ^at W)^ j*W«^»«t»y.f»» WIWtWOI tftibcivitaMiiiii, •rClh-Mfi two hundred pdcvt fc|uaf«. with ruwtof irect onaUiidob ihcttarikn, whidi ii aMtQlldi jlitTcarcadcs. On |ne K fxwpc on the ni^rih i t^icrc ye tUip .toe^ibpurt ofithfe fidct Qf the pond, MMl.jn t«i^i fh^ ic i« a partcnc, \» rite ^m of a cr<;ri;ent, divided inioievtnl copnyartincMW with nklict ry kingi^ and ijiodcrn priiKct. Titew are ai)i« 4t* rcprekniMiuHfe of Matiy fabulous animidti i^^l iluro* w^flcr. At Ihe end of tiM i^ ilicrc m aTniftiLrMiii, in avjiidl is to be feen a globe, made by ^ IjuiniBMa Tychv fi|r«liiM lb contrived, tliat, vy ncchanifm, ^ rcpMltoit bia lyT of tlic world. Inhere it ^noih^r ^li^kojo Mtif t per, icit tcet and a half in diameter, w^th a (phere. «. the fun moves in tlie ccliptk, and all tl»c heavenly L an carried rovnd in «juA cder, by meant t4 nvivim wheeli, whkb are fffttxti about ,^,«(ater, c^V!iy«4 |ffi^ the 'ad)tcent fountain. ' ' , ^tore t^is houfc tj)eit it a Icwf gipuiMl, fifty fwm broad, and three timfi at long, ,4ividcd into three i/Wf tho(e on Uic two fi^t have fine puttijicf, and tb*t in lh» mldjife hat agrcj^ nifon in t|w ^ccnt.-e, with wattr-wotki a the next terrace it higher, and the whole it incJoM wiik freen palet, a;k high at eacli ierrac«, with bvit fik ttmMk rom tlie higheft terrace there it |ha fi^cft fN«ifpaA in dw worl^ i viz. Ux caftk in tbe friiat, ,ia Ih* nidtlk «f » lake, furrounded with a charmiog Mqntry, j^ p tm piM« before it. On the left there it ^^at otapgeKy, or gRciv hottfe, where they keep, alfo, Iiidiaii ii^ft, inyAlt;, ygii wi granatet,iM,9tkcrtreet,in boxet. Tbfj^lia vcityMMaw about four Englifli mikt in circumference, and fWi li fallow dw, MKlAagt. ^re it a4«U-beiMb, or cuOom- houfe, mrre toll if pftid ^u; grait f^^bcri i^ black calili, that oaft \fi^ }>ma4 niy> Xaccmny ; ibw produce* • co^Tidcrabl* Gfm tft tbe krd, ,or EJifJcnford, flandt an a link gulf of the Baltick, which maket a very commodtpu* haven, and a^rdt it a pretty con cm. bafly tc^^orcovy and Pcrfia, whii4>gave wxalyMi to Adam ^leaciltf. tfi if^5©,r fci Tffi ftamiiwIMirMfiaflran. li to AridU iiiHMMiMi Wjr WMMlwr caall. \^ wiiit ^Mil m iIm tin. j TImL*- ilMran altaiNh it lNiHi<«Mh M«k>, .Mitt My ttm, *. 1'on«bifm M 0Vf| lonipMi^ *T v^^ Kyvrr* i« wm vpffy dM ri*«ff l^itr, Iter; inlirMMt »ii iMiia«.,iM iiM Mirri fafSSir »mM«i 8p 13 laiMlf (dUai |W«nU> btrtt whkk ii. w Mn «!• Mrti . mi.ftiiM, •lorain tiiBM,aB4MlllM«am, ImniniM ■ l«. #hidi m feMrfJa ite0i7«7WS; • n altar, fefewMw^ittiaiiih or aft llMH ' MH Bl» W" wmr^Knn/iKtaim WWI9 wtmimmKt m hv Mwb yiPitBIHr in>^4>^ WWii*# l«ft.i«ia'l»^ J. Fi«nftw|lk Om aiiiCt*i»«alMt«l*9if>«fAiHNknt erSii- »jMMgr at Jto Angin wka>invtMI teih lb' Mlaaii *»,/MMrarjhaAngln t^^P^^PW ' jy"- ^ff^^^Pl ^i^^^^^^^'p ^pm^^w •^■w-.^^^M^w w#p»^^Maia* vwww rtM iwaiaiiaiif aaMH> ■ '4*iiHaairiJahBi» a ' fra^ppn . tatMi^ j iaihafe hinlMiMwaWMnyiff tta^mAk mi* ia ttk. j. iTrMar. Mahra airiiat, W tha Kateaii W HadnUF" > .h ia a raai»MUa naal^iaam. 6t A|(inn4e, titqiif t«a wilaanwilKof SWwWt ^' ' ^* — • ' MMtevaJfo kapMnlRg a atw a M a Aairt aii t ^il«a|^«Nu^*v7. t,«ahi% wOlMiabii^. faiiriii%B ■aa««»«il of ilMiflMli t »i i l»i |l » a ll lawn, yi>lMK«caMI J wiail Blm iolfc. ti'' it r"^kum-m.im Mttk Biriwutli irtSMaidi. kul«ii>y .fctaiiaaMmniii Ar.ti||dMAlMilt(vaif»naarlbatcNnl*or Akfwick ai»4 AMwaia. Tlw clwf liaara fat ihiaiMiti aaaft tt^m U^ mm ii mt aaA t» traii ••« lb» BjiitlA- laaiji aaiaMMMi^at . alni^NWl Ihiny aliiaa ^JailiUHK . W* fia bondmi pariflMa, ..B»'l»"W%iii abwc^aaamynaatt for.lhaniHriahnM trbheatMl M dcanlhMl), raflniiita tfw Ho£ii2m. Jthft ^mZ t«M«wUv ^aholtn. and reatovaabia at plaaftif i ATinhIIM 2.'*'* *•»«»»•«»' ^''"•''WSiw Ml vaw Utila emiMa W'awpii. o» MMnnHRi inallif'ava Mr: *iaipf fral^floMlBiifl|tb«Mi. ig te hiaaajr antf t«Kn« aoi iua a |o«l harbow : lyHwCaiytd n|nak ■ tin Miaa-AA) aMabfutkcMkby Miiai^ %iiif Am. B tvaadth. . Tha city flamlt on t«o 'fidai ajLu ■jWiaraaa IpJito. MM ea awtfrittei»i WUra «hiainhaaa.»ailaHwt> Ma feMWiiaFraividUhail. and FkmiMa ill NonUMWri! whMOk i»>iMw-4laat« the Friaiiatt i>iM •MMoti Mn* gOMK, ia o(hna a»««illiliad ia iy3#i 4mI lim «m.ai* noiJbbjiA t»^ tha fanw governor i Son the |M | fi > an wl«d|a>iM»la«tKiac)paiparti, wproriaaci, via. HoMNin Paayar, Wa^ Slormar, ani DiODarfh : ia jaigh^ ailaa in iangth» and taa^ ia tha bMMdalk part, Thit oounmr ia raa^ibiUy fcrtile. aadowiMiRi awny rich marAN pa(Un» and niaaiaathaMla, v {Mat hajra baan oaatavaftaapancadumightbftinBrlhlanda, aakonhrln- dnkaMFthe walrn which natntalfyaaeaaialatethara, ww t« daain xff (itcfaaa acataacafianad by Uw mMNliliou of tha fin and rrrcit. wbkh aia fia^wmti «faa% hawavat^ giwIiKhariclMicialDibaiatlafthamafAai, duRcattla are bicd in groat oumbar*, and i«tt«)ed ia'tfiMi, and vaft qmnlitict of wcallcnt butter and chaeia an aaada of tha milk, in fome pam of them they fow whaat«< b«fky, Mab baacw, npefi»d, kc. which thriva ixcceififltWi SW^are bnad in dioraiandy, heathy, aiid bariea dliV. *^ Aa . ^«K^ — Mfc^la Axufe AMtlkMidl* JalwuMa^l In. MaK*«. ■««■*« Mgf t «»<• wwwia* aaaaar a w« '■ <• '— a w i»»r—»a»«« — ww [ ppa . i j ra Tha b«rf,j,nal, mima«r lombt. «ni pwld ara 4|^ At and * No.$a. . , ltbnia|b«a laitlat, towM. lurm'ihl0IA^'''f>(k^ -la^ Vi'^o''''^'' *• moft coiifida«a UbaffSB ahlcf^ tha Hanfttowaa. TbU dtfl iMdtt th«. CMflafiManf Hwaial nvert, thi jalgaft fIjSWMpa Ika ^f^** >^ i> kaa A hwMr« HPAidi^teaii •Jfea tja-aPfowhlaaft of IkaJKAidt. an4 tkiitoaight from Haal^^lo tha Mn-fiMuth i^jhitty^.n^ naiai nor*«|it«de. brnTin tha mUtGf^fSMSh n^Miutaaaiftlai^litHda. , ^^ \'L Thiait alajaa, rich, populow* m, ? ^ 'nitjip-ll about -twvmita in fengtb, and ^(hrti^ofT^ihW STL''* **J>**' '« IP«#»i wiillw^^«^a»ali^ W^brawr wida moan, aadHttaiVABpS^ pta«M4wMMi«M.tMrmanMdaMMd^^ .nahoiS aia aU o( i^ W old ft(6aa^ tha tmHh- mUA «a parity Atait and lofty, aralir' tha 4Mkjirt IBfi bM Mhcrap thab)Btlaiaor tha kU haaalSil^^ Oioaf^tfaa aUddk* wilhrrttasri^airir Thr ahttrtea- ara magtitomL; idPiiliapnt -' h> Mi^ Mideat^aMliiidral. HjmbnS^i ■latatr, a«d hamffiMia .pWio liAgi, j fc n al »i wii f i. whichit afiMfbitraiSrat^ towcn- On ihajrowirAmr telha hatt"«("«di«ii^ wWikwaU&waW, whetfih^r '■ ^^ in ihii flrkAure are the artlMh Here liilUia afoe eacbaiugt* taU iMaa. tach of oil ftona. and haa AjMry^ fpiw monti with ^JM. _Tha nonnary oT^M^baarl doarina or aboe&.^iiionri, and tmt(ditj.'i^"Stmmfmk, ffchaisiivaiidiaplau.. TJmcoii- ' atllie thB*ortba,i%rt9at>Mw l« '«>«lf**l i, and hat Iti owi St. MatyMafdaleh _ canvartcd inta a poeivlialtfi^ which haa aifb ''m ptt^daa ebmch and eh^'n. In thr ftypnfled caawnt of bp CatlKrine bat befit fbui^ a gnwaatar-ichaalof feyajpi clafc,andintbalbuildiiviaapiblicttrafy. Th a ii| ^ 6 R haa' fti m i yi i, bM Mjr two ifcM*M 4mm» • fMr m HonnoiMT. mi« U« fetal CHHlnwr, iswhMi d 01M7. WW U » foy«l U mimuf, i» whWi dw U MiiMd, ■! MpiitnanJ Mor-lie«(b, an wwtw i i k ri .■irfihrMdackiferilMMMIniefiitM, A $t^ Tm NIWaiib UHIVBIHAL |YtTlM oy OBOGRAPflY. |M« 4Nol««rf M n InlHriUMi m ■ w«M|i* fcn of Mm duka oT HoMWIn-GMMf*. •IM^vkaoT iMAain-Bwki. AotN bla mAmI plaaa ml wMawaa akoM •«• laUtt ffMn ika (tty; brnkakMimabtanralMioilMilirMMorSiMdaii. Tkii Mnttaty taumli akuw fiaiy mllit In conapafa, tm- tainiiig fiivarai fmaU loarni, aiM am bandrad •n4 iWm vMlafra. 1^ in«r Travf Ixi''- ip* *****> 'ba baaat of ilw city, wlii''h >< nrar ten mil 'ir fo i iha laf|aA «> <■ felt, lioKfT ' .' ») M I 1 1. 4, 1 fort on llM b^y uf Lnbcak. - p' M(d* it to Riv Rcvd, Narra, ami P<-(«r(b> >u 7,a>lnci «nci nrir* tmafc* ata lilu well tto<.kcah aftlmaiMn, not only 11 Bieafini liquor, bat aa a me- '<■, arhenaaiamally avilitd to hruifei, wounda, kt, Ihay tgrtir 'luaniltici of ibii lall irrirle to forai|n pa?ia. . iianttle luwn of 'I'ravnmund, ii<' 'ba mowh of tha ri«cr 1'rave, ii drjirrMlent on Lnback, tiomwhtnca it i« bat n milai to the north faOt and tbrrty-twe waft of Wifmiti One '^/'tha countt of Holftain fold it, m 1310, for four tlio«rai. 'orkt, to tha I.ubackcrt. who foiUlKl ItKiih fear good bati . >it«, err An) a light houlo to gaida the Ciipaai niglil, and commonly keep hera a prrifon of thraa or toor bondrarf man, conunandcd by a burgher of Lvbaeh, who Rcaiaat hit erdcri from the bui,'o aaaflen, and id- ntita of no parfona into tli« place wiittuut a pali-port. It arai fciaad by the cur in lAi;, in order to fccura ItMf- »ona for. bit treept, bat ha waa parfuadad to qait it. Tbara It a pcninfula over-^ainft it, aboat a quarter of •> kagua in cneumfercnca, whidi bclongi to tha dacby of Mecklenburg. I'ha riaar Trave tire* aut of a great lake, in lit jovlf'- diQion of Sanharg i and, afcrr ■ lerpantina OMrfc ffMn north 10 (both, by Scgebcrd and Oidtflo, turtta fhott 10 the eaA, waleri Lulictk city, of which thit aown it iba port, and then falb into the baltick at ihitylact. I'brtDwna of left note are the Allowing, vio. OWeflo, en the river Trave, fcvcn mile* foutli of Safibaig, righ- Jaen waft of Lwhaek, «nd thirty-one north-eaft of Ham- burg. Travrndal, on the f^me river, within a mile of Scgcl-cig. Eutin, or Uiin, ii >ut poor town^ ten toikt to the north of Meldorp. Krcmpi n a fiiadlopen iiewn, on a littie riaar of iha fame name. The town of Gluckftadi it fitualcd en tho north Me of iia Elbe, vwenty-fis miles fouth-woA of Hamburg : it is aaat, wall-built, and deemed impregnable. The Dahet kava laro thf ^limd men in ganifon bare, and feme man of arw in the harboar, which it v»v (ale and fpadeut. Here tht Calviniftt have a charch, tlie Roman canolica a chapel, and the Jews a fynsgogue. This town trat founded it* >6io, when Chnftian IV. kin^ of Denmark, erdeicd it to be called Gluckftadt, which implies Fortu- , iMtcTown. There being no l^np about the town, the inhabitants ufe rain or river •tvater. Perfons coiiviAed (tf theft hera are lanienecd to draw, difting life, the duft- carts beloi.gingtotbelown, to which they are cliained Kke ■alley- flivea. R*aden))erg ia a village on the Stor, de- ftnded bv a cauii,-. Wimebnrg is a market town on tha Finall, toirtcan 7.1X ^m Hamburg, and fourteen from Glockftadt. t boufhoM-fluff', and all lamenting iheii ma with the 1 't kmeinable criet. The Saradat ftood at tha bi riera >' U fikiniiig torthea in ihrir handi while they paflbd, . ..it a lake. kts.n ii agood harbour, awlh. , .:J by Uii|nlrom Germany, Sw«ien, tte. and is popuions and wcaJihy. Both the town and harbour are defended by acaftle on a neighbour. ing hill. Un tbe right or eaft fide of the caftle, the fe» wabiet ita walM ; aiuTon the other fide of the bay there is a delightful eoantry, though woodv : on the left, there it a fmall tarn of the fca, and anotner delicate country ad> joining to it. There is a garden fiuing this caftle, which IS the only plac: wherebv Kiel has communication with the mainlaatd i only to the left of the caitle there is a rosr of houfea annexed to a village called Brunlwick. I'hit ,' garden, which iands along tbe lea fide, it above two bun-' ' dred paces broad, and confifta of a terrace aralk level widk the foundation of the caftle, from whence there is a de« ; ) fcent to partAres, full of all forts of ftowera, and adomaA with a ronntain, and a wildemefs -, and thit laid to other parterres, _(ron2 whence there it a fmall afeent to another terrace. Viultcred much during the war betweaa Siredeiv If i [BUR 6 PI] tmi OtfMMHi. An «ni««dty •«! tdabllAMii iMti hj iM Mm in iMj« wbkh bM had many ImmtiiMI prafcAn. Ii itAviM intertMiMw w I ol4io«m, oTwImIiiIm fofMn k dwlMipA md jlMrkr th* Nivm* kting flmni wkh HMra«liMM. TIm d.t. wn, whitliktafiNtafpmia- MkbhiriiM hy 4nf dMhM i ilU <«pMMt4 frw* Immw •majr • k(Ml|«« u Um tndwlMra af U ■ 4nwbfUg(t Mtd • ■Nt wkh •|«MH«i I (nd ili«ra a • «n« walki ol° nwa on dia MrtiMM. Tbait to • p«lac« faciitK iIm town, on Um nofth 9 1 N M 4 > K. .T, A it Ii mil quilt unfuroiOMd. ularly ■ largt chttich Kiormaiion wa» a in vtrji Iwit r«|rJ Ntn nt ftvtral hit b«ilMiii)p, |w< •ad an bolpiial, wbklt bafon Fnncileau moiiafltty. Thia town ii mocb anrichtd < ' Iti yttgiy fm, whieb !■ haft far dwtc watki afwr Twci dav, and frc«rida« tba SECT. Ill- Okiitt • dtfirifiim «/ tk^ i/Umd$ whitk timftfi tit mf/l im' . ftrkml pmt f/' tkt iiafdpM if Dtmtmrt, BEFOR E we preec«J now to the dtkriptioo of the ^incipti ittindi of Dcnmaik, we (hall gi¥a ibme •Mount 01 tba Ita in w hicb ibey li«, wbicb ii called tba Kllc^, and. by Um Dtnct, Swcdrt, andOermani, the kuica, hacaufe it it to ibe eaO of Denmark and Sweden. h ia a larga.gylf. wbkh ha« Ciermany and Pobutd on the limtbt Denuiark and Sweden on the weft, Lapland on the ■Mtlh Mid Bothnia, I inland, Livonia,, Cuurland, part •f Poiaod, and of ^ ktn^Jom of, Pnifli*, on th« eaA. It baa a canamtmiauion with the Catenate, i . By the JLcdcr Bait, a vtiy natrow llreight between Jtiiland and the iilaiid of Fnnen. a. By the (Jreaier Ittit, between Fanrn Wid Zealand. % By the Sound, baiween Zeeland and that Movinoe of Sweden called ^bonen. To the «aft of UplMMl tbia iaa bi ancliee out into two armi, one of wb»h tuna in tba aaft, and it called the gutf of Finland ; tlMs other, tMiick ia the gulf of Bothnia, nini to the north. Tbara amin Aii leaJiBiir other guli'i, .which defeive to be taken netioo of* nil* j. 'i'\\t gulf of Livonia, at the ■Muib of (he Dwina, where liei Riga. a. Gulf of Cour- brat, attbMinoulhof the Nitmen, whan it MeneL «. Tba giilf of Oamaick, at the mouth of the Viflnia. And. 4. T^gulf of Lubcck, at the mouth of tba I'rave. This feaiaWcry dangcioua in bad weather, all thecoaft,! •fpeciallv ftat of Sweden and Finland, being ftdi of flMlvet and iiuMt > but then iliere are here Icvcrarfafe barbonn. Tbii lin neither cbbt nor flowi, and during three or four nontli* in tlie year it it generally frozen over. Zeeland, in the Daiiilh language called Salaod, or Sial- bnd. U icated at the ciitiance of tba Baltick, anditan- cofflpaflcd by the Caiagatc on the north ; the ilreigbtcalM tba Sound on tlie caft t the fioltick tea on the footb, and tba fireiglii called the Great Belt on the weft. Tbii ii the brgeil ijland in the Baltick, it being about feTentymilat in length, 'lid fikt^-live in it* grcatcft breadth. Thl| iiland is deicribcU ai prefcnting in the winter a nod dxary andconilbrtjcl'i prolfieA, being then covered witli inow ; but during the *hort fammer with which it it viGtad, It iikhibiii a moO i^reeable Icer.e, being every where flat, and covarcd with corn or wood, for tlte whole country ii cultivated with great induftry. Thit iiland lias a tolerable fertile foil, and produce! fine hailey, of which malt it made, and a great quantity of it exported 1 it tikrwillB yiddi plentiful crops of fine oati, bf which are largi, •ndbothtliefir and the rivers abound wu fith. The rooft convenient harbour in the ifiand is thai of Copenhagen, 'and neat to that the poitoi Kailundborg. Within the picfeAute of Copenlt4|ci! 11 the city of that name, of which we ihall now g> ve a patticvlar defcription. Copenhagen, called alfo Keobcnbaven, or Merchant'i plMt wWetha court nMtt, U tnumU oH tha laMcfc, If OM lbrty>iMi dk|r«a forty inlntMM north hNlnA, mhI IM noelvf degnea nfty nilnotea tfi longitude, aboM tftlr^r aiUea Aom the Sound, and bai ■ baatttful and coaamodi^ ova baibour, the «iiran£c to whlak l« fe ndrrow aa M lit onl« out Ihip ai a lima I and (f erv itif h( It it paflkgr Id rith a ftrong boom , the moutVi

  • wantry it vvry plca- lant, and oppofitc the city lies tlte fertile ifland of AaiiK 1 which forms tlie harbour, aiui which wc (hall datiitiAr ill n> proper place. The citv at a atnd from the WtO gale to ttM Noiway~ga(a m the >. itdelt city at a dlAancc iii«ke« a m^nilken< te ■ T«M| \MK W«|f< >9%mt wi Ul« J ..L . aiMj^uwiu WI Arf«uiM«aihf «uu uae the >. it< c/t^" This city is divided inio three principal pxiia, OtdC pciiliagin. New Copenhagen, and Cbrillini'iJ hafeii. the two Uft are more modern than the fitft, 'cy are 1. out in broad i)reet$ that run in a (trait Ii Mot! the ftieeti in CHdCopcu lagen fincc ibe laft gu u tie, btv^ been made i^f k fuMcinflt breidih -, but the old v.utdin^ coold not be entirely avoided. The houfet in the prtiicyal ftrtets and fquai ire alirwft entirely built with biick 1 knit ill the lanes nioi .1 the buitdingi are of timber. Mowrver, in general, tluy nake a handfoaie appearance. This ''inf ii at the annual i pence of ten or twelve thourand ris doi- Ian in keepii^ th< ftreett clean, and in the night ^ay are lighted by tanthi ns. In fome parts of tho city arc deep canals, into m lich large (hips may enter, and, to the great convenience t the mcrchmis, they may lada and unlade clofe to tlie v 4rehoufei, The city is alfo , vidcd into twelve quartets, and the borgheri into a* m.> ly companies, which bsie alltlwlt particular colours. In the OU Town are the following ouarteri, «ix. fiill, the north quarter, wbirh has the following pUoos cf nola : the OcrnMn chutch, c«dioitcd to St. Peter, which waa tbe principal parifh chu ch at the lime of the reformatioii 1 it waa afterwards conv ted into a foundery, but in i icndor^ converted it into a col- lege fior fixteen iludenu, each of whom baa a ycarif paa- fion of thirty rix-dollars In the fecond o< cfft qu iter ii tbe great Waitow bofpi. tal, which it an antient fo ndation -, but the edifice >* ne« and fpaciout, and the eii>t wment fo confidetaUc, that it containa at prefen- above hree hundred beds for the fick and poor, each of whom ^as hit lodjung gratis, and a weekly allowance of half a xdoUtr. The orphan- boufe, which takci up one entire i le of th« new market, and it a coniiderable ornament It, that (qoate. It hai a dif|>>'n- fary, a printing houfe, ana a library belonging to iho foundation. The council-1. oufe it a new ftrufture, and hc'ng detached from tbe othc: buildingt, feparatet the Old iirom the New Market. In ttu Old Market it a fine foun^ tain, and in the New it a plac- walled in for the execution of malefaaon. The other placet in the weft quarter worthy of notice are the weft gate, and the royal pahce, fitnated near the citadel of Cbi (Uanfburg, w)iicb in 1743 and 1 744t was new fronted in a very elepint manner. The clothien quarter it the tuird, in which ate the fol- lowing pfawet worthy of notice, The collegiate chnrd^ «i St. Mary, in which the bifhop of Denmark and Norway are ufuilly confecnied. The tower, which it eficeiDed the noblefi in Copenhagen, flandt on tbe bigheft fool in tbe whole cityi it it three hundred and ei|^ fcet in kngth, and rat a fine ting of belli. The uhiveifinr, wiwHi uiuwna loe ivjat kvuHUHiutyi «t tiw %tvjmtt wbicb VV lA^eli a hundinl peat flodcntt had ■>i _^ "~^.- r Ipieiejw , ^, aMintiBtiu^ ol'we |«Mg ..lliwhdeif c^UiV tuu beep aln«idh[ nei, «tb«rtiu«iai«4tt>oy«( w'W'Mijir ^ fer >9e Jiiiiulrad and tyremv ftudenK, thmffh oa«M» ««n «r. hundred ih?w mfrte jn ir. The CoUfidnm Elt^ Sm, foiiBdedbyOwWPen, t fbrExteehl3)iniflrand'!Nonr<^iaiiftuc|(att. ^y«3 ftndc^ IMI aK«Wi«ii« JP|*t fcr live wttt, with m anwial Mn6on of ijity rix4«»h«.'i,Tl>« Iwnuy M cahw»|tf(t e)uio$t'm, wbt^b joiiiw ib tnUco|Iqi«, w«n bwat^ewi^, id 1738, biot'have been icftored in Smt inelHniv jb)Q*. ' Xi^ "oi^b gate in tbi* qnartcr^ «hi(h wm ixp^tiA m i<^Jl^.U the moftel$B»nt flruaurc t£ the |und be|ifji^>)g> tbtbccSnr. , ne pn^Mii** qwtw i« the fouiih divifion, H«ir< are t«p dinisbni aiM tbi cborch of the Holy Ghpft, m iMtU t4 the Holy Giieftt, the name being derivir4:it9n> irhMlgt Dofpitil orneft-hoore that formerly ftood ite^r tt. •Mj»m conveifsooy Cbriftian I V. into a bouKofcor* ^^ati. A^ fiiL Hfe which hajppened in 1748, tlui ^u^'t ":gularly built, Clirillidii Vt. pntfriitii!|('« graiidfatlter, caucd the whole buikliiig, 'tije ad^iving boufct, which had brcii purcha*||en, tobe " ■ to 1x ftulted down* in 031, and thefolloMr- ' fouitdaiion of the prefcnt fpaciour :i|pniifU&^>it %i)Qure, which was nniftiod iii 1740. M^ ^^>difi^ coll iix millions of doHars, or about ^TMt >« in $iin«e,, which have beeii preiented by die 1^ All^^Traigte, In tliis qwittcr is alfo an edifice, iu " ilory nrWiilrb is tiie arfenal ; and in the fecond ,^brary, which is aboai two hundred fuet Iniig,, infllMatmtyp^&vcHtytb^^iandvoiHincs. XUr. to«f oT c»H«4lUe(. the pidure galterv, «N,tbi>' mifii, ave In the third ilbry .< and tJbe call^uct io^ tjfr'tlfc' f»y». that this mafeun^ is ». vfry jo^, »fM,ei(t^ii\i» fhrough aU the veRVtahle, ' italnelungdoms, a^ wuH at the fine ar^,. to Frederick IV. tlian tq any cUier ^is royal cabinet of curiofltics arc It-.venil ar Qredug out of tlib inincs t>{ N or way in ,.. Jh weighs five hundred aud lixiy pounds, 1.^^011(004 crowns ; aiul anotlier piece it _ ._ iV« :9ree tlioufand, both being fuppofed to «^wun at fcafi three parts filvcr. VVh^t are moU admirod in them aie the threads and branches of filver, which 4>P<>t out an ''-h or two beyond the ftone, .in form of unall Ihrubs or btiflies. Here arc likcwrfe feverai brge pi«cet of lunber, fame weighir^ forty or fifty ounces. Upon open- iii3 the ditches about Copcnliagen, tliefe were fotuul itick- i(^, like the gum on tlie plumb-trees in our gardens^ t» tie fides of tbtpW trees that were buri^ there.; Amung tlic Artificial curiofitics is <> piece of ivory, on which the hiApry of our Saviour's pai&on it beautifoUy cxprcfled in relievo. There t* likewile a fmsU man of nw in ivory, with filver guns, which is much adioindi at is alio a watch made of ivory, and a Skeleton iQade of tU» : fame fuMtancc two feet fix iiAchcs high, aitd: fo ni^cljf formed, that it is Icarcely to be diftinguiJU)«d £rom a iu)ttt< ral one. There are befidet ni«|iyotbcr emioi(ti«a iir»ri BibOtvuHMniUi tMijmmH|jUB,'4)k,M>iN8' hftMttd' tb; ' onnic awdufb, by tk»^mtkumvi!UUmm km* 4w«an»wy*<^^>> *i^^< li|a«auati]|.. . • ■■.,./• --.f'; -. ,Hv^ is » Mvy >fM .ai>l|«|lioilPf^,ifitfi th«>Hgh «bi«0y ctmfiOStigiif.sftefliiiblndl' yet ihrte tin fome lew beautiful^ <(rigiiihll< ; tian, A>}gRh>> and aven of JiUiittM^v^Cwr ; land, by YiVMtyli*, aiM^hi* fii»,jCMMi* hold * liilUagHilM piiiM tMMii dwcK^V or fa!nt«rf KMf* wpew. in lllit M Soon bift«tic4 pawtinnKiby C I w i| m I ar« |io«ever, ibcte, and are iii 9t ihafo it tkr portrait of IJN; ftlMi ma-,, who. in 1597, munaiiwJwfppt f Mi i dums of l>«nn)ark* Kwwaji uttSnttiUm* * , .., Calmar: file is reprafentu), in thiaxpi^Wf, ing iIm homage of thia Utter kiiddugn li«fl» 4hA of it. V ' ■ ■■ ' ^/- , . There it likewile, in ibit -^laaiter, tlw ttmtimm- prav>fii»wb«iti i« 1624. Vf fShriAtasi (¥.' ftory is Jaid •tti in ^arclM^, wbioli ate difui for the merchant* : for on both.fidM* art canala. wbti» the Ihipamay lie clofii MvAt andgfsndi bs cenvcniently laiMlnt«r%Pft>A ,^.„.^^^.. In the focniMt ftoiy, m the north idt, « Jlitill*i ithjlff th«;nw«bantt nlulljr meet^- In the- tni i Wte ,. laid mm - th«.whok iMigih m bbih.fidMe iaa.ii|Hg»«f on* wing W &e foadi fifc i« tba re^lH mmmi>-.^. ._-„, ni»ft of tb« cleiht. fiUit,-and fiuCa.aMii>M*ii(ix_;|i<|l ■:»■ high. i>^ (UfporMd by tMN» rem pCafan pijiaru wbicl|«i.ve it theap|waul«Liil «hKb are, ftveral vahtahht r^AHK t« the Irarthant hiflaty. The tower of Trini^ church it e fl e w e d of its kind, and waa dcigbed by Chriiian- n«ft^ aftrtmsoKr. It ilNMwid, end n filMcn leat hi|b, and fftf^mit fan thick j flatvn th« *ift' aud funounded by an iron htUiiftnde. The afeem i* .1^ ici: and fo fpaeiotM andcafy, that a caaek and hwA* Mf^- go t» and down with eafe i which csperuatnt «aa aim byJ>eter the Craet,r in 171 6. Thit |o«rer wai for an oblervatory ^ bnt the carion* afironfltokal yod ' tliematieal inftruoenit invented by Tycl^ Brake, Oian* Runwr, andoilMn, which were kepi heMk heinfail CM»» fumed by the great fireJit jnl, .Qittflian VL tofliMl|r their place, aftcfwarde ranMhed it wnb IhanaAcwiMn and valuable mathemaucal and tftiniiiwiitl hkAndOMnu that could be prncmed. > TIm mtnuia^arer* qnarie* iatbeeiihik* The ceftquamr ii the nfaui^ andw tbi* are Aa foK lowing ptoGO of note ( naoMly, 1. The abnMi a( St. Ni- cbolat, vhtoh, nexiio St. Alary 't. it the leiget w th» city, and Ike heft nmaaacntedbodi within and wMwMi i* has levcral curioaa aaMiiimcMal inftri y aei H, and the rooC it coveted with coppet 9. The fiiemer Hahnaehnnb, aUb aalledthe Admiralty chuieh 1 k bM&| fit* aMMad foe the hIc of pcrfont belonging ta the aavv 1 bat afttrwtidi • hrgt congnigBiian of bttigbert were amcd. a. The Ge- neral CowmiiBoa'-Offiee : thit it a lane ftmAine, onAed: by Fi«deric IV, in the year 1704. HaN the united oal- l^et •( Ihia Admiralty and General Coaiibiffion meet.- Qafidtt.lhitiLMaHre, ihe following edMtett belMtg to the !>avai dfcsaaes!; vtr. :hsOids;S.-ssa;rH«ini, iiidma I N«« HcJiB. whet* the naval ilotet ate iHAtibatid s Chrif- ' I tiaoAAlci, where it the luvat arfooai, which foreioMda- |. 4. that -^'*«»tJ* [fiUROf 1.1 W t W M' fA' /Til "^'A !) « n ;. -.v -I /I » X m & lUt chor. AbntVtift qjMrtcr, iii>«liWllM«ChtriatMttlhii|, feftMtf ItifBritMl'RealtrftniatMi to— to'ift7>, intf conlfMti in tNe flNtec4hiK jtmn. hlilHKp* ki mm* fironr^aycn Cbarlone Amelia, confMt af ChrMim V. Th»fltbt«)M oftbiscaflleorpilweit vcrrignMMe, itt prineijpal front fteing the l^nare eilled the Kii^i New Mmct, wliieb i* cmMUMhed with an equMritn fhMie of ChiiMw V. ef Ind^K, plaeed M m drnm pcdeftel. The gmtguird- tkonft, the fMndcry, an^ibe Dmift ptajr-hoMe, arc aUe an thelMei eftbia fine-faaare. In thtt tfiarter araaKe the naval h« rafe. Thefe two companies furnifli the ftata with many able Csldiers and featnen. In (he weft qoarter of St. Amte, it die roval P*l*f* leiikd Rofertborg, a foMll edifice built by Chriftian Iv. in 1604. in the mii'goihie tafic; bat i« a grand 4hruAare, adnnied with one large, and two fmall towert. ft iifar> rautided with « dheh and a kind of Jbrtifieaiion, and has in own commanding officer ; bat (he guard is daity rC' licTcd ftom (he garrtfen at Copenhagen. The adjoining gardens are very exteniire, and embellilhed with a great nanAer of ornaments. Thefe, in fummer, ferve the in- habitants far a public walk, and the royal family romctimes nfi tifiHcKon 6f thole dfOopenhwen. The moft remarkable places in this fsbarb are St. Saviour's church, which is efteemed the moft magnilioent and denni church atCo- fctlhagen, and hu a beautiful fleeple, thai !:^ a fpiral ■afcettt en the outfide. by which one may go up 10 the top. ^Xlie 'German, or Frederic's chnreh ; the orphxn-houre 'lot the education of two hundred poor hoys ; the Eaft- Iitdiir company's hoofe : thcfine deck'yard, where Ihips of war are refitted i andthegateofChriftiaiilhtfen. Between this place and Cop en h a g en it a high pillar ■cteAcd in the midftof the water, en -which it a ftatae of a naked -woman, with a fmn on her left fide, that ex- teiidt its long ficric behind hrf back, anil- bringing its head «ver her right (houMer, pots itabiU into her mouth. This pillar ' and Itatoe arecoi\ttdered«t a fymbolical reprefcnta- tion-ofthe city of Copenhagen : th^yweie, hotfever, -fnmd' near Calmer, in Sweden, 'doting the war in 161 1, and conveyed'to Copenhagen from thence. The'Calvintfls have a church in this city to themfelvesi thofe of 'the Romifti trligioit frequent the chapels ol fo- -reign miniflers ofthaf profeffion, and the Jews have their fynagogoet. The magiftraey Of this city is uppoinied by tnc king, and eonfifts of a prefideht, three bnrgomaflers, with vice-burgomafters, and common- council men. The plague has freqoeittly Vifitedtfait city, and farept away great numbcrt ot the iniiabitanti. it has onen been befieged, and in 1658, and 1659, held out againft the Swedet almett two years ; and in itoo w» bombarded by 1fae«ombtnedfleet8ofSwe«icn|Eiigianrfr«nil Holland' Ou No. 53. tfaa 40* of OftdbivJ t^tt i ii*A(dt»M*ilii ftverki other aublit buildit^ wcte burnt t* the ground. Tiie-aniiharfluy of this diaadfill aotitknt% «ibfK\«ed in « ralipons manner on the iwemy •third df OAofatc. The oity has, however^ beea fifK* rcbnik with gteaiac c^egancd andbcaoly. The fuDiubaf Ciuiftianflufen being fiatod on the iiUnd ef Almao, wa'fliall thanfeia take feme notice ofthat iflasd^ whiA it joined to she city, and confequevtljr to Zeelaud*' by two biidgea. Ii is about nine milea in length, anA three in breadth i entirely level, and hat i}0 wciodt, esM eept a ftw thickets. The foil it aacomiaonly xicb and fcrtilc, and is thettfore uaUed the garden fet Cobenbagen. Apart of it was given ill i$i6 to fcveralfanSiet, iaho were invited thithrj- from North Molla^kd byiJlidfiian II. at the dclire of £U%ibehoufc, which flands in it. At about the dinance of a mife'fpom the patk, lies tlvit of la^rfburc, which affords pleiwy of game. Near the middle of it ifands a new edi- 'ike, calkd the Hennitage, which is thirty dls in lengtli, -twenty in breadth, and e^gantly adorned both within and ■without, in the loweft ftory is a curious machine, 'by means of which tlie viftuah, &c arc conveyed to and flrom the king's table in the lecondilory. -About five miles from the park it the caftle of Hir- fcholm, a royal palace, which was anciently a piace of confiderablc -ftrtngth : but nothing now remains of the old caftle, befidrs the name ; ibr it is not only dcmolilhed, but the very fituation of the place has been entirely altered by art. ChriAian V I. who look poflellion of it as prince royal, caufed the foundation ef a new edifice to be laid on the fpot where the old caftle flood ; and his queen, after his acceflion to the throne, continued the building, the king having made her a prtfent of it. In 1 739 it was thought to be finiftied 1 though eveiy year fince new im- provements and ctaibellilhments have been continually added. The outfide has a vcnr magnificent appearance, nor is it left elegant within. The great hall takes up the height ef two -ftories, and has a noble fountain that throws up a column of water above twenty feet high, which falls down again into a copper bafon. DireQly op- pofite to the palace is a noble fuinmcr-lioufe ; and on one fide of the garden is an eminence covered with trees, on which ftands tlie Norway-Houfe, which is fo called from its being built in the Norwegian tafte. I'be chapel is cle> gant and well adorned, and the garden very beautiful. The ^mous etftle of Frederielburg is about twenty miles from Copenuagen : iaii ii cucciricti iiic tiiuft beiu* tiful palace of any belonging to the king, and is frequently called the Verfaiiles of Denmark. Chriftian IV. cauicd the ol^ buttdiAg to be dcniolilht(;, and the prtfanLaiag- 6 S nifiecac tt^-:.. Sp Thb new AMD VKtVEiKS,iiUBYST.BM\or GEOGR A ^VcYvl V H]... nifieeiitfiniAi]»te^nt by. a low building of one ftory. Thefe confdl of feven arches below, and as many above, built with free>ftoae, and adorned with ftatucs that Aand cither in niches or detached froiti the wall, with many other oniameuts { in (hort, which way foever you turn your eyes, curious fculpture. and a variety of otlier era- bellilhments, prefent themfelvet to view ; and there is a bcautifiil fountain near one of the wings. There is a fine colled ion of paintings in tlie gallery that leads to the hall of audience, rooft of whidi were brought fi-om Italy ; and the hall is hung with the portraiu of fe> veral of the Danilh lyings, and of the prefent royal family, as large as the life. The exploits of fome of thefe mO' narchs are alio beautifully painted in different parts of the palace, and the great afliions of Chrillian IV. are rcpre- fented in rich «peftry. In the church belonging to the caftle, the eye is in a manner dazzled by the glittering of the gold, filver, and curious marble, with which it is enriched. The altar is of black marble, the front of the table is of filver and ebo- ny, and the pulpit ii of the fame materials. From the gal- lery there is a view of the large piflures with which the pilallers between the windows are decorated. In the win- dows, and on the walls of this chureh, are the efcutcheons of the knights of the Daneborg order. The gallery leads to a fpacious place behind the attar, where the royal throne is (reded ; and on the walls, which arc hung witli crim- lon velvet, are feen the aims of all the fciiights of the order of the elephant. I'lie grand order in this apartment is curioudy enibelliflied with fculoture and gilding : formerly a fine organ of filver and ebony likewife ftood Mere. In the tower is a fine ring of bells. In (hort, all the apartments of the caftle are very pjiagnificent, 'rfpecially the knights ball-room, which is over the church, in the third ftoiy, and has alfu a noble organ. There is a fine garden behind the palace, and the neighbouring park interfperfed with canals and filh ponds, and agreeably diverfifted with a mixture of grafs-plats, and liule hills and vallies, well ftocked with fallow derr from England. In former reigns, the ceremony of the coronation was always performed heic, hut of late years it has been removed from hence to Copen- hagin; Hod notwiihllanding the magnificence of this pa- lace, WL- arc told that it is fcldom vihted by tlie pkcfent fo- viitign. '1 lie town of Elfinore or Elfineur, is about eighteen niilfi fiuni Copenhagen : it is fituated on the Sound, di- iciilly oppofite to Elfingburg in Sweden, in fifty-fix de- grees, eight minutes, north latitude, and thirteen degrees, twenty-three minutes, eaft longitude. Next to Copen- hagen, ihis is the richcft and inoft elegant town in Zea- land. It has two churches, in one of which, named St. l>eter's, the minifters preach in the German language. Here is alfo a giammar-ichool, in which thirty-three poor fcholars are educated and maintained gratis, a good hof- pital, and the king's cuftom-houle, which is a ime edifice, newly built.. > EUinore has a confiderable trade, and it famous both on account of its being the place by which the Swedes and Noivvcgiaiis ufually pafs into Denmark, and for the toll paid hctc by everv Ihiptbat fails through the Sound Un the noith fide o' .lie city itands the celebrated and iniput tant fnrlr(.rs of Cronenburg, which it built, in the moll duiabltt manner, with large blocks of hewn ftone, is ex- cellently weUfpioi^ ana. Moroud tN[ith, feveral tnirrtti. and a varieti^ of fculpture. ' '■'-.'': .lAlfotit nine miles fr9«> CiWMnlNirg, ii> Jatifude i|%-' fi«« dfgreei, ihfrty-fix minntp, ftands the royat p^ace ^^ Fri«i^ft>urg,4n a deligliifiilfiiuationi which circumfiaiice iodi)oed Frederic IV. t» build thu. place hete; |lnd af the edifice was completed i« lyao, vylien |he treaty of peace, was concluded with Sweden, the king gave it this name,, the word ' frieden ' fignifying^ace. That prince, being extremely fond of this place, often tefided here, andthere-^ fore, to render it as .^reeabte as poflible, endeavoured to fu^ly by a(t the deficiencies of nature. The iiinfr coutt) is a regular oAagon, formed by feven wings, one ftory 'hig|i. and the main building, which is' oppofue to the principal entrance. In the midftofthe court is a h>untiin adorned with a marble ftatue of peace, made at Florence. The main building is in the form of a parallelogram, and C9- vered with copper 1 and in the middle there is a fpacious^ light and elegant li]uare halL The other, aparimenM, in both ftories, are nobly furnifhed. The garden is not very extenfive, but well laid out, and einbellilhed with ftatuet, vafes, and other ornaments. It is furrounJed with a large wood, that affords plenty of game, and in which feveral viftai are cut. There is a delightful prolpeA from the pa- lace; the eye commanding almoft all the vidat at once, and at the end of them is an ealenfive hke, in which is a beautiful yacht. A fine orangery and an e|egant church are near the palace. Here is a mcnagery, ftocked with a yanety of beautiful tame and wild fowl, in the wood ad- joiningto thegarden. Four Danilh, or fixleen Englilh miles from Copenha. gen, is the ancient city of Rofchild, or Roikild i it is fiiu- . ated about a mile from the extiemity of a bay-ca(led Ifc-, fiord, and derives its name from Roe, the eleventh king of Denmark, who was its founder, and the word ; kildf,* which fignifies a fpring, there being rcveral^X9ellent Ipringf on the fpot where it ftandi. I'his city ftaiuls in $l'ty .five degrees, thirty minutes, north latitude,, and in twelve dc> grees, fifteen minutes eaft longitude. It was a confider- ' able city many centuries before Copenhagen vyas built, and once contained twenty feven large chuiches and. con- vents within its walls, and its ftreets extended to the (ear fhore. Monuments of many kings of Denmark are in the.great church here, this being their burying place. Here is one of Harold VI. king of Denmark, England, and Norway, who was the founder of this church j here if alfo one of black marble, of the famous queen Margaret. The only veftige that it now retains of having been at any time the royal relidence is, that from the moft remote antiquity the kings of Denmaik have been buried in this cathedral. In one of the chapels are two of the moll magnificent mo- numents in Europe. They were made in Italy, by order of Chriftian IV. and are ereAcd to the memory of his fa- ther aiul grandfather, Chiiftian III. and Frederic II. the beginning of the laft century. Four other monuments, of two late Danilh kings, have not long fince been placed here : they were executed by Windwelf, a celebrated Da. iiifh ftatuary now living. A large whetftone is likewife fhewn here, which they fay was lent to queen Margaret by Albert, king of Sweden, in derifion : intimating thereby, that women Ihould (harp- en their needles inftead of aiming at war : but the wit, which is very poor, was well retorted by the queen -, ftie returned him for anfwer, that ftie fhoijld apply it to the edges of her foldiers fwords ; and Ihe was as good as her word, for Ihe overthrew him in a pitched battle, and made him prifoner ; and after keeping him in confinement feven yeais, he was compelled to yield to very hard terms to ob- tain his releafe. A fmall royal palace was built in thi| town, in the year 1733, that has a communication wit|i the church, by means of a covered p^lfage. In 1699, a convcntwas founded here for twenty. one ladies of quality, and a priorefs. Each of thefe ladies has an annual pen- fion olcit;hty rixdollars, bcfidct lodging and board. Chrif- tian V. alio endowed this Prouftant convent with fivehun. drcd rixdollars per annum. There is a foundery for cannon about twenty miles from Rofchild : it was begun by the laic king Frederic V. and named Frederic's work, which the natives confidcr as tin. moli conlidcrabk- and aftonili)iiig in Kurope^ but, fays Mr. Wraxall, it does n9t inipreU a foreigner with fuch ideas of its confequcnce. Cahnburg, or Kaltundborg, in the prcfcdure of the fame name, is one of the moft flourilhing towns in Zee- land, and has the bcft haiboui in the illand, except Co- prnhagen. St. Mary's chuicli, which hat lour lofty Ipirci, makes a good appearance. The in:u!>iiaius carry 6 ■ un 'mi:-- [EURO P E.] DENMARK. on a>(on(Mlsr>b)e tn)de, and a great qnantiiy of ntalt U annnf ((y exJMrtcd from hence. The paflTage to fiarboai in J wand if vfu'ally performed in twelve noiui ; and a certajh PunwAr of imaclu fail twice a week to and from bothtQWni. . The little noted town of Son ii lituated in a pleafant country, in the prefeOure of the fame name. It ii fitna- ted ten milet to the footh of Rofchitd, where it ii fur- rounded, by three lakes of freih water, and tbefe are again 'almod encompafled with fine woods. This town is re- markable for the royal academy fituated at the fouth end of it, to which belong a grand mafter, an infpeAor, pro- teflbrs in all tUe fcicnccs that relate to civil or political em- ployment^,, a French mafter, a riding-mafter, with pro- per maften for fencing, dancing, and drawing. I'here is alfo a printing prefs fet up in this academy. The ftudents have their apartments in a large and commodious ftone building. We fhall now take a view of the fmall iflands in the go- vernment of Zei land. Samfo lies about thirty-eight miles to the north-weft of Kalinburg, and nineteen from Abrufe in Jutland, in the iifty-fixth degree notth latitude. It is about fourteen miles long and five broad. It has fcveral hills and emi- nences, and the foil is for the moft part fertile, and par- ticularly yields plenty of peas ; whence moft of the inha- bitants are in good circumftanccs, and carry on a confi- derable trade with their Imall craft. It cunfifls of five parilhes. and is furroundid with feveral fmall iflands and Tandy flioals, dangerous to Ihipping. Mona, Moen, or Moon, as it is ufually called in our maps lies near the coaft of the fouth point of Zceland, in the ftraits called the Wolfsund ; it is fituated in fifty-five degrees, twenty- one minutes, north latitude, and is nine- teen milcl in length from caft to weft, and about nine in breadth. The high chalky clifl^s towards the Baltick may be f«en at a great diftancc at fca, one of which has a great refemblance to a throne, and is therefore commonly called the king's chair. Stones of an uncommon figure arc in errat plenty on this coad. The foil of the whole ifland is fertile, and yields great plenty of peas. It confifts of one prcfefiure, and contains feven rural parifhes ; and in tlie middle of the ifland is the little town of Stcge. liornholm is fituated in the Baltick, in the fiftv-fifth degree, fifteen minutes north latitude, and in the fifteenth degree, ten minutes eaft longitude, about fevcnty-fix miles from the extreme point of Zecland, and extends al>out thirty-three miles in length from the north weft to fouth-eaft, and is nineteen in breadth. The foil is fer- tile, and produces all kinds of grain, particularly oats. Here is alio eood paflurace, and a great <}uantity of butter is exported from hence ; it has alfo quarries of marble and liinc-ftoiic, and abounds with pit-coal. The coaft, from its dangerous rocks and ihoals, is inaccefT'ble almoft on every fide : ahd p' cat guns are planted where there might be any danger ot an rnciny's lai.ding. At the peace of Kofchild, in i<).s8, it was ceded to the Swedes; but the iiiliibitaiils, bciiii; treated with great feverity by their new mailers, look up amis the fame year, and, under the con- dufl of Jens Kocfod, recovered their liberty ; after which they delivered up the illand to the king of Denmark, who, plealal with thiti proceeding;, fcnt them a letter of thanks, and m a fccoiiJ letter proniifcd to t.ikc them under his iaimcdiate protcftiou ; an engagement which the lucceed- ing k.\ngs have confirmed from time to time. Bornholm has liteii t ,cr llncc an hereditary country, belonging to the kings of DeniiKirk. In 1678, five ihouland Swedifh troops were ftraiiiliJ 011 this itiaiid, in their palTage from Pome- rania to Sw ilcn ; when, notwithllandmg their being pro- vided with Diiiiilh pnfles, thole ihaCei'capcd the fury of the waves wcic naJc ptifoncrsof war. The inhabitants de- fend'tlic iflaiid with tht ir own militia, without anv ex- pcnccto his Daiulh majefty, and have a m cnior, depu- ty. governor, prefei\, and other ofliccrs. The ifland con- litls of one prct'cfliiic, which (ontaiiiG about a hundred villages, andl'Xtted iu.-j1 churches. The i^overnmcnt of Funen includes Funen, Langeland, Fahlrr, I.aaland, and other fmall iflands. It has two go- vtrnois, under one of whom arc Funen and Langclatid, and under the other arc FalRerand Laaland. FuiKii, called by the Danes Fcyin, lies between the Great and Little Belt. This ifland is about fifty miles in length, and forty-five in breadth. It receives its n. me from its being a fine co'untry. the whole ifland being fertile, and agreeably divcrfificu with fmall •■crdsnr hills, !sme of which are coveted with woods ; whence moft of the noble femilicl of the kingdom rcfidc there. Indeed, it is not 53 « e«fy to find, in any other place of fuch fiiuU extent, fo many noblemei^feats as there are in tbi* ifland. The foil yield* focb jplentliiil crq^ of grain, that the inbabituiU may annually export above a hundred tbouftnd barrels of 7*. barley, oats, and peu, to Norway and Sweden, ex- chifive of their home confumpti«n. It alfo ptodutief a vaft quantity of buck wheat, which is chiefly culUvaied by the inhabitants. They employ a great deal of care in breeding beet, and make a conflderable aaantity of fine mead, which is exported to all parts of the kingdom. The apples that grow in this ifland are alfo much admired, and it iikewife produces plenty of hops and efeulent herbs; but the fcarcity of wood obliges the inhabitants chiefly to ufe turf for fuel. There are here alfo great herds of black cattle, a aood breed of horfes, and abundance of hogs. This illand is divided into five prefeflures, the princi- pal places in which are the following ; namely, Nyborg, or Nibnrg, a ftrong town on the Great Belt, and though not very laree, has a commodious fituation. Here is a good pott, and fome trade. It once was very ftfong, but now has nothing remaining but the ruin* of its old fortifications and caftle. The fliips that paf* through the Great Belt are obliged to pay toll here, for which purpofe a man of war is always ftationed in the Belt. Thiscity wasfirftbuilt inii75. All that remains of the royal antient palace, where Chrftian II. was born in 1481, (to the top of which an infant wat carried up by a monkey, and brought down again without receiving any hurt) is only a large wing, with aflat tower, a little higher than the roof, and at prefent ferves for a magazine and an arrenal. Odenfee, is a city of great antiquity, and the capital of the general government; it is pretty large and populous, but the greateft part of the city is old and decayed ; fome of it is, however, new and well built. It is faid to have been erefted before theChriftian a;ra. and to derive its name from the idol Odin, and not as fome have imagined firom the em|ieror Otho I. who was never there. It is fituated in a fine plain, in tht fifty-fifth degree twenty-five minute* north latitude, and in the tenth degree thirty minutes eafl: longitude, on a river that yields a variety of fifh, and about a mile below the towii runs into the gulf of Stege- ftrand. The city is about a mile and a half long, and half as broad. It has four churches, among which the cathedral i* the moft remarkable. In the Grey Friars or Fran- cifcan diurch, are interred king John, and Chriftiana hi* queen, with their fon Francis, and king Chiiflian II. Near this church is a handlbme hofpital, built in the year 1540. The king's paUce is neither large, commodious, nor elegant ; it being only erefted as a lodging for Fre- derick IV. in his occafional progrefs through Funen : but there that excellent prince died in 1730. In this city is a college, erefked and liberally endowed by HhriOian IV. and alfo a large cathedral fchool. The provincial court is heki every month in the great hall of this city. The bay lies a little above a mile from the town ; the inhabitants ca;-ry on fo conflderable a trade, as to employ thirty-four large fhips, befides above a hundred fmaller veffels. Langeland, which is fituated in the fifty-fifth degree twenty minutes north latitude, and in the tenth degree fifty -four minutes eaft longif.ide, is thirty-three miles in length, but fcarce five in breadth. This illand is very .rtile, and abounds with wheat, barley, and rye, of which the natives export great quantities. It ii under the fame general governor as Funen : and contains only the rbyal prefcAiire of Traneklar, which include* the north and fouth diflriAs, each ccnfifting of feven churches or parifhes. Falfter lies at the diftancc of two leagues from Zteland, in fifty-five degrees north latitude, and is about twenty- eight miles in length ; hut its breadth towards the north ci.U does not exceed fourteen, and towards the fouthem extremity is but about four miles. It is very fertile, and may be called the orchard of Denmark, from its yielding abundance of fruit : all forts of game are Iikewife here in great plenty. This illand is commonly the dowry of the queens of Denmark, and confifts of one fingle prefcAute, which contains two diflrifis, in one of which are thirteen ruial churches, and in the otlier fifteen. The chief town in this ifland is Nicoppine, in Latin Nicopia, or Neapolis Danica, fituated on the ftraits called Guldborgfund, in the forty-ninth degree fifty-fix minute* north latitude, and is a pietty large well-built town, one of the moft antient in the kingdom ; but is notin fo flourilh- ing a condition as formerly, when the queen dowager, and nth^r rnyij nerlonaires, conftanlly refided here. On the land fide it is foitifacd by a wall and ditch. This town Carrie* on a confideiable trade. ■■ i »- ' ■•■ • --■• .- »« •«■;-. I.alan4, Sii The new anb UNrVBks AL ^Y^T^!^ or GEOORA^rff. _/ J ^.i.-ij „..:iu„ .I'lfci:: j^J 1. Xalwid, OK Lojlind, calleJ.bir tiieu fepMMcd frQiB F»lfler,on ih« calU.by ,U .thf ftitii Cjuldb9(gfunM >i),«vetjr en^miMUrd U;.. the Grot Belt,JHid,.|l).e,3{ iflW M nineteen mile* di(Ui>l fromilw i|l«|n^ of^fflsermj; i| U»irty-lJw» , milei u> Ifiiatb, ..•■mI *b9>« %rwn ^n breadth, «nd the oioft fertile (pot in the DitiUlidMi.ipions. b.|i(otluceifleiuy of gcain,f»rtiFu|jirl]r vKJ nne wheat, at^d eKGelleni. pea* : it i< lilpemre fanu)tw fpr.a Mnd of.red fruit caUed maana, which in, it* t«l)e refemblef fwcfet «f t qiondi, and gro«t «n a flender fiem i it alfo abounds wjfl^ applet. . It hu Tome wooda, bot thcfe are more fiequent on the eaft than on the weft-fide. . . The capital of the ifland is Naflcow which waa anciently well fortified, but it now only encompaflcd with a wall. It is of a middle fize, and bandlbniely built. The inhabi- ^nts are wealthy, and trade in the produce of their coun- try, it having • pretty good harljour. The Jewf |ire allowed the public ^exercite of their religion, and have a fyn^(ogue here : the town hat alio a grammar- Ichool, and an hofpital. •i SECT. IV. Ctmuinitig «« tttiunt tf lit dvil utlejiaftitalt and ptUtical , ^att »f Dtnmari ; uft »f tht Ungu»%i. rtUgin, ltarniii{, tmfiiMini, gtvirimunt, and Uiwi tf lb* Daiui, THIS kingdom it divided into feven capital govem- menit, each being under the direAion of a governor appomted by the king, who it called ftiftt-amptt-man, and thit ftiftt-amptt-man, or governor, it ufually a court- favourite. Each of thefe Icven capital xovernments it again fabdivided into three fmaHer juriidiAions called amptt { and the governort of thefe amptt are called ampts- men. But ftiftt-ampttmen are eijually unamounts to no more than two thoufand rix dollars, or about five hundred and ten pounds fterling. The clergy, in general, preach without notes, and fome ' .of them lewl very exemplary lives. They are wholly de- , pendant on the government, and are obliged to aA with, the utmoft fubmiifion and fervitily to the court. But to make amends for being obliged to be obfequioiss to one . cU(s of people they take care to Ihew their authority, and domineer over the lower claft of people. Their churches .■are kept cleaner, and are more embellllhed with ornaments, .tlun ttiofe in England, but tlie decorations are ufually in- -«legant, and often abfurd, particularly refpcfting tlieir 'flatuet. I'bey are extreincly fond oi fonorous niufic ; beiKC their organills entertain the people for a confiderable time, botl\ befoie and after fer\'ice. , In Dcuinark the anticnt form of govemmrnt was the bme as that which the Gotlis and Vandals ellablilhed. in mod, if not all parts of Europe whither they carried 'tlieir conqucfts, and which in England is retained till tltis <]ay, for the moft part. ]}enmark therefore was, till within thefe eighty-five years, governed by a king, cbofen by the people of all foits : even the boors had tlicir voicet ; which king Waldcmarill. who reigned in 1334, acknow- ledged in. riiat memorable anfwer ot bit to the ,>ope'i nun- cio, who pretended to a great power over him ; Naturtm habtimi a Deo, re^uum a fubditiit Jiviliai a ftrinlitui, ri- /igi»iifm a RtmatM tcelrfia, fuamfi notis iKvidei, rtnuKcia- mm tttr pr4rfi»lu ; i. e. " Our being we have from God ; our kingdom from pur fubjeAt, our riches from our pa- rents, . and our religion from the church of Rome ; and, if yott grudge it ut, we renounce it by thelie prtleutt." The eftatet of the realm, being convened, were to eleA for their nririce fnch a aerlbn ai to them aopeated haiid- fome, valiant, juft, merciful, affiible, a maliitainer of the laws, a lover of the people, prudent, and adorned with •U other viituet fit for government, and requifite for the 4 ; pjifjt.trun tepofcdl i/i him I fti With a due' tMjittf todtf lap^ of tEe |^;^Ing ki^ it withiH t&f M Aif fonnd.a perfon tbiil ainlifie?, 6t itiMi^i ^be ft; AM thought It bula pTe^e of juR g'fatiflia^ (b pfeilF ^kwm anv o{herto thit high di|uity, and were p|$afed tfUW UWy had,Ka(&nf to dipte the eidell foh 1^ Uielr/^lUkf kihg ni%r than any of the yduiif^c'r, '»% Well 6eca1ift thkylUu r^^ud'tb priori^ of birth, wHeh alf other VlMiiet #e/tf eqi^, as bccaufe the greatjiefi of hit piirfoilal eifate litt^l put him above the rcacli of leroptaiibnt fo hi coVefoiU 6r dil^neft, and enable hii'n, in foiiie degree, to ih)ij^rt tM dignity of tbi oflice. Jf, aiterfuthaciidice. tlTiey (bund tWi{i(2T«U bMaKMi, and that they had (tilvanced a ctM, viciodt. iVrAhNiiit^ covetous, or WaR'eful perfoil, ttieyfr^qtiintK A)>o&d Htik,' oftentimes b'aiiilhed, fometinies dcftroyed Hilil ; infl tl^ either forinally, by liiafeing him anfwir Kefofe i'he re^e- fenutive body of the people j or if, by ill praAic«t, nkh as making of parties, levying of foldiert, cohtiiijtrng of alliances to fupport hiinfeif in oppofitioit to tlic vkiA rights, he was g^owii too poy/crful to be legally conicii with, they dilpatch him, without ihore cereniony, the 1 way they could, and eledfed pfefehily a better man in bit ftead i (omctimet the next-of kiti to him 1 Ibihetioiei d£ vailiant nu^ that had expofed hiinrelf fo far at to undertake the expedition, or the killing of the tyrant 1 at o^er tiaiet. a private perfon of good reputation, who poffiblv ttoL dreamt of fudi an adiranccment, bedune (& MijeA d^ their choice. The frequent meeting of tlie hatet was a fundamental part of the conftitution. In thole nieetin^ ah mattcn relating to good government were tranfaAed, mod htM were enabled, all affaiit belonging to peace or war, aUi- aiices, difpofal of great officet, contract of .marrifget fat royal families, &c. Were debated. The mipofiinu of axet. or demanding of bcncvolencet, wat purely accidental, n* Ainllant tribute being ever paid|^ nor any liioney levied oa the people, unlcft either to maintain a liece^ry wiar, with the advice and confciit of the nation, cr nowandthdi by way of free gift, to help to raifie a dauchter't pdrtion.; the king't revenuf, at that time, confiflmg only in ttw rents of his lands and deinefnet, in bit hirrd of cattle, ta- refts, fervices of tenants in liunurinig and culiivlting hk grounds, &c. (cuftoms upon merchuidizet being an iia- polition of late crept into thit part dP the world). So that be lived, like one of our modern noblemen, upon'the it- venuet of hit own efta'te, and ate not through thie A^cit of his iJiibjcAs browt, as tlie modem praAice it. I'he king't bulinefs was,' to fee a due arid inhpartial ad. miiiiflration of juftice executed according to the uwt ; tiay, often to fit and do it himfelf ; to be watchful and vigilant for the welfare of hit fuhjeAt ; to command in periott tlicirarmie* In time of war j to encourage religion, art^ and learning : and it wat his intereft, at well at hit d«lT. to keep fair with the nobility and gentry, ^dto fie careAl of the plenty and profpcrity of hit people. Such was the antieht form of governhieiit in thit kiag.' dom ) which continued, with little variation, exceptldr that the power of the noblct increafcd too mtich, tiJl tbo year 1660, when at one inftant the whole face of itfun was clianged, the crown wat made hereditary, and the kinc abfuluie. I'hit remarkable revolution #at accompliOied in th« following manner : The whole nation, after the peace hf Sweden, was in a mod calamitous fituation, for the trca- fury was fo much exhaufted, that when the army was to have been dilbanded, there Wat ho money to pay offtAo troops 1 hence the foldiery became infolent and licentioui. At the fame time the noolet were proud and tyrannical ;, the clergy difcontented, fiom their want of importance^ aiid the difrefpcA with which tbey were treated : and the commonalty ^rew quite defperate, by icafon of the heaVw taxes with which, on account of the late w'ar, they hid been oppirfled. The Rates, at this critical jiinAnre, aflhnbled lo.deJi- berate on the grievancet of the nation, when it wat pro. pofed to tlie commons, that an equal t^ (hou'.d be U4 upon all perfoni indifcrimlnately. and without diftinaion, in an exaft proportion to their refpeAive circumflancet.. I'he nobles, however, firenuoufly pleaded flieir privi* Icget, wliich, they aflTcrted, cxeihptcd them ftom payiitg any kind of taxet ; and the coihmoni as ftrenuoufly coti- ten4fd, that at the noblet iugrofli;d and enjoyed the ereatell part of the landi, wraltb, hhnnun^ ir/_ jn .1,. Iiingdom, it was, more particubrly ineiimbcnt on them to hear their flure of tha commoa burden, aad contribute to the general defeiice, , . >, _ * • « The. .^v||;>. The dcbttet hCTe:iitMi^^ «w«. al^itlM tlMMitiMl A V/ m beeaiho Violent^ M(b party iamMiiwI an Inij^tAinUMIkK mofiiT Mtinft tba Mher. u^'tto'jMBpiit tof )4R wriit; cqxMj overMeaiM: if* tit* ArilMMNliii ftMlltk.' a nobl«i»aivcall«d Otto'Clraet ftood ttpi *M th!a>erilit^, ^M^mmtimiM'ttmuMftota luclt impofitibn, nor th« vendliion tff thaaafeUei, wh« were no other than their %k¥«i. TiMi* degrading tt( nreffioiu irritating the bodiitiont ^^^M aU'ngree of for< Uaranee, Nanron, their fpuka, ftaHMl tijM and, fiwd with indignation, fwore that dul ttobility UDtild reptni their having confidcrcd tlie eonuHont a* vaibit andflaVct. The common*, or clergy and bufgheri, iHuititdiately broke up the afleinbly, and marched under the aufpitct of their leader! to lite brewer'* -hall ; and ii> afinr hoiin refolvcd to make the Icing a prefent of an abfolvte power, and to render the crown bcreditaiy in bit Eunily, fo as that it might dercendeven to females, inde&ultof mateheiri; wbtch refolation they acconUngly put in execution th« next day : and thoagh the noUlity nefitated at firft on the niattcr, yet they wei« aMoebligea to comjily ; and in three daya time the alteration was completed ; fo that the Icings have been .ever fincc defpotic and arbitrary ; not the Icaft fliadow of liberty remaining to the fubje£i. Since this event took place, all meetings of the eftatei in parliament are eiitiraly aboUlhed ; nay, the very name of eflates and l^rly is quite forgotten, ai if there had neref been any fuch thing i the vary firft and principal article in the DuiiOi tew being, " That the king has the privilege refcrved w bknicif to explain the law ; nay, to alter and change it w he Ihall think projier." Any con- iidcrate pcrfon may caiity goefa the conleqaeaces of this, which arc, frcqueitt and arbitrary taxes, and commonly Very exceflive onei, even in times of peace, little regard being had to the occations of them i fo that tlic value of cftaies, in moft part* bf the kingdoaa, is falleii th*ee< iburiht : -aiMl it U vwrfe near the capital city, under the eye an4 baivd of the government, than in the remote pro- vinces ; hence enfuet poverty in the gentry, which necef- £irily caufes extremity of mifery in the peafants, pania-i Kty in the diflcibutiou c»f jutlica|.wMin,- favourites are concerned ; with many other mffcbMs, ' libing the con> liant effcAs of arbitimry . ^ kin| ^^^ifkMaki Tkt tnbMiii vTSMtS ii MM* ft Ot^mtOhmi Oat far ib«i,fll flMrWi te «• toMkbrttOtt man TiXa'nal «f '*» Ovik>4«i« deeifi** ia'tte4tMiiiUt>iteinMpb«n MtieMb^tn iWareito tiidoMabl»it«»)Bfa«iy^WHr«Mig«ll 'mthltoohef »aw|tti •/■(■ Hi'- ;.,••.■, M ■ ■'■''mPmr ■ foilmavboearrifid thitMg)|iU V'ilMin,iiMl finally d»- tSMi in tUrtwii'mMMia 1 titd •mjrmaA, if to chafe* il, (nai^plesfriJiUoiirniB^ifti - • ' Heieaiit thi«e'Other«eMI, ftibMimtetotbelrupre«l edurt of jndUcatttM, afwhialithe Ungprefidaa ; ihcfe are, ih* landt'flag, or pro*inl:ial ooqrt : the tttmdsfougda, or diftri A court I an4 the byfogUdif' nr itown eouit. Appeali lif from each of thefe court* tto thie other, aocording to fop** siority ; and the^fioal i^ipcal i* to the fupieme tonrt, whcii tlw king, as the altfanate legUtelw, pvM tfai vltiaiaii decifion. The kiite appoint* the jndgast Whiidt art nnoveable at pleafures tbtj are puniilMble for miMemeaMors, thatiav if the monarch ihinka {iropertb deem their aAiohi fuch t and tbu* being royaUycondeinned, are obliged to make re- paration -to tM ilOttfed party. Their (alarie* are incoa- fiderabte, being pn# from At king** treafnry, from finc(» and firom gratuitie* tilifre fentrncc is pafled. There it liktwife an cxcheqifeT aimrt in Copenhagen, to try caofcl relative to the revenue t and » eommctcial, to try ail dif- ftrenees refoefiing trade. The chaiweUory esacutes all manner of buiineu refpe£Ung treeiieii alliance*, he. and the admiralty eomt maiiajie* all narinn difpiites. In Defimark, the pobee i* eery tati&: hencK higbmf robberies, buiglariea, coinings clipping, ice. are criiact fcarcely ever heard of s and to ^eak againi^ tbefovernment fo flrongly prohibited, that itone dare wag tmtr tbngoM licefinoufly iiv|wfitical matter*. Murder and minflaugb- ter are, however, common 1 and the ptmiibment of tb* criminal i* beheadiitg, which is actfeADeil, with great dex> terity by the public execurionerr who, though univeHally defpifed, is uuially ridi, as he i* n«t oitly well paid to de'- ptive a culprit of his life, but i* the general contnAur to entity all the jakes, and remove from houfef, ftablai, ftreets, &c. all kinds of filth, and, in particuUr, dead cat*» dogs, tec. which no other Dane will touch upon any ae> count whatever. There is a maftcr of the police in Co- penhagen, who fuj^intends the council and civil afiar* cf the city ; and fuch diligence and circnmlpeaion i* ufedt that a perfon may walk through the whol'^ city at midnight^ in perteA fafety. To prevent fires, the chimney- fweepcre are bound to keep a rqpfter of all the cbimttie* tlicy fwccM that the perfon may be puniflied for hii avarice, or negleok on conviAion, who ia the occafion of an accident rmkA foul- vent, &c. ; In this kingdom the apodtebariet iure under excellent re* gulations, only two are allowed in Copenhagen, and one ia all other towns of importance. They are licenlcd by tbo college of pbyficians, 'and confirmed by the kinc ; and ut obli^ to keep anexaA te^ftfer of the drag* they fell, to whom they are fold, and by whom picfciibed. The Daniih laws are contained in fo perfpicuous aitd (hort a code, as to confift only Of one quarto volume, which is written in the language of the country, ai\d divided into fix bodes, the contents of which tie as follow : i. On the procedure of the courts of juflice. a. Ecdefiaftical law. 3. Office and honorary law. 4. Maritime law. 5^ Pro- perty, law. 6. Criminal law. S E C T. V. TrnHikg »/ lit Irfldt, rtvtmut Ha%ml mi Imd finite fft. ■ if D*imtrk\ alfi »ftk*t*r[mt, batitt, ttarsetn, tiff, ttntt, mtmurif (it. tfthi Ihmtti npHIS kingdom, being extremely well fituated fet I commerce, might be eafily rendered rich and flou- rimingi but, by reafonofthe ouoy exaftion* and dutiea it is fubjeA tc, i* at prefent one of the moft indigent and diftrefled ftate* of Europe : for where agriculture and ia» tenul tra:le are cramped, foteign commerce can nevec flourilh. When a farmer, in Denmark or HolUcin, hap- pen* to be an indufirious man, and is lituated nuon a poot nrm, which be is, by hi* great diligence and induftry. endeavouring to ctiltitite and improve i ^ foon as he hu performed the laborious talk, and cxpeAs to reap the pro- fits of his toil, hit lord, tinder pietcnce qj^takiitg it into bis own band*, ttinovM him ftom that 10 aoetnn of bft 6T poot in Tui NEWamo UN^VtR«A^ fl^STBM or OEQOlhliPtl Y. CI ri ' hnat I irtd rapaAi limk MftMU:pfrfeim iMe finor Uboriout talk thtit*. wiihiHit Anjr oAkr mmIAmM tbaai wha^he (hall think proper to girabiki. . In this, tfnmtry, the : • > An Eaftiiidia companjr wm cftatHiflMJ hi DMmaft in the year r6i2, and a fettleiMnt mad* at Trtntatebar, on the Coromandel eaiilkf bat thif E having natnrai^pro- du£lions, or roannfaaured goods proper for ibefe markets i and were it not for the unall quantiliea of theb goods which thejr fend into -Germany, Pruffia, CourUnd, &c. and the teas which their merchants fmuggic upon the coalb of Great Britain and Ireland, the company woaU fooh prove extremely prejudicial to the whole eonntry. It muft, however, be confeficd, thatChtiftian VI. did the utmoft in hit power to benefit hit coantry. He abo- lilhed the monopolies of wine, brandTt fait, and tobacco. He terminated the difputei which b^V^ng fubCfled be* tween the crown of Denmark an4r^ c*ty of Hamburg i inftituted a council of trad* i iflwited artifls, workmen, and manDfa^urer* from foreign countries to fieitle in Den- mark i eftablifhcd a bank t maintained a rerpe£lable fleet and army, &c. And his fan Frederick V. otmen, two (hillings } and tnaid-fervants. one (hilling. Labourers pay yearly (bur (hillings, and tlieir wives two, if not hired lervants. But , one of the moft confiderabte articles in the revenue of Den- inark, is the money railed by a duty or toll paid by all ihips which pafs through the Sound into the Baltick. The Sound is a narrow ((rait between Schonen and the ifland ' of Zeeland. On the Dani(h fide (lands the town of El- fiiieur and the caftle of Cronenburg : and on the Swedi(h fide the town of HeKingburg. Between thofs pafs all the (hips that trade to the Baltick. But though the Danes by the treaty of peace, have expreftir retained their title to it, ■nd receive toll from all (hips that pafs, except tliofe of the Swedes, yet they do notefteeevthe fecurity of that title fo firm as they could wi(h ; for as they are not mafters of" the land on both fides, they may have the right, but not the power, to affert it upon occafion ; and feein only »o enjoy it according to their good bchaviouri their ftronger neighbours, the Swedes, being ^blc to make ufc of the firfi opportunity given them to their prejudice. As this toll is very confiderable, and has ocnafioned many difputcs, we thought it might not be amifs to fct down ill this place an accurate account of the original end nature of it. It was at fird laid by the confent of the traders into the Baltick, who were willing to allow a fmall matter for each (hip that paflfed, towards the maintaining of lights on certain places of that coaft, for the belter dircftion offailors in dark nights : hereupon this paflagc of \he Sound became the moft praAifed i that other of the Great Belt being in a little time quite neg- reflcd, as well bccaule of tbe great convenieiwy of thofc lights of the (hipping that paflftd in and out of the Ea(t fca, as becaufe of an agreement made, that no (hip (hould pafs the other way, to the end that aH might pay tl>eir (harct i it being unreaibnabie that fuct^ "lips fiiuuid hiiro the advantage itliofe lights in dark or &ormj winter nights, who avoided paying towards tbe maintaining of tbeh firrt, by p«|ittf aiMher w«y iQ «e«4 weather. Be< (iil<»»lf ihismaiiiMr.of avoiAng the. payment bad been alloweri, the revcnOktirqtiklfJMye. beeii>foin(jgiiifiaM)t, eon-* fideringthe (hwll (Mtoliiak eadt fliip i»aa t» p«y« that the ^fticouMinoi have been maintained by' it |. and the Ptrte* were nMvtIliiit ttrlla u liie thaipe.'ifclety for the Vfe-and beorfitof llnir tMrntradiiig ihips ; btcaofii they v«ra in>flc'*!of fo fkw, m made it net worth their while (' the Lnbccketa, Dintsickam and merthaattofatheebaufcn tdwnt, beiiiitlie greateft tndcis at that time in "the nor- ■ttem peril «£wfMet by which they arrived to a great beiriii of DOWer and riclMii Thoe. being no fiaed rule, or treaty, whereby to bO' governed with regard to the different balk of tbe (hipa belonging to fe many diflerent nations, the Danes began 1n prbceft of time to grow arbitrary, and exaAcd fmaller or greater fumt, aeQording to the firengih or weak- nefs of tholic they bad to deal with, or according to their friendlbip or difcontent wifk tbol^ princes or (tatcs to whom the feverai (hip* bclon^d. Therefore the em" perorCharie* V. to iilcertain thi* toll, concluded a treaty with the king of Denmark, wbieli was ficncd at Spire on fl the Rhine, and wu in behalf of his fubjeAs of the Ne- therlands, who had a creai traffic in tl>« Baltick, and agreed, that u.a toll-cuitom in the Sound every (hip of two hundred tons and ander, flwold pay two rofe-nobles at its entrance into, or reliim from the Bslticki and every (hip abi^re two huiidrcd tons, three rofe-noUct. A roli:- noble is worth about eighteen (hillings (ierling. This agreement remained in fomtill fucfa liiae as the United Provinces (hook off the Spanifh yoke) and then the Danes, taking an advantage of thofe wars, railinl tlioir toll to an extravagant height, the troaUefeine. times not affording the Dutch leifure to mind the redreffing of fucU a'mifidiief. However, the toll is at preleat greatly re- duced, and much more reafiMiablet and if the principal maritime powers thought fit to difpute tbe, matter, liiey ceruinly would have no oecafion to pay it alL ,About the year 1640, this toll produced two hundred andiforty^ thouland rix-dollars per annum ; but fince 164;, it has not yielded above one hundred and ninety ttiouland ; fome years not lAove eighty thoufarid ; iii!i69i, it did not extend to fell fcventy tboufaud j and tp much le(s fuica that time. .f>, *• Of all the Danilh axes, that upon marriage is the molt impolitic, and more panicularlv a* the country greatly wants population. All people of rank, who have public employments, pay a fum equivalent to teii pounds fler*} ling for the privilege of being nurried ; people of rank, who have no public employment, pay at the rate of four pounds fierling; clergymen, citizens, free farmers, and the (lewards of the nobility, pay fixteen (hillings i me- chanics eight (hillings : and fcrvant* and labourers, four (hillings ; (iiamen, loldiers and hufbandmen, arc exempted from this tax, and for a very good reafon, which is, that thev are totally unable to pay it. AnotlKr very heavy nx is, an exemption fubfidy,. which, though exorbitant and oppreffive, is chearfuliy paid by all houfekeepers who can raile- the mpitey, becaulo Dy the payment they are exei«pted from having foldiers quartered on them. Thif tax is rated by the civil ma- giflrates, according to the fize, fituation, rent, &c. of tbe houfe. Bdidcs the uxes to government, two- more are paid by all citizens and burghers, (or the fupporl of their refpeAive cities and towns, viz. a capitation-tax, and a ground-tent tax ; and independent of thefe, here is a heavy (lamp-duty, and taxes upon patents, cominilfions, a titulary tax paid by the nominal nob'tity, &c. From thele various taxes, duties, imports, and fublidici, the whole revenue of Denmark at prefent amounts to the annual incooie of one million, two hundred thouland pounds, and this it the utmoft that government can pof- fibly draw from the people, without draining the kingdom of the little money that remains in circulation ) for the Danes are, perliapa, the moft heavily taxed of any people in Europe, though they ate the leaft capable of paying fuch opprelTive levies. Moft of the regular troops in Dentiutk are foreignere, ' and more particularly, Germans. The cavalry and dra- goons are well-nioutitcd, and confift of eleven rcgiinenii ( and each regiinciit in four fquadrons, including the body guards. 'I'heii: regiments are thus quartered, viz. three in Zeeland, one in Funcn« three in Jutland, and one in Holfteiii. The infantry is compoiied of fixicen re- BllUCIIta, ua mil^ll \nw ww mukj mm •••« ,»iinEa |^m*,w»* When die legimcnts are complete, each confifts of two. buttalions, and each battalion conlifti of fix companies of . , one *., [fe iJ It OPB.) !> fc«*i M A R jt. #3! to b* l>e fiiipt «««.h«iUrtd MMk. Tha artilferv eon^ of thiM nri* I «f «kkh U flMtwMd m Dminarlu anollMr m 7»imM • diM in HoMdn. TtMcoipiofiHtgiMen 141110 ihiMpHti, MchofMUebtoaiiptUiit twentjr •Cai««f miM* mlu. 8iawth»a»NihiAiM of th«D|nifl»lbfeM,tlMif nnnx Iwrt ««. M toUom : Hn tbouTuMl cavalry and drageoni, and thirty thoofanA iofcittry and atiilkry i fo thai the le- gyhw tfMpi in Dennaik asMOst to ferfy.thovfimd. And «ri^ nS f i A to the militia, every perfbn wh^lbltimuca or Mftfia ibna bundnd and 6*xy acrei of land, it obliged to furnim one nan, and pay half lite Mpence of a man to- warda a eorpt-de-iviervc, to be embodied and called out only upon extnordiiury occafioni. The navy belonging to the Danea confiftt of thirty fliipt of the line, and about fisieen frigate* t bat tbefe are gene- rally kept in fuch^^ teptir, tlut it would be found diffi- cult, upon an emergency, to fit out twenty (hipi capable of putting to Cm. To man thit fleet, there are two orden of icamen, namely, thirty thonfand who are conftantly in- rolled and retained,, in time* ^f peace, by a triiling annual flipend, and being exempted from the payment of certain tasH. A fecond clafa it eompolfd of four diviiiona. each hiving a chief and ten conipanie* of one hundred and eigblean men each. Thefe ate commanded bv a captain, who baa two fubaliern oScert under him ; and m this daft are Acectain number of gunners, who have a kind of natal ^cadnmy, and inftruA the feamen. This fecond claft con- taifti, fcnir thoufand fcven hundred and twenty men, who arc ajwayi.icad^ for immediate fervice, and conftantly kept in full pay. They are occaiionally recruited from the in« rolled Kamen, and wear a blue uniform faced with different colourt, according to the refpeAive fquadrona and diviiiont to which they belong, Their men of war carry the fame complement of men, in proportion to their Kuni, as the French fhip* of war do ; but tl^^ lire much innrior, in point of conflraClion, bMh to Ein^fl) and Frencht and are tu from being equal to the S wcflilb fhip* of war. . Frederick IV, inftituted a marine academy for the in- flruAion of young cadets. Appointments were made for fifty cadets to be trained up to a tliotM|b knowledge of naval affairs, and perfeAly ought navigation, gunnery, drawing, fencing, hiftoryv geography, geometry, and ie- veral other branche* of the mathematics, &c. In ordei| to join praAice to theory, tliey were annually to make a voyage in a frigate, and fucceifively to perfarm the fervioe* of common feamen, pilots, and officers. But this noble ioflitutioii is now totally neglcAed, and the money ap- pointed tc fopport it is funk into venal pocket* i fo that the Danes, in cafe of a rupture with any naval power, would liave a great difficulty to find proper perfons to com- mand tlteir fnips of war, except from the few officers among them, bred in the Englifh and French ferviccs. There are computed to be about two million, one hun' dred thoufand fubje£ts in the various part* of the Danilh dominions, the inhabitants of which may be diftin^uiflied into five clafTei, vix. i. The nobility, who have privileged fiefs in the kin|;doro. a. The titular nobility. 3. Clergy, lawyers, and ftudcnts. 4^ MercliaiUs and Citizens. 5. Sean^en, farmers, and labourers. There arc very tiew families of the firfi clafs, or antjrnt nobiliiy, now cxiftmg ) (o that inoft of the families, who •re now in poirvflion of the privileged ficA, have been ennot>|cd fincc the revolution in 1660, and mod of them very lately. They value themfelves very much upon their title* and privileges, and are uncommonly fond of pa- geantry, pomp, and fhew. They are proud of French luppeiict, and imitate all the blemilhes, but none of the good qualities of that nation. The ladies in general are ttiiilhed cople reldonqd|ll^ with each other* ' though they era very fond of drinking and of fmoaking tobacco, which are of general ufe here, and which ma^i contribute mncb to tbair health, and to the little aAivity they poller* in the cold and wet atmofphere they live in. . The Dan» iHn formerly celebrated for their waitfka genius 1 but this being now lotUly loft, they are becdiie timid, fufpieiott*, deceitful, dull, and in general ftumd. The king, on the fale of an eftate, hu a right to one third of the purchafe-monev; and their land* in general are fo burdened with imponiiona, the gentlemen are at little or no pain* to improve their eftatei, and they look upon trade a* beneath their dignhy. They thereforrnak their unanta : with the utmofi a|j||cffion, in order to proctlre the imme- diaie mean* of gratif^|{||ig their vanity, gluttony, and ex-, iravaganor. Thofe eoartiers, who derive money froni, their employment*, instead of purchafing |and in Den-i mark, remit their tafh to the bank* of Hamburgh and> Amf^erdam. The' merchant* and burgher* tread: in. the fteps of their fuperiors ; tliey fpend all their gain in. luxury and pleafure witli an impatient avidity, as if they, were afraid of incurring the fufpicion of affluence ; and of being fttipped by taxation: The peafant or boor followi the fame example ; no fooner has he earned a rix-dollar, than he makes haile to expend it in brandy, left it fhould fait into the hands of his oppreflive bndlurd. This lower cUfs of people, fays an accurate wntar, are as abfolute flaves as the negroes in ilic Weft Indies ; and fubfift upon much harder fare. I'lie value of eftales it not computed by the number or quality of the acres of land, but by the. ftock of boors I who are leckoncd a parcel of the freehold, in the fame manner as the timber upon it, The Dane* are well-lhaped and ftrong built, exceeding bat, both men and women, but have Dutch fhapas and a very bad mien i their hair ufually ydlow, as is obretved, of moft northern nations, while tba hair of the foutliem people is generally black. The ladies, that are not expofed to the weather, have excellent complexions, and malu a very agreeable figure in a fitting pofture ; but they ceafe to charm when they put themlcives in motion, and indeed* it it difficult to know whether ihcy move at all for fome, time, if they are at a little diftance from us. They are as corpulent and ill-fhaped as the Dutch, and Want a little of the aAivity of the French. Both fexes lake great care to drefs and curl their fair locks, and imitate the foutberni nations in their habits, .except the lower clafs of people, and the 4 tiemen keep very plentiful tables, and drink chiefly Rben- ifh wine or brandy. Upon an invitation, the guclls hav«l each a giafs of brandy ofTerd, or rather forced upon tlremr as foon as they come in ; and at dinner-time, whenever the mafter of the houfe drinks a glafs of wine, every one at the table does the like. I'h: ladie<, as well as gentlemen take off their glafies at every health drank at dinner; but then their glafles are fmaller, and they retire belbre the men b^in their indelicate toafU. Thr principal divfrfions of thefe people are, being drawn in fledges upon the '\x, during winter, and ruuiiiug at the goofe on Shrove-Tuelday, The king aimually partakes of the paflime of fiag- hunting, during which diveriion he lays afide the trappmgs of royalty, and mingles, as an equal, with his noble* and atteiulants ; even the conrnion people are indulged with very extraordinary freedonu at tliis time. When the hunting is over,.about fix in the rvcninff the huntinir aflizes are held in the ureat court be* fore the palace. ' TKere the flag, is cut uoiividk great cere- mony by the huntfm:u, who are cloaibca in red, ai>d have hiuiting •^,. fi6 Till NEW AMD UMlVEHS^L^t^VSTEM op GEOdHAJP^f. banting hbrtii about tbiir mcIh« wkik lb* loundt Mtcnd M Inim, Miougk laft bonowrabk, it macii Men umitM -, f» with the moit cUiiMiraut iaiiMUicim. PraclMMtion ii tife that ikt (trigin or it k loft in fcbis : it H keHotni, ai tt^ oiada, tiMt if any ptiroahai, that AkT, tra«(miMth« ........ Umti of hmtiitg^ In fhonld b« imiBMiiaiviy aeeuiiidi Some ioiiividiial ii alw«yi tbMtti br titit parnoi, triad* and found guilty. Tlwn Im ii led by lw« gchtleaBati, towaidi the ftag, wncn htf fitft luteeli down batwtan tiM hatni ; be is aJtennrdi oblieed to nile up hit pofltriort, on whiah the liiiftr himfdf, witha large wand, infliAt a ccitain nam<- bar of ItriMt, to the infinite divcrfioh of tiw quean, ladict, and otber ipcAatoTf (daring wbicb th« bounds «i«a, and an a mb r oW ll < » d flar on the bsiti'or tMt eaai. fmoanded tritli the motto, •• piaiat* It Juftltia;'* bf e«y and infllcc, Hera is likawib a modem erdtr of ightbood, called the oidcr of St. Matilda, «nd infti« tnted'in hoiMtr of the lata nn^brtunata quacn i bn* whidi, being now Uitle regarded, it oonlanuantly not afpiftd W or foMcilcd. SECT, VI. 1 if/ttrfi $f Dm lit h»fd»m$ ajMtxtil* It, Ctmprijiiig ih* Mini undi mtArn kf/ttrf t/Dtmrntrit W gons or on horfeback, and the ^((HH are more ufed than either in winter, for their diverfim, aa ncll as on jour< aeys. If a gentleman obtains a warrant from coirt for horfes or carriaees, the farmers o( every province are obliged to fumith him with them, as they ut fortlie reti- nae of the court whenthe king rcoioves. They have inns upon the roads i but there, as in Holland, they make little abiiu, like thofe in (hips, all roand the room, where all forts of people fleep to^^c'her. It muft be a man of great diftinAion who is fiivcurc4 witba room to hinifelf ; but their beds are very good, and their linen cleaik as in Hol- land. Indeed, the ckiei* and towns in general afford bat bad accommodati«s to ftkangk^t, the taverns being poorly fupplied with refrefliments ; lo that a iravelkr, to be in any-wife contented in this couutr,, .-nuft have atraveller's q>petite, and take a good ftock of paii'jnce along with him, The modern Danes are twt thole viiionary and ferocious people their aiiceftors \reie, who were alhamed of dying Ui their beds, and wboiii graateft felicity confiftcd in drink- ing bydromel oat of the (culls of their eneraies. While the peafants are employed without doers, at their labour, the women are occupied at liome in %inn!ri^ yarn for liiKn, which is here made to agicat degree of fincncfs and goodnefs. Many of the people we fubjeA to apoplexies and epilepiies, which are owing to bard drinking, and l^w Kving. It has been jaftly remarked, rcfpetiipg the gene- liuiiy of the people, tUat there is no oartofi^urope where ntraragani-ies of all kinds ara carried to fuch lengths, as in Dennurk, in proportion to the little they have to fpend ; and perhaps appears m no inflances more confpicuous tian their wcdaings and burialt. The Danes are exceflivaly ibnd of titles and diftrnAions, which are partly aimexed to military, civil, and elfclefiafti- cal employments, and pjirtly nominal. The various em- ployments give a kind m dignity, during life, to thofe who bold them ; and the natwe of*^ the employ fixes the rank between thofe who are in the fame train, but it cannot de- cide the precedency between an oflicer, a magi (Irate, and an ecclefiaftic ; and therefore this is regoUted by an ordi- nance for tlie etiquette or rank. Thofe who bare a certain rank bv their employments, often obtain, after fome time, titles fuperior to their refpcAive fonAions. Thefe titles are fometimes likewife imaginary ; as thus : when a perfoii has the title of counfellor of ftate, of juftice, or of finances, it is not to be concluded from thence, that he has neccflarily any part of the govemnKnt of the ftate of iuftiee, or of the public revenue, except the word " atual'* IS added to his charaAcr. The king of Denmark bat fome hundred lords of the bed-chamber, who pay about ten pounds fterlinp yearly for wearing agoldenVey, whioii gives them a coniideiable rank ; andye^ there are not ten paid for their attendance 3t court. To the court belong two ancient orders, of knighthoodt viz. tliat o; the Elephant, and chat of Dancburg. The badge of the former, which is tlic moft honourable, is an elepliant furmounted withacaflle fet with diamonds, and fufpended to a flcy-coloured ribbon, like the Gcoiee in England. This order was inftituted by Cliriflian I. at his fon'i ^cuuing. st •• CvMicrrcu Gn*y c,, |,«iiGti» c %u6 hif,hcft qnality ^.juid tlie number of companions amount to thirty, bcfides the fovercign. The order of Dane- TH E inhabitants of thefe kincdoms appear t9 hate been colonics of the antient Scythians, who over*' run all th« northern and weAern nirtaof Europe* Tlxy were firft known from their 'MMtratad expedition into Italy durmg the confuifhip of Cccilios Metdlut and Papi*' rus Corbo. At this tiana the liberties of Ro«tt wen threatened by intefline divifions, till private feudt gavo way to public confternation, on the Romans being in«' foriMfd that three tboufend northern barbarians had Had* an irrupfion into the Roman territories. Thefe ravlgtra'. had delignad to quit tba imdcmant and unfenlle regtont in' ^ wbkh tbey were born, for a ferencr climate, and mor^* fruitful country. They firft conouered all the little nations In their own vicinity, then Aibduad th« Gauls, and at kngtb prepattd' to attack Italy itfelf. Upon tliis emergency, the en« mark : he was fucceeded by his fbn Frederick II. in i m4^'''" ■^ -•■ * -•• —•••0 ".»-0™ ." ~ ~— •••— -"—- ~t ^ in order to obtain peice« Was coaipelkd to yield tip tbt;', province of Halland to the Swede*. 6 U --r- ^ ■• ^'* In In the year 1660, Frctkrick MI. Ii!i fom w*i heficgMl in hii capital ciiy of Copenhagen by Cluilei (iulUvua king of Sweden, who iliew hia artillery over tli* in into lh« province of Iceland ) and if tiM Uulcli had luteom* lo Fiedcnck'i affilUtiee, (iuflavut woiiU probably Imvc made a conqueft of tint iflatid : but tliouuli Ftvdetiok wm unfortunate in hit warn with fuicignert, he rall'etl hh pre- rogative to llut height, that be pciledly fubducd krt funjcAt, and front a liitiilcd elective inoiiarcli^, made hiinfelf an abfolutc piince, and eftablilhed tlie lucceffion of the crown in his (iunily. In the fame year, lite pejliinti and lower clafi uf people complaiiicd, tlicy were iiot able to dircharvc the debt* the public liaj contraded during the war, and iliereforr, entreated iht uobility and gentry, that •s the protick of the lundt were theirs ihey would coiuk- fcei-.J to bcai part of the buithen, the nobility and gentry, before thii time, paying no taxei for their landi. 1 o which they anlwered the commoni with greM tnfolence, told Uicm that they wcie born in a flatc of iervilude, their flavea and valFali, and did not underftaitd their duty : to ^hich th« coinninna made no reply, but retired from the ■flenibty with the clergy, who adhered loiluni, aitd going inimcdialely 10 court, acquainted hia majcfty, that they were come to a relolutioit to nxkc him an abfolute monarch, and hit thionc hereditary. - Hit majcfty being before apprized of the dciigii, had introduced an army into tlie town, in order to ci>nipel the upper houfe 10 con- cur ill lliii lofolution of tlic coiumoni, if they icfufed their confcnt. 'I'be lord] being acquainted with the fub> ftance of the addrefi which the commoni had nude to the throne, and fcnfible th!«t they were in no condition to dif^ pute with the court and the commoni, fupported by the army, offered to make the crown hcrcdiury, ai>d entreated the conftitution in other relpcfli might not lie altered i but titcy were given tu undertland, that the king would be blisfied witli nothing lefi than theii^uiuniraous concur- rence with tlic rcfoiution taken by the clergy and com- tuoMS, which they I'ound theiufelvet obliged 10 fubmit to, and took the oath) to hit majcAy, acknowledging him the fuprenie and only legiflator. I'hui wai the contlitution changed from a republic, with a nominal king at ttie bead of it) into an ablolute hereditary monarchy i not one of the nobility daring to oppofc it ; only Gerdurf, a popular member, laid, he was confident, hii majefty dcfigned the happinefsof his)Kople, and uottogovtrn them according to Turkifh politici, wiOted hit fucceflbra might follow his cxamplr, and make ufe of tbii unlimited power only for tlie good of tlieir I'ubjeAi. In 1670, Chrillian V. fucceeded his father Frederick III. and being joint- fovere-gn of HoHlcin and Slefwick with the duke of Holftcin, iaoider to exclude the duke from hit Ihare in tholie provinces, or at Icaft to oblige him to ■cknowledce hit dependence on the crown of Uenmark, ireacherouiiy invited him to an entertainment, where he nude him prilbner, and fent detachments of his army, to take poflillion of fuch towns ai belonged to the duke ; with which tlie duke reproaching him, the king anfwered, he was always in the intereft of Sweden, and never to be truftcd ; and unless he would renounce his right to cer- tain places, he would take poflcflion of the whole country. He particularly demanded of him an order to the cjm* mander of Tonningen, the ftrongeft fortrcft belonging to duke, to furrender it to hit majefty 's ;roops ; which the duke confeiitcd to, apprehending the king would have taken his life if be had refufed, and I pnningen was there- upon delivered up to the Danes : feveral other articles he was obliged to lien, that were very prejudicial to him i but the duke making his efcape to Hamburgh, protefled againft tlie validity of all the aAt he had been obliged to fign. Hereupon tlie king gave order* for demolilhing Ton- ningen, and fcqueftered the duchy of Slefwick, caufing both tnagiilrates and people to fwear allegiance to him, declaring them abfolveJ from their allegiance to the duke. He alio caufed all tlie duke's revenues to be brought into his own trcafury, coittinued garrifuns in his towns, and even in his palace of Gottorp ; and not knowing how (bon be might be compelled, by the duke'i allies, to deliver up what he had fo unjufty teizcd, be exaAed contributions from the poor fubjeut,. to the value of many mil- liont, wliereby he tilled his own Uealury, and difablcd the duke's fubje£ls from giving him any affiilance. The duke remained dill at Hamburgh, from whence tic fent lut fon to tlie German princes, to implore their .iktn— . u U* •««*%llj».l n\Ct\ tn »lt«* fmirtnf V nttltnA /wliiM, »IU«k««l*ifc> »»•' •|*|'».-^ «.w .« — .- ...«».* »- »..^.....-* ^ »■■•-.,• was guarantee of the peace of the nortli) but to very little purpofc, till Charlc* XI. king cf Sweden, undertook his Thb new and universal SYSTEM or C.EOGHAFHY. caufe ill the year !689, and was about to tiaiifJKirt lii« at^ny into derniaiiy, fur the retlnuiion of tliuin the French war, at length obliged the king of Dcn.iiark to reftore to llie dukeol Hulilciii his dominions, after he had been in poflciriun of tliem thirteen yean, but no fatiifatlioii wa» made liirii for the devaflation of his territories. Things icniained in tolerable fcace from tlx- conrlurton of llie diH'eiencestlty the mediation of the ronfcdeiatca in 1689, to the year i6(y6: hut Chrillian A"it'rt, the lare Juke of Hulftoin, dying about that time, and tlie king of Deiinurk hai'ing lent a deputation to hit fjii and fucceUbr duke Frederick, lo renew the union between tliem, anil to let him have a light of tlie latv duke'i will, that lie might fee if there was any thing ii it in favour of the .^Idctl piiiicc, ill relation to the ducal pan of the duchy of SIct'wick ; the dnke refufed both the one and the other : alleJgiiig, that the treaty of Aliriia had not brrii obterved. or jnllicc dune to the duc:il houle, particularly in reftoring tlic fcigniory of (iottet-Ciabre, intheiflaiid of iVroa. lit- the mean time, the guarantees of iIk treaty of Alteiia. feeing both tides inclined to a rtipiiire, inlerpofed their goud offices, and engaged tlirin to hold coiiK-rciicet for compoliiig their difTerciices, which weie accordingly held at Kenemburg : but the duke coniinuiiif; to introduce Swedilh forces into HoMein, and build and enlarge his foitificaiioiis during the time of the treaty, the king of l>cnmark marched an amy intci the country, in tlie year 1697, and caufed the new fortifications to l>e dpniohlhcd « which the dute at that time, not finding ^limfrlf In a con- dition to oppofe, thought lit to acquiel<>- -n, till the death of the then king, which happened the ilh « f September i699» when he was fuccecdtd oy hit fon Ft Jtti'k IV, The duke looked upon rbis as a fivo^rable opportunity Co rebuild the fortifications which h»i been Jcllroyed'. efpecially haviiig married the king of Swrden't (il)er, and being alTured of fupport from that crown : he bet^ati tlierc- fore to repair the dcmolilhed fbrtlfications, as he infilled he had a right to do by the treaty of Altena, and intro* duced into this countrjr a conliderablc number of Swedilh troopi, to prevent their being deiQolilhed again. The mediators and guarantees of the treaty of Altena, employesl llicir good ofhccs lo prevent a rapture, anliils, titey fhould no longer fee the treaty of Altena broken or fulTer the duke of Holflein to be dilpof- frlfed «f his country again, under the pretence of oppoflng the building of foiti which were already demolilhed. The dnke of Holtlein alio publiflicd a nianifdio, Ihcwing the right he had, by the treaty of Altciu, to build fortifications in his dominions, and tlic iiijuftice of tlie Danifh inva- lioii. And not only the German priiKei, but the Dutds joined their forces with the Swedes, in oider to bring the Danes to real'on ; and, marching towardt Tonningen, the Danilh genet al thought fit to rail'e the fiegc, withoutcoming to a battle. I'he Fnelifh and Dutch alio fent each of them a l()uadron into the Balnick, and joined the Swedilh fleet, compelled the Danes to retire into the harbour of Copenha- gen. In the mean lime, tlie young king of Sweden landed with fifteentlioufand horli; and font upon the illand of Zee- land, about three miles to thcfouthward of El(inorc,and wa» preparing to inweft Copenhagen ; when the Dane finding iiiinfclf overpowered, was glad to accept of fuch tcrnw aa the princes, guarantees, who, at this lime held their con- ferences at I'ravendale, were piralcil toprefcribetohim. It was agreed by this treaty, which was concluded the 18th oif Auguil, I ;oo, that tlie honlis of Holflein Ihoold jcQunsfEngUnd (which coi-.tir.ac itidtpcndrnt fovcrcigr.s in Hoiiiciri >iHi olcfwick; and that the crown of l>:nmark Ihould pay the duke of lliilflcin two buiidrtJ and lixiy tlioulaud crowns for the daoiaget i: ■S^ .y.^^ .!.*i:*'ii,-* (E U R O P R.j D tL U M A n I itamaRci they liad dy of Uanei to pafi through hii territories, and join the confcderiite* The duke of Hoindn having bein;; killed .it ihc battle nf LilTau in Poland, in lyoi, and i'ticcecdcd by hi< lim Chare* Frederick (the late duke) tjuii an infant nf two yeara old, the duke of Holfteii* Kiitin, brother to the late duke of Holftein Gottorp, and afterwardi biflio|i nf I.ti- beck, Wat conftituted regent of Hulllcin, during the minority of hii nephew. In the year 1709, ChirleJ XII. beine deflated by the Rufliant at Pudowa, Frederick king of Denmark imme- diately joined bit former allies, the C/.^r .iiul Augullus king of Poland, recalled the Danilh troops which were in the craperor'i fervice in Hungary, and i|uartercd them in Hoi- flein : he tranlpoilcd ten thoufand men from Norway to Denmark, levied new troops at Hamburgh, and fitted out a ftrong fouadron of men of war i and having jiflcmblcd an army ot eighteen or twenty thoufand men, proclaiiiuil a fiift to implore a bleirmg upon his deligns. I he king of Denmark, alfo, on the JBth of Novenilitr 1709, publilhed a manifefto, to juftify his intended enterprize, letting forth, that the ambitious dcfigns of the king of Sweden had, for feveral years pail, occafioned great devaflations in the king- doms of the north ; and that he had received repeated in- ilances of the animofity that prince entertained againft him and his fubjej^i, at well by the oppofition made to his in- terelt by the Swedifh minifters in foreign courts, as hy frveral e'xprclRons in his own letters, and therefore thought himfelf oDiigcd to prevent the impending danier, and not imprudently wait till the deligns of the Swedes were ripe for execution. He complained alfo of the dedication of a book, wherein the king of Sweden is ftyled emperor of Scandinavia, of which Denmark and Norway arc parts, and of the Swedes granting pafles to foreign veirds on the Sound, wlierehy the revenue of Denmark was impaired. Thefc rcalbns induced the king to declare war againft all the terikoriet of Sweden, except thofe in Germany ; and cmlKirking fix tlioufaiid horfe and dragoons, and twelve iliouliind foot, he made a dcfccnt, upon Schonen, land- ing at Hclfingburg the 12th of November 1701; ; but it lieing winter-time, he only took up hit quarters in the country towns at tirft, and invited tne people of Sweden to join him, waiting for a proper feal'on to enter upon action, which cave tlie Swedes time to put themfelves in » poRure of dcmice. Aliout the middle of January, by the favour of a hard froft, the Danes advanced towards CliriOianrtadt, where a battalion of Saxons, being in gar- rifon, laid down tlieir arms, and joined the Danes, where- by that town fiell into tlicir hands. They afterwards made themfelvet mailers of Carellhaven, in the prnvinrc of nicking, and threatenett Carelfcroon, where the Swedifh ^cet and maga/lnes were laid up. At the fame time a llrong detachment extended theinielves towards Holland on the wcftern fide of Schonen ; and their forces receiving frequent fuppliet, the Dliiifli armv was confiderahly in- creafed, and became very formidaDle ; but the Swedilh general, count Steinbock, having ailembled eighteen or twenty thoufand men, and marching towards Hellingburg, ns if he intended to cut "bflF the communication of the Danes with that place, they imiTKdiately abandoned all their conquefts, quitting Carclihaven and Chriilianfladt, and retreated to Hclfingburg, near which place the armies came to an engagement, and the Dinet were entirely de- fcitcd ( ■ day or two after tliey quitted Hclfingburg, tranf- purting the remainder of their troops to Denmark in the night, which, alter their ill fucceis, diU not amount to above fix thoufand or licven thoufand men. And thus in- glorioufly ended the king of Denmark's expedition againft jichoncn, which the Swedes coiiirucicd » > jufi puiiiin- iiient for his perfidious breach of treaties. I'he Danes having been dil'ippointed in their enterprize upon "> AuguUi deUroyii. ami the Smi thcfe united |>' > gen, and other ,.. while the Mofrn ^1 V loi'ied upon :illied on this occafion, ...: to deter tircm for the tuturc from commiiiing the like barbarities. 'I'he Danilh, Sa&nn and Mofcovite fotcet being now joined, trj the nuinberof fiftv ibnufand men. and niaich<< iii^ tnuardi count StciiiUick, whole army did not cnimlt ol al)ove fouitecn or fifteen thoufand, that general found liimCelf under the neceflitv of retiring into tlie ducal Hoi- (Iciii, whither the allies lollowed him, and prelBrig hriii with all imaginable eagernef^, he threw himlelf into Ton. niogen, and by that means avoided them for thai time, which the Dane afterwards made a pietrnce for feizingtlie duke of Holflcin's dominions, alledgine, (hat the governor of Tonnineen admitted general Stembock into tlie place, by the direction of his mailer the duke of HolDcin (who * was not at that time above twelve years of age) ihis oc< currcnce happening in fcbruary, 1712-13) but however that be, the confederates blocked op the city of Ton- ningen till May following, and the Swedes not being in a ;• condition to fend general Steinbock any rcinforcenieiits 01 ;> fupplics, he was obliged to furrendcr himfelf, and his little -'^ army, confining of nine thoufand men, prifnners of war, on condition of keeping their cloaths and baggage, and lieing exchanged or ranfomed the firll opportunity ; and thus for a little time, the war feemed to oe at an end ia (iermany. ' The lici-t vear tli; Mo'irovite invefted Stetin ; when thq king of Priiftia fo managed the matter, that by the agree- ment of the Crar and the Swedilh governor, the town wat fequeflercd into the hands of hij Pruffian majefly, and .. agreed to be gairiloned by an equal number of Pruinans > and Holfleiners, but wat to be reito'cd to the king of ' Sweden at the end of the war. In the latter end of No- vember, 1714, the kin^ of Sweden returning out of Turky, arrived at the citv of Stralfund, and found a le.aguc was formed againft him, to which the kings of Denmark, Prulfia and Poland, and the king of (Jreat- Britain, as eleflor of Hanover, were parties, tlie avowed defign Whereof was, (o prefcrve the peace of Germany^ jv which was pru^iofed to be done by fccuring the fequeftra« '- tion of Stetin to the king of Pruflia, and the pofleffion of ' Bremen and Ferdeii, and whatever elfe the Dane had C' ' feized of the dominluns of Sweden in Germany, to the J Dane, and tliofc to whom he iliould, or had affigned hi* 'f intercll in thofe conquefts. 'I his the kine of Sweden v'' thoh^it highly unreal'unabic, viz. That he thould not be C permitted to recovtr thole territories again, which had ,,' been furprized in his abfence. The kings of PruiTia and England infilled, tliat tlie re- floring the king of Sweden thefc territories, would em- broil the north of Germany in a war, and joined in a con- federacy againft the dillr«fli:d king of Sweden, who had | before, the Mofcovite, the king of Poland, and the king of Denmark to contend with ; and the king of Prullia, oh the 18th of April, 1715, proclaimed war againft Swe- den, difarmed the regiment of Holllein, which vn* in Stetin, entering upon that city as a conmieft from Sweden, and hoMing it no longer in fequellration. The Danes and Prullians foon after aflcmbled their forces to the num» bet Ol nxty iiiouiMiiu men, anu ippviifu ueioit biiaiiuiid, under the walls of which city the king of Sweden found '^ himfelf obliged to retire, his armt not confining of more than ^ Tat NBW AMD UNI VB RIAL t Y8TBM or GE06R AP H Y. In ihi menih ^ July t imt^ w»i fct on fool iMttmn ih« king of IVn- wk md ih« court of Htnonr, bj whirli ih« kint of NQtMik ftlimUHd •• <>( <■< -'^wrden. to ih« •hAor of Hanover, (iicoMiiJrr^tioii nf iIm cUAor'i eiittr- in| into the war i^nA Swtileii, and advauciiig a fam «( money to hit Danifh onajtflv. The coitfcikritet befnr* 8 irairund brins joined by Iwen- ^*^ ly fear ihnaliinJ Ruffiaiii and a body otaaxini, carried on the (itffi of that town with great vij^oui , but fiiuiing that the plice continuaHy received fre(h Itippllci and ivlii- lorcemrntt from the idind of K it(;rn, which lietorcr- ■gainft it, ihcv landed a great body ot truO(M on the idand, and, after i Ihirp difpate, in which the king of Sweden ' waabreri-nt in perfon, made tbemXeei maftcti of it, on the reveniaenth of Noventber. But the king of Sweden dctemiinrd to defend the town to the lall extremity i and it waa a trriible winter'i ficge, the centiiieli. being frc- <]ucntly froxen to death at their poftt i and the attacki were drfperate, in one of which the confcdcratea loft near • thnufand nieui however, tliev at length jtrcvailed by their numbrri, and the king of Sweden, finding the town not tenable, retired in a light liis>te, and arrived lately In Sweden, giving the governor oriiert to capitulate, which he did the latter end of Decenilier, on very honourable trrini ; and both the town and the ifland of Rugen were pal into the poltcMion of the king of Denmark, and all the inlubitaiiti of the Swedilh i'omerania were Gbli);cd to take an oath of allegiance to him, except thofe of the city ■nd diltriA of Steiin, the idandi of Uledom and Wollin, and the lanJi between the Oder and the river I'ene, which weie left in the liandt of hit PrulTian majcllr. The city of Wifmar, in the duchy of Mccklenburnh, theonlv town which the Swedet had left in Oermany, wa« invefted by llie Danet, I'ruilians, Hanoveriani, aiidKuOiani, the next fpring, and obliged to furrrrdcr ; after which, the king of l>ninark wai left in pol&lHon of it ; and thui ended the war in Oermany. The Danet and RuOiant then made great preoarationi for invading the king of Swedcn't dominion* in Sclionen. The C/jr of Mofcovy went in pcrfoii for that purjpofe to Copenhagen, whitlier hl» cenerali led an army ol thirty thoufandThorfe and foot. The Danct aUo atlcmbled Iw- twecn twenty and thirty thoufand of their ttoopi for thla expedition, and had prepared near eight hundred vefleli to tranf|iort them. But great p«rt of the Danilh fleet being employed in Norway during; tlie furanier. to oppofe an enterprise of the Swede* on that fide, all thcfc preparation! came to nothing. The Cxar of Mofcovy upbraided the king of Denmark, tliat hit fleet wat not read* in time i •nd the Dane pretended to be very angry with the RulEaii monarch, that he would not make the defccnt in the latter end of the year i which tlieCzar obferved was impraflicable. tliere being no tbraee to be found, and the king of Sweden being ready to receive them at the head of forty thouland YOteran troop* j and upon this the Danes and Mofcovitet, who had been fo long in a confederacy againft Swcdcii, began to look very cool upon each other. The Dane drew up hit forcct under the caiu.on of Copenhagen, at il he bad Tome jealoufy of hit old ally, and the Ciu loon after returned with hit iroopi to Oermany ; and it fccmt not only the Dane, but other German princet, began to be •pprthenlivc that if this cntcrprize had fucceeded, the Cwr would have made liimfcif maftcr of Sweden, and have been a very formidable neighbour to many of them ; which the Dane did not futhcicntly confiJcr when the fcheme wat firft laid for the defccnt on Schonen ; but Ijcing now pretty well convinced of hit error, he chofe rather to fit down with the vafl expence Ite had been at for the invailori of Sweden, and let the affair entirely drop, than contii bute any farther to the aggrandizing the RulTian emperor, who wu become too poweful already. 1 he king of Denmark being now left aUnoft alone to defend hiinfcif againft Sweden, wat threatened in his turn with an inva- fion of Zeeland by hit Swedilh majefly, which had cer- tainly been put in execution, hid it not been tliat king George [. being under fonie .ipprehcnfiont that thole pre- oarationt were intended againft hit Britiih dominiont, or rather for the recovery of Bremen and Ferdcn, and there- upon lent a fauadrnn of men of W4t to tlic ailillance of hit l5anid liarittv* slant thercliy dilivtred from tlieir feari ; for ha.l ilir .Sivdrt Made ihciil(i!vct maftiri nf Kredeiivklball, an it «m cciu puled they nii(;hl btve ilmii in a fotliiinlit more, all Nor- way had Dcrn iirtcovcrahly loft, ami the Daiiilh d«uii> ■lions reduced to a very nanow miiip*l>. By llie death of the klnK of .SvvaJtn. the viar hetwcftt Denmaik and ihat crown wat \» a luauiMf biaiiKhi itj a conclution, iliough the peaca wit nil foriiislly U^hv^ till the year 1710, when tlie Swedet Uing inv.ided atid di(- ircflrd by the RufTitnt, w«r« obliged to accept uf luch conditions at tlie mrdiatort and Kuaiaii'rt, nf it, the k'ligt of (treat Britain and Kiaitoe, urt« pkafed i« iH«l«;itlM. By the fifth article of this treaty, the kiiif; ui Urnaiork oblised liimrdf not to iftiH bit ctaiilh in^tOy agaiint Sweden, or prraiit the Kullian mm nf wir to cmtr lu porta. And by the fixtb article, tht iintdn obliged them* fclvet not to oppofe fuch mealurr* ai fltouhl ba taken hy the faid mediator* in behtif of the kiiiji of Denmark, ni relation to the dominions of the duke onlollUin, By iha feventh article, the king of Denmaik prcunile* to deliver up to Sweden the city of Siralfund, and part of Pomtra- nia, ai far at the river I'enti to evacuate the tjirlre^ uf Marftrand, the ifle of Kugen, and ill ether illaiidt taken by the Danet in the late ««ar ; aa al(n ilic town of WiUaar in Mecklenburg : in conlidcratioii whereot the ^wadaa, by the ninth araicie, renounce ttio privilege of pairing iha Suund without paying toll, and ajrerd to pay tlie dnM tollt u ttie Englilh and Dutch. And by llie lentli atti*' ble, the crown of Sweden cii;;a{;ct lo pay to the kiog of - Denmark fix hundred thouland crown* bcliire the above- laid iiUces be delivered to the Swede*. And by a feftirati ailicle, it wa* agreed Ihat Wifmar, i|m fniiilkaiioiit whereof were dcmolilhed, Ihould itever be foitilied ^ain. As to Bremen and Ferden, tliefe pttiviiicct liad been coii^ firmed to king Georne by another treaty. By the atravelaid treaty, hit Daiiillt niajcifv nbtiine4 the guarantee of the French kin|, for ilic polli:iru>n of iIm dutchy of SlefwicWi tn newed hit guarantee of that duchy, winch he lud givett by a former treaty. The king of l^enmaik now reigning in peace, aiipiiod himfelf to the promoting tlie trade ol li:t kingdom, out liad the initfortunc to ke hi capital city •£ Copenhagen almoft deftroyed by a lire, which lupp«iied an the year 1728. Hi* lirft queen wa* tlieprincefi Louifa, daughter of Guflavut Adolphut, duke of Mecklcnburf, by whom tic had ilfuo pnncj Chrithan, boni Decciubtr 10, 1699, and Charlotte Amelia, born OAober 6, lyrt'i, and fome other children who died in their inlaiKy. Hit Iccond wife, the dau|iliter of count Kavemlau, hii chan- cellor, he married within four dayt after the dooealiiul hi* lirik queen, and died the thirteenth of Oaober, 1730. ill the fixty-firft year of his a^c. Chriftian VI. hi* Ion, born in December, 1(09, ftitr- ried Sophia Magdalena of Brindcnburg-CulemMch, by whom he had iluic hi* prcreiil majelly Frederic V. born March 31, 1723, M«i the princefi Louila, born ORn- her 19, t72(>> *iul mariied Oflobcr 1, 1749, to the duiet of Saxc-tlilbiirghiuren. He licgan hii reign with fotm popular aflt, particularly in abolilliing the moriopoliei for ihc (ole vending of wine, Uandy, fall and lobaoeo, which were very gricvout to the fubjei't. In the year 1731, he acceded to the treaty txtwecn the count of Vi- enna and Pcterfburgh, whereby he obtained ihem gna- ranteet for hit own dominion*, and guaranteed the domi- niont of thofe power*, and the pragmatic I'anAion i and by a feparate article in ihii treaty, king ChriQtan agreed to pay thedukeof Holflciii one iniilioii of rix-doUan, on his recovering lit* right to ilie duchy of Slefwicki *nd in purfuaiKe of thit treaty, in 1734, he iint lix thouland men to the alBttance of the emperor againft tlie French ; and in 1736, on the inhabitaii't p*ying him five hundred thoufand markt of lilver, he relmquilhed his pretenlioni to the city of Hambur);h. About the year 17 ,(j, Mie Dnnet riiiiiij; the lordlhip of Steinhuril, whidi his Uiitaiwiick majefty imagined him- felf entitled to, at duke of Lunenburg, a ikirmilh happened between the nroopt of i^lanover and tUufe of Denmark, wherein fevcral were killed on both lidei. Tlic Harwve- rians recovered the teiritnry in dilputc 1 however, a* the Danet feemed determined not to rdinquilh their claim, a treaty wat let on foot between theli; pnwert, and Bri< tain wat then obliged to pay a faltfidy to the Datiet for &t . thnuiand men (which never did thrm anv I'crvice) for per- mitting the Hanoveriani to enter Suiidiuril. A quarrel ,5 . »lf« t& U R O t^ H.} X k ¥ t A n h. Uk A'fo brekt BM hrt*n n lit* Duit« $ni ib* D«l(h, ran* Uin'tnt III* (irtierv ')n the ro*ll of UtlMtd : th« Diiiilh Ktardnilm fciami on lonMofiha I )uicli (ilhin|-vt luvccjrririlih«ir)w>int «< 'httiltfpiiHtlfo. On laly i*. t-rmlwk V. (aetmiM hi« r*ih«r, Chrif- liin VT. who rctgiiMl fisorn yMii wiih gr«*t rcpUtttion. 'I'liii prince M'tt '.n hit f^lltfi't loot-fte|M, «ncour*gnl liic minuraAaric, rtunricd the cniiint«rca, tmi impiovtd the iridc of hit cottiury. Hi wit firfl married to the ^iiicrft l.oiiir*, •" minted ■ d«Mf{hlf r of the duk;- ill Rrunlwick Wolftiibuttcl, *nd died in 1766, being I'mccctlciJ by hli foil, CUilfli»n VII. Iiii prefertt iiMJctty. who niiitt be owned, dcKi not feeot likilv to ad* vancc III'- li'"iour uuX coittcqurncc of the Dancii ny pur- fuing thr ' viury 4)rn« marked out for him by mi lio- nourtd |M •s.-niion. Hit rel'niuttoii of viliting ih« prin- cipal kliigdoini and ftatei of Europe, which he exKuwd in the year i;68, feetned indeed to indicate a mind intent upon avaiMng iiielf of foreign |K>lity, to the advant^meht oHiit own dominium -, but the manner in which he con- «iu«.ted himself in that cxtcnfivto progreft, by no meana reiliaed thofe hopci 1 and fince Jii* return liome, he I* laid to have fallen into a ftalc of bodily and mental Imbe- tility. He married the prinocft Caroline Matilda, filler to aur piefcht moll gttcioui Ibvercign, George 111. by taliom he ha« ilTue one Am, Frederic, bom January ay, tj6l, and a daughter, bora July 7, tffi. It hat been jullly retiMrlicJ that a WMk prince |« gnla* rally tka dup* of Iihvm iniiiiuaiing and phHUhlc Ikeowriii | ibit monarch eniiuAtd the whota aAninlAhMivA af ika kingdnm to a (><;riMan advtniurw, hamtii Itnunfiw, whnm he craated tit eait and to whom tb* moft Cenfidar« able of the nobility paxl IcrtiU heen pn< (irvad by the tefoluta application of our minifter at iliat court , whether from the rag* of tJM pnvaihng faAion, or the reftnimcnt of an Inccnled kingdom, it not eafy abfo- luicly to (ia ; (he, however, ouittad Uanmark, and r«- fidcd at Zcll until her death, wbicb happened about thne yeari after, by a putrid fever. Princ* Frederic, ibe k'n^'i half biotbar, wat married OAober 11, 177], to Ihaprincala Sopbia Fradericc, nie« M the taigiting duka of Mccklctiburg Schwtilu. C H A P. Vi tHE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION Ot LAPLAND* 1706, SECT. I. C^««i<|^>)>X «" aectiint »f Ai Jtvifim »fth» ctwury^ lUUtM' (Itritt and mtml, thmtlt, /til, prtHutt, animtli, rivtrt, Mti, miiui, lit. a/fi if the iahatiiami tf I. of land, tMr firftat, diffifili»at,_ drtfi, maaair •/ liviag, dhitrfitnt, emfitfmrali, milM nmark, Sweden andRuf- tia. There being a great liniilarity between thel'e divi- fioni, it will, on that account, be fdlBcicnl to defcribe only ilwcdilh Lapland, whicli it by far the moll coniiderable and bed peopled ; we muft however dbletve, that all the coun- try ill general ii called Lapland, which lies above the gtilf of Bothnia, along tltc eoaft of the north fca, evtn to tb« while lea. The aiitlenti Called the (icople of thii eouhtnr Seri- toiinni, tlte nanie of Lapland or Lappia, being unknown to them : they at firft inhabited Finland, from whence they were drivth more northwardi ; after wbicb they were called Lappea, which, in the Finic tongue, ligniiiei per- foni banilncd from their country and driven to tlie moft remote placet. But the inhabiianti call themfclvei Sab- niienladfi, confidering the other luine as reproachful. This country, nanlcly, Swedilh Lapland, is bounded 4i) the eaft by Ruirian Lipland, on the weft by a ridge of mountaini lliar frparule it from Norway 1 on the north by Uaiiilh Lapland ; and on the loath by Botlinia An- germania, and Sempterland. lis grcateft cttent from eaft 10 weft ii about Ihree hundred and fixty milei ; and in breadth, it extends from fixtv-tive degrees, thirty minutes, to lixiy nine degrcri of nuiiu Uiituuc. !■ i: divided into fix proviiieci, or difttiAs, the iianNt of wbicb ate, I. An- K».J4 germanland-Laproark, 1. Uma-Lapmark, 3. Piiha-Lip^ mark, 4. Lula-Lapmaik, 5. Touio-Laproaik, and 6. Ki< mipLapoiark. The firft of thcib province* ii the moft foutliern, ana fcontaini only one town of any confequence, which it called Aofaiko, and ii fltuaicd about three hundred miiet diftant from Stockholm. The fccond province, Which adjoins to the former, cbntaina two little viUagei, via. Scmisgorfic and Loilby. The third |.'rovinc< is fituai^d between the Norwe^an meuntaint, and Cv^ntaillt four uninip(<7*ant vil,'jgci ; namely, Sitonia, Arie|:iogi, LoclrUri, anti Arivitxetfi. The fouiih province, w4iicb adjoins to the latter, con- uihs three till4«*, viz. Jackinotb, Sirkeluchi, and Tor- pajour. The fifth brotince, which it the moft northern of Swe'> dilh-LaplanJ, is well Watered i it contains the great lake Enure, and tUc towns of Somby, Kelajorfui, Kitijtrfui- lye, Kimibi, Sblden-Kyle, and Kimi. The fixth province, which it Contiguous to Ru&it tt\A Danilh- Lapland, is likeWife well watered by many rivers, hat fevetal lakes, and contains four towns, vis. Ttjigavara, Sahdewara, Ronnata, and Titifari. . 1 be above-mentioned provincei receive their htmu from the refpeQive rivets wlticli water them; and are agaia fob-divided Into fmallcr diftrifts, cidled Biart, and thele contain a certain ntihiber of fiunilict, called by tha Swede* rekart, etch rckar, or family, it aJlowed ft confiderable quantity of land, with forent, laket and brooks, for th« maintenaitce of their fa.'nilies and cittlc ; but tlieir andt not being indofed, there it frequently • diange oi i>ro- perty amomg them. This cooniry is fiiuated fo near the pole, that the fun iwitber fett in nimmer, nor rifet in winter. In tlie iatter Icalbn, the Cold it fo intenfe. that none bat the nativca ate able to bear it. The moft rapid livert are then frosen it t^csr tbr**i *!>d fometimea four or five In fummer, the weather ii as fultry at it it up, sn^ t..ff ' feet thick. 6X tvld 549 The NEW and UNTVERSAL SYSTElCl of GEOGRAPHY. u *:; coldinwinttri fbripring utd lutumn are nnknowfn in this climate. Th« Mocffive beat, however, ii qualified by the vtpouri that rife from the Tea, and by the fnow that ' continuel all the fuuuner on the top* of the mountaira, and in ditebe* diat are fiisltered froai the fun. In winter, the whole oeoinrjr it covered with fitow, and it feldom raiiK in the luiUMcr. Moiiliear Maupertuis, iri bit dercription of the climate of tliii country^ fays, that in DeceroDcr, the Ihow eon- tiiiually tailings, or ready to fall, for tlie moft part hid the kin the fi:w momenti be nrigUvliave appeared at niid-d«y. Inihe mpnth of January, thecold was increafedto that ex- tremity, tUitMr Keaamur's mercurial tbnrmometei, which at Parit, in die great froft of 1709, it wat thought ftrange to fee tall feuttcen degiect below the fretsing point, was now got. down to thiin-ftven : the fpiriis of wine in the oihen were frozen. If we opened the doer of a warm room, the external air inftantJy converted all the vapour into fnow, whiftling round in white vertices, if we went abroad, we kk n if the air wat tearing our bieaftt in pieces ; and iba cndting of the wood, of which the hooltts ,are hutli, as if fj^lit by the violence of the froft, conti- ninlly alarmed «w with an increafe of cold) and in tliis eouniry you may often fee people who have loft an arm or leg by the Aott. The cold, which it alwavs very gre;it, fometimc* iner*ales>by fuch violent and fudden fits, as are almcft inMlibty foal to ibofe who are fo un';appy as to be expol'ed to it : and fometmies there arile fudden tempefts of fitow that are ftiti more dangerous. '* The winds leem to blow from all quarRrt at onc«, and drive about the fnow with fuch fury, that all the roads are in a moment rendered invifible. Dreadlul is the fitua- tion of a perfun furprized in the fields by luch a ftorni : his knowledge of the country, and even the mark he may have takrn by the trees, cannot avail him : he it bliiidi-d by the fnowj and is generally loft in nttcmpiing to find bis way home. In Ihort, during the whole w/ntcr, the cold was fo exceflive, that on the fevrnth of April, at live in the nioining, the tbermomtter was hiilen tonwomy di- Vifions below the point of freezing, though every afternoon it rofe two or three divilioiiS above it : a difference in the bi;kht not much lefs than that which the createft heat and cold felt atParis ui'ually produces in that inftrument. Thus in twenty-fotir hours we had all the variety felt in the temperate zones during a whole t\\eI\e-n)ontli. In moft phces, the iot is exceedingly bad, and fo inter- mixed with Hones, that hardly any tiling will grow in it ; and in other parts it is fo moift, from the inarlhei and brooks it abounds wi'b, that very little of it can betillet!. There ate many rocks and mountains all over the coun^ try : thofe called the Dofrinc mountains, which 'rparate Lapland from Noivvay, are of a prodigious height 1 and the high winds that blow there prevent all trcas from lak- ing root. Beneath thefc mountains are large matlhe* and extenlive forefts, where there are many trees, though they fland at a great diftancc from each other. At the bottom of the hills are very pleafant vallies, which, being watered by a great number of fpnil^i and brooka, an the moft fcrtile parts of the country. Theircbirfriversara the Uma^ J.ola, Rima, andTorr na. The Uma is greatly incrcafed by the waters that flow intp it from the rivers Venditor and Skialfine. The Lnhi and Rima are both very conMerable, and are fwdled, in their courfc, by great numbers of lefler ones. The Tor- na receives twenty-nine rivari, one of which is a Swedifli mile in bteadth. When the fnow melts, all tbefe rivers overflow their banks j and the chief part of them have many ftupendens and frightful cataraAs. Moft of the ri- ven rift from the mountains of Noiway, and fall into the fiothnian galK Het« are alfo many lakes, which, at well as the rivert, abound with various kinds of fllh. A great number of trees grow in the fbivfts of Lapland, among which are the birch, pine, and iir. Some parts of it alfo prodac-eral forts of plants, but the moft ufefal are tlw angelica and forrel, which are greatly cfteemed fay the natives, who ufc them in their <<>od. They have likewife different kinds of grafs, heath, and ffcm ; but the moft plentiful, as well as moft ufeful vege- table, is the mofclius or mofs 1 of which there are fcveral "Ipecies, cither adhering to trees, or growinc on the 6ir- fiice of the earth. The rein-deer is almoft wholly fuf- tained by this vegetable, which ihdeed he prefers to all others, and without which he cannot fubfift. The na- tives alfo ufc it as fori'^e for their cattle, but boiiit in broth as a cordial and reftoiative. There are aJfo plenty of bet- riti, ftt^ at biKk currants, the Norwegian mulberry, i which grows upon a creeping plant, and is tiMch cllc^med as an aniifoorbulic ; juniper-berries are very plentiful, and fome of the trees grow to a conliderabic height; heieare likewife great quantities of ralbcrties, cranberries, and bilberries. They have a great variety ofanimab in tliit country, u flags, bears, wolvei, foxes of fcveral colours, fquirrcis, ermines, matteni, hares, glittens, beavers, otters, elksi and rein-deer i the laft of which is extremelv uleful to the wretched natives, who, without them, could not pulTibly prcferve their exiftencc ; fur thefe creatures not only aftbrd them food and ctoathiiig, but alfo fupply the place of horfes, which would not be able to travel where thefe ani- mals do. The rein-deer is lefs than a ftagj his colour inclines to an afh, but hit haunches, and the pans under his belly and Ihouldirs ai« white; they have long and rough hair under their necks ; their feet are thick, fliort and cleft, refeiiibling thofe of bulls. When they walk, llieir joiius make a noife like the claftiing of Hints : thcr have two horns, with two brancUci each > the larger branch bemis backwards, and the lefler forward; they fvcj on mofs. I'hcre is both a tame and a wild kind af them t tliofe betwixt a tame doe and a wild bock are the ilrongcft and largeft. I'heir milk is noorilhine and liit, and makte good chcefe. The traces that tic the rein deer to the fledge are faftened about their necks, go down by their bteafls between their fore and hind legs, and are laftened •to the prow of the fledge. The reins are tied' to ilwir horns, and held by the traveller, who is tied in tltc iledgev and has a flick in his hand, to remove any ftone or wood in his way. H: laull balance the Hedge wIlU his body ; for the bottom lining round, it is iu danger of being uver- fet. They hang Ijells to the trappings of thb -rein deer, with which thofe animals are very welt pleafed. Their dogs are of a red colour, and are very fcrviceable in bunting; but they are very fmall, not biing above a fiiot in heiglht : they turn up their tails, which are (hort { and their ears flaiid cic£l, like thofe of wolves. The locks and mountain!: of Lapland are fiequentetl by eagles, hawks, falcons, Ir .-s, and other birds of prey. Here .ire alio Iwaiis, aeefe, ducks, lapwings, fnipes, moft forts of wiiicr-fowl, heath-cocks, ftock-doves, and par- tridges. Uefides thtfe, they have two kinds of fowl pe- culiar only to this country : the firft is called the knipc'r, and is a kind of fnipe, black on the head, kick, and wings, . but the breaft and belly ate white. Among tbeir inlitAs are a fpecies of fliei, which, in the fummer, are hatched in the moralTet and woods, and are frequently fo numeroai at to obfcure the light of the day. They are venomous, and exceedingly trbuBlerume, info- much that tlie rein-deer fly t» the tops of the mountains for Ihetter; and the inhabitants move to the fcafide, thofe paru being the leaft initfted by tbefe peftilent vermin: fwne of thefe fliet are very huge, have green head*, and draw blood front the flun wbetever they ftrike. While Monfieur Mauprrtiut wat bere, be informs us, that tlie flies were lb troublelbme, that even the Finlai^d foldiers, wbo are eouitted the moft hardy troops in tite lervice of Sweden, were obliged to cover their facet with the Ikirts of their coats from the aitackt of thefe animals 1 whidi iwarmcd to fuch a degree, that the moment a piece of flelii. appnred, it was blackened all over by them. Dclidottt falmon art fiaond in the riven and lakes » theie cane from the gulf of Bothnia : bere are alfo trout, bream end prcch, aU of vrtiich aie very hqjje, andofex- qnifite flavour. Tliere are mines of filver, kad and copper, in fome of the diftriAt, together with excellent veina of iron 1 but they are not at prcfent worked 10 any confiderabja advaji- ttge, they being difficult of acceft. In tlie diftrift of Torno, there it a vein of |eld and filver mixed ( anotlier of lead and filter, and a third of copper'i and here they have both copper-tvorks and a founde^. They have ailo furnacea in the provinces of LaU, where they melt the fil- ver which they dig in that part of the country, Theia mines, however, are only worked for a (hon time in the femmer ; the climate being lb lisvere, for the principal part of the year, u to render it impoflible to work tlie engines. Here are a great variety of curious ftotKS, fome ofwhick bear the relcmblance of animals, trees, &c. When th< luttves find ihele, they put them in fone confpicuout place, and worfhip them at deities. In the rivert and laket are found beautiful cryftals of a prodigious file, and 16 hard and fine, that, when polilhed, they appear liko real diamoiidt. We Ihall now proceed to give a defcription of the per« font, diels, manner of life, &c. of the Ltplaiiden. I'iisie '& ,;-^l 1'^'-'. / ■m * ...ji(#'^j:<^t?.i iri . -jf **H. '■'hu, ■<-■ V: ■■';^t>7*: )^m P [EUROPE.] 1/ A P LAND. 141 HKfe people are of a brown and fmurthy eomplmiion, which i* the care with the inhabiianu both of very, ooid and very hot coanlrici i their hair it black, and their , face* broad, with peaked chin* and hollow cheek*. They ' are generally of a middling Aaiure. The alUwife Creator hai in le a provifien for thcaa againft the ftverinr of winder, b lacing there a multitade o? animal*, wbole fof^. and wai < . fur* aad Hum defimd them from the tnoft piercki^ cold. The epfKr gament both of the men and woman it made of (kiiia with the hair on, formed like the ploughman'* frock, leiii about them with a broad belt ; they wear brcecbei which reach down to their ancle*, and their cap, which if mad* of the (kin of a young rein-deer, fit* a> olofe to their head* a* a fcull- cap, covering all the neck and (houldert. Their Ihoe* arc peaked, and turned up at the toei. I'he finery of the women confift* in a kind of pewter wire, with which they work the bofem* of ilicir coat*, their girdle*, and the edge* of their cap*. Neither fex know w|iatit» to wear linen ; but in the cold fcafon wear - next the bodyafnan'alkin waiflcou. Almoft the only ditfeteiKe between the drcfa of the men and that of the wo- men ia, that tbe lattei it fomewhat longer. A purie hang* at dieir giidle*, with their money, ring*, and toy*; a Intkem tag and a knife. The Lauandcn afibrd an inftanoe of a whole Enropean nation futMKng contentedly without ploughing, fowing. or planting I withoiu fpinning or weaving, brewing or bakinf. A* their tot i* caft in a country where winter take* up the grealiA part of tlie year, and confequently render* it impoffible for them to provide a fufficieiit quan- tity of hay and fiacidcr for great herd* olMaitle, the boun- tiful Creator ha* beftowed on them a fpecies of aniraali that are provided, for with little trouble : thit i* the reiai. deer, which of all tame animab requirca the leaft attend- ance and fapfort, while it procure* the greateft advantage to it* ownen. Thefe cftatnree provide for themfelvei, feeding ia ftimiper nn leave*, moit, and gra^ of which they find at mneh u it fufficient for them, even among the mountain* ; atid in winter live only on a ktnd of niofi that grow* in almoft every part of Lapland. They come at thu mob by fcraping away the fnow with thek feet, and aietaui^t by inftiiiii to fuid the (pots where it grows. During a journey of feveral day*, ih which they are drawn in (ledge* by thele animal*, the only trouble a traveller ii a^ i* either to turn them loofi;, or tie them to a tree, where the quantity, of food they eat at a time doei not ei- eced a handful. The Laplandie^ are at other timet only ibiicitou* to keep their hcidi of rein-deer from going aftray, and to protect them from v.ild beafti; and tbi«, particulatly in lummer, they think no iiiconfiderable talk. They have no oecafion to RbMe tbeie. animal*, for thty alwayi lie out in the open air, without any inconvenience; ttid when after a ftriJl feaich they find that there i* no daitger from beafta of prey, they turn them loofe into the wood* ; but they are watched by the Lapland herdfmen, when they arc under any apprcMnfion of dai^et from that quarter. With refiicft to their manner of living and h*biution*, tbty ooniifi of two diftrent tribe*, namely, the Foreft, ■nil Mounuin Laplanders, ^be former Ipend the greateft Mrt of the fammer in the wood*, and have no property -, biM the Ittur live among the momtaini. The food of the fBrmcr chiefiy confift* of fifli and fowl ^ but that of tite latter principntly depend* on their herd* of rein- deer. The Laplander* in general, and particularly the Forefter*, are efleemed good markfmen. Thty have a great averfion to mining. In moft of the lapmaru they nrake it their em- pfoymcnt to catty the buigben to the yearly fair* ; and fone of the Laplander*, for a reafonable reward, look after the rein/ teraofacrtifiderabie quantity of filK>r in ring*, budikai * large and fmall %fpoani, cop*, fce. and m o m y grow* ntom and mote in ufe aiAeng them v but they atelkrtlie HoUandi rixdollar to all otharcoin*, bjcaule the NoneegiaM. witk. whom they trade in lummer, will not tako any other ma*, nvy in exchange for their good*. The iail«(iiMir fufe^ • ftanoe confitts of domeUic utenfil* and other foraitur*, ai(' tanta, iron pots, copper and brarakctttee, («.* and oibati doaibs, bed furniture, fine fledga*wi!lh barnelliM, bacdi-' ef«t boala, and fiilungoiackle. A* to the poerot fart, th«^ are obliged to be (atitfied' with fcwcr^onveititnciae. The procuring food for their herd* of rein-datr being; the ch'eT e.iiploTment ef tlie Liptondcra, it veeafion* thcte frequently to Ihift their liabilation*. At the appioich 06 fpriiig moft of them movci with their familiat. twenty o» thirty Swirdilh roilea among the mountain* of Norway, a*,- far as the Noith Sea, where they fia iheir abode tilt au-. tnann, and then quit the mountain* mm! return to the> foutli, to prevent their being frozen to death for want of . fuel, and their rein^deer being (Urvcd, then being fittioi or no moll fo fiir to the north. I'be otiMr Laplanders^ who make no eacuriioni to the mountains, but dwell iii<' the village diftrifts, or live by fiftiiiig, lilcewiie never fettlo in one place : to this they are obliged by their rein-deer, which at certain times e their tents, which are thus formed: they firft fet up fcvent^ poles in acirculn pofition, gradually Jofing together on- the top, much in the form of a fogar-leaf with the top of it broken off. Over thefe pole* they lay a kind of coarfo: cloth, aiul thus form tents, fome of which are fufttietit! to contain twenty perfoHS. The hearth is inthemiddte,' with {tones laid round it, to picvent the fire from fpread>i inp;. An aperture is left at the top, where the poles almoft join, which ferves boib for chimney and window, Froia this hole hang two chains with hook? at the end, to hmg the pott oiij in order to boil ihrir viftuals, or melt the jce or fnow into water to drink. Round the infidc of tho tent they lay their cloiths to keep ou» the cold wind, and fpread branches of l>ircb or fir round the tent, by way 'of feats to fit upon i for they have neither chain, flpol*, noc; benchc. About the tent ftand the cupboardSj whafll tbey keep their provilioni ; thefe are fixed on po(H it block- otwood, and have fome refemblance to a pigeqn-. houfe ereAcd on pillan. 'i'be Laplandeis, whenever they have an opportunity, pitch iheir tents near dried pines, for the convenience of fuel; but in fp'ing and autunm they are forced to btf contented with broih wood. It ought not to be omitted, that in fome of the lapmaiks they ereA boarded cottage, or wooden houfcs, that refcmble lAiale of the Swedes. 6le iges, fhufti like fmall boau, with a bro.<'( keel, ferve them for carrii^s ; and thofe fo thick, that no water can penetrate through them. They have a back-board for the traveller to lean againft, who fit* faft laced in the fiedge, and well fecured from the coM. Thi* vehicle it drawn by' the rein-<^r with in:rcdible (wiftnels through the fnow over mountains and valleys. The rein-deer is hanieflcd with a large cloth girt, embroidered with pewter wire,' aii^ fattened on his back. The bit is a piece of leather tacked to the reins of the bridle over the deer's head and neck, and from the breaft a leather ftrap palGng under the belly is fattened to the fore-part of the ftedge, which ferves in- ftead of (hafts. The rein-deer in a great meafore lofe their vigour and fwifinefs in fummer, when thefe ate lcf»_ neeeflarv ; bat even then they are very proper lor carrying ' the Laplanders' efK'£ls from place to place. Tlieyufe a kind of Ikatei, Hke thofe of the Fin* and Norlander*'; confitting of a board three or four Swedifh ells in length, and fix mcbn broad, and ending in a point which turns up before. With thefe hoards iaftened to I their feet, and a pole, with a round' piece of wood at tha-". end 10 prevent its finking too deep in the fnow, itie Lap-. ' lander* Ikaie along with foch fwiftnefs as to overtake wolve* and other bcifts. Thofe among ilicm who pndife fifhin;, and live in ' South Lapmark, inalce ufe of a kind of boat or little bark for crofline rivers, m.idc of flight board* curioafl/ joined together with filaments of the roots of tree*, or hempan ftriiigs, and are fo light that a Laplander cirriet his boat — I.:. /t.>...ij... «.:.k .!%• «•«• »nA «w«rw thmf*fi*lnnoiiur VII II, • IHWI.IX.V.-, ...... »..— W... ■ W.... w— .^ ......g a, ^ to it, befides hi big of proaifions. Thefe boats they fleer with amtaing dexterity,. «\en among tb* rocU and down > 544 Till NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM ot OEOGkAPMY. ttii.moft rapid wattf'ralli ; <%M though iheeMiraA b« ever iedtcaaful, and the Laplinder ever Co great afirangerto it, he undaunltdlv vcntuies down the precipice in hit little boat : but mum be fieeri agiinft the ilream, and comes to a waler-Ml, he putt alhore. ukei his boat upon bit back, and tr'tvelt till he co'mei to fiiiooth water. The inbabitti^it of the northern lapmarki have larger beats, four or five fathoms in length ; thefe they cither haul up tlie great water-falls with ropet, or where the caf'' cades are fnwil, Ihovc them up with polei ; which it done by two men, oiw of whom filt at ttie head, and the other at the ftern. At for foing down the water-falls with the finam, they confidcfTt at allcnded with no difficulty. In fnmnicr, the mounttin Laplanders live chiefly upon milk, and on the checfa made of it, of which they lay up • ftore for winter. The month of September, before the piercing froflt fet in, they kill at many of their rein-deer at tliey think will ferve them till Chriftmat ; afWrwardt tbivkillai many u will fupply them theteft of the winter, ana figmetimei kill one or two occafionally. It is not un' uroal with tlie wellern Laplanders to buy Norway cowt and (beep in fumnier, which they kill for their winter pro- wijion. They alfo eat the flefli of heart and beavert, li;a and wild fowl, &c. Tlw poor who live in viUaget are contented with the fiefh of dogt, wolves, foxet, and horlct, when they on get them. The fifning Laphindera live tin fifli, which the^ have varioua wayi of drefling ( and thofe who have rem-deer on their high diyt and Icftivala, dreft flefli and amoitg them i but they buy it at a very higit price. In tliii country none of the women have any hand in dreiCng proviliont. that office' belonging to the mafler of the houle. They never omit faving grace hifon and after meat, and before they rife from table thake each other by the band. SECT. II. Trtatrng tf tht mcrriage terimnkt »f tbt La^mlm, m»- Hteemtnt if tbtir cbiUrtn ; their ^i/tf/es, futural riHi, rnigitK^ govtrnmiHly iradi, nvtmu, (it. WHEN a yoang man has niade choice of a fenaale, he employs feme friends as mediators with the ^rl't parents; anotliefc being provided with fome bottles of brandy, the fuitor accompanies them to the hut of his intended father-in-law, who iiivitet the mediatort. to en- ter; but the fuitor is left without, till the liquor be drank, and the propofal difcufled. After thit, he it called in, and entertained with fuch fare at the hut affords, but without .feeing hit miftreft, wbo, on this occtiion, it obliged to retire. The fuitot having at length obtained leave to make hit addreflet to the girl in pcrfon, he goes home, puts on bis beft attire, and then reiunu to the hut, when his naiftreis appears, and he falutes her with a kift i after which, be prefentt her with the tongue of a rein deer, a mece of beaver's flcih, or fome other kind of provifion. The girl at ficft declines the offer, it being made in the prefence of her relations ; but at the fame time (he makes a (ignal to the lover to follow Iter into the fields, wliere flte accepts the prefents. Thus encouraged, he begs per- milTion of her to let him fleep with her in tlie hut : if (he . confents, (he keepi tlic prefentt \ but if not, (be tlirowt them with contempt on tliegrouiuL When the lovers are agreed, the youth is permitted to vifit hit miftreft as often as he thinks proper; but c'ery time he conxs, he mud purchafe this pteafure with a fteln bottle of brandy ; a pcrquifite lb agreeal\|e to the (atlier, that he often poftpones the celebration of the nuptials for two or three yeais. At length tlie ceremouy is performed at the ncareft church, by the pticft of the parilh ( but even after this, the hufbiad it obliged to ferve bit titbet-in-Uw a whole year, at the expiration oi which he retiret to bit own habitation with hit wife, and then receivet preienu from all hit relations and friends. From thit time lie watchet over his wife's condufl with the moft jealous at- tention, and fitqiKflers her from the company of all itrangets, efpecially of the male tex. Immediately after the birth of a child, they walh the infant all over with fnow or cold water; eacept tlie head, which muft not be touched with water till alter baptifni. The woman does not remain in child-bed above four or five days, and in fourteen is generally quite recovered. ;)Uc tlicn carries tlit. child xa be baptised ; but before lite cah itach the refidence of tbt prieft, fliAed vilb the vertigo and apoplexy. For the cure of all inward difordcrt, they ufc a drink made with the root of a certain fpeoiet of moft, wbidi they call jertb % and when that cannot he procured, they boil the ftalk vi angelica in the milk of the rein-deer. When they feela pain in anv part of the body, they take a kind of mulhroon*, wkiclr growi upon the birch-tree like a cake -, and, havmg fet (ire to it, they apply it, burning hot, to the piut tStSueA t and thit producet a bliAer, wbKb ii fappofed to draw off the peocam humour. They hifve n«r other plaAert for wounds but ilie rein which dropt firom fir-trees, WheK they have any member benumbed with froft, they put a red-hot iron into a cheefe made af rein-dcir'a milk, and, with the filt that dropt from it, like an oil, diey rub tbO' part, which it alrooft inftantly cared by that method. If the friends of a Laplander fuppow him to be oit bir death-bed, they exhort him to die iit the faiibr of Cbriftf and bear hit (ufiKiingt with leSgnation, by renaemberii^ the palTion of our §aviour.r But thole who have nor - great regard for rdigton, forfabe the dying perfon, and think of nothing but the funeral entertainment. When a pcrfon diet, mod of the enApany leave the butt- being of opinion tbey (hall receive fome injury from th^ fpirit of the deceafed, which tbejr believe rcmaini witlv the corpfc, and taket all oppoitunities of doing milchief 4ar tlie living. 7 he deceafed is wrapped up in liaen, aocordinjf tohiicircumftances, anddepofited in a coffin b^ a pcifoir feleAed for tliat purpole ; but this office he will not pcr-r form till he receives a canfccrated braft ring, which it> placed on bis left arm, and what he imagine* will pre-' vent the ghoft of the deceafed from doing him any in- jury. V I'bcfe people, before they embraced Cbriftianity, ufedi to bury their drad in any common place, which thev ftil^ do when th>;y are at a great diftance from a church. Manf of them alfopirlerve the ritri of beathenilh fuperftitioii y for with the oody they put into the coffin an ax, a flinr and fteel, a tialk of brandy, fome dried filh, and venifon. 'I'hc prov ifion is tor his fuliiiflence dui ing the journey ; the flint and Ueel are to furnifli him with a light, Aiould hw find hiinfeif in the dark ; and with the ax the deceafed ia i'uppofed to hew down the bulhes and bought thK tunf obflrufi him iii'the other world. 1'lie friends o( tlie deceatcd, before they carry the body to the place of interment, kindle a fire of fir-bought near thecuffin. and exprefs their forrow in tears and lamenta- tions. 'I'liey walk in prcceffion (everal times round the body, dciiuiidiiig, in a whining tone, the reafon of hia kaviiig them on earth : they afli whether he was out of humour with hit wifc } whether be wa< in want of mea*-, drink, doatbing, or other iieolTariet ? aitd whether he had not fucceeded in hunting or fifhing? Thefe, and other fuch Interrogationt, arc interrainctcd with gioant and frigluful bowlings ; and in the interval the prieih , fprinkle the corpfe and the mourners alternately with ' h<»ly water. After ihere ceremoitiet are ended, the body is ca»vcye4 t» tlir place oi interment, in a fledge drawn by a rein-deer, and followed by the trieads and relations, wl-o (hew ilieir concern for the loCsof the deceafed, by drcfliiig thcmteUrs in the worft |[|armeuts they have, and keeping a continual hooting during the procrflion. Alter the ceremony, the people retire; and the fledge, with the cloaiht which be- innacd to the decssfed. srs tUe pricft'i per^oiiisv. Three days aftrr tb« funertl. the volatious and friends of the de* lunA are invited laatt ciiKrtauiiittiu, where they cat the MY. {E U R 9.p ^i lildren, u Mveagreai fancy, ire kllowed to |l>e icmale* ^^ P flefh of the rein- deer which conveved ttie corpfe to the grive. The tnlipil being made a UtiilkM to the mtnea of tlis deceared, they colIcA ttie bonet together, which, being put i-ito a baikei, are «rltb gi^at eetemany Interred, It i> cuflemary to divide the effcAt of the deeeafed be- tween the brother* and Mtn, the fenacr having two- thiidi, and the latter one i but the landi, iakci, and ri- ver«, are held jointly by III the children of both fttet, according to the divifion made bv Cliirles IX. of Swe- den, when he afligned to eMh lamily • cettain triA of land. The language of the Litplandert it i eery batbtrdtii one, and varies in diiFerent parit of the counti^. Meording to the correlpondence which the nitivri maintain with ^he difTerent niiioni ; fuch at the Norwegiani, Swedes, pin- hnderi, and RulHani. Arta are very little known 'auratlg thrin, except fuch ai necelfity hat taught llwm for their own prefervation ; and moil of them are totally igtiorant of lettera. It it fuppoled that Chriftianlty wat flrfi introdncrd into Lapland oy St. Eric, about the year 1300. However, no material orogrefi fras made in the eiublilhment of it till the laft century, when miflionariet were fent for that porpolit from Norway, Sweden, and Ruflia. Ooftarot Adolphus founded two fchucit, one in the province of Pilha, and the other in that of L'Imx, for inftruding the children of the Liplanders in the Clitiftian religion, and in lettert. He alio ordered feveral books to be trandated from the Swodilh into the Lipland language ; fuch at the eatecbirm, uiith fonu. prayer^, aqd the manual, containing the pfalms of David, the proverbs of Solomin, jcc. And that they might be encoura';ed to fend their children to Ichool, an ar.nual revenue wai allotted to maintain the fcbolars both in viftuals and cloaths. Hence ' Lapland now produced fome preachers which greatly promoted the knowledge of Chriftianitv in that copittry i for, hereto- fore, their clergy having been Swedes, whofe language the people did not undcrftand, it could not be reafonably fup- pofed tliey (hould profit much by their inftrudions. Since that time, however,- the greateft misfortuite hath been, (hat tnany Lapiandert, at prel'ent, intermix too much idolatry with the pure profeirion of Chriftianity ; and from local cuAomt, the ridiculout fonUnefs for onseiis, partioular times and Icafont, diilinguilhcd by the names of black and white days, 5cc. retain many of their former fuperfti- tions. I'hey fuppofis the exiAence of a good and evil prinoii pie, and imagine that ihefe, yfhcnat variance, occahon the hippinefs or mifery of mankind. With rdpeCk to the pa- ein fuperOiiions ftill remaining, tliey adore the gods Thor, 8torjunkar and Bacwe, whom they worlhip under the iymbols of (tones, trunks of trees, and fire, They have fome notion of the metemprychofis, ot tranfmigra- tton of fouls i for they not only refpeft the rcmaiiu of their deperted relations and friends, but dread them at be- ing inifchievout till they imagine the Ipiriit of the de- crafed have re-animated other bodiet. They alfo believe there are fairiet, that wander among rocks, mountains, liven, aiHi Ukei ; and give them alfo a (haie of their devotion. They own one fupreme God, whom they arm witli ihui^rbeltt : thay make the rainbow hit bow, and have the fame notion of him that the old Pagans liad of their Jupiter. Tliey have another fubordinate God, to whom they acknowledge they owe all tite hleinngt of life, and never fail to worftiip him. The fun, whom they call Naiwe, it another of their divinities, becaufe of bis in- fluence on the bodies of men and beafts. They have tem- ple? and images coafecrated to each of their godt; 7'heir idolt are either the trunks of trees rudely carved, or of ftonc.^ One of thole is prefcrved in the royal cabinet of intiaoitiet at Upfal. All their women are excluded from worlhip. ThCy aitoint the idol with the heart-blood of ttie facrifice; and when they canoot reach the topof ji mountain confecrated to Storjunkar, one of their deitiet, they dip a tlotie in the blood of the facrifice, throw it up to the mountain, and £a conclude their devotion. Some- times they llrcw branches of bir;h and pine about their iniaget. At the Laplandera have always been charged \vith prac- tiling the art of diviiiation { La Motraye, travelling in their country, enquired what notion they'had of witchcraft and magic : to which one of them anfwered, tint the pro- feflbrt of the black itt were to be found moft commonly in Kimi Lapniark and Kinland i that they converfed with the devil, snd kruw every thmg that was done : and if they were provoked by any one, or hired to -do a inau No.«. ink, Am' mifchtef, t|ieycotild inlliA dilea'ci on him, hit wifit, dretl, or Mttie. ttt fimtndad to iiiftanea ih feiiM vMibi» they had ftradt blitWl, and othei* whoft-ONtle tiwraUlMk'' by their (briery t adding, tharthmwenfonwof tbMkiwhs- could rem9v« the dilisiRt «rhi^ Act themdidvcti or otbrn^ ] hadinAiaed; andthit they had done!!* en their being treated witfi good liqobrt. or rtfCWing handfiHiM niefentt ■ from the ftlftitn . THey g* ve our triveltor in. inftinei of a young and wealthy Laplander, who, noon biMking hit word with a girl he Courted, war llrtick blind >by htit nM> ' th«r, who was fkilful in the bUck art, and vroiiid not re- ftdtt him to hit fight, till he agreed- to numy her daughter. • , It it Certain, that the ooor ignoiant Lt^afldcri have • very great veneration for thorepretentfert to magic, and by all imagiiuble mcartt avoid their angenVThi fame writer re^ latfti nut he hiitd a perfon to carry him to the tent of on« of thefe conjurert, in the moft northerly part of Lapland, having firft given hiin all poffibk aflrurRnctt that he woaM not hettay him to the govrrnmcnt (the lawt againft witch* craft Mng at Ikvere In Sweden, at they were fcrmcrly . withui). He found the vriiard in a poor hut, and in at wretched circumftancet as thole people are ufnallv repre- fented to be in this part of the world : upon irnich h« 'made the- common ohfervation, that if thei'e pMple had really any intereft with the devil, he would furely reward tliem bAter, The conjurer gave our traveller hit hand^ - and ordered him to follow, him to the top of a high monn- ttin, that lay to the eaftward of bis hut, where he defired hint to (land till he fetched hit drum, and other uteitfilt necef- fary to the aditig hit p:rt. Soon after the man letnmed with hit driim, which he hitf hid among fhmbt andftone^r for (oiT of a difcovery. It wat of an oval form, and had but one head ; there wat fiiftened to it a chain, vritb' fe- vetal braft riiigt. Before the operation began, the wizard demanded if they had any bnindv « and- half a pint being prefented to him, he immediately drahk two thirds of it; then putting the chain and tings into the inlide of his drum, and tum- iiig the bpttom upwards,, be beat upon it with a forked piece of alrein-deer't both '(the head wat Covered with • tranfpareiit parchment, wretchedly painted with the ce- leftial figns) ; he beat upon it for r few minutet, the ringiaU the while jiuaping about, and making a jingling noife : then he laid himfelf down flat on hit back, fetting the head of his drum upon his bare bread, and having (but hit eyes, feemed to be in a trance, not breathing for fome timet and, having fetched a deep (igh, he gently raifed the drum above hit head, and looked npon the ringt, which he could eafily difcern through the parchment ; and having conlidcred their pofition, and diftance from the celeftiu figures, he fttcdbis eyes upon our traveller, and declared thaC he woiild run a great hazard upon the water at he reniriic4 ' in hit fledge; and again in going down the ytaraAf, at water- falls, in* boat: that he would have another grwt- efcape firom fire 1 that hit life would, be long and health^ after he had ove.come two great fits of iUneft, both whin) wold feize him within the fpace of two yeart. And at for the interpreter, who led La Motraye to hit cell, he di- reded him !to .go out a fifhing, on the aoth, aad, a4th, a6ili, and aSth dayt of that montli ; and the 3d, 6th, gth, lath, 16th, aoth, a4tb, and aSth, of the next: ai>.d h« (hould tetum home loaded with fifh : and the (ame daya in the. mentbi of September, OAober, and November, would be equally fortunate to him in hunting. When bebadfinifhed hitprediOiont, the traveller liked if he could tell whether be wat a bachelor, or a marri^ mani into what oounuies he had travelled, befidet Torno, Lapmark, &c. but our coi\)urer wat too v;ife to guef* at thingt that were pad, in which be knew hit ignorance might be too eafily difcovered. Our author aiterwardt made the, poor fellow a prefent of half a crown, with which he feemed extremely iatisfied, u the guide wat with the prediAioiit concerning his fucceft in filning ind hunt- ing. So exceffive creduTout tliefe poor LapUndett it^ and fo prepofleflnd in favour of their conjurert, that they implicitly follow their dircAiont. If thefe pretended Wizardi tell (h«in, that on fuch a day thf y (hall tue plenty of fifh or game, they will not &ii to go out that day 1 and at there it moft commonly abundaitcc of boili in this coon- try, they ufuajly verify the prediAien, by coming home loaded whenever tliey go out in fearch of gam*. And if the witards mark another day u unfortunate, they infU- libly make it fo, hy not going abroad in fueft of any poM at tbu time. With refpeft to their government, Lapland being now fubjcA totlirec different power*, governors, or pr*feAt ate deputed by each sf thtm, t? ptsfids 9y«r their refocc* 5 V tivt -<■ S4i Thi new AMD UNItBliSAL ^YSTfiMTor GEOOKAVUY. 6v* diftriAs. The Lapbndtrfi bewtvcvt h»d kingi qf tMr a#n till th* year 1377, When the Swc^m cpnqjiMrad put of dn oduntiy, and th* rtfluining pan waa (oaa aiiir lubdMd by the RuffiaAi and NormiiMM. The lawi of Sweden ard ofcfervcd in Swc^ilh L4plaM<), whiehf at we have drcady iveiiecd, ii the mod caoMcaUie of the three : heni are eraAed three tribunali, orcouru ol juftiee : 0nc for ^ngermankoid Lapnurk ; a kconi (ow Uma, Ptiha. aiU Lnl«-L«|imark : and the tliird for Fomo aitd Kimi-Lapiriark ; in each of which courts there it a frmkA, who determines all caufes. Thej adminiflM juAice in the kind's name, on wbidi occafioiis a priaft always attends. Sutfh of the Laplinden, *i live near the moqniaina which part Norway frdro Sweden, trade with the inhabi- tants of thofe countries. Thofe who ate at a greater dlf- tatice firom thofe mountains trade only with lite Sweirituous liquors, and tobacco, of which laft article they ail( extremely fond. They give, v>' ries of a full trioute ; and tlic owner ii oblif^ed to pay yearly two rix-doUars, in coin, to the crown of Sweden, They who podefs a territory in land, of half a tribute, pay only one rix-doUar. But as it happens very often that many of thein have no rix dollar), they are allowed to give ikins of foxes or fqi\irie]s inftead of coin. Fifty fquirrels fkius, or one fox s fkin, with a pair of flioes aftef tlie falhion of Lapland, are valued at one rix-dollar ; bo- lides which, every head of a family is obliged to give yearly a white fox's fkin, or a pair of fhoes t and if nc' cannot procure thofe things, be muft give half a pound of drlfd. pi)tes. Pan of thcic taxes is employed for the maintenaned of the priefls wlio live in that country, to infttuft th« ' Laplanders. The inhabitants of the other diftrlAs of ^ Lapland pay their revenues in a fimilar manner to the re<. fpcAive Itaics to which tlicy belong, and trade much in tty fame conmiodities. *ae: CHAP. VI. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF * o .ht.t vrA.-'itir.i IW 5!- N D. liMiE 119 1^.'- Wiyii* If 11: SECT. t. f miles bi/crUUg lit txttnt, fituatitn, tlimalt, mkd frkitui »f Pe- U«d, !nptffy fi ealMi Hgtlhtr tuitb lb* Gugrafhiiat Mvifiih if lit etmttj. lOLAND, before its late difmembermcnt, vrasarery confiderable country, extending about feven hurtdfcd Sitles in length, and fix hundred and eighty^ ih breadth t the fituation of it is between forty-fix and fiftv-feven de- grees tfortfa latitude, and fixtcen and thirty-four degrees hical dcfctipticn of Poland 1 if cofifidentd in its utmoft extent, it may be divined into the twelve following difbiAs : \. Poland, properly £• cstled; |1. Polifh PrufTia i III. Lithuania i 1 V. Samo< gitia 1 V. Couriand ; Vi. VVarfovia; VU. roUchia | VIU. PoleHa^ IX. KedRufCai X. Podoliat XI. Vol. m {EUROVB;)* ^ O L A K »; ^ til'ni»i Xri. Ucrania. Moft of ihefe provtncM ii« di- vided into p»hl(itlate« ; wbich an again fubdWided into baitrwicktk or ilarofiicii Gtbgraphert divide Kotend, ptopcvly fo calM, iiMo Upper or Little Poland i and Lower o» Great Polaiid. I'M (itk of thefo hath Great Poland and Warfovia, on tM north ^ Htingaryt oa tlie foutli i Ked RuflU, on the taft ; and Sile(ia« on the welti enttnding, from caft to Vrtft, about two hundred miles, and ftom north to fottth, about a hundred aitd twenty. It contains many woodi, bat it fcrtifc in fome plaeci, and in ^neral well watered. There i* bat one mountain in Liitle Poland, mkI thM ii abriirdly Called the Bald Mountain, thoi»h thei« ii a Monaftcry en the fummit of ir. Thit divihon of Poland cemprifcs the palatinates of Cracow, Lendomit and La- blin ; which, toijcther, from the diocele of Cntcow, con- ti-rining one thouland and eighteen choKhes, among whieh eleven eollegiiitc are included. The palatinate of Cracow has Silefia On the weft, the -palatinate of Lendemir oa the c4fl, Hungary on the fouth, and Siradin on the north. This palatinate containi, be- fides four diftrtiti, three duchies, and one county. The four diftridt are, i.Cnicovia, fubdivided into Xiantan and Proflbviai i. Lelovia t 3. Briecaj 4. Sendees. The three duchies are, Ofvieczin, Zalor, and Seveiia, which belongs to Hungar)it and contains thirteen towns. There is a fort of manna in this palatinate, which they gather in May and June, fweep it off the grafs with fievea, together with the dew, and make feveral dilhcs of it. Cracow or Cracovia, the capital of the whole kingdom, and the fixed head refidc, . of the fovercign, is featcd in a fertile country, at the cc tux of the Viflnla and the Ri- dawa, in nineteen degrees thirty minutes call longitude, and the fiftieth degree of north latitude. The city contains a grr.it number of convents and churches, and among the latter that of the Virgin Mary, which is tire principal. On the weft fide of it is a fuhurb, with handlome gar- dens, and near it is the king's palace, which has the ad- vantage of elegant garden* inclofed with a wall. On the fouth fide of It is the roynl caftlc, featcd on a high rotk near the Viftula. This large ftiu£lure is defended by walls, towers, and baftions, and has the appearance of a town ; it including the king's palace, the cathedral, and two other cbarchet, with Icveral dwelling- houfes. The cathedral is dedicated 10 St. Stanidiiis, formerly biihop of thit lee, whom Bolcflaus II. killed at the altar with his own hand«, Ixxnufe that bilhop's admonitions vtete grown infupjuirtahle to htm. St. Staniflaus's re- mains are inclofed in a filver (hrine, and malUs aiccon- tiniully performed day and night in this chuich. In the treafury of the cathedral, among other things of great value, are the regalia, on which account it is under the care of the trrafurcr of the kingdom. Here the kings of Poland are always crowi\ed, and their remains interred. The annual revenue of the bilhopric of Cracow amounts to forty thoufand dollars. The cnaptcr conlifts of thirty- tix canonn, bcfidcs other priefts, whole teveuues are alio Vttj confiderable. Near the caftle is the faburb of Stradome, which in- clude) feveral churches, convents and hofpitals ; and from thence a bridge over the Viltula leads to the town of Cazi- mircz, which may be coufidered as the fecond divifion of the city of Cracow : it lies to the eaft of the latter, was built by Cafimir the Great, and is inclofed with a wall. The chief editice in thit part of the city it the univctiity, which confiftt of eleven colleges, to which are fubordinate fourteen gcammar-fchools, difpcrfcd in feveral parts of the city. "Tnc Jews-town joins to Car.imirct. To the north 01 the city lies the fuburb of Klcparz, or Klepardia, tvhirfi hat no walls, but contains feveral churches, parti- CtJarly that of St. Florian, which is a very (lately edifice, and the biHiop's palace. The city of Cracow it jai^e, and was formerly popuioin and fiouriwing 1 but by the removal of the court, and the Kaaj eaUminrs it fuftained in both the Swedifh wars, has tnuCh declined. I'be citizen* have this particular privi- lege, that DO appeal lies from the city council, but to the king only ; and hit tnajefty can judge no caufet relating either to the city or in raburbs in any other place but in Crtcow. The palatine of this city hit tl»e power of diufing the council, but not of dilplacing any member when eleQed. I'his city has often been confumed by fire, and in 1 707 and 1708 was villted by the pellilence, which fwept away feveral thoufandt of the in)iibitanfs. In 1655 it was befieged and taken by the Swedes ; but in 1657 nicy wci« wuiigw lu ivi.viv .. ».* «,■« . w.v*. .. .▼«• ••w....«^ i« the Ruflwn inny under prince Kepnin and geiterel Apra«in, Adguft 19, 17^8. It* «UaM waa farprisc4 b« the conMiratca the bcginaiMgof 177a, aad it twmttUtA to tlic Aufiriant a fiew montiu afkerwardi. There are fome valuable falt-miitc* itear tbia city» whkk wei« dilSovcred in 1 548. They produco a great anniMl revenue to the crown, and the proprietori art likewif* obigcd to make a yearly prcfent to every city in Pohnd. The fall is of four kinds ; and on one fide of the mines r«m a ftrernn of brackilh water, mmIi on the ottwr ijm, a fine frofh one. In this palatinate are alfo the following towns, via, I. Zator, twelve* milet fouth-weft from Cracow. %. Siveria, tlie capital of tlie dudiy of the fame nairn 1 it it celebrated for the (ilvei find lead mines in its neighbonr- hood. J. Biccz, thirty-tltree miles fouth-eaft of Cracow 1 fulphur It made here from the furface of the river Rapa. 4. Sandrecz, twenty-four miles fonth of Cracow» cele- brated for gold and copper mines in its vicinity 1 hat acoU Icgiate church, and ficvcral monifteries. 5. Lelow, on a little river of the fame name ; near it, are rainci of filver and lead. 6. Ofveczin, on the fouth fide of tlie Sala» and twelve miles from Silefia : it it the thorough-fiire from Crioow to Vienna, and has a great trade in fait. 7. Caen* tochow, on tlie river Warta, near the Confines of Silefia, celebrated for remarkable good beer. Hers it a filver mine twenty- five milet north-weft from Cracow, and near the iittle town of Slacovia. A provin< oial diet is held in Proftovice, ten miles north of Cracow i. and Ucuffii, twenty milet weft of ^Cracow, it famous fof filver and lead mines, and the beft bread and beef in Pox' land. Near Vclifca, twenty-five miles eaft from Cracow^ are excellent mines of rock-falt ; but the miners, who work underground, foon become blind from die acrinio' niout effluvia of it ; and there it a very flrtng fbrtrela at Lubawla, fourteen miles fouth of Sandecz, The bifhop, palatine, and caftellan of Cracow, are th* fenatort of this palatinate. The jurifdidion of the pala- \ tine extends not only over the citizens and peafants, baC alfo over the nobility and gentry of the palatinate. Th* prctor, or mayor ot Cracow, is named by the king ; but the callle is principally under the command of the palatine, . who has ten deputies or burgravcs, cliofen out of the gen* try, by whom, in times of peace and war, a ftrifl guard is kept both night and day. II. The palatinate of bendoniir, or Sandomir, has that of Cracow, on the wed and fouth-wdl ; Hungary, on tlie fouth i Mafovia and Great Poland, on the north; and Red Ruflia, and the palatinate of Lublin, on the eaft. It is divided into eight dillriAs, and has nine fenators, v'lt, the palatine and caltelL-ui of Sendomir, and the catlellant of Wtllicz, Radom, Zawichoft, Zamow, Malngolch, Polovici, and Sechow. It abounds with mines of gold, filver, copper, iron, lead, fleel, and marble ; and derives its name from Sendomir, or Sandomir, which it the capital of thit palatinate. This town is feated on an eminence near the inflmc* of the river San into the Villula; and itt dolightfu$^ fituation rendered it the favourate rcfideiKe of CalimiCt the Great, and other kings of Poland. This city it well fortified both by an and nature, and has a college of Jefuits and other orders, with a rich foundation called Collegium Canonicoram. A provincial court of juftice it' alfo held here. In the year 1359 the Tartars and RulEani committed terrible ravtgei in this ciiry, and put the inhabitant* to tha fword. In 1656 the caftlc, which flaiidt on a fteep rock^f was blown up by the Swedes. It is now claimed by ih* ^ Anftrians. Here are two churche* much frequented hft- ^Igrimt, both which ftand in the middle of a foreft« This town was difmaiitled by king Anguftut in 1704. I'lie townt of left irate are, i. Kunow, forty miltl north of Sandomir ; it hat feveial quarries of marble in it^ ?; a. Scliydlowiecc, forty milet noith-tmft of Sandomir}^ there are treat quantiite* of limber, iron, and ftcel in iti neighbourhood. 3. Viafden, a new-built town of good trade. 4. Optatow, fifteen mile* north-weft of Sendo« mir i it has feveral famoni rel^;ious flmAures. 5. Kt. - .dom, the capital of its diftrift, forty-three milet north'^ weft of Sandomir. 6. Uza, a neat town belonging to tha bithop of Oveow, feventy miles to the »orth-eaft, of that town. 7. Solecia, on the WeHlcl, celebrated for ita caftle. 6. Botentin, iKar the bottota of the Bald Mountain) ttieit is plenty of iron in its neithbouthood. 9. Kiclcs, ten miles weft of Bocentin, it wfloui for mines of eofk per and lapis laeuli. 10. Clicncin, twelve miles caft of — "— "» •.-^*-. -*-* ......•- ^, • — , -2- of matbie. 11. Racow, ot Rac«via, noted for having 'been. '^' ){♦« Thb new AMD UNIVlRSAL SYSTEM or OBOORAPHY. kwn formerly « neft for iha So(ini«ni and AHmii, wbeft academy thrre was lupprtlM about th«yca» i66o. ii> Lagovia, famous for making earlhcn- ware. 13. Cprain ii nte capital Af it* diltrift, and hu aca have greater pivileget than the citiceni. In 1 704, the Saxons laid ficfc to it, but were loon obliged to raifr it, by tiic approach of the Swedes. In 17^6, the Swedet attacked the Saxont here, contrary to a lufpenfion of armt, and made tliein prifonert of war in the caftle. The public buildingt arc c.enerally of free-ftone, of wbkb the moft coniidciable it ilie caftle, thai ftands on a fmall riiiinettce, between the rivert Waria and Profna ; batits niuft flaiely ediiicts are on the other fide of the Warta, in the fuburbs. The fuburb it commonly called Valilovi, and built fo ftroitg, that like the town, it is able to with- fland a fiege. There are three very famous fairs kept in this city, much rel'orted to by the German tradert and gentry. The lirft it kept about the bet;iiiiiiiig of Lent, and iafts a month ; the fccoitd and third at Midftunmrr and Michaelmas, each of which continues five weeks. In St. Magdalen's, which it the principal church of the city, they ftiew the tomb of the duke Micc^flaut, who iniro- duced cbrillianity into Poland. Mere are I'cveral other churches, hcfidrs monafteries ; the flieets are Ipaciou!*, and its town-hou e is a lari;e building, 0' fine architecture. The other towns of note are, t . Kol'on, about thirty- three miles fouth-weft of Pofnania. 2. Micdzyzeczr, on the frontiers of Sitcfia, about fixty miles foutaeaft of Pofnania. 3. Slupcsa, on the Warta, about thirty miles , fouth eaft ot Poliiania. 4. Lifta, thirty-three miles north- weft of Pofnania ; it was plundered and b'uint by tlte Rufliant in 1707, fo that ol three thoufand houfet, only feven were left ftanding. e. Frauflad, on the frontiers of Silefia, ten miles foudi- weft of Lilla ; it is remarkable for the victory obtained near it over the Saxont by the Swedes, which proved fatal to king Auguftut. IV. The palatinate of Kalifch, or Kalis, liet a!<>ng the. river Warta, between the palatinate of Pofnania on the weft, Siradia on (he fouth, Sendomir on tlie fuuth-eaft, and Leiicicfa and Cujavia on the eaft and north-eaft. Its, fcnaturs are five, viz. the palatine anc* caftdlan of Kalifch.' and lite caftellans of Land, Naklo, and.Kaffiin. It haS' iu name ftom the city of Kalifch, mentioned by Ptolemy, on the liver Profna, which falls, a little lower, into the Warta, twenty miles eaft of Silefia, and north of Siradia, thirty I'cvcn fouth of Gnefna, a hundred and thirty three weft of Warfaw and nortb-wcft of Cracow. It I'et among inarlhet, and is fortified only with a brick wall, and low towers. Here are the ruins of a flrong caftle, wliich were deftroycd by the Teutonick knights. It has a magnificcai colltge of Jefuits, and foroe religious houfet. It ww taken, and ill- treated, by the Swedes, during the wars of the lalt ceniury. I'he Saxont and Polet defeated tbe Swedes near this place, in UCtober 1 70!;, juft at a treaty bad been (igncd, whereby king Auguftut renounced the crown to king Staniflaut, his <;le£toiate of Saxmu beings then over- run by the Swedet, and no other way left hint to relieve it. But the chief city of this palatinate ir, Gnefna, called Gnifen bythe Germans, which is the capital of tiie Lower Poland, and was formerly the metropolis of the whole kingdom, and feat of the king. It fiands in the middle of tlte palatinate, in a plain, between hillk and lakes, thirtv-fcvcn mi>s north of Kaliich and eaft of Polhan, forty-fix fouth-weft of Thorn, ninety-five north of Breflaw, a hundred and eighteen fouth or Daiitsick, a hundred and twenty-one tiortli-wtft of Wtrfaw, aiu) a hundred and fifty-five north-weft of Cracotr. It was built, as is generally reported, by king Lcch'ut I. foui>der of this monarchy, and called Gnefna, from an eade's noft found tliere, wh'di, in the Polilh language, it caPed Gncfiad. I'he kings of FoUnd werecrowiMd, and the regalia kept here, till 131c, when they were icinov«ii to Cracow. It fuffcred very diuch by a dreadfal fire, in 1613. and has been declining ever fince ; fo thai it is now only confiderable for being the fee of an archbilhop, who is primate of all Poland, legate of the Holy See, and, in cafe of the king's death, regent till a new king be chofen, wtiom, alio, he claims the right of declaring and crown- ing. He figns himlcif ** Legatus natut, tt Kgni Polonic primus, & primus piinceps. Hecan reverfe allprocecd- iiigt in any of tlie bilhop't couru, and it it Heuh to draw a fword in hit prcfence. A golden crofi it carried before him when he goes to tuc uici, er ts dic'Eiss -, sr4 wthssi ■<«*,■: f£ U R O P B.l 1> O t A N D. $49 Im fin, hit chipUin heldi it Miini tib diair. Hit ntar* /hal, whei« « (enator, cartict a Mt Wore hit coMb, and falutet non« wiih it but the king. Ht rinti no embafla- ilori, thodgli they viftt him. During the Intcrregnantt he may coin money In hit own name i the revenues of the crown belong to him, and he hii then the fame officcri with the king ; but at alt lifflM he hu dmms beating, and trumpeti founding, within and without, before ne fiti down to table ; and he may vifit tlic king when he picafc*. The canoni muft all be of noble bitth and defccnt In (lie cathedral there U a vafl trcafurc of gold, filvcr, and curious enamelled vefleli, loft lo ii by Sigifmund III. other kings, and fome archbiftiop-. The tomb of one of the archbilhoiM ii cafed wirh (ilver, and the gates are of Co- rinthian mafa, curioufly wrought. III. To the north and fouth of the Wana ii flhnted the palatinate of Siradia, and •-<>•<■ >as. t. Siradia, th« capital town, which it fniall, L .i wopulout, and has a calUe to defend it. i. Wielun,^th'e feat of the flarofla, caftcllan, and provincial diet. 3. Petrikow, a tolerable well-built town i and at prifent one of the great tribunals •f the kingdom, for determining differences among the nobility, and appeals from inferior courts, aflembiee in this town ; as doe* alfo" the fynod of tiie deigy, and • 'provincial court. . IV. Lencicia is lituaied eaft fron Kalifch and Siradh, and has Little Poland, towards the fouth. It is divided into three diftriAs, and hath five fcnatois, vir.. the pala- tine and caAellan of Leneicia, and the other caftelUns. Lencicia, the principal town of this palatinate, is ciRbty miles weft of Vrarfaw, and a hundred and thirty . tnilcs north of Cracow. It it furrounded by a htick wall . and a ditch, defended by a caflle, fituated on a rock ; has . a great annual fair, and is the feat of one of the diets, a. TiontkuiD, (itutted on the Waru, it ten miles eaft from the above mentioned town. V. Rava palatinate lies eaft from that of Leneicia, and haih four fcnators, vala- tinate, (lands on a river of the fame name, upwards of forty niltt to the fontli«w, :.!.: fnrrotinded V with a broad diRb ftill of water. Is a large ftone Luilding. ' The other towns of left note are, 1 . Louit«, on th r river Kava, about fourteen milet from ti.<; above town. It hath a caftle ftirroundcd by the river ; is ^doined with a ftately church, and the palace of the arcbbiftiop of Gnefna. a. VoUiora is a populous town, wb'.re it a noble pabce be- lonungto tb« bithopof Cujavia. VI. Breseftv palatinate lies to the north of Leneicia, is fertile, fendt five members to the dice, and- hath its name from a little town (ixty milet to the eaft of Gnefna. It liea on a caufeway amongft marlhes, and it built of brick and wood. Its townt ace, i. Crafwick, thirty mites weft of Brezefty -, thei« it a brick caftle in tlte middle of it i .and in the fubutbt ftandt the church of St. Peter, built s.witb free-ftone, togetlier with a college of twenty-four , ,canoni. a. Rad^icw it fitnated on a lake, ttventy-eight : milet north-weft of Brexefty 1 and the houfn in general are built of timber ; hence it ii fubjcA to conflagrations, nke many other townt of Poland. VII. Uladiflau, in Latin Uladiflavia, it a palatinate, ' whofe capital city, of the fame name, is built among : marlhes, near tlte Weiflel, in the raid way between Ploczko and Thorn, fourteen miles north-eaft of Brezefty, twenty ibuth-eaft of Thorn, and feventy-Ave north- weft of War- fsw- It is tlie fee of the bifliop of Cujavia and Pomerania, fuflTragan of Gnefna, who always crowns the king, in cafe of the death, indifpofition, or obftiiucy, of the primate. The cathedral it an aniient Gothiek ftraAnre, but rich in flate. ornaments, and relicka i and encoropafled with the oufes of the canons and prebendaries, and a lar^ frec- tbool. The chief onunKnt of the place it, the bifhop't '.fiately palace, built by Matthias GotaiKiew, who was 'feriy-two years bifliop of this fee, and founded the chuRh of St. Vital tlie martyr. The , houfes are generally of brick, as alfo the caft!.^ on the Weiflet, which is well- fortified. Though the adjacent foil is marfhy, and fo fearca of fuel, that the inhabitants fuficr very much for .want of it ) yet it is fruitful in corn, and 'ends great quan- iuitr< to I>iiitzick, for exportation. I VIII. The pahoinau of liiowlocz, or Inowiadiiiaw, No. 54. .^, ^ .. i nttndt fr6m the talu 9/ Gopio, and tha «ity of Crufr wick, to the Wcifltl and iha eanRnet of Pomerania : it hu PruMa on the north, the Wcilfel on the aaft, KaliMi on the fodth, and Ilea north-weft from Brezefty. It i* divided into thefe terrHoriet, and fends fear caftellant to the diet, belidet the palatine. The diief town of th« fame name. Is oA the river Nortt, lhi(tv it is (iluated in a plain, on the tivrr Barde, by which goods are bfougbt ap to it from th« WciAl, petilenlarly from UtadiOaw, from which It is t«»tintv fonr milM dlftant. IX. Dtobrin, by fome nwte a diilinft palatinate of tlx province of Maflbvia, and by others a territorv belonging to that of Brexefty, lie* on die eaft of Weiftl, between Cujavia and Prailia ) abounds with fr>iit and Hfti, was for« mn-ly the occafinn of many quarrels between the Teu' o- nlc hnighu. Praffia, and Poland, and is divided into thno diilriAt. Its fenacors arc, the three caftellant ^ Oobrin« Ripin, and Sloufle. On a rock near tbc Weiflel, ovcr^againft Uladiflaw, ftands the town of Dobrin, built of timber. It had formerly a ftrong caftle, which the Teutonic knigbta demolilhed. X. On the weft fide of the country is Ploczko, ot Ploflcnw, by fome alto reckoned a palatinate of Maflb- via, from which it lies rather to tlie eaft between «lM WeilTct and Ducal Pruflia. It is divided intofnur diftrifts 1 and its fenaton are, the bifliop, palatine, and caftellan of Ploflcow. Its chief town, of the fame namt, ftandt on a high bank of the Weiflel, from wtitnce there is a profpeA ofa pleafant and fruitful country. It is fifteen mile.', fouth of Dobrin, near thirty eaft of Brezefty, forty-four fuuth- eaft of Thorn, forty north-e:ift of Leneicia, and fifw north-weft of Warfaw. It has been a bifliop't fee a loiw timr, is very popu'out, has a good trade by its river, and is defended by a caftle. It has a cathedral wi'h other ehorches and monafteries, well endowed, efpecialiy that o( tlM Bencdiflines, in the fuburbs ; where, amoitg other ' relics, ttiey keep the head of St. Sigifmand, giyen bf Sigifmund III. 111 a gold Ihrine. S E C T. 11. CiHUin'mi « dtftriptUn if Ptlijbfri^t, ill immUriit, iM' tint, prtdutiy V<. Ibtir ritigitii, civil tnd ptlitifl gt- Virmmtntu fivtr»l iivifitiH »f tk* ttuntrj, printifd IIWHS, Vt, POLISH Ptuflia hath been diftinguiflied by the ap. pellation, ot royal Pruflia, and has been added to tho general province of Great Poland, though it is a very dif- ferent country, inhabited by a diftereni people, who hava their peculiar laws and privileges 1 and tberomre dcfervet to be feparately confidered. It is bounded on the north by part of Pomerania and the Baltic fea ; on the eaft, by iho kingdom of PruftU ; on the fouth, by Great Poland ; and on the weft, by Great Pofaind and Vomerania. It it fiir inferior in extent to the kingdom of Pruifia, it befaig onW aboiit fixtv miles in length, and fifty-one in iti gieaicft breadth ; but the latter does not exceed eighteen milea in fome places. This country is diverfifled with mountains, woods, and lakes i but in the fouth part there is linle pafture ground, and confequently few cattle. The fiflieries ate of great advantage to this country, which alfo yields a vaft quantity of honey and wax. The woods abound with wild boars, roe-bocks, and wild fowl, and a good deal of lime is alfo burnt in fomo parts of the country. Here are thofe remarkable heaths of Skal, Mafara, Ni- cholair, and the defart of lohannifberg, which it fear German miles in breadth, and few in length. The inhabitants confift partly of Polei, and partly of Germans. The reformation was infiodiieed here early in the ftxteenth centwy, and in a few years the profeObn of the Lutheran religion increaftU fo ml, that ttieir number in the principal cities and towns fiu- exceeded that of the papifts, and thej^ had atmoft n great a fupcriority in ttie fmatlcr towns and villages. But fucceeding time* have introduced conliderable iterations. The kings of Poland have, indeed, allowed the inhabitants the free exercife of tlie Lutheran leligion in the cities of Pruffia ; but thero are at prefcnt only a few towns in which the Lntheraai iiave churcuci, aiid iu atSu> iSriS! thCjf mSVS bceS COS. ^2 M^ V^ .^- ||d Tilt NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTtiM or GEOGRA^HV. |Kllril to give iheii) upto the iMpifli. Bcftdea, the protcf- Unti are cuiitiiiuilly oppredeil, and promifei ol' prefer- ment and other meant are too fuccefifally employed, in ' ordar to I'educe the Fruinaii mobility from tlic Lutheran church to the Roniilh. An wt hinted above, Pohlh Pruflia ii a diflin{\ political body or ft>te, that hath nothing in common with PoUnd, cxctpi iti h.-wing the lame fovereign, and being connrftcd ■ with that cruwn by a perpetual alliince. For when the inhahitantt put themfclvet under the proteAion of king CafimirlV. in 1466, it wat exprel'ily (tipulated. that the duchy of Prulha Ihould have itothiiig to do with the le- public of Poland t hut that the king alone Ihould perloiially order and determine all iMattera relating to the former ; and for that pur|)ole Ihould come araoitg them, and fummun feneial dieti. Hence thii lUt« enjoys the fame right ai 'eland and Lithuania, of voting at the elcAion of a king, ,wlio after hit coronation it obliged to (wear, that he mil maintain the PrulTiant in their righti and piivilegei t and when ihii is done, they pay homage to the new Ibvercign ill the ul'ual manner. With refpeot to matter* of a public nature, the king can determine nothing without the concurrence of the ilatet, who ave divided into fpiritual and temporal mem- bert, the latter confifting of nobles and burghers. Of thefe the fenatc is at prermt comgofcd. This council eonfifts, firft, of the bilhops of fcrmland and Culm. The former it the prefidcnt and chief among tlie nobility, and is not under any fubordination to the archbilhop of . Gnel'ni ) but holds immcdiati'ly of the pope. Hisdiocci'e, ; in wh'ch he has the fupremc aulhoiity both in civil and .■ ecclrfiatVical caul'es, is of a very large extent. Its revenues are divided into three parti, one of which belongs to the chapter ; but the other two, which are conii>utcd at fixty- ' four thoufand dollars, are afligiicd for the epilcopal table. The diocefe of the billiop of Culm is not near fo ex- tenlive, and confequently the revenue is much inferior to that of the bifhop of Ermland. The bifhop of Culm is ■ fufFragan to the archbilhop of Ermland The bifhop pf Gnrfna, and the king abfolutely difpofes of that bifhop-'c without' calling a chapter. 'Ihc other members of the council are three palatines, who arc of equal dignity with fhofe of Poland ; three caftellans, who are not invciled with any pa.ticular office or f mploynaent, but on a general fuminons of the nobility may o" looked upon as the lieu- tenants of the palafinMei 1 three vice-tteafurert, who have only a bare title s but as they arc counfellors of flatr, they take place of the reft of tiie nobility j two counfellors frnm each of the three great cities. Danizic, Thorn, and Kl!)iii(; ; and each of thefe teprefentativcj has a vote in the fenatc. According to the lawi of the country, thefe (late coun- fellois ought to be native Prufliant ; but this it feldom the cafe. They arc nominated by the king of Poland, and take a particular oath at their admilfion. The bifhop of timland (its as prcfident in the Pruflian diet j but, in his abfcnec, his place it fupplicd by the principal pcrfons among the nobility who are prcfcnt. Thefe members are ftyled the two riates of the duchy of Pruflia, and royal counfellors ; they may likewife be termed the fupcrior Hates, to did iiiguidi them from the inferior, compoled of tlic lower nobility, and the deputies of the fmall town*. King Caflniir IV. engaged for Iiimfcif and fuccelTors, not to determine any affair of conl'ccjuence without the previous concuircnce of the dates of Pruflia. Hence Ipiuiip the origin of the Pruflian diets, which before had • 10 connexion with thofe of Poland. But in 1569, p«rt of the fcnate or council of Pruflia was united with the iciiatc of Poland, and the ftatcs of the former were com- pelled to appear at the general diet of the kingdom. The political conftitution of Pruflia has been much changed from that time , but it ftill enjoys particular right* and pri- vileges, and is not entirely interwoven with that of Poland. After the general Pulhan diet i* fummoned (which it al. teinately held at Marienbuigh and Cjraudenz, the king fpccifies th: time of holding the leflcr diets, where the icpiefciitativcB of the former are cholen, and receive tlieir inflruAions Thefe provincial diets are held in every pa- latiiute, and the happy coiKluflon of tlicm indicatea the' profperous ilTue of the general diet -, tor if only one of thefe alfcmhlits rifes abruptly, the general diet it feldom expefled to al^niblc. The numbers of repredeutativr* for every palatinztc is not fixed, but they have lately been more numerous than heretofore. During the felTion of the diet, their rvnenccs are defcayed ; and the in£Uu£lion> given to the meinbert ate iu the Polilh luiiguc. nelidrs their own grivril diet, the PrufTiani iffiflat ih'at of Poland : iliouf^h they do not agree to the laxas impolrJ on them in the Polilh diet) but only in tlieir own general one. Formerly the Pruflians had their own coin, which is now reduced to ih Oandaid of the Ptililh iiiuncy, liut the three principal cities of Pruflia have flill the privilege of coining gold and lilvrr piccei, imprelfcd wlih the king « head on one lide,' and tlieir relpe^ive arms un the reverie , which pain as the current money of PrulFia, after icceivin;| lhc_ royal HuiAion. Here are (everal other public oOiccrtt belidcs the counfellors of (late, fuch a* the lical'urer, who is the principal, and the only om who ha* an annual la' lary ; the fword-bearcr, who has only the bare title 1 th« flandard-bcarcr, who bears the flandard of the province, when all the nnhility take the field i and ftvcn judge*, with tlieir attendants and clerksi The towns of Pruflia are comprifed in the three cele- brated ones of Uantaidi, Thorn, and Elbing, and twenty- fevcn royal towns, belides thofe that belong to the blljiop of Ermland an<4 Culm. An aflbciaiion wra* formed among the fmall town*, under the government of the knighu of thel'eutonic order. By thii union, which Dill continue*, they arc to t& jointly in behalf of their com- mon privileges ; to confult their intercft a* a community lit their particular aflrmblie* 1 and 10 recommend their com- mon concerns, in the general diet of Pruflia, to the repre- fcntalives of the great cities. Maiicnburgli, which is the moft confiderable among thefe town*, ha* the direflory, and thit with (iraudena, Dirlhau, Starg-trd, and Koiiil?., are called the plenipotentiary town* ; for, befide* their own aflairs, thefe are charged with thole of all the otlier town*, which they lay before the direftory, and the latter rcpio- Icnt them to the deputie* of the great citie*. Thefe fmall lownt are at prelent far from being in a flourilhii g con- dition. All aopeal lie* from the knicnce* of th ir ma- giftrate* to the iVroflas, and alfo to the king from thi: latter. There are four provinces or palatinates in Polilh Prulfia. That of Pomerefia, or Little Pomerania, was antiently a part of the dncliy of Pomerania j but at laft fell under the dominion of Poland. This palatinate contain) five circles, and Iras four provincial judge*. The mod remarkable place* in it are the following, viz. The celebrated and commercial city and fortrefs of Dantziek, called by the Pole* Gdaiit/k, fituated on the Viflula, neat five mile* from the Baltick, in fifty three degrees, thirty-eight minute* north Jatitnde, and iit eiglilecn degrees thirtv-fivc minutes eaft longitude. Tlie fmall rivers called the Kadaune and the Motlau run through the city ; the latter divided into two channel*, which run between the Old and New Town, and afterwards unite again below the city, and, witli the Radaunc, fall into the Villula, Thi* is f large, btiutiful, and populous city, built afier the ai<':ient manner of the Hanfe-town*. The hoafe* are gCi. -rally five ftorie* high, which make the ftrect* appear' the narrower, efpecially is tiie entrance into the houles is by four or five ftone ftepa, and a balcony, which make a projeAion of ten or twelve (tn. Theie houfe* are kept clean after the manner of the Dutch, though with iefs nicely. Many of the ftreets ar*; planted with chcfiiut-tree* about thirty feet high, which afford an agreeable fhelter from the heat of the fun. There it a beautiful harbour belonging to ihi; citjr ; and the inhabitants who are remarkably civil and obliging to ftrangers, carry on a ' confiderable trade, efpecially in corn. The Ihip* belonging to this port are very nume- rous, and the privilege* of this city are very valuaMc. A* it is one of the three great cities, it fends reprefentatives to tlie Pruflian fcnate or council of ftate, who have likewife a feat in tlie general diet of Poland, and vote at the ele£liott of a king. The Uantzicker* have alfo the piivilcge of ga- thering amber, coining money, &c. Here are twelve Lutheran churchct, exclufive of thofe in the houfe of corrcQion and in the alms-houfes, two Calviniftical churcbea, one popifh church, and a college of Jefnits. The catbedial, which is a Urge Lutlicran church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is the moft magnificent, and the principal churches in Dantzick. Mr. Hanway obferves, that tl|i* is an aiitient flrjflurc that has not been much changni by the efUbliflimcnt of the proteftaiit religion in this city : for it was agreed by treaties to have the cruci- fixes, image*, and piftures, as in the times of popery. They fhew a very curious painting on wood, of the refar- reAion, by Van Eyck. 1 here u a Lutheran accadeiny in the Grey Friars convefit, in which arc feven profeflors, and one teacher of the Poiiihlaiiguagc. In tui: csnvcnt 'a . ■ ,. ilfo 0" ,* ffet) Abpte.) t» L A N b. 55* -.-ft' ilfo Um city liliwry. Tlie other public boiklingt »re «lie kxchanee, the cooticil houfei in llie OIJ ■nd New To\»i», Ihe public wclgli-lioufe, the arfentl, which coiiuini a ^)d ciillcAion u( »m», tmt many Of ihem arc olJ an.l ulcUU t they have a huiiitreJ and fifty larfte brali cannnii, Tnine uf which are Taid to weigh fiftetii thuufaltd pounds. They bave alio a fine mill elected on the river KadiiinCi wliich hai eighteen wlieeli, ii Ihe laigcA in all the city, and ii laid lu hive pioduced to the prOi>iietor> a ducat every •fcour. Dantxick wai anciently the ptincipal of tlic Han'i;- towHi, and the flrd that entered into the Hanfi-atic allbci- ■lion. The Ciernian ii altnoll the only languane fpolrn hrre, the inhahiiantt heinj; liitle ul'ed to the Holiln. The city hat iit o«n narrifon ; and the fortiticationi make a l>i>od appearance, trpcciallv towardi tiic fouth and welt , • thol'r imrtt of tlic tuwn bcnii; lu< rounded with cminence'i, funic- of which rife fiiglier ilianthe toweis of the city itfclf. I II the year 17;}, one tlioufartd two hundred .ind eighty- «iglit Polilh veilt'I«, finall and great, frnni the Viftiila, and one tlioufand and fourteen (hip* from the li:a. arrived in this von, and fifty-eight thoul'and and fixty bulheli of corn were Drou{;hl into thi< city for exportation, Indeed the inoH conliderahle branch of the trade ol Dantzick is that of torn, which it brought by the PoliliiJcri in lairc barks of about fifty tuna burden down the Vi(lul.i. In plentiful yean thefc barki annuallyamouiit to .ibout (ixtccn hundred. As thefe cargo<:i are often cxpolijd to tlic weather, it it Cullomaiy to Iprrjd ilieir fails ui\ the banks of the river, ■nd to dry ilirir corn u|) ihey are coniidercd as guarantees or «£ls of lecurity, than ' , the fate of Dantxick. Few cities ever exiflcd, and it is ,■ probable that none do at prefent, that have been couipre- '< {tended in fo many general and particular treaties, wtiofe -rites and liberties have been (o frequently fecurrd, and ' gu-irantced by fo many great powers, and by fuch a lung ' • and reguUr fuccetrion of public a£ts, as tha' of Dantxick . . his lx:cn. Nor have the commercial powers of Europe . tn often armed in the defence or fupport of any other. . Ihe city is in the dioccic of Cujavia, and the inhabi- '. tants pay the Popilh bilhop all the regard conliflent with Ihe difference of their religion, and the privileges and iia- I muniuct cf the city. Without the walli of Danisick ll« th« followit'i;; ^laret within its jxrirdiAion, vi/.. 1. The Dinltiger, Werder,^ or I Hand, which is funoundcd by the Villula, the Motlau, and the mur^lTrt caufed hy theic rivers, and contains aliout foiirte-en hundred hides of Uiids, and about thiily-thrie Villages. ]. The Frifche Nchrung 1 which is a long narrow flip of land, extending between the fea and lb« harbOur. It contains five villages that have churches ; but the moll remarkable place on this iOand it a fort called Miiiidc, which IS vrry Itrong, and hat a church and a conimodiuus harbour. And, 3. about a (iciniaii niih from Dantxick is Uliva, a celeb. ated convent, that has licen fret|ueiitly confumcd by fire. It it at prefent niha- bitcj hy abeing built became diftinguilhed above the other towns of Prulfia by its enjoying feveral valuable privileges { but when the Teutonic knights made a very ill ulc of their power throughout all Piuflia, this city was the fiift that formed the noble fchcme of Ihaking off their opprefTive yoke. The inhabitants having concerted an agreement wittt the other towns in the year 1454, made themfelves mailers of the caftle, and dcmohfhed it ; and having expelled the I'cutonic knights by force of arms, the confederates put themfelves under the protcAion of Caftmir the Grear, king of Poland ( but their rights, privileges, and immu- nities were to remain entire. I'hey were to honour his Polilh majcfty as their fovereign \ but without any further conneflion with Poland than a clofc harmony and alliance, by which they engaged to have the fame allies and ene- mies on all occalions, and reciprocally to promote each other's welfare and profpcrity. I'hrce cities had the following privileges granted them in common : they were declared free, and were to be governed by their own magillrates, confifting of the coun- cil, the chief perfons of which are the burgtave and preii- dent, the judges, and the rcprcfcntatives of the burghers. The mem)x:rs of the council were to be ftiled noble t they were allowed to hold a fupreme court of judicature, and in criminal cafes to punilh capitally even thofe who were not inh.abitants of the city, if they were taken in the fact i 10 Uaye their own ganiiun > tw voin mciicy, gnJ :o . . ., h^U '■«, •« m^ 551 Tri new AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM op C^OORAPHY. have ilirirliw-ruiii drc'uM only in Pruffii. Th«y wrra lo p>v no nihtr (uflomt in I'ouitd but Iboft ul'uilly ik- mtiiM •! iht firll hirticf un ib« frontiari, I.tflly, ih«y W«rt to be mcnihcrs of ih« lUtc-cogn«il of Poiifh Pruflui, Bnd tn bavt » fiat and vole in the Holiih 4i(l, and at the tIcAion of a kinf. 'I hr Ihiid jubilee ol' ilm event wai coniiiMni<oflices ereAed at their giilra, and heavy eiailioiK demanded even upon llie ncccllariet of life. I'hui blockaded and plundered, they were declared free ; but at the fame time rreie funimoned to do homage ' to the king of Pruffia for all the lands they potreOfed with- ' oat the walls. In ihefe circumdancci, with force and fa- nine to eiKOunier, tha magiftrates and citizens behavnd ' with wonderful refolalion and firmnera. They returned fer anfwer, tbat tber had already paid homage arid IWorn allegiance to one iovetcign ; aiiJ that they could neithci renounce their alleciance, nor btt\k their oaths, upoi\ ■nv account or conrideraiion whatfoeve: ; ion« mintitet nprili lalitaJe, and ninateeii digrect (iltren mi- nutes call l(in);iiude. It is a handloni} large city, fortified after the aiuieiii manner, and carries 011 a cunfideiable trade. Between the Old town and the fubuibt, whero- the (lorehoolet of (be oKrchanit are ctaAed, luni the rivet klbing i and the Old town 11 dividvd from the New by a wall and inoal. I'ha boulci are hiah, narrow in front, ai»d buili in Ihe old uAe, much lika rhote ai Dantaick. The (liertt aic vctv Marrow, occafioncd by the balconiea •hat pill e^ into them, and Ixfoif llicni are receptaclat fat all tbe filtli and dirt thrown out of llie houfct. Elbing it oil* of the Hanle towns ^ and at it ii inha- bited bv * culuny from Lutwck, il it governed by llie lawt of that city ; but the burghert have their paiticular ligbta and privileges. Here are i> fi chuichet, in which divine fcrvice it ra rfornied. Tbat of iil. N icIiuUs, which it iha largeft aitd handfomeft church in Piulfia, wat given up lo the Papidt II) i6ib. The l:iIIIc, which wai buili in lajy, wat demolillied by the but|;lu'ri in 1454. The foititica- lioni iowari!s Ihc Warder arc very llighl, but on theoppc (ile fide tlicy are in a much better condilidn ; yet it it eftcemeii one uf the ftroiigeA lowni in Polilh PiuAa. Some companiei of ibe crown-army of Poland ate can- toned ill ibis town I but the burghert keep guard it lh« gaixt, and there it a PrulBaii garnlen in the luburbt. Wilb relpefl to ecclcliaUical niatteit, this city it ai>dcr Ihe jurildidiun of the bilhop ol brmelaitd, u far aa it con- ii^nt with the difference ol religion, and without [.rein- dice lu the righit and prit ilcgei of the city } but lu civil attain it it only fuhjc^l lu ibe king. In 1703, Elbing fell into the (ralTeffion of lh« Swedta, who laid It under contribution; but the KuAiani look it from ihem by llorin. li waa formerly mortgaged to the elcAor of Brandenburg, at a lecurity for the payment of four hundred thouland rix-dollart , but at the ele£U>( did not receive ihe lum fiipulaled, the king of Pruffia, in virloa of ibe above agreement, took polUdton of the dillttA be* kiitcin^ to ihe city. I'he province of Ermeland it entirely farrounded by ihe kingdom of Pruffia. This province bclonga 10 no palatinate, but it entirely fubjed to the bifhop and chap- ter 1 fo that neither the nobility nor the other inbabilanta of EvmcUnd can appeal to any other judicature. Two iliirdt of thia province belong to the bilhop, and the re- maining third part tu the chapter. Their (ubitAa have free recourfe to ilic lame couitt of judicature aa the reft of the Proffiani . but they have fome pariirular law* lothem- felvet. Tbc V liave alio a provincial diu, lo which the no- bility, borglbcrt, ceumr* jodget, and alio the frecoMn, aro (ommoiKit Though the EriiicUndert do not aAK at the Prnffian uilt in 1x44. and Wat deftreyed by fire in 15 Ji. Charlei li. king of Sweden, bad hit heail-quanera aera Kcflcl il an elegant little town with a caftb, hu a -It-'- T. IE U R O P E.J POLAND. $n of wfuifi. to which lire church of th« Holy I.mdcntne In llriitrfFDhurg Hiuiri* iKloiiaa. Tliii town carriM on i goikl InJe, and ii well fupplird wilti ptoTiflonl. BtCiJci the «bof» mrmioiifd, h«iel« I . lh« ft«»ll town of Vnttig, wttli « Itroiig cifttc. 1. Oiilchon, k fmill but ittiiiig lowit on the Viltula, when a oroviiKliI court of j«ilicaii>r« ii litlJ. 3. tichorncek, wlihacaflk, on ihe liver Tfii. 4. Stirgtid, a lintll lown on ih< lame. j. Mevc, a loMii Willi acullle ai (lie confluence of the Tert ■nd Villiiji. t. Nlunde, or Wtiiniinundc, aftrongfor- brCi ai ilie moulh of tliat hi inch of ihe Weiilel which rum b]f Danizuk, ahd can hiiiilrr Ihe enlranca of (hiM. b. Panifko, 01 a Rulf of (he fama name, aightwn miki m>iih'Wtflof |}aiiuii.k. • F. C T. III. t>tftriliini iht Jivii-nl tmiitrln, frtvimii, and JUtkiii if litbimoia, Siimatiliri, dturlitnit, Iftrftvia, Ptltthia, Pihtiit, Hi.t KkJ/I^, Fultlia^ f'tlkima, and Uira»ia, wilb an muMHf i/' llitir /imalim, frtdute, iitMilanI), lnu»l, €%mmirn, MuHiifiitliirii, rtligim, ti<, ]r rniUAN'IA, catlrdLnwa l>y the Native*, iiavery \^ cxienlivn country, and wai uniird 10 Poland in 1501 ■ I hat Kcd RuOia, Vulliinia, and I'udolia, on the fouih \ titta Poland, on ihe weft \ the Jiattick,on Ihe north \ and Ruflla, on ihc caft. It ii in leni^th about three hundred •nd (ixiy iitilei, and ihica hundicd and forty in breidih, wbcrewidefti wai fuimcily almoft coverrd with woodi, ■nd tllll cuiKaitii a |;rrat many confidrtable foicfll. Ii •bouiidi in lioiicy. wax, timber, pitch, tar, buffiiloci, wild hoi re«, wild afli t, hull I, riki, ui 11, woodcocki, pheafantt, Uz. (ileal niimlKit of (ilh are produced in the numeroui Ukci ; hut their many tikei and forrfti occaflon the air to be (lii«.k and fuggy Here are many llockt and htrdi ; and tuck-wlirai, u v«cll at other xrain, ii prelly plentiful, fo that nruvifiuiis arc cheap, though agriculture ii gteally iitRbAoJ I hut money i< extremely fence. The Koman uiholic ii iheellablifhed religion \ but Lu- thcraiM, CalvinilU, Jews, Tutki, Greeki, Snciniani, &c. are tolerated. '!'lie.nohiliiy tK.fX great pomp and dignity, and are cxccfdiiij in the year 1659, it wu more firmly compaAed with Poland than before, ahd a docrrc was made, that both . countriet fliould be ud! Uu ne prince, and form but •ne ftate. With refpcA to ttKircoupi of Juftice, the ten(h part •f what is ndi 'i;cJ in all real aAions goes to tlie judge's bar, and it iiua .1 •■ I y paid into court. Thejudgeclaims halt the dant^i^s .; ven in perfonal a£iions, and a Lithua- nian nobkoian u permitted to compound for murder by |vayiiif( :i ' 'I hofe who are condemned to death, nrult ritiei -Kvute tltcmfelves, or be executed with the moft excruv latrng torments. '1 he coiumnn people, the Germani and burghers in llir rovil towns excepted, are flavci ; and fo exceedingly illiiriate, that fome of them even retain many of then ancient idolatroui fuperditions. The poor nave ouly Monday to iliemiclves, and fometimet their lords even tlr|iiive ihcmof that. 'J'hcy i^nerally fpeak the Sclavonick, which is the lan- guap- ufcd in all ihcir courts ot judicature : thofe of Pruflia and Livonia have lb" jargon of both their langua,';(s. 'I'liey have a great mixture of Polifh, and ilfo of the Littin, which Ian i< as common here as in PoLnd, and Ipoke by pcrple of nil ranks ; infomuch that Michalon, it I NC with fait. Being for ihe mod part good markfnicn, iltcy iiuuntaiii ihaii families by it, in a great roeafnce. In tvety houfe in tlie cotintry ikty tuv* foir or (lv« ttaiU* milli to grind their COrfl. I hey have alfo « fort of very long wooden Irumpat, which, when they (bund, fo dcafeni by-ftandersi that they do not recover their hearing for 1 good while. Country people have a fort 01 Waggoni or cam, all #f wood, and midt very tight, by laddTing or interweaving boughs with one another ; Ind their coverings are com- monly the fame, not mucii unlike the colliers or lime- burners carts in England, The wlieels art of one Hat ind entire piece of wood ) and as the axleiieet are never f^reafed, a number of them together make an iiitolerabli ■|ueakinc noife. They Duild iheir houfics round, And therefore call ihent towers. They are narrow, and open at top, to let out the linoak and ftench t and they are generally covered with boards, ,1raw, or bark of trees. In thefe the peopU and (heir cattle live together, by which both oft^n leceiv* hurt. The mc'i, in the winter, beiides otiMr bufinefi, fliflT bedi With chopt feathers and ftilkt that grow in th* marlhesi and part of the woment bufinefi within-doora is, to weave coaife cloth. Hulbandry is followed here wiihout-doors as in other countries, For fear of (he in- curfions of the tartan, the Litbuaniani fecure all their corn, flraw, fait meat, and, la Ihort, all their provifwni, in caves, which they dig in the forefls, and hide the en^ trance with the bark and Drinchei of trees. Vilna it the tirft palatinate of Lithuania: it Compr«> bends three large diltiiAs, and is divided into two equal parts by the river VVilia, which afterwards paflcs through aamogiiia and Priilfia, by the nameof RuflTe, into the Hal- tick, and has only three fenators, vis. the bilhop, Pal** line, and caftcllan of Vilna. The name is derived from the capital, not only of this palatinate, but of Lithuania^ niinely, Vilna, Vilda, or Wilna, which the inhabitants call Vt- Irnflci, and the Germans Wildr, It ftandi at the conflun of the Vilia and Wiln, feventy TnglKh miles noith-eaft fiuin (irodno, one hundred and (if^y-two eaft from Ko' ninf;(hcrg, and one hundred fouth from Mittaw, one hun- dred and thirty-one fouth from Riga, two hundred and fcventccn north eaft from Warfaw, two hundred and thir« ty-iive eaft from l)ant GEOGRAPHY. vUni. Th< fubiirtn are «s bi; u the own, aiu! Iiid of the like timber cottages, which h^ve not partitions, but (onflft on)y.ot'o\ie rooirt, Cominon to the Umily and their cattle. Both the caftles are built of bricks, and Hanked with towers. . The fortifications are lut indiflTerent, and its gatej are only fliut in i^ime of war. The proteftants iiad a chiirch and college liere formerly, but were deprived of both by a decree of the diet of Poiaivd, which, uever- thele's, left ttie greeks jn poflenioin of their monafterios, churches, and the free exercife of their religion. The Tartars, vyho live aloh^ the bants of the river Vaca, which does pot run far from Vilna, have waggons ifor the fervicc of travellers. They live according to their pvn\ lavvs, without giviu^ caufe of compliiint, and o\Vn jihe king of Poland fpr their fove'reign. Great numbers of <^ I, ^hem refide in the v>ll|>gcs of ^ valley three miles front hence, in the way to Korting(berg. Foreign merchants fcldom come hither but in the winter, when the matlhes -.i t are frozen, and they can bring their goods on fledges over the fame. There, ^as fo great, a famine in thefe parts, in ' . ', .IST: that in Viln^ alone there died of it no lefs than > twenty-five thoufandi here was a great tumult in 1581, on account of the bifliop's zeal in purnirig the books of ,,; the Lutherans, Calviuills, and RulTiaiis : in 1610, the "/ Ruffians, tohe revenged for the niifchief doneby the Poles at Smoleiifko, took this place.andfet fire to it,bywhiclifoi{r thoufand (even hundred houfcs were reduced to alhcs, toge- ; ' thcr with feven catholic and three other churches : lb that (he queen of Poland had but juft time to cfcape, with her attendants, in boats ; of which Ibme, ncvcrtliclefs, were drotvned. In 1644, the fcholars raifed a great tumult, r which could not be appeafed till major Ogin^ki came with four hundred foldiers, of whom feveral were killed in the fkirmifh, together with the major himfclf. Eighty miles norih-caft ,from Vilna, and eighty-eight fouth-eafl from Riga, is the town of Braflaw; and the town of Wilkomitz is fituatcd on the river Swiera. The province, of Trokihas Novogrodoc to the fouth, Samogitia to the t>orth, vilna to the eaft, and the king- dom of Pruflia to the wefl. It is divided into four dil- triOs ;, but the palatine and the caftdlan of the city, which git*e» ijaroe to it, are the 9nty two fenators. Tbe town of Troki, which giv^es name to the palatinate, ' .is large, and built of wood, and fituated antong lakes, J. inarlhes, &c. It has two caftles, and was formerly the rcfidence of the dukes of Lithuania. Here arc alio the .tpwns of liiize, Rowno or Conno, Calvarie, and Me- rocz. The town of Grodno is large and h.-indfome, and, next to Wilna, the beft in Lithuania: it is fituated in fifty- .tlircc degrees, thirty minutes, north latitude, and in twen- ty-tluce degrees, fifty-two minutes, call longitude. It glands on the river Niemen, partly on an eminence, and partly on a level, and is encompalled with hills. The old «aflle, which is furrounded with a deep moat, is fallen to decay, fo that no more than one wing of it is inhabited. The new paUce is a large, regular, and beautiful ftrufture, ' Confining of twoftories ; the great hall, that for the fenate, and the chapel, are its fineft apartments ; and in the court itands the chancery or ftate-office, which is an elegant firuflure. , In thii city are nine Popifh and two Greek churches, and alfo a fynagogue for the Jews, which is built of (lone. The Jcfuits college lias a fplendid diurch, and that be- longing to tlie Carmelite nuns is likewife very magnifi- ,cent. The palace of prince Radzivil is a very large ftruc- ture, and tliat ol the Sapichan family is a fuperb edifice : both of them (land in the market- place, which, together with the caftlC' {Ircet, and tlie area before the palace, are clean and well-pavcd ; but the other ilreets are gentrally diity. in 1673, it was rnaAcd that, for the funire, every third general diet Hiould be held here i and during the .fcinon, the concourfe of |)cople has been fo great, thatfkur aparun^nts, with the flables adjoining to them have been let for two hundred and fixty ducats a month. Here are alfo held a provincial diet and a court of judicature. The province of Puleiia, in Lithuanian KulTia, contains feveral large moialRs, that tefemble fo many extenfive lakes. IJie principal towns in this palatinate are, i. Brzeik, which it a llrong, but not a very large town, fituated on the liver Bug, and,a caftle built on a rock, near which is a rojal palace with a fine gatden. In this town is a fa- mous IviiJ^ioc.ue, to which the Jews refort from all the (ountiiesoi Lumce, botli on account of fludy, and pre- ttimeni among iiicir own 4»co('lc. A piuvinciai diet is held Ikic, aiidaOicck bilbop rcfidcs is this town. 2. Pinflc, tr where I provincial diet is alfo held, is a Urge, handfom^t iradinc town, ori the river Pina, fituated in the midft of extenhve moraflet, and inhabited not only by the Jews, who have a fchool here,, but alfo by people of many other (eligioiis, cfpecially by the Greeks, who have a bifliop lere. The leather drefled in this town, after the Ruflian manner^ is cfleeriKd the beft in the whole kingdom. Black RulTia is alfo comprized in Lithuanian Ruflia. This province is called, by the Poles, Rui Czarna, which includes the palatinate of Novogrodec and contains four diilridls, the principal place of which it, Novogrodec, a town fituated on a hill, in which are fevctal popilh and Ruflian convents, with a college of Jefuitt. It has a pro- vincial diet, and an inferior court of judicature : an nigh tribunal, after the model of that of Wilna, which continue* fitting five months in the year, is held alternately here and at Mintk. I'here are four palatinates in White RuflTa, called, by the Poles, Rus BiaUi the moil confiderable places in which are, i. Minlk, which is feated on the river Swif- loez, in the palatinate of Minik, and hat two caftles. This town was taken by the Ruffians in 1656. A pro- vincial diet is held here, bcfides a high tribunal once in two years, a. Mohilow, in the palatinate of Mifciflaw, is a handfome commeicial toyvn on the river Nieper, and the inhabitants carry on a confiderable trade with the Ruf~ fians. In 1654, Mohilow was taken by the Ruffians; and though it was ihvefted by the Poles in 1660, they were obliged to raife the fiege. It was, however, taken from the Ruffians in 1662 by the inhabitants, who fent off part of the garrifon by flratagem, and then made the reft prifoners of war. 3. Poloc, a fortified town on the river Dawina, and in the palatinate of Poloc. It has two ftrong caflles, and carries on a confiderable trade. In 1563, this town was taken by the Ruffians, but retaken by the Poles in I5;g. The Jefuits have a college here, and the Greeks an academy for the ffuJy of philofophy. A popilh Greek bifhop alfo refidtt here. In this town are likewife held » provincial diet, and a court of judicature. The Livonian palatinate, called by the Poles Woic- wodztwo Inffantlkie, was formerly a part of Livonia, and is alfo termed the palatinate of Wend; the Poles, on de- livering up Livonia to the Swedes, by the treaty of Oliva, refervcd tliis part, which has a bifliop, a palatine, and a callfllan, and fends fix deputies to the general diet. It has alfo five or fix fmall towns within its diilri£l. l°he province of Samogitia, called by the Poles Zmuyds, or Xieflwo Zmudflcie, is bounded on tlie north by Cour- land, on the eaft by Lithuania, on the fouth by Regal Pruffia, and on the weft by the Baltick Sea, it being about an hundred and fcvcnty miles in length, and about an hundred and twenty-five in breadth ; but as the two terri- tories are much contra£led, this is only to be underftood of its largeft and broadefi parts. I'his country has for the moft part a marlhy foil, and abounds with river* and lakes, which at fome feafons over- flow the land. Here are alfo inacceflible mountains ; the country is much over-run with woods, in which the in- habitant* find great quantities of honey ; for it i* faid thatj^tmoft every tree hat a fwarm of bees ; and their wax is wniter and purer tlian either that of Lithuania or Ruf- fia. We are told, that though the arable land i* very ftifF, the inhabitants ufe none but wooden plough-fharr* ; be> caufe one of their ftaroftat, introducing iron (haret, and the feafon afterwards proving lefs kindly than ufual, they had the weaknefs to attribute the caufe folely to this change ; npon which he was forced to let them return to the ufe of the wooden-plough-fhires, for fear the prohibition fliould caufe an infurreflion. Samogitia abounds with cattle, and has a breed of horfes, which are fprightly, fwift, and hardy, though fmall. Samogitia anciently belonged to Litliuania ; but in the year 1404, was ceded to the knights of the Teutonic order : about four years after, it was taken from them by Uladiflaus Jagello, king of Poland; after whofe death it returned again to them ) but in 1525, when Albert of Brandenburgh was made hereditary duke of Pruffia, it re- turned to the crown of Poland. The Chaiftian religioit l.ad been introduced for fume time, and it was made a bi- (hop'a fee in 141^. There it but little diflPerence between the peafants of this country and thole of Lithuania; but tlie former are not fo lat>orious, and confequently enjoy lefs plenty. Many of ihi'in, inOead of bread, eattuniept, whicli grow wild, and are of a prodigious fise. They are robuft, bold, and nimble ; and it it not uncommon for people to live to a bundled or a hundred and twenty yvart of age. The peafants [t R O I* fi.J P L A t* i). %i$ (letfanti live in cottigos, ^or tha moft patt tkeir Itkei and Hveri, and thefe are covered with thatch or boards. They •re low, and of an oblong fquare, with a hearth in the middle i iheif furnitare is but ^an, ahd they and tlieir - tattle lQd|p together in one room. '"' Per(OM in todd circuoiftaiices drirtk.fj^ of horn chp>i and ett out or wooden platteri. Heaw*er, mod of the irtiMbitfiitt di^er but little from the Lithuanians in tlielr J ^manners, habit, or language. ^ «,There ate about twenty-eight town* in Samogitia ) but ■n of them are fmall and ill buittrt among thcle it N!cd- njcki, where the billiop of Samogitia refides, and Roficnie, Vrhere the provincial diet iud a^court of judicature aj; held. N The duchy of Courlarld, which is dependant and under the protcAion of Poland, it bounded on the weft by the Baltick, on the north by the gulf of Riga and Livonia, towards thcijpaft by Lithuania Proper, and by Samogitia towards tlie fouth. It extends fifty German miles in length, ai)d (bme places twenty, and in others hardly ten Geroian miles in breadth ; but towards the fouth-weft it graduiitly terminates in a point of land, or promontory. Except in a few diflnfls, the foil is heavy, fat, and ctayilh, and the country abounds in woods and fwamps : hence the roads of Courlaiid arc remarkably bad. In '''!■ Jpring andautumn the meadows and low grounds are under water ; b)it t)iis only ferves to improve the land. Some Ikilful fiirmera have drained feveral of the fenny parts of .Coutland, and converted tlicm into what they call Itaun- ' gens : that is, land which is fown three years fucceflivcly with fummer feed, and then left uncultivated for a like term. Courland, however, contains good arable land and fine pafturcs, anH produces great (juaiuitles of excellent £ax. Here is alfo plenty of fea filh, and the woeds abound with elks, bears, and wolves. Courjand has alfo its mines of iron ore ;.nd other mineials,iits (|uarties of ilone, chalk, and ftucco, and its mineral fprings. Am- ber is likewife found on the coail. The Windau and Aa are the principal rivers in this country ; the former rifes in Samogitia, an4,4ifcl>arges it- ; felf into the Baltick near the town of Windau ; and the Aa, which has alfo its fource in Samogitia, empties itfelf into the gulf of Riga. I'he fmall rivers are the Anger, the Abau, the fierle, tlie Bartau, the Mufla, and fome others. Mod of the inhabitants of Courland are Germans and Lettonians ; but the latter are not only the tenants and vaflals of the former, but in a manner their flavet. Hence there are two languages ufually fpokcn in Courland, the German and the Lettonian. So early as the year iw, the reformation, ot Lutheran leligion, took place in this duchy ; and in 1532 Courland .joined with Riga in a particular religious league ; fo tliat >^()ib ing a hundred florins } each florin equal to fourteen-pcnce fterling. Hence the refpeA paid by the peafants to their lords rifes almoft to adoration, and whatever tliefe require from them they are obliged to give up, and immediately obey their commands without murmuring. The nobility are all on a level, and have, in conjunftion with the duke, the patronage of the parilh churches ; the duke being pa*, tron of fome, and the nobility of the others. In war-time, they ap .ar on hoifeback, according to the fervice they owe the dike as his vafliil : but when (ueh a general military appearance is required, the duke is obliged to march at tlieir head, They indeed chufe their own colonels Aid otlier oflicers ; but thefe are all under the duke's command. They are, however, not obliged to march beyond the frontiers of Courland, except the duke voluntarily agrees to pafs beyond thofe limits. Difputes between the duke and his nobles are decided only by the king of Poland in perfon. The judges here are four captains or fuperintendants ; two of which are for Courland properly fo called, and two for Snmigallia i but from thefe an appeal lies to the high council, in which the duke preildes in perfon, and even from this council a fecond appeal may be made to tlie government of Poland, if thecafe is fuflicientlvimportant. The whole duchy is divided into Courland Proper on the weft fide, and Semigallia on the eaft fide of the river Mafla -, and each of theie into captainlhips : the firfl cap- tainlhip of Courland Proper is Goldingen, fo named from its chief town, which was formerly one of the Hanfe. ■ It is not confiderable at prefent, except for its large jurif- diflion, though it is adorned with a very fine caftle«> Thia town ftands on the river Wauw, which falls into tba Baltick thirty miles off, and is feventy fouth-weft from Riga. The town of Windaw, called by the inhabitants Kiefe, hath a harbour on tlie mouth of the Baltick, ninety miles north of Memel, and forty miles north-weft from Goldingen. It is reckoned the capital city of a palatinate of the fame name, has a caftle, formerly the refidence bf the Livoiiian knights, and the palace where the ftates of Courland held'their affemblies ; but is now much decayed, being only fupported by building ihips for the duke, and by its trade in pitch, tar, wax, &c which it exports. The town of Libaw lies ap the coaft thirty miles fouth- weft from Goldingen, and forty-two north of Memel, and has a good road and harbour. And Piltyn, or Pilten, oa . the river Anger, eighteen miles north-weft of Goldingen, is a palatinate, as well as the feat of the bilhop of Courland. Abtout fifty miles eaft of Goldingen is the captainfliip of Tuckum, fo called from its chief town. The eafterndivifion of Courland, namely Semigallia, hat Livonia Proper on the north, the palatinate of Plocakow on the eaft, and Samogitia on the fouth. • On tlie river Mu(b, fifty-two miles fouth of Riga,, ftands Mittaw, the capital of Semigallia, and indeed of the whole duchy, at well as the feat and burial- place of its dukes, who have a magnificent caftle, which is tortificd by two baftions encompalTed by marlhes, and has always a ftrong garrifon. The fown is alfo well-fortified, though "^ meanly built, the houfcs being partly of brick, partly of timber, and fome of mixed materials : it is large, and the feat of the diets of the duchy ; the inhabitants are only between three and four thoufand. It was feveral timet taken by the Swedes, particularly by Guftavus Adolphus in i6ai, again in 1701, and alfo by the RuflTians in 1705, but as often tecosercd. The Aa river, on which the caftle ftands, paflcs by the city to the Dwina, with a deep, chahnel, which might be navigable, if the people of Riga had not choaked up the mouth of it, for their own intereft. The town of Bauike, feventeen miles fouth-eaft of Mittaw, is another ftrong town, on the river Muflfa, or. PiuiTa, with a cafiie buiit on a rock -, iiere is a large garri- fon. It was taken by the Swedes in 1701, with the king -m-^ i5- ;&. tt6 Tm new ahb UK!'VE^:aL SYstEM o» GEOdliAPHY "t «. *: % m. t #■ w IVihiiiri uutMjJfvtt, wtlued at tbxM huudMil A( enMH,ud lieiMKnded fijimtenGaMimi ttintadiy, be in wt<]wtttiiiet«f provrfioat. Majfpf the C^ for' miiK caflk WLfiiMiii1irHiift«Df >lMnl irt>Mit}|ed i v«er «Mm iftor Wr»r I in «W (M>Hfc «*>< Swe^ ,.npafif«|,|lfW|^^ it. »bk^lnl^jNtKliy.iiii ' jg»» " fcr <^Bfcftp« the iaiil^iiMi|ri»rge 'fmt.. «^arfa«M, Jr tt»i«Mliy «f Wvrfiiw, ctBiby the Po)e« "~ Mwfe, i ii%i|jft t tdwntJ the n>o> iDoiSStei*Me pat of kiitft <9iH**>*f Ijeavle it it inNmufcd with tlie snoelfwrQi. aai%afi«fMAen«f iheiMhai^^ e aiaraii, Upper iPelaud «« the fouth, Lowei FnlMl wM <^*** <"* t^ ^^^i^ 'i^ Pobchia, which fnti it fiw* LiOMania, w4. The peoak, Wfa« are geaerally warlike, fjfeSk. the CwpJafKwge wia (he Pote» "snl* they difler in a few gnttlHl-wlentt ; ami ifae;. mannm, habit* aiMl ulig^B, aie much thabme. It is 4!ivide4 inM three pala- 4^i|paie*» of wfaicli Mailavia PmpcT, l>ascight£caators, jtnd ! BMliaAia^iiiluilttatkebiihopatf' Co(en. '^Varfawtt diaa^Ml of thi* pravinoe, an4 t!he inetre- BcNa-af all Patqti : it iafitaaied «n the weft tide of the Wcifct, in At '•vtf cenve ef Poland, a hundred aod tamttjrmycaeaftidt' Gadna, and wefl from the confine* of Li tfan i n ii.aha ijiad andfifty-onefonth frawiKoningP hHg, a fciMdced atii fifar-%||^»iKh-eaft «t' DantxiciL, and afanadtod and tfaiity^OHm^di of Cracow *nA Pflden, "^^ bei«SlAm -pri-' •tmat^ laac^ Ait u 6*d to have CHi^diW iKar thirty lh«|^fa»i' * ;. foqplHit anA n fire (aahe «at. Mihieb oontiaaM h«iinirf| * iiinedM, widitamll tadaeadtdte wlMfeciaaaa aihe*. In 1711, kiasAai^ini fan^tonidHc, aM Jield a general 4ici.«kKliae-aclaao»MK[lu«l5k. ' , dkndtlitcaiyMhe and idia6-aclaaia*t»M[ hit Sk. in 1715, faeor^. on 4peottnt|af the cowa ndM tjigit five vme in tbii ti n^Jtf iu ftjiluHrjMyjgtW'feclniigiiig to it, aiid fr oMeivai ii)ie (mm- ooMiaiEft bene an at Pari* . HuKtK I ■iiiniainri (rt ol f'randt rii*ft1iaB«. and ifstptcntijr fgxet -# itfeert, atM w the jmV^ twodiMi oiii within the nalh, aad one wl ,icti «HHinaiM(( tlie town-, bo1 citfv ivMe fbtatdod by Loo, % 1 2^9. The churdie*. wcU-ftailt, and abi olF all kind*. Here ^ proi wuck' have indabaiji^' ifiifitt from, that <^ ( ick^Cooar^ Itete.** T^ Armenian R an _^ . e«hboui- ^aiatitiet. ^ijPailjeu aie takca in groat .f> • The province of^olocltta teth VTjirt^ on tfaa Lithnania on thc(|all,.^e palatina^a of jPoleiia aiiiin oa^hcfMitb-wetf, aodtiutof i)JovogFode(;k oliihe iwrih. It at overgrown with woods, has many lakes and poett's it two haiidred and dutty miles ii'oaa eaft to weft, eighty frdaa (oMflMMiordi. XhifJjkSAiaie tms two (enators, via. ihepalinine ani ciftaU4r|f iH ca|nt«l,^-ermany, Moravia, SileTik. &C. (Ck is a royal palace of mndern archiie£^re,' wiAi - variety «f ^lealiuit garden*, ^itnlnt the city. a. PuiHeo isanMber tiaiber-badt city, Ieventy>Kve miles call <^ the , firmer, «a Itie liver Peripet, which paiiing hy diaer* jMwm in Raffia,, lallfi»(o the AtnOhenea. J- Jkfl^^ Mremy tnilet inuA-eaft'of Oricicia. 4H^Bi^ TbediOiaft of B«d Ruffia is near « hunf tod «id ttiHT mile* in length, and upwards of a b«l^||^^in farei^ilQ .fcniieinibmepaits, bat moaiitatnon* itl odfert, atWl ia (mwi^wcM wateKd. It i* hSundod, «■ the ' , lIlKffl) and Moldavia ; on the eaft, by Taita oniSe AOMt), by White Rtiflja^and an Little Poland. ^^fiere are tliree jailattiiatet m Red Rnffia, aflf. Lepihcrg, sOMoc^ and ficlx. That «^ Lt mbcr g jajuj iie feHaiort. aM is fituaked on tlie Aatii part o^J[}iMRfia,. eaft of Cracow, and north of Hungary. ^^ ^^^"4 *• LMdierg,^ or l^potM, ii die capka^yV^Biiaiinate of jbOam^ name, and alfo of aJ^KHir l^ia. It is '' ^ qgnong^lls, thi the |u>or Nttew,* at the diftaaoe andied tnirty-Svc imlef (butli-weft from Warliiw, and i* the iee of an archhilllop, who is decjnod bo|h a ^ritKd and tenpoinl lord. ^ ^ Tbecityisl}^^ iMl-bailt, and well-fenifiid( -1^ ¥. 'KlwAiOTii. i^m it lMt>t i ter* fiuMtii mliMt-Mt, ito #tekih cmt niHiiberi of Httltgtnui, MoltUviBit, widi ki . timeofpcactk Turkilh iDertMnt* niflin. ' Other vfttxt of l«r< note dn, i. JwraroWv thirty-five tliiiei weft from LeMberg. «. PreHli(hw« • popvlotii, pletfimii mding, and well-built city, mil an epiicopal fee, OAtba rfv«r 8m, (ifty-tbrce milet weft from Lemberg : it U ideftmled by ftrong walls. 3. JaroAaw, on the Tame ->ivwr,fi«ty-twotT)ilei#eftfi^omL'emf)fc^. Itiaiamed for a ftivlliMon Ladv-dayi to Which are urnally brMeht'fiMr 'ftnndred thouratK) black cattle, and two hundt^d lAoufand ' liorici. 4. Refovia; eivtheriverWiftoch,(ixniiU(fouth-weft t>f Lanfut : it ha sa ftrong caflle, an aiMiualfair, and a linen taMtttfitifiorv. 5. Leneut, or Lanfiit« eighty-ath-eaft from Lemberg. It was onee the iDttro^xiris of a kiiiedom, then the capital \ • *f a' duchy, and afterwards the lee of an ircb'bilhop, .,whicli hath ixcu ili-.ce traiiflatcd to Lemberg, (b that 'now | -ti ill gnritty faHcn from it* antient iplendor. The ether • itowiii are, t.Crofoa, or the river VVifloCk, elghty-fonr' -■mile* feuth weft of LetnbeiT. «. Sniatyn, on the river' 'Prut, and the confine* of Walachit and Moldavia, forty lidlea fouih-eafi of Halicz r it ii ■ wooden pullifadocd fr O HAN a fir T4ie town of Chelmifin the palatinate of the fame name. It' is the fee of a biihoo, Aiffiragan to the arch- ' Ixiihop of Lemberg, and it fitnated a hundred and ten miles footh-eaft from Warfaw. Here is alfo the town of Kraf- : niiftow, on the Vieprs,- which has a«ourt of judicatutt, . iund ic the refidence of a ftarofta, and of the biftiop of Chelm. The following towns are in the palatinate of Beic, viz. 't. "'Morodia, where a provincial diet and court of ^udica- -Cat« are hold, and a ftaroAa refides. a. Rava, a fmall town. 3. Belz, a confiderable town, ' from which the '^latinate receives its name. 4. Zamofki, which is Jrongly fortified, has many confiderable privileges, con- ains a charitable foundation called Mons Pietatis, and .1ev*ral churchei. CamSniec,. called far the Poles Kaminiet Podolflei, is wMered by tlie river Smertick, and is 'ftuated 'about one hundred and ten miles ^low the Dinefter. The city of the feme name is the capital of the province, is two hun- dred and twenty-four miles caft from Cracow, and two ' hundred and thirty fouth-call from Warfaw. It is a populous, well-built city, furrounded with high VM they came, even to the walls of Conftantinople. Stephen Bathori, king of Poland, formed them into an orderly miUtia ; and, intending to ufe them againft the I'artars, gave them the town and territory of Trethimi'* row in this pilatinate (which they made their magazine) appointed a general over them, and gave tliem many privi- leges i and for fome time they did the Poles great fervice, by oppofing the Tartars : but being fenfible of their ftrangui, they began to'fet up for themfelves 1 and in the year 1589, rebelled ; but their general being uken and exe- cuted, it was for a time quieted. About the year 1600, they were fo (.ciwerful, that the Poles were forced to raife a large army againft them, who often worfted them, and took their generals -, but ftill they continued mutinous: wherefore tlieir privileges wer« taken away, and they continued in a ftaie of enmity, till about the year 1640. ICiiig Uladiflaus VI. making war upon the Tartars, collected tliem together, and let over 2 B then ^U;. ^^ •4^ VJ58 Thb new AMD UI*IVER8AL SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. «' # ■fr: Aemfor k genenl, Chmlelnifki, wlitf ■ «M tfterwardt a bitter »nd tormidable enemy to Poland; forthc Coflkks being opprefled by the follfll nobility their UndIord», and on complaint, receiving no red refi .'they armed in vaft num- bers J and, calling in the Tartars, furioully atucked the Poles ; but king John Ca Trethimirow, on the Nieper, fifty miles above Kiow, a ftroni5 place, defended by a caftle, is the fame, which, as we hid above, was given to the Coflacks, by king Ba- tlwri. 3. C7.yrka(ry, hich ufed 10 be the chief retreat of the Coflacks, ftanti. .ear the £iin« river eighty miles above Kiow. 'Twas burnt by the Poles, in 1636, but has been repaired fincc that time. I4.fcr.>>=.^ SECT. IV. Treating tf tht itihahitantt if PelanJ, thtlr mannirs, cuftami, cinJhtutionandgtvtrniinHt, tradi^mcmufadHnt, rtvmtM, '. land Urcn, iSc. .v&jf'n, t^-.xiy- '■* - . ■■ ' I'l i :. TH E complexion of the Poles is generally inclining to be fair, and their hair to a pale yellow. Their flature is commonly Ibmewhat above- the middle fixe. Their conftitutions are generally good, and their bodies inclinable to be grols ; fo that the women of quality make it their chief lludv to be lean and thin : but tl>ey abhor painting and wallies, nor have they any occafion for it. I'hc Poles in general have no manner of regard to their clergy, and think tliemfelves wife enough to be their own guides. They exceed moft of the European nations in vivacity, ftrength, and long life. The poorer fort have a liquor diftilled from wheat, barley, wats, and cyder i which the gentry reflify with anifeeds and fpices. The Poles Iwte effeminacy, and love a cottage as well as a palace. Tlie gentry feldom lie on any other beds but quilts. The flaves fleep frequently in fnow and froft without any bed, or other conveniency. Their chief exercifes arc hunting, dancing, and vaulting; and they are expert horfemcn. The common people frequently weave tapeftry and arras as they travel. As to the genius of the people, they are, as PufFendorf obferves, commonly downright and honeft, very Miotn guilty of diffimulation, of a generous fpirit, and'expcA a- great deal of refpe£t, to which they make fuitable returns ; yet they are fierce and extravagant, much inclined to an uncontrouled liberty, ov ratlier liccntioufnefs and petu- lancy, which produces frequent fa£lions and confpiracies. They do not want courage, but are more fit for fudden afiion than the long fatigue of a war. This is fpoken of the gentry : but the meaner fort are poor fpirited, and therefore the Polilh infantry are not valuable ; but Cof- lacks, or foreigners, are maide ul'e yf on all occalious of war. With refpcft to their apparel, the nobility, merchants, and fupcrior tradcfmen, drels like the Englilh and French, though in a few trivial articles they retain fome of their original modes. The ladies abhor painting ; but in ge- neitd are very coarfe and indelicate in tlteir manners ; and tl>« common people drefs in bear (kins ; and are fo wretch- edly poor as to be unable to builda fmall hut, fo that they ate (ometiiDCS obliged to live in caves and holes under ground. Their language is not copious, as tliev fpeak a dialcA of the Sclavonic : it is at the fame time harlh, and hard to pronounce : for it fo abounds with confonants, that fome words have feven or eight without any vowel ; yet they found them with vowels in fpeaking. Frelh mc.it, fowl, and iilh are their ulual diet i and they drink the (Itongeft of Rhenilh, French, Spanilh, Italian, and Hungarian wincj j brandy, aqua vita;, anifeed water, and odier fpirits. Their fauces, &c. are fo enriched with fpices, that fome of the nobility fpcnd great fums in that commodity ; and their ufual breakfaft is a hot-pot of lieer, with eggs, fugar, and ginger. They hang tlie carc^fes of of »ii/i. at tiieii- ff»tis ti" they ftiuk ; then drsf: srd est them, as a ^rcat curiolity, to be met with no wh^e bu^ 4t thf table* ot the chief nobility ; yet their butcher* oMat it delicious, and they have plenty of good filh. When they ate invited to another's table, zhei muft carry their fpoon*, kniyci, &c. with them; and their linen, too, if they would be cleanly : for they have no nap* ktns, but a brooi) piece of ftarcbed linen fewed round tno tablecloth, that their fervants may not (leal it. The ladiet carry napkin* with them, and put up a* much f weetmcM* and dried fruit as they pleafe. The matters reach meat from the table to the (ervants, who eat it as they (land by < the chairs : and the maftcr of the feaft is reckoned a nig- gard, if he don't make his guefls drunk. The Hungarian wine, though very dear, is drank a* common as water : but it is cuftomary for the matter of the houfe and his intimates, to drink tuVbeft wine, while the other guefts that arc invited are obliged to put tip with (be cpinmon fott. Their houie* ate generally low, fof they feldom lie above ftairi. Gome of them are of .• brick and ftone, but the greateft part of wood. The ■ kitchen ison one fide of the court, the flabl< in anothet^ t . the dwelliiig-hovife is on a third, and the gate in the froivt.> The richer fort have hangings of tapeftry or arras, and bed* - with taffety-Gurtaiiu ; but Icldom any accoipraodation to ' lodge ftrangrrs. The Poles were converted from Paganifm to Chrifti< anity by Aldeber, archbifhop of Gnefna, about the year 964, and ever fince, the religion of the church of Ronw hath been predominant here, except in Red RulTia, where - many of the people adher; to tlie (j.r>eek church. Spioe (jf . • the Greek church fubmit to tlut of Rome, and arc-called J Uniti, or Uniais, but have their wprlhip in tlie Greek. They have alfo Atimnians, who comply with the church of Rome, but have their worfhip in their own language. I'lie king, tiiough a Papift, is.oblised by his coronation oath to toleiatc Lutheranifni in Polilh Pruflia,' wbeie there are whole cities of Lutherans, as Dantzick, Elbing, Thorn, and Marienburg ; and fome Calvinifts, efpecially in the ducal Pruflia. Fauftus Socinus was of this nation; and bis followers from him, called Socinian;, |rew numerous in the laft cen« . tury : but king John Caranir made an edift againft them, which was inforced by his fuccclTrr king John Sohielki, who drove them quite out of the kingdom (or pubiilhinga book intituled, TormcntumTrinitatemThron.}d:vurban8. The generality of the Papifts here are very gmi bigoiy, and their intereft is ftrengthened by the pre(idr;.acies of tite biftiops in the grand and petty diet*. The inferior clergy have a place adfo in all courts of judicature ; and the^reat fecretary of the kingdom is always a churchman. The regular clergy, as they call the monks, are more eflecnied than the iccutar ; and the mendicant friars have thi-privilege to enter tlie privateft room of any lioufe witli-' . out knocking at the door. The fecular clergy are generallf .«; rich, but openly debauched ; and arc neither rebuked for it by their fnperiors nor the people. The inferior clergjr":; feldom attend their ofGce in the church, but give poor fcholars two-pence a day to officiate for them ; nor do tl& bithcps correft the inferior clergy for their mifbehaviour. The common people may be drunk without rebuke on their faft. days, provided they abftain from (le(h, &c. and they will not eat butter and cheefe on fuch days, though the pope give them a difpenfation ; as he did in cardinal Radziouiki's time ; for "Which they called the [lopc a heretic. At the elevation of the hoft the people knock their heads againft the pavement, or benches, hard enough to be heard at a diftance. Their churches are fine, and well adorned ; and the prieft* *ffe& rich veftments. The priefts at Leopold have a cape they wear at nufs (b thick embroidered with pearl and jewels, that it is quite bur- dcnfome. In order to preferve their feet from the exccf- five cold in winter, the ladies, and fome of the men, ufe furred bags in churches. Their difeafes chiefly proceed from drunkennef*, to which tliey are fo addicted, that they have a proverb fignifying, that a man may as well drink water as wine, if he does not leel the effcas of drinking. The diftemper peculiar to the Poles, is that called the Plica ( in which the hair of the head is matted together and entangled in one night's time, in fpite of ail care to prevent it. If it be cut off, it occafioiis a dimnefs of ii^lit, if not a total lofs of it, together/with an eruption of puftule* all over tlie body, and ^ains in the head and liiubs ; yet foreigners, who have been infeAed with it, fay, they have cut off their hair without any bad cotifeaiKnce. The Poles are not liiucti troubled wiili oilier uii'eaies ; and the fcurvy, 19a. lignant ^ k\ [E U R O t» E.l f» t A N D. e but (t nwat it lignant feveri, ktid pleuriiies, are felJoitt of fuch ill coit- fequence here m in other countriei. Their baptifraal and matrimonial cercmoniet are the fame u among the Ro- man catliolics in general. The funcraii of the people of quality *i^ fo pompoui and magnificent, that they look more like triumphs. The corpfe ia carried in a hearfe or chariot drawn by fix horfet, all covered with black. The coffin has a large black velvet paut over it, with a croft of red fattin in the middle, and fix lone black filk taflcls, fupported by fix of the deceafed'a domeflict in clofe mourning. Several priefti, monkS) and others, walk before the hearfe with wlx-tapers ; and im- mediately before it come three men on horfebacki who carry the arms of the deceafcd, one hit fword, another his lance, and the third hit dart t and at foon at the fii- neial fervice it over, they ride furioufly into the church, break the armi of the deceafed upon the coflin, and the body is interred : after which there it a feaft, wherein both clergy and Uity drink to excefs. When women of ijuality mourn, they wear coarfe black ftulF, and their lii.en is not much better than canvas ; and the greater the quality, the coarfer are the mourning weeds. When the king diet, he it laid on a bed of ftate ; and a certain number of fenators, ecclefiaftical and temporal, are appointed to attend hit corpfe. The republic defrayt the funeral ex* pences out of the revenue of the crown. The queen has the fame honouri paid her, when (he dies, at the kin^ ; and all the fenators, deputiei, &c. that repair to the diet for the elcAion of a king.muft wear black at that time. The laws of Poland decree the eftate of the father to be equally divided among the children, except any of them go iffto a monallery ; in which cafe their parts are divided among the reft; and the younger diildren liere, as in other pppilh countriei, are encouraged by their parcntt to take the vow upon them, that tlitir eftatet auy be preferved entire to the eldrft fon. '>- They hunt bulls and bears in tlie following manner : They lurround their wild bulU with a great number of horfemen, of whom every one ridca up and darts an arrow at him ; upon which the creature purfues him^ during which another dartt him behind j whereupon be facet about to purfue the latter ; and thus by turns they fo harraft him, tbat the beaft being quite tired with purfuing fo many aflitilanu, fiillt down, and is eafily taken. Another way of taking them is by felling a great number of trees, and thereby inclofiiig them, when each hunter, having his poft, throws darts at him ; and as the bull runs towardi his enemy, the hunter from behind gives him his death wound : but if he breaks through the inclofure, the next hunter holds out a piece of red doth, agatnft which the beaft having an antipathy, he forthwith leaves that perfon, and runs at another, who, being provided for him, cora- inonly kills him. < When they i;o a hunting for bears, they take thofe of •the biggeft fize with nets j and, when they have hampered ;him, all the hunters ride about him, and having pinned down his head and feet with great wooden fork?, they fo bii>d him about with ftrong hempen cords, that he is not able to ilir j then they toil him into a great wooden cheft. The knots of the oords are lb contrived, that with one puU they may be untied. The bear is kept thus till they have a mind to hunt him, and then they let him out of a • trap- door made to confine him in. w itb refpe£k to the conftitution and government of Po- land, it may be juftly remarked, that fince its difraember- ment, no regular form of governnKiit can be faid to exift in that unhappy country, for the three partitioning pow- ers, who aft in concert, direft eve.y thing as they think proper, while the king of Poland, the fenate and diet, are only the tools to execute what thefe command. This govcrnmei:* was once one of the freeft and moft re- gular inminablc, though at prefent it is one of the moft tyrannicaland oppreflive : the prefent conftitution is the oQly perfcft itmains of the Celtic government, which was the union of a republic with regal dignity. Every gentle- man has \ right to give his voice at the elcAion of a king, and even to be elefted himfcif ; but thit it one of the fources of all their evils, and of the vitiated ftate of their prefent government. The throne, fu.ce the extinftion of the fa- mily of the Jagellons, hat been always put up to the heft bidder ; and it has often been fold to ftrangers, as few of the Poles have been rich enough to buy if. They have no written laws piior to the reign of Cafimir the Great, in the fourteenth rcntury i before whifh time they were governed by the cuftums of their anceftort : but he introduced the Magdehu'g laws, now called the confti- iid : fome sf Hie movinccs. oarticularly thofe of the royal iii4 ducal i>ruiiUs, We ftill thmt tmti fflMU cipal iawi, ai have likewife Lithuania, Volkiniis, and Pruffla, At to their form of governnicnt, the Poke live iin4elr one head, Who bears the title, and lives in the fplendouc becoming a kingt bat if we oonfider hit power u being ■ circumfcribed within very narrow bounds, be H in effecl no more than the prime or chief regent in a ftee e nobility propofe to them by their deputies : fo that the fcnaton are, as it were, mediators between the king and the nobility, to prefci've and defend the authority of the flate. In Poland there are but (ixtccn hilhapricks, of which, S'molenflco and Kiovia are ufurped by the Mofcovitea, and Caminiec by the Turks ; but they are generally of a vaft Extent, and endowed with great revenues, as may be eafily believed, when it is confidtred that this kingdom, after ill Its lofles, is as bie as France. There are thirty-fix chief frcular fehators ; tii. thirty- two palatines, who arc, properly, covemori ofprovincei ; three caftellans, viz. of Cracow, Vilna, and Troki j and the ftaroft of Saniogitla. It itobferved by M. Hauteville, lihat though the quality of caftellan and flarofta is inferior io that of palatine; thefe four laft mentioned poflefs almoft he firft rank among the lay-fenators. The office of a pa- atine is, to lead the troops of his palatinate to the army, to prcfide in the aflemblics of the nobility in his province, ^o l^t a price upon goods and merchandi7.e, to fee that the weights and meafures be not altered, and to judge and de- ■ "lend the Jews. He has a vice-palatine imder him, who ^u(l taW an oath to him, and who ought to have an eftate in bnd, which they call ' PofTefTionatus,' or a pofleflbr. The next in dignity to the palatines are the caftellans, 'and there arc two forti of them in the kingdom, who are 'vfually di^inguilhed by the title of great caltcllans, and 'petty or fub-caftellan^'.' The number of the forme-, both in the kingdom and duchy, amount* to thirty two ; and ihatoftbe bttcr to forty-nine; and they arc aU fenators, EeutcnantSt or deputies of the palatines, and heads of the nobility, in their refpeSivc jurifdiflioiit. Theie arc: two kiiUls of Polilh diets, wliich are elthei .©'rdinary 'or'ettrAordinary. The ordinary diets meet every Tecond jirar, hut the ektriordinary diets only upon parti- cular 6ccjfions, When fummonrd by the king. They lit bi|t fix weeks, and the diffentinjg voice impedes the pafliitg "pf any law, or coihine to any hnal refolution coiKcming what haiU liccn propoftd by the throne. Here arc not only "diett, but dietines or provincial diets ; and when the no- bility enter into an afTociation, either during an interreg- num, or wbilc the king is lifing, it is termed a confcde- rat-y. In this country, every gentlcmaik is a fovereign prince in hFs own cdate, and has power of lifi: and death over bis tenants, who are perfca llaves, without laws or pri- vileges to proteft them. They dare not leave their maf- tcr's hiids to go to another's, onlefs he v'wlate their wives or daughters ; fo that they are often glad of that pica. If a gentleman aftually kills one of his own flaves, he only pys filteen livres ; and if he kill another's, he is only obliged to furnilh aiwther, or as much money as will buy one, and to maintain the deceafed's family. If one gen tleman kill another, he cannot be executed without the ' king"* confent ; fo that they frequently efcape. I No foldicrs can be quartered upon the gentry; and if any officer do it, he is fenteneed to die, or elfe declared infamous by the diet ; nor can the king himfelf lodge at a noblemati's houfe, without alking his leave. Mean time, their houles arc fuch fanftuarics for delinquents, that though they may be arrcflcd there, they cannot be taken from thence witnout the mafler's leave. By the conili* tution of Poland, the gentry cannot be arretted till con- viAcd by juilice ; lb that he muft be iiriV funiriioned to the tribunal, where he is to be tried ; if he docs not appear, be is declared contumaciuus ; and if lie does appear, and is cunvifted, he is then airclled, and tmprifoncd, in order to Ijcafterwards fcntcnccd, according to the laws, and the nature of his crime. If a foreigner die without ilTue, his cliate falls not to the king, but to the lord of the manor. The prod eft of the gentry's lands may be exported, without paying cuf\om ; and his certificate, upon oath, .1.. .I..I., e.^,T, .%...:»;» :r 11.. ..»k:i:>.. k..,. 1 II alfo the right of pre-emption 1 and both they, and th« genfry, arc reckoned equal by birth : fo that they do not value titles of honour, but think that of a ' noble Pole,' or * gentlcnian of Poland,' the grcatcH they can bare. Nor have they any but what is given by foreign powerst for which tlic perfoni are rather defpifcd than cftcemed by the reft, who fay that it is only intrinfic merit, and iier> vices done to their country, that deferve preferment. Neither the king nor the republic confer tbe title of prince on any hut the fons of the royal family ; and though five or fix of the chief ftmilies have, perhaps, the tilk of princes of the empire } it give* them no fort of fit- '■cdency. When their gentry travel into France or (Jermany, thejr lime the title of counts and baron<, that they may bav« the eafier accefs to pcrlbns of quality, efpecially in Ger- many ; where they fcarcc think any a gentleman under • baron, and, confequently, not worthy of their converfa- tion. They never had any order of^ knighthood before that of the Immaculate Conception, erected by Si^lf> mund HI. with fome privilege) above the rett of the gen- try i who fo mu6h defpifcd it, that the order foon came to nothing. King Auguftus, in 1705, created that called the order of the White Eagle, in remembrance of his hap- pily meeting the diet in {.ithuania, when the Swedes and Staniflaus thoi^ht to have intercepted him. I'hc badge is a white eagle, crowned with diamonds ; and the motto. Pro Fide, Lege, tt Rcge : ' Fo^ the Faith, the Laws, and the King.' He conferred it on feveral lords, but tlic fena- tors are diflinguifhed by wearing a golden crol's, with the badge and motto in the middle of it. His late majelTy, oit the twenty-futh of September, O. S. 1736. (which waa the annivcrfary of bis binh) created eight knights of a new order, in honour of St. Henry, of which he afl'umed the title of grand mailer. The badge of this order it a red flar with eight points, in the middle of .which there is a reprefentation of the emperor Henry, with thefe lenen, A. III. K, In the middle of tbe reverfc is this mot'Ot ' Pietate tt Virtute Bcllici;' and upon each ray »rf«int, appears the electoral fword of Saxony. l°hc flar n ap- pendant, by a filver firing, to a ribband of crimfon velvet. Many of the genfry have fucb large territories, that they can raife from ti\ie ihooland to ten thoufind mea each, and maintain them ; which makes tliem fo proud, that when great mens law fnits are decided by the diet, or other tribonal, the execution of the fientence muft be left to the longed fword ; for the grandees fotnetimes raife five or fix thoufand men of a Ade, plunder and bum one an- other's towns, befiegecaftlcs, and fijht it out. rather than fubmit to the lenience of a bench of judges. I'hey cileem themlelves, efpecially the fenators, a&ve any German prince ; and want nothing of fovereign power but tbe li- berty of coining money, which is rererved to the tepub- lick. They have from five to thirty leagues of land, con- tiguous ; but the poor gentry have iheir vote* in the diinKick, and interrupt the exportation of the natural produAion of Poland, will not at all aiifwei the end which he has pro. pofed ; this prince may be a great geiicial at well as a ty- rant, but he is not a f,n»t politician ; a£ls of violence will never nuke his lubjiils inter into coniinercv, not foice the Poles, and the inhabitann of Daiii/ick, to commit all their property to bis direflioii. If the oilier ftatct u( Europe fuffer him to conquer tins city, be nuy then ob- tain the end which be propofrJ, namely, the bcinir inajler _< .11.1.- .- -<■/•■--. i> I . •• .■ ." v< su ui« c«^t» ui vjic«i j^uuiiu, ana 01 rcguut'iig tlia piKt carry I .ii\ : badga [EUR OP E..] pricvofllMMn of tHit kingdoi M lone M tiiii poft coMiouci ' ourry nit jgijit- >* wtt "itflofakini f pdisc ii i^Ull to pay two 'into Polind, ii .1 'appear, at firft &;ht, that htCf Ihit ceaijr, oAiariim tb«y feren&toftrangm, <*ho waiUiPJ)| pteft them ; but ftill it wifTt Aa'« da%n. ' Danisicli i* an t» O L inki proper I buttJl th Am Wm liu lateif law i^A* ftipulated, •UnllMrni ot Prufi oawcent. duly, bat ■t ^ni4M^> '""^ ''**' Hf^PHLllKHt par cents ^ere f«read< !K 0. iberehandiMtili fi 5«» uyini UMJfe aviogten «f(Mnnngd< i(nt>dMed a«4ht Vtl the . ccrned in thlt'tri hMR glWtbepn afB|?f- nNeafure to ofiht Mvte, Py menii«Md flir^ ehiefly bffbain MfrabroLutsfylSr* % iViftttIa fiiiiiii<|>iitiiiidiliii irimiii paiii ' all liindt of mcrebandiMWay ht rith great fi«iliiyt M i» t«|ir dMt btoagb Profiif ^babng wiif lay a (•■wichanfMil^ ililreby difttcit a, HoNandMjIJnid all who aie «o«h _ bat ai he bat m tood fea-port, wbiek .jimaniiMipn with the* Viftab, hit fobjcAt tam, > the port onDtoHsitlt, or they will never be able (o Btt an^irport heavy merchandize totad from Pffrnd. ^'VMihouttHm^ieft inconvcniencei." > > "• , - ^itnofea^ibaflMUinihe revenoetefPoUndt'wifaiy ' ' flfldutie accbnUni «D^e refolutioni of variQM 4iibi< I'he rotal tevenlaMCcrue fronf certain land* veiled indw crown, from iie4W;rcnt cuflom-boulci of the Icingdom, and froitofalt-Work*. But iincc the dil'membcrment of the icingdom, the ftlt-workt, and fonie of the ciown-landt, have been feiscd by the iiteemprefs-qocen of Hungary, many of the cnftoro-hourei by the Icing ofPruffia, and a few pf the crown^Iands, with the caftoiti<'#Meh«low, l>y the empiinif of Raffia t therefore it miltt'tirieft to fone futore diet, and the permlSon of A^Mrtitioning powers, to appoint from henceforth the cilaDlilnnient of the crown levrnue. THb nobility, by the intient lawt of KillMid, were, upon extrnordinary occafioni, to take the firld on iMrle- b*^, together witli iheir adhercnfl i and wheiT tHis rule wai properly carried into exrcution, a hody of an hundred dioufand men, migltl he raifed. This army wa* alwayi eihed the pofpoFite : but, from a variety of caufei, it <* nfoally moved with great diiBettilji and wa» generally without difcipline, fiibordinaiion,'6r experience; butthe Poliih army, of Uto veart, hath not been fo nottaeiqus. Previoat to the late diAnenftwrment, the peace-eftablilh- , ment was thirty-fix tboufand men ; that la, tweil|i^-four '^ibonfand for Poland, and twelve ihoufand fflr Lithuania, pro-thirds of which were cavalry. " itwo bodies of troops that fimtn the Polith army ar#t hided by two generals, who are independent of each JIher ; and thoa|;h they are named by the Icing, they are '^not obliged to give an account of their operations but to tha,. republic, and have an abfolute authoritv over ihe<< It MW-^^he colonels are likewife abfolute maftertof their irdBeirtMknd it is their bufinefs to find fubfift«nlbc-fbr •> V thra^ mS to pay them as well as they can ; but being ratelv paj^ themfelvsei they deftroy the country, and rjin the larnien,^^.fctiafy> their avarice and the demandtpf their trooptiaf *_i -^ ' 'T TlfBPoliin nontitv appear with more magnificence in '^''tbi ficUrdMi in. >lhcir towns i their tents aie moro elc- KKBtly crn^kr"^ *'**" t)>^'' boufes. The cavalry,' which ift^the greateft part of toe army, is chieHy compofed of eentlemen { they have fineHbrfes, and tbti^faddleS, bridle*, iecjjre richly ornameotei. ' The very aontraft to their .^flBry is.#^r inliuitry \ for as the former is magnificentlj|!«| l^tllie latter ii hadly cloathed, badly arnie^ and llHlifoiiVJI; this corps js recrnited from^ong : o(^e people, and they refemble . an apiy of l'afl|||.' The Poiifn troops bavijrb«t v«y linle I amopg ihem : they attack w^| ,(M«*f^ry, hut Vl^ied, they unAdialely Mire wWi great tony iiiiliyiyiiliflni III nlly them i^iv ■ ^?^'* igT^* ^ ^, ^^ ^" The mei4Ph of ">cdpMvelb^ ifiKd cohOnually ^ fupport an«rmjkof tlwy thfipafihd mCn, for the de- fem^f tbtrfc p^ of the kir^||^ which theptnitioning polm^f^MS *Wr*(rerfd rhcrh to setaiirt and 'that the tioops wWiJ compo|b|hML»rmy (hM be be^ dilci(>Hncd, more regularly pai4nii »fo ^la:ed upM.a fafi'mi * rior to what ^gh ever yet ' the piWVU orWiit arnjy, ,^^ -,-._ .^ ip^,:,l!^ Sther "sming^ncies, IW have lIMpe come to the refolim^n of regularly taxing fpitijuou* liquaii*« fo- No.s6. W- ^■-,. . BpeJ fiftft, j^ylhimniei, ttUyini cards, and all kind* 9I luxurie*. 1^ have like ' doubled the poll-«iiL4|ppn the jew*. The ftatoftie*. Iteieiofoka DaU o||jkoiMM|U|Mer4,oi' their revenue* annu- ally, muft mm pi^hieC^ighihf ; «iyahe clergy are now «ffi:flcd iu gipailioiyB tb« other cl*(flbf ^Jtote, though '1% had iTiray* AitHKto found ir "*- **^ ^^ darried«ri merchants tefiding here ; for the gentry Mfrab'rcOutefy.^ bid to follow trade of any kind, on poHT forii^llng their ItoiMutr t at the fame time file coounibntlly Want funds, and the fpirit of induftry atisrell at an inclination to roa' mibaarM 1 infomaclL^thai their cloaths are all made Mroad, or by mercham-taylors who travel to noblemen* noviies. Befldes, fuch of.the Poles as have aav fortunes, fpeii^ too much 0/ - (lereliiaMHIici nor have they any good port, except Dant- sick, for improvingtbe trade of fo Urge a eonntiy ; and* 'ndee<^ for want of nccefliiry implovemcnt in genaraL jnd ff^ fo moeh from the nature of the foil, the inland coimMlDnicaiidM i* ilfo very bad. The Polith current gold coin is ducats, Vt>rth two i^ich crowns I and two iilver coins, of a baie^llby, one called the liiifr, a little larger than the FrenchJfnHi-penca, •nd the chouftack, of which three make a tnn. The inns 'here are only long ftables built up with boards, and covered with draw. They have window*, but no furniture^ There are chambers at pne end, but fti. annoyed with vermin and ftench, that^^ngers chufe ra- ther 10 lodge in ftables among the borfetb or in the com- iiK>n room, which is the only part wIm (Ifcy have a iie : but if it be a holiday, tbey can expalfc no refti fe( boors fpend the whole day, and ^Mtt too. in drinkii^ iineing, dancing, and ftwiliike kindw lucrriment. It appears from the rafctioivof the wft intelligent tia- ,' v^ller* who have lately viited Polan■* SECT. V. tCimlaimng tht hifitry »f Ptla%A^ nuntry ; and an atetuni »f t vtral nnthtrn ftuitrs, ttjjkfi 4>t th* tjvlf^ijt^titns in tltrrmrM, V lot iiKiik that . tht /«- kingibm. s, HISTORIANS relate, jhat the Iteles vrere antiently ' a tribe of Scythians, who lived^ni tcnairor covered - waggon*, rambling from one country to mntHi^p. till La» , chus, their firfi fovereioi we read of, taAg(it|hemtobuiU ' towns, of which -Gwima, in the proviace «if Great 4(m land, was the firft. Their records are ojjfeare atMuunfa- tiifiiAory tili toward* the dole of the fourteentht century. Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania, who became king of Poland by marrying tlif^ daughter and licirefs of LewHI then king, annexed huhereditary dominions to ~ Poland, yvhich readered his name fo dear to th tt\|^ they decreed the crown to be |||peditary in ^isl hr defcendknts po&fle4 it for a centlity and an^" the male-line being extin£l in 1572, in the gifmund Auguftus, t\vo comteiitors arofc, Nlttry Anjou, brother to Charles \X'._ king of F' ranee \ and .. imilian of Aoftil*. ^l)eF4iK:h iiuereft ||evai^' and Henry became king of Poland ; bat his bro^if j^pg tour mouths after hi* accefiion to the throne, ta|r>)[)uiUM| it to (|kepoireffion of Fraiitt, ^which kingdon^MMovertied by tne nai^.of Henry In, MaxttMlian tliAT renewed bis attempts ; but Ste^fcn Batorj^ prTIKe of Traiililvania, fe- cured to himfclf the eieCtiuaPt. ;, -t>t>rtrtg tWr ftm«»rf*« •i Aer put up to fale. The prince of Conti, of tiM blood royal of France, bad fairett for obtaining i% bat Attgnftua, cleAor of Saxony, bore away the prixe, MdUnppoitad by an army of Saxont, wa» crowned at Cracow in 1699. Aug^iftus fupported hii|Mtf on tlte ihrom by the help of a Sjxon army, and dowi d>ng and unooiet reipi bv dtuh in 1733. His Ton, ifLattullut II. wat«(ftin«d to ibt fuc- oeffion by the comWipfi^ fcrce of Saxony and Roffia : while France procurdl Ml eleftion of SunMau to the throne, which wu foon HiHt fe( afide in ftvonr of Ao- |uftut. Thit prince wat driven from bit Saxon domi> nioni by the king of Pmfliat he died atDiefdm in 1763, upon which count Scaniflaut Poniatowiki, boni Janouy 17, 1732, was chofen with uncommon unaiiioaiM kji* « Poland, September 7. 1764. The perfonal merft of U>it nobleman, and the difguft which the Pbles bad ooiweivcd againft their Saxon alliance, induced ftem to accede 10 this choice, altboa|h his birth and (Sitane gave him no claim to fucli a dignity. A diet which net in 1767 feemed to treat their com- pbinti with ereater moderation, whic^nve flatterii^ ex- peAationt of thofe unhappy diflen(iM| being at temrth appeared. The fecret caufet which u p ui Aed thcfe cmn, ctnnot be certainty traced, but fomeMMtblaitng peliliciaat do not fcruple to charge the killg oTPtldE* with having privately promoted the violent jw af^ TM afilnraidi taken by the dilTidcnts, as wcO at with eneMilp0|ilg the ranco- rous feverity with wiiicbi tlM'goveniitt| MMcra proceeded aninft them. The iiMereoRion of tm Knffiiau in the ^rs of Poland g^ y y #% jri|}» aUtM|iet in the The firmnelt wbicti the c2>nftderatet fliU continecd t« maintain noiwiibflandifit the frequent loflei, defeatt, ami flaitghtctt wkleh they luftiined, ihewt how much they execrated the Ruffian contteel. In 1771 their exhaufled iftSo kingdom f for from.' I toniSerred, thejMOt ef Poland, ailif «Milf ' 111 amj< tonlcrted. the|Matn anlMMM'.^ ^"H^M '**1>? ^"*i Ruffian OT conMerdl^ «Ma(i aMiliilcaitdwkitnrf defM^ I (emUi hit hmlM «kt afabit of emMding ti >Tbi» m Ut HU mnim Mwury beaaflje tkilhcatm>, iftcnttl and aa«p(ie«||i «>f all wari i |MMy fm' TlMni^ilife 1M if <6dMp a cie « fafn4i>i«-'] vt :BMidi Mnmm «(^di^ ■'S* fo far at the bis ef . . „ vil, fttrtiy lal^i^Mie, md pttthji ^Mig|i. Poles in tbie eirtMaihytilMvwoMiiAlaBa for prottftfMt. The whole diftinft proviMM*^ -__ ,_ . ,„_ _^ -^,, -,-. , goiOied Vv Atpm49kA4MfMAc1imt,f»Afm of the diflidcntt;: ilkA ifliii Ml*r idioroa^ XMm^jai erjliticr. ♦c«N||ato(|alr|0«inBfn| , _'%ive 01' thcie conftdecacM'tn* tint; ' inPodplia. Polai^contiitaMMjWMBIMHir^ ties of a war carried on in itr bit*|M«#il4ll, ,^L ported by devailatidiu JOtthy AMiWIit at <|gg;'wpiftBg- =** ■.^■P?- forekn cruelty and~iMintriRadi awl ■•ili»«li»^tiC***iy ^ ^ partV tbedomeftie n«e ofNew the Ru4an, "'?'•?!;'*?• -r fpecifyithe appropriate. Vienna, ^he within the pretended f de of the iomir to the g Tamopol iCroi^ngthe ed RuflSt to meet at Za- 'eifter, taking le little river fo on to the P S. and : where the biaa, from thence in that fmall part 9§ Podhorse to its in^' . boundt which feparilll Pocotia frairi JM^avia. |fon after the empreft quet^ attended berclaf^Mp tb^ rentain- derof the palatiiun |bf Craapvia, and ifcfee who{« of that of Sandomir, on the lefi'l^^of tKr^ula ; and on the fide of Podolia to within fflMv 0ifit of Catui^ec. By thit tranfaahtu the boufe of !nnQ(ia(^roca pofleiTed of twotbifdi of the upper Poland, tteiwiincet of Red Ruffia and Pocutia, together withj nn dl'Poilolii, if not of Votbinia, cotifainlng in adlvaftiiW^OTtn theboixiert of SileGa, weft, «!' the Jiflri^t of CkAiiltiii, eaft, ah ex- tent of country confiderably more thiA three hundred Englifh milet^aiidin ittgreateilbr^adl^'6om the Cia- pacn mountailUii:! Itbich divide Pocutia mik Moldavia oit the footb, to twbordert of Litbaan$i|i £1' die north, of not left than nttt'trandred. foraWa Ifill'intent of flin- tier, aloi^thelpMntof SUelia,-^ii(|§Mi|loldavia fnd Tranfilvania. In the neit plica, tlie emprefll^iF'^MU^y >vay of in- demnilication and exdunge for divem iplmt righti, and juft and ilMmjMtable preienlions, feiaiti qaihe foUodfing Kvineia and people, whotntbeineornopm forever^ith C^apire, vis. all Polifli Livonia ; thal-^t of the pala- tinara^ Mae^k lituate on the rigltt. of^j: Dwina, or Diioai all the palatinate of Witeof - "^ - rftiri all the palatinate of Milciflttr/ the palatinate ^iMinik, along an iiaBl,.,.,^, „ .... foitrCfof the pipHis j and alfo tlie loimypaR of tbe fame yiwvinta. which Attends on tlie otlier fii* of tlie Druetz «nd tba Nicpcr. Though tbefe linoha^Hlui in a vaft cx- tenrW«oiuitfy» eomprcliending, be%t .fplifli Livonia, aAoat onaiMtfttdw great duchy of LftMlhia, It is faid. uf^lPnof^thitfide has been ' I fides of that ipper part' of line to the Aatlhe I 'ctcaledt fince muc^ in- lyr incMes the country hiMrtcn the %re- "" r' rivers. ,;'?,;; f it of the king of Pnlili were HSMian- patent, in whidl'||kj|jaimt tbf^Uu- ndant from Grektl ■itthci onthUt land'HiHI PniBliT' in Pomerania at ^M^ :in, to whom thefit .^end he therefore ritoatcdon thit iide of of PnifCa and P( of the Vifliila, whic)t to poflMIed under d only Dantzick artdl of rig^t be- !^tee; Walfb. ^on ih^i. and ^ kings of Po- m of Puliffii rn. About a litfi, aunifeflpet A (OMftuir- declaration was dilvared from the king andhi* rciliipd.lcnate at Warlaw. 'jMerexpAratiql^aibetically upon (he'fi«iyearj of fcp ige - ami dmtatio.t whicb have rained the ceioMry, whofe mi- frriet arofc in nrnpor»io!< to ths ;.".ttrpo£tjoa of forelgii cotfrts, the number of their iioups, and the lengtli of time 0.. ,*f*,^ ^i^ .-•'■IHff- ■..■' i ,% f'A, ■a-';ir ;> 'i^' I||M WMMi iM]f Wif# lit llf 9^t9ty iumfMmt •• ibt jmhrn nnftirtt, JtttMianai|t, tulidl Ibrc* and Injoi iIm ii p i Mi i m niM won tong mmI " ■" liniaii* e II » # K *^ ^ w-o. Mbn, atMMd ■n#aiiiniaiMd by Um n Mi4 gMmuM by Um trtMtft powcra in •i^^WlimUf ly poinM wN. iMNI N IMA W^9 •itMWIinifi wMcb NtAmm4 Thtriilitaof imtm, E«npt| ill which tnmMlii WtlitlMl .. cmiMt b« itaMMl ^tl|H1>l •*t«y flaM, Mil flMkfa||M«^i TIM M^MlbnMwM hal M tlbA m iIm ptMIn m whidiibty wart aaaiiM, fcf tlwy pw wi M ioaJi foii th* inhabtant* of ibiir iMvljr anvlnd itrriieriM lo mIw oMiu «l tllMiiiMilotbtpB M a in l^acMU. dinilHiini thM.wldijdiM ina pmalliN in cab e# nMU or m(lae 1 thai tha paniiiflntni powtn lia*a ada> WOT* ■■•aMwnnftB* w« » oadualallMiaiMil thamwldi MOna aiu. f,.....^ .,. .„ « .„.«, « „i,,.« dMfflol. n It Ikid thai tha pardiiantM powan ha*a a da> ./jH*£r lan iia|(«ra ipiiiii um nniaMf di MMravar, Amm* am wiU car* •«M| iha gNMaft inA|Balioii» " *'"ior, and dwb who aei|iii« Ifta mora h, aa dwia vary t j rt a r . and diebwho aei|iii« -_... ^, „„ , ,■ , , ,.. Mli Ifta mora fe, aa ihoiavary ' WtNteifc vtolw^iMi ii mmal in ihair MofiAmi iaa, fflta. Md. prtitionad «« bam vt \X» CHAP. VII. '{;. THE MBIT JllTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF GROEKLAND, or GREENLAND. SECT. r. tr*Jtmi Md mrim$ Uhm if fib. rriHE foil ailcM and dieMnfiona of Graanlind. ara I cntiralf wifcno«n. The omS MMtbailv part liaa iiTow firiy«i|UlMnPI«< terth Utitada. wUli tM aaAiro ~ t n i N i , ■ga wB i ii to tha Danitii witen, to tha •^ty-ltoonl. Tjba «« coaft ww> firft dMbovatad in isSs by-Mr. Joha Diaii, an EnglUhnMUi, Aom whoa tha finiahti thit nrnhMman tha oootinaM of liiwth Amcika and Onaniaild am Qiilad. iftcr bit nana. D Tha aaftamaMlbwhcm coafti abooad vilhnft &kaa I Dkfia'i.StrakiM. of ica, and tfK4 ara drivan firon I pi w ba n, bjr a ««ry troMK cwiaM, Mwardi iha fowb. Tbaaafttt* of Oraanland, which ia avpafiia to loa- faud, ii at piaAM iaacodBbla, on aaoaoBi of dia irion- lainaof ior, which rifc to an a H o oifl ii m h ajght , a nd cow thafaa; "' * ' * ' i: ibii|aitli tharafoi* naknowni ba« ftUing ba> thafe Md laehnd. favaral advantnian harariMy arrived lhn«| Md-thkooorftinpaitiGoiarhubccaaAuallT fiecrcd by thcOoich. Tha weft Ma «( Greenland tewardi Davii'i Streighti^ it, however, battar known. On dut fida the coaft it de- fended by rocki ia4 livaral Ime and AnalLiilindi. It hn alfo wide and Asefbayi, which ren anaat wiy into tte land, (bma ol wHab an iba montbt o| large rnan, and other* fem,|pol roadt and harbonrt. The maiii hnd confiftt of Hmi More than oonfuiad hcapa bf rodu, tha ifamffliu miat ia not tafaBooruUe i but the wcawar ii verv changi- abieandaaAHM Oaring the rummer icafim,w'hichl«ftt fiom dia end «r May to tha middle of S^nber, tha fbn fliinea btight and very warm, and mi the mam land, above whiab ■)> doad ean ba liiaa, the weadier ii very pleaftnt and atarayi clear ; »||it a cdd damp fog that inter- oeptt the fim>Mamt contiaually boven over the iilandt, cioept in the aaonih of Auguft, which it the only time lit ibe wBvii |«it wino iaa vapouri are diabivcd, i iie raim that (lU bare ire naiditr fieqwnt nor heavy. Tit' thii climate it ftldom thandert \ ind ftormt, which am very rate, ara of no long continuance \ but the moft vio< kntgoftt of wind coma from the foutb. The wintert, u Gir at the fiitv-fourth degree of btU tode, at« generally reckoned by the Dinet and Norwe- fct pretty tempnaie, to whicii the calm and cletr wm- any greatly contribute. Bat when a north-eaft wind blowi, which comt from aoanttim coveted with ica and fiww, it ia ntramely ftvara \ the air bcii^ ihiok and iUad with cio«d| of ky oatticlMt which caaia a moft piaicing firoft. TlM,|iiow AUi in left quantitiet in that part of Greenland kiiawn to the [>anet, than It doea b Noeway \ for in tha fenner, crpecially near the rivere in the iiuand^tt, tha fiiow doe* not exceed half an eli in depth. We aivft, bowaver, cbndntoethii account of the wm* dier to the ibotheni patti of thit country TubjeA to tho Dane* i ftr to tha notthward of tha fistyeighth degree of kutade, the coU u in winter ib aaeemvc, that the moft feiritout Uqoon, a* Frendi brandy, &c. will freexe near tb« fire fide. Ai tho weather i* in diii climate very calm, ^ ice in the bay* bebreen the Hlanda it not difturbed till tha end of Anguft ; and even la tha cteekt it doei not btgin to thtw till the clofe td May, .«he.i it it gradually wdhedawav by the agitation of tha wavat. From June to Adgaft the fun it continually above the horiaon. and con-> ft^ttentW doriiy that time they have no nig^t ; but in winter the fun i* invifibk to the Gnenlandert, and their «ar ii Nothing more than the aioming and evening twi« Ugiit, wbiai do not bft above two boon. The foil in the vallie* and pfauni confiftt of moor and turf land, aad in fime few fpota, particularly in the foutb Mrtt, in about fixtytreet grow : but their tninkt are no tiiicker than a man't kg. Some tbrubt are difperftd here and ^i j<4 Tmi new and universal SYSTEM or O EOOH APffV.' MiJthat* ; *• (iiull iuntjptr, goofcbcrry «iiJ bilberry buOiM, brMnblri, uui lUc (ike. Il ii iMii yti known «rh«t mlnertU arc contiin«ii in (he Grvtltlaud iiiouuuini ) bui there are rocki, fromwliuh cor.Cdrriblc uMntilici of albeflui have been hewn Some niOvinMiiii alio cunrilt nf an iinperfcn kind of varieualeii OiarbK, of which kirtlea. and uiliei utenfili. ace nuJii by the iiilM!.it:>iiM. Sionie harci ate found on tlie nikin land ; but Ihefe, wliicli are ve. y Iniall, aie aicy in fuimner, and pcrfeAly white in winiai . Here ii alfo a fpcciei of rain-deer , but they are very dilTarcnl from thok of LapUiul. The foxei arc while, brovrn, and gtey, but fiDall. Wbite beare are fomelintct foun I here, and are very nunioi jui tnwardi the north i but tilt Grecnlandcu are very daring and active in defiroying them , ihefe diJFer from the bciri of other couiiiriw, ihnir baadi Uing long hke that of a wolf, which tbcy much rrfeinbtc in lurni. Dug* are the only domaltic animali in tbia country i thiy never lurk, but fnail and howl i, are timoroui, and unfit for the chiice , yet if not tamed when young, become wild and very mifchiavnut. The Greenlindert kill and cat Ihrl'c dog iiiiH -ilfo u(e them to draw their fleiigei, yoking four, fix ^iid loineiiniei eight or MM to j lit ilgc, loadcn with five uf lia of iba laigeA Icali, with tlic iual\er lilting upon them, nlio drives ai fall with ihein u wc can do with good horfei ; for they often travel fin'v milet in a winter's d^'v upon (he ice. They have no baeiiaa, rats, mice, (tc. diid neither faakes or any other venomous creatures can live in this chmale. Mufketoes, or snats, fwarm here, and are eatremaly troubleldme, but they have neither ants nor beei. I'heir land-fowl are, the ryper, a fort of large pirut, which is gri- ' in I'ummer, and whita in winter ; but builds hit ncll Very liigli in the clefts of the rocks ; they have alfo eagles, filconi, laicc Ipeckled owls, ravens, dilTerciit forts of Sairows, and ail kinds of land and fea-fowl known in orway arc fern in amazing numbers. The' rivers afford plenty of trout, cray-filh, and fal- nioni and the lea yields an inexhauflible variety of all kinds of filh, except oyflcrs ; hut it abounds with excel- lent muflels, anid very large flirlnips or prawiH. The fnialler fpeciesol tUn are dried here for winter- (lore, efpe- ciilly the lodden, a fort of fmall herriiic. Here are alfo great plenty of cod, haddock, thornback, and the holy- butt, by fome called the turbol of the norili, which is fo big that it wilt lill a large calk. I'lie fretli water in (ircen- land has been highly recommended for its falubrity and pilatahlenefs. Their fcjs, like other part* of the northern ocean, that lie under the north pole, contain a very great number of the largeft (jiecics of fiihs, particularly whaTfi, which there fwim in vaft Ihoals. In tliefe regions tlie beneficent Creator has dealt out their food with a liberal hand, and o> all climates this is the beft adapted to tlieir hot conllitutiont and enormous bodies, which are as it were inclofcd in fiit. I'his fpecies of filb differs from all other kinds in many particulars j for in their internal parti they refemblc land- animitls. They breathe with lungs, and confcquently cannot remain long under water. Tliey alfo copulate like ciuatlrujieds bring forth their young alive, and fuckJe tliem with their milk They have feveral kinds of whales, which may be di> vided into fuch as have apertures in the head, and foch u have noftrils for refpiration. Some of the former have two holes or apertures ; at the whale properly fo calkd, the fin-filh, &c. otiiets have only one, as the cachellotte, or fpermaceti whale: but tliofe that refpire through the nofttrils are feldoro to be met with. This fpecies of whales may alfo be divided into thofe that have plain, and thoft.- that have prominent backs. The fins of other filh coiilitl of bones, or cartilages faftened together by their incmhranrt runnmg between them { but the whale has articular bonci, like the fingers of a human hand, with tlieir proper ligaments coveted with a thick fkin like that of the other pant of its body. By iiKant of thii roechanifm the Vvhole can move and turn about with greater eafc than he could with fini of the common form, and fecure himfclf from falling precipitately upon the rocks when he dives to the bottom of the fea; for which end lie lays hit thick tail hoiizontally on tlie furface of the water, which is of great fervice to him on this occafion. The fpecies of Greenland whale with a Hat back it thick and unwieldy, itt head taking up one tliird part of its bulk. Thcfc are from ftxry to fcvcnty feet in length, the fint on their fides from five to eight feot ; and the uil, which it in a horizontal polltion, or bent a little upwards oit both 3 Mn, it from ibret to (bur fidiumt bioad. Wbrn th« whale it in dan|(er, he turns up hit fide, and hiandiIhA his tall, which It is dangerous to approach. I'he tall alio fcrvc* him tor an oar. with which he rows himrelf for* ward whh furprifing fwiftnefs. The Ikln of ili ; luck il black ajtd I'niuoth, but in fonw places vaiiegated or inaiblcd. Neat to (he Ikin, whicli is not thicker than ftiong- 'iling paper, or thin pitchin.-nt, Is the rind, which it ricr of them feen .iboui ilic north ca|>e in Norway, it much (Icn- dercr and liaaller than th~ Whale. 1'he fin<1Uli etiualt the whale in length, but not in thickneft, and hat a hn on hit back, from whencie he received his name. He it ex- treiiicly nimble, at well as flrong. He throws water higher than a whale of hl> iize, hat brown lips, which are twifted like arnpe, and his body very much releiublet that of a tciicli in colour. Hcri- is alfo the tiarval, or fca-iinicorn, which is chiefly remarkable for i(s long horn refemhiing ivory, but is ge- nerally more folid aiid weighty. This (ifh is fmootli like an eel, its colour \«liile (uiinkled with black fpots, and ita eyes finall. It has two Ittfhy fins, and a fenncirrviUi liol» on the top of ita head, from whence it fpouts waici like a whale. The horn, from which it receives its nam*, growt ftrait forwards from the middle of itt upper jaw, it cutioiidy wreatlicd, and tcrminatet in a point : with tbit it attacks the largeft whale, and can ftrike with fuch vio' leiiee as to pierce the fide of a Ihip. The laft we Ihall take notice of it the (word-fifti, fo called from their fharp-pointed upper jaw, which refem- hlet a fword: they purfue the wnale and fin-Hlh with 5[rett eagernefi. 'I'hey are of a llender form, of varioua laes, fromthiee'to twenty feet in length, and their evea ftand far out of their head. A few of tliem will dif< parch a large whale ; and they feed cbieHy on his tongue, af>cr rhey have killed bin. Tlie morfe and feal are among thefe amphibious ani> malt. The morfe it as large as an Englilh bollock, with four feet, a thick round head, and a Ihnrt neck, in which lies hit priiKipal ftrength. Re hat red eyet, fmall eart, and large noftnis, from whence he fpouta wete/. His Ikin it very thick, and coveted with hair, and from hit upper jaw proceed two long teeth at white as fnow, and more eftecmod than ivory, as they keep their colour better. This creature it very bold, making towards the ; boat u foon as attacked, and endeavouring to overfct it. Seals are of the fixe of a large dog, are moftly black, but fome grev, with very fine fniooth hairy Ikins. Thf«, /»/i, *;«//», /•'•I'Wrv •*/*#•»» i lA/(> mHM tf iufitnu^ ff/if /'f«, «i«V fr«W> */ thtfttfh, TH E intiibitintt of ihii country, OrccnUnd, tn In general Ihori, but fat. pUmp, and woll propor- Ikined. Their facci :iti' lomething rial, their hair hlack •nd lank, and tbeircoiii|itrxionof a brownifh red. They ve ftran|;cri to the Inull pox, and are fridom aflliAed with epidemical difrnfei ; hut the fcnrvy it tlie reigning dillemper, and on thit occaflon their common remedy ii iiurvy graf) and other fimple*. They have neither lur- geon iiur phylitii'i among tnem ; but readily rely en Wf' lahi impnilori who pretend to foretel fnrtire erenti, and to be Ikilled in phytic. They have Tome inllancei among them oi' longevityi and ihefe pcrhupi would be more fr«. r:\\U were ir not for the nuniberiGfi danger! to which it manner of life expolci them. T'here it lomething very lingular in their language, which il difficult to bo learnt, and yet i« laid to hare many elegant phrafet. The women hare a particular maniKr of pro* flouncing their wordt, which (generally terminate in an n. Mr. LgoJe bat publithed a iliAionary of their language, •nd far the innruaion of the Oreenlandrr*, the four gof pe|j, with fereral i'miiU inlU, have been traiiflatcd into the Greenland tongue, and printed at Cnpcnhaf>en. The Orcciiland diaIcA it moOly the fame throughout the whnle ouunlry known to the Danes, except fome little difference in the pronunciation. ' Tkcy dreft the Ikini of ilieir deer, tliofe of feal*, afi of oeitatn birdi, fewcd together with ttit finall guti ot the liral. I'herc it very little differeno* between the dreft c<^ the two fexet. The cioathing of tlie men confidi of « e6at or jacket, with • cap or hood fawed to it. that covert the head and fhouklcrt. Thit ceat reachet down to the kneei. Their breechet arc very Imall, and fit clofe : and the hair of the ikina ihe cual it made of it turned inward, to keep ihcm warm. Over tliit coat they put a large frock nude of leal- ikint. drelTed and tanned without the hair, in fuch a man- Mr m to keep out the water. Between tlie leathern frock and tlie under coat they wear a linen Ihirt, or for want of linen, one made of iealt guta, wIikH alio lirlpi to keep out the water from the under coat. Thole li-ated near the porta frequented by the Danes and Dutch bare Ihiits of firiped linen, with coati and breechet made of red and blueftufft, which they buy of the Danilhor Dutch mer- chants, but after ihcir own falhion, and thefe they wear tipon extraordinary occafions. Their (hocj and boou a' made of feal-lkini well dreflW or tanned. 1 hey fornierty wore {lockings nude of r^in-deeror feal (kins; but nc. they have worfted ftocklngs of different colourt, at white, blue and red, which they buy of the Danet. The coata worn by the women are liighfr on the Iboultiers, and wid one tide made of fctl-gut* dr fTid and fewed togelhtr, » the mawt of holyhutti, whic(i are whila and tranlparcnt. On the other fides the bedi are placed, which conliff of benches made with boards, raifed half • «ard from the ground. Their bedding confifti of the flilni of (o(iie fide under the windrtw , jpoii benches placedthcro for that purpofe. It it obfervable, tltot tho:'.; ccive the day- light. T{icfe people commonly eat when they have an appetite, but their chief meal is at night; Iheir Common food is the tiefh of the rein-deer and hares, all kinds of land and water- fowl, feals, feveral forts of frefh water and fea-fifb, and even fome parts of Ihe whale. Their manner of drciring vifluals is extremely drfguftfut They ufually quciicli their thirll with water, yet can drink a great deal of brandy without being intoxicated; but they are faid to prefer the blood of the feals to any other drink. With relpedt lo their marriages, the chief qualifications rei|tiircd in the bride are Ikill in domellic affairs, and efpe- cially in cuttint; out and fewing their p;armtr»tF. On the other hand, nolbing recommends .t I'uitor more than hold- ncls, activity, and I'ucccfi in ftfning and huntiit^. The bride, at the marriage feftiviities, pation alhew of gravity, and a melancholy air. RcUtiwis never intermarry here, 1 D ■ not •SI 5i6 Thi new Alio UNIVCRfAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. not even to the third and fourth d*0rtp«f Gon|tnguinity. They have a reipeAful idea of marriage, aitd in general every Greenlandtr h«s but ope m\k. They indulge their children to a culpable excefi } letting tbem do Whatever tbey plealc, in(lead of moderately corroaiiig, or checking them for their fault*. Hunting or filbing are the chief employment of th« pen, for whidi they have very carious tackle. The boat* in which the men row to fes are about fix yards long, and only three quarters of an ell bioad in the middle, ending in a very (harp point at btoth extremities. They are isade of very tliin narrow faqnf^ firflened together with whale* bone, and covered with iisal-fltint. Only one man goes put in a boat, the top of w}|ich » covered with ikin, with only an opening in the middle, which, when the man .has entered, it bftened dofe, nmnd hia waifi, fo that no water can enter th« boat j an4 thus equipped, be will tow fixty or fevcnty mile* a day, dipugh he hu bat one oar. which it fix or feven feet long, and flat at both ends. ThcCe boats are e larger fort of boats are chiefly ufcd by women. They have alfo a kind of open barges, pointed at boUi ends, but n«t very detpi tliefe are ^vered with feal-flcint, ai>d are high at the ei^ifemiKies. They make ufe of them in coaft* iiig from one patt to another, in conveying their tfk&t in their emigratiuus, or wbeq tb^y embark for the whale lifliery. The employment of die Grcenhnders is for the molt part at fea. Wiieu they go locittch wl^ales, ibey put on their heft apparel i fancying, ih^t if they were not neatly dreflcii, the whale would Ibuti them. Upon ibefe occ^^- fiont, about Afty perlbns, ot both fexet, let out togr'iher in or.e of ihe large boaii. When they have fouc.d the whale, they ftrike him with their liaipoons. to which are fcfleiied lines or Arupt two or three ratbom* long, made of fcal-lkins : at the rnd of which tbey tie a bag of a whole leal' Ikin filled with air like a bUdder, tl;at the whale, when he finds hiaifeir wounded ai»d flies away, with the harpoon fiicking in his hady, may bejhe fooner tired and cafily found, the air-bag hindering him from keeping long un- der water. VVhcn he lofes ilrength they atuck him with fpears and Unoes till he is killed, and then put on their «oats made of drcflcd fcal Ikin, with boot*, gloves, and i^s, la^d fo t^ht together, tiu. no water oan oenetra.e the.i). In this gaib tliey leap inu the le^, and begin to ilicc ofl^ the fat all round the body, aitd are (bmeiimes fo daring as to get upon the whale's back, while he is yet alive, in order to make the quicker dilpaldi in killing him, •lid cutting away the lat. Neatly the lame method it ufed in killing the fealt, only die harpoon Is lefs, to which is fattened a line of feal- ikin, fix or li;ven taiboms long, and at tlie end of it a bag of fcal Ikin filled with air, to keep the feal whea wounded £roi>) eteapiiv{ by diving : but in the northern parts, where the fea is frozen, they ufe other metliodt in catching of feels. They firft look out for the holes^ which tlie Icals thcmlielves make with their claws, of about the bignefs of a haUpenny, that they may fetch their breath; On their finding one (tf thefc holes, they feat ibem&lvc* near it, and as foon asjthey perceive the feal put bis ftout to it for air, immediately ftrike him nitii a fmall harpoon, which tltey have ready in tlieir hand, to which it fafiened a ftrap of a fathom long, whidi they hold in the otlier hand. After he is ftruck. and cannot etcape, tliey cut the hole large enough to bring him up through it , and a* foon as :hey have got his lieid above the ice, kill him, and then lift him - out ot the water. Another way, of catt:hing iiralt, is: they make a large hole in 'he ice ( but in fpring they find holes irvie by the feal* themfelves, through which they get upon the ice, in order to repofe and balk themfelves in the fun. Near :iiefe boles the fifliermen place a low bencn, upon which they lie down on their belly, having firft made a fmall hule near die large one, tbrou(^h which they fo^tiy let down a pole headed witlt a harpoon, a ftrap being faftcned to it, which one holds in his hand, while another, lying upon the bench with hi* fane downward*, watche* this coming of the feal, wl<''-h when he perceives, he cries ' Ke,' where- ispon ttie leal i* inftintly ftruck by him » bo hold* the pole. In the fpring. when the fealt lie upon the ice, near boles which themlelvc* make to get up and down, the GreenUnderi, dilguiled in feal-lkint, WKh a long pole in their hands, mover thttt heads backwards and forward*, and fnort like a feal, till they come fo tirar that they are able to teach and ftrike them with the pole. It ii ot the Qtmoft importance n> thefe people to excel in hunting and filhing, fuioe on their fltill in theft employment* depeitda their whole fttbfiftence. In fifliing, they make nfe of .hooks of iron orbooet; their line* are made of white whalebone, cut very fmall and thio. and with tbit tackle ther catch abundance of fifh. Their way of fiilhing for figoal I faloion or fea trout it at follow* : at low water they build fmall inelofnrtt of ftone, near a river's mouth, or any other place where the falmon come : when the tide comes in, the falmon, which enter the river, pafs at high water over the incbfure, and remain in the river till the water falls attain, when they endeavour to return to the feat b«t the fiihcrmen way-iajr them at the inclofute, and ftop their paflTage Uihe lime of low ebb, when the falmon are left mi dry tand* and may be caught with the band : if they are left ui hc4ei, thejr take them 'with a pole headed with two Iharp hook«i bone*, 0t ifoii book*. . .' They are fttangeca to trade, arts, and fcienos*; have notlrarac one among another, and their comlneroe with fo- reigner* ix very inconfidcrable. They neither nfe nor haw any knowledge of money t but fix a certain value on iron, wbid they barter for goods. / At their entertainments, they exprefs their mirth by- drumming, fiiiging, and dancing. They are acccuftomad from tlieir very childhood to an unbounded liberty, all of them being on a level. Thev haVe indeed little regard li> the forms of ceremony and decorum, v^bich in otbec places obtain the name of politenefs ; yet are Ate, open, and cheerful in converfation i nothing pleafing them bet.* Cer than merry jefts and raillery. Tbey live very fociably, and repofe great confidence in each other. Amorous in- trigues of an unlawful kind are feldom or never heard of among them ; and as they abftain from theft, rapine, and' violence among themfelves, they are never fciiown upon any pretence to make war on their neighbours. I'hey think themfelves greatly fupcrior to the Danes, and make, no fcruple to pilfer any thing from tbem, when it can bet done with fafety ; but it is probable they have little idea of propel ly i and as they behave with fuch integrity to each other, it- it natural to fuppofe that they have learnt thia pilfering of the Uutch and Danilh feamen. They exer- cife great hofpitality, and indeed have moft thing* in com- mon ; fo that if tliere be any among them woo cannot work, or gei hi* livelihood, they do not let him fiarve, but admit him freely tr> their table. They are lemarkabl* for their good nature and inollenfive behaviour : hatred and envy, ftrife and rage, are rarely beard of among tbem. They have u great an abhorrence of fiealiriK fi'om each other as any nation upen tlie earth, aitd therefore keep no- thing under lock and key t but leave all fo free that every body may come at it, noiwithiUnding which they have no fear of loling it. The Gteenlanders aie charged with having no idea of n God, and (bme author* have (aid that their language bae not any exprcflion to denote a Supreme Being ; thoogh they tbemfelve* acknowledge that tliey are convinced of the immortality of the foul, and believe that as foon a* a perfon die* he goe* to the land of fpirit*, and there en'joya the felicity of hunting from age to age i while the body re- mains behind and moulders in the duft. They maintain, bowe^r, that there it a fpirit, which they call 'I'orngar- fuk, to wliom they afi:ribe a fupernatural power, though not the creation cif the world. The Angakuts, or pro- phets, form very whimfical idea* of this being, feme i«- prefenting him a* without form or Ihape, others giving him that of a bear, and others pretending that he ha* a large body and but one arm. They alTign liiin his abode ill the lower regions of the earth, where they tell you ia conftantly fine lon-thine weather, good water, deer, and fow!s in abundance, 'i'hey likewife mainuin that a fpirit relides in the air, whom they name the moderator, or ie> drainer i for tbele Angakuts pretend, by his order, to command the people to abftain from ceruin things, a# prefervativet from evil and danger. They believe that tlicre are fpirit* who govern the ele-' mcnt* i and their notions of the lieavenly bodies ate very whimfical ; they fay the moon wa* once a young man, and the fun a young woman his fifter, with whom he was &- miliar in the daik ; liut that (he being delirous to find out her lover, tubbed her hands with toot, with which (be marked his white bear-(kin coat, and hence they fay cam* tlie fpots ill the moon. The fun flying from his em- biaces, afcendcd the air, whither the moon followed her, ind ft'!! coRtsis'Jss to parfac, ^^ithour heiiiE able to overnka her ; but this is probably only a fiAion of their poets, lilu thole of Ovid in bis McCamoiphofes. 4 Tblii [EUROPE. J O jR B E N L A WD. ''1 TtMir lime it not eompMed or ilMtfnrecl by waeluor] jcu$, but «nly hy monthf. btghining their ooomtHton from ihe fun'i iirft riling above tlieir horisen in tiie win- ter, from whence they teU the moons, in. order to know ex«Aiy the feaibn in which every fort of fifli, fc* animalt, or birdi, feekthe hndt,^*' by thii knowledge ;(hey may regulate their difierent employnMnlt. Acooroitigto'thtM' . afironomioal fyiUm, the heavens turn round thb |)(nnt of a h«3e rock. A circumftancevery extraordinary inthcAfeeple, thM ieited in frosen re^iortti which might be ruppefed to daa^ the genius and exiii^uilh the fire of iniiginaiion, H ihetr* taleiu for poetryt in which- they take extreme delight. The poems they compofe ar« a kind of lyric odes, tiie btriiiofly of which depends both upon rhyme and qaan* . tity, there being a vihble regularity in the number oflyl- iabler of which their verfcs are compoled. and a plain re. card to cadence «ven in their manner of readinfp (hem. They ufe this fort of po4try, which, all things conltdered, is as far from being rude, as it is frombeing exad, to es- prefs all their palfions« fuch as love, joy, grief, bat more •fpecially aitger; for wheii two people quaircLinthtseoim' try, it is faid thiy cbalieiige oaCh other, not to fighf, lor that iliey nevef'do but in jeft, or by way of diverfion, but to contend in varfet and be who hift wants words to ex- prefs himfeir 4n this' poetical duei,^^ ii held to be con- quered, and to the controverfy ends without cither laW* fuit or fhcdding of blood. The Rev. Mr. Egede, who was Tent to Greenland by Ihe Dani(h fociety for propagating the Goijpel, lived among thii pcopi* fifteen years, which he fpeiit with the moft indefatigable zeal and laborious applicatioi\, by which means he made a great number of converts. Hp rentoad. to Copenhagen in 1736, and by his folicitaiion a feniinary was founded in tb«t city for educating able miffionarici ' and catecbifts to be fent to Greenland. The Mtffion- coUcge alfo bndt young Uds to Greenland to leatn the language, and to be inftruAed by the miffionaries there, in order to qualify them for the miniftry. The trade of this country is at '^refeiit canied on by th^ Copeivhagen company, who fend thllber three or foot fliipa every year, arid the Dutch are pobihiied fiom coming within feveral miles of their colonies. The com* nodiiiet GroenUud affords^ commerce are whale-blub- ber, whale-bone, fca-unicorns horns, live fliins of rein- dacTi bears, ^s, and fox-flcins, whith they barter for the fbltowing atcKhandizes i fbirts niade of white, blue, red, and flriped liiten, coarfe wooiku cloili, knives, faWs, needles, large fi&ing-hooks, and other hard-ware ; look- ing- glailes, rafts, poles, deat-lxMtds, chefts, kettles of cop- per, brafs, tin, &c. Before wo *akc our leave of this country, it may not be amifs TO preicnt our readers with a lingular, but well a». thenticated, relation of the adventwes erf' four lku(iian fillers, who remained fevesal years in Greenland. Jeientiali Okladmkof, a merckaitt of Mefen, a town in tlie province of Jugovia, and in the government of Archangel, fitted out a vcflel, in the yem 1743, carrying fourteen men; Ihe was deftined for SMnbergen, to be employed in th< wlude or feal fiihery. The wind was fair for eight fucoeflivr days after they had failed 1 but on the ninth it changed, fo that ir^ad of getting to the welk of Spitsbergen, the ufua! place of rendesvous for the Dutch Ibips, and thofe of other nations, annually employed in the whale fifhcry, ttiey were driven eaftward. After fomc days, however, they approached within two Englilh miles of the fhorc, wlicntlie vefici was>fuddenly furrounded by ice, and they found thcmfeWes in an ex- treme dangerous fitoation. In tUt aUrming- Hate a comi- cil was held ; when the mate, Altitii Himkof, informed them, that ha recoUeAed to have heard that fome of the people of MeliBii, fomc time befote, having formed a re- folution of wintering here, had accordingly carried from that city timber proper for bui'ding^a hut, and bad actually eroded one at (bme diflaiice from the Ihore. This in- formation induced the whole company to reiblTO on win* uring here, if the hut, at they hoped, Aill exifted , for tliey clearly perceived the imminent danger they were in, and that they muil incviubly perifh if tbey continued in Ihefhipi Accordinglytbey difpatched four of theie crew in fearcta of tlte but, or any other fticcour they could meet with. . Thefe were, Alexis Himkof, tlte mate } Iwan Himkof, his godfoii i Stephen Scharapot, and Feodor Weregin. But as tlie (hore on which they were to laitd was uninha- bited, it was necellary that they ihould n»ke lonie provi- iioB for their expedition. They had atawft two mUes-to I (ra«tl >wr, Joore:ridge9 of ido, i*faich> being nifcd by tha waves, k. mI driven agiitiA each otUer by the wind, reiidered the way equally difficolt and dangerous 1 prudence therefore forbad t)Mir loading tbemlidves too much, left, being over- burdened, tliey might fink in between the pieces of ic6» and perifh. They then provided thcinfelves with a mnf* qiict, and a powder-horn containing twelve charges of powder, withat many bqlls, an ax, a finall kettle, a b^ with about twenty pounds of flour, a knife, a tinder-boK and tinder, a bladder with fqbacco, and every man his wooden pike. Thus aocotitred, dief^ four fiiUori quickly arrived at Spitzbergen, little fufpcAina the misfortunes that would befal them. They began wim exploring the country ; and foon difcovered the hut they were in fearch of, about an Englilh uiilc <«nd a half from the ifiore. It was thirty- fix feet in length, eighteen feet in height, and as many in breadth. It contained a fmall antechamber about twelve fleet, broad, which had two doors, the one to fhut it from the outer air, and thi other to form a commui^ication with the inner room ; tliis contributed greaily to keep the larger ■ room w3rm when once fteatod. fn the large room was an earthen fiove cunftrnded in the Kuflian manner; that is, a kind of oven without a chimney, which ferves occafi- onally either for baking, or iieating the room, or for a eace to fleep upon when the weather is very cold, to Vf hich Iter ufe the Rullian pcafants frequently apply it. 1 he difcovery of tli-; hut was very agreeable to the failorsv who pci ceived it hao fullered much by the weather, it having been built a coniiderable time, but, bad as it was, they contrived to pafs the night in if. Early the next morning they.haftened to the Ihore, impatient tdinfornk their comrades of their fuccefs ; and alio to procure fimm their velTel loch provifions, ammunition, and other nteef- faries, as might better enable them to winter there. When tliey reached the place of their hmding, the aftoiuihraent and agony they felt was inexpreffibly great, on feeing nothing hut an open fea, free from tlie ice, which but a day before had coveted the ocean. A violent (kofm, which bad arifien during the night, had certainly been the cauli: of this difaflrout event. But they could not tail whether the ice, which had before hemmed in the vcflel, agitated by the violence of the waves, had been driven againft her, and fhattered her to pieces ; or whether fhe had been carried by the current iiito the main ; a cir- cumOaitce which frequently happens i»thofe feas. What- ever aofident had bclall||t the Inip, they 6w her no more 1 and as no tidings were eV^ after heardot her, it is moflpro- bable that both Ihe and all on hoaind went 10 the bottom. The unhappv wretches being deprived, by this melan-- choly event, or all hope of ever oeing able to quit the place, returned to the hut fiiU of horror and defpair, and tlieirfirft intention was employed, as may be eaiily imagined^ in devifing means for tlieir fabfiftence, and repairing their hut. The twelve chains of powder which they had brought with them foqn prociirrathem as many rain- deer i and it fortunately happened that there were great number* of thofi: animalt in the country. On examining the hut, they found that there were cracks in many places between the boards of the building, that firoely admitted the aiir. This inconvenience, how- ever, was eafily remedied, as tbey had an ax, and die beams were iUll found, fo that it was eafy for tliem to make the boards join again 1 hefides motii growing in great abundance all over the country, there was more than fuf> ficient to fiop np'tlle crevices, which wooden hoofes muft always be liable to, Thefe climates are habiuble bur to few fpeciet of ani^ mals, by rrafon of the intenfe cold, which 'alfo render* them equally unfit for the produAion of regetablea. Not tree or fhnib of any kind is found in SpitzKtgen ; a cir- cumftance of the molt alarming nature to thefe failors. Without fire, it was impofflbic to refift the vigour of th^ climate ; and without wood, how was that fire to be pro.'- duccd or fupported i Providence, however, has fo ordered it, that in this particular-the lea fopplies the defeAs of the laud. In wandering along the beach, they collcfied plenty of wood, which had been driven alhore by the waves^ and which at firfi confifted of the wrecks of fhips, and afterwards of whole trees with their roots, the prodiKe of fome more hofpitable, but to them unknown, climate* which had been fent into th« ocean by the overflowing of rivers, or other accidents. During the firft year of their exile, nothing proved of ^ more eflentiil fervice to tliem, than fome boards they fouiid K upon the beach, having a long iron ho0k, fome nails of V about five or fix iiMhes long, and proportioraibly thick, r anj( j-.r^ S68 TBI NEW ANB umVEftSAL ST8TS/M or GEOOKAPHY. •ltd otbir bin of iron faed in ihem ( the melanehohr (t- Uqawof fome vd&l caft away in thofe lemote ptiti. Thofe were thrown afhore by the wavet at that time when the 'Want of powder gave our men reafon to apprehend that they m\m fall a prey to hunger, a* they had nearly con- fumed the rein-deer they had ulM. Thi* fortunate circumftanoewtis attended with another equally fo ; for tliey found, on the fAore,' the root of a Ai -tree, ' of a form nearly refemblingf that of a bow, \ ' , which fafhion they, foon brought it to, by the help of a ', knife ; but ilill they wanted a ftring and arrows. Not '. knowing how to procure tbefe at pteferi, the? refolved ' upon making a couple of lanoei, to defend thanfelvet againft the attacks of the white btaA. . '. As neither tlie heads of their lances nor arrows cooUlw '' made witliout the help of a hammer, they contrived to form the Urge .iron hook befere-roentioned into one, by benting it, and widening a hole, it happened to have about its middle, with the help of one of their largeft nails : this received the handle, and a round button at one end of the hook ferved for the (iKeof the hammer. A birge peb- ble fupplicd the place of an anvil, and a couple gf rein- ^ deer huins made the tongs. By means of tbd°e tools they jnade two heads of fpcars ; and after polifhing and fharpen- ing thera on ftones, tliey tied them as (»&. as poflible, with thongs made of rein-deer ikins, to flicks, about the thick- nefs of a man's arm, which tliey gut from fome-branches of trees they found on the coaft. Having no$v equipped themlclves with fpears, theyre- folved t.o attack a wliite bear ; and after a mod dangerous encounter, they killed one, and there by procured a newfup- ply of provifions. Thenelh of this annimal they relilhed exceedingly, as they thought it much relcmbled.beef in talie and tiav^iir. They law, with much pleafure, that the tendons could, with little or no trouble, be divided into filaments of what hncnels they thought fit. 1 his, per- haps, was the mod fortunate difcovery they could msJce ; for they wjrc hereby fumilhed with ftrings for their bow, be{idei otfier advantages. '1 hey next proceeded to forge fome pieces of iron into Jicads of ariows of the fame Ihape, tliough fomewhat fmaller in fize thiin the fpcars. Having ground and'(1iai> pcficd thefe like they former, they tied them, with the finews of the white bear, to pieces of fir, to which, by the help of fine thseadt of tlie fame, thev faftened feathers of fea fowl, and thus became pofleffed of a comp'.ete bow and arrows. I'heir ingenuity refpediMg this was crowned with iuccefs far beyond their expeAation ; for, during the time of their continuance here, they killed no lefs titan two hundred and fifty rein- deer, beiides a great number of blue and white foxes. 'I'he flelh of thefe iiiiimals ferved them alio for food, and their Ikins for cloathin^ and other necef- fary ptefervatives aeainft the intenfe colc'nefs of a climate fo near the pole. But they kilkd only ten white bears in oil, and that not witliout the utmoft danger ; for tbefe animals, being prodigioiilly ftrong, defended themfelves with aftonilhing vigour and fury. They ailacked the firft bear defignedly, but the other jnirtcthcy killed in defending themfelves from their alTaults : for fome ol thefe creatures oven ventured to enter the outer room of tite hut, in order to .devour them. * It is true, all the bears did notlliew equal ferocity, either owing to fome being lefs prefTed by hunger, or to their being naturally lefs carniverous than the otheta : for fome of them which entered the hut immediately betook themfelves to H'jht on the firil attempt of tlie failors to drive them away. A re- petition, however, of thefe attacks, threw the poor men ji.to great terror and anxiety, as i i vrcre almoft iu per- petual danger of being devoured. The three different kinds of animals before- mentioned, 'viz. the rein-deer, the foxe>, and the white bean, were tlie only food tlieic wretdied mariner* taftcd during their continuance in this dreary abode. They were ^o for fonte time reduced to the iieceflitv of eating tlieir meat Suite raw, and without eitlier bread or lalt, for neither of lefe could btf procured. The intenfeneb of the cold, together with the want of proper conveniences, prevented them from cooking their viauals in a proper manner. I'here was but one (love in tlic hut, and that was not well adapted for boiling any thing. Wood alfo wu too prtxious a commodity to be expended in keeping up two fires i and the one they might have made out of their habitation to drefs their viAuals, could never have lerved to warm them : bcfides, tlie continual danger of an attack from the white bears, was another rcafoii ag«inft their mnkina in the oMn ajr- As tlie eating their meat half raw proved veiy dlfagresi- . 3 ble, '..: order, thetefoh^ to retilMiy itt foiti« meafure that harJ<'.ip, they bethought themfelvet of drying fome of tfatirpiotifions, d«trin| the fttmRier, in the open air, and ■fieVirards of hanging it up in the upper part of the hnt, whieh was continually filled with fmoke. ' This meat, fo prepared, thevtifed for bread, and it made them relifli \M\i other tU&k the better, at they cooM only half-dreft it. Findinc this experiment anfwer their wifhea in every re- fpeft, Uiey continued to praAife it duritu; the whole time of thcit- confinement in tins country, and always kept up, by that meant,, a fufficient ftock of provifions. In fum> mer, they had water from fmall rivolets that fell from th^ rockt ; and in winter fivm the fnow and iliawrH ice ; this wu (d coarfe their only beverage i and fi»r drinking, aiid other puraofet, their fifuU kettle WM the only veflel tliey could inahe ufe of. ^ Scafiearing peoplaMH* knotnt to b« ettremely lubjeA to die feurvy, and thit difoile iiKreafet in proportion as they approach tlw polct i which muft be attributed to the ex- ceflive cold, or ftune other caoft yet unknowni The failort, therefore, feeing tbcmfelvct <)«iite deftitnte of every meant of cure, in cafe they flioold be attacked with fe bxA , a diforder, judged it eapedient nottonecMa any rejpmen ' generiilly adopted u a prefervaiive againil thit impending evil. I wan Hinkof, one of their numhai, who had feveral times wintered on the coaft of Spitsbergen, adtifed his unfortunate companions to fwaltow raw and froeen meat broken into fmall bits; to drink die blood of rein* deer warm at it flowed from their veipt inunediately after killing them; to ufe at much exercife as polfible, and; laftly, to eat feurvy-gnft, which thit eoHntry pro* duces. Thefe remediet experience prqvtd to be effectual ; for three of the failon, who purfued thit niKhod, continued totally firee from all uint of the diferdlir. .The fourth F()dor Weregin, who was naturally indolent, averfe to drinking the rein-deer blood, and unwilling to leave the hut when he could poffiUe avoid it, was, foon after their arrival feized with the feurvy, wbkh afterwards became fo bad, that he paffed almoft fix years under the greateft fuf- ferings : in the latflr part of that time he became fo weik^ that be could no ]on|;eF fit ereft, nor even raife his hand to hit moutli ; fo tliathit humane companiont were obliged to feed and attend him to the hour of his dealk, at if he had been a new-bom in£utt. They foon found the necefliiy of keeping np a continual fire in fo cold a climate, and perceived that if it (houlil unfoitunately go out, they had no meant of lighting it again; for though they had a fteel and flints, yet they wanted both match and tinder. In their excurfion< thtough the country they had met with a flimy loam, or a kind of clay, on* of ".hich they found means to form a uieiifil that migh ,cr - for a lamp ; and they propofed t« keep it conflantly hi-r-img, with the fat of the animalt they fliould kill. Thit wat certainly the moft rational fcbeme they could have thought of; for to be without a light, ill a climate where, during winter, darknefs reignt for feveral montha together, would have added much to tlieir other calamities. Having therefore fofhioned a kind of lamp, they filled it with rein-deers fat, and ftuck in fome twitted linen fliaped into a wick. But they bad the mortification to find, that u ibon as the fat melted, it not only foaked into the clay, but ran througli on all fides. It was therefore neocfiaryto dcvifefome means for r eventing this inconvenience, not arifiag from cracks, bu^ from the fubAance of which the lamp wat made being too porout. Tliey therefert made a new one, drifed it thofrfroghly in tha air, then heated it red-hot, and afterwardt quenched it in their kettle, wherein they had boiled a quantity of flour (part ;of the fmall bag they bad pteferved) down to the confiflerice of thin ftarch. The hmp being that dried, and filled with fiit, tiiey now (bwid. to their great joy, it did. not leak: but, for greater feenrity> they dipped linen rags in their pafte, and with them covered all itt outfidei. Succeeding in thit attempt, they immediately made another lamp, for fear of an accident, that in all eventa they might not be deftituK of light ; and when they had made thefe two, they thought proper to lave the re- mainder of their flour for fimilar pnrpofet. As they had carefully colle£led what ever happened to be caft en lhoi« to fupply them with foei, they had found amon;; the wrecks of veflels fome cordage, and a fmall quantity of oakum, which ferved them to make wicks for their 1 imps. When thefe ftores began to fail, their fliirts and drawer* * were employed to make good the deficiency. By thefe s»an: sbsy kspt • luup burning wichoui intermilhon, from the day they firil made it, till that of their embaikation. Ihty ^trriiJ^ftfi8|na30 -«d lo ihat ii'geiiuit jr «thtcti necrflity lugprilt, and which ftldoni fatU in the trying; hour of dil- ■treli. l*bey bad^&ini of rein deer and foxea in abandaflcc) that had liitKerio fervcd them fur bedding, and which they now thought of employing in feme more eflential fervice i i but tho queft'on was, liow to tan them. Aft«r deliberating oa ihii nratter, they took the following mfethod: they foaked thefkinsforfeveraldayiin frcfh-water, till they could r'loff tlM hair taler.ibly well | they then rubbed the wet her «>ith their handi tilt it wa« nearly dry, when they :fpread fomc mclled rein-derr't fat over it, and again rubbed it well. By this procofs, the leather became Mt, pliant, and fapple, proper for anfwering every purpofe for which St WBi intended. Tbote Ikiiis wliich they deligned for fur* the next roa- letial thing wanted ; but thit drficiency was fupplied by their knife ) and though tliercwai neither taylor nor fhoe- maker amongft ihcm, yet tlu y coitrtfted to cut out their leather and furs well en'ou,-;h for the purpofe. The finews of the bears and rein-deer frrved them for thread ; aiij then they proceeded to maketlieir new cloaths with the ne- tsiiary implements which they had provided. They wore, in fummcr, a kind of jacket and trowfert, aoade of ikins, prepared a% above ; and in winter they wore loi.^ fur gowiir, like the Sainoicds or Laplanders, faniiihed with a hood, which covered their head and neck, leaving only an opening for the face. Thefe gowns were fewed dofc round ; fo tliat they were obliged to bring them •vav tlicir heads, like a (hirt, when they put them on. After thefe diftn^fied exiles had palTcd near fix years in tbit di&nal plioe, Feoder Weregin, whofe illneft we be- ibre took notice of, and who all along had been in a languid condition, died ; after having, in the latter p.irt of hit life, fuflvred the moft excruciating paint. Though they vrere thus freed from the trouble of aitendinj! him, and riK grief of beings witncOes to h!'. mifery, without being able to afford him any relief, yet they weiv greatly aiieded at Um dentil. They faw the number leflened, and every one wilhcd to b« tlie firft that (hoold fallow him. As he died ki winter, they dug a grave in the fnow as de

    of Aoguft, 1749. The veflel bilonged to a trader of the fed called bv its adliercnta Stara Vieva, Am it, the Old Faith, who had come from Archangel, and propofied wintering in Nova Zambia 1 but the con- trary vrinds they met with m their paflage made it Impof- lible for (hem to reach the place of their deftination. The vedel was drivtn towards Spitabergcn, direftly oppo- file to the rcfidenee of our mariners, who, as loon as tney pCTCiivtd her, haftened to light fret on the hills neareft itwir bsMtaitoni, and then ran to the beach, waving a fag made of rcin-deer't bide Aftened to a pole. The people •n board, leeing thefc fig'ials, came to an anchor not tjtr .. from the land, at they concluded that there were men on the fhore who inaploted their afitftance. Th« ioy of thel'e poor people, on feeing the moment of tteirdvlivcrancv fone;ir; wai alinoft indelciibablc. They No. 57. ibon tgrewi 'With the raiiter ot thi 1k\ft6 work kt htM tm the voytge, and to pay him oichtv riibiet on dtelr ir-^ lival, for taking them on board wjth all their ridiei« which eon(M^ in^ttfify pud, br (wo thouGmd poundt wei^t, ofrehMle«r'tliit, in maiw hides of theiii animaii, and in (kins of the blue and white loxet, together with thdfe of the t»h white bears which they had killed. They took care not to forg^theirbows and arrows, their fpears. their knife and ax, which were aliiioil worn, out; alfo their awla and their needles, which thcv kept caieftilly in a bone 1^ very ingenioufly made with tne knife only. • On the 28th of September, 1749. our adventurers ar- rived ftfie at Archangel, having fpent fix years and three months in th'eir rueful folitude. But the moment of their landing had neatly proved fiital to the loving and beloved wife of Alexis^Himkof, who, being piefent when tho veflel came into port, ' immediately knew her hulband, znd ran with fo much eajernefs to hil embraces, that fhe narrowly efcaped being drowneJ by flipping into the water. On their arrival, they were all three Arong and healthy | but having lived fo long without bread, they t;ould not re- concile themfelves to tha ufe of it ; neither did they drink ■Oy thing but water, as they could not bear any fpirituoui liquors. We (hall conclude our defcriptlon of GfecnlantTvriih a curious narrative ol' the methods made ufe of by eight feamen, via. William Fakeley, gunner ; Edward Pelliam, gunner'i-mate ; the writer of this n*rrative, John Wife, and ITobert Qoodrat which had been left there by the company, they loaded that with tlie greaves of whales (being the pieces which remain in the cop]>crs, after th'i oil is drawn from them), and retftned with their booty to Belfound. Here happened to be fet up a large fubflantial 7 ^ booth. ^o Tbs new Ana ^m^mKtA%'mmTiM it GEOGftAMim ^ bootb, which iIm cgoprri worKcd in M tl» iifliing feafon : it was eighty feet lon^, and fifty brotd, c«ve«ed wkk D«tcb tilcsi mi tlie UMt well boarded. Wiiliin ihii booth thefe failon deiermiited to build anotlMr of left di- nttiifIons« being fvmiibed with boardt and timber, by |iulliiig down a booth which flpod near tlw ftwmer; and trom the chimnics of three fuTnaces, ufed for the boiling of oil , they got a tlioufand bricks, they found alfo four hogflbeads of very line linte, which, mingled with the fsoA on the fea-ihore, nude excellent mortar. The weather was by tliis time grown fo cold> that they were obliged to have two fires, to keep tl>cir mortar from feezing. They pcififleJ, however, m their work, and niiicd a v>«Q of the tUieknef* of a brick againft one of the fides of their innermoil booth ; but wanting bricks to finifh the reft in like manner, tliey nailed thick boards on each fide the timbers, and filled up tlie fpace between with fandi by which means it became lo tight and clofe, that the leaft breath of air could not enter in ; and the chimney's vent was in tlie greater booth. TIte length of tltis lefler booth, was twenty feet, the breadlh (ixteen lect, and the height ten ; t^ir cieliiW being made of deal boards five or fii tiilKS double, aiiJf 'o overlaid, that no air could poflibly come in from thence. I'hcir door they did not only make as firongund clofe as poflible, but lined it witli a bed which they found there : lliey ni>de no windows, except a little Iiole in the tiles of the greater booth, by which they re- ceived fome light dpwn the chimney of the kfler : they then made four cabbins, chufiug to lie two in each cabbin. Their beddiii^ was tlieikinsofthcrein-deer, the fame titc Laplanders ule, and they found them exceedinglv warm ; and for firing, tliey took to pieces fome caflcs, and feven or eight of the l>oats which were left behind (for it leems they uic a great many boats in whale fifhing, which they leave m the country every winter, rather than be at the troul>le of carrying them backwaids and forwards). Our failors fiovvcd their firing between tlie beams aivl roof of the greater booth, iit oiitr to iliake it the warmer, and keep out the fnow, which would have covered every thing in the greater booth, if it had not been for this contrivance. On the 1 2th of September obferving a piece of ice come driving towards the fliore, with two mories, or fca-horfes, aflrep upon it, they went out in their boat with a harping iron and fpears, and killed them both } and on the 19th of the fame ntonth another, which was fome addition to tlieir food. But uking a very narrow furvey of all their yrovifions, they found that there was not half enough to ferve them the whole winter ; and therefore tliey Hinted themfelves to one meal a day, and agreed to keep Wed- nerdays and Fridays as fading days, allowing themfelves Then only the fritters or greaves of the whales, which is Very loatlifonie food. By the ,'cthof Oifiober theaig^is were grown long, and tlie weather fo cold, that the fea was frozen over ; and having no bufinefs now to divert their droughts, IS hcKtofore, they began to refleA on their miferable circumftauces, fomctimet complaining of tlte cruelty of the mailer of die (hip, in leaving them behind i and at otliers, excufing hiro, and bewailing his misfor- tunes, as believing him to have pcrilhed in the ice. At fcngth potting their confidence in heaven, which only could rdieve tbem in their great difircfs, they redoubled their prayers for ftreiigth ana patience to go through the difmal trial, and received great fatisfvftion from tliKir de- votions, which no doubt were as finccre ana tervent as ever were offered up to tlie Divine Being. Having now again furveyed their provifions, they found that the fritters of the whale were aimoft all mouldy, having taken fome wet ; and of their bear and venifon there was fcarce enough left to afford them five meals a week ; whereupon it was agreed to live four days of the week upon the mouldy fritters, and the other three to Ibaft tipon bear and venifon ; and left there fhould want firing l^creaftCT, to drefs their meat, they thought tt proper to toM every day half a deer, and ftow it up in hoglheads ; and with this kind of food tlicy filled three hoglheads and a half ; leaving fo much raw as would ferve to roaft every Sundi.wul thehr day a litth Kr increaft. They counted thair days it feemt, by the aiOMi> and weic feexaA, thai at the raturn of the fhippiiSB, they were able to tell the very day of the m^nth on wfaidi tlw Ami arrived. At fi>r light wiiMn doora, ihcf made than three Umpi of fome Aeet lead they had found tipon ono of the cooleit : and tlicrt happened to b« oil enoa^ to* fupply tbem in the cooper's tent » for wicks, they madr ufc of rope-yarn ; and thefe lanips were verv comfeftabk te thaui In that long-continued night. But uill their oailiny was fttch, that they could not fbibear altenng hafty fpceches againft the authors of their ■mlertanaa; at othar times, reneAing on their farmer ili-fpcnt Uvos, ibey cow fidered this as a juft punifkment of their olfcnces, and at otlier time* tliey were referred to bear witncfs to God's wonderful mercy in their deliverance ; therefore ifatY in- plored the proteAion of tlic Almighty, and contmoei conftantly to iiUI down on their knees tito or three timea a da*. ThecoM increaM to that depee, after the new yaw comimnced, tliat it fometimes raifed bMlers in their llefb, as if they had been burnt, and the iron they toached ftuck to their fingers. When tbev went abroad fW water, the cold often leised them in lucli a nunncr, that it made them fore, as if they had been ieverely beaten. Their w»> ter, the firft part 0/ the winter, iflited firem a bay of ice, and ran down into a kind of bafon, or receptacle, by the fea-fide, where it renuined with a thick ice over it, whidt they dug open at one certain place with pick-axes every day. This continued to the tenth of January, and then they drank fiiow-water, incited with a hot iron, until the twentieth of May following ; and now they look another review of tlieir provifions, which tliey found would not laft them above fix weeks longer. To alleviate their roifcry, on the tht'd of February, they were cheered again with the bright rays of the fun, wliKh (hone upon the tops of the fnowy mountains with an inconceivable lufire : to tliem, at leaft, this afforded the moft delightful fcene that was ever beheld ; and after a night of many weeks or fome months, what could b« imagined more pleafing to a mortal eye I As an addition to their joy, all the bears began 10 appear again, on the flefh of which they had made many liearty meals; bst thefe animals were as ready to devour our countrymen, as they were the heart, and, oeing pinched with hunger is this barren place, came up to their very door. One of tlicfe creatures, with her cub, tliey met at the entrance of tlieir apartment, and gave her fuch a reception with their pikes and lances, that they laid her dead upon the fpot, and the young one was g\id to make his cfcapa ; but thff weather was £0 cold tluit they could not ftay lo flay her, but dragged tlie beaft into their houfe, and tnere wetit tap work, cutting her into pieces of a ftone weight, one of which (erved them for a dinner'; and upon this they fed twenty days, efteeming her flefh beyond venifob, only her liver did not agree with then ; for upon catitif it, th;ir fkins pealed m; thoa|^ one of the compaiky wlw was fick, attributes hit cure, in part, to tlw eating of it. If it be enquiied how they kept their verafonand bear's flelh without fait, it is to be obferved, the cold i* fo ex- treme, that no corpfe or carcale ever putiifies^ Had- they been (locked with lalt provifions, they had in&Uikly died of the fcurvy, as otiiett did, who were left en (bore, SMicb better provided with liquors and other neceflaries than thefe poor men were. By that time they had eaten up this bear, others came about their booth fieqeeDtiy, to the number of forty and more, of which tliey killed feven (one of tlicm fix feet high at leaft) rottfting their ftelh open wooden fpits. Having now plenty of provifions, they ato heartily tvro or three times a day, and could find Ihcit ilrengtl) increafe apace, and dicir hiealth eftabiifhad. The fixteentb of March being now «.omc, and the days of arcafonable length, tlic fowls, which in the winter iea* fon were tied to the fouthward, began to refbrt to Green- land again in great abundance i here they live and breed in fummcr, feeding upon fmall fifti. The foxes alfo which had kept clofe in their holes under the locks aU the win- ter, now came absoad, and preyed opon the fowls, of which oar countrymen, having taken fome, baited trape with their fkins, and caught tufty foxes in them, which they toafied, and fowtd to be very good ipcat i at Itaft in the opinion of men who had fed liitherto pretty much on bear's fiefh. Thus they continued taking fowls and f^sea till the firft of May, meeting with no othct niitfoituaes. ilF5w*;>sf-ic***ia>af ^'.M-sil a*w.'^-aiT*t .m-^* (II 1IQ«>S.l P % If I J fr. Jt ^|#-' ,./ /ft ••np^.tlM Mt of MB of dttU MftitafAUP trymert, looking unon them a* fo niailf a^ijlli' mnplm heaven to tbcik rwief: but tUeta wil OM ■iotv" ' '"* flUI in^ Ikon, which no man would hB«8 MpteM i ,„ the fliipi which now arrived wai couipaaM hp fllf L^ mafter which left thelan|tyl began to revile and curfe them, calling ^iaft rogaes aM runaways : and this fame man, itleeffls, had lefkTevcn wtuSt'iSii ing was over, where tbey received a gratuity from tbd. Ruffia company, and weie otherwife well provided f:: *» them. F. . I ■BtsasSssU CHAP. VW. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF u -ft' SECT. I. ennrimhg tgmeral attiwa *f tht Undm sfPruffa \ wiiM t Pruffit, pr$fer// /i talltJ, Brandtniurg, Prujiian Pimt- rania, Siutiifi Ptmrania, MagtUHrg and HaUtrjfaJt ; Ikrir ttaniarut and txttnt, Itwns, rivtrty inhaUtaatt, trad*, tliamtfyfiil, tr»dan, animals, bfc. THIS moHftrchy is compofcd of twenty 'One principal diviliotit; namely, i. Ducal, now Regal Pruma, lituated in Poland; a. Brandenburg; 3. Prnffian Pome- lania; 4. Swcdifli Pomerania, in Upper Saxony ; 5. Mag- deberg: 6. Halbtrftadt, in Lower Saxony; 7. Glatz, in Bohmia; 8. Mir. but in 1657, the eleftoiv Frederic WiUi-'jn, had tl.. v - /ereignty confc< «-. rd tc him and his heirs, on condition ul its returning tb . ',« Pole* ia cafe of the fiiilure of heirs m^le. In ^7;', itwuraifedto a kingdom, ay the eleAor Trederic, ' was in a ihcil time after vnivcrfally acknowledgect . 'ns of PrulBa. He inftiiuted the order of the black eagle, at Koningfberb at the time r f his coronation. The enfign is a goldcrol^ like that of \f alta, enamelled with blue, and worn at tlM end of a bniad orange-coloured ribbon, which p^Sc* over the left Ihor.lder : the number of knight* is always thirty* and the fo';erei£n is the grand matter. Ia tdC year T740, hit"prefent Prulfian inajefty fonadal the order of merit. Tne nark it a g6Ucn ttoA, with ■^#^* «>fe The new and t7#JiV*RfAE S^rs^BM a» OEOOJtlATHT. I ^rfKiiTnti, ''nimelled with azun. tiyi on- die #Mr^ I ■■ ■* -:,»" ^ I» jl^ftlftirioft of an excellent police, »he pre ' nt Wn|( ' ' Iwought thi-; coui.erf into* trery . :i. ^I•iff^. IMTBttiaiion: The impom are trivial, and the .. port* t^V,,conre(JMntly'.icl>u*aiicei« greatly in fiiyoa; aflHi ftfunny; "tw •". ^ •.i'<"tirri, exports^ ttc, ^mng iron*- kiitk, papei. co^wi. ' *'. , iinen, gold lace, fiWer ^Ke, ilMtftoret, iilh. Ok li, n'low, glals, gnnpowder, cltJth, fiinDlBt, ^k, ftocktn. > jv -oet, liiufeed, uemp-ieed, mead, WyiW, ^c. With thtfc commodities, up-.jrds of thref Buit^t.e^ .-< J piiticul,' JiftriA, and all the young n •:• i,f t'lt id ''.it fcfin|, ingiftenned, are obliged, vibiii aikA u.n, ir. _' ;;i vl,( iei^iiiirtit. ■' This couniiy wiis tbrmc.'.y ;ijv'd«'. ', : l 'jernur. .iiul Litliuan'aii S^niHui ; Gev^nir, Pri\!ii.u;.J I'v-inin?, two '..un- died and e^ginv p:.r iIjc;, tnd Litu .w»>tl^vj:Sif ttneJwjri- drcd and fjrc inri'hcl ; \mt iti ;ntj!» \ livifioa :f into the provjr.Mi of Liitl.' I.iiiiiiaiita, O' :-(!ir.ri, NanM'K'an, and Samiai'vV This '!■'' r pcvina c( circle iies v.iu the gulf • **Coot:.. d, and i« .I'turwxd fur:tfae vaft'q^rainitiM.of , «in^ whi ill ir. fojnd o,^nn tj>e coai^. i • I'^e pi rfuipl pia^J ar«i Ko-nigAwtjE;, or Koningfr . Ihi,> the -ajjiio'; nni only of ihii province, but ot the. ^ itti^lt kii.gdam of '> d(r^ ; which is fit\)ated on the river Pn y!l, »n fifty-four Ot/rees, forty-two minntn, north it- titodo, and twenty oru degrees, thirty-five minuttj,<«ft' >nigitude. It ia well h: 'ihed, b*$ iieven 4>ridgrt ovetthc f<-e*r^', i.i»d was founded by Offocarut or Premiiiaoi I. king i^3';hamia, in the year 1255, when that king ctaie ■v i». t'i~ iAOanci of the Teutonic knights, againfi '.be tw- Jv.'i.-i'andcfB. It confifti properly of dti'.'e towa:;, fo manj branches of tlie liver, witk the n'- !:s in England are in general mwih fuperior to it. A A^Tofeliur Ihewrd me the library and other apartments ; M-. IS is nothing worth looking at, except the origiitsi pafs> |,jft jtivcn by Charles V. to Martin ^uther. When Is at- Icn ' (he diet of Worms, in 1521, and figned by tlie em- peror's hand : this merits prefervation. Koningfbetg has a cdntid'^i'abk trade in hemp and flax ; but it is feven Ger- man or thirty-five Engli» >< 0ii.e of cont'deraM* trade, and tRnfoWn and harbour ak dektii^tA b"; a ftrortf fart well Ranted with cann u 1 h vv*'ti»>(^la iu -.vhi f» Pilhiw is fltSated, it. ftern i. feiti;-** irtd pli>liu«nei<., termed the PrMfian Paradife. ■ TUTnitinvlltegearWogftfr! 5: in the nelghbotlrbt .-!. of Pillaw, #here*''t.-gw>ostr- ifiTd#V- r'.ed:..; ,►, «r:'(. csvirr ismndeo.'h: '. r6Ws. tiiLrt M ^ narrow Hip r,f land called the Curifehe Ke» nine, ov PeniafulaCi'tnenlis, r n ,h feparaies the Baltick feafioKiU';!*^, called «.'nri((:ht.lloff J itisabarren, nar- row^ »\il'-' f'ytiiJS," '• The lo'.v'i of Walau, fihiatcd at tlie conflux of tho Pregel aiiii AUe, confifts of .two prli.:ipal and f'-'e ■ oft (beets, but -.hn nv ■ onia;n i/xtve three hunJtid Lov.ies : '.t was founi Li the yras \ ^36. JJear this place a '^ Girv and Little FrodcTTc'.; cismils, which much facilitat-: the \t\aui navigation the kii)^- doro: tholfingof J'affia .iirthafed !l)e'proj:c *j tf tlii:'ff canals,, and thcii reJi^ftivc tolls, 01 iio WaliicB burg fa- mily, in theyear-^l^i^. The circle or province of Nantangan adjoins to Sam- land : it is fertile and populous ; and contains, i. An* gerbutg, which is defttided by a flroiig c2ftle; it is cele» orated for a capacion^, bi. lo'iful, and well ertdowed diurch. a. Raftinburg, a handfoiv.c town, with ii caftle on the river Guleer. ^, Gvdav.ou, on the river Omer, founded in 1325 1 it has two caillc". 10 defend it, and an elegant pa- lace with fine gardens'..! 'J Oberland was formerly -. "iry confiderable province ; ia at prefent ' equally fertile, tiat left pop^ilous. th^r it ii0 been. Itcootains, 1. Odtirode, aconiidcrable townon the lake of I>ibtntz, remarkibie only for its (alt works, a. Holland is a wcU- fortified, baiKii'oiue cov'ti, near the rivwr Weiike \ here are fooe excellftiti: falt-woikt, iMitagazin* for corn, forrage, Arc ,9. . MnrungeO, ^ft,.-finaii vralU built town, fituated u[>on a uke to whicb it give^ name, iai uMtedingly well-lbrtilRed. : 4. iMarien^cntler-is^a coiifat dtrable town, neatly built, and . rbafantly fituated afjm theViftula, and on the borders of Fomersniiu : .-^ Little Lithuania is oik; hundred and forty 4bur miles iis length, and in general above fifty iu breadth. This pro* vince is very woody, and was %'moft depopulated by thi peftilence in 1710 : but king Frederic William rcdored it,' by encouiagiiK; a great nuuiner of foreignen to fettle in iti fince this time it has been v.'xtrtmrly well cultivated, ana abounds withall the necefliiiiis of lite. Itcontaini the fol* lowing pUccs : i. Memel, a wcU-fortificd town on the lakt- Curifche HofF, nbout eighty utiles firom Koniiigibog. It !ia» a confiderable trarle in liax, lintfred, thrrid inJ henw. Here are alfo a brewery, a foap manufaaury, • bit factory, royal magazine, and a firong citadel to dolcnd the whole, 2. Tittfet, dctendcd by acaftle, is famed for its cattle, and the excellent butter made in. the neighbou.''- h(x>d : it alfo contains a fail-laflory. 3. Infierburg, at the eoiifiwx of the Infler,, with the Angerap, is defended by a caille, contains a g comt, and has a confider ' is inhabiteu by about tlir herca, a fmatl townof f ter granted to it in 172-. . ftill more fo. ?«fh by palliladeet, tr > ' . II. 6tan4uk(^ < eafti LunebSt^ < .ii. > and Silefia, tr4.S n^ It iS'twokondiu. ■' is«bouionelianb' J, 1^ dinwte is> excee in pnerat not fruitful dUHi^ under die rMgr ary, filt-fa£tory, und high 1' • '■r,--'.s for beer aiid corn ; if fund families. 4. Sttdtope^ .' '« in cattle : it had a char- U fcar^, and frelh water :uull town : it is furroundoA ong caftle to defisnd i... J ete£lor4te has Poinod en tH» iwil ; Pomeiania on. the noHlu lAorate of Saxony on tlie fouth. i '<''n<^th, and its grcateft lurcadth ' -:old in winter, liiid t.'ie foil ■^ in a great lAcafuraiandy, ' .i law and pieiitut foveteig^ a variety • • 1: k..j,«r---f*. fttfROt^fi.) ^ H tl I s i A. * »«rietv of methpdi hire bee li tiiun to ifflprovt ih TIm |>ror feven or ^ght months , hut they haye plenty of firing, It is iiot very fruitful, byreafon of iu coki and watery foili b« it has large forefts abounding with deer. The Old Marck, however, Is faid to have plenty of herbs and fruit, and the New March hu fonie com and paftiire, wherein are fed great flocks of flieep, and fome black cattle. They boaft, indeed, in lome parts, of their wine, but the Saxons def- pife it to a proveib. The country people are generallv ppor, and have forry houlcs of accoroinomtion. La FoKit Mys, that if they were u much given to trade, as to drink- ing and feafting, they might make eonfiderable profit of their fliecp, and breied more black cattle ; yet tliey are univerfally allowed to be brave. Their commodities are chiefly exported by the Elbe and the Oder, betwixt which there is a commurtieation by a caital, which Ctvu tlieir paying toll in the Sound. The country is alfo watered by ., other good riven, particularly the Spiee, the Havel, tlie ' V ffetse, the Ufcer, and the warta t and it hat many lakes (the chief of which it the Ukencee) the beft ftocked with fifli of any in Germany. I. The New Muck, lying next to Silefia, wechufeto .•:4efcribe.firft. It h** Silefia on the fouth, the Middle ^. Marck on the weft and fouth-weft, Pobind on the eaft, and runs out to Pomerania on the noith. The Oder divides it from the Middle Marck, and the Ukcr Marck,. It it , , about one hundred miles in compafs. It belonged many { years to the knights of the Teutonic order, tillthc 13th ^century, when it was ptirchafcd by the Brandenburg &- 1: mily I but they^had not peaceable pofleflion of it till the I6tb. ^uno "^ hit notes on Cloverius, fays, that moftof this marquifate was fold to the emperor Ourlet ly. by ' Otho of Bavaria, for twenty hundred thoufand pieces of gild, which O0IO a.rrtwaidi fpent in the caftle of Wolf- ein, upon a baker*! wife, whom he had debauched. This } divifion abounds more than any of the others in com and 1 «afiure, and hu vineyards on the banks of the Oder, -*' Dot they are of no great account. Sometimes the boort ^•: find quantities of old coin, and precious ftones, which they ,, fell for little. ■'* Thr cliief ftinjii, 1 it, are, I. Cuftrln, or Kuftrim,yitt i r<'*.:cn tni;(.' .lovil. of Franckfort, and forty five. t"'l of Ktrltu. '■ wa» but a fiftiing village till 1537, when ;twat walled with ?ne, aud rtberwile fonlfled, and is reckoned the key of U.< 'ew Marck. Guftavut Adolpbus befieged it in vain in 1631. It it ftr^^gboh by art and nature, being fituate in a marfti, at x confiUX of the Oder and Warta. It has an arfenal ..cl' fumi(h:d, and a citadel which it reckoned impregnable. The burghers Bave neat houfet, well furnifhed, and the r^Htct-ptace is (bc' beft in all the irutquifate. It has two churches, in one of which, near ttw palace, are interred its princes. Befi^es (he town council, there is a coti.icil of the regei..:/ her: for this div'fion, and a court of bailiwick. S. Faik'nbur"; on th» river Fnve. or R.i'ca, thirtv>eif'ht t«:.i',«)t i^uth of (Solberg, fifty eaft of Steiin,'and oiie bun* •ii.i feven miles north-eaft of Berlin, on the f^'ontiert m ^* i'i. '.iTania, it only noted for its ftron;; cafiie. . 3. DripflcBt or Dnjfm, in Latin Driela) aniitiier b«ri| with 4 fortrefs, reckoMd iropitgnabte, near the Pi*. lilh froitticr, it the oonflaxaf the Natiainii tbs Fragt; eighty milek lietth-caft of BeHini On the Pblifti fide KH dmnded by * largi marlh, which reAchu altttoft t Ahii^iiiit- fliot front the tdwn t and itt two riven part it the tntraftoi of the pUce, artd eiicldlc ii The fortification it a HigiUar pentagon, with ditches. The Swedes took it by thb 6ta;^ c^ei7 of oiie of thd lilluyunts lii 1639, bilt tmoiM it bf the peace itt i6co, , .4- Ltndq^rg, bit th« river Warta, hcether with Mcektenbdrg, the Uker Miitk, aitd the New Marck; which laft divifion bounds it likewiic on the eafti together with Silefia ; oil the fouth it has Lufatia, and the duchy of Saxony ; and the duchy of MagdeboUrg, on the weft; The chief towns »ti, i. Lebus, or Libusi on the Odtfr< fix miles north of Fraiickfort, twelve fotith Of Cuftrin, ana forty eaft of Berlin. It vras formerly a bifhopric, fontided by Micedaus, the firft Chriftian prince of Poland, about the year 695. It embraced the reformation in 1 jjj, and in 1628, it was united to the dominions 6f Brandenburg, by the elcAor, who was its bifhopi and^ as fuch, chan- cellor of the unlveriity of FraiKkfott. The fee, which has fince been lecnlarieed, wu fuflragah to the iidiUOiop of Gncfna, in Poland. The town ftands between two. - hills, on one of which are the ruihs of the old caftie of th* bilhop, which wu burnt. 1. Franckfert on the Oder, about tHi niilfet notth fioM' thabordera of Lubiia, fixtedn weft from thofe of Poland and Stetin, one hundred and thirty north of Prague, and two hundred and fifty three north-w^ft 6f Vienna. TbO Oder, over which there it a largb timber brideet divides it into two parts. It is faid to have been founded in tho year nA, by Sunno, a prince of the Franks, who drovd out the Vandals, and planted a colony here of hit own people. In i2$«, it wu rebuilt, and enlarged (.."lo tUrAr by the eleftor John I. In 1379, the eleAor Sigifmuiij gave it great privileges, upon its entering into the leaguO of the Hanfe towns; and Joachim I. founded an univer- fityherein 1506, fupplying it with learned profiiflbnlrom Leipfick ) fince which rime it has bred many learned men< The Proteftant relieion wu eflabliflied here in 1538. I( wu once a free and imperiil city ; but now exempt, and not fo eonfiderable as formerly. Nevertbelcfs it his a eon- fiderable trade, chiefly in linen Cloth and fSellt, by the Oder, and the canal betwixt diat river and the Elb» and has thre* great fairs a year. The ftreets are wide, the lioufes well built, and the market place is fpacious and flately. This city hu flood the fhock of various revolutions. It was pm under tlie ban of the empire by the emperof Charles IV. and, to pacify him, the inhabitants forced to (>•/ him down twelve thoufand marks of filver. In 1631, the Swedes took it by ftorm. When they put all the inlia^ bitsnts to die fword, to revenge the maflacre of two thoU- fand Swedes, whom the emperor's general, count TiJIyt had iuuumanly put to death in the city of Brandenburg. ' However, it was reftored io the eleAor by (be peace of Weftphalia. Without the gates there are the ruins of an antiant Carthufirn moflaftery. of which Jolnnnn ab Id- dtgine, faid to have wrote three hundred traits on various fubjc'itt, was prior. From hence to Berlin, which is a flat faudy %untrv, the roadleaUb luiough. 7 ( {vMuM- j#| T«« NEW ARO UNlVE^RSfAl ^Vsfr^M o» OEOdftAt»rtV. Mahth«atMt|, lt<««tcd iMtwvin FniW^ltfort oh t)w ^ tni Btihfi. Thh is a Tnull towp. inbabited chieAV of thof« Fnnch Froteflanu who Icn cdiA of Nints wh repealed, city of Fuiilenwald fianda on tb« tre divided iati'tWo-iotttUt attJ niiie pavillions, at art 0juafdiftance ftvm each other. The architcAure on tM oatfide it gothic i but the infide i« more itMgnificciit, and very lo{¥y and lightfome. The niangeri are of ftene, and the pillars of the ftandfi of iron, adorned with hit iikajeAy'a la liK kttof a baiUwick, an^ sM- cypher cllt, Over the manger* are ftveral large piAurei ;. J 'ri%ftlM1iiMiliKdlnWM«g'iftod». TJIebi^ of ^uA' AiUta ^rojefli tb^afds the river, a fleo|i« be(n|{' foriMl hVnr<«if a-Vi'M^rt, byf- ther defeend. Hero )uko(4}h^ilmtmivtk fbr the mafter of the horft; and the Mftrki^UtieJtr ^ib' tai^ rdoni oVar the flM^^ii 'a;rU^t^iMiiatorali%Uii|ofPralllt%doiti>^^^ ,,.^. ^_ ^ , IMoM of tfieTar|«ft, fihUT/ arid molt pqfgiJaina dtlif^^ for^ inP^ff a 1lii»«trt» ^byf- thef defeend 411 fjactawTj ooiitiifta MoMriy of fiwp tawitS' uni^ ^t^i^ timWh-etmndil. Inlfar^^vlralihii paSy, wMToiftar ataouficcnt and fuperb buildings. The fireets are for thtf^ m/m part broad, regular, flraight, and fomi of them Ha Mig and elegant. Tiiete arc alfo fcvcral Urge and bea^t- ; fU (quaret, together with picalant walks. There «t|>^^ fVenty-'five churches, Iburieen of which are Lutheran^ ^ven Caiviuift, and one Roman catholic i an academy of iifrttpni* iho aeionfftiitBu or «m u^ on' Ml:, h .rode at lu>' vMhUtsmtfi ^^mtji orna< ,i»^riiAi,' HM%MjN#her, a&il'mpptr, at' ii*ii3rairriis»>,W>n«'^ loli^niil^ed witb I lor four' ive. of 'tt&'l^din Boropii, it. cvaAly „ ^ at-'lktfKlidlA bf cachj lMria#«||r«V with aixAed .1i o£ 1^ CoAiibian order. M tn the mtddfcrii the model. in ta^ls gUt, '^tolltd in ai\ oval . ftrtits, « a. gigantic fiie, arer (ill eacl^ Add of idM flortkf'o, andfceiQ' pi09f6f over ft |li iiW raajifty's cvphef ip mta» aM abo^O'it a larae pedfmcAft - Iwaitmiit balHirelMViii reprflSnting ^tar3r rtmiM art g trbpiqr, and toojdng k a coufJ« bf flttvca: chalnM^at ^i* feet. Thii eiifl^ U crtMMcd M^h a batuC trade, and revet*] noble tVopbi^ ^' iUtdes^coiitrib'ute to embelliflt it,. I'he infide U «0t kftinagiUficent, tkf rooms' of the upocr ftbry Bfeittf ^^11 allT- employed. There ace feveriil After wfeiMU Mtdii* dtv,^ yf^r^ lb« kept .fidl4 pieces, itoo cannot^ fti^' • - , iv Li thia^eit}' i* al&jm;j^^|boi^el^ni!y built, t^' fi-ont of wtmi i| aili^n^Mip'aWDR porticfii fup^orte^' by fix Cdnn^iaii colnni»,|aM mmattlfifiM^lt wtittenV " Fredcrltef rex Apollini et AI|)kt}!' j^ite ilhich it « pediment adorned with baflb MitvVfMjijUiJtet. *Tht fcenes aiefplandid, and in an de^a^UiK' ]t hts thito ralleriei, and it UH to conuiA' M^yttt^fand pctfona. rbecolnnu)* that fupport the roof ai4^«tMifd (O thrb# the whole 'into a grand faloon, aii^vAblchaSra confifls' ; of about fii^ If ttSciiin*. The opei* it eritiittihr fupporte4 a( the ||jn|f a cxpehoe, and rendc.-> :t iH. Uiiti, degree fub- ; ferviciiittoue end* of governnu . t. Tbe anrame deliglik " the, 1^1% taMtin mafic, and hit,|ptittI;|K>w)cdge in that, fiien^ have carried thjs entertainittent'ti^ a verjr high L degree of pn^Aion. In the uppc(,iilleri^ qn each fide of tbe^ltKe Jut l^iadftitrumpeteitt vqibiltiiitp the queen, coiifert men ihe ent^the houfa or ra'tiiei^ 6ut the king faimielf, n^ not allow this faIutatioil"tO o9 oWn pcrfon, at be pays little recaid to ceremony. '^ Tbelwaleaioue faburbs arc gcnertiQ]^ of Umber ; but ib wpU ptaflsricd, that iliey feein to he'<^ Oone, and tlie Areett an broad, (Iraigbt, and iiglitlotQe. ^ Httz was the refidence of the queen mother who via fiflcr to king Gcone X. of En^ititd. This palace it n«pwd Moh Bijou, I orHnJbweU itit.a fmail, elegant (IniaRTe, 'beaotifull^ .Tliirni(hed, and bai very fine gaidcnt thatbavc the rivtr ' beyondtten. The palace of ChiiilDttenbQtg is about five raik* front tlie city of J^idin: it was founded ^^kinlft cran4-. &ther, andhia.prefent majeily hat finiinea,ii according to bis own ta4e, wliii.h is extremely elegant. There is » ranp of abpitt ten apartmeiiM, well dil^i«d, aJurnol with while ^lecoan^gildiqg. Tlic ball-rabmt| wottl^ of the king, >irho is uid.io bav. u Ifikfdit: 9l 1ms tea' wiQilpwaon eaich fide, and bcliric^ tijc v.u^co .and gilding, wiucliare here richer than. in the o.. ;r rooins, it is tdoiutd. with built, ftatue*, and lampier ^ullcs. The (hitues are. well difpoffd, and the gardens elegantly laid out. The i tOW,n..Of (4;anjcbarg, fo caiicd ?iy ,it« ^^fuwnacr, i Frederic t,"inlionoorof hi»raoibeVj, wiipwas bbriicri^i-' ; c.'fs of Orafgf, JS; dilightlliilly fituattd near tJie bpiec^ j J3Ut fixteeii inifts iiortn-weft of Berlin'. Tlie apaVt- ■ incnts of this palace are grand. I'hc nnlcs-frnm hcac: ^ to ^ :.^:. * •.j»: .Jf- *iv. t^V- i :¥} TJ,', A,- i >jKf [& t; R o r ft.] t» k tf s s t A. ^hT m - > '1^ ■> 4 ■,■■ • ,c if' i- lo Btrlln^ tnA from thciiM to ]^oir aitkt mllai nortb>wcA of B' tt iha conflux of tht Hawaland th< Sprte. Brandcnbursh ii flniaied In '>« < y-f«cend dcgrN twtnty-flve minutet north latltuue, an<.< thirteen degraei Iwcfve minutM eaft longitude, on th« binki of the lU\t\, •hieh nnt 6Hly dividct the Old and N«w Town from each Mhcr, but fcptntei the foit from both, and likewirc erivi- roni tb« N«w Town with aiMrtictilac trench, on which a fluicc kai been erefted. The Old Town eomaini about fhnr hundnd inhabianii, and the New Town about twice that number. They are bMh under one magiftracy, and CMh eoniaini two chutehea. The fort reftmblct a fuburh, and in it i< the ceiheidndoltateb i the lioufet of the greiicit pert of the ln«mbcn of thr rhaptan and a ridiiic tchool, lit which yMing noblemen arc inftmAed. I'he tiithopric U fcimlarizcd s bnt the cliapur ii (till heat up, and con - fift* of fcven perfoni, who are ilie provoRi the dean, the feni^r, tht fumenidr, and three oibfrcanone. In 1755 kincr Frederick II. conferred upon it a pecaliw diflindion, cenriftineof a chapter crofi ofj^nid enamelled with violet, terminating in eight point*. There it here a fmall colony of French Calvinifts, with a manufacture of cloth, fuflian, ahd canvai : >nd by meant of the Havel a pretty good trade it carried on in thii town. The third divifion, called Ni Alt, or Old Marck, hat Mechlenhu'K on the north, Mai'.Jchurg; on the fiath, ' SaM-La venmirg and pan of Lunenberft on the woft, and the Middle Marck, on the < ''. Some aulhort call it The Galibet of Germany, li >ufe it ahounda in fruiii and herbi. It it divided into lour petty provincci, namely, Ofttand, en the eafl ; Zermundland, on the weft) An- p-rland, on the fouth, and Zealand on the north. It is kpanited from Preigni'X, on the call, by the Elbe, 'i'he chief plxet ii> thia divifion are, ' t. Sieii'Ui, or Htendel, the metropolii, on the river Uieht, tweniy-eifiht milet north nf Magdeburg, and thirty- Tcwen north-weft of Brandenburg : it it a hanfe town, iieallT bttiK, and well fortified, a. Seltwcdel, a large tarn I on the weftideof tlie Jetz, thirty fix north weft M Sicndal, and fifty north eaft of Zell. Thrir chief trade i»inMrr„ which ther export. 3. Gardilcbcm thirteen . miles koalh-weft of Stcndal. 4> Tangernumd, on the Elbe, iv »he month of ilw Anger, waa iirft a caftle built by the emjteror Cbirlet IV. who bought this Marck, and rffided hero : it it a place of \ retty good trade m corn, and othereomtnodittea. j.Ollciburg.feventeen 1 lilet north tx, but abolifhed at the reformation 1 fmee hich the religion here hat been Lutheran. 8. Potfdaro, wiilchliet four miles to the fouth- weft of Berlin, it agreeably fituated on a branch of the Spree : it it of a condderable extent, and the buildingt neat and regular. The cledtor Frederick- AVilliam made thii his feat, and in 1662 built the cafllr, which wat afterwards rnlnrgcd bv king Frederick I. sikI adomM with a fine poii.il. Kmg t'rederick William began to ereA (bme v^my additions t- the town', for which pirpofc he caufed (> -m moralTes to be filled up and built upon, with a canal ' ly paces wide and two theufand in length, to be carried on fi-om the Havel, through the cen- tre 'of the town, to a branch of tbe fame river. This canal it planted oh both fides with trees and cvironed with well-built houfet. King Frederick II. has raifed thecitftle one ftory, enlart^ed it with two wings and adorned it with magnificent apartments. The old houfet in the nei(;h* bourhood of tbe eaftle are polled down, and, inftcad of them, new, repn jr, and grand buildings have Wn raifed for the owners atth^ mg's expencc. The apartments kre remarkable for their elegance, particularly hit inajefty's writing-chamber snd ftudy < the laft it partitioned off by baluftntdes of filver. The palace of Saus Sonci (Without Cart) is I'tuattu not far from PotfAm, on the top of a mountain, from whence there it a delightful landfea|c, compriling a view oftlie town, neighbouring countiyi rivers, takes, woods, vine- 7 jranit, gtovn. Ace. Thtt f»\wtt, tlHHkiti itet very targe* It extrciiuly magnificent 1 titd the furntMre, thi'Wjiii t«Al fuperfct it exceilenr. The paisNingi, f «iue«« gardens, trei enntrihiKe to make tke whole • mult d•l.gBt^ll filaoe. The fmail, bat exoentni library, is krpt in an apaiintenl Mrainicoled with cedar, and adorned with foliam of goMi and the elevated fpot «n which the paiKe Is buih hu plantations of viii*) rdt, m which tcveral leiraeet ari cut. BrtndsnbiMg eoi^ains, faefidet the abov* principal divN lions, foUa Mber iiiCirisr dtftriAs, &c. wM«b ara U follow, Vii. Preigiiits, bounded by the Elbe and HaveU the duchy of Mecklenburg, and a part of the middle Marck, es> tends about forty miles in tingth, and thiity in breadth* and coiitaini the followiilg placet 1 1. Perlburg, ihe capi- tal, on the river Slepenits, containt about four hundred hnulet. 2. Wittenburg, a fmall town on the Elbe. 3. Prixwalk, on the Dornnttx 1 it givei name to a cirtle» snd an inf^Aion 1 it includes alfo the fmall towns «# Kreinftein, Putlitx, snd Maricnburg, with two founditttM< for proteftant ladiet. 4. Kyritu, on the river JagelliXr j. Lcnxen, a fmall town. 6. Witftack, a fmall town on' the river Dofilc : thtfe three laft have a cryftal and glaft* houle. 7. Wellhack, on the Kartau. In thii diftriA are alfo the following ftnall townt, via. I. VVerder, fituated upon an idand in the Havel. 1. Se* chaufen, a fmall town fnrroandcd by the river Aland.' 3. Diftorf, a Lutheran cloiftcr, conuining twelve ladies,: iix of whom are noble, and the other half defcended frona' burghers. 4. Buck, a I'malltown nn the Elbe. 5. Arend- fec, a proteftant nunnery, containing fix proteftant ladies' and an abbefs. 6. Arneburg, a tmall town on tbe Elbe. 7, Nncndsif a pr< reliant nunnery. 8. 9. l!"/.endorf, aitd Apenbttr^, beluuging to the Scbulenburg tainiiy, and' farm a diftiiA. 10. Kalbe, belonging to tbe family o( Alienlkben. I'rufTian Pomcrania is bounded by the Baltick fea, on the north 1 by the principality of Mecklenburg, on the weft y by part of Poland and itiandenburg. rn the I'outh, and by Prulba to the ea(l It is above two hundred miles in length, from eaft to weft, and from fifty to eighty in- breadth. Its air, by n 'ion <>* its being the extreme north* eaft corner of Grrmaiiy, is reckoned tlie coldelt of afty part of it. The foil in many partt it fiindy and barren, and their arable kndt near the fhore are frequently over- whelmed with fand ; yrt in other partt thry have com. enough, both for confumption and export, befidcs good pafturet filled with cattle, and many large woo<:lt and forefts which abound with deer, wild boart, hares, foxei, wolves, wildhorfet, wild bulls, &c. and fowls of all fortt. Hkit are alfo beavers, and fuch plenty of water lnwl, thatthe^ I reckon twenty forts of ducKS. They have great plenty of fait and frefh-wacer fifh ; particularly, falmon, and very large lampreys, efpecially in the bay of Sielin, and lake of Lallen. About Grypfwald and Rugen they have good her* ring fifhing, and in the lake Madduje, near Colbalz, there u :-. ':iige broad fifh called Mufcum, found no-whcre elfe in jerniany. There are many fair and fertile meadows lietwixt the branches of the Oder, and as great Quantities ''of fruit, of all kinds, as in any prMihcc of Germany. They have no wine of their own growth, but excellent mum \^1■^ beer of Tcveral forts ; parSisutarly, tlic bitter beer ot .^iclin, the mum of GripfwHld, anii the llout of Wollin, < vliic h mariners tranfport elfcwhere : and as there are (nnx any mountains in the country, it has no mines but imu-: l'r--jr of iron in the Upper Pomcania. Tins country abounds with amber, efpecially on the coafts of Brandenburg Pomcrania, where it it not only thrown \ip by the Tea, and found among the fea-weeds and fands, but alfo dug out of the rocks and minet. It is frequently dug out of the ground, at a great diftance from the fca, and many times found by the hulbandmen, as they plow their lands. I'here is a prticular lake in this coun* try, that coinmuiiicstes with the fea, where they gather it in tiets when tbe fea begins to flow, and fomctinies hale up pieces as big as one's fift. At fii^ taking up it is foft, but foon hardens, by the air, int(> a ftony Tubilance. It is of fcveral colours, white, yellow, black, and red. The fort found in Pomcrania is a dirk-ycllow. It it fuppofcd to be an oil diftillcd fron- rockt, like Petroleum 1 and that the infcAs, which are fometimes found inclofed in it tfre entangled there while it it liquid ; and that what- is taken in the fcs, snd in the adjoining lakea and rivers, is broke oiF from foine rock or vein under-ground, by floods and tcmpelt'i. In fome places it is found in a matrix of wood, which the (kilful know at firft fight. This mi, dm kwiMfiiM by Omm, OrMMufin, Mm PMMMritti Mi4 M lit Mmm MriTfaiM •ft«A.ii its fStTmtit, olM tiM Onm FriMM Mt, mhUk k m iaWwAb, abMiMb wit^liai, and Uk into liMfeAtdi b* thiM cwrrtou, vii. iht Plnnew, tk« Swvn, and dM rtiwM, ibraMgb which Ihip* H* <*> >««in. B«6dM tkt ■!««•• ■MiMioiMd.riMft wt maiiv aon riv«n in Foot- nnta. which Ml iniP rtM Bdiick tin. Wiih nl^ to tha j ioyh, dMjr wa iih o»i< at ftmit m4 nimbb at any >n Otnaany, b«i an chai|pd, on Uw •iMr hand, with bainf im aw y a tal i in drinh. cradaloat, •nlprodigal. Cfomir givM thii charaAvr of lb* aMiant inhaMtanH, that tbay wata ftnuncwa m dtcait or robbarv, ladn4 af nodiii«. Wtri hofeiiablt •• aU ftranflm, andb kind to on* anethar, thai niera wtia n* bmin amonf Iham : bm in the P*gan timaa, if fMbtn hMiawra chil- dnn thin tbay eoaM OMiniain, they wait allowad to kill tba fcnalii. thMcb not iba nulat. Tbia. bowtvar. Icaau tpcry inconfflwnt with their cbafiAcr far niUual benevolence* The Poaaianian coift begini fislMn ailce eaft of Rof- «Dck t and ai the ifle of RogRii bean due footh from the Soond, and the BaMck fea ii very open and wide between Iben, tbii bat been the eonleqnenee. vi«. that the tea* Wwcen the iflee of Iceland iforth, Bombohh eaft. ptd Regan fa«h, have been icnendly the fti«a of war between the teen of the Swrdct and Danct. ForaMTly, the nobici, ai ercU at the firreral townt of tfak dndiy: lud very paitknlar prWilegMt which hie pre* lent Praffui majefly hath gnMly abridged. The inhabi> tanti an abont half a million in nnaaber, being MrindBally of German and Mavonian defaent, a dialed of the hiter being the langiMMB of the coontry. Calviniftt and Roman catholiaa an.Hbraicd tbeni but Lvthenoifm ia the eftehlilbcd nligiou. The dueby foniaini an nnivetfiiy, iareral coHaget, grammw-fchool^ ttc. Hen an ieveral ■Hnu&AMee, and great coeaawree it orricd on by meana of the Raltick and the feveral navigable riven. Th« Mlowing an the principal place* in Proffian fMnennia, via. The caBaciout and bandfeme town of Stetia, or old Stebin, which i* reckoned the capital of all Pomeiania, and i* fituaied on m elevated feot near the Oder, about ftvcnty-fanr nilee nottb-ceft of Berlin. It ii deemed one of the heft feitified placet fai Europe ; confaini varioai mannfianres, hath great trade, and esportt prodlnoui ^«antitic*ofcom. timber, linen, and naval ftoret. The prafpoA of die river, and the idandi formed by it, it very ;^neable, and the neighbouring hilU have • very ronao* tK apoeacancei Tncprincipel bttiiingi ere, dte cellegN for education, coUiH of phyfidanit tnbunali of Jufticc, board of beaitb, channer of comoMWce. court of admiralty, royal gym> iiafium or fchool of esercife, fuperintendency, artciul, caftk, ftec-fchool, and dock. Ship* of ooofidenble burden come up to thii town, and fmaller vefleb may go much hiriier, though it it at the diOance of forty mile* from the lea. The inhabitant! an noted for their civility to ftnngen, and for the valorovf dcftnee of their city luinft the Im- peridiil*. who befic^ it four month*, in 16J9, in vain ( and again in i677.whenitbeldout£ve month*, from July to Deoember. ageinft Frederick- William the Great, then ele Aor of Brandcnbuig ; who alter one of the moft re< markable fic^ that bu been known in Europe, whereby moft of the city wa* burnt to the ground, at the expence ofthiity tbour*ndgrenadoM, twenty-four thoufand band- granadoe*. a hundred «|» Vrtk TV9 mMMPIIS MMMIIIt ^MMVMUA VMB^lHCK* Upkmtp fc c l im bdfc ia m i » D i mH 'i>, tdfalMi iMdMMMiSiDdi ThoBMBittaMvlmMidi Md Mb hwi *B fct M iM*. ThiCMv.-faonaMrlli tffui aMy of ihd hodai. bwM. the eleftwt e »in n imhi Iwnawabi* term*, whkh they nMM : •« mm urf^ «**• lfca«n»nhadMlbredMBhMi% heiadirihr«ftht fal- habltali. and made theia awNh* <«wi hiklkef ww» obRtnaii, made k dnNh far my to <~ moned^ibeffl a(ain on the aid, anrr being Joined bvetahl thooflrndDanatt b«CMnoB«Hpolb. The aMbr, Mmw undermined their wall filled the difch, fac. Cmmmtiil them agfrin on the ift of Nowembar. and thii— wi4 ihili nin if iboy nfuM hi* new oibra » W thof n p I M , iwy would holdout to the end of the year, and Mpad «• how the fluM term* then ; and iboogh the town «m In raim and one tbonMid four hundred oWhm killed, boMe* faMlafi, they continued rafoloii, and aiode vigowont fal- Uei. On IM aeih, and alio on the aoih of ibiM month, then wen ^narrab betwiat the garrttm. which wm fee caplMlaiing. and the bwgfaar*. that oppoftd it 1 in which fc««ralfaUoobii*Mae. The kinc of Sweden, having Cent tba town a new charr ler. the daAor IWmrooned them again December 19111, and oflntd to^oonirm their new privibgH, with anexeaapiio* ftooB iBie* far many yeort, but ftill tlwy nAilM, and mado ieveral faille* j but nt«t day, finding no hope* of roliaf, ibefpropofad an honourabU capitulation, whkb, if not •ranted, they declared they wouki die farofd in hand, uA be buried in the ruin* of the city. The eloAor gmeranily complied, and ratified nil the privilege* granted them by their faid new charter : but the bwgbert, infifting on toa high term* far the garriibn, hoAUiua* wen nnewad wit^ vigour 00 both fide*, till the afitb, whenlha^aeeoMedtho eleaor** term*, who, on the 6d) of January fallowings entered the town in triumph. He centkracd their at»> Siftntr*. who, witli the judge* and miniiete, fwonfeaky > him I and, of hit own accord, esampicd their fiflMvy from laae* fair eight year*, on condition that they lliould nbuiU their churcnct i and he promifrd to nbuiU tho neat one himfelf. He alfo continued the uoiveriitv, tho fchool*, and relM(ion, a* they were. The befiiged had n fine train of arrilkry, but wanted powder, fait, and wood. He reflored the town to the 9weda%by ibe tnaty of Nimeguen, Tlie to#i of Anklam, or Ancbm, on the river Pena, ii fevcnieen mile* fouth-wcfi fre^rGryofwald, and thicty* one north-weft of Sieiin i it i* a wclluilt hei^ In I46y, (IfU'ROPt.) PRUSSIA. m 6S«Jfe5.^&':S^'^' I tpf^ t^lMtinaaSmhm^^ Aii|kh«. fiMii: it it mammd bf ■ amh; Jktmh%9 • praiMiiH, lUimAiln. HSU, Ui^a\t»,t.Ufit Sa , On OM Saro, wifcrfnaih««i»iiM«f P«iM4 it MM, tin «»»« PiM, wa hM • MluaMi ir»lt. dUM |n%wi f»in \ tui fd4itt, t fiMU mn MW nra mUm iiBitb-Mft rr««» RvpAmU. U, I MM towa o( Stal^ with n rBlpaavrbfinoMlin I. Ntwnr^ •. T«ifrio. • ttAlmoa ilwJUckfr. 3. V«rej»en, mkm U a MnvMt •r Mb*. 4> Jwm«t> on th« river Ptnc. 5. Pimum. a rcHMrluUV fU4»nt town. 6. GrifenhaiMW W . bot fine* I473, whan it wu burnt down by a cc idatal fire, it hat been only an inconfiderable fea-port. It received ChHIlianity 1^ the preaching of the bilhop of Bamberg abovc-menti6hed, who baptised many of the nobility that were alRmUed at the diet here in 1 ia8. The ifland ia about iia mika in length, abouiuk with wild-boar, deer. and harea, and wu the park, in diort, where the dukea of Pomerania kept their game. In 1630, tM Swedet, to the number of three thoufand, landed here, and toeik it without rcfiftance ; but in 1637, twothoufand Imperklifti came upon it by furpriae, and put tliem to the fword ; but, finding thc'ir countrymen were preparing to retake it with vengeance, they conlumed kit the piovifiont that were in the iltand, and then aban> doncd it. Mr. Habner, who obfervei, that tlie harbour ii commanda Ragattwal^i ttw jCapkal of WaiMca ducky* It baa low pariiluM in iu dif* tria, U a well b«ik lowm wad kw a handloMM mS^ Tb* toirn of Sb^ or Skgven, Hand* en the lam* rivet, a kw kaguet above RugenwaM 1 bwu fiatU, and iU-buUl. Eighiacn mika nortt-aaft of Cotbaig, iimda tb* town of Coflin i itU pkafanily fituated, enjoy* ajood air, and U the ufua) lafidMica of ika UAuap of Camin. It k not only furroMndad with tidaa at h%bcent oooniry ia beautifal, and inurMtkit with levcrd hiU*. Here ar* a parifll church and IW» othcra ; alio a collage, wbkh ham feiu forth iMny good fcbokii. Here are three annual fair*, via. enAll.S«inta Day, the I'huifdm after the (burtb Sunday in Lent, and the Saturday after Lady«day. Thiitacii mika ew of Colberg, and twelve waft of Coflin, fti'iJi the town of Catlin, which it thc^tttof a bailiwick. At the entianoe of it that* k a wooden bridge over a river, formed by the confine of three Caialkt ones. It it a very pkafant place, and ha* bakngad n) the bifltopf of Camin ever flnce 4340. In 1643, it bald out againB a ficge by the Imparialifl*. It bat two annual Wfa» VIS, on the Saturday b«Me >>alm-SiuMhqM: and 00 Afeaa* iioii-djiy. At a fmall diftance from Cotfieig am FniletieftMi|, • market-town, which givoa mom to a baihwick, Oivoo, a market-towi), which givy naiw to a diftii^ 1 and Naa« gaftcn. a fmall town, filMlad on a lake, ftoia wbiah ■ Tordlhip receivea it* name. Thirty-mika nottb-aaft from Caaun, and fifty^w from Stetin, la fituated the town of .Colberg, or Colbnii^ Salt ii made bare, of wbkhgrcai^jia'U'tiaasra^feagabiMd* to die gicat anrichiog of tiw town, aitd thr ' -ng of Pi«f- fia, to whom the town cante by the treaty V. Itt harbour, which u agood oo'^, tho«( ii fc:A. trimr, it defended b* a llrong caftle i> i\. aUad Coiobrepp, ana waa the moft r ' k to 'JPt to the biflMD of Camin, who t> *vw* ^ t- |ard, with three thou£md fiv ' . .tb It. If ihey ha^ morn fiiel, \ luJti ^ivtrr v. .•'•i ntn . greater quantity of (itlt maik Tkia town ia krge, containa four « m ..uidt ia collegiate j bu a gtammar khooi, aii^ \ j^undatiaa fiw ladle*. ^ Swedifli PomeranU comprehend* the ifland of Rngen, which we have already deCcribed in our foregoing acMunt of Sweden^, the iflaitd 'of Hiddcnfee, wbkh k rtmarkabk tot a Ikht-honfe ; a few fmalkr iikndt, which are tbo iuconfiderabk to deferve dekriptlon, and foine place* oa the continent, of which the foUowii^ are tue moft romarkabk : Siralfund, (which ia the kigeft and ricfaeft town in Po> merania, the u«tb in raid^ a|, the Hank town*, and a ftco imperial citv, by fome teckoned tba moft confideiabk in the circk ot Upper Sasony) ftandt near the bai^t of tha fea. over-againil the ifland of Rugen, ninaioen mitaa notth of Grypfwald, thirty-two mika nortb-eaft of Roftock, and fixty-uxnorih'Weft of Stetin. Some dative t^e name from Scnnolf. king of the Frank*, it*fuppofed founder i but it moit probably comet from the narrow fea betwist it and Rugen, all ftitiebta, in the old German lai^uaga being called Sandt. The firft certain account of it it, that being for tb* anoft part duftroyed, it waa magnificently icbuill* eoktged. and peopled with German* oy Jaromar, tbo prince ol Rugen, about lao) ^ and that nH^ of it betM aftcrwarda burnt by the Dane*, tha fituation tru akana by bit fon about 1230, whan it WM rabutlt, foon gPti* populout, and waa fortified. 7O !• $^^2 Tki new AMD UrilVEESAL SYSTEM or OEQGI^A^HY. In the civil wan of Germing, couni Wallenftein, the impMul geqetai, bcfiegc^ ihU city in vain i nol lone after . whwb, thrcilisem put thMofelvw iind*vth« inMcAiM «f Slviivm Adolpboi, tung of Sweden. Tlie akAw of ItmlaiiburR iMk ii in i67St afm defraying one tiie«ir»nd R«r-bun9titabonft%^JMinb*, m4 wat i(ie«ply prittct^ that etff took it }if torn till then, tb* citiMn* mfhw baffled tti« atttmpta of ftveni |>rin«t* to fubjcft them, Mia having at onlr time oppoftd th« united foraei vf Ommarki Swetkn. and ten other princM i but be reftored it with othci- townt of thit coonty, nest year, by tb; treMy of St. Gffntaint. In 1711, the kingt of Polafid and Den- mirkhe^md iiin vain. lit 1715, th« king of Sweden, Chsflct XII. arrived here frqm hit long confiitcmesr in Turky, aft*' hii defeat M Pultow*, animated ih a gm|k many fhipi beiomiti^ •ojt. The <4udty «( Mfegdebarg hai Bran4eilbar| |nd the 4iMhyV MeckMMii on hm north t Anh^lt fml iU- iMiAMtk en the A«^%n4 foMb.weft t tha Unaek' Btaonyt with part of Brandeitfamft An ih« aaft'i and the Aichy •IBntnfwiek WoMbihbMCh 9n the weft 1 and the EH>Rmt tliMHighitt, It is fifty, oratifloft fiity raitai, frem call 10 waft, aiul thirty from north to feotht according to Anne; yet others make it feventy from north to fouth 1 b«t the difiparity of thefe compifiations is, no doubt, oariBg to tlie incqnality of itt form, by reafbn it it fe Indentod with itt n«i|Ab«vnng dominion*' That part of the <)aGhy pn the well fide of the Elbe abtnmdt wim ebrti, bat no wood, and that on the eaft fide hat plenty of wood, but no com. It wu formerly an atchfanhopric» ereAed at the tejucll of the emperor Otho I. with fubjeftion to none in Ipiri- tnalt but the Pope ( and its prelate wat primate of all Germany till the reformation, when the canoni, having embraecJILuther'i doftrine, cbofetheeleAorof Branden- burg'i fort arlminiftrator of tlie archbifhopric : kfter whidi it remained in the wlminiftration of a leCuiai' prinee, tfll 1648, it wu eihiblifbed by the treaty of MunOer, thai a(t«r the death of the then adminiftrator, tlie whole country fhould devolve on the eleftor of Brandenburg as a fecula,r eftate, and a dnkedom ; which, together with the bifhop- ric of Halberftadt, wat given* him as an equivalent tor the Hither or Upper Pomerania, granted by that treaty to the king of Sweden, who is condireAor with the elector, of the circle of Lower Saxony. It it accordingly now fub- ' jeft to that cleAor, and it laid to have advanttd fait annual revenue at Iraft fix hundred thonfand rixdolUrs. Magdeburg, its capital city, (fonnerly one of the Hanfe-Towns, and reckoned the cbref city' of all Ger- many, as it is now the metropolis of the circle of Lower Saxony) Itands on tlie Elbe, thirty-nine miles foutb-weft of Brandenburg. It is as antient a city as moft in Ger- many : the name fignifies MaSden Town, which foraje ifcribe to the worfhip paid in it to Venus, till her image and temple were deftroyed by order of Charlemagne, who^ ' being m love with its fituation, buih St. Stephen's church there, with its trcafure, together with a fort to curb the The town was iiii. huilt about the year 940, by I Saxons. 1 ne town was tui: nunc aooui tne year 940, br Oilio I. who made it ini^rial, and enlarged by his emprely Editha, daughter to our Saxon king Edmund, who, lome lay, founded it t but others, with more probability, tb^ flic received it from him as part of her dowry in marriage. The firil tournaments in Gerrnany were appointed here by the empcrur Henry the Fowler, to which none were admitted but thofe of noble extraAion tiolh by fittber and mother, and of a clear repvration, efpecially in their coo.' duft to the ladies ; with an exclufion alfo of all ufurpefs, traimrs, cpprcfTors of widows and orphans, heretics, mvir- derert, ana cowards. This city had formerly the, fuprema iurifdiflion in fpiritu||i and temporals over all Saxony. Its archbilhop wat alio a count palatine, and determitted all caufet ; but now they have no other court bcfides what it kept by their burgomulert and magiftratet, who govern here unoer the eledor of Brandenburg. The fituation of thit city is very fine, having an outlet on all (idet to fpaci- ous plains rhat are all very fruitful in com, as well as an inlet of riches by the river Elbe i but there are few townt in Germiny that have fuffiered fo much as this by war, and other misfortunes. In 1013, Magdeburg w;a almoft entirely ruined by Bolefiaus king of Poland, and reduced to aih(,s in itSo, by :; :'ire. In 1214, tiie emperor Otlio IV. came and ueftroyed itt fnbnrbi, with its three churchet of St. Peter,, St. Jamet, and St. Catharine, which wcra a(tetwa'''t, however, rebuilt, ft has been feveial times put under tb« ban of the empire, and punifhed with long fieeci, parti- cutarly in !p47, when, depending on af'tftancefiomjoha Fr<;derick cleaor of Saxony, tlie citixent turned out tlie canon., and in 1549, and M$3> when, for refufing t« receive the Interim of Charlet V. it not only loft tlw title of ar.'hbiihopric, and was put under the ban of the em- pire, but wu befii^ed at Icaft a year by Maurice cIcAor of Saxoiiy, who was lent to reduce it : but, being himfrlf a ProtoAant, fpun out the fiege ; and having prevailed on tlte Magdeburgers to furrender at laft, on a promife to join his proteflant brethren lu ;. . waraciinft the emperor, was w good M his wot J, aitd .-v . .jfe ofii'ia garifon to teinfbrcc his army in the » he tlicn drv^gred againft the emperor. Bat this dty > x;. create. Tuffei-er in that called ths thirty years war - *, fwr i'o Kiiiz ^ Uiae, Germany wat tavaged on ^:* ^..4: for in n^y, Ute cmpcror't « genera) -^\.-. ^'#.. [feO 11.0 t»K.) I» H U r I t A. kloi^^l *7f |«i\«il coQAt Ti)lv, took it by AoM. Wteir * Idrtg argft* m!)f1acred the inhabitatiti in a moft barbaroui manner, and burnt and deflroyed the whole town, except the cathedral, and a few hiconfidcrahle liouiej, or rather cottanti of itlhemien, fo thatfixteenehurcbei andchaneit, inany<^ them Covered with lead, and one With copperi were re* dared to afb^t aiidof fortv thouCin'd^ailBl>*=*.bove four hundred cfcaped, ahJ tbele had no fqoport. The Mneral having ordered bit foldieri to (jpare neither age nor fex, they ripped up women with ehild« murdered fucking infant* in light of their pturentt^ and lavilhed young Women in the vqnr Areets ; to prevent which, many of them ntn into the Elb«i and others ioio the fiie bcfoie th« bee (>f the h|rb«ro«i and brutiih ^etal, who ufcd after- wardi to boaft of thii Cruelty in luk aipi» au4 called it th» tnarfuge feaft of M^debutg, Great aflift»nce tS» been aflfbrded tt> this city by the elcAors of BraiidenDurg, wlio liave repaired its fortifica- tions, which haviiig been carried on many yearst are very ftrongi i)nd t)\cy luve rebuilt one ftately church. The jefuits have alfo a very fine one, the three teliKiout bei«kg tolerated here according to the treaty of VVeflphalia ; and the town is populous and exteniive, and faid to have a more floiirifhiog trade dianany in thcElcAor's dominions. The cathedral, which, as we obtetved was fpated, is a Very foir and magnificent ftrufture, built after the Englifh model, was founded in laio, by archbifhop Albert I, and dedicated (as the former that was burnt) to St. Maurice, ilnre is that called Otlio's chapel, where he is reprefented in baflb relievo over the alur, witli his emprcl's Edgiiha, and the figures of nineteen calks of gold which had been fpent by them upon the former cathedral. I'his church has foiiy-nine altars, and the high alur in the quite is of one ftons of divers colours, curioufly wiought, nute Ham» burgh ells long, four broad, and one thick. Here is a fine large organ, the mafter-pipe of which is thir^-thrcc icct long, and fo big, that a man can fcarce ciafp it, and ij Valued at two ton of gold. Behind the high attar are the tombs of the emperors Otho, and the emprefs Edgitha, whofe bones were removed hitl-kcr from the ruins of the old Cathedral. In the front of the choir there is a fine marble flaiue of St. Mauricfc, the patroi\ of the church, having « Ihield in one iund, with the rmpeiSal eagle ; and in thi other, the (landard which the citizens march to field with in time of war. Among other ornaments, here ate the {latuesof the five wife virgins imiliog, and the five foclifli ones lamenting -, both very well done. In the i uins of the cloifter of the Auguftin friars, of which order Martin Luther was one, there are a chan\ber, bedllcad, and table, which appear by an infcription over the door, in Gctman' terfe, to have belonged to that reformer. The elector Frederick I. built a houfe in this city, which (kes the great liiuare before the cathedral, and is oppofite to the citadel he built, which is divided from it by the Elbe. This river brings up a great many merchant ihips from Holland, Hatnbi ry, &c. to its quay, and forms an ifland before the town, whidi has fonie works of earth call np, with feVersl hoofei, and huge warehnufcs of fir-timber for building (hips, which is carried to il-imburgh, aad there (ought up by divers foreign natiotu. The iiland is joined both to the country and the town l»y two brid|^, whereof ll>e Ctft is defended by a fort built of free- tlone. Over- tgainft the town-houfe there i.s inclolcd, in a fort of cage, an equefttian flatue, »hicl: the city cre£tcd in hoqour of Otho, accompanied with tlic ftatucs of his two wives, Edgitha above mentioned, and Adelaii ; and fcveral figures of armed mtn, holding the arms of his chief hereditary ' domains. In the Gieat Market-place there is the ttatue of Roland, fudi as Charlemagne caufcd to be fct up in all the toivni whidi be either founded or repaired. The late cieAor ereAcdanacadcmvof cad(tsliere,as well asatlierlin, and othci towns, where the young gentlemen arc inflruAed in the rudiments of war. The great fquare before the eleflor's j^alacc has few equal to it for extent, and fine houfcs that encompafs it, \vbich are all uniform, tlnee ftories hiah, and were all Tiifcd in the tiaie of the )»te elcftor. '1 here U an arleii?! in it, which is full of cannon and fmall arms, and tliough not fo magniticent as that of Berlin, may lie ranked among the chief eJlcwhcrc. The chapter of Magdeburg meets in the cathedral, and bating tlie ctajige of religion is on iJie fame footing as before the reformaion ; »nd thj canons mud all make proof of their nobility ; though this is a uunQilio with which the elcQor, who confers all its pre- tends and dignities, Ibmctiincs dilpeaf.;s. iJo revenue of its pitivoft is computed at twelve thoufand crowns a )CU. TljC town ot" LLOle, which is larse, is fituated on the$»ioJ«, twtnty-fedr iMilet Hi>r^-««l, Itrtteiveditt name from the falt-pits dilbovet«d^ beibre the birth «f our Saviour, and «hich wis beftowed bV the ttisparat Otha the Qre»t on the afchbtfKopric of MMdtbatg. Mia Ion Otho gave the place a chaitw, «al)«d it Hidie» aiid mad* it an imparial titj. The 4»>wti eont«intur ftlt-fptinp^ many boiling-houfei, &C. Tbefe faHr^rints, and 04 univerfity have rendered H^lle a flooriflliiig pfice. The univerfity was founded irt 1694, bii Frnderick I« king of PrufTia. From the veir of theMoildtfiion, toth* year 1744, the number of ftudtnta anwanted to twenty^ nine tlioufand two hundred atul twenty , of Whom tw« were princes, ttnt hundred and twenty countit two tiu>u> fand two hundted and' fifty-three baroils and gentlemen, twelve thoufand two hundred and fcveAty^eight ftudeitta of divinityi twelve thoufand fix hundred rnd twenty-fix ftn4"*t*o^ 1^*^* iftd one tfaonfaiid nine hundred and forty* dhe ftudrats of phyfic. Since whicli time, to the prefent periodt the improvement has been irtbre rapid, and Iha nuiober of fludents conliderably inereafed. This it ftape* rior to the univerfity of Leipfic, with reiJieA to the abilitiet of the profiTprs, t.te difciptiiie of the Awkmti, and the chcapnefs of living. Here are, 1. A libraryTconfiilmg of above ten thoufand Volumes, a. A Lutheran aitd €al* vinift gymnafium. 3. A fi-ce fecoiar Calvinift nunnery. 4. Thn-e Lutheran churchet< 5. Many Gatvinifi chnrchei. 6. A popifh cliapcl. 7. A Jew's fynagoguc. 8. bevenl' chapels, hofpiuls, he. Exclufive af the ftudente, garri-t fon, &c. the inhaolunts only are computed at fimtteea thoufand. The magiflrates have a Urge efiate, 4n exhtntive )urif> ' diftion, grett power, and many privileges. The orphait houfe is a laudable inftitntion, and the houfe of corredion and woikhoufe are extremely beneficial. The manner* of the inhabiunts is courteous and pulite, and the German language is fpoken here in its ntmoft purity. In this town are various minofii£turiet for glotreii fioff«» fqflians, flannel, porccbin, gold, ribbons, metal buttons, filk flockings, woollen ditto, red and yellow leather, cloths, linen, tobacco-pipe, ftlver, flarch, ire. ■ Here are ma'iy plantations of inulbery-trees, for the pnrpofe of feeding filk-worms, and the improvement of the filk-, mauu^fluryi This duchy aUb contaiils the following tvtvtii, vis. it C^be, on the Saole. 2. Great Salae. ^. Engeln, on the Bode. 4. Trofe, on the Elbe, 5. New iioldenfle/* ben, on the Ohre. 6. Newfladt, or New Magdebtirgt 7. Sudeiibur*. 8. Elmen. 9. Stasfiift, on tlie Bod*. lOt Wolmerfudbcn on the Ohre. 11. Schozebrck, on the Elbe. 12. Ackcn, alfo on tlie Elbe, i-^. Oebsfield, on the Aller, 14, Rerg. 15. Burgh, on tSe Uile, wen is a confiderable woollen manufafiury. 16,17, Sandau and Jericho, both on the Elbe. 18. Lobun. U}. New* mitrket. 20. Lebegun. 21. Wcttin. 2a. Connern. 23. Rotenberg. 24. Giebickenftein. 25. Alflebcn. The town of Glauche, lear Hallis, n in •he bailiwidt of Giebickenftein ; is celebrated for an orphan-houfit, in which two hundred orphans are continually maintained and educated, and many other pctfons occafionaliy relieved. In the febool are taught Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French ; tlicology, logic, mathematics, pliyfic, geagra- phy, hiflory. -writing, arithmetic, fingmg, and epiftolary corrrfpondcncc. Here are two infpcAors, fifty preceptors, a difpenfary, laboratory, mufeum, printing- prclles, &c. Exclufive of the preceptors, officers, and orphans on the foundation, above a hundred other fiudents and poor fcholars are allowed their dinner and fupper, inlbmuch that, with perfons occafionaliy admitted, near feven hun- dred pcrfoni eat together in one large hall. Independent of the above, here are four German (idiools, under the direAion of two infpcAors, and one hundred and ten preceptors. Near the orphan-houfc is an academy, where voung gentlemen are taught every polite and valuabl* Drancn of erudition at their own expence, Malberftadt it a fmall province,-or principality ; it ia bounded on the fouth-eait, by the pritKtpality of Anhalt } on the wtft, by the archbifliopric of Hildeftein, on ibt call, by part of ths electorate of Saxony ; and un tha north, by Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle. It is ibttiy milea in length, and thirty-five in breadth, has a good loil, yjalda plenty of corn, and the lorefts have iiorcof venifon. The north-well part is full of fens andmarflie*, through wbieb dikes and ro.ids are caft up. H'llberfladt, the capital, which gives namt to thecoitn- try, was iKFctutore an iiTipCiial ci'.y. !t fisnd: CA tit; river Hotheim, or Hoiteim, twenty-five miles fouih-wcft of M*i;deburg, a of Bnniwick. ^t j8o The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of pEOGRAPttY. It wtt made a bifliopric by Charlemagne in 780, when tlie Ice vrai transferred hither from Oftei-wick. Hiflori«ns give an account of forty eight of their bifhopi, nioft of Iheni of tlie Houfe of Bruiifwick, and more remarkabie (at beina foldiera tlian fcholan. Tlieir firteenlh biAiop KMnhard dcti-ated th* emperor Henry V. in the woctds of Wclfo. J heir eif(hteti)th, Utric, t«as rooted by Heitiy the Lion, duke of Brunfuick, who took and burnt tlie town, with tlic citiseni and clergy that fled to the cathe- dral. I benr tweniy^inih, Albert of Brunfwick fought twenty batilei, and gained moft of them, over hit rivals, who w re fet up againft him by the Pope<. I'hcir t'nirty- firft was Albert a gieat philolbphcr, who bein^ delvatcd by Gerard the eloquent, biihop of Hildelheim, it occafiimed • jell here. That Rhetoric was too li«rd for Logic. Their forty-fourth, Henry Julius of Brunfwick, was chofen whtrn but two years old, on condition, titat tlie dean and chap- ter (hould have the government for twelve years, and pay their infautbifltop an annuity. In IS9I> he introduced Luitier's reformation iien!. He was fuocecded by his three fons, one afkrr the other, the taft of whom, Chriftian, •00k part with tlin Pitoteflaats in ttie civil wars of Ger- many, aiid was a great, but unfortunate warrior. Their |i>rt\' -eighth and laft biihop was Leopold WiUiam of Aullria, who, being put in by the Iinperialids, icllorcd popery; but the Swedes, retaking the town, rcftored Lutberaitifnv, and kept poflcllion of ix>th city and diocele, till tite bilhopric was fccularized, and given to tlie eledor of Brandenbuig by the ta-aty of Wellphalia. The ftreets of tiiis town, which is well-built, arc Dtait and onifbrm, and uiany of tiie buildings fair and flutely : but the moll remarkable is an inn called the Commit,' or foAory, reckoned tlu: largeft in Lorope, and to have the beft, and greateft accommodation of the fort, for ftran^rrs : fo that in tlie time of the civil war, Wallentlein the em- peror's general kept his court in it for fonie monriu, aiKi found lodgings in it for all his attendants ait>t guards. The trade here is incoiiCdeaable, by rcalbn ot tlie fmall- nel's of the river ; bat as it is the feat of th:: regency of tlie principality, and of the courts of jullice, it is much frequented, its cathedral, which is a free-done pile, adorned with remarkable flatues, and worth feeing, beloKgs to a chapter wherein the catholics and proieffauita are eqnally admitted, and both are allowed their public worihip. Behind its choir tliere is an image of the Virgin Maty, with (cventy- two titles of honour. The catliolics bave fevcral converttt in tiie town, of which, that of the Recolleta is the mod beautiful, and their church is very tine : upon the whole, it is laid to be a Ihong and popu- lous city. It has fix gates and a town houfe. The houiiu which are on the hill, or about it, are cillcd the town; thofe below it, tlie fuburbs. On the top of an hill, in aa efplaiude, iland two chnrcbet with the canons Itoufes. In thit province are alfo tlie following to«vns, viz. 1. Gimingcn, on iIk river Folke, ten miles to the cad ; it was formerly ilie refidence of the bithops of Mjilicriladt. S. Alcberileben, on the Eniic 3. W'cfcrlingcn, 01. the Aller. 4. Ermflcben, on the Sclkc. 5. Dardcllcii. b. Zilly. 7- Hortnbui^. 8. Keinflcin. 9. Ollerwick, on the life ; wheie arc lisvcral woollen manufafluries. .A SECT. H. Trrati if the cnuniiti «/" Glatz anJ MtriJtH ; olft tf thf Juchj »f CJtvi, iht primifvlitr of dXtriirt, and in length, and twenty ni breadtli, and is licautifully divcrliticd with villages, hills, (iales, n)ea, hcldt, llicami, /^c. and [iroducef, wheat, palluie, wood, qiiairy Itoncs, jalfier, cornelians, game, iiih, pit-coal, ni:ulile, topazes, niiurral waters, &c. It i. exceedingly (crtile and populous. '1 here is in it a high mountain, which Ic.-vcs as a wcatlicr glafs bi the whole country. The dirts have liecn difcontinued, fince Glat7. became filbjsiS to tht ku!^ cf i'rui!:::. It *is: not CinHjuciru by (hat OkOiurcti, but ceded to liiin in 1742. For the go- vaiiimcut of Vilatz, a rc}^ciicy is appointed ; but an appeal. either \Ki civil or eccieliaftical matters, lie's to the court of Berlin ; and the offices are fubjeA to the war and domain chambers at Brellaw. The language is German. Tlw principal manufafliires. are tliicad and cotton; but tlie uvouritc employment of the inhabitants are tillage and grazing. The people in general we're Ronton catltorici till the country came into the poflefTion of the kingoC Prtiiria : liiiee which, he has eftablilhed Lutheranifm. The capital, which bears the name of the country, it fituaied near the Neyfs, on the declivity of a hill. It is ftronnly fortified, contains an old caflle, which bath bent much improved ,by the Pruflians,, and a new oinc whid^ they have lately erected ; the latter is admirably fituatcd oa a hill oppofitc to tlie former, with a river between thenXy Here are commodious barracks for the garrifon ; and tlw adjacent country may be laid under water by means of fluices. The town contains a college, two convei>ts« feveral chotches, and enjoys a tolerable trade. The other lefs confidcrablc towns are, i. Lander, oa the fiieli. a. Habclfcbwardt, on the Neyfs. 3. Kfifnerz, remarkable for its mineral fpring, and its manufaAures of cloth, plulh, and paper. 4. HunfdoriF, wbich has a cop-, per-mine. c. Wimfchelburg, it carries on a great trade 111 thread and woollens. And Ncurode, chiefly n<>ted {\» cloths ftufFs, and fnnfF. ' Meriden is a principality, and was ceded to the c]e£tor of Brandenburg at the treaty of Munfler j it lies between Ofnaburg -.md bchouniburg, is twenty miles from cail tn weft, and twenty- five from north to foutli. The northcra parts are foil of woods and hiHs, and have plenty of gnuie, and the fouthern parts abound with corn, great quantities of which they export. The capital, of the fame name, it a near, >}'eU-fortiiicd town, on the north fide of the VVefcr, thirty miles tail of Ofnaburg. It was made a bilhoptic by Charlemagne, aii4 continued fo as foffragan to the archhilhop of Cologne tilt 1638, when it was Iccularized by tlw treaty of Muniler. 1 11' Charlemagne's time a caftl« was built at tlie f(K>t of its bridge over the VVclcr ; of which fomc remains, with ■ other antiquities, are yetvifibk. In 1529 the rrfotmatica took place heie with lucli vehemence, tliat tlic dapier wa* obliged to leave t|ie city, for which the inbabitami were, in 1538, put under the ban of the empire ; and in 154]^ tliey were, in confequeiKC, obliged to furrender their town to Charles V. They were almoft ever after iu contiaual troubles and revolutions, on account of leligion, during the wars in Germany. The city was taken by the Im|wedcs undertook to proteA the protcflant inh;d>iiantt acainft the pcrfecntion of the chapter, and kept polIcOioii of it on that account till 1650, when, inpurfuanceof iIk treaty of Wellphalia, this once imperial city, and illo otM of the Haiifc-towns, was delivered to the eleAor of Bran- denhurg, who keeps a garrilbh here. It was again taken by the French in the war in the rci|.',n of George II. and retaken by the Englilhand Hanoverian forces, wuoengaiied the Frendi on the ifl of AuguA 1759, and defeated tbdr armv. • 'riic majority of the inhabitants are Protcftants ; but tile cathedral, a noble and large, though dark llrutlurr, is ia the ^«>l^eflion of the Roman cutholics , as tre likewite the cIiuicIk-s of St. John and St. Simeon, with a large monas- tery adjoining to the latter. Thi< place it eiicomuaded with a wall, and defended with fomc half moons, out is commanded by a ticighbouiing lull. It has two ctiapters, one of canoi s, and the other of canunelFes, into the latter of which ' .e ladies muft make proof their nobility, in Older to ; admitted. They have here a particular (ort of pale be, , much cneemed in Germany, ami rcfcmbics oat-ale. Here isic alfo the following plates; t. The town of I'etcfftagcii, defended by a callle, 2. Hanfbrijf, nude a city in 1732. 3. Lubcck, a iottified town iiihabiicd by Lutherans. Here are a fcliool, alms-houfc, fugar-houfe, chapter- houfe, &c. The tiadc conlills of cattle, yarn, vvoollcn, linen, beer, and fpirits. Raveiifburg lies fouth fiom Ofnaburg and Mcriden, noith-wcfl from Lippc, and north fiom Rhcda. This ouiity has its name fiom tlic capital : it is thirty-eight miles lone, and forty bioad, and bc'ongs to the ting of PtulHa ; but is for the moll part rockv and mciuritainoiit. The town of Ravmlburg, with its (Irong foit, are titualed on a hill near the rivrr ILi&ll, cightceiipiict fouth of Ofnaburg. Moft of the aiitirnt feati of ihc Geiman 5 i>rinoes Jtrinc (Ptrfo hill; town Til Meri< dieb forti PreiK with tlieir ii^ii-v iil.Uv _%.' fE U » OP fi.] PR U S S I j^. Ai Miooes and nobility arc iltuated on a hill, which account! rQrfamanjr of lUieir counties, £cc. tetniinatinK in berg, a hill; and :heir towni in burg, or borch, fignifyiug a town. The principal plate* arc thofe which fblto* i t. Bik- •hUx, *t BteircMt, formerly a Hanfc towii, in .the road from Meriden to MnnRcr, ten miles foutb-eaftof Ravenihi»li, •< the bottom of agrntbiU, and defended (^ Ihf^jinprfgitaMe fort of Spar«/g is, a. The town of hervodeii, or Herfurt, ptcalantly fituated, and famed for the manufafture of linen. J.»ts diYidcd into the Old Town, the New Town, and Radewich, by the liven Ella, Aa, and Wlfcirne. It ^i» formerly an impe rill city, but it' Ul bait;, and ihtefty noted for a famous nonoery f<>;iin4ed in 8j9, the abbeit of which formviy hcid^it city iVi'lTntijeftion, till Anne tountcfs of Limbejrg, tai abbcfe of 'this Vitvinery, gave up the city to William duke of Jutwrii, In the year if47. The king ot Prullia Bas a garrifon in thr t^wn. The abbey embraced the re- formed doflrine about two centuries ago, and is perhaps M^ only one ot its kind in Europe, bccauto the abbel's ind alt the nuns le and other fo> tifications. The finds about this place keep the air dry, and «rce from fog*. Kinj; William ereSed an acsdrmy here j befides which, he founded five places in a Latin fchool for pooi- fchobrt, and di<' 'ivety thing bc-^ouid to ptomoic the pro- ifefiani religion u. tlm country, v»*-/;h was at that time entirely popilh itir profeflors of it were ohiigt^d to have their marria,jei aiid baptifms in the proteftant churchy and a prieft could not lie here one night without leave from the magitlratei, as a puniftimcnt for the revolt they excited among the people in the year 1674, which was fuppreffed by the prince o' Ornnge m perfon. At die academy arc a minting- houlc, and a good library. Here is alio tlie fnull town of Rhcda, with a raftle, near the Ems , and that of i'obenbukren, near which .ire feveral coal-pits and ftonc quarries. Clevts It bounded by Julitrs, on the fouth ; Zutphen, •n the north) (jueldcrland, on the weft : and Munftet, ot; ihf eat\. It js forty miles long, abouv iiSeen broad, and in Kettcral fertile, pleaC'nt, and well watered by thr Rhine, Rocr, Emfer, Ltppe, Iflel, &c. Dikes arc cm at a iecority againfi innndattoiis ; and the countnr abounds in C1.WH, fifuits, black cattle, game, filh, horfts, &c. The inhabitants are f«id jrf tiaae,-" ami the rivars and lakes afford them itunv commercial acjvantazes. ^ The n«-itojiolis of tliis dufchy, aUb called Cleves, it fitUtted fiftytive miles well from Munfter. It has its name nrom oeing ciireiiy jmrumi, v.ii><, a........ ...» — "••'", afftbitt, brtwwa ttw jRhine.aad dMMMfe, %i^'.<^ i'.:'- ■ N«. i$.>. ■"•»-' W-1V' ''■* *'«-'^*' ' *„• \^Jj, the finr r. coviltriM of Gmmmyt OVet die fonth gaie of the t«wn it an infcriptipn, deaoting, ibar JaliutHCiaiw fouitdfd A caftle here, that Atagoftw ganifoiMA iti tint U.l|pimTraianiMtnadaitaj|»loifT, and iEiwmta Adiianaa Achv, It it DOW foniUhtttpkafawn «rell'jbiritt« and wett- pcfigMd, having fovcnUn^h«u(f*b*lnn|iBgH>ferfoM>tif qaaBty I. but thofe The prince's houfc ftands in a wood on the eaft fide, and, i aiuong Otlier rxtitics, hat a noble co]le£tiou of old Roi)' man urns, and divers other ntonuments of antiquitjr. Befides: the great church, a monaftcry of Capuchitts, ana another of Francifcans, are the only public buiUings iia the city. On the road, two leases from this city, thcr« is the palace of Moiland, where &e king of Pruffia reiided in 1734, at he returned from the Imperial army on the Rhii^i and tlierc isa continued range of walks from hence to Saii^-n, which is five leagues. • Cieiinep is a finall town on the Niers ; Uderoa, « littia village plcafantly fituated; and Gock, a town which for* merly belonged to Gueldres, but in 1773 was incorporate^ with Cleves ; Cranoburg h a fmall town with a Roman catholic coll.:giate church. ,, ^. The town of Emmerick, or Embrick, it larjge, rich» and beautiful, pleal'antly fituated on the eaft fide of thai 'Rhine, four miles eaft of Cleves. It is i«ry antient, on* of the Hanfe-Tpwns, and has a pretty good trade. It was fornierly po^eiied by the Dutch, but, on the enipch. ror's [Atfuafion, they rchgned it to the duke of Clevea in. |6(X), on condition that the Spiiniards ftiould teftoref Rhinlwrg to tlie ele(*« mik* feuth nft of the Utter, anti north- «f et of the iSttter. It wm built tnd fortified by the dukn ofClevei, for ft dcfchcc uninft any ftidden mvafenftom Cologne and GueUerlaAd. It foon grew popvloua and tkfa, by • tnde in Hncn i but iince one of it» dukea^buUt a vaft granary heic, fi»die boori to bring dieir com to, it hm been more confideiable for making mah and beer. In moft flftcely buildingt are, the Town-houfe, St. Nichobu'l drarch, and a monaftery of Dominicans ; tlie latter of which hat a good library. It has a ftrong caAIe, and a fine market- pbce, but the ftreets are narrow, and it it Airrounded wttfa water and roorafles. The roed from henee to Cleves is through a barren country, but diere are fome caftlet in it. Marienboon ftanda between Calcar and Santen : dtU is e rich monaftery, with a Latin infcription on the wall next the road, ezpttning their gratitude to Frederick William, elcAor of BrandeiiDur(|h, for accepting their great col' leAion of manufcripa m i6 jo, inftead of turning them oat, and convertitw their revenues to the public ufe. The town of Wefel, called Neither Wefel, to diflin- guilh it from Upper Wefel, in the eleftorate of Treves, ftands on the eaft fide of the Rhine, near the mouth of the river Lippe, ten miles eaft of Santen, and eighteen fouth-eaftof Clevet. It was formerly a Hanfe-town, and D'.fo Imperial, but exempted, by the dukes of Cleves, from the contributions paid by thefe towns to the military cbcft of the empire, according to the Matricala. It is not only the lareeft and bed-built town of the duchy, but populous, ana well fituated for trade. It grew rich by the concourfe of merchants that fled thither from Ae perfecution in the Spanifh Netherlands, and was gar- dfoned by the Dutch, to whom it was mortgaged by the ^teAor of Bnuidenburg, but uken and plundered by the French in 1671, they alfo exafted heavy contributions from dte inhabitants, which forced many of them to re- tire; but it was reftored in 1674 to the eleftor, after the iFrench had difmanded it. Though the place fubmits to die king of Pruffia as its fovereign, it is governed by its own laws. Uoth the town and its two fuburbs are full of fotdiers, and well fortified after the modem way 1 in die iniddie of the courtines are galleries which run into the dlilch, and have feprate places for the men and women in cafe of a fiege. Thin may well be reckoned one of the ftrongcft towns in Europe : it has a good citadel towards the Rhine, a fmall harbour for veflels that trade on that ri- ver, an aifenal well ftored with all ncccflarics for defisnce 6t eflence, and fevcral churches and moni^crics. The porch of the great church is lemarkable for the birth of Peregrine Bertie (afterwards carl of Lindfey), whofe mo- Cher, the dudiefs doirager of Suffolk, and Mr. Bertie, her Ihiftend, being forced to fly beyond fea from queen Ma- ry's perfecution, were reduced to fuch difficulties here, betaufe they durft not make themfelvcs know., that they could itot ,gct any better accommodation. There is an lia(j>ital in this town, founded and richly endowed by a chancellcT of-thit dnchy and his fon, for the aged and de- crmid. The cotintry it a plain and gravelly foil from hence toDuiibarg. Hot it aKo the foial! town of Lobhh, on the Rhine -, and Ettenbnig, near that river, which hu an imperial foandation for ttdlei. Deulbutg, on the Roer, thirty- «ne milet from the fouth of Cleves : it is welt fortified, hat a protefhnt tiniVerfity, a commander of the Teuto- nic order, two monaficrics, a nunnety, and two parilh chtiches. Mrurs IS t fmall principality, furrounded by tTic arch-- bifhop of Cologne and the duchies of Cleves, Bri^;, and (iueldrcs. It is watered by the Rhine, and yields pleaty of (Mi<, cattle, and venifon. The revenue is' upwards of ^iv^ thoufand rtx-dollart. As prince of Meura, rbe kinj of Pruf^i^ has a frat and voice in tha college o''thc princes «f the empire, and the diet's of (be cir\;l<. 'fhe principal placet arc, 1. Meurt, or !vfars, a cotq- eBt, fmall, well -frtrtified '.own, whae the Jttovi'-ciitScoI- [ea hold their ir.eetingt : here it u caftie, • CaWinift chtirch, and a Latin fcliool. 2. Cre&ld, a fmall town, cotttajning nnnufaAures of iUk, linen, velvet, 3cr. and de« fca4ed by a citadel. _ hfiaicW if reckoned the largeft cnnntr »n WeAahana. hr. tng forty miles in length ami breaddi' ft it Mtwied bcv Cw«en the Lippe and the Rorr, divided inu fiHecli kollt- wicks, and fobjea to the king of PraAa. It lies weft from the dochy of Weftfhalia, north from that of Bctg, ind foutb-eaft from CleVc* ; and is draught to have iti name fiom being the antient boundar* between (Germany knd Oallia Betgtea. This country is bofti feftik and rtcht in it yields grajn, pulA, firnit, coals, lead, fifver, fait, game, Rax, hemp, wood, iron, cooper, ftoite, cattle, fifh, and other neodnries. Iron and iteel arc the ptiocipel mlnu- ftAnres. People of all eerfuafions are tolerated here, aii4 the goTcnunent is invefted in the fiune colleges at that of Cleves. On the river Lippe it Ctuatcd the town of Haffiem, the capital of the countr: it In fiity-fiv« miiet north-eeft of Colouie, Stat antienny one of the Hanle towns j but thou^ the adjacent country abounds with corn, flax and hemp, it is a poor pface, that fobfifts chiefly by lodging travellers who pafs between Brandenburg and the Nether* lends, Schwertet, on the Roer ; Caimn, on the Zefick 1 and Wefthoven, are very inoonfidertlsle towns, though very pleafant. Sybeig hat a church '6ated on a tock, where formerly flood a caiUe belonging to the Sa«ons. On the liver Arfe, weft of Haroem, ftands Soeft, or Sonft. It is k Dopulous city, feated in the neck of this ConntT, which (hoots into Weftphalia. It is ^rtified with a douDle wall, whereon are thirty watch towers, and a large deep ditch. It hat fourteen parifhes, and many diurchcs, befldes chapels, one of which is collegiate, ia4 under the jurifdidion of the archbifhop of Cologne. It has miny privileges, particularly the liberty of hunting and killing venifon in any of the nei^bourinK counties. It has alio a court of judicature within itfelf, from which there lies no appeal, except to the chamber of Wetzjar.' It has as many gates u panlhes ; but it it in To ruinous k ftate, that very few of the Areets are paved. Here are fe- veral convents, and a famous nunnery called Paradife. The Lutherans pofleft two of theparifh churches, and ■ nunnery, which, like other proteoant nunneries in Ger- Oiany, is a fort of free boarding-fchool, raifed on the in» tient popifh eflablifhmems, where young ladies, generally of the oeil 6miilies, are educated ; and fome fpend their lives in them; but take neither die vow nor the habit 1 nor are they tied down to inany rules. In this country are alfo the following places : 1. Lip* Itadt, on the river Lippe. 7. Hokeii-Limburg, a bo- rough on the Lippe, is a fief of the county of Marck, and under the proteQion of the legency of Cleves. 3. Hoerde, on the Emfcher, where are a Lutheran and Calvinift church i near It is a free fccular foundation for an abbefs, and fifteen other ladies, paiily protefiants and patdy Ra« man catholicka : the intiabitants are chiefly employed in naU-making. 4- Hagen, on the Volme, contains • Lu> theian, Calvinift, attd Romilb church. The inhabitants, mannfafture doth, fword- blades, paper, knives, hammers, &c. White alabaftcr with red veins, and black with white veins, are found in the diftrifi. 5. Plette'ibcrg, on die Elbe, has ftone quarries, and iron and woollen manuft:- tures in its neigliDourhood. 6. Schwdm, a trading tovr.- with a Latin fchool, a foundation for proteftant uid Ro- man catholic Udics, a Lutheran, Calviiiifl, and pepifli church, and a medicinal fpriiig. 7. H;)ttingeo, c>;i the Roer. 8. Blankeoftein, on the fame river, a. Cafluop has in it a Roman catholick, Lutheran, and Calvinift church. 10. Nicnmde, on the Lippe. 11. L'ockuna. 12. Lindcnfclieid 13. Hetdickc, on tlic Roer, has a free &• cnlar foundation, for Romui catholic and proteftant ladies, and a Lutheran, Calvinift, and Roman catholic church. 14. Iferlon, or Lon, tias mani.&£luries of filk. brals, iron, and (( ;ivec Empfei'. U' has an univerfity, whicli was crefted in I543« The c^Ublifluaeot here is Lutheran. In a large plain, fovrteen miles eaft of Dartmund, ftandt Unna, now fiitjrfl, with the above, to the ItouliB of Brindcnburs. It it not fo large as Hamem, bot waa formerly rtckoned oqe of the risiiail citirt of Lower Gee* many. The town of Altaiui it laife and populous : it has i( Lm«^ dUcran and pttvinift chvrch, a caftic oii a hicb rock, end ibmc :ra(2e in \wa and wirr. Being furrouiMkd by moitn- tsim sa sU fuU-., tUr: a tsi iinic ««bii grovod oeer in fo that the inliabitantt arc fumlied with grwn fiam ether plaow. « We EtJR6!»ft.j iO ^'^Frfj-V^^fi^l^iL^" ■.'nA"W3#^:»^ We ntxt phHceed td die orcU bJ^AVeflbtMliat cbrttain- ingEiIl Frirfland, Li-^ ni, Guljck, and THcklenlHirf. ThefirAcfthere, '.«mely Eaft Frieflirid, called illo the earldom of Embdr,) hw the German ocean on ibe uonl^t tlie county of Oldenberg on the eaft, the bifhoprick of MunAer on Ine fontb, and the gulf Dollert, wi\h the mouth of rtie tiver tnis on the weft, which parts it from ' the province of Groningcn. The king of PralGa claiiped and iijixcd thii country, after the death of the emperor, Charles VI. the lad count of Eafl-Friefland, who left no iflue. The chief river is the Ems : the langaage fpokert bgr the oeople is High and Low Dutch. The prevailiiis pct- foniion IS Lutheran, and the trade is verr confidcraWe in harfet, homed cattle, butter, cheefe, linen, rape-fecd, tiairley, and wooK The air is thick and hioift, the eonn- try low and marfliy, itie inundations frequent and dan- ^rous ; but the pallurca are rich and fertile. Here are abundance of horiesk (heep, horned cattlet &c. and plenty «f butter, chtefe, milk, etc. The great number of dikes ve fignally ferticeable to the country, which, however, produces but little corn i but* beiides what we have alrtady mentioned, here is great plenty of turf provided for fuel. The city of Enitnen is rich, large, and populous ^ for- tified towards tlie land by a double ditch, regular bulwarkS( and baftionst and on the fouth by a ftrang wall and tbe river. It is (ituatcd on the north fide of the Ernst and on the bay called DoIIart; twenty-four miles dil^t from Groningiin to the north-eaft, and fiity-five from firemen tp tbe fouth-weft. The illand Nefla, which lies in the Dollart bay, over-againft this city, nukes the harbour u brge and convenient as any on tlie German coaft. They kave alfo artificial canals, by which ihev can bring laree veflels into tlte heart of the town ; and by opening theu fluices, they can lay the neighbouring country under wa- ter, and make the town iiiacceiTible. Their hov&s are generally neat and high, and the town-hall very magnifi- cent. They are very induftrious, and much addided to trade I aiifcrten of their liberties, and excellent foldiers. They make good provifion for their poor, and allow free- dom of worlnip to all but papifts. It is divided into three parts, die Old Town, the FaMern, and the fuburbs. Tbe moll remarkable buildings are the Town-honfe, library, and cathedra! church, in 1750, the king of Pruffia cdabltlhed an Eaft- India company here. "ti^ other places of lei's note are, i . Norden, fituated on » little gulf, alxiut fifteen miles diflant from Embden to the north, a. Aurick, about (en miles from Embden to tlie nortlieaA, is defended by a firongcafile, the relidence of the count prince of Eaft-Kriedand. This >■ :iie capital «f a little diilri£l cillcd Auricherlinc*, which it marfhy and JTttli cif woods. The fupreme court of judicature is lieM here. ^ 3. Jengiin is an opulent borough, and has a har- bour on tlie Ems. 4. Uoge, which |ives name to a di- flrift. {. Leer, a large, well- inhabited town, on tbe Leda. 6. Gretfyhl, a borough town, on the German ocean. 7. Efcns, about founcen miles difiant fiom Au- ricb. towards tbe north, and twenty five from Embden to the north eaft. 7. Witmund, about five miles fsom Efeni to the eaft. The comity of Lippe, whkh is narrow. Ilea between jPaderborn on the fouth, and Ravenburg on the north. It ia in general mountainous and heathy, but has fonie com land. This country hath fcverai proprietors, vIe. the king of I^ufiia, the king of Great Britain, tlie counts of Lippe Schawcnburf, and Lippe Dctmold, and the bilhopof Pa- derhorn. The inhabiianis are Calvinifts. The chief places arc the following; viz. Lempiu, which contains a Lutheran academy, two Lutheran and one Cal- viiiift church, a palace, and a fnundii ion for ladies, a. Detniold, on tlie Warta. 3. Blon.'^rg. 4. Horn. e. i>aba-Ufflrn 6. Baiidorf. 7. Swalckibcrg. 8. Lipftaiil, already mentioned, which partly belongs to the county of Marck and that of Lippe. ki. Alverdilixn, alwrough town. 10. iittmhcrg is a caftlr ap:i«r(aining to • diftrift bclong- ingto the king of Great ttrkain. Tlie prupk who pkofefs C^'vinifin are remark^ly in- ^uftnowBi aiKii.as aaoiicouraget'.enttlKtcto, the country M cMteftioly (et^ki Gmittk or Juiieit, iitvated between the Mars ar.d tke Rhine, tiat Clevis iiiid Gcidcrcn on tlie nOKh, Culogne ;on titceaih the PnJuiinate on the fouih. and the Nether- lands on the ittA \ being fixiy miles long and tliirty broad. The ioit produces Wo^. «r wood for i)ye>u(; , i,nd the ,«aaw)lty abouids.iii corn, pauwc j^vHirai, jpniv Sen •oittln,. and an t toelleut bftod of horle*. *.i.iXbt cnly place worthy of mention is Julien, or Gn- licit, ^^ 'fei|{^ ^tfi twenty-five milu weft < "191 twenty-five milu weft of Colcmie, in fix deoeca eaft Im. gitwle, udfi%aoei)«ikla$itiHk^ It i« ■ SiuU finin«l tot^q^ defended by a caftil. TwUenbarg lie* n/BtJr^m lingeAt *t>d ««ft bbm 0t- tubiira, an4 is about ttipfty i)»m,toBgi <>o4 isn hrgiki; in (5661 it fell to tbe cowib of J9«(lithit^ and fin<« to th» kiOB.*vPruffi4. It* antieirt •a/am M.ivB« dottriiUttnt. now parcelled out to other*. Jti ^tal, which be^n tbi iaitM aaiile, has a flrone cafU* wd » fort .- tbi« to«rn u ten utile* weft «f OfiWMtrgi and tfMn^thiw nottfi «f MnnfieTk SECT* lit (Unfmid»t » dtfirl^tim y Gtlkr in tki ttithHrlmJt, tni NtufiSatri ia Switmntmd, thrirJtuatiM tnd hinndtrntt, ttwMt, rivtrnftU, frtJiut, mmmfiaitrit, (it. 'nn HE High Qaarter, or Upper GelderlanJI, hiu DUtt^l X Brabant, and part ot' the bifhopric of Liege en thd Wdtk pari of tbeduchy of Gulick on the fouA, part of tik« duchy of Cl«**« «» th* north, and part of tL* fern* duchy* and of the eledonte of Coioine on the eaft i ib that it u' entirely divided from Dutch GelderlaAd. It* bkwdtb it uneqtlal, and about twenty-fear mile* in tbe biwkteit parti and it* greateft leniph, feom. iMcth to fouth, «■ about thirty five roiU*. The Spaniards k«pt pofleffion of this soumry after tl|* • commonwealth of the unted Province* wa* fettled i but it was conquered by the allies during the vrar occafioned b/ the death of kitig Chatles II. of Spain, about hit fncc«U' fion. The king of Pruflia, for whom it i* very eonve- nientlv fitutltcd, laid claim to it : and, by the treaty of Utrecht, it wa* agreed that he Ihould keep the city (^Uiel- der, the praefeftorlhipt, town*, boitnigbs, fien* land«» quit and other rcnu, in that part of tlw high qaarter of Gelderland, which be Was aftwlly in poflelfion of; which wu yielded to bint, his heirs and fucceflbn, of either fes, for even tDgedier with tbe county of Keflcl, and the baili- wick of Krickenbeck. The town of Gelder, from which the ^rholenrovSnoe derives iu name, is twenty miles diftant from Clevt* to the fouth, and eight from Vcr.lo toward* the north. It fiends in a plain, on tlie river Niert, which) dividing it- felf here into two branches, forms an iiland, in which this city ftandi. It receives the Niers into its treochei, lie* in tlie midA of inarlhe* ; and li (o well fortified be- fideS; that it is reckoned one of the itrongtft places in tlw NetherUi;ds, It has an antient caftle, formerly tbe feat qf its governor*, anl ii fuppofed to have been built by VVi> chaSrd, the firft lord of tins coi'.nbY. who ereOed it into a principality after the death of Charles the Bald. Th* heirefG being afterwatdt married to Otfao of Naffiio, who wu created count by the emperor Henry IV, Kbour tha year 1069 1 one of bis defLendaiiti was maje duke by tlM emperor Lewis, of Bavaria, 1339 ; but his poiterity failing, it came to the count of Egmont, wlio fold it Xm Charles, duke of Buigundy, by whole daughter it came to thehoufeof Auftria. Gelder was taken by the confederate* in Jie beginning of the wai in the Low Countrie*, bat betrayed to tii« Spa- niards in r587. The Dutch befimd it m :6j7, 1639, and 1640, but without fuccefs. The Fieach feiied it in the beginning of the >o<^ continental war ; but it wn re* taken by the Prufiiant, afkr a blockade of fifteen months and foun^n days bombarament. By the truty r»7 584 Thb new and UN|;V^R^A.L fYSTBM or OEOOItfPHiy. r LbiiM. count of Na(&y, brother 10 die Qripee of Uraog*. ki't hard winter, brntihibinfK'foiud ti\wm oter tlieke, which the girrifon nad hrgleaed to brMK. In 1 588, it •was forioafly battered hf count Manifieldt general of tke Spaniard! 1 aivl it it oblervcd, thet bonibt were afed for the firft time at thii i»iihflaiiding which, the befiegcd deiienrfed themfeWes fo bravely, that the SpaniariU were going to retire, after three months fiege ; b«M 'pify w the town was on the point of being relieved, it wa« h- (raved to them by tlie governor. Neufchatet ii aprincipility, being bounded br the biflioo- ric of Bafil, and tht territory of Biel, towa>dt the nortn; by the lake Neufclutcl tuwardi the tail ; by the canton of Bern on tlie Ibuth; and by Franche Comte. or Bur- {rwtdy, on the we^i being about twelve league* in length irom north to fotith, and fix in breadth from eaft to weft. The air of this con ntry, near the lake, i> temperate, bat very (harp in the mouni^ainoui part* of it; the foil ii ftrong, but produces the bed wine in Switzerland, by thi fale wlirreof to foreigneri, great advantage* accrue to the na- tives. , The French language ii fpoken herot and the inhabi- tants refembie tliat nation more in their jiuinncrt iind cuf- toms than the Gtnmans, having mere vivacity than the reft of tile Switxers, with a great fhare of vanity. Tbev ate, ' in a manner, a free and independent people, notwithftand- in| they have always had a prince for their head ; for no- tliing is dAermined but by the concuirence of the three eflatc!>. Ttiey have alfo the privilege of chufin^ (heir own ri;igiftnrtEs and ftandard- bearer, and are fuhieA to no t.r is but what they lay upon themfelves ; and the whole country is of the reformed religion, except the two vil- lages o'fCrcrior and Landeron, the inhabitants of which jM- Roman catholics. Upon the death of the dochefs ot Nemurs, the laft couMtels of Neufcbatel, as heirefs of the houlb of Lonf>ue- ville, the ftates of the' country were inclined to fubmit diemfelves to the late king of Pruflia, as heir by his mo- tlier to the houfe of Orange, which derived its title to VSr 'rchatel from the marria^; of one of its princes with the iS of the houfe of Chalons, the direft fovereign of thcle two countries. Several competitors alfo arofe at the fame time, who claimed as heirs in blood to the Itoufc of Longueville ; but the ftates rejeAed their claim, and ad- iudged it to the heirs of the houfe of Chalon*, and the jng of Pruflia aecotdinely took pol&flion t>f it. The chief towns in the country of Neutchatcl, are, i. Neufcbatel, the capital ; and, 2. t«ndirm. The tirft of thefe, called by the Germans Newburg, is iituated at the nortli-ealt end of the lake, to whicli it communicates its . iiaftie, about rwcnty mile* north-eaft of Bern, and fifteen north weft of Friborg. The town is well-built, and adorned with (everal handfome fountains ; it is governed by a council of fixty burghers, and enjoys great privileges ; among Which, the moft confiderable is, that they are kU low citizens with the canton of Bern, which is not only their protrAor, but umpire of all the differences between them aiiO their fovereign ; and this canton lopportcd them In their civil and religious rights, while tlirv were uiidrr the doniwiion of popilh princes. The ounls of Weuf- chatel were formerly allied to the cantons of Bern, Lu- cern, Sokure, and Friburg , but (iitoe the invrftitnre of the king of t*ruftia, the popilh ftates do not frem fond of renewing the alliance. Landeren is rcniarkahic for its advantageous fituation, and a noble caftle, the retidence (il tlie prince, is fituated near the lake of Biel. With refpeA to the duchy a( Silefia, u fome parts of it liave been ceded to the king of Pruffia, and oihers have 1>een feized upon by him at various times, and under dif- ferent pretences, be now poflefles the principal places in the whole ; it may therefore with great propriety br deemed, and confcquently defcribed, as a PrulEan p.ovince. It •extends on both fides of the Oder frofn the Carpathian inountaini, where it rifes, to the borders of firaihicnbun;. It is feparated frem Bohemia and Moravu to the foi'tli- ereft and fo:''(li, by the mountains called Ril'linbergen, and bounded by Pound on the eaft, Lofaiia .ind part of Bo- hemia un the weft, Brandenburg on the north, and Hun- gary on the Ibuth. From north -weft to ibudi-eaft it is ■bout two hundred and twenty five miles, and about an hundred where broadeft ; but it is much contraSed at both extremities. There are many barren mountains on the fide next to Bobemia,-but the reft of the country u good Ibil. abound- tjiv with cam. wine, fureet cane or valeiml. madder mnd.ilax : and on the mountains which divide this duchy from Moravia, there are minet of fiiver, the riolieft itt • 4 I f ;atK; ■■ Qerroany, which were mortgaged by the late einptror, Charles Vl. upon tlie advance of knonev from GrnU Bri- uin, kc. by the title of the Silefian loaifi, at five and ftven per cent. There are others of copper, lead, irop, ^vicknlver, fait, C.ltpetre and chalk. it* four chief mountains are, i. Zottenberg, or the Si- lefian Weathercock, becaufe by the top of it the neigh- bour* proonoflicaie the weather. Here are the nito* ^ an old caftle, demoliftied bv the citiken* of Breflaw, be- caufe it wu a ihelter for robber*. Prom this hill tbeV dig a fine dark-greenifh marble. 2. Grataberg or GnA\w*%, on which duke Kridcrick built a caftle, now a watch- tower. 3. Spitftierg, with a beacon near the former. 4. Itonenberg, in the dochy of Schweidnits, fimioa* for the Icrra S^illata fi'ft difcovered by Mbntanoi, an emi- nent ptoyfician and chymift, who wrote a Latin traft of ilt virtue*. Irs chief river is tlie Oder, which rifjet near a town of liut name on the border* of Moravia, .and traverft* this duchy from fouth to iiorth-weA. Many fmaller riven life here, and fall into the Oder, increafing it to a laiip nairi« gable ftivam before it pafles into Brandenbu^gp^ It* rivef* abound with frefh-water filh, a* do alio irn ''poiul* aii^ lakes, efpeciallv lanipr^i, which are taken in vaft qiurt- titits in the Neiililn lake, &c. Its meadows alfo have cattle, and its foteft venifon, with all the wild and tamie beafts and fowl that are in any part of the German impird. Tlie number of inhabitants are computed at a ii|illi«|i and an lialf, being a mixture of Germans, MAraviaol, Poles, &e. Tbe hmgu^ is in fame plltes German, an4 in others Sclavonic. SiiKe'the country fell urider the do- minion of the Pruf^ans, no diet* have been field, b« aft the Other privilegri of the inhabitr.iits have been coiifinijed to them. The ellabliflied religion it the proiteftant ( btft Roman catholicr, Jtws, Greeks} trc. art tolerated. This principal manuraAures are bsts, glafs, gunpowder, iroil • wares, woollens, linens, cottoo; ;ifoftion, for w&hrh ther had a chatter granted them by- "tfie emperor, Rodoiph If: ill 1609, but Ferdinand II. repealed their chattfer, and very much reftrained the exeitife of their religion, which, though reftored by the treaty of Weftphalia, wa* again in- vaded by the Auftrian fiimily, till Charles XII. King of Sweden, obliged the emperor fofeph *o allow it metii again, with frefti conceflton*. Since that time thnfe tod have been virtually revoked by degrees ; but fince Silefia has fiillen into the hands of the king of Pruflia, the Cal- vi'.ift* and Lutheran*, as well a* the Roman cathoiick*^ have had full liberty of confcience. I'he whole revenue from Silefia and the county of Glats i« very eonfid. rahlc, and is managed by the domain oA- ceri of H cflaw and Glocau. Tti this part of Silefia, thtt e<. lie luvenue is only levied in walled towif*, and fluC'^ mates ; but in the reft 0I tht duchy the contribution* are fixed, and the fame botli m p^ace and war. Geographers div.dr Silefia into Upper and Lower, an4 thefe are a^^in fubdividcd into principalities and lordlhipt. The property and jurifdiAion ■>f fome of thefe belong im^ mediately to the king, and •th.Ti to his fubjede> Lower Sildta is divided intr, the principalilie* of Bref- > lau, BricfE, Scbwcidiiilz, Jauer, Lignita, Wolau, Glo- cau, Ncytzc, OeU, Shgan, Munfterburg, Trackenbcr|t Carlath ; and the lordftiips of Wartenburg, Miltfch, an* Gofchictz. Breflaw principality i* a pleiifam and firuitful conntry^ in the middle of Silefia, lying on both fidei of the Oder, with the duchiet of WoUw and Oels, and the barony of Wartenberg on the north; the dnehv of Bncg on the eaft, part of Mneg and the duchy of &h«etdnita on the fouth, and part of Schweidnita and the duchy of Lignitft on the weft, lb firft duke wa* Boleflaut, a Polifb pnnce, Co created by the cmpeior, Fierierick I. in 1 163, but the following; princes tiot being able to defend themiclve* againft ilic Tartars and PoK»r 'hev vfee forced to {wt tbemfelves under the proieftMn of tte king of Bohemia, to whom, Will') fay<, the emperor Frederick II. gave it as a fief of the empire ; hut it wa* fubjeA ro the iMllfc of Auftiia before its late ccfion to tiae king ot Pruffia. Rrea, tlie capital of ■ circle of the lame same, and of tlie whole principality, Aands on the river Oder, and is not only well fortifinl, but is one of the Iiirgeft, handfomeft, and moft coniiderable cities In all Si- itelia. It has four fuburbs, and a very long, lofty, and flrong wooden bridge. The caftle, which was anciently the retidence of the dukes of Brieg, was burnt down dur- ing the fiege of the city, ill 1741. On the fouth fide of Brieg (lands the abbey of St. Hedwiga, which is in the ' poflelTion of the papifts r'^clides which there is alfo a Je- Aiits college and' a Frahcllcan convent. To the Luthe- rans belong!, the parod>ial church of St. Nicholas, and I'ley havjii alfo an academy founded by duke George IL with the church of the Holy Trinity, in whidi the Polilh congregation aflemble. In 1643, this city held out a £ege againft the Swedes, but in 1741, the Pruflians made Ihemfcives mafters of !t in four days. Schweidnit;s principality bonders to the cad on thofc of Brieg and Breflau, to the northward on thofe of Lignltz and Jauer, to the weftwtrd alio on Jauer, and to the fouthwardon Bohdmia and the country of Munllerbcrg. It is one of the larg^ft and mod populous principalities in all Silelia, and, in conjaitdion with the principality of Jauer, is fuppo'- ' to form one-eighth of tlie duchy. In this principality arefeveral very high mountains : it, how- ever, affords a fufficlency of grain, timber, and fruit ; and abounds in game of all kinds ) as alio in cattle and pit- coal. BeficKS tliefi: advintages, it has excellent flax and wool ; and the inhabitants are remarkable for their induf- trious imprbveincnt of thefe advantages, by carrying on a variety ol manufadores. This is chiefly done in the hilly parts of the principality, where itr greateft trade is canird on. It has no lai^e rivers, the principal of them being the Werfliw, Pollnitz, and Bobcr. The town of Schweidnitz, rhr capital of the circle of the fame lume, and of the whule principality, is (Irongly fortified, Wuaied on the little river Wcrftita, "ne of uie IDoft dclitl' "1 fpots in all Silcfia. Its ftreneth formerly cunfiftrd ot a triple wall -, but in 1748, Krederic II. caufcd it to be fonified with regular woiks of very great ftrength. The parilh chiKch was in the hands of (be Jefuitt, who got footing in this. town in l^^9. »nd are likewife pof- kfki of a college and feminar) aojoining to it. There are here a Dominican, Minorite and Capuchin monaftery, with an Url'aline nuwivry, all of which have their refpec- flve churches. St Michael's church, without the lower gale, is a coromendam of the red ftar prebends of St. Matthias at Breflau. Without the town is a Lutheran dturch, the head minifter of which is infprAor of the diuretics within the circles of Schweidniti, Reicbenbach, and Strigan, and the principality of Munflerberg. The greateft part of this city was burnt down in llie year 1716} but has been fincc rebuilt with much mote bcauly than be- fore, and all entirely of ftone ; in particular, the new townhoufe is a moft elegant ftrufturc. However, in 1757, it was taken by the Auftrians, after a ficge of fix- teen days, during which it was in a great meal'ute dc- ftroyed by the liomos, red-hot bullets, and fires occa- fioned by tbcm ; but in 1758, the PrufRaiis recovered it, ■iter >itese ef th? fam?«>niinuance. The town of Reichenbach Is fituated on the little river FaU In this town is a commandery of the order of St. John, to w,hici» belongs the patronage of its parochial church, which is popim ; and there is here alto a Lu itierau oratory. W'ltlioui the FuiikeullcMi gate » a ^nt- o . aicatid to St. BaAanl, aiid witfioiit the Sch#eid* nils gate, an hofpital that has a fmall chiirch. In 16321 this city was bilUged by thi Saxons i in 1638. by the Im. nerialills, and in 1634', it fuffered ftill greater ctlaraitiei nrom the Croati. In 164a, it was facked by the Swedes; and in 1643, its imperial garrifon denioliflied upwards of one hundred and forty houli^s for fuel. In this town irt foitie confiderable manuiii£turea of fuftian, lineit, anj canvafs. Striga, oiie of the towns of the laft-mciltloned ducbv, eight miles north of its capital; ftands on the river Po[f> tilts, and is iioti^d for exbellent beer, and that rematkabid mineralcalled l>rra Sigillata. The dudiy of Jauer contains twelve towns, which came to Cllkries Iv. king of Bohemia, by marriage. II has Bohemia on the fduth, Upper Lufaiiaon the weft, tbd duchies of Sapan and Glogaw on the north, and tliofe of Lignits and bchweidnitz on the eaft. The river Bober, which rifM in it, run ; through it from iiurih to fouth. Jauer, its capital, lies in a pleafant valley, and a good air, near the rocl^ mountains which divide Silefia Ironl Bohemiai ten miles fouth of Lignitz, and twenty-feven weft of Breflau. It is not fo big as Schweidniiz, and na river pafles through it 1 but it has ftrong walls, with high ramparts, and deep ditches. It has a liur pa|Mi-i;hurch, Willi i convent ot Bernardines, and a greVt citadel, in which refides the bailifl' or litutenant of l»tli tlie datiiei of Jauer and Scliweidiiitz. There is a fine town-houfe ia the middle of a large fquare of houfes, built with galleriea for people to Walk under. It fulftred much by the civil wars in 1648, when the church was burnt down, but has fince been rebuilt in a more (lately manner. The principality of Lignits is divided into feven di« flrids, denominated front their priiicipal towns, is the beft corn country in Silefia, and abounds tvith a white fcrt of Terra Sigilhu. It lie* betwitt the Oder and tli* duchy of Janer. It had its particulat princes, the laft of whom died in 1675, when this, togetller with the duchies of Brieg and VVoiau. which he alfo pofleflod, devolved to the emperor, in fovereignty and propriety. Its capital, of the fame name, (lands on tlie Cat, ot .« Katlbach, a fmall rivolet, two German miles north from ; Jauer, and fix weft from Breflau, and fouih of Glogaw.' " It was walled round, made a city, and, moreover, fweft. It hat a large prilh-chnrch. Oels ptinci|iality it bndy and barren ; it divided into four ciicles, and hat the (bUowing towni ; vis. < . Oelt, the capital, which is fmall. 2. BcrnAadt, on tbt vVcyda. 3. Conftad^ Sagan pHllcipality aboanda.with wood and iron ( and contains, 1. Sagan, near tlie.frontiert of Lnfatia. a. Priebut, on the Neyfte. 3. Naumberg, on the Bober. Munftetberg it a very roouniainout principality 1 not- withftanding which, it yieldt abundance of gram, flax, hemp, wood, hops, cattle, flicep, tec. It it watered by the Neyfze and Olaw, and conuiiis, 1. Munflerbcrg, the capital, twenty miles north-eaft of G lata, and thirty louth- •m of Schweidnitz : it flandt in a fruitful plain, at the head of the river Olaw, which falls into the Odei at Bref- Jau, thirty- two mile»>to the fouth: it takes its name from • monaftety built here by tlic emperor Henry I. who founded the city. 2. Henrichau. 3. Fraiikcnftcm, on thi Paufo, which contains a pahce, a convent, twochurchet, a Ciftercian abbey, feveral offices, courts, &'c. 3. Wari- ka, a little town on the Neyfze. Tiaclienberg abounda in grain, cattle, and timber, but contains only the two fmail towns of Tiachcnberg and Piafnitx. Carotath it tolerably fertile i but contains only ihe two inconfiderablc towoa of Carolath and Bentlien, on the Oder. Wartenberg contains only a fmall town of the fame name, a Roman catholic and Lutheran church, a Cal- vinift meeting-houfe, and a palace. Militlh, a lordfhip, it only remarkable far its large forcfti, belonging to ihe kini, and for one town of the 6me naiiie, (ituatcd on Barttch. Oofchutz lordfhip cnntaiiis only two inconiiderable towns : it is furrounded by the principality of Oels. In Vpper Silefu, the moft confiderable places are, the principalities of Oppelen, Troppau, Yaseriidorf, Rati- ber, Tefclien, Bilitz, and the lordlhip of Plefs. Oppelen is a very barren principality, and full oflakei, but contains twelve circles, which reoeive their names from tlte following towns i v'u. 1. Oppelen, on ^he north bank of the Oder, over which it has a bridge, thirty-lix miles from the frontier of Poland, forty north of Trop- pau, thirty above Brcllau to the fouth-ealt, and fixteen £>uth-weft of Brieg. It is the capital of the principality, MMUains a college, fevcral convents, and in the circle to which it gives name, there it a royal foundation for calling |k>mbs. 2. Kofenburg. 3. Lublinitz. 4. Great Stre- litz. 5. Toft. 6. Gleowitz. 7. Schlawentiu. 8. Ko- fel, a fortified town, with a palace, Roman catholic church and convent. 9. Little Glogaw. 10. Newftadt, «n tlie Prudnitz. n. Zuiz, in wluch are many Jews. 12. Falkenflein, ontheSteira. Troppau principality it watered by tlic Oppa^ it very fertile, aitd couuiiit, 1 . Troppau on the Oppa, the ca- pital of Upper Silefia ; it is a walled town, and contain] ftveral eliurcliet, conventt, a college, a palace, &c. a, Hildfchim, a fmall, forolicd, and walled town. Jageindorf is likcwil'e a fertile principality, andcontaint fcvcral mineral I'prings. The principal .towns are, i- Ja- ■erndorf, which takct iti name from the great number of Suiitrmen tliat tbrmcrly lived in it, there bring plenty of game in the neighbouring woods. 'Ihe capiat of its own name, on the nvcr Oppa, it a fmall town, defended by a caftle and otlier fortifications, ercftcd by Georf^e, marquis •f Brandenburgh, and is fourteen milts weft ol Trop^u, aad above thirty miles foutU-caft of Manflctbcrg. The king of Pniflia foundrd hit da! to Silefia on that ofth* late marquii. 2. Lcobfchuicy, < walled town. 3. KatchaTf a fmall open town. Patibor principality hat a foil tolerably fiirlile in com andpafture, and aboundt in lakct, pondi, fiieamt, he. ■ It formt a circle, the inhabitantt of which are Polct, or delcendantt of Poici ; and the only place worth naming ii Ratibor on the Oder, which conuint fcvcral conventt, a palace, itc, Tclchen princi^ty it likewife full of bktt, moor*, mounuins, ttc. The only placet worth mentioning are, I. Tefchen, a walled town with a palaoa, Lutheran and Roman catholic church, a college ; mi, a. Sksrowt a fmall open town, on the Viftuh. Bilits principality it tolerably fenil«! Biliti, a little walled Mwn, on the BiaU, it the only phwa worthy of obfervation. In the loidlhip of Pleft, there it only a little city •( tb« fame name, and a cattle near the river Wtillel, with tba title of a barony. The Lutherant and Rotnan catholic* have each ol them a church here 1 but the former are the moft numeroua. SECT. IV. Gmiral actuM tftbt Prujftm Jtminitm ; nlhitH and nunnt* ftitMrtt »f Ibt iiUmHumUi tillei »f lit hug 0/ Prujia; Kumier tf inbaHlttMl, Irttpi, rmtniu, tic. T UTHER AN ISM is the cflablifhed religion in Pruff-a i tj but Calvinifm it greatly encouraged, and Greeks, Jews, Roman catholics, jcc. are tolerated. The nobi- lity, in general, arc defcended from the anticnt Germaiit; but the peafants are a mixed breed, and either vailals to the kiiig or nolilcs. The marufiiAurei of PrufTia are daily advancing and improving, particularly tliofie of iilk, linen, cloth, camblcti, glaft, iron, copper, paper, gunpowder, brafs, &c. Pruflia is by nature well liluated for trade, and the \ttt acquifitioo of nnriiinie territories has greatly incrcafed the revenue, and added to the power of hii Prullian majefty: but it is hard to fay, whether his fubje£ls have been greater gainers by liis encouraging and promoting commerce, ma- nufoftures, agriculture, population, order, aitd tlie regular diftribution of juflice, or fufcran by the wart in wliich hit ambition hath involved thtm, and the prodigiout Handing army he keeps conftintly on foot, to maintain hit conquefU, and extend them as opportunity ofivrs. The titles of the king of Praffia run thut : " Frederick, king of PruICa, margrave of Brandenburg, of the holy empire 1 arch-cbambcrlain and eleQor, Asvereign and fu- premc duke of Silefia ( fovereign prince of Orange, Neaf> chatcl, and Valengin, of the county of Glatz, Galders, Magdeburg, Clever, Julicrs, Berg, Stetin, Pomeranra. the CaUobi and Wends; Mecklcnbure and CroiTeni duke burgrave of Nurenburg > prisKc of Halbcrftadt," &c. &c. As an elcAor, he pofrcfllcs the feventh place; as arch- cliaoaberlain, carries the Iccptrc before the emperor at hit coronation -, and in tlie college of the prin'res of the em- pire, he pofTefTcs five voices. The ingenious Mr. Hanway, who has, in his writing^, given niaiiy intercfling particulars concerning the donii- nioni of the king of PrufGa, tcllt ns, that " Berlin abounds in elegant ftrufluret and elegant ftretts, and it computed near one third at big as London, bat has ^t above one eighth part of the inliablcamti from whence we may eafily account for graft gtowin^ in many of tlie principal flrects. The inluDitants were formerly computeJ at eighty thoufand, now they are reckoned at one hundred and ten thoufand, including the garrijon of ten thouland , all the Pniffian dominions, Sileua excepted, liardly contain two milliont of people. I'hit acquihtion of twenty thoufand inlubitanu and {abjeAt is imputed to the good condu<(t of the kin^i ingranting privileges and lands, fufficient to in- duce many to eftabUui themlelret in this capital ; and, confidcring this country it fo extremely defpotic and mlli.- ttry, without any foreign trade, and furioundcdby rsigh- bourt who want little or notliin^ of them, majiufadurcs here ipay \x laid to flourifh. '1 hey make woollen cltitli fuflicient for the army, and great part of home confuiiip- lion , and Silefia is well known to prodar.e a great funplv of tine linens, which are feru all over Europe, and alio to America. Their export of woollen eloth'to Ruflia was once confiderable, but at prcfent is very fmall ; la many thouf'ands uf French manufa^iuers having found protec- tion in this country, golii and filver lace, and wrought filks, are hardly to be bought in any place ib dtcau. " The f E U R O P E.] P R U 8 and S I A. 587 " The king of PrufCd Ui neiitrilly (it htlndrr twenty thouland troopi in liii pay ; liU otKccia 'm(.i lh«y amount to ao liundred and forty ttiouland. Thii prince has a tiodv of eiglily Iquadroiis of liuflii/i, each of one hundred and thirty men. I law many of them (lays our aulhok) in the lowni thruugli which I palled, and wai furprifed by what meant tJiey could be colkAed, lo youth- ful, comely, flrong, and weli-lhapedi but the king hai hii eniiflariei aJl over Europe. VVhiill I wat at iSinizickt continue* ha, a youn^ man, af whom 1 had fome know- ledge, bad procured himfelf a lodging inpriibn; but, on condition of entering into the Pruflian fervice, hit debt, which wu about twenty poundi, waa immediately offered to be paid. " I'hr btifirt arc armed with a licht mulket and (abre, both which aini kepf . ^Illlable order. Their cloalhinu U of coarfe red doti., r ade clofe to their bodiei, ane tirengthcn^ jt the elbow* by leather in the fhape of k htart i their breeehe* arc of wcil-dreflad fhcep-ikki* i their booM Ihort and light, but the fole* of thrm dufuble i their captare ftrengthened in the ordinary way, fo m to Aand a cut. They are the only denomination of foldicn in the Fiufian fervice who have no chaplain. " Befides the huflara, the king has a fmall body of men, whom they call hunteri, who are repnted tlie moft faithful coaricr* in-hia «nny, and aie otten time* preanottd for tlieir fidelity in baiardoui enterprise*. The Auf ri;.iii are faid to have employe>l men ander thi< denomination among their rank*, with pioce* loaded with fingle ball*, to mark out the officer* of tlie enenra. in which they are Tery deatroo*. Thii, which i* conlclTedly an annamnt- able praAice, induced the Prufliani, acco. Jing to the /r- port of th? latter, to take the lamn method : )>ut i^o quar- ':cr ii granted on rither (ide, when ihcfe bunf' i ar< tiken rilbncri. *' In general, the PrnSaa Ibldier* are remarkable for their % cry (hort cloithin|i, which i* calculated for many wife endi, though at firfi view it fccini to be frugality to a ridiculou* dc^ec. " The aritiy ha* ufually new regimentals twice in three years only ; hut the king's guards, and fome few other re- giments, 'are doathed annually. The late king required the foMiery to wmr wbitr fpatierdaihus winter and fum- meri bat hi* prefent majei))r, obferving the incoiive- nimce at well ai inelega.-ica of it, ^ives bis men black' for the winter; thefe are made offuflian, or a thick kind of linen cloth. The foldiers have alfo breeches of woollen cloth in thii feafon ; whereas in fommer tliey arc of white dimity or linen, which *n very light and clean. They pbOirve an uniformity about ihcir hi:ads» by wearing qtieue*, which are eafilr kept in repair '. they are generally powdered, biN always lo when Ciii duty ; and '*>>* modcrr. elegance in drrf* not only ferves to oteferve i rutural luir or wig, but gives tlic foldier a rclpcA for ' im\ per- fon ; and the (maUnefs of his pay h in fome i >rt < mpen- fated by the rank in which he i« tai^lit to confidet uim- fclf. " The Pniflian arm* are reported incompurabiy die Urged and moil weighty of any m Europe i thougli fome of the fufileers, vkho are fmaUcr-bodierl mm, have their arms proportioned to their ? '.vill pais his time v ' ill; in- afiiiuch as the leaft mo.ion of tlie head, not act. rdingto art, is correAed. "■ According to tlicii cilahlilliment, two-thirds of tha army Ihould be coni|. Ked of foreigners ; and this method, at wcli as tlic fniali number of inhabitants in tlw Prufiin Joininioiu, make it obvious ho«| difficull it mud be to recruit .in army t fo that however furnii lable this prince ni.iy appear, if wc conlidf ' '» couutry as little plciitit'ul in rctburcc* of wcailh <•' : abitaiits, that iticiigth mud l>e denned artificial .. nicafure which has lo great connexion with foreigi ;;^ encies ■ ho on the v^iK of all eatable*, foap, candles, &c. and yet stfhat muik appear moft Orange to u* in England, i*. the advantage* itiSng (torn the national oeoonumy, and the regularity which run* through every branch of the gevernmenta and pankularty in the parfimony of the court, fecaret (he property of (he people enoagh to animate :lieir induflry, and make theii chain* fit eafy." We now proc^d to (be hiftory of Pmffia ; previout to which, it will be proper to obferve, that tlie houle of Bran* denburg, or rather that of HokenaoUem, i* fo antient, that it* origin i> loft in the darknef* «f aiuiquity. How-, ever, tlie antient Pruiians are allowed to have been a very brave and warlike people, and refufed to fubmit to the neighbouring prince*, who, on various ^retaficcs, , at* tempted to reduce them to flavery. Tlicy made, in parti- cular, a noble ftand asaindthe kings of Poland, and in (he year 1161, the Polilh monarch, ifioleHaus IV. wu de* IcMed and flain by them. ■ ^ With refpcA to religion and policy, they remained pa- gans in opinion, and independent 111 circumdaiicet, till the time of tlie crufadcs, when the Qernian knights, of, the Teutonic order, about the year 1130, attempted to convert them by foree of arm*. Several bloody wan,en- fucd, in which tlie iuhahitantt of Prui&a were ahnoft ex- tirpated by the zealous fury of the Teutonic knight*| and the latter endeavoured to repeople tlie country with Gcr- snans, after having ravaged it with incredible baibarity. A treaty was entered into, in 1466, between Caiimfr, king of Poland, and the Teutonic knight*, in which it was agreed, that the country now called Polifh Pruffia lliould continue a free province, under the prote^ipn oC the king, and that the kniglits Ihould poITel* the remain- der, on condition of acknowledging tliemfelve* vaflal* (q Poland. However, thi* treaty wa* foon broken, another ferie* of bloody wars enfued, and the knights attempted, but in vain, to become independent of the Poles. Albert, marerave of Brandenburg, and the laft madcr of the Teutonic order, in 1525, concluded a peace, and entered into a treaty at Cracow, in which it wu ftipu-^ lated, titat tlie margraVe ihould be ackiiowlodged duke o£ the eaft part of Pruflia, which on that account was calMfe Ducal Pruflia. but dill it was to remain a fief of Poland III this manner the fovereignty of the Teutonic order ended in Pruffia, afterit had fubfined near three hundred year*, la the year 1657, the eleAor Frederic William of Bran- denburg, furnamed the Great, had Ducal Pruffia confirmed to him ; and t>y the conventions of Welau and Bromberg, it was freed lium its vaiTalage to Poland ; and Calimir, king of Poland, acknowledgrd its Midcpciidency. The prefent king of Piuffia, in his Memoirs q( the Houfe of Brandenburg, fays, that this Frederic William began his reign under the mod detperate circumdances : " He was (fays he) a prince without territories, an eleAor without power, a fucceflbr without inheritance, and juu in the dower of his youth -, an age v^hich, expufed to the boidcrout current of his paffions, renders mankind almo^ incapable of dircflion ; yet he gave marks of the ir 'he ii^uriw of liis.people,— Eutope, in Itjnp, leheld ^ piiueai I 5l8 Tai NSW AMB UNIfERSAL SYSTEM o» OBOGRAPHY. iiM, wtielb tMota difMtjraJ iht noWa finil, tM the 4uMrior |«iitmi aM wliiie lempertd wiib jtruiltnoi, an* •net lime kearing that clienAcV of cntbaMm erbkh forcee ear editf rtiian t > priiice who cqnOeiMlv nMlicd biy bU wiMom re^ tricTid a dlMeied munrry i b)* bi< P^licv M<4 Bnul«nc«M> q.iircd new lertiteriee i by hit valoar aiiiflcd lut ellici, and defended " ■ great in di hii f*9fl''i • priqee, ia &m, «be wa« tqiialijr ail hie tii;dertakiiiB«." Thit ceiabratcd prinoe luccecjcc ttj i the firtt king of lied of- droofr, April 19. i6iii' hit Ion fndariie, who ww at' Thit great titular > .K;a()oa wii cfaielly owing to the i iKrcft of the Pro*' .4itt |N>wcrt ; for u the rtfKintd reli- gion had bcfti introduced into thit couittrjrjhjr d^mar^- f rave Albert, and, ilx cieAf* were of that MrfatHfH^ the roteflant intercft war t^adw nfe of to raifa Frederic tt> Hm digntty of a kiag, Mil^be waf acoordingly Toon aahnow ledgcd as fucb, not only by llif empire of C'crn)any« but byatlt^eodierpowcnorEvTope. Hi* grand fbn, tneprc> ieni lung of Pniflia, givti no very ta>oorable piAurc of ibe.Tinuct or lAttitie* «f tbii prince \ hvi^ he fKalu wariaW in niatfe of Ua own father, Frederic William, wh9 laccaf(wd Frader a tbe firft biiig of PmSa, in tlie •jtu tyij. Tbii piince certainly bad g(CM lalcnti and nncoaoiiMn counge, livtbe too ficquently exerted both at the expellee 6f that inivnanimity and humanity which ought ever to.crabtUifli tbe heart of a aiMMrcb. He aiaafled d much momy during bit reign, that at hit death, which liafiiened in 1740,. be left behind hiia tbe eoor- mooa mm of feven million ftcrling. a tteafure whifjk after- wardi ciublcd hii fan, tne prefenl liing of PraflU, lopur- fue the inoft important piani « and wbich, joined m hit figacity, coon^, and great niilitar7talen|i, raifcd him to tlic utmoft degree oLconfequence and refpcAaUlity in the •pillion of all iIk tcilof the Europun poWeti. The reigning moiiiich, Frederic 11. who h now living, wai bora iu 171 2, married in 1731, to Etiaabetb CbriAina, at'BrnnrwicWoliienbuttle, bom November 8, 17151 and btgan hit teign January 31, 1 740. Nothing renu^kabjlc of hit eerly yeiri hath hu^x tranfmitled to ut, except tliat he itadan early tafte for literature and tbe polite ant, >nd tbcwed a particulai' paSion ibr French breeding and delicacy of niannen, inoppdrition to «k i.sieganteuflomt tbit had erivailcd in hi>Tatbci'tjtrr..'n iy lartienlar, hia father wai fond of drinking 10 exec*': . > ' v.:e v, hicti the prince abomi- nated : this, and oiIm; ;. M'*\ cU jumflanoct, determined him at length to lesvr Wi r»eh... .n a fecret manner, and, as ii generally MieveUf Kj iisiiir- 10 the courfof England, where he propoTed to live ui'lrr die praleAion of hit an- ele, king <3earse I. till either tlie death of hit fiuher, or ftneclMDftof conduA, fliould remove the di0icultiet of IMt rctara. Whatever tbe defign wat, it it ceitain that he had conctned it with a yo'^ ■ f; oAcer of the gent d'iniM, it'amed Katte, anii two oihert. The Iccrcti bowevcr, wti difltoveiad, ind tlie prinee, Katie, and one of the oAcert, weie Icieed 1 but tbe other fertunaiely made hit efeapt. Acoiincil of war, whiah a fa wrti hd at KoMpcniekt wu e^ ^initd to inquire into thacondoA of thaw tMmt. f" '* of lliem wtn rafltlerrd, and condemned to itirtc year* .1. prirminciiti inoilKr, wbo hadreiind ro fbteigneouk; ct* wat outJawedt but wiihMard to young Kaiw, the v«H« ware equally dieided 1 onektlf of nit jMgat were fbr find- ing *iim guilty «f dMth, and the other mlf arere far ac- quitting him ; fo that they were obllfwd t« liave the de- ciri«R of ii to the king. '« alftir bting at tbla ctifii, wung Kattc wraia a pa . piflle 10 1^ king, implorlt% hit cmnency, bat in vt i .•« ktig oaleiad hun tobe be- heeded t which fevete a fifth, 1773. 3. A pnnoefi, born November tbeeigbtccnn, 1^74. 3. A prince, born the twenty-ninth ofnovamber, 1776. 4. Frederica Sophia Wilheknina, who wat married Oc- tober the fourth, 1767, to prince Witttaok of Onmae Naffau, StadthoMer. ^^ ' CHAP. IX. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE EMPIRE Of E R M N y. S E C T. I. J^iftrlklnt ibt hundarlii and mHtnt, fitl^ pr$Ai€; riv*rf, lift. inGirjikiHj; with » rt^aphical ftirvtftf tbi c»mtrf M gtniral, and a Uftgrafb'ital Mtnmtlftbt arili t/Ufper Stxonyi its tnuHt, rhtu, tradt, mam/taura, inMitrntt, animui, Ut. #SeRMANY it bounded on the north by tiK German ^JS sssmn,- DsnsisrS:, snd the SzUic i on the eau by nomd and Bohemia, on the fonth by Switzerland and the Alpi, which divide, it from Italy j and on the w^lt by 'France and the Low Cpuntries. it is lituated between llptyfive and fifty-five degrect iio^tb Uutodc, and five and nineteen drgreet eaft lon|itnde ; it fix hundred inikt in length and five hundred in breadth. In fpeaking of the German empire, a judiciout writer has, with great juflice, obferved, that tbit country, (or divers goodreafoni, muft challei^e the fpecial notice and ihidy of the curious ; it beine the feat of a great people, and of many fpvereigntiet of diflerent denominationt, and iwder vaiious forms of govemmeatt a country of iarge ex- tent, and the fcene of many and great afiioni ; a country whofe alFairt and tranfadient are interwov -> with !he(s of every nation in Europe, of which it may be termed both the head and centre % a country whofe princes are every day forming alliances of marriage, &c. which pave their way to the piincipal tlironet of Europe, feveral of which, via. thofe of Giert Britain, PcUnd, Sweden, and Pruffia,- wa itti^iitAi ■1?* :»;'.■'-»»'■•;-«■■"'■'■ '"■""'* ■"■•?■'?;■"■ ^.iB'^.ji™.!.^. ,', j; :i^L.:'-" ^. ' ■'( IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /q ^ ^i^ 1.0 I.I 1^1^ l£i Ui 1^ 12.2 S?|14 ™= ^ 1^ 11112.0 1.25 IJA III 1.6 . o -#^ — Photographic Sciences Corporation '^ \ \\ .>*">* ' «» [V % ■^cs 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S«0 (716) 872-4S03 6^ ■■"*-«VC:(^^-r:fti^f^'' -at - T.- ■;/?; /-r;- i ^ I 1 f Ir- :* ^M 'V". -^•^ -S I A- i-j#' -,. -,,■ .i- ^. jS*-; [E U Rt) FE.] common fiuit-ti:eei ; ipd in tb* fouihcin province* ihiro «n Aft filM «t thii iikf bj fnir of iti prince* i t conntiy whkb, locthftgreM work of the nfennMion began theie, the good fenfc, oahfldentUe'letming, ftn4 itfaw^Minyiafe- ful and ingehfow: inremioni of tbe, oalifeti higbliriide- fefvw,«(,«llkwr Mig)|hMn>>to*tt *i( it atn) be aMtd^ tb*t to ii pvitnmmi'viiaiUKf' -, thMt ftvm iwfi:of w BritiOt iflctt yis. thck foim (wi«Miied.briUMni«« va* baMiened'i i»iiflaiMii)qr tha 6al|onKt'«i.Gmil4 bf tha Frank* ; aoi. I|al«, Spain«^aii« AMck, by Dw Goth* and Vandals : to tboic giorionpeapie almpft all Europe, and part of Afia aodiAfrwi* Pwad.liicic&eedottfrpm.tlMfe/cbain* where- with the Roman power had fo long bon»A. them : and. wbammfiaKy of tiair colomct feflMT they eftabU(M jnft vfAtffAU g0T«mil!teM on'tbe'^inv^iof ^rannyand dt^ fpO^ivVt ,■' ,;''';i/!' ; .■ ■" i ill.;' '^ ia-, r- ■ r. n ': .'That feint of>imd^.-caUMK;!iei!r<>i%fl*V>i ii*ifp«adl in: Cermany, bvt (tldom any where elfet fbrnecali it tern Icmnia, becaufe it is aiSo- brought fcvm the iJU «f Leaan|)a.< iti* a r^ftof hard earth, with wbiU!i< y«ll9ir. and red veins, and i«id to b» an antid»te aga iftft, iill.ifcni jf poi- fans... There aie good quarrie* of iiiwM(( iD.,mv^ia, 'timi, Lirgc, and other pr^vinee* t: anfti Air fttecioni; tf9f>fi, a% dliaariond*. a»teit,,cryftal*v Hfpars, QCifeyAr*! colours, tine alabafter, feveral .fort* of pewU, !l1«|1|^a Hones, rubies, Inc. this country furpaflits moA fldwr* in ^urop^ tbeie being vaft colle£tia!na of them ii» the ctdbi- nets and laritychambers of the en\pe(or« Jtl>e.,«leftor*of Bavaria, Brandcnbitrg. Hanover,- Saiwy^)' .anf): otber prince*, aiid of many private men, as melt a^ eabibit a lively rcprefciitation by hit copper tUnju* 9( filhe* pf divers foits, frog*, and other an>»al(, tbat> aboBod in a neighbouring law. ; • < i In this coiimry, the foil i* eaeee^ling fruitful, efpeci- ailr on the bank* of the Rhine and the Danube, where alio the air is very temperate > but in the northern part it iacold, and the grouitdlef* fruitful. The iituation i>f tbi* country is the leafob that the weatiier i| more, confiant, and (be fearons more regular, than in th<^e i^unUies that bonder upon, or lie in tbeiOfcan. Ifi tbofe pvov^i^e* that lie nest the fea, and that abound, with lake* 'Wd rivers, there i* plenty of rain. In ntbei; part*, where the furiace of tfie earth is drier, there are fqaftt'trntt confideraUe drought*. The north wind from the Baltick, and the bleak mountain* of Sweden, bring &oft* and (now : the eaflcrn blafts coming over a vaft continent of three or four tboufiutd miles, from China and Japan, bring dry .and unwbolc- Ibme wcatiier : the fouth, in the fummer, bring* refrsih- ing bteeses from the Alps : but the fouth -weft wind, u with us, is both the moft frequent and wholcfome that Uow* in Germany. In general, thi^ country, and Poland, ate fa like to Great Britain, both in climate and foil, that ho coiintrie* in Europe agree better with Engliih con- flitiition*. Beiidcs great plenty of com, cattk, Qftep, wool, clodi* borfes, filn, &c. the earth alfo afford* mine* of diver* forts of metals and mineral^', as iron, . bitamcn, Ditre, ocrc, copper, tin, lead, and even filyer in fome patf* ( allnm, vitriol, quickfilver, fait, coal, ttc. In general the furface \t even, and thotigh in fome parts it i* hilly, it ii no where inouiiuinous except toward* the fouth and foutb-weft, where the Al\n, and a Cm mountains in Al- face, ferve as boundaries and bqlwarks againft France aiid Italy- In their forefls aiul wallis are many thing*, both for the fuftenance of the poor,' anJ the deliglit *nd luxury of the rich ; tltey yield plenty of wood for fuel and building, and abound with great variety of wild-fowl, and all fort* •f good vcnifon ; tlicy alio feed vaft numbers of hog*, aivd fome of them, ai tl-'. forcll of Ardeniie, afbrd good paf- tore for Dice p. Filh abound in the river* and lake*, in greater variety and perfcAion, than any other country, pcrnapt, in Europe. Tbey have, in thcii' orchard*, great nonibcr* of our "Np. 59- is.plenty),of ibe more delicate fort, a* peaches, Jtptjcotir |ii|i, blivc*. He, m mW. perfoAion, They hav* tifh 'wmea, of i»hicb the R;bei]tifli andJ4ofel|e, in particulaii, > ,ata bxporiad in vail quaAtitie* to foreign nations ^, and giDt ^ ' only equal, but preferable, to fome of the win«i in lialyr ; Th« very nwuntain* of the Alps, on the German fide, aM« in many piaoet.cttjt'ivated.tothetop, and the valleys abound'^ with paftute* and vines. In ihort, no eounrryr pediapa, in tha world abound* with fo great variety of; evcryabingji conducing to the comfort of life as this i..tboug>»;Oi)«cnrf tatftweM. it in the goodntfs of fome Mrticnlaf atticlfes ia ; ran* thi»ugb.that country end fiavari^ to Ratilbon, land thence 'o Vienqa* After dividing Hungary into ««opHts« it continues it* couife to Belgrade, in Servia, and ,|hen« ' proceeding to Turky. fall* into tte Black Serby fecial ■ channel*. . l., . ,, v It is very broad, rtm* with a very nipid current, and' htthibree great cataraa*, which a^e, i,.Tlie Saw;Roflel,. or Swine'* Snout, near Lintz : fo called, from a pointed roek Unging over, wbidi lutli under it « dangerouf whirlpools it is iiinety-rwc miles from Vienna.; a-. Def Strudel, near Greinon, in Auftria, where the fiilling of the water malnes a horrid nbife. And, 3. Per Wurbel, another very dangerous whirlpool, about a furfong from- Der Strudel. The watermen o^ tliefe parts have a method of palling tliem without muph danger. A* fo^n a* -thin catara^l is palled, a fellow comes on board from a,ch^p*V dedicated to. St. Nicolas, on the bank of the river, witlfc that faint's piAuie, and an alms-box for tjic.paffcngc?*,!* t^irow ir. fomething, as a tbank-ofFeiingtefhat faint for tlieirdelivcraiice from the daiiger. ^,, , j. . On this river are frequently feen market-boats, kc^.pt. ten or fifteen tons, going every week from Ulmiq Vienna, which,- wittr the turnings and windings, is a courfe of about four hundred m'lei. Ic receives ten other, cqn-.^ fiderable rivers -^fore it consc: to Belgrade: ^t enlsra" Hungary thirty-five miles b* vend Vienna; and, before, it, leave* Germany, runs about five- hundred; miles, «^ about one tltouland mpretiirough Hungary, aud-Tuiky^iii, Europe, before it falls into the Black Sea. , It* j^ho^ eourfc thither, from its fountain, it about l;wei^ty-li)yen degrees; which, reckoning Cxty miles to a degree, i* one thoufand fix hundred and twenty miles, witboi^ in- cluding its turnings and windings, which mnft, mako |t at leaft one third more ; fo that it may well be a^r^^d to be longer than the Nile in Egypt, whicb in inany par- ticulars it refembles. It has three heads ; but Whi(£^i* the true one, the German geographers themfelyes ate not agreed. Quverius, whole authority fcems the beft in. matters of this nature, places it in the Black Foreft, at the foot of a little hill, and fay*., the fountain, i* wpllcd in. The waters of tlie Danube are always mikldy ud. whitift) ; and tbc channel is kept almoft as full in the fum- mer, by the melted fnow from the hills, as by lij^ flood* in the winter. Its waters have been found by jepeated experiments to be medicirul, though not to the fame Ae- gree a* mineral fpriogs ; and, it is faid, that in thofe places, where rhere are no natural baths, the people batlie witli the water of this river warmed : tliefe, w th in other virtues, are afcribed to it* wafliiiig To many mines, aiid to itsfaiiiie !!nd-U!«-i: which areibflrana, that a foe t nf fill has been aftually made of tUe water.'whicb has fuppij^' the want of better ; yet, after it has ftood Dome hours to fettle, it is frclh enough for (Irinking. T.lji* celebrated river abounds with all tlwfe filh that are . 7 K to i^.'- 590 Thi new and UNrvrRSrALSVBTEMor OBOORAKTr. •( ' «^Im found MdMfil^ Mr nrnnins or ftuidiH| walen, ud tli«3P ne gamiaUv naeh larger, but not fo rawt u oar«. TiMft ar* feveral fiOi in k n6t ceMMBofi elAwhcict whioh iWMi to b* of dU blNmter kind, and aM fappoM to c*iM ftem the E«Kin*. Of thcib, thiimoft mnnWbts' iatiitf iMhfen, a gAOf fi(h, femawhat lik« onr ft«f|Mii,> atawft as Mg a* acMtedik, ibma liciMff«i|lnHii or nmidjii Mat long. Sboah «f ibMB. tort* aSoiM the MMmMM boata at the found of a ttumMt or Mm. h ia nekonad cdsiMjr by dw A«ft»iuia and Hungariatu, and it onlf W ba OMr wtv at t)(e tablet of noUeinen. The- Rhine rifet in two fprinta in the Al|ie» whifh^: MHnffitiio SWiftrland,' unit)» eigbtmUc* frMn th* cit«diP Ooir* ( and ibon after dititei itfelf into a latia UA ouM the Hoihn See, or Lake of Con(hn«e ; whence, H**! tveftward (o Balil, it turn* up to the neith, and nuie b0< twceu Swrf>ia and AHace into the Pabftinant, raceiviqiilw Ncckar at Manheim, and the Maine at MeAta ; thin il riHivioCaibknta, where it receivti the Moiclle : itaAtr* WUdi water* ColoMie, and pafles on thtough the dochy of Cleve, reeeivii^ the Roer and the Liftpe, and other tUiJki riven, by tUa wajr s and pafl^ into ih« Netherlaikdi ar Schenchenfchant, five mile* below CleVe, where it i« «erf broad, and its conrfe very fwift j but the navigation of it il interrupted by nine cataraAs, the moft dangaroM tkmof are two in SwiArland, one near Scaffhuyfmi (iH>aM> the whole river fall* feventy-five fcet) ami lln other near Lauffenburg. Here the watenncn either hala thai^boaisafttere, and laaoch them on the other fide, or elfe let theni down br itepe*. The direa ceiMi of lUl noMe river it above four hnndtcd nritea, and, inehtding taming*, fixhandred. The Elbe rife* out of the modMaint near Hirchbaiib, in Silefia, open die eeniinei of Bohemia, dtrovgh wkMl it i«n* in eleven feveral faring* ; which, beinc unitadt paf* noithward, between Mifnia aftd LaAiia, intoSncony 1 receiving, bv the wav, the Warlita, OfMts, Motdau, aNd ^ra, paiiing by Magdeburg, Lawenburg, and Haiabnrg i andi a little below Glackitadt, dividiM iittf t^c btanc^ic*, which fall into the German Oetart fttty atitea below Hambui^. li is very large and ^eep at that cityi ta that Ibipt of Mut or five hundred ton* ride at amntor in h, TM oourlb df this river. Which ii very winding, ia ai long at that of the Rhine. It runs above five handred niiiet throogk the north of Gtrinany i u the Rltine doat thrtkiig^ the «feft, and the Danube through the middle and (btttlMrly parts. The tide runs about ten milet above HamlMnlih, and the river is navipiUe, by finatl veflcK a ^reat way pr> into Germany ; which very much promolaf the trade'of the country, efpecially by its eaomunicaiian With the Spre. in the marquUate of Bandenfawg, and the Meldtw in Bohemia. As the courfe of it it very flow, it abounds with fuch fifli at are comaaon in ftamUag Thi Okier hat its fonrce in Moravia ; and, after a ettr- lebt'of tht«e hundred EnftKfh milet through Silefia and Bnindenbtttg, fidls into the Baltiek Sca« betwist Swadidi diid BnUuienbnrg Ponierania : it rant in a pretty fltait 46m% illraiigh tlie ndith eaft part of Germany : it it navi> iMe by fmi^ vefifels a great way above Stetin : canab ate Sht b^isi (hit river akl the Elbe, which very moth pro* lilHM^ Iha trade of the eleadrate of Brandenburg. Bcftre it fiiUt bifnthe fea, it formt feveral iflandt ; and, joft at itt nionih. thcit it agreat freih-water hke, called Frefli HafF, ftcMi whence it fiUlt into the fits in three cnrrentt, which irt^l* M rtany fafe harbonrt. Thit river, and the adioin- ihc lakes, are ifiiUof fith i the bate coftemt on the fiumon andlanlhreytk feme of which are of a Vaft bulk, amount* ins to a cOhfideraMc fum. Not &r from the month of this river, in the Baltiek; there is a herrin^^ filhery, which H a great rarity in thit country, die Bakick having very fbw em of any felt. ,_.... The Weler rifet m the monntaint of Thunngen, rant throwh Hefle and Weftphalia, and emptiet itfelf into the JOm, it canefDC ha vkrv navigable > and^ aa if aalim aaaial w> ' pitaandaiiMialti thcrambiitfewMliKit. >' > >.'; ThaMIt a wdl mubat of fanfta in eaw* awtof tfda'' coiuMf, wliiahraie w« CaeM wWt ga«* o/alTfiMB aii cBlB«rf,feMvbaar»,iMltrtrboarii lc«.> "■■•^ The adtpaiw Mnhaillan. dw fnttidMhtr aNd 'fUtH' caftv ti tie catobruad eatparar Chartti ¥i tf^Mb/Oir. !naBqriM»ta«gMlatatrelaivaiR*tUi4i«it«i^trat«wMlMHd I in dw diet e«>Nie«rtaif,> i»«s(«> hm^am]*» i ^«l M%tr-> . M«Ml«MfiMHMHUfeki»flM nine ciMet wUe|i>i8aMWt and «« Weftphalia. inttemidUlei-'ib UapairJUrinat jfrLowec Rhine. 6.Franaaiit Indw lMdi^..Anftri» •< Bk* villa, f. a V i i l M i i -" , '•' < >'•<' ' i ir...>, : !■. UpawMKinylrbMlNM, m*die««fl, l^dMft^rtlM Vtfet RhUM and LottaaSaMAiy r •« dMr«aftv by PHiflw and part of Poland and Sifaaria ; onthe fondi, by BtMtlai ]Miiiataia«dF(aik«ilkiai and abi tMt«a^< i^dfe^ tkh. Thliraittieiaof coMMeraUeatiMM, andcdmain* thajtoaaMnMiaaAy i« be diftribad. TUi feUf tai m ekAonit ef Saaony iaficfcahd ferdle. yieMii% d«NL *d»r^ tei, aibawtf, wild fiiAAn, «mber. Goalh- Miti JMlaH, < maiWa, feipemine flone. vitrioL cu.. ^ wi ,--i ,j(^g^ filter, dn, iraii; faliv alHttaHMH^ 'am} f^.Wfr*1^ aalnlfeed, wood, wine, p«raeiiM OMfi i ft i ftf ' a ito r di .^^.fitfn<, coffer. Mad, pteciont «MMe arvarWtaMlidl,'.f«Mi«r, dlnn, amber, anirk-iilvcr, bif. mm, ^Ottki'titi Jim ate alfe Menty t^faorfet, homed nml«,W8pifdfeerifte. M iMt cMttWMft, die principal rivert ai«> the Elbe. Unm, nttflti Stoli, White-ElAer, aiid Ichwane Elfier^ Tlitft, aa oNlluibalaketand rhralett, aodiain great man- tMaa M Ml I and die Whiia-Elfter yieUi abandanee of btkaaifiil |Rart*i The cMintry k, ing'.nttal, vreH enkl- viited awd pdMilotMi The proiHn«lri«dtMi are heM every firyekrt, and the' ftMKoti dieni cbhiMnad every l«o yeart. Lodieianiiin ia titt aflablUhU rei^n, diough die difhant btanehet of dtt deKoM feaii^ have nfoaNy been Roman liaiholict. Who, at well ak die OilviHiAt, are nafciatid in MM partr of the elcaotale. With regard to ecelMkftietf htaAert, th« coflnnry It divided ifWr parilhat, fobonilnate to Mritwd inl^ort, which latier are M aeeduiilable to die eeclefi-' aftical oovncil and «p|»r ednfiftftty 4^ OMiltn. Learning fionriihat bete, coninentd it aneounitd, thS a«miiMKiMt ara'airivcd at aMtpctfeCMdn, part> abMi nolwiliifttnding which; die tkttUitltb it faid to bt decpWindfcbt. Widi teTpea to dl»cateM of die defteral circle, or dodiy at Stiohy, it it itif lieat forty miKt in lenedi, and alaxm u moA In bieadtli : the feii it ftridy. Thecafanii WittchbeM;, fianitt on die eaft fide 6f the Elbe, fifty-ll** liliiei nettfi-Weft fttMn JDrtfiien. It it thg feat of an aolic indicator);, aconfiftory, a fpiritoal iMfoec. tion, and a general ruperintendenev. It it finall. but well fiKtified, and cotitaint an univerfity ahd a Latin fehooi: Th« library appettatninctotiieiolnivetfity it very vahttble ; but the Prulfiant, who took die place in 1756, greatly it-' mtftd the foMiwationt. MaHin Luther firft picached hatVatainftdMr pope't iiidelatnuet, and waa buried in dia ca^ral of Aft-Sdntt. Here ate alfe the following towni, vis. 1. Kembei*, « AiuUI town. a. Zahna, wbid^ dio^||i flaall, hu a feat and voiiK in the dicti. 1. Schmiedebcrg, furitninded by mmin- nint. 4. Remhaitra, where it a cnrieot laboratory ft>r making mechanical and optical machinet ; in particnlar, dia camera obfenn. c. Karbv, on the Elbe. 6. Gom* berg. J. Annaburg, a bimugfa town, on a litUe ifland: g. Herbeig, which hu a woollen and fek-pette nanu ry. g. Lichtciiberg, containing an ekaoral pabee, pieaiure-gardent. 10. Gtaferihaynchen. it. Nie^ Mhiry. widi pieafure-gardent. 10. Gtafenhaynchen. meek. 13. Schweidnitx. 13. Lieberwerden. 14. Ubigan. I j. SUeben. 16. Pretch. 17. Belsia. 18. Scyda. 19. Jeflen. ao. Wahrenbruch. si. Schonewalde. 22. Prat> tin. 33. Biitcrfield. MoA of rhsrs are :accnfid£raBie »wnt, "ye* have a feat and voice in the diets. 24. Hohcn- bdckau. 95. Barotb, in the Gtila. a6. Somnowevalde. 37. Brcbna, a Utile town, which bat a feat and voice in die dian. Thuringia ; -Tf Mr rf . vt '-.■ t '*(,« trfe ^,'- :m kt -<*' «t^- :i' -•j?^".' ^,. -i'^.- ■. <■ ■t*t.-^«- f^» ,x -.(JM-- f^: f .1 ,--.N I ^. /. 4l T*»ri<<|t> di^Wt t oiM ri i [Atom, cmk ^ipBilBB#pWP» •nP'IHinBiPw^OB -WtTjI^^^^^Wt' AM ■l^tl^S^^^^j norik l|iin*l«i ttid Mtmn degraa dihgr, ijim^M^ «• IwigiMltfr 'Hh, MtMlMMcdt aiMl well lithMd . the cadmbu drardi ias' nmm&^t aiM fcMial laiji fiiaaMaj^iMtlMwIMl cityi^iM!6«nMMrii'«fttu«nlflc8Mi. TbatoM'Mtaii " I Eiie» «ll(# dMdea' tlm <% into «• Mriow airi ccAIy J^an ihi ^ ^ dti* alfrtatttMl, bMittWdwiavfii iVtaketirorafiW)6oWfn4fliiih». jt »u||>]it>iW rtifli n'WjiWtW'm tfi'ia nagnttamt uilat% •bM^Ntt d««mw'ti>MMXK •■^ KadttniMl «rM» MMp of nftW (liiittte. wMdi MM MUdMlM for ^^Im (Aw-* tor7Wftota^«^«• cM#4* AmHmI ani Alaaankt ofatlMfelMMW^ tb iiwiwl ii i ; N«»A»palaee'^ tlw ^i* «^t a'MfltiikMt fboAM*. Mite bjf dia ^lub t^ to Ka^Mib oil die topi *toM ttM d«f tlii u fet»et; alib* pMH caikd tlw iioni S^iattt»• J««<»affiaMM( 8n4dMlMMCI«#wi^]MriaiM» anddtem hwxMnlban^Ml of a Ib^tMnt aolMHon of raritiaa» Mlidia |iMilaft aariafitiet, bath of an and nature, afpo« a|% fMaret, of a very gnat value, aod wondeiful pcv ' mmmfU alackwnrtc. In tbii palaae are two abanli* ontlw d* Romn cadMlidu, dta odicr 4u die LuAar- ana. Th« lift waa h a r eaoWw a duatm for dw ooana, MtdwlMMMornmied it into a « (<>>• P*^^ abftor^ wtdi mmim Jm^tmr of dM emperor JoApb. Tba faond, «rlMHM»«hMy» dieabapel of die pf&Mflmt eMIon ol S«M|te fta Ml for dw ufa of bit wifo. who ooNOmdy immm dak religion. The traafim of it ia aatnmely ndMmMing of vtrfUi, ckafubhi, and odier moveablcf. af gwond mkr, heretMbre oonfecntad and riven to thia fNM by dai alcaon. In dm j^lace it aife die rtgU toMWy,' aommonly aalled the frune gtwolbc, or dio Mm-nalt, oenMoMoflfcraeaKhedtoomai whiehcon- Wtt paodigfona rich«, and (bine aU over with gold and p a aa i wi i Aonat : fo diat i* it one of the iineft plaan fat mm^ Here are ftvwal feti of brilliant dianiondi. MblM|»'«dMtald8, ptarit, iapphiret, »nd other precioua IWM|« Inry ftt it completi^ and confiflt of button*, VtMt i, ioopt for halt, M, IWordtt hangcri, fwotd-beha, ftaneli, aiaft, AMff-bocw, watchai, iwacseT'calat, pocket- book* t In fliort, an dttiawett that cut pofflbly be ima- gbKd, c«aA to the ftuttinm of a horfe ; and diey are nuMpd in tiki of cryid. Widt adminMe nicety. Than it a very ilM gat den, near thit palace, calltdtho Z«feiger«Oanan, a^Mt u rtckoned die ThuiUeriei of prnfon, dM^ dot lam enough to defer ve die name. It ia lanriairdcd, In th« Ihape of a horfe-flioe, widi mag- ntfMnt b^ingt of free-itonc, dial form atchet, over whMt there lunt an open gallery, that unitaa thrw largo pwrinont. and hat baluftradet adorned with ftatuet. In dia aaiddlemoft diere it a dnaoatto, and here are gieen- hoafte for oraMe-ireeii kc. The upper dory containt a very beaudfoi bloon, foted widi aaarMe, with glided or* nanwnu t the aiding it magnificent, the windowt are of laiga piatt glaTt. and the reft of the bnilding which Joina tit dui gprden it of die (anw nufniiicence, butiiremtft pda too teuch incnmbold with carved work, which ia OMit in dka Oothie lafta dian die modem. Tba daAw'a lablea and riding-houfe are next to the ■wdan. In tbam are a great number of exceeding fine Borfta, and feme .i, Jnd with balnllen, foe dwb)|rfc« to water and wafli in ; s id before the flablee dM«it a king arched uralk, painted with cnriona borfet, tifiv Which tbire it a nlleiy with the piOurei of all the Mut and eteOpn of Saxony in their robet and military bifbitii paiticuklriy, the two genenit Hengift and Horft, jnder whom' die Saxont invaded England, are depifted here, after the roountic manner they aredefcribed by our MMnkifh hiOoriant. Inthe chambert overtbeftabiet w« kept the rich barne(&s, and other fnmptuout equipage*, many of which are of the Turkith mode, plated with mafly filver, and adorned withpreciou* ftonet. Here are like- wHe a great many curioritiet ; particularly, a gun which tffciiatgtt forty times fnccefllveiy, without intermiffion ; afilvereqoeflrian finue, which, moved by a fpring, carrict a cimaf wine, or other drinking veiKI. Here it an arfenal, with great quantitiet of all fortt of ' amt, lisveral fajt^ of armour, and coits of mail, in filvet and fteelt that have been ufed by the elcQors in their wart, and reprefcntationt of Turkifli and Hungarian parties of horfe and foot, with tlieir commander* at their head, fo contrived, at to turn round. There ire five or fix hoofta here, called hotels, which in Italy would pa& for palaceii but that called the Hotel de Hoym, from it* prefent owner, who it the feurdi in fix yean time, is reckoned the moft confidanUo (rf* tben aU. The count bought it of life velt-marflial Tktming'i widow (one of the greateft maicbet |n Europe), on her marriage to a Polander, who took her into Poland with him. This dty hu very extenfive fuburbs, but they contain no building of conteqoence, except the palace in tho dcAot's gnat garden, liuilt by his grandmother t and that called . I,,!-" . 59* Tm new AMD UnilTBRSML 56Y«TEM of GEOORARHlY. calM Hm TaHiUh'AlMik «am.i)iiii| finidMt m^ntf after itw TmMk-mmiim.litttmmt hmm'^nHtnt gavt M cnwtttiunmt to bMi (li«gliiir4ii«lMrv MmImt fift wiiMl hemlroni.Vicmwi 'I . ■ " i , li The ckflor had biker feait, «hkb, hoMtw. IM MuH viiited i M PibiilMt' Morltabaufir. AutpiiaAMm. MMt lim in the circle of the iiiiwnniM)««nd AiMMbvM (whiw we deicrihcii juft new) : and tbe ^eicni «UA«r dm Mil a ' f«ry handfome feai at Warmftorf, or Hiibartlbaw|, five railri fiem Laipfick. wi^rra ha ihnnu in fiMrii|«M autumu I but fonia think ihorc of Filnkt and MirtW bourR are Iha linaA. , Abtftotihrcainileifromtheciiythneiiabaderqaairyof Ooiiet, which, according to tlicdeferipiion,fcaawhBtrBfnn» ble the Oianii Caufewiy, which we (hall giva ad aoeount of, in Ireland : tliey rife about fevenleen elfi aborenoandt repre pubhc i fo that plays and ma<<)ueradM are Q«e for liii people ot falbion, witUoat any thing to pay. .;iTheeifa% zeni wives are faid to be more feciable here than in any town of Germany, and fondly give themielva* theairs'of quality, efpccially in the article ol diafi, a luiary wbkb has infe£lcd the wives of the roecbania, and CTcn of the livery-gentry, to fuch a degree, that were a ftrangerto couip hither on a Sundav, or a holiday, when areiyljosly. is drcfled, lie would think that money was ettranciy plentiful. V . . Ne^t to Diefden, the following an the moft maarit- al>ie.places : I. Lommatfch, on tlMj*tine, which hai a feat and voice in tbe diets. 3. Riefla, on tbe Elbe. 3. Pilnilz, on the fame river. 4. WilfobruiT, belonging to Schonbrug. 5. Kotlkcnbroda, oclebratcd for the vine- yards in Its neighbourhood. 6. Kefleldorf. 7. Oipol- difwalda. ,8. Rabcnau. 9. Dobna. 10. Ggtlieulic. If. Berggicrzliubel, each of which has avoice aadfeai ia- the diets, la. Liebftadt. 13. New Gayfanig. , 14. Ho- henflein. 15. Neuftadt. . , 16. I'he town of MeiircD, from whence the marquiato .is denominated, was built in 918. It was formerly ilf capital, but is now inconfiderable : it (lands twelve mitta nortli-weft of Drefden, and forty-fix fouih of Witieiv- berg, on a river of its own name, on the left Me of -^te Elbe. Here is an admirable porcehiie minuf«aury, which produces ware far fupcrior to that brought from China, and is fold niucli dearer. It l\ci partly in a valley, and partly on the tide of a hill, on the top of which are th« palace, a venerable old pile, in tlie form of a cattle ; aiu) the cathedral, in which arc tbe tombs of many priiicci and noblemen. 17. 18. The towns of Wehlau and Sebnitz have each a feat and voice in the dieU. lo. AltOailt. 20. S^andao, on ilie Elbe. 21. IJifcbofswcrda, on tbe Wefenitt. «2. Stolpcn, on the laiuc river, a?. Hayn, or Haya, on tbe river Keder, tc(i miles nortli-ealTof Meiden. _ 24. The town of I'oigaw has a bridge with ftone pil- lars, on the fcllie, twenty miles South of W ittenberB, and foi ty north weft of Uicfden. The cattle, whidi is adorned with a heau itul cliurcli, liu feveral very large and nobl? apartmenti : tliovc is one dining room that will hold fcventy-cigUt tables, anotlwr twenty-nine, and a fine large ball, adorned with lliepiAures of Icvcral emperors, kings, eledors, and other prmces ; and in another room, there are portraiu of their fools, or jefters : here is alfo a cham- ber lined throughout with looking-glafs. In a gallerjr of this cattle is to be feen the genealogy of the Saxon family, widi the piftures, arm*, and abftiaft of tbe lives of lU .-. Xi;; inmn of Mulberg. on the Elbe, fitnated thoat nine miles fouth of Torgaw, and twenty eight iiotth- wett of Ureiden, is the capital of a bailiwick, near tJie orellof ttedeiwack. Hec is an antient caftk, which wa» 5 It*tm itmt igo iMpairtd 1 kHMiiiMpa£liKi«iv •rOMiMr/alllMabalow *a V tf J Pimlnni, at I this wu yieidad i« iba akAor atdwfttte tiliM aMk ihtlcaftM balowii. a6. Balgaro^ ty< Sehtt- ■f J Pomiiiifli. a8.: Ji ami iiMa ft>l ia(*>«o the top at a rock. Omhat ^klMilMaDrtMm liMfaara ilroag wotlu, iM a iriplai hiwry oComnoa. 4 i Tliacaile can iwhber he tmite ra i ii io^, KtiUM iH*illM IMm^ikc «4JMaAl,«ni««ni(ia t, andtM. wwiwa a wdJi hug nlna ij of aU kja^ cf yto^ifam,. IrfMii »nd anbi(ipii,#idkMt <«. ,it wovld haiaiMf. mkioiaiiMa i( 'tiy bloaMa. , It oMnuMt the iwvV*! 0an of *» Eibi, k die lafoflwry of th« tichivei. uA place of mmk of the cloAaial fiunily in liaaa «f ^ fl ate of rtinai of ( 1! The cHy of Lcipfel |iwa.iiMM toUMdlra mmin id> a chanhiMi I Lciffich, or Leipaig, {'m, Latin Liffia) Im direle arhartof it i* tha capital. 1 U id>a chanhingi^riiMtal plain ( bt iwc in iba >rivcra, Sdaikfahd.iMaUa), 4 A( it was the ; miaAvtUoe of this part of the ; country' to become, the chief tbeaire of tha long Germjui , war, . this city was in.«*« years taken fiv« Ctvaml lioei, and, hM: by the* laBpcaiUifts,. !in 1*33^ Imt icftorad Inr tlw treaty <>*# ^ 4xc« vnft viAoricf obwned near rt by: the $iMdet over, theri^ parialiA*. via. in i63i» wbcn,Guflma MMti TLobM|a, an4 i lanBral Pkokimini, ware defeatnf^y:llie ^wedidi afuaird. Torftenii»n, , who afierwarda «blifM'ihe town to Air- rfOdrr. Lt k famaua.al(b fnfium, uniyaifity, which, waa fcatlded ii>i,l409> *>r. F««kr{ck.a«d ^^^iUiam, dukes oT Sasony» ou^of a detachnwiM of V .iW^bean ,|HNioiuod. with, the dultes of SlefwM^- an4 IfolAeint Stetin and Fo- meraniii, tbe duke of MicUeifburg, and other feterFign princes, for its re£^>rs. U is not fubjcA to the elcAur, but to the town. Tlyir library lM^ a^uj^nce of MSS. that belonged to the mpnaflciie* skmolilb^ at tba,tiineof tlie reformation, of which the moft valuable, becauliBitis a rarity, perhaps, not to be met with elDswhcre, ii^ Tiet- zer's Qrcck Commentary on Homer's, Iliads, in a (a^ character. A monthly book is publil^ed licrc, beit^a fort of Journal des Scavans, or .Memoirs pf ,Literi|ui« i containing an account of remarkable pieces in all parts of learning, intituled, Afta Eruditoruni Xipfiz 1 which (hear,' thatphyikk, anatomy, and the matbemaiicks are very much cultivated hcTei though divinity, efpccially the con? troverly with tba.aocinians, Papifts, Jews, ttc. is.tbcjf chief fiudy. It is (aid, this univeriity has lately, bcei) ccliplcd, infonie>legrcc, by thenciglibourhoodof HaUe, its rival I yet it has alwayii fuppotted iticlf with credit. Lciplick is the feat of a liich court of judicature, when tlieeleAor himfelf is obliged to appear, when fummoned. It was firft opened about Uie year 1520, when Auguflus. .the •:»--A^- 'Cr.f' ■■Wkr catM Selitf. .^ (E u ao p B.) tilt thin elcAor, cfttblithcJ the tollrge, to connfl of a pre« fideni, ind itx aflenbri i of whom, three arecivilUiit, and the other three of the City council, wi'h a rcgiflring clerk. Ill method of proceeding ii delcrihcd in the " Ctironlcon Lipficnfe," at well ai by Zubeliui, in hit *' Differentia Jutii C'iVilU & Saionici. 1'hii city i* called, hy Tome, the ietetl of tiM eleflofaM of Saxony, not only for its fine ftruMurci, but for the con- fiderable revenue it yields lo its fovereigh. I'he town ii> felf is not great, but it is populous, wiih regular flrceti, and (lately Tioufet, generally fit e or fix flories, but about the market-place eight or nine Aoriei high, and fubflan- tiidly built of free- done, adorned with great line windows, but a little too much cliargcd with fculpture, and not duly propcrtioiMd ; and they are higli-ren'cd. The town- Loufe is a large noble ftruAure. St. Nicholas's church is very liiie, and the bcA adorned within of any Lutheran church in Oermjuy. The ground-floors of molt of the houfct are varehoufet, where the meichaiiis (lore their good* for me fairs at New Ycar'i-tide, Eafler, and Mi- cluelnias, to which there is a vaft coiKourfe of merchants from the moft noted pUcci in Europe, who are exempted from toll*. So many rich curiofitici are then brought hi- ther, and thcrr is fo great a vent fur rbem, that at the hiir of 1737, the goods xntcred at the cuftom-houfe were com- puted to be worth near five millions. The king and (|ueen of Poland, who were there, togciher with the diikit of Skxe-Gotha, Weiflcnfela, Merlbcrg, V laid out vaft f«mi. The late kings of Poland and PiulTia ufed oAen to he at tbefc fain ; and we ate told that, at the New- Year's fair in 1709, were counted no lefi than forty four pi inccs or princeflct of fovereigii families. I'he ('lerman tonsue is fpoken herewith fo much purity, that theciti/.cns boalt they herein excel thofe of Halle. The town is fortified with ram - patti and • ditch, but they are not of fo much ilnpoitance as its flrong caflle of PlcilTenburg, on the river PlelTe ; which, however, when Charles Xl I. of Sweden marched into Saxony, in 1 706, the late eleAoi did not think te- nable, and ordered the governor to furrender it, without hazarding a fiege. There is commonly a good giirrifon in it, and the fuburbi are very large. Thcoity of Lcipfickhai four magnificent frre-flone gates, •I each of which is fet up a mile-poil, after the manner of the Romans i which kind of polls are at tlic gates of all the lowiM, and even of the villages of the deflorate ; and froiQ heiico they count the leagues, which are divided at the end of every quarter of > mile by other pods, not fo big, upon all the great roads, Ihcwing the diflanccs. The gardeners of Leiphck arc reckoned the bed in (ierm^my, and value themfelves upon forcing the produAs of na- ture more early than others. Their kfpanigus is delicious, and,.c>traordiimry large. This ptav,e is particularly noted for its larks, which are fent alt over Getminy, Poland, ftolUnd, and Denmark ; infoinu^h tl^iit the very cuftom- duty paid here for larks i* faid to amou^it to twelve ihou- fand crowni a year, which is almoll incredible i if it be :ilfo true, as is alTerted, that fixty of ihofe birds pay but a grofli, or about rwo- pence halfpenny of our money, for the duty - but certain it is that the fields hereaSiiutt ate covered with larks from Michaelmas to Martinmu?. i i the woods alfo are abundance of ni^htingalfi, of which gieat numbers are taken and kept in cages. There are tolerable good ordinaries here, and at Diefdcn ; but the provifion at the towns and villages in the road be- twixt thofe cities, though fo much frequented, is ill- drelTed, and the honfet nafty. There u a remarkable wood in this neighbourhood, called Rofendahl, which, in tlie language of the country, fignifies the Vale of Rofei ; it confiUs of fourteen walks, all agrec.ibly diverfified, with 4 great meadow in tlic middle, and each walk commands a noble profpcfl. The other places in this circle are, i. Tacho. 2. Ro- tbi. 3. Liebettwolkwitx. 4. Old Raodadt. 5. Delitzlh. 6. Landfburg. 7. Zorbig. 8. Duben. 9. Eilenberg. 10. Nawenhof, on tlie Borde. 11. Brand. 12, 13;^. Trebfen and Nercbau, both on the Malde. U* Grimmia, on the Mulder. IS- Mutfchen. 16. Wermfdorf. 17. Colmen. iP. Leifznig. 19. Dobelii. 20. Rochlitz, has a feat and voice in the dicu i feveral manu&fluriei, • flrong calllc, and a fuperintendcncy. Erzgeburg circle receives its lume from its mountains, which are rich in mineral ores. The following are the moft confiderablc olaccs ) viz. I. Treybcrg, which is the principal mine town, on a branch of the Mulde, fituated thirteen miles to the fouth> well of Drefden, contains about fixty thoufand iiihabi- ianti, and is firongiy fortified. Near the principal church No. 59. is a chaDcl, in which many of the flexors luive lieeti bu- ried. It is the feat bf leveral mtne-oiiicet, ■ court of jdflice, fuperintendcncy, tte. in the fieighbenrhood art feVeral vlluXble mints offilver. copper, till, l*«di fiilpliur, vhriol, &c. Here are likewifc .1 |>iililic library, a gynina- lium, a cannon and bell-fonndery, a laoe and thread nM- nufiau^y, and a brewery. The other nincci of note are, t. Brand, inhabited by miners. 3. Cirimihall, where the fiWer is feparattd from the copper. 4. Schellenberg, which has a feat and voic* ' in the diets. 5, 6, 7. Hayniehen, Sayda, and Seiflen, b«- longing to the lords of Schoneberg B. Schopa. 9. 0«>^ dcrn, a manufaAuring town, with a feat and voice at iho ^ diets. 10. Chemniix, a large town, with a fuperinten* dency. 1 1 . Kromkenlierg, which has a feat and voice in the Hicrs, and gives name to adillrid. 11. Mulde, i^icii sivcs name toa baihwick. 13. Granaten. 14. Traveii- llcin. 15. Rechcnberg. 16. Altenberg, which has afeat and voice in the diets, and gives name to a bailiwick, in which are the fmsll towns of Old Gevlieitig, (ilafzhutte, and St Geoi|;enftld, an elefloral forcft and hunting feat, with feveral tin, filver, and iron-mines, mills, fmeliing> houfei, ttc. 17. The fmall town of Zoblitx, in the diftrift of Lau- tcrftein, has a leatand voice in the diets, an iron-fonndery in its vicinity, and celebrated for the great quantities of ' albeOoi, of divers colours, granites, lie. found in its neighbourhood, which likcwife abonndi with the ferpent- ftone, which is of various colours ; but the red, being the moft valuable, is claimed by the elcAors, though all tlie feveral kinds are woiked, by the inhabltanti, info various trinkets and uieniils. 18. Wolkenftein, on the Zfchopa, gives name to a bailiwick, which contain* the little towns of MarienberK, Goftadt, Geyer, Thumb, Annabetf;, Bo- ' cholz, liberlTlorf, Lengefeld, andDrebach) the inhabi- tants of alt which are either employed in the lace mann* faAury, or in mining, as this bailiwick produces great ' quantitict of iron, tin, filver, allam, cobalt, vitriol, ful- phur, and artenic. 19. Stolbeig has a cloth maiiufaSory. 20. Grunhayn gives name to a bailiwick, ai, 22. Zwo- n itx and Scblottau are mining towns. 23. Schwargen* tj. berg, inlrabitrd by mmers, &c. gives name to a bailiwick. "^ 24. Schuherg, on the Mulde, his a confiderable trade in ' gold and filver lace, thread, filk, fmalt, tsc. 25. Neuftadt, a fmall mining town, has a feat and voice in the diets : fome of the mines not only produce metals, but varioot kinds of jewels. 26. Joharm Georgenftadi, famous for the mines in its neighbourhood, a lace manufaAury, and for the great quantity of emery made by its inhabitants. 27. Wiefonbcrg, on the Mulde. 28. Korchberg. 29. Zfchorlaw. 30. Werdaw. 31. Ciiminitzfchau on the Plefle. ^ ^2. Zwickau, on the Mulde, which gives name to a bailiwick and fuperintendcncy. It carries on a great trade in wool, card*, deals, coals, marble, cloth, leather, ■ iron, fand-ftone, corn, and other commodities. f In the circle of Voetland are the following places ; vis. /^ I. Oelfnitx, on the RHler, remarkable for a pearl -fiihery,.v and giving name to a fuperintendcncy. 2. Vogtlberg,'f which gives name to a bailiwick. 3. Adorf, on the EU v:. fler, which hat a feat and voice in the diets. 4. Mark*-'' Neukerchen, celebrated for being inhabited by fome ofth«.>. bell inftrument- makers in Germany. 5. Schoneck. 6. Elilerbcrg, on the Ulfler. 7. Plauen, a pleafant place, on the fame river, fixty-eight miles from Drefden, is the ca- pital of this circle, the feat of a fuperintendcncy, and de- fended by an old caftle. 8. Nctzlchau. 9. Mylau. 10. Keichenback. In the circle of Neuftadt arc the following towns and places; viz. 1. Neuftadt, on theOfta; it bat a caftle,' a^ mine-office, and feat of foperintendency. 2. Ranis. 3.- ^' ' Bern, on the Elfter. 4. Werdu. 5. Muchenberfdort. . - 6. Lubenguma. 7, 8, 9. Triptis, Auraa, and Ziege> ' wrucks, each of which has a feat and voice in the diett of the empire. Meriburg circle, or foundation, is fituated betwixt Saxe- Hall and Saxe-Naumberg. It was formerly a biflioprick (fufFiagan to Magdeburg), but fecularized by the treaty of Paflaw in favour of the houfe of Saxony. One of the dukes, who was adminiftrator of it, having introduced La« theranifm here about isda, it has been fince applied as ■ portion for one of the younger fons, to whom it gives the title of duke, who is enabled to keep a very genteel court, with the revenues of other bailiwicks, at well as of this once noble biftioptick. The city of Merfbuig, "here the dake refidss, is in 9 charming fituation, amidft gardens and meadows, on the banks ofthe Sala, or Saal, Cxtecn miles north of Naum- 7 L burg. Jl^* Tut NEW AMD UNITBRSAL SYSTEM or OBOOll Al^HV/' bore, mh) wn ((>«th>«aft of Halle, and (•v«nl««n north - wrcttot Uipfick. TtM «in|icror Uiho I. whofoundtH in Cm in 9ja, na«l« it alfq an impfiiat citjr. |i it • pniljr krg* pofiuioot plan, and ibooglii lo daiiv* ii« nam* fran Man, whom uw paf an SaioiM worftiipptd htn by tht r.aiiM of Irmanrcul. The great church, which wu iba cathedral founded hy iho emperor Hrnry II. • golbkk building, ii wortli Iceiiig, weie it onlv for the magnifictnt tomb of the ompcror Kodulph, wito died, after (he lof* of a hand, in battle with hit competitor Henry IV. and near it it a library of very anticnt MSS. It may be obArvcd h-re, oiKe lot all, iJitt part of the rc«cnuet of tbit, aad the other bilhopri:lu, fecuUriscd in favour of the Saxon and BrMdenbttrg faniiliei, it appropriated towardi the mainicnancn of a number of cajfoni belonging to each C4ilicdral, and the reft to the adiuiniftrUort of Uie rcfpec* tivcjprincct. Tlic city it well built, though not in the modem laftc. Iti wallt and iu feven toweri are of frcc-ftone. The wart in tlie taft century did Rreat damage to tliit piace» which waa fnccefTively the prey of the contending ar- mlet. Count I'illy took ii in 1631, at the Swedet did afierwiidi, and the Imperialiftt and Saxom alfo maflercd it in their turn. It had tbrm.-rly a very flour iftiing trade, and a very famout yearly fair fiom 1047 to the year 1100, when it wat almoft entirely burnt down, and the roerchanti removed, with their cfh&t, clfewlMre. I'he baron de PoUniix h lit ui, that when he wat here, in the time of the late duke, he wai carried into a ball hung quite to the lop of it, with baft violi 1 and that there wu one, in par- ticular, diat reached from the floor to the cielinf, fo that there wat a ladder tet for tliofe who wanted to infpcQ it more minutely. In thit circle are the following placet t 1 . Zerenkau, on the Elfter. 2. Skcudits, on the (ante river | it gives name to a bailiwick. 3. Shaaflladt, 4. Lauckfladt. 5. Lrtsen, in the neighliourhood of which waa feuritt tbe famout battle between the In.pcrialiftt and the Swedet, in which the former were defeated t but the celebrated Guf- tavut Adolphui wat (lain. Saxe Naumburg it a fcculariied bilboprick, about twenty-five milct long, and fifteen broad, which Uet be- twixt Saxc- Altenburg on the nerth-eaO, and Saxe-Goiha on the weft, and wat fcixed by the late riedor of Saxony, in 1718, on the death of the laft duke of Saxe-Zeiti. The chief city, which was once a bifhop'a foe, under the arcbbifhop of Magdeburg, and an imperial town, (lands on (he liver SaU, or Saal, where it receives the Un- flrut, fifteen milct foutli of Merfbura, twenty-five fouth- weftof Lcipfick, thirty-four caft of Erfurt, fixty fouth- wcft of Wittenberg, and lieventy-five weft of Diefden. This town is famous for iu fairs, which are the moft con fiderable in Saxony, next to thofe of Leipikk. Hubner fays, that in 1714, it wat burnt down upon itt (air-day, which is the twenty-nintli of June, and that here it a large eaftle built by one of the landgravct of Thuringia. Iu an- tient cathedral is yet ftauding, and the Lutherant have a chapter of canons, who miift prove their nobilitv by fix- tccn derccnts, both by the fatlier't and motlicr't fide. The fuburbs of thit city are almoft all vineyards, but tlie win* fo bad, that they give \t. away. The bilhoprick wat founded bv the emperor O.I10 1. in 951, at Zeiu, and tranrplanted hither in 982. Luthe- ranilm wat introduced here in tlie beginning of the fix- tcenth century, by its bilhop, after whole death the elcAor took the adniiaiftration. it wat quitted to bim by the treaty of Paflaw, in 15121 and it gave a title to a branch of the family, which wat called adminiftralor ; but tbe laft turning papift in 1717, by which he wat made incaoablt of enjoying tlie protcftant hHhoprick, thit emperor plead- ed, that he (hould enjoy half the revenue, which amountt in'the whole to fevcuty tliouland crowns a year ( but the chapter rcfufcd it, at contrary to the treaty of WcftphiUa. He was duke of Saxe-Zeitt, recanted befoie he died, but did not live to be reftored to the adminiflration. The following placet are in thit bilhoprick : i. Weif- fenfels, on the ^ala, ten milct eaft of Naumburg. a. Zeiu, or. the Elfter ; is the feat of a regency, and baa other colleget. 3. Ofteifeld. 4. Regit, on the PleOe. S.Croffen, on the Elfter. , ^ ^.^ Weimar principality lies on the eaft fide of the bilhop- rick of Eufiirt, to tbe weft of Naumburg, and between the liver Saal and the aounty of Schwartzburg, it about forty milct lone, and fixteen broad, and cootaint the bailiwickt OlOCIklul, jn««, vi.«".-«— , »^..."~.5, -.— - -•——., with the forefts of Tanroder and Brembach, the lakes of Iknenau, RoIU, and the towns of Bafiet, BattcUtet, AI- inanflct, &e. BelidM thofe we hav« mentioned, which It tropetly the duchy of Weimar, iheduke'i oilur efta ct in Ippct Saxony are thofo of ilie mrancli of Sntc-Jrna, whidl wu cxiinA iu 1691, vi*' the baUlwicktof Honiticrc, Bur- get, Capotendorf, Apolda, tee. and the univcifiiy el Ieua« ofwhiehllie prince it Joini-fovereign with the duke of Saxe-Eifonacli. with whom he cnjuyt in:.tiy otlier thinga in common, luch as the rcverfion of fcvcral cftatei, ar« chWet, tolls, and mines. Hft revenoci are coinnuied at about eighty thoufand poundt a year, with which he main* taint a thoufand regular troopa in the fined order aitd unU form, ind keept a tolerable cou^t The chief placet in thit principality are ; 1. Miadeta. 2. Butftotr, on tbe Lofle, \»ber« there ii a fWrmien- dencj. 3. Beika, on the Ilm ) givei name to a nailiwidt. 4. Tanaodt, on the fame river. 5. Roliinburt, on tho UOe. b. Buttlefladt. 7. Apolda. 8. .New-\far'-. ii» the bailiwick of Burgelin, which laft place it a vaiieil town, with a fuperinttiulencf . o. Domburg,ondic Ik 1, likewife a fuperinteitdency, 10. OMiflcbcn, near the Un- flruA, givrt namd to a bailiwick. It. Salsa, on the Ilm. Eiienach principality lies on the Iranticn of HelA. It it mountainous, and the furftee barren t but the hiljt era replete with minet of iron, copper, alluiil, vitriol, faling fprintt, &c. The eflabliihed relltion it Lutheramfm. The principal placet are, 1. Eiftnach, iti capital, whkk gave name to the principality. It it fitnattd on the Neflc« wlure that river receive* the Horfel into it i and tiontiint agymnafium, a ducal palace, a feat of high colleget, and a fuperintendency. Martin Luther ftiAtM^en roeniiit imprifonment iti a caftte on a nelghboaring mountain. 9, Willbemtbal. 3. Rahla. 4. Kreutiburg, on the Went. 5. Markfula, on the Suhl. 6. Oerilargen, on the Wcrra^.' gives name to a bailiwick which indudea Barka, a fnult town on the faiiM rivf^r. 7. AUflcrt, an anticnt towA, which gives name tc a fnpetinten lonced formerly to the counu of Hcniieberc, but hu been ponclTed by tlie duket of Saie-Goiha ever nnce 1 674. It extendt fixteen mllei in the broadefi part, and it forty- three m length. The principal town of thii duchy, of the liune name, liet about twenty-one mitet north-eait from Bamberg. It is one of the moft anticnt towns in Germany, is pretty large, and well-built, and defended by tbe duke of Saxe- Gotha's ftrong caftle, on a neighbouring hilt, where Ln- tlier, who rcfidcd here for the moft part daring the diet of Augiburg, in 1530, to be at hand to inflruft hit adhe- rent), was feveral timet imprifoned for fpeaking freely of hit fupcriort i and where he compofed feveral hymiu uid epiftles, foroe of which he dated from the Defort, and others from Graboc, by a tranfpofition of the letten, at it is thought, to conceal his confinement. Here it a coU lege <*ith eleven profeflbrs of feveral faculties, called Ca- fiinir college, becaufe founded, in 1601, by John Cafi- mir, the cleAor of Saxonjr, who had, in 1507, alfobuiht tlie boufe for the courtt of jufiice. In the citadel are the old archives, whetein are preferved many iroporttnt me- moirt relating to the hiftory of the Reformation. The court or palace where the dukes refided is in the town it- felf, very near the great church. The Augiburg cpnfef- fion is the religion profeOed in tliit duchy. This duchv, according to Hubner, belongt in part to the duke of HiMburghaurci^ or Hilpcrfhaufen, which ia the name of a town, with a fine caftle, where be refidet, a grand building of free-ftone, in the modern tafte. To him alfo belongt HoMburg, another fmall town, with a e..- — ni. I <• 1 _.!."_. The reft of the placet in thit duchy are at follow : K Geftimgfhaufen, on the Stelnach, 2- Kodxh, on a river «f ■■ i % tB R P ft.] C fi n M A M Y. 19$ lOw •f iIm Time name i ii Iia< ■ aAtc ind raDerinitmlmey. ■ J NcutlMlMiulcr hcvd«, on llw Rot«, 4. ftuinliMd. t. Bclulkattt oil the lifch : it givci lume to • btUlwkk. 6. ftcnncburg ; tlfo |ivci ii^mo to « >ieiliwiek. in whieh m* two marltet towni, itaincil indenb»ch wiil Murfchnita. 7. Neuheur* t tivei lumc (o • Ixillwlck. 1. Ei(»fclcaft, and KriiKonia on the fouih< Iti dukea ait! dc4centi«d I'loni ihn eleftor Juhrt Fradaiick Ihe Mauiianimoui, who waa deprived bf th« emperor Charlft V. in 157^, imt* wiiidi lite eledoiatt had de- volved 10 the upper brniich. Ill bvcrcign ooirdka (bclidci the dtlcby of Ooiha, Which ii alxiiit tniity niile« long, and twelve broad, in- cluding tlie lordlhipt of Tenna, Waehfcnburi, and Ich trrfhaulen) the bailiwick of Kranickfild, the monaftcry of Voi'^cnroda 1 and in the county of Allenburp, the towni of Allcnbtirg, Orlainunda, KaUt Leuclitcnhurg, Schmocllc, Sishwrighoflf, in the principality of Cobuig, and tbefmall principality of Eifenbeig, where are Rcnnchcrg, Comburg, and Roda. Hi^i titlei arc the fame ai Ihofc of tli« duke of Saie-Eyfenach, wiih the additiot only of the k>rdfhip of Tonna, and they diffiir but little from thofe of theelcAor «f Saxony : and ai of all the Saxon princet of the Ernef- tine branch thii duke ia the moft powtrful, fo of all the court! of Saxony, next to that of UreCden, lie it the moil numcroiH, and the moft magnilicent. He hat all the oA- cert of Hate that are common to fovercign princta. By the prudent nianajtcnKiit of hi* publick finaitcei, hit fub- jefta are the leaft burdened with uxet of any ftate in Ger- many -, yet the revenuet of the late duke were computed at a million of crowni, or two hundred thuufand poundt a year, with which he kept on foot between two and three ilioul'and men, regular trooct. Hit guardi are well cloathed, hit liveriei rich, and hit tablet fervcd with mora claoance than luxury. The Capital (totha it a lar^e walled town, on the river Leina, twelve milea well ol Erfurt, and twenty call of Eyfenach, and in a line corn country, about two dayt journey fouth of Hanover. Here are two chnrchei and an hofpital. Ill chief trade it in dyeri woad, of which the^ have thiee crops whereof the third grows wild. Thit herb it lecksnrd fuch a fovereign bailiiinick, u to cure woandi alni.ift with a touch, if taken in time : it re- femblet plantain, but hat a longer leaf: the roou fatten barren eround exceedingly, and being brought ovar to England, thrivct well in fcveral placet. Marliniere, wlioqootet Zeyler'i Topography of Sax- ony, and Hubner'i Geography, for hit authoritiei, writet, that after the year IS30, eight or nine tlioufand men wen trnployed eleveu veart in fortifying iu old caftlei that folm Frederick, cleAor of Saxony, beiiic lakcn prifoner y Cbarlet V. it was by hit order deraollihed ; but that when the elcAor was fcl at liberty, in 15 fa, he rebuilt it, and made it larger ^ but that his fon, having refuied to deliver up Grumbach, and fomc oiliert, who had taken Ttfuge there, and were put under the ban of the empire, he himfelf wu alio put under the ban, and heCeged inere by Auguftut, elcAor of Saxony, the executioner of tlie mandate ; and the place, being taken in 1 $67, was demo- lilhed a fecond time, at the expence of fifty-five tboufand, .£ve hundred and filty-niiie florins, after a fiege which coil nine hultdred, fifty-three tboufand, fix hundred and thirty- four, when tlie duke was carried ptilouer to Auflria, his chancellor and Grumbach quartered, and the others hanged or beheaded i but duke Erncft, furnamed the Piout, re- built it, caufed both that and the town to be enconvpaffed pt\t\\ ditchet and ramparts, and pave it the name of Fried- enftein, or the Ca&k of Peace, in oppolition to itt antient name of Grimmerftein, or the Gallic of Furiet. It ftandt by itfelf on a hill, from whence there is a vaft profpeA over a fertile plain. In one of the chambers there it a li- brary and cabinet of curiofitiet : it contains alio a cliapcl, I a mint, an armoury, a playhoufc, and a laboratory, and is embellilhed with fine gardens ; as is Fredericflull, an- other ducal palace in the fuburbs. Here .are feveraj | churches, a military and other hofpitait, porcelane and ~ other manufcAuries, an ac-tdemy for cadets, various fchools, a college, foundery, ridin2-h(iufc, grcen-houlc, mt«r-workt, &c. Other lowna in itiit principality afe, (tarnta. Fred** richrodc, Waliherhaufen, Ichttrfhaiifcn, Ohrdoif. Gra* kn Tonna. OlaA Zell, Frtdcrickfwerth, Herbflebcn, an4 Kramchfiild. Alienburg principality hat Thcrung* on the north, Vogtland OM in« eail, and Franconia on the fouth and weft. It it well wMtredi hai a fruitful foil, and ricliminet. Th« iiibabiianta art Lutherant, and have five fuperintcndanti. The (.rlncipal placet are, 1. Eifeiiberg, which gi«M name to a diOriA and fupctintendency, a. Carnbui-R, on the Saal. j, Sulaa, on tb« lira, 4. Roda on the Roda. {, Orlamuiida, on the Saal. 6. Ronneburg, wheAed ai the nurquit hhnfdf. The trade of thii town is in excelktit beer, which it trknfpmied all over the country, 2. The town of Zerbft flandt a little eafi of the Elbe, ten railes north of DelTau, and fortv-fix north of Leipfick. It it very antirnt, and well fortitied, according to the im- port of the name, which, in the Wendifh dwIeA, figni- tiet fort. It it remarkable for little elfe but being the fist of its prince^ and having a ftrong beer brewery, of t more excellent quality than that at Deflau. 3. The fortified town of Bernbur{[ flandt in t fruitful territory, on the banks of the SaaU eight milet from the Elbe, eighteen eaft of Deflau, and twenty fouth of Aff;«- ' dcbtire. The prince hu a palace here, feparated from &t town by the river. 4. fiaibi ftaiidi near the influx of the Saalinto the Elbe, - betwtei) Anhah and Magdeburg. , It belongt to t prince - of the Weifllnfelt branch of Saxony, who h)U ereOed a . noble caflle in it, with commodious apartmentt, and crimfon velvet furniture, embroidered with gold. Here is a fuperb faloon, which, with the c|ofet and cielihg, are finely pointed. It hat gardens delightfully fituated by the fide of the Elbe. The d^ie of Barbi is reckoned to be the only Calviiiift piince of the Saxon family. 5. Quedlinburg is a little flate in this circle, betwixt the principalities of Anhalt and Halberiladt, which hat the title of an abbacy, from an abbey of great note, that was founded here by Henry I. who was buried in it In 936 : and, bccaufe he fpent much of his time here in takitig birds, was furnamed. The Fowler. After he had defeated forty 'thoufand Huns, near Merfbutg, be began to build the church, to fulfil a vow which he had made for the profperity of his arms ; but dying foon after he had dedi- cated the church to St. Servetus, his widow Matilda car- ried it on ; his fon, the emperor Otho, compk^d, and richly endowed it ; and his daughter Matilda was the firft abbefs. On the extinQion.of the then Imperial family, the protedorfhip pafled into that of Anhalt, and thence into that of Saxony, in which it hath continued till the dofe of the laft century, when the late eleAor fold the proteftion fee of the abbey, and of the city of Noithaofen, . to the elcAor of Brandenburg, for fifty -thoufand pounds ; -when the lattersarrifoned the town, and eftabliihed fcveral courts in it. The abbefs being a princefs of the empire, and the firft of thofe princefles who only derive their title from their abbeys, complained of this to the diet, (wherein die has her deputy among the prelates of the Rhine) but without eflcA ; fo that fhe hat little more than the fliadow of power in the city, and the abbejr itfelf hu loft much of itt antient fplendor i for the abbefles have not, u formerly, their hereditary ofEcert, ttc. The chapter has four dienitariet, vit. the abbelii, the priorefs, the deaneft, and tne canoncfles, or nuns. All tliele ladies muft be at leaft baroneflet, and prove their noble extraAion .for eight defeenit. The aboelKa have' commenW been of the Imperial or elcAoral families. Thofe of^ Brandenburg, Bruufwick, and Anhalt, poflefs fiefs ivhich they bold of the abbey. No abbefs can be chofen without the confent of its hereditary proteAori and the emperor's confirmation is fufficient to render his eleftion valid, without need of any from Rene ; for that court has had nothing to do with the abbey fince 1539, when Lutberanifm was introduced by its abbefs, the coun- tefs of Stolberg. No vows are made here ; the canonefles, who receive and return vifits, know no rcflraints ; both the abbefs and her niins may leave the abbey, and marry i and fmce the reformation, feveral of the abbeflet have been widows. The revenue of tliis Lutheran abbey does not exceed five thoufand pounds a year ; its eftate, befidaa the little city of Qtirdiiiiburg, bein^ only the villages of Ditfurt and Suderolc, which laft is claimed by tbeeleAorof Btanden- buig, . ' i)clonging to his lecularized bifhoprick of Halber- ftadt. The title of the prefent incumbent is faid to be Mary-Elisabeth, by the trace of God, abbefs of the Imperial and fecular abbey ofXjuedliiiburg, bom princefs of Hoificin, «c. She gives audiences with all the alleAed pomp of fecular princes, and is ieated under a canopy, fur- rounded by her chaplain and officers : her abbey hiu more tiie air 9/^ a little court, tbim of • religioui houtt. The little city ofQpedlinbure, where the abbcft refidel, is fitualed on the river Bode, tliat was formerly a hanfc* town, and aAerwards fubjeA to the abbey ; but the ciii- atiu rebelling asainft their abbefs in 174$, they svere ■ude fnbjeA to the eleAor of Saxony, though now it it in other hands. It is eight milet fouth eaif of Halbnr- fhult, and fortynine north-weft of Halle. 1 hit town !t fo very near the froniiert of Lower Saxony, that fome geopapbtrt have placed it in that circle. A iamout coun- cil wat held here in 1085, The family of BrunfWick Wolfenbutile, pofieft the firce Imperial palace of Walkenreid, by whom it it held u a bailiwick i but, on its account, pay an afleffinent to tha empire, and 10 the chamber of Wetilar. The only phcea of the leaft importance in the whole bailiwick, are, the town of Walkenried, on the Zorge, and the town of Zoige, where two iron manufaAuriet are eftabliihed. ichwarsbwg principality (the fouth part of which ia feparated from the north) it furronnded, on the foath, by Coburg, Attenboijg, Eilcmwh, and Erfurt; on the north part, by I'huriugia, the eleAoiate of Saxony, the coun- tiet of Stolberg, Hohenflein, Eichticlde, and the t«rritory of the imperial town of Mdhaufen. In tbia principality are many forti'e fpon, yielding all kinds of grain, roott, fruiit, &c The coantry producea win% game, venifon, fait, timber, filver, alabafler, aiid copper. The river* are, the Schwarxe, Sule, Helme, wepper, Ilm, Gen, Elbe, Gera, and Zorgange. The iiihabitantt amount to about one hundred thoutand ; the profiefled religion it Lutberanifm. The principal placet are, i. Ehrich, on the Helme. 2, Kinglen 3, 4. Hafselben, and Ebeleben. 5. Grueflen, on the Helme. 6. The town of Sonderhaufen, on the Wepper, has a'"^ paUce near it, the apartmentt of which are fine, and tkt gardent ekgant. In the armoury is an image of Puftrich,' a Wandifh idol, in fhining black metal. Iti head, on' which the right hand reftt, it large and difproportionate, with a hole in the top of it, and its belly is prominent and hollow. In lieu of a mouth, a round hole is fubftituted y.. the legs are both mutilated, and the right is bent in a par- ' ticular manner. ' The middle of the left arm, which refls on the lap, is broken off. This town gives name to a bailiwick, and is the feat of the public offices. 7. Keula ii a fmall town, which gives name to a baill<^ - wick, at which a foreft begins that it twenty milet in length. 8. Arnftadt, on the Gera, has a handfome flone bridge, with fix arches. 9. Planen is a fmall town on the Gem. 10. Kefiirnburg, anoldcaftle, which gi vet name to a bailiwick. 11. Auguftenburg. 12. Geren. ii. Langewiefen, on the Ilm, is a fief of Ments. 14. Brefw tubadt, on the fame river. '• The territories of Rudolftadt conmin the following: places, viz. i. Rudolftadt, on the Saale : and in the baili^ wick to which Rudolftadt gi'/es name, there is a fmall town called Teicbel. a. Blankenburg, on the Rhine. 3. Koniu. 4. Leutenberg. j. Ehrenftein. b. Frank- enhaufen. 7. Arniberg. 8. Stranibetg. g. Herminiten.' on the Helme. 10. K^bra. '^ The county of Stolberg, which lies north of the lower connty of Schwartzbutg, eaft of Hohenftein, and weft of MansKid, it about twenty milet long, and ten broad, and givct name to counts of a very antient, and once a very powerfol &mily, whofe domains lie difpofTefTed, but moil of them are in the circle of the Upper Rhine ; and they have right to tbe fucceflion of the counts of Schwartz- burg. They are divided into the two chief branches o{ Ifenberg and Gudern ^ and the Utter into thofe of Stol- berg and Orenbeig. They are fovereign counts, of tbe Lumeran religion ; and, befides their large bailiwicks in the circle above-mentioned, they have the county of We- ringerode, in the principality of Halbetftadt, near the bor- den of which, among the mountains, ftands the caftle of Stolberg, which, it is faid, was built by Otho Colonna, a Roman gentleman. The county of Mantfeld is one of the four, called Hyrcynian counties, the other th^ee Wng Stolberg, Ho- henftein, and Regrnftrin. It has Stolberg, and the upper county of Schwartzburg, on the wdl ; the principality of Anhalt, on the north ; the duchy of Saxe-Merfburg, and Saxe-Ilall, on the fouth j and part of Anhalt andSaxe- Hall, with tbe river Saale, on the^eaft. It is above thirty miles from eaft to weft, and eighteen from nor.h to fom'u. It abounds with fcveral forts of minerals, very profitable to the inhabitants, particularly that called the Scheiffer- ftc'in, peculiar to this and the neighbouring provinces : it it a blickillu glittering kind of llue, whicb, mrlrrd ind -- tT- - .. - ,.„».,.,,- bruiW, (E U R Q P E.] e n K M ArU^/Vv; M braired, vieldi mueh torics,>at duke* were invefltd ; and the (e>delivery of thole banner* to the emperor, wa* deemed the funendcr af them. V:> The only town or village in thii country, worthy of 4elcri{>tion, i* £i(clebcn» the capital of the county, which J* divided into Old and Newi It is populous, a great tfaoroughfore, contain* many brawerie*, and bat a ct&le to defend it: tbi* place {(.celebrated for tite birth and death of the great reformer, Martin LutlMC. WemigerJde county i* fituatcd on the border* of the principality of Halberfiadt; i* twelve mile* long, nine iHoad, partly level, and partly niountainou*. ThaBlock- Jttrg moiintain hers i* reckoned the highcft in GeraRany, •Bd Ike fnow geiMrally cover* it all the year round. . >! The tevel juru of this county are fertile in grain, pulfe, flax, fruit, herbs, timber, &c. and the whole abound* in horfes, cattle, game, fait petre, chalk, cobalt, Jime-ftone, frte-flone, marl, clay, iron, and lead. The jtftakliibed religion is Lutheriuiifni. The prii>cipal place* .are, i. Wemioeroda, which give* ■ame to the county, and is defended by a flatrly caftle, adorned with admirable gardtiis, aiMi . containing a Jne library, with many valuable archives. Thi* town coniiflt of three parts, via. the Old Town, the New Town, and the fuburb of Nofchonfade, containing, in the whole, about eight hundred houfe*. It may be laid under water, by means of the Zillicher rivulet. The corporation hu a property iia fome large woods, from which the burgher* are allowed timber for building, and a certain quantity for foel. The inhabitant* are employed in bieareries, diflilling, and cloth and woollen manufaAurie*. Aloi^ tbe Villiclie are feveral oil, fotting, copper, meal, (awing, and other mill*. 3. The large village of Drubeck hu a foundation for fix proteflant ladies. 3. lifcnburg i* delcnded by a ftrong caflle. 4. Haflerode, which give* name to a bailiwick. The lordfhips of Keuflcn are furrounded by Etigebnig, Vogtiand, Neufladt, Culmbaek, Bamberg, Saalfeld, Leu- tenberg, Attenberg, and the bailiwick of Zeitx. The plains are fruitful, tlie hill* rich in minerals, and the river* abound in fifh. The people employ themfrlvcs in woollen and iron manufaAuret, and profcfs the Lutlieran religion. ThcDrincipal plice* are, 1. (ireits, on the Eiftcr, en- coimnllcd wi'tli woc^s and mountains, a. Zeuknroda. 9. Boig, a caflleonarock. 4. Trawrenth. «. Mofcli- liti. 6. Gera, in a pleafant vale near the Killer. 7. bcblewitx, give* name to a loidlhip, in which are three t% No. 59. nMikM-totrni. vis. taanil* Gorgwitt, and Market Ho- benltttben. 8. Lobenfiain, on the Letonitt. 9. Hirich' berg, in the lordlbip of Eberidotf. Tho kKdiblp* are very neht which i* owing to the great Indufiir ortl» inba* hilmu, , , In tbe lordfliiM «f Sc^i^wig-oni 'eveial totuil^&tg manu&AuriMt. The gicateft part .of tbe inbabit«i)a ata Luthenna, aiid vety induftriout. TIms count* of Schon;^^ buig have • feat in tbe diet of the cmpiiei and in tbat ot the cildc. ' Th* princijiatplac y aara,. i» MTaMedburg, on the Mulde. t< Hartmflainbwhiqfa gives name to a lordfliip. 3. S{eio, on th* Malda. 4. Lofnits. 5. W^tilelbiiidE. Tb«ieai«al| fmall towti*. The popple of thcfe lordmt^ focsi to ba atutk&tdbf. pioua in their deportment, iind par* tkularly attentive to tbeirrcligioui duties. . The county of Monftein, thongh rather bil|y, abound* in corn, grafs, cattle, deer, game, tSmfacr, iira, nfper, andalabaftcr. ,Tba moft renarkabl* placet are, 1. |Ionfieini wkktl |d«a*nam»tott>econnt]r, andtoabaiUwMt. a. Iifild,,9n tha, Bebr. 3. Bkickrade, in tbe ktrddup of I^oti, wl>iw» With the town of Kacttmbm, 1*. now isCorporMed with the principaUtr of HalbciJUdt : both of which be longtothakiqgofPruifia. 4. £brich« ontheZorge, is tbe f«tit of afnpcrtntandcQcy. j. SachCi. 6. Great Bo* dungen,; on |he Bode. 7. Bcnneckftein, fiunau* for its jnanmills.1 . 6 i Q Ti th ■I- . ■ ?■:■., - ... .■ Trtttint tf <*« "■«/* if liwtr ^Mf ay, thf/twral AmimW Mmging U it, tuir Uim^mtt aai tiriMf, ttwiu, imU* iHgumtaiijlanU, mwufaBmrUi friiua of thi iiffiru^ Mutlriftt (ffe, T qWer'^AXOKY i* bounded, on the north, by Um M^ docby of Slefwick and the Baltick i on the fi^utU, by theciKleof Upper Saxpny, and a part of that of the iJiftt Rhine i on the weft, by tbe circle of WeftpbaHa aiid jtbe North Sea i, and, on the eaft| by part of the cirdp^. of tap- per Saxony. Thi* countnr, in general, msy be^cfmeid yerv fruitful, though in tome part* it ii noojif, fandy, andmarlhy. We ihaU pioceed to a defcription of tbofe patt* o( this circle which we have not yet mentioned ; banning With Brunfwick'Lui>enbeig, feveral diflriAs of which conn- by (thongh many place* abonnd in heathy, maifty, Andy, and barren foil*), are exceedingly frnitfol in wknt, oati, pea*, vetches, roott, tobacco, wood, barley, rye, b«UM, fruit, madder, flav, hemp, Sec. Here are likewifc gtcat .qiWfttitie* of tiipbor, cattle, game, horfes, flteep, filh, minerals, turf, honey, wax, pitch, fait fprings, tte, ] , There arc, in tbue territories, (everal manufaanrkl «f woollen cWth*, fluff*, linen, thread, lace, cotton, airett, goU twift, pkwiu, ftinge. fword-knott, taflel*, balbett*. enqbroidery, tobaott-pipes, tobacco, ftini, hat*, gnnpow- der, paper, colour*, fite-aims, fait, &c. Th* aflablillKd leligion here is Lutberanifm i but Ro- man catholic* are tolerated in fome places, particularly at Hanover and Gottinnn ; and in all the elefloial domi- nion*, Calvinift* and Jew* enjoy the free exereife 6f their religion. With rcfpeAto tbe anccflor* of this illuftrioui houfe, it may be proper to mention, that the houfe of Bmnfwick being united in tbe two Tons of Henry, diike of ZeU, in 1546, tlie branch of Bmnfwick Wofifenbuttle and Be-' veren, defcended from Henry, the ekleft of tbofe fon* t and the cleQoral branch of Brunfwick-Lunenbuig from William, tbe yeungcft fon ; and that the anceftrel* of both branchei wu Maivaret, queen of Scotland, wife of king Malcolm III. and iifler to Edgar Atheling, the Saxon« who was the true lineal heir of the crown of England, both of the Daniih and Saxon race ; which Edgar dying without ifTiie, the right of fuoceilion to the crown fell to queen Matnret'* jtemrity, in whom centered at once tb* hereditary title* ot the Scottifli, Fiaifli, Britilh, Duiilb, and Saxim rojral iamilie*. In 1692, the creation of tbe eleAorate, which i* at- tached to the duchie* of Hanover and Zell, wa* concerned at th* cengreli at the Hague, by our king William III. of glorious memprv, and hurnilv elleAcd bv iu inflnrnc*. is conjunftion with moft of t^ proieftant prince* of th* empire, 9n putpofe to ccMint*ib*nnce the accelBon of the popifli branch of tbe Palatine family in the elcQorate of tbt Rhin*. It wat oppofed \tj fevcnl Gtnnan prince*, 7 M tnd S9» Tat NEW AND UNIVBRIAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. •ltd ptiticahirly by the dnke of BninfWiek-Wo1lbnfc«de, oat of en«y t but the tiwn etDperor L«opoM, in MiM-m «A)fr *■» C»t!tiM^ to the fHtitehnu fat their aWtanM m piiitcet It the diet; Md wii one df Ae moA conMenM* W th« endphe fbi-'iintt^uitr, wealth, ind potnr, orAnwd it to be pot to the qtteftitoit,' in the college of eteAon at Rt* tifltooi wherein iiyn^ refolved, on the ytb of OAober, ttiol, t)t^ th^ deAAfral dignify (hodMbeeoafbrted on -the Aid i^itee Erpeft «nd hit heir«. The caHsfe oTprihcei i Wn tM ia ttly ehtefe4 their proteft asriiVft ihik tefelmoli, ai iMmti to the hMi of the enipir«I'bccaafe diane withwit iHrtreohenrtftntt! ! «ad ; the duchy of Bveaien, in> clddiing'Vetden, fim milei long, and forW broad i th« coihity of HOya; tlWrty milei long, and fift«!en tanadt and the county of Diepholt, thirty miles in length, and ten in breadth. The pretenfiont of thft ele^of ai^ only to the fmall county of Eichfeld, (of Whi^ die eleAor of Ments it pofleued), at part of the principality of Grybehagen i to Sietoanty of R*in«ein. a« a vacant fief ; to tha Iwgar h^of m biflic^riiik of Riiaeflieini ( and tp^ba CacUeO of Teyna. Mil revertnea arife, i. Frooi the Mt-pi tt, or fprings, within tlie walli of Lunenburg. «. From ttaea on Und, cattle, meichandiv, public hoDifei, anfl innt. Kut Iris gteaiefi feveatfes tirffe front thc^ rieh mkes af fllv«r, iron, and coppef . The thines of Claiifihlil, with iboie of St. AiJdt^ iMtd Altcna, vield near two bmdred ffioufahd pounds i ytar ; t^dt wheiner this computation is .^b^ nnderftood , as clear of all cbargts. i* not fpeeified ; lo ^ilt, dpOn the whole, this «1eAor'* retcnue is calcolated (0 amount to, at leafi, four 'bandred thonfand poands a year* . Iiithevear jft^i, the deftor had near ftrartcen thou- ftnd tt^ur ttoo|>s tn foot. Now that the eftalet are in- Cl^ied abO'^e 6nc half, by the addition ot Lunenburg and K^0, be way taife an army of betwixt tliirtr and ^rlvttiooiand m«0. withoot greatly difireffing his fubjeAs. Iti niaVear t^ig, he tttiewed a oody of nineteen thou- fand ii£ht hundred and ninety men j and in September 1^35, that numbet wa» augmented to twenty-two thmi- fin/regwt t^oM. l^tbe yund the city. a. Wurllerland, along the eoaf* *r«m the Weifcr to tlie momf» of the Elbe. 3. nkdeland, the oonh part of the dudiy at the tOotitb of «he Elbe, wbcre tl|« people are recVqned ignorant, bat lb ibiid rf nantriea to the north. He died in 86«, and bta' aiaaa mneh oMiuvcd by the aammon peopje here, aa iftmas. Daiinsaik and Sweden wcs« no longer de-> pendeM on thia lee, when Lundcn was eteAad itiio an ■saWriiMprick : bat this country Continued fnbjeA m iH> a a e ht iiai up a, till, by the treaty of Wefiplutia, the arelK bilhoprick was fecularized, converted into a duehy, and gk-ea to the Swedes, for raftorlng tfae peace of dM cm.' fin, and giving op other place* which they had taken D dating the war. A* their aiiceftora had frequent war* with their archbilhop in defcnoe of their liberties, they pl ea d ed for the fiiine exemptions when made fubjeA t» the SsKdct, who continued their maftcrs till 17 la, whe» iM* aenatry and Vetdefi were conquered by the king «C Denmark. Thi* pilnee mongaeed it Coon to the el*£(Or« ear kNe king, who in 1715, ted two h«mdred and fifty- thoofaad paund* granted bim by hi* parliament, 10 enablo him to auke the pupchafe of it. There was an oppafition^ indeed, nia>i»«> tt, in both honfta, and a damoor saiM ii«inftirwitboatdaor«i but however eonveni am it miaha ba £ar the oieaw of Hanover, vAofi» fimiily was. polfafleA oi Bl«*B(ti oitoc befere, and to whofe doaainioM it lay eoBtigaaa*, the kgiflaeara wiMy jaadged it mi^hi be of the opoftdangaMwa «oitfeqwn«t to the crawn«f Great Brv. tMP, that any fbnaign princa, dpecialty a mantime power, flMMid held the key, which the King of Denmark than had, of the Elbe and the Weler. Anyone who take* tfae paina to pensie the maps of this ' pan ^ the empin, will pesoeive, that, wbilft that kinii w«» in padUBon of the ducMe* of Bremen and Veiden^ he wa* maftir of the fea-coaft from Denmark almoft to tha iieweit Ptovincts. The aaapa flutw, that the Elbe rana, for above five hundred miles, through Bohemia, Saxony, ' finrndenbaig, and the reft of Germany ; and that the •' Wafer pafie*, for aboat two hondrtd and filty miles^ throoi^ HeAa, Weftphalia, Uldenburg, and fome other countries of the empife : and the vaft impoittnoe of tholb • riven to oor trade, will be confefied by every one who conliden that all onr woollen, and other Englilh iD.inu>' fiM^om, and almoft all onr conunodiiies, both dometiio and foreign, to the value of many hundred ihou&n4 poands a year, »rt by thofe flream* conveyed to inname- lablc markets ; and that by the fame navigation a gteat pan of oor riebet flows ooutinuaUy home to us ; a irada too pr*ec of a city, with bur- gomatlers. and lenatort. Une of the dukes of Brunfwick ati«ko(«d^ in vain, to tcdac» this pla<;c in i^n, as doi. (£V1tO:PE:i] PrM % M A .NcY, 500 fpiM, muOt be cottJd not t4kq.1t, fti Am jojh« n*>gi>'' bouring nunnery. During tbp.civJJ m*n of GcniMOy it wa»f««M«l««ie>'t«kcR fro^, aq^jtCtaMn ^ Uw SwMfk; «i1m> (wiiiBt at bngtb, i(a«re«i;l^,|{t.m t^n, l^fptk. with tbenftoftbc ducby of B'lawiu (HI tlic wMc country ««M cnnqnieMd by tlwDtnth »q4 C'*'** PWrto tbeUtis ttaftor .«f Hanpv^> a. Sutdt. wbkb it wiuwqi t « ci town Ji> *• duchy, next to Bremen, hai a go* . 's, and jtbealtby air. tn • froitfiil doMntry , on iIm n»r ^ ^inyv '>* Schwin- e, which fcto into tbe Elbe two nikif bctow It, twenty- mt Bulea weft of Hn^ibvrg, «d4 tottjrbat noith of BBaoMi. Tbi^t bafi^i itt bfvim b^o # free imperial dty» landiBWi of the Hwifc Towm, 1^4 ^Wf^hr endowed mttt atMTMiivilegfit ) |i^tic«|lu)y. for b^e an afjflum or lanAwtry tor all ofind«><. with s right of. toU for Ihipi opfioc w tb« EUm I bHt b(»;iVW fi) poor, by HiQtbiin'i ottHbiJnpwg it» that it, wM fot9^4 ti^ ,frii iw ib«k u» Uut dty, md pot itfirlf vndtr fb«iiNf Vi^u^aaf itbq«cbbiibop ef SreHieti, it baying fornwrly;b«ff «)«€ (;fpitslsf •mpr- quifci* of ita own naUM, which y^M annexed t|» tfutfee fir it* Biaiquia iu |ho »^*r«MttUv«»murjr. ; Afe >»iUmt- nieatiwwd decay, gW> owrcbai^. upon' fqmc dif- guft taken at Hamburg, removed hitbpr ; which rcvivcor na trade, fo that it ig^iit became rich and populoui, *nd if in good coKdiitou «t pf«ifei)t, thaugb;tbe Eoglifh r»r tarae/toUambnrg,, The tpwnia f»UbWj|t, «M it» towi- h«U»Hiaik€tiplaBe.»nd«A»>fcl>e»^ »e.b«>4»«i>ew«an«i. 3. Brcmertuid, or Jr«iW'Verd«n. !• • wajlei*) |owj^ with a good caftt^ ,tliat„ command*. |b« n««>>^<»»ri|)g pfauna i and a pftUcery of, jtbA^uchy i*^ Sept in this town. . 1 <. , ' ,A 4. Ritabuttk, or KtitMnbuttte, » a bailufidc, confift- iK of ac^Ue. witfa fQurtecu TiUagca, belpnging tg ibe HanAwirgbert, aiid fiiuaie on the coaft'Wbcie the South Elbe fiAit into the North Sea not ten mile* ftom.th« ut- noftpointofUndof thii country, and tbicty-two north- wcft of Stade. Here the Hamburgberi have a pretty good barbovr, caited Cuxhavin, wbi^ U of gfcat benefit to Ibipt coming «n the Elbe 'n winter, wbex the river t« fwll of loe. Hci« likewifq their flitpa often (lop, at their ar- rml frain loog voyagei, £»r ordan and newt, and to know whether all is wdl with the city, bafbie they venture up. Here are their privileged pitoU, who by their flatutea. are obtigad to have a yacht idwaytat f««, near t)ie oMtcrq^oft liuoy, ready to put • pilot or tw^, a* occaiipn Ihall require, on boaid «^ every (hip aoming into the Elbe. But, not- withilanding thia is one of the moft dang/«ro|u rtvcrs i^ Earopeto cone into, u all tttipt coming to Hambuig ate obiiged to pay half pilotage, whether they have pilota^oa board, or not, they are Icldoni at fea but in good weather, when they arc leail wanted ; which bai occaiioned the loft of many a rich ftup within the river. The Hambuidbera have another fort in tbi« neighbourhood, called Near- werak, or Nieu^waik, wbkh (crvei for iL(imgthcni^g the former, on the l«nd-.fide, againd the country. Adjoining to the bailiwick of Ritzbuttle it the Uttle diftria of Hadein, or Htdebind (the mofl Hortbrrn part of thi« duchy), whidi, with iu capital, Ottcn^edT, en the river Medarae, and the town of Hadein, came in the iixteenth century from the itrcbbithops of firemen to the houfe of SaxcLawcnbnrg: but the mala line of tbM houfc becoming «-xtii>a in the year 1689, and a dtfpmc arifing, about the inlientance between the fitmaie heir* »nd the king of Sweden, tlie emperor cautod it to be taken into feqaoftntion, imdrr which it remiint, aa it isfaid, to thii ^ity. The caftic of Oticrndorff, which belongt to Saxe- Jjiwenburg. commands m<^ of the diftrid. The next that follow are the townt on the Wefer, vii. I. Cirelftat. or CarUbouig, as Baudratid calli it, it rather a forrefe than a town, on the river rt wcA of Zjill, ninety north of Murifter, and alMuc four hundred tpfi fixty north-weft of Vienna, It it an anticnt, largjg, p(>p«lgiw^ j^fti flonrilhing town, a free iffi- piirnil.«ity, and (be t^/i| in rankamong thelfanie, of wbofe three renowned free iomerjalcitict, vis. Ibmburg, LnbKk, ai^ BrciMn, though it. it reckoiK)) tiw leaft confiderable, i^ It nniaiitly mu^4hc pkkft* if being noted for (hipping when iha.iQonka, fcnt tgr the pqpe' to convert the Saxons, embarfced htte for England, which wat two hundred yeart before HtmburK wat built, and above five-hundred before tbf building of Lube^k. An archbilhoprick wat founded here by Cipfkt the Q|reat, who made it the metropolis of the.ap^, Thf archippifcopa|,(ee at Hamburg was traiu- hltfl hithjjr^ Qr nthrr inc^orporitted with fhit fee, in lajj. Heluy V..gTBnjUM the citiiciii sreat privileges, in reward of their valiant ptifortnanccs in the holy war. It had fejreralptivilegesalfo. granted it by the emperor Wencen - ' (hut, for clearing tb|B coaft from piiates, and protcAin^ thje QMrcbaots tracing a>^ the W^fer ; a^id no goods H^tft alipwrad to gi»d great eftcew tbrougbont aU Gc many. Rudolph II. en- owed them with the privilege that neither their perfoni nor goods (hould be liable to arreft, attachment, or other impration, throu^out the empire i and Charles V. gave tbem the right of ooinwc. On receiving^ the reformation in icja, and zealoully defending it againft one of their arcbbifhops, that emperor ordered the city to be bcfieged by the duke of Brunfwick : ^pi^l&, whona tt made fo gallant a defence, that, after almoft a year** continuance, he wat forced to raife it. Th« archbifhopt ,did not embrace the reformation till 1585. Thit city pcetendt to a right of vdte and feflion in tbe diet ever (ince Chariemagnr, which was confirated to them, though the arcbbiibop oppoied it, by the emperor Ferdi- nand III. in 1641. Afterwards, on the fecularizatioil of the atchbifhoprick in the rci^n of Queen Chriflina of Sweden, new difputes arofe, which came to a rupture ia i6ct, and though they were compofed uiider Chartea Gudavns in 1658. they broke out again under Chsries XI. who claimed the (oveirignty of the city, as well a> that of the duchy, which li^^ been yielded to the Swedes bjr treaty : hut the fenate totally dirclaimed it, on the bafis of the t^nth article fif the treaty of Ofnabuig, whereby it wat declared a free imperial city ; though the archbifhoprick, with )^ th^, rightt belonging to it, was added, by the em- peror VMLempire, to the crown of Sweden. The Swedes, neverthelela, not being Ouitfied, befieged it above (ix weeks, but raifcd.ihe iiegt, at die interpofition of die neighbouring princes i aiM then followed the treaty of Uabephai^fen in 1666, b^ which the city was obli^ to part with fqme. of its anti^ent privileges, and to wave its pretenfions to the right ofiittin^ and voting in the diu tiU 1700, which right is difputed with them to this day. This town is governed by a fenaite, compofed of four burgomallers, or cpnfuli, and twenty-four fenators, oc coromon-councilmcn, confifling of four diviCons, vis. one bor^maflcr, and fix fenaton, to each of the four wards. They are cbofeo out of the chief citizens, fo that tbe government is a kind of ariAocracv. This fenate decides all cauiet, eccle/iaflicaU civil, and criminal ; and firom it .d>^ lie* no appeal, except in the latter, where the film litigated exceeds fix hundred Rbenifli guilders of gold, or about two hundred and ten pounds flcrling ; in which cafe, there may lie an appeal to tlie imperial cham- ber of Werslar. If any of the members die, or become incapable, they muft chufe another in twenty -four hours | for which end, one clcftor is chofen out of each clafs by lot, and, then (but up iu a room, .without Iceiag anyeiw till the eleftion is ovqr. They have their own ftatutB* lawa, which were enafted in 1381, but have been (tab amended. It has a iurifdidion of about ten miles round, abounding with padurct, well (locked with cattle, and it bordered with terrstcrics htlssgiug Xm aa tiriannic t«a- jefty. The river Wefei, which is navigable about thiity miles from the fea, runs through it, and divides the old city from tlw new.i bin there, is a commuaicatioii by a britigeof lKMt«, aaui favcral weojeii bridges. The river is •;>^*'f'v!- '■'•••:'•'*■ 'nit ••O Tm r NEW AND UNIVERSAL 6V6TEM or GBOGRAP»rrj •> net naviublt for fliipt of burden farther than Feeefaek, fix miles mIow tlie town, wliere there it a cuOom-houfe; ind where all ihips load and unload : fo that all goodi arc brought \K> from thence in flat bottomed vefleli- The city of Bremen carriet on a confiderable trade with England, pirticularty in all forti of Weflphalian lineni, and fends leverat fltipt, particularly ttf London, every ytarj here beln^ a great confumption of the Englifli woollen manufaiSiires. which they receive not only from England, but chiefly liy way of Hamburg and Holland, and dilpcrre again througli the whole circle of WeAphalia. It fendl Ihipi likewifc to France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, and a great numlier to Davis's Straits. It has alfo a confider- able inland trade, particularly to the great fairs and niarn in Germany, to wnich, amone many other goods, it (endt large quantiiies of callicoes and fu{;ar, printed and refined here, though not to tliat perfeftion as at Hamburgh. Its beer is very much eftcemed in Germany, and therefore exported in large quantities. Iti other commoditie: are inineials, timber, corn, cattle, and leather; in dreSng of which, and cloth they are very expert} fo that both arp fent hither, for that p\irpofc, from other countries. Iti duties upon importation and exportation are very low,; which is a great encouragement to its trade, and givat it an advantage over the Dutch in the countries betwixt this City and their republic It is reckoned, in (horT, the next port t« Hamburg, in the whole empire, for commerce { and, in time of war, it alfo fits out (hips of force to con^ Vov their merchantmen. It generally fends twenty-five feveral towen on tlie walls, after die old manner , but tlie walls of the new town have eight fine bul*arks. It is, however, flron^er l>y nature than' art. A earrilbn j}f five hundred men is kept here, bcfidea the guard, day iifid night,, at the town-houfc, by ti«o hun- dred of the citizens. From the city wall, or rampant, which are planted with rows of trees, there it a moft agree- able profpefl of the river and adjacent countrv ; and on it there is a road for coaches, as well at foot-palTengers. Here is a grand arfenal, wellftored with artillery, ftnall arms, and other utenfilt and tools of war, both anticnt iind modern. There is alfo a lefler, which is a fort of ar- mory for .he burghers; it being a fpaciout hall, where ■ their council of trade meets, the walls of which are hand- fomely adorned with fmall arras. At the entrance of it there it the figure of a warrior in complete armour, who, by fome mechanifm under the ftept, as foon as you tread on them, lifts up the bearer of his helmet with nit tnin'^ theon to falute you. From the galltry of the erand arfe- nal, which contains the greater part of tlie ftnaH tttni, ranged in a very beautiful manner, there is a paflkge to the gymnafium, or academy, btiilt after the Reformation, which was at firft only a finw-fchool, afterwards advanced to the title of an univerfity j which, by the munificence of feveral wonhy citizens, makes as good a figure as fome of the beft in Germany ; and many great men have been produced by meanfof this feminary. The town-houfc, fenate, or council, is a large gothic flruAure, built in 1455. xid adorned, on the outfide, with feveral ftatues of^ the emperors and elcftors, befides Ihofc of Plato. Ariftotle, Cicero, and other antientt j and a pidure of the old and new townt. The council-cham- ber has the piaures of twelve German emperors, down to Leopold. The court* of juftice, and other apartments here, are plainer than fuits with the dignity of *e office* they are put to ; and the lower part, or hall, in_ which there are doors that lead to the courts of juftice. it filled with toy and print, fhops, and in others (like ours at Weft- minfter) are fold ftationary and haberdalhery wares, &c. At the one end of this building, but feparated by a ftreet, there is a public ftrufture. with a piazza and (hops under it, which ferves for an exchange. Here are feveral hofpitals, particularly, one for fuperan- nuatcJ or difaWed mariners; and another for the fick, lame, decrepid, and old poor people, of both fexes. It is t pliin, but commodious flrufture, with a very handfome chapel. Adjoining to it it a houfe of correftion for vaga- bonds and criminals, where lunatics are alfo kept, and chance-medley not being admitted in this country. Such a drift difcipline it kept in it, xh?t it it obferved, ihongh O'f re »re *' '*** *" hundred profligate pettiant in it, not 4 an indecent word it heard out of llirir mout^.i, ineyMltg almoft cohtinualiy obliged to accompany the taflC'Viaftar' in fmging pfalms and hymni. The new town on the fouth fiOeof the'' Wcfer, in whieh • ftandt tlie univerfity and the arfenal, confiilt cbiei)]r«f' gardens and little plcafute-bouret, belorwing to the prifl'' eipal merchants and other inhabiranis brtlie old an engine diat raifes water, and diftributel it all owes the city t and there is a fort at the head of it, which is wetli guarded. The fttectt of this town, on tlie nonh fid* «f the river (in which ai^ the cathedral and ienat*-4ie«ilb). center In the market-place, wherein flands an old gigantic image, one ofthofe ereAed'in many of the German citiv-k, by order of Charles the great, b]P the name of Stacua Ro> ' landina; on which ii an intieiit ihfcription, denoting it< to be a teftimonial of the liberty granted by Charia* th«i great to this city. On the oppolite fide of the narket ie • ' publiC'houfe, whieh, at the lame time, ferves as a fort of- common hall for the feveral colleges of afliimblie* of the: burghers and the cotincil of trade. ^ There is a fpacions wine-cellar under tlie fenate-heufeyt, . wherein are fite huge velTels, each of which contain* up.^i wards of an hiindred hoglheadt, whereof four are alway* t kept fiill of RheniQi wine, and the fifth it left empty. Mi f^tifjf Aich as have the curiofitv to enter it. There ii • one 'vaiilt ofchbiefe old 'hock, the key of which is kept 'Hfv'^$- the jirefidrng burgomafter, 'and Onfy a number of bottle4>(' i- leftm the hands of the mafler of the cellar, to be fold at > about a dollar, or fonr and fix-pence k boitle. The cnf^T tom. which afterwards became general in the other Hanle: towns, of fareariiig new-comers by l>read and fait, and; making them free, on paying a fine of good liquor to tlwl company, is faid to have originated here. The city corns a little piece of money of its own, caUcd a groat,: wliich: is worth about a halfjpenny : an hundred and fixiy-ihtiDei of their yards make one hundred Englilh. '[' The little to^n' of Otterlburg in fituated about fourteen: miles north-eaft of Bremen : it hat a flrongcaftle, or paft^' <^h the border* of the biihoprick, and was formerly the! bifhop's feat. It was twice taken by the Imperialifts, and; Once DV the Swedes, in the German civil wan. It hat a. pretty large borough on the river Wemme, fioro wheiaoe- the rrad towards Bremen is very had, Tandy, and full of tlic branches of the river, in the middle of which i« afort^; with four baftion*. that commands a long dike, or caufe*-. wav, with feveral cuts in it, over which are bridges. ()ii the other fide of the town, at the diftance of twelve ' miles, ftood the monaftcry of Cloftetievcn, charmingly ■ fitnaied, which is now a confiderable boroi^h, 'domedi with many fine eardens, and emhellifhed with a h. idfomK, church. I'his is the place where, in 1757. the conven- tion was concluded between the duke of Cumberland and' the duke de Richlieu, the FreiKh general. Befides the above, here is, i. 'J'he large village of: Scharmbeck, whidi gives name to a diftriA. a ,3. Hagen and. Smtel, which give names to baihwickt. 4. Batdei.- 5. Neuenwalde, VVildelhaufen bailiwick, on the Hemte, : has but an in-> difl^cient foil. Tlie crown of Sweden, in 1700, inort-. iged this bailiwick to the ele^>oral houfe of Bcunrwiek unenburgt and in 1730. at the peace of Stockholm, made over all right and claim thereto, at well as to Bremen and Verden. The town of Wildelhaufen, from which the whole re- ceives its name. It it fituated on the Hemte, contain* about three hundred dwelling houfei, a tew churches, and fome other public buildinct | about half the inhabitant* arc Roman cathnlicks, who ire not allowed the ufe of bells, church-mufic. or proceflions : nor arc they permit- ted to be baptized, married, or buried by their own priefts, but muft have thofe ceremonie* performed by a Lutheran miniftcr. The veftigcs of an aniient abbey, and tlie ru- ins of an old caftle, are ftill to be feen here. The principality of I.runenburg-Zcll it bounded on the north by tite duchy of Lawenburg and the Elbe ; on the fouth by Calenbcrg. Hilderlheim, and part of Brunfwick ; on the eaft by another part of Brunfwick, and tjie duchy of Mecklenburg , and on the weft by Bremen, Verden, an/t Hjjya The foil it in many parts fandy, heathy, and mar|hy ; the bankt of tlie Elbe, Aller, and jetzc, 'however, arc fet- tile, and abound in wheat, rye, barley, oats, psafe, buck- wheat, Li (fe U R O P fi.] G fi A M A K t. 6di wheat, pulfe, hoot, alder, pine«i teach, ort, firt, ^rchj 8aK, hemp, &c. Here are likewife p'enty of horfet, cattle^ /heep, beei, venllon, falt-lprings, and liroe-ftone. The rivcrtmbe, Alter, and llmcnait, produce great quantitiei of fifti, and, being all navigable, are of great advantage to the country in a commercial point of viewt Thi) whole principality contains about two hundred Lutlieran churchei, which are under the dircftion of twtt gemral, and fiftetn fubordinate fuperintendants. Th& manufactures are linens, libhons, hats, bleached wax, gold w8, a gang of robbers broke intu the church, Gripped this magnificent table of a large diamond, two hun- dred emeralds and rubies, an* moft of the gold. Here are many rich falt-fprings, a fifth of the produA of which bekmss to the king of Grea Britain. The fall is the beft in Germany. The other articles, in which the commercial part of the inhabitants deal, are wool, honey,, wax, Imte-flone, flax, linen, beer, &c. and warehoufes are creAed along tht- borders of the Elmenau, for the reception of goiids from all parts of Germany, to be conveyed to Lu- beck and Hamburgh. ». The town of Bugdorf, on the Aw, which gives name to a Bailiwick and fuperinrendency. 3. Ahldcn, on the Aw, where Sophia Dorothea, confoit of his Britannic niajefty George I. relided, after their reparation, till her death in 1 716. It is the feat of a bailiwick. 4. Ultzen, which is a neat, little, compaft town, at the conflux of the Wiper and two other rivulets, which form the river Elmenau : it is twenty fix miles foutli of Lunenburg, andthirty-thrtcnortheaftof Zell. It was for- merly called Lawenwald, i.e. Lion Forcft, and had its prefent name from the neighbouring monaftery of Olden- ftadt, formerly caHed Old Ulfen. Ft is faid that the firft Anglo-Saxons came to Britain from this place, and thofe who returned hung up a gilt tin fhip in the market-place, 18 a memorial of their fuccefs,. which continued there till 16 }6, wlien moft of the toft;i was burnt down, and never wholly rebuilt liiice } but the houfes are more fplendid and regular than before, artd the llrcets larger. ;. Hudemublen, on the Aller. 6. Rethem, on the fame river, and gives name to a bailiwick. 7. tiarto. 8. Brome, on the Ohre. Thcfe two laft belong to the ba- n>ns of Bernl'dorf. 9. Eifel, on the Aller, gives name to a diflri£t. 10. Soltau, at the conflux of the Soltau and Bohrrie, g\»e» nimc to » biiiiwick. II, 12, 13. Kiotae, Kullerfleben, and Gifforn, give name each to a bailiwick and luperintendency. 14. Wittcitgen, anold tOWD in the No. bo. bailiwick of Knefebetf. 15. Mo(leriri|i, ^ ^* iUtimti 16. Badenleick« fituated on a lake, ij, Wnftro. iS^ filekede^ on the Elbe; lO; D«lenbdr|, ontiwftctze. 30. The ffnall town or Hiizacker is fitoMnl in • littld iOand in the JetMr. Here is a great aitnual Mr 1 and tbs bailiwick, to which the town give* lumc, contain* the fo- ., reft of Ghorde, which is about fSxieea milei In compaft. ai. Thetoifrn of Zell is feated on a Andy plain, neat the conflux of the Aller and Fuhft, twenty-four mile* north of Hanover, and forty-fevcn fonthof Harbal|« Thd town is antient, having a charter dated in 12031 Whetcia it is called Tlule. It only confifli of three flieett Aat ran pxrallej, but is well fortified, the ramparti being broad and high, welt mounted with cannon, but not regvlar. Here are held the chief courts of judicature ferthii duchy 1 and in n^^s, its duke, Henry, built a palace next to thai called the Hanover Gate, which ii a fquare building, with four platforms at the four corners, moated round. S«« veral coaches may go in front on the terrace round th* town, which is adorned with trees planted all along ( and the adjacent fine gardens, orchards, and grottoes, form fl very agreeable lamlfcape. There is but one church in the town, and that without a fteeple. The French refu^ gees have their church in the fuburbs, whi^h are very large. Here are ftill a great many French catholics, as well as Protefiants, and the former have a chapel. All tlMl buildings are of timber, except the churches, tlie c«flle« and the houfe of corrcAion, which are of brick. ' Tbtf eleAor has a regeiKy here, which judges all caufes without any appeal to the council of ftate at Hanover. Betwixt this town and Harburg is a fandy road, with fcarce any thing but heath. The poll ftages, which are of four miles, are very ill ferved, and the inns the worft in Germany. Though there is a good deal of heath betwixt this town and Hanover, yet the country is very well cultivated ; for the inhabitants not only make turf of the heath for fuel,, but it alfo frrves for pafturage and manvrei By the rivet Aller, a trade is carried on trom hence to Bremen. The cafile of Allien is in the neighbourhood of thix town : the heirefs of Lunenburg- Zell, who was married to the late ileflor, and afterwaKis divorced* died in it, after, thirty years rcfideiice ; which was more a voluntary retire- ment than any fort of confinement, and where fhe had the beft of ufage and refpeff , and full liberty to go whither fhe pleafed ! and here the late queen of Denmark retired, after the unhappy treatment fhe experienced at the Daniili court. During the war in 1757, a moft barbarous tranfa£(ion reduced the inhabitants of Zell to great diftrefs ; for, after the convention above-m&iuioned, the duke de Richlieu, commander of the French forces, by a piece of cruelty fcarce to be paralleled in hiftory, ordered not only the Tab- urbs of Zell to be burnt, but even the orphan-houfe^ which contained a great number of children, to be fetfiie to, when the whole was reduced to afhes, and a great luimber of the poor innocent infants perifhed in the flame* —the ftflin of which barbarous aft will remain indelible oia that pelii/ nation to the lateft pofterity ! The town* of Bardewic on the Luke, it fituatcd four miles from Lunenburg : it was formerly a ftrong populooa city, but it, now a ftraggling village : it had nine churchot, of which the cathedral only is left, wherein there it ftill • college of eight rctidcntiary canons, and c. few vican ; bur ~ the bifhopric was transferred to Verden, and the diflrifl: about the church tran.ifcrmed into kitchen-gardent. Over the gate, there are fnme barbarous Latin verfes, in an old Gothic character, which Ihcw that the town was built twa hundred and thirty-five years before Rome, and deftroyed by Henry tlie Lion, in 1189. They write, that betook this revenge on the city becaufe it refufed to acknowledn him, after he was profcribed by the emperor Frederic L In the moft eaftern part of this duchy, ftandt the town ofDaneburg, en the river Jetze, fix miles from its influx into the Elbe, and thirty-three foutheaft of Lunenburg. It is tlie capital of the rich and fruitful county of tbit namcy which was given by its count, in 164a, to Otho, duke of Brunfwic-Wolfenbuitle, and yielded by the latter to the houfe of Lunenburg Zell, for their pretenfions to the ci^ of Brunfwic. This country ties along the Elbe, having Mecklenburg on the north, the marquifatc of Branden- burgon the eaft and fouth, and tlie duchy of Luneitburg 01^ the weft. 1 he Germans write this place Daunenburg, agreeable to the etymology of m name, whicb fignifiet a Mountain of Fir-trees. iheoUier towns in this duchy aiv, I. Snackenbnrg, t large trading town at the confluence, of the Elbe and Weckt, or BelTc, fixty-five milet (buth-'eaft of Lunenburg. '7 ^ a. iiubarj;. ^oa The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM op GEOGRAPHY. f ^ *% Huburg, on the S«eve, fifty milei from Zcll. 3. Lu- «ho, onlh«jHte. 4. Lune, ■ vilUge. 5. Mcdingcn, on the Ehncnia. 6. Winfen-an-der>Luk«, a final I city on the Lake. 7. Ehftorf. 8. Wienhaufen, on the Aller. The tw0 lift contain oonventi for ladici. 9. Ifcnkagen, on the Ife, hll lilcewife a Luthcfiin convent for ladiet. 10. Walftrode, that ii, Walo'i Croft, on the river Bohoroe, tmntf' >>■ ttrw ibf Lunenburg, ^lar ftoioUic confinea of the djipl^jljifT _Calei WolftobtMtlc, . , .&' GrabenhasBD wilK)|^tLikAMR«hle proprietors of mine n^ ntn, and the cities of Einbeck and Olterode, at which tM ^ts are alternately held once a year. > ''^The manufaiStures and commodities of the country are itjft, linen, fand-ftone, marble, co|f(>er, iron, lead, iltt(, ^wher, fait, fulphur, xink, (larch, printed cottons, woollen M|bds, thread, fire-arms, vitriol, lapis calaminari*, powder me, &c. ^The eleAor*, on account of this ptindpatity, have a «Ote in the college of princes, both in the diet of the em- pife, and in that of tlie citcle of Lower Saxony. The £•• rareign's revenues arife from the proi&ice ef the demefnci, and of the mines ; and appeals lie from the courts here to ^ chancery of Hanover. ' TIm principal pUces are the following : i. Einbeck. tlte capita! of the principality : .it is fitoucd at th? contlux of the' lime and the Leine, about {forty two miist from Hano- ver. It i< well fortified br towers, bulwarks, ramparts, ;« jouble ditch, and outworks 1 and is furrounded by > ^ne cotntry, vcrv fertile, partici^larly in corn, ft was for- mtrly a free imperial town, and its magithatcs ftill enjoy fome valuable privileges. It is large and populous, di- vided into three parts, called the Munfler, ttw Neuftadt, and the Markt, and hat a toicnble trade, particularly in boer, woollen manufilftllres, and printed cottons, h.wit formerly a biftiop's fie, the cathedral and chapter of which -ftill remain. The Utter confida of a Lutheran (cnior, nine canons, one viqitt and four vicarii ordinarii, who, together, fend a deputy to the diet. The revenues of the •ntient abbey of the bicfled Virgin are now enjoyed by ■ fenior and nine eanans, who have lik«wlfe a reprefenlyiivtf at the diets. A large diftria belongs to, and is futnef^ to the jutifdi&im of Einbeck, which formerly coiled foM, flver, and copper money, and was a town lb early 11 the year 1156. s. The mine-tovm of Wildeman is rurroundcd on all fiik* by lofty ragged mountain*. 3, 4. Laatetithal and Schulenburg. 5. Colletfeld. 6. St. Andiealbetg. a mine> town, pleafantly fituated. 7. Altenau, a fmall mine- tbwn in a valley. 8. The large open mine-tofwn of Claufil)i|{ll contains jiear a thoufand boufes, and above ten tbouliind inhabi- tants. Here is a filver fmaltinE-houfc and a miat, where about five hundred thoufand rix-doilars are annually coined. The place is defended by a garrifon of invalids, and contains two churches, an orplian-boufe, a gramimr- idiool, a mine-office, and a foreft-bailiwick- olBce. Though die left of tlie country is fo plcafant, the air of the Mantz- Fibveft, aimoft the whole vear round, it fo cold, and lain, tail, (now, fogs, ftorms, ace. are fo frequent, that the cul- tivation of the land cannot be purfued with any degree of faccrfs. On the mountain, which cover* part of the fo- reft, are produced oaks, affi, alder, pines, beech, afoin, birch, and firs; and this amazing plentv of wood i* of the tttmoft importance, at, without it, the mining wofkt could not be carried on. That part of tlie fereft caHed Brunfwic- Lunenburg-Hartz is divided into mine and fo- Teft-bailiwicks, part of which belong fo tlie kiiig of Cireat Britain, and pait to the prioce of Brunfwic. The inlVM- bitant* of the Hartx ate compofed of tuincrt, Qn^ft, oflicert, handicraMioen, wood>h«avers, carrier*, (crvaittt, ■liniftcr*, and fcboohnaftjr*. i •, v' 9. The town of CMbrode it fituated not far from fp» Hartz, an* it divided into Old and New Town : it aw- taim about three hundred houih, three pariihchuKbes, iigraauDar-ficllool, wooUen-rMnufadury, ((«. 10. Sali- der Helden, on the Leine. 11. Herbeig. la. Sehanftk it defended by a caftle fituated on a higli rock. The caftle (lives name to a bailiwick, which contain* fioiM-quarrie*, iron-works, chalk pits, copper- mines, a linen manufac- tury, and plenty of flax : in the neighbourhood are fin* caverns, called tlie Scharafel Cave*, where the tbur, foA WKK, tlut abounds in pina, (late, warm bath*, narbla, iton . Oi^-jafpef), &e. ;lP^t»U amiU* attiirvillweof Luct(hoMlP<$iriiM ntUttki at thofe of LuderflioiF and New Hltt|r ait iai- "tttt^MH*'; andit KaalglbMr fl i a » ■ i ktefai y-:t%; palaca of Koniglburg. 4 ,„. Calenberg principality is bounded, on the foutfa^ Orn- benhagon. on the nortn by Lunenburg, on tbMweft by Scbawenburg and Bfim(wieW«lfienbuttle, and offiibMaft by the bi(hoprick of HMtfeflMim. It is thirty- JM'mile* in length from no^ to (buih, and eighteen in|bf«adth from ea(l to wrft, A ^(Uerable part of this priici|iiil« is niountaiinous aiid barrei|| but other diftriAa^^THflh and (trtile. aod abound in^Kcom, pnUc, tohaooo, ocwb, pine, afpin, flal. t^it-tr«M, «8k, alder, birch, turf, coal, frec-ftone, mill-fti^, hotnti black cattle, (beep, venifon, game, marl, iron bi^fali fpn'ngv, medicinal.fpringi, &c. and the Oreams aboimd with all kind* of filh. la this principality are three proteftant abbeys aiid fix. convenN, of which three are inhabited by men and fix by women. Lutheraiiifm is the eftabliflied religion ; .abd tba '. Lutheran* have two hundred churche* 1 the Calvinifts an ''( allowed five, and the Roman catholic* fix. \ The conuaoditiet «nd manofadure* of the country an \ wool, cotton, tolMcco, (las, filk, gold tece, (tlvcr.ditio, em> broideries, leather, carpeU, (ton* wareti iron, bra(kr oo{k> per, glafs, galoons, fringesi taflcis, gunpowder, linen^&c. The French, in 1757, Over-ran tbi* ptincirality; and. did great damage, tlioughtbqifwere foon difpoUeflcd of it. The proprietor of it it inlitkd.to a vote iu ibe college of prince* at the diet of the empire, and that of thcijircle. To the fupreme tribunal of Hanover it nominatat two aljlflbn, and two to the high court of appeal at Zelh Tlie revenues arife from demefnet, excile, a milita^ tax, fiaiip-duty, card ditto, duty on corn, cattle, (hevp, m»- gazme*, &c. The pl^ipal town* and place* are the following! vix. . I. Hanopr, which is the metropoli* and feat of the ptc- feiit elew>r, as it always was oftbe duke*, after the re- > moval^tof their court hither fiou Calenberg, on the deailv ofQaotge, thelafidukeof Brunfwick-CaTenberg. .It it , pleafantly (ituatrd in .9 (aiidy foil, on the river Lei tie, ^ which it navigable here (of fan^l boau. It it twenty-flx ': mile* fonth-weft from Zell, ti*enty-ftven weft troin Bronfwick, and three hundred aivd iixty-five eaft from London. It was antiently called Lawenroda, from a neighbouring caftle, fubjea to the count* of that title t and had iti prcfcnt name in Henry the Lion'* time, becaufe of fhny here; Hanover in the old Saxon dialed, fignify- Utg ai much a* Have-over in Englifh. It ia divided by the river into' the New and OU Towns. Moft of tba hooCn are of timber and clay, but tber* an manv of brick and (lane. Tbcflrcets ai» regular, broad, ana well fur- nilhcd with fawtbonu for the winter night*. It it rego> larly fortified, and the ravelint before the gate* an well mounted with cannon. Here «a* «phia ckuied » new cbarah to be baiit here for the French ttfunn, M> which our king William III. was alfo a be* nefactiMr. ' Befides a houfe Mr* for orphans, there is one bofpiial within the town, and another without. This city hal acquired a ntw Inflr* Ince the aceeflion of the i!> lultriout houfe of Hanorer to the eleA'oral college in the dyet of the empire; but more efpecially fince it« advance- ment to the throne of Oreat Brittin -, and is of particular ' note for the fiimous treaty concluded here in 1795, to counurbalance that of Vienna, between the Roman ca- tholic powers. Then are fcTeral pretty feats in the nei|bbottrhood ; one particularly called the Fantify, or the Whim ; and an* oilier Mohtbrillant, or Mount Plealance ; which were built by two liflen-in-IsMr ; vie. Madame de Kilman&k (Ute counleft of Arlington ), and the countefs of Platan. Thefe lead to the pleafant palice of HerenhauCbn (i. e. the HoUfe of the Lord of the Manor), a caftle built on the river Leine, by order of the prince who was the ftrft cleAor, about the feme diflance noith ftom Hanover as the palace of Kenfington from St. Jamet'i. A flrait wallc leads up to rhe home, which is adorned with charming gardens ; a wiMemefi of ever greens; one of the largeft and noMeft orangeries in Europe ; a peifcA'theatre cut out into green featii with arbours and fummcr-houfes on both iides of it, for the aAors to diefs in, the whole fct olFwitli line tta- turs, many of them gilt ( and, above all, here are noble fuuntsins, with very Targe bafons, beatitiiul Cafcades, and water-worlcs that throw the water up much higher than the famous fountain at St. Cloud in France, which was always looked upon as the moft coiifiderable of tlie kind till this was fet up, by the direAion of William Benfen, Elq; whom his late majefty look with him to Hanover, foi tliat purpofe, in 1716, made him furveyor-general of bis works, and gave him other marks of bis fiivour. a. The vilh^ of Linnrr. 3, Rehburg it the ftat of a bailiwick, which yields grain, flat, hops, oak, beech, coali, &c. 4. Ricklingen is a parochial villsge, near whidi is a ftone monument ereaed to the memory of duke Albert of Saxony. 5. Neuftadtam Rubenberge, on the Leine, gives name to a bailiwick and fuperintenidency. 6. Calenbarg, firom whiCh the principality took its name. 7, 8. 9, 10. Marienlee, Wenniefen, Msrienwarder, and Walfingliaoftn. have each Luinenn eenvents for ladies, and (end reprefentatives to the aliemblies of the flates. 1 1. Miricnrode. 13. Munder, ontbeHamcl. ijiLockum. 14. Eldagien. ij. Winftorf, the feat of a fuperinten- dency, and of a Lutheran abbey, to which belong an ab- befs and four conventualifts, with feveral canons. The abbey hat a feat and voice in the diets of the principality ; it wa< founded in 870, by a bifhop of Minden. . 16. Hamelen, whidt is a very ancient city, twenty-three miles fouth-weft from Hanover, and forty onelbuth from Bruiifwic. It is tituatird in a fine counlrv, on the river Hamel, from which it takes its name. The Hamel dif- erabognes itfelf into the Werer, on which an admirable flnice was iinilhed in 1 7 J4, at a great espence. There is hkewil'e a bridge of nine wooden ardies over the WcTer. The other public edifices are an abbey, two Lutheran ehurclies, aCalviniftditto, barracks, an hofpital, . a poor- honfe, a town houfe, and a free (cho and whatever is brought :n any v«£l meft, according to the ftapli weight, be unladen here. On Tuefdays and Fridays a veflel goes up the Fulda fipom hence to Capel, which none but freenien of Munden have a right to navigate. The French bad for fometime pofleflion of this town, in the laft war, in the reign of George II. Wolfenbuttle principility is part of the duchv of Bratt(> wic, being divided into two parts by the dioceic ol' Hilde- ftieim and the principality of Halberftadt. The northern part is rather level, and produces confidenble qaantitica of ?[rain, flax, hemp, pulle, fruits, cattle, filk, &c. The optbern parts conuin feveral mines and falt-works. The ftates deputix* leprefeniatives to the diets, which are held at Brunfwic four times a year. The chief manuftAurei are flax, wool, filk, tobacco, glafs, lead, iron, fteel, por- celane, wax, blacking, &c. The high colleges for thi* principality are the privy-council, convent-oflce, cbaiw eery, treaiury, hiah court of juftice, andconfiftory. Lu- theranifm is the eftabliftied religion. The riven are the Wefer, Leine, Ocker, Schimter, and Aller. The town of Brunfwic, which is the metropolis of the country, ftands (ixty-one miles weft from Magdeburg. It had its name from the founder, Bumo, didie of Saxony, who built it in the year 861. It was once a Hanfe toem, and an Imperial firee city. Thoi^b at jprefent mudi de> cayed from its priftine fplendor, it is ftill rich and popu- lous. It is fitoated on the Ocker, conuint haitubme houfes, it well paved, and very ftrongly fortified, It i« about two miles in circumference, and divided into the Old and New Town. The priiKipal Hade is in leather, butter, hops, and mum. The chief buildings are the ducal palace, which it ca- pacious, magni^tnt, fplendklly fumi(hcd« an;^ coittunt ' Kany tfo4 Thi new and UN'lV'iRSAL SYSTEM or OBOORAPHY. Runy fin* ptiniinsi. an nalUnt library. «^ • uU«(l of cdripjSiie* i mi •rmonr, ■ MWtct.itouf*. in acadnnj for m»»m •urctlc|, • colUfe, t pli««hoiiDi^|ieuAoiq- tK^k, • hovMorcMrtAion, » covAcn'lwttl^IBB OM uU New Town* • mint, an orptiap-lioar*, nVDiWI*- flnKi, t eoU«ge of pliyfic, an aninMr wmI fur|Hy»l||Ml. ■ liMreno, I ctllh, Sc. I^ontnl'i HMpittL tlMoRol- kge called ih« Ttmpl«hof, which fotm*Hf MIbi%c4 Ic the kiii|hi't leni^ii ; and the foltowing chimhel i one (at the Caivinim^M for the Roman c||M)t^ and ten for iht Lutheran!, among which it the othcdral, dedi- callrib St. Blafiut, whicn contain* the ducal burying- t, the record! of the cleAorai fiutiNv. aitd two Urge ■menti of duke Henry the Lion and Hii fccond coa- Thrchaitterof cliii catliedial confiiU ofaprovoft, n, a Tirttior, ten canoni, and le«|^ inferior preben* AlKc! and vicar! : but the dean ii thb lirft member of the ilatei. The Lutlieran foundation of St. Eyriac confifti of a dean, whoii one of the ftatei, a great'comroittee, and fire canon!. The coftvent of Riddagliaufen ii about two mile! from Brunfwic i tie rampart! o( the city are planted with mul- bcrry-ln^, and the garden! belonging to the ducal pabce are laiijllt in a Very exquifiu ufte: Spinning wai intro- duced life in the year tjm, by one Jurgeu, a ftatuary and ftone-ctttl»r. I'hi! wVroe hrft capitafplacc that em- braced the Rerarmation. The road from hence to Wol- iienbuttle i! paved, and'lined on each Me with treei. The Lutheran convent of Rie Holy Crofi ha! a church of iti «>wn, tfftA it fituate4 without St. Peter*! Gate. I'he French^t pofTcdion of thii city in 1757, but evacaatad it in the foUfWinc year. Scheppehftadt, on the Altenau, ii the feat of a fuperin- tendency i and in the village of Lucklum tiKre ii a com- mander of the Teufinic o(dkf. The village of Saltdalum givci name to a bailiwick, and take! iu own from a confiderablc fait- work in the neighbourhood. The ducal palace here has a fine large gallery, which connini above a thouftnd ]|>i{iurei, by the moft eminent mafters ; and here i< likevvife a Iraall gal- S, embcllifhed with many beautiful painting!. In the la cabinet are above eight tlioilfand pieces of exquifite beauty, and in another above a thoufand enamels of Ra- phael de Urbino, aclmirably executed. The great gallery I! two hundred feet long, fifty broad, and forty high, and thtfleflii are an hundred and fixty long and twenty broad. In the latteff bcfides the above cabinet, are fix fniallcr onoK for curiofitic! of art and nature. Adjoining to tlie naWb is a convent, which fend! reprefcntativei to the diet! ; wa! founded by duke Antony Ulric and hia du- . dteft, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and haa a provoft, ' a domina, and fifteen fiftera of noble fimiilie!. The gar- den, chapel, i(c, are extremely grand. The town of Wolfenbuttle, from whence the duchy it denominated, ftanda on the river Ocker, feven milct (outh call of Brunfwic, nineteen eaft of Hildeflieim, and twenty-fix north weft of Halberfladt. It ia the antient feat of the dukci, being Urong, by itr litsiation near the irarfhes, aiwl 1^ vvell fortified, that it ia reckoned one of ' the ftrongcft towni in Germany ; and here i! an arfenal, <>a|U furnilhed. It il divided into two part!, one called ArxGuelphica, which ia the duoal palace, fo named from duke Ecbert, of tlie family cf the Guelplit : the other Ucnrickftadt, &«m the founder, duke Henry. I'he pa- lace, which it the ftrongeft and moft ftately that belong! to the duke'! family, has noble apartment!, rich furniture, coftly painting!, and a library reckoned one of the bcft in Europe, which, wa! founded by the learned duke Auguf- tua. The librarian's catalofiic,. publifhed in 1604, num- bered the voluoanat one hundred and fixtv-four thou- find} another in 1660, mentioned only twenty-feven ,tliouftad, (is hundred and fwtyiix volomei, and 00c Tjiundred, fifteen thoufand, five hundred and four trade, * by fifty-fix rhoufand, three hundred and ninety-three au- thor!* There are two thoufand MSS. particularly four hundred and thirtv-eight folios of French embalhes, tian- fcribcd ftom the I-'rench king's library * forty-one volume! written by the founder himfelf, twelve of which are on inufic, befidet hi* Commentary on Trithemius't Crypto- graphy, and a^very learned itt£t on the antiquity pud myftery pf ibcgame qf cbefr. The (W|L(hurchhci^U an admirable piece of.arcbi teAure, and twenty-one dukc! and ducbcfles arc intcfied under it: here is alfq. an academy and a mufeum. The town ii not half fo big as Brunfwic. There is another palace of tite duke's at battzdahl (about a Icaeue from tlio lows, sad fcsas JJrJsfwis;, tits lesd to wjjisli is JirpHl 4 wUh ^ fan fine row of tract. Thi! oUlle, bath ht duka AMtDay uii ic, it at iHMnif^nt a ttruAur* at any that baa baen iSitwl by fovtrfign prluent and, befidea iu im* inenlely rid! farnitate, there it » nanterooi, but choict coUaaion of piAurat, in a great |{Ulat|^ ithicKh one of tb#Vnell room! in Wt Germany 1 aitd nftic tflnl* cabi- net!, AIM full of v«fe! and urna, painted bf Raphael, and the other hill of the fineitporoeUne. Twenty mileteaft of Brunfwic and TfoKnbutltr, and near tlie frjntiert of Migdtfburg, flanot the lOwn^ of HclgiiUdi, which hat iu name from tba elma about* it. Cmtt the Great built thlt town, anno jSa : it it chiiHy noted fet rile Acadrmia Jutia, or univenity founded and richly endowed, about ijM, bgrdoke Juliu!, and hi! foia Henry Juliut, who alfo furnimM it with a good li^ry. It hat very conftderable privilujet, panicularU one granted by the emperor Maximilian 11. laat iti reAot ii to have 'for ever the title and dignity of count palatine. The elac* for of Hanover, and the duke of Wolfe nbuttle^ are joint fovereient, and hawTthe ditadion of it alterhttely. N« univerfity in Germany haa made a better figure, or had more learned Lutlieran profeflbrt thanthii. Tliethrcefa- cultiei, on account of which it confer! degree!, are divi> nity, law, and phyfic. Among ilie manukripti in itt li« brary, there it an antient Heiirew pcntateucb, in two volumet, for which Ibme Jewifli rabbict offered a great fum. The town it encompafled with walk, ditehet, and rampart! -, has three cliurcliei, and a fine fuburb, calUd OftendoriT. The faculty of divinea here wa! charged 4ith giving their opinion in the cafe of the marriage of the prin.< cefa of Bruiifwic-Wolfenbuttle, with the late emperor Charle! VI. that a'j>roteAant princeft might, with a fafit tonfcience, embrace the Komifh religion : but they re* futed it in 1708, by a public declaration, at a popiih for-* gery. The abbey of Ganderflieim is fituatedon the borderiof the bifhopric of Hildellieim, eighteen mile! fouth-weft o£ Goflar, which was founded by adukeof Saxony.ih the nintit century, for ladies of noble familic! 1 and its fim abliedet were fucceflively the founder*! three daughter!. I* it now greatly reduced, and dcpdfol! on the £>ke of Brunfwic- VVolfrnbuttle, who maintains an abbefs, four caiioneffe!, and eight canon!. TlwiVgh this abbey ii in Lower Sax- ony, the abbcfa take! her feat among the pi^atea of the Rhine. It embraced the Refor.nation in the fixtecntli century, fo tliat the abbefa and nuni are Lutheran*, lit Iwiliwick it about two mile! in compafi, and contain! about twenty village!. There i! a caftle in the bailiwick, which i! watered by the river Ganda, tliat runt into the Leine. In tliit principality are alfo the following town* and places I I. Scheningen, which hat a fuperintcndency. a. Konigilutter, on the rivulet of Lutter. Here it at pir- fent a Lutheran monaflery, governed by an abbot, a prior, and four conventuals. In its church lie buried the em- perer Lothariut, his empicft Richenza, and duke Henry the Magnanimous. It takes precedence of the other con< ««iUa in the piincipality, and leiidi a rcprefcnlttive to tlie tiiet and the grand committee. *< 2. SuppU'iijycnbary, a oommandery of the order of St, John. 3. Calvorde, on the Ohre 4. Vmsfeld, a market-town on the Alter, it tiie feat of a bailiwick and fuperintendeiKy . 5, HelLn. 6. Marienburg. 7. Maricntlial. 8. Secfeii, the feat of a fqpcriatendency and bailiwick, o. Gittel. 10. Julius Hallo. ' •'J Tlie moA remarkable place! between the Wefier and the Lcine are, 1. Holxmundcn. 2. Stadt-Ulendorf, the feat of a f uperinteudency. 3. Amelunxborn. 4. Elbherhau- fen. 5. Otterftein, which give! name to a bailiwick. 6. Turftciiberg. 7. Greene, on the Leine. 8. Bcvcrn, a market-town on the Bever. Mecklenburg duchy ia bounded by Pomerania on the eaft, by tlic hilhoprick of Lubeck, and the territorict of Brunfwic and Lunenburg, on tlie weft ; by the ele£)orate of Brandenburg on the louth, and by the Baltick on the north, tt is iitoacd between fifty-tluec degrees, 4cn nil* nutet, and fifty-four degrees, forty minutes, north lati- tude i and between thirty-6iie and thiity-four dcgitea, tliirty-five minutes weft longiiud;, fiom the illand of Fer- ro, being an liundiod and tliirty-fivc miles in length, and about niuety at iugrcticU breadtli. It 13 well waieied by feveral fiiu: rivers and lakes, and amtequeiiily well fup- plied with fifh. It it likewife extremely fertile and rich, •od yield* plenty of corn, hemp, timber, pafturc, Iheep, game, cattle, liorfci, wine, butter* chccle, flax, fruit, W.00I, iw, « lu iiiis duciiy the peaianra arc iu a Itatc «f viUainagr, but M naMlitt mlof wry <> n < l iw< m coMpoM •( the noWlliT MM I •ra fmBinoMd wniMiy, Mid A ii^ t. ^1 ftUMM* whiek m fMiinoMd uinMir.' M^ M4 i Hnm i l y M t m4 MakKn; tmt. an^r lb* dlnAloti of riitk foftr'' . Ha •«• db Ibota CrfftniA u^ lUpMlt cMlielks. >,' TiM wbek indiy it dividad ihttt Mntt drchf i tfk. the «lrctt ttMmkkakntg, tbt circltof Wend«n. tnd tht dfcl* •r SMpMlt dM prTneifal |IMm ib wMck in tiw fel- Schwaiii) in iIm eiida of MaAlMbat^ U ih* «finl •f the dwbjr, and ■ vwy pntiy coiro, bting ttmtd on • grort lalu of tint nuM, «i||n(Mn milti ftyth erWirmar. «idtliirt)r.fMil«f RoAoeh. tiituilMlMof ,« biflMo, tniMated biitiM' ftem Moekttnborg, In 1061, and fmipn to the archbUlKip of Bnincn, but eanvartcd into a laeaiar priitctpality by tha rrcaty of Ufnabarg. ai^: gnniad M^oolphm-Fradct ic, d«ka of MccklenMirg, aa an aooHflMI for Wifmar, which 4ttWM Ow Mi Wall tha a^ , i.lHho i( a ftnall (owrf batwtart mjimjmi CaiptelAl. a. KMhtfltftiMladonaMtotfthdiia niM. 4. PM la »t< « lake frOiti #hiah It naaivaa kt J. Dobbettih ii a LMfcataa octoNfl for 6. RtfAMki • fta* Imaarial cNy. tfflttfn* dnfcd at tM treaty of Nimaguan, bw witkant aiiMik. M«ft df tha town Wat burnt in i67y, hut it MkLtabuiit with mora migniiieence. Jttiyia ttwaa Mm by tha Swadia, on pretence of itt MUkg fumlfliad their enemiea with provifioni . and in |}I5 tbeduka aiMadOenbwg, not being ftrong atMNigh to defend it igiinA the Dtnaa, agreed thai, on oondlllpii of theirtpoi inierfMng with th» Civil govanasent, they ihonld haif a garrUbotlnd tmfn^ tina hare. ^• Thit city it divided into tha Oldi Nati'. mjSt MiddW . Townt, oonfifling o( Crarteen Wide loqg Mm, bdUea fmaller, and ntany thoufant) ftataly hontot . It boafta of fevcn rcmarlcafalp Ihtngi, 'nfth lavan in nnabar: thm doori to St Mary't ehnrch t feven large ftraatt oemaring in tha market-place i feven ptci ; feven faridgea over tbar Wama t feven toweri on the town-hall ; fevth great balla belonging to the lown-«lo«ti whieh ahima at oertain boam and feven vaft liiiiafour aldetOMnt chofen firom the nobility, nniverfity, and merchintt. Fow! are borgomaftert, two chamberUini,, two ftewarda, of. bailifB, for the river, to cleanfe it, aal take care of tha haven at Wamemunderi and here are two jvdget, to da< ttrmina all caofei finally, ooiamoney, andchufeolBcerti Imperitlidt and Sasons took'it again. The Sweiiitt p- U but on matien ntraordmary, a lower houfe of one hundred neral, Btnnier, attempted to recover it in 1639, aad^ common coancilmen, chofen out of the tradea, it fiunmoa« "did not M- Font. The duke of Mecklenborg hu hit relidenaa here at a caMe, in which he imprifoncd tha bwatmitara of KoAock, in 17 lA, and, after fix montht conSncmcnt, let tbcm at liberty, on renouncing, upon oath, their immu- airiet and privilcitet. Stemborg, a I'mall town on the lake, it one of the Sacet where the diets are held, ^kitunbun, on the aitac, hit I priory ind a tell on the Elba. Panchim it itnited on the Elbe, which dividet it into Old and New Town. It had once a caflle and a mint, ind hat ftill two chtiichet. Rhena it a fmall town on tha Radepft. Gfcvet Molen, KropeMn, Kricwits, Hageni, NewfUdt, Boko, Bfwl. Wittcnbuig, Orabo, and Lyis, are all fmall townt oflittle confideration at prefem. TIm town of Doroita, fortv-three miiet call of Lnncn- burg. ffaindt in an ifland ma«l by the conflux of the Elbe and Elda, with a caflle on tha former, where the duke of Mecklenbnrg Schwerin obliget fhipt to pay tolL Thit fort, which It faid to be the firongrft, if not the only one in tiie dneky, it accefible b«t by a timber bridge. In 1318, theclcAor Lewis, of Brandenbuig, alienated tbit town to tha count of Schwerin, with the cuftomt, and all iba country on both fidet the Elbe, for feven thourand five hundred markt of Brandenburg coin. The fiid countrv, or mofl part of it, rcmtwad mck to the Drandtnbarg fa- ■lily by marriae, hot the aaftia remained in the hands of tbo dukea of Hacklenborg. who are ftill poflcfled of it, together with the cnftomt, which are fiiid to araognt, one year with another, to eighty thoofend rix-dollirt. In i6«7, the Imperial general, co«nt Tillv, took thit town ; botin i6«i. itwat retaken hvthe Swedet. In 1634, the ■^ — TheSwe^ll o(w>»kfc mi t« wnwlt >yi«v«l>mw4 <>»■ M% licoftOHJifl UiMi from adlbll iMdr. ii tMBW^ fkcnihr. uMl li IkiMiMaaMMM iiMr and r.iiiWk, iwch 'vv^ mUei w*ft of Iha fornter. (lid ealt ' ''" laltir, ind iiiiy fiveJUlM «wi\ «f.S> iiid. Mil, V' 'nc***. minuHt, tat. Iilty f'<'>r dei, li 'Utw. |«|^ioCm1 to have bctii ' in Uir uuAmi. 'v, " M^a^nbun'l ruint t i«r, iKmn lK>, ill ij6*. «nci rtbuili handfomc^of ftnne, and it* rnmcnt muJJkd in f'>i6, upon flLp'*" "' LutKck ; b« it Toon bcc4iiK «f the Haml lownii ftronKly filinll«4. and th« ha< r tbcir men of nu. It wa« tthtn by (he Imperial I. ung the < ivil war, f 6l9» but rtfaktn hj the duke of Mecklcnbuig aiiinb«. grenadRca. *nd afflmunitioa. Ip lyaoit itiMftfired by; treaty to jIib Swede*, on condition that the «|ri|i«nd fortificationi mmU be dcnoiiflud 1 in which date it now remaini. ^e houfe ef Macklanburf ia divided into two btancbaai namalv, Sdiwtrin and Strelitt. The ialtar comiaencad witlK^ijta Adolphui-Kredcric II. younger brother of the dulu of Schwcrin, and grandfather of tCe prafant dulu of Stniitx, FrcdcoG IV. who wai horn May 5, 1738, and faccerded to the government Deceniber 11, 175a. Ha wai made a knight of the garter iu ^l^At and hat three brotherii «nd two fiftera ; the younger fifter is our mod graciooiA^crcign, Sophia Charlotte, whcwat bomMay 19, I744t and married the Hih of Septcmbei 1761, (0 hia prefcnt Majefty Qtorgc the Thiid, kin|^ of C'rcat Britain, ttc. ■'Tint prinscft wrote an clegaiit epiflle t( the king of Prufia, ^ringt the war which ended with the reign of \--.nH George ll. which has been equally admired for the ^.vniMity of llie fentiroent, artd elegance of iJie diAion. Hrr Majefty't fliining qualitief have endeared her tqthe Jjlriti^* nation) being no Icfi admired for her literary ac- cot wcil of LuiKiibuig, thiriy-feven fouth-waft of Lubecia, fifty-five nortli of Zell, fiftv-one Ibutb of Slefmck, listy- (ive north-ca(^ aCBremcn, le«enty-two from tlM mouth of the Elbe, oiie h1iif4M|kand fifiy-hve Ibutb'Wcft of Copan- hHKO, one hundrednmd ninety- five northaoaft of Am- ibHiyn, and four hundred and fisteen itorth weft of Vienna, iu ten degrees eleven minutes eaft longitude, and iifiy-three diigreaa, forty-one minuter latittide. The town owet iu origin idr^harleniagne, who, to ftop the piagrefi of the Sclavi, or northern Sclavoniant, caufed hit tieu- tenants to build two fort* on the Elbe, one of them at this place, which thofe people took and dcmolifhed in the year 810, but Charieinagiie rebuilt it next year, pad craAed a church, the only one in Hamburgh for above three hundred and fifty years. It was firftdwiared a fiee and independent city in ixao. The emperor '^laniniliaii, in the diet of Aug(buf|h, declared it free aitd imperial. Since that time, m-nbur^h hat been inveile4 with (bvereign power within lU : ': jntifdiAion, like other imperial cities -, and in the yr^;' . ', vru ac- cordingly funlBfOaed to the diet of the v).>s. . ^hnlier( have not yet enjoyed tliaii . /ti- "■Um^ and voting there. Utaat privileges Imv; ,.ai% nc tv^ time, been granted them by feveral empci^rt A.'', (>e their hmM^* light-boul^ Helgoland, aluve-nieni one I, which ii'fonr German mile* within the fea ; tlie^ artr alfo excufed paying toll at Stade to our king, as EJeAor «f Hanover ; yet tlie kings of Denmark have fince compelled them .licveral times to pay tolti at the ciftle of Glucknadt. They derived their chief feenrity from the continual jealoufiei between Sweden and Dennutk) but in 1712,^ '1t4»,I tha Oanlii. the ne^bpui threat* in caft df i«^ cAmppimd wftiL (be fiift for Mhnndifd M^ thirty thwAad dritkjjK anflliih ihr^ fecdM for two hondrad ihoirilnJ. UBnaAlhu Aii, timat antotifd aaonav ftom ii Once i64« At At ftrliima it'iaotived Mia hanAnd aiW twaillf (WnAm ffOMi » in, 1670, tm* MNulrcd an4 twant]^ ihonflutf | '» JML twa^ hundred kntf forty thouliindi which iha«j|ave ma Uauaa i« ^y off the fie« ( t«o fiwMiad tho«ffnd at another tinu , one kuiidred and aighly thtMiflind in ihe iaar with !^wa(lm, 1 '•) twu liundradandfetty^fiKhoaTandln 171a* after which ilii; latr ^/.»t g«t«m%|p4rad thot|fti|d crowntf of tbmi an (oiw other prctandak Mlyi j Iha ehj war i vifitaU by a plsgue. ^ ^^ ^ It is very advantsieoull y riikt^led, hnth for 4MiiftW Ml4 Mraign trade. It hufachapoitanJrivaraa^PinEv* pe. except tlic Thaiw*, escel*. BeMca thej^lp^ whicl^ cm. 1 At Cierman oeaM han, d»ty ha»a a channel toan to the Trave, for the (aka 4f!ng about by ll)e eafi Am, round the c6*(i of Jutland and tha Soaw, and withoat tlia obftruAioni W the toll, and other difiMtict of the Sound 1 fbtbat tiw veflela in the Trave are within Ibrty miles of the flaltifli wlieruas it it upwaadi of four hundred milu round Jut* Ijild, ice. The trade of thi* plate excaad* that of any cif^ which ha* no kiii^dom m republic anneaad to it| an4 thejs* port* and imports qLit fingly exceed thofe of many gmt aingdom*, even in Onmany. Tha Elbe, and manygitat navigable river* that fall into it, after a coorft tbro«|h fome of tha lugeft, richeft, and moft trading part* of Oer* many, fumifli it with all tha prodoA and inaauGiAiMaa af ' Aaftria, Bohemia, and Upper and zibwer Saxony, Bf tha Havel and Spree it ha* trade with Brandai^Nrg elev loratc) and by a canal from the Spree to the Oder, iia commrrce extends into Silcfia, Moravia, Poland, almoil to Hungary ; fo that it bat moai manoliiAure*. &c. iot es> portttion, than moft citia* in Ihe world. Tbe principal export! (chiefly to Great Britain) are of varioua kind* tif" t dilFerent conntria* ; oarticularly Silelia diaper*, and tlw '. lawnt of Mifnia and Lufiitia 1 German linen turn Ofiia^ burg, Lunenburg, ttc. Hannburg dowlas, and other flrong linens, fiom Lower Saxo.iy ; coarfeUoen, barrat, crocus, hinderlandt, and many other forts finom Lower Germany t '* linen -yarn from the fame couotrwn tin-plates, brau, iron, and fteel wire, .i' ^fly iligaiD Upper Saxony 1 clap- boards, pipe and !i.,,il.ead (bvaa« wainicot boards, oak plank and tiinlic., and kid fluna from Brandenburg 1 corn from man . pnrviiu.r'', chiefly Brandeitburg and Sax- ony. Of the number i>f articles wtiich they imiiort ftoni abroad, the chief are tbe woollen mauufaQurct of England. The value of fuch from Yoihfhire only it faid to be abova one liundred thoufand pouitdt. Tbe article of Englifh Atckings formerly came to above twcnt) thourand pomda par annum ; and all Eittlilh goodf vended here, amount « to feveral hundred Ihoufaiul pound* annually. The EnglUh meichantt, having great privilege*, maka an extraordinary figure here. They appear as a Mdy, hold a court, with particular jurifdiQion and power* among themfelve* 1 and as they are called in London the Ham- burg company, fo are they here called the Englifh bans or fociety. Tliey have a church and minifter of the!' ( -tm. The Englifh are numerous, thi* being (till the . ' ri the Englifh trade. '! '■■•■* have the fame privUege* rn^.x- port herrings, as the l>utch are allowed. Tbe Hamburgers drive great trade to RuAia . nia t and ibrgaodt fent to the north of the empire, ano to Poland they hava great rcturnt, not only in linen, yam, and fine flax, but in honey, wax, annifeed, lintfced, drugs, , ice. all by the Oder into the Spree, and fo into the Elbe, in the marquifate of Brandenburg 1 and therefore the Dane* cannot iuterrupt thit trade, nor obtain any part of it. p^ Above two liundted Eryglifh (hips alone come into thia iiavbour in a year, though moAly from Spain, Portugal, ■ and Italy, from and to which the Hamburg meichantt pay (hem douhic tlie frqiglit they do for their own (hipr, p«- caule tl', f i-j^'fu being free fiom the I'uiks by their Mc- di{arrani.'..i paflfet, they fave more than tliat by inrurance. Iivdeed they, in 1751. aimed at taking much of this trade into their own lunds, on their own bottoms, &c. but happily the king of Spain fb deeply refented their I'reaiy witli the piratical States of Barbary, and efuccially fur- nifhinctlicm with warlike (lores, &c. that he not only inhibited commerce with a*. iiibur^, but laid an embargo - - i^- ■ -m,^. ■ » •'^ ■^- Ift u ikdf'fi.) # t IW M % i»% ^ Di MMMtdi Vf • w vf^ ** Wff sn fvUfUfiffic twill fcth tn4« trtik Um Itrtariani, tm dtt. wm«Ii oTtewflcWWKMtNt v«l«cti, tbrfkhrfl lllki, and Ai|i> btkingi mh hciiif at gooti loaf fucarat h made in Loi-. . lloi^ ii •• vade AfP^tbltfly flMli Ortai Briuin. CallicAprini •mrtoyt Apnbari «f pojfl* i aiMi of lata thav bava bmn to Mint Immm alfo. R« Ibort, NimMigb h bcconta a neh aot pencifitl city, ahd wiibovf Afoaia Mv«i tba ana'xft IiiImm trade, at thto time, ottAj mtf in faropa, London and AMftardani cxcaMid. It hit ait undmbtad right to a iplaaa in ibe diat of tne cinpira. 8ba bu Drattttfiona alfo fO MrbMig a fraa city, ai not tt^Mj^A to tha ampin Itkaothar ttn' i . V ' <'.«>T< mbaiglt, ondir colour of a paiti- cal' m . iw ' Aparer, wiMy avoiding to cmbar* Tat ' *«n • iwniit laiftiriorOaTBianyincafcofawa^ do*''* ft"'' in afaft. * *' « imcfiiii yi*M in thl^ftniic and thraacol- legal of hu' ;l'erf, and it a miitura of the ariftocratkal and lemocratical. Oi tha lattrr, baeaufe all thair taiat and iropofta ar' granted by tba bnigban, witbcut whole con- ftat tba fenat* candfet raiA one penny, and bacania the in«nigtm< nt of the hnaiKci it in ten of the burghera : of tlie formet, becaufe they have a fenatc chofen ont of tha principal perfoni of the republic, who aloaa have tba Kwer of aflcnihiing and ilitTolving tlie coOTcntion of the ighcn I to wbon tlie burgneri that an managen of tha |bi*()cc.f an aecountable, who treat with fertign princu irithoat ikf intervention of the barghcn, and who are veiled witbalmoft every aA of fovereignty, bgtthat of ma- naging the nnancc* arid laying tavei. The government, th«a cvnftitatrd, ii mider the prorcAion of the emperor, for which the Hmulnirgeri pay him eighty lUoniand orowni a ye;r. Bit how little thii hat availed them, it too well known ; and the protcAion they have from Eng- land, for tlte lalie of trade, It certainly their greateft fecu- The fenate cMlifti of four burgomaftert, of whom three -are lawytn, amI'ffiM a merchant, (tmMl whom prafide alternately for a jaar), twentyi^ur fenaton, via. eleven lawyers, and thirteen mtrehanti ; four fjrndici, rnhfa are all lawyers, and giv«"tl)cir opiniont at our judges do m the lioufe of lords, but have no vote ; and four lecrctariei, of whom the principal is failed prothonotary : all thcfe a}l, npon evcr^ vacancy, CtiofeN out of their own bodiea. Here is alio a court of Admiralty, oonfHling of a>iTgo- mafter, four fenttors, fix merchants, and two mafiers of Ihips, aflifled by a Iccrerary, and a water-bailiff. Their law is tlie civil, or Juftinian, an I, in criminal cantei, the flatutes of the emperor Charlct V. with which they bMe likewife their own flxtutes, but both pur.zled and obfcured by nuni'>erlefs comments, attd contradiAory precedents. Till tu'.. or chief of the ilutt colleges is that of the Ober- Altcn (or principal elders), w hich confifts of thrrr mtm- Ikts, cbolen out uf each of the live wards of the city ; has great power, lilie thai of the tribunes at Rome ; can de- mand of the feiula to call a convention of the burghcri, and even impeach a fenator, artd requin a conference with the I'cnalc on that or other occafions. Wheu the three colleges, cotififting in the whola of one hundred and eighty inemlieri are efleniblcd, and the Icnate at the fame lime, whidi is in all exirordmary cnl'cs, particularly, for laying taxes, the gales of tlir ' iiy » c (hut, a Urong guard is drawn up baf9re tli- --iiaic boulc, md centi,ncls poftcd at all its avenues. > ch wan) debates and votes oy ii- felf, and, when the quciiion is put by the fenate, the ma- jority ot the five determines it. Tneir ecclefiafticil go- vcriimrnt, of which the fenate is the head, is managed Hy a flonfiflory, or convocation of the pailora, archdeacons, and deacons, of the live principal, and favtn fmaHer charcbcs or chapels : ia ail, zg. The priiicipai religion is the Lutheran, and the Cal- vifii^ v^ oBligftd to (g to Korihip at Altena till within ■ «*»"';* --' • •^i • « -—-■... -. ^m '■ . tlMlk »» Mil >i».>>«^flM7!|lM« Mil dllM«#«l)« 4 two ahvralm v>Miln Um wiUa af M^iigf » bvt ihii'la* Wlng M* by tha Imparial nildeftt; logather with tbrWi minlflir*t liotriai for wbHh tha Hambiirgan baing titnamiid hf thaemparor (Chsrlei VI.) with milittir ai«e«iion, tbaf wan forcad to tnd another houfa and oMpal at their own ewtnce, and lo make good all the other Ms and danaa< Halidet payin|. a 4ne, and fcfiding tflk members of the fanai «nd i«ir|ikf rtie burglicrs, to Vienna, tn batj .iK tfttt ^hicb, he rook the eillr.tn^B ^ M emperor , j I fpecial p id B& i'm. aitd clpaafed their cadft he againO the antii)dakij jMClcnuont of 'he Danes. are ni,lij I hj wi^i> | >b allow the Romsn calhni woilhip 111 uic MlllnMors houfes. Thry have bctf 1 thev calla^ivata aolllNMlt . yrevious to the hol^roMt* niuiiion, mough it diftctt m W'-'^ther protiflant riry iivflprepe : ona» in paitlnlar, for orpbaM. hka our Blue Obat hofpital in London, the yaarty revlnie ot which amouitia to betwixt fifty and fixty thouftad' pounds. Some-.iniat'they hava above tbna hundred infiutti abroad at nutfe, who, when able to draft themfeivait are taken into thaflkinf^ .The illbinad ■yha «!»d the flrls boyt that are qnilified, are put out tnd mal umverfityi the reft are put out to tr'^w. k,„ .^ ^„^, after they can read, fpik knit, &c. are dually to the lad, Mhlch Tupports a fpire, like St. Side*! in Fleet-ftreet, but much taller. Round the middle of its fteeple is a crown richly gilt. Its pulpit it of white ^\^e■^ ble, curioufly carved, and adorned with figures, and ' ther ornamenH of gold ; and its organ, redtoned one oi the heft in Europe, has fix thoufand pipes. That called the Thum, or l^me, was the cathedral while the town re lined an aicbbilhopric, and ivai built about I30. 7'he f, ire, 'and tower that fupports it, are near three hundred and iixty feet high. There ftill belong a dean and chap- tar to it, though fecularized, from whofe court there (jjet no appeal but to the imperial chamber at VVetzlar. Many Mof the counts of Schawcnburg and Holftein are buried here, whofe nimei ire writ if! * fklr eatalniTiip. witli thrir 11 odier beuebdoifi, and bunLu|yA ibi body of the charch. '■'i».- % Ut The NEW UNlVRRS A L SYSTEM or CBOORAPHt. «# % i and fe^nl princes of Germany, have their own poft- houres here, managed bv perrons of (heir own Mioint- m^ ( bat tha poft-honfe tor England andfiolUnd ia the oniy one that can properly be Aid to belong (Qjl)a poblic. She Britifli'iaGdent and company ha«t a flai«iEball hem lih by tbcmfelvet : and the refidhit has I power of judging fuiu and Mifferences that arife amon^ hit-com- trymen. I'here it an opera or play houfe berr, chiefly for the entertainment of the relidenK, and other foreign gcmry, of iriH^ here are fome froiB mofi trading king- domt in Etitpe. ^, This citf, which it almoft i^dreohr form, and five or lis milaa in compaft, is natoM^r firon|[, a |;reat oart of it lying apon i(|ands. The walk and (ortificaDona that lie open to via|h are covered wiih.^afs, and planted with roH^fif tmi| lb high, that noiia of the honlet are to be fearwitiioat thu fide of the walls which is next to Aliena. It hat fix Jaiet, and three enmncet by water, viz. two from the Elbfiitand one from tha Alfter. It it divided into the'Old and New city by a canal, and forrounded by a fine hUi mil, with twenty-three bulwarks, befides other oat-»dB> and fortifications, ia die modern way, and a very d«i||^ ditch ■ thf re is alfo a Dobk Ktie, or out-work, witn other works, ftom the burgeft faafon of the Alfter to the Elbe, about half a mile above the town : and on the other fide of e, belotw the town, tbve is a very fine fortifi- cation, dUed the Star-Sconce, fft'ilrong, that the king of Denmark, with all his army, c^uld not lake it in 1686. after fix weeks fieoe. In the New Town, towards Altena, eie are faujge ttieets of poor houtes, wbidi the Jews ^iefly inhabit. The North and South Elbe, into which two channels that river is fcparated, two or three miles above this cihr, having, with fome fnuller omM, formed divers beautiful iflands towards Hatburg that belong to his Britannic ma- jeflf, re-unite in one channel, about fix milea below the city. I'owards the eaft it is waflted by die little river Biile, and towsrds the north by another little river called the Alfter, which forms a very laife bafon juft without tlie town, and another, though not fo large as that, yet o( at leaft one thoufand feet Iquare, witliin Uie walls of it ; after which, it drives the public ouUi, and, pafli|ig by feveral (Tuioes and canals througli the whole city, faRs into the Elbe. Here are ei|jiity-four bridges, thirty -eight water- mills (befides fix wind mills), and fix fluices ; and it has takewifc fix large markets. As the tide hertiows in canals through moft of tlie chief ftreets, and runs font leagues above the city, that is, twcotv-two from the mouth of the rivw, the town is frequ-nt'y damaged by fpring-iidet, and many houles and families have been ruiried by tern- (lefts, that, efpecially with a north-weft sund, drives the fea up into their clunnels ; of which there were two me- lancholy inftaiices in 1651, and 17 19. Though the bar . iiour is fo commodious, and the river fo deep, that large fnerehant-fhipt come up to the walls, vet thofe of an ex - traorilinary fiae anchor at the New Mills, fouf miles be- Inw ilie town, where they unload in fmaller vciBcis. The ftreets are generally crooked, but pretty wide, andontftrip all Cieimany for high ibid ftately houfes, moft of them built 0; brick. The ulual way of reckoning here, is, by what they call ftivcrs and lubs, Any-cight of which make n dollar, or four ihillitics and fixpcnce. It is the cuftqro that, when a citizen dies, he mvft leave the tenth of tiis eftate to the city i and foreigners, not naturalized, muft piy a cf rtaf.': turn annuaiiy for liberty 10 rrade- iUmbnrg bat a diftri£^ belonging to its jurifdiAion for ' ""^ A' >#^ ■ twal«« aUet round, which abooada vltb excdlmi Mfhim, intermixed wldi icvcral conMeiablt viUapb and —M a meiit laati. It conpriacs the bailiwidu m RMsenbottk (of wbkh more berealUr), B'iwcrdar, d^hfeawafdlr, and K|ipeiiderf. The fbnr cantona of A l ia pm a, New nme, Kirphwcrdcr, and Rodackvva cn]ow4 bv dta Han- bwriien, in common with lib citv of Lubeck 1 ai it dfia a omle, widi a litde town and bainwick adkd Beigidaii; of whicl| they have been in poflisffion abeait four handrad yeaia ; Md they put in a bailiff alternately, and fanUba lite eaille altetuatcly with an HfuX number of foldien. ^ iThe merchants of ihit dx% araaffibie and civB, lyit too nice ia ceteaaony and punmliot and^ttw tedioui and fid- fonae in their ^ropllflienta^They an.fidd to be very fra> gal in their own tamiKes, Ibt altogadiar aa^bcr«| when Ibajr treat ftrangert. Thay mighti^ affcA gaMent at the city oatet, much iia the tafte of thofe of Holland. Coachea are (0 nuaierout bete, though not vliv neceflan, nor con- venient, becaufe of the croMLedneia of moft ofne flieeta, aiiid the narrownafs of manv, that there is iiardly • tocr- chanr or confiderable Ihepkeeper without one : and h ia oblerved, that here are ten times the number of bacluMy coaches now, that there was an hundred yean ago. The common cwtt here are only a long pulley, like wbatauc vintnert ufe, laid upoa an axletree bctsreen twto wbealt, and drawn, not by hoKi but men, ofwhom adoarn, or more, are fomctimea linked to thofe machinet, with Ainga acroft their flioulden, drawing a fat of yam or linen oC two tons weight. If- The graduates in law are very numerous here, thourii hardly a tendi |ip of them can be employed in dm je- nate,' or U the bar. «The poorer fort of them, that fan- not make a fignre dicre, are conAant walkers at funeral proceffiont, for which tbe]r have a feei u have, likewife, fuch of the fenaton. principal elders, divines, and rcguUr phyfiiians, as therein aflift. For gK encouragement of ingenuity in mechanickt, every artificer who ein perferai a piece of work beyond the fkill of hit brother artifts, ia nilde free of hit company I a benefit nototherwife to be obuined but ^ fervitnde, 01: by marrying a firceman'a widow, or daughter, or eUe at a very mat cxpence. By the care of die magimacy, u wellm ofan inferior fort of taadlea, irho have a reward for what beggars they pick up, and carnr to the houfe of corraAion, Sera are few or none to be icen in the ftreets ; though thit tl afcribed in great meafure to the mannfiiAare of knit iockingt erafted here, which it fuflicient to employ all their poor, were they more numerous than they are. Tkireare parifli-ofGoata employed to carry wool to be carded and fpun, and wor- fted to be knit by the poor at dieir own lubitatioiu -, from whence tliey alfo fiitch their work everv Saturday, and pay them what tbcy have earned. The Mifs here ate gene- rally attended |||eiiarch, not by a footman, but by a (er- vant maid with a btiok, ^ging by a filver chain, on one arm, and, if it be cold wSitner, with a brafs ftove on the odier. V The hangman's houfe is the common prilon of thit place for malefiiAort. After fentence it pronounced on them, which it alwayt on Friday (as the execution is on the Moi^y following), they are carried, not to a dungeon, but Wa handfome upper room, where they are allowed a good bed, with all reafonable comfiMts fuiting their condi- tion, and conftandy attended by fome clergyman that lus a living in the citjr, a duty which they are all obliged to perform by rotation. As by their laws no criminal is puniftiable here without pleading guilty ; thcv have five decrees of tortuK to extort fuch confeiEon, which are a(- plied one after another, in proportion to the ftrength of the evidence in fupport of the accufation. The interlocu- tory fentence for this torture is only general, but the de- gree of it is locked up in the breaft of the judges, who are always preicnt, with a clerk, to write down the conf^flion, at a table with a curtain drawn round it ; fo that ihey can liear and jpeak to the tortured criminal, without being cye-witnefles of thecrnalty ; and can mitigate or extend it, according to the ftrength or odicr ctrcu.:7ftances of the fufferer. There it a fiimous walk in this chy, that runt by the great bafon of the Alfter from the pby-houle to die heart of the city : It is called tlic Maidens Walk, is one tbou- find feet long, and abovv! twenty brosd, railrd in and bordered on each fide by a row of large high trees. Uu one fide is the water, with feveral ftairs ; and on the other a row of noble houfes. H«r« are feveral convents, or cloyften, remaining in this cityi^whicb. being fecularized, are now Lutheran ; one, in particular, the tenure of whole foundauon is continued to this day by offeiing a glaft of ..«,". wine ■IM, [EUROPE.] e E R M A Ji wine to every nlalcfiflor that is carried by it for execution. Both flrangcrs and natives, of the liefl fafhion, carouzc at an odd kind of i tavern here, kept iri a public cellar, ot- cave, which has a prodigious Dock nnd vent of old hock, &C. brings in a confidciahle revenue to the Hate, and is under the dircAion of a deputy, kept in it by a fcle£l num- ber of the inagiftrates. To conclude our account of this famous great ttiart, or petty Republic, Mr. Roberts fays, in his Map of Co|n- merce, that corn is ineafured here by the Scliepel, of which cighty-thrcc make ten quarters Englifh ; and that one hun- dred Hamburg ells make hut forty-eight and an- half in London. 1 he cities of Hamburg and Lincoln are ob- fervcd to be cxaflly in the fame degree of latitude, but it is conlidcrably colder in the winter, and hotter in the fum- mer, at the termer, tlian at the latter, for a natural realbn, wc fuppofe well enough known. Hildclhcim diocefe, which is forty miles long arid thirty broad, is fituated between the rivers Leine and Ocker, and is bounded by Halberftadt, on the north-well ; Lu- ncnlnirg-Zcll, on the north j Gruletnhagen, on the ibulh; andtlicothcr paits arecirotimfcrilxd by the duchy of Brunf- wic. The liailiwic of Hundcifuch lies fcparaie from it, beini; incloftd by the principalities of Caleiiburgh and Grulicnhagen. The foil is fertile in grain, hops, oak, alh, flax, pulfc, be^ch, and birch. It is likewife produ£)ive of black cattle, horfcs, ftieep, game, fait, florie, iron ore, &c. The Itrcams which water it fupply great quantities offxfh ; the ftates confill of the clergy, nobility, and burgefles , the ftianufaflures are, iroii ware, porcelane, cloth, {lockings, &c. and the religion is Lutlic-ranifui. The principal places arc, i. Illlddhcim on the Innerfie, the capital, which is fifteen miles from Hanover. It is an old fafhioiied, large, irregular town. The principal buildings are, the cathedrals, feveral monadcries and hun- nrrlcs, mn-y churches, the chancery, the nobility's hall, wlurc the diets are held, the jcfuits college, the Jews fyna- goguc. the gyinnafium Andriaiiium< and the latin fchool of St Lanibeit. Thetown wasantientlyoneof the Hanfe, and the capital of Henry the Lion ; and in the neighbour- hood there are two rich abbirs. The magiflrates cxrrcifc civil and criminal jurifdiition, impofe and colicfl duties, and apply them to public ufes, ordinances, &c. The nia- gillracy and burgers are in general Lutherans. 2. Saril.-idt, a fmall town on the Iiinerftc. 3. Gronau, on the Leine, gives name to a bailiwic. 4. Bekcnem. 5. EIze, on the baal. 0. Allbld on the Leine. 7. Pcina, on the Fufc. 8. Wrddingcn, a commandcry of the teutonic order. 9. Knicfledt. 10. Salt-Uetfurt. 11. Mark-Olderdoif, on the lime. 12. Dalfcl. i^. Salz- lielicndall. 14. Werle. 15. Lamfpringe, in the Lannue, where there is an Englilh bencdifline fcminary. On the Ibuth (ide of the Gofe (which riles to the fouth- eaft of Cellcrlcld, and falls into the Oikcr near the con- fines of Hildclbc'iin) (lands ihc imperial city of GoHar, which, though independent of the Brunfwic family, is ufu:illy deli:ribcd in this country, liecaufe it is furrounded with their dominions. It :s a large antient city, twenty- two miles Ibuth call of Hildelhcim, twenty-five fouth of liruiil'wic, twenty-fix weft of Halbcrftadt, and forty north- well of (iottingen. It was built in 1201, by the emperor Henry 1. who had a palace here, and alio fortified it. Goflar enjovs the lame privileges as other free imperial cities, bi I'ldcs an exemplion from tolls in all markets of the empire, but three : in all the imperial writs, it is called, Nobile Membium Imperii. T he houfes aic co- vered with Hate. It is fituated in a valley furrounded with mountains, in which arc mines both of iron and filver, vh. thole of Steinbiirg, Hcrt/.-bcrg. Ramelibeig, Klocken- berg, ice. It has been the rclidencc of the emperors, for the lake, it is luppoled, ot hunting, and its trealures under giounJ i and becaufe they have often alfemblcd the dates here, it has been called a palatinate city. The inhabi- tants arc eniploved either in digging the niines,or inclean- fing, tempering, and vending the metals and minerals of all luits, that arc dug nut nf them. In the year 1235, the eiU[)cror Frederic H. with con- f(.nt ot the llatei ol the empire, giamcd to Otlio I. duke of Hrunlwic, ilie tenth of iis mines. '1 he houfe of Brunf- wic has prctcnfiuns to this city, and Icveral of its princes have eneleavoiiitd to cllahlilh them hv lorce of arms, but hitherto in vain. I'lie prote^^orlhip is in the hands of the kin>; of Great iintain, as eleiitor ot Hanover, alternately Willi the duke of Brunrwic-VVolfenbuttle. In this city, iiaitho'id Schwartz is liiid to have dili:ovcied the art of No. Oi. Y. 60^ The Lutheran k the only religion ttlaklhg giinpowdcr. tolerated here. Schawen is a lordfhip, fituated between the principality of Halbeitftadt, and the county of Wernigerode. It is nov/ vefted in the duke nf Brunfwic, though it formerly be- longed to tiiQ abbey of VValkenreid. Nordhaureii is an imperial city, fituated ori tKe Zdrge, about twenty one miles Ibuth call from Godar. It vmi formerly one of the Hant towns, is celebrated for its curious works ill alaballer arid marble, and cariies oti a great trade in the dilliHery branches. In the diet of the empire, it has the tenth feat on the Rhcnilh bench of iiU' pcrial cities, and the fourth among thofe of Lower Saxony. The inhabitants and magiftrncy are Lulher-iiis -, to th^ latter of whonl the elcflor of Brandenburg, in 1717, tianf- ferred all the rights and prerogatives to this city, in confi. deration of being paid the fum of fifty thoufand rix dollars. . Muhlhaufen, another imperial city, is fituated on the Uhftrut, forty miles call ofCalTcl , itcontains two Lutheran churches, with i Roman catholic foundation for Augulline nuns. It pofleflcs the ninth place in the bench of impe- rial cities in the diets of the empire, and the third in thofe of Lower Saxony. It was formerly one of the Hanfe towns, and has, at pr; fent, a tolerable trade. In tlie four- teenth ccniury this city purchafed of the emperor Lewis, the office of imperial judge within tlie city and its pre- cinfls. llankenburg arid Rcinflein counties are ufually confi- aorcd together as one. They are fo called from tlieii' towns ; and lie in the ealt part of this duchy, ^bout twenty- four miles from Ibuth to north, but narrow at both ends ; and not above nine miles where broadeil. It was much larger once, when it included the county of Weriiigerodo on the weft. Thefe counties (together with Queidiinburg, Hohqnftein, Stolberg, and Schwaflzburg, in Upper Sax.. ony, where they arc defcribed), were forriierly one pro- vince, and then called Hartzingow, i. c. the Heicyniari country, having been a part of the Heicynian forcft, now called mrtz, of which there lUl! remains great woods and parks, that abound with game. Bcmitcin was claiilied by the eleflor of Hanover as a vacant ficf, but feized by thS late eleflor of Brandenburg, as holding of his principality of Halbcrftadt. 'IheTe counties aix' fouth from Brunfwic; fouth-wcft from Magdeburg, weft from llalbeiftadt, north from Thuringia, and eaft from Hildelhcim. It is fo coli a country, that though the fnow lies on its mountains till Midfummer, the lands produce but little corn ; but the valleys arc filled with cattle. The inhabitants are ftrong and vigorous, and many of them live to one hundred or one hundred and ten years of age. There arc iron mines in their mountains, one of which, called Broeken, or Brockftierg, ihc Brudlerus of the Latins, is reckoned the higheft in Germany. Betwixt Blanken- biirg and Elbingeroide is a remarkable cave called Buman's Hole, from its difcoverer Buman, which has a narrow entrance, but none- ever found the end of it, though fome of the miners have affirmed, they have gone as far in it as Goftar, which is twenty miles. Large bones of ftrange crcitures have been often found in it, which the neighbour- ing gentry keep for rarities; and, among others, the (kele- ton of a giant. There are two great locks near the con- vent of Michaelftein, and not far from Blankenbufg, which reprefent two monks in their proper habit, as nicely as if they were carved out, and therefore ar' called the Monks Craigs. Many callles are found in theli: countries on the tops of iiiacccifiblc rocks, and fome aflually hewn out of the rocks, but they aie not regarded. The m9tt remark- able of lliem is tli.it near Brockfbcrg above-mentioned, which the inhabitants fay was built three hundred years before Chrill, by the Chauci, a branch of the Saxons, who had an idol and temple of Saturn here, which were deftroyed by Charlcniapne, who called the place Hartz- buig. A fait fpring being di!i;QVeicd M the bottom of this hill in the time of Julius, duke ot Brunfwic, he built a fmall town for the workmen, called Julius Hall, which is now grown rich, and large, by their tr.ade in lalt, cop- per kettles and pots, wire, 5>:c. '1 he people of this country arc faid to be the dullcft dolts in all Germany, and mei« bigots to the inftitutions and Cuftoms of their aneelto s. This petty country was left by the late duke Anthony- Ulric, of Wolfenbutile, to his fecond and favourite fon prince Lewis, to make him fomc compcnfation tor the right of primogeniture which he had newly introduced into his family, to that fon's prejudice : for the Brunfwic princes h.id been long ufcd to a partition of lands in their families, till that cullom, fo pernicious to great ones, was 7 P *»*r ":*4^Sl. 6io The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. firft abolirticd by the Hanover bnmcli. At this country U SECT. III. neither givM its pofleflbr the rank of r fovereign prince, nor admittance into the colkge of piinces at tne diet of CnUaimng a difcriptien tftht cirdi if WtflpMiti the empire ; the then duke ofBUnkenburg. now duke of Brunlwic Wolfenbjttle, in order to procure himfelf both thel'e privileges, made a tieaty with the elcAor of Hanover, whereby the latter yielded him the vote and feat which he enjoyed in the diet for his duchy of Grobcnhagen ; and the duke engaged never to vote at the diet, but in confor- mity to the fentiments of the eleAor ; but after hit deceafe the vote and feffion for Grubenhagcn reverted to tlie elcftor. The moft noted town here, is Blankenbuie, eight miles weft of Queidlinburg, and fouth-weft of H Jberrtiidt, and ' forty foutli of Wolfcnbuttle, on the frontier of the prin- cipality of Anhalt. It is but a fmall town, the houfes ill- built, and inconvenient. The duke, who has a caflle here, has offered the inhabitants materials for building gratis, and done all in his power to infpire them with a tafte, and the other arts, but without fuccefs. Ranzau, a county, is about ten miles lone, and fix broad, and has a foil tolerably fertile. It was formerly a bailiwic, but ercfted into a county of the empire by Ferdi- nand HI. in confequence of a fcttlement made by count Ranzau, ftadtholder to his Danifh majefty, that it (hould devolve to the roy»l family of Denmark, upon failure of iflue male in his own. 2. Barmftedt, in the Acce. And, 3. Elmlhern, on the fame river, arc tlte only places of any note here. Ratzehurg principality belongs to the Sttelitz family, but does not contain any place worthy of notice, except the town of Ratzebu-g, where the regency, treafury, and confiftoiy, are held, but which belongs to the duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg; and the fmall town of Sconberg, which • gives name to a bailiwic. Schwcrin principality is furroundcd by the duchy of the fame name, and the lordlbips of Wifmar and Roftock. It is twenty miles long, fix broad, and was fotmerly a bilhopiic, but fcculanzed at thepe^ce of Wellphaha. The only places of any confideration are, 1 . Scheliie, a town contiguous to Schn-erin. 2. Rhun, which gives name to a bailiwic. 3. Butio. And, 4. Wahrien. Haldon county lies along the Elbe, is eight miles in length, the fanie'in breadth, and borders on the territory of Hambuig. It is very fertile, abounds in grain, fruit, cattle, and filh ; has its own courts, eccledaftical and civil, and was ceded in 1731 to the elcAor of Brunfwic. The inhabitants aie Luthc-rans ; the revenues amount to ten tliou'and rix-dollars. OiTcrndorff, a fmall place on the river Meden, is the only town. Theducliy of Saxe Lauenburg, is the fartheft province of his Briunnic majefty's German dominions : it is water- ed by the Elbe, whicli divides it, and is bounded by Hol- flein, on the weft and north ; by Lunenburg, on the fouth ; and Mecklenburg, on the eaft. It is »hout eighty mi^cs in length, its gicatcft breadth is near twenty-fix miles, and it contains about thirty thoufand inhabitants. The duchy is not very fertile in grain, but abounds in pafturage, c.itile, fheep, filh, flax, wood, Uc. The manors, intitling to a vote and feat in the diets, are tvvciity-tliitc in number, and the ftates are conipofcd of the nobility and burghers. Lutheianifm is the cftablilh- cd religion 1 and the clergy in general of this duchy may be propofcd as patterns for thole of moft other countries, for their attention to their I'acred funflion, their humility, humanity, zeal, arl benevolence. The privileges of Jie nobility and commons are derived from an a£l called the Lauenburg a£t, which was granted by George I. king of Great Britain, and confirmed in all its articles by his fucceflbrs. The Lutheran fuperintendent, appointed by the king of Great Britain, is obliged to vifit the ft»tial parilhes annually. The regency is Uibordinate to that of Hanover, and a high tribunal, tlie members of which are appointed partly bv tli« king, and partly by the ftates, but an appeal lies to Zell. The duchy has a con- fitlory of its own, and the colleges meet at Ratzeburg. Here arc hut few manufaftuies, out many commodities are tranlport'd from here to other countries, particularly rye, cheefe, b.ittcr, wool, timber, &c. The principal places are, i. Ratzeburg, twelve miles fouth ot Lubeck, iituated on an ifland in a lake of the fame nanie : it is the feat of a regency, confiflory, and chief court of juilice. 2. Lauenbur|!. *hirty-five miles lail ofHanibuig, on a hiii near the i:. .>c. 3. Schwart- zmbach which gives name to a bailiwic. 4. Molten, fixtcen miles from Lul>eck. 5. Grunau. 6. Buclicn, a village where dieu are held TH E circle of Weftphalia ftretches along the weft- fide of the Wefer, from the German ocean on the north, to Heffia on the fouth ; and between Lower Sax- ony on the eatt, and the Netherlanus on the weft. The greatcft extent from fouth to north is about two hundred miles, and one hundred and fifty from eaft to weft. The air, efpecially in the north part, is very cold, and great part of the foil is marfhy and barren \ however, it has plenty of corn and pafture ; but the fruit is very ordinary, and . ferves chiefly to feed the hogs, of which this country hai good ftore of an excellent kind, fo that the bacon they fend , abroad, is very much efteemed. The chief rivers are the ; Wefer, the Ems, the Lippe, the Roer, the Aa, &c. The ,: accommodations a traveller may meet with here, are well enough exprellcd in this diflich, very common in Ger- many : thus Englilhed ; . '< " Who travels in Weftphalia, is furc to find " Long miles, fmall- beer, coarfe bread, and lodging " vile." Wcliphalia is indeed the moft wretched part of all Ger- ;> many ; and a modern author, who knew it well, fecms to conclude, that the temper of the people is in a good meafure-- influenced by its climate, the generality of them being not more amiable than the country. They are eood foldien enough, but have not talents in common with the other '. Germans ; for tliey apply themfelvei much more to breed- ing of horfes and hogs tlian to the cultivation of arts' and fciences. Three parts in four of this circle are a prey to the tyranny and avarice of certain petty princes both fpi- ritual and temporal, who, having a great deal of vanity, and little revenue to fupport it, ftudy how to rob their fubjeas rather than to right them. The Weftphalian nobility are perpetually boafting of their noble and antient pedigree, and they fimcy themfelves rich, but are in UiA 16 poor, that a traveller would be glad of fait beef at well as four beer at their tables, and a piece of tapeftry for their furniture, of no value but for its antiquity. There are in this country almoft as many different religions as princes, there being Jews, Roman catholics, and Protef- tants, with their various fubdivifions \ but the major part of the latter are Calvinifts. When Charles the Great had conquered the Saxons, and planted Cbriftianity among them, he ereftcd fcvcral biuiopricks, to which he gave lands for their fupport. In the part we are fpeaking of, we find three very confiderable ones, who have fovereign princes, and increafed their dominions at the general par- tition that was made of the great dukedom of Saxony, after the profcriptinn of Henry the Lion ; and then it was, that the bifliop of Munftcr enlarged his country, and that the archbilhop of Cologne obtained that part of Weft- phalia which he ftill holds, and by that tenure ftiles him- feif duke of Weftphalia The elciflor palatine as duke of Julicrs, and the king of Pruflia as duke of Clews, are al- ternately condireftors of this circle, witli the bilkop of Munfter. This circle contains the following territories ; viz. I, The bilhopric of Paderborn, which is furrounded with the dominions of Hanover, HclTc, and Munfter, has the county of Lippe on the north and weft ; Hetle-CalTcl, and Waldcc, on the fouth ; and Munller, and the duchy of Weftphalia, on the weft. It is forty miles from eaft to weft, and, in fome places, thirty from north to foutli. It is not very fruitful in corn, but abounds fo much with cattle, that drovers come hither from the neighbouiing countries to buy at their faiisj and they have rich fait fprings, and fome iron mines, with plenty of deer and other game, it is fo populous, as to contain twenty-five maikct-tuwns, fifty- four parilhes, lixteen monaftcries. and twenty geiitlcmcns feats, all fubjcA to the bithop, who is a piince of the empire. 'J he chapter is compofed of twenty-four capitular canons, who are all obliged to ftudy in fome French or Italian univerlity, muft be twcnty-oiic years old, and muft prove their noble extraction by four degrees upwards. The revenue of this fee, which is.i fuf- fiagan of Mentz, and now enjoyed by the cicflor of Co- lo'jne, is thought to be about twenty-five or thirty thou- fand pounds H year, and the bilhop is able to raile three thouland men. The famous battle, in which Quintilius Varus, wiih the Kiinuii army under his coniiiiand, was routed by the (icrmans under Aimiiiius, and the latter thereby freed fiom the Koman yoke, was fought in this billiopiic. 4 Tlic [EURO P^E.] d E ft M A N Y. »i< Tlw The royal fociety, ill their Tninr«Aionubliflied in December 1665, gives an account of a spring in this ter- ritory, which lofes itfeif twice in twenty-tour hours ( but returns with a great noire« and fuch force, ai to turn three mrlls not far from its fource i for which reafon it is called Bolder Born, i. e. the Boifterous Spring. Morery fays, it lies in Teutburg foreft, near Oldenburg. And in the TranfaAiOns of January following, there is ah account of another remarkable fotintain, called Metborn, two miles from Paderborn, which is a treble fpring ; two whereof, not a foot and an half from each other, have very different qualities ; the one, limpid, blucilht luke-warm, and con- taining fal-armoniac, ochra, iion, vitriol, alum, fulphur, nitre, and orpiment : the other, cold as ice, turbtd, and whitiih, with much the fame contcntst but {(ronger in taftc, and heavier than the other : it is faid to be a perfef) cure for the worms : all fowls that drink it arc immediately thrown into convulfions, but fooii recovered by an infufion of common fait and vinegar : the third fpring, which is about twenty paces from the other two, is of a greenifh colour, but very clear, tafles lx>th four and fweet, and is fuppofed to be a mixture of the other two. Paderborn, which is one of the Hanfc-towns, is a large, weil-brilt, fcitificd, and populous city, twenty miles eaft of Lippe, forty north-wcU of CalTcl, tliittyfive fouth of Minden, near fifty louth-eaft of Munfter, and about fixty fouih-weft fiom Hanover. This city was once imperial till 1604, that Tlieodorick, its bifhop, became both its fpiritual and temporal tbvereign. Some of its churches are magnificent. Its cathedral is a grand fabric, inferior to few in the empie. Otlio 11. gave a golden crucifix to it of fixty pounds weight, tn the value of fixty thoufiind guilders, or about eight thoufand pounds fterling. The bifhop's palace is no contemptible firuAure ; but the. bifhops, when they vouchfafe to vifit this Imall benefice, which is not very often, rclide fevcn miles off, at Nienhus, acafile built in 1590, by the bifhop aforefaid. A univer- fity was founded here in 1592, by the bifhop of Furilen- berg, of which the jel'uits have the direction. Though this city flands not far from the Lippe, which joins with tlie Ulmc, near Nienhus, juft now mentioned, yet it has its name from the Pader, a rivulet which has its rife juft under the high altar of its cathedral, and Born, i. c. a fpring. Charlemagne, in 777, held a general convention here of the I'ranks and Saxons, where a great number both of Saxons and Weftphalians were baptized. He built a church here that was dcftroyed by the Saxbns, but rebuilt in 795. byWittekind the great dulie of the Saxons, who then it is faid tranflated the iVe hiihcr from Heiiftcll, five Ger- inan miles off, where it had been firft planted by Charle- ma);ne. In 999, the cathedral, with its library, ice. and the htft part of the city was deftroyed by fire ; and it had the like misfortune in 1058, 1133, 1165, and 1340. This city was firfi walled round by its hilhop in the beginning of theele- vcntli century. In 1 530, the inhabitants attempted to intro- duce Lutheranifm : but the bllhop executed fixteen of the principal citizens who had embraced it, and forced the reft to abjure it. In 1622, the billiop of Halberftadt, who was duke Chriftian of Brunfwick, made a confiderabie booty here, and fent the gold and filver images of the faints to the mint. In 1633, it was taken by William Landgrave of HefTe, but delivered up to the emperor in 1636. In 1646, it furrcndered to the Swedes and Hcf- fians, but Francis William, Bifhop of Ofnaburg, foon drove them out. The other places worthy of note, are, 1 . Saltzkotten, the feat of the land diets. 7. Lichlenau, which has the fame privilege. 3. 1 he borough of Neuhaus. 4. The village of Altcnbcckfn. j- Wunncnburgh, which takes its name from a vifkory obtained here by Charlemagne over the Saxons. 6. Buren, on the Alure. 7, Lippefp- ine, fo called from the Lippe. The popifli inhabitants of tlitl'c parts alU mbic once a year with a lighted taper, and, hcaOcd by their prirfts, repair to the woods and groves, to vifu images and relics placed there in little chv pels, which, except upon thclcoccalions, are never opened. a. Wart'crg, one of the Hanl'e, is the lircond city in rank in the bilhooric, and the feat of a diet : in the neighbour- hood are mmcs of iron and lead ; and a ftrong palatable brer is brewed by the inhabitants. 9. Brakel on the Hruckt. 10. Drinkcniicrg. a feat of the land diets. 11, — .- .. ... (A «i« «S VT lr>in(.|lh^r(T KTalpnKllrra Borchliolz, Horreiirich, WilbaflTcn, Nehemi, Pcckclfheim, and Dryburg, have all feats in the land dicta. 19. Be- verungen, near the confluence of the Bcvcr with the VVclir. JO. Oldenburg, on tbc Houta. ai. Hurftelle, Wefer. jlij Stnppleberg, gi*es n«ine t6 » (kifftotf. aj. Swalenberg belong! to a dittii£k. 24. Lnde« «it tM Emmcr. The bifhopricof Munfter has Emberg, on the eaft. It is one of the largeft and mbft confiderabie bifhoprics, (bough one of the moft difi^ree- able countries in Germany. It ii about eighty miles in length, and from twenty to fixty in breadth, and contains thirteen bailiwickSj or dtftri^^s, nine of which belong to the upper, or fouth part, and four to the lower, or north part. I: is in fonK plices both fruitful and populous : in others, neither. Its bifhop, to whom it is fubjed, is a prince of the empire, though fuffragaa to the archbifliop of Cologne, condireAor of the circle of Weflphalia with tlie eleflor oalatine and king of P'rullia, and able to rnain^ tain eight thoufand men, his revenues having been reck- oned at feventy thoufand pounds. Ha becomes heir ta ftrangers who die here without children : an unjuft cullom, unknown to any other country in the empire. He has right to tlie fifhery in the river Aa, and a pretenfion to Brockcloe in Guelderland. The inhabitants of this dio- cefc are Roman catholics, though there are among them feveral nobility and gentry that are proteftants. Theif - chief conimeree is in hogs and Weftphalia hams. They generally affefted a neutrality when their neighbours were at war ; and, though there are feveral fortreffes in the dio«' cefe, paid twelve thoufand crowns per annum for the pro' teAion of the ftates of Holland, who ufually have a great fwny in the choice of a bifhop. Its capital, as well as that o; the cirde, is Munfter, on the river Aa, which falls there into the Ems : it takes its name from a monaftery built here by Charles the Greats It flands on a large fruitful plain, fixty miles weft of the Wcfer, and eaft of the Rhine, and fouth of Breme ; one hundred and twenty north of the Maine ; fifty-one eaft from Zuiphen ; thirty-feven fouth-weft from Ofnaburg } feventy-one north of Cologne; feventy-eight north -wcfl of Cafiel ; one hundred and five eaft of Amftcrdam ; one hundred and thirty-four fouth-weft of Hamburgh } and about four hundred and fifty noith-weft of Vienna. It is a l,irgc city, and well fortified by art and nature. The houles are generally fair and well built of free-ftone dug from a quarry at Bamberg, or Tamberg, but eight mile* ofF. Its cathedral is a ftately fabric ; and the dean and chapter eleA the bifhop, i'liis city will always be famous in hiflory for three remarkable tranfa£iions. i. For the peace concluded here in 1648, between the Swedes, the emperor, and enijiire ; which put an end to the war of thirty years, occafioned by the houfe of Aufttio's tyranny and perfecution ; a treaty which cliablifhed the fortune of many fovereigns, the liberties of the empire, and the free exercife of tlie proteftant religion in it i and a treaty, on which thofe made fince with Germany, and the north parts, have been in great meafure founded. 2. For an at- tempt by fome enthufiafts, under a taylor, in 1553, '<' eftablifh a monarchy ! ;re by the name of Anabaptift. I'his fe£l, or rather .a£lion, grew fo powerfiil by the toleration of the magiftrates, that they iict up this tailor, who was called John of LeyJen. from his birth-place, for tlieir fovereign ; who, pretending to revelation, fent his emiffaries about the flrcets, commanding all the people to repent and be baptized, on pain of damnation. They grew to fuch a head, tlut at laft the taylor, alTuming the title of king, they fcized the magazine and town-hall, turned out the magiftrates, and, being by their invitation, joined by all their perluafion from the neighbouring coun* tries, they alio drove out the other inhabitants, laid the city and country under inexprefiible calamities, and per- petrated the moft horrid villainies. In 1534, the bifhoty belieged the town in vain ; but next year being alfifted by the landgrave of Hefl'e, and the troops of Cologne, he took it by I'urprizf, together with their leader, who, after being fent about, with two of his favourites, \o fome courts for a laiighini;ftock, was executed by the hangman, who tore off his tlelh with burning pincers, and hung his bones in a c.ige on the top of the higheft fteeple in theciry. 3. For the war, and other troubles the inhabitants had with their turbulent and bloody-minded bilhop Bernard von Galen, u.'l,.% r\lai\^tyn\ntr a r^.laitt iiirifVli^Imn ^ that wa« never enjoyed by Ins picdecefTors, becaufe it had been always a free imperial city, and being backed bv the three fpiritual elettori, laid fiege to the city, which the burglicis defended, by help o{ the Dutch, till the latter ni{% 4 6i^ Thi new aitd universal SYSTEM of gEOGRAPHV. Cnd of Oftober. when it was Agreed with the bidtop, that 'for the future it (honlii be garrifoned partly by hit troops : but the bifliop quarrelling with them again before three yean were at an end, and the Dutch being dilToaded by fcvetal of the Germatt princes from re-afBdnig them, they were obliged, in March 1661, after an obflinaie and bloody fiege, to furrender to the' bilhop, who overturned the whole frame of their government; and this city has been ever flnce fuhje£t to its bilhop. The city is almoft circular, having eight gates, and a fine citadel, called the Paulus Berg, or I'aul s Mount, in its neighbourhood, which was built in 1663, by the bilhop above mentioned, to awe the burghers. The river Aa foils into the Ems at the new gate. I'he houfcj are moft of them in the antique ftile, and the principal in the four markets, where among other buildings, the fenate-houie, and the hall for the companies of artificers, are the moft remarkable. In the fouih-eaft part of the city is a large place, where the fronts of the houfes reft upon pillars, and form a handfome piazza. It has five collegiate, and fix parifli churches, befides the jefuits college, a great num- Der of conveuts, and other religious houfes, moft of them fiately piles, and fome of them pleafantly fituate in thft aiidft of beautiful gardens. I'he oihcr places of chief note in this biihopric, arc, I. Bctkhein and Ahlin, on tlie Werfe. 2. Telnet, on the Ems. 3. WarendofT, on the fame river ; all ot which bave feats in the land diets. 4. Coesfeld, the largeft town in the biihopric, next to Munfter. 5. Coppenbuig, inde- pendent of lite hilhopv 6. Warne, near the Lippe, fends deputies to the diets. 7. Bocholt, on the Aa. U. Mem- men, at the inliux of the Hafe and Ems. 9. VVeerdr, on the liTel. 10. Cloppcnburg. 11. Vechia, ona river of the fame name. Liege, alfo a biihopric, is bounded, on the north by Brabant ; on ihe fouth by LuxcmbuiTg and Champagne j on the weft by Namur and Hanault ; and on the eaft by Limburg and Juliers. It is about ninpty miles long, but very unequal in breadth. The foil is fruitful, the air ft-mpcrate, and the bowels of the earth rich in mines. The raanufaiSures are, beer, ferge, leather, pit coals, lead, arms, nails, iron, marble, mineral waten, &c. The rivers are the Maefe and Sambre. Three bodies conftitute th« ftates, namely, i. The chapter of Liege. 2. The nobility of the country. 3. The deputies of the capital. The bilhop is temporal and fpiritual lord of the country, but in the latter capacity is fufFragan to the archbifliop ot Cologne. The chapter con- fifts of fixty perfons, who muft prove their defcent to be noble for four generations, from both parents, or have diplomas from fome celebrated univerfily. The moft confiderable towns are the following : 1. Liege, the antient Leodium, called Luyck by the prelcnt inhabi- tants : it is fituated on the river Maele, twelve miles fouth cf Maeftricht, thirty miles north-eaft of Namur, and fifty miles foutb-eaft of Bruflels, in five degrees thirty-fix minutes eaft longitude, and fifty degrees forty minutes north latitude, being about four miles in circumference ; a populous and wealthy city, two branches of the river I Maefe, and other rivulets or canals, running through le- veralof the ftreets, and forming little iflands. No city in Germany can equal it in fine churches or convent* : there are not Icfs than one hundred churches, and a very numerous clergy belonging to the churches and monafteries, which arc fo pleafantly fituated, and have inch endowments, that the city is fometimes csllcd the paradife of the ecclefiaftics. Here is a univcrfity of great fame, and, among other religious houfes, one of Eiiglilh nuns. The citadel is capable of making a good defence ; but the fortifications of the town are not very ftrong, and arc commanded by the neighbouring hills. Its bilhop, who was the ele£lor of Cologne, put the citadel into the hands of the French, at the beginning of queen Anne's war ; but the duke of Marlborough took it from them, anno 1 702 ; and the French bclieging it again in 1705, the fame general, on his return from MofeUc, obliged them to raiic the fiege. This is pretended to be an imperial city, or fovereign ftatc, by tlie inagiftrates of Liege ; but they have I'utfeied very Icverely for difputing the authority of their bilhop, who is, in t'aft, abfolute fovercign of the city, as well as the biihopric. He is chofen by the fixty major canons, moft of whom ate of noble extraction. This bilhop is one of the moft confiderable ecclcfiallical princes in Cjer- many, having witliin his dioccfe fifty-two Daronies, eigh- teen walled towns, and four hundred villages fuU of people, with a revenue of three hundred thoufand ducats per an' num, and is able to maintain a Ixid^ of eight thoufand men, without oppreflin| his fubjefls, who are chiefly Roinan catholics. Their trade with Holland is the moft confiderable ; great quantitirs of iron, ftone, chalk, &c. arc every day carried down thither by the Maefe 1 for which they bring back in return herrings, cheefe, butter, and all kinds of grocery. A proverbial laying of the following tenor prevails hero, namely : that " this city is the women's hell, the men'a purgatory, and the priefts paradife." And we Ihall not find this proverb fall ftiortof the tiuth, after being told, th»t the women draw their boats up the river, inflead of horfes j they dig, faw, carry all kinds of heavy burdens, and are for the moft part naked. The poor laity are without money in their pockets, and their con fciences arc at the abfolute difpolal of their priefts ; which iikfome flate may juftly be deemed a purgatory. But the priefts have truly their pa- radife here ; for ttie greatift princes in Europe make m- tereft to be of this chapter, becaufe the revenues and power of it exceed that of any other. ' h= other places are : i. Huy, or Hugum, on the eaft fide of the Maefe, and fifteen miles fouth-weft ot J,iege. a. 1 oiijires, or Tungri, fituated on the ri\cr Jcckei, teii miles north-weft of Liege, and ten weft of Maeftricht. ». Dinant, on the Maefe, twelve raiUs fouth of Namur. 4! Bouillon, on the river Semoy, thirty miles fouth of Diiiantj and about ten from the frontiers of Champain. It is a lortificd town, and, with a fmall territory annexed to it, gives the titfe of the duke to the biftiop ot Liege. 5. St. T,cn, famous for its Benediainc abbey. 6. Vifat, a for- tified town on the Maefe. 7. Herftal, 8. Borchlaen, gives name to a county. 9. Hoorn. lo. Trancliimon, gives name to a marquifatc. 11. Vervicrs, on the VV'ezc. 12. Cuivin. 13. Thuin, on the .Sombre. 14. Haflclt, on the IXimcr. 15. Lcbbes a Bencdiftineabbcy, 16. The town of Spa, or Spaw, though fmall, is a pl.ice of fome note: it is fituated on the little river VVcze twenty miles diftaiit fiom Liege towards the fouth-calt, and fcven from Linfburg towards the fouth- weft. The avenues to it arc exceeding ftony and difficult ; and it '•% fo furrounded by mountains, that you cannot fee it till you approach very near to it. In travelling to Spa, eiilict by Liege or Aix-la-Chapcl!e, the way lies chiefly through uncultivated dcferts, and thofe almoft rocky. There are mountains on every fide, which fucceed one another, and over which travehers have made fome impeifcd trsces of a road. The rains and tempefts, which aie licqucnt tliaie, even make the paflage fometimes dangerous, by cauling great ftones to roll down from the precipice. The coach- men of the country are tlumfclvcs often at a lols, becaufe the tracks are defaced between' fcafon and I'cat'on. There are four ftreets in this town, in the form of a crofs : they may contain about four hundred houfes, for the convcniency of thofe who conic to drink the waters. It was formerly but a little village, which, through the fame of its mineral waters, has been enlarged, and creiled into a borough. Here are five principal wells, which go down with fteps, like that at Tunbridj^c : the chief well, called Pouxhon, or Pahon, in the market-place, is the moft reforted to, and lias a Latin iiil'cription upon it, which expreflcs the qualities of the waters, and may be thus tranllated : " Sacred to health : tliele waters open obflruAions, conco£l crudities, dry upexcefTivc moifture, and ftrengthen weak parts, provided you take them pro- perly." They draw from this fpriiig that prodigioui quantity of water, which Is conveyed into Ibieign coun- tries, and efpccially into England and Holland, Icaled up in bottles, with the town leal upon them. There is a fuuntaiii of frelh water, next to the well of Pouxhon, which has its Ipring in a niecidow half a mile diftant from the town. '1 he bottom of it is of blucllonc, and the top of biafs ; it fpouts i:s water out of the mouths of three frogs, whence it is called the toad't, fountain by the people. (Ill a wood about two miles diftani from Spaw, towards the loulh-weft, is the well called Geronfterre, or Geron- flar. It is coveted with a dome of blue ftoiic, Kipported by four pillars of red and white marble : it affords eotih- derably lels water than the (oimcr, and yet is the moft frequented. The tliiee other wells, called the Savinicre, the Wattoz, and the Tonnelet, or Little Tun, ate not much ulcd. Thele w.iiers have been known many ag<'S aeo. and are faid to have been itieriii'.'!!*-'! by Pliny. 'J 1.5 feafons for tltinkiiig them are in the hot months of June, July, and Auguft. The capuchins have a very fine ino- naftcry, aUuiiicd with l«tge gardens, where all the cuin- pauy. .-■J*^, f I: tJ R 6 p fe:J ft E R M A W V. li) \>t^, whb drink tJte wawm, !ir» aUowed to walk. Stvertl jlrrnce* whn h»vc be*n heie, liave left behind them prooft of theit'libcMlity. , Thi» pteee is govtrned by ■ miyor, t*o burgomaftjrt, ibveii inferior niagittratet, and a recorder, named by th(? pilnce of Lirge, and clnmgod by him evtry year. The peofJc aic very good- natarod, and fptak the fame WalioMii or'UtbtrOH French, a* at Liege. They emplby ihem- fclvei iA making tioxei fur ladies toilets, fiiuiF, md other boxes, varni(hed after the manner of- china-ware, which ibey fell to tlie company as thcr go to and from the wcUi. in the hottcit wars, tliis vlace Imi been always allowed k. ncutriility, on account of tlie gneai refort of people for iu waters. The cireumjacent trtiitory is not very fruitful m ecrn, -being chielly covered with woods, mountains, and heaths ; but n abounds with fprings of mineral and (ireet waters, well fortified, Mtd fepanttd from the town hj a brMp. IV is • hexagon with ;( court in the Middle, an^tM each cor''«t ft turret. It was in one of the ajMrtmentt in this pahea thak ktfig Gtofga the fitft expired, the eleventh of June, lyay, in the arnM of bis brotbar Prinee Erneft, and, a* fomc fiiy, in the vc:y room wheie (m wm beriK - The papilh have the cathedral churcht and the chuich 4nd-iiionaftery of the Dominicans in the oh) eity, and ttia colletiatechuteh of St. Jolni in the hew; The Luthef ans have the ifeat parochial cborcli of St. Mar* in tfa* old city, and have a voice in cfaufing the m|kgiflratei tif both ; and thtreforc'tbe government of the city is mixed of both. Hubnf r 6yi; her^ aie three Iconvents nr moidui and five for nuns. The inhabiientf, wll0 aiff Very induftriout, nbt onlf breed abundance ot1iog|ii|i^|Mer cattle, butbaveacon* fiderable tifade in makih| IMtffiUiij brewing a pafattablci but It aoouiius wiin ipruigs oi miiwiu nia iwrn w*Kr«t uwiiauic uaac in nuKing iincis }MIV orcwing a pannoiCi ' and in fcVeral forts of gainc t and there is plenty of trout, I though thick fort Af bear, call( . Ofnaburg, the capital, which was formerly an imptrial city, and one of the Hanle, but is tiov lu)fift* chiefly of corn, vnio^ Htxi honey, wax, and'catt|e, - It has a fineparith church, witU all the ornameMt thu arcliiteQure can give it '; iii whicU are the monument* of many of the counts of Hoycj wfaofii remains lie here. /< 3. The borough of Old Bmclchaiifen. 4. Xiebenso^ 5. Drakenburg, on the Wefer. 6. Harpftedt, on the Delnie. 7. BalTum, a borough belonging to the landgrave of HefTe. 8. Kcllingeiode. 9. Suhluigen, the lefidenot of a fu'perintendent. Vernenburg county appettahit partly to the archbifho^ of Treves, and partly to the count bf L'o«^nftein-Wer< theim, both of whom it entitlet to a featiutit voice in the Wcflplialian college, and alfo iilTthe ditti'df the circle : it is almoft furroundMl by the arcbbiflioprie of Trevct. The little town of Vernenburg is the only plact in it woith notice. :g; The cou.ity of Steirlfurt is futrouhM by the bifhoprie of Munfter. It is fifteen miles long, and ten broad, and Ixlong] partly to the empire, and partly to the primate of Munfter) is watered by the Aa, and gives to its count a feat and voice in the Weftphalian college, and in the diet* 6f the circle. Tlie town of Steinfurt» which flands on the Aa, it the only town worth mentioning. Thedu'hyof Verden. which is in lenrth twenty. t^;~' miles, and ih breadth eighteeii, it bounded by Hoye on tlie fouth, Bremen. on the north, Lunenburg on the eaft, and tlie Wefcr oh tlie'weft. The inhabitants are Luther- ans, and the whole belong to the kingoi' Great Britain, 7 icat •taan^ the orinocs at the dictt of tlie einpiret end thofe of the circle. It ii wdl wtteicd, bM llie foil it poor. The only plaoM worthy of obfenfuion are : t, Ver4en, on the Albr, the capital, my mile* foulh-weft firoa Ham- burc. 3. Rotcnbuig, on the Wumme, fifteen miict from Verden. The abbey of Corvey ii boun«ied bv Pkd^rbom, Bninf» wic, and Swalenbnrg. It it a fmall difiriA, but i» toler- ably £trtile, watered by the Wefer, and hai a BcncdiAine abbe^, foanded by the emperor Lewis I. The abbot it a prince of the empire, havin| a (eat in 'the college of prince*, and at the dieit of the cifCle, and the empire. It u called CorUe, or Corvey abbey, from the firft monk* having been taken from Corbie in Piccardy. The abbey of Malmedi conflitutct a fmall town fitnated ■moa^ft high hillt, on the little river Recht, twenty-five tnilet diftuit from Liege to the fi>uth-«aft, and nine from LiooAtnig to the foutb. They reckon here about fear hundred houfe*. moft of them inhabited by leather-dreflen or woolkn-draperi. Here ate fcveral fpring* of mineral waten, which feme ohyfician* by are ai vwolefome and a* ftrong a* Adfe of apa. The parochial church it dedi- cated to St. Gerfon the martyr i and here it a convent of ctpncbini, and another of nun* of St. Sepulchre : but it ii chieflv remarkable for it* abbey of BetiediAine monks, . under tne fame abbot with that of Stavclo. This town, though within the territory of the prince of Liege, ii, nevcTtbeiefi, refpeAing fpiritnal inaitcr«« under the jurif* diAion of the aichbiflMp of Cologne. The abbey of Stavclo (by fome erroneoufly called 9ta* bio) flandt on the little river Ambleve, which fomewhrrfi lower All* into the Recht. It ii about fix mile* diftant from Malmedi to the eaft, and nine from Lienburg to- ward* the fonth. Hera are about four hundred boule*, and the inhabitant* carry on a pretty good trade, though this town, being quite open, ha* foffcred very much during the wan. Here ii a famous abbey of BenediAine monk*, founded in the year ^$7, at the fame tine with that of Mahnedi. The abbot of Stavelo, who i« fliied a prince of the em- pire, i* ^irimal and tempgnl lord of this towa, and of Its territory, which is very laige, including the town of Malniedi ; and his yearly income amounts to about twelve thoufand crown*. . The abbey church, which is at the ' fame time parochid, is a (lately building in the modern taflc I under it there is a crypta, or fuburraneou* church, with five altars. Here are alfo fome mineral ^nfi, find to be very whole- fome.. TIk trade of this town confifis in woollen cloth and other ftufis, and chieiiy in a great quantity of leather curried here. The abbey of Werdcn wu fimnded in 778 by St. Ludger, whofe ^ate it wa*, for monks of the order oC^t. Benedift. The diftrift belonging to it is fituated in die county of Marie. The revenue is twenty thouliuid ria- dollars. The only remarkable place is Werden, a little walled town upon the Roer. The king of Pruffia ctaiins tlie riglit of fovereignty here. Tte abbey of St. Cornelis Mnnfler, and its territory, are fnrrounded by thofe of Juliers, Limburg, and Aix-la- Chapelle. The abbot has a feat at the diet* of the em- pire, on the Rhenilh bench of prelates i but be fits among the princes at thofe of the circle. The abbey of Eflcn, and its territory, are fuiTOunded by Berg, Ckvcs. Werden, and the county of Mark. The abbey was founded in the yetr 877, by Alfred, bilhop of Hildefheim. The king of Pruffia is hereditary proteAor : the abbefs iUles herfelf princcfs attbt holy Roman empire i the chapter confifts of none but noble ladies, and the abbey has a feat in the diets of the empire and circle. The hereditary offioett are, the matfhai, fteward, chamberlain, and fewer. The only place of any confidefanon in the territorr it Eflen, which is fubjcA to the abbefs as it* fovereign, but bu very extenfive privileges. It contains an academy, a gymnauum, a commandery of the Teutonic order, and leveral Roman catholic and protcfiant churches} bat fonic trade, and a cloth manofaAury. The abbey of i'bern it fituated in the biOiopric of Leige, and county of Hoarn. It has a feat in the diets of the empire and circle, and a cliapter which confifts of prin- ceflei and counteffes of the order of bt. UcnediA. It is .- ;j..»>.r;iil frM (bcalif fonndglion, enAed in the vcar 1000. The abbey of Herford it fituated in Ravtnlbaig i gives tide of princcfs and pteUtefs «f the holy Reman empire to its abbefi, eoniiUn* Kone but eanonelTei, and is a xo* tberan feundadon^ The number of ladies is indctrrmt- nate 1 the abbefs is fuperior of the coUegiale chwch of St. Mary, of the oppofiic moantains, atid the prcbenA are in her gift. The cenonefle* wear a fcarlet iibbon, with a filver border hanging from the right Ihouldcr, having acrof* at the end with the tiguret of Jefus ChriA and the Virgin Maty, and on the left breaft is a (fair with the fame figure*. This abbey was ereAtd in die eighth cen • tury, and hat a feat at the diets of the empire and cik-cle. The duchy of Berg is 6hf miles long, and twenty broad, and take* its name from being mountainous. It it bounded on th« weft by the Rhine ; on the eift by Weft* phalia I on the north by the county of Mark, and on the fonth by the elcAoratt of Cologne. Though mountain- ous in many places, in fome parts it produces corn, paf- tnrage, fruit, vines, wood, herbs, Jcc. and is rich in coals, iron, 6tc. The manufaAum are clotli, iron, and fteel. The fame regency and diet ferve* for thi* duchy and that of Juliers. The places moft worthy of notice in Btt^, are, i. Dnf- dildorp, at the confluence of the Duflel with the Rhine ( it ii twenty miles from Colagne, and fiftyfeven front Munfler, and (lands in the midft of a fine fruitful plain< The Rhine runs againft it with fuch violence, that they have been obliged to make great works to break the cur- rent. It ii large, pleafant, well built, and defended by a citadel, which is feparated from it by a fmall harbour formed by the Rhine, and confifts of two royal baftion* faced with brick ( and in the other parti it ii fortified hf five baftions, and cavaliers on them. The public build-* inn towards the river make a fine appearance ; particH-i larly its (lately paUce, an old cothic (truAuie, (with ex- cellent paintings by the beft mafters, brafs antiques, (latuea of marble, poruble cabinets, &c.) wliich was tlie eieAof pr'atine's chief refidence during the horrid devaftations of the palatinate by the French towards the end of the lait century. In tne market-place, over againft the palace, is an eoncf'. trian ftatue in brafs, on a pedtftal of grey marble, of the eleAor John William, in armour, with the elcAoral bon- net on hit liead. The elcAor'i refidence being fixed at Manheim, a regeiKy is eflablilhed here -, for the countiea of Berg and JuHers, which bring in a million of crown* per annum to the eleAor, are governed by flates, without whofe content he can lay no taxe*. Ail religions are here tolerated ; but the catholic* alone aie admitted to civil employments. Thoush the poflelfion be the eleAor'r, yet the titte is difpnted by thole of Saxony and Branden- burg. Here are three weekly markets for corn, which ia imported hither from the Low Countries, and esporteil in great quantities to Cotagne, and other paru of Ger- many. The other place* in thi* duchy are, 1. Ratingen, which has a feat and voice at the diets, s. Solingen. j. Nef- (elrode. 4. Blackenberg. 5. Siegberg, on the £)icg. 6. Mulkum, near Cologne. 7. Lenneft, which has the firft place and voice at the dieo. 8. Wipperfoit, on the wipper, has a feat and voice at the diets. 9. Beyen- beii, gives name to a diftriA. ic. Elverfeldi 11. Lan- genberg. 12. Kornberg. 13. Benfberg hu a ftrong fort and monafiery, of the order of the Holy Croft, which WM built in 1298, and is the firft of its kind in the em- Kire. The caftle or palaoc here wu built in a foreft on a ill, by the eleAor John William, and is a noble edifice. It flandt three leagues from the Rhine, between Cologne and Duita. It is built of a very hard ftone ; and (he or- naments, particularly the pillar* that fupport the sallery in the frost* are a kind of grey marble, dug out of the neigh- bouring auarriet. The apartments are large, well deco- rated with the fineft paintings t and they luve a very ex- tenfive profpeA, containing a great variety of beautiful fcenes and delightful Undfcapes, and, among others, of the city of Cologne, the Rhine, and all the flat country. The principality of Naflau-Sigen, or Siegen, nearwhich ia an iron mine, ftand* on the river Siega, fifteen miles from Dillcmberg, and thirty north-eaft from Naflau, on the top of a rocky hill, defended by a ftrong wall, and regular fortificatio!it ; and gives name to a country, of which it is the capital, u well as title to another branch of the Naflau ftmily. It it thought to be Ptolemy's Segodunum. Heie is a eaftle, in which the eleAor of Cologn keeps a garn- fon, u direAor of the circle i and not far from hence it a verv food irori mine. In frco (he nHncf of Nadsu- Si^eii's padagogium wu brought hither from Herborn 1 and foon became fo fii.-nout, that it wu frequented by ftu- denu from Ocrmany, Poland, Livonia, Denmark, &c. I t^ ,• «w- tE U R b )^ £.] d fe A Nf A N V. N to'Whkk an ladcmy wu idtiMl for tniaiag «p youth in tairital eMfcif«». The principtlitT of Dilkmburg ftitikl* on the river Dilla, fistwn miici wcs from Muparg, and thirty- two nonh- caft from Nallid, and gi«N name to • voonty ) it bat a good trade in cattle, and woollen geodi ; and two yearly fairt, vis. the day after Pafflon Sunday, and the Monday after 8t. Matpi«t'i-day. The cattle ii fiirrounded by the town, which w bulk in a femicirele to the «feft, Aottb, and itaft ; and there ii a fine charcfa, where the counts of this fcranch are interred. The court-yard ii on the fomh- fide of the caftk, and adornied with pavilioni, walki, ahd other embelliflimenti. Tim connta of that branch, called Naffiia-DiUemberg, had Iheir ieM iti a firte ftrong cafth that fiandt on the too of a ncighbooring hill, where it a ltrgearfenai,ftkrni(hca with armt andanmnniiion forfeve- lal thoufand horte and foot ; and the jaw-bohc of a mon- ftront wbale canglit near Catwic, in 159S, which it a great cnriofityi The town of Beilftein,0r Beilinfteiii, {fifteen nlilet ik>rth- caft from NaAo) twcnty-feven fouth>eaft from Siegen, and twelve milet fouth of Herbom, aivei name to acoanly which wu the inheritance of the Hadamart. a yOnnger branch of the fimily of Naflau, and wu the capital of it. It i> an old town among rocky hillt, but has a cattle, and a church worthy the obfervation of a traveller 1 it lim in the mid-way between Marpurg on the eaft, andCobitnis on the weft. The fmall town bf Hadaroat it capital bf a territory on the confinet of the eledoiate of Treveti whidi. bad the title of a principality before tlie estinAion of that brandi of the Naflau iamily : it fiandt on the Lahn^ twenty milet north of Mcnta, and hat a good cattle for defence. The county of Savn bclongt refpeAively to the mar- grave of BrandenbarEli Anfpedi, the burgnve of Kirch- burg, the counts of Witgenihein Hornburg, and the elec- tor of Treves. The ^o firft have a voice in the college, but all together have only one voice in the diet of Hie cmpiit. Lotherant, Calvinifta. and Roman catholict, have equally the free exercife of their religiont. The only placet worth mentioning are, i. Altenkir- chen, the capital and the feat of a regency, a. Hachen- burg. «. Bendorf, on the Rhine, eivet name to a diftriA. 4. Prevlbotg, on the Siw, defended by a fortrcft, u it the neighbouring town ofTriedwold. The county of Wied it divided into two parts, via. New- Wied or Lower County, and Wied Runkel or Upper County. The only placet here worth notice are, i, New- Wied, a fmall but itguiar town, on the Rhine, a. Run- kel, on the Lahn. 3. Dierdotf. Shauenburg countv is watered by the Wcfer, and furrourtded by Calenburg, Minden, Lippe, and Raveiif- berc. It produces corn, oafture, lalt, alum, cryftalt, with gold, iilvcr, wood, free-Aone, lime-ftone, pit-coal, np- lum, copper, iron, pyritet, cattle, flieep, filh, tec. It it thirty milet long, twenty broad, and the inbabitanu are -moftly Lntbcrant. This county hclonet partly to the king of Great Bri- tain, the landgrave of Hefle, and tlie count of Shauenburg Lippe. The two firft have a diftin£t voice in the diett of the circle, and a joint voice in the college of the Weft- kalian countt of tlie empire. The principal placet are, i, Steinbnde, on the Stein- huder. a. Hagenburg. 3. Sadthagen. 4. Shauenburg, fVom which the county derivet its name, but at prefent exbibitt only the ruins of an old cattle. 5. Vilbec on the Wefrr. 6. MoUeubcck. 7. Buckburg, which it remark- able for Itaviiig a ftrong cattle, a beautiful church, a well- endowed orphan-houle, an elegant town-fdiool, a large Calvinift church, aitd an admirable fountain in the mar- ket-place. 8. Rintein, a fortified town between the Wefer and Exter : here is a regency, a confiftory, fuperinten- dencv, and fome trade 11 carried on by means of the Wcier. 9. Oldendorf, on the Wcfer, between Hamelen and Rintein. 10. Soltorf. 11. Obemkircben, famout for a noble foundation for Ludieran ladiet. la. Rodan- berff. Delmenborft county, which it tokrablr fertile, it fur- rounded by the Wcfer, OUenburg, Diepliolt, and Wid- haul'cn. I'Ue only place of any coofideration in it is Del- menborft, from whidi it takes its name. This town it fituatrd on tlie river Dclrae, and hat a ftrong caftle to de- fend it. The government it vetted in the regency of Ol- denbef; The county of Oldenlxrg it fortv miles long, thirty broad, and bounded by Eaft FrieOand, on the welt ; Del- acnhorft, and the Wcfcri on the call ; J over and Jode, on the north 1 and MnnAer, on the fenth. It it fecura4 by dikes ag^inft inuodationt, and prodncet pafturage,ca»* tie, hotfet, turf. He. The king of DennUrk, to whoa this county beloAgi, it Intitled, in right thereof, to a fa« and Toioa both in tUe Wefiphalian eelleg* of eeontt of the empire, and in the dfatt of ilw drekr. The idminit tration it by a renncy, fobordiiute jtkdieaMriea, a ro^ tonfiiom and a luperinteiidcncf. The following are the mott confiderabie placet in thia epimty, vis. OMenberg, fiiuated al the conflux of th« Hunte and the Haare. a. Varel, fituaied in a wood, call- ed, The Boftt of Vatet. The county of Bcntheim it forty milel lortg, aiid fiftNi^i broad, furrottndcd by Moflfter and the United Province^ and aboundt ih wood, fioite quarriet, grain, pti^urage, honey, vmifon, game, cattle, fruir, and iiiti. It bat hnea and woollich>manofaAuriet. The count hat a feat and voice in the coUaie, and in the diett of the circle. The hihabitaiitt ate Lutherans, Calviniftt, and Roman ca- tholict. The principal placet atv, i. Bentheiin, froni which th« eOuiity takct itt name : it is a large borough town, thirty milet north-weft from Munflcr. a. Neiiihos, on ilic Diitkcl. 3. Wietmarfen, which has a feat and voice at the land dktt. 4. Sthuttorf, on tlie Vcehte. 5. North- horn, furrounded by thit Vechte. A. Frenf*egen, a cloy- fter of regular canoni 6f the order of St. Ahguftine, hat a feit and voioe at the kiid iiett. The impnial dty of Dortmund it a Urge, but ill-built place, fitutted ihirty-foulr milet from Munfter : it hit a feat and voiee at the diett of the circlet and alfo at thofe of the empite. It it populout, rich, has a communication with the Rhine, by meant of the Eropfert and carriet on a con- fiderabie trade. Thit wu formerly one of theHaiUe townt^ has four Lutheran churcheii twti monafteriet^ and ona nuniiery. We fhall now give i panlcuhr dercriptloh of one of ih« moft fanlout imperial cities in Germany, called by the Fiendi, Aix la Chapelle. It ftands fifteen milet north- eaft of the city of Limbuig, and tliiilccn foutU-wcft oi Juliert i twenty-eight eaft of Macftrichti twenty-fix eaft of Liege, twenty eight foitth- weft of Cologne, and about twenty north-eaft ol the Spa. It lies in a valley fur- rounded with mountains and woods ; yet it enjoys a very wholefome ait ; and the hills are coveted with vines. Itt Latin name, Aquit granum, it fuppofcd to be dented from Sereniut Granus, lieutenant-general of Gallia Belgica, who, having difcovered the fpringi here, aniu 53, adorned them like the Roman baths, and built a palace itear them -, in confirmation whereof, the natives ftiU (hew, at the etid of the town-houfe, a piece of antient architcAure^ Whicli they call Granus's tower, and fay it was a part of hit paitce, though the building doet not look fo antient. Ac- cording to Chirlemagne't pragmatic fan£lion,tliit Granda mtt brother to Nero and Agrippa^ aild the Chronicle bf Utrecht favt, he wu baniihed hither by Nero. Attila the Hunn having plundered and dcflroycd thit dty^ it lay in mint till the time of Charlemagne ; who, hunting id the neighbouring woodt, his horfe happened to ftrike hit hoof into one ot' the fpringi ; which the emperor obferv- in{[, and finding by tlie ruins of feveral grett buildings that thit muft have been the old Aquis, he ordered the baths to be fearched out ; and rebuilt, founded, and endowed the collegiate church of St. Mary, in which he employed a great quantity of marble, that he fent for from Rome and Raveniu ; and was fo charmed with the fituation of the place, that he built a palace heie, together with all that part of the city which is indofed by the old wall ; and made it the feat of his empire on this fide the Alps } or- daining, tliat the future kings of the Romans fliould be crown'd here with an iron crown, at at Milan with one c'' filver, and at Rome with one of gold ; vkhich, though obfcrved for a while, hat been long fmhe difufed. Both the palace and town were bamt in 882, by the Normant ; out the church, having fo much marble, flood itt ground. After the town wu rebuilt, it fuAered much by other fitet in 1146, 117a, iaa4, 1236, and par- ticularly in i6c6, when twenty churchet and cliapels, and five thoufand noufet, were burnt, but foon after rebuih. In 1668, that famont treaty wu made here between Franca and Spain. Thit town it called, by the French, Aix la Chapelle, frem a chapel in the great church, where are abundance of relict : it wal noted for feveral couikcilt, in the tltSC cf CMSHn.inSgi,C, Suu A^vr«S tuv a iOwi, miwut UN proceflion of the Holy Ghofti refornuiion of mannert, the regulation of monafterict, and againft fach at had feiaed the patrimonies of the church. It fuiTettd mudi during tte ^.. v^ti. ^i4 Thi new AMD UNtVfiiR&AL 6YBTBM<)0r GEOOR.Al^UV!v tht civ!! wanof Oeniuny, wtien iMoflof Succeeding tinperon continued ta hooouir thit cat^r with their prerciice, end to enl«r|ie iu.pqtflleKe« ; 14 that it wat nude free and imperial. They were crowned here alfo for Ave h«iut««d yeaii after Clarleniagnr, a« ii cxpfefily or- daiiied i»y lh« aaW«n bull ofCharlet IV. but ever fince Maximilian I. wliei»Uiirty-revei\ emperors liod been Crown- ad iMTe foccafliveljri' that ceremony has been performed at ^'rancfort,> which, being in tlie centre of the empire, it more convenient for the princes, but particularly for the Ipiritual ele£tort, and for th( elcAor Palatine, who may lend for their equipages, and return them back by the na- vigable rivers, ine Rhine, Main, &c. Nevartbekfs, the emperors, when crowned at Francfbrt, proteil, it fhall be without prejudice to the privileges of this city : for Char- lemagne Having himfelf been a canun of its cathedial, and ordered his fuccefTors to be fo ( they talie an oath as fuch, when crowned : at which time the niagiArates fendChar- kmagite's fword, Ihoulder-helt, and the ^ofpel in )tolden letters, to the eledor of Meiita ; wiio gives fecurity for Tcftoring them to thi* city afler the folcmnity of the coio- nation. ■ Ur. Blondel, a phyfician here, in hit defeription of thia city and its hatha, punted in Latin at Madlricbt, in 1(831 tells us, it recoveie4 iti, lofles in the above- mentioneid Ares, by the botfniy of fevcral emperors, and the ^t concourft af V*ff\» to iu bathi. Frederic I. built the outer walls, towers', and ditches, in i\ii. The circuit of tiic whole city is a league and an halt^ *i\i the inner town three quarters. The inner wall hatt ten gates, and the outer eleven. The town-houfe, 01 feikale-boufe, which was built in 1 J53, and lately lepairei^ by the citi- sens, in hopes of haviiig the Consrefs there, <«nt! not it SoifTons, is a noble ftniAure of frce-ftone, and one of the fined in Uermaiiy. It is adorned with the flatues of •U the emperors fince Charlemagne, and with cnricuis hiftorr-paintings ; particulatlv tliofe by Amiflaga, highly valued « among which are, that of the refurreaion, and that of Charlcm3c;ne's giving the city their charter : the tppermoft ftory of it is one hall, one hundred and fisty- two feet by fixty ; in which the empcron, who formerly received tlieir firtl crown of iron here, as above-mentioned, vfed to entertain tlie elcftors, and other princes who affift- «d at the coronation. ' ^n the market-place, over-a^ainft the town-houfe, there is a large fbtcly fountain, with four fpring*, that run, from above, into a copper ciflern thirty fiiet in diameter, and weighing twelve thoufand pounds : round the edges of it tlicre is a Latin infcription, importing the difcovcry of the hot fpring by Granus, as above i as well as the renew- . ing of the baths by Charlemagne ; that the cold fountain did formerly run into the baths , and that the (enate adorned it, with this ciftcrii) in 1620. From thia the ' water runs, by fix pipes, into a flone ciflern below, and from thence it is conveyed through the city. On the top ;of the fountain there is a large brafs ftatue of Charlemagne ■ in armour, richly gilt, with his face towards Gemuny. As the city lies in a valley furroundcd with mountains and woods, there are twenty otlier public fountami of good Clearwater, befides many private ones. Here are ten hot miiteral fountains, and foine cold ones, without St. Jamca's gate, befidcs fcveral in the adjacent fields ; and the ftrcams .that run through the town keep it very clean, and drive feveral mills. Here are thirty parochial or collegiate churches, befides the cathedral, a large old-falhionedgothic .pile, which was confecratcd by pope Leo HI. in prefence ..of the empctor Charlemagne, and tlircc hundred andfixty. five bilhops. The fteeplc at the wcil end is adorned with fcveral pyramids, and on ttie top there is a large globe and .crols. Kronuthis tower, whidi is aiuch higher than the 'body of tlie church, runs a gallery, fupt>orted by a long arch, to a cupola near the middl/; o( the fabric : the iiiiidc ■ IS beautified with a vaft nunibr r of pillars of marble and • brafs, gilt Ifatucs, bral's doots, and pikrtitiotu, and a great ■' deal of mofaic work. Over the place where Charlemagne wail firfl interred •tliangi a large crown of filver and brafii-cilt', adorned with • itixtetn fmall towen, furruunded with forty-eight flatnes ..a fnnt hi&h 1 and thirty-two lefTcr ftatuea, all of filver: among which arecommonly placed forty eight candlefticks, and at certain grand frlfivali no Icfs than tour hundred and lifty tapcis : this crown wa« the gift of the emperor Frc- dcrie I. WhOj, MMving Chirkmuitt't body, interred W in a filver coffin, under the altar oAhe choir, and coverM it with the wWto marble torob-flonc it had bef«re, with tlie bttft of Profet^kM uppn itt fupfoM IB have been taken from the tomb ot jvHUs Cstfar. Out of this tomb wert taken a great many raritiea •NdialioMit which ike fai4 empeforbail got finmt Aanm kin| of Verifi, liie ^ttiarcht of Jeru'alcm, Centianiinople, ttt,, Hera ii alfotlia tii«< nument of the emperor Otho I. in Uadi iharbie. ' - ' > At the jubilee, once in fevan yeatii the fbttf cKitf reliqucs fhewn W the pilgrim* here, are, i. What ihef call thejgown, or fhifk. iaid to be worn by the Virgin Mary at tba biilh of out Saviour, made of a fort of llax thai feem* to be neither linen nor callico ; but a* it is only ex- poii^d from the top of a high lowar, it it' not eafy to de^ (ermine what fbrt of apparel it i«i a» A coarfe^ Unen chnht pretended to be girt about oar Savlonr on the tit>ftv a, A Eiece of the cord ha ««s h(tan4 witli... 4, Home of tha lood, u they fay, of the' protonaaltyr Si. Stephen, richly inehafed in gold and piecioua ftonci, on which' the em- perors arc fworn at their iitauguration. Here it the piAut^ of the Virgin Maryt with our Saviour in lirr arms, em* boifcd on a jafper, abont two inchei broad, found in thA emperor Charlemagne's tomb, and pretended to be tM WQf k of St. Luke ; alfo a mannfcript copy of the gofpel*« in a cover of filver gill, found in the lame toinD; and Cbarleipagne 1 fword, put on by hii fucceflbrt at their coronation, and ufed in the duhliing of knights, and coq' ferriiig ottwr honours. At the eaft end of the cathedral our SaTiour i« reprefentcd fitting in majcfty, with a long robe, on a throne 1 round which arc the four animals re- preliinted in Exekicl't rifioa ; over his bead it a circle of golden ilaia,and underneath itafymbolof the crofs which appeared to Conftantine when he ilefeated Maxentiuii Here it alfo a reprefentation of the twenty four eldert, mentioned in the Revelation, riling from their feats, laying afidc their crowns, and falling down before tlie throne. The windows ar< curionfly gilt, and the pavement is of chequered marble. An immtnfatreafaro is amafled here, coiififting of veflfelt of soM« and fiivar {ilt, ccp«« em- broidered with pearls, ;md other rich vaflmtnti. Over the chief altar there is a'chefk of filver and gold; of antique workmanfhip, and cuddully engraved, in which are kept the four reliquet above-mentioned. At the entrance of the choir there is a puljpit covered with platet of gold and filver^ and adorned with prcckiut ftones, (efincialjy a very large agate) the gfit of tlie emperor Hcnnr U, 'Fhe altar of the choir is covered with plates of go}d alfo, reprel'ento ing our Saviour's paliion, whkh, it it faid, wat found in Charlemagne's fepulchre. In the upper part of the churcb over againft tbie prince's attar, between two pillars, is a throne, or chair, of white marble, fuppofed to have been placed there by the emperor Charlemagne, in which ,tc cmpeton ufed to fit when confecratd), and receiva the firft obeifance of the cleAors and the chaptar of the cathedral, in quality of king of the Romans. The proteAor* of this citv are, the emperor, as duke of Brabant 1 and the elefkor Palatine, a| duke of Juliert ; and the latter names the niayor, or eonful, who is for life, and is afTifled in thk government by two burgomoficrt, or joint-confuls, four- teen aldermen, who art alfo for lifir, and aft as judges, and one hundred and twenty common council, that aia elcAed, u ate likewilis the burgomafiert, by fifteen trad- ing coinpaniet of the burgers i and continue two yean in their ofnce. There are three baths within the inner walls «f the Qld Town, vit. the emperor's, the little bath, and St. Qui- rimus's. Charlemagne wu fc much delighted in the fir^, tliat he often invitedhis fons and his nobles to bathe aixl fwim there with him ; for it was the cuflom antiently to bathe there, an fiundred, perhaps, together ; but it is now divided into five baihing-rooms. The little bath joins to it ; and the fpringt of both are fo hot, that they let them cool ten or twelve hours before they ufe them. I'hey are imprecnated with nitre and i'ulphur i and fome- times cakes of brimflone and falt-prtre, of a confideralila tliicknefs, are tal(cn out of them. They are unplcafant to tafle at firft, and fmell like a rotten egg. Near thcfc baths there is a fountain of warm water, much reforttd to in fummer mornings, and drank for chronical difeafet ; thole in the New Town, which are, the rofc bath, the poor's baili, and St. Corncille's, arc not fo hot and clear as the former, and their. fmeU is fomewhat ofl^cnfive. Near the hot fpi iiigs lie many cold ones, by which their heat might he'trinpered ; and, with a little charge, they micht be made the mnft delightful baths in the world. Dr. Blondel fays, that batlting in tbefc waters is good a^.unll tEUROl*E.] agkinft ill nervout diforden i Aieh ii eenvullioiMt ptifiet, numbneTi. trtmUingi, fciiticit font, fwetllngt, difttm- pert of the bpwreli, Ttrtigon, tm|lin| of tne eari, ne- pbriiic diftraipcn, moift and coM amdioiu of the womb, Mnenn^, abortion, fcabt, and drag« of mtrcarjr. Though ttw]r are propereft for bathing, ibejr are alfo drank, in fcve- rslearw, with foocefi, againft hot diftempcr* of the liver, fpleen, reini, and boweu, obftrnAioni of the mefentery, fwtcrtai, Ate. They cure the 7*llow jasiidice, and iti cffeAi, a cacheiy and dropTjr. Tbry are good againft in- vtecraie and ftubbom fevert, tertian and quartan aguci, and bleeding at the nofe. They cure the fcurvy, gout, rhenmatifiii, and other diflempert proceeding from to6 much ferum in the blood. Tney kill wormt, dry over- moift parti, and help conception. They purge the urinary vefTcli of lU iropuntiei, cure ftrangvriei and ftoppagei, diflolve and expel the ftone and gravel. They are excel- lent againft aithnui, and the mott inveterate cholics, fchirroot fwellingi, fcrephujoui diftemperi, diarrhKis, nlcen of the gumi and teeth, and various other dirorderi. From ihefe virtui may be feen the agreement between the • wa'cri of thii plice, and Ibofe of the Enalilh baths. 'I'hr charming viUfnaburg( its length is fevcnteen miles, iti breadth fix. Iti only town, called Rittberg, is fituated oil the Emt. I'he county enjoys a feat and voice in the College, and in the diets of the circle. H'-'lza'fe! count" bsIsR"! to the prince of Anhs!t-BerR= burg Hoyia. Ihc feigniories of^ Wittem, Eyfs, and SLhlenadicii, belong to we count of Platttrbur^b, and both No. 62. O E R MA NY. 617 intitle their proptielon to a feat in the dieU of the cii«le. and the college of the empire. (he feicnioritt of Gehmen, Oimbbm, and Neuftidt, Wiekerhad, Mylcndock. Richienftein.K'e^pcn Lommer- fum, Schleinden, and the counties of Blaiikenheim, Qe- rolftein, atid Hallermnnd, all intitle the!!F refpeAive prp- prietors to a feat and votce in the college, and in the dim \ of the circle. But ihofe privileges are not allowed lo die lords of the feigniories of Dytk, Scoitao, RIchold, M«r« •"hemic, Jever, Koriphiufen, Dreyfz, and Wybrc. Anhal. feigniory bclonet to the prin r Satm, who. on that account, enjoys a ieat and voice : college, and in the diets of the circle ; as does the cnui.i Metteruic for the leigiiioriei of Bielftein and Wrurlenburg. Diepholt cour.ty liet fouth of Delmrnhorft, it twelve miles long, five broad, and contains a lake called Dum- mertiee, which abounds with filh and wild ducks. The only town, Diepholt, fituated on the Hunte, is a borough. 1 he foil of tbit-coonrry it fterile ; the inhabitant! trade In black cattle, and coirfe linen ind woollen, which they. manufaQuret : they profcfs the Lutheran religion. The town of Pyrmont liet on tht borders of Hinover, near Lngde, thirty-ei|(ht miles fouth-weft of Hanover, aiid twenty eaft of Lemgow. It s the capital of a county, with a verv ftrong fort, formerly fubjea to its own lords, and now bclonn to the prince ofWaldec. There it a great refort of German and other nobility hither to drink the waters, which are preferred even to tnofe of Spa, aAd exported abroad from Bremen, whither they are carried by the Wefer. In the neighbourhood are one or two fait Mts i and the king's iron and filver mines are not ht olT. This town is particularly famous for its mineral waters. Oronsfeld is a fmall diftriA, ere€ted into a county by the emperor Rodolph II. and iniitles its count to a feat in the college, and in the diets of the circle ; as does the county of Rcckum. which is feparated from the county of Limborg by the Maefe. SECT. IV. Oftki tirtli tfih* Upftr Rhini\ living an ai.iunt tf th* vritui flam ibtrtin antmHiit, with lit tradt, mtnw faauTMy Vt. tfth* inMitanti. TH E Upper Rhine it bounded by the Lower, whi«h almoft interfeAt it, and by Weftphalia, Francoriia, Suibia, Upper Saxonv, Lower Saxony, Alface, and Lor- rain. It was anticntly much larger than it it at prefent, as a great portion hat Men dirmenibered from it by France. The dieti are held at Frankfort, the archives are kept at Worms, and it prefentt two afieflbrt to the cbamben of Wetzler. The firft divilion of thit circle, we fhall defcribe, is the biftiopric of Worms. It is about twelve mile* in length, and is eight in breadth where broadeft, is interfeAed by the Rhine, and furrounded by the Lower Palatinate. In general, it is barren, mountainous, and woody, though fome few parts are fruitfol both in corn and wine. tIm chapter chulet the bilhop, whofe revenue does not exceed two thoufand five hundred pounds, and who, in fpiritualt, is fubjeA to the archbilhop of Mentz. The proteflantt here ace mifetably opprefled. The capital city. Worms, it fituated on the weft fide of the Rhine, at the diftance of twenty-fix miles foutli of Frankfeu on the Maine : while the imperial chamber wai kept here, it was one of the moft confiderable citiet in the whole empire, it it celebrated for the great diet held here in I jai, to which Luther came according to his fummont, (hough his friends would fain have difluaded him, by put- ting him in mind of John Huls, who was burnt by a de- cree of the council of Conftance, notwithflinding the palT- port granted him by the emperor Sigifmond : but Luther, far from being terrified, faid. That though he wu fure t» be engaged with u many devils as there were tiles upon the houfes of Worjis, be was rtfolved to go. He came hither accordingly ; made fuch a bold anfwer and defence of hit doArine, that he was profcribed, and obliged to abfcond ; during which time be wrote that called hia Works from the Defart. Miflon, who wat here in 1687, fayi, the Lutherant had only one church for their ufr, and had their worfhip by tufnt with the papifts in that of tht Dominicans; but the papifts had all the reft of the churches; and that theCalvinifts had one at Newhaufel, half a league cut sf th: City, inhere ttic Lutiwnuii fouKiiinei fcnipied not to have their children baptized, contrary to the cnftom of Fiankfort. The town had no other fortificationt but a 7 R doublf 'I'^Si^'.l 6i8 TBI NBWamb UNIVSRdAL SYSTEM or OBOORAftlT. -., ioahhrnMi wwu1m|*m Fnnkbrt, but b Ul>MopM, and f ' poor, ihM ht Taw • ho«6 feM tot oiw tbouftnd cfowm, which Ind hnmrlj vitkM u mucb yearly. It wai often taken and retaken onrina the civil wart in Ger- lOMir I but Tuflertd matt by the Frc'Wh, wbo in 1689, bid in afhee in f lew boarl what tud been the work of «gu. They left lb much at to contain a nnifon of tbree hundred meni who in 1691, being attacked by the land- K*e of Hefle, intnncbed tbemMvct in a church, where y were all feicad, and put to the fword. Iii i698« the popilb clergy, wbo had not been allowed to make procef- none, eicept en the day after Eailer, nor to carry tlia hoft in pnbHe, would necda carry it in proceflion tbrotigh the ibcctt en Chrilhnat dav ; The nugiAraiet fent a notary to ibrbid it 1 but thapncft at the bead of ilie proccflion fyuck him over the need with a cenicr that he carried in bit band. Moli of the buigera, being proteftanlt, rtn to •■ft the notary, but a great nuaaber of popifli pcafanti, breaght in for the putpofe, fired upon theait which (o incenfed the woteftanti, that they drove the pMccAon back to the coureh from whence it came, and wounded liivcral of the Dtpifti, nait!cuUrly4hcinfokntMieft. The papiftt oompuiiMd of thit at a breach of the treaty of kvfwic betwixt France and the empire, which reftorcd Wormt, and itt dependenciet, to the bilhop. The pro- icftantt nitadcd the treaty of Weftphalia in their own dc- fcnce. Soma of the priiicipal aaibort of the tumult were Miad, and a Palatine rraimeni quaiured in the city to nentdifturbaucet : at toe iiune tine the cleAor indofcd ith a wall. The citv it fubjea to the bilhop, but «nder the proiaAion of the eleAor palatine^ The papifitt who are very numeroua here, have the cathodrali but the magiflratet, and moll of the inhabit tantt, are Luthcrani. There it fo much vacant ground in the town, u, being planted with vine*, yieldt annually eoe thouGuid five hundred fedden of wiiw, each contain- ing two huodred and fifty Englifli gallont t which wine it fo mucb efteemed, that the maginratea make prclenti of it, with fomc filh, to princet and other travclleri of qua- lity : Martiniere ftyt« the prelent of the filh it to denote their right of fifliery on the Rhine. Tlie churchet of St. ^a«l aiM St. John, are very antient : the latter ia built of taft Iquare fionae, in an irregular maimer, with lunow windowi and gallerict round the outfide jvft under the not, and the vralU are above twelve feel thick ; fo that it ieemt to bava been dafigncd fot a ton rather than a church. The cathedral it a long, high, and ftrongftruAure, with • tower at each of the Tour corncrt : the ornamenta are gothic, and over one of the oatet there it an hieroglyphic, being a figure of the Ciwt of «n alt with four headt, via. tbofe of a man, an ox, an eagle, and a lion ; the t>vo firft are looking upwardt, and the other two downwarda : it it fiWDofed to be a teprefentaiion of the four beaftt in Exe- kiert vifion i or, u fome think, of the bieroglvphict of the four evangelillt : a woman fiia on itt back ; which they by too, reprefentt the gofpel. At iite entrance of St. Martin't church, over a moveable alta., there it a ftrange pi^ure well worth a traveller't view : it ia about five £set fouare, attd at one comer of the toe hu a reptefentation of God the Fafher fpeaking to the Vir|in on her kneei In Che middle of the piAu'rc, hoMing an in&nt reprelcnting our Saviour, by tlie feet, with hit head in the hopper of a mill, which the twelve apoftlea turn by the help of a wheel, and of the four-hnded beaift above-mentioned; and the pope it drawn upon hit kneea bard by, receiving die hoilt which fell from the mill, into a gokien cup ; one of which he prefeitta to acardinal, wbog^vct it to a biflwp, the bilhop to a prieft, arid the prieft to a layman. In thit city are two public halli { the magiftratet aflem- Ue in one of them twice a week for roattert of ftatc, and in the other for the adminiftration of juftice. It wat in tbc former that Luther, above-mentioned, beiag heated with the debate, and the fire that wat near him, oUlcd for a glafi of wine 1 which being brought, he wu fo eager in hit difcourfc, that he forgot to drink it, and foon alien it broke to piccei on the bench without any body't toucliing, or being near it ; whence the Luthcrani concluded, that there wat poifon mixed with the wine : wheitupon they broke die bench, and ftill keep the piecet u a memorial of his deliverance. A Ane cliurch wat built here for the Lutherans not many yean ago, in which the biftory of that great roan it very well painted. Th« tninr here it a noUe firuAura, with • fpacioot portico, where a vaft number of bonet and hornt bang be- tween Uie arcbet ( the former of which, they fey, ire thofc 9i giautt that Uved among the aaticnt Vaogioaei i and tha 11 latter, the bomt of «ten that drew the ftonet wliich balU the cathedral. Tha outfide of the houfe it adomed with many piOuret, and patlicularly foine of ibofe gianit in armor. Midbii fliyt, he faw a fmtll piece of parcbmcnl in a frame bare, in twelve foiti of hind* written In divert miniaturet, and feveral draugbit eurionfly done with apen, by the feet, w the infcriplion fayt, of oiM Thomat Saaa« ' vener, who wat born without armi. Tkit diy, lince it wm laid in alh«t by the French In 169^ retaini little more than the Ihadow of itt formec beauty. The richeft iraderi, Coafidering how much both they and their anceftort had fuffered by reafon of their lying fo open to France, retired m Frankfort and Hol< land t fo that tit chief fupport now it from Hie bilhop aiv4 chapter t the fi'ft of whiom, however, bcin;; alwayt a pluralift, and often an co-.' Gallic cleAor, very feldom re- lidet here. The late bilhop, wbo wm alfo elector of Mentz, built a new epil'co^ palace adioiniiig to the ca- lliedral. 1 he ciiisent, m are indeed tliore of mofl oilier imperial lownt, are very complaifeni to ftraiigeri. There it a fenaie, or fuprtme council here, compofed of twenty- five member*, whereof thirteen are for lite. Tliere it the fineft countrv in the world from thit city to Oppetiliaim and FrankcnJale. The fine fpaeiout plain in which it Itandi, abound, with corn, vineyardt, and fruit-trtei. A wine it produced here which it called Licheu-Frauen-Mikh. i. e. our Lady't milk. The Rhine it about three or four hundred picet from the town ; but it itfaid formerly ran clofe by itt Walk. Which way foever one appi oaclict die Uiwn. the four towert of tha cathedral are (ecu ; wk EO 6 IS k M A if V. *.# thM b« had tbc f mpcror'i plicirt for bit wirrtnt U|wh thil ihe elcAor Miled troopa. iiul tlcmoli(h«l th* Ibrtifi- Qtloai ) for which Ihe emperor AiainoneJ hitai and bit conffdentti before tlie chMnotr of Spirt, titd d«(i|Mil A procMd a|ainft liiein with the oimoft favtrity, whicli toll Bnc of the caufet of Iha civil wan in Otitnanjr. It hai Aiffered (even mcmorablk ItefM iit tba fpaCl of an hundrtd veari. Spinolit the Spanifh ganttal, rrpalrtd the fortifica- noui in ifijj.and mad* it alnoft iraprrgiwbl*. It wai uLan the year ifur by IM Swtdct. who gave it to Lewi* XIII. and wai retakrn by the Imperiatiftiin 1635. It Wu taken from them in 16^ by the French unoer ikl prince of Cond<, who joined thf Cicrman proteflant*. The French kept it till i6;[6| kv rirtuc of the treaty of Munftcr ^ and Louii XIV. iQ 1666, added to the fbrtiikationi, fothat they extendad to tlic Rhine, which lie* 1 quarter of a league froaa tlie io«^n 1 and put over the great gate an in- folent Lttin infcription, charaActiftical of tUe pride and aaibitioo of that deCpotic monarch. Ihe Imperialifti retook thii plate in 1676: and the emperor ordered the laid Latin inlicription to b^ rrafed, and •Bother put up in iti ftead : and wbeteai the trro^nt in- fcripiioH placed hj the French, ended with the wordi, "what be (Louu XIV.) ftiuti, no man open*; and what heopeni, no man Ihuti 1" that placed in it* room b* the emperor Leopold doled with, " What the Frencn fhut, the Germani open." Being thu* regained bv the Germaht, after a fiese of four montha, it wa* granted to them bv ttw peace of Nime ■ guen.* In 1688, the French took it again 1 but it wu icfiorcd to the empire by the treaty of Ryfwick, in 1697, with the fortification* on the ri|hl fide, but thofe on the left mrere demolifhed. It wu again taken bv the French in 1734, after a long and bloody lief e, in wnich the famoui duke of Berwick (nitural fon of kmgjame* II.) wa* killed by a cannon ball, betwixt hi* two grandfoni, u he went to take a view of the trenchet t but at the peace that fal- lowed in the beginning of 1716, it wai reftorcd. Thecaftle, in which theoilhop of Spire refidea, i* a noble pile, founded in 1513, in a plain lurroanded with lnat(he*, by George c6unt palatine of the Rhine, and bifhop of Spire, and repaired in IC70 by bifliop Man)uard de Hatftein : the Silhop hai (bme Tort of jnrifdiAion in it -, but the empire ha* the right of garrifoning it. The other placet of note are : 1. Bruxnall, or Brafcbal, • Inrge open town in thit bifliopric, on the river Saltta, tine mile* fovth-eaft of Pbiliplbttrc, and twelve north-eaft of Dnrlach. a. Altrlp, or Ala Kipa, in th« faine dio- cefe. a, 4, 5. Etdemeim, Weibftadt, and Rottenbaig, we fmall town* 1 the firft i( fituated on the Hart. Weiflcnburg i* at prefent a rich provoMhip, but wu briginally an abbey of BenediQinc*. fituated in the m- tient imperial city of Weiflanburg, in the Lower Aibcei but ill 1J46 it wa* converted into a temporal provoiUhip, and annexed t« the bilhopric of Spire, on which aecount the bilhop hu a feat and voice in the diet*. With relbeA to the bilhopric of Stralburg, or Slratf- burg, in AlJiue, which i* unoer the dominion of France 1 fo that, in refpeft to tliat part of hi* diocefe, the bifhop i* fubjc£t to France i but on account of hi* bailiwic on the other fide of the Rhine, he retain* the title and (hte of a prince of the German empire, and ha* accordingly a feat and voice in the diet* of the empire, and of thi* circle ; but he i* fubjeft to the archbilhopof Mentt in fpiritual*. Bafil i* an exlenfive bifhopric, but the fituation i« in difTerent dominions, a* part of it lie* in Switzerland, and aart in thi* circle. It is bounded by Neufcbatcl, Bern, Sundgau, Mompelgard, Bur|;undy, and Solothrun. The ■bifliop, whore cathedral (lands in the city of Bafil, i* a prince of ttie empire, having, u fuch, a feat and vote in the diet of the emp're, and of the circle ; he 1* iikcwife an ally of the Swif*. The inh^innti are partly of the Ro- man catholic, and partly of the ProtcAant pctfuafion, and the ilate* confift of the clergy and nobility, with the town* and bailiwics. The only place in the bilhpp's dominion*, which be- long to this circle, are: i. Schelingen, a market-town on the Rhine. 2. Lauffen, a little town on the Bifta. 3. Arlcfhim, on the fame river, i* the rcfidence of a chapter. 4. Betlelay. 5. Seehof. 6. St. Urifitx, on the Uaux, which contain* a provoflfhip. 7. Defperg, on the Birfa. 8. fiumtrut, on the Allen. Fulda territory, lie* fouth of Hefle, and north of Ha- nau, Keineck, &c. is about twenty-five mile* in length, and twelve in brradlh. This abbey belotig* to the circle of the Upper Rhine, and is divided into thirteen fmall bailiwic*. Some reckon it a part of HefTc, other* of Wet- tvayiai and ftfmc ^ain make it independent^ becaufe its abbot, who I* eleAtd bv fi « " S* 4H by fixtaen defcent*. i* rard >> '■ <^' r, anil primati of all the abbot* In iinaiu j p.iac ot the empiire, fit* at iha toot ' ' ill general diet*, and depend* mim. ,/ to wliom ha pa«« four hundrtd '■ lurty puu> on hi* Inftallation. A* the couiu en On ftv proteftant ftite*| al Sase-QoijM, «ic •> well ai H Cafleli there are feveral gtntlemtn here ot that_rcligi(««t The ibbut i* moreover perpttilal chancelior to tbe'empitl'tf and pot* the crown upoit her bead at the coronaiion. I'ha revennt of thi* country i* betwixt t«kaniy And thirty thoa« fand a year. The abbot ba* all ihe four grtat ofncen* with rich etjnipage* and livery, a companvof borf«-guard*a and a regiment of foot guard* well^loained and mounted, to attend him ; and i* able to tiUt four ot five lho«iaa4 men. Mi* chapter confift* of eight piOvofUi iud maia* taiha a magnificent houfli<.ld. The capital town« Fulda, (Uiid* ott a river of the faow name. It i* coniiguou* to the abbevi which il of the Bt^ nediAine order, and one of the nobleft in all Europe 1 it wu founded anno 744, by St. Boiiifi»e, and ertdoWed wiiU 5Titt privilegel by feveral tmptrot*. The great chuKb, edieated to ihAl laiht, i* a (lately fret-ftone pile of antient irchiteAute. The nlonki have three roanuicripti ; ont ol the New TefUmeht coolpletr, the Four CvangeUfti di(^ tlnA, and a Treatifk on the I'rinity, all faid to Da wtitten by St. BonifiKfe, in a charaAer much diffetettt from any now in uf Heflk, u adminiftrator, and it wu fecularlted by the treaty of Munfter. Its difiriA liei on the eaft fide «it Heflct towards Thuriiigiai it has the title of a piincipallty, ii about twelve milei long, and the laiiio in breadth. The mafterftiip of St. John confifti only of the to«n of Heflerlheim, and a few villagei belonging to the order of St. John. The grand matter ii a pniKe of the empire, and hu a feat and vote among the princes in the diets at the empire and circle. Heireflum, where the grXnd mailer refidei, ii a market town. The abbey of Prum it fituated in the foreft of Ardetinei, and wai founded in the eighth century by I'cpin, king of the Frinki, and wu, in 1570, Incorporated with the archbifhopric of Trieri : hence the arclibifliopi becaihe itt adminiftratori, and, u fuch. have a feat and voice in the diet*. Prum, from which the abbey takti iti name, i* a town of little note. Swinnern duchjr wu long poflefled by a collateral branch of the palatine family ; btit that fililing, it devolved to the elt Aor, who, on that account, fin and votes in the college of princei, and, joined with the bifhbp of Wormi, are fummoning princci for the circle. Swinnern, tlie principal towti, which takei ita appella- tion from a river of the tame name, ii thir^ milei weft of Mentz, and hu feveral churchei. The dudiy containi, bcfidei Swinnern, the followirtg little towni, namely, Laubaoh, Sobernheim, Argenthal, Monzingen, and Hor- rein. Lauteren, a little duchy, reverted, iti the laft century, to the eleAoral houfe^ which is thereby entitled to a feat and voice in the dieti ; u did the bailiwici of Lautcrea and Veldenx, beftowing, at the fame time, fimiUr privi* legei. Lauteren ii fituated on the Glan, and VcUenx oa tlic Mofelle. Frankfort on the Maine ii an Imperial and free city : it Was antiently called Franeofordia, that is " The Ford of the Franks t for tba Franki ufed to crofs tlie river here, in order to make their ineurfions on the Saxons, on which account the latter at length built thi* city, to reftrain their ravages. Itt pre/ent name diftinguifhei it firom Frankfort on the Oder. It ii eighteen miles catt of Menu, and twenty* from the Rhine. It ii fpacioui, populooi, and OfOlent, one of the Hatife-tewnt, and tbe uat of the Im- perial m lid Tut NEW AMD UNIVBR8AL 9Y8TBM or aEOQRAFHY. two ||ll«l4i«t. Tbt river IntcrAAi ina dWUti It tnro pwii, mhicb h««t k commui.kMlon by oMini of an «U- Ct ftouc tirWlw> MnflAIng bafter, &c. The altar piece it a rcprefentatioii uf our Saviour's paffion in the garden ; and tlM cieling and tha fronit of the galleriei are painted with fcriptatl hifiorics. The Roman catholics are permitted to perform their re- ligious duties in tlie cathedral, and have favcral chapelt, and two convents, but they are not fuffiered to malM public {iroceflioni. The CalviniAs have two churches about ■ eague from the city, one foi German, and the otber fat French refugees -, but the ordinances of baptifm and mar* riage rauft be perfernicd in the Lutheran chuishat. In the council held here in 794, three hundred bifhoft aiifkcd againft the Nettorian herefy. This city was one of the firft that had fpirit an9V|h M denund the free exercife of the Lutheran religion ; wfai<^ being lefufed by their magiftrates in ijaa, ihaydcMfej them, and choie another let -, and in 1510 the Aaglbar| confeffion wu eftablifhed here. It wu beiieged twict ia 1552, by Maurice, elcAor of Saxonjrt and by Albert, margnve of ,^randenburg, who took it ; but it feon re* covered iti liberty, apd has flourilhed ever fince. Onth^ wall of the great bridge to Saaenbanfcn is an indiflvrcnt, thotigh mocn celebrated piAare, reprefenting a dead infant befincared with blood, and an iiuciiption beneath, do* noting, that on Palm Sunday, 1475, a child two years and a half eld, called Simon, wu murdered by the Jews. Under the child a Jew is exhibited in a black eloak, wiij| a ruff, aihide a hog with his bt* towards tha tail, which he holds in his hand inftead of a bridle. A monftroui large devil follows, and fpkt in his face ; and a mob o( women and linle devils furround him, infulting both him and his companion, whom another devil carries on hit fhoulders. 'The populace firmly believe this ftory, yet it is well known to tne learned and more fenfible part of tha inhabitants of Frankfort, to be an abfelute forgery, in* vented merely to prejudice the people againft tne Jews. Thefe people have a fynagogue bete, but the walls art aa bbck aud fmoky as tliufe of t kitchen i and they are con* fined all ni^ht to their particular quarter, which is in a itreet about a mile in length, but very narow and dirty, with a- gate at each end o? it, that are Ihut every evening, and the keys carried to the magiftrates. Their houfes are go* nerally of timber plaiflered, and four, five, or fix ftoriet high, but at nafty as a hog-flye ; yet in this little quarter it ii faid there are three or four thoufand fouls. Their chief trade it buying and fclline old ware, hawking toys at the inns, &c. and cliaugiiig fuch money u it not cur- rent here : but they are not fufTcred to trade either on Sa* tutday or Sunday, the Jewilh and Cbriftian fabbath. Thejcwtat Frankfort ate obliged, under fevtre penal- ties, to feich water, when any fire breakt out in the city, be it ever fo diftant from their quarter : in recompence, the inagiftracy permit them to chule twelve judget out of their own body, to decide their own dilTerences, who are called hawmeeftert { and they who will not fubmit to their decilions, are allowed to appeal to the Lutheran tribu- nals. I'licy are obliged to wear a piece of yellow cloth, that they may be known from the other inhabitant!, though their habit ii very diflinguilhing i for the men generally wear coarfe tlireadbare cloaks, Hu brimmed liatt, old greafy rofRet, and ihickpoimcd bcar-Ji. The women wear over their cloatht thick cloaks of black crape, bound about their necks by clafps of c,ilt copper, and round their fhculdsr: s fpsrkling border of iiniti, a fuoi in breadth i their hcad-drcft it only a cearfe wrapper, ending at their forehead ....i-Vii^i^-i.. (E U R ^ P 6.J C E k M A N Y. 6i( mit at the (fciil Ka i In ttm ttic* harm, •boot fuar fingeri broij, ono «r«htcti ii cvfcrrawiUi hlack b><"(i kuI iIm oIIki with t bit of lk«n lived t>lu«. Tb« jtAifli lirli «ic difliii |»i(h«d from the IMiriMl wonwit liy ihcir hctJ-Jicf*, wlitch It nolliiiiy bitl » picrr nfred taffitU. borilcred willi • |oldgiu«e, VI lilt wlilcji iltcir haii ii gathered and lied. A f,tt%t ntimhcr of ifie Jrwefle* htn Wfir #»t ''"g'- which rrpiclriit ih« figiH of iIkh . y,.tu which each family caitict tlitir p planted by the doori at fcTeral hoiifct ill hiniiklurt. JeiiMlng they ate tavcrni. and cy|>licr< jniiilcd on the door- |iofli, maiking the different piicet of the wihm in the ceilari. Sasen-haufen, formctly l>cloi>(,ed to the eleAor of Mnilt, bat wat bartered ■ litlU ■hove one bundled vc:irt ago, forihciuwnofHochft, which depended on Frnnkfoit. One of the city council muft ra- fide at Saxrn~haiilt-n, fince thia change look plK«. Two of the three origliuli of the famous goUcn btiU ■re prekrved at Pracnc and Nuremberg, the tniid It kept m in apartment of the town-houle ofFniikfert, bat it nrver (hewn to ilringcrt, except In prefcnct «f two of the council, uhI the fecrcury. It ii a little minufcript, in quarto, confining of foity-two letvei of Mrchment, with ■ gold feal of three iiichet diameter, wcitning twenty da* call, appended lo it hy a cord of yellow hlk. It ii written in Latin and Gothic chiraQert, without difibtbonn, and kept in a black box, together with two written cojuet of a tranflaiion of it into the German langnage. Thia bull, which they likcwife call the Caroline law, connini the rulci and ceremoniei to be obfenred in the choice ofilic cm{icror, fettlei the power and authority of all ranks of the nobility, and fo bindt tlie emperor and the princet to one another, by oath, that neither may with impunity infli- pte or attempt any thing to the detriment or daiiger of the common- wealth, the country, the empire, or its iuigh> hours ; and, imonEft other conditions (or which the au- thor of it is efpecially commended, it decrees. That wbo> feevcr hereafter had a view to the impetial dignity, fltouM he well acquainted witli the languans, puticuhrly the Latin, Italian, French, Tufcan, and German ; that, when he was emperor, he misht he able, without an interpit- ter, to anfwer his fubjew in the fevcrul languages. We cannot omit here thecliaraAer given of this fiuDoat city, by baron Polliiitz. He fays, tlicre are few places, opon tlie whole, more difagreeable, and few towns in Germany, where the common people are more unpolifh- cd ; and that the burgers are not to be matched for afcft- cdiKft. As inoft of the cleAors and prittces of the em* fin have their agents here, to whom they give the title of relldcnta ; they are, for the grealcft part, merchants of this citv, who fnlicit the title, in order to be exempt from the authority of the feiiatc, iikI from the payment of the cuftoms, and to qualify themfelves to place over their doors the aims of the princt to whom they tend the News- paper. During the government of the empire by the French, the princes were all obliged to appear in perfon, uniefs they were excufed hy the en peror and eleAon ; but now moll of them fend their deputies to fave charges, which makes iheir proceedings much flower, becaufe their depu- tits aie oficn oMiRril to fend for their inftruAioni. To fucli abbots and hilhops who are not deputies, the em- peror docs not write, but only to their direAors, that thry may give tliein notice : though, fince Maximilian's time, many of the p.inccs hive ^rborn to fend deputies, yet ttiry are .is much obliged to fobmit to the rcfolves of the diet as if they did. Sometimes, in cafes of great import- ance, the emperor not only fends letters, but embalPadors, to retjuiir their prefcricc t and, in urgent afl^airt, thofe who do not fend, ro»kr tlieir enibairadors plenipotentiaries. Ail the princes bear their own charge, or that of their de- puties. When they aniye, they give notic: to tie hereditary Nu. da. mar(L«l of the empirt, niutet lh« eleAor tf tanny, wIm alffgnt them lodgingt according to tlu ir quality If 1^ ' upcior K ptcfcnt, they beg audUttue of liim, (hew him iheir fumniont, ihaiik bint for calling the diet, an4 promife concurrence for tlie good ot the empire. If It* be not there, the princes feitd genilcnien tu notify their arrival to llir direAor of Mcnl* ) but if tliey be deputies, ilfty fend their fecrcUiiet witli their full powers, at da alfo ihe deputiri of tlie lowni. When they are all comci the mailhat of the 'mpire acquainit them when or wlter* the emperor, or hit cominilTary, it to tell them what he lias to propofe. Ther: it ni> upper and lower lioufe, but all aflemblcd ill one room : if the emperor be there, he goet in hit robes to the throne, which he afcendi by three lirps. Tlie eteAori lit on a bench, winch they afcend h^ two ileps, and the princes ov other lienchei, not ttifed4a high. If the emperor he prefeiii, the tirft thing iliey do, i<, to attend him to church, where prayers are put up for a blcAng en their confultttions : when they are returned, the eleAor of Treves, in the name of Ihe Rates, thank* the emperor for calling a diet ; and the fecretary of the em- pire, tcceiviiig the ptopoTala from Ihe vice-chan«ellor, readi them : after tint, the colleges retire to their feteral apartments, and, when they have conridered them, agree upon a day for meeting and imparling their thoughte to one atwther, which, when paflcd into a refolve, they fend to the empetot -, and, if approved by him, it becomca • law or conftittition of the eiapite. The princes are divided into benches, called the fpirl* Mai and Ihe (ccular. The archduke «f Auftria, and the dhk* of BttiMH^, though fecuUr princes, fat formerljr oo the ecCHnaftical bench, becaufe they were princca oi niiaordinarv eminence, and the nwAer of the Teutonic order does the Cunc. The Lutheran princes were for- tttitly eaeludtd from the diet, till, by the treaty of Weft- phalia, thev were allowed a place by themfelves, between the ecclefiaftlai and fecular princes. All the eecleiiaftical ind fecular member* have not equal vote* i for fitch of both as have princely dignities, are allowed fmgle votes, but tliofe who have not, give their vote* bv companies, a* the deputies of the towns of the bench of the Rhine, or of Swabia. Tlie count* of Franconia and Swabia, which include thofe of Saxonv, are alfo altnwed two Sriiches, and two votet: the deputies of the imperial towns make up the third rank of member*. The deputies of the city where the diet ii held, fit « a table by themfirlves, and take an account of the voice* of the other delegate*, vthlch art brought to them and rtgtftercd b]j the two regifters of Ulm and Spite, the former repnfentihg tlie cities In the dicJe of the RhiiM, and the latter thofe of Swabia. The vote* in this mod auguft attmbiT are faid not to exceed two hundred and fifty in the whcae. The throne on which the emperor (its, is covered with doth of gold,' and the chaira and benches of the otiier Srincee.and (Ute* with doth of filver, velvet, fattin, (ilk, ic. according t-^ their rank and quality. The eleflor of Treves (its at the foot of the throne, at direAor of the eleAoral college- The eledots of Cologne, Bohemia, Pa- Ilaiine, and Brandenburg, (it on the right -, ihofe of Mentc, Saxony, Bavatia, and Hamar, on the left: the ecclefiaAical priiwet (it under the eleAor* on the right, and the fecular princes under tlie eleAon on the lefi. The deputies of the towns, and ot the beiKh of the Rhine, fit under tlie eccle(iaflical, and tlie deputies of the towns, and of the beiirh of Swabia, fit unaer the fecular princes. The de> puties of Lubec and Ofnaburg fit at the crofs bench, be- tbre the eleAor of Treves t and the roarlhal of the empire (its at a table, in the middle of the hall, before the crof* bench. The dircAoral table, with the officers attending ir, is on one fide, before the fecular princes ; thofe princes, only, have a right to (it in the college of princes, and to have a deliberative and decilive voice, who contribute to the fupport of the empire, according to tlie matricula. The direAors of this college are, the archbifhop of Saltz- burg, and the archduke of Auftria, who prefide by turns, as frelh matters come upon the tapis. The votes of the fecular and ecclefiaftical heiKh, which are taken alternately, are gathered by the niar(ha1 1 after which, the archbifhop of saltzburg, and the archduke draw the tefult, and repoit it to the diet. Such princes as pofTefs fcveral dominions, have a vote for each . The maeiftrate* of the city where the- diet is held are direAors of the coU lege of the town*. The abbedes who ate princefles, fend deDutier, to nprefent them. Y he point of precedency among the eleAots, has, in- deed, been long lince fettled by the golden bull, but the cthei princes, and the reprefentatives of the cities, have 7 S *•*. '/*; 9M Thb new AMD ONIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. not igittdpft the nutixr to thi« ^}y ; UlrojpiiQh thttit qqi- oMfjon* pcrpctvai MivrtU, and ihe diet would fometiiw* break up in confiinon; iffbmca/tbtm did not, forpMce bkt, vkM to the reft ; entering a proteft only, tlut Aaph ■n Inmnce fhoold not t^ made f Dccfledent. One fourth 0f a Tefflon i*^ to be Miieralty fpent in dirpvtei on tbjt futjcA ; a (ecoad, in 4nnking-aialchei ; a third, in dif- poKes with the ein|inor aboait uieir privilegci ; and fearae a fourth upon tile bubteia pnopoud to them from the thraiK t ^ cnpcror ak>ne having the pawcr of propofing wh^t ii to be depated amoi^ them. Another alcmbly of the empire, ii called the aflenibly of deputationa ; where the dqnities diofen fior that pnrpofe, determine thingi that have been referred to them by a diet; or when the ekAor ofMents, in the cmperor'a name, Amimoni the deputiea, at the rcqueft of the direfton or mtaini of on* or mote circlet, to take orderi about their af^irt, or to appeaft controvetfiea which they are not able to decide ihemieltea. l^he tordlhip of Britaenbeimt on the bank* of the Nahe, bblonga to the ei^Aor of Cologne, who, in con- ftquetice of poflcflinK it, eiijoyi a fc;it and voice at the diet of the circle ; ai)d the counts of Wartcmbura, for the little connMr of die ffpM naip«, have a feat and vote in the diets of the Vvcvt Rhine, and in thofe of the empiie. T1i« lordftiip oro{lbnic belongs to the Waidbott-^aocn-, heim fiuniiyi th^ of DochftuI belongs to the %iily of Odxingen-Baldem, and give* the propnctbr • ml vjA voice in the diet of the circle- The rich an^ imp««»l pift of FriejJh^w; U Stvtn^ fifteen milts fouth ffm >rP»*»r. »neiiibian«e of toe dodi«ati by re»^ fon that city was taken and deftroyed b)i HktT^naiih. The provoftfhip of fbe town hehKqti to i^e priooe «f Hdfe* Darmftadt, to do Juftioa in hia name. The duchy of Deox-Pontt is hounded ^ Loitvn and the county of Saarbruc, on the «»cft ; by AUhee, on tas fouth i and every-wliere elfe by the ether pana of the pala- tinate of the Rhine. It i^ about forar oiUea in leogibt and fro|s eight to twenty-five in breadm, and gave title to its dukes, a branch of the palatiiute family, one of whom was Cbarlei Gnfiavus, king of Sweden ; but it became (xtinA in lyn, in the perfon of GWbtvw Leopold : fioce that time this durby lias been in Aquefiratioo t the land- fravc of Heflo-DarmMt. ^^}i tlie abbot of Fulda, both loman catholici, being adminiftrators. The ekAor pe- latine, as duke of Newbuig, daimad diia fuoceffion i aa does alio the prince of Birckenfeldi, who is-a proteftant, and next claimant to the eledoral dignity after the honlii of Sultsbach. The ducby, which 11 tuppo fc d to have been an aniient fief of the bilhopric of Menti, is divided into five bailiwics ; one of which, called Bifthwciler, lica ill Lower Alike, where there arc other hmda hdooging le tbcjramily. I nil if a moumainoiii, OHnacoamiy, im. aatfooM fertile vallies. It has two fnUU tiveis tut join iwar iti capital city, Arom whence it has its name, whI run fouth to the Saare. Calviiiirm was pncrally pro&flcd in this (iucby, till tlie Swedes became poflclEpd of jti and (hen Lutheranifoi bwan to flouri(h« th« king of Sweden giving fome of the heft livings and pefcrmcnis to the Lutherait clcr^, which created great animofincs between the two dommions : bat the late king of Sweden dying witlioiit ifliie, and tlie duchy devolving on, or at leaft heing claim* cd by, a Dopilh family, the proteftaiit fubjefts, fearing left the papiils (hould make an advantage of their quarrclsi , thovcht fit 10 unite. The principal place in this ducby is the oity of )>egx* Fonts, called, in the Gertiun, Zweybfuggen, and, in the Latin, BIpontium, front its two bridges' over the fmali rivers Blite and Scbwalb, whereon it Aands, is tliirtv-ona mjles north- weft from Landau, and thirty- five foutu-ealt fVom Triers. It is a fmiU, but neat town, and was oncd defended by a good oflle, lince deraoliftied. It fuflcred much during the civil wars in Germany 1 and alfo in thotb between France and the empire, when it was taken by the French in 1677, but, by tue treaty of Ryl'wic, ft- ftored to the king of Sweden. Hefle-Landgravate lies on the north flde of the river Maine ; the vvhoie country is bounded on the north by Weftphaliat on the Weft by the duchy of llerg and eleAorate of Triers, on the fouth by the elcflorate of Ments apd Franc^ia : and on the eift by the duchy of fVeimar and Thui^nge^. Iti,utmoft extent from nonlt to fouth is about oiti^-hundred miles, and the fame from, eaft to weft. The air is cold, but healthful ; the water' wbplfome, and the foil fruitful, producing much cotii« audi towards the bank* of the Rhine and'Lahn, grapes. Hj^ arc flfo l«ae ^ft**t *> ^o** of <^*''> *"° °*^^* gamei and mmatrnt, Vfbich an fome minca of cop> ^ti^ AlPMy or ilCiefe C^lHefle, which is one of the moft tl9t|(nf *D.Ciet4>My, is divided into two principal branches^ vit, ^^f and jparmfladt. The former comprizes Heflet Qflilt and Hdlb-Rhinfels : the latter, Htfle-Darmfladt uA Hifli^-tioinbonrg t , though Mattinicre fays, that Hefre.- Rhii\^( V well aa Ij^ Hombourg, arc bran'-het of Hcj^-Danpfladk. Tbc fQy«rei||t pdnces of tbia houfe have very tatenfive ru||tt lad ipnwesativcf : they have thiee votes at the diet «>r A* fMstie. ThCT beloiig to the drcle of thr Upper Rhine, tw Hc^HCalei has a voice among the counu of thci beitdl c^ Wcftphalia for the county of Schaumburg. CaPKS Ottt e«4;eedv(ig «qc ibpuland floriita, arc dctermio&il bj 4iC Ctnirti of the country wiUioat appeal. Thcfo pnoKVf have frvnal nrivikgea in common, fueh at tho ri|Mp(fnK«4*«rmfiadt alone, liis winces of Ucflc-Caflei «re not of age till tbey ar« twujfy-^p, h«t tboft of Darmftadt ate fo at eighteen. Tb« land^mvcoflldle-Ca&l poOeOes, i. Lower Hrlle, in whifb are the county of Plefi, CafleU and Zigrnhdnu 9. Metpurg, in Udki Hefle and Fraokenburg. 3. Th^ prinpipaijty of HirARkl, a fccuUriaed abbey on the Fulde.- 4. The lower county of Catsenellcbogen. <. The county of Schaund^iarg, except Buckebu^ which belongs to tlw coiinty of Lbpe. 6. Snulcald, in the county of Henne- bm|. 2< Tne bailiwics of Rottenberg and Saxen hagen. To tlieie Maitiinicic adda the baiUwia of Ucht aiulFrcad* enhtiiy. Tte landgnve of Hcfle-Darmftadt, who is little inferior to the fornwr* either in dominion or wealth, having a revenue of near one hundred thoufand pounds a jrear, poff;flcs, I. The greateft part of the Upper Landgraviate, in which thereate Uicflen, Butsbach, Aendorf,B«ttenhcrS, Berg, &e. 3. The county of Nidda, which confiils of feveral bailiwica. 3, The iordlhip of Itter. 4. The up- per county of Cataenellebocen, in which lies Darmftadc city i the land of Epftein, Braubacb in lower Cataenelle- bogen, and Kirohach in Svrabia. The fucceflion aUb of the county of Hanau was in I7l6» upon the death of itt count, award^ 10 the Prince of Uefte-Darmftadt, as next heir, on conditson of bis paying twenty thoufand pounds, by way of compenbtioo id the houlic of Caflel. The kin^; ot Poland, as cleAor of Saxony, ought to have had his dure ill the fnccefion i but his niaicuy gave up bit rigbtc by a treaty, to the laiidgrave of Heb-Cairi-I- To the bnnch of Rhinfeli bdong, 1- The greateft parff of the lower county of Catzenetlcbogcn, via Khiiileld, St. Goat, Fort Cat>i, Schwalbach and Gevcriihaul'cii ; the bailiwks of Riccheiibcra, I'lprenftein, and Brxu. a- Ket- tamburg, andiUdiiiiKi, VVaiiiiicu, li-iulVrc]^ Uiu u»ii- tra in Lower Heile. To the branch of llombourg belong, i. (loanbourg, and its tcrrirory. a. iiinglicim. 3. Wcvi-lli.sjhcn and HsliaUUdt, witik its ili-uciUcucin. The {nincv ct Hnin- I .-' •':..- : . . ;«■ iciirj bourg has, moreover, an in <5 E R M Ai N y. niA*##«* iiMf M^ \ . n iMtcnaee of abontone thourand gnii^i a year from Hc^e-C ailel, and Mo tliouland from irm&adt. TttetW(xhrkncbe«ofCiflelandHombo»reaireC«Winiaa; that of Oatmftakdt, Lvtbeian ; and that ofRbitifeidi pro- fellca the Roman cathol'w religion, whicli it, however, not tolerated in the dominiolia oCihe other three princei, ex- cept in the finall principality of Hirihrcld. Tbefe coan<' tries are adorned with leveral uitivetfitica and academict. TIk fituation of the country betwixt Upper and Lowet Saaony, and the neighbourhood of Weftpbalia, occafiont the la»2'-=S? of tl>e people to be a mixture of High and Low Dutch. The laws molt in force hcre.ate the Roman or civil law, to which tlicy join municipal laws of their own. The people arc numeroni and warlike, being railed and (lifciplined by the younger font of the fiinily, who am made lieutenants and Captains of feveral diftridiij and re- ceive pay of the regent. In the prince of Hcflc-Caflbrs military lervice are a general, two Ueutenant-genertls, a major-general, a colonel of th* artillery, two ^milu{E|ri«s general of the war, and one chief pay-mafter, two troops of life-guards, one of white, and (be other of black horiest three other regiments of horfe, tbt«0 of diagoons, and five of foot, oik of which is guards, befidet the roililH, which it commanded by a lieutenant general. The Jandgravo has a privy council, or court, for the poK and (oKfls a cbaticery, or fecretary't office, a treafury and confiflory, for cccledaflical affairs i and another court, c^Ifaid we Frenclt commUGon, relatinp; piirticularly to the French in hit dominions. All the privy counfellors Vt membera «f tlie confiftory, to whom are added a faperintendbnt, ■ metropolitan, one of the court preachers, and a fyndie. Dr. Nicholfon has an obfervatiour that die powei and fplendor of the family of Hefle was confidcTahtvadvaiiiteil b^ the Rccelfus Imperii in i6u, which eftawilhrci (be . right of primogeniture in it, and prevents tbair dwindlittg into petty princes, which has been the fate of many fvm- lies in Qcnmny, by dividing the fisvertignty aaoi^ die leveral branches. The landgravate of Hefle contains the following pfatcei, of which the principal ia, I. Caflcl, the capital city of die Lower Hefle, is fiwated in a rich piaaiant plain on the river Fulda, near the confines of the duebjf of Brnofwic, forty miles fouth-eaft from Paderbom, and nuMty-«^ north-caft from Ment*. It is a place of good trade kh- wool and other merchandise i aatd to the weft it is fortified with walls, ditcbei, an . a ftrong citadel. It is the Cm of the landgrave, whofii t*if* flands without the (own, fiir» ToundedHiy bulwarks, with apartmeius contrived ia the very rampRrts, to lodge his iiiinily during a 6tp, wn of the reach of bombs. The palace is of frae-ftoiie, vcrjr line both within and without, and adorned with cwkrai gardens and fountains. Here is a gymnaiium, oraeadamy, which has been much eclipfed by the univcrfity of Mar- purg. In diis place is a kreat arfenal of firte-flone, with aims for twenty-ftvc thouland men ; and iti the toom na* dct it arc two hundred cannon, foma fiaty-fonr poondnt. From the palace there is a profpeft not to be matebed in the empire, except from that of Clevet, it being of no htA than (isty towns, ilie leaft of which contaio throe hunched houfes. The ftreett of this city are fpKiuus, and fcU of ihops i an4here arc fcvcral fine markets, with good mo* vifiont of all forts. Tltc landgrave luw a library well nur» oilhed with books and curiofities. In the great diurch are the monuments of the huid* graves, in orafs, copper, and marble, of very geod work- iDanfliip. I'he cathedral, dedicated to St. Martin, is ca- bbie of containmg four thoufand people. There an four other churches, which have two miniflers cMh ; except die foldiera church, which has but one. Here is a cluKh (ikewife in die palace, for the worihip c»f the court. There (s a fine (tone miijp over tiia river that divide the city into two parti, of^which that called the Now Town is very well built, with uniform boufes, and the ftrocM are pretty even and fpaciout. Here is alio an exceeding fine a(}uedu£t, made by the landgrave who founded the Midge. The other placet molt worthy of obfervation, are, a. Kirdibain, on tlie Wolira, which gives imme to a baihwic. ■^. Raiifchenhurch, does thtt fame. 4. Wetter. 5, 6. Kofenthai and Gernunden give name to bailiwics. 7. Frankenaw, in the bailiwic of Heflenftein. 8. Louifen- dorf, m the bailiwic of Geifmari inhabited chiefly by If rench refugees. 9. Hania, on the Werra, contaitu oim of the (bur hofpitals of Hefle, in which four hundred poor and fick are carctully attended and maintained, out of the revenues of the Ciftcrtian convent. The governors of both thele hofpitali are noblta, which. the twd ^tlicca of Hefle alternately nominate. ^ < , 10. The town of Rodenbnrgt on th^ river Fulda, it pleafandy feared diirty miles loudt-caft htw» C«fliiU and has a cciUegiate ch«peb» with a dean and- tweiMy caaewt, nobly end Thiajdaee (Unda in a vailey bettveeit two hills in Upper Heflet and gitrea title to a branch of die Keffian family. |t is divided into A* Old and New Town* : in the old, there ia a Cafik, vthich wai deiB»- (iihed in the year 1212, by the Iroperialiib, but rebuilt fay William IV. lan<^raveof H^t who, in IJ74, adorned it with a fine garden* and a church, built throughout with while marbict dug o«t of a quarry at Motftn, ■ village eb die fame rivVi >uft helow die towi. It. 'Ziiegenheirt, on the river SchWalmi is In the ioweit landgravate, thirtv miles foudi from Caflcl. It is a fmall, but neat qtty, ana give! name to a county, of whitii it k the capital, and w*s united, by Lewis die: Pacific, tiie landgrave, to hit domain, in 1543. The (iicceflion n this e(hte was fotmcrty difputedhy the counts de Hohens loe, but their claim being referred to the diet at Vfonat^ it was adju<^ in fiivor of die landgraves of Hefle, who bav« ever fince enjoyed it. 12. Nineteen miles fouth of Caflel, is Ilombourg, n town with a caflle in.the Upper Hefle, which ftands udie caft end of the fore(i and mountain «fCaflel. The town is fifty nilea fendi-eaft from Cafliei, and ha* a gotid trade for iron war0| il many m'mes of the netghbonrhood fisrnifhing the inhaU* " tanis with plenty of that metal, which diey work, and fend to foreign parts. They aHb make and temper fteel, ftoiK whence a village near it is called Stahlbetg, This piaei^; was famous for the afiembliet of die protemnt- ^hieet ia tyjo, 1731, iy3j, and 1737, to mdu a Icmne fbf the defence of the Augfburg coideffion aninft the emperot QkarhN I. and the poptfli prince* «l Genoany, which leagae grew fit powertal, thatthey fotcrd the eaoperor M a treaty held in 1 $57 at Foflaw, in confequcnee of which> feveral parts of the gion. empiie embraced the Lutheran icli* 16^. The town of MarpWB fianda in a pkafant conntrr on the riv^f Lahn, ferty-ei(pt mile* from Frankfort, ant near fturty-four (ondi-w«ft (irom Caflel. It is now the chief tovm in die Upper H^e, and the fieat of the fupremo ir- onnrtof jodicatmc, to which appeals ate brought front Caflisl and Darmfiadt. It hu a (trong caftle on a bill, and is othcrwife well-foitified. The great church is a ^tely building, and hu many aoUe monuments. The univcr- fity here, founded in m(26, it one of the moft confideraUc in Germany : the proMfors at* Calvinifts. The town ii Urge, and well-buiU, with ipaeiou* ftvects. It has a verf - large 3i H- WaMkappd and AUendorf give name to bailiwics. te. Grebenftdn, on the Efie, gives name to a bailiwic. ao, 27, 28, ag, 30, ii, 31. Immehaufen, Hermer(hattfcn. Trcndelberg, Sabbaburg, Karls Haven, Hof-Giefroar. and If:- 'Ui Tbb new and universal SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. «ikI W»tfhai|cn, all give mmn to biiliwici. 33. Liebe- nr.u, near Padcrbom. 34. FelAurg, {•i««i nams to a -fcailiwic. 3j. OMenibdift lUb give* name*to a baiUwic, Iwbich M rtmarkaMy fertile, an4 Contaiin, 36. Nlden- fltin, a very antient town, , and, 37. NfenchaaTen, one .of tlie few ttigh hoipitah of Heft. ^t. Hornber);, oh tlie Efle, givn name to a bailiwie, which conta^nii, '^9. .Wabern, a viHage. 40. Boifcen |^vn name to a biiliwic. 41. Ticyh, on the Schwalm. 4a. N^wkirchcn, give* lume to a bailiwic. 43. Tnttatt, a town on the Wnrt, ' llteiohgs jointly to Mems, Saxony, and Hefle. 44. Wan- , fried, at the conflm of the Wcrra and Frieda. 45. Son- V 4iaf ivca name to a bailiwic. 46. Wigmhaufen i* in the .. baihwic of Lugwigfiein. 47. PidTais, a rvinated caftle, givet name to a lorafliip. .^v 48. 'I'Ub large town of Frankenbftrg, ot Frankcnaw, i< •■! the river Edcr, is twcnty-ftre milrs north ftom Mar- . ryun. Uftandsiifiern mitesfouth-eaftofWaldec, in th« weiiernmoA bound* of the landgravate of Upper Hefle, Ibwards Wcftphatia. In 1590, fome mines of filter and copper were difcovered here, but they turned to little ac- - iCO«n(. 49. Sacbfenburg is about fix miles welt of FraiN kenburg : here are the ruins of an old fort, built by the -;^ lauticm Saxons. • 50. The town of Aldsfeld, one of the moil antient in •IMI*, is lunctecn miles eaft firom Marparg. The town- ■;■%' Jioofe if a handfomc building, and over the doors is a .' inonHinent in remembrance of the lire, with a Latir. in- ' icripdon, denoting, " that when things arc irrecoverably )oft, it it the bed way to forget them." This wu the firft town in Hefle Uutembnud the Reformation by Lu- ^jlher. •, 51. On tFie river Lahn ftands the good town of Gief- Sen, in Upper Hefle ; it i* eleven miles fouth from Mar- j^Jpuig, and thirty right north from Frankfort. It is de- •Jcnoed by a ftrone wall, and regular fortilications, and ' Jiath a well furnilned arfenal. Its trade it drefling and iiiUing of cloth. The rovalty of tlie town it, according .to fome authon, divided betwixt lite landgraves of Caflet ' «nd Darmftadt. It has four gates, and as many fpaciout flrcets, with a f(}uare, or market-place in the centre. The ' compafs of its dnch is about an hour's walk. It has but one great church, dedicated to St. Pancras, which (lands ill the middle of the town, with a high flecple, and a fine fing of bells. The governor refides in the caflle, at the caftend of it. It it governed by a council and a magiflrate, belides the officers of the landgrave. It has a fair &tween Eafler and Afccn'^on day, which lafts a week. Round the neighbourhood are feveral caflles, as Solmi, Konigf- buig, jhetsburg, Glcibcr, Sec. S2. The town of St. Goar, cipital of the lower county, ,,,. is fituated on the weft fide of the Rhine, jj. Goerihau- r. fen u a fmall town on the eaft fide of the Rbiiw, oppofite to St. Goar. 54. Rcchenbuig. 5^. Ciranan is one of the four called the high hofpitalt ot Hefli;. 56. Langen- fchwalbac, in the bailiwic of Hobenftcin > where is Bke- wife, Hatlftlialcrlead, a celebrated medicinal bath. $7, <6, f9, 60, 61, 6a, 63, 64. Allcndorf, Homberg, Romrod, Ubiickftein, Grimhtrg, Kirdorf, GrvA)enau, aiid Scbotten, give name to bailiwica. 65. Laolerbach. 66. Nidda, ufl'a river fo called, gives name to a coumy. 67, 68, 69, 70. Sturnfelt, Uingenheim, Lilburg, and Butabacli, all give names to baihwics, though the three firft are only caftles. 71. Upper Rotbach, gives name to a bailiwic. On the fifth of November, 1757, the kingof Pruflia ob- tained a great victory here over the French army. 7a. Philipftc. 73. Koningtbeig gives iMine to a tailiwic 74. Br deiKap. 7 c. Baitenberg, on the Eder, give* name to a bailiwic which river. 77. Thal-ltter, creAed in the year 1 745. 79. Great Gerace. io. Jogerf- burg, gives name to a bailiwic. St. Hofbeim. one of tlie four hi^h Itofpiuls of Hefle, i« fituated ill the bailiwic «f Doinbere. 82. Reinheint, watered by the Genifprens. 9j. Great Umftadt. on the Odeiiwaldc, give* name to a diftriA. S4. EpAein, give* name to a lordihip. 8f. Zwingcnburg, on the Berge-Strafze, gives name to a baili- wic. 86. Uraiibacb, on the Rhine, gives name to a baili- wic. 87. Enit. 88 Old Catxenclleitbogen gives namt to the county, and alfo to the village and pirifli. %(). I'lie town of Darmftadt it fituated on a river of the fame name, at ilic diftance of twelve miles fouth from Frankfort on the Maine : it is inclulied by palifadoet, and defended i>y a nrong cauie, which is ibe landgrave'* pa- lace i and. lor better Iccurity of tlic country, there are two (bru, one on tlie Rhine, named Markburg, or Marien- btti^ : and tlie otlier on tlie Maine, called Ru^Uieim. I contain*, ]6. Hatcfeld, on the lame 78. Freyftadt, on tlie Rhine, The palace t« a princely fttuAure, and bas a fpadou* pr- den, abounding with all fort* of fruiti, and yielding an- nually great owaiitities of rich wine*. 'llie landgnve liaa befidei, two line pteafure-houfe* two mile* from hence, Kranchftein and Srn, having cliallengcd one another to this exercife, feveral of the Franconian nobility, and nine of the Hcffians, vver^. killed on fbot. It it a nat, even country, with a graveilv foil, which produces excellent pulfe, and is interiperrcd Widi woods, through which are cut noble roads. The deer come fome- times dofe to the pillifadoes of the town, there being no province in Germany more proper for hunting, nor in Europe where there are more deer i the great plenty of which is very tfoublefome to tlie poor peafants, who are •broad dav and night to watch their fields, the prince be- ing Q> jealous of the game, as to reckon it as bad as murder for any one to kill a deer. The tfountv of Sponheim it fituated between the Rhine and the Mofelle. It was antiently divided into Hither and Farther, the former of which is now commonly called the county of Sponheim, and the otlier that of Starkenborg. Three-fifths of the Hither county . belong to the clcftor palatine, and the remaining two-fifths to Ithe prince of Baden- Baden. The principal places in this County are, i . Kreniznach, or Creutsnaeh, the capital ; it is a well-built town, divided by the river Nahe i0lo the Old and New Town*. The firft emperors of the Franks had a palace here, in which tkey fometimcs rcfidcd. a. Spanhcim. 9. Kirchbcrg, give^ name to a bailiwic. 4. Naumburg, alio give* name to a bailiwic. One half of the Fartlier county beloup to the duke of Dcux-ponts Biikentiild, and tlie other to the prince of Baden- Baden. The m«|ft confiderable places are, 1. Starkenburg, a caflle on the Mofelle. 2. Trarbach, or I'ranerbach, a fnaali town en the Mofelle. 7. Hoiftcin, which give* name to a bailiwic. 4. Birkcnfeld, a fmaU town. Sohn, a ptincipahty and county, is fituated between Lorrain and Lower Alface i and, to diftineuilh it from the county of the fame name in th< dodiv of Luxemburg, it it called the Upper County, and the other tlie Lower. The princes of Solm arc now divided into two branches, vi^. Hoogftrat, or Solm-Zufalm ; and Leutz-Loes, or Solm- Kirburg i each of whicfi votes alternately at the diets, and poflefle* an equal fliare of the eflatet belonging to the for- mer count*. Nalbu principality lie* moftly in the Wctteraa. The length of it is computed at about fifty miles, and tlie breadth thereof about thirty. I'hougli it is in general woody and mountainous, there are fome fine paftnret and corn-lands in it, befidet excellent baths and mineral waters, and feve- ral mine* of iron, lead, copper, and other metals. The principality i* divided into leveral counties belonging to the dimrent blanches of the family, which is one of the moA anttciN and illuflrious in Europe, having produced, bcfidc* many other great heroes, Adolphus, emperor of Germany, and king William Hi. of Great Britain. The elder line, or that of W'alram, confifts, at prefent, of the branche* of Naffau Saarbruc-Ufingen, Naflau-Saarbruc- Saarbruc, and NafTau Weilburg. The reprefentative of the laft of thefe married the late prince of Orange'* only fifter. The other line, or that of Otho, which confided formerly of the feveral branche* of Natiau-Sicgen, which wa* fopiih, Na(Giu-Uillcnbui]gh, Diet*, and Hailamar, is now reduced to that of Naraiu-Diets, the repicfentative of which, William V. prince of Orange, enjoys all the territories tliat belonged to the other branches, and on ac- cou-:tof them hat feveral votes in the diet of the empire, and thofe of this circle, and Weflphalia. All the brandies pay a (urtieular and chamber-taxation ; but thofe of the eloer Iviio have n« feat, or vote*, in the college of the princes of ih.: empire, being enly membcn of that of the Impe- rial Wctterau court*. Moft of tlie princes and inliabitaiiit are Calvinifts. The chief place* in this principality are, 1. Dietz, the capital of another county, hckinginc to anotlier branch of the Naflau facq'.ly, of which the prince ot Orange is the head, i* pleafantly fituated on the river Lahn, nine mile* eaft fi-oro Nafliiu, and nineteen fouth-eaft from Cohlcni^ \ it it walled, and liai '>vo tiiu- ca(U«i, or towtis, l^aiuliti); UJ.-011 [€ U R O P £.] O fi R M A N Y. Ms upon two hillt in the town. It bu a brUft ««cr llu riwr< which communintet with Pftgen-Dicn. It had « col- kgiate church, fubjeA toih«eMa«r a#Ti«rw ; but fince the reformuion, the leYW i B M tuen been aMlied tA the xm- TcHity of Herboro. Th* county in whicn this to«- lie* K about fourteen mile* long, and ten braat! { it is ony andhiilv, hat plenty of vanifbn and flieep; but i.i the rallies there it com and wino enoogh for the inhabiiantt. It it fiiuated between the lower county of Cataencllebocen, the lord(hipt of Idftein and Wilhadcn, and the arcnbi- fliopric ot Trete*. a. Kirbetg, belonging iaintly to Naflku' Diets and Ufingeni in a walled town, which give* name to a bailiwic. 3. Weilmoniler, on the Weilbach, civet name to a bailiwic. 4. Lahnberg, which with iti bailiwic, it held in common by Niflau-Weilborg and Naflau-Dictz. 5. Mehfenberg, with itt bailiwic, belong* to KaiTau-Weilbarg. 6. Kleebur^, givet name to a baia- wic, which belongt to Naflini-Weilburg and Hefle>Darm- iladt : to the latter alfo belongt the large country town of Kcichelflicim, in the county of Wcilburg, and other cftatet. 7. Kircheim Poland, with itt bailiwic, belongt to Nafliiu- Wcilburg. 9. Gelbeimi a. Hanftetten j 10. Idfteini It. Burgi 12. New-Saarwerden; 13. Ufingen; 14. Bleidenftalt; and, ic. SchwalbKh, are all inconii- dcrable town* I but, 16. Wiflibaden it a handfomc, po> puloul town, fitiiated on the Rhine, and noted for itt « arm batht. 1 7. Bibarich, it a village on the Rhine. 18. Weilbnrg, a handfome town on the river Lahn, which give* name to' a country, and title to the prince thereof, who hat a fine palace and garden* in the town. Ovrr the river it a fione bridge, and in the neighbonrhood of the town it a large menagerie, and a pleafikic houfe. i^. Nifftn, a fmail town on the Lahn, near which for- merly ftood Naflan-bew, a very antientcaftle, whidi wu the original (eat of the family. Part of the bailiwic, named ^om the town, belongs to NalGiu-Dieta, another to Naf- {^11- Wcilburg, and another to Naflau-Uiinaen j and* of , thatofCam&rg adjoinini; Naflau-Ltjets, and thedeAor ofTriert, are joint proprictort. 10. Schieiftein. 21. Lahn on the Scbutter, gives name to a lordfhip. aa. Otiweilar. 93. Saarbruc, on the Saar. 24. Homberg, on the Wef- gaa, gives name to a bailiwic. Tlte county of Waldec is bonnded, on the footb, by Hefle; on the north, by the diocefe of Paderbom i on the caft, by the Hefle, aniid the bailiwic of FritzUr, in tbeelec- torate of Mcntz ; and, on the weft, by the duchy of Weft- plialia. It* length it compiited at about twentv-toor milts, and itt breadth at twenty. It yieMt iron, lead, copper, nu'ble, date, mineral Airing, arid abonndt ir grain, wood, and cattle. Gold it iometimet founj in the river Edrr. The inhabitant* in general are Lmherant. The ftatet confift of the nobility and townt. There are fome woollen nanufaQuriet, befide* tbofe of iron and paper, in the county. The title of the femiW of Waldec runi tb» : " Waldec, prince of the facred Roman empire, coant of Pyrmont ana Rappolftein, lord of Hohenec and Gerolfix, fcc." The females, however, are only counteflb. The prince has not yet obtained a feat and voice among the- Kincet, in the diet of the empire, but in that of the circle luu. To the empire, his quota for WaUcc it fiitir borfe and eighteen foot, or one hundred and twenty florin* monthly, in lieu of them, and to the chamber of Wett- lar fiity-feven ria-dollan, and fevcnty-four knitsen. The county i» a fief of Hefle- CaRel, the fucceflion to which was iitft fettled on the eldeft fon and hi* iflue, in the year 1(97. Here are the ufual courts and college*, for the go- vernment of the county, and the adminiftiatioo of juflice. The revenue of the county it faid to amotuit to above one hundred tboufand ria-dollart per annum, and the prince generally maintaini five companie* of foot. The chief place* are, 1. Corbach, the capital of the county, divided into the Old and New Town, which con- taint a gynmafuim and two chnrchet. 2. Lower Wel- dungen, fo allied to diflinguifh it from Old Weldungen, a fmaU town witli a caftte, called Frederickftein. Theie are fome mineral fprings in itt neisbourhood. 3. Mengering- haufen -, 4. Sachfenhauien i j. Rhoden, 6. Sachfcnberg; 7. Landau: 8. Freienhagen ; 9. Waldec; 10. Zufchen; II. Furflenherg ; which are all fmall townt. 12. Arotfen, near the river Aart. 13. Adorf, a village in the bailiwic ofKifcnbcrg. 14. Kleinern, a village m the bailiwic of Waldec. The county of Hanau-Munxenberg it forty milet in i^notii. Kwt itm mr»t,tfiP^ brcsdth is "ot £Dcve twelve. It Is fertile in corn, wood, wine, fruit, and produce - likewife Ult, cobalt, filvcr, and copper. The riven art, th . Maine, No, 63. Khmi, tnd Nidda. ThtfcftabUAedfiligianirCaltiil' ifm, bat Lmheraiu and Roman cadkolk* an tolcfaie^. It i* a popniom Anafry, «nd tamt'dlm hi manofii^iifM tnd conoieto*. The chief plada* at*, 1. tUon, Ha tfipital, ithich give* name to it, fitnated 00 the river Kimeg, which divMea.it hito the Old and New Towii*, both of which are forti- fied. The New Totm it regular and handfone : it wu built at firft by Flemifli and French tefiigee*, who bad great privil^e* granted to them. The caftle, fat which the counts nlcd to refide. and which ftand* in the Old Town, is fortified,, and ha* a fine flower-garden, with com- modioo* apartmenta, but makes no great appsaranee. A canal run* firom the town to the Maine, e empire, and the college of the imperial coiunu of the Wetterao ; they have four vote*, and the like number in the diet* of this circle. Th^ line* of Braunfcit and Ho> hen Solmt are Calviniftt, that of SonnenwaM catholic, and all the reft Lutheran. - The chief placet worth mentioning, in the territory of Solmt-Braunfclt, are, 1. Bnnnftb, a town fiMaled on a high-hill i near it it a paiaoe, firondy fotdfied in the aa- tient manner, and giviiw name to a oailiwic, which, with the town and caftle, befong to the Btaanfeb branch, and contirint, befide* other place*. Lean, or Lein, a finall town on the Lahn ; Alianbnrg, a pr«raionftrateiifian«on- vent for ladies, near which theteiheft court in Ae county i« held in the open air, nnlefi in fiormy wcMherj aAd Burg- Solmt, a village. Thi* bailiwic aponndt in giain and cattle, and hat (eveni iton-iniiie* and wooda in it. 2. Greifenfiein, which give* name to a bailiwic. j. Him- gen, on the Horloff, in that part of the loidfliip of Mun- senburg which behmgt to thu fkmily. In the fiime part of thit lordASp ftand* alfo Arenfbutg^, a ikh abbey of Bemardinet, lubjeQ to the archbifliop of Meota, the re- venue of which i* (aid to amount to thirty thovfiuid florins. 4i S>6- Wolfolheim, Gambap, and Hohcn-Solnu, all give name* to bailiwict, and the latter contaiiu a pabce. 7. Utphe, on the Hotloff, givet name to a bailiwic. 8, 9. Lech and Laubach, on the Wetter, do the (asK. Ex- cellent fttller't earth it found in great abundance in the neighbourhood of the latter. The chief placet in the territory of Solmt-Rodolheim, are, i. RodeUieim, on the Nidda, which givet name to a bailiwic. a. Allenbeim, fituated at the conflux of the Nidda and Wetter, and gi«c* name to a bailiwic. The county of Upper Ilenbuig it To called to diftingnifli it from Lower Ifenburg en the Lower Rhine, Itwu made a county in 1442, having been only a lordlhip be- fore. It contains wood, corn, and wine, it well-watered, and belongt partly to the hou(e of Ifenburg, on account of itt portion of thit county, bat a (eat in the diets of thi* circle, and alfo among the Wetltraa counts. TK» ..rinMMi *.i»rM are, s. Birl&sitt. s. ^V^mmmSs. 3. Langen-Diebacb, and O^badi, on the Maine t all of which bekng to the prince of Ifenbutg-Birflein. 4. 7 T H»ya- ^6 The NEW and UNI Vfi RSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. |]»]r;M(U-Pl)ey^iiU). $• Ner ircoborg, 'faelongii^ »> ftlM f boveripentioned prince. 6. iBiwiiogen, wlifc^^()H||i f fisaU towjD. U tbp capital of the whpWcoaiMry. Itgivft name to a diftriA, -.vhidt, with two other}, bewpga- 1« ittie (to,af\f of licafaerg-Budiiueii, whp lu* a palace in the ^wi>: there is a pvk for oeer, will) (ome «iiteyar MeerbQl^, 90 the ^iver Km%eg, gi ts aatne to > diftria. 8. Wachiterfbich, f ivei name to f. ().'i\\ei&, wkicb, with the town and two other diftriAi, btlongtothe oowtti of Ueubiug-Wacb- icr/bach. The county of Kooigftein liej in the Wetterau, 9long a ridge of luountjUQt ;CidIed the Hohe. The eldSor of ^lenu at prefcpt poSfSet r>early the whole of the county, a fin^U part only oeingheldby thewunts of Stolbetg, wbp, Itcwevcr, claini the jivholei accoidirtgly a procefs w»i pre- jferred to the aWUc poviuril about die title to it. la the mean time both theb priocet vote, on account (if it, in |be diet of tlie Upper J^vne, and both are member^ of the cojj^e of the iippf^ria) Wetterau counts. Mcatc p«ys eighty florins of the natficular »^flincBt for KonigfteiM, and Stolberg twenty. . The only piapes in th>< foupty, worth notice, are. i. Sodcn, a free imperial yilUge. %. Geudern. 3. Ran- jElaJI. 4. Ordenburjg. 5. JConigfteia. 6. Uppcr-Urfc^. J. Vilbel, which gives oaaaetv a'dUUi^l. Ths territories of the Wild, Wajd, or Rau-Graves, wefe i» denominated from their rou|h apd woody appearance : which, as well -as thofe of tl-f KbiperGi^ef, lie dijTpcrfwl tihowt the Rhine, beMucn Bafil and Bonn. In the twelfili ■ century, the territories of the former devalred to the latter, frpm whom arc iprung the counts of Sa|m, thofe of Grum- bach, the Rhine -Graves of Steii>, and WildrG raves pf Ckun and Kirbuig. The Wild and Rhine-Grave lands are mollJy fiefs. Each reigning bopfe (iu and votes in the diets of this circle, and in thofe of the empire, in the coUegp of the impcfiai erupts of the Wetterau, paying each a matricular aflcfliiacnt, and alfo to the cbamlwr at Wctelar. 7°he principal places in the territory of the oMintt of Grumhadi ace, i. Grumbach, which gives name to a lordHiip and baihwir, near the river Glan, and affording amethyfts, coriulian*, agate, inochas, &c }. Troneben, on the I'ron, give* name to a lord/hip which coiuains Tal- fang, a maikct-towH, and fourteen hule villages befides. TIte Kbia -Grsvei of Stein contain only Rhingrafcuftein ajtd WildcubiHg, thfc large viUi^e of Warfiall aud Greh- wieiler. " In the WiUuth-wc(l of Worms, and north-weti from Spice. Tliis countv, which borders upon Frankcndale, is Ih^rfd amotig four oranches of the family, who take their naine of diftinAion from the fcveral parts of it in their ppflplTion. The county of Linege, properly to called, is a &sir of the bilhop of Mentz, and therefore it wu united to France in i68t, but by tiie treaty of Ryf> vIp thoCb.cQunls were reroftablilhed in their antient flate, and they are therein exprefily ftylcd the counts of Leinin- A^ii. The pfincipat places in it are. New Leiningen, Xvirche!iQ«Gruuila4t. apd Lanfhc;im. The other brandtei • of thefi:. counts, who are all I^^therana, are in pofledion of Hartenbiwg. Jn the middip of the palatinate, not far from Worms i Wefterbour^ in Wetteravia ; Dachibourg, iu the Weilrcich, in Alface; and firoich cattle on the Rhine, near Duilbourg. Falkenilcin county belong* entirely to the emperor, but contains only Winweiler, which gives name to a bailiwic, and Falkenftein, a froall town defended by a cattle. Reipoltzkirchen lordttiip belongs to the co^nt of Hille> (hcim, which inlitles him to a feat and voice iu :hc dicta of the circle ; the lordlliip of Kirchingen alfo admits (he couot of Wied-Runkiel to the fame privilege. The county of Witgcnftoin, which is about eiglitecu .miles ill length, aud fourteen in breadth, is environed by the tpratoriet of Hefle-Daraittadt, Naflau-Dillenburg, and the duchy ofWeftphalia. It produces little grain, but good pafture, and plenty of wood, with mines of (ilvcr, caliper, and iron, and is watered by the rivers Lahn and Eder. The counts, who arc of the fame family as tholis of Sayn, are divided into tlic two branches of Sayn-Wit- genttein,and Sayn-Wirgenftein ofiierleburg. The county uititles both branches to a vote in the college of the Wet' terau counts, both at the diet of the empire, and thofe of this circle. The revenue of the county of Witgenftcin, induding that of the lordlhip of Homburg, which lies be- tween the iduchy of Berg aiul county of Mark, and beloiig* to the countj[i of Witgcnfteio, is computed at fifty thoufan4 rix-doUars. The only places in this county, deferving notice are, t. Witeenttein, near which ttands Laafphe, a (rnall town «f the Lahn. 2. Berleburg, a fmall town qu id.» littk river Berleo*. SECT V. Conttialng a iijcrlfthn tfthi ctrclt iftht Lov/ir Ubint, in Jhnral Mvi/fims, ttrwnt, riviri, produu tf tb* rtjpi£tiv4 ttimirits, tiadi, wumufeCluris, lie. THIS divifion of Middle Germany is boqjnded, on the cad, by Franconia, and the lower part of the circle of the Upper Rhine j on the wett, by the upper part of tlic circle of^tlie Upper Rhine, Lorrain, and Luxcm- burg i on the north, by Weftphalia ; and, on the foutli, by luat of Swabia. Excluiiveaf the palatinatr, this circle contains the three arcbbifhoprics and deflorate of Mcuti, Triers or Treves, and Cologne. Tlie diets art held a| Frankfort on the Maine « and the eleftor of Mentz is the fununoning prince and direAor of it. It is one of tliofe called the anterior' circles ; and it as generally equalled the Upper Rhine in its contribution to the empire. Mentz, which is both an archbifhopric and an elcdoratc, lies on the banks of the river Maine, between the deflo- rate of Triers, on the weft ; the palatinate on the foudi ; Frsnconia on the eaft i and the Wcitcrau on the north. It is about fixty miles ia length, and fifty in breadth. Q)^; % * Kereiipe l>eg leave to make our molt grateful acknowlsd^nents to our very t»mntm SutJi:rHtrt,in6 to alTure them, that it gives lu a pleafing fatisfaflion to find our Uiourt to inform and inttrxmn are received with furh univtrfcl afprt- id//«»both at bimt and ahruii xnuiy/ett of the Numbin, as far as are alrtaiy puil\Jbtdy having been latelv fcnt for from manv F*rti^n CcuHrin; as well as from the moft rtmtit pans of England, Scotland,. Inland, and cur Csltnlts. lo t ttbtr uiprlt of this kind, (againft which the Putli< have juflly and hudlj (implainU, on account of the hadntfs of thr 'aptr, and wrttcbtd printing |— om account of tbtir limiti, which are dther li» confiatd, or purptfely run lo an txtrav.igant ngtb to impifi on the purchaftr i— and, on account of their ctpptr platet, which were crigine/ly JhnmMly ccarfe, and now tnlirik wcrn »«/,) h&% refpefiing the d'fi^tnt iftitni have been m/A'^rz/cBr/i/ through the cartltjfnip ot •.^nurantw of the tcmpitiri, (o that perfons could, oy no maanii, depend upon thci.- unciinnii}id jumble of contradiitory e.teunlt. On the contrary, we have, by the moR faithful rtfiarchti, and from tommuniteliins ntvtr madt tt any cthti Gtegrathni, leprefaited the aatitnt and prtfint Jlott of the fvorld at /dr/f ; and having pledged aurfulvcs in our origiiial propoHils ta give the public J Ntw, Ctmpittt, andVniwrJal Sj/lem of Giogrtophy, we reft fatisfird with the full pcrfuafion of having Sunaual/y WnhiTto fulf/ltd our tngagemtnts . At the fanve time we can aver, that not a number has been publifhrd, but contains, either In the matter or the embellifhments, much intcrcfting information, which may wi'h ftriil truth be ftlled ntU) and tnttrlaimng, and which is not to be found in any work of the like kind hitherto publiHird, or now put- lifhing, by thofe whofconly dcfigo in oppoCtion, is lo anfwer pecuniary and felfintcrctted purpcfes. Hence by much labour and afltduity, we have eitablifhed what wa* our chief ambition, an honelt reputation. We have nothing tu fear from the unmeaning conditions and deluding promifes of envi'}us coinpctiters. L:t every one examine and cobi- pare our prrtenfions, and e>ve merit, wherever tound, the preference. For our parts, rrgardlcfs of the paltry artifices of iiiteretted perfons, we fha)! continu': to hold the fcale <^ Impartiality and accuracy with an equal h^ind. \Vr Oiai'i neilber leffcn our original plan of Eighty Numbert, the Mtraordini^ry largt fitt of our pagu, thefullntft of printing, nor •ur endeavour* to ih/drrn and pliaji\ truth (hall ftiil guide our p;n, and ag unibaken intrgrity infiuince tne whole of •ur public conduit, with regard to the henturablt (ompltlitn of TMU Riajl Ntw, Courttn, Univbi«al, and Authentic SYSTEM Of GEOGRAPHY. r a ' • . £dcs [E U R O P E.l C E RM A N y. '#■■ AND fides tlw Maine, it it watered by three 'Otker frinoipal ri- ven, Mmely, |he Rhinv, the Jwm, and Ihe Lahn. It it in geneml, exaeediiiK fertile, and prodnoet great plentv of oorn, cattle, winet, h-tiiM, (alt, fln, lobaceo, and timBen b haib fcvcral kind* of manufiiftiireit particularly thoTe of wbf>llen and Unan cloth, giaft mirron, and porcelane, in which, and in wine, almonds, chcrnnti, flax, and to- bacco, a confiderable trade ii carried on with the placet , comiguoui to it. Ttw predominant religion of the eleAoraie n the Roman catholic, bjt iltere are tlill many proteftanti in feveral placet : however, at thii eountnr is undsr the dominion of an ccclefiaftic of the Romiut the year 1450 r ihoi^hRime have fifeft aeooant of beoki printed 1^ Cofter fo early at 1410, tit 143a. Tfiit uiiifial «t, hoivever, fineaditteNFfroin Mentt- in a fliert tiine, and is fuppofed tfthava been brought intft England, from Haerlern in 146S, by Lasten, -> Afchaffenburg is the next principal place in theeleAoraW of Menta : it is fittaied' on the conflux of the rivulet AfchaflTand the Maine. Hereiaa-finecaftia, in which the eleAor frequently nefides during the feafen for hunting in' the Spafliirt, together with a eolle^ate church, a colfege, and. a large cloiiier. 1°be town gives name to a Iniliwic, in which are alfo Ofnabarg, a fmall town ; Dettingen, •' village on the Maine, remarkable for a battle fought near it ill 1743, between the Englifh and French ; and Seligen'^ ftadt, a town filuated on the Maine, with a Baiediaina cloifier, the abbot of which ftiles biin&lf lord of Geifal^ bach, Omerlbach, and Hofftaden. 2. On the weft fide of thcHbine it fitoated the plealiini, neat, and little town of Bingen. It hat a caftle, which ftands on a hill, and overlooks the town. It it fifteen' miles weft from Mentz, and was formerly an imperiaf city ; but it is now fubjeft to the dean and ch«p*«r of Ments. It hat a handfbicie ftone bridge over the river Nahe, which runt through the town, and empties itfelf into the Rhine : a toll it levied here for whatever patfel' ua or down the Rhine, whicli it twice m broad, at thitr place, as the Thames it at London. Not far from this town is the celebrated Bingerlocb,' where the Rhine it confined between two high rockt,' which, with the water- fiill occafioned by the river Nahe't- emptying itfelf there into ibe Rhine, makes diis patTagV vety dangerous. At a finall dilbince from hence, in ah ifland or rock on the Rhine, is the famous Maufc-thurm, that is, the Mice or Ratt tower : fome think this tow«fr was fo called from the Germans giving the name of rati to the officers- that were placed in it to levy the tails. 3. The town of Fritzlar, on the river Edos, is prettf ftrong : it contains two collegiate chu[ches, with an (Jr- fuhne nunnery. It gives name to a territory which lie* betwixt Lower Hefle and the county of Waklix, and hat the fmall town of Naumberg in it. 4. The fmall town of Miltenbtng, onthe Maine, con- taint a caftle, a Francifcan cloifter, and gymnafiam. It gives name tq a diftriA, in which it Prodgetm, a fmaU town on the Maine. 5. Eltvit, or Elfeld, a fmall town five miles weft from Menta, has a ftrong caftle, and it tho capital cf the Rheingao, a track lying along tlie Rhin»t in Which are ftvcral other fmall town^ and cleiftert. 6«' Cronberg is a fmall town fituated on a noiontain, tbi inhabiuntt of which ate partly Ptotaftantt, and portly Ro- man catholics. The diftriA which it gives name to, con* ' ' taint fome fine woods, with great numbers of ^efnut and other fruit treet. Thia town once belonged to the land'- -^ grave of Heflfe." "• The archbifhdpric and ekdoraee of Triert, or Ticvei,->j is fituated betwtcn Cologn, Bern, and Juliets, on the ^ north I Lorrain and the palatinne, on the tooth ; Lnxem- burg, on the weft i and Wetterau on the eaft. It extendt about eighty milts from north to fouth, and itt breadth from eaft to weft it about fixty. It it watered not only b^''*^^. the Rhine and Mofelle, but alfo by the Saar and Kyll. :- On the bankt of the two former the country is populoutf -), - and fruitful inoorn and wine, but elfewhere inountainoiw f and woody, yet abounding in game and acid brings, aa' *f alfo in itsetalt and minerals of various kinds. The flatea;'i confift of the prelates or abbots, with the reprefentativaa : of the clergy, and of certain towns. The inhabitants are |: all papifts, except in fuch places as the eleAor pofleflcs itt '^\ common with other princes, where there are fome pro* ^(i ttftants. Under the arehbilhop are five archdeacons, anil .« fubordinate to thofe, twenty provincial deans. The an- 'i ' tient Treveri, from whom the city of Triers and tUe elec- j torate take their name, were a very warlike pe<^le ; their general, Ambiorix, cut ofTa whole Roman army. They worfhipped Mars and Apollo, till Conftantine eftablilbed Chriftiaiiity among them ; but at what time the bilhoprie and archbilhopric were created, is uncertain : the cliurch of Treves, however, it commonly accounted the moft antient in Germany. The chapter, which clefts the arch- bifliop from among themfelves,' and make him fwear to t capit'ihition, confifts of fixteen capittitary canons, ail at whom are oif a noble defctnt. At every new aleftion, the pope rewiyct kf f«at» for confinaatieo, Ae paUioow itt The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. hill (br UlnUi, ot firft.frnfti. The arcbicpirceprf tide it, -*• By ttognce of God, archbifhop of Trevc*. of th* holy Roman oupiiv ibroagheut Oaul, and rti« kinadom M Arl«s, areh-chainxllor and tleiior, wd aUb adfliUMftfator ef Pnim." He U the fecond elcAor in rwik, »nd bM tht firft voice at the eJeAion of an emperor. The tolU on (he MofeUe and Rbiac. hit demcfnet, and hit office of noble J|«ardian of the ininort, witb the tixet heiayt on hit nbjeOi, aic fappofed to bring bim in aboat feventy thou- &ad poondi per annum. Fo^ the government of this cligftOTate, and the adn»ini- flration of juftice, hcfidet tlie regency and rcvifion court, there arc two antic jodicatoricir to which appeali lie from the inferior courts. There arc aMo two fpititual high couiti. The bereditarv offieert ire the marlbal^ the cbam- kriain, the fewer, and cup-bearer. The regular troops ■wintained by the cMlot, befidet a militia, amount to betwen eleven and twelve hundred, befidet a life guard of foitjr men. AmeMg other pierogativet, be hat power to banifli excommunicaiBd periont out of the empire, if they do not reconcile themfelvet to the church within a year, and be may take pelleffion of the eftatct of miiiori till they are of age. He hu alfo a right to re-unite all the fieta of tlie diocefe, upon ftilure of beirt, to tlie domaint of hit church. Hit fubje^t may appeal to the chamber of ttie empire, in all cauiet above one tboa&nd florins. In tbii rkAorate arc the following remarkable phcet v via. I. Trien, or 1 revet, the capital of the aidibilnopric Tliii town it iituatcd on the MofeUe, over which it bat a taandfome ftone bridge. It is iiaty mtlet weft of Menta, fifty- two fouib of Cologne, and eighty-two north of Straf- )mt|h i and viet with moft in Europe for antiquity, luiv- Ing been a large and noted town before Augultus fcilled a colony in it. It was free and imperial till the year >$^o, when it Wat ftrptilcd and fubjeAed by itt arcbbilhop Jamea III. The private buildtrtgs are very mran, and tlie city is neither well- fortified or inhabited. The ca- thedral i» a laige Getbic edifice: and in it they pretend to have our Saviour's coat and St. Peter's iaff« to which tliey afcribe miracles. Near the cathedral it (be elcAor't GJace, which was a few years ago rebailt, and it a tolem- e handfoine building. Here are three collegiatt and five parilh churches, thiriren momileries and itunneties, an nniveriity founded in 147a, a houiiioftheorder of Malta, trith fome remains of Uie aniiem Roman tbtatre, and alfo a houie of the Teutonic order. There it, near Treves, a fmall town An tb« Mofellr, called PfabacI, where, in the time of tlie Romant, ftood a palatium. It givet name to a diftrift, in whirh it Conx, a berougb on the Saar, over ^hich it a bridge. 2. The large toim of Coblcnts it the next capital place ID Triert in thii elcAorate. It it fitoattd near the conflux of the MofeUe and Rhine, diirty-five milct nortb-weit finom Menta, forty fontb-caft finm Cokcne, and fifty- two north-caA from Triert. It it well built, and ftrengly fortified ; and bat a bridge of boats over the Rhine, and atiother of itone, conufting of fonilecn uchet over the MofeUe. The Romans had a fort at thiMDwn, and the firft kingi of the Fcanfci frequently refided in it. Here are feveral collegiate and other cburcbet, befidet nionaf- teriet and nunneriet, a gyniiufium, an archiepifcopal fcminarv, and a caftle. Nearly oppofite to Coblentx, on the other fide of the Rhone, it Hermanftein, or Ebfenbreitein caftle; an inp- pregnaMe fort, well defended by outworks, on tlie fummit of a fieep rocky bill, which commandi the city and t'lc two riven. I: it rfleemed one of the ftroneeft citadels in Gernuny ; and the aflent to it it by a winding road cut out of the ny-k, in the courii; of which are four hand- fome gatet. On the outermoft gate there is a flatue of brafi, about fifteen feet high, leprefentine the Virgin MaiT with the infitnt Jefot in her amu, and a lily in one hana : in the middle of the citadel it a fquare, on one fide of which it the gowernor't boulei and in the other three are iMgaxinet and barrackt. Among other curiofities, here it a prodieious cannon, faid to be the largeft ever feen. It is eighteen fieet and a half long, a. foot and a half diameter in die bore, and tliree feet four incites in ibe breecb.. The ball ir^ade for it to carry weight one hun- dred and eighty pounds, and itt charge of powder is ninety four pounds. The infcription on it only intimatet, that it was founded in 15291 bv one Simon. In another Iquare it a very fine fountain, being a lar^e bafon of ftone, in tit; centre of whkh ftandt a marble oiUar on a braft pedef- : tal, with the elcdor't armt furronn^d with four dofpbina of the fame metal. On the top of this column is a ftatue '' of the Virgin M.i bruifuig tlie hoiid of the fcipenti which If,- is allb of braft, earance. In this elcAoraie are the following principal cities and towiu ; vi». 1. Cologne, the capital, and fifom which the eleAorate is named. It is feated on tlie Rhine, in the fame latitude at the Ifleof Wi^bt, 20 milet ibnrii-«aic from DoflUdorp, 1 6 eaft of Juliers, 40 north from Coblentx, 60 aSi from Macfiricht, 6S north of Triers, 70 fouth of Munfler, G fe k ^t A K V. [E U R O t» fe.J lUij^lfer: ekhty-two nonh-#eft otlAetiti tnd Nime|{uen, 1^0^ Brufllfi uid Antyfert>, and due' hondrEd and twenty fVbni Amfterdani. THJi ti one of the lirceft citici in Ger- liany, and very confidctable, on account of iti bdildlngi, numWr of inhaoitanii, and ercat trade ia Khenilh wine, •nd otiier COitimoditiei of Gctmaiiy, whicb^ by meant of the Rhine, are brought hither, and trknrportcd to Uolland. It ii a free city, being governed by itt own fenate, which ohiera and judges all civil niatteri and cauftu ; but criminal ones are judged by the cleftot'. It ii tailed* by fome, Secohd Rome, bccaufe of iti fenate, buildingi, and eaieht ; and by othert the Holy City, beciufe of the matiy charcliet l^d leligious boufet in it ; here being, bcfidcs the cathe- dral, 'which ii a very magnificent, though uniinifhed pile, len collegiate, and nineteen parochial cliurclics, alfo thiity-feven monafteries, and great numbers of chapeli and Dofpitali. The walls of the citv are flanked M'iih eighty- two tbwcri, and encompalTed with three deep ditches, lined with fine rowi of trees ; and all the chuiches •ud houfes ate covered with flales. The government of the city is in fix burgomafters, feven •IJermen, and one hundred and fifty common-council, who hold their offices during life ; only two of the burgc- maflers are regents, dMring a year, by turns. The aldermen (or efchevins) are chofen by the archbiOiop, and the (iountil bv the companies of the city. Tlwre are only fifty of the council in power for a year, fo that it returns to the ftme perfont oiite in three -yc \^hen a burgo-mafter dies, the council are empow :d to chule another. Moil of the inhabitants are papifts ; but there are many proteflants, who are the chief Traders. The Lutherans have a church in this city, and the Calvinifts one on the other fide of the Rhine, at Mulheim. Moll of the houfes of the canons and prebends have large gardens and vineyards. In St. Gercon's church, they pretend to fliew one thoafand heads of martyrs who futtered in the reign of Maximinianus. Some of the heads of the pretended virgin martyrs, moft noted for miracles, are kept in cafes of iilver in the church dedicated to St. Urfula, others covered with fluflfs of gold, and fome dave caps of cloth of gold and velvet. Here is alfo a flirine, With a glafs door, through which ihey Ihew, as they pretend, three of the thorns of our Saviour's crown ; and m a niche, on one fide of the altar, there it a baft of alabafter, which tbcy pretend was one of thofe our Saviour caufed to be filled with water at the (narriage of Cana, in order to change it into wine. The whole revenue of this church, sirhicn roufi be conflflerable ^exclufive of the offerings and gifts' made by pilgrims and other devotees), is (aid to lirloiM'WlipUfto anabbefs aiid fix canonefles, who mqft l)e ancountdfes, to do honour to St. Urfula. In the dturch of the Carinelites, the only one in the city, whofe altar is placed'td the eaft, is a pulpit, which paflcs for the filled in Cologne. In the Cordeliers church is the toreb efShe fiimoUs John Scotus, futnamcd the Subtle Doflor, with this epitaph on it : Scotus roe genuit ; Anglia me fuf- oepit i Gallia itie docuit ; Colo lia me tenet. I'he afcent to ihe'iop of (he fteeple of the cathedral is by two hundred and fifty (leps, cacli a foot thick. The choir, wherein are the tombs of fevcral archbilhops, is faid to be the higheft in Germany, aiid the chancel is fupported by four rows of large pillars. The three eaftern magi lie in a large purple /hrine fpotted with gold, fet upon a pcdcfial of brafs, in the middle of a fquare mauloleum, faced within and w thout with marble and jafper. It is opened every morn- ing at nine o'clock, when they are Ihewn lying at full length ; but this is not done except when two canons of the cathedral are prefent. Their heads are bedecked with a crown of gold on each, garniflicd with precious lionet, i'heir names, which are Gafpar, Melchior, and Balthafar, are in purple charaAers upon a little grate, of the fame inclal with that before the Ihriiie, which is adorned with an infinite nuhiber of large rich pearls, and precious ilones i particQiarly an oriental topaz, as big as a pigeon's egg, valued at~-above thirty thoufand crowns. Over- againft them are fix large branches of filver, with wax tandlcs, which burn night and day. It is faid, the bones of (hefe men were brought from Conflantinonle by Helena the motherof Conftantine, from thence to Milan, by Eu- tori^ius bithup of that Ice, and afterwards to this place by arctibiihop Kainold. Here is a very Hourilhing nniverfity, re-eflablifhed in 1 188 by Urban VI. The lown-houfe is a vail fabric, atter the goihic manner, where are feverai rooms adorned with noble paintings, and others full of bows, arrows, bucklers, and all forts of antique arms i particularly a crofs bow of whalebone, 12 t'cct long, eight inches broad. No. 63. 6i# iiid foblr ihetiet tl^ick. f^roiii'tiie ii>'ini of ^ii boufi there It a beautifhl profpefi of the city arid eoniitry ; 01^ tlie frortt of it there li the figure of a inan In bailb retlere, tinga^ed «itli a lioti, rcprellnting one Of thei^ bargO- maftersi who, hiving ckai^fattld their cleray, the* put in a lioii upon him, which he (leW on the (foi. In tbd grand hall are five piflures with inff riptlons, to ntr^iaata the memory of the ^lattle of Hockftct, in wHich. tUt FnmcU were defeated With great flaughter. Several ecdefilftical couiicijs hifii bdeii held here, tha firft, anito 346, wherein E-bphrates, their biihop, waa depofed fbr arianifm. Another was held By Charleih^t'i order, in the eightli cehtury ; and feverai m the ninth, for reformation of manners, agaihft inccfluous marriages, an4 opprtfflon of the poor. The pOpc generally has a nurtcio here, to take cate of his intereils with the popffli eleAort. Though the eleflor, by his ofHccri, adminiftert juftioe ill all criminal caufes, yet fo jealoUs are the citizeris of him^ that they will not permit him, in ptfrfonj to reilde abovci three days at a time in the city, nor to come into it with a great train ; for which reafon be genehdiy rtfides al Bonne. Cologne was made in arChbilhop/ic In 75$, and in i_a6a entered ir(to the Hanfeatic league. Asa tree imperial city, it has a feat and voice at tile diets of the empire and circle i in the former of Which It hu the fitll feat on thd Rhenilh bench. It lias the precedence of all the imperial cities, and is fortified in the antient manner ; liu UDwarda of twenty gates, and is guarded by the militia, whiCDfeon* fids of four companies of foot ; but the ftreets, in general, are dirty, and badly paved, and the windows cortipofed of fmall round bits of^ glafs. Though thh is one of thtf greatefl cities, yet, as a late traveller obferves, " it ic ond of the moft melancholy in Europe, there being nothing td be fecn but priefts, friars, and lludeiits„ many df whom bee alms with a fong, and nothing falutes the ear but thd tolling of bells : he alfo fays, that there are at many churches and chapels in it as days in the year ; that there are very few families of quality ; that the vulgar are ex> tremely clownifh i and that the noblfemen of the chapter, tlay no longer in town than their duty obliges them," As to Duitz, on the Otherfide of the Rhine, it is in the territory of Newburg, 'and has no manner of dependence on the city of Cologne, bat holds folcly of the eleftor;' It is a pitiful place, where one fees niore fwine than men, itt few ftreets being extremely filthy, and ill paved ; and the houfes built ofpieces of tiniber intermixed with whins clay. I'he Jews there live by fattening herds of fwine for> falc to the Cnriftians. There are no churches in this littlO - town, but a convent of BenedlftinCs, and a parochial church upon the brink of the riVrr. a. Bonne, in latin Bonna, and Colohia Julia, is fheufuat place of rcfideiice of the archbhhbp of Cologne, who hat a magnificent palace in the cafUe. it ilaiids on the weft-fide of the Rhine, 15 miles fouth of Cotoene, a8 north -weft from Coblen^k 21 fouth- eaft from }mtn, u nor^-eaft from TreveqPhd 62 north-weft from Menn; in ifrwft-' fnl country, which produces very good wine, and ibk woods abound with variety of game, as does a ridge of- mountains on both fides ot' the Rhine from hence, at te as fiiiigen. It is a fmall city, but well inhabited. The. churches are ftately, efoecially the collegiate, dedicated n» the martyrs Caflius, Florentius, and Malufius, whtkfo bodies, with fevcral others of the famous Theban Legion* are faid to be buried in it, being brought hither by St. Helena, who founded this church to their honour. Th* town houfc is well built, and adorned with fine paimingt. This was formerly an imperial city, bat is now febjeft ttf the cleAor. 3. I'he town of Andermach, on the Rhine, b fituated about 20 miles foutb-eaft of Bonne, upon the confitvcs of the elc^orate of Triers, and the duchy of Jullen. Il was formerly a free and imperial city, but it is now fubied to the eledor of Cologne. After it had bin a long omO in ruins, it was rebuilt in 1510. It it fortified with * wall, caflle, and bulwarks -, is the boundary betwixt tbit archbilhopric and that of Trtvet, and has a cuftoaa- houfe belonging to Cologne, but its principal trade it by lodging paffcngers. In 1 702 it was taken by the prince of Heffc Calfcl, the more to flraiten Bonne, which waa then blocked up by the confederates. This is mentioned as one of the fortrcfles which Dtnfus built to awe the Germans ; and it is believed that Caligula, his fon, was born there. It is the handfomeft and largeft of aW the towns from Bonne to Tritn. It has three confid erable monafteries in it and fcveial churches, the chief of which has two tower fteeplei, nOt unlike tlie towf n of Not re<>^ 7 U Duo* 65* The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAfHY. &m» M pMii. Two eempini«t of foMieri «re kept her* the dwpier ot Cologne. In the bailiwk, to which the tov* gi*w nuine. it an »bhey called 9r. Thomu i mi Kens, or decs, ifmill tawn on ihe Rhine, new which is f rcmailuible piece of antiquity, called the Konig^uhh It U a l|wg( round building ot frccftonc, itfting on nine piUjiri, the nTccnt to which it bjr twenty -aight ftept. In qJl building the elc^ors forme^y inct to confult about the choice of an emperor, and other wei^uy matters) and here lioine empwor* luve afkually been elated. Thf gtk*r pUms of left QOle are, i . Nuyi, « fortified tawn, iMund gold, tlie exchifive right of (eaicbing for wbicb, it fanned put by the ckaor. TLk; ftate of roligion hath varied Eteatly here fince the reformation. Lutheranifra and Calviniun having been up{)ermoft by turns, till the cleQorate devolved to the popillt branches of tbe.famiiy, when popery, with all its luperilitiun and mummery, wu cflablilb^d anew ; fo that the Proteftant religion is now on a very precarious footing in the Palatinate, though moft of the natives are flillof that rirfuafion : but the two (e&i of Proteftanta. lumely, the utturans and Calviniftt, have greatly contributed to their own ruin, by their mutual jcaloufiet and aniroofity, b«ii^ no lefs raiKproui againft one another, than againft ifaeir commpn advcrf^ries the PapiQs. The Lutherans mjkon thpnffielyet fifty-thoufand firong. >(ft*fe poflelTed ef pbout etghtv-fivc churches ; but not on^ialf of t)ieir ptcacheii anj fcliool-maftert have a competent maioie- nfince. The number of Calvinift clergy here is eftimattd at Ave hundred, and of the Roman catholics at four, ^fides fchools and jefuits colleges in this country, there i« one univerlity, laroely, tb^t of Heidelberg. Their cltief trade con/ifts m wine. ' Atttltorsare diyided about the origin of the name Pala- tiipes, or Pfalzeravct, as the Germans call them ; but it fecnis moft likely to be derived from the palatia, or ralaces, which tiw old Fr^qkiO) and German kings, and Roman emperors, rere poflefled of in diffirrent parts of the «oi||itry, and over which thev appointed fuprcme ftewards, •r ju^cs, who were called Palatines, or Pfalgraves. 'J'he countries where tlicfe Palatines kept their courts s|n(e, from them, called Palatinates, which name came ;^ laft to be appropriated, by way of fninenoe, to thia country, as bein^ the moft confidcrable of them. The i^itient elefkoral line Ciiliag in 1685, the eledoratc devolved to Philip William, duke of Neubcrg, and upon tlte death of his feoond fon, Charles Philip, to the prince of Sultzbach. This eleAor has the title of arch-treafurcr of tlie empire, as well as the eleAor of Brunfwic-Lunrn- butg, and is the fifth in rank among the fecular eleAors. He is alfo one of tlie vicars of the empire, alternately with tlse eie^or of Rayaria, and enjoyi many other preroga- tives. In hit own dominions he difliofes of all vacaru benefices, but allows the ccclefiaftical council, compofed of two clergytiKn and Mo laymen, to prefent two can- didates, 9I' wltislt he cbufct one. He it aUo i&|ft$r of all titt tytbea in b\i dominioni i bat h« «itU;r fnnU. Uiem to the clergy, or (alariu in lieu of them, out of (he revenues of the chureb. His title is, " flalagrave of the Rhine \ arch-treafurer and cleAoc of the holy Roman empire 1 duke of Bavaria, Tuliers, Clevcs, and Berg } prince of Mors ; marquis of Bergenop-Zoom 1 count of Veldoui I Spanhcim, the Mark, and KavinlbuiK. and, lord of Raveiiftein," In this country is an order of knighthood called St. Hubert, tlie badge of which it • quadrtiiRular croft pendant to • r«d ribbon, W,ith a ft^r on tile hreaft. The military rflahlilhinertt coniifts othfttti tegiufenti of horie and foot, belidc the horfo and Swift life-guards. All the different courts and councils, qfual in othet countries for the different departments of government, are alfo to be found here. '1 he whole uf tin; elcflor't revenue, arifing from the Palatinate, the duchiet of Btrg and luliers, the leigniory of Ravenftcin, and the ducliict of Neuburg and Sultzbach, hath been eftinwted at about 300.000I. per annum. In this paUtiiiate aic the following remarkable towns and places : i. Heidelberg, the capital: it is fiiuated lo miles from Manheim, 1 2 from Spire, 38 from Frankfort, and 25 from Mcntz. Thir city ftands near the river Neckar, in a good air, and encompaflcd on all fides^ except to th9 welt, with hills covered with vines. It take* its name from HeiUcI, which figniiies « myrtle i and Bers, a mountain ; there being, or having been, plenty of tbofe trees on the mountains in tlie neighbournoocK U is an antienicity, and has been frequently beficgcd an4 taken, plundered and Jeflrgved. Though it is at prefent fmall, yet it is neat, and well built. The elei5loral palace it an antique building, but ftands on a hjU and commands a fine profpcA. As to the famous library here, many books and manufcripts were uken from it in i6a2 (when general TiHy made nimrdf mafter of the town), and fent to Rome, Vienna, and Munich. The nrofeflbrs of tho univerfity here are partly Cavinifls, and partly Roman catholics. Tlic Cafvinitti bav« alfo a gymnahum. Of tbe churches, fome belong to the Calviniftt, fome to the Lutherans, tind fome to the Roman catholioa. Twelvp poor fiudentt are provided with lodging «nd board, in H ceUeoc calied the Sapience, which belongs to tlie CalvioiAs. There iji a high mountain oppafitc to Hcidelburgt on which the Romans had 1 caftle, and wbicli, by (onie,, it thought to be the Mou> Pyrut, mentioned by Aminianui Marccllinut. It it now oillcfl the Holy ^Iounlain, from a doifter ercAcd in it in i033« to which frequent pil- grimages are made. The famous tun here, .whkh flood m a cellar under one of the towtr* of tJkc cl«(lorji|.pji}M#, and contained fix hundred hogtheads of yiiof, wa» d^- ftroycd by the French in l68)j ; but the ej^t Cb»r)e| Lewis, caufcd a much more considerable oiie^ pi of mads in its ficad. a. Manlieim, where the elcAor ufually refidct, i$ lituatcd eight miles weft of Hcidelburg, on tiie caft fiie of the Rhine. It it one of the fineft towns in permany, and ttrongly fortified ; but it labours under (wocapit^ difadvantages, lumcly, the want of good water and wool- fome air. The eledorate palace is one of the moft ma|«. nificciu in Europe, and conuins a grand cqlleftion of paintings, brought hither from Dufleldorp, bcijdcs and- ijuitiet and curiolities, among which is tlic <;rown of !])• unhappy Frederic V. king ot Bohemia. The three rclj. eiont toleratad in the empire have churches in this city. Here is alfo a Jrwifh fynagogue. with a Capuchin art^ Carmelite cloiftcr. Some uianufafiuries are cflablifhed here, and a confidcrable trade, diiclly by Jewi, is carried on in (bit town. 3. The town of Bacharech, is fituated on the Rhine : here it a ftone oppoiite to it, on the fame river, fhaped like an altar, and called by tbo inhabitants the attar-ftone, upon wbicb, it is ihoucbt, viAims wer* fre<^uently ofered to Cacclius, the nei^bouring country yielding. Muftadel wine. The town contains a cloiftcr, and on a mountain near it ftands the caftle of Staleck. The in- habitants here, as in all the other towns of the palatinate^, are a medley of Catliolics, Lutherans, and Protcftants. 4. Oppenhcim ftands on a hill near tlie Rhine, and wu once an imperial free city. 5. Ingelhcitn, a borough on the Selz. 0. Frankeiiilul, a confiilcrable town. 7. A^wy, a I'nviU 'own on the river Selz. 8. Neutladt, on the: Hart, gives name to a bailiwic, which contains fevcral fmall towns. 9. Gcrmerfheim, on the Rhine, alfo givoi ii«tne to a bailiwic, conuininga coromandery of the order of St. John, together with fcveral fmall towns on tlie abovo tivft. 19. M9|kMcli (ivcs tuuK to a bailiwic, in which ■•♦vii- tfevftOf^ii fe k M A t* Y. ftjf iu« l«Y«r«l tttwnt^ ptrticultrly Siatlwiia, when (i(cn it • lutH cjoiflfir bf^nging t9 ihf FrMmircMio. ii. Lidcubtrg, on Ui«NKk«rt %Mc4ninU«sf(nnvUtiilo|b«rg. ix. Wein- Niot, iituatcd in lii« ftncH pMtof ScrgflrM. i a. Bretttn, \ iMWd for bditg i)ic birdi-pUcc of Philip McjaoAhoi^ : it give* t)»nM (• A bailiwic, which contaiui (heilifce fisall lAwn* of Eppiofan, WciDganen, aMkcr|^, aiid (fVCptJf uiutU nf H«{r uttadti i> reckpiiwl tlic capoal of Thuringia, *n4 vu tpati; a bifhoprk hv St. Boiiifaef, in the eiuth century. ButU the citv and! !tii territory, which i* of confide, •' ' extent, are (ubjeA to the deflorate of Melitz i but the in- bahiUDti of both, at at IcaU the grtaieft pat of ihea>t are iirotcflanti, and itltitlcd, by oxfireft flipuUtioni» to tltc ficc csercife Mid enjoyment of ilicir ieli((iou : thfc civil aad criminal cowt too confifls of an equal unmber «f Roiitan catholic api LiUlieran afleflbn : and the mcmb^i-t of the tpwq couitcil ue partly catholici, »»\4 ^t'y ptatcftintv, the Uft hkving likcwiG; »confi(lory of (Iwir awn perfuvfiwi. Thp gatrifon confifti rf two btittiliont of iopetia) ahd glcAoral troo|>i. Tbore ia, in thi« city, p beli called Spfanna, wLich i» fjiid ui be the higgfrfl in GcMn^ny, wpighing above twelve tOits. Here art; akfo two ciiadcli, wiik a. great man* rb«rchc« ; fomc coUegiite, fouie Romcn cub6|ic, and Ibnte Lvliicran i ^igetner with a rich $enadiAinc mvoaf' tcry, fevcn claifitri, 6f which one is the $cottif^« a La- tlwr»n gyamafittnM Mivnivetfity of five ooUceet, the pro- ^0911 of which «rc|i4rtly Luthcraoi, and paitly Roman cat{>olici ; the iipperial academy of nfitiwal niwiofititi i a )ri4i"8 ocademy ; a botaoic garden ; an adrononaical obfer- vatory i an anatomical tiicatre i fever*! good iibcaries and •in academy ot the ufcful icricnce*. Sweri^ dicti of thr anv'uf have been lield Iwre, In |6(Sa the; city v** hcf;cg«d ana taken by the elcAor of Menu, nritli the help of the trench and Lorrain troops. But by ftiptilatioiis with the cJcAar end princes of Saxony, wlip iwr* ptote£tors of the city, iti privilnet were ip a gieajt miaAirf fecured to it, T^ tCJCTitonr hciongii^ |o ()m city cwxains twQ fmall lowos. fod Kvmty-tbrae vill«|c«, viiioag which ar« fiv* Ctllcd the kitchen vil^nM, u bong oMigeq[to perform cr'. bin fetvicee arui liveries to the archbif09p'« kitchca., The country is pkaiwnt, and frwtfol bpt|i in corn and wine. I'hat pact of Germany, called Kjditicld, on the Lowck Hhinc, is furrounded by Hcfle, Tburinftia, and the prin- (ipaUtic* of Orubcithagen and Qalenhnrg. It extendi aboDt thirty tnilea in length, am) twant* in breadtl), a.id 1^ dividco Into the Vppct and Lower CiditfeU ; the former lBoi|ntainotu« b^tbisahhy and populous j the latter, though Hot epming, perbaui l9 pur< an |ir, is more lef eU warm, m4 fiuitf«l. abounoiiig in corn, cattle, flax, and tobacco. Great quaniifirs of liiieo and ferge are made m the Upper ; in which the rivers Leine, Lutirr, Uiiftrut, Wipper, and ^ Rume, have theii ft^urce. The Thviringian language is fpolMn in the Upper, but, in the Lower, the Saxon. In liotb arc four tiiMt, three borought, and one hundred and fUiy village. Th« diets, which confift vf the reprefen- tatives of iIm abbic«« nunneriee, and certain towns, with the nobility, aie held, if the wettlier will permit, in the open air, at a place called Jaecbankt-Waite ; if not, in the councilrhovifc of Heili|;enttadt. At the Utter place fire held the lupreine tcmpoial courU, and there alfo re- fides the lieutenant, or admini(li;ator; but tlie feat of the prchiepikapal «otnmiflai7, which haa the ipiritual jurif- diftion 9ver the whole Cichsffld, is at Ouderftadl. Here are a few prote{l«nt« i but the prevailing religion is the Ro- man catholic With regiird to ecclefiaftiol matters, the county is divided inui ten praviiKial deencries, iind eighty* onf pMilhes, in whii;li are two collegiate foundations, two 4hbi9t, and Aa nuiineties. The right of patronage in liatiu placet bclonu to the arcbbilhop ; in others, to the cloiftert and fuuit4ati(fns, and in others to the nobility. The two following are the only placet of note in this part of the country, via. i. Heiligcnftadt, on the river Muw, in the upper diflrift. 2. DuderiUd^, a town on the Hahle, >n tli« lower diftriA, containing un Urfuline nuntiery, the i'uperior of which it (lilcd Worthy Mother, and it changed every three years. TIte dnchy of Whly fertile in coin and attla^ and in foote part|.o|[ \t %n tut fptings. The higher part produces ir|»a ore,. «4^qAf , i*Ut cqt>pcr, fOld and (ilvur, line woods, corn, cattle, game and (iin. There are twenty- eight townk in this duchv, belldea borouglu and doifters. 'I he provincial die|s are ne|d at Ar«niberg. It is govern- ed at prefent by a bailiff, under the archbilhop, and it divided intd the Uhe Haarfirank, and the Sar- huul, or otherwif* into the Rudcn, the Werl, tbe BUikcin, ajtd the BrUon qwuie^a. The rivets, that cither paft through the 4tl|)i|rt or along iu bordert, are, the Rahr, the Lcnna, the Blgga, the 1 Jimel, and the Lippe. In the year ngo, tlie cnoeror Frederic made a donatioit of ihit duchy to the archbilhopric of Cologne, which w>t con- firmed bv fucceediiig cnoperort i and in i j()8 tlie late duke of ArenlDtrg cedul to ii alfo the county of Arenfberg. Tbe Rutnn quarter, bcfidcs the town which g»ve nami to it, fituated on the river Mon, contains, i. Gefeke. a. WarAen. «n the rivulet WeefUr. 3. Kaldenhart. AnA alfo a apuohin Monaikry and nuimery. Thfl Werl quarter, befidet Arentbcrg, the capital of a county, and a htndfoitie town, lituatcd on the Rhuc, or Roer, forty-feven milci nortli-eaft fVoni Cologne, con- tain* tbe lewnt of Werl and Bcelikc, the firll containing a c«piKhin cloifler, and the other a BenediAine provoll- flup, together with tlie fmall lownt ofBaloe, Mentleni Nelieln!, Alleuirop, GrevenAein, and Herzbcrg. In ihia quarter are ellb a mineral fpting, a commanoery of tha Teutonic order, with a ftud and hunting-feat of tbe eleAoc, with Ibvend abbies, nuMneriest and caftlet. The Belftein quarter contains the iinall towtu of Atten- dorn, OIpe, Drollhagen, and Fredebutg, with feveral caAli'taudctoiAeri. There are nine fmall townt In the Brilon quarter, with fcvcral cloiftert and caftles. The county of Rccklinghaufen it bounded by the bi- ihoptic of Munfler, the duchy of Clevet, and tlte county ■' of Marie, lying' on the eaft lide of tlie Rhine, and extend' ing about twenty miles from eaft to weft, and ten froitt aonb to fouih. it belongs to the fee of Cologne, and it governed by a lieutenant. This county contains only one place thtt merits any do* S ferintion ; naftielyt Recklingluufen, a fmall town, givinc . name to tha county, and containing a ftrong caftle, witE ' a nunnery, the abbefs whereof badi power of punilhing capitally, iihe ak>ne it obliged to make a vow of^chsftity a or the nuns may marry, after having been a number ot ' years in the houfc. The circle of Lower liisnburg lies near that of Wied, iit the circle of Weflphalia. The greater part of it is poflef* fed by tbe elcAor of Triers, who has a feat and voice on account of it at the diet! rtf this circle. The reft of it htr longs to the oountt of Wied-Runkcl, and the baront of Waldcrdorf. The only place worthy of notice it the fmaM town of Herfbach, which it in that part of the county: be' longing to the cleAor. On the RJwne, between the duchy of Juliers and the trchbifliopric of Cologne, it the bui^graviate of Reitlec. 1 hit little diflrift had formerly burgravet of iti own ; but now belong! to tlie countt of Zinzcndorf, of the Etneft- Br'jnn line, who, on account of it, have a feat and voice in the diet! of tbe circle. The only place in it it the in> confiderable town jf Reinec, from whence it hat ita name. The fmall principality of Aremberg is furrounded bv the archbilhopric ofCologne, the duchy of Jnlirn, and the county ol Blankenheim. The duket of Aremberg and Arfchot are a branch of the houfe of Ligne. Till icy 6 they were only counts, but were then made princea of the empire, and, in 1644, duket. They have a feat and voice both at the dirtt of the empire and circle, in tho college of priiuxt. They take tlicir title from Arembeig, the capital of the principality, which it a fmall town, and bat a caftle in it. Though the princes of tbe Thum, or Tour and Tasii, have no immedute oftate in thit circle, yet they have a feat and voice in itt diett, at alfo in thofe of the empire. The iirft they obtained inconfequence of advancing to the circle in the year I7a4» by tray of purdiafe, eighty thou- &nd rix-doUart ; and tlte other in confequence of anlm- perial decree, founded upon their having had the office of poftmafler of the empire ercQed in their favour into a free mefne eftatt. They took their f^at in 1754, few the fiift time among the princet in the dicta of the enopire. The knights of the Teutonic order are poflefled of the bailiwic of Coblenr,, in thit circle, fo named from tlut town, which intitlet them to a feat and voice among the . J- prelates 63II Tub new and UNIVERSAL 8Y8TBM or GEO6RAPHY. freliiti of the tmpirc | ntd 1Mb U tilt 4kti of the ctrpk. There ire Icvcn commanJcHet, or MtimenJmi*, Mlon|- ing to tMt btiKwic, vhich h«f iti lka( •! CologiM. 8 B C T VI, C*mfrifi»t « ftrtUtUr ttttwit tfth* titth »f frmntni*, uilih will liiir iuMilmili, ibtir trsM m»d nMiiuftflmrti, *itd fruhiu tf tktiiffmM ii/hidt tmmttti Ainin. TH I S circle it bounded by thofe of the UpfMr ami Lower Rhine, Bevtri*. Swabia, Bohemia, and Upper Saxony. I'he inhabitanta are a mixture of Roman cathulica, Luibrrant, and Calviniflt. The diet* ire bald at N aremberp ; the archive* are kept at Bamberg, the bifliop of which latter place, loMher with the margrafM ' «f Braitdenburg, fiartitb, and Anfpachi are fummoning princci for the circle, but the bilhep ii fole dircAor. I'he iinpeiial citv of Nuiembarc, which it flMated thirty five miiei to the fouth of BamDan, wai made im- perial bv the emperor Frederic Barbaiofla. It it reckoned one of the largeft, iineft, and richcft citici in the empire i and, in Ihort, the glury of Cierminy \ and, confidering in .great diftaiKe from the lea, it ii the wonder of Europe far III trade, and nnmber of people. It ii, in every refpeu^ fn- 'perior to Vienna, and in general furpalba all other clllei jn Germany, except Berlin, in the ftatelinett of it* build- '^ ings ) but exceed! that, ai it doe* all the other*, in the wealth, ingenuity, and induflry of its inhabitant*. It ii eight mile* round, defended with large diichet fiKcd.with (lane, and high triple flone walli, with three hundred and fixty-five tower* on them, of which an hiindrtd and eighty- thiee are of free-iionc, mounted with thtee hondred can- lion.. He I e ate five hundred and fifty ftreett and alley], and moft of the houfe*, being uniform, are of Arce-fione, iix or (even flories high, painted on tht outfiide, and «dorned at the top, with gilded ball*. The ftrcet* are large, and very commodioui, open, and well-paved, and, next 10 thofe of Hanau, the nrateft in Germany \ but they ana not very itrait, and many of them lie up and down- hill. Here are ten market-place* regulaily built, thirteen public baths, twelve conduiti, and an hundred and eigh>- teen well*. Their chief fountain i* adorned with many brafs flatuet, one of Neptune on the top, three yard* and an half high, and aliove twenty-two hundred weight; and others of nymphs and Tea- horlcs, larger than the life, h it laid thi* fountain will throw out two hundred hogfhcads in an hour, and coft near three tlioufiind tivi: hundied crowns. The river Pcgnitz i* let in by tvrelve large arches under the wall* ; and, after running tlirough the middle of the city, i* let out by twelve other arche*. It form* feveral pleafant iflands, wlierein are moft agrmble walk* and nvsadows, where they whiten linen ; and I'up plies the ditches and town with water ; and upon the tlream there is a great number of mills fog tanner* and bralicrs, a* well as for corn, paper, iron, and makitig fword-bladet, knives, and other iron ware*. There aie iixty mills within the walls, many of thent for grinding ' corn. There aie fcvc'n woollen and eleven ftor.e bridges over this river, whereof one, which hat one arch only, of ninety'feven feet from one bafe to the other, like the Rialto at Venice, though not lo high or fo long, is reck- oned a wonder in archncAure. At on* end ofit there is a large flelh-nurker, built of hewn (lone, on whofe gale the butcher* have placed a vail ox of ftone, lyinp; on his belly, with gilded horns and hoofs. The inhabitant* are about fixty tltoufaiKl. Here are but two parilh churches, properly fo called. The firll is as (lately as any one of Its kind in the empire, viz. tlut built, as they fay, in ^40, by St. Sebald, a Danilh prince of the blood royal, by whom tbit cosuilry was converted. It is a laige gothic pfle, and has fcven pates, a bell wcii;hing an hundred and .fifty-fix quintal*, and a hiaft monument erected to his memory, weiphiiig about an hundred and fifty-feven quin- tals, with noble iiici<|ue figures. Tlic I'extons have a raic^ coUeiilion of relicks, which tliey (hew only to ti'avellers of' quahty. The fecond is St> Lauiencc't church, another gothic falHic, which it'chiefly frequented by the Lutheran nobility and gentry, it has eight gi^tet, two fteeplet in ' the front, and ii the largeft in the city. Here the chief m( ^f rirW-rnf h*vf> their tntnht and Hcutch«««|§. an^ th^r^ it a rcgifter of all that have been buried bete for five hun- dred years, fpecifying the time and manner of their death. Befidet thefe, there are tlte churches of tl>e Virgin Mary, St.Gilet, the Holy Ghoil, and of the holpiial «f St. James, 4 in which are the monoincnt* of many ptihttt wA cotmti of tibp empire. Near St. Lauranci** ch...ch are thrt* fountains, one of them an oftagon btlon, with a lam braA pillar in the middle, from wnofe chapiter* projeA fix ,imnK* of lion*, fparting water out of vuitk by a twtfted |>(pe. On the cornice are the fix cardinal virtuet. tf%n- ing water from their breaft*. On thi* pltttf ftlitdt a left oiw fluted, on Which are fix infant*, ev^ry one of them Inning on an efeuteheon, hearing the arms of the lempire, tltofe of Nuremberg, flee, and thev all have trumpet*, Out of which i«lt plenty of water, as it does likewii'e from tht breafts of a fine ftatue of juftice on the top of thi* fecond pilhr, and from a targe odrich which fuppotn her. The whole i* of brafs, inciofed by an ir6n grate carved and gilt. The emperor refidc* In the caftle, which I* well-fortHkd, and ftand* on a high hill, or rock, from whence there la a fiiir pMjpeA of th« city. ' It it built after the old Romait 'l^ion : TOme fiiy by Drufui, othen by Nero : It hai tttany cArioua pidure* ; within the firft gate ii a fmall an- tiiitte chapel, which they fay was formeily a chapel dedl- rcdo'and Hirmenful ; two divinities woHhlpped by the antient German*, whofe ftone flatuet are agamft thq wall on the ou^ide : Hete is a well inthe rock (aid to he one thoufand fix hundred fsct dfecjg, and the chain of the bucket* three hundred weight. The cieling it ftip- jborttM by rodr Gi>rinthian piltart, ea^h forty-five f^t hkn : m tlM ertipcror't ilttai'iment there is the pmure of the do- mage paid by the mtigiftrate* to tKp entperor Mattjiiat in iftfa. Tblaciftle hat foar towen.two of which loak to tht ea() and north, and the two ollkm towtrdt the town. Their ftadt-houfe is a ftatelv beautiful fabric, of hewn ftone, one hundred pace* in nrcadth, inuch larger than thst' cf Augibourg, and as well adorned withi.i. It hat three great porticos, with marble pillar* ; the front i* very fine,' havinto a noble portal, in toe middle of it, adorned 'With fevtrafilitti i. There are two other very (|rand gate* to'iA, at ci|iM>f dtftatioe* one from another, which are no I0lh i)iletididly omamcated. There ia • long gallery here, on the cieling' of Which it ftmou* tournament, thatwat Jield here above three hundred year* ago, i* leptcfiltited in relievo. The coaneil-chamber, dinine-rootn, and other apartments, ara Well minted aitd gilt| filled with thti armi of a|l< the books belonging to the convents of this city, and its neighbourhood, conjifts offcur galleries, and twenty-fix tlioul'and volumes i particnlaily a Grsek manufcripi of the gofpel, and Come of bt. Paul's epiftlet, above one thou- fan.l years ojd, with the pnyers and hymn* formerly ufed in the (ii'eek church, and the eharadert very diilbrent from thnfr nnm fi» ijfa. Her? ^?e- ■ iettfi of' Luther's hsr^- writiitE, to the magiftiatet of thit city ; a pocket-book of John Frederic, elcAor of Sakony ; being fcraps of fermont he heard him preach ; and the figure of Mofet, wh'ieh, though not a foot high, hu the whole Pentateuch writ - --r-v-ii:.-- ■■•■ »?«"» [EUROPE.] GERMANY. «3J upon it. Iiuhc public celltr, wliich it i quirttr nf a mil* long, 111 gcneruljrt Ivi^nCy tUouftnd miJdlc-lisml luiiii full of »in*. Among minv olhw brWilcgei, thli ciiy Imu iIu cuftody of moft of ihe imptrltl Of nimenti mitk ufc of tt the em- pcror't curonttion ! At, |. Cbtrlcniignc'i crown, liiil (o weigh lourtven pouixli, alioiM which lltert it i niltre, en- riched with I *tfl numhcr of diamond!, rubici, cmci*ldi» ■nd pcirit I and on the front, « ciofi of diaittondi, of great value, a. Hit dalmtlic robe, or minlle« embroidered wiili large peart, j. 1'hc gplden apple, or globe. 4. Hit fword. i- Hit golden fccptre. 6. The imperial cloak, cmbroideied with eaglet, and bordered with Urp eme- rald!, diamond!, fapphirct, and cryfolitei, 7. Mulkini, covered with »latti oT cold. 8. The glovci, enihroidcrcd with curious ttunei. They are kept in the church of the hol^ital, and were til biovght from Prague by the em- peror Sigifmund, by rrafen of the troubles that were in Bohemia in hia time Here ii alfo a large cheft, fufpended in the air by iron chain! faftened to the cieling, in which, they fay, ate a vaft many facred itlicki, but they are never fliewn, except to fovereign princet, and their attendanti. The craiicil i> compol'ed of forty-two perfon!, whereof twenty are taken out of the antient patrician tamilici, and the reft fiom among the burgrrt ; (o that there are thirteen ccbevini, or aldermen ; ai many counicllora, or common- coancilnieii , ci,;!)! other lenitor!, who art; ail pttriciant i and ei);ht otiicr counfelloi!, eleAcd out 9f tbc corporationa of trade! and craftt, who are, confequently, plebeiant ; but thefe aoiu efci fo implicitly in the decifionoi the patri- ciani, that tliry may be laid to have no »ote. There are two burgomafteri, one chofen out of the echevini, the ether out of the council, who have the fupcrioiity, the one of (he military, .ihc other of the oivit goTetnincnt, and are chinged every month. Levying of troopi, taset, and other matteri of great moment, arc referred to a felcA committee of lieven, named the Septemviratc, who call three or four civilian!, for advice 1 and they have falariet for ilietr attendance on fuch occafioni : but no lawycri are allowed any vote, or Ihare in the adminiftration. In eitraordinary calei there it a great council of 400, < : ofen out of all the calling! and tildes in the city; and ("icy annually chufe the membert of the other courtt. The magiftratct never allow mccha- nict to meet publickly, except at worfhip, weddingt, and funeralt,' for fear of lumvltt 1 and the feiiatori are, in se-. ncral, fo very circumrpca, that, *' At prudent at a Nil- remberg feiMtor," it become a common proverb in the country. At the freedom of the ciiy it not allowed t»papifti, there being but few here ; thcfe are obliged to worfhip iu a chapel, or (mail church, in the houfe of tlie Teutonic ordc,-. The Calviniftt were formerly obliged to go a league out of town to a ehuich, in the marquifate ofAnfpach ; and the Lutheran miniften, in the town, baptixed tlieir children : but the late king of Pruflia, whom the Nurem- bergeri feared much more than they loved, having demand- ed that they ihould be allowed a place for worlhip nearer to the city, they now meet two or three mufquet-fhot wiilioat the gate*, in a long had, which hold! about five hundred pertoiu. The Jewi, who live in a village with- out the city, where they have a fyna(;oguc, are not allowed to lodge here, nor to come into it, without paying a florin for every hour they fiay, u at Cologn, and that on the fame pretext i namely, a defign to poifon the welh and fountains. The religion, at well m quality, of •very per- fon here, may be known by their habit ; which regulation vras made by the magiftrates, both of thit city, and Augf' burg, to rcUrain the luxury of the meaner fort in clothei, and to deteti rioters, who are but too common in all free citiei. There are in thitcii ■ a great number ofcurioua work- men, in metal of all fo.>t, ivory, wood, tie. and artificial commeditiet are very cheap. They are particularly famous for clock-work. Monconyt £iy!. there was a coach made here for the king of Denmark, with fprings, fo at to go forward or backward, or turn about, and travel a league on flones, without horfet, and only managed by two boyt within *, and that the fame workman made, for tttc dau- phin of France, a reprefentation of a fquadron of horfe, ciigased with a battahon of foot, both of them marching, and hring, by fpring-work. The Nuremberg brafi, which is made chiefly out of the Tirol copper, it faid to be the nutft duAile, the brighirfi; >r>d !h« iti& fabjsA !e ?.X«t, of any in Europe. WeiiTenburc, a little imperial city, is twentr-eight miles fouth Qt Nuremberg, and litualetl! on the Norgau. No. 64. I he territory helonginj lo it ii very fmall, and cotii«iu« but one iiic-uiifidtrahlr village. The city hat a feat and voice hotli in the diet* of the circle and of the empira. Schweinfurt, another i'malt imperial city, flandi nn the Maine, and h» a |;ood bridge and gymnafium : tlw iiiha- bttanli are ptoteftaiiti. The territory it fmall, but cele- braitd for itt excellent wine, Windlhrlm. alio an iinperiil city, ftandi on the Aifcf-, iwenty-lieven milc« from Nuremberg, and ii very antieiit, The territory i! fmill, and tlie inhabitant! are Luthcram. 1 he city ha! a feat and voice at the diets of the empire, and circle. Kothenberg, an imperial city, it fltuated near tho 1 au> bcT. It hai a leat and voice in the diett of the circle n4 empire, a conriJcrabIa territory, and contains feveral churchei, a gymnafium, Teutonic houle, 81c. The in- habiranii are Lutherans. ' Seindieim, Reichcllberg, and Wiefentheid feignioriei, entitle their lords to a fieat and voice in the diets of the empire and circle , but tliofc privileges are not enjoyed by the feigniories of Welxheim and Hanfen. Limburg and Spickfcid, which arc combined I'eignioriet, entitle the proprietors to t -> voices at the diet of the em- • pire ; and in the college o( the count! of Franconia. EriMch county it fliuated on the fouth fide of the Maine, being twenty -feven mile! long, and twenty broad ) is tole- rably fertile, and inhabited by Lutherans. The eftatet of all who die unmarried, in this county, tker the age of tweniy-five, are forfeited. It gives a feat and voice in the college of Franconian counts, and at the diets of the em> pire and circle; and conuins Erbach, a fmall town on the Muroliiig, with a caftle . and Micbelfladt, the fieat of a regency and fupeiintende-cy. f The county of Werthci 1 liei on both fid'^ the Maine, between the arvliliilhopric of Ments and the bilhopric of Wurtzburg, a part of it terminating alfn on the countf of Erbach. It aiwnnds in corn, wine, pafturage, wild fowl, and venifort. The inhabitants are moftly nroteftants. A part of the county came by uurriage to the family of Low- enltein, who derive their pedigiee from that of the elcAor Palatine, and are divided into the two branches of Lowcnftein- Wertheim- Virnenbuiv, aitd Luwci:' ' 1- Wertheim-Rochefert, the former ofwhich are protefta..(s ai!d counts; the latter Roman catholics and princei, or princely counts. They take the title of Lowenftem from the county of that name, under the jurifdiClion of tlie duke of Wirtcinberg, of which they are propiictori, befidet otiKr feieniories in the empire, Bohemia, and the Nether- lands. i°he reft of this county, not poflcfTed by the count* of Lowenftein, belongs to the bifliop of Wurtaburg, and the counts of Caflell. The counts of LoweniUin bav« two voices ill the Franconian college of counts of the em- piic, and have alfo a feat and voice among the counts in . the diets of the circle. I The mofl confiderable places in this county are, 1. - Wertheiiu, which gives name to it, and it its capital, lying at the confluence of the Maine and Tauber. Here each of tlie above-mentioned branches of the Lowenftein family iiave a palace. I'lie inhabitants arc partly proteftants, and partly papifts 1 but the magiftracy is whohy proteftant. a. The county of Rienec, which gives its polleilbr a feat and voice in the diets of the empire and circle, and in the CO. lege of Franconian count! ; out contains only RieneCf a finall town, with a caftlc. 3. Breuberg, a ftrong cafUe on I mountain, giving name to a feigniory, which had aiitiently lords of its own. 4. Little HeubsK, on the Maine, which gives name to a bailiwic, and contains a caftle ; it it lituatcd on the Maine, and it a market town. The county ofCaftell lies between that of Schwartxen- berg, and the bilhdpric of Wurtxburg, and weft ftoia Bamberg. It is about twenty-feven miles long, and eight where bmadeil, and belongs to its counts, divided into the two principal lines of Remlingen and Rudenhaufen, defcended from the antient dukes of Franconia. The county is, for the mod part, a fief of Wurtzburg, to which the counts are hereditary cup-bearers. They have two voices in the college of the imperial counts of Franconia, boili at the diets of the empire, and thofe of the circle. The oldeft of the reigning counts is always adminiftrator of the fiiudal feigniories of the whole houfe, and cup* bearer to the bifhop of Wurtsburg. The places in tlie county, worth mentioning, are, i, Caftekl, a village, containing a fine palace, in which one cf the collateral liiica of the principat Rciniingen line re^ fides, and gives name to a bailiwic belonging to the fame line. 2. Rudenhaufen, a village, which gives title to the other capital line, and contains a paUce belonging to them. 7 X 3. RemUjigen, -i4- 634 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOORAPHY. .1. RemliiiKci, i miiket-town, which giv*« title t« on* of Itia priiiri)al linn. Th« hilhiipti.: (it B.imtwrp ii linundrJ. on the north, hy Ih* ptincipaliiy ol C'uburf(, *nil lli« Voii;klliiul i an llie loutli, by llie pfinci^Kility ol' iir«iiiicnhiif|b«l ii ii nhoiit liny inilei, and the htciOih lorty. '1 he toil i* very ten ile in corn, wine, felTron, and liquorice, yielding alio in fnin* placcn, burel, fit, Icmuii, and orange ttic*, with woodiot foreli UMi, and I'ome nielili. 'I'lie country abnundi likewili: ki cattle, inil ii well watered by the Maine, ami fcvcral •ther brooki that fall into it. Tlie iiihnbitanti art all sealoui Roiain catbolici. Here are no flatci. Hvlore the year loof), this coonly wai called tlie county of Bibenberg, and had counts of ii> own ; but was then allotted for a bilhoniic by the emperor Henry II. which •ope Benedick VIII. exempted from all archiepifco^l juril'OIAion. 'I°hc bilhop'i privilegei and preiof;iiivc< are very great. He ii the oiily one in (icimany who hai the ' prtvllege of wearing a caidmal'i hat, together with the •allium, the laft nt aliicli, however, c«{)a bim four thou- fand pouruli, and there lies no appeal from hi) decilioiis, in fecuUr niatteit, to thecouto of tlie cmpiTc. The king of Bohemia ii his cup-bearer, the ctrOor- palatine hit llew- •td, the elector of Saxony hit grand-marihal, and the •Ittfor of Hiandenbur); hit fench in the college of prinrri, tni ii a lummoning prince and a church for the jeluiti ; the front of it is adorn- ed with the flatues of (cveral faints in niches ; but the iii- iSde it very indifferent. The Dominicaus Lave another, I with an alltr, at wir-eb tliey gire mit, thai above two lltou- fand malfct art laid every yrtr. The AuguUinc Irtaiahav* N monaliery dedicated to $t Stcnheti , and iIm Ucru'dic- tiiKi an alilny dedicated to St. Miihael, and ftandiiig on an tmincnct nf iIm liinit nanw : oiiu ol its abboii, wliu was a grtal hultMift, caiifcd the chuidi lu bt paiiit>.J, within and without, with alt luili of the known phiiia and limplet. A oiuncil was hrld at tliia city in 101 1. tu psit an end to the difTcrciice., among the Gtrniaii bilbup* 1 and in lit* time of Henry IV. it* bilhop Ullio conveiictl the Jfumvranians to CluiUianity. An uiiivcrfily wai founded here in if)}], by Mclchior Otto, one of its bi- (hopi. '''her* art fevttal publM foanlaiiu in iht town, but no foriilicatiant nii>ie than its wall -, (o that in tii|ic ot war the liilhop rcfidei, and Iias cuinuKMUy a very ftioug garril'on, nl I''orehoiiii, or I'orchaMii. Korclieim, ten iiiilet Ibutli-tatk frost Ranbcig, tho Lacorilum of tiM'anlienI*! whieli i« A'Oiigly and regu- larly fortiliid, having wall* of fre«-itone on the condutnco of the Wilont, and ili* Kednit* : ytt the duke Bernard of WcyiMr, the Swedifh general took it iit 16*3, at the firfl onfet. The huildiiigt are gtiierally old, and out of repair. Baudrand givti it the Latin nam* of yorcbaBnum. Mim- fler prttendt il to h« more aniient than Bamberg, and tint the old kingt of Bavaria held dictt ind airtmhhti here; and there it a popular tradition htre, thai il wat the coun- try of )>nntiui Pilate. The parilh church of Si. Martiit WM made collegiate in 1354. BamhTTg has a very agrtatbie neighbourhood, but a* ciKCumct to it from NuremlKrg, through aforeft of iir« tract, there it an avenue to it for a quarter of a league in lettslh, formed of whceli and gibbett, on which are en- poled til* bod 1*1 of malefa^tort, by which tliit road hit .Men infeftcd from all quirterti for thii bifhopiic being contiguous to feven or eight difTerent ilates, the city liet in the grtateit road of all (iermany. There it a good number of nobility fettled licre, who airink as hard at they do at Fulda and Wurtzburg j fo that it look* at if drink- ing wai an infeparabie funaion of the ecclefiafticsl court* in this part of the world. I'his city had formerly a walli but the inhabitants, for their rudcnefs to the bilhop in 1 435, w«re condemned at the council of Rafil to rai* the walls, and never 10 rebuild them. In 1609, iIm popilh boort here attenvpltd to plunder ih* Jewt of ihii city, and lb* ncighbonriiig proMlnuiii ; hut were foon fupprellcd, and tlioir Icadert punillted fur tlic outrages tliey had com- mitted. The bMhopric of 'Wurtzburp nttnJt eighty milet in length, and fixty in breadth ) 11 well watered, and fertil* in com, fruit, heibi, wine, plant*, pafiuret. Ace. The eiiablilhed religion is the Roman catholic, yet ttiere arc a fiiw much opprelitrd and perfecutcd proteflanti in the: county. Chrii\ianily wai firft introduced here by St. Kii- liai>, a Scotchmait, about the end of the Icventb century ( and St. Buxhard, the iirft bilhop, was ippointed ani conlccraied by S' Boniface, who is alfo faid lo have been a Scotchman, anvl was the chief apofUe of the (iermans, and lirfi archbifhup of MeiUx, to which fee the bilhop of Wurliburi; k lufFiacan. The i-iirg, and duke oltaA FrankenUr^d." Hit revenue it faid It .tinount 10 fixty thoufand poi ,idt a year, wilb which he m.«iiitains a conftdcrable body of troopi, even in time ot peace, with a fplcndid court and houfhold, horfe tiul foot- giMiiS bihfr rcU^ioii* touutUiluiii. Here tUVi it in uiiivcitity, fuuHtlril III l^O), » liuufe nf Ike Triitnnie oiiKr, ■iitl ti|u(h« or lilt order ut St. (Qhil, » louudcry Inr cumuit titd belli, * liaiiJluuie ciiIIckc, «nd Icvrial tiol^iiuli. In ttif hiil)«|]'i cclUr !i(« I'ai4 lo be i)ic>ie ill in bo tout nl (iliiuut WUlkllUli(lli|(, full ol' ciiv«IU»l oUl WilM. Ai llicciilriiKC ul ilie biijgc, o»> r llie Nt.iiiic, i% i (iiuin|>liil »rcb of Imwii Hone. One oT Iho abbie«, wlilell li Ijige ind iU(giiificriii, b<-l(iii)(i lo Scot« llciMdiAiiiw. 'I'llc calhcfUaJ, an inliciil gutliic tlruAure, li richly ttkiiiied witlili), with ftituce, alur«, pliliit, Itc. of niirbit ind filvcTt fiiviljr eicculcd, bclnlei ptintingi, teulpinrit, gllJiiig, anti vtiTcIt nd fUvcr. Almoft rvei7 thinn in the church ii ciivcU aikd gilt: (be pulpit, ilic orgtni, the bencliei for the caiioni, atMl the iluri. Moil ol the natuei are alio uilt. Several dieli have Ixeii IkclJ in ibii city, which, like iixiU otber^, bu experi- enced many calamitiei, ami a great vaiiely of foitune. In the caAle it a hue Irilit ol artillery, will) til the iniplementi neoclbry
    , tfac ii,lia- bilaiiu of Nurcmhorg, with tho prince- r allict, the ciliacni, finding they were not ahl<- '» ivt(\ain a ficge, let tiro til the town, and rerir^l, with •• '«:tt elfeut, to the neighbouring caftle ul iilalCnlv 1,,, 01 Plailenberg : their cneiniei, however, advaiu.J to Jic town, extgi- guiihed the rtatnci at faft as v could, made a gieat i>ooty, and took iheeaftle >ll'> 1 ^S4< ''''^i^ -^ '°"E hcge, and demolilhed it ; but the ot cmbcr|;er> wore aftciwardt elili^d to rebuild it, and it it very well fortitied. I'he anticnt recordt of ihefaiii ly of firinJenburg, coiififting of title deeds, imperial diplomat, aAi, and other important and fundamental pieces, are kept here. 7. Neuiladt, 011 the Aifch, it one of the head towns of tlie principality, cont.iining a margravial palace, and giv- ing lume to a baitiwjc. 8. Wcillenftadf, on the Kger. q. Lechtenberg, a market-town, which givet name to a )>ailiwic, 10. Golderonach, a (mall town on the river Croantch. 11. Erimd, one of the fix head-towns, at their are cal'rd, of the prin-ipality, iituatedat the conHux, of the KcdiiitE with the hchwahach, and dillinguilhcd into th* Old and New. The Utier, which is alio called " Cliiiftian-Krtang, having l>ecn begun by the margrave Chnftiaabrncli, 1111686, it one of the hneft towns in (lermany. It lies dole to Old Irland, being alinoft en- vironed witli a wall of free-ftone, and contaiiviiig a mar- gravial pal.tce, with a tine garden, an univerfity, and fcvcril Churches, Some nnnufaQurcs, efpccially thofc of Uatt aiid ftockingii, arc alfo carried on here. The bilhopric of EichAelt is bounded by the Upper Palatinate, Upiier Bavaria, the Duchy of Ncuburg, the the coiinti^of Papiaheini. and the principality of AnI'pach, (t is a fruitful country, ai>oiit 40 miles in length ; but the breadth it fmall in proportion, and very unenual. The ii'imop is ■ piinct of iiic empire, but fuirragan of iweniz, and has a revenue of between nine and ten thouTand poundt. The chapter cotiTiUs of founccit capitulars, and rourtecu domicellii, wlio mul\ li* all gtnilemen by n«teen defceiiii, Ihtc aiv 111 l.inj e!)atc<, and tlr.- iiih.iliiiaiiti are all Roman cailiolici. The bilhopric was ibuiuUd by St, Uonilaoe, wlin made hit liftcr't Ion VV ilihald, »(u rwarili caitoiiucd by pope I'cnediik Xlll. tirll bilhupUicrcof, in iIm year 745. Mere are the uAial Itcrcdittty oficci, and higb cullrgii, Tho hilhup ii perjietual cluiiicellur of the uiiivctlity uf Ingcl- Aedt, and lord of leveral fill's puibniid by priitcei and counts. The mofl confidorable placet in ihit bilhopric are, I, Eichftett. or AlcblUdt, I. e. tbc town orcity of Oaks, fo called from the large oakt that formerly grew near it, Baiidci an cpilcopal palace, and cathedral dedicated to our ladv, here are Icvcral cloiUert atv< ckurchet, with a larg« collcee. "In St, Warborg'i church, it a rock or altar, at it it Ailed, cuntaiiiiii;> the brcaA-bonet of the faint, from which, what tliey call iti oil, but which ■!> reality it only a va|iour, far it neither burnt noi Iwimi upon tho liirfaca of the water, it laid to llow, and foicc itlclf tlirougU tho ftoQe twice a year, 'i'hit holy uil it put up in liiiall pliialt for tho ul'e of pilgrims, and other devotcL*s, who arc alTuted of itt miraculout virtuct, and for that reatbii rcfort hither in great numlwri, to purcbafo fome of it, and pay their, devotiout to the bones of tlie faint. It hat a curioua caihedral, to which one of their bilhops prcfented a fin* pyx for the ul'c of the lioA, which is ol pure gold, in ibrin of a fun, weighs forty luaikt, and it adorned with thtae hundtcd and fifty diantonds, one thoofand four hundred fine peailt, two hundred and fiftv rubies and feveral other precious lionet, the whole being valued at liatythouland guilders. In 1704, tint town was taken by • French detachment. It liei in a valley, but the bilhop, refidct for the molt part, at the fortrcfs ot' W'illoboldlburg, commonly called VValperlburg, which is about two milca ' off, upon a hill. It contains an aifenal and library, and the archives aic kept bote. a. TIk- I'null town and citadel of Abcnburg. '). Ilirch' Qierg, which givci name to a bailiwic, is a caAlc on a mountain. The principality of Anfpacb has Wartzburg on the weft, Bamberg on the nortit and eaft, and Swabia on the louth. It yielda grain, fiuiit, wine, tobacco, iron, marble, limber, and there are in it fome mcdictjial fpringt, &Ci Though fome paru are mountainous, yet the others pro- duce good pafture, in which abundance of cattle are to be bred and fed. The woods are well ftoted with game, and the rivert with filh : the chief tiv:ra arc the Rcdnilz, the Altmuhl, the Jaxi, tlic Wornetz, and the Taulxr, The yearly revenue accruing to the ' vercigii of thil principality, cxcKifive of titat of Baici ,, is five hundred thoufajulcrowui per annum. Luiliciaiulin is the predo' luinant religion 1 but at Schwabach the Calviniftt have the free cxercilc qf thciri. There is a military academy at Anfpacb. The principal manufadures of the country arc tapefiry, fiockmgt, cloui, Itulfs, gold and lilvcr lace, wire, needles, porcelaiie, leather, and looking glaflct. The reigning margrave has a fcu and voice in the college of princes, and at the diets ot the empire and circle. His mill-, tary cftablilhmcnt is a lite-^uard of horfe, and one regi- ment of foot of I'eveii companies. Tlie rooft confidcrable places in the principality (re, 1. Anfpacb, which gives laine to it, and is its capital) ftanding on the Under Retzut, and containing a palace, in whicli the margravi ■« commonly relidc. Here the chief courts, councils, ^ \it offices are held. A public library it alfo here, with a colledlion of medals, a mint, agym- nafium, a poiceUnc manufa£tury, barracks for fome com- panies of to. -, Uir'stwo gardens, and afine orangery and green-hont' ticloni. ng to the prince, and feveral churclies. The town is luiiounded with walls, and well-built, 2. Bruckberg, a beautiful pleal'ure lioufe belonging to the margrave, and ftanding on an eminence. 4. Scliwa- bach, on a river of tliu fame iiamc, is populous, and ha;> a great tiade in gold, lilvcr, iron, ftcel, brafs, hard- wares, tobacco, cloths, ftulTs, tapeftry, lace, and iluckings. 'i'he I'cutonic Order, which wc have had frequent occalion to mention, was founded in the year i iqo, in Palcftin*. and the knightt wereat firft called i-uiglits of the Virgin Mary, or brothers of the Tcutonic-lioufe of our lady ul Jerufalcm. They muft be all Cicrmans, and of true antient nobility. They are to bind themfclvcs by vows to defend the Chriftian (i. e. Roman catliolic) reli- gion, and the Holy Land, and to proteft and aflift the poor, and tlic lick. In 1126 and laiS, after they had been obuged to nuit Kaleftine, they obtained a grant of all the lands they lliould conquer from the Pagan PruiSaat ; whereupon they fubdutd all PrulHa, Ceurland, Scmi- galliaa «16 Tut NEW AND UNIVERSAL 0Y8TEM or GEOGRAPHY. ^■. I ScmigtllU, and Lironia, but aAenvardi loft them all •jain. The fliperior of thi< fpiritual order ii ftilcd the grand •nd Teatonk maftarr adminifiraior of the grand maftrr* dom in Prdlia i iciftar of the Teutonic order in Gcrmariy and It^y. and lacdAf Jjoeudaaibal, and Eiikolwc.. tie ii «. prinoe of the entpirt, and, at foch, haa ■ ion and voice in the di«l§ •I'ftM cin|rii«» aadi of thia citcl*. Bmli ; , Aoman atholkk iiM KtMtflkjtf* may be in vefled iNtiltlw> order, and the Proteftaht knighti are permitted to miriry. objaihed, partly fay purcbafe, and partly by donation, oi46ft of what it properly oiled tbe.mamtdom of gk(ltbeim, waA twelw bailitriet. The grand ma cfapfen by tha chapter, confifting of the coiinrellort ab ttgtttir with the inha. Uumtt, tbtir mmn»f»aunt, rtlitiin, Uc and tht tradi, -fmlnf(fiittMm i rt iiimp r i fidJn it. — *'~!~ i THIS circle is boandcd, on the north, by Mchvia, Bohemia, and the circle of Bavaria i«D|i;|lK $>uth, by the Adiiaiic liw, and tlu; territory •( Venice t on the »;,^iiny'ro»*n4 beara I. TlmciaalVieUtachambiBrofcom- the pall and croft. mcrce, and an «Hlian(»M4. » loan t»nk, which were efta- blilhed in thef«i|c.l7iai4i lufaAnica km£il|ih I^Mokii The manufaAmca uih£il|ih giMawi fflver lace, doths, fbaffii, fiockingt, liniM; Mokmg'j _ j_ jg. poreetane, plate, brafs, hanl-VHHca, gon-powdaiv 4Mb ©teat qoantilfes of allnm, liiffrott» wint, te. atvoqpattud, but few coibmo- ditiet are peroiiina Mb* i mif i ftm, and thole which are allowed, are l oad t J «idh toi Miny impoftt and duties, as to amount almoft to a |iiiiliiWiiiiii In the year i^q^ l««ivAdbia waa divided into four circlet ; two of dim aicilnaigd on the Ibuth, and two on the north fide pf tha Otnnbe. Thofe to the (outbward ate called the cittw» nukt from Freiburg, one hundred and eighty fiiaiDCraoow. ihrte b«ndr«d and fistv from Rome, frve bundled and fifty fron Anfleidam, fix hundred and twenty-five from Parit, and feven hun- dred and fifty tram LandWf n^i >* twierad by the Da- nube. Thit city is by d)eTurki culad Beesi by the natives, Wien i and by Iba Polet, Wiaden. The Danube is here very wide, and fonna feveral beautiful iflandt, which are well ftocked with wood. Thit eiiy wat fiunoui for the aAions of feveial of the Roman eaopcrort agaipft the Marcomanni and the Qyadi, puticulivl^ for the wars of Marcus Aurelint Antoninus Philow^vs, who defeated thofe nations, and it feid to have died beie. Whether it wat afterwardt defiro3red, doe* |Wt apwar i for we find JUtle or no account at all of it tiU 115V, when Henry I, of Auflria is feid to have rebuilt it( and it wn enlarged, beautified, and walled round, in una, by the ranlom* money which the marqui* of Avftrta «>bted kinjg Richard I. of Engknd, to nay, when he took mm ptifoncr, in hit return from tlieNoly Land (u it above hinted at I'irn- ilei n } , becaufe he tociic down the Auftriaa binner at Joppa, and threw it into a bpufe of olRcc. Thit ranlom wat one hundred and forty tbouland nurkt of filvtr, in Cologne weight, foptodigioaaafani for thofe timet, that the Englilh were forced to felt their chardi-plate w raife it ; and tlie marauitlikewife employed part of it in walling the townt of Neuftadt, Ent, and Hainboutg. It wat made an imperial city by Fredeiic II. in 1236, but four yean aiier it wat road« liibiea to the houfe of Auftria. JEoeu Sylviut, who wrote at icatt two hundred and fift^ years ago, fayt, thit city abounded witbpalacet fit for kings* and chnrchei which riei with thofe of luly : f a cha- 'M, •iv . fe U Rt>¥tfe}' d^*i"ft'^w-A^i»^f;-'^'4«* MMtiiia»C«Vtrt, Ungikf HvluBJiryi nbowdiit iii i4^[ (Me MaitiiHiceqt,laJ$t9,.W)%it^ y^^ flfe Mti{iiHI«i»t,ln i$*o, w^ ^- , «fi>(L.i r7«i^ thnimtoki ■ma/hn'm^f^h ih&rmgi deate Ml^rttnCvtty ^Multil 4^ Md Ai ciuprdi' Cliarln. V. condtii to it* relief ^(h hinetr thbitbiul ine«u' iiMigerf4lw tnrki^Ttffctlkfiii^lotttiw'ipirOai^ fbtebamatiimb- jSikibt by di^ ily ittd BaUr^ nitner conienKa to tnc mmoafm Spaiiiutdi intolJtali;' iuil fwn aite^i rtit king of S^pl^n tmMf, %Tii«K « «r Vienna, cSKMNt|M «M ^^^ It wH *pin «n bytUnandfiiiMlorV orders UranglM. ' ' ' % ; A tresty of .peace inMi'caiKhKfed )im, April r9,' 17^ SS, O. S. betiMm dM iimeMf iMffehain, after ft«flr Tcan bad been rii#,'(|t1inlfc^f^t)0M«y6iw/at tb»Concrefii ofCiinb^. towarda V ft lowM^dier Nuid, and a vcty deep diteb, iiiti . . ^ can mwt Hvci'i bnt generally keep it dry, liar the fa'M ofthetf «^(iii. Indading the fuMibl, it it of« very larn tfircoit ; but ttfexity itfeir is not aM«e flmc miles rootnl, tnd»'bw U Nll^ther, itot jjbow a qoatter to big at London and Wmminfier. If IfinMjr popuboi, and never witbbht ftrta^Mtk, iq tM^ftalAtt of 'moft of the. Eufofiean mtibjtrtt he^ pefag^ iW fi' a By iw t fcfa thin thirty ambaniMlort; uM other IhuniReM; atn tfatie, fr6m foremt princef and fiai^ «n4 flrofn tb« oriitM aiii 1^{^ of & empire, befidei; raft iiambert «f ^^''lif <^ "iij^itihr domintdna, «bo in« often ut cont: Miii ili>- I'arkln ambaAdpr ia everpfipitttedt'o'» thi>ibiqr«^' On^'bf in lain 1«arlr fciHl 'w iiHtn^i^' wai five diMf&nd live hundretfbirini, aiid^ dimfM, ie^en htindred and odd burials, and it contajiM. abiit ene handled and eighty (hdafand Itfalt. Soitae of the bowfca are wrll-built of Ikone, fix ftorict hfth, witlt, flat roUk, after the lulian manner; b«tdieft'«fhichiNethcr«riie, are generally con- tempHUe, beinfe ' covered #iifl piece* of timber, m the IhiKoftilet. The Ihrcets WH'bf a mtdUnc fixe, and many of the hotifes have four ctlUrti' one uiider another, *ith an open fpace in the Miiddle of eMi'arched roof, for a com- municitionof ailr) atid Abm ^be fowktmoft of all there it a tobe to th« tHjk M let In the 8ir,ftilirthe ftreett, «^icb, iiowever, it n«itm«1iolefaa*e, net; agreeable 1 inibmlleb thai Vienna %«lr'vMtim. m venmma, it an utjiverfid OToVerh ; fttr tte HMt Mow ft) hard hare the graaicit part of the yw, thi £^ it ttbaUefcdbe to *«tti th« ftrcen. The malignity of tti tor, which might be more ;inwholefoffle were it not lor tMfe wiitdt, t« generally afinibed to the Joadi of mud and dirt in the ftreett, owing to the negleA of the fcavengetf who were appointed to clean them. This city containt aboat one tlunilimd thee hundred houfet, twenty-nine churehet, ■nd'dghtcbapels: Itwat at firft a bifliopric, but it now the fee of an archbifhop, who dependt imaocdiMely on the pope. I w catl i t d i a l, dedi - cited to St. SitphM, fttmded by Hetiry I. of Aoftria, and finifhed by Henry IL It a ftaithr fltbric, but the windlMtt are darkened by itt painted gla& t the fieepit and fpire i* one of thefineft in Germany, and much firoiwer than that ai Stra(bttr|, though not io lightly. It it four hundred ■nd ekhty teet bich, and under the croli on the top ther« were wrmerly the Turkilh amn, via. a half-moon and ibnri let «p by the dtisew ; bccaafe, when SoiimaiT thtf Mi^* N*. 64. ANk^At bdiqMlffM^ ^«^ «io«fi^ «0 A^. and nHutk «r, y»ttSt%m^f)iMr>--^ TitrktbdiiMMftiilld'tii itiKl aft«^Vbit:1i» fittiTat tint lei^tti^ WMAtli^ten ' l-rfiffid^;--ii^idjaieite«rl]r AafttiU who divided it into four dafiet, with their peca- liafHwiiindimmuiiitiea. 1. The Aufiriaa dafi, «Nich i tak^'Mlb^fiudents.ofAttftria, Italy, and other prbvtiketf ; beymd'the mountains. 2. That of the Rhine, which takel'in the weft part pf the empire, F'rance, Spain, and ^,the;Wetherlandt. %. The Hungarian indv^et Hui^pry' ani Bohemia i tnd, 4. Thit of the Sayont takes ill ; Saxbny, the north of Germany, all the northern kings on tbecentinem,Grrat Britain, Irelind, &c. The chancetloe' abd'ttie matter have power of life and deadi over dw ihmnts . In 1 706, the emperor Jofeph ere Aed an academy ibir pointing, fculptnrcs, and arehiteAore- The publitf llbMry contains chielly dafTical and dvil law books, ^ro-^' tdjlanis arc now tolerated publicly to exerdfetbeir religion, aglteeablc to the late order of the emperor. The Tewa wersi <&ie permitted to refide in a fuburb, calted todenftadt, beyond the river ; but being fufpeAed of (ecretly carrying ^ acorrefpondence with the Turks: they baVe finoe been entirely banilhed fiom Aui(ria. The Imperiil palace it mean, low, dark, and badly furnilhedi though the library, wKkh confifis of ejght rooms, is wdl provided with iqanafcripts and printed books ; and the Mufeum contains many admirable rarities both of art and nature. The theatre is fuperb, and the flablet are capacious building* ofavaftleogth and cxpence, but notafte, being divided into fcven pavilions, which anpcar, at firft fight, to be fo many different houfeti but toe inner roomt an ill con- rrivedi and the long one for the horfts it fo narrow, that they (land all in a row. Indeed a bad tiAe has prevailed' here, which is too prfevalent in the buildings in general. Meie are, it is tnje,- Ibttie hofit:-, and even palace*, whetein tlie rules of licbiteAure have teen prefcrved r bnt I then they are ovati!liac*ed with feulnture. whi^b <* tss^ W trtfy ttt'tbe noble (whifh Uc «r«s kilo obliged to rai&), tbreaiencd t)i«t, if ||« rwftercd U^« town, the he«4 of iti biihop, tlvni coai)$ CobUnits. (hould be cut of, becaufe he took the iQoney out of'the C9nvents, to encoarage the g«rriran» Uc feat ttie vicii't corpfe to the coynt, who pvc It tc thii ufenal. In one ot toe baflioni there ii a great iuag»siine of navfl ftortf, for the emperor's gallici* tie, on thtl Danube. The tatfi channfli, into w^icb ^e Danube ii hett dUvionlt contain feveral iflands, which con.municate tog^er by feren timber bridge*. The high bridge ii Ibrnacil br tlie intrrGsAion of two flrcets by eqiyJ angln, the fountUtipn of one being as high a» the tops or the lioide() aodt ia0eottier, an arch it built i l Here are tfWrtfmti^Uecotatnnt, of which unc i* calUJ the Con- cjepiioD of tli« tmiiucatate Virgin i and the other, St. Trinity. The Utter is fixty-fix feet in height, formed likie a pyrvqid, and has at tl^e top three tigurei, of gilt bronae, leprcuntiqg the TnnUy- The various fuburbs of the Ci^ almoil ciabrKf it \*if • bow, and spocsr like To many tiinereot towns, tl^e principal ^ing called Leopolftadt, and •bQun4i't([ ^'*^ bjindromc houies of the nobles and gentrv, Hei^ it an i/land, named St. Peter's, which is qipabi; pf en^niping a large army. The Prat, n wood ' in an iflwd fontoed by the Danube, is much frenuented in ffir WMtber : in its vicinity is a walk oalled the cnweror's g^tdetu and the ruins of a palace which was deftroyed by the T'jrks. The emperor prefides at the cabinet-comicil : next to him fets the king of tbr Roatans i and the pnne minifter is prefident ii) the privy.oouncit- Tl:«(e have two fccretaria, t^f kKiiwipai of whom fignt the emperor's letters. I'he ColtRCkl of war has two generals as prefidents, and feven quqor generals at tHcmbers, with proper lixretaries, tie. "the aulic council coniifts of an ctjual nuraber-ef Roman catholics and Lutherans, nominated by the emperor. It is equal in power to the Imperial chamber at Wetzlar, there lining no appeal Arom either. The court of Chancery has the bdineu tranlaAed at the Imperial court, whereof the cteftor of Mentz is chancellor t but tlie vice-cltancellor prefidcs in his abfence, and hu an affiftantj an afleflbr, two (iecrctaries, and a referendary. The writs are either in the German or Latin tongues. 6. The council of the Finance*. 7. An Imperial council, wheie is alfo a pre- fident, confining of many lords and gentlemen ; among sfhoB are Uie governors of the Hungarian cities where the mines lie, with the chief officers tor the civil affairs of Hungary. *Iohemia, Moravia, Silefia, iic who fend diremoiufrom hence to the rcfoeAive governments of tiiole Gowntrien. Thot^ olAer chief couru may exceed the Imperial in pomp, yet, for real grandeur this outftrips tbemall : moft of tlie officers of ftate and of the hooflMud are princes or counts, as are alfo tlie captains of the borle and foot-guards : and there are not lefs than one hundred gentlemen of the bed-chamber, with golden kevs at their breafts, who are all counts and barons ; of which quality are atfo futy pages ; yet ceremonies and the etiquette, a nams by whidt they ca}l anticnt ufages, give ibis court an air of conftraim that is to be feen no where elfe ; and though it is uniwerrally exclaimed ag^aiuft, it it as ftifly oh* ferved« as if it was an article of religion. They are very fond in thi* city, as well as at court, of tlie days of gala, which is tlie name they give to thole of k{i'tv»\ and ceremony, when there are commonly operas and comedies. There arc tluee clafles of them 1 the court g^i^ , which is iwivarral. both for the Imperial family, and for the nobles and plebeians ; at which time, efpecialiy on the aame-dayi, or birth-days of tlie emperor and cmprefs, ibe court is extremtly gay, and glittering with gold and diamonds. On theie days the archduchniles, becaufe it is the cuftom at Vienna for fillers to drcls alike, rauft be drell all in tlisir hair, as well as their nuidt of honour; and they wear rot)c*|)Dueh like childrens veils, with gieat trains, a. The graod gala, whidi it kept in this city, is for the fefiival of ibroe miniiler. 3. The liUle gala, which it when the ladies are let blood; for, as baron PoJiuitx tells us, if any lady of diftiuQioii does but fend for a fiifgroii to !-r£s:hc a vein, it is eusegh to ps! tb? whole city in gala : nay, fays he, the hutband makes a pla her( for bis wife, the win for her bufluud, the children ftriDzted »i Sdgrinle, |i6*r he M mili»rtled itt tba fiege If ibr tbeit ftxtm, attdbiolWts and fiftcH Sok^mt tnotlMlr of Vienna^ u we mentioned ab«ve, The German <»chat, to be im, two thirds of Vieniu am always ii foldiers^ when tliey Kppk Belgrade, in their war with the TuiM, opened his tpmt> therc^ in hopes of treafure, bpt found only the bgdv in itt fhirt ( and the governor tcmem* Hepbfitnres it to be a fiitgnlarcaftan at this sow^ at the caiptefii dowagers can never qiiit mowrhktg « that —'] their officers aild Mher domefti^ wear cMoored I, their apaitiMnta aad coaches nluft be always bung in bladt -, that they cannot be prelient at one piqrt ball, or concert i and that, by Ibfing tneir huifaands, tlwy lofe tba pleafttresoflife. The emperor's pleafutt-beale*) hebys, ate no better than his pelsce in the city> The caftle of the Favoriu. which is in the fobotb of I,.copoUfla(lt, is a gr«tt iiregoUrgothk building, full of turnings and windings, like the itreet it looks into, and i|>pean more like a giaat coavent of capuchins, than a manfioo for an emperof : the gitideiu are pretty Urge, bnt otherwife mean enough. Luxei&heif< thoorii a npat coa< Tcnieot box, it even much inferior to the Favorita 1 bat the court only (lays there a month or fiat weeks duriqc the feafon for heron-hwlting. The miniftan who attend thd emperor there, have hoiifes whidi. though not grand, arsl commodious i but any other perfoi* who goes tbitUer tCt paya vifit mud return to Vienna for a bed. The court ufed to Tpcod a gieat part of the fudimer at the palace of New Favorita, which gives name to,one of the fuburbs ; but the princes of Manuetd have built one there which is much more magnifioent< The emperot lofepb, indeed, begun a noc houfe at Scbonbom, or Schonbrun, about alea^ue iirom this city, which, if finifiied according to its plan might have been another VerfiuUe* -. but his emprcfs dowager, to whom he left it, fuSered the works to run to decay. The late priace Eugene's pabine u very (lately, but fituate in a narrow ftreet, with a very little court oefole it. Here is a fpacious iidoon, adorned with g»at piAurea raprefenting the chief vidories of that prince over diei French and the Turks ; and in two roonu next to this, afttit^rich tiyeftry, made by thefiunon* Devos at Bnf- fels. In the bedchamber beyond thcfe, there is a luftre of (ock cryfiai, iidd to have coft fbnr bundrect thoufand florins, and rich tapefiry, rolled up ia pilaflcis of greea velvet, embroidered with gold, and adorned with figures of needle-work fofine, that they feem to be otiaiatnrea t and the clofet neat to it is all ever jplt. . Licbtenftein palace, which is bigger, and every whites magnificent, is worth feeing, <«ere it only for its paint* ingt. The paUces of the fuburbs in general, arc inmiitely more grtnd than tbofe of the dty, and they have botb court-yards and gardens. Prince Eugeix had one iiere too, where he uIm to pafe the fine fnifon : It is a fuperb fini£lure, with magnifiGent gardens, in which are a fine cafcade, an orangery, aitd a menwere, ftored with the moft uncommon creatures that the four part* of the world can furnifh : there is a faloon beiow-fiam, all lined with marble of feveral onloun, the cteling of which ia adorned with paintings. This city is governed by a ikadtholdei, whofe funftioos are the fame with thofe of the lieutenant of the police, at Paris ; but he muft always be a perlbn of noble extraAion, and a gentleman of the army. He hu feldom any other title than colonel of the city, and he has a lieutenant- colonel to command in his abfence, who has the dircAion of the fortifications, the acfenal, and the garrifon, which never fiirs from Vienns, and confifts of veteran foldiers, or the bursers and artificers of the city. The einploy- ments in this oorp* are very lucrative, but not being on the road to honour, are not much felidted by petfoiu of estraflion. It is maintained at the charge of the city, and ufed to mount guard at the eo^ror's palace, he havuig no other fbot-guardt. It U fiud this city abounds with coffee-boufes, whetethe news-readers are not leis free with the cbaraAcrs of their generals and (latefinen, &c. than they are at Loudon. There being no hofpital of invalids heie, the church doors are always plied with begging foldiers that have been d tabled in the fervice. All round upon the city walls are bsirackt or huts for the garrifon, which are very well built, but not all of them occupied Sy the foldiers, fome being tippling- houfes, and others for pnilitutet. 3. Neuiladt contains a military academy. 3. Hamburg i« ip the vidnity of the antient Corncatrs. 4. Kiofler- Neaberg is a tich foundation for Auguftine canons. $. Baden is famous for its hot baths, lidide* the above, the only town in Lower Auflria, worthy of noiioe, is, 6. Molk. a marker town on the Danube, nrar which is j^ gg.jj^M»A cloiAm: af BoncdiAiacs, which is the aivitetl and ridiefl foundation of the kind in all Au(lria.~ The abh«t U Ktiyiatc *4 the lower eljiatcs of this cird^ and pre- idcpt -it.., ,-. .,- „.,. : :■ .... -f- tEUROPfe.) 6 fe k M A l« ¥. hi bdenl 0f the (mm of p»eUl<(. In ona at tlu ctUm i* Itojit ibms win*, cilled St. Coluutt't wtnci which il b«t*«cn Hum Md (otir bikndrd tears of ^. TIm tbbcjr i» dedi- cttsd M St Colmtn. inatk tookb itoMkuiM. Tbik Si. Colnua «nu ike apoAIe of Aaftru^ uld of tht blood Mjrtl bf Scothnd : but bii fuie was fonwwhat fingoitf, iot in {tafBof through tbil eonrvrjr in •Aa MUt oIa pilcioit he vat taken up, and bkn|ad u a fpy. The moil judicious geogiaphwft 4ivid« Up^ Aiiftkia ioto four quvtelrs; nautely, Hanftio^ Tnnrt, Michel^ and Black. lu tl*^ HaiiKrtic()vartrr, diepriiicipiiplaiNaAR, li Lhm^ thscaipi..' o' Upper Anftria i it it fituaitd on die Damtbr, 9ac t\andred tniiet ^treft of Vienna, and one bafldNdtmd ten fouth oi Pngue; Here it a wooden brittat ««ar the Danube t and on a bill in the neighbowhood it • oiMiltl, Which it ibmetinket the refidcnce of the emperor. The town it wcll-4iuiltAf white frce-ftone, And papiiloUt« con- niiwm feveral hanofome ehnrcbet, eloifkert, fauateti and fountatni, and it Daach itforted to bv the iiobilitjrt who htTC |deafuiity notdl of Cilk/, fift^ caft of Jndertbnrg. aitd A^nMbur fouth of Vienna ; is a neat. well-built city, in a ibirant fruitful donntry : it is defended by a wall, rampirtt, and calUt, on a rocky bill, and other fortirications, that render it almoft ifflpregnable. The caftle is on a high bill thit commands a neighbouring country, where is the aithdak^t palace, which is finely iurnillied, iaA has a good library and mufemn; The Jefuits liav.- 4 college here mm lindowiKl, whicb bat the priviliege of cdntenihg degrees ; fd thit it it reckoned among the nniterfitiet ttf tQeiritaany, and it well filled with ftndenttt Thit towii it i:b« tbiidence of the governor of Stiria, at it Was formerl* uf tho archdokea «f Awlria, paftknlarjy Ferdinand II. a fti ima t dt eatlperor. Who called liMlMelvet by ht namt : itt fttbutbt, which aic large, ritrCMl of iti own nanie and hi territory very populous; 3. Cilli, «t !Zilli, fbnricriy ihe tiapibl tif ah ihdeptii- dcot county, WbUi the cnlpiiiror Fredftie III. took peOeffion Of in 1457^ *'>"* ^ ^^ count wat killed, after Which, it wat incotj^ated with Stint: In this county flandt the high mountain Bacher or IHtehcr, rich in all fortt of oret, at the rainerid wdters thit ilTae from it evi- dently Ihew. The inhabitants of die cbuhty are all $cla- vonians, otlierwire called Weiids. The town is *ery antient, and appears to have been ^ place of gresit cnnfide- rationi a. Eiliinartz, a confidarable town in Upper Stiriai fituated forty miles nortli-wcft of Grate, and nmous fat mines ti'.J iron-farg<», from whence it has its name. 9. Marbureh, celebrated for its Roman* inonomentt, b twenty-four roiles foutli of Grata and Fettau, thirty miles f«4ith-caA from the fame place, and ii remarkable for itt manufaQutes. 4. Elggenbcr{r, wkiich gives nante to a ftfigniory. 5. RafltstDurg, or Rakrlibufg, fituated ou the river Muehr, and is one ot the (Irongtft and beft towns in Stiria. 6. Lufttonberg, a market-to-rn. j, Gunnawits, a naiket-town. 8. Studvnin. In '^ppci Stiria are alfo the following placet { via. 1. Judenbiirg, the capital, fituated on tlie bankt of the Muehr, in a plain (urroonded with high mountains, con- tinaalty covered wkh fnow, fifty miles weft of Grata, and ninety fouth of Vienna, a. Leuixn, a nnat pleaiant town, twenty-five milen nottb-eait of Judenburg, and upon tlie fame river. 3. Brucfc, on the Muehr, ei(;hty-ihr4e milet uorth-waft ofGrtta. The duchy of Carinthia, antiently called Camit, it bounded, on the eaft, by Stiria ; on the weft, bv Tirol, or Tyrol ; on tlie north, by Stiria and the archoUhopric of Salabun; and, on the fourti, by the territoriet at Venice and CarnioU. The air it cold, the foil hamsn ; the rivert, brookt. Ice. abound with fifh i and the mountaiiu yield many minendt. The principal pUces are, 1. Clagenfurr, the capital of the whole duchy, flanding one hundred and forty miles footh-weft of Vienna, being antiently called CUodia, and the feat of the dukes. It is well built and fbrrificd, and contains feveial churches and convents, with a large college, a mymrafium, and a provincial houfe, in which the itetcs a&mble. Hera it lifo an equeftrian flatus (K the emperor Theobald, und two pillart of marble, confe* cratad, the one to the Holy Trinity, and the other tc the Virgin. The Luther^tn religion was fu|»relled here in the year 160?. Between this town and St. Veit are foaoa' remairit of an antient town, fuppoicd to be Tiburnia, where Roman coins, and other antiquitiet. have been found, a. Viilach, twelve milet weft o( the latter, near tht ntave. over wfairh ther? is £ bridge. It is a pspslssa town, and a great thoroughfare. The duchy of Cimiola, by the Germans called Kraia, •;■* 640 Tub new and U N I VE R 8 AL 8 YSTE M of O EOOR AP H V. *fau the golf of Venice Ca th« weft, Sclavonii ind Croatia to the caft. Qariiithia and Stiria to the iiorili, and the Adiiatic lea to ihefouth Ii is one bandied and ten miles . long^ fifty broad, rather cold, but at this time tolerably fertile. . The lower clafi of people fjxak the Sclavonian or : Wendifh language, the better (oit, Cierinaii, but both with a very indiflFerent diale£k. The pc«f,int« are a v«iy hiridy - fet ofjpeople : going barefoot in the inidA of winttr, never covenng their bre^i from the inclemency of the weather, ': and flceping on a hard l)cnch, without bed or bolfttr. In the Upper and Lower Krain the people wear long beardi : and fuch as live by exporting the commodities of the country on paclc-hoifes are called Sanicn, or, mote pto- pcrly, Saumeis. The ftatcs of Camiola confift of the clergy, the nobility, kniRhts, and royal towns. Chrifiianity was tirft planted in this countiy about the middle of the eight century, and, in the fixteendi, Lutheranifm made a confiderabtc progrefs in it; bt«y|il»liiiglhe WalachiansorUlkokes, who are of the Cmfjliglmtnb, and llyle themfelves Staraverzi, i. e. old belieVi^ all the inhabitants at prefent are Roman catholics. In the whole duchy are three biflioprics, four : commanderies, and one hundred and thirtv-four parithes ) but to the bidiopric of Leybach belong alio many parilhes in Siiria and Cirinthia. The principal commodities exported from heace are iron, (leel, quiclifilvcr, white and red wine, oil of olives, cattle, iheep, cbcefc, linen, and a kind of woollen flufF called Mahalan, Spanifti leather, honey, walnuts, and timber, together with all manner of wood-work, as boxes, billies, treiKhers, fpoons, fieves, &c. Camiola was long a marquifate or muBSTate ; but in the year 1131 was ercftcd into a duchy. ^I^c extinftion of the nurgraves, tlie inhabitants nude cWtix of Frederic II. duke of Auftria and Styria for their fovereign. The amis of Camiola are an eagle crowned, on whofe bread and expanded wings is to be fe'en adicedeilfeent. '1 he counts of Thurn are lupreme hereditary flewfrds in Carniola and the Wcndilh Mark ; the houfeof Aveifberg, chamberlains and marfhals i the prince of Lamberg, mafter of the horfe; the count of CobenscI, cop-bearer -, the baron of Eck, fiaff-bearer ; count Sauer of Ankenftin, carver ; and the count of Lanihieri, falconer. The principal officers for the government of the country, are the land-captain, or governor in chief, burgrave of Laubach, land •lieutaiant, tnd land-vicar. There are fevrral immaterial fuh divifions, fuch as Upper, Lower, Middle, Inner, 9ic. but the principal places »tr, i. Laubach, the capital of this duchy, and in the centie between the upper and lower parts. It ftands on a fmall river of the fame name, which falls into tlie Save ten miles below it i and is twenty miles eaft of Bilhopflack, and one hundred and forty-four fouth-weft of Vienna. The air h$re is not reckoned wholfome, yet it is a populous well-built city, whiclv the emperor Frederic III. made the fee of a bilhop, formerly under the jurifdif^ion of the patriarch of Aquileia, but now dependent on the pope. It has a cathedral, and a large caftle ; but it is com- manded by an hill, and the town is not very flrong, efpe- cially towards the river : however, it held out a liege in 1440, till the emperor Frederic III. came to its relief. I'he princes of the houfe of Auftria, have the right' of appointing the prelates and the chapter here, whicli only coniifts of fix canons, of whom, iiidcrd, tlie'bifliop nom- nates one': Here are feveral conveitts lor both fexcs, ind tlie river is noted for breeding the largcft cray li(h in Europe. The ftatrs of the duchy meet in a fine boufc here, and the prince of Averft>urg has alio a palace, 2. The town of Zirknitz, or Czirnitz, contains about three hundred houfes, but is particularly remarkable for its famons lake, called the CzirnitKcr lake, or lea, which is fixtecn miles long, and eight bro;id, encompafled with mountains and forcfts at fomc diftance, aiul on 1 he eaft fide with a foreft of pear trees. The water links under ground every year in June, through many large holes in the bottom, leaving itt^uitedry nil September, when it returns faoutiiig out ot thole holes with fuch violence, that it loon rifcs to tlie height of a pike, and cove salt the ground again, making that a lea which was before Helds ofcnrn, pauure, and hunting : for after the retreat of the water, th: people fow corn there, which ripens for the lickle before Septem- ber ; and the gnls grows hrrc lb thick, that it affords palturc for tlie cattle iiid deer that aie turned into it from the neighbouring hills and forcfts, which aie taken olF before the fpring riles again. The filli that aliouud here are carp, eels, tench, fee, which none inuft catch without licence t'roiu the prince of EckciUiurg, wlio is lord of tlie *^.>..;, ..*, ' ■ ■ ' , . ■ -.. ■.■"-• -'- ■■ •■ fk'-' manor till the water retires, tnd then the ptifintt catcU great numbers by lavirig their nets over the holes. 3. The lowi) or St. Viet is fituated on a bay of the Adriatic, has a ftrong caftle; is othtrwife well-fbttified, an4 pofleflis a goo^^trade on account of its excellent harbour, by which lirastti^ahtities of goods are exported and iniported. The ncignboariitg territories yirld abundance of wine, fruits, particularly figs, &c. The governor of the town is ftiled captain, and relides in the caftle ; and on the oppofiteilMe of the river there is a chapel dedicated to St. Mary of Loretto. Thi? fown was formerly incorporated with the duchy of Cam and bore a flure in its nxes, but at prefent It is heitli .-ckoned * part of its territory, nor it It fubjea to i« impoftt. Tlie neighbouring golf abonnds with lilh, among which is a fpecies called gatta, the fkin ofWhich, forming a kind of fliagreen, is ufed fi>r tho cafes of watches, calkets, telefcopes^ &c. 4. Crainburg, or Krainbourg, on the banks Af the Save, oyer which it has a bridge, is ftven miles north of Bilhopflack, twenty north-weft of Laul»cfa; and twenty- fix fouth-eaft of Clagenfurt. It fiands on tlie top of « hill, and is fortified with a ftrong caftle. It fau three chufcbe^ and, in its faburbs, • raonaftery of Capuchins. 5. Ratf mondorf, in this neighbourhood, on thenonhTideoftbe S«ve, has in it many Roman antiquities, and girei title to a Roman family in Stiiia. 6. Lack, or Bilhopflack, on a fmall river, ten mites fouth of Crainburg, and thirty from Venice, is a city which was plundered aiid burnt in I4S'> but is handfomety rebuilt and ibrtified, and is fnbjea to the bifliop of Freyling, to whom the emperor Henry IIL gave it i and the governor of it is his lieutenant. Itt diftrid is ten German lei^uet round, and contains two hundred villages. A divifion of Iftria belongs to Auftria, and is very fertile. It is divided into the county of Melterbets, and lordihip of Caftua. The only places worthy of nonce air, I. Meiterberg, which gives name to the county, and i« it* capital. It is without walls or ramparts, but haa a cafih to defend it. a. Antiguana, a hirge but dull town. 3. Caftua, which pves name to the lordfliip, and is fituated on the Adriatic^ 4. Bercketz, a ffflaU town, with an harbour on the Adriatic. The town of Laat ftandt near the Pzitnitzer lake : it has a caftle on the river Boick, that runs into it twenty miles fouth-eaft from Zirchnits, and is noted for a breed of well-lhaped horfes, thout^h not near fo good for fervice as tliolc bred in Karftia. Tlie town of Upper Laubach ii fixteen miles weft from the other already dek:ribed, and on the fame river, but near the fource of it 1 is coniiderable for being a man for Italian goods, which are fent into all part* of Germany, being brought tiiiber in great quaotitics over the mountains from Gortz. Windilchmark is in the fouth-eaft cornerof this ducbj. Some reckon it a Sjlivoiiian province, and fubjeft to the emperor, and not as part of Carniola, to which itadjoiras. It IS about fifiy-five miles in len tli, and thirty where broadeft ; but it was furniCFly much larger. Though it is a mouiiUnous, barren country, efpecially towards tlie louth, it produces corn, and excellent wine. Its inhabi- taiits are thought to be a branch of the Venedi. Their religion is the Roman catholic, and their language « mixture of the Sclavonic and German. 1. 1 he town of Mctling, of Moiling, capiul of tlie Windifcbinark, ftands in a plealanf, fruitlul country, on the river Culp. and the frontier of Croatin, tifteen milef fouth-eaft of Rudolphfworth, and thirty-five fouth caft of Cilley. The chief trade of its inhabitants is fattening fwiiie in two neighbouring woods of chefnuts and oaks. In the year 1431 this town was furprired by the Turks, and inoft of the inhabitants maflacred ; and in :578 it was again ftormed and plundered by thofe infidels. Hera is a houfe of the i'eatonic order. This town lies full ill the road from Laubach to Croatia. The wood thrtitidi which it leads is rough and ftrong, but the reft of tw country is pleafant and fruitful. J. Thetown ofRudolphiworth, Rudelfwerd, or Ncu- ftadt, ftands on the river Ourck, a little below Seifenbourg, twelve miles north-weft of Mctling, and twenty-two fouth eaft of Cilley. It is awell-fonified town, and ^mou* for the beft wine in thofe parts. About 1435 itwasiKfieged by Albert of Auftria, and Ulric count of Cilley ; but the troops of the emperor Sigifmond obliged them to r;u(e tha , fiegc ; and be granted the town great privileges foritii brave oppolition. It has an abhi:y, a convent of Kecolleiti, and hot hathi, at four miles diftance, much frequented by foreigners. The town is commonly called Nevftadt, and the abbey Rudolphl'worth. -ite: te U R O p. E.) ) h\ Ol Bi.rRaM'. )Aj ■WHYiuaA,;W-.'i;<: H' }. Thv iu1cl«M t«mri «f iGorift, or OoriMib b ikv^tcd A(|IMlwb!«l4l;ll6lt4«iglllllMhr*i|iaf VmMM. ItMftlut*^ t«ir»M-.ilwt »Mltpr«.w«w<»««» ibOTgbt.M bMf ilH«i>ul^.kiMMM.,Non4Mi, or MoritMni^lMr i«ri|ieitt Oictt«iiik»irk«ng«fiib«,JBptlM alKxa-nMntiioiMtf.: ddrau^ Qdowrr.jking of th« Hrruli. 'I'be old or txfpet toma WM bkei) m, 1 5o;[ by the ycnetiMi. wiio ibrtifiieitit « but the emperor Miiimiltm I. regiined ii two yMrt aftar ^ tbuy, ■gun atiMnpiridM*ftfr|trUe*t in i6i6tibui,wtiboat filccefi. Tbn i>qlavoi)iw)imflgtM«,,wbich' ii^ imken m ihak pro^ viiWMt nnclpiiit Mo iiiihoc ««ft thwi jhut in tnc coarM of judicaturcithay fpeak Hiith Djilcbi m dp Wfo the gentry. , . I'hii towmii totembl* (Irong, •iid U the reiidenot ot ihe fiovrrnor, aitd Other* of quaitiy. The inlubiunu {>reteiid It is n . Vhifib ii|Q«Jiied the Fomefs, tihcre is a good guard..; A|)p(«t* ;«ie'iii|ide'from tlie counts here to the rtgpnp of AulUwk iThe read frpn> henc« lo Laubadiii very uone)r. TnccOunty or difltiA ofGoritia, of which tbii ttmn i* . the capiiel, is bounded,, on die north, by Lpper Camiolaj oivjhe eaft. by Lower Camiola ^ and the Alps feparate it from Friuli. it ii ibiny-five miles loni^,. (Jifl bfteen . broad, and >ias 6ne vineyards. This town now beking* to tbe hoafe of Auftria, .i^ugh it liad formerlyjts particular coui^ts, tbe brandi of which, beinj; extind^ the emperor Frederic IV. tookpoOeflioniar it in mS' ■ 4. Ei|ht miles norih-eaft of Neofladt, is LandftraOe, a ftrong little town, almoft encompiilbd by the Greek. It has jurifdi£lion over the neighbouring - bills and vallies, formerly a wildemeft for (everal leagnes, but of late ages well-inhabited, and the. vallies improved into meadows and pafturage, byaoomMny of VValacbiana who fetrird here by tbe lume of Uflbcken, wbci are of the Greek church, pay the emperor no tribute, but own him for foverei|;n, and, upon occsfion, furnilh him with men in proportion to their numbers. 5. Reifnitz is a noted town on the borders of Cariiiola, near the Zernicker fee, being the chief of a barqny of the fame uims belonging to the family o< Trigler, and tbe place where tbe imperial trained baiiili of thii country mufter. The Turks burnt liioft of it down in 1480. 6. SeifTenberg it a market town of note on the banks of the Gurck, which fupplics it wirh plenty of fifh, particularly the b:ti c;ay-ti(h in the country. It it rubje<£l to the county of Aveifperg. Karftia, though a province, is reckoned a part of the province of Carniola; it formerly belonged to Friuli, betwixt which and Iftria it lies. It is a pcninfula, almoft cncompafTed with the rivers Alben and Lifonzo, about tliirty-iive miles long, and twenty broad, and remarkable for a breed of good horl'es. which are bought up by moft of the Italian nobility, it was difmemhered from Friuli in 1500, and is divided into Upper and J..ower. Ihe fiimous liver Timavus, meniioned by Virj[il in tlie iirft yGneid, is in this province. It is tlioaght to rile in the Alp* i is called at iiril Recca ; and, after running underground for about forty miles, is caUed Timavus, as fooii as it breaks out again, and falls by twelve finall chancis into tlie gulf of Trielie. Ttiefte, thechicf town of this province, {lands on the Adriatic fea, at tbe .lottom of a bay, to which it gives lume, fourteen ipiles north of Caho d'lftria, twenty-four miles fouth>eaft ol Aquileia and thirty-feven nf Goritz, and fixty-three from Venice. It was a Roman colony, and built from the ruins of the antient Tcrgeftum of the Carnians, the ruins of which aie dill |o be fcen on » neigh- bouring mountain, ^t is a Irnfill, but ftrong and popu- lous place, with * large harbour, the onty one thf houfe of Auftria has in this country ; is a bilhop's fee under the paririarch of Aquileia, and is defended by t^ro ca(l!c«. The Venetians feized it in the beginning of the thirteenth century, by reafon of the piracy of tbe inhabitants ; but Maximilian I. took it from the Venetians. A. U, jco;-, and his Incceflbrs have been in pofTcfllon of, it ever fmce. Great quantities of fait arc made here and exported ; and the neighbouring country produces good wine, that- the No. 65. OAriiiiii>* cdll Reiitfll, iwbicb the VtiMttant buy aheap, •ii4if«Uideartift>r e)tportttto|>, to the Germans. There is ' a.fine.Mwn-lioiife in fhe naiddle of a large fquarc made by > ilw itilubiMnMt .ne*r tbe port, wtxio ure two heautifal ' i^wiA pillai* j» nt\K «it|t ttie tntagje of ilie Virgin Mvy upoir ib'iiultbeiMbef.iWiil^ tkat .of (be emperw. Tiiew is a cathe^rai here, a. poor old bwildiiiK 1 but the lefuiu have a college and church, which are very good* TlMtownia pretty wtU b;ii|t, andm.itber rich nor poor 1 for the neiglitxwrlKNid.pf Venice do4t Dot let it want any thing, ihf rof:k»'r«n im* ^he.fe«iiere iii.tbe (orm of mnles, wtiich bre«lijtlMW»ves, andiinake it fafe, tym fo^ (hips of Iwrdcit,. when ' in porti; (nit it i( only frequented by iQe Ihips , among tbe Archipelago iflands, froiii whence they' brHig back wines, cotton-yarn, fruits, and fome filk, .grogram-^yarn, camel^ hair, and fuel) good*. The great misfortune which the Auftrian* laboured under for carrying on the extenfive trade propofed from this port, was, tliat they had no fund of goods for exportaion, eitlier for their produce or mahufsiAures ; the chief they coaid export, of any value, beiiie the wrought iron made in Carinrhia, Stiria, land tlie adjacent countries -, which, indeed, is of great fervice to the Venetians, becaufc they have no iron works near tliem. The laftmentianed people have alfo a navigation through Stiria by the river Murtz, the Danube, and fo to Vienna; and they liave the like in Carniola, by the great river Save, which runs into Croatia «nd Hungary. I'he Venetians receive, by thefe countries, a great quantity of laree black cattle, which are lioughtlean, or not above half fed, from Croatia, and then brought down to the falt-marlhes of Venice, and fed there till they are fat. Some alfo are bou^jht at the fcveral fairs on the frontiers of Carinthia ; and they are the beft beef that is to be found in any part of the world, when paftured in the rich lands of Lombardy. ,^ •'Between Carniola and the county of Gortz, is lituated _' the Idrian bottom. I'he name u derived from .Idria, a royal market-town, which is immediately fulijcA to the Auftrian aulic^ichamber at Gratz, and lies in a deep valley, amidft high mountaiiM, on the t'roall river Idria. Thu town is defended by a caftle, and celebrated for its quick- filver mines. The common fort of quickfilver is extrafled from the ore by means of fire ; but the virgin quicklilver is found in numerous fmall drops, that trickle through the veins of the mountains. Malefacflors are coiidemncd' to work daring life in thefe mines, as this kind ,af Iftbou^. is the moft uiiwhollbme imaginable. ^>" The two following letters, written by the leWnei] Mr. Everai'd to a friend, relative to thefe mines, will aftbrd a fatisfiiAory account of them. In the firft he thus cxprefles himfcif : " The pleafure I take in writing to you wherever I am, and whatever doing, contributes to dilpel my prefent unealinefs ; an uneafinefs cauted .it once by the difagrceable alpeA of ev;ry thing around me, and the iiiorc dil'agrcc- able circumftances of the count Alberti, with whom you were once acquainted. You remember him one of the gaycft, the moft agree;^ble perlbns at the court of Vienna, at once the example of :hc inen, and the favourite of the fair fex. I have often heard you repeat his name with efteem as one of the few that did honour to the prel'ent age, as pofTelTed of gencrollty and pity in the higheft degree, at one who iii-ide no other iil'c of fortune but to iclievc the diftrclfcs of mankind. That gentleman, f'ir, I wilh I could fay is now no more : yet, too unhappily for him, he exifts, hut in a tituntion more terrible than the moft gloomy imagination can conceive. *' Atfcr liaviller nart»*d rlirnnffh f(«v#»ral r»art« nffh^ Ain, -or — — — o ^ I -■ - - — -f— , and .vilited Germany, I thought I could not return home without vilitini; the quickfilver mines at Idria, and feeing thole dreadful fuhtcrraneous caveins, where tlioulirnds are 7 Z condetx-.ncd ■^ 64X Thb new AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. Condemned to i«(ide, (hot out from all hope* of evet fechig the ch«arful light of the fun, «ud oblii^cd to toil out t miferable life under tlie whip* of impericvi taik-nikfteVt. iTnagine toyourfetfa hoh) iu the fideof a mountain, aboiit five yards over, down ihii you are Itt, in a kind of bucket, more than one hundred Fithom, the prolbcft growing fiiil more gloomy, yet ftill widening ai you defocnd. At length, after (winging in terrible fufpence for feme time in ihii pre- carious (ituation, you then reach the bottom, and tread on the ground, which, by iti hollowed found under your fret, and the revtrberationi of tlie echo, fecm< thundering at «very ftep you take. In thin gloomy and fiightiiil folitude, you are enlightened by the feeble gleam of lampi, here and there dilperlisd, (b at that the wretched inhabitants of thefe man(ion« can go from one place to another withoat a guide ; and yet let me alfure you, that though they by cuftom could fee objefts vrry diOinAly by ihcfe lighn, I could fcarce difcerii for fome time anything, not even tlw pcrfou who came with me to Ihew ine thefe difmai fcenet. " Though I fujppdfe, from thii defcription, you have but a difagrecable idea of tlie place, yet let me aflbre you that.it is a palace, if we compare the habitation with tlie inhabitants : fuch wretches ray eyes never yet beheld. I'he blacknefs of their vifagei only frrves to cover an horitd palencis, caufed by die noxious qualities of the mineral-tbey are employed in procuring. As they ir germal conlift of malefaAors condemned for lifis to this taflc, they are fed at the public expence ; but they feldom confume much provifion, as they lofe their appetites in a (hort time, and being affcded with a total coniiaflion of all the joints of the body, commonly expire in about two years. " I walked (or fome tittie in this horrid raanfien after ' my guide, pon>lering on the (Irange tyranny and avarice of mankind, when I was accofled by a voice behind mr, calling me by my name, and enquiring afier my health with tlie moil cordial aiTeAion. I turned, and faw a creature all black and hideous, who approached me, and wirh a piteous accent demanding, " Ah, Everard, do you not knov/ mei" Good God ! what was my furprife, when through the veil of this wrctchednefs, I diicovered the features of my dear and old friend Alberti ! I flew to him with aficAion ; and, after a tear of condoleance, alked how he can>e there. To this he replied, that having fought a duel with an oflicer of the Auft'-ian infantry, anintt tlie emperor's command, and having left him for dead, he was obliged to fly into the foreftt oi Ittri.i, where lie wu liiA taken, and afterwards (heltered by Ibme banditti, who had long infefted that quarter. With tliefe he lived nine niontlis, till, by aclofe iiivefliture ot the place, in which they were concealed, and after a very obflinate refiflancr, in which the greater part of them were killed, he was taken and carried to Vienna, in order to be broken alive upon the wheel. Arriving, however, at the capital, he was quickly knowr, and feveral ofthe aiTociatcs of his accu- (ation and dtngrr, witneiiin^ his innocetKe, hit punilh- mentof the rack was changed mto that of perpetual banilh- ment and labour in the mines of Idiia ;— a fentence which muft appear a th6.fand times worfe than death, to anyone who has vifited thefe dreary abodes. " While the unfortunate Alberti was relating this nar- rative, a young woman came up to him, who at once I faw to be born for" better fortune i the dreadful fituation of this place w! oi •'..■. upnlc ?nd w, 4II the coii,.u. ics the could not relieve. With him (he ded into thefe manlions, from whence return ; thcs de'°pi(ing the fpk;!>dor of -■ off ' ^ e*ftof Jnfpruc, on the Inn,' and ii reckoned the fecond city in Tirol I it ii fanrrrmt'ibf in fall^Wbrlti, there being th tkii neighhoarheod, a Tilt mine, out of which targe bloeici of fiilt attdSijr.and thrown «ut into (>iit MMd Wl;h frefh Wntt ; from <»hciice the fal», when rftelted, it eOtiMyed fcy wooden tn^ught to Hail, and thefe hoiled in fiage pint or oiflem*. A great number of peMIWth aro eontinoaihr Mi- ployeif in' felling e neighbouring hills, and covered with mud, it wai there firft inclofed by the roots, which, as the tret grew, forced it by degrees up into the trunk. Noah's rainbow i« fo admirablypainted on one of the cielings, that the great duke of Tufcaiyr ofTcif d one hundred thoufand crowns for it. Here is alio a good library, and a gallery full of bufti. Thefe apart- mcitti arc (hewn to ftrangers by the chatellan, or keeper of the caftle, who is generally fotne invalid, and cornea fiom Infprtic for that purpofc, and expedt a fuitable rewaid for his trouble : lie is always attended with a ftrong guard. Not far from the town, on the fouth fide, is the famous monad !ry of Wiltheim, where the monks pretend to have the body of their founder Hayman, a gigantic prince, twelve feet and a half high, who, they fay. killed a moniirous dragon, which threw down a iriuch of his monaftery by night, as his men bcilt by day ; there is a pillar before its gates with an infcription, importing, tliat the road from Italy towards Augfburg, lay acrofs the field t wkert ilhis dionifftf * ftan4e ; and l/bit ift Hm tinik of Ui* eraperttr Stptlmiat Scvtm* it sfaa reptitad (n n^ on* huMtM mlM toMHrt. CdMAance, f^tHtttlj kh irii^Kil ciiy, Ik ttadiU 6a i Mthtittd hkt of the ftme nam* t but iii the jwu 1^4* Pet^rrtarid I. Iit^excd it to the territoriea df the hoiUa 41 AuArik. Thh city is well fortifSad, is !•.. Ice of abiflwp, and hila httn the feat of feveral dicK. The fli^Ma Aflem- blr. known by the name of the council of Conibiioe, m» «ro by order of the kmbe'ror Siglfhtund, U the tioM ..c v...|.ite Wu (iiftnAed by rcligioul difpiiici, «nd by tho ftnit taifed by ihnk pojpe*. ill then living, .vix. 01k fet up b* Italy, another by Frante, Arid a third br Spalg. Bdt thtaetfaneildepoftd them all, *tii eleaed Murtitt v. in their flead t it likewifc condemned the doarinet of Wickliir, JohnHufi, and J crom of Prague, ordeiing tho fepulchre Oi (he fIrft to be dcfpoiled, antf the two latter W be burnt alive. This council continotd fittin| four jcara, durinff which timei^bove one hundred ihoafand fowigncn reiided in and near Conftance. The chief tribunal it held at Ahorf, a neighbouring market town. A con6denbl« trade ii arried on here by meant bf Uli Uke, and tho Rhine, which runt from it. Thi county of Kirchbergt belong! to the noble family of Fuggen I Out the landgravate of Nellehbeig and the county of (tohenberE, together Vith the margravate of Bureau, between the Danube and Lech, with the city of the iamr name, all belotw to the houfe of Auftria ; who alfo, in 1367, obtained Brifgaw by purchaft, which oon« tains the following places ; viz. I . The town of Fribniv on ^e Treifam, Which WM formerly very fVrong, ana had ftood many iw|{ci; but its fbrtificationii were demolifhed by the French m l745« It ii large, populous, and wealthy^ having t univerfitr* and feveni cfoiftera. The tower of the great church ia to high, fo curioufly carved and conitnifted, that there ii nothing of that k'.nd in Oermany to be compared to it. except that of Stralburg. The lapidaries here are famoui for polithing the grenaret, jafjpera, and other preciou< ftones, that are found in Lorrain and the neiRhbouring countries, a. Brifack, or Old Brifack, to diftinguifh it from the New, which was built and ftonely fortified bv ttte French on the other fide of the Rhine, in Alface. Old Britack was reckoned very ftrong until 1741, when its for- tifications were razed by order of the queen of Hungary. 3. Neuberg, on the Rhine, formerly an imperial town» but in the fourteenth century fell under the dominion of the houfe of Auftria. 4. Zahringen, a defolate Caftle near Friburg, from which tiie antient dukes of Zahringen took their title. 5. The abbey of St. Biafe, whofe abbot, in 1^47, was made a prince of the empire. H; it alfo here- ditary arch-aulic-cnaplain of the houfe of Auftria in the anterior Auftrian countries, but fobjeft to the bifhop of Conftance in fpirituals. Rheinfeldcn, Seckingen, LanflEnburg, and Waldfhut, are the four foreft towns. The firft it the capital of a county, and was once a free imperial city, but wa* mort- gaged in 1410, to the dukes ot Auftria, by the emperor Lewis of Bavaria ^ hard by is the village of Kaifan-Au^ft, on the Rhine, where antiently ftood the Auguila Rautit- corum. The fecond is a fmall town, and held in fee et' its abbefs. The third is the capital of an intient county, well fortified, and feated on both (ides the Rhine. It i> held as airefofthe foundation of Seckingen, and came to the houfe of Auftria in 1409, when the line of the counts of Hablburg, and Laufi:nburg bKame extiiift. The fourth is a fmall, but ftrong town, being, as its German name imports, a. key to the Black Foreft. Several«rivilege« were granted to it bv Albert, count of Habfbuig, Who in 1240 built and fortined it. Ortenau, a land vogty, belongs pattly to the imme- diate imperial kniehthood of the circuit of the Ortciun, and partly to the houfe of Auftria. Brikfen-bifhopric is forty-five mites long, thirty bmad, and, though lituated among the Alps, it firuilftil. Tin biftiop it a prince of the empire, and the cluVMr confiib- of eighteen canons, of which nine are noble. The capital, of the fame name, is only a poft-fbge from the territDoet of Venice. It contains an epifcopal palace, a caftle, two convents, a cathedral, two other churchei, feveral fquaret, many handfome houfet painted on the outfide, tee. Mount Brinner, in the neighbourhood, it cultivated to the very top, where there it a chapel, tavern, and poft- iioufe. The bifliopric of Trent lies among the Alpi, Soudx from Tirol, north and weft from the dominions of Venier, and eaft from thofe of the Orifont. It it luar fixty milea fton ^ The NEWanu UN4VER^A,;, fWH *»|l to wcl\, »ii(J forty. *in;(F kwulpft, jVoui (oiijli WndHi SJnuii- geoiupheri ii|#kc i« • p*rl pflt^ly, l»u< Oie niffibp of Ttthi, luitiig brcu « Pf/rir.e, o{ UlC; .c|i>|^if|i fii'W %^iMj»jid 11, tlie,Oefm»iii r«tiiii it ^in lluj^irfHuf nuttrif. "T*f= (■'*«■'■ Adi.t >«">» tliWmJ' A »ip»i'iwilh lo Prtb, rftdvii>£ fevertl (tttpikf, rjv^i^t t^u lirc fn ih« l) c»ch fuie cunt. The'imii^it ii)luViilaii(i wcr.e itie '^liijciiiiiii ut Pliny., Thr cb^i)m(iiv UD^iiagei of the prcfcntarr tlic O^rnMiiaiiil ^Y^TlStM o* C E O CVR A,P Hty» «; Jujiai)., Tlioggh the houp; ^f Aufltia f «is,tUe„ tyi))(f tal rnvrrel^H and Owiicn of thf tnunfry. ^cl t1|Cf prpvHji:(|, hitidfuitirly for ihtbiftiop, vvlto tui 4Uqut forty uiou|Jii)J crownirrfenoe, not giity dopt Uw.ciiy ,ot .XiMift t>"« J ivi', Byjifhq, Rovefedo, ^c. He W ruR(£g«h" tO|il)(j ■ clibiftinrfof Saltxbourg;^ but, before the li[e«iy «! MunRer, he^M ruffiigin to the pitriaichof Aquilew, wlii^rc bilhup, Hefrnagorw, w«| the founder of the fee, A. D, diocefe wai much enlarged by.|lhc emperor Conradc TI. 'iid confirmed by kii fucccfTori, who made the count of i irol p^pteQor of t|ie bifliop, i|nd oMiged him, in cafe of an niv»rioii, toajillbim. Sercial priiKc«, both of Germany and Ii'lv, p«y hoHi'gc to hjm for pjrt of the ettatcj which they hoJd ot (his lie . particu< l.uly, the duke ol Mantua; and tjie empcrori, ai counti of I'lrol^ pay him (juitrcniii u do many carli and baroiit. 1 he. citv of Trent, in Latin Tridentum, iti capital, flnnds on The liver Adige, thirty milci weft of tliecont'met of the Valiclinc. ihiity north of Verona, forty-three fouth-wcft of Brixcn. lixty-five fouth of Inlpruc, fixty- five \^fft of Venice, two hundred and fifty-five foutli weft of Vienna, and two hundred and fifty-five noitb-wrcft of Rome. It if cncompaflcd with fieep unpalbble hilli, except from Tirol on tJie north, and Verona on the foutb. The lun-heams darted from the flintv rocki, that aJrooft furround it, make the heat as intolerable in the fummer, as ihc cold refle^.cd from tlieiii is in the winter i but in the Ipring and autumn the air is temperate. The town, which is not large, being not above a mile in compafs, but iretty populous, is defended by an old cattle, has many talcly palaces, and feveial beautiful churches, and reli. sious houfi'S, and Arectt that are broad and well paved. I'he cathedral, dcdicited to St. Vigil, is a fine piece of goihic architcAure, but darkilh, with marble pillars, ex- traordinary lii(;li and thick ; and there is a chapel, in which nothing \i to be feen but fculptures and marble, faid to have cod one huiidred thoulind crowns. The church of St. Mary Major it noted for the famous council of Trent from the 4th of Janua.y 1545, till 1563, the reprefentation of which is finely painted on the walls. The town of Reif or Reva, on the like De Garda,. is famous for the excellent orangea and lemons which grow in the neigli- bourhood, for a celebrated image of the Virgin, and for a confiderable trade carried on there. Chur, or. Coire, is a bilhopric, and governed by a bifhop, who (lylct himfelf a prince of the empire) lie it under the archbilhop of Menix ; and though he is fiimfeif' a Roman catholic, yet moll of the inhabitants of the lands, fubjcA to hit temporal jurifdiffion, are proieftanU. His diapcer confilK of^twenty-four canons, of whom fome are nobles. Both he and they refide on an eminence near the town of Chur, called Hoff, where is a fpacious and well- built cattle. He has the right of coinage, and is pollefled of Icveral fine eflates and fief , not only among the Grifons, but ill Ipme foreign countries, as Tirol and Alface. Before the Reformation, he had alfo fome jurifdiftion over the city of Coire. Its epilcopal or fpiritual jurifdiAion, extends partly into the hereditary countries of tlie houfeof Auttria, and partly into Swiflcrland. The fee is very antient ; and its po» iir, both temporal and fjiiritual, before tlie Retbr- matioii, was very (^reat. There arc two bailiwics of the Teutotlic order in the circle of Auttria, on account of which it ir reckoned a ftate thereof, namely, one on the Ellck and the. Gebirge in Tirol, and another in thcarchduchy of Auttria. 'I raf|>, a little fcigniory belonging to ilie prince of Diet- richttciii, lies on the borders of Tirol, in the valky of Eiigudciu. The eiupcrot Leopold made a prefent of it, together with the fupremejuiifdiciion, to prince Ferdinand Jofrph of Dictrichftein, who, m 1688, obtained a . (cat and voice in the coiicgc of piMKca, ai uia oicta ui ijic ciupirc,o|i.ttiituccount. 8 1^' t 'T. . Ill'' I Omrtmmwit a drftuflitn^ tin rirtlt §f'Bm0riit^ ^v^th tiM hljl»ptn},famh%i-9t, tkntwHnm Ujlit^i in*,w;ibia, l-'iHOconia, ain) tli^ kiii|gdt>ni,of BptviJiM. |i IfcrecfiHtM rtM'aiac fioimUeUycbyof.Hayaiia. wbiqli,ctMil)tlutck ihcgMai^ii part pi 11, i« one ,ltuiidie4 ai'tl^Ul^ety w^c^longt audrotu huntltcvl and fifteen wbcio w^ft., .'V\)unify nmuntainouji, and tHe prliicipat riviers arc iliu llaiiulw, Lech. Imi, Ifcr, Aiulicr, and Salta. The diets are til'ually held at Ratiibon , and ili« cle£(itr of Bavaria, and ihe l> of SaU/.bur)(, ate j)oiia ttiinmonii)g|>r^>(:ea. The clc^oi of Bavaria 11 likc^ili; ItcKdilary cpmmandrr of ihecircvlat foicei. 'I'lm inll|i|>i|»ui# *!'■■ uf various If l^iout prrfualSoiu. Th« archbilhop) !(, of Saiuburg is iicai .one . liundr rd milct in Isngtli, and fix', in hrcadin. It is ia general mouniain' >ut, buimany piicat contain fine paAi^ipu where excetltnt cattle and horfes are bred. The Rowitn is ths eflablifhed raliqion, ^nd the uppreftiona of .the ProtcAants have been f^ich, thai diey have continually emigrate^ from l)tnc«i in particular, ia 173a .ibove thirty ihuuMitd quitted the place, and diQ>ej'/edtlieml< I vet into other parts of Luropc, or to till; Hutilh American colonicl, Ibis country, aiwuiidt in ^t, copper, filver, lead, iroit, lapia calami- rtarit, luarblc, mineral w.iurs, Sc. The lands belong to the energy, at here are not any nobles ; but the peafantt are in general trained to arms. This prelate .\lio 1 one of the riclicft archbifliopt in Germany, it a piiitce of the empire, perpetual legate to the fee of Rome in Germany ever fince 1073, and primate of Germany by the Treaty of Munfler in ii-48. He fits in the diet on the tirft bench next to the clefiort, and in (be college of piiiicet, he and the archduke of Auftri.-i prefidv by turns : Ite it alfo condire£>or of tint circle with the eleAor of Bavaria. When the emperor writes to him, he givci him the title of Your Friendlhip, wliereat the other prelatet have only the title of Your Devotion, or Your Piety : He bat, moreover, the firfl voice in the diet of any of the ccclcliattical princ t, after the cleAori. Hit fpiritu'l prerogatives are very great. There lies no appeal from this archbilhop to the nuncios al Vienna, Lucerne, and Cologn, as there does from the other bilhops of the empire. He moreover nominates to the canonicates vacant in the months of the pope, in which moiiihs the pope has right of nomination, by virtue of the German Concordat : he may, as well as the archbilhop of Cologn, drcfs in tlic babil of a cardinal. He has the dil'pofal of the four bilho- prict of Guick, Chiemfec, Lavant, Seggau, or Seccau ; only the nomination to tlie bilhopiic ot f arck is alter- nately between tliis prelate and the archduke of Auttria. His fufTraKans are the bifhopt of Ratilbon, Freyfingen, Paflaw, and Rrixen. His revenue amounts to near eighty thoufand pounds. The very fall which h carried into Bavaria and Swabia, brings bim in thirtv thoufand crowns pet annum : he lus better tlian fix ibouland pounds a year for his private purfe ; and, for ofliciating at three folemii fervices, be is paid near two thoufand pounds for each; but, u he is abfolute, he it matter of all the rcvenuet of the country, and by no meant accountable to any body for what he lays out : bcfidet, he commonly holds the dcanry in comnicndam, which brings him in an additional fum of two thoufand pounds. He is able to laile eight thoufand men ; and, under the arcUiepifcopal mitre, he licars in his arms the fword on tlie right, the crofier on the left, denoting liolli the temporal and fpiritual power. Hit chapter a, compofcd of twenty-four canons, who mutt be all noble by eight defcentt, and are only obliged to four months refidcnce in the year. They admit of no priiKct to be members, that tlicy may have a plea for refufing tliofe of Bavaiia; of whofe power they are jealous, lliough they arc obliged to tbem for moft of their wealth. Thcle canons have no vote nor revenue till they have been oidalncd pricfts : they have each a houfr, and (ome of them palaces : though they do not fiiig in the choir of the cathedral, they loQ; a perijuifite if they are not prrfeiit ; and, though they have eightmonths vacation in the year, to go where they lift, yet they are fo ftriOiy tied down to otic year's coiittant refidcnce in the city, that if thoy happen to lie abiosd but one night, they mutt begi'i fin* wattrt and caicadea, rich ftatuci. Sec. and the various MofpaAi. both of the city and country, fitom two fino lunmar-houiiM at ihelarthcr end of iit cardeni. Tba te«m of, Saltuburg, capital of the arcbbiftiopric, |d(ti ita num bain the river Salaa, on which it it iicuated, •ad over whidi it hai a bridge. It it weU-fbitificd, and the rcCdcnce of the archbilMf . The ca&le here it verv wrong,' and at Arangly prhtoncd, and well fnnplicd witli proyilioiu and wvlike ftom. 'I'be archbilhop^i palace it mignifiMn<, and in the acta before it it a fountain, eftecmed tba larteft and gfandett in Germany. The ftabkt are wy lony. and tne number of the horiea ufually kept by W arcbbilhop it faid to be npwarda of two bcndred. The city, ol which one part flaiMb on a fteep rock, it well* ^ntlt, but the ftieett an: nanorv, and badly paved. BcGdet the abovo-mctioiicd, there are two other (lately paUcet Wonging to the archbilhep, one of which it died the Neubau, and the other Mirabella. I'be lattt of ihefe haa a very beaatifal garden ; and the nombcr of ireei ' in tba oranaptry it (o great, that Mr. Keyflcr tellt at, twenty tboufaad oiaiiget have been gathered from them in one ycM. I'he river Salaa runt .clofe by the wallt of thit garden. There are a giaat uuny otliar fine finiAaret in the city, public and private, fncn at palacn, monafteriet, bofpilalt, and chuichca. The univeriity wm fennded in l6ao, aud committed to the care of the BcnediAinet. Befidct it, there ai« two collegti, in which young nntle- mtn are educated. In thu cathedral dedkaiedto St. Rupert, the apoflle of finvana, mnd a Scotchman by birth, all the •iiaraareof makbleof dvflcreni kindt, and one of the organt hai above three ihoofand two hundred pipm. a. The town of Haitein ftandt in a valley croflcd by three livcra, formed br torrtnit from the roountaini, which tirijig down a vaft deal of floating wood that it ftoppMl her* Iqr the pilot, which either croft or fltut up the riv«n : tbia wood they lay up in florc for rhe falt-worki. Iti fidt it OMtied Ml great (joantiitiet through Bavaiia and a comer d[ Tirol, intfa Switaerbtnd, where it is paid for in Frendi money, v^hich it one reafon that there it icaice any coin curicnt iu Bavaria but tliat of France. Here is a ctctt bkb mouAtain on the weft fide of tliu town, the earth of wm«b being mixed veitb a fort of alum, or fait pctre, the* thiQW it iniD hnge trencher, which they fill with fteih water, and kt k fiaiid three or four weeks, till the eanhy pvt it funk to the bottom ; then they let it out, and boil the falitte part in iron puu three iectdezp, and ten or twelve in diametet i knd when the water it evaporated from tha lalt which it tcavct at the bottom, they take it up, and put it to dry and harden in fome deal calct, without any bead or bottom. Thit mountain it pietced in a thouiand pbect, like ihajt of Potofi in Peiu : thcrefere they who go oat of citriofi'iy to fee the works in it, have need of very good guideti, (an fear of being !ofi in the great variety of tracks, or crtfhed by the £iU of the earth. Here ia ntt feting tbcfe works without a great deal of ceremony. B cfore people enter the mountain, they generally repair t9 ^1 chptdi on the top of it, to perform thtir devokioo* : UManvnc, uicy uutc a umiij uisiu.wu a% ■ pSSifC liCSlS war ^ chuicb i aitd being accommodated with feitie IiDlllea of tofa felit, thev are accoutred with a funout of Cfiadb linen doth, with leathert over their right arin and Mw thn betiu tQ enaUe them to nuke their way through Ho. 6j. the timber-work 1 and ihcy pat great UnnaM on thai* beads, to keep out the cold, fa that but little of the face ia leen. Beiiu^ ihui fitted out, every man eniert with a lighted candle ur lurch in hit left hind A great nambar of guidca and others (^ before and behind the fpeAatora, left tliey dtould be frightened in the dilhial caveriu. The candlca bmetimes go out by rcalbn of the prodigious rapidity w«th which titey dcfcend from oim beam to another 1 but if iunm llioald btppan to be Ivtt burning to light the reft, the guidea quickly flrika fin, and rekindle them. Afirir having vifited all the fubierraiMan curioliiiei, which takes up tiv« or fii hours, they give monev to tlie guides, and then go to the town to dine and make merry. Several Cicrraan author* affirm, that anno. 1 C63, in one of tlie hit piti, fia thotiland three hundred net deep, tl>ere wu found, in tha raidft of a hard lock of fait, a numan body, wiih itt limbe, htir, and doatht, uncorruptcd, which, by ita antique dreii^ fecined to have fain there fome ages. On tlic oppofite fide of the river there are forges, wlierc they inclt the copper which is dug out of tiie mines of this arch- bilhopiic. Boata are continually Koing up and down tha river, with the fait made here, lor Saltabutg ) from whcnco it is carried to other parts. 3. Atafmall diflance from Ssltiburg fiands Hclbrun. 7hich is a grand feat of the archbilhop't, and it adorned with fine ^ardent, wherein it a menagerie, a. Klelheim it another aichiepifcopal paUce. 5. Oaftien it a market- town, chiefly noted for itt gold, filver, and lead-minet, and for a warm bath. 6. Muldoif it a tuwn on th« Inn. riie ele£tor*e of Bavaria it about one hundred milet in length, and lixty in breadth. It it bounded on the eaft by Auftria, the bilhopric of Sahxhiirg, and th» bilhopric of falGiw ; on the weft, by the bilhopric cf Augf- burg, the marqiiifate of Burgau, and the duchy of Neu- buig ; on the Ibuth, by the bilhopric of Brixen, and the county of Tirol) on the north, by Bohemia, and the Upper Palatinate. Tbofe partt near the Alps are moun- tainous, cold, and b^reii, but produce wood, game, wild fowl, cattle, fait, mineral waters, filver, lead, iron, copper, tie. The partt that are fituated (owardt tha Danube are much more levd and fcrtile, yielding grain, fruits, pafturage, &c The many rivert which water thia country, and the variout laket which it coniaint, abun- dantly fupply the inhabitants with filh. The nunofafturea are lijk atid woolen ftufli, docks and watches, coarfedoth, - velvet, tapeftry, (lockings, &c. The only religion tole- rated, is the Roman catholic : the convenu arc numerous, and the ckrgy rich, but the peafanu are mifeiably poor. A committee of the ftatet, confifting of prdatet, noblet, and knighia, aflcmble at Munich whenever eroergcncea require. The iileAor has tine hettditary officers, vie. n mafter of the houihold, a (teward, matlhal, cup-bearer, and hantfman. Hit title it, " By the grace of God, duko of Upper and Lower Bavaria, at alto of the Upper Palati- nate I palfgrave of tlie Rhine, arch fteward of the Holy Roman empire, elcAor and landgrave of Leuchienberg, &c. The order of St. Gcorg^ wat revived in lyaoby tha elc Jor Albert, the eniign of which it a croft enaoielled wirti blue, andwomoendanttoabroad (ky-blue ribbon, with a Uaeh ahd wtutc border. The tk&ot haa the fifth feat in tho ehAoial college, and feveral votet at the diett both of tfat empiit and cirdie, and in the college* of the priiicea . and count*. Hit ordinary revenuet, arifing chiefly from the monopoly of com, bit, beer, and tobacco, tolls, roiacs, andcOntributiont, amount to between fix and feven hundred thonfand pounds per annum. With refped to hit military eftabliibmcnt, he maintaini, in time of peace, about twelve thoufand regulars, exclufive of ten thouiand tnihtia, die expeiKe of which, it is laid, tloe* not amount to quite itine hundred thoufand imperial gilder*. Hia court, ibr magnificence and fplendor, la exceeded by nono in Germany. During an iniencgnum, he it vicar of the empire, ahemateiy with the eleftor Pafaitiiie, in a!l place* belonging to the vicariate of the count palatine oif the Rhine. Bavaria it divided into Upper and Lovrer. The prin- cipal place in the former are : i. Munich, the capial of all Bavaria, and the refidence of the eleaor : it is fituated on the Ifcr, at the diftance of two hundred and (burteea milet to the weft of Vienna. It it one of the moft popu- i-». mw,A pU,f«nr r'.tin ^ (iewmtnj, and containa about forty tbonlimd inhabitants. It waa'originally etcAcd on a fpdt of grt>und belonging to a convent, and had iram thenco Aa nam«t>fMunchen, which fi^nifiet Monkt-town, and which iince ha* been corrupted into the word Mnnkh. A* Th« «46 Thk new AMD UNIVBRYAL SYSTEM or OBOCRAPHY. Th« eUftor'i p«I»** ii t mort m«){nlfic«m flruflui*. I« W*i huilt liy Maximilian, th« rlrAor, tl fuel) axpnic*, lh»t •11 Oeriniiiy Wkt furprlfcd (A think wh«r« ht tound ih* money i vet, if we niiy cr«dil M«riinift«, b« f»id, »I»M if h« WM fun of liritKt ten yetn longer, he would pull it down. Mid build one ftill more funarior. Bui lbs inlidai* fir more taautitul rtian tita outhdn, lh« ■rchileflare of whicli li nrt »ery rfr.uUr, hec»ufe hiiilt ■! feverti tinKi, Tbe Marquii Pilavicino, wliu liai p^en afulldefcripti'^) of it, f«y» It connini clr*im coiiri< twenty irral balli, nltfrtecn K«llerie«, two tliouland fix hundred large cror* windnwi, fix chapeti, fixttrn great kitcheni, twelve large cellari, forty vaO afardneiiii, all on a Hoor, in which are three bundrod grrat rooini richly painted, pe*ed. called, furnilhed, ^c, and there i« hardly a cornice, niche, m gite, hut bai ebuft or rtlie«oi of maiblo i which are aMb the ornamenta of almolt every chimney piece. 'I'he moft lemarkable are, I . The lofiR nailery, adorned with piAiirea of one hundred illufhioui perform '. In 'lie greateft maftera •, and another gallery, tlie eeili>' >if which reprefenii tlie principal towni, riven, and caitlei. of Ravaria. In the iirirnier are the rflligiei and namei ol thirty -fix princei, tlieprcdrcclTori of the twolaftelcAort. a. The Antiqua- rium, or'.Statuarium, eoiHainini', i vaft number of old and new piecei, in marble, (lone, wood, kc. 3 The great kail, called the emperor'i, a beautiful apartment, one hundred and eighteen feet long, and lifty -two broad, which Ciurtavut Adolphui faid he wai forry he coold not ^et nanrporied to Stockholm. The flaircafe kadine to it it, from the bottom to the 1 >, marble and gold. 1 hit noble room ii adornM with curiout piAuret ht great compartments, (hewing tbe different HMnner in ohicit foreign princei give audience to cmhafTadora, befidet other piOuret, accmnpinied with hieroglypiiici, &c. 4. I'he hall tilled with 'ai>ti(]uitiet, hrour.iit ftom Rome, exceedi all the irA, here being three hundred and fifty-four bufli, peror's, ihoagn not (b W, and adorned it with nobk piAufas, antique buAs, and vafes, placed upon tablet of very great value : and there it a fecret pefage from the palace, through little gaUenee to all the cherches and cunvcni* in the city. In llie btginning of the yc^r 1730, this new aptrimeni was buinl down by a tire which biokc out in the ni^ht-iime, fo that fcaicc any of the fine fomiture waa fm 'd ; and tbe elcAor and cltArefa lied like to have been burnt in tlicir bed. < The iieaieft church to this palace it that of the Theatinet, which. to|[tther with their monafterv, «ut built by iha wile of i'trdiiiand Mary. cleAotv Th« friart, .who era Iwenty-feytn, mu(t be alt men of qaality : they dare not tlk almi, though they may receive them i and when they have fulfcrcd extreme want, at any time, (or three day* togctlter, they arc allowed to ring a bell, u a token of their dittreis : bat the cleAuri are lb good, that they Mdon let them want. Round one half of tlie garden there Is a grand Pia«sa, adorned with piAutcs, - ,/i denting the feveral hiftorie* of the priiicA of the Bavarian faraHy 1 which piADfet, it is faid, were the model far the hangiiigt In tba eleAor's wardrobe. At the end of this piaisa itiei* it ■ verv fine houle, the lowtr part of whkh is an erangmry, andtheupperpartafummcr-houfei where, in that feafon, the eleftor has a drawing, room : near this there is a kind of menaeery, in which iione, and other wiU beafts, aro kept. This piaiaa leads to one of the fineA riding heafe* that n to be feen : it is three hundred and fixty-fia fa*< long, andfeventy-fix broad 1 has eighty treat windovrt, and all round witbm theie runs a fine corrider, or gallery far the fpcAators, when then are careufalt, or toarmw mcnts. Hera it a grand boa for the eledoi . which if richly carved, and big enoagh for all the eleAoral family. Here is alfo a magnificent opera-room, and a ftagr fuitabw to it, and foperb decorations to each. Uiwn fefbval-dkya, or others, wheti there is an opera liera, it it remarked, te a very unaccountable cuftom, that juft u they begin tiy play tbe overture, a luArc nf extraordinary grandeur and RruAurc comes down uncxpcAedly through the ceiling, fronvthe top of tlie flagc , aiul it is drawn up agti» when tho firft aA is over. There are a great many ether fine buildinp, both Eublic and private, in this city, jiarticularly the riding- oufo, town-houfe, opera- room, a fits* college, the largo edifice for tournanienti, thcchurcfaet, convents, fbuntaint, kc Iti manulUAaiet are thofe of filk, velvet, woollen clotht, aitd Uptftry > and it hat tveo annual fain, at which great qoantitiet of fait, wine, kc. are fold. Tlie flreeta are broad and regular, and moft of the heufet are well-built, aiMl paiiMcd on the outfide. The market-place it extremely beautiful. Mr. Keyfler iayt, •• The fervant-nuids at the great inns here, on holidays, wear a filver chain round their necks, cnnfiQing of three rows 1 and their breaifhai* hkewife laced with two other chain* of the fame metal." He fttitlier obfervcs, that " it was a general caftom to place green garland, on a bundle of firaw, before every houle i containing ttie corpfe of an unmarried perfon." Not hr fixim Munich are four otlier palaces, with fine gardens,' belonging to the elcAor, via. thofe of Sleifheim, Nym- pbenburg, Dachau, and Staremberc. The firft and lad; of theic, which are at the greateft dinancc, are aboat thiat leagues from tbe capital. 3. Foity-five miles from Munich (land* rnaolftadt, s fortified town on the Danube : it coiMains feveral convent* and churchc*, acollc«e, an excellent arfenal, andanuni- verfity which boafls of having produced the learned Beilar- mine, who was a Arenooas advocate for the papacy. Thi» univerfity i« acconmiodated witii an admirable library, anj a cabinet of curiofities. The caftle wtiere the governor rtfidc* is exceeding ftrong. Over the Danabc there is an elegant bridge ; and in the great church there it an imago of the Holy Virgin, which coft fifty tliouraiiH crowns. 3. Rain is a well-fortified fmall town, where tbe celebrated count Tilly received bis mortal wound. 4. Surenberg, on I^ake Wuinfoe, it a hunting-feat of the ekAor. j. Reichenball, on the Sala, is fiimous for an excellent falt- fptingt fome of the waters of which are conveyed above twelve miles over mountain* to Trhuiilleia, and fome are. ^ikd on the fpot. 5. The town of Donawert, which is fmall and ill builr, ios its name from the Danube, on the north-lide of wlilcit it ftandt, neat the conflux of tbe Wcrnitz, within ten EngUlh miks north call of Hochflet. Being near tlic road from Angfhurg, it it pretty much frequented by tr«vellns| and >U ttot go up and down the Danube ate obl^cd t» ^.'. X tB U R O f E.I B R M A K Y. «4f land iMrt, tni fHf a fmall toll, whkk bring« th« lo#n « fTCsi 4t»\ of monty i ai iat* alfo th* Mflligt of ihtir hridge, o»tr that rivar (wiicr )r rr«ei* letlorrd to Ravana, by the he<(y of MunAcr, in 164B. It rrcovrrrd its lilx-riy by tite pro- fcriplion of ita elcQor Maxlniihan, whru he took part with FraiKe, but it wa« retiored to him agsiin bv the treaty of Kahadt. Th« liver Wernitt, which falli into the Panube here, after receiving the Eger, iifet near a town of the lama name in Fr.ineonia. 6. Schelleniberg, a i)uarlf.Tof a league on the north eaft fiile of Donnweit, M a fortified mountain, which trrvei it inftcad of a caftle. It ii finioui for the defeat of the French and llavnriahi in 1704, when the confederate!, chiefly F.nglith and Scotch foldien, forced the trenchei, and next day made tlicm- felvct mifleri of Donawcrt. Here ii a very fine prolpcA, from iKnce, of feveial hainlett and villagei, and a fine couiHry on both lidei of the Danube i at lilicwi(e of the lowna 01' Donawert, Hochflet, Newburg, and Ingol- «adt. Landihat, on the river Ifer, in LoWer Bavaria, ii twenty milca north-eaA of Freifingco, and thirty-three nonh-eatt of Munich: it ia well-fonilied, and had tIte name, which fignifici the bulwark ot tht country, from Otho of Bava- ria, who, when Raiilboii threw off it> yolte, and wat made a fret imperial city, b'jilt a palace here, which hit fan enlarged, and about the year 1 204 added a caftle to it. It ftandi in the tichell and mnft pleafant part of all Bavaria, utdt it the feat of the eliOor'i deputy, or lieutenant of Lower-Bavari.i, who haa • court here, and feverat olliceri for the government of the country, which confiflt of iix bailtwici, thirty-two market- town), fourteen monafterici, tiid fevfnty-fouT noblemen'i feati, with their dcpenden- dea. The town it in general well-bnitt, being formerly much frequented by the nohvllry, wlio attendrdlhe court, and now by the cleftor*! ofliceri above-mentioned. Here is i\ bridge over the Ifer i and a fuburb on the other fide called Saldental. The new building* in the duke's pnhce •re a neat piece of architcAure in the Italian lafte. The principal church, St. Martin's, hai a tower which is reckonrd.the higheft iti the empire, it having a prolpeA, as Haudrand fayi, of almofl all Bavaria ; and therefore he btyt it It called Landfhut, or the Hat of the country. The other towni of mdft note in this cteAorate are, i. Erding, on the Sempt, a. Oingelfing and Landau, on the Iter. 3. Villhofen, at the conflux of tl-.e Danube and Vila. 4. Halt, a market town, that gives name to ■ county. 5. Stadthamhof, which it exadly oppofite 10 Ratiibon, on the other fide of the Danube, both places having acommunication by means of abridge. 6. Abach, • maiket-town on the Danube. 7. Dockendorf. 8 Sirau- bing- 9. Cham, which ^ives name to a bailiwic. 10. KilTiewin, • town on the lilaiid, formed by the Altmuhl ■ltd Danube. The Upper Palatinate it fo calle' niory of Hohcn-Waldrc. The county of Sternftein beJ longs to the Lobkowitz fiimily 1 the little Proteftant count]f and town of Ortci''>^ IwTongt to the elcAor ; and the provoft •f Berchtolngaden ii a prince of the empire, Paflaw, which it a bilhopric, (lands on both (idut of the Danube, where it receive the Inn on the one tide, and the Ills on the other 1 it it but ten milet from ilic borderi of ' Auftria, and one hundred and thirty, four weft of Vienna.' The riven aliove-mentionrd divide it inn> three parti 1 via. PaflTaw, on the fouth fide of the Danube, and the weft Me of the Inn ) Illtfladt on ihe north fide oT the DanuU, and the baiiki of the lltr , and Inftat on ll.c caft fide of ihe Inn, and the fouth ftde ai the Drnube. Thcodoric III. duke of Bavaria, founded thji bilhopric ill 6j4 I and its dioctfc extendi twenty milet on the north fide of the Danube, bordciinpon Ai.i'tria and Bobemia. It wat commonly given to the youp' ■'• fon of Auftna, before the late vaft aggrandizement oi .,iat hqvfc, J yielded fifteen thoufand potindt a yea^ before 'the ei \ion of the bilhopric of Vienna. The chapter confifir '^f wenty four canons, who are all gentlemen. In 1729 .,c pope mad* the bifbop independent of the metropolis m the pall, fo indcr ,' him in fome Ibrt fti' llie loll of fixty-nine paritiir; .wo ibbiei, a provoftlliij/. and a priorv, which were li. I. emb. -.d from his diocelii on the creation of the new archbilhopric of Vienna. The cit/ belonging to this bilhopric it noted for many mretinrt and confultationi of the ticrman priiicei, and particularly for the treaty made in it in 1^51, for quieting the troublet of Germany, in th' contention between the emperor Charlet V . and the Proteftant princes i whereby the Lutherani, who were only tolerated before, weie now eflablilhed in the free exercifc of their religion. This it a rich, populou-i, and trading city, nttuially flrong, being fenced on all (ides witli rockt and rivers 1 and fo pent in by a mountain, that it runs in a narrow flip at the oottom of It, lV(nn eaft to weft, about a mile in length, ft is an imperial, free city, but under the protefliun of iu arch- bilnop, who is a prince of the empire. The private build- ings here are of wood, for which reafon it fuffercd much by a lire in 1661 ; but it has been rebuilt in the Italiait tafte i am ' >. -■'■>urches are fair and ftately, el'pecially the cathedral. .' ^ it full of fine tombs and othci monu- ments, ant u.. i.ated to St. Stephen. The b (hop's palace, and the chapter-court near it, and the caftle on St. Gre- gory's hill, near that part of this town called Iltzftadt, ar* handfome buildings I the other p:irt, called Iiiflat, it fup- pofK'. to have been the Boiodurum of the antients i and the Diilldings, indeed, have more the at: of anliouity than thofe ofPaflaw. Befides the cathedral, here arc three otlier churches, a nionaftery, and a handfome college : there i« without the town, another church and monaftery. The caftle above mentioned, wat ercAed in 1219; the hill it flandt on it an angle formed by the meeting oF the Danulx with the Iltz, which latter feparates the hill from Iltzftadt : there ii another fort at the bottom of the hill, and ihey both belong to the billiop. The duke of Bavaria t(x>k it in 1704, but foon furrendered it to the Imperialiftti and in 1741 it was furprifed by the late eleflor. People drcis here fo well, that we kte told the incaneft of tlte women wear gowns of black velvet, and fcarlet petticoata with gold lace : and that fome of them have pearl neck- laces of five or fix rows, and gold chains with diamond rings and ear pendants. Dr. Brrwn fays, thit is rcckofied one of the ten principal citict on the Danube 1 atid that the river Iltz produces pearls, which belong to the einperor . and rue cickior of Bavafia, ciiih m vruOui h» in t'nami here, to take care of hiiintercAs. The elcAor of Bavaria it proprietor of the landgravate Urn flaca of nsftaote an, i. Amberg, ths ci|^t*i, of Lcuchtcnberg, Rnd, 9n tccount of it, hat a fett and aJ4te'|astoaK*«^f*P* e I^tinaie, the ducbj of Nenbofg, uid eicAoral iigmlK' Each ha» a KgencTofitaown. andtheinhabitanttof bothanaqiix- tuie of Roman cathdict and LatheranSi The principal place* in the duchy of Mcubuig are, i< Neabun, whicit gives name tOk aiid is the capiid of tbe^ principality : it ftands on tha Danube, forty miles north of Munich, and weft of Raiilbon. It is weU>bnilt and fortified, contains aft cleAoral palace, with a college, and is the (cat of the regency, a. Hock&idt, a fmall town on the Danulie, near which, at the village of Blenheim, the duke of Marlboroutb and prince Eugene obtained a fignal ri&orf over the /rench and Bitvarians ; which fiunoos. battle Mr. Addifon hat defcribed irt elegant verfe, ^.atilbon, which is a biihopric, contains one thoufand ' ihive hondied and eighty-three parilhes , the chapter con- £ftt of twentv-four canon*; and the biOiop, though fuffra- gan to SalHDurg, ir a prince of the empire. Sixty miks to the north of Munich, is the impe iat city oTRatiibon : it is large, populous, and well-fortiired. The mi^ftraCT and burghers aic Lutherani; but the grcatcft part of the iithaoicant* an catholics, and have aany churches and conventa belonging .to them. The flibot of St. Emerau, here, and the abbefies of Upper •ud Lower Munfter, have feats and vote* in the diets of the empire and circte, and are aflefled in the matriculas. In the firft of tL:fe abbicS are two curious roanufcripts of til* »>fpel, written in the eighth and ninth csnturies. In (lie Twit abbey, Apolloiiius, fo diftinguiihed for hi* fltiU in the Greek tongue, ws* educated. The abbot it es- •mptcd from the jurifdi^ion of the bilhop, and ftand* n- mediately under the pope. In the female foundations, the lady-abbefles are elefled by the two chapters of hidies, who muft be all of nob.:: biith, by fixteen gencratioiu ; and though tlie abbefles make vows of celibacy, &c. the Other ladies may marry. Belidcs the abbie* mentioned above, nera is, among other icligiou* boufes, a eloifter for Scotfmen of the Ro- .Sian catholic rdicioii. The city cariie* on a great trade, exporting by the Danube, Nab, and Regen, large quan- tities of corn, fait, wood, and all forts of provifions. Over the foil of thcle rivers is a bridge of fifteen arches. The diets oftlte empire have been held in the council honfe of tliis city, alroolt without itturruption, tiiKC the year i66a. There are two iflands in the Danube, near this city, call- ed Oberworth and Uuderwordi, i. e. the Upper ai-^ Lower iflaiid, which ate inhabited by millers, botumen, and filh- ermen. His fereiie biglinefi Maximilian-Jofcph, late elcAor of Bavaria, died at Munich, of the fmali-pox, oo the thirtieth ofDcamber, 1777. SECT IX. ^C^ Ctmfrifii « pariliultr tli/riptitii tf tht tWtlt tfSvMi'ut^ its tiflufriti, Jutbits, and ttbtrdifinOt, tuitb tbtfivtral cit'm, UVJiu, aiidplaas tbiriiii ; aljt aa actduat tflht prtditci «/' tbi ctuatrj, tht iaiatiUmU, tbtir tradt, mtumfaOuris., rt' lighn, ta/ltmt, iit, THIS circle it bounded by Swiflerland and Tirol, to the fouth ; by tlie Palatinate and Fianconia, to the north J by Ba\-aria, to ihe eaft ; and by Alface, to the weft. It is feparated (iroin the two laft, by the rivers Rbiiw and Ledi i and by tl:e great lake of Coiiftance, from Swifiier ■ land. It was once called Allem^'^nia, which is now Jte name of all Germany. The Geimans call it Schwaben, and the French Souabe \ it had the Latin name Saevia, from fome tribes of the Suevi, the beft warrior* in Ger- «Uiiy, that came from the north parts of it ; and the ^^reaiefi part of Germany was called Swabia by the Ro- mans. Mcaure the Suevi were the moft coniiderabie people they knew, and extended their dominions fartheft in that | cuiiniTjf -, but ii wu aficrwarcis appropriated to the Her* ~ manduri, the moft coiifiderabie branch of theaa, who in* habited that now called Swabia, where they eftabliihcd a powerful ftate in length of time, which eontaincd aU the country betwixt the Rhine, the Alps, and the Elbe. The prtli»it inhabitantt of tbi< country retain thecou* ra|e«f their anc*ftof* the Suevi, and areioapable of all ifad fiWigvea of war i btrt both fese* ate charged, not only bf f^annrs, but by their own authors, with being much ad« diAea to vencry. Many of them are rather uncivil, halo alt foreigner*, and are u fuperftitiou* as the Italians « foe though the relipon which they profisf* in general is Lu« tbenn, yet here are Calviniftt, Pipifts, aiid Jew*, a di* verfity of religions being almoft unavoidable uiMiar fuch h diverfity of fovereigns. In this country, particularly in the duchy of Wittem* berg, the executioner, or hangman, inftead of being deem* tA iiifamouf, eats, drinks, uid traffics with every body^ and is company for the beft ; ind fo far he is a noan hotsi being abhorred for it, that every fiefli execution gives hinn a title of honour ; and- when he has completed a certain number, he is di)iics of iilver, copper, and other melab; and the forefts much pine and hr-timber, befide* great ftore of gaaoe., and good brcedi of horfes, black cattle, and ftieep : and 'S% T •«} Ti es' *fe ft eh the iqaedu£t(; 1* lie (lalacei ot (Ki i:6imti'of ^visi^ij »re »ery itldgnifiiBftt , To thele countj bslong a greal; number of fnliU tioufcs in the luburbs, oiled the Fug^cry« which »re Iptt at viry low tents to poor burghers, ali(^ bthert. The trade oF the dity, though nil! ^oiifideraWej is far ftiort of wliat jt «?» toi itverly. M ^^H(t\H, exclwlTy^ of the bank commelrce, and the (if ol wiite^ *ith WUi^Iv k fupplies almoft art' G«rrti4ily', it con^fti chiefly in goW and filver fniith's ware, and thofc of tinihi^ ivbi^y» crock* ind toys. The government of the tity is almoft entirely in tlii hands of the pi'ricians. The bl(llopvi*>wev'er, has cer- tain powers anyrt,^ when hd \>}i adieu to thU'woild, dn't! rciiict) to Hconvcj^it.. The abovc-iiientionwl wicker h To cur oiis a cbntriiance, that certain engjnocis and avUhir (is, whf, weit lint by the- nia^iftrates of Nuicmbcrg to cxinninc it, wi'.h a vlcyir to.' have fucU aiioih(;r midfi there, dtclare'd, that withqiut" pulling down the walls . and ..'.I th* mafonry, it was not. in the power of man tn find out: how' it was contrived, oil' to make one like it in one fhiiulaurf years. In the fibrai-y bdonginj to thegynlni'idm'are foraV ciiHouj bboks and roanui<;ript». The abbot of the Bt-ntdiitme 'abbiy'of St. Ulrich and-Afra, ir\ this city, has a i(:at among the pic- Utes of the Rhine, .and pavs the ufual taxes to the empire. The revenue of the abbey is comoutcd at abdve fifty tlibu- 6nd crowAv It is faid lo be a pi ivilegrd pl:ice for'diSbtbrs and criminals for three days, but nolongef, wtrhput the abbot's permifliiin. In the cohvent of the Carmelites is a remarkable fun-dial, being a madona, whofe hand holds a fccptre, marking the hours, and whofe head is adorned wi^h rays, ifars, and all the fignt of the zodiac. The public etiinarit'S of tliis city contain great ijuantities -of corn. In one of the arfeiiilt is an old battering ram ^of braft, jlillprefei ted entire. ' A: an imperial city, Aiiglbarg has a feat and voti^ iit the diets of the empire and circle. All orders and degree^ ofperfons '.ere are diftincuilhcd by their proper drcflcs,' fome of which are very oil.l and uncommon : prints of them all, done on paileboard, are fold in the town. The bofpital of the Holy Ghoft is a very nobfe one, and pa- ttt-nts of both religion!! arc admitted inta it. 'J'he inn, called the Three Kings, is faid to be the moft fuperh in Europe. Neither Jews nor CalViniils have a toleration for tlicir worlhip here. ' '" Conftance, which is a bilhoprie, takes its name dam ' the city of Conftance, though the bifhop himfelf lefides! iifually on the othtr fide of the lake af Marlbuig. The chapter coniiflj of twenty canons, and tn\ir expcff^tn'ts j, but the Proleilant religion prevails in mdft' parts of the , dioeele. The priiicij^Jl places afe, Reichenao, a Bcne- diftjne abbey on an iflaud of the feme name, Inthe Zeller- ■/re i Marfburg, a pretty town j and Ochumgen, contain- ing an ojiuknt abbey. Ew.ingen, which i< a priory oil the borders of Fran- conia, f^ivcs its prior the title of prince of the empire, and' grand iiuinwl to the cmpreft ; and there is a market- town ' cDllcd Groncnbach on part of the abliey lands. The piincipal domiiiiort of the circle of Swabia is the duchy of Wurlcmbcrg, which is nearly fquare, br'ng up- wards of fixty miles each wary. One divifion of it is into the Untcr or I'nder-land, the Middle-land, and the Up- per-land ; the Uft of which makes a part of the moan- t.iiiious smA c»llr *°4 bith»,'j Silk is;iilf9^cultjvatc(! la'it., , ,■,;'. ' , . 1. •- ,, ThI? c{)ul^fr^ is wcll.tvatered'hy wie Ne^l^, the Ent^ Nlgofij," yjis, ai^d Renis, The numfm of inhabitanu limount to bve liuttdred thotifand i .that of the cities ami towns tb Jftxty-eFght thtjulipdi.and that of the boroughs, market towns, and villageSi to about twelyc, hundred^ On inij^brtant occafions, diets are called at\d held at Stulw gard, conrininc; of the Lutheran prelates and abhpts,. a^ui the t-eptefentatiycs of ih» townj. Thd cilabliihcd tc%ioa is LutheraA'tfitii ai?4 the.dukes, who4rcnp^,H>oman i:a-y thojics, h»ii cngagoiJ not to attempt any innovations iQ- point of icligioh, but to fuffer every thing to remaii) on ita rbrmer footihg. Before the Reformation, there were about ' ^ dozen Very rich convents in this, country, whoferevc- ttues are now diiefly applied totlieimaintenan^/fegf churcbeitr fchdoU, arid the clergy. , Bcfidcs Lutlierans, hcio »ie^ f6^iltC.ilvinifts,Waiaenre$, and lews. Tl^ VValdcijfct- aft aSbwed the pu.blic'«xercifiB or their lelieion, but ths^ otlitrs'only in private, The principal inanufa£lvires of the country are ' pot'cehin* earthen ware, linens, wooUenr,. printed cottons, hats, {lockings, filks, glafs, paper, ic. The dignity bf r. ulce of Wurtemberg \yai firft conferreA Sion'Ebtrha«l I. m the yfir 149-S> '•y the emperorMaxi- iliin ; and nie right of pr^nbgenitMre was eAabdiflied. in, thefapily inthe yeat 1473-, the princes had formerly only.^ the title' of counts. \ There is a bjranch of this haule fet-, tied in'Sili'fia, which, from the duchy of Oels-, has the. title of diikc of Wurtemberg Oels. The duke's title at prelintls,' " Duke of 'Wurtemberg and Tcck, count of Mompelgard, lord of Heydenheim and Juftingen." He I is. hereditary Aandard-bcarei; of the empire, and grand ' hUntfman i.'ih afljjfibn to the. laft of which, the order of jhuiiting was. founded here in lypa. The enfign of that letter is agtjij'ci-ofs, cttamelled red, appended to 4 broad-. : watered fcarlct ribbon, pafling from the left fhoulder to the ', right fide. On the left bieaft of the coat is a filver ilar em- broidered. • Their grand feftival is on St. Hubert's day. Ai a pi'iiice bf the empire, the duke has a feat and voice ■ in the empire and imperial chamber, and is fummoning : princ^ and direAor of'this circle. Canfes are .determined here in the laft refbrt, no appeal lyi^g from the court-judi* - catunrto theaohC-CQUnCil, or any foreign tribunal. Tm. revenues of ttafedu^hy are faid to amount to two millions , of guilders per annum ; and the troops, in time of peace, to four thoufand men, inctading the coiiiingent of the ci^- ' cle, which it oiie thoufand eight hundred. - This duke has a gre,it number of hunting-leats. So TOimerpus art the dear and wild hears, that Mr. Keyflcr. fays, above twenty thoufand hsadperilhed in the winter* of 1731 and 1 73 j, by the feverity of the wfatlier; and up Wonder that they multiply faft, a's no pcrfon, on pain of . d« any in tlie empire,: but the walls of the caftlo are walhcd by ditches, which give it the ajr of" , a prifon. There are, hiwevcr, fcyeral {;raiMl rooms in it, . one particularly, 'where the duke's gcutkinen duie, and wlterctabK are fometimes fprcad for two or three hundred ,; fmei)»ne'rs, «c.' There is a.oiidge pve't its meat t(,> tiio xluke'r^rdtps, and neJrit aaavijirV, v\it)>all nunner of ibirdr:''.»n the nioit i1)ctc is Hot bn'ly plenty of liili, but , fwaiWt+lW.'Other waTtt'fo^li'Jknd in thai part of it which .' , H^.ii dry, facing the gardens, haibfiut fev^iHileer. Neat the $$9 Thb new AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM o' GEOGRAPHY. fcPl «r4eiM there.il Atb^itre. well lighted, and bcyood Uut t ■r|eco,ait, covered with (iund, for tilting on borttlOKk, atid nniiing 9^ the rine^ ' Before the entrance to the ta^ th^ 7s a grand ,bai1d!iig atfo, which it the 4vlw'* Saiimy, or /ecrrtary'i office. Th> duke hai a t<«let«b^ lleAion of iwtique*, bulb, md bai-ie|icv08 ; bat the piece that moft defc^ct wtention it the Jnpiler Oolichc- kttti brtimjlit hitVr frbin MaifciliesJ^ the celebrated an- (piiltMrj Pnin ) ,it being a rcprtfenwion of th«t deit^ ia armor, iUndlru^on ^ cruj^r of'a.n P)i> juft in the lame attitude at he iFcopied from the or,^nai in the antiquitiea «f MJont^jncon. ^efe are abundance of tirtii, Iubm, Mt- dc vafirt, afi}i antient coina, b9th fif jfhtr and gold, with ftefli, ttti^hAibni, ^^Cla, the caprtcei of i^i^ic, both iiwood^ftofie '" ~ "■ ,, . exotic plaits, mvitftrowtpro^uAiboi, the exnivne Of animfth, &c. bciidca thedre;^ «ad weapoi^ Alhl (n the moft remote counttieV. Thf h^lrtdcl^iibed at oi>£ of the tiioff (pacioui roqint to be Aen in any i^^ce .' it it finely adorned, in frefeo, with reprelent«tioiM lof va- liein'huntiiigt, in each of which pieces the dukp pf '^i^ teiilDein^ may ke difiyigaifbed, with the prinoet and p^iik- eefts'.in hit family, in wbofe time they were nrrforined. Tflere is an arrcnal, in which aopcaTS a fucct^on flf the dujits of Wurti-inlierg on barbed horfea, rjehljr ata^td, antf accoutred aft^r the fashion «f the age i|t woicb they Ivcd, at large at the life, and t^e napic aul qualities of every one ^t forth on the cmpofite wall. t(«hich it graced alfo with ftandarji, and' other trpphies, gained by the tfukes >i> thrir feveral aAioof ; partKOlarly the ikin of a ftvoarite horfe, killed under that dake, who commaiided fl'nder prince Eueerie jui<| the duke of lyifflborouigh, at the battle of Hocltflet : and on the ceiling of thit atreaal are foirie noWe rcprefrntations of battles, wherein feme o£ the antient dukes of Wurtemberg, during the leign* of ibe Saxon and Swabian empcron, Joft their jives in the fcrvice of their country. Abon^ three miles from Sfttl|pird is the ci^ of Lydwigf- hourg, wbidi is the feat of a palace built by the di4(c of Eherhard-Lewitr tit the nerfuadon pi hi* miflrefs, in a place remote from any river, great roads, pr fbrefts. ^ It IS fo contrived, that it looks more like ajt orangery tkaif the paliice of a fovereign, the apartments b|eing too fma)) and inconvenient, a^ well at irregular ; yet no coj^ hff been fpaied to adorn them yrith carvii^ gilding, an4 paintitig, though witl^ more profui^Q Uian judgment. The fianiiture alfo is ric|i, but as abfurd ai the bSric. The heft thing in the whole palnce i;t the dkapcj, wb;<:b would, by the beft judges, bp recJboQed « fine.i)o^lc ftruc- tare. The town is as irregular as the palace, aod in no feTpeA very agreeable j for the fi>u«tion of it is npoq un- even ground, and moil of the hocfes are pf tjmber, and 4ig{)tly bu^lr, tliey having been run up, frenui^v with an ill^ill, ekher out of nece$tyi or to picafe the tncu dnke« ' who, by this change of his refidencf, alnoft rnincd Stut- gird. In the gardens there jre feveral terr^qes, which, riftw one above another, cntitely bound the profpcA of thV palace which is tiKompaflcd by butticflea that alfo crimp the apartments. 'The town of Tubingen, 'tfhi<^ it the fecond of tha dochy. lies on the Neckar, and has a caftle neat it «n a hill. Here is he|d the hUjft court, in which lUl cau&t are determined in this iaft reioa.. At this place alfo is an un>< v^rfity, with a npt^lc c:;liegp, the ftodents of which moft be al) princts or counts : here are aUb a Latin fchooi ind a woollen inioufaAuie. Tbert is a mediciiiiJ bath i. che neighbourhood. 3. On the Nec)(at is fitoatcd CanSadt, which haa ii^ its fit^hbourhpod, an excellent minetal, and fbreial fiik Ijprtngs. Near it alfo, in a hill, are found great quaatirica of bones, both of great and fnuU animals. There is a cotton print^ng-houfe in tlieftqyn ; aod, in a village hard by, a filk maniifaAury. Not far from henct i* the antient Ciitiily ftat of W nrtemberg, which gave name to the dMchy ; the afiticnt counts held their cpvrta in the ppcn air in its neighbourhood. 4. The little town of UrKhi 01 the Alb, near the river EntM, contains a ducal feet, with a linen manufkAury, and formerly gave lunie to a county. In the ncighboiubaod aze mills for lead, iron, and pueti *'Mi >n the diflnA to which It gives name, are fome fine ftudt of horfet, a beau- tifiil while earth, and the HoUrut&hc, whkh is a Urge iron pipe, into which the wqod felled on the Alb b«ing ptit, M conveyed, in an inflam, from die top of a moaa- tain. into the nwr Ef!!!!, ^d !^ •*■• ujwiKiii imo UM Nedur, which brings it to Bcif, near StutgarA. By this means there are yearly conveyea to that toini ufmrdi of Bine diq^(imd cor^l of voo4. New Rarenftnirg, which is a lordlhip on the ArBn, b0< longs to the abbey of St. Gall, in Swillerlapd, :^tuhit Cys taMs to tlie circle. The BenediAine abtty of Otto- uren is the trcheft in all Swabia. I'he Roman c^thejic imperial towna of Oflenburg, on the river Sensimri of Cxencenbach, on the fame river ) apd of ^ell-Am-Ham- idcrinch, abont four miles from the latter, are in leagua with each other mutually, to fsppott the pcivileget they enjoy in common. We Ihall here give an account of thofe Imperial town* which pay taxes to ^ empire, though the religion of th« inhabitaiKt it different ; which are as follow : 1. jiuohaut iituated on tlie F4trfre river, and is of a mixed religion. 2. Bopfingen, on the £$er, Lt^iherans. 3. Aalen, on tho Rocher, Calvinifti. 4. Buchborn, on the lake Qan&tofie, Lutherans. 5. P. Fuffendorir, on the Hegau river, Ro> mm catholics. 6. Grengen, on the Bronx, Lutherans. j- Wiapierm, on the Neckar, mixed. I. Leutkirch, oti ti)e Eicbacb, mixed. 9. Ifni, Lutherans. 10. Wangen^ on tbe Aigei), Roman catholics. 1 1 . Wiel, on the Wwuo, mixed, la. Kauifbtuien, on the Wertadi, mixed. 1 1. Ravenfbem, pn the Schub, mixed. 14. fiiben^cb, mixea. 15. pinkelibuhl, on the Wernits, mixed. 16. L'tdau, on the lake Coftftance, Lntlierani. 17. Meibron, tin th« river Neckar, Calvinifts 18. Heberlingen, on the lake Conflaoce, Roman catholics, tg. Nordlingen, on the Eger, Lmheran*. 20. Reutlingen, on the Neckar, mix^. XI. Efsl^ingen. on the Neckar, mixed. Mimmingen, an imperial town, (tands on tbe Aadi, a fmall river twtween the ller and the Danube, twenty mUes north of Kempten. Tbe roagifinicy is Lutheran i but the inhabitants are partly Lutlierans, and partly Roman catholics. Here ate feveral religious houfes. This waa an Imperial city fo early as tbe days of Frederick I. an4 iioMT enjoys great privileges -, in fnrticular, an exenaptioa from tbe jurildiAion of the triliun4i of Roihweil. A good trade is alfp carried on by it with Swillerland, Italy, an4 other countries adjacent, in hops. Bavarian fak, grain, cotton ftufs, and paper. Storks are faid to be common here, on the tops pf houfes, as in Holland. In its diftriA, which is conCdeiabie, are manafaAurirs of braft, pew ter, wire, and poicelaio, together with a warm bath, a rhalybcate iprir^ and a free hunting-groand, in wbicli the fcyieral Qeigjtbouring lorflfliips ei\joy an unlimited privilega of huntinc ;' but the jurifJiAion thereof belongs to tbe tc^n of Minamingen : the terra figillata is (bund here, liic toivn it pretty well fortified, u>d aliiiofi at larg^ aa Uln;i, but not lopopulous, ot well built. The town of Gemund, twcnty-C ■ nij,.r$ eaft of Siut« nrd, and thirty-two imrth-weO ot Uiu., ihiult oir tlw frontiers of tbe county pf Holcnrechbei^, and is the capi* tal of the county of Recbheig. It ha* its n|ine from tht conflux of a great many brpplu^tc into the river Rem* ; and the ncifhbouihood it atiM Remfthal, or the Valley of Rem*. This river falls into the Neckar five miles be- low Stvlgard. I'be town wa* of note formerly for tour- namet)tsheld hereby the nobility of Swabia, and was fub- jeA to itt duket, one of whom caufisd it to be encompafled wiib a wall. Fredtrick I. made it imperial in 1186, and the emperors Conradc III. and Frederick Barbarofla, en- larged and granted it many privilegei. It is a Roman Ol- tholic ijwn, with five churches, two chapelt, and feveral convents ; and the principal trade of it it in beads, which tliey fend abroad. It wu formerly governed by perfona of quality, but now the power it in the burghers. M. Viilars encamped here in 1707, with tbe French army, and raifcd contributions far and near. The town of Halle (lands among fleep rock* and moun- tains, on the river Kocher, in the county of Octingen, and on the frontiers of Franconia, fifteen miles Ibuik eaft ofHohenloe, twenty-five from Roitenburg, twenty eight ead from Hailbron, and thirty- three north -eaft of Stut- gard. It depended formerly on tbe duket of 'Wurtember^, but was made impcnal by Charkt IV. in i;6o. Tbu town, whicti is placed by the matricula it* he circle of Franconia, has plenty of frelh water, but owei itt rife t» itt fprinss of fait, which, though not fo white or piquant as other lalt, is carried to Naicmben. I'here is a bridge here over the river to it* fubnrb. Tliougb it* amicnt 10 (E die powi preii tow? cord* wti* loft in a (ire that happened here in 1376, yet " ■ fy owinc to fomc gentlemen who came to fettle here, and creAea enough were left to (hew tliat itt building wa* chictly owiu Ccmr "4 City. were xefto the tlie were Heg< the[ with haul tfie ditcli fevtn towcrt, whereof fome part i* (till to be feen ; parti' «.i V^ ft''iiik''kv. lihe l|ki|MrorhM a pretenr hare, who hu dntoft the wtiote power, ^ prdklet in ill tbea moft part, the inhabitanu. This io«m, beii% fituatcd on the frontiart of (ertrai ceantict, it ofm naoMd in biftory, becaafe iti territory hat been the dieati* where the nobility vied to decide tbeir qurreU by Rotweil is a fmall imperial city on the ftme river, ten aiilei from the head of it, a* many north -eaft from Vil* kiioen, fourteen eaft of Brifack, nineteen fouth-weft from Hohenaollcrn, fifteen north from Furftembotg, and twenty ibuth from Tubingen. It itLjjlK feai of a chanlber, or ^:'tt>urt of juflice, for the whow^uchy, iirft erefted anno ' ii47,by Conrade III. duke oFSwabia, tabomade it afree "tity. It wai talceii by the French in 1643, when they were in allianee with the protefUntt of the empire, but leftored at Ihe treaw of Munftcr. It wat again leised by (he French under M. Villart, in r703, after he had pafled the Btrck Foreft, at the end of which It (lands ; but they Were foon obliged to quit it. It is in the teiriiory of Hegow, and the bead of a county called Hohenbcrg, under the protcAion of the houfe of Auftria ■ but it is in league With the Switsers, it being hut five miles from Schaff- 'hanfrn, and not far from the Danube. It iifortiKed after {he antient manner, and encompafled with broad deep ditches. In 1338, this town was almoft burnt down by lightning. Toe neighbouring fi>il being very fruiiful in wheat, me people apply much to agricultuie. . . The lordfhips of Egliiigen, Eglof, Inftringen, Fuggrr, ./jwlindelh^im ; the counties of HcMien Gerpldt'ec, Bondorf, 'Aohcnemb^ Eberflein, and Schwabeck; together wiui the territories of tlie counts of Konigfegg ; the counties and lordihips of the noble family of ihe Truchcls ; the lordlhip of Tetnaug ; the commanderies belonging to the Teutonic order ; the abbeys of Petcrhaoren, Marchthal, ^Kifalten, Gengenbach, Heggbach, Rotliminfter, Gu- tensell, and Baindt, all give voices and feats in tlie diets if the empire and circle to their refpeflive proprietors. Tile imperial city of Ulm, whivu is fuppofed to derive its name from the grove of elms near it, is fituatcd feven- tecn miles weft of Burgaw, and eighty fouih of Wurtz- burg : it (lands on the weft fide of the Danube, which here begins to be navigable, after having received tlie united 4rcams of the Lauter and Bl w, oppofite to the mouih of tbe Her, and forma feverai little iflandt before the town. Tliis city is governed by forty-one eclievins, or aldermen, ^oft of which are of the iiobiclTe, and tbe reft tradefmeh ; and they chufc two bailifB annually out of the former, wbo prelide in their council : licre are four burgomafters, who enter on their offices every year alternately : fcven of tiie oldcft members coiiftitute me fecret council, and exe- cute the Uws. All the magiftrates, »% well as moft of the inhabitants, are Lutherans, the proteftant having been (he prevailing religion here ever fince 1531. The Roman catholics have bat two churches, and are excluded from :he Mtblic offices, u well as their p ivy-council. This is a great and very populous city, with regular for- tifications, and wide deep ditches, filled by the waters of the Danube and the Blaw ; but it is fo fituatcd, that it would not be able to fuftain a long fiege : it has a bridge of (lone of four arches over the Danube, the entrance of which is defended by fortifications, and there is a little fi<< bof pleafure-houfes, and lar^e gardens. There are e city two Iquares, in the biggeft of which is the town-huufe, a ftately building, where the fenate meets, At the end of tbe town there is an arlenal, from which the French carried off all the arms, &c. that were of any value, before the battle of Hochftet. Tbe Blaw turns mills for fcvcra! occupations, here being a great number of hands employed in the manufaAures of ftufis, linen, cotton, and fulUatis I in dreffing leather -, and in tbe iron and other manufiiAures, as well as clock-work, by which this is be- come one of the richeft cities in Germany. In 170a it wu bafely furprifed by the elcAor of Bavaria for the French, wbo kept it till after the batUe of Hochflet, when it furrendercd to the Impcrialifts. It was a very iiecrflary place for him to fecurc his dominions on that fide, and to ikctlitate tha pafTage of tiie French to join his army. Hers is a noble fttuAure, called the Cathedral of our Lady, which now belongs to the LiHherans : it it three bundred and liity-five feet in length, and is rackooed the higheft, loiigeft, and bcft built in the country ; and, by suiiW, lira iincii in the empire. 1 his chuich iias nve ftately (jpirea, on* of them ont hundred and two feet high, and Supported by thirty-fix large pillars : it bas a large fquare tower, with a watch always ai the top of it, to give notice la the ciiy of aity approacliiiig danger from Ihe country. a The otigifi, whi«h wiuf MO^ytA Hi if^, $&tti libra' of tblrtv.fix years, ]i ninety-three ftet nigll, twenf Wuitemberg, tlie county of Eberftein, a confiderable part of the county of Sponheim, two mano(i inthelord- Ihip of Graffenftem, and one in the duchy of Luxembcrg, witu fc>'er;ll baronies in Bohemia. He has a vote in the college of princes, and in the diets of the empire and circle. 'Hisaniuni revenue is laid to amount to four hundred thoufaiid t!niiiis. The margrave and bis fubje£ts are 'Roman catholics. * The pfiiicii ;' r.i-ces In i'.:* country are the fallowing : "f. Raitadt, where' the prihces refide in a magnificent caftle, '"■jfl Which were fettled the preliminaries of the peace con- 'chtded at Baden betwixt the emperor and France, in 1 7 14. The town, which is not large, and belonged formerly to 'thecounts of Ebetftein, Aands in afine plain on the river , ■Murg, whichalittle below falls into the Rhine. 2. Baaden, which is pleafanrly fituated among vineyards, and contains a palace of the margrave's, s. Stcinbach, which gives name to a diftrift. 4. Siolhoffcn, five miles tbuth-weft of Bnaden ; near the town is a fienedi<5tine abbey. 5. Bein- heim, in Lower AlfaoiyKlongs, with (he diUri£l, to the margrave. 6. Kehl, ipHHage, which partly belongs to the margrave, | *1 — 1 tl^—*^ _..-. ..... !..."»*!.&* •>. .iMw >«.1.** ill icaiitMiK, tiiv v.^ v-i iiiniiA atv t\\j\ iii>.«iiv.t t" Mtt^ vrttivi nations ; for not only tliuir natural fondacfs lior imitatioui but the varietv of governments, their mutual cmulntifln, and the fiecdoiu protclUnis enjoy «i livioj and writing tfe U R O t» t] G t K M A a V. Accordiltg to tlieir ovrn jndgincht, have t>racure fo ^rtat am) neneral, erpeciaUy among the pro* teflauti, that |t i« tUougtkt unbMomirtg, even in the female lex. And perfoui of any rank, not to be (ortverlanr iit tiookt : nor ii there any place in the wrorld where m«re booki are wiittcn and printed ; utuong which, they hare ■ great number of excellent works t and the ({eiuo* and abi- Sties of the German autkon w. at thii lime very jaftly fedmired, With rcfpcQ to their vices, we muft obfetrei that though tliey have been ccnAiicd for t^r drankcnnnfsi yef they do not (eero to be more milty of this thaniheir tiortherii neighbours, or indce4t^an the Eoglilh, They commonly dtink iitet and wine, but (hey have the latter upon much asfirr terms than the Englilh : they liave thofe of Hungary, France, and Italy, which lie contiguous to them, wliere the beft wines are produced ; bcfides Mofelk, Rbenilb, and othd wines of their own growth. The ufual diet of the Germans is beef, mutton, fowls< ttc. which are generally ' more boiled and roafted .than in England. T liey have alio one dilh, which was efteemcd k delicious ii fnaiu, whidi are drcfled in various manners, and eaten ac the tables of the quality as a great rarity. 2 'here is t'carce a nobleman's p.ardcn that liai not a place tapwrt lor breeding and ^tieiking them; and being fcd for eating, tbey grow to an extraordinary liae. They not only fleep on a (cather-b<«, as we do, but, inOead ot'blankeUi have a light teather bed coveiing too, which is placed upon the upper fheeti and is covered with a rounterpane. Inftead of the chcatful iue-fide, which enliveiti our wintet-evenings, they heat their rooms with lloves. The gentry, in winter* take great pleafure in riding titrougb tlie firrets on the fnow« on fledges drawn by horien lidily accoutred, snd adorned with b«IU and feathers ; and, among the divcrfions praAifed by the great, is hunting wild boars, bears, wolves, tigers, and other flerocioos animals. The Germans have particularly difiinguilhed themfelvcs by their knowledge in the civil law, natural hiftory, and the various branches of philofophy. There arc in Cior- tnany tliirly-fix univerfitics, levcnicen of which belong to the proteitants, and the fame number to the Roman catho- lics i with two other mixed ones, tlioic of Erfurth and Heidclbetg. They have «)fo a nunuSer of academies for the Icicnces, and many colleges and Ichools. The reputation of excelling in tb; polite arts was for- merly given to the French ; but at prefcnt they are nearlv equalled by the Germans, who excel in mufic, and boaft the woikt of Telcman, Handel, Grin, Bach, aad Ha(R. Seme of their poeta have excelled moft of the European lutions in the luWirsity of their thoughts, and the mingled fimigth and (Weetocis of their l.iogua£!e. With refpeS to painting, they claim the firft pKice i(Ki the Italians, and utiUy t^aft their Peter Paul Ruben*, John Calker, and feveral othera. In the thittecnth century, Bartliod Schwartx difcovered at Cologne how gunpowder might be made (erviceable in the an of war. The iitft copper-plate en- graving appeared in Germany i Albert Uurer alio etched in copper before the Italians; and the art of making mex- Botintos was difcovered by Von Sichem, ...i t-icffian lieu- tenant, in 1648, or. as ethers fay, by prince Rupert: wooden cuts were alfo the invention of a German 1 nor can the firft difcovery of the ait of printing be witli jufiice re- fund the Germans. They at prelent nuke velvets, beautiful Clkt, rich ftu** and lia'lf fiiks, with a vaiietv of woollen ftulTs, and ali manner of cloths, ribbons, uoe, very large quantities of linen, fultan, embroidered work, fine hats, and tapeftry ; tbey aifo print cotton in « beactiful nunner ; make bpanifh rough aitd I'mooth lea.ticr; and are well (killed in the art •f dyeing. I'hey w^rk all forts of metals for ornaments, vciels, tools, wire. Arc. in the beft manner ; and Aogf- burg in particular is famous for its performances in filver. Tiiey are well-fkilled in the working of brafs and ar,iu. They make glaft, and beautiful mirrors of all fiaes 1 fine works in hKquer, and a variety of porcelaiie, among which tiM Mifnian it laid to be the nncft in the world. Nurem- burg is famous for a variety of ingenious worki in wood, ivory, metal, ftone, gtafs, Ace. which they export to £»- ttifp part*. uermany cnjovs every advantage tor commerce ; tor, Wte fiiuatcd in tiic heart et Europe, it can ooBuaodioufly Ne. 6b. liiijMirt th6 fu|ier(luity in its borne eititMii^ aa4inadu« (actures, and receive thofe of foreign eatuiii;!^* ^ l)9wd*fr *t not oitly borders on the Qeiman ocean, Hfe 9a)tic, i|nd ttie gplf of Venice, but is watared by i^j o^viippM rivers. ■ 1 j Hamburgh it tlie moil important Iradiiig tMlrtl iii dll Oermany, and is chiefly indebted to navigation for itl hme, u bring the moft refoited to by th>: Englifh and Dii'ch, of all the towns in Germany. About the middl* of the thirteenth century many trading townt it* CcfllMay, as well as in other covntnaa. lying en tha Ocnmn eceail am) tba Baltic, entetad iateAmutual league tritti awcllKKher for the promotion of trade and navijgation, and were tlienca called HanliB-towns. Thoaglitb«ir trad^ Vi t4>d«ea|in th« 6ftaenth caotiuy,. and tb* iwate of tke Wgil* in fiat tiiM ceafed, yet tha tradiiig tewru of liamb«i|, Lii^c, and Bmnen, are ftill called Hai><»>tomHt K*4 hav^.a leafoe aAually fubfifting betw«c« tlwm. mukr the name of. which timj conclude treaties ef commerce with foreign j^owtrs. From Germany thoy exytMt into ttie n^igbbpiiring and remote countries the folleWing goods, %i^ o^tfu wiiie» particvUrly the Rhenilh and Sdofelle, tobacco, IsMfaa, kait cattle, butter, cbeele, honey, fyrop, linen, woollen ftufli, yarn, ribbon, filk and ooiton ftufa, woel. Nwemberg wares, wood of various forts, particularly timbar fit for fhiphuilding, iron places and floves, cantion, bdl, liombk, gnmadea, tin plates, fteel work, copper, bra-dollar. The whole circle of We&phatia, Brunfvyie, and many other places in Lower Saxony, reckon by rix-dol*<.r«( marien-grofcben ; and alfo by gnt-grofchcD, and pfenningai one rix-clollar makes twenty-four gut-grofchen, tbirty-lijt marien-grofcben, or two hundred .■Hid eighty-eight p^n- nings i one marien-grofcbr - - taint e^t picnningt, whicli is equal to two nuttien. Rix- dollars, albufes, ana iiellers, are ufed at Colaaa$ on the Rhine -, where they alfo reckon in cfiea and pleno ninnFlemilh : one rix- dollar current nakes one imperial flonn and a half, four head-pieces and a half, forty-eight Brabant (liven, fifty-eight aiM a half Cieve ftivcrs, (eventy- eight albufes, and one hundred and (eventeer* feimangert It is obfervable, that the rix-dollar, which at Hamburg, Altena, Lubec, r-vmen, &c. is worth 4s. 6d. goes for nn > more than 3s. 6<^! .-. moft pans of Germany. InalltfaedeAon: countries of Saxony, as alfi > ' 'v&f* Nanmborg, Berlin, Magdeburg,andFraiKtbrtoL " Jder^ they reckon b^ riX'dollars, gut-groichcn, and pfcuiings i 1 that is, one rix-dollar, which is there an imaginii-y coin, contains one imperial florin and a half, or twenty-'.our gut* grofchen, and one gut-grofchen, twelve pfeimings. Six^ teen gut-grofchen make an imperial florin ; eight grofchen, a one-third piece ; and four gut-(;rofchen, a oim iixth- piece: They reckon by imperial guldert, or florins, krcntscrs, and pfennings, at Nuremberg, Augfi>urg, Vienna, Pn^uc, &c. one imperial florin, or two-uiird piece makes fifteen batse, twen^ imperial grolches, or two hundred and forty pfennitigs, or fixty kreutzers. Rix-doUati, filvtr grofchen, «nd pfcanings, arc nfed lit A50 TuR NEV/ A «r UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. li. BreOiio,' and tM Silefii . one rix-dollur conttins thirty im* pcriil or filvi?i grofchti or holiins, forty f..c ^hite grofclici. tiinety krra*' rs, oik hundred and t«remy ^rol'ches, one hundred tnd i-'ghty drtyers, and thrc« hundred and Citljr pfieniiingi. C T»-, '!t;'. '/• f ;'••/■ • tiuHlry h tbt r •. ■■.I ini,nhg mimnrtm ■ .Ctniaiiti a^fvuinf! acceuitt if'\f. •^ ■ if iht Gtrmmi, frtm tht (011^:. ^^'■'ktrntiii, tttbia.ceJiiHtfthf, 994 '. I T N the early ages of th« world, thu Germans were di- X VidM into many petty natinns and princiu 'itiea, fome ' p>Terned by kings wbofe power was Hmited, and others -were abfol ate ; fome of their princes were eteilive, and others hereditary ; and fome ariftocratical and democratical government) were a!fc found amnng Item. Many of ttivifp nates and Icingdoms frequently united under ont heaJ / general, both in their officnfive and dcfenfive wais. 1 his was the (late v>f the G'Jtmaiis befo-^; th«y were conquered by the Romani. At cnat time the rhiidren went naked, and the men huhg the fkin of fome wild bead upon their fhoulders, faflenin^ it viith a thong ; and perfnns of the bell quality wore onlv > i, ..' oft- ihg their priells eu: s^f the nobilii--, ,' ufuail) called to cou(icils ofiUi • Womeii iv re. !-,k<. wife admitted ■'!!'! life, werr. happy or ni(:^;.'able. Clur^rius obfirves. th-'. 'i'<>y worlhippcd the fun -./ith fucb dtvotioti, that they feeijtcj lO acknowjedgr that pLuet at the Su|>reme (Jod, and lo It •i;-i!irjMd the hrft day of the week. They alfo wor(hipp«d Vs'odt!), or Godan, after whom the fourth day of the week was c/jk' 5 'Wci.'nefd.-'.y. It is laid that this word, Godan, becoisi;' / ifterwardi coiurafted into God, the Germans and Endjii I: gave that ntaio to the Deity. They alfo worfhipptd the j, ■d Faraitet, the fame with th« DiinifK TliOr, the thunderer, from whcin our Thurfdiy tias its mtae. Tuifco, t\v. fame with Mars, gave nanie to Tucfhy i >.ai t\\c godde'* Frca, or Venui, gave name to Friday Tliey'ptrfotmeu iheir fi.crificev, like the anticnt Britons, in groves, the oak being ufually chofrn for an altar ; and, inflead of a temple, tlicy erciitcdan arbour made of tlir boughs of 'he oik ai\d brech. '''iw pricfts, as well as the facrifice, were always cro a !1 and the Danune the boundaries of tlu;ir conqucds ; and accordingly built fortreires, and planted garrilons on the banks ot^otli tliofe rivers, to prr-'cnt the incurfions cf what thty termed the barbarous na' \. ni ; but within abovt a hundred years after Condaniine the Great, the Franks, R.iiwiijM^tattv AUmiin* ^\i cthc? German nsticn:, broke through thole boundaries, palled the Rhine, and difpof- felTld the Romans of alt Gaul, Rhztia, .and Noricum, which tlicy fliarci among them ; but the Franks; prevail- ing over the reft, at length eftablilhed their empire OTer all Modern Ciermany, Fraltee, and Italy, underilie coh- du£t of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great. ' Aniiently the conquered Gvriuah nations had htreditiA'y i'.skes of their own, and were governed by their own laws ; t w. Charlfes |i(it an end to the fdrmer, aiid governed the Cf/t.htrics by counts and royal miflionaries. However, tfie .ai-.rient diets were dill retained. In the year 800, Charks revived the dignity of the Roman emperor, and conferred it upon himfelf and family : but his Ion Lewis divided the empire among his fotis ; upon which great troubles arofe, which, in 843, were adjufted by an accommodation ; 'by which Lr.ris the German obtained all Germanv z-- fjrh' the Rhine, with the three towns of Spites, A'-' :>[,:,-,,, »,i4 Meruit i and thus Germany became an inderi iiacr<.t king- d' 11. In 870, Lewis reduced half of li' . J.tJth.inn;l'n kiifdom under his fubjcAion, and nine ye ra «fc:.»'"?ij» thi; other was reduced by his fon, Lewis the y'Ui.gt. . Puis prince, fharing his patern!eat the Norman:!, v«ho hn ' made {;real dcvaftattolis in V-Jern-i.-iny ; and, by the iftifhin' . f tli« V ~ ik, fubd'u^ the Bohemi<>'i But aflvrr v; -.!$, (>y tU« lU-atii if his <(A\ Lew it the Ci.ud, hii ftmily becir ^ extUsft. Geroviny was, at that time,' an hereditary kiit^douK bi^t the pnwit of its monaichs Wai limitrd by iy counts, amuiig whom the margraves defended the borders agair »i tht attacks of their enemies. '' I'x '.'iiir period the German' ft&tes raifed a FrankiVh lord, piined Conrad, to the throne, h? being oefoended iiroih k>': Jauchtrr of Lewis I. Contmd war !\:cteed«d by his ct. :my Henry duke of Saxony, whom he Kcomiflended to tilt- datch, on l.is death bed. Ill the year 1024, the male race of the Sixon kings and emperors ended ; during which time, Geriinny continued an hereditary kingdom. Tlie dates afterv..-)!.':): aflembling at Tritus in the open tklds, on the bank* o:' the Rhine, defied Conrad II. for their king, who beihg nKb acknow- ledged by the dates ofttaly,htlikewlfe obtained iiie imperiil dignity. He annexed, by means of his foil, tbu kingdom of Burgundy to the empire, rendered Poland fuhjoft to his doniii\ion ; and the Eider was appointed the l)oundary of the Gcrn'.an impire, in confequcnce of a treaty with Den- marl- Three (ittpei, who had fet up againft each other. Were d!i'(>oicd by Henry III. who appointed a fourth in theit dead ; I'.nce which time tht vacancy of the papal chair ha* always been intimated to the emperor, who frndt a perfoA to Rome, to defire that a now pope may be elcAed to that dignity. However, Henry IV. his fon, was put under the baa by the pope, whereupon the dates depofed him. I'hc next fuccclfor was Henry V. fon of the foiriiKr : but he was obliged to renounce all prrtenfion* to the invediture of bifhoprici, which had been claimed by hit ony, to be eleded ) but he was not acknowledged by all Germany for their foverrign, till after a ten years war. After bin, Connid of Hohc :iftawfen fucceeded to the crown. The emperor Frederic t. effeflually exerciled his fove- reignty over the fee of Rome, by virtue of hi« iiTonation at Aries, refcrving alfo his dominion overt';', ii .dora, and obliging Poland to pay liim tribute, ir ^i oath of allegiance : Henry VI. atteif pted in vaii -.lertho crown hereditary in his family. Philip, ( ,. Uer of Henry, fucceeded him ; but, refr*""!- to 1 .viedgetho pope's fuprcinacy, wasexcommuuit i,..-. ." ^ho, duke of Brunfwic, fet up againd him ' ,' t' " cjx^e anc^ the eleAors. The whole empire was i\ ;uL '>y tins difpute in a bloody w.ir, till Philip, bein^ crssti;:. ■• ■>:% afiaAinatcd in his bed, Otho became potfefled '.' i.': . ! t::: pr.ncc, ItiiCu rfeuciik i^. wnuni -^ . i-a v^wn for his learning, wifdom, and . ;folation, . .We times excoinmuuicxted bf three p(^s) but prev.^iUd fo,^fat againfl pope Gregory IX. as to drpofc iiinifr iia il>c ps{al (hair. ;'>^:if = .. [EuVbi^ft'.j d^i! 'ft k A N y! 651 Cli'iir. Tfjere continukl e6n(efti betwtea him iM the popn gave rife to the two famous fa^ioiii of the Guelphi and CiihclliiKi, the former ndhcriiig to the papal fee, and the latter to the emperor. Frederic, having rtigned thirtx- eight years, ditd, »t (ome fay, by poifon, in Italy ( after ' wfiicli tlic empire remained iiigrtAt confufiqn for upward* of twenty years, theie being no left than fix compeUtoi(> for the crown. In (173 Ucrinany began to recover froin iti diftra£led ftate, when count Kodolphui of Hapfburg, wai advanced to tlie imperial dignity, tlie other electors leaving thechoi<;e to the palfgrave Lewis ; and from him dafceudea the houfe of Aullria. At thii time, count Adolphut of Naflau, wai alfo> by 'tirtue of a compromife, created emperor by tlieeleftor of Mentz ; but he fo dil'gufted the eleAors of the empiie. that' they made choice of Albert, this fpn of Rof{o)pnui, for their fovereign, who defeated Adolphut in a pitched battle, and flew him with hit own hand. Albert** coro - 'nr.lin was confirmed hy the pope; but hit jieph^W »n peror, and diitinguilhed himfelf hy drawing up the golden bull, or thofe regulations for the cIcAion of an emperor, tvhich are Dill obfervCd. Chat les lived to fee his foil Wen- «l,''or Wfnceflaus, defied king of. the Romans. This prince, who was the fourth fon of Charles, fucceedcd to the empire, at his father's deniifc ; but after he had reigned twenty 'two years, was depofcd, for his diflblute and cruel behavioiir. Charles was fucceeded by three other princes, whofi^ reigns were fliortj an^ at length, in 1411, ' ' Sigifmund was unanimbutly cholen emperor, who, in t4r4, proclaimed a general council to be held at Conftaucc, in which three popes weredepofed, and a tuw ptie fct up. At this council thofe reformers Jerom of Prague and John Huf*, were condemned, and burnt, though this emperor had 'granted them a pafTport, and was engi^ed, in honour and confcience, for their fafb return to their cpui^try ; which fo eiafperated the Huilites of Bohemia, that they raifed a formidable army, and, under the conduA of Zifca, theif g'eneral, defeated his forces in fourteen battle*. Fre- deric, dtike of Auflria, foi1-in-law to the eimieror Sigif- immd, was: dhofen ennieror upon the death of bis father- in-law, and reigned fifty-three years. His fon Maxi- milian was chofen king of the Romans during his fatliei's iife*time, and aftvrward obtai . c'. from the pope the im- perial cro\vii . 'the empire wa* divided into ten ciides du- ring h|s re^. ! ' m r^f)', Charlfs' V. fnrnamH the Great, fon of Philip, king ot Spain, and grandfon to Maximil.an,' wa^ cleAed emperor. ■ Hi;' caTifea Luther's doArineto be condemned ; ancf in his rcigi\the difciplesof tliat reformer obtained the nam* of proteltants, from their protefting againft a decreq of "the impeiiatdiet in fiivour of the catholics. He is faid tb hjVe'oeen viftoritJiis Irt fcvcniv buttles :' he' bad the pope ■and F rench tJ'"* T>rlf.:;iets at tne 1 >ii. .'•mt, aiHl| car-< ricd hii and took the eleiftb; .laxony and thp prince ot ' effe prifoners ; but he re!, led hit empire to his brother Ferdinand, 4n^" retired iittv< a convent in Spain, -frer he had reigned tbirt;- eight year* ' Cnarles was fucceedcd by FehHhjT\d L whodlfti.njuifhed htmlelf by eftihlithing the aulic cofln'cilof the empire, he was a peaceful princ and ufod to afligii a part of the day to ho: < th>- coiriplaiiics of his people. Maxiniilian II. and his tV.n Rodolplius II. were both fucccflivcly eleS'it king of the Romans, but the latter could not be prevailed unon to allow a -fur :cffor tt) he cliofen in his lire time. He was fucceedcd by his ' . .i't Was for tilt: fi^' .: j'iffrtrd, that the eieflors (hould, for the future, -. > '^ •^,-;.-.''{ the will of his father, be at liberty t hernia i but after an unhappy reign, in which he wat con- tinually at war, he died in 174$, and was fucceeded by Francis I. grand duke of Tufcany, and duke of Lortain, whp had married tlie queen of Bohemia, the daughter of Charles VI. Jofeph II. emperor of Germany, wu crowned king of the Romans April 3, 1764, The emprcrs-queeri of Hungary and Bohemia, dying Noveinbcr zgth, 1780, af;ed fixty -three, the ptefent em* .peror of Grriuany became heir to her dominioni. In the begintiing of the year 1782, this monarch ilFued an ediS for afiolilhing many of the popilh convents, and has theicby alfo. freed tlie nuns and friars from their vows. By abo- lifhing the religious prders contained in the vdifl, his im- perial majcfty has obtained polfclTion of feveral milliong of money, vthi'cU is to be appropriated for the eftablilhmcnt of an .unjvcrfal foundling hdfpital and workhoufe for the popr. He has alfo granted a general toleration to the pro- teffants in the empire, though he himrcif (IriAly adheres to the Roman catholic reli|iion. In (hort, by thefe and many other excellent regulations made by this great prince, he not only difplays the liberal fentiments with which hit mjnd^is end.ued, but alio renderi himfelf the ohjeAof the afreATonspf the people he governs, while the furrounding nations view him with equal veneration and refpe£l. SECT. XIL Containing an account tf tbt ileHhn and artnat'm tf tit tmptrtr tf Gtrmanj \ bis pfvur, and tit friviltges tf tit fiatii tf tbt tmpirt and diet ; alft tf the forcei, taxes, iturtt if juflice, laws, and religion tf the Germans. THE empire of Germany is eleflive, and every new king ot the Romans is obliged folemnty to renounce all attempts of rendering it hereditary iu his family. The laws of the empire make no limitation with refpeft to reli- gion, nation, ftate, orage. This choice is fettled by the majority of the eleAors, and declared, by the ele£lor ot Mentz, within a month after an account is received of the fbirm'ci' emperor's death, by m^^iis of envoys and public Irefcripts to each eledlor. The ceremony of elcflion is (wrforihed at Frankfort pn the Maine ; wheie the eleAors appear, either in pcrfon, or fend two or three envoys, who mud be provided with fufficiei)t powers. After fettling the deliberation's, as yvell relating to the capitulation of elec- tion, as to other matters propofcd by the Hates, foreign envoys, and others, all the foreigners who do not belong to the retinue of the eleAors, or their envoys, ate ordered to leave the town before the day of cleflion ; after which all the cleflors prefent, with the fiift envoys of fuch as are abfcnt^ march in their cleAoral habits in proceifion on horfeback, the three ecclefiaftical cleSors wearing fcarlct robes, with caps lined witli ermine, and the robes of the fecular electors of crimfon velvet lined alfo with erinine, each with his hereditary marfhal carrying a fword in a fcab- bard btifore him \ hut this honour is not paid to the de- puties of theabfenteleElors. In this manner they proceed from the council-houfe to t>.. Bartholomew's church, where alighting at the gate, they go to their refpeflive feats in the choir, followed by ftveralprince* anu .-ounts of the empire, the feveral fwbrd • bearer* landing before their refpcflive eleAors, with their I words drawn and laid on their Utoulders. The feivice begins ^cilh veni creator, and the protcflanteleQois with- ilraw till mzfi is over ; after which they return, and thev all lolcinnly take an oath before the altar, to clctt the fittcft perfon to l>e emperor, and then Ihut themfclves up in the chapel of e^'ftiou, which is a fm.ll vaulted gallery, to which there is aii entrance from the choir. When they hav^ or. ^e more f'vdrn to ffand to a plurality of votes, tlicfc votes aic coUeftcd by the elcOor of Mentz, according to the rank of Uic «!:'>.-"! ; and then tlic cleftor of Mentt ii aflced by the etcAor of Saxony fof his vote. Whpcver has above ■' '\ :■■^A*.;" «52 The NEWakd UN I VE RS At 8 Y&TEM or OEOOR,APHY. m^ Above half the voices of ihe college ii eleQed, and an elec- tor may even vote for himfelf. When the election it over, the perfon eleAed, or h!i proxy, mud immediately fwcar and fubfcribe to the cv jpitulalion of cle^tieti, vtlitch being done, he receivea the cnngratulationi of the elcjton, and the choice ii diade •ubhe in the church. If tlte defied king of tTie Romans be not preicnt in perfon, be muil give a counter-bond that be will maintain the capitulation of eleQion, and, before his coronation, muft fwear to it in perfon ; and, liU this is done, he cannot afTume the government, but muft leave it to the vipars of the empire. An authentic copy of then of eledion, fuhfcrihcd by the perfon eleAed, or his envoy, «nd confiimed by hit feal, it deli- vered to each of the eleftors ; and, <>■> the other hand, the cleAoral college caiifet to be delivered to the perfon eleAed an inftrument of his elcAion, which, when he is abfent, it carried to him by a prince, with a writing of notifiea- lion. Upon this ne appoints a day for his coronation, which ought to be performed at Aix la Chspelle, but at prefent is always held in the town where the eleftion hap- pens to be. Some of the jew^Ii of the empire are kept at Aix, and the reft at Nnremburg. Mofl of them belonged to Char- lemagne, and are fokmnly delivered vp at the place of co- ronation. Exclufive of fever-! kinds of veftroentt, there are a crown and fcrptrc, with two rings, one imperial monde, two broad Iwoids, one fmail one, a book of tl)e gofoels, and etket tequ'fitet. The temporal eletfort, or their ambafladors, attend the perfon eleAed icH tlnret are fpiritual, and the reft temporal. Of the former, it tlte eieAor o^ Mentz, who it arch-clutnccllor of the holy Roipan cnx* pire, and direApr of t|ie elcAoral coUe^e : Ibia ptincr, Dciidet the officet he enjoys at the coron«tnm, at •Ifcady taken notice of, hat the general dircAioit, and it not to bt controntCd bv the emperor : he la» before that body the gHevancei of the fcvarate flatet. before h>n>, or bit ca* voytj all tliofe of the flalet of the emoire, at well at qf lotaigh powers, ierifiinatethcmrelves. He nominates th« viee-' after diie emperor, followed by the enprefi and the ele& ;» of MciitK a^d Cokigne i and he hat the thitd voice in th* eleAotal tnlkge- TheolEcc of arch- fewer of the holy Ronuin empire, it vcfied in the eleAor of Bavaria. At the coronation, he carrict the umikk be 've the emperor, tanks neytto Bo- hemia, and at the isdtfirial oocooatiou fetves up thic fiift X eouciig^ tEUROPB.] O C R M A NY. ^51 couffe, ind placet four diiheii weighing twelve macki, on the emperor** table. The office of arch marfhal of the holy Roman empire bclojif't to the rle£)or of Saxony, who at the dieti, and on other folemn occa4ionlution, wirh the parti- cular coiiclulion ot the third, is delivered in to the imperial commlllioii. When (he emperor approve* either of tlie judgnrtnt of the empire, or the C'>nclul1on oftwr oUege*, an obligatory conchiliMn of tlie empire rrifes out of it, and it is immediately put into execution. With refpcA to taxes and other iinpofts, there can no oUierwiii: be laid on the empire in general by the emperor, than with the advice, privity, und confent of the eleAors, princes, and ftates, at the general diets. Thcfe taxes are partly ordinary, and partly extraoidinary : the former, ' which are ftyled the chamber-terms, are wnat each ftate of the empire is annually to contribute for maintaining the chamber -judicatory of the emperor and empire ; and the proportion paid by^each ftate is exprcfled in the matricula of the chamoer. But thefe chamber-terms are fo ill paid, that in 17C3 the empire v^as indebted to the chamber- judicature (ix hundred and fifty-foar thoul'and and thirteen rix- dollars. Indeed many complaints have been made, that the matricula is imperfcA, and the ftates rated in an unrauiiable proportion. The taxes, which are of an extraordinary nature, are fuch as are frequently granted, in cafe of neceflity, by the (bites, for thcfupiiort of the emp«ror or the army of the empire ) for the maintenance or building of its forts \ and for a war, par* ticularly againft thcTurks. Thefe are granted accnrdtng to what i* called in Germany Roman months \ a denomination which took its rife from thitcircuroftance: inantient times theemprrors, in order to receive the ^al coronation, took a jo>"-ney to Rome, and the Gcimaa liares of the empire weic bound to cicortthcm with a certain number of horfe and foot for (ix months, at their ow. - > to pay twelve florins monthly for a horfeman, a ' . for a footman; which mciuv obtained the iiau .. ' . loman months, computed at fifty-eight thoufand two hundred and eighty florins value each. This foot, oHhindard, was afterwards retained, and the rate of each (»te, either in men or money, is fettled in what is termed the matricula of the empire. The confe-it of the eleAors, prince*, and dates, mufi be firft obtaincc in an open diet, before the emperor can commence a war. But when the empire refolyes upon a war, the generality of the conflituents, with the field* marfhal at their head, and alfo the direAors and counfel- lors of tliL military council, are to be nominated by the emperor and the whole body of the ftate* \ and thofe to an equal number of both religions, who. td | the whole amouiit of whicn it three hundred and (isvcnty-niiu tlioufand ; which added to fi;venty-four tlioufaud five hundred, the (juoia of the eccleliafticat prince*, make the witolc nf the imperial force* to amount to (our hundred and fiftv-three thoufand five hundred. Of the body of nnen which the empire ananimo < : agree to fend, and promife to fupplv, one half k[C w aAually appear in the field, in time of^war. I'he chief of the courts of juftice, is the imperia' aulic council, which is held at the imperial court, and f>ry, aad ha* the ditcAion of tlic chamber-terms of payment . The other judicatories are called peculiar or lower, and to tlxfe beloo^ the imperial land judicatory in Upper and Lower Swabia, lield in the three impr.riat cities of Ravenfbur^, Wangen, and Ifny, and in the b-rotsgh of Altdort. toge- dier with the imperial land judicaio y of the butjnviat: of Nuremburg, which belongs to tite nuigrave rf Brander • burg, and is held at Anfpach, and many other*, particu- iarly the imperial aulic judicatory of Rotwcil, whicn folely iepcndt on the emperor, and i* the principal of the lower judicatories. In all courts of the empire, the civil law if generally obferved, and to this are added fome decree*, to which an C4ual regard is paid ; at firft, the golden bull, already men- tioned, which has only about twenty four leaves, ant. was publilhed by Clurles IV. with the approbation of mod of tlie princes, counts, barons, and other Hates of the em- pire, and contains all the fundamental laws relatiitg to the cleAion ol tlie eiDpero. , ind the privileges of tlie cleAers : the fcal aiMKxed to this decree bcl le of gold, it obtained the name of tlte Golden Bull, or c^ .a, and is efteemed ir- revocable. Another confiderable part of ;lie municipal bws of tbe empire is the C'apitolatio Ccfarea, which is a colkAion of forty or fifty ac^clcs between the eleAors and tlie emperor -, who, at lits coronation, (wears to maintain the privileges of the eleAors, princes, and other fubjcAs «f ilie empire : tint he will not alienate or diminifli the revenues of the crown, or bring foreign troop* into tlie empire, witliout the coiifent of the ftates. 'I'bc third kind of laws by which the Germans arc ^ovrrtted, are, the aA* of their general diets. Th '■ 'aw* indeed relate chiefly to lite great, whoTe privilege :.<;)- afcertain and fecure; but every diftiitA (late it governed by it* prince or fnveieign, either at his arbitrary plcai\ue, or according to a let of laws foimed by him or his anceiior*. In treating of the (late of religion among the modem Germans, it may be iKrceilary to obfcrvc, that they became t^quainted with fome principles of the Chrillian religion towards iIk clofe of tbe feventh century, br tlie iriih bifhop Kiliany Suidbcrt, aivl Ewald, who were Englifliinen, and Rupretcbtof Worms, %^!io ktxlti at Saltzburgi and in tlu eighth century, ^^'inifred of England, preaching among the 1 huriiigian*. H<;l1ian*. and Saxoiu, was ordained hilhop of tUf { his bolinela to fell his pardons and indul);cncies in all the gf ,' • ' I 'fUermanv. Dr. Martin Luther hearing of •^ iiift tfieprocecdiiK;, and openly dilpuied 141 t'.. ,^ and LcipM againil thofo who aUcrted tlia |iataM« .t' f I pope to grant pardons and indulgcncier, iiot- !...fl4i>diii^ his being threatened with excommunication, aitd with being condemned as an heretic ; but tbe eleAor of Saxony approving of his doiSniics, he boldly propi-< gaicil tlicia in other parts of Germany, where ibc duLev of Brunitvic and Lunenburg, Wirtemoeig, Me*kl*i>buig,i Ponieraiiia, the mari^uis of Bnmdcnbure, tlic landgrave of Hefle, and tbe inhabitants of mnft of me impcrhil cities, became his difciple' .'i> ; ., protKllcd againft tlM conclufion o ili>' ..>.> at apire, by whicU .1 ilui< >aliona in religion, till the decree r,( a fiiture council fhould bo' obtained, were declared unlawful ; and from this proteft they received the names of Protellants; and from their, confcffion of faith, which the following year tliey folemnly delivered to the diet at Auglburg, they obtained the uanw of Adherers to tbe Auglburg Confeflion. They took no ptn in the ccuikII of Trent; but the year before, that is in 1537, at an .JTemhly at Smalkaid, they fet forth the fubftance of tlicir doAtine in certain articles* in order to deUver thein to the ailemblrd bidx'p*. Alier.^ ward* refuiing to recede from the opinion* they had nio.* felTcd, tbe emperor Charles V. endeavoured to reduce llicm . by force 1 but after a long war, which broke out in th« year 1546, he granted them a toleration atPafTaw in i55t» which wa* afterward* confirmed to Iheip at Augfburg in 1555, during the rcce^': of the diet of thciciupire. By thia peace, all tne adlierent* to tlie Aogibiarg ooniicflioii wer* confirmed in theii full rclitjinut liberty, till a final agre^. ment coiKcrning both religions fhould be bfougist ^bout, and in Ctfe that ihould not be effcAadf for ever. To iha maintaining of this important law of the empire,, the em* Ecror* and popsfli power* have frequently bound tbemMve* y new obligation* j and tlie former in particular have aU war* CMifirmed it by oath in (heir capitulation of eleAioni and the doubta that arofe upon it were removed by tht treaty of Wcflpbalia, in the jear 1648. By virtue of thi* tenewed and csifirmed reliuon* peace, i>o other relipioiit but that vi ibe h oman, Lumeran, wid Reformed, is to b« tolerated in tbe e^pii< , yet there aie fcAs that adhere t» iteithei of tbcfe three igioni, and vet in fomcplacea en* joy the f' j« exercife :eir own. The deterrainatio .'.hethei a pcifon be a member of thia or tliai churdt, x'long* only to that very churdi | and each fovcreign, or lord, i* bounc* to allow hi* owia \nfr»U and fubjcAs who are of another religion, not only <\.t. , oblic Mid private eyercifr of their , but cverv thing l th« firft of January, 1614 ; bi-t in a country where there i'ra fubjeA^ who adbne to eligio.n, which in that year '.v.i« neither puWicly or priv; ly obferved, it lie* in the (ove» reign's breall > Her lie aull fulFer tliem in the country- or not. If . « r* i g • flipolalion with them, and promifes thei.. 'ieuit 1, < muft be maintained, not onl^ by him, bi ' by his eflbrt t for the rights of fuch fubjecU muft nrt be inft.i>ge4« But if he will grant n* tolrratton, he muft allow tliofie who at the time of th« treaty of Weftphalia were already ictticd in hi* country, live year* at leaft ; and thofc who afterward came to fetila therein, or have made any change in their religion, at leaft three year*. However, tbefe regulatiaiu have tacn repeat* ' ediy infringed in later time*. Proieftant ftates may make what re^uhtiont and change* they pleafe within tlieir own jurifdiAion* in matter* re- lating to tlte churches or fcbools. Hence tlie external forms differ greatly in the Protcftant coautries of the em« ,• pire. Th- IbverfigR cosr.msnly decide: ail iiu^fiaoi I aflain, fettle* and eftablifhes, remove*, promote*, cafhiant.; or otberwife pynilh** fuch u fcrve either in tbe church o( ! ' fchooli ; he tonot ecclefialUcal rq(«laiioiu, appoiati fcafla 6 aai [BUR O PB.) B O M & M t A. «!/ *a4 fUhf tnd «nAi coU^gMi wliltli In hU mum Ai^r- iMMod lb* MiMr ilain of iIm chBRhi Confifl riei arc klio |m«nl^7 tpfoilHU In liM nrowftant (UlM, nJilch fer iIm moft )wrt conM of Mjf'uM McMMkal counfellon i bat in hm* pUctt moNi ui4 in fehoote tn cither iBpoint*4V]rlti«f4c priiiciplei of (htir thurchi On the other hitld, M t\o\A*t HtuttaA irt the territory of any Proteflant fuperior, or lord, mnft htf converted into any other order, unlefi the former order b« wholly e«tin£t i and even in that ciA, the cloifter i«io b« fupplled only with fuch rcfttiian at had a bcinc at an Mder, t)rior to the religioui diiTenfioni. T • (hort, the ProteilartI body hat mutually agreed, that whc> ~«*r for the future t Luinrrin lord of a country (hall turn to (he reformed church, or obtain a country who(c inhabirinti are of that communion, and vice verfa, he (hall leave hit fuhjcAt ilit free eaercife of their rcliaion, their whole form of church altd fchool diikiplinri and all their other privilege*! Hut if a ehurch thA\ of itrdf turn (0 lliat of the lord of the country, the public eacrcife of religion (liall be iicrinitird the penpir ) hut at thrir own cuprnce, and wi nout pre- judice to the othcn. The rehgion that prevailed in the country at the concloflon of the treaty of Wellphalia, ii to be that of the confiflorial counticllor and fupei inicndriita of divinity and phiiofophv . What furthtr itmaini to ht laid on thit head, our readers will find in the account* and defcriptioni tlieady given of the refpeAivc couatriet and ptovuicei which compole tliii great empire. a*MMaii4 C H A P. X. THE NIW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION Of B H E; M I Aa t't.M.T. h I 1. rittacmut if tit thtf/tm tf.ii^Mua, in ii ^Ht, ^uh » gHtrtfhitiHiftriftim ^ t twr/MTi artln a on the . nmth, by Lutatiavand. on the tooth, by Auflria. It it about three buiMbwd milea in length from north to foath« and two hundred and fifbf from caft to weft. This Itingdom it divided into two parts ; namely, 1. The Icingdom of Bohemia Proper, a. I'he marquilate of Moravia. We (hall defcribe thefe feparately, u each of tbem has fomeibing peculiar to itfelf, eithci 1 the produce of the covintry, or with refpefl to iti inhabitiuits, «c. Bohemia P:oper, if one of the bell conmrics in ,iie. Auftrian dominions ; and it bounded, on the caft, by Mo- ravia and Siicfik ; on tbe ureft, by Bav^ii ia ; ' G EOOR^JF^HiY), j ^ji ■re narrow mil dirkfoiiM ; but it very populotu, tud full of fair, tliough old-ftfhioned houfei. Hcrr flkndt ih« uiiiverfitjf, the only one in Uolieinit, iiid uii ■. uf ihc mod ftinoui in Europe, founded by the Kmperor Ctitrlei IV. in the year 1 358, where i< (till • |{rc«t number of ftudenK, **"iugh not coroparablr to tht number in 1409, when John Hull, the then re^or, ii faid to have liul no \e(i than forty-lour thoufuid. And when th« enipcror Chirtoi V. would have reirrnclicd ilwir privllegei, twcnty-fuur thoufand are faid to have left it in one week, and lixteen ihoul'ind more foon after. Here arc alfo feveral tnoiiar- teriei and college*, of whkb thcr* li a very inunitkenc one belonging to the jefuiti near the bridge . from the belfry of whole church there it the bed view of the city. It wii founded hv the emperor Ferdinand for a hundred of that order ; and it it faid, tliat in and about tbii city there arc not left than two thoufand. Orcit numbcri of iewi live in thii quarter, from whence it hai the name of udeniladt, or Jewi town. Mr. Pollnits wti alTured, when he wai here about 17291 that there were no Irfi than eighty thoufand. The^r have the trade of thit city all in their own handi, deal in all forli of commoditici, efpe- cially in the precioui ftoiiei found in the Bohemian mine<, and Dy receiving allold-falhioned thing* in payment, quite ruin the Chiiftian bandicraftfmen : but on giving intiuu- tion that feveral of them correl^onded with the enemy, and helped them in the Uft reduuion of it, they have been ordered bv the court of Vienna to depart lioth Ibii city and kingaoni by a time limited ) and inuft obey it, if the iiiterceflion made for them, by the maritime poweri of Great Britain and Holland, doc* not prevail. Ur. Brown fayi, the Hohemiaiit ftill keep modcU in remembrance of John Hull, and Jeroin of Prague ; and it ii obferved by otheri, that on one of Huft'i medali there it engraven hii prophecy at the flake, in thefe wordi : " Centum revolutii ■nnii, Deo refpondebitit et mihi." That ii, *' A hundred yean hence ye (hall anfwer for thii to God and roe." Which wai reckoned to be rulfillad upon the church of Rome bv Luther'i Reformation. The fecund divifion of tbii city, called the New Town, (which it the bcft built quarter of the tlirce, with fpaciout beautiful ilreeti, and take* up more ground tlum the old one, by reafon of iti gardens and vineyardi,) waa formerly feparaied from the oU one bv a wall, but now only by a ditch, into which they can let the river. Here are. the ruini of the palace of their antient kinga, the walla of which are So ftrongly cemented, that they can fcarce be 4rmolidiepy, it fo loaded with precious gifts, that it bids fair, if It continues much longer, to be as rich ai llic lady's , at Lorttto : In (hort, he is the only faint io vogue here, . there being no church where he hat not a chapel, no biiJ|pi without hft cflgy, and Icarcc any foul wltbqut nil pi^ure lunging like thebadge of an order to « itraw-coloured lili- . band. The Aatue of him in braff, as. bis ai tht life, ,i( ', ercAedon the bridge from whence he waicaft into the liver. . The great hall of the ualacc, where the coronation (call it ' *pr,Ts the largcAof tne kind next |p tlial at Vli'cftiiiinftcr, ' i here is another large one for comedies, luiiqurt^d ^]( pillan that art plallTetcd, In iifiiiation of niaibir. ' Count Coloredo'i palace and gttdciii are reckoned the neatett here, but Count WalknlUin't the largeft and autH magnificent, above one hundred houfcs being pulled down to make room for it : the hall is lofty and fpacioui, and the ^rdens large and beautiful, after the model of prince Do- ria'i atGciicM, on one fide of which ii a line aviary, beauti- fied wiih trees ; and,on the other, his large ilablci of curious arcbitt^ture for diiriyfifl hotieM, Iriftn a marble pillar t betwixt each horfe, Acel racks, and marble manccrs i and over all, the piAuieof each horfe a> big at the life. The town-ho«fii, which it a line fttu^ture in a laigc fquare, has a iioUe clock, with many motions, like that at Lyons t and ii adorned witli the piflurc* of the emperors of Ger- many, and the kings of Bohemia. In the market-place, which is one long ftreet, where it a market, or rather fair, held every day, there is a great ftone column, with the flatue of the virgin on the top, of gill brafs, and four angels at the corners, holding four devils inchaini : near it 11 an old flately fountain of curious workroanfhip, having twelve fronts ': the bafon is of red marble 1 and in the middle there is a figure en a pedcftal^ Willi twelve fi|ns of the Zodfae engraven round it. I'hc cattle on i)m hilU balf a nile above the town, called iUtlchiii, «r the W bite Mountain, it very ftrong, and always jkovided wMi » flood gartifon s and nearit ftands a pyramid which wu let up in remembrance, that ini6i8, tne ftatet of the kingdom then aflembled here threw the emperor's deputies out at the windows, bccaufe they Had deprived them of their privil^es, ind thatihoiidi cbey feu from iueh a hdjtbt, tnev were not killed, nii indeed very much hurt. On tiiewov* -mentioned moun« ' t«n fiandt aUb the archiefiicapal ptiaoe. The Ibopc in Piagua are very meanly famiihed, ind the inbabitantt in general are exceedingly poor j itotwith- ftanding which, it it faid, there are fcw citiet where the nobility and gentry are more wealthy, and live in greater (late. Aflembliet arc beU every night in the houfet of perfons of ({vality ; here are alio very iplendid balli, with an Italian opera ; gaming, maC^tterading, and fitafttng, are alio very common in tliitcity. With tmfc& to their traffic, it confifts chiefly in luflret and looking-cUflet, which are made of Bohemian cryftal. and fo leneraUy efieemcd, that they are exported to moft , partt of Europe. Thelie cryftali are alfo polifhed by the Jewi, who tuni them to good accouotrby felting tliem in rinat, car-pcndantt, Ihirt fenitons, te. All public bufineis relative to the kingdom Is executed by the tribunals of the regency, who meet at the emperor's palace. The chief of thefe tribunals confifts of twdve ftadtholdert, who are of the einperor't privy-council, re- prefent his perfon, and are moft of them great officers of the crown, at the head of whom it the gieat burgranc, go- vertMr of the kingdom and cities, and the chancery of Bo- hemia i the firft of thcfe is immediately under the em- peror. 1 Many antient privileges are enjoyed by the inbabitantt of Prague, which were granted them by their anccftori. Among the charters, by which thefe are held, there it a reiiutluble one pre&rvcd in one of itt churchei, which wu gianied it by Alexander the Great, and it being one of the oldeft records in Europe, wc thought the tranllation wortn iaienii:! here, viz. '' vV'c Aicaander (he Great, •* foa of king Philip, fi)iuuier of the Oiceian empire, go< <' vemv of the Pctfians, Mcdct, &e. and of the whole . ,! .3. , . ... i... '♦ WBrM ii' [BUROPB.] BOH •• «orU from wA M w«fti md from north to fouib, fon " of ttcu luoiitr, by, tic. fo c«lM i to you ili« nobi* •* ftock of Scltvonkni, »nd to your UuMgt. bfuula you " h**< hmn unio at • htlf, um in fiiih, and vatUiit in •• war, W« cuatirm ill thai trtA eHurih frum ili« north '• 10 ihe foulb of Italy, from ui, and our lucccfluri, to •* yon, and your poA«rily for avir : and if any other na' •• lion b« found ihtrc, mi Iham be your flavM. Ualcd •■ at Alcaindfia the twclfib of ih« Qoddofi Minerva. '* WitneCt Eibia and ih« tl(«tn princai, whom «« appoint " our lucccllbrt." During iIm lall cantury, it haa r«ffcr«d th« grtattft cracliy which a city can pofTibly undtrgo m linic of wtt, havitiH bctn often biTiqttd and taken in thai period, artd litvcral timet plundered. The arcliduke I^copuld bilhop o< Pallaw plundered the Lcflicr I'own, u he would have done the whole, if it liad not lieeu tiiiMlv relieved by ihe emperor Mattbiu, king of Hungary. Nina years after thii, It waa auam plundered by Ituife who were inoft con- cerned to preTeive it, via, the Impcrialilli, who entered iht city, and carried off an irtcAimabla bootv aftav (bar fa- mous halilc of Wm(I^n)>«r^, or Ihe While Hill, i>car this city, nn the ei|;hiU of November, 1610, whea Fred> ric V. cIcAor palatine, wat t6tally deflated by tbe (orceioftha emperor Keidintnd. under Maximilian duke of Uavans, ana ihereby lott ihe Huhemian crown, and hia (•crman cicdorato. It wis no bctitr ufed in 1(131, by ilic etcAor of Saxony, atiei he nude bimfclf mallei ol Bohemia , the great Wallii-in, who recotcicd thm country frum llic Sax- ons the nril year, look thii city by florin. In i'i4i, llie Svvedilh general CnniiiRfmaik. furprilied and |>lun>lered that part of ii called ilie .LclTcr Town, wiili only three (houiand foldirri, and tonic a vart booly , but Ihe inhai>i- taiiii of ihu Old Town, aflilted by tbe kholartof the uni veifity, re|iulied liim, and cicapeu beinj; plumtercd. The twcniyrixili of No'cinlKr, 1741, the I' icncb and Saxons, ariei a vny Ihort fiegc, flornicd and took it, with twu ibouiatid feven bundled and eighty men in garrifon, one hundred and twelve cannon, nefides a great quantity of ammunition and provilkiti ; and the next monih the late eleillor of Uava i.i wat llirre pioclaimrd and crnwnetl k ng of Bohemia. But in 174', the Aunnani having lor fome nioiithi blockaded and befieged il, the ourlhaT Uelleifle (tlut very general who wat in December, 1744, arrcHed, togetherwitu the clKvalicr, his brother in the cleAoiate ofHanover, and waa afterwards prifoner of war at hii ma- jefly'scaftlc of Windror) colledKd ail the proviConi, &c. that he could carry with him, marched out of the city the beginning of December. I74i> with feveral thoufand font and liorle, to Epja ; and ine fame month the reft of tbe garriion ca|iitulaied to the Auftrian general, prince Lob- kowita, and marched out to the numuet of four ihouland men, tcavin); two thoufand fKk behind them , not long after which the queen of Hungary ma here crowned aueen of Bohemia. In 1 744, tlic king of PrulFia came before it with an army, which having with its bombn dettroyed al- moll tbe Old and New Towns, and tlic Jews Town, the Aulttian garrifon futrendered prifoners of war in fix days after llie opcniny; of the trenches t the bvmbs and red- hot bullets ha iiij; fct lb many buafcs on iire in feveral quattcri, tliat ihe citizeni being to the laft degree diilrelTcd and dif- couragcd,. lo intimidated the militia, that the regular Iroups could not nuke them do Iheir duty. But the city was toon again in the hands of its fovercign the queen of Hungary; for in Novcnibcr, 1744, on the approach of piiiice L'liarlet with the Auftrian army, the I'luflian garri- fon evacuated the iown.afcer nailing up the cannon, break- ing twenty thoufand pieces of all forts of arms, and throw- ing the jKiwdcr, and other warlike flores, into the river \u)ldau. In 1757. another attempt was made on it by the king of I'luliia, which mifcarried, that monarch being repulituby the g.irrlfon with great lofs. This c:ty Hands in a plealant and fruitful country, in the niidll of garjdcns and fine (ieldi, furrounded with ralaci J and plcal'ure houles, in form of an aniphitlieaire. t it 4S well toi titled with ramparts, &c. as a place of that extent can be, and commanded by feveral hills, which it is impoi&ble to level, [t is divided by tlic ri^er Mutdau into two paits. iluieas Sylvius compares it to FloKiice, though it ii certainly much hirgcr and more pooulous. Mailiniere lays, its iituacion is much Uko that of Lyons, being partly on a hill, and partly on a plain ; which is, however, iiiclofed lii>.ewifc by hilts thatueou the other fide •fthvMolduu I.""™- _.. L" : :»- _.-«- r — — -i :.-i -.i.:_u ft^Ki a, UI »-j^ci, ic^wivvB It* iimiiv tiuiBi %tlv UApiltt, ntii^ii is fituatcd ninety miles welt ol Prague, and is the only place of note tluougkout Ih; whole ddlriA. The city is No. C;. 6 B M 1 A. «57 lolerahfr largt, and buili on ih« detlifhy of a rack, at tho foot of tlie mvuntains which inclofe Bohemia on the weft, and near the river F.ger, from whence both it and lh< ltr< riiory hava Iheir namea. Thii place It . ll-furtlfM, with a doable wall ncil iha river, ». A in other parts will, a iiiple one, bcfides which, it baih a vrry ftiong eailla. In 1179, Frederic I. made it an imperial city, (or iia fidelity 10 bim againft the duke of bavaiia. In eoiifrquenca of this. It has the privilege of coiniiM money i and ihero lies no appcaJ, but to tlie fovercign, Irum ihe judicial fen- fences of iia council. Thrr* arc laveral aniieni and alegsni buildingt in thia eily, among which aie three cloiflers, with courts of judi- cature, holpiuls, balhs, and llore houles (or corn. Al a fmall dillsnce from ihe city 11 an acid fpring, wlinfe wa> icrs art puri^alive, and rainarkalilc for removing difoidrr* ill the eyes, cars, and other pan* uf the head. Mines of gold and filver »rt alio in its neigbbouihood, but they hava lor feveral years paft been entirely negleOed, I'hc Kger is a very broad river 1 and lo deep, as to ad> mil velbls of very coiilidoralilc burden, which it of iIm uimoft utility lo the inhabitants of ihe city, as the glial variety of excellent fiOt contained in it, affords ihani a plan* tiful fupply of food. Bohemia Proper, exclufive of Prague and the territory of Egra, conlain*. the Iwrhe follnwiiig circles or provinceii namely, 1. Reraun-Podbrad i .'. Rakawniia ) 3. LaM- nicriit) 4. Saaai \. Pilfeni 6 Prachin > ;. Bechm i >. Kaurzimi 9. Tchaflaui 10. Cbrudim 1 11. Konigin- gralii and, la, Bunxiaw | which we IhaU now procctdl 10 give a defcription of. r. 7'he circle of Beraun-Podlnad comprehends Moldau, which wat united to it in 1714, and contains one hundred and Ally leii;niories. The principal places and buildings in ihls circle, are, I. Beraun, a royal borough on the liver Men, near wt, ch in 1744, the PrulTians were detcaied by Ihe Aultriins. a. Pcaehram, a royal mine-town. 3 Old Kneu, a fmall town belonging lo the order of ilio crofs with a red liar. 4. The Holy Berg, a very lundfome college. 5. St, john-undertlie-rocK, ) cloiller of Brn.'diilines, whither the inhabiianis of Prague make pilgrima^ei, and the abbot of which belongs lo llie ftates of the country, t. Otlrow, a BenediAine cloillcr, in an ifland on the river Moldiu. 7. Konigftaal or Zrabaflaw, a royal foundation, and cloiDer ot Cillerciana, the abbot of which is alio a member of the flato of ibe country. II. The circle ol Rakownilz comprehends that of Slaii, or Slanflco, which was united to it in 1714. It coniaina one hundred and lix feigniorics, eflaica, and feats. It ia in lome parts mountainous and woody, and in others *v.ry fruitful, producing a great plenty of corn, and other arti* The mod rcnturkable placet in this circle arai r ' ^■'' koniir, or Rakowuitx, which gives name to the cip:!' is otherwife very inconfiderable. a. Doxan, a cloiO i.<, nunsoftheordrrofPr«monftratcnfes,ihe provol\o,' ' i'''t is a member of the Bohemian ftates. 3. PUfs, a .1 c, of Ciftercians, whofe abbot it alfo a member of the 4. Raudnice, a fmall town, where there is a cloifter oi ...• gular canons of the Order of St. Auguftine. 5. Krziwuk* Ud, another I'mall town. III. The circle of Leutmerita, fo called from itt moft diftiiiRuilhed town, which it the capital of tbe province. It it fituatcd on the Elbe, thirty-five miles nurth-weft of Prague. Il it a rich, well-built, and populous town, a royal borough, and bilhop't fee, the prelate of which it a fuRragan to the archbilhop of Prague. Here is a hand- fome college, which formerly bcloneed to the jel'uits, and confifted of eleven priefts, four matters, and (even co..ad- jutorr. I'he other remarkable placet in this circle are tlw following, via. I. The fmall but pleafant town of Toplvi, lemarkabla for containing feveral warm baths, the fptingt of which were difcovered fo early at the year 762, a. Aofti, or Aaflig, a royal borough on the Elbe. 3. Dieczin, Tet- zcn, or Titchen, a neat town, fituated on the Elbe, and in it it a fine citadel built on a rock, 4. BajUclTew, Ben- fen, or Penfen, remarkable for the bcft paper made in it. of any other place throughout the Bohemian dominions. 5. Lippey, a fnitll town, remarliable for producing fine pottert earth, cloih, and polilhed glaft. 6. Krupka, or Krauppen. In this town is an image of tbe virgin Maty, to which pilgrimages are nude from various pans of tua i.:„_j , .1 _" .; __!.-:_;-_ _-:-ul 1 1 -_J Riiiguuiu ; UACIC MIC lilt- wuiik* III i»« Kvi^iawvuiuwsi, mtiyk a college that formerly belonged to the jeiuitt. j. Bclia, a fmall town, in which is a fine citadel, and a ipring of 8 £ excellent 155« Thk new and universal iVSTEM or OEOOiItA*«Mlr;^ ^i m txcellent wiior. %. Loworicc, another fmalllown, near whitli a warm battle wai fought between the Prafliana aiid AuftriMM in 1756. IV. The circle of Saaz ii very fertile, being watered hy llie Moldin, which run* almoft through the centre of it. I'liii province ii remarkable for prodiKing great quan- titieo of hops, and fevetal forts of excellent grain. The followingare tlic principal placet in this circle, vir,. t. Wary, or Carifbad, that it, Cliarlet's bath, -a royal borough, celebrated for its baths and medicinal wavers : lliefe baths are of two forts, differing both in heat and 'firength'; the one being boiliog hot, and the other little ■more than lukewarm. The fource of tiiem it in the mid- 'die of a river, formed by torrents from the neighbouring mountains, whofc waters are exceeding cold, notwith- fianditig which, thofe of the mineral fprings, efpecially of the hotted, are Iben to fmoke in the river. Theic waters ate beneficial in the cure of various diforders, par- ticularly 1I1C giavel ; and their virtues have been particularly dcfcrilied by Hoifman, and other ph)ficians. The town itfcif is hut a dirty place, inhabited chiefly by armourers, «nd other artificers in iron. 3. EInboEen, or Loket, the capital of a territory which was annexed to this circle in the year 17 14, and a royal borough. It is fcated on a high fteep rock, near the rfver Eger, fe\'eniy-two miles from Prague, and, being a frontier town (trongty fortified, it is called the Koheinian key to the German dominions. The jQerman langiinge is fpoken by the inhabitants. The other places chiefly defetving notice, are, 3. Zotee, or Seal, a royal borough, and the capital of the circle. 4. Launy, a royal borough, on the river Eger. 5. Ka- dan, fituated alio on the fame river, and noted for pro- ducing excrllcnt beer. 6. Pons, or Brux, a royal borough on the little river Biia. It is a well-built tonn, and con- tains three cloiflers, with a commandery of the knights of the order of the Crofs, witharedftar. 7. Chomutow, a royal borough, in which is a handfome college that for- merly bcl3nf;ed to the jefuits. The neighbourhood of this towti is famous for producing great quantities of .ilium. H. Folkerow ftauds on the river Eger, and produces vitriol, fulphur, and allum. q Dreyhaokii is a fmall neat town, and in its neighbourhood is a mine that produces excellent copper. 10. Chluin, or Culm, is a fmall town belong- ing to the order of the Holy Crofs. It is remarkable for a celebrated image of the Virgin Mary, to which pilgri- mages fioin all parts of the circle arc frequetuiy made. 11. Joachimothal is alio a fmall town. In the beginning of the fixrecnth crntury feveral filver mines weic firft difco- tered in its neighbourhood. S v. The ci'cic of Pilfcn abounds in cxceli.-nt pafturage, 6n which account great nunibe.'s of fheep arc bred in it, and this country produces the befl cheele in the whole kiiigdom. The chief places of note ifi this circle, are, 1. Pilfen, which gives na.ne to the circle, and is a lar-e, well-built town, fituated between the rivers Miza and RadHuza, about forty-four miles foutb-weft of Prague. It has two large churches ; and near the centre of it is a fpacious market- place, well fxipf'lied with moft kinds of provifions. The weft and ibnth fides of it are defended by a bulwark and t large d' CO, within which are ftrong walls, with towers and baftions. Th's city hath greatly fufftred in the refpeftivc wars of Bohemia, it having been feveral times taken, re- taken, and burnt. There are contained, befid^s, in this cirde, i. Klatta, » royal borough, well- fortified with walls and ramparts. The only ren:arkHble building tier' it a handibme college, which formerly belonged to the jefuits. a, 3. Domaziice and Kokyczany, both royal boroughs, in the latter of which is a cloifter of regular canoni of the order of St. Augufline. 4. Nepomuck, a fmall town, and noted only for giving birth to the faint of that name, who it fo muilli venerated by the Kohemians. VI. The circle of Prachin contains in it a confiderablc quantity of rirecious ftoncs, wifit fon^e filver and folJ. The principal towns are, t. Wadnary, a royal borough, lituater* on the viver Ulanice. 2. Berg'Ruickcnftciii, a royal mine-town, in the iteighbourhooti of which is found filvtr. 3, 4. Pifck and Srhuttenhofen, two ropi torough- towns, both of them fituated on the river Watawa. j. Hufyiice, a town fituated on the river filanice, remark- able only for giving birth to the famous John Hufs, the Reformer, wh' was burnt alive by tlie papifti, fordefciid- ing thctriiih. c. Wolin, a fmaii town on the river Wol- i>ika, belonging; to tlic provoft of th. collegiate church at ''•»!|ue- .7. ^traborrteq, anottaet fm«U toirn, bdaimag td tiie grand prim of the 6i4er ^ hfiritahi BoUeiWi, itiid fituated on the liver Wolnilra.' ' VII. The circle of Bechih contains the folfowing'pliieetj Viz. t. Bndweit, a roval bortSogh, fituated on the river Moldau. It is a fs tlicy »ic fubtle, bat courageous, ai.d always m<» ' .. .nt nf ful- filling theit engagements, 1 he gentry .vr. middling fort of people are open ?.nd agreeable in their c:i:".\:.ijtion ; but [E io [E U K'6 P E.i''' y B O' HE Ai I '(l>tt there i> ho thiftingtheiA. Tli« people in general are '<)(c%e'dihc1y"tiriterate, hbtwitlilfindinf; tiiere are mariylimi- , narie* ef*l<:ariiing in different pans of the country ; which ' ii owing to the negligcocc of tlMf parents, who are void of ' 'literary emulation through thcirnatural indolence. The Bolieiuian laneuage is a dialed of the Sclavonic, i "but foiaewhat ttarflier than that of their neighbours, who ' iTpeak the /anie language, as the htter change the conloiMnis tti6re into vowels. Moft people of fiilhion, however, through ibeii intercourfe with the court of Vienna, fpcak High Dutch, or German, which iiaAb intermixed w;iih , the Un^u.ige of the common people. ' The inhabitants of Bohiiiiia are fuppol'cd to have received ' 'Ihf Cbriftiari faiUl fo early As thciixth century i but if not then, it i^ certain tliey did in the ninth, and their religion ' Was tha^ of the Greek church, till Boicflaus, furniimecT tlie ' Good, iittf oduced popery among tlirra. John Hufs and .Jsram of Prague were burnt by order of the council of .Conftance, in the ijth century, fur endcifvouring to brii^ ^liout a reformation in religion. . , In 1627 ^e proteftams were deprived of all their ri^ts jnd privileges ; a^id fucti as woujd not fubipit to the Roman 'cat)to!ic church, we^-e compelled to quit the toiintry. Sii'.ce the above period, popery has been oftabliflied in this jCountry. There aie, however, a few Lutherans in fome !partt of it I but they are obliged to be on their gu^rd, and to conceal thsmfelves as >nuch as poflibic. The Jews have an ample tolcmtioii of their religion, and are allowed maiiy Ijidulgcncies which are denied to tlie protcllants. , It batji always been tbe.ofEce of the archbidiopric of Prague, who is born legate of tlie holy apoilolic fee of Rome, to crown the kings of Bohemia. He is alfj a prince of the holy Rom.in empire, though he has no feat in the diets, piiniiitc of the kingdom, and perpetual chanr cellorofthe uiiiverfity of Prague: the bimops of Leutr ineriiz and Konigingrotz are his fuffragarjs. iht gQvern- inentofthe church and clergy is veiled in the aichiepif. copal confiilory, from which an apj)cal to the foveteign or pope is admitted. The kingdom of Bohemia was governed, for a confi • derable time, by dukes, and afterwards by kings, «rlio were limited in their power, and riefled uy the ftates } though thiy iifually kept to the family of the dcceafcd monarch. After the batUe of the White Mountain in 1620, the crown was n.ade biereditary in tlie Auftrian family i fo that, from that time, the ftates have tiad nothing more to (lowiih refpftt to ihe right of fucceflion. They aieindecd iimmoncJ every year, by command of the emprcfs queen, and meet at Prague ; but it is only for form's fake. The States conlift of the clergy, nobility, gentry, and repre- (entativcs of the towns. Here a comqiiifioner frcm the fovereign lays before them the uccrlTiiy of granting fuch fupplies as tlie coQtF demands, which utually amount to a very greit Aim ; aod thcfc are granted without hefitation, or cxainiiiation. The pcafants here are bondmen to their lords i and to the hard yoke which galls them is doubtlefs owing,, ill a great mealAiic, both their perverfe, obftinate difpofition, and their indolence ; the latter of which, among other things, is evident from the wretched condition of the villages, which, though wood is to be fuund here in great plenty, and building is far from being .xpenfivc, arc very mean and dcfpicablc. The clcr^jy are compofed of tlie archhifhop of Prague, fcveral bifhops, provofts, and abbots, befidcs the inferior clergy. The nobility arc divided into princes, counts, and barons -, and the next degrees to thefe are the knights, burghers, hufbaiulnun, and pcafants. Each circle has £wo headmen, or captains ; one out of the ftatc of ioVds, and one out c,f the (late of knights. The chief maiiufiflurc of Bohemia is linen, of which they export great quantities, tO(;cther with corn, malt, hops, and mineral waters. 1 hey hive alfo conCdcrable nianufa£lurcs of copper, iron, glafs, earthen-ware, and paper, part of which tliey export to foreign kingdoms. The ttatcs of the kingdom of Bohemia raife the revenues : thev at&mbic aiiituailj at i'rague, to provide fuch fums as tlie fpv ..ti);(i demands ot them, over and above the cnftom and duties ro which they ire entitled by prerogative. The revenSe is faid to amount to nc.ir one million fterjing a year. T'.ie Handing militia of the Aullrian hercditaty coiintrii^s is twenty-four thoufand men, towards which Bohemia furnidies nine tlioufand. Thefe feive to fill up tii»t iVirirCiiiiig "Ci^iiTiciui iii tiillc ui VVif. Bolicmi.u?'',cnotally coniideruJ as a partof Germany, but with very little rcifon, for it is not in anvof the nine circles, liathrr d'llh it contribute any thing towards tiie force?, «fi ii-v^uiu'i, 01 i^ fulijcft to any of the laws of the empire. A. SECT. n. 0/ tht Htai^fal/bli tf Moravia, iti ixU«i anil iiunJitn'/i, pr,nlu» ef tht nuntry, tnljaliilants, anil principal Inom ; ' tuiih a il/fcripthn ^f tufalia, itsfiluatiin, divijim, fiatit, hwHt, inhttiitantij mamifdflurts, l^t. ■ ■" MORAVIA i« about one hondred and twenty miles in length, anr* one hondred in breadth. It it bounded, on the eaft, by Silefia and Hungary ; on the w.monds, amcthyfti, allum, iron, futphur, Ult petre, vitriol, but fait is imported; here are likewife mineral waters, and warm fpringt. March and Morawa or Morau, are tlie chief rivert : they abound with a great variety of fifh, particnlatly trout, cray filh, barbel, jack, perch and eels. The Moraviaris arfc jn general open-hearted, not eaf/ to be provoked oVMCified, obedient to their mailers, and tro'e to their promiles ; but credulous of old prophefics, and . mudi addiAed to drinking. The nobility and citizenli flieak the German and French languages ; but that of the lower clafs of the' fnhabiunts is tlic Sclavonic, differing little from that of Boliemia. The clefgy, lords, knights, and borgrflcs compofe tha -. ftates of this cotjutry ; and the diets when fummoned bif the regency, are held at Rrunn. The marquifkte is divided 'i into fix circles, each of which has its captain, andcon* trtbu'.:s to its fovereign about one third of what i's exafled from Bohemia. In th!s marquifatc there are nfually quartered feven regiments of foot, one of cuirafliers, and one of dragoons. The jChridian religion was planted in this country, iii the ninth century, and the inhabitants continued attached to the church of Rome till the 1 5th, when they ' efpoufed the doArine of John Hufs, and threw off popery ; but after the defeat of the cleAor palatine, whom they and the Bohemians had chofen kine, the emperor Ferdi- nand It. re-cftablifhid popery. However, then are (lill fomc proteftants in Mo.avia ; and, among others, a fet of reformers," called Hernhutters, or Moravian brethren, headed by one of the counts of ZinzendorfF appeared among them, who, about the year 1740 met with great ' encouragement in England, but have at prefent only a •■.eitain n.mber of followers, chiefty among the lower fort. The bifhopof Olmutz, who Hands immediately under the pope, is at the head of the ecclefiallics ; and rhe fupreme ecclcfiaftical jurifdiftion is vefted in a confiilory, under the bilhop. With refpcft to tlie commerce of this country, which is not very confidcrable, Brunn enjoys the principal part.' ■ There are iron-works, and glafs-houfes in fome places ; and at Iglau and Trebitz are iiiaiiufaAures of cloth, p lu the neio.hbourhood is a cloiilcr of canons regular of the ' order of Przmonftiatenfes, whofc abbot is mitred. Olmuti '^ is a royal borough, and the fee of a bilhop; and, by means of its river, carries on a conlidcrabic trade with Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Silefia, a.'id Auflria. i. The iowii of Stiiiui, or Brinn, ;^ liiuaied twenty" eight miles fomh-well of fjlmutz, fifty north of Vienna, and one hundred and thirteen fouth-eall of P ague. It is well-built, fortified, and inhabited ; and a place of the greatcli trade iu Moravia. Heic are held the courts of judicituie 66o Thb new and Ulfiy^RfiA,^ ^ySTEM or OEOOHAPHY. M judkaraic »ncl the dieU. There are fix cloiilen, • colle-. giatn church, the biihop'i palace, and a Urge college, with ■n hofpital of the knight* of Mala in the fuburbt. The citadel in called Spielbvrg, or Spilenberg* acd flands on a mountain clofe ro the town. The cloitter of Aug^ftine EttnBiip,,h fcnou* f^i.tn iman of the Virgin Ik/lwy, BHutt, at they pretend, by S(> Luke, and a foundation for yoting ladie*. g. Iglau, or Ciblawij, it a firong, well-built, populous town, and rdyal boroui^b, >ii tlie nyer Tghlawa, feventy- fix milei foutb-eaft of Prague, and near fifty weft of Brillp. The princ'iial buildings arc, a large ccllege and {lymofi- fium, with uwo .moiufteries, on* of I>oniinicans, and another of Pranciicans. The trad*; of the town i( cbir'fly in beer, and a coatfe wpoilrn dotb. Tbii va« the firft Sace ill Moravia that received the Apgfinirg coi^flion. eing lituated on the bordera of Bohemia, and in the bigh road to Hungary, it it much fre^'uented by travelleri. 4. The royal borough of Znoymi. as fituated on tlje vyer Teyit, and is in the road from Prague to Vienna, «bich inakes it a confideiable tboroughftre.. There it a Arong caftle ; but the lown being overlooked by a moun- tain within cf the regular pielaies at the diet, fiwd* about a mile fro'in the town. 6- Tike wejl-built and walled town of Kromrrzizr or Kren>£er, is lituated on tiie river M*rcb, or Morave, and belongs to the bilhop of Olmutz, whofc large and beauti- '^' fttl (nuce here was deftroyed by fire in 1752, together with the archives, the luburbs, and fifty-five burjjert houfes, Here is alfo a mint, a collegiate cbuKb^^ and feveral cloiftets. ,, ' 7. Proftnits ; 8. Mi^litz : 9. Zwrttaway ; 10. LitUu ; II . Unicxow t are all walled towns. The firft is a royal town, and has a confiIere are (i:veral other churches, a oouncilhoufe, liblraryf' orphan houfo, fpinning-ji^ufe, ^oufe of correJlioti^ |wo dlet-hoit^^ t|^ee 'bbululi, • ' n'tnnatiam, &c. A con^derable trade It M^ied oil in hatj, ftockingi, gloves, linen, gjised leather, dotk, fuftlan, Turkey manufiifiures, &e. The other towns and places are, i. Camens on tb« Elftff, tvlilch contains eight churches, cbite bol}iitals, a manufaAury of linen, and another of woollen cloths, r,nd a Latin fchool. 2. Baruth, a fmall town., With a citadel, is fituated fo pleafantiv, Ibat the meadow in Which it it crefted it calkd the Ooldrii Au. 3. Uhvft, a caftle; 4. Markliffa, a iaitin fchool. 5. Lobau, which has a mine- ral fpring. The town of Gorlitz, the capital of the drde of the fame name, is twentv miles to the eaft of Budiflen. Jt was erefied in i jj9, by Boleflaot king of Polf pd, but foon after burnt, 'from whence arifes its name ; for Qorlitt, in tLs Sclavonic tonkue, i|n;^ies " burnt town." It it tha feat of juftlce fbr utii part, and tlie itfidence of the gover- nor, has feveral neat churches, and hiany fiately bou'cs, built of ftohe. It is well fortlQed with walls, towels, and ditches: and the approadi to it is difficult, bccaufe it ftands in a morafii, on the weft (Tde of the NeilTe, which rifei' on the borders of this country, and ruiM tbrooeh it into the Oder ; its griat church, formerly called St. Peter aiid Paul, has hardly' its eq^jil' in Europe: near a fmall church, on a mount without the city, there is 4 model of the hdiy fepulchie at Jferufalcm, built two hnndrcd years ago by the direAion ot a citizen who had been there ftve- rdl times. Zeyler, who fays there is a fine college in this mwn, mentions feveral fires that have happened here, and which haW been more frequent in this than any pan of German^, or indeed of Europe. The chief trade 6f thi» town is in beer, and in drefGng and dying woollen and linen cioth. The other principal places are, 1. Great Radineritz, which coti^ins a noble temporal foundation for twelve ladies. 2. Hernhgtt is a fmall place belonging to tho count Zinzendorf : it was founded in !7ai, by fome Mo- ravian brethren, and is now the.chief nur&ry and feat of that feA called Hernbutters. 3.. Mufka has a gi^eat allum- work. 4. Lauban, upon the river Queifs, and the con- fines of »ilefia, four leagues eafi of Gorliiz, which, though but little, is veil-fortified, and has a gteat linrn manu- faQury. 5. Zittow, on the river Neine, a fine city near the borders of Bohemia, eight miles fouth of Leiban, and twenty-eight eafi of Drefden. Wenceftaus, king of Bo- hemia, encompaflcd it witli trails in 1253. It is well for- tified, and the houfes are built in the neweft f(yl«. It hs« 1 tjOod trade in beer, a great nianuftAury of cloth, an liofpiial, which was once a Francifcan 'monaftery, and the fuburbi are Urge and populous. With refpeA tO'the land eflates of Lower Lufatia, they nre fim'lar to thofe of the Upper. Spiritual matters belong to a confiftory ercAed in i6b8 ; the chief officers are the prefident of the upper office, the land captain, and the land judge. The tiibunals are the upper oCBce and tue land court. The whole is divided into five little circles, viz, 1. Lue- kau, containing no place wonh notice but the town of the fame name, which is walled, has a la;in fchool, a poor houCr, a houfe o( correftion, two hofpitals, and feveral churches. 2. Ouben, containing a town of the fame name, fo which belong fix villages. Xn this drcle kre alfo the following phces : Neuzeil, with the appendage of thirty-fix villages : Schiedio, Schenkendorf, and Terfta, to which belong thirty- five villages : Pforten having the jurifdiAion of twenty villages, and the town of Sorau, which has a caftle, fchool, hofpital, and manufaAuries of yarn, linen, and woolien. 3. Kalau containt a town of the fame name, Lubbenau Dobriluah, and twenty villages. 4. Luben contains a town of the iame name, the town of Friedland, and a few fmall villages. 5. Spremberg con" tains a to'Vti of the fame naiiw, and thirty-twa vtl%tt, V CHAP. \\-' I ■s i^' J ■^. '■-i Y ■ * , - t m ■t ^ 'i J, 1 i- f^ i i". 5-; "» .r . 1 . • 1 ■ '/ ii ;d "it 'f. 1 \ "'1 n Vii f ■ i 1 ■'% ■n. ■i ':% \.i S-* r*. .Mi£^^t^.A£.iiJ . >* "^ % id ( ^jpy n\ ^ Ml # ." r r,i ii J- »■ ■f »^ «m1 s, ] >>' < 1 n p' :] T\ i?^'. "\ ■ *: ' ^: ^ -V' 1 "« ,-' »^ f •<-- A ^ . i if' :-' i •v-f' .^ 1 ■ , f ■V :.« !• ^' ' 'I-, s.'i < ^--^a-d ?''"?l*l ( 66i ) ' im A •tsSKaa SftStt ssnnnaeaa msmai^famfm^imB^ [I- '< w -0 r^ 3- Iz- ^ a -Ss- n.^ k.j0* h ^ r A -N -L't 1* n*" ^ 1^ r^^- -U-i. «■:( 1 ^.^- • fr ^ S ^ 'H 1 r — ^1.. V^ «^ n 1 % Hs '(.'U^I^BIl l'^ loR^H ,S k jB^ > ^ ; 1 r if y) ^•'^ ,4 ?• ' ^' ^«»^^*r«*T»«***IE NEW HISTORY AND D-ESCHlFTtlTN'tyf \» •If!*' S *E C T, ;^-: N G E, i u> ' i— m »>«^ -'t?' I. i>; I fA !-f> tlft tfthe.ptrftHtydnJi^ ftdtmamurif (njhmi, retigiiHt ,_ atii, maiHifaaitrei, (it. if ik* Fmtb. .^rr^HIS cxtenliveind popuioua i kingdom obtained iu "^ : X prefent naipe from ^ic FnoiBii who in the fifth ccri- "^tory pafled out o( Germany into Gaul, and made ihem- -;;^fi!lvcs mafteri of the whole countijr. from the Rhine to the .".mouth of the Loire. Thi* lungdom ia b^uth by the Mediterranean fea, and Spaint Irom which ,,,,,it is I'eparated by the Pyrenean mountain*; and on the well by the Atlantic ocean ; extendingfroro the forty-third to the iifcy-firft dcgreei of north latitude, and Aroaa die . fourth degree weft to thn feventh degree eaft lon^tvde. Did not the provinqe of Brctagne extend it&lf above an . -hundred miles farther into the ocean, ilian any other pari ctf the kingdom, it would be nearly of a fquare form, and the breadth and length aimoft equal, tliat i>, about live hundred and forty milei ; but allowing for the hills and ' , .valleys, with the winding of the roads, it would, in a " .bavellcr's account, be above lix hundred miles.over. r In the interior pans of the kingdom* the air, is mild and wholefome.The winters,how«veriin the northern provinces •re cold, andlaft four or five mointha. indeed the coli is in that feafon generally much fevcrerthere than in England ; for we being furrounded by the fea, are left fabje^ to Con- tinued froits, and are beiides better provided againft the C0I4 from our faperior advantages in cei^g ftirmlhcd with firing. I'hey have, however, the advantage of clear fet- tled weather, and are bet little troubled with fog), which are fo difagreeable in Great Britain and other coiintriet. The fummers \u France are hotter than ours. With refpefl to its fituation, Fiance has :he advantage of every kingdom in Europe, the fras which border upon it affording the inhabitants an eafy communication with the reft,lif the world ; the northern fhores being walhed by tbeHri^fh channel, the we(\ern coaft by the Atlantic ocean, •n^^c fouth by the Mediterranean. Hence no country can be hexvu j^ated for the advancement of trade and navigation, toan this. The Ai; J towards Italy ; thjs Pyrenees, which border on Sj^iin ( aittl diofe of the Oevernnes and Auvergnc, are its chief mountains. Aa to minerals, Lanj^iiedoc is faid to have ve-.ns of gold ana ^Iver. In Alface thcfe metals haye been f -.und in the land of the Ehine ; and the mountain of Wafi>D, in that province, yields ajlvcrore, which is worked, ind fitrther ji 9ifi:ovftiic3 arc making after it. Plenty of iron o c is found In'vaiious parts uTtlic kingdom, and in Allace ve mines of lei4. Pit-coal is pri:icipally found in Heimegau, and fetl paitl of the kingdom make fall patre. Here is al-'H no WiKJt of mstble ; for llnce Colh^ttS time, quarries, parti- is, are Jt^l MRtiBually open. Prsnec, ho-vever, produces few geina ; but has a tnirie oTexetllent turttuoirex in t.Bngucdoc. — France is extremely well-watered v»idh navigable rivers, jthe chief o* *hicli irc the Loir?, 'ht Rhone, vhe Qaronne, sxtA the Semite,'. Of tti«ret]it: Latie it the tarra;i!\. it ri.^'qt in the moun'tains oi the Ovenne^, and takmc; it* cciirfj *l._.-J .(. A ._ /-w_i „.,, / ... ., IIVI U «1IU tiui -nvtl, ■ U]ls \\J vriivmilX i AltU IJVlli tllCIH« dWcftly wtfl by Tours^ Angeri, and Nantes, falling into the weftern ocean forty milts below ih: laft ciiy j Soving teceived in it* courfc ihoAlIier, Cher, fndra, Crcule, Nii, 67. Vieniu, and tb»^aln»; and hti a cofflmnnicatioA vtifh tlie S«M«, by tfltHUa-of die caoah of Stiare and Otieam. lie whole coa^s is cmnpaud to be about five Mindred noilea, snfetuding all it* windiiiga. The Rtona lifes^ in tfaff mountain of La Fourche, in the province of Uii in Smlitrland, and runrtine weftwtrd thrdiuj)i tbie conntrjrof the Valais, pafles diroinh the lalte of Gdiev« ; andthaviiig vifited that city, flow* iouth>weft: to Lvonf, whereit joiaa the Soan, and tlien run* fouth till it ftUU'by three <«v«rat channels into the Mediterranean. TheQatonnc, receives itaico^rfe in the mountains of Aure, in the coanjnr of Co- mSnges. It becomes navigable at Muret, and after being joined by feVeral rivers, chaiiges it^ name. into the. Gi- ronde; and at khgth difchatges itfelf by t«ro oudets uHo tlie Atlantic ocean. This river has a celebtated canal,! by which the weficrn ocean i| joined td the Mediterrandan. I'lie Seine riiies'near Dijon, in Burgundy, and runnini to the north-vreft vifit* Troyes, Paris, and Rouen, in its wav, and at laagth fail* intcthe Britiih channel neat Havre^^da Grace. Fraiici^ thought in general afertitecountiy, basnevan^- lefsmanybarrentrads and mountains. Infomepartsitpro- duc^s plenty, and iiraUof dioin a fuffic'encyof the ntWefTarifcs of life. In plentiful yean it ) ielda more com than is necef- fary for the fubBAencc of the inhabitants ; but a bad harvdt isgencrillv faccecded by aTimrclty, and In time of war ; there has beett' ofhrt a ^Tcat dearth of grain, which is; the mo J felt by the inhabiUrttt of this Cotintry, a* breailiis their principal food. Some of their roOti differ much from our* ; foi here ate , no. found turnip* ; theirs are long «tid 'finall, hot' well uftod, and being not fo ftrohg at ours, are more proper for their foups. They have few potatoes; but plenty of Jerufakm ariichoaks. They abound in vaft quantitiea of large red onion* and garlic ; and ^fo in (ballots, wckam- bok, and leek*. Thefe laft are fmaller than ours -, but thre^ times as long in the white part. Lettacea are the great and univcrfal fallad. In April and May the mar- kets areictved with vaft quantities of white beets. Afpa- 'tag;i* i*,here very, plentiful » and diey ate fo fond of forrel, that la(]gafi«lda are planted with it. They are alfo ppt- hcularlyifbndof mnlhrooais, of which diey have feveral different fpecie*. Great plenty of wine is produced in all the provinces of this kingdom. Among the feveral French wines, that of Champagne it reekoned the belt, it being a good ftoraachic. racy, m\& in tafte and flavour cxqaifite, with an agreeable tartneft. That of Burgundy, the bei)t of which is pro- duoed about Beaume, fa->.s a fine colour, and a pleai'ant tafte. The wines of Angers and Orleans are alfo delicate, but a little headv. In Poiftou is produced a w!iit« wins that refembhs Khenifh. The neighbourhood of Bour- deaux, and the lower parti of GaliK>nv, produce c.eellent wine*. Fontac grows in Guienne. Mufcadel and Fron- tiiiiac are the delicious produds of Languedoc. Between Valence and St. ValUere, along the banks i>f the Rhone, is prndttOed a very agi'eeable, hi>c rougluiPl r«d . .Tile Frenc*^ r-z.1 bu". WXe flelh-meat, and drefi it in a >vtry die met with in the church. As to their military virtues, it muft be acknowledged, that they do not want bravery, and liavc brougtit tlie art of war to great perfefliun, there l>eing no people apon earth more capable of altwking or dcfendiiw a place than they, or that are better fkilled in tlie ait of Unification. The French language is formed out of that of the Gauls, Ramans, and Franks, and is p'ttty geiierj'Iv nndcrllood throughout Europe ; particularly by genteel people, whofe education is deeme'l defciStive without it : it is not, how- ever, fo flrong, exprelfive, and energetic, as the Englifh. The great Dryden oblistvcs, that the French language has all the fiviftiiel's of a greyhound : but the Eiiglifb all rij« firen.'Tth of a niatiifT. There are two grrat difficulties which an unpraiSlifed perlun is under here in common fpccdi} the one is, from the rapid piunuiiciution of the I natives, which always appears to be the cafe when th* language is not famihar to us. but iifbief y o.«ii>Cto the fhortnefs of the words in general. Tliere is no eileAuai cure for either, except frequent converfation with tho French people of all clafTes upon their own ground. Some of o\^ coantrymen go armed with a di£lionary, and make their French as they wan: it ) but fuch French is generally an aukward tranllation of the Englifh forms of fpeecli, not intdliaibk to French people. An Englifh gentleman of this cufs was at dinner in a public company, and his bufi- finefs requiring him to be gone as foon as decency would permit, he wanted to tell the French fervant, that <* every body -ii'ad done," in order th)ifcricorde t que ferons nous ? Monfieur dit que tout le monde efl fini. — Mercy on us I what fhall we do ? The gentleman fays the world is at an ind." ' Since the repeal of the edi£l of Nantes in 1685, the Ro* man caibolit i* tlic efbibhfhed religion in France » yet In Dauphine, Languedoc, and other provinort, there arc fuch a number of fecret proteftants, that they have been com- puted to amount to no lefs than tliree millions i hut thefe, on acootmt of their rtligiodi aflemblies, at whith foiai- times great nnmbcts haM been prcfent, have been cruelly barrafied and perfecuied ; and in 174c fotne proteftonc preocbert were hanged, layraer weft Mnt to the galliei, women-to tiw convents, and children fyrmi aWay from the arm* of their parents. The French proteftants (or Hil- gonots, as the Komanifts Called them by way of reprOncb) were alvrays perfecuted by the popifh party, and even n-ni- fac.red in the moft barbarous manner fcveral times, peiti" cularly on St. Bartholomew's day in the year 1571, wliMi in the middle of the night the famous admiral de Coligny, twenty other great men, twelve hundred ijentlemcn, aivd above one hundred thoufand protcflants A' all forts, wefe murdered at Paris, and in other parts of tiie kingdom, without refpcA to age, Tex, c relation ; though a peace had been very lately concluded with tliem ; to confirm which, the king of Navarre, the head of the proteftant party, wai that day married to the French king s fitter. After th6 death of Henry IV. who granted to his reformed fubjeftt feve- tbI places, towns, andr .'Jes, hM fucCelTor Lewis XIIL abridged them of tlieir privileges, took the cautionary towns from them, and even R ichclle, after a long and famous fiege : and Lewis XIV. that defpotic and tyrannical prince, carried the perlccution againft them to thohighcfi degree of cruelty, and penmitied ihcir enemies to vex thnn It thoufand dilftwnt ways. They fiript them of all their privilegas and liberty ; aiid after tiaving in v.. m tried' vari- ous methods to conquer their eonftnncy, lent amofigft them a vaft nttmbet of draf^on? who praAlfrd the moft horud barbariries to forct them to renounce their religion. The ediA erf l^lanies being repealed OCfober 1685, ;,eal numbrrs of tb^m, to avoid the cruelty of thru internal perfecutofs, endeavoured lo take fanAuarv i , foreigil coun^ trief, which liberty was denied to many , however, about one hundred thoufand of them made their cfcapc, moll of them leaving their cOates behind thent. Multitudes c.itrflft to fettle in Great Britain and Ireland and rfpeciallv iM London, bringing with them Icveral kinds of iii.uiufa£tmes, which have proved very profitable to thefe kingdoms, whila it tended to impOverifh that of their bigotted perfccutors, Tliefe tranfaAions are chronicled among many other (imi- lar events which contributed to grace the reign of that prieft-riiSden monarch, prepofleroufly ililed Lewis tlw Great ! The proteftants are, however, openly tolerated in Alface by virttK of a treaty, and in many places even tb« Jews, indeed the frcedem of writing, which may be bid to have been firft introduced into France by M. de Vol- taire, and for the laft twenty ycirj has remarkably prevail- ed in that arbitiaryjpovcrnincnt, has tended »try much t» foften tlie raee of religious bigotry ; and has, in a good me^l'nre, denvered confcirntious Chriflians froai A» fcourge of intolerant zeal, by having made deifm MhMH able among the licentious Free-thinltcrt. The Gallican church, or the church of France, enjoys pretty cenfiderable privileges ; the principal of which are the fbllowiiig: L In temporal, or government affairs, neither the fovereign, nor nis officers or nugiftrates, are CW.n/i .■t..^:/'.-:-i:n> l.«.,VU V»«,«, VV UJS bifhops, or evenb; the pope hirafelf II. The pope has no other jurifdiAios m France than what the king A pleafed to grant bim ; his nuiKios and legates i latere are onXf k«nlijctcd ft U H P E,J r R A K C E. ««i tonfi Jettd A enVtyjri from tlie eottrt of l^ome to that of Fnncet and cannot, in virtue xif aiijp papal mandate, iit- larfett in iMin of jnftkx, nnlefi fuch mandate has pre- VioUfly Mcrfvnl the king'i fiuiAion, and hat been in due form tegiltercd in parlhunent. lit. The calling and holcca(ioned a ^reat ferinetit, till iri .1753 the cleigy eonfenir «d to pay the kikig the anttual fuAt of twclyfe millions of iivreti (nve hundred and twenty-five thottfan'd pounds (ter- ling) under die name of a free gift, without heirtg cxetnpted from the uHiii free eift which th,er oting ^o tne thronf every HvH years. VI. No cccleitiiltieal fouodi^tioni, nor apy lie«r order of monks arul nuns, are to |>e introduced With6ttt warrant from the king ; and the pules eif fuch or- der are Tubje£( to the cognizance and amendment of the ciWI power. VII. The Icing nominatet all arcbbilhops and biihops, abbots and priors, except' with re())e£l to ihe latter, where the convent ii indulged wi4> the choipeiilr iti fupetlor. VIII. I'he ccolcfiaftical juriMJClion is fb fu ftibordiitate to 'the iivil power, that appeals from the fen^ tinces of the «cclcfiafliw courts are received by tlt^ (ailia- t^ fbe whole kingdom are eighteen archbifhops, a hun- ilred atd thirteen biiiiQfa, twenty-two thoiifand ti^o hun- dred and niitetv -one prufts, feven hundred anii feven ab- bies for men, tnrce hundred and fcventeen abbifi: and pri- orles for women, bclidjcs a great number of other convents, together '. the ccclcfiaflics in France compose one eigh- tieth (iirt of the whole population of the countr)'. The eeclffiaftical ftrte is conipofcd of eighteen provinces, each of wliicjh aconiifh of an archbtihopric, befides tise iuboi- dlnacc bifhops. Tlii?^Iitc nation have alvi , diftinguifhed theinfetves 'by their (VjII in the aits and Icicnces. Paintii^was ficfi Wought to {rear pericflion pmor^them under Francis I. wiicn Roux and Francfco Bclogncfe introdu-ed ail the beauty of that art into France, towards the beginnine ot tlK fi«teenth cciuury ; and Gncc that time this kingdom has produced (everal eminenr inaft^rs. In 1648 wat inAi- tuted at Paris the royal academy of Minting and fculpturc : but it is fail! that the ingenious art of painting is now on the decline in France, an4 is fuccecdea by a frivolous tafte, which is far fiijcn tending; to tjic iniDrovcment of the liberal arW. Engraving liai been broc^t to a perfe^ion un- equalled ill any other part of Europe, until of late years Great Britain has attained as ereat a degree of eminence in that art. France has alfo mwe great advances in ftatuary. It lui llkiLwifc Wc famous for its architeAs ; and the f,reat Colbert, 101671, founded a royal academy of ardii- lefiiure, who now hold their meetings in the Louvre. The j'tench Icari)c ieel^ that pi^tedion, and to enjoy that religious liberty^ which tney ^m not allowed to poficfs at hpmVk Hence the art of weaving filk is become almofi nnivcrlally known, and England hat been enabled to furpafs, in tlie eleganca and bMvtr of their patterns, the French themielvca. Withitf tljlcic laft hundred years thf French havf con&kr- ably improved their woollen manuifaAuret, in which they have baen affifled by the clandestine exportation of wofll firom Grieat Britain and Ireland. Heuce the civiths aod other woollen itulTs made at Abbeville, art liittc inferioc either in finenefs or goodnefs to the Engiifli. Several pro- vince's abound in manufaAures of linen, thread, and faiU doth ) and at Cambray is made the fine and beautiful linen called cambray linen, or cambric ; and St. Quiniin excels in its lawi)^. The glafs tnanufaAure is alfo of great advaniagB to France. In 1688, one Abrahaip Thcvert contrived a method for caftir^ better and larger plates of looking glafs than had been before known; out very lately a nianu^ faAury has been ellaDlifhed in the north of England, whidi produces plate glafs equal in dimcnfions to the largefl that arc call in France, There is a manufaAury of very band- fomc porcelain t Vinccnnef. The t^reiKb carry on a very coniiderable Iradp, which confills of gold and filver brocades, gold and filver nn- broiderres, filk iluiSfs, fattins, fewing filks, crapes, cam- bric, lawn, fine linen, laces, toys, and miliincry-gooda, tapeftries of various kinds, fine cloths, plufh, woollen ftulTs, fail- cloth, looking -glalfes, diinking-glal^j, paper, parclinient, fope, knives, and other hardware 1 wines erf' niai\y forts, vinegar, brandy, corn, hemp, tlax, wahiut- iree wood, pot-alh, pitch, turpentine, oil of turpentine, linu feed oil, and oil of olives, almonds, raifins, chefnuts, figs, prunes, capers, nuts, honey, faflron, ialt, mules, and otlie- articles. They find great advantage to their inland trade, from the navigable rivers : and thefe have been joined at a vaft expcnce by canals, the moft famous of which is the royal (anal in Languedoc. The coaft trade is very confiderah ble ; for by this the maritime provinces reciprocally fup- ply each other with their own produce. The land trade IS carried on with SwilTcrland, by the way of L.yont; to Germany, through Metz and Stratburg ; to HoUaivd, by th way of Liflc ; and to Spain, by tixe way of Perpiguaii and Bayenne. The French ports on the channel and th weflern ocean are frequented by all (he trading nations of Europfc. The trade with England, the United Provioces, and Italy, is of great advantage to France However, but fern Fiench Ihips are foen in tlie ports ot lUc northern nations. Tlieir tsade on the Mediterranean with Afia end Africa, has, for fome years, been very coufidcrablc ; and the fat greateft part of it is carried on by tlte city of Marlcilles alone. They alfo carry or a coiifiderable traffic to Guiney for gold, ivoiy, and (laves for their American colonies. The Eaft India ti-ade it in the hands of a company at Port L'Qrivni. in Brittany. 1 o ail whicii may tic now added a cou^meice, by treaty, with the Bi itilh North American colonics, which, by having involved her in a rainous war with Great Britain, has hitherto brought no acccilion of tvcalrji . ^1 664 THENEWANoUNIVERSALSYSTEMor OEOOR;APHY. f -^t [R wealth to France, A peace being now concluded between the reveral powcn a war, wc (hall, in our hiftory '' thit country, give fonie account of the commercial articlei of the creaiy, at th^y refpcA her trade with America. In France, the gold coini are the loiiis d'or, of one pound value ; there arc alfo double and half louis i and a piftole is eight (hillings and four pence. With reipeA ya the (tlver coin, one louts blanc it five (hillings. The ecu, or crown, is equal to three livres ; fixty fous, or feven hundred and twenty deniers, equiil to our half crown. They keep 'accounts in France in livres, fous, and deniers. One livre contains twenty fous, and one f«u twelve deniers. The French livre is of the value often pence halfpenny, one fou is worth a half-penny, and con- fequently the denier is the (ixth part of a farthing. Tite liard it a fmall piece of copper, of the value of three deniers. SECT. II. DifirHing iht /kH*ti»n, htundariii aitJixttnl, elimale, pri- t/ate, rhirts tmd frmtifal tiliti in Prninct ; tttttbtr viilh an tttttuni if ihi tiutn tf AvigHtn, ftrmtrh/ futjiO tt lb* tccltfiaflital ftati ; tni tf tht frtviHci if Oaufhiiu, ill titiii^ liwnt, riviri, ffriiigt, Vc, IT it neeedary to premife, that France is now divided into thirty iix generalities, or general govcmmcnttt. we fhall therefore, in our furvey oT this extenfivc country, begin ^t the fouth-eaft, and, firft of all take notice of That diftriA of France called Provence, fo called from the Utin Provincia, it is about orte hundred and forty miles in length ; and about ninety in breadth, from thje ifler of Hieret to the village of Sauze. It it tM>ul>ded, on the foutli, by the Mediterranean; on the eail, by thp Alp* and the river Vat', which divideit from the terhtoi1e> belonging to the king of Sardinia ; and on the we(i tt k- parated from Languedoc by the Rhone. It it divided into Upper and Lower Provence : Upper Provence enjoys a pretty temperate air, and has a great deal of meadow ground, well Rocked with cattle : it alfo produces com, applet, and pears, though but little wine. Lower Provence, on the contrary, is extremely hot ; and near the fea-coaft wo«ld be mucti more fo, were not the air refrelhed by a breeze, which afually lafts from nine or ten in the mori^ing till the evening. The north-weft wind alfo cools the country, and fometimes, particularly after rjin, blows frcfli. In this lower part there is not half corn enough produced for the fubliftence of its inhabitants ; ; i)\it the foil beine dry and fandy, oranget, lemoni, poitie- granates, and olives, with niaftick, cyprefs, palm, and tlie African cacia-treet, thrive citremdy ; as do alfo (hrubs of all kinds, fuch as bruc, which rcfemblcs box, only the leaves are longer and'more pointed, bearing a red fruit, which continues on all the year round, and by a particular fingularity, proceeds out of^the middle of the leaf. The fea-cherry-tree has a leaf like the alkermes, and its fruit refemhtes a cherry. The wine in Lower Provence is thick, lufcious, and heady ; but mufcadel is the foit moil admired. There are fome quarries of black agate in this province. Here is a fmall delicious bird, called the beccahgo, that feeds only on grapes and figs ; and, among the fea (ilh, a remarkable kind called the date, fo named Iroin the rcfem- bUnce of iti (hape to that fruit, and is found within hpllow flones in the road and harbour of Toulon : in order to get them out, the Aone muft be broke ; they alfo abound along the coaft of the marquifate of Ancon*, on tlie Adriatic. There are no confiderable rivers in this part of tho country : the chief are, the Durance, the aoarge, the Largons, and the Var, the taft divides France from Italy. Tlie principal port is Toulon ; belides which, there are feveral capes, hays, and harbours. The principal places in Lower Provence are: I. Aix, in Latin Aquae Sextix, called Aqux pomits bathf, and Sextiae pomits being eiiUixcd and beautified by Sextus Calvinus. This city, which n the capital of Provence, flands in a valley of confiderablc extent, planted chiefly with olives, in the latitudeof forty-five degrees fifty-four minutes, and in fix degrees ten minutes catTlongitude twenty miles to the north- w.ird of Marfeillet, and thiity five to the fouth eaft of Avig- non. It it rather papulous than lar^e; the ftrects are welT- paved, and the houles handfome, and moft of them built of free-ftonei tliere it a beautiful fpacioui walk within t* ' city called Orbitellc, coitfiftiiig of three rows of treei a ark long, interfperfcd with fountains, and on eadi (id« are c i' gant uniform buildings ; this i> the ufuat walk of the citU •ent. This city it the fee of an «rchbiihop) who enjovt a revenue of thirty-two thoufind livics (fourteen hunared pounds fterling) out of which he pay* to the court of Rota* two thoufand five hundred florins. In tlie cathedral is ■ conlecraled rofe of gold, tlie prefentofpope Innocent IV. to count Raymond Hereiiger. In this city are alfo two colleges, with an univerfiiy founded in i^cWt an academy of the polite arts ereAed in 1668, > pubbc library in the town-houfe, eighteen convents, a palace formerly th* refidence of the counts of Provence, and now of the higo baihir. Hare it alfo a mint ; and this city ii the feat oF» parliament, of a chamber of Kcountt, a court of taxes, and many otlier public olfices. The nobility Qf Provenca refidtf here, efpecially in winter ; fo tliat this city is faid to have the moft agreeable company, next to Paris, of any place in the whole kingdom. In ita fuburbs the warm mineral fpiing, oiice 16 celebrated, was found a frcond time in 1704, bat its antient virtue* are much decayed.- '. The princi^ trade of thit country confiftt in in fiiit oil ) . ibme (lufTt r. . ilfo made here, aiid exMlIent wine it pro« duced in itt n<;iihbourhood. The city or Aries (the antient Ardjat, Arelata, and Arelatum) it large and well-built, feated on the eaft bank of the Rhone, in focty-ibree deg. thirtv-two rain, ^tth lat. tad in four deg. forty- five min. eaft long, upon very uneven grpuna, and ^ almoft furrounded by a montfi, which renders the air' thick and unttcalthful. Over the Rhone is a wooden bridge, to preferve the communication with Languedoc. The cathedral is a vaft Gothic ftruAure, charged with an infinite number of figures, and the high altar is adorned with a tabernacle of nlver, an, ^dndiraole biece reprefcnting the martyrdom of St. Stephen, fo whom the church isdedicated. The archbifhopftiles himfelf prince Of M«ntaragon, hat \ province of fJ^y-one parilhes, and an annual revenue of thi.-ty-three tboufand livres i (one, thou- &nd four hundred ar d forty-four pounds fterling) out of which his Uxati»n to t le court of Rome is two tboufand and eight florins. Befide 1 the catliedral it con^int one colle- giate and feven parifh-churchet, with an abbey, fourtecit conventt, an hofpital, and a royal academy of fcience^ founded in 168^. Tlie town-houfe it an cle((ant regular ftruAure, fiitely fituated.. It is of a fquare form, adoincd with three ordert of architcAure, one above attother : the portico (the roof of which is fupported by twenty columns) is magnificent, and emliellifhcd with the buftt of the countt of Provence. Several councils have been held here, the moft antieivt and dilVmguiihed of which was in tyi- Thit town was anticntly the capital of the kingdom of Burgundy, which Vras alfo calle4 the kingdom of Aries, and the diftriA belonging to thit city it ftitl vtry extenfivc. Many Roman aiuiquitiet have been found at Aries ; among which is a large obelilk of porphyry, which was dug up here in 1675, and in 1676 let up again and dedi- cated to Louis XIV. Jt is of one entire ftontf, fifty-two feet high, and feven feet diameter at the bafe. On the top is placed an azure globe, ftrewed with golden lilies i and a fun, which was that prince's device ; but the valuable monument above is far from being graced by its new plain pedeflal of fand-ftone. The ruins of an amphitheatre, fuppofed to have been built by Julius Ccfar, are alfo to l)c leen here : the build- ing wa* of an oval form, one hundred and ninpty-four fathoms in circutnference, the longeft diameter of the area feventy-onc fathoms, and the Ihortettfifty- two. The por- ticoes are three ftories high, built of free-ftone of a pro- digious (ize ; each flory contains (ixty arches, which ftill remain, and tlie walls arc of a furprifing thicknefi, but very much decaved. However, thii fine monJincntof antiquity it almoft entirely concealed by the private houfc* built about it. Here it alfo the fiagment of a circus, with two columns of marble of the Corinthian order ; the remains of a Roman fapitol ere Ac J here, and a large colleAion of Roman fepulchral monumenti, urns, and the liice, kept in the archbilhop's palace ; iin urn of a very extraordinary dimendon, conuining above twenty gallons, is found among the reft. There it a place called the Elyfian Fieldf , near the city, where the Roraant ufcd to bury the alhet of their dead. Aceordintly, here are feci an incredible number of ftone and mifH!? f»T'.'nh»g!j fonss ftandisg hsif, snd fo— ,5 entirely out of tbegrouod. The fpot on which tbey ftand [R U RO ^851 O.^O 10 l/.TtH- I'.Wjc OHJathWSAtHT (^ ll)i]r heetIM i ml)>« of imiqvlciM. TtwAAdd* tfterMrd* kectme k Chriftimi etmtntj, The Rhon* rec huiidrtd and thntcCrtjwwtda Healing), and ha pay* to KeiM ftaren liiirtdicd ftorini. In thiicity arc four patMk ehfltcik*, ' hielnchng fhe caitMdra), whidi ia fliid to toa«e haiti a tMple of Diana; and' the moll anient in Fnnat( lind two cefttfgiateenM) with two abMet, an academy^ (he polite ar««, and an obr«rvaiory. I'hi* city ooniain* alfoamint, and a ^ -^e arfenal, vvcll'iloMd w!in mattiiaU for fitting out th': ing's gallics. The lar|;e armour), which coiififti of fi walVi crofa-wile, and i( cftaemcd (he tfntft in the whole kingdom, contain* arm* for -forty thevfand men. In the wfenal i« a dock for building the |alfie(, Which ii roofed over, and ha* a comihanicarich with the harbour, which it inthcfomi of a paratlelograil^, aiiTba* public and prirate building* in the two long fidet, and on oncof the morter. The ottier, wlildi open* into the Mediterranean, ii defended on each point hyaline ilrong fort. The emnnee into the harbour ha', not depth of water fofficicnt for men of war, and it rendered difficult by a rocky cape ncarir. There i» a nroft delightful plain onthe land fide : there are faid to be on it no left Ihiui eight hundred country feats of the citiceiis, with their gardens and vineyards, whither they retire from the poifc ol the town, which ii very difa> greeablefrom the muliitude of flaves in the ftreets rattling their chains, fome of whom have little fhops andhat*, wheic tbcy are 'allowed 'to work at their trades, and cdtert ferve as porters. Tbeinh.ibiiantt mak'* gold and filver ftuffii. To Italy they export cloths, *ct^es, honey, fig*, prones, olives, capers, frefh eels, a fpccie* of fmall fardities, oil, fail- drth, brandy, cott-^n waiKcoats, ilockings, fcc. and the returns are made in Hlk, hemp, fulphur, manna, anife, com, and rice. To Spain, they export all kinds of linen, filk, wool, gold and filver ftuffs, gold, illver, and thread lace, with f^ral home and Levant eommadiiie* ; and their trade in iilk to Gonftaniinople^ Smyrna, Athen*, C^ndta, the Archipelago, Tripoli, and Alexandria, is very confidenl)le. Alrnoft all the trade of Frai •« W!lh fipain and Italy i» carried on by Marfeilles, which is aifo the cfntre of the conimt?ire with tl>e Levant. This city was vifhed, in 1710, by a moil dreadful peftilenc , which Ta^^f d for near two years. The next confiderable city Is that of Toulon, whicli is jiretty large ' it is fitutted in 1 bottom, alinoft encompaflcd with hills on the land -fide, and on a bay r/ t'l" Mediter- Tancan, which forms t (ecu-.'e end commcd'^^us harbour, ill the latitude of fcrty-thrte degree* five minute*, and in the lirth degree two minutes erd longitude ; near four hundred miles footh-eatft of Paris. It is defem'sd by very 'flrorig IbrtificaTtons ttiward^ the land-fide, and the new part of the town is very handlbcw. Tliebilhop jf this iity is fubjcft to the archbiftiop of Arlct, under whom he has a diocefe of twenty -'five paiiOies, With an amraal reve- nue of fifteen thoufand livres, (fix hundred and h<*y-fiv( pounds fterling) out of whiclvhis taxation at thecourtc 4lome is four hundred florins. Bcfide* the cathedral, it lias nine convents, a feminary, and a college, under the diteQion of the fathers of the oratory, and the jefuits had "here 1 very fine hnufe. The old and ncwhubour lie contiguous^ and by means No. O7. of a 6ai^at v >a ft,U ttxttA Otte t« th4 &Uiett Wh. iitlng *A outlet into he Ipadoua oaioribMt94r«, which i* furii^umlM with htlli, and formed by turure aUiiott circukr. Itj| circuit ia of vary great, oxtenit and attltc wUiatigg^ bplt^ fides i* dcf(r,ded by « tort witii ttroiia bMt»ii(s. TUp,ite>a harbour, which was made by order <)t>Leivii XiV, it aii^ WeN.defcndcd by batteriqa, aad'r'Mihid it llaiids Ulc itteiui^ when* every retiaof wwJuM its own pvii«ul«r (loff>liou^,i baitbagniw and cordaga are laid wplaparaie. In it tf^ alCs fpacioD* woifc houlii* for biacki«Aitl(i, joiner*, si}r: peoMr*, latkHfmiihsi carver*, tie. Tl^c ro^*h6iiik which ieihuiltcnatrciy of. frte ftout, is .(ix huadiad ai^ forty-yarda in lenftth, wiihihree ardicd wallet, in wluot^ *• nany portie* ot l•|K^mll^(ra may. work at the fam# time. The general magatiiiet afbiiih tuppl'ie* wlutevaf may be wanting ip ibe paniaaMr ftere- boufi)* for fioglf (hips, contaioa an immcnfe qaaatity of all kindt oi dore^ dsfpoiiid in the gijatcfi order. Thccannon feumiary it all* worth the notice of a murine* liavcUer. Tba d»kc of 8»v«y, ia 1707., -laid fieoe to thi* city» haK without fu9oef« t and in 1731. it funwed gicatly m the piafne. The iahabitant* make a kiml of ^oarfe wooEt kn cloth, and thtra i* |{gtat pteqty vf apart iii^ lit nei^* boatbood. The fmaU towii «if Hiere*, the aiuient Are«, wa* fyri a*crly«MMh more oooiiilcrabie than at gallant i it liaV^ one J an harbour aihaie pi%rij)A» i^ed Vt (SR[fb«<,k (ojr ;(Jm Holf'Land, fhis town Jiat a diftqA (oiwtr vm- (^yVfH public olica* ; it aUb «(iniai«» ode. ««||^atc« j^Utt t»ntf Mhar paritlt'Chiirahe*, and .ive mpnafetiff ai>4 punf)f rif:^ Tlicfailta-^atUenti and t»ii)K^laid|>itt,i|i.Mfnard},jMf duces the firKft fruit in France. A greM deal ot Out 11 made here, bdthlfrnm fim WMci and a laigc fa^ Ifke 1, ))Qt the uir wai umvboleCiMita, until a canal vat fotmc^ whir*- jxtandi AoBi the lake to-lbie liMt,#ii)^rq^ tbcinfo^; venience waa raanedied. ' , ,.' ^ The iflandsof Hkrei take tbeii nama.iiroiv f^is t^iy^ijii they lie inlhaneighttaiKingitcai an4t in mnjualti^jKltJ^ thecoiitinant, tbrma.tine raad.' Ti^efeiilU^dsace tmtf in number. Theu^i ic it four ("rench leagUM in ieitgth and one broad, it is uniiilubited. Ou ucm iflands are taid to be found curiqua medicinal plaou of all the fpeciei ttia! grow in Gretce,'iEgypt, Spain, ,aud .^taly^ Toe city of Ftejns, antiently called rpruoi julii, iii featat* ,iitbe:rivkr Ainnt, at the diftaM«e of » mile ^ftA.% half r.r. thefaa, .andtliirty-rix miles to the north-eafl 01 Toui. Il.i} afortiticd. pUoe, has a«o.uft of adtiiiralty« is the icr ' a bilhop, foffragan to the archbilhop of Aixa and In* w.tbih hi: dtocefeeiglity- eight parilhes, with a yearl/ ee . -^ae of twenty- e^ht thouland ^ivret, (nfi^ ' thoufarid two liiuidrcd.Koil twenty fix pouj^dt {IcrUug) out of. which he it iaacdone .thou^od fiori^s at the court of Roane. This dty cataaii^s. bwr converts- Ampng.tljif reaaaini'Ol Roman aittiauitieR, here arc an arophitlvcatr.e^ and an aqueduft of ooniiaetablo length. T' '. city of ^ifteton it the priiKJpal place in Vppe^ Prove r^e, it hu a ihiall citidel, featcd at thefo^t.gf.a rock on the Ouraace, thirty miles to the foutb-weft of Embciii, and' ii the Ire of abtilhop, fnfiFragan to the aicUr bithop ot Aix, wholias fixty-four parilhet, and a rerenvjp of one tlioufandiive hundred livics (fix hutidred.aiid ^fty- feven pounds fterling) per annum, and his taxation at tbf court of Rome is eiglit thoufand florins. Here it a cathe* dral an ' 'ive convents, and on the other fide of tlw river is apreu, jargc fuburb called J. a Baune, which contai^ji one part11< church, aod one cpnvent. Avignon, ^ough latt-ly taken from the Mipe, is neve<- theleft for the moft pait furrounded by Provence ; an4 the lutivet of Avignon enjoy the privileges of thofc of France. This country is very delightful, and. particularly abounds in cc n, wine, andfaffron. While fut>jeA to (He :><>pe.' i: paid few taxes, and only the tenth of its produce ; : >at the ar.nual expenco of the vice-legate, and the , '\Xi, exceeded the inrome arifing from it to the court pf • '^A. *. Yet the Fretich farmers-geiteral, by ineans of a lo: I '' money, obtained the monopoly of (alt and iqIibcco 1,1 r* ' :ai*iitry, tborgh that trade was carried on ia the naiii- Me jKJp' The »tet. of Avignon, in latin Avenjs, it i fituated ''■-■li., 1. ,;)h'.ilS.,''-ViVj-ji^i'.r^\>^i^:<- MW »r¥T-T>r'. '« ^6 TBI NBW ARB UNITBRSAL STST M or OEOORAPHY. noblp, nini iMtwwn two lildk mMnimin*, tiid tn\ojt im other prol'|ieA t>ut that of bar* Mtd ikocp rocki. 'v w«l*n MTc hiahly cftecmcd, li • certain mncii y againft mU dttbr* dtri of the ftomacb. Hum*, and even lamcMli, tlM« being muck better itian die water at Aii, in SaYOf. The oolf dwtUMgi here are wiMchcd h«Na ol ftraw, lb thai ibe co«n< try ii in every refpcft dirigrcaabU. Th« Draj, a ver* npU river, pra«e««ng from the bigh part of iIm diftria at Gap, li, u it were, fijaceied in at La Mothe, bctwceia two bigk rocks On iu fliore. M the foot of a vnv Deep rock, it the mineral fpring, which, if tite rivet riici biM *i»lf ■ foot, i* coveied wiib it« turbid water. To come al 'lie rpri..g, a uctl'on malt cUmbcr btU a Krcnclt Icaguo over flerp rocki and dreadfal precipioet, wh' *< fccm lo tiireoien the pal&iii^er with imnirdiaie de(l> . > ; and •bcrelbrc it it no wonder that tbclit eaccllenr v, v i ;re but little rrforled to In tliii province are alto Iccrrai other mi- neral fpriiigs. The princijial riven are the RhoiM, tbeUu-^ raiico, the ilore, and the Oiome. ' Here are two archbilhcprici and five bifhoprici. Tb« governor and lieutenant-general ol the province lit in tba parliament, and take place above Ibe chiff prefident. Th« civil law taket pldce here ; the inliabitantt have alfo parti- cular cuftomk of thiir owit, and liktwifa a pariiancn^ which it alfo a court of taxes, with one proviitcial court of joAice, (even prefect utatet, three bailiwici, four royal jurif* didioat, and at many private lerdlhipt. Th« city or tdwn <>f Ot«nobte, called in latin, Gtm- tiaitepolit, it the capital of the proviitw : it it pfeaiantiy tituated at the foot of a nteuntain on tba river I 'ere, tear the place where the river Orac difcbwget iticlf into it. Hera the parliament mteti. Tbit eilT hat alio an intendeocy, a chamber of accomptt, a court ot asat, a mint, and a court of the lord trcafurcr of France. It it a picaiant populoua citv, and, befidct ether fortiiicatioM, it defendrd by a citadel, called the Baftile. The biOiop of ihit place i« ruffragan to the archbtlhop of V icnne, and lut a revenoa of twcniy-ciglu tliouland livrct, or one thouland two hun« dfcd and twenty-live poundt fterling, out of which he it taaed to Rome one ihoufand floriiw. The river Ifere dividci thit city into two unequal partly the fmalMl of which ii called lla Pcrriere, and contaioa one pariHi-cburcb, and one convent. Tlie nimc of tho largcft it Bonne t thii it the moft beautiful ; it being bulk with flraii, handfome ftreett ; and containi fcveral magni- ficent public buildingi, at, the bilhop'l paUce, the cathe- dral, tne arfenal, a general hofpital, and the palace ia which are held the count of juftice. The moft celebrated of all the conventt belonging to th* order of Carthuliant, it the Grand Chart reul'c, lituated on ilie AIpe, at thediflaiice of three leagues from Grenoble. There are two wayi leading to it, but both are carried over flecp rockt and precipicei of a dieadfiil height, tbe turot of which is increafcd by the roaring of the river Guyer la Mart, during its prrcipitate couik among them. The cimvent, which flands on an rniinrnce, it environed with rocks and mountaiiu coveicd with wood, that rile to a much grcuer height. Thit convent fomu a Ibaciout ob- long Iquare walled In, and on the outfide are a tew innt and ftaMet. In the large hall of thit convent ia annually beki the general chapter of the order of the Carthufiaiit, where tbe German priort take the precedence of all otheit } and, at their arrkval, may ride into the court of the conveor. whicli noiif o< the reft ate permitted to do i but, like the otliers, inuli aUght at tlie gate. In the hall arc fine paint- ings, reprefenting the life of St. Bruno, and likcwile the piAures of the generali of the order. The fotmrr are copici ot tlie admiisblf paintings in the Chirtreufe at Pirit. In a Urge gallery may be icen views of all the Carthufian convents in Chriftcndom, moft of which are executed by eminent handi. The dturdi is net Urge, but very mag- nificent ; and, among ottier relics, it it laiii to contain the arm «>f St. Bruno, hit body being interred in CaUbru. The firft fettlement of Bruno and hit difclplet wat half a league from thit place, and it having no particuUr name, wu fo called from Carthreufe, a village fiill in being, titnatni near it in a Valley. Thit convent U the head of tlie order, and chufet tkc general, who is obliged to rcfide here during life. From the kitchen of this moiuiUry above one bandrad pcrfoiu are dailv ted, and, among them, thirty nMnkt and forty by-brothert i and alt ftrangeri arc entertained ^re gratit. The wine-celUr confiAt of two laoM lined with caOu of an extraordinary fize, which being immoveable, are filled through tbe roof by meant of leather pipet. Ti.. * 1 n-i « ;._i «r_ . :. „ii..j O-: a UV iUWll Ul OIIMIl^UII, VApilHI VI »l«ltllW>]P hai«»W VII- anfonnoit, iUndi fetiy-fvcmilci fonth-caft of Grenoble, on ... iha rhar RImim, about twentv mile* to th« Mfdi of ArlN, and ia fuiraafided with a wall of time 6«o- tarn I but buUttIa trade, c%acUHy fhtce the numafcAury af prtaHid Ihien, whkk aforded ■ oemfbnable fubAAanaa «» great numban of the inkaMcantt, waa fupprticd in firoar of the Franeh EaA India eampany, who purchafed Ihit prohibition of the papa by paying him a cenfidatable Aim. The vice- kgait, « governor, ufuallyrafided in tha papal palace, which it a large ilmAnra of ma-ftone, an< compafiM with moan i bat It far from being a regular edU fce. Tbe arfenal it a long Miy buiMmg, bat widtoui any other ftre-armi than vvn- moot creature will flay in it ; but thit U a notorioui miftake, itbting known to fwarm with adders and fpidert. Tbe thiid it called the inftccefTible mountain ; which is a fteep, craggy rock, ruuated on a very hi((h mountain, about two leagues from Die : but though it is extremely difficult to dimb up to the top of it, this hu been fret^uently done. The fourth is, the cave* of Saflanage, which arc- two excavated flonet, that lie in a grotto near a village of that name. The country people relate, that annc>ally on At fixth of January, they become full of water j and that the quantity of it, in one of tliefe ftonet, foretells whether they fhaU hive a tood or bad winter ; and the other prognof- licatet whether they (hull have a good or bad harvcft of corn. But there is a great deal of artifice ufed to lupport the credit of thefe wonders ( of wliicls there ate icvetal ethers in this province, and, among the reft, a water-foil in a grotto near the above caves, and the floating meadow in the lake of Palhotiers, 1>ut this fuppofcd meadow contiftt moftly of grafs and rufhes, which the tlime of tbe w«tn aemcnts together. Tbe valley of La Mothe, about five letgtlct from Crc- ■ rli .-. f .^%. . .... . [EUROPE.] P R A N C R. W? «n tb« (iii*l ot the tlw territory of Am- brunoit i ii lUlidt on • fle«p rocli, ii ilii fool of which rant tilt river l>iriiice. Tnii (ilica it ftrone both by art and nttuft, and it the (tt of an irchbifltep, •be flikthim- lielf prinoft and count of Ambrmi, and baron of (iuillefh* and Beaufort i h« hat alio oim half of the lordihip and jiiriididion of the city. Hit annual revenue amounti to tirenly-two ihouftnd livrei. out of which ha fMyt to the •ourt of Koma two thoulind four hundred tlorint. The cpiCDopal palace ii the fineft building in the city, and had lately a college of jcfaili : hefidat the cathedral, it contain! fiveperilh churcbw, with a capuchin convent. TIm anticiit citv of Vienne, in latin, Vienna Alio* brogum, it lituaua on the Rhone, fevetiieen milet to the fouih of Lyont, and it the capital of a diftiiA in Lower Oaophinc, called Viennoit. Thii plac* it pretty extan- fivt I but the ftrcelt are narrow and ill-oaved. Ancbori and fword-bladet are made here, with otticr manufaAui' in iron and Ileal t tliera are alfo papcr-milli. Hera it a priory, nine conventi, and a fcminary. The cathedral It a beautiful ftruAurc, and in it are three chapiert. The Btchbiihop of (hit place enjoyi tlie title of upper primate of Gaul, and hit annual revenue amounu to twenty-two ihoufand livrct, (nine hundrtd and fixty-three poundt ikiling, ) out of which the court of Rome receivea one thoufand eight hundred and fifty-four florini. The laft town we fhall mention, in ihii province, it Palena, in Utin VaJenlia, the capital of a diftriA called Valcntinoit, it fcatcd on tlw Rhone, forty -eight milet to the fouth of Lyont, and it pretty well built i it it large, and one of the nioit ancient citiet in France, it having been formerly a Roman colony. The bilhop it fubjed to the atchbilhop of Vieiuie, and bat an annual ravanne of fu- taentbouiand livret, ((even hundred poundt fterling) out of which hit taxation to the court of Rome it two thou- (and three hundred and eiKhtv-nine florint. The epifco- pal ptUace it • fine building befidct the cathedral, and an tuiivcriity, it contains one chapter, and thiee abbicai with fix coDventi. SECT. IIL CtnlMHiHf a Jiftrift'iiH tf thi btnitia utanifitM»t'm,tMtintf frtiiuif t0wni, wumuiiii, rivtrt »f Fraiuht Ctmti, Jlfau ; lit JtclHfi »/ Ltrrtia ami Bar \ iht Miffim, tr ttytrmmint •/ M$tn \ an4 t%* tmnt'tn if VniiM »»4 Tinkit I with tn atttunt tftht iiihaUitMU, litir mtmurt, tm/ltmi, mtniffi/ilMrti, irtJt, ii(, FR A N C H E Coiute. called alfo the earldom of But- guudy, it bounded, on the north, by Lorrain i on the eafl, by the earldooi of Mumplegard and Swiflerland ; and on the fouth and well by the government of Burgundy and Champagne, Itt extent from tbuih to north is about ninety milet, and from the fouth-eaA to tlie north-weft fiiUy. Almoft one-half of it it a level country, abounding in corn, wine, pafturea, hemp, &c. and the otlier half it moiintaiiiout, but producct fome com and wiue, and a good breed of cattle. Here are minet of copper, iron, lead, and Alver. Near the village of Touillon is a fp'ing tlut runt and ceafct at (bted timet, and the town of Salines has profitable falt- fprings and nurflie*. In tliit diArift are likewife quarries of alalaflcr and marble ; and alio near the river Doux it a large grotto, in which nature hat formed pi Jars, and a fur- priung variety of figures i and near Leugne it a lutural cavern of ice, which fcecxct iu funimer and tbawt in winter. The Saone, Ougnoo, Doux, Louve, and Dain, are the principal rivera. This province ha* a parliament of it« own ; it it fubjcA to a governor, lieutenant-general, and fub-gpvcrnor i and is divided into four large diftriAt, the principal places in which are the foUowinf ; namely, I. Belan9on, in latin Vefouiio, and Befontiom, the capital of the country, it a hundred and fixty milet to the foutti-eaft of Pant, and it the irat of an archbifhop, a parliament, an inteodency, a bailiwic, a county and a mint-coutt, &c It it divided by the river Doux mto the Upper or Old Town, and the Lower or New Town, and it <*>».._ J.J i._. ....II ._J -.1. c..»:r-..:._. . :. :. .■<*- J- fended by a citadel that (Undt en a deep tock, and it an ob- I long <(|uire, Ainke<< with few liragular baftiont, ili«gto«n4 being too uneven to admit of rcgelar worki. UmU the peace of Weftphalia it wat an imperial city, but at tba liitie wu traniicrmd to Spain : it wat afterwards lalwi by Franca, and itt foriifieatioiu were greatly ftreogilMned M,. Lewit XIV. The cathedral, which ia dadlaaced H» Su • John, iUndt at the foot of mount St. Stephen i and tht. archbilhop, who fillet himliclf a prhwe of the ampiit, 1m*.. three fuffrtgani under him, with a revenue of utiity-fil thoafand livraa, (one ibouft' i five hiuuUod and (evenly- five poundt (ierliitg) out or which be pay* a iheelani and twenty-three norint to die court of Reoie. The city alfo conuint two chapters, cif;lu parifh-chuichea, two aboietof monkt, and two of nuiu. twelve convcntt, one univeriily, three hofpicali, and had a college of jd'uiti, TIte (Dwn-hoiirc, the governor's palace, and that of Gran*, ville, are the moft rcrmrkilile buildingt in tin pl*cei the left of which it fumtr.-'d with a great variety ot excellent itaiaet and |>i()ur< tud a Ubrary containing a great num> her of valuiblr books and manufcrip's. In the neighbour- hood ,( Bcian.,on aic the ruint ot an amphitheatre, one hund"H and twenty feat in diameter, aitd of fome pagM "uiltup6n them. ThatceKbtMed rivetr, nlledthe Rhine; tvhich fetvet at a fccurity id this country, fiequent'y caufes tertibfe devaf- Moht, hot only in Winter, btit in the mldft of fnininer, when the fnow melts on the Alps. Ir inoitditions then ^atly injure the fields, by coyeriKg thrh) with fa. part. of his atqUifiYions, and di^cAtd a dirittiber ^f appeals at Brifac, tb which not onlythbfe cities, Wdt ftc nobility ofthe empire, and all Others 1(<4iling iitopetial hndt in Alfate, Wert to bVin^ Vheir (irbc^es, afid ftbt t6 tte iliiperial chitnber of ti>; einjiirc. The empetbf 'iitid the etfipirc icedtd (o France the perbetihl fovtreiftrttj bf th* city of Straibiifg, and bf ill iu.ddi^ndctitict'bum'ttft (Vie oftlicRhihe, by the treaty of Ry'lWic, in 16^7. Strafbuig, in latin Aq;ent6Vdtum, 'iL^e ptlhc!(ial )>l;(t^ in Upper Alliice, and cipitalbf the Whole. ;?.\ihtty,' It 1^ hot vefy n-ell fortified, but bymeans of a (Id'xe in tife clfy may be laid under water. The titApiHt 'art eiCtreiticlj picalant, and planted round with .uks, and towirut ins Rhine it hat a regular ciHitel. Ttrs it a r6ya1, frt^e, itttr perial city, ind the feat of a itiitit cburt. It (lands in fortV- Mght degtccs thirty Tii^ mtifbUt .'lohh la'titdSe, {Uld'lM Rnh decrett fo'fty■ol^e mhiute'teatt los^nrtfc, «e«r hvb «»'Jl* diftsnt from the Rhine, nM it ISirr(»anded by the rivers 4lt. and Breulch, v^hich allb run through It; hefidet whictii an° arm bf the Rhine is ronveytU to the city, Which is fitt0 aiM popnioas, cbntainljng; aboat tbiity-two thbufMtr . hbtlfts, four tboufand three hbndred faitlilies, aiVd tMrt/' . thbufand inhabitatitt. The ftrctts are all of'theM tntt&w^' ettept two, and' are adorned with few handfeaie hpuletv The public hniMingt are, the town^hovle, the epifc«pal piface, thiit of the^ itendant, the arfenal, and the play* nbufe. The French holpital is a fine building, it being', eiefted by Louis JCIV. for the receptioir of his Ibldieili* In the ci^ hofpital is kept com of a great age, ai>d thOf are faid to have wine that n feme hundred years oM. The moft antient ftruOure in tbefe parts is the ratbedrkt{ which btiiig finifhed in the yeat f 4AQ, thc-proteflanfs iti^ confe-^uehtfy not ^tr^able with the fatii^cal feulptilrea whicha few yearsago were to hefeenontheceitiict»arfal Ibrd. ttteii Tottered in Upper and Lower AU ft'ce, atid bh' ttle bther f?de ofthe Rhine, where he has twb diftti(tf HeftJIet himfelfptinCeoftheemph-e, and htrtd- Ifrave of Alfice'v Hhd though at fnthxt tuvjfeCt to France, yet, by virttae ^\tt difltiAt on the other fide ofthe Rhine, u kAually a RtKfc bf ibe etBJiitt, attdHii a fcit and voic* rn.'tift diet: he has alfo \amj vaflUt uhfler hittr, i^i i^'f^'iiittsi i^uioft ill the nebiHt* !h Lowtr AtflM, tnge- iMr «rf th aftrtat part of thbfe in ue Utoer. At ^ biihoji, he it fulxirdinite (0 th^ archbilhbpcf AJKhtt. Hit revent* itTaiire^ unbUtlt JuihilkftytbtWo btUMtfedund UttftKtn- fand . ^* -^TX^^kt .\. ' EUROPE.) FRANCE. faiil livrci ^' ten thmiTcnd nine hundred and thirty-eight poundi fterhng, and it wu formerly much more coitiideT- able. Upon an ifland in the Rhine, twenty miles to the north- eaft of Strafbun ftands Fort Loqis, which is a very firong and handfome fortification. It was ereded in the year 1 686, and confifts of a fpacious and' regalar quadrangle, with four large baftioni, and the fame number of half- moons. ' Near it is a fmall town, formed of ftrait ftreets, ahd the whole ifland is fortified in every part, The fmall town of Zabjrn is feated on the river Sor, iifteen miles to the north -weil of Strafburg. It was the ufual reiidence of tlie bi(hop of Stralburg, until the inha- bitants embraced the Lutheran religion ; and his palace and gardens here are delightful. Here is a collegiate church, an bofpital, and two convents s but what is particularly lemarluble i« the beaten broad foad, carried, oehind the city, to the top of a high mountain, the aflent to which is rendered To eafy by iluch a number of windings, that a .perfoa nuiy either afcend or defceiid without the leaft di£6i- cuiiv. The town of Colmar, the capital of Upper Allaoe is £tuated near the river III, thir^-five miles fouth by weft of . Stra^Mug, and bad iirani; walls, which Lewis XI v. caufed to be demc!<(hed in th'j je»x 1673 i but after the treaty of Ryfwiche encompafled it with new walls. The inhabi- tants are laid to enjoy all their privileges, anu though moft of them are Lutherans, have liberty of confcience. It con- tains about eight hundred houfes, ^nd, feven tboufand one hundred and rorty inhabitants. Witl) refpeft to the duchies of Lorrain and Bar, which . aotne iiext under sur coufidcration ; the former of thefe derives its name from Lotharius II. grandfon to the em- peror Lewis I. and was formerly oC much greater extent. It is at prefent bounded on the caft by the Lower Palati- liate and Alface, from the latter of which it is feparated by the Vogean mountains, on the fouth by Tranche Comic, on the weft by Champagne, and on Uie north by Metz. Its greateft breadth from north to fouth is about a hundred Siiles, and from caft to weft^t nearly m much. Tbii duchy enjoys a very temperate climate, and has a .fruitful foil, whivh particularly abounds in, grain, though it baa tovij woods le of duke of Bar. The antient houfe of Lorrain, by viriue of a treaty concluded ini 7 36, retains all tlie titles, arms, and privileges, with the rank and quality of fovereign princes, which It formerly enjoyed, yet without any claim to tlie countries ceded by the peace. The moft remarkable places in the duchy of I^orrain are the following : 1. Nancy, the capital of the duchy, an^ the antient refidence of the dukes, is feated in a delightful plain near the river Meurte, feventy-iive miles to the weft of Stralburg, and is divided into the Old and New Town. The former is both the fmalleft, and makes the m^neit appearance, it being built with narrow ftreets ; but in it ftands the palace, which was begun by duke Leopold Jofeph } yet only the main body is finilhed. The fpa- cious long (^uar.-, or wide ftrect before, has a fiite ap- pearance, In the palace are eighteen very exquifite pieces of tapeftry, reprefentine the atchievements of Charles IV. duke of lorrain. Here are alfo fhewn the fibres of two Bureundians, who were killed with Charles the Bold { and likewife that duke's helmet, lined with red velvet, and a ycjiow creft on the top. This helmet ufed to be carried every year in proccflion by the captain of the Swifs, while two other Swifs carried the fabres. Near the palace is si beautiful garden upon one of the baftions, from which there is a very hne prolpe^. Adjacent to this garden ftapds the opera-houfe, which was built by Bibiena, an Italian archi-. te£l, who alfo built the theatre at Vienna. This houfe is not remarkable for its fize, but is extremely well contrived, and on each fide of it \t » good tribuna, which is 9 grejit ornament to it. In the New Town, which it laner, and contains broad and ftrait ftreets, are fcveral beautiful houfes ; bur, accord- ing tp the falhicn of this country, they are generally low. In this city are three parifh and three coUeguite churches, with_ two abbies, feventecn convents, one college, on*, hofpital, an academy of fciences, and one commandery of the knights of Malta. Among the collegiate churches is the new ftately catliedral, which is immediately fubjefl to the pope. This is a magnificent building, it being adorned with two towers and a cupola after the Italian tafte. The chapter confifts of a primate and fixteen canoiil. The duke nominates the primate without confulting t]ie canons. In the collegiate church of St. George ftands not only the monument of Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- gundy, who was flain in 1476, but alfo the tombs of the antient dukes of Murrain. The latter dukes are interred in' the church of tlie Capuchins. The city was heretofore forti^ed, but the works of the Old Town now only reroaiti, the reft of the f ity having been diAoimtlvd by the peace pf Ryfwic. * '^ The fmall, 'but very antient town of Luncville, ftands on' the river Verouze, in a low marfliy country, twelve miles to the fouth-eaft of Nancy. It was once 9 fortiijed town ; is at prefent the capital of a provoftlhip, and hjis 4 fine palace, in which not only the two laft dukes of Lorrain chieny refided, but was the refidence of king Stani(1aus, until the-year 1755, when the right wing of the palace was entirely burnt down. The gymnafium in this pl^ ii altered to a foundation for cadets, onr half Lorrainefs, an4 the otlier Poles. In this town there is alfo an abbey, with a comiqandery of tbe knights of Malta, imd three coO'' vents. At a few miles diftance firom Luncville is Beaupri, an abbey of proteftant BenediAines, but they follow the Cif- tercian rule of St. Benedi£t. It is feated in a delightfi4 country, and has an abbot, nine priefts, nineteen religi- ous, and twenty-three lay-brbihcrs, with eighty thouf9n4 {^orraiii livrcs annual revenue. Bar, or Barrojs, was antiently an earldom, fe called from the caftle of Bar, cre£tcd in the year 064 by Frederic I, whom the emperor Otlio created ear] of Bar, The principal plage in this diftri{l is, Bar-le-Duo, the capiti|l of the country, feated on a rifing ground on tjte banks of thi river Qrnain, about forty miles to the wc(l uf Nancy. It is a handfome well-built city, and contains a ducal pillace, two chapters, one ptriih-chvirch, one pripry, feven convents, and an hofpital. Metz confilis of the countries of Meion, French p%Tt rois, La Saare, and Fiench Lux«)Aberg. The prii)cipftl ,:a.: • 4fo TBI NEW ANJ> Uil^^RSAt «Y8TEM or QEO&kkfHX. nietrdpolltiil. Hli d^oeeft confifh of one hondced atid nii«ttjr-i»o tttrifhet. lili rcTenoe ii fifty oiiMilkiHi IWm eo tbonund one hundred and eignty-cight powiidt t^nc), ihd he i$ oixedLto the court of Rome four 4o*>> fmifSkhtttiini uii fisty-fo florin*. Bifidet fht ttAi- dnU, there are hi tbii city one collepit* and liilieyanfll- 'Chttrehei, fiaabbict, and a college or jerala. ToiiloW. • fnMI eatldom, ii hennaed in bvLomin i and, tdaeUiierwiththe city of Tool, aitd the otner bUhop- rktof Metsand Verdun, put itielf, in 1551, under the moteiAioh of France, wliich in 1648 obu^iied tntu« pofleffion of the country. The pririclptl tbWn in thii arldom ia Toul, the fee of a bilhop :' it i)i featcd on the 'Mofelle, oyer wrhicfa it a fine ftone brids^ with a reeaiar fbnifieation. It i| fitAated ten miles to the weft of Nancy, Itfi a provin6al aM diftnft imut. Had «n^ fbrpneriy an itnperiu mjfi III biflidp waa orindebftlieempirt,,#hlchUtl«^/ibtraBrwii9i that of T6Uloif, h«lUlll dhiiitt t heii fWa^kii MtfaiaKitlh'flMp ttf'Tnm,< and hit dtoeefe coniaint pne fhouftnd four hundre4{M(iflie|^vM hia rcyenue ii Ijttie more ihan ftteiri- te«nlh«ittiid(t«MSl (fthrttf'iJWdf^ Md fot^>fbttr poUnij* fW^tliigrt. ukI hc'pw|^:twotK|MQftyfiivhin>dM lAi' coafrt isf Ronie. Therii'ir««| i&it'ciljr a fine cathe- dral, onecoUeglateandroai'pliiil^dinciiet, three abbiei, tiiro ptorki, ^^ren conventi, ^qife KMi^ry, onVcomman- dery at th« khighta of Malta, Im^tMi h<^lj^itah. riWriiittbii government are, i.the Ma^'ithea.Mbrelle, which rift* In one of the Walgaa niountaini, and is cart- watitly ^nTijaUe from Metz, diicbargrng itfclf Into the Khiroi, JL llie Saone, which falls in(p the fiune river. 4. f 4* Mmtrtai which rifei in the Wa%au chal^, and , rani intd nw, Molelle. c. The Saarc, which iroQ^ ioiia, tin r4|^'riv«%:. 6. The Orney or Ornain. ^ thf country, round the cfty 6f Metx, failed ttte Medio, Ii bl^t indifferently fertile, and produces little whtat. It was anticntly a part of lite kinj^dom of Aullraria, of which Met< was for a loiig time the capital, and the ufual refi- fienoe of the kinb V^ben the chpdreri of Charlek the Gtea(, apd^Cewli tliv' Pioui, divided the dominions of that crown, the kiQ|(dbiq of Lorrain rofe out of the re- ntainaof ihatof Auftqirlaj and.towar^lsiheendof tiiefecond royd, line of Eiahce, M.el^, Toul, and Verdun, ^rec prindpdi citi««. Ihook oCthe ydU ««><>'> to 'fi^^ul;^^.; freedwn, put tnciiifrlves under the proteAion pf the em- peror. TllpipolirirtWa:! divided bei#eeivdi«lHi^ the magii^iett Mt^e intter, by (he M^iiU»M pf the people, <4$WWI W. WpeWwty '»*C'*| Wm*^i ^ fnlhop badi v>b INmr p^«r' ia ITtc city tit BRtk, 1>fii^'# - counuj of Mcl^nb tjpW9. a ftattMO tte defSW oi nftratii, ittia iit^ a^minPrttRm of ^tj.diflti The miginrajfw Mijoyed iIhopricti, an4,|iapofti,' 4| Oiiht, a county and foreft court, be^tc^fwblic offices. ! We mnft diftinjwfn tni Muffin from the bifhoprie of 1 Mett and iia diftrifi^ wlikb |i a to^» but irregular ti'aQ of landt the l6 Thl> town, vrith a ^ diftrifl belonging to it, liai been ceded by ithe duke of ' t'orrain to France. It is fituated atwiit thirW-t^ro miles to the noitii-eaft of Maz. fts ftreeb are ragalar, and the fortifications form a regular h^exagon. It is tfaefeat of tfie '.eounty court, and conttilni one pariih^u^ with two , convents. The territory of Verdun, Which extends along the ; Macfe, has only one city 6f ilie tiime name, but there are ' In it many large towns and villages. .Verdun, the capital of the country, is fitiAted about 'ftitr'ty-oiglic miles to (he north weft of Nancy ; it is the *fie of a bifhop, .and has a provincial and a manor court. It coi^fts of three parts, namely, the Upper, Lower, and New Town; and, befides its' ^er fortifications, is de- : ' fended hy a fine citadel. This was formerly ah imperial city, but in the year 15(2 the tnhabitaitts put tbcmfelves .Undcr.thaproteaion of France, and in 1648 fell entirely ' im'der'tiie power at that monarchy. The bifhbp, before I the city and diftrifll were annexed jo the crown Of France, | wai a priiiee of iiic eiiipire, and niii iiTumes liiat title, ss ' Ijiiilo conltt'of Verdttii: dit; iirdibive ' twitAtyi It ii bounM, onHbe foufh^'b^ the Meqf Fr«boe : oni the weft. b«' NoniiaiMfy and dit Cngltlh chuin:! ; oh lher'«*ft, bf |}hampa0B#( and. ett the iif6rthi t»y Aai- i\mtk,. Artob, 'Wit^ Strait* of Caliis. Thit ik Sw tlln nibft part a pMn>Mttntry,'and piMwae* wlnc^ffhiSi ^all l^ndi, tMiqrW c6hi,^ and great 4Wih(itiM'<>f>laT: iher 1a*t fonie ntteiMI,' ^% M\ ir not tb geod at that of I^Und r^i^lH^w^ itieft «f t!^ bnfa 't-nfiHiffiBttofiti- »•■•''-"■■■' ■ :•..!.'•., ..■■.- 1 ,.: The (ollowiitg we thebrinelpal ri«4H« iA thl«'t»rev{nee ; vis. i.l^i.CHf^ ttWcli has'its fituntt tn Pieardy, on4» X9nl>>it;tW'iiaio^idf^' Md, after reueiving -fevcral riven, br -avigable M lia f ««, tHd ikfU km the Sihie at <^< a. The Sotaine, the whaiW extent of which it *ft : . lOiVicaniyt it beoomet navi|abte at ftray. and ^0ker ,«cdvin{[ ftveral fmall riven^'i divides into twelve eiiig after- wards turned loole in the paftures of Normandy, are fold for Norman borfes. Here are four biflioprics, two pro- vhtcial courts, two governments, five courts of Admiralty, four foreft manors, and four lordlhipt. Here are alio very advantageous filheries on the coaft. This |>rr)vinee it divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower J'icaidy, and it again fubdivided into iioiurdeButy- j;overninenti, the |irifKipBl places in which are the toliow- irig : via. The town of Amiens, in latin Ambianum, the capital of Picardy, and of the earldom of Amirnois i it it lieatej ontheSomme, fixty-five miles to the fou :-Bi" \ w .t \> -"■':: i.i"'<1fftfjfe**'^^'^'''- *'■ '. ilk. if ••' "f lif •; -'^^J^- [EURO P B.J F R A N e and the entaht of the fqukrcii In iWo of which r«vtn fine flieeti meet. On the rkfflpirtt ire planted two rowi of treei, which form t very agreeable Walk. The river Sommc enter] the city in three diffeient chmnela, through the fame numbcrofbndgef I fo thtt ihefe unUe again, after waier- •iiig lieveral parti of the toWn. In this city ii one of the finr.ft and beft em'bellifhed ca> Ihedrali in all France : it ii dedicated to the virgin Mary \ the pillart, choir, chaneli, tombi, and paintiHgs, are par- ticaiarly adorned, and more cfpecially the principal en- trance, which i> flanked with two' lofty toweri, on which «re placed fevcral ftatuei. Among other rclifli, they pre- tend to have the heart of John the Baotifi. Here ii alfo ■ collegiate church, a chapter of St. >lichoUi, fourteen priih cburchci, feveral abbiei, fifty-fiv« prioriet, frvcn hundred and fifty refloriej, one hundrrd and three cha- pelt of ea£i,. «id •fom<«i(liHefnmionitiet. 1 he annual revenue is thirty, iheufandnorins, (one thotiland three bva;- dred and ihin«en jummtvfktrttiig^ otitef whteh fofVittfaon- fand nin« huhdiM tlorint are {mid to ihe«f«ft of Room. Here are the fciVof apwSdial court, an indeMndeni bail!- «ic and p^voitfllip« ■ft.dAof.fortb^iillkncetvJfind ■ mint. The inhatthantsiof ;bHr<'4tjrand the Mghb*oHiwwiMages jnake a coVfile aniO^ty of Uaekand grWB foap, ''«ndip|irts t lie city ■hito two'inaln diWfiontt the one towardt the L'evCoun* tries, and the oth^^r toward* Normandy^ 'I'he tMe Here flows up the Sonme, to the height of about f)V'ftct, by which means, and iu fituation, it ir Nddered a cemmti* diousportf it behtg but fifteen miles ftQm the Etiglifh channel. This town, befides the Somme, is alfo watkred by the rivulet* ol|&:,8tardpn, Soitins, and Corncille, or Taniere. -^ ' »r - RefpoaaMeaithii 'plac<9'i>lt.prerent, irwaaotiginaliy no more than a filr|n or inMwr belonging >w UM aWiej of >8t. Kequier, irom .ilrhich it4ia«lii«» «amet>it afmrwardt became a boroogl^ffVoin the lipiJiltfil of Ipaiylewho came and fettled in it. b ii now arattlnHficd, and encteipsflled with walUjf whieb ire flanki«t iirilll JiaftionSi and large ^deep ditchea^ T|)»lloufe»aiiamefiljr of timber, old, and meanly bailt t it il| iBkewi%4)jtti!iaiely ditty, for Want«f a | good pavenient; ^at, nextt»ABB3eM,;i» iiMtiidft pii> lous place in all twardy. :' , At tho town cdf AbbeviHi it conveniently fituated for cemmcrca, it«arrw on a giinjt (nde incorn, oil, hemp, flax, cordage, andibtp. T&e weoUen n^nfiiawy, eftab- lilhed here in 1665 by Mr.'&UiMi, »Dlsaihinttrt>as 'fucceededfo well, that at prafent itaelothi ate litlfe inferior , in fineneif and gdodnel's totUofeof £tagUml» ? Here are^ alfo made very beavtifiil barnKont, tb(;i«her:tHdi mocadea, a kind of carpets, i^imity, pioith, coarfe Kimt; fpon wool, and fire-arms. Ivtrc is in this town a collegiate church, dedicated to St. Ui^anc, wbkh ii a lofty flnne building, fourteen parilh-chfMhet, fifteen convents, a commaiidcry of the order of Malta, and a college ; - liero are alfo a pro- - vincial court, baliage, foreft-eourt, cotitt of «aMiicree, ■court of Adrniralty., and a faltflrotk. Mentreuil, on ttte Couch, extend* three kq;vea 'on ibe Britifli ciiannel | it contiins about five thonlaitd inhabi- tants, and has a pretty brilk trade. The j^lltnts round this fpot. Item tO lulfer great povertfi We cannot dettr- mine how propdr the land may he for cultivation, but itds certainly a>' preAmt very little improvtd thafcbyj^fot all fecms a def.irt.— No fooner dbes a carriage ftop, than the cottages ^ur forth (warms to crave charity t young arid old all join in th«i chorus, •' Chifite, pour Vaifiaurde l>ieu i" that is, '• lor Ciod's lake lieftow your charity," The celebrated Mr. Sterne, in his Sentimental Journey, tells us, I'hat he vifitcd this place > and at his departure, dilplayrd much gcnerolity in relieving a niimher of beggars, who, I'urrounding liim, foliciteJ Ins charity with the nioft clamorous im()orrunity. Children arc here very early taught the art ot getting money witlioiit labour ; and yuuiig girls of tixtecn years and upwards emplov intrcatics as well as iniiles to draw a liiu Irom the pockets of paflengers. Calais, ill latin Caletum, it leated in a niartliy plain on the coali of the Hritilh narrow lea, called tioni llicncc the l\ici,';lit of Calais, and in Krciicli Ic I'as dc Calais, the pals or paflage, l>ccaufc it is the pali'iicje into England. It is three lcaf;ucs dillant from Ciravclines, arnl the confines of Flanders to the well, iewen from Boulogne to the north, and about ai many ftvm Dover and the ucarelt Ihure of "':■ " .A . England to the (UtltH-ii^iin. U ii repotted, that Ba]<}wiii IV. furnamtrd tlie Bearded, couiit of Flaiidert, firfl built the port, and that Philip count of Honlognc, caufed the town to be I'urrounded with walltj which before wai only a limple borough. However, it it at prefent a confideri- ble mart, and a place of flrcngth. Iti figure, including ,the citadel, is an oblong fquaie, the two long fides of whicR ar; each about two hundred and twenty perches loi^, and the two ihorteA about niiTety. One of the large^ lidet ia towards the fca, and very well fortified ; the other is to^ wards the land, and is fortified with haftiuni lined with ftones, covered with half- moons, and deep ditchei nine or ten perches brcitd, and which can be filled pithcr with fea* water, or with frelh-water, according as it is proper. The fhortfidc, which is oppolite to the K^rt oy a lone .Cihtal, tnadcrby order of Lewis XIV. bmrMntw»,^el|e*, at^ehead of which there are nvo hom-«TCfrl|t,ilef«M«d «Mii by an half- moon, and encom. Mfled.aiiih %,> «aC a ^p ditch, and a covered way, after (he manner of.ntatflitl de Yanban. This port is very happi)]! filWHd, il«t jret it hat' feveral inconveiiicncics ; for BO velTcl caiv onter into it without running a great dan^- ger, whether it comes along the eaft, or along the weft niok) .There is hero no road for the fhips to nde at an- ehor, The cfnal i>f Calais is a wotk very ufdful to the in>- habttanti ; for by tliat nwaiis orte can go very eaiily by water from Calais to St. Omer, Gravelines, Dunkirk, Bergues, and Ypiei. Notwithftanding the convenient finiation of Cabit with regard to England and Holland. ,yet it is not to populous as might be expe£led, fOr it is reckoned to oontam but five thoufand inhabjtantsi Here if but one parifh church, the altar of which it all wrought marble, .and.its dpme extremely magnificent ; there are alfo four convent*. A packet-boat fails regularly twice a week from Dover tO Calais, arid badi again. Edw«rd HI. king of England, took Calais from the Ften«;^tn the year i«47, and after the Englilli had poffcf- ftd it aboTO tso.tuuwired and tenyears^the duke of Guife retook it in Januaty. ijjg. By the treaty of Cateau- CambreG*. it wat agreed that Calais fliauld continue in the band* of theFiencb during eight yean, after which it wa» to be leftored to rtie Englilh : that term bei ng expired, queen EliMbetb demanded h| but the chancellor de I'Ho- pital refofed to rcfiore it, under pretence that during the firfl teligjoua vat in France, which l^gan three years after the peace of Cattau Cambrefis, the Knglifh had feized Havre-dk-Grace, by which means they had violated the treaty, and tbrfetted tljcir riaht to Calais, which the French kept accordin^y, though the Englifh did not keep Havre. de-QracQ, wfikh wat retaken by the French. Albert, arch-duke ofiAafiri^ and mvemor of the Low Countric*, made himfeif mafter of Calai* in the year 1506, and it was rcftored two vdars after to Hie French king Henry IV. by the articles oi^the peace at VeiSrins. The next remarkable town is that of Bonlogne, the an - tient Geroriicum or Giforiacum, and fince Bononia : it is the capital of a diftrift called the Boulonnois, a particular government entirely independent of the governor general of Picardy. This city ftaiids upon a hill, fixteen miles to the louth-weft of Paris. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town ; the former is well fortified with a flrong citadel, and adorned with feveral public places and foun- tains ; as alfo a palace, where juUicc is adminiftered ; a ca'hcdral church n dedicated to tlie virpin Mary, a paro- chial church of St. Joleph, an abbey of St. Vilcmar, and fonc other monallcrics ; a fcminary for the education of thole who dciigii to take orders, and a mai>nificcnt hofpitat, built by the care and .it the expence of tiie family ot Au- mont. The Lower Town is not inhabited by fo many pcrfons of quality as the other, but it is larger ind mora rnnfidcrable for its trade ; it c;;tcnus .loiig.tiio port at the mouth of the river Liane. The harbour i) very incorn-^ modiouti m 6;* Th8 new and UNI VE R8 A L 8 Y8 TE M or GEOORAPHT. w^: modioat, and the roxd hefDre Boutogne extrcmeljr bid, no vefleli being ible tu keep there, unlefj the wind hlowi from fome point Iwtweeit tlir north and the fouth-caft. With all other wind* the Tea i* cxcelEvely roagh atul boif- Icroui, Here flood formerly a witch-lower, called La Tour d'Ordre, the Toner of Order ) and by the Enghfh, the Old Man, faid to have been built by Julius Ccfar, and repaired by the emperor Charles the Great ; but being neglefled, it is fiill bitants trade are corn, wine, iron, wood, and cattle, with ' bay, woollen and filk fiuiFs, linen, &c. ' The Meufe or Maefe, which receives its fource near the vilhgeof Meufe; the Seine; the Maine, which rifea in' Balbgny ; the Aube, which has its fource on the frontiers ; ' and the Aifne or Aine, are its principal rivers. Here are two archbiftioprica and four bifhoprics. The country is governed by the parliament, the chamber of ac- compts, and exchequer of faris, except the territory of Sedan, which belongs to the parliament of Metz. It has ' ten provincial and diftm£l courts, feveral foreft-conrti, two . courts of mintage, and a Rcneralite. The military govern- ment of this province is lodged in a governor, and four general-lieutenant*, under whom are four bcKditary fub- governors. ' The prioRipal cities are the following, vU. i . Troves, the ancient Anguftomana, or Auguftobon*, the capital of the province, is feated in Lower Champagne, on the river Seine, about (eventy miles to the fonth-eaft of Paris, and is pretty large, but far from being fo flouVifhing and popu- lous as formerly. It has fourteen patilh-churchcs, includ- ing the cathedral, and two collegiate churches, with four abbies, ten convents, one college, one feminary, and one bofpital. The cathedral, which is dedicated to St. Peter, is a very noble ftrufture; its portico is in a fine tafle, but the lower on the left-fide ot it has been left unlinifhcd. The city is furruunded with walls, but they are not kept in good repair; and formerly it liad three caftles, from which it is (uppofed to have obtained its prefcnt name; but there are now few remains- of them left. The bifhop of Troyes is fufFrag^n to the arclibifnop of Sen:, ; his dio- cefe contains three hundred and feventy-two pariflies, ninety-eight chapels of cafe, witli feventeen abbiei ; bis yeariy revenue ;: fourteen thoufand livres, (fix hundred and thirteen pounds ftctling) and bit taxation at the court of Rome is two thnufand florin*. This city ftill carriee en a tolerable trade, efpecially in linen, flax, hempt and cotton fuftians, canvai, wax and tallow candles, needles, I'erge*, tapeftry, 4cc. a. Chalons is a large ciiv, fieated on the, Maine, in a fmall territory cilled the Cnatonois, ninety-five miles to the eaft of Paris. Here are a cathedral, two chapters, eleven parifh churches, three abbics, nine coiivcnti, and there was till lately a eollega of jefuit*. Tliebilhop, who is alfo a count and peer, is fufrragan to tlic archbilliop of Rheims, and in his dioeafe are comprehended three hun- dred and four parifhes, ninciy-three chapels of cafe, with nineteen abbiet. His yearly revenue is tweaty-four thou- fiind livres, (one thoafand and fifty pounds ilctling) and his taxation at Rome three thouftnd florins. The inha- bitants carry on a confidcralile trade in woollen ftuffs and ihalloons, the latter of which took ibeir name from tlii* plac*. 3. Rbelm*, the ancient Durooortomm, and Civitu Re- monim, the capital of a diftri£k called Khcimois., is fituated fikt^-two miles to the north of Troyes, and eighty-ftve tn the north>eaf( of PitI*, and i* dne of tlie moft ancient and celebiaied cities in the whole kin|dom. It i« about four knile* in ciicumferenoe, and cotitam* fkveral £ne fquare*, large ftreets, well built houfes, and magnificent churches. Among thcfe is the Cathedral of our Lady, which is a fine ftruAure, though of Gothic architeAure ; the principal door i* remarkable for its workmanihip, and the great akar, at which the cortmation of the kuigs of Franee it perfiftrmed, i* pbiied with gold. The trealury of thi* c^ thedtal mufi be very great, as every king, at his coroiMh ti6ii, makes an offering here. The book of the eofpel upon Which the king takes the coronation oath, is laid to be written in the Sclavonic tongue, and tlie cover i* of gold fet with gems. Thr archbilhop of this place is the firfi duke and peer of France, perpetoal legale of the fee of Rome, and primate of all Gallia Belgica. He alfo crowns the king 1 be hu an annual revenue of fifty thoufand livres, (two thoufand one hundred and eighty-eight potfnd* fterling) and hi* tax- ation at the court of Rome is four thou&nd feven hundred and fifty florin*. Here aiCi befide* the cathedral, throe collegiate churchee, five ^abbiet, nine convents, a com- mahdery belonging to the order of 81, Anthony, a com- mandery of the knights of Malta, and, till the jefuit* were expelled, they had here a large feminary-, and a nne college. Toe abbey c( fienedidmes of St. Remy in this city is one of the nooleil belonging to that order in all France ; aikl on the altar of its' church is kept tlie holy pliial, which at the baptifm of Clovis, in 496, by bilhop Kemigius, thegr pretend was brought from heaven by a dove, at the prayer of that faifit, die crowd being fo great that he wm unaole to get to the font-with the ufual oil. This phial is of 4 dark, ied glaft, about the length of one's little finger, aifd neatly refilnbiet In (hapeafmall Hungary water bottle. It hai a gold A*Pf^> *n>l is ^xed in a perforated fquarc cafket, fidlen'ed oii a filver falver, it being feen only throush a cryf- tal cOrer phned over the cafket. The oil is laid to be grown dry) but in every undion of a king of France a fmali quantity of it is taken out, and mixed witli the oil prepared (ot the unAion. Among the other public build- ings, are three fpacioUs bofpiials. Here are feveral re- liiarkable remains of Roman antiquities, particularly three gatei of the ci^, which to this day bear the names of fo many paean deitie*, namely, of Mars, the Sun, and Cere*. The nmverfity here was founded in the years 1 547 and 134a. This city carries on a confiderable trade in wine, woollen and filk fiufis, and gingerbread. 4. The town of Sens, feated on the Yonne, is large, but not Tery populous, though well fituated'ibr trade : it i« the agendium of the anrients, and the capital of a diftriA called the Senonois, This city is the ur cvangeliiU, tqgetlier with St. Stephen. Here is anrovincial diftriA and foreft court, togetlier witl\ a f)ft office. Several councils \\iye been held in this city, one of the moft famou* of which )s that in the year 1140. T!**ii^<.' . ■; -i - . 5. The of] poh Iciei ml teir ftci to I pla< ma J« tifi tak of ton loa ktott [E U R O P B.1 P R A N C B. «7J •■,•=- 5. The (SimofMemlk, upitdofadiariaMlkd Brit Chailiponoitet li feated 011 tlie river Miriie, twenty-five milei to the tlotth'cafl of Parii, and contailia a provincial and diftrift court, a falt-officc, kc. Ii lu« alfo a general lieutenant, and a particular governor. Itefidea the calhc- (Iralt there are in ihli city one chapter, five abbiei, (ieve- ral convents, one almi-houfe, and an hofpital. The bi- (hop it Tuflragan to the arcJibilnop of Parii, hi* diooefe it divided bv the river Marne into two large archdcacoiirici, to each of which belong three rural dunrie* 1 under tbefe are nine abbiei. (even chapiert, and two httodrcd and twenty feven paiilhet. The bilhop't annual revenue a> Tnounti to twenty-two thoul'and livret, (nine hundred and ITixty-three pounda ilcrling) and Ud paya two thoufand hohni to the tioutt of Rome. Tlie government of Burgundy, called by the French Bourgogne, Jcrivci itt name from the Buinindiani, who, towardi the beginning of the fifth century, fettled in Swif- (erland and Ftanclte Comt£, whence fpreading themfilvea towardi the river Soanc and Rhone, they eredcd a king> dom of tlieir own, which wai gradually rednced by the king! o( the Franki. I'bii country extendi from eaft to weft above thirty French leaguei, and from north to fouth •bout forty-five t being bounded, on the north, by Cham- pagne: on tlie weft, by the Borbonnoii and Nivemoiti on (he fouth, by Lyinnoii 1 and, on the eaft, by Francha Comtf. It producea excellent wine, and ii very fcrtile in corn and fruit. The chief river* in thii country are the Seine ; the De- hune, which rum into the Soane ; the Brebinct, or Bour- bince, which ifluct out of the lake of Lonppendu ; alfo the Artnanfon, the Ouche, and Tille, with (cTeni fpringi of a mineral quality^ _ The flalei of the country, confiding of the reprelenia- live* of the nobility, clergy, and commoni, meet tegutarly every three yean, by writ from the king, in order to nuit die fnma required of them. The difttiA and provincial court! are futiordinaie to the pwliament of Dijon, which wai ereAad in 1 ^^J6 -, except ilie provincial courta of Ma- gon and Auierie, and the diftri A of Bar-fur Seine, which •re fubjeft to the parHament of Parii. There are four bi- flioprioi jn thii governmetit. The city of Dijon, in latin Divio, capital of the coun- try and government of Burgundy, ii liiuated in the Dijo- nois, about one hundred and forty uiilei to the fouth-eaft of Parii. It ii a pretty large city i the ilrceu are well- paved, broad, and ftrait 1 the hourei are handfome, and the churches and fquares beautiful. Here are ieven parilh- churchei, four abbiet, three large hofpitali or alma-houfet, liiveral convent!, with a chapel, in which ii kept a fup. pofed miraculous holl t they have likewife an academy of iciences, ind in 172J a college of law waacreAed here. Thii city is the refidence of thegovernor, the pailia- ment, an intendancy, a'taillage-ofiKe, ii pfovincia), fu- preme, and particular court, a lalt-oAce, tec Tt' ■ gun in 1647, and finifttedin 1655. It it a large building in the form of an oblong fquare, and on each fide of ^e front it a wing four hundred and twenty feet in length. In the middle of the front it a tower, with a cupola on the top, and in the aitglei projeA two laige pavillioni. The great gate is adorned with two columnt of the Ionic order, and leads into a large hall arched over, where are to be feen the bufts of Philip the Fair, Charles VIII. and Henry IV. with the piAures of all the kings of France of the name of Lewis : the roof it alfo finely painted. Here ere likewife the confular chamber, where the provoft and the four echevint, or aldermen, ufually fit ; the hall where the uic.-chsnti hold their mMiingl 1 and in another hall are the piAuret of the echevint. Before the boufe it a hand-, fome fquaxe, in which is a large fountain. The cathedral of Lyons is dedicated to St. John, and the chapter cooTiftt 8 1 ^ •* ^^i^^i:^4^^i±M^^'& i\63l''Ji-!^''i^lii^^\.f:sA^iMiJt^^^ ■.ii^--^-i.<'&'.-^-tiSkiiL.i.-\ tfr^i The new amd UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGfRIAPHY.i n ^' of ^emlenwn of the bcft fimiliki. They bo»ft of their iMving fotinerly hud fevcril kingi *iid princei, who wen nVeroUe.ri of it i pitticularly in the thirteeuth century, when kt one (iiue ihcy had (lie Ton of in emptror, nine font of kih|l, fourteen font of dukci, thirty of couiiti, »nd twenty 4f bvoni. To this chapter belong not only the cathidr^tl, bfat the churches of St, Stephen and the Holy Crofs. The cathedral il a large ftruAure, and particularly fahioui fdr its clock, which, like that at Sirafhurg, is ctli-- b'tated for the variety of its motions, moll of which have cetfcd i for at every hour a cock at the top clapped his il^in^s thrice, and crowed twice, after which an iiii'rl coin- ihg out of a iloor, faluted the virgin Mary, and at the fame time t|ie Holy Olioft defcended, and an image of God the Father gave the hcnediftion. The minute motion had an oval circle, and yet the hand alwuys touched the circum- ference. Belides the cathedral, are three chapters orcolle- pnre churches, tliirtecn parljh-churches, and till lately th'.rf were two colleges of jefuits, the lareeft of which was tlie Dloft (lately in ali the kingdom lliii ftruQure is a regular quadrangle, curioufly painted in frefco, though tbmetliing defaced on the eaft fide, where tlie winds from the mountaini beat upon it. Uver the front door, and over pan of the church of that college is an obfervatory, one of the boldeft pieces of architcAure in Europe. Their chapel has • fine silnr- piece of lapis-la^uli, and an eicel* lent piece of painting by Blanchard. Their library is a fpacious andhandfome apartment, in nhich are about forty tnoufand volumes ; among which are fome manufcripta of the bible, but not very antieiit ; but one of the moil va- luable pieces is a very antieiU maiiulciipt of Ptiny'i Na- tuial fiillory. There is a large fuhurb without the gate of St. Julius, where the bare footed Carmelite* have a delightful con- vent, with fpacious gardens, from which there is a line firofpcft ofthecity : in their church is an altar of agate and tpis-lizuli. The capuchins have alfo the pn.-tended mira- cles of their faint pamted on tlw walls ot their cloifter, among which is one of his paying his apolheciry with prayers, inftead of money. The nunnery of St. Peter is a BnefiruAure, and the parilh-church of St. Niege is adorn- ed with feveral fine pieces of painting by Le Brun. In one df the fquares ftands an equellrian ftatue in brafs of Lewis XIV. La Belle Cour is a fpacious area, and near it aris a mall and a delightful walk. The monument of the two lovers ftands on the other (iJe of the Soane, and feemi to have been fome Roman building, cont\ru£)ed with very large (lonci. The friars in Lyons are very importunate beggars, coming into the chaml>ers of ftraiigcrs for cba- ritv. Here is a fine arfenal, well flored with military imple- ments ; alfo three forts, but one of thcni is only garrilon- ed, and that ferves for the pfifon of the city. In this city are flill to be feen fome reintina of Rortun antiquities, aa baths, aqucduAs, part of an amphilhcatie, &c. ' In this place are an arehbifbopric, an intendency, a mint, with a provincial and other courts, hi archbilhop is pri- mate over the archbifhoprics of Rouen, Tours, Sens, and Paris ; fo that appeals lie from them to him. He has alfo fix bifhops for his fuffragans, with a dioceic of (even hun- dred and (ixty-four paiifnes, and a revenue of forty-eight thoufand livres, (two thoufand one hundred pounds ller- fing) out of which he is taxed by the court of Rome three thoufand florins ; and he ha^ the title of count of Lyons, bcfides that of archbilhop. Some mountains lie round the city, on which there be- ing feveral convents, feats, gardens, and vineyards, form 4 verydelightfnl profpeft. The inhabitants aie» for the iMoft part, makjcrs of bitaiiu call it Cira, in conformity to it* jnticiyt name Cir- cius : oppofite to this blows another from the eaft or fouth- eaft, winch IS called Autun, This is fiift p«rcB(ved near Narbonne, and at Caftlcnaudari it is very violent : ihi* wind, being hot, caufet head achs, with lofs of appetite, and fecms to fwell the whole body. In the eaftern part of Langueddc is frequently felt a cold and very flrong north wind, which follows the courfe of the Rhone, in the vallejr* through which it runt, from north to fouth, and is called Bifc, or Black. Sometimes, in dircA oppolition to the. latter, blows a fea wind, which it ufually accompanied with a drizzling rain ; but, when dry, hat the fame morbid cf- fcAs as the Autun in Upper Lan^ueduc : belides, in the heat of fummer, from the coaft ot Leucate to the Rhone, fea-breerxs conftantly fet in, at nine or ten o'clock in ih«. morning, and, to the great refrelhment of the air, laft till, about five in the evening. It is alfo obfcrvable, tlut at the foot of the Pyrenees, near the village of Blaud, in a narrow valley wholly environed with mountains, except towards the north weft, and this contains openings two or tlircc hundred paces wide, bjowsa very cool weft or north- weft gale, which chieily prevail* in fummer, and then only in the night. In clear and warm weather this gale is much ftronger than in a thick and cold air. In fummer, it cool* tlie whole valley, and in winter prevents white froft* i and the inhabitants of the valley of filaud can win* now their corn at no other time than in the night, and it only blows at that time. Thi* is a very mountainous country, particularly the Cevcnnes, which arc very high and fteep ; yet thefe being, as it were, the head-quarters of the proteftants, abound in people. Here are lead and iron-mines ; fome very beau- tiful marble is alfo dug out of the quarries, and in feveral places in Lower Langucdoc are found turquoifes. Languedoc is very fertile in corn, fruit, and fine nine ; it alfo contains large plantations of olive and roulbcrry- trces, the latter for filk worm*, and the former for oil i tiiough tliis laft is inferior to that of Ptovrnce. They here tread out the corn in the manner praAifcd in the eaft, by cauling a number of mules and horfes to turn round a circle upon the grain, which is ftrewed uuder them, and afterwaids alfo tread the llraw into fm.ill pieces, to lave the trouble cf chopping it. In Upper Languedoc grows a plant called woad ; its root is uiually an inch thick, and a foot or a foot and a half in Icngtli, with five or fix leave* growing from it, that arc a foot long, and fix inches broad. The tjower rcprefeiKs a crofs, and bears an obluiig feed, which it fometimes of a violet, and lomctimes of a vellour colour ; but the former is the bcft. It is ufually fccu in February, and requires a good foil, with prcit care after it be(;iiii to Ihoot, Wlictt the herb is ripe it is cut off clorc to |EU R O^fE/lffiTO-Tl") » F ,R? A ;N. C. Lfviurr „,^,^wt,i» ,. T67i tnflie crmind; ind imiri«d<«M)r-pMni '.t*^ to the c.iiul called Kigole de U Plain.,, From tliei.'>; It i* conveyed to another fine refervoirnear Nau- roufc, two hundred fathom* in length, one hundred and fifty in breadth, and leven fret in depth 1 and outof tbit baton it i* conveyed by mean* of fluicei, as well to the Mediterranean Tea as to the ocean 1 according as the canal requires it. 'I hoiif^h the above cocks remain open for fume months CucceHively, yet there is no viiibieidimmution of the water in the great refervoir. Near Bez-ieres are eight fluicei, which. fopn a regular and grand cafc-ide nine hundred and ihirty-iix fleet long, and lixty-(ix high, by means of which veflelt may pafi acrofi tlie river Oib, and contintie their voyage on the canal. Above it, between Uezieie* and Capcftan, it the Mai Pal, where the canal is conveyed lor the length of a hundred and twenty fathoms, mvkt a mountain cut into a very lofty arcade, tlie gieateftpart of which it lined with free-iloiic, except towarda the end, where it i* only hewn through ilie rock, which is of a foft fulph\|icout tub- ftance. At Agde is a round flaice, with three openings, three difFereiit depths of the water meeting there ; and the gates are fo ingenioudy contrived, that velTels majf pafs through by o))ening which tlie mafler plrafes ; |ii. invention that fir ck the great Vatiban himfelf with admiration. The l*fn.. »:..*.• «i..i Or^vma tKnt niiotif havff nrrindicrd the ««...( ...b... ...» ........... ...-« ....jj..- _ r"j ~- "• canal Irave been carried uniler it by water couifot, of which there are forty -four, befi4es eight bridges. The whole work coft ilurieenmillion* of livrei, (fomethtng mere ihM half a million flcil|n|^J part ot wli'«h money was fucniiL«4 • by tlM king, «4Hl|Hit>byilwiUt*»qfi.aiigkwdoc. ., TIm king griii!i9uily granted lo Riqutt, the iiiteftiot U. tlutciml, aiyd Uiama^t Lciri, all ilutjurildiAioa andrevf./ nurs hrtot1|;iiig to It ; Ai that the crown doc* not cone into. poOciiiontill the exiinftionof that line. Ship* pallag on It, for every hundred weight pay twenty foul, (ten penca En^lilh) aiid even the king hlmfel/ pays the fame toll fbf military ftoie*. &c. (^nt by way of this quwl ,, lo that th«, revenue, cfiicciidly in ^ine of a briflt.lradf. it verv confir,. dcrablt. .However, ilic'cliafgea ittefi^ii^^t ate a] Co very greats fnf.tlia falatict of tlie lavetal dite;Qpri, receivers, coinptroll«r», licut^w»t*,^lvk|, and Wktcfamen, annually amount to one hunJii|d thoufand iivtet, (four ihoulJtnd- poundt llcrling) betide* the great expcnce of rcpaiti. The. counts of Caraman, defcendantt of tlie above- mcntioncj^ H.ii|uet. ant alio obliged to keep palfagSTboatt, which an drawu* by oiulei or horiet ; and though there «tt no paK Icugtr*, they mutl g9 |ind come at ftated timet. This •«. a dJ^lgclous coafi, ^d alfo in want of good 'and dxuia. »^tbp*^r«. ,.. J ., , . .•,,.,■ Wiiliyfpeft to trade, the^aty oCMontpellier, by mean*, of the river Lez, and the lake* near it, carries on, at tli» harbour of gytty, the pt»e(k maritime trade in all Laii- guedoc ; but ilie whole i* not very confiderable. The com- i^(f« pf jtljia province principally conCfti of manufaAufe* and otlier lpp(i%- .Winei i* exported hence to the coaftt pf . Italy) ol|. to Switxeri^nd aihl Germany ) and,,whei> tba. ItaivcA it, uncummmily good, corn to Italy and Spain > dried chefnuts and taifin* are lent to Tuni* and Algier* 1 and cloth to the Levant, Switzerland, and Germany. A^bout the middle of the fixteenth centurjr, the Refor* rOfition made. 49 c^t^aqrcjinary progr^i in thi* province ,( but. was Ibon (allowed t^y civil broil*,' and all the rage of purfec^lion, whiptv was cm^i^i 4»n Iwre with Eicater fury. tttM^ in other paru of, Pfancc '( and Lan^uodoc was the fe^ne of continual cornmotions and crueluci for above an hundred yeaii. But notwithftanding the toirents of blood that were poured o«t here, in order lo exterminate the HufotuHS (and the whole kingdom oT Fratice did not cx- hil^t jnorc fccnea of cruelty uun were inriiacd on this fii^le proiinee) ; yet tlwre fttU continue, to telide in thefe putt iiimty> mem ofl'buloulc, and the chamber of accompts and laxe* at ^or^tpellier. The governors of difttiOs here reremble the . baili ffi in the other provinces, and are eight in n umber. Every diftriA has a court of julUce, 19 which lie appeals from the Vicuciiesor royal courts. In it is alfoafupcriorforeft court, wiUi fevcu dependent on it. The parliament coulifts of theclergv, the nobility, and the commons, who are called to^etlter by the king every OAober. Untier the governor ot Languedoc are three general lieutenants, naaiely, one over Upper Languedoc, the fccond over Lower Langue* doc, and the third over the diocefes of Nifmcs, Alais, Mende< Puy, Vjvicri. and Ufez. It ha* alfo nine infe~. rior governors, to each of which a diftinft department ii afligned. 'The followina are the principal placet in this province ; viz. I. Touloule, or Thouloufe, the capital of^ Langue* doc, and one of the moft antient cities in the kingdom, is fituaied in Utitude forty-three degrees thirty-five minutea forty fccondt, and in one degree ten minutes eafi longitude, in a diftriA, called tlie Touloufain, in a moft delightful plain on the Garoone, and, next to Paris, is faid to be the largefl city in all France. The (Ireets are moftly broad, and the houfcs built o( brick ; it is not, however, very populous, and tliough fo finely fituated, its trade is incon- hdcrable, its fiaple article being Sp ;ni{h wool. This is chiefly imputed to the vanitv of the merchants, who no (ooner acquire a confiderable fortune than, laying afide all coiptperce, thev make it tl^eir chief aim to obtain a feat ia the city-council. In Uiis city are the (eat of art intendency and receiver'* office, of a governor, a provincial court, a royal tribunal, an admiralty, a fortft-coutt, a mint, and other public omcM i S . «• t% 676 Tai NEW ADO UNIVERSAL srsTBM or OBOORAPHY. ,^^ < 1 1 ten lUb ii tht rtMmct of m •rehMftMf, md itM Uetni pirliimcnt of (tw lilii|{dMn. The diacdc of th* ■rehb«fli«p conitliu iwa hvnuWtfl «n4 Mty ptiWiM, hit r«- , veitM unevnti ta fiity tttovCind livni « ytw (two ttiou- fM fe«r bmArH pMihtt fWtling). tM kt f«;i (iv« thdaftiMl lloridi |o tlit ceun of Room. Tho«gti dM cathedral ii an aiitMM handreme ftroAnrt. CI It containa nochiny rcmarkabtt^: in iha tftciom atta fera ii ia a feamialn, over wlikh ii an oMrfk cnrloufly WTeMght. In th* church nf St. Sarnin. or St. Sanirnin, are 1M tb Ha tbifiy botflat of Talnti, and among ilMm Avcn of tha apefttei, oM oTwhent itimj Mwend to & 81. Jamea the Younger, thotgh St^age * Cennolhlla, in Spain, . allbboaita of befnr polKIM of Hw Mly of that apoAle. Near thta chr Handi a fecolarUad ahhcy. The church of La Oorada 11 thai eaUad tnm a gl^ed, hut now a coal Mack hnaM of tlw Vifgin Mar]r,MHh, it raid to have inftltored the above- awntioned FloMl Miiea irt the year ruo. The hall «l tbh ftrulhire h acbirned with the bulls of the illuflriout and celebrated nativet of Toaloufe, u alfo of taro Rothic kingt, foma aeemhtt of Touloufe, and frveral dminguilhed civiliant. Hera ait preferred five large parchment feKot, finely written and illaminated, being tlie annait of the ciiv from the year i itt td the prcfeiit time, Here it alfo an aduiemy oftbi Icieneea aAd liberal arti. The Aone bridge ofer the Garoitne, which it a bundled ahd thiity-five fathomt long, and twehrc broad; refit on ftiven arcnet of different magnitudet i but, except the can- font, which are of iloite, it arholly builtof bricK. In thit city are made ber^amo carpetf , but of little valve, to- gether with Tome flight filk and woollen ftufft. S. Thecityof Naroonne.the antientNatbo,ii fiaty-foor milct to the weft of Montpellier, feated on a canal which palTci through it, and joint the river AwK. It itafcrrti- fifed place, and the refidence of an archbiflwp, whofe pro- vince contains one hundred and forty-four narifhet^ and itt revenue amounts to ninrty thoafiind Uvrea per annuin (three thonfand At hundred poiuidt fterlim), and be is laxed nine thoufand Hortns at'theeourtoiRonie. The cathrdral. called St. Juflus and St. Paftot, it i«itiatk«ble for its fine organ, and curious paiiitinti, in which are itprefcnted the raifmg of Latarui from the dead, the laft judgment, and other pieces. Here are alfe live other parilh-churcbes, the principal of which it the collwiate church of St. Paul, With a college of the fithen of tlie chriftian duArine, and feveral convents for perfont of both fixes. AiTioiig the anti()^Ditiet ftili to be icen here, it a beautiful fepiiichre of white marble, in the garden of the archhifh'ip's palace ; and in the walls of the court of it, fcveral ftones and infcriptiont are placed. 3. The city of Montpellier, in latin Motu Pel&lanut, is leated on ahill by the river Lex, fifty miles to the north- call ofNarbonne, and, nextto Touloufe, itihemtDftcon fMerable city in all Languedoc. Here are many fiiK honfei i bat the fVrcets are very narrow. Which it attended with thit convenience, tiiat in hot weather they have linen awn- ingt drawn over them, under which a perfon may iraik without being iiicommoded by the fun. In thit city it a chamber of taxei and accomptt, with an intendency, a treafurer't office, a provincial court of juftice, a Iberifi't cettt, an Iftdaptndent ttMrt, a feiat cttM, a mint, lit, Tbtair bate t« fi» pleafant and baaMiy, that numliari uif foratgiMfa, attdtfoadally of Uia tnglith. retort liatwr fut the recovery of tiieir hrtlth, pariicuUily whait iataiuiiiig under htAlc difnedtrt . TItatteyte adorned with lirveral ftalaly aJkkta. ta, tht htU of jofite, ItM thuvcbat o< St. Fatir and the Viruia Mary 1 and a AnNig aitadel, ianlMd with fatr royal baAt* one, which cMBmandatba town and neighbouring country. The biflMptf Ma ptaoa it fuhjeA to the tKhbidMp of Nar" heiiiiei MadioaeleconiaintenahiindndandliivanpMrilhati hie ravatraa it iMrty iwa ibouliMid liviti (one theubtt4 two kuralrad w«d ciiihay poandt Aeriiiig) out of which ht payt four ihouliiiid riorint to iIm court of Kome. In tht f^aan of Loaia ika Creat« which it wit 1 nu tht city, ia ,tht alaa f aiM walk of Peyren, in which Aandt aa ' cqiMftriait ftatae of thai monarch in bronaa, upon a pada- iw of a gttyilh while marble. This ihe Aatrt of Langue- doc tieOad in honour of him. Theeiiy gate, leading to thia &)torr, it built in the form of a trinaSphal arch. In 1706 a royal academy ol fcicncea wot fof dad here, andthoy ha«« an tsaalleni phyfia gardin, in which puMic laaoraa on botany aie read. Tho oniTerfity hart it parti- cularly fanaoiM for phyfie, it being fbuiukd by pkyikiant, wbotecreCKpclled Spain itviht year 1180. Tlit teltbiatad fcarltl gpwn of Kabtlait, with which all doAora of phyfie ai» invefted at takinc their dagroea, hat long fmoa ctafad t» ba a« original, thanndcmahavitig, from tinae to tiwa, cot off little flipai fettaot tht rote now ufed ia fald to bo at laai tha third or feorth fubfUtuit. Tht inbabitama carry Ml a cenfidcrablt nada in wool btnught from tho Meditar- rancan ; alfo in wine, Hungaiy taater, aquaviiiti cinno- mon water, bte. they are likewifa much employed in mak- ing vtrda^rii, and in manufcAuiing dimiiict, fillu, anil woollen ftuft. The proteilantt trere formerly pol6fled of ihit city, to ont of their caotionory towna 1 and though Henry IV. cedrd to them ihia and other placaa, hit fon Lewie XIII. look it fton them in i6aa, after a vigorooa defcitm by tho pirifon and inhabitaitta. 4. The fmall town of Froniigniac, or FmiHignin, ia fmied on the lake of Thau, Ikveniaen milea to the fonlb- wtfi of MoMoellier. The above lake, which it alb callad Magoltthe, it iwaht Itagnet in kngth, and Icparated from tha fta eh^ bt a narrow traA of land t but in one place hat aconmuiikation wiih (hegulfof Lyont, which, oro arc told, doe*' not lake itt name from ibe city of LyotM, wkkJj ia feaced at a great diflance from the fra. but raiher f)om the violent llorm* fo fie<|ueiit in thii Ihallow part of tht Mediierrane.in, and which drftroy Ihe fhipt at a fori- on lion doM i«t nioy. 1 his plaot it rrmvkable for it* ex- ctlleni witit, jar-taifins, and it* haiidfoine town- houlc : tlit wine ia called, by ihe Enjjlilh, Fronlitiiac. 5. The large city of NIftnet, in latin Ncmauiina, flando thirty milet to the north of Montpellier, in a pleaftnt fitu- ation, having on one fide hiUt covered with vinet, and on tht other a very fertile plain, The flrectt arc in general narrow, but kept pretty clean, and the hooliea are band- fomelv built with Aone. Here it a colleAor't office, an intendancy, and a proviiKial court of joftiee. lit bifliop it fuf!h|an to Uie archbilhop of Narboniu;, and hit diocefe containa two hundred and fifteen parifiiet : he bat an annual icvcnua of twenty fii thouliind livm, (one ihon- Iknd and folty P»und* llerling) out of which bia taxaiioa at the court of Rome it one thoofand two hundred fiofint. Here are ftveml cunventt in ihit cityi an academy of polite Klerature, founded in i68z ; and it it defended by a citadel confining of four baAiont. Here are fucli a multi- tude of mMiutadurirt, that itt cloth and filk trade alouo exceedt that of tlir wliole province. One third ot the aw habitantt ate fecrei proiefttnti. Several illuflriout monumentt of antiquity are to be lecn in thit city and iit neighbourhood : one of the mindpalof thcfc i« an amphitheatre, Aid to be Ihe leaft damned <^ any iiiEurope. It it built of firee-flone, the ouifidc ofwbich n very entire : the flonet are in nianv placea of an amac- ing length and ihickneft : it is two Aoriet high, and haa fixty arches and columns in each flory j on thefe and their cornices are to be feen the Roman eaglet, with floret of Romulut and Remus fucking a wolf. The fUpa or feata are mined, and the area filled with houfet. Over the largt entrance is a triple and winged priaput, the figure of a woman holding by a btidk, and two half bulla cut in iiOi'iv* Bcfidet The tbove antiquitiet, here it an oblong (Iroc- tare, embellilhed with thirty two eolomns cf ilir Cuiiiu tliian, fuppofed to be a temple eteAed by tlie empemt I Adfian " T^'.lJiilHU^ ' |EU R bpVi '>.-^ ^ f'%' 'A ^'C '1' I ;t • ^ AMmt ht henoar of Plocln*. wnlbH l« TftjM, A Itmpl* coiiDflmK o' "'"A lx*iiiiful frc(-ft«ne, ibove hulf c4 whKb it iiill IUimIidii. mi4 m fiiyf fcd w lMv« bean rfo^Mdrtl lo l>M|ia. •nil«lo(e by ii n thi (iMiittMnorDitiMi ttMhiioiKtl by AMlonitM, wlucli IM Aiftaltaf utolfinio* ^Mp Mid wM« ^oiid. t«irnifl\e< wiiki eiionch i* i^ffll •■! the nwdeiu ot'ihe ciiy. It ■ppeui, trom IMenil itinaiiu, llui rhit wai a public b«tb. Here it alio an odtanvular •owtr lifMen faihomi high, ih« wbola being a (olid ilrua- lute (roM iba bottom to Iht lop. The afiilMiada, or walk* iog-pUce wiibnut ib« city, it MmiMlv d«li(blfit. 'I'ha kcadl ot 1)11 Ibc Rai«ai« rtglat foiUMt liw* ait ftrucfc oft ) Vbicb it impntcd to ttie X iotiti, who «n ih«ii rcduAioM of lbi« connirv, are iuppofai to liava dona this by way o( in* (Hit to tbe htuKhty enemy lb«y bad fubdued. AlMut a mile and a half nam tlie ma.-ket-iown of R«- aioalini, and not far >roni Nifme*, it ■ bridge callad the Pent iln Uarde. I'hii it a moft valuable piece of Roman aniii|uity, bciiiK part of tbe great tifucdaA by which the Ipeitw ot Eare wa« carried the length of nine hourt diftanee to NiliHct, and there diftribeled in tbe amphitheairr, ptblic fountalnt.aikd private boot'et. 'I'he above bridge cenfifti eflhrrr rtngei of archet, built one above another, over the river Uerdon, and thut coniieAing the hiRh rockt on both iidci the river, fo at to aftord a free paHaf^e to the Water ol the furinn above-mentioned from one mountain to the ether. 1 he lower pert confilti of fix iichei, four hen- died and thirty-eight Met in longtb, and eiKhty-three in keight. . The Iccoiid coniifti of eleven archet each ftfty-fix ftct in diameter, andfiity-feven in height ; and it of luch •n extraordinary width, that, befidea tbe pillart on which the upper part or range of archet refti, thvrc it a horfe and foot way leading through it, fecured by a hreafl-work. The third range, which reftt on the ftcond, and it five hnndred ■nd eighty-tive fuct and a half in lengtli, confift* of thitty- iivc archet, each ot which it fevcnieeii feet in diameter i ■nd over thii uppermoft range runi the aifeeduQ, which it of fueh • height and bicadth, that with a little inclination al the body ■ berfon may walk in it. The whole it of • tery hard and durable frce-ltone. From an eminence to- wardf Uiei, a fmall rpilcopal town, near the fpriftg of Eure, entire ranrrt of archot, belonging to thh y»fl aoue' dud, are herc-ind there to be fecn. The Imail tillage of (^ifbc it featcd on the Vidourle, en which and the town of Stnve, at the foot of i mountain near the river, it a periodical (j>ririg, which rum and intermits twice in iweniy-fbur hou^i, The flow lafli fevcn houra twenty -five minutet, and the intermiflion live hourt. Tbit ii fiippofed to be occafioiied by a cive or re- fenroir in the mountain, which being filled everv five hours,' difcharget itlclf through a canat in the form of 'a' fypboii. Thli water ia drank at a ininrrti, n.d when heated it ofcd for bithing. It containt a cinfitirrabte quantity of fulphur, and Ii rtptiied \tri good for all diiorde rt of the eyei. The diftriA of Albigeoit, in LMigtiedoe, it di«t from whence the Albigenfes tike their name, they being a brave •nd upright people, who fo early at the eleventh cent try op- pofsd poperjr, and adhered to the doArinet of the gbfpel, •midtl the violent pcrlccutiont which their integrity drew tipon them. The countty producei plenty of corti, wme, frait, and faflfVon ; bat the people are poor. Alby, the cipital of thit eoiintry fiandi on an eminence near the river 'I'trn ; it it the icfidence of an archbilhop, »nd haa a royal tribunal, with feveral other courts. Thit dmecfe contamt three htindred und twenty-feyen parifli- churches, and ihcannual levenoe Aftht! arclibilhop amounts to ninety five theufand livrei, (thfcethonland eight htindred |iottniertile, that, after the com Bkrveft it got tsp ibcy low milkt, and that procb«a two. and fiNnetinM tlwre batvelU in Ikyear. Main are here ufcd for tbe plaagh. i be great wtthh of the country confiftt in olivet and oraiiget, which are ah*oft at common here ai applet and peart in Normandy. They have very little wood, and that only of (hruba, and the only way of being lupplied witb good* fiom other countriet it by meant of inulfi, from their want of navigable rivcrt. With refpeA to aniittalt, they have 1 great number of Oteep. which are mueh efltemed for the uneoramon deli* cac^ of ibeir flefh. Oxen are alio fattened here, for the gratification of the wealthy ) but the breeding ot towi it neglcAed, their milk ^ing bad y however, the pigeoni, quailt, and partridges of Kouflillon are excellent. I'ha chief hruch of trade in thit province it ell, which they fell to the annual amount of two hundred thouland Hvres ; (eight ihoMfaod ftven hnndred poundt ftorling) they alfo eapoii wool, cOTn, and miflttk The Tet, Tec, and Aglv, its only rivers, are no moic than rapid brookl, which diichirget ihcmfclvci into the fea. Here are alfo hot baths, and a cannet, and the lake of St. Naizaire i the fea wator is conveyed into canals, and there by :he beat of the fun converted into Ikll. Louia XIII. took thit country f^omtbckingof Arragon, to whom it formerly belonged 1 but by the peace ot^tho Pyrcnee* in 1669 it wai ceded to France. It contkini but one bifhopric. At Perpignan is a fuperior court, ' cr council, to which lie appeali from all the inferior count. In it it al(b a tnint. The contributions payable by the inha- bilaiiH confiik of a potUiax, which pioducct about torty thonfand livrtt, (one thoufand fevcn hundred and ttfty pound* ftcrlin|.) Thi* country, befidei a governor, bat a lieutenant-general, and deputy governor. The ctftital town i* Perfiignan, in latin Perpenlacuin 1 H it featcd on the river Tet, ^»artlyiniiplai;i, and partly on » hill. It ii fortrtied with a high and thick wall, urengthened withbafliona: and ha* alfo a citadel, wnich it a fine work, and the fahurbt are likewife defi^nded by a furt. It is, bow- ever, a place of no great extent ; but is verv populous, there being here a fuperior royal council, or high court of juftice, an intendency, a chancery, a falroflice, and a mint, lu bifliop i* iuma^an to the archbilhop of Nirb' le, and baa a dioectcot a hundred and eighry 'fiarilhes. tbs reve- nue it about eighteen thoufand livres, (fevcn hundred and cightypound(fterling) out of which he is taxed by the conr: of Rome fifteen hundred florins. Befides the cathe> dral it ha* four pxrifh churches, a feminary, twelve con- vents, and had two convent* of Jefuitt. It has liiiewife an qnivertlty founded in 1349, with fevcrat alms-houlcs and hofpiul*. Among the i&ther public buildings isalargd cannon tbundery. ThegreatcAdifadvamage of this city % the want of good water. ' The governmenr of Foix conuin* the diftriA and county of Foix, With the territories of Andorre and Done- •an. lit it bounlded on the north and eaft by Languedoc, on thefouth bv the Pjfrenean mountains and Rouflillon, and nn the weft by CJafcony. The principal rivers are the Auviege and ilie Ri/r. Thit country is a dependency on the Mrlianient of Toulonfe, and conftiiuiei part of the landt of the ftates who are annually called together by the king. Its trade confift-i (if cattle, .-aifins, turpentine, pitch, cork, jalocr, and particularly iron j and ha* a Jieutciiant- general, Widei the govetrtftr. Among the mountains Is fituatdd Upper Foix, in pro- duAsarewood, iron, nim^^ral waters, with fonic paf ret. In this country are Icveial caverns, in which are very fin- guiartigufei foinied by the pririfyinj waters Lowcr'poi* 8 K - produtfi i,^ ;■■ i^1i'ijiTV^'^i;ii.%-r'" i.>-:i,a>entiaiHd conntriea'u a dowry. Their fan Henajr, IV. becaoK king of Franae, and L^eaw Na-arre and BMrne weteaBBemdio thai ctownbjr hie |b» and Ineceflbr Lonit XIU.. Lower Nav^rrct confidered.at a fepaiate hinfdom or paoarlnce, ie bovndedk on the north, by Gafcony 1 on the caft, byapirtofGa yonnt, Itft^tdahtftwaiiddleofaftftilepUia, mdies Iqnare eity, arettv: tifail ibattt.^ I'his place is fi trr o a ndedl wiihw^Si Mitabk^pe(fioanattaekf»eaithend|hboafw ing hills, ft ia itar'fiu af »- ^mnor, and>a kiag'a Ikm^ lettant. Gnieonc andiQalitoftf. are bounded, on the eaft, by AtK vctgne and Lahnedoc ; on the waft; by theBav of Bifeay^ otki the north, ,oy Saintoage, Angoumoie, Lunofin, and* Awmtne 't and^ on the loath, by the PyreneanmbatmhtK' Thia govemnient estendt, mm noim tw fonth,' ahonV aightyleagna, and fiaMn eaft to awft, about nintty. Ir wa* tornMrlj past of the antient kingdom of Aqnitaine, Here are mwct of coppes, and fine qaarries of maihie df all colours t v<4 the oonntty aboaada in com, wine, firuit^- bempr and tobacco i it alfo prodaoe* brandy, prnnet, andl mamr other, aomaaaditiesr lie trade ii» wine is foverj* cqn fi d erah h !> that the dty of Boankavs alone export* ar»« nMlto one. hnndred tfaoaTand tons. Tha prinaipal riwcn arei> the Garonne, which te«eive# many rmaU ftteaat*-; and the Adour, which rifta in thw m9unadn*.of Bigorre, and fall* into the ocean : here aia^ alio feveral fpring* af aaedidntU water*. Soon a^ Clurlemagne had created bWton Loui* kiiifi of Avtitaiaor thi* kingdom wu divided into theducbie» of ^fiitaine and Galcenjr, wbieb, by the marriage of, William IV. d«di* of Aquitaine, with Brilcer heinft e»: Offtony, wcse united, and continaed in that Amii^ itilh the year 11^0, when, by the marri^jia of E.'eanor witlki nenrr IL lung of England, thi* duchy feUiO diet crown^ and during.almoft thrm bundled years wa» fubjea to thn- Englifh, whnipra di^wfifled of it by Charles -Vlf. in. HSi' Louie XI. in 14160, oonfisrred it on hit braihea Gh¥lesi «b^ w*< the bft' dtriw of Oaienitf , i»being on &itdeGaaier.v*«anBaindtoihecrawikofFrtnoc. How-' ever, in iMjr the Mt of dakdof Aqditidne wu Nvivad^ boMiCopfiMitd eA the leoond fon of the Dauphim ^ Than aie, in this goteriHient, an archbifiiop, trills ' nine fuin^^ ; it alfb contains two generalitiet, namely^ thtt of Bourdeaox, which it under the parliament Of that cijtyi and Att cl Klootaaban, qnder the paaNatncwt of Tautpuft. : The fbtawr is coropofed of nine, and tha latter ofibnr fa^ mefchalfliip* or bailiwic*. In eaeh«n aUn acomt oi^d^, fuider tha ^rcftion of the cavemor, whofh ftlanr aiitoont* to about ten thooiand Ihrree, (fear him- drndand thiftj-ftvcn pound* fterling)L with two Ueute" nant genetaba on* foe Gnienne, and the other for OaC> cony m Bigpin : here c* thirteen depu^govemora, be- fiiln the ihoire ppitionwf. j'^ atitiiitomaat OmvMk Bowfcanx, in btiik Bnrdignla: ItiaftaiedonthaGsronne, m fbrty.fenr^e-'. gne* nftt aMnotea north latiiude,and in ftxty minates'wafl ioiwitataie, two hundred and fixty mile* to the fontb>weft of Paris. Tbii i* a pretty large and pMulou* town, hav- ing a grett number, of inti^ bogfet niftofftone; bul^ tb^ ate oUL' and) Iha ftraeti.verj narrow. The inhabiN tanuaiafinA'ioaaaoaiuto'foityihou&nd. 1 The ncerefi ^ handfemeftpart of the city it the Royal iiinaae, near the haihoar ) in whichi ftanda a grand mag». sine, and the exchai](|e., Tbii ^p*c i* adorned with » ftaon of Louis XIV. m bnfk. There i» a confidenbtw tr.itfic carried on in the town, it being reforted-to by mer- chantt fima moil part* of Eusope. Its haven, which i» very capacioo* and Sift, i* nlbd Le Fort de la Lane, ot the Port of thoMoon, fma il* being, in the form of n creftant. The tiife ftaar* into it vary hich, andcarriea fliipcof huge bmd^up tothequmr. The city itfelf i* iintba Ibnaof a triangta, the two dwrt fidea towards thw ttK, and the laigeft mwatd* the river Qaronne. The pa- kce,, the lown^noafe, the handfome markets, the public feuntaintr the qpay, and die ctdudral dedicated to St. Andrew, an wotb die curiofhy of a taaveUer; aa i* al^ die caftk called die ChateamTtompette,. which ftandt attho enuiuss af the qs£y, and ennnundt the whole harbour.. There is alio anodier caflle, at the other end of the quay„ caUcd La Cbunw dc Ha»> which ii tlfo wry ftiwig : M botit betli^diifai t % A gnat MMMMMtt Jbd ia « OWMfr't offce. It hu alfe la «MdMu^ and k Aint^ TW atdtbiflwp hat ftine foffnuam' ondar hia, with 1i,ttonm of fear MitdfM and fi% ^arilbnv belide* #tli«%fti t^apeb afaaie. Hit K«taaai»iBAy>iiv«thoiiftn4livf«a|KTartiuiM (twoilMi> luidttva httndfvd and fis paahda ftarling) andhit taiatioh at tka cqact of Rame four tbovfrnd floruw. Tba ttralraffiBiaAweeet, placed in a mofi elegant hall. Haae are ftili fooic vifibk lenuini of Roman antiqnitict, aaiticahrjy an attphitbeatra built by the emperor Gal- liennt, anoAplaee it ia called ; naif, feme pant of the fide w»U»are nndiag, arith the tiro pcineipal gatct af die hiild i>gi * Thik utf catitet ana very eanfidenble trade, and fn itt tamravainaaaa Und of toleration it granted to the Eug- lilh. Patch. Oaaet, Hanbvrehert, and Labedteia, and a*entothePeftagiiefeJewt| batthelelaft havenofyna- gogua. nor aia any proteitantt !ndii%ed in the pablic eser- ciw af tlttiitiali|ioaa«orfluptonly tlia£ngli(hareoanni*ad and ha* MBinifler in a lay habit, and the other foreign are nat-prdbibiiad reading a farmonprivatdy to ' 'M>t(,aftaooo«mtofthe(ctTicetdiey a», their fiuoiliaa. . TkaSaott,* fbnaerly-fefibnMd Isr the French, have confiderable pri vilqgH aliotiad them in tbit city, ud a mta of Bonrdeaox bawt tiie enfiont of one of die name of I>ou^ 1 even to this day Soottilh vaflelt have pccaliar imnr anitin allowed thefti in trade, and from tbit port they generally fliip their aviii9. In lUi dty Edmrd the ilack Prince reBded fir? fame yean, and hit fofli alierwardt Richaid II. king of Eudand, vru bora dariMl bit ftaybeia. ^«dty ofPengaeaxuthe capitalofavery lugedif- tria named ParifDfd, thefteofabiflmandtbeftatof a baiKwic, and a ooart of jaftiee ; it it fialed on the river Ifle, ia a iine coontry, fixiy-five mika 10 the nottb-caft of Bonnleaaxi thebittopitiabardinatetotbeaidibiihopaf Soaideana, aadiua a dioceie containing Mr bandied and fifty parilhca, #itb a revenue of t«rent]r-foar thoafind fivrea, (one tbnufand and fifty poondt fletlmg) oat of which he it taxed two tbcofand nve hundred and ninety florint at the court of Rome. Tbit ci»r hu four conventt,- one hofpital, and had a college of Jefuiti. The old town it called La Cit< 1 and the new town named La Vilfe, h about one hundred paca diftant. The lawn of Agen, apilal of a difbift called the Aga> iwit, ia pretty largiB, and wdl inhabited. It i» feated on file river Gaionnc, feventy*five milet to the fouth-eaftof Bourdorax. The bifliop ftilet him&lf aount of Ann, bat thit it only a tituUr honour ; be it fnffirMin to me arch- bifhop of Boordeanx, under whom be hu a dioeefe of tbiee nnndfcd and leventy-tfarea parifliet, and one hundred and ninety-one chapelt of etie, with a yearly leveaoe of thirty -five diouTaod uvrea, (one iboufind five bundred and thirty-one poondt fteiiing) out of which be it taxed by die oonit m Rome two thoufand fear hundred and forty iorict. There are here a cathedral and a coUegiateehureb, two pwilh-cbutchu, with ftverd conventt 1 and then wu Iwie a ooUcge of Jefuiia. Thit city it findy fituated for > «ade, butnuketlmleadvanti^ofit. In the diftrift of Lower Quercy, ftandt Moniaaban, in latin Moot Albanut, a wdl^uilt bandfome dty, feaied an tiia river 1 un, tweniy-ieven miiei to dienotiii 01 Ton- leuft, aadiadieliwofabilhopiwiditheiMtoraooattof a pflBoMMnf. l^tkNuM'llg^btlrfidaardle'tivMv'tirti Tl«rt ^ - . ^ f 1 «|Mi% Mf Ml'tl dMMk ar'NiMMefiXiWiMt.' 4Mha MMAiftad aiil totnet^-fotit fMtaA'fiaHiiM ttu«*lir'dMdi be j^ a •*(iri*ii' diooWidflva h«Mirtd'fliMriKi le^ th* tamntHMklti Itidiit dtyMWottM^MadMfabelj kn Kadeiiiy of polite literature, bne fttailniy, ekht con- ventt, iM a piutm INK|^ t ii htd'aNb; dlf (MTk col* kie oriaMttr WMMIMiraie itapHtMihi^jde; 'Tbelnbabituttv, in rsfra, beaaae pratdmti, indfoiw tilkd tfce dt/ iHib ili4N|a mumieii liitt iMi#XifI. be* fiiwd it IH itei widilnit'llaceeA, wd iiMa'«iiaWet*Mlaei itiU Mm ytar tfta), when tWcatafied lft , The ditriattrOil<»tey,MHtdl]y tiie AtMdiOaicagnM eonflinrtea die fondt part at die goveiminent of OdntntS anil bMHtdcadwtonmvylyihg betwadi die OiMnne, dia ootta, and tha Pyronean moantdm. H'recdvea In ftanb MBdft>«MMMc« andVdbonaik »»«e ttadmn «ile4 Ba%«ee iiciqr it divided between the arebbiAtop and tha count of Amugnac; Tha didbefe confifta of thiae bun- dled aed feventy-two pariflwchardm, and nao bondnd and ie% | i* iiwi and iapnnad ay VaaiMn, dwceieiiiatad ct^iatcr( wtdmogb the city it not very laift, yctfirom ila .!» itl Thi NEW AND uNivtiCiBAt 'System or oEoteii*AHrtf Uf^fapikfB MM «( tttc luyijo iF.iM»e Jiyilh*; Ad* «f IfMO, it ps,pf ttie.i^laieft ia|f|ocm«f«r . ' ' , five{^nYmtl,.«lul|«we,C(|(I«e; ib* flllMirMMIi •>(« «•«<>(- l«liwte Omf^ » >«» iw«h»i.il»e caiMrak wi>wb 'm,^m- faiK^^nt^liie holy Virgin, nor any lof the otUr pHblio or privMp hiii|ding«« tave vny thing pomuk^e. Iti bifltop II firf^KJm !»i^e «ic))b«(^i Of Aii<;h.i l«« bw • rerfpu* of one (hourtttd nine bundr«4 livroi, or .oigbtyrlbreo poun^i^ilMH, oqt of ,«!bich b« ftj» on* b«iwl<^ florini to th>^)q(M«it<«N. Room i bU diowe coiMiint ii»««nty-two . A>i*wr*ne« ;wbi#. is tbe M*t flQwrnnwvt to be d»(i:ril>- •j, tal(«f^u nai>Mifr«*«i i|t.imli«ot iobuhitafiu the Awrni- kat,itlnwft«iw,b)in4ri|dniUT«i:ivnei*tii divided into KJfnar.awd .LojMnAiin K'gn* i the jattcrof whJiih (I * v*7 fUtlinltfcmU-^fia* try, aboandiiw in ,coHk «>iw, fnut, fonge, and hnnH>'i i^ far e^K^tt Un^i) Auyergiie, which it oold. andivli of niouii^iiv thatan cov«m> with fetow Mlt.Meroar»ofoofentica, * There ue fevend ipoimlaint in thii cooatty.thehiglltA «f which HCi !•. Xe-Pait de Dome, ih* perpendiewter height of which is eiKht.hi)ndrcd and ten Aibmn* : a. Tbp Cantal, nine bundnd And «igbty-fbur ; and, 3. Idont- i'.Qty.vt* hundnd »nd thirty : the two latter aie no left nimous for the curious plants that grow on tbein. At Pon^ibjwd is a iiiver nine, bot the produce not kafi/(Cr- ing the e;ipencc, the working of it baa been difeoMtivued ; howfwrj thfere jifo very profiuVU coal minea in the nuQh- bourbopdof'Briftc. The moft oonfiderabic riiert are, i . tbt Ailagnon, which lire* in mount Cantal, and, aiher a rapid oMitM, falls into the rivtf AUieri a. (he Dordognc. wbith fpringt. from tlont d'Or ; Mid, 3. fhe AUise, which ritu in the Gewu^ d*n, ' and fitUi into the Loire. Thi* country produce* corn, wine, cattle, cbctfe, eoab, befidfes:rother ufisfiil articles, and carrica on many maiui- Mwe*. as all kindt of filks, fiuifi, clothes, very beautiful laces, and paper> which it eAteawd the bcft in all Europe. Some thoulands of laboorors go every year from hence to Spain, to gather in the harveft, and return here with the greateft part of the money they have earnt. .< Tlitsi province is intirely fubjefi to the parlitmtnl of I'aris, but;ii governed by 'liffetcat laws ; Lower Auvergne having a particular code of its own, while in Upper Au- vergne .the CIV U law tikes its place. The whole country it divided into five large di&iias, and two bailiwics. There trc two lieutenants-general and two fubrcovernors nnder the chief governor.' The town of St. Flour, capital of Upper Auvergne, Itandt on a mountain of dificalt aocefs. It is the fee of a l(t(hop, whofe diocefe confifta of two hundred vid feventy parilhes : he has a revenue of twelve Ihoutand livresi (about £ve hundred and twciuy-five pounds fttrling) and his tax- ation to the court of Rome is nino hundred Aorins. Be- £des its cathedral, it bat. a collegiate church. The cloth, ' irpetr, and knives, manufaftu^ here, are greatly cfteem- cd. The inhabiunts carry on a good nade in grain, this city being, at it were, the general magazine ofihe neigh- bouring couniry,' 'which produc.i a great deU of rye. .. The town of Aurillac, which dii'putes the title of o^u- tal with St. Flour, is Oatcd in a valley on the banks oftho ^iver jOrdane,' two hundred and filtv miles to -the lonth of Paris, and thirty to tlie fautb'>wcK of St. Floor. This town is populous, and pretty well built; it alfo confers the title of count,' and here are (bme mannfaAures of tapeftry and lace. Here rs a diftriA simI bailiwic conn ; it lias like* wife a cattle I'eated on a high rock, and a collegiate cbaroh, wliiflh i> properly a fecufarixcd abbey, the abbot 'of which itiloid.Dfcdietown,^ and boldt . immediately of the popet here. are alio an abl>ey,' and faqr convents. . The city of Clermontv tlw antiont Aaguftonemctom, afrerwaidi Auvergne, the aapiial of the whole country, ftaiiJs on a finall emiitcnoe in Lower Auvergne, between tlie rivers Artier and iicdat. Its fireMs arc narrow, and the iioufes are dark, it contains a [.-is ciiainaer, a basiiwic^ and a counry'Mli^of Ateral /yiui,i(rA.iMid to |i!e«dcMlii«», Ii^ A* AwN)^(«t.r.VMi- tftidrilDd *H fbft of St. And«£, M( the |oi«bil»tiV« of AayM|pM..iXiM bidifnii fvlGcaganto tb»|knhb* fiaalt toWMOf 3iltoi\«Kid Ca>i«pwMicn)ofai« diQcefe of eight l«nWi«4 pwHJMi.rwitb a awrtnue of^Antt thouland livraa. (fi|bbw>4|Yid/ai«d1i<^y»fix pound* Aesiina} ■Oft ofwhiah ho pm (EsHrithouTand &»t huitAgi4>uid£hy ^NMIOtlK.Atf^fjMM. . . ., Wi.. ^(There m.kftmnntU uvtbe .n«i|hlMuiteo4 ofthb cinr: t^«ir5K»tvera with a flooy cmftjaay fiiiu 4tan)M laid ia dic«. Thf voft Mnvirluihl«oir,th«fe m ttUt sp the litbiKb.«£ ,$t.. AUite, which hat. hfomi a &nMM ficuie MdgeAicMioAad by many hiiloriasa. Thii bridp .itafolidirptk. conpalcd «f irveral ftralafona«l dteirtg the couife of iMny ycari, by the raivaing of the petnfy ii^ ,W«ienofiUfiJ^i|lg. . It .baa no cavity «fai«hfi,i.i4ttafbt Move flaty jiacAs in kngth. >wban ih« livnlct afiXiNtiM! forces Its way through. This petrifying fpring, whidh W^ Oft a imich higher ground than ihetlKd of dw nvnlet, 0tldM»tly leaves behind it fome iapidioHS matter, anrHn piOQafs «f lime has thus formed an arstn throagb.whidk tt;e Tircftiine has a fr«e pallage. The necefltiy which tUa PfltrifyiDg matttr fcemad to be under of fbcmii^jitfelf into muiih could jSDBtinue no longer thau ttebieadthtrfiii* fivulM. after which,, iha wat^ of the Ipr^ ran ic^rito Ujtderiit, and there, formed a n«v jwinfaftivii lefimibting a pillar. The liohabittnu at ihele parts^iR mdar to kngth^- en this wonderful bridgc» faiyedivenod the>bi«ak,«nt of its old channel, and miada it paft clofe 4iy afar pillar, by whi h means they canfed the faring to forma fecondaidi, and thus they mighf have produced at maoy-ardiasat tbcf pfeafed ; but the greatAicfon of pe^pk, tailea^faiaMtural curiofity becoming troublefome to tlie BeneUainat of the abbey of St Allire. within wboia.juiiaiaion) the fpring lies, in order to lellen itt petrifying viiiwe, they divided the ilream into iewial brancfaaa, which has fo vreUan» fwered dieir intent, that at prefeat itonljncovers with a thin cmft ihofe bodies on which it falla perpendiealarly : but 09 thole over which it runs its ordinary couriii, >no traoet ot it* petrifying qualitiea are any longer pcscei^ble, This^ip the bnly. water drank.in tbit faburb, andwadoi that the ulii of it i* attended with an* bad eftZka. i The govemmeiM of Limofin, ot Linoafio, derive* ita name from the antient Lemovicet, and i* bounded, on the eaft, by Auvergne; on the fouih, by Qnicnoei on 4ho weft, by Perigord, in Guienne, and Angoomoii { and on the north by La March* and Poitou. In extent fton north to fouth it about twenty>fiv* French lo^oe*,' |uiuyal maut with iMhici public ToOaM, m4 •IfoMinini' . . •*! ■ .,. <' I ; ,..., . i . ... «. Thece. i.UMHH IMM «bcrat Mflvv tiii*4i«lM:biawft who it I«r4:aii4 «iwow»ofit^,m«u.,|« fiiffofkn to th« archbilhop V BounMi «fi4; hi* dioctff, whieb eonfift* of feverny ptiithvt.Vwgl biftiiQA »vfP*>* •f nretft tboulaitd \\ttt%, (new iiw,^|N»4(«d aiui twenty- fen ftmmkklk^wt) out of wbiidi Mlie«JMIw ^ Aft «f Jkamm. f^utmn h«adr««l itorini. Ii kiw k QaiMaJll iMf^ WV % tORflwilc* of tb4 Couftwt ^ V;(^^ t(i to the fouth of Limogci, ind five to the weft « >^HU«t wit mtley ctivifoncd vtith Mttlf hiiUc pki|it«)ajwith vinct •nd «ihefnot'trec« 1 thitfima|ion beiii|| etAvdHly, pl«>fuM> It is the onlyiliM town (rf;(lte.yiwri,uc«ii .tht boufe$ ate •icgtniiy.hailti andrtbe waUMran4i>< iK«ff.eatreinely pin- fiwbi' lA thifrtowaarqfowtdall ^ie,pli)«f4HM >|id cop* v«nience» of iife. it ^onitaHil abomi oim j^oiMiwd hou<«»> ia«hicbai»ah*«t4v((lM«ran4itil»ab|taM(i,i/.| ,^: > La l|lar«h»it iHHiwfed om tlieBorth by Bcm.(iopi,t)jif •aft, .by Auvcf^uei w ft>« fouth, by Limofini and on tbe Maft by Soiton : it being about twefty-tyro Freneli leit«ta m. i(n(ih< ftaaniwtth to fpu4«ii and CM^ftie bnailth mnwf^"^-' \t. . ;;!..< ^ I . > , I ' . ' .J I t TbM>fe«vcrtH4(ntt lika Llinofinf it dividc4,Hi{^ VpF!*r ■■d l««icr, attd the foUaixt clinate in;both ara>l>ia f«|iK. aifvincipai M«eitif Chett and the GaricmpCi tbe latter of which fa)lt ifito thf . Cicala. Tke upper pwta of the diftrid are pretty fruHtfal inborn. SabordWte i^ itt §iive{nor, are a Ueute^ant^ fMiapitraiid nf9»fiib*(ov*i;npM- ' M.4nAt{|int.two haitit m<)i,«iMl.i*-|((vcnMdl^,iuj.pi*rp!iawt. ,;.-,,;, ':.-^. . .i Tbeicvilalafclbf^Uppar afl4J-owcrMa»cht, if Qnatpt, ieated on tite rifer G»lafBperlaik,jlaagpe*.ta tha fll9l)hfjr,9n!apari(b.churcbi. oi>« coUecet.<>ae priqcjri two Gon*ei|ti, and aA hofp't'^' The otlitr placo in tb» gBVcminent<«eqtaiii noihinc iciaarkaWe. Cri-: DtJMkiu/ tht ttvinimnu 0/ SmitUfif and 4iit*'"'*ih ^<* vtrmtis-iliul thwitMiMii, Btrri mt %Nurm^m% ftiuu mti Atmit, (4 on ihf fwft, I by Guienne and the rivet G.iumde on the fouth { *"<' i>y It** *>*} ^ Bifcay on the weft'^ eatending twfntyrfivc leasoet in lenith, pd .twelve in ^a^h. It .darivcattt.vauie from the Sai^oni, itiiabtiiUit inhabitai^. Thacq^niiy aboiytdt in corn, wine, aod^aU kind* of fruity and the inbaoitanti, who are fituated near the lea, make great quamiliet of excellent (alt. lu boric* are.alfo mach cfteemcd. In it are Can^ mineral fprings. Itt principal rivert are the Chaien^,;which abound* in fifli i it rjf^ near Charennac, and runt into the fea ; and the Butonne, which ri&t in Poiiou, atW fall* into tlieCliarente. Thit .province de- puty-governot of ihit.coaniry. The principal plaott in Upper Saint^nge, arc, 1 .'Saintes, the capital, which it lefi^d on the CUarentc, fifty-eight uiilet to the northward of Bourdeaux, and twenty to the eaft of the bay of Bifcay. It is a little ill-huilt city ; -but contaiiu a provincial and a bailiwic (;oun, >vith other pub* lie officei, and it tbe fee of a bifhop^ fuRragao to the arch- bilhop of Bourdeaux. His diocele coniaini five hundred and fiaty-five ptrilhet and chapeli.and bit revenue smountt to iwcntv tboufand livret, (eight hundred and feventy-five poundt fterlinc) out of wltich bit Roman tax it (wo thou> I; I .]_.:„. Tk. A..... ...„.,.„._ ...J _...,. f..., :„ .k. fttbarbt it an abbey, and the jeAiits had' a college here. Some antient rufiu di(c«yct itt antiquity ; Ut a triumphal , (No. 69, ' . T . . .. . ! reiMof TtbeiliM, ttfiiiiiplM krcht «i^ fi^ppc)t,,ji handn^ to*h, ftan||t'_;hl|;h J^ the dtjtt tlyer Sclgiie, over Wbieh it hkf (everU fcrilpy,; ,«^#gl! ii probably reoeired iu'tunie. It U'dlVUIal mtathiOdMi a)|d 1^o>rer; and cdntalnif thfe^ dar>lli-|ehUi^; i^i6m» veiua, (hir«e almji-houM, and a CM^itiM^et^ef ilnkiiilglA|l 3- St. Jiibh d^Angeli, in Ut(n Aiit;eUicii&,'fihnt«U iatt (he rive^ Biitphne, fiVe le^Uifl'ti^tbe-iMrilt-Ml bf SlUiOMt and bt« a royal court of Juftic^. .Whl(e this diaoe' conti* nued ih the pollcflion af^O^' brotefttotii it'Wit ^polbaa "' --" '^-•^ "-'hw ble%'^tt!du(!kdlM|5ktfc Lo«S HoM'w/n're r^xtsd, iU'ihi'i^ deprive^ thll' *h ^biy Md ^rei cdl^ea^ Th^ XIILthe offttj---- and weU-ivti$t (een and ^i^tecn French leagoet in leiigth, and about fixfeen in breadth.; The cobto/ it full of little bills; iiad has none ofVtJrobniidtJabWfi^'^. , It {irpduetf Wheat, ry«/,'b*rlcly; Slpani^'corh, oatt, (ffftoti, vita, and' fiult : it alfo yield* fottke. excellctt^ mines of iron, aiid is particularly fiimbtt^ for making of fKlper. ' Itt principal iivers are the Chatente^nd Toovre, the latter pf which rifet 'here, and runt into the fornaer. This tcSiintry is fubjeft .to thf p^liait\ent;of PilVit, andconuint a biiiiwic and territorial jUrilUiAton, ' The itivofollb wing places ate the' rhnft cohfiJetabh! iii thisgoVer[imeht.i via. AngOulerme,'the capital of Angoa- moii, whieh is faat^d on tile top of a bill furtounded with fOclt, "it the fbot '^fwHtch rdnt the tlvcr Charente, thirty miles to the eaftvrard 'of Stintet. It confers the ritle of d^l^e, it the fee of a bilhop, and hat a bailiwic, 'a country' aniffor^l^urt, ah o^ca of thiJ five-great funai, tfcJ and iK fald' to eofiiiin eight thotifaAil peVfoiis'. ' Here ait iwtlve D«rilft-^i^ic;hn,kn3;(^ abhey of St. Cibi.rd', in which lie pnned'^('dl4 counts' of Angounlbisi it alfo contains ten coiYvehik, and a' gr tieral hofpitai. Its bilhop is fuilragan tp the archbilhop of Uouukaux, and has a diocefe of two b^indrcd parilhes, with a i-eveiiue of twenty tlioufand livtes, (id^ht h.ttnijted and feventy-five pi\inds fteiliiii;) oat of «|iic^ he |t tj^d 0(1^ th(>>iila'> nnm*i ou the eaft, hy Burgundy; and on jthe^iiorth^ by Bu^ndy and the Qltinois. This go* verhftictit is pretty ninirly of a circular form, and is about twenty, l^'agtiet over ciUier wa;^. It produces corn, wine, and iriilt ; except in tiie diftrift of Morvant, which is a moiint'ainbtis country, that produces fcarcely cprn enough for tbe fubfiftence of the ihhabiunts. It hu hrge woods, fome pit-coal, a|id mini:* of iron. Amphg the nfiany rivers which wateir Niremois, three of them are navigabUithefe aire, i. the Loire, which runs from fouth (a north, along iiieweftcrn borders of thit couritry. 2. Tlie Allire, which runs imo the Loire ; and 3. The Yonoe, which rifet on the fouth-eaft Mrt of thit province, and, running northward, falli into the fea : the other' ftreamt ferve to render the coaatry fruitful and ple»> fant: here are alfo fome mineral fpringt. Thitcoimtryv which is divided into eight diftriSs, is fubjed to (be par- liamenrbf Pa^it, and hat its own particuUr laws : over it is a povetnor, a lieutenant-general, and a deputy-governor. 1 he moil cohfiderable places in this govenunent are, 1. Nevers, the antient Noviodunum, and afterwards Nivur* num, the capital of the county, iituated in die diftriA ailed Ir^d^ of twenty arches : but the ftreets are narrow, and the ground uneven. I'he catlwdral, dedicated to St. Cvr, is a tine ftruAure 1 befldes which, there ape eleven panth-churchts, two ab« bics, aiid leveral convents. Amoiig the other buildings it • i'.'qM ^«ft1* *V^tvh »C"£* - ^*^''^.*-iiti rnnflA* f.l' li:ii..l. fome houfet i)niforinly built. Here are a toreft and imili* wi,e court, .Wtth a la|t-6{6[C(;,^, The bi{hop is fuffngan t« •gjt, "i^ 'I'J . .' .1- .■•. i.. .. ,j,e • :jf >.,_= ^ ,^T -. . t . ■i^:^:'ii^ir i(t IMiki iq^f^ou^ Tlw liiMUiami at(o carry oln i gittR firlMiM coilli himfi, wood, "^It-coal, iroii, and Uh Iriki. T^ fic)4a abMt tlie t«wn are extremely pieafiuk, paKictfavi^ th« Mblk walk* in th« adjc^ni^iit t*'^- '< ^ « by VifPt^ Mu' Afi ( OB .dw Tooth, by A Mergne i on the eaft, b)r dii dikh^ of Burgmdy ; and^, on the horth, by NiMrfloi* apd Berrn It i* abowl Huny French laaguc* in length, and Mcnty in breadth. \. The foil is pretty fertrle, and pfoSixt* iotli, frnt, aAd forage: here i* alio good wine, but ttot in, a (Ufficieirt quantity for exportation. It bat fikewifc a Cnir iBdal-|Mt», aud a great number of mineral fprirtgi and Wardt bathi. Iti chief rivert are the Loire, tlie Allirc, andlbe Cher ; befidet which, it has fereral othef fftaatl one!. In July, when the firaw melt* on the mooritaini of Airreijgnr, gaaaC damagu are dont by tbe inundation* of (he AUire. The whole couotry ciohtuni HVenry-twO' fiiiMI tMMr. Iti* fubjidtt»th»per1iaineiit ofn^ai tf^n^the diike •f Bourbon, to whom it belonip, b^ tbr h6m(nation' of all civil officer*, yet their pA>pct niafttt i« th«itMg. Jtt-> fide* the governor and lieuteaanVg^ncrat, Utit luvllfo two Aab^vemen. Tne principal placet are, i.MoaHns, in lafm Molimr, Ae capital of the country :. it i* feated on the A Hire, in » fleafiuit fertile plain, aliaoft in tbe middle of Fkanc^^ P^***t mile* to the fouth of Never*, ahJ'fifty-llire fd tbi* noHti of Clermont. It i« well-built^ ^uid i* one of the mbff agreeable placen in the kingdom. It contaitu an Inten- dency, a chamber of domamt, a caftellany, and federal court*. It baa likewife a collegiate diurch, five convent*, a college which fbrmetly belonged » tbe jelViitt, and an bofeital. The fmaU town o< BojutftoR r AKbainband,flind» fMWti miles to the weft of ftioulint, and it envihineiiby fbuf htlU, ononeofwhidiiaan oldcaftle'lbat contain* tbMb chapel*, among whieb, that called The Holy It mry ^lien- did. Here are aUb one parifhy and one eolmair cbvrcb> a priory, a convent, and two hoTpital*. lliii R>Wn ia fcmout for it* hot baths aiid cold mineral fpring*. iTcdn- taint a rojti caftellany and a diftriA court. Bern extend*, from eaft t» wefl, between twenty-fevet» and twenty-eight French leaguca, and' between tbitty-five and thirty-fix from norti) to fouth. Tbit govemRlent it bounded, on the north, by the Otiiannoife ^ on the weft, by La Maache and Towaine v on the eaft, by tbe Niver- ■oi*. It eajoyt atemperMe climate ; and the foil ptodtace* frhcat, rye, and wine, which in fonte placet' it equal to Ibat of Burgundy. Its other produ£l* are alfo good, par- ticularly it* hemp and flax, in whicl^ it aboatWu ; and ita lich'pafture* feedj^reat numbers of cattle, el^teiiUljf Ihetp, which are valued for the fiiienef* of their' Wool. Oker, Which i* feldont met with in other part* of Ftanee, it found in thi* country. Belidet the kdie of ViDien, whid» is between fe«en and eight leagues in circuit, bcae are the followiita prineSptf riven, via. the Loire, the CreuTe, and the Cher ; the Large and L^r Sandre, the Lerre, and the Indtet thefe two Uft Inve their fourcea iw this country : (be Orron, the Aurette, the MouloA, Mid tbe Evre. This country it divided into Upper end Lower Beni : ^e whole it «nder the jurifdiAion of tbe parli'trtient of faris, and it govetned by bHvs of its own. Subordinate tn the eovernur, are one lieutenant, and two Tub-gover- nors. The following are the two principal tflaott in thit go- vernment, via. I. fiourget, the capital of Vppte Berrl, and | Bootb&nnoM. h it a latgai&cioiHclty, conadnhif .■ ctiMc4rai, fotit oaUMktaclMfChaBr^btfldHiwoiHNWiedw the' UntimM^t'ftNrlbbltti and fiMeen ptrifli^biiichtt^ with a bcnutiM iHt Jaig* coUegat wMcb htely MomwI 10 the jefuht.' YIm meet h«« ttitb tnwif «adafMftS;t< Sintlentm, and fe h o l a w i and it i* compoMd that thete at* t rtijt city flbWirMufimd foHi* I tiitnee«iaiif ofthcM Me iMMinMlf lb# llaee havim no oMr ho i» ftiica patriaMii and primtta of AqiiitWnc. bit Jk* foAagana, Wittto dloaefoofnino bfi^Mlred parilMn', and'aicvtinrof lhi*rf(ho«rind livutt* (bnrtboMknd «f )«Moa'»'«i»MMbdl in the latter, which hat no pilbn T t fiiiip tit tt| Ji' iftw' •diooe oTthe iine<^ and largeft tooiM iOAM Ui«*Mn^ > ^ 7be M0h- hoofiS) «««lled hf JaMaefOoaor, it «tie «C iw i bbft el ega i tf biiffidingt ever'wectad'bjr n prttatotoat^ atid wat^^tiitharedby tbegrektX^lbei*, «6o«t A.IX t^yo* who gave It to tbe corponMion of tIM* «it]», Tba ^wii* of Bourbon it the laqfeft in Boorgfet, and tabte axRiaatl^ Head a Roman femphitheave. ' Ttie pdMie waMu and the tmai aretautlb «lbiiiied,«iidte0teat noMbefetfidlMM* bouftf are anorbprconfidetaMeormment to'tfit eity% ^Tti* wliWffli^ of Bottrget eefafiftk aClMr foraltieat aHlwaa [ foandM«r-it!vtMI'll>the')'> '-'''' Botofgcs was tHHtn by ftbrm by Jdfhie'CteliH- 1 «lid tlw iiritabiuiiit faavinc •kereifed fenie eraeltiet on Tbe Roman feMivt Aat had MLm into dieir handt, he glutted hit r«* venge by deftroying^near fottythoufimdoftlM'natiwt.' ' In the iifternth ccntwy Charlet VII. mide thit the place of hit refidence, white the Eqglifh werf maftert of almoft all the r«ft of the khmlom ; on which- ocllaiion the Engliflt caljed him king of Berriv by way of deriiion. Thelatge tbwnofIflmidttn,ii>latin'E«oUdtMMim, wltieik it the iecend in tank in tbe province, ftandi in abeantiful phinv frventten ailet to the foath<^weft of Bourget, «nd R the principal place til Lbwer Berri. It containt a filt- oiBcct^a mnibr-keiiH, and other public-conrtt and ofiees. It irditUed into'lbetfpl^ atid-LoWerTovm : ft^iiat ono abbey, t«^o collegiate, and four parifti-charcbet, five cotv- vem«, andtwo'bofpitalt i and satftle that coafeoendt' ttiik jdae*. ■ Touraine derivet itt name firont the Twonea. h it- bounded, on tbe nortft, by the river Maine, oirliie c*ft bra tbe OfieanAii ; on the foath, by Beiti and Poitooi atitF, on tbe weft. fa)r Antoa. Iv gnateft ektent, front eiftt^ weft, it twenty-MoFteneh Itignet, andtwentyxfonrfifona north to foixn. Thi* govemnent enjoys atcmperatekit; and the ooontFf isfodebghtiiil, that iri* ailed TheOanlen of France;, but btit it it not every where alike. The traA called the Va- reniw*, trhich lie* along the Loir;, bata (andf foH, that produce* rye, barlev, milbt, garden-plantt, and an herl> wbieli makct *gjooi yellow dye. That caHedthe Verron it richer, and yieldtconl, wiiwv ^^ fine fruit, and patw ticolarly tat)^ plulnt. La Chaitopaghrit n fmall ftrip of land between tbe rivers Cher aiidindte, abounding iia grain, and particularly wheat. La Btenne is a fwampy country, but the emineneet along the Loire and Cher are covered with vineyard*. LaOaffineit alKIFland, very diflicult to plow ; artdthe country of Never* it diftingujftw ed by itt havii)g'leveraliron, and one Coppermine. Thit praViitce it governed by its own Uwt ; butthe ii>> haUtintt bmre a iiglr of appeal to the parliament of Pant. Jt bat * eovtrnor, a lieutenant general, and a fab-pover- nor. There ate twenty-feven towns or borought tn the eeantry. Theprincipal placet are tbe following, viz. i. Tourt, the CofWdunum, or Turoni of the ancienti, tnd tho tftpital of the country, lies in a piain extending bctweert the river Loire and the Cher, and it iifty-two milet to the nofdi-eaft )>f .Feiitkrt„ and a hundred and twen7-fevcfi» to the [EUII^©«PE.}f -rV^^ii. 1^ ,c.^iii ^li tn4 fi(f«iuy tD|)e* to th« norilH*^ qf Ho«M<, WfTt (« M (>)« Qift in thtt kiHgdaia« ntat to f^H** w^ if i* M fraiq being peopled in prppffr|i«n m M* ^xifiit.lWl'Mng CttoirMMt nM mettdowk «(ifiun the «iiU« ifmib^ciifm iieen fo reduced by the civil wmi. that it it lim^kv^m^ ■ defett, Md v mwan, fipolcjr pl«ce. It i« th« fift flf a bilbpp, who i« fttlFiagaii to the an:bbin>0|> ^f QqafdMHi(» •nd ha* a dioQcii; of (even bnQdrcd aad tweotyHwopwUhMi with » reveniM of t^'eiM]r''twQ tbou(«ttd livrti, (nin^ bi^iif drot and ieypntf-thrwi pwtnd* ftcding) omW vlw)l hil 8aya tp the wurt »f iRmne two thouMd e*gh»hHndi«4 oiin|» Th« catltednl it of »q wKo^irBon fife, and hiujil in ihogQthW ftti*. In thi; citjr*re alfp. ^ <)ff)I«^ ChHicbM, fevemeen pttter pati41i-ah|u«|ies, four ab)M|% ' tw^t]r-on« convents, two feipinariet, and thne hofpiaii|.| an unircffttjr founded here in 14^1. In 1687 the ifthiw bittnu^reAed, in the royal Tqiiare, a pedeftriao ftftpa <(| t Uw»» %IV„ The manuiaAurei of thit towa awjIpTai •nd woibti and woollen capt and ftockinst are lii)ponf4 from hence, U it the Imt sf a TcnefchalQiip, a prefi4i4 cQHrt, m4 oSwc of the fioanixit an4 a county court. Hf'a.f re ftiU to be ken feme tentains of ^oman aiitiqui*. tie* I among which h tn amphitheatre, jwhich lie* among g/txiefkt 4od fff)*U hoDfeti » trtuivph^l archr or (af^Mf gate, creAed at the hcg^ning of a jniUtary way, of whicji nothing at prefent remain* bitt the arc^, with the two pillar* which fuppott it. 'the palacp, and thick round tower doife. by it, bear evidettt nark* of their being o| gotbic ftruAum, though fnpftofe^ by fym ^ b The city i» the fee of anatchbiflwp, under whoaa aw eleven fii fi a g a n * , fM«iKeen abbie*, twelva collegiate, churehe*, ninety-eight prioric*, three hundred pariiM*i uid a huar dred and ninety-one chapel*. Hi* revenue it ibny thou-- fand Hvre*, ^one tfaoufimd fcvenhundtediand fifty found* Veiling) ' and b* aay* to 4hc coutt of Rome nine ibrafand five hundred fiormt. Poitou i* bounded, on the north, by Tonnine and An* joo ; on the ei^, b^ La Marefae and part of Bcrri t .on the fouth b* Angonmoi* and Aoni* ; imi on the weft, by the bay of Bifcay. It ntendi from north to fouth twenty>two Fieneh league*, and from caft to weft fiBrty-ei^ht. ,h tc ccived it* nam* fiwm the ancient PiAavi, orPiftoni. In thi* country (here it an agretable variety of chanipaicn land*, vrood*. and paftnre-groHiid*, with a few ierei*> The foil i* variow, according to the different paru of th* I .and hat a hailiwic,'* royal jurifiiij^iffnf ai)4 Vforeft'CPtiim eonntry s bat it inneneral abound* in corn and cattle.' Th* principal trade of tte inhabitant* confift* in woollen fti^ oxen, horfe*, and mule*. It*pi4nc|pal river* ate tfao Vi«nNe, which rife* on the border* of Lknofin, andbeiiig}oined by theCieufe, fell* into the L«k»t>tiMSevrc Nioitoife, wbioh rife* in tfai* country, and, after receiving the Venotee, difcharpe* it* felf into the fea ; tkefe are *J1 navigable i here i* alio th* Clain, whieh rife* in the frontier* rrfAngoumoi*, and feU* into the Vienna ifepve-mentioncd. Thi* city, while the manufeAora* of gold, filver, and lllk brocade* were hi a floniUhing oondiiW, waaooapwed to contain fixty thoufand inhapitaM*, wt^ number i* now leduecd (o thirty thonliuid.' li it gowcinad by a mi^or and twelve cfelievin*, or atdenatn. The town of Amboife, in latin. Amfaada* or Ambafia, ts feated at (he confioenoe of the Loiee and the :;Amafie, twelve mika to the-caftwatd'of Touta-t itt'coniain* a fel^ office, with a royal aiid foreft-eourt. Ill it arc two parifh- eh uidia*, four convents, and one hofpitaL Near the town i* a large eaftle ftindingon a high reck, in which are the Itatues of Charle* Vlli. and hi* eonfott Anne : a* aUb a ilig'* head of very extraerdwiaiy diaaenfionti it beiiM[ lan feet high and eigbt feet broad, ftook the extremity of one horn to the other. Thi* wu fup^fed to be natural, till 4t was at laftdifcovercd to befiAitiou*, and only made of wood. There are here alfo feveral otiiet curiofities. In this town Charle* VIII. waailain, either by running a- gainft a door, or,aecording to ethers, by being (hot through the bead. Thi* was alio the pfaice where the civil war in 1 561 firft broke out, and where the name of Huguenot wfu firft given 10 the French prateflant*. 1 CharlenMgne crcfteil this province into an earldom. Eleanor, daughter to tlie laft duke of Aquitaine, brought it to her fpoufe, Henry II. king of En|land, io.wkich.it continued fubjcA, with fome interruption*, till the un- 'fortuitate lei^n of Henry VI. when it wu taken in 1436, fiiice which ume it itas continued aniKied to thectownef France. Thi* province i* fabjeA to the parliament of 'Paris, and . ha* but one proviocisl coort : there are under ihe.^vemor a lieutenant general, and two deputy-govcmots. The whole government is divided intolwopan*. Urper Poitou, which confiitutes the caftern part of the cOuniiry, it larger, more fruiifol, pleafaiit, and healthy, th.in the Lower. The principal placet in Upper Poitou, are, 1. Poitiet*, «.« Dm:Au»m .ri I**;.* ^ "'***l;cfiS"**i *he '*".**ts' '^ *'^e country. This dry lUndt upon a hill en the left bank of the little river Clain, into which blU anotlier rivulet ; itis Hcmwv/omeiiMuwfaaiiretofwPol: anft the place con* 4ijni a ictUe, two parifh-churcbet, nine confent*, aiid a geoeral hofpiul. The city of Lucon, in Lower Poitou, i* f«iti*d in a mp<[ taft, twcMy-threeleagHotto the 'C)nth*«eft ofpoi^icrtii and e^joy* the title ofa-barony. It i* i^ fee <^a hiihPPa « who i* l^id and baron of the town, but f^iMsn to ^ a*Bhhilhpp.offiouidca>ts. Hi*dioptf«/confifi*«rij9p)tuil((- drcdand thirty :pMri(he*, and he ha* a revenu* jtf ,twenm.^ . tboufwid hvre*, (ei^ht hundred and. feteaty-fiye pounti^- flertiDg, ) out of which he i* taxed one thoufaod fiorin* .tv the cpifrt of Rome. BoGdM ilie c»thedtal, thi* place capi!' tain* only one parifli'-^httrch, on* femiiiary> and two font, veatt. The air i* ledioned uowboJibme. Awu* i* boHuled, «n the waft, by th« bay of Bifcay i oiK^thcnocdhandeaft, by Poitou ; and, onitbe fouth, 07 Saintonge. it i* watored her ih* Sonre, which rife* id Poitou, and there ate good haiboan aloag the coaft. Thia little province ia fiibjcA ilo the parliament of Pari*, hut it partly governed by it* own coounon law, foundcfl on cttftom. Under tMfQTcnKiria.adeatenant-gnkcral, a^4 a dcpjaty'govemor. The cmntry i* fomewhat faaitrcn. hilt produee* fome com, and a ^sat 4eai> of winej ana there i* good pafiurage in the marilw*. Rocttfort, to latin Rnpifonium, is fitnatid on tbq river Charar.te, at a kagi^e and a half diftance from its mouthy three from Btouage to the weft, and fix from Rochelle t9 ,thc fouih, and u* a very conveiiient harbour. It wi$ fomerlv but a fmall village, beloneingto aprivatefenii^, from whom Lewi* XIV. bought it in this year i6ii4, t9 build a city here. It had been obferved, that from ,du« plaoe to the fea, A* river Gharante wa* deep enoggb (9 carry tbe.latgaft ihipa, the bottom.exoellent fior ancMnng, and the.bank* very even and foUd ; whereupon it wu r^ folved to build here a city, which wu done accordingjhr,i fo that here are all the neceflary magasine* and warchoufea for4hip|Hitg,and.a moft conunodion* and Ifrgedock, where, in the year 1690, they built fifteen gaUiet, and two hufp men of war, in W*. than ei^t month* time. Theraan bwefeveial other ftately building*, u a viAualling-ware* houfe, a foundery, a mannfeAory. of fiulHEloth, the hotel called Cazernes, for the education of three hundred .gen* tlcmea of noble femilies, dnfigned to fetve in the .navy, and who are taught at the kin^aexpcnce all that they, mini knew for tharpnrpele: .thi*,battl ferve* now to loqp the marine* ; an hofpitalfbr fick feamen and foUiers, fltc. The extras''* of t^e '''rsr *id *^** ro"^ "s dsfrn^isd. b* fsvef*' forts, which rtndcr it impoffiUa for any fliip* that would coine to attack the city ; mad a^laague .bcloMi Rocbafott, thciw %,. f«4 Thi new amo UNIVB'R^AL SYStEM or QEOO%Af»1ti »i v4. *4:> -«-'• iMm i* ■ tong ftataite Mfofi the river* wliMi H 4Anded bv a fort, on which ire fertr-feor gnni. On t)M twenty- mltti Sepitaibn; 1757, the ifle of Aix, wi|h ihe fort nhm k, wu taken by the brave captain Hoerv, in the MagnaniliM, after about an hoar's refiftance, when the wiMic garrlfotti which eonfitied of near fix hnndted nten, Iwt made ^ifonen of war, ' La Roehclle, in latin Kupella, and formerly PorttM San' (onna, becatife it wa> dependent on Saintonge, hai been atwayi a very confiderable port and trading town. It it the capital of the province of Annis, fitnatMl on the fc», in fbrty«1iK degree* fixtcen minute* noiih latittide. Mid toe degree mi minute* weft longitude. It ftand* ovitr« igainft the ifle of R.(, and but two league* diftant from it. •ttd ft>ar from that of Oieren, ten Irague* from Saintet to the fioith weft, and twenty from Poiiier* to the fouth- wcAt 'I'hit eiiy beini; the chief feat of the refoiined in France, fuffered very much during the avil wara, and wai efteii'valiantly defended, and longpoileflcd hy that party, till at length Lewis XIII. after a long and mnoas fiege^ made hini The bifhop it fuifragan to the at^hbilhop of fiourdeaux. There was fortnerty in this town a college of jefairs, where an the foims were taught to philofophy indufivety. Here is a college of pUydc, and a fchool of anatomy and botany for the inftruAion of young furgeons and apothwaries. Here is likewifi; a prefidial, a foveieign oonrt for tlia fidt-< inarfhes in the weft, and a court Of the mint. The iflands of Oleron and R4 ane fiinated On the eoaft belonging to this government : tho fornaer of theie it five leagues long, two broad, and aboat three from the wain land, having a town; caille, andlight-hoofe on it. The inhabitants were rniiently filmed for their (kill in naviga- HoHj. and' whatever i«late* to the Tea : they are ftitl good fcamen, and have always enjoyed very confiderable privi^ leges both und^r the dukes of Aquiuine, and tlie kings of f rarKC. The other ilk (namely Re) is about ibttr mile* in length, and two broad, and betwixt two and dire* from the eoniinent. It it populous, abound* in 'wine and Mt, «nd'Has feveral pits in it, with a little fortified town called ^t. Martin. Both thefe iflands were taken, in ihefixtcenth century, by the citisens of RocheUe-; aiMl as the inhabi- tinlt were very well affeAed to them on aoconnt Of iha re- Ibrmed religion, which moft i>f them profcfbd, the Ro- dieller* cominned mailers of till the year 16x5, at which .time they were retaken by Louis XIII. Anjon received ii* name from the antient Ande*, or An- idegavi. This government is bounded, on the north, by ^tbe river Maine ; on the eaft, by I'ourainc t on the fbnth, 'by Poitou i and, on the weft, by Brittany. Its greaiell length from eaft to weft is twenty-fix French leifw*, and twenty-fotur from north to fovth. Han i* a pkalant fucoeflion of bill* and vallies, produc- ing corm same, peafe, beans, flax, hemp, and fnut trees. It* fine pafture* alfo fiiriiilh great herd* of cattle. It hM likewife mint* of coal, iron, and (alt-pctre, together with auantitics of marble, ftone, and flaie. • * Some have reckoned no lef* than forty nine great and ifinall river* in thi* country) but only fix of thefe are ni- • vifaUe. Thsie aw the Loiw, the V icnne, the Toua, the £.. I Maganajai^'tfaa Loir, andtheStrte. ^hit countrf i* ani> dat th« ^Kament of Pari* i buthu laar* of it* own. Su- b«*dii*kta 10 the gavamer i* one Uanieaaat-genand, and Mo fiib^govasnora. ..< 1; w »> ^ . .i . The prineipal city hi this |(*vammam k Angara, an< dantlyjalioaiaguavandiikiaim Andagavam» the capital of the Oouniry, liimm Mttfo atwve thopliKa! wliera the rirci* Loire and Sana^ritibito the Mayenne, which divide* the city intotwaeqaaififaj i.Tb«firft.aialls ware raifcd U« John, fVimaaiM<*iMdUand, lungofKngUad anddukeof Aniou I but prinaa Lois, afterwards king Louis VIII. (on to Philifi'Ai^ptfhM, eaufod thofa walls to be demoliOicd i however, Si. llrtmia kia fon and fucteflbr, rebuilt ibeni m they iMha aiw Tbiais a brg* and populous city, contain- ing nine ihonfand bauft*, . and about thirty ihouOind in- habiiamr-t t» haa fikteen parifhet, twelve of which aia within t&a town, and foar in the fuburb*. Here are like- wife aigbt collegiata churches, and a great nninber of con- venit boibfof men and women. Thi* eitv is the fee of • hiiliop, wha is fotfraean to the aidibilhop of i'ouri. Hid diocefe oontainf fix nundied and lixty-eight parilhes 1 hit revenue smoonts totw«iuy-fix thoofand Itvret, (one thou- fand one hundred and thiity-eight pounds llerling) and his taxarion at the court of Roine i* one thoufand feven hUn-i dred ilorins. The cathedral i* remarkable for three very high .leeples built on it* portico, of wliich that in the middle reft*< upon the foundation* of the taro other*. . Its roof is veryihigh, large, and bold ; it is not fupported by nny {tillars i and the whole ftruQure is initeneral elegant, r Part Of^ihD town flands very low ; to that it is proverbially laid in the neigb- bouring cimmrv, ■* that Angers is a low town, has. high ftaeples, rich flrumpets, and poor fcboUrs,*' it bas a ftnng caftle built on a rock, and encompaflrd with ditchei cut into it, though very fleepon the fide of the .river, which nms at its foot This caftle is llrnked with feveral largeaowars, 'and has a half-moon at the gatewbich lead* to the fuburbs. It was built by St. Louis during the wart with tbe KngKlht and it now ferves asa prifun.Coai.ftata aiminala. The nniverfity, which is one of the iiK.ft fa- mous in France, was founded by St. Louis. Here tlie civil and canon law, divinity, pbyfic, and the liberal ant, are taught. A chair for a prafiefior of tlie mathematict ha* been. lately ereAad here, in the colleg»!off the. father* of the etatorv. Louis aIV. in i6tf, eftaUiflied in this city a lOyal academy, with tlie fame privilaga*! a* that, of Parii: it confifls of thirty-fix member*, who naaflb all be native*' or inhabitants of ilic f ovince. Here is a great piooeflioii an- nually cclebrstad at a feflival called la Fete du Dieu, whicB is on Ootpas Cbrifti-day, when- all the prieft* and monks with the princifitl tnhaUtantat and-numbeit oi flrangcra, carry lighted torches in their bands, .and rcprel'entations of fetipture biftoiiei engiaVed, to atone for the pretended Crimea of Ibelr archdeacon Bcretigarius, who lOppofed.tran- fubftantion aboM the year 1019, wbeo tliat M^Qune was firft preaehed here. A mayor and four aldermrn, are annually cV^ofea gover- nors of this town i fobordinaie to whom iv twelve coun- fellois, eight affeflTois, a city attorney, a coniniiirary, and a recorder. I'beir jurildifiieu extends over tlic nisntifaflure* fetup in the town, fuburbs, and iibcrty. - Thcji: maiiu- fWAure* eonfift of fine woollen llufTs, ftriped with lilk and RoU. They alfo bleach wax and linen cloth. iThere arc likewife fbme fupr bakers in tbe town. The government of Saumur, or tlie Saumarvi*. con- tains a part of Anjou and Upper Poitou : it is uni'.r the direAion of a governor, * iieuteuaiit-gciieral, at;J a fub- governor. The principal ptoce iteontains, is Saumur, in latin Sal- fflurus, the capital, and tlie feat of the public court* and offices, ftand* twenty-two miles to the fouth-eaft of Angers, and a hundred and fixty to the ibuth-wcft of Paris. It contains a fine caftle, three paiifh-churches, nine convents, and one royal college. Here is an important paflage over tba Loir, apon which there it a fiimous britk^e. This city was much more opulent while in tlie poileflion of tbe proteftaiits; but hat fiill an univcrfity. Near it is the abbey of tbeBenedidinesof tliccoogreg^onof St.Maur^ which i* • nagnifieaat ftruAnre. Orleanoi* cenfifts of feveral froall countriei, and ii, bounded, on tiie noitU, by Normandy and tbe ifle of Franca ; on tlia eaft, by tbe ifle of France, Cluwpagne, aiid Bttrgnivdy i on the fouib, by Nivrniois and Beni j and on the weft, by 'I'ouiaine and Maine i inciiiding Ot- kanois Proper, Sologiie, Beaufle Proper, or Charliaiiic, Duuoiii, Vcndomeit, fitailbis, the greatcft part of Clati- tiolt, .,fc t ! (is U Hop e.) ¥ R A rr € B; 685 ■<•(! wrvit. con- unt'.f the »nj a fub- n latin Sal- courtt and o( Angers. Paris. It ie convent! I paflage over idge. This luon of tbc !ar it is the ifSt.Mauri iei, and ii. the ifle ut [;iiau>Dagnc, and Ker^i i ciuding Uk- Charttauic, m Di CJati- ueit, ^ hoii , t|kl Pttchc Oouet. TIm wboJt gBvetmoMn^ ni«ndi Mmui thilrky-two kagnei in lengib ft«iil isaft ib weft, arid twenty-eight M&t rtohh to fotmi in th« brdadeft part. Scveiil rt«Wt inm tbroogh this |o««htm«lt, «r have their ibwte ilk it« rtaaMiy, OM L«ire; tUe Loirat, which rifesa kane from Orleans, and Mis into the Ldire ; the CItar, MBtelk aM»ff«sia iM»lli*L>int the Lacoaic, which tifM in tb« wood of Orleans, and MaAs iiMf in the rama ri«cr i the Aiglt. wlncb (^ks in this fovenunent, andaifo taringhs with tlia LoiNt tUe ftyaft, «Uch loics Itfelfuli- der ground) and, when it aAarwaidft aivfaars again near Montigiijr. is ddledbOiMloit, Alto imo'tho fame Hveir. Here are iike«^re romaMttilariubfe ainilt. That of Briare, which reoci^es its nataaftom iftnaA Itmn thit joins the river Loira totlis V<'^lt>*''>i*'> '■U* *''** tlieSiene| and cenlii^iNntly opeMs a comQiisaicacioit'lMween the,, countries lying on the Loire arid tlw city of Paris. The canal of Oilcans aifo joins the atwra^iaeniioned : this Binal is near eighteen leagues in length, anAcomains thiicj lluicesi itwasbe^unin it.82, andtinifhcd in 1691. .The triHle earned on here, hy means of the Loire, is Uie moft cxtehfive in the whole Itingdons coni]mlier)diMg hut only all that comet from the foutbcm Mid weflern ^ris, bat'iikewife from foreign coniitries. The princi imI Daple is at Orleans. Undrrthe governor are three lieoteiianbgenerals, andthree-fub-goTernors. The whole country, which 'Contains four larger and three Tmall jurif- diAions, isdepted^nlTbn the parliament of Paris. Tbege«imiiM«ft of Otieannois Proper is one of ttie fineft Aeountries in France'; it beln^ fertile in corn, wine, and «xccllent iiruit, anil abounds in cattle, game, and iilh. The city of Orleans, antiently called Ornabum, or Ce- 'habum, and afterwards Aurelianum, and Aureliana, the ■Capital Of the governmeDt, is feaied on the Loire, over .%hich it has a fine ftone bridge of fixtcenarchrs.leadinj^ to a fuburb On the fouth (ide of the river. On this bridge is to be fecn a beautiful monument of call bnfs ftahding on a Hone pedeflal, that has feme ornaments in the gotliic tafte. In the centre of tha monument is a crucifix, ontlie top of which ilands a pelican with. Its brood peelcing its kwn breaft : before the crucifix is the virgin Mary fitting, with the dead body of Cbrlil reclined on her lap. On the right fide is Icing Charles VIL kneclingi and ftretching Out both his hands tosrirds the crofs, and on the left fide the &moutMaid of Orleans, alfo reprefented kneelii^, both armed cap-i- pie with fwords by their fkles ; the king has a French coat of arms, and wears a crown on his helmet. The helmet of the maid is placed by her -, her hair is tied behind, and the reft of it hangs loote on her back. Thefe 'iUtues arc not fo big as the life. A folemn proceffion is annually obferved here on the laih of May, in comme- moration of tlia dcUvennce of the city by the Maid of Or* 'leans. This city, which is about four miles in drcuir, (lands in a moft agreeable plain, and is built in the form of a bow : it makes, liOwever, but a mean appearance, the flrceu being in general narrow, though a tew of tliera are broad and ftrait ; and, except fome of the tradefmen, the inhabitants are poor. It is the fee of a bifhop, and con- tains an intendancy, a caftellany, a country-coun, a forefl- court, afalt'office, and other courts and offices. It has a fine cathedral, built in the gothic flile, an abbey, three collegiate churches, twenty-two pariih-churchcs, an uni- verfity confifting only of civilians, which was formerly very famous, though it is at prefent in no great repute ; one feminary in which divinity is taught, and a public library. The public walk is properly a pait of the city ramparts, levelled and planted with beautiful rows of trees. This city, on account of its fituation in the middle of tlw Loire, . is the magazine of the whole trade of the kingdom, efpe- cially in corn, wine, brandy, and fpices : it alfo carries on a confiderable trade in fhcen-lkins and fVockings, of which great (j^uantities are made iiere. The fuburbs on tlie farther fide of the river makes a tolerable appearance, and hsi a Carthufian monaftery. The bilhop, who is fubor- dinaie to the archbifhop of Paris, has a diocefe of two hun- dred and feventytwoparifhes, and a revenue of twenty- four thoufand livres, out of which he it taxed two thoufand Horins to the fee of Rome, The city of Orleans was raifed to a dukedom and peer- age in the year 1 344 ■, and Louis XIV, gave it to his bro- tbrr Philip, in which houfe it continues. It was befiegcd by the Englifh in 1438. and fo flraitencd, that the inha- bitants refol vf d to furrrnder to the duke of Burtundjr, then iu tlte Lnglifh arrry, and their ally. But thcEnghlh not being witliitg that tlie city Ihould'be given up toliim, he ^rat difgufted at it 1 and }oan of Arc heading the foldiers, No. 6f the city ind of the river Loin, lias the foreft of Orleans, #hich is tbc hirgefl in the whole king.i doni. It ttMuiHs about fivurtaen thoufand aCivs planted bttt is intarfperfcd with feveral plaiiU>Md vi|. lages. It is tVrenty leagvfes. or fiatjr miles, ia length, and ill fomis plates (even or eight loagbes, add in Atliera only tsro or tnice in Breadth. It conuins high and lefty tteet, as oaks, elms, Ue, They f^ll timber irt this forell, every year, to the value of one hundred thoufand livres, tlw pro- fits of which belong to the duke of Orleans. Tlw f leiicli fauicusge is fpbkeh here In the grealeft purity. The cityofChartres, the Adtricum uf the antianti, is the capiul of the f^onutry of Chartrain : it it fitnaied oii the banks of the river Edre, about fourtecii leagues to tliO fboth-weft of Paris, ahd is divided into two pant by the above river, the largeft of whiieh ftands on an eminence: It is the fee of a bifhop, who it fdfTragan to thearclibilhop of Parit, and has a diocefe of eight hundred arid ten pa- tilheS ; his annual revenue amounts to twenty-five thou- liind liVrcs, out of which the court of Ronie it paid four thoufand liorins. Here is a noble cathedral -, but the city has little beauty to recommend it; the ftteets being narrow, and the buildings old. It has three abbies, one priory, fix parifh-churches (without including thofc in the fuburbt); ninetonvents, one feminary, and two hofpitals. In the citv are alfo held a provincial and bailiwic court, together with a lalt-office. : The city of 9lois, in latin Blefae, the capital of the ' diftriA of BlaiftMs, ilands partly on an emiiwnce, and partly in a plain on the river Loire, over which it has a well-built ftone bridge. It it fituated ten leagues to the foutliward of Orleans, in a puic air, and in the midft of one of the fineft countries in France. It is a large, hand- fome city ; but tlie gteatcft beauty of it is the palace, or caftle. the refidence of feveral of their kings, with gardens adorned with fountains and other water-works, and a park fuitable to the magnificence of the buildings. The ftair- cafe of the palace is much admired, as wcU as the gallery, . which is faid to be fix hundred feet long ; and there is a 'flatue of Louis XII. over the great gate. In the grand court before the palace Hands one of the largeft collegiate churches in France. It is remarluble, that there is an image of the virsin Mary over every |^ of the city ; thefe were fet up in 1631, when, after having fufibred much by the plague, they imaeine on its ceafing, that they were mi- raculoufly delivered by the queen of heaven, as they (lite her. The parifh church of St. Solcnne, the largeft in Blois, having been def>royed by a tempeft, was magnificently re- built by Louis XI V. and converted into a cathedral : here are alfo feveral other churches, and a confiderable number of convents. The jefuits had alfo a beautiful college here, the front of which is adorned with the doric, the ionic, and the corintbian orders of architedure. The other public edifices, as the town houfe, and the building where the courts of juftice are held, ate well worth viewing. Their fountains are alfo large, and well fupplicd by a noble aqueduA, fuppofed to be the work of the antient Romans. The bifhop, who is fuffragan to the archbifhop of Paris, has in his diocefe about two hundred parifhcs, and his annual revenue amounts to twenty thoufand livres, out of which he pays two thoufand five hundred and thirty-thieiB florins to the court of Rome. The inhabitants of filois are faid to be remarkable for their good fenfe and genteel behaviour, as well as their fpeaking French in perfe£lion, which is fuppofed to pro- ceed from the frequent refidence of the eouit in this city, which is alfo diftinguiflicd for making the bcft watches in the kingdom ; but their priiKijial trade is in wine and brandy, which arc fent to Orleans, Paris, Tours, Laval, and even into Holland. In a wood on the river ColTon ftands the royal palace of Cliambord, which is a magnificent edifice of trec-lioiw, built by Francis I. It is faid to exceed any gothic edifice in France, and to have fuch various beauties, that the greateft maflers may learn fomething from it. The body of thehuilding is compofed of four terge pavilions, and the whole is furrounded with a wall of hewn-ftone, flanked with towers, which give it a magnificent appearance at « diibuKe. The tower over the centre looks very grand, and the principal winding flair-cafe is much admired. l°h« hat!:, arici-cuaiubcn, ciiamtxrs, wardrobes, cabinets, and galleries, are of exquifiteaichitcAure, and the garden and park anfwerable to the beauty of the building. In this palace Staiiifhus, the dethroned king of Poland,- rcfidcd 8 M nine .:!>- aj.u.i .'.V j.^4HNrLi.' 68d THi NEW AND y^l^tSVtm^TiTtM or GEOGJEIA^BI^' jrneril count Mauhce of HtJifi, «tU!) 4ic«t it»c in tbe.]|«|^ 1 7 JO, wljfii the king g»ve ii to Uii jicn |l^ oeu^t dc Fttft, m\u> in tlic y««f \1S5^M if%t\i\tf\im. , .. , ^ , TUijtowQ of MoiimraM. lb« tapitit of |))« Quiaois Qrr ktiiticiii.i' f»»>»»'«<* <«:•>•« n"«rL»int, I m»r tlw >•« Oittly Txinted on t hiU, that Commandt Ac (owp aiW ttic ' ^Hp H E jfj f< 1 ncit;itbuu(ing countiy. lieliUei the parilh>cliutcb ilwrs *r« Itii cUtpcli >buttd««l by tlic iiibal>it«uli, with a coU«g« Mid fcvenil conveiiM' Here ii a biuUwic, • forell.aiid provill;* Sial comt, ai)t. rive county of Maine is bounded, on tb^^nocthk by Normandy ; on\\\e cjrfl, by Perdie ; on tlx /bytbt by Toinaiiv* and Orlcaiuioii t and on the >veft, by AnJM and Urituny, extending eigbtv-eight inilet ill length from call to Weil', and fifiy in bie^dtb from iiQrth (o foutb. It baa minci of iron, quarries of tnublc, and, being vety fruitful, abounds in corn, wine, flin, and cattle: their {bwli are particularly admired, and are \|veU kiiown at Pariti t> principal rivers are the MayeiiiK, or Maine ; the Huifne, which riles iiiiPcrcUe, and runs ii.totbeSarte ; which alfo fifes ill the Perche, and after teceivift^ lite, Orne, the Huifne, tl«e Enf^riK, and (lie Lifllf Lprre (alii into tlK Maycnnc in its paifagr. , This couiury was formerly ait eatldotn, but hat been united IP the vrown ever finco the ^ea,r 1584. It is go? Tcrrieil by its own lavvt ; but h Aibje/£t to the parliament «f Paris, aiid has a particular fvb.go»ernor. 1 he following arc the principal places in this goTemr mciiti namely, 1. Mans, in Utin Cenomanum, tlie C9>' pital of tlie province of Maine ; it is fituatcd on a hill, 1^ the foot of wlrich runs the river Sarte, which here unite* its water with the ri>er Ilairne, thitteen leagues to the no tii>well ol Tours, and thirty two to tlte fo^tb-weft of Paiit. It is the (et of a MJiop.and has a fait o^^, s ' provincial and.forult court, &c. Its bilhop, who is {at- fragan «> the »rcbbllhop of 'lours, hat a diocefe of fi}t Jiuiulrpd i«nd ninety fix {i^riihcs, and • revenue of thirty- iive tliQpfand livrej. qm qf, whi^ be pays two theufaiid d (ixifto jSpiiiM to clvt court of Rome. lintides the cathedra] M)d tW9 collegiate chutdies, are four «bbiet, ilttrtecn parilhrchurchei, eight convents, one col- Jogc, ai\d one fcminary. io this city. 2. Laval, which is the capital ol an earldom, ftandt on ,the Maine, eight league; to the wcAward of Maos, and it encoinpaded by a waU. and other foriiticatiolM in tbc an- tique taftv : it has alfo ait anciyiit calllf qf the fame l^ind ; bdt it is incapable of makiii^ itny great derence, fmce the .improveroetit of the art of war. It bat a falt-office, ■ country and foreft-court, ^c. and contains two collegiate diurcbet, twopsriih churches, one priorjr, and eight con- vents. This town was uken by fcalade in 1446, by the Englilb, headed by the brave Talbot carl of Shrewlbury. The r^ilhift of ,Percbe is bounded by Nonnandy on the nonli •, by the if!* of France and OricannQi* on the eaft ; ,bv the river Maine on the fputh i and by Normandy pn tlie well ; it not being ab^ve fift^n leagues in length, and .tnclvc in breadth, It is a hilly country, and the eminences Jiroduce only gia& for c^t^Ic ; ,but the valleys and pUins bear all kinds of grain and hump, they alfo abound in ap- plies, of which they make cyder, the ul'ual drink of the •Kountr.y : thf y h?vc iudecd a few vii^cyards, but the wine ■is (o poor, that cvdcr is geiicr.illy preferred bcfpre it. They hive here alfo foitie iron m,ii|H:s, and miji?r»l wae».not belong to this go- vernment, Perchc Gouct being fubjcd to tliat of Odeaii- jiois and liinerais to that ot the ifle of France. The .piincipal places in tUis.cpvntfjf .are the following : Mot- ■tagne, the capital of; PercbSxlitasttd eighty-five raikt to Ithc weft of Paris ; it is thf: Ifi*? pf » falt,-office, a vifconnty, a dtUriil-coiirt,. a, ifo^ff iliicomt, ,&c. It has one collegiate ; ;aiid three pjii iih $bwcl)Ct, fPDr «>avcnU, with one hof- • ipital ; there are foiti» confideiable tmiBin£tii(« of coaife dilKii Wroedon,J»c|R, .,, . . ^ , ..; : 1 he fnull towit of Bcllefme if ten mtlet fp~, the (fwil) of ^ J(lortai;iic,,aod /finely to the weft-by-foutl» of Pfurii^ dif- ipntcs the tjiRk oi capital with,Morti)gn«,,,aiid i».»llQ|tbp ije^ nf a rayal wikouut. a foieft-court, and a, faU-office. ' in a neiglibuuring wood is, the mineral fpring of ti^fe, the , w atct of which li#i v»ry faluury eff;eas in ipaa; fn^tn, • .- }f. <: * ever, in^i fonairyi i-i.«*ti. itt tf ,iMi iwmmimmn cvn.T tlMJUHIflK •ndlpTvtIlecivi, , . .„ ,. ^lMid*«^R0J6M|»«»f!Pfinv|j >«^..; tlM,fart i| |M wft i w i.#.wbio>| jrw!a>»f,||pir.^MiJ«rt intf ihedijul]f Ai^(^y«w»g>«.. i> . %,'. r , ,. ■ ThcKityipf Piiit. laluin I^utcua pSpnii, wti (,u|rti« ParigapiaH itw C9rN.j»f FrafW^li (M1Ni'iA«il*«ie pla^« pn ^.lirlr 9»mh. in tb* nifMU »( Dm ^elFniice, in tlw f^tv,.(%htl), 4^« fii^ W^iVUW. north h^Wde, «nd 111 theftcond degree ttMiity-fivemiiwtQ ••AilMi)ptud;ef two hundred and twcn^^jiwi, ntjlet lo |lwi4««i;bn«ail 0> £«ndoii, ksmtf^tmUmm tfait |(Dvll»,Af Hfnen^ ^ve hui»r dred and fifty to tM '^'eft of V,icnn% .(rvwlniivitfd t«i^p niffilb-wiftofRpme, amlfiK.b4tnb«r of its iubatntaiiti," . .tcciMmtp travellj^r obferves, t' can- no| much exceeii i«i)Ur hundred .thouftnd 1 for (rom the year 1718 to 173^ (lie ftntimd^Mili of mortahty were at a mediuip IcvtititMn thoufand «i|^ bandied ; end it is cal- cutased, «|ie|n my probable coippulttioni, that of twentv,- five peri'oM in ibis cityv one diet yearly 1 whence tire aboijc number oT dea^i^ iiwike tlie ni«inb|i; V living inbtbitanis four buudred. i^ififarty-fivie tbatafiad." This great city contaiai brajTrfevcii parini-chnrcliet, beiides twenty oisbets} three ^bfawt and twelve ^ioriea.for men. l«V9a»bbiet and fix prioriet Cn women | levent«en collegiate chor^he n .(bi(- teen of wbidii b4«e uliaptert I fil^ comenu and fittcrni- ties of ecclefiaftia aitd laict, forty-three nunnerici, and fourteen female communiiiei i eltven ft from die window to another: tbi* i* continued during fix months in the year. , ;-■ The ftreet^ an ttM cleao, by «naan* of fome rcgait- tioni formed by M. Turgot, |ifpvoA of the naeicliiuu* : thefe confiftina caivil lined #MhfNe-ft«ne, fix foet broad, and about thjc fame depth, which hcei vet 4II thejfoil from thofe parts of the ci|y throucli wbM> it runs. This canal it kept clean by mejiM of aiarg« refervoir formed in a par- ticular building ere£Ud for that |ini|iofe, which i* fiipplied with water from all the fpring* ,^^ jieighb^urhood, in it are fix pumps worked by 9 aiadiine kept going by four horfe*. and tbefe difcbarg^4he;water into a large refcry«ir, . likewife lined witli frce-ftonerWbeltcc it runs under grounrj through two range* of pipe* of |i confidcrable bore, dijl- . cbatging itfoif with muyiakaet, iiuo tbf! above canal, and thus Carrie* o9' all ifif filib into the Seine, whwli run* Mar tlic city. , In cafe of fire, very good regulation* a«e fn*de here : for the 6rft preiidcnt of the parliament, and the lieutenant of tlie police, tbeborfe and loot patrole. and fnme comrun;>< of the French and Swifs foot-guards, are obliged tu rcp^r to the fpot with all the expedition the diHance of the place 6 will I If- ii t\ rls!^ .JsM, ^¥■^^ # ;> I', .^::. ■*... .•-?iiit;C^^ ." »> w * iTLV%'ll M •?%<«•"», i^M U die imA0IIUti(Hli|IT«fMiA.. In the ceittre of the bridge it a fine equeftrian ftatuc of Heuif IV. inbfafi, Ittger il>an nbe \i(e, and Aanding on • marble petteAaU un tlia idea of which are baiTo trbevoi, with iiifcriptiona reprobnting tbe viAoriei and phncipal •Aiont pf that hero. At the four comtn are lipd four fiavet, alio of brai'i, wIm trample upon antique arms. Tbit (lately monument is iildoTrd within iron r«i|i. Ann Other monuitient of the PontilKattf iiitba;Safl)«ri(iune, a building three ttotict Itigh, in wkicbiit ancnginc that fup» fiiec (bine parte of tbe city wiih:wat4r. It is thus named icom there baiug^ in the fiout, a group of figurei lepie* lenting the flory of Cbrift and the woman of Samaria. . The Pont au Change, another bridge lib called, baton it a brafi ftatue of Louit XIV. and both thii, and tbe bridge of Notre l>avie,on whkb arc aUb watcr-workt, have cadi two rowi of houfet upon tbcni» tb«£e.of Ibc firft four llotiei high ! andof tlie iaft, two, . The cathedral of Notre Daoie it in tlie tbov^ iOand : tbit it a large and gothic Aru£lure, three huiidred and ninety-fix feet long, one Jiundred and forty broad, and •ne hundred and two in hciglit : on the infide arc four tows of pillars, tliirty in a row, with forty-five chapels, built between the outermoll rows and tlie wall. The pil- ijkis in tlie nave of tlie church ue.adoraed with large and bcaniiful piAurci ; and the choir was fplendidly repaired and beautified by Louii KiV. It has a fmall fpire in the m'ulJIc, and at the weft end two fquarc towers tbrte hunn dred ai\d eighty itript high ; tliefe arfc Hat at the top, with a baluil/ailc ot'^frce-flon*, wiwre you liave a noble profpefl of the city and the neighbourin| country. In one of the towers are two laree bells, one of which weighs forty thou- iimd DOundt, and the oUier thirtyroitc thoufand. N.car tUi iiruQure ftartds the palace of tba archbiihop, in one of the ImUs «f wliich is the iibnry of tbe advocates,.found- cd for the public ufe. There are alfo a gtcat number of parSh-churcbee in tbe ifland. - The divilion called Le Vilkt opttlK Town, Aandt to tike nocth of tlie above iflanda ; it it daily beautified by n> building the old boufei. Ontiw ealiia the arfanal near tile rival, w^icb oonlifta'Of fovetaltoarts, and 'bet.beau- tifeil uialh« in thn oantMi ,t!>!r 'Ji>e citvuwalL: and tAivar^ teO.n0tthiMftiia tbc^liteftiUv a aiU t'l !r'>i)«««i«>i.. »i ofei)|ht >Vg*^iPipR. joinad'tngeiberliy otbar amnf buildmgi.andlVfaigcred wiih ditchet and balliuni. 1 |i« kinx kfr(R a governor, a lieuttiUnt, ttui an iiiJriwtidviii conipauy of ibIJicri in (hit place, whieb it alfo a prilmi fur ft«tvciini>nali. 11'lic Jl^u^rc Is one of the luoA con|idcrable lalau* in Palis, tiul i«.ca«:fined tj|c priui:iMl,utM»nictit of Um m»«, It It comnuinly d|ividcd u)to tliaQ14 wMt New. 'I |i« 44 ptit of tliii roval pal|ca wat begun to he built wiHi ftoii* by Ftancvi I. In i]i8i and was finlflicd by Hcnrv II. in r***' ^^''**'*''"'l ^}"f>* impioTtJ and cnlaigcil it, t.fl Mui* Xl.y. ordered it to lie icbutit jh a new pUn, « Incli, if conipletrdi would btve tendered it a nioft nMgi.il>«.cii| ftru£>Hre. J be whole building it three ftoriet hiji im the IKW pa^t ; tlic tirl\ of the corin^liiaii order, the Itcynd «f fbo cinniiolitr, and $he third of tbo attic. The plan of th< wbivlc r^nnt all equilateral quadranulr. Containing i| cuurt III tbe centre three hundred and leventy-fix fc«t louaict The principal of tJie four main wings was built by Louit XIV, at alio the grcatcft part of tbe two,.Ahert which form tlwltdct. together with a new front to that part wliicli liet iK'tt the Sviiic. Tba four inner frontl, according to the plan, were to bare confifted of aiglit pavilions, and Fl^ht ccjrps dc iogis. ., riiere it a kind of galleryi fuppoKcd by four gigantic p^urrt, \u tJie htl| oftlie Hundred Swifs. Great fntcr- tamments Imvc been given in this ball : the queen Cathc. ri(ic de Medicif c^uf^J pljiys and interludes tp be exhibited there for the aniufement of the court. Henry I V. built ^ jjallery ajoiig ib(B tivcr-fide, quite to the Tuilleries, which It irckciicd th|9 fi|ie(\ in Emopei and the royal priiUing~ bouj'c it under it. The palace called the Tuillerlcs, or Tbuillcries, flaiult at fonic difta^i«e behind tbe Louvre : it was built in i^'^^ liy order of queen Catherine de Medicis, in a place where tliuy fornieily made tiles, (in French tuillcs) from wliciira the palact: tikca its name -, and this flrufkure was alio im' proved by t.c«f it XIV. It is one range of building, with a dome in the middle, and a pavilion at each did. Jlcfure it is a haudl'onie large fpace, divided into three courts ) tlui whole adorned with columns, pilaOcrs, anJ oiIh.t orna- liicnts. lit hind this pabce are pleaunt gardens .idoiticd with fine walks planted with evcr-(;reen», and otiier tries, with beautiful paiteiees, where may be fccn all the )ear round every flower in leaCon. It lias alfo three beautiful fonniaiiM, aiid a brgcoflagonal caiwl. Towaidt the liwr is a line terrace above a hundred perches long and eighty- four broid, planted with three rous of trees j and from this terrace is a moft beautiful profpc£l over the adjacent country. Tlicli; g.irdcns are public, and great numbers of well dieffed people in fummer evenings rclbrt thither. All who wear a black baj^and a fword are permitted to walk here, though all their otiicr doaths arc not worth five Ihillings. The palace called Le Cours Hands on tbe bank of tbi^ river beyond the Tuillcries , it is compofed of four rows o^ clnw, eight hundred paces in length, forming three avcnuel that arc altogether a hundred and twenty feet in bicadth i that in the middle is the broadcft, and has room for fiic cowhes to pafs a-brcaft. In the midil of the (^ours is a lai];e-|ting< encompaflcd with trees at the fame diflance from each other as in the otiier paits of the walks, Luxtmberg palace was built bv queen Mary de Medicis^ on the ruiiM of^the old hotel of Luxemburg, wliich name it has retained. It is one of the moil perfcfl and regular pieces of architeAurc in all France. Here is a gallery of fine paintings done by the celebrated Rubcits, who rnciit two years in that work. It conlilb of the hiflory of the life ruOioii, «icfpi for ihi ftjiir Mlii, It hat coA tN* Aim "i ml lAranoiMri, mainitiiiMl (m ib« kin|. m*« ■p^iini 111. Ill ir I'lie Frcitch imkt iheir ilrft nMTidlBA "•I'l iterongli (III '>><'ivi.ininuft» tiliy-oiip Irrcmjj, Th« (folieliiH ii a houl* tliiii . H* bad iiicovcred til'- Tccrel of dying itn beiuliful Icarirt, ealM fromhimtheii 'leiol iheCiob«lini. Lewii XIV. bouihl that and foinc ul i'^'- nri|hboiiting houfeti where he cjla- V)li(hrd ■ n'*iiu(*£luie ol the iinrf' ttoeAriet. and alfo fet- tled * great number of Rnldiitd filv r«»n» of thit convent mutt all be of noble eairaAion, and cboofe a lady abbcfi once in three yean. Madame la Valiere, one of Lcwii the XI Vth'i miftreflei, retired to ihii minaftery Toon after her leaving the court. 'I o it it a handfome alixnt by t^veral Hone llrpa, which lead into the portico in the front of Ihe chaieh. 2. The cliurcli which lately belonged to the ]eruiti,and which lUiidi in Si. Antlionv't ftrect, where they have the heart of Lewit XIII. incloled in a gold cafe, I'upported by two tngejt of Tilver. Here it alfo u Kne altar with Icvrral braft ftaiuet, and the monument* >' < .e princee of ConU. Thit church it neat and elegant. I'nu built in the modern «ile. J. The t rge and beautir burch ci St. Enflace. 4. The Theatinet have a larne church and cloifter by the fide of the river, foine diftance below the college of Ihe Kour Nationt. Cardinal .Mazarine left a legacy for ereftiiig thit edifice. Ucie n a fijiiaie and lofty huildini;, called Clermont col- lege, which, till lately, bclongi-d to the jefuitt, who taught here in feveral fchooli about two thouland bovt, many of whom were eentlemen't font : thefe boarded nere, and had feveral halTi to dine in. Many of the fchotari wear coloured gowns, with large round velvet capt, when they learn logic, and Iquare capt when they read philofophy. The I'arit aniverlity it faid to be fvunded by Chaile- migneinyQi. In thit univerfiiy are upwardi of thirty eolU'ges, the moft confidcrable of witich are, 1. The Sor- boniie i 2. The college of Navarri j. The college of the Four Nations i and, 4. The faculty or colle|e of phyfic. I. The college of Sorbonne wat founded in 1250: but wai very poor when cardinal Ricliclieu canfed it to he re- built in 1629. The prcfent buildiiw i* a very magnificent AruAure, in which are apartmenti for ihirty-iix doAort, with a Kbrary and hallt for public le£>oret and aAi. To the three, profeflbrt chain the cardinal added three othert of a royiV foundation. I'liit it rbought to be the ihiAefl ' >i>.^ in Em-ope, the degree of doAor bein^ only given to . ..'..» who !i y the Sort/onnicaft, which it to anfwrr all Ot. tttif*' trcn-r fun-rife to fun-let : on which account the :i< : e»* ii;^or of the Se '.>onne it of great repute. The i-M ■-':<.*» wear Mack gim :>, arid liave wTiite fur hanging a- croii !hc bretft, when cxercilet are perfermed. i. The college of Navarre wat founded by Jane, con- fbit of Philip the Fair, queen of Navarre, in 1305, for iludying divinity I and in 1M3 three other chaki ware ad- ded. Belidei die ^-Howdiipi for (ludenn in divinity, queen Jane founded alfu twenty others for (lu'^entt in grammir ; nx utiicr if nOwihipi- iBVc u«cii fourwcu iicrc, Bod (oo re- cord* of the univcrlity are kept in thit coUe^. 2 fmAH^^ 4VITBM Of ekO&M^MV.\ __ >. ?*» »i mMytl» r<# W do y i IHlii y« toUH ■MWVfV^fl *MIR oMgflM fct wM MMaptMluW IMMhMivii •f nf Ww X H. Ik •miiMiil «lllMm ol kn» difKrcnt nation*^ naodU. 'wmdH ItaWaiw, <|»iili>4fc MptfOamiaiw; Ttwrt flMMI III H%tf Mhmi la nOt aalltte, by firtto of in Mi. glnalteadMioii 1 b«M tkn te«« Mm radwM Mbatfiliat the taMlnai af ibM Mm** M»left «««i miMMtf bfllmt to It in kh liil will. 1%* amt M iOy at t fu t i thi* avUtft h^n (oiwiMM that nd^lfkr 4i«Milf f, ^, M pbvfik, IhoiiM ba laMgRi in it 1 mi anjr acada^iy anneMd to n in whicU dudeittt (heuldhriaartMtorida, fencot amldaAce, B«i fidet tlw otdlnarV proMRrt, heie It km far 'maihHnaticit The dadlatv of fbe florbtrtnL a«polttt thi principal. wIm hat fhe tittt of ( ii«rt MtiAt •, «>id t< aiwaat on* of theit own body. The ie>lowlhipl nrt ul Ihe king'i dWpo^aH Who gkeM ibtm to .'. . Vm a^e t'ltientrd to Mm by the fe^. tary of (late of Pari*. Tlil« eollece hat a itately front, itt the form of a theatre, lacing the Louvre* which it on IM oppofita fide of the Seine. < ' ^. The faeuNy ofphyde hn a ttAhf^ U\m in 1477, ht which are live aroleflbM, who are annually chel'en. Thtf morning profellyrs itad leAurCs Ml oh^fiMogy* botany, fiiA t^rmttj-f ami'the ev«iiing profiiirort on-pathoUi^y i>\i lurgtfrv. Ih thit cMlege it ah aiMplilihratre, in- h. 'i annually given complete cotirlct of aniioiiM, ' r tia macy, and elifwHIrv. Kvery $atufdav <' .< ' 'm ? there ki order t4 eaamine fuch 6f the >fl w^ are ikI, and come to eonfillt flietii ; and the l>e..> ..:oniiaict • vo thr (ola ri|^bl.of prte* tifing phytic at I'.ivl< no pli^ficiaaof any ' (I; iijiiv«t(tty being fulTired lo praAile here, unieA he be utivflcian to the king or rov^t taniily. 'I hern are fellowlnipt for lh« fhideiiti, in mot . of the colteget in the univarltty 1 and all the Mofeflbrt have fettled dliries. We nluft not omit to mention the feveral acaJemiiet f which arc, 1. The French :>cadr^ dayi. The next it, u Tba rttyat acadmiy of' Infcriptioni ami Bellet Lettitt, inftiiuMd fer aiwanteklwnt of poHt« literature. In thit aeademy anikntt monWnantt an 4Kt plained, and tho tranl'aAioni of the hingdon^porpatuatail by mcdalt, intcripiioni, &c. It coiififlt of four Ibitt a# member* ; theie are twelve honorary, and twenty ptn> floneiv, with twctity fia aflbcialet, and iwelva iludrnt*,; Wednefdayt and Saturday* are their days of meeting. TIM third it, 3. The royal academy ot tcience*. which hu itt honorary ipeinbert, penlioncrt, aflbciatea, aiul'fttta denit : 'm wat inftituttd in 1666. In 16^ wat fbunded, 4. I'he loyal academy of paint- ing and fculpture. Tha mafter-pieoit of the painters and fculptort, admitted into tlii* academy, arec'ifpofed in ihreo halli, and marked #itli the name* of the leverai attifl*. Here itrc alfo the portrait* of a giicat number of celebrated painters) and feveral ofAe ftatue* of Gyp*, taken from anii';iie(, are to be feen among othert. 67 - wat founded, 5. The royal academy of arcbi« !«;>.'. i.ro i i Ul I' inrt patent were lyjt obtali'd' jr it befbi* tl r ;t*: '■'■ ': it dividoJ .wo clalFet ; the fiift it -. .''u ' architcAt, < piofieflbr, and a fecretary 1 .< A ■)■ (tcoau uf twcWe other arehiteAt. The nrot<:llbr^ whole poft, at well u that of the fecreury, it oblieed t« read public IcAurci, in the hall of thcLouvre, every Men« day and Thuriilay. There are feveral hofpital* in tbn city, the nv.ft con* fldersbic of which are, i. That fiar difabled foldiert ) 1. The Hotel-Dieui 3. Trinity hofpital i and, 4. TheGc iieial hofpital. I . The Royal hofpital for difabled foldiert may b« con* fidered as a large palace 1 it taking up above feveiiteeii acrN. Here are four large coortt, all Of the fame form, farround* ed with ngatar baildingi four ftoriet high. In the aid* die it a liftli court, larger than all the four taken toge Jler , It it encompaflcd with a doable row of archet, one abova the other, forming very narrow galierie*. Thit hofpiiat it full of faiine and fu|iaraiih*ated officer* and fitldicra. Tbemat order aitdftriA difcipKna«bferved in it cannot be fiineiently admired.' _Itha« a governor, a king'* liev lanant, -and a major< 'liie cbapcl it, very bcauti&l, and itt altar adorned in the moA fpleudid maouer. •.TIM I'. I ,i'l. '5. »«».>*' ■Ay * A in:- J iBurtirKi H9lt|*iyMt #V|| ^to NwiA H^ftnraiiiivrMMIlMfN f i m W ' • Wl^lp Tor ilMii « pMimn itM»«aM «r MHbt. All M«- 9M 41^ fttvnty It fi*> MlwMi ikt AvfVnNMi W1M |trd > (iMir wb* Ui^xiiir M>4f< ch«rii )■ i h« I I irtltv bof|dU) mi fnuKtMtbMltfM fM l«M, ky ' orrwrt, r r ti •'-«p*toli of paorMvtMmi b« i« U IV >lcd for (h< u.ii'ifnaiMc ani LillWlUlt f which thir* M ui InHrnwy. Ph* voMtgiil un Moihi r« read ind writ*i m^t «km M* ■!« in «r fcvtn «can mW, ir« inflia^ird in fonw Mdt wfobin tht hoCpttal. ^In oi4ir i»«im«rag' oMthann^ «• cmiw iiu) •XMtHk iNir nadm htrt, mi4 trath iN chiWMK, th* pa Uamrm tiu dtclnarf, that fnUi JenriMymen ntnwuught tiMib cMUrm fix wan m thii boftlmr, ihall hi** the hte- doM of tba city wMhoai any npance , antf'tiM furiv chil- dr«n, aiflMUMba arHvadaitM'Ma of tw«nty-Av*, aiMl IheMtd iMva uught Mbtn 4vri<«g ni vcan, aAer thcv w«re oataf rtMirapnrantieffliiii, llttMMenloTths faoMprivilcgt. Thi* «if« aAablifhnicni hu praevrMl tna oty « val) ni.ni- btr of Otllfal irtilicen. For the euvtrnment ot'thii hof- pltal, fix paffont inf prafiratrd by tn* atterir«v-)>cn«r«t, out of whom five of tha nioft cmiiMni are cltofen by the parlia- ment. 4. Tha Oanaiil he()riail I* in the fabnriM of St. ^'i^or. it aMil goe* by tha name «if tia S*l Peiraria, (kit-pen Nav. ing baan fonaeriy osade bcM In it it a noble foun ilon for tha fcmah fex, near ttv eigliiy favernaflb, and a c m- fiderabte namber of Kald«fcr«ama. Into Ihii plMDc arc ■ ccitad fawidHni^, i»Ik> lalw wf ana mtd -, gMr and yoi. >{; women, who few and knit : a gnat number of bad womr . who are hei* eonmcUad to (bin woollen : fbme bu^drci of ftm ala idantt, wno live in Nttla henfct bul!t in it;* fom. of a Afaet ; MMny othar foor women, feme of whom air kept hei* gralb, and oihan pay a fmall matter : delin- qneiMB u« aUb conftnad, bat not p«t 10 work, in tbli ho^HUl. Tka caMe of Bieeflre aHb btlongf totMUcieallent fean- dailon: it it fcatad on an eminence, ata finall diftanee from the above-mentioned hofpital, and it on all (idea d«- (iended by a wall, which it o( ver^ eonfiderabk coinpaT*, oontaining within it nuny large biuMingi, atid fevanl open (quare*. In thii caftle arc nearly four thoafand perfoni of the other tn, partjcalarly poor men, who are entertained here gratia, aiid feme who pay for their reception into the houfc : perfoni difoidered In their knSn, wnofe ward re- femblei a villigc, it being built in KKular ftraett : twenty* five men, and a* nuny women, ifllitked with the venereal difeafe. Common priibitcrt ate kept here in a particular houfe, walled in, and ev«ry one in a cell by himlelf. Hot the moA remarkable thing here it a large well, which is a modcTii work : it is of a circular form, and lined with frce-ftone from top to bottom : it it one hundred and twenty-eight t«et in depth to the furfoce of the water, and twenty more to the bottom. Koand the well, at the wa- ter's edge, ii a gallery, to which a osttoti may, on occa- (ion, be let down. I'be water is arawn np by meant of an engine worked by fuur horliet, w!io ue relieved every three hourt ; it is MCcived all the day long into huge buckets, each of which containi twelve hundred poundt weight of water, which it dttcliarged om of thefe into a leaden bafoii, whence it rnns into a refevvoir, and it con- veyed to all pa< tt of thit vatt building by meant of pipet. 'ticfidci the .l>ove-mriuioited, here it alfo the hofpital dc la Pieiie, i: "^t. Vidor's ftreet, which CtmAitotet alfo a l>art ut ihu 0<. cial holpitil, and it the place where the govmiort ufaatly liuid tlieir meetingt. The Pietie Hi- Celtic aiki General hofpital, together with the Hotel Dieu, have one common fund, amounting to full two millioiit «f livret per aiMKuni. Itt prelL-nt governort are twelve fob- flaniial citicent appointed by the provoll of the mercl^ntti and by the echeviiii, or majtiilraiea .; b>a.appfsvcd by ri^ parliameni, before whom (hey mul\ Iw fwom, I'fae arch- bilhop of I'ans, the hrtl pielidcut of the parliament, cbam- No. .;«. 4Mt, IM dMrltoi^MMrtl, laflita peliot, andltiaptOToffoldMi ^< liivan bONorary •tfmiolftrawn, oris* • WMiNMnaiiNC liM. InklkaiMMa fi %Miaa in rarti, Hw moA duaooe It aViflolfaa, ariMlMaM«rVia«. «at«M of bMivXlV. iVhMilaoM •r*«bMpltM««f(bttiar«in Immi kaMiMialmtad tM in M* robat, wttb vlAory bthind Mm of tha fa«a magmMda atMl m^til. pMitlng a arown on hit head, and po)M WN«i her foo* on a jMb*. Under her it a three. h«uM auberua, to fa^tMMt Loata XIV. triimipliina ovrr ftw iri^>le alli«n«», and tfti* tnliriMion under it. VIKO IMM0«TAU, -tdrlhaimmMialman." Tha whota loooM WW ca ( one*, and wetgha abova thirty ilMafaiid paumlt. 1 u. p«M*l It iwenly-t«ro feat high, wfiirU, WMfe the maliy pieee *>t ooald the IhMae ftandi «»• on, »iaha* tfw whol« n«ar (brtv fcai high. Upon the pciiolt«l there ate lu,>i lUves o« brati, with bad^ialiavoa of the king's baulri kiHi eonifucrts. Under the pedeftal than it a nramant ot - inel.fled within ftately iron ipate*. Th«re arc itr ''-nyuont lo-onihe pededal ftlating to the king't g««>at >i, hui y falfomr. aU Waing, Ibr inflano^ that la c, i,ws to all the world, MiaMmTelf I'h* tUtu* be brafa, and rh.- o«t- ftde gill, the ntliculout mniiy ol . ..Ag tor whom it wat intended, the vdiou tkf-ry of I copbanb, and the abturd intienpiMna place, hout ihi i'>i«. xiid intendr. 10 do III in honour. iiceat\, » fttii -. epigram, wli may be thoa iciiiltierl ir, Eiv it . "•nd'n '((rimaee ^ate, IK Riare k •li. ijuilt, 'ic manner 1 the lamovM Peraolt. *.hw arch. n, and pom- I' 1, leading 10 ciity (ieet high, , baft relieft, ? tothepadlwe iking of Maei- '• Well may th cnch v. " Withhold to e their RK *' Tliitftatue th «s inwha " Hm heart it braler. and k>, ** And hit BM>r t'ubi"£ts' tiaifii' " Prove airt not gir

  • portali, after the ntvimr qf the ani man*. Tu* order* of tha columns and the captivet and trophiea, with v* adorned, are executed in the moft ailt. whole being aone from thedefign > Tlic king's iUtne on ftorfeback it pla. All the pies of ihii city aretriumpi' pout pieces of arcliitedtore : that of .^ the fquara of the fame name, it above and at many over, adorned with colmi and troohiat, with fome infcriptiont leUt of the Pianch ovar iba Rhine, and tlieu tricht. The gale of St. Martin it fifty test h.^ii, and u many wide, and hat on each Me an infcnpti elating to he aAiont of Lewia XI V. The third gai, .uatofSt. Anthony, creAed in the teign of Henry 1 1 . .ut repaired md embellUhed by the city, with fome inlcnptioiM in ii snoar of Loaii the (iaurteemh. Tha fiur of St. Germain, which begint on the third of i bruary, and lioldt all Lent, it. among other tbiiigt, * xUy of notice. The place where it it kept it a large fi{ ite building 1 which bat fix or feven rows of Ihopt, « rein the cuttomert play at dice when they come to buy go it I for they are firft cheapened and bought, and then th> )ieople phiy who (hall p«/ for them. The greateft can- L g It altef candlelight, ami fooMtimet the king him- Wll .omes hither to play. Here it a celebrated pifiuic oi our .^ayioor't afcenlion, with St. Peter, St. Paal, and two angcii in the (ame picoe, the work of Antonio Moro : the (tamr valued at two hundred pifloiet, it curioufiy carved and I Jily gilt. Til reareagtcat mimbarofpleafure-baatt on the river SciiK, belonging to the king and perfont of quality, in which liey fometimct take the amulcment of tailing on the wat :r, for tlie tiike of the air. The water of tlus rivet gciicrallr looki green and dirty, which it not to be won* dcred at, as it it commonly (illed with coveted batgct full of wiifhcr-womenclcaiiing their Imeu: yet it it Mitied in pailt through many of tha flrcets, and fold at milk it in London, it it a comitaon oblerv.tiion, that th' French womeii are tbewoift laundtcdet in Europe: uicy tndh their linen in cold water in the river ; and at to ironing and nU>>i!>g^ tlicy have not ths UiA uuiioii 01 ii. Thaie are licie indeed foiue Englifh women who will finilh thaiu pretty neatly, but not (o white at in England, which may 8.N in ^ Tub new ai^ Jkf: Tb« principal al iMm in the pMbwieai, iiiiilll » I«4r4>r ±Ait bfiiiniiip^tlw pi^M'i )«tw «wit«f!dwdN«h> llV or ^M orflimMr court M j«Ait» for thvcMt gwrffnt l9anti(|.Mici.«My, of jvbicjbi llw pr«»oft, ;Or aa|]mc, liiA Ibe j(i»i»r «c|(4VMMi, f» aldcMKni «it4 tWWtjr'fXvColMliflr i«m »«j«rfae»jiif»J)i«||«i »««rt«f»hiii»ii»n»l,A» lo«^.c4*bl^««( fof: 1)14 y^lwMiiin of ite iiMH in ji^oMHupiomtait.' .1 ngwlljO(bw«iti««« kUf -, Seine. Henry M9i»M4lwie, and hit, emu* it tkoi* JHHJti wiitioHt lm*» i tbp Mwt «f Ike M-Mvi«» «bi*)v«ik» m •ceowit of ihc «iqr M4t|>,,«l49fllh*4WH«»ll wlwii tiket cosnisaone of ell eommricM'^iM*' , : 1. 2. ., ' ' >) I^MWfkM^iime Mpie irt h w i H itto (ke geilict, 10 tk* giktHl. .«ni M wket m inlhi-\»im kr^ iUi»« uport tin «k«el: ihi^Uftif iiMonlywcwft «f muMbt, l>tit tf the evidence l mw ke obferTed. (k»t iHMiefedoc* iA^Fanee leeeive their An- «eoceontt|ieir iHMeei wbi«H i» n^ieonerptoaoaMedthan 4m kensaMn tree* tope ako« titk nedu, and con«eya ilk«n to,pribre^t to k in a can, ai-. tended by the sity guard, walkine two- and two, a prieft acca«if«li9^iliedyi»g own. . Cw (be tuMM ««aa 6meki aibtge cwla ewAly in thc.fwin of that coMCMnly lepre^ ibvird £»t $t. Andrcn't. The . executioiier and hia aMwut plioedtbe prifomcwi it, in fuck, a nannef^ that hi* arwf and Icga wew MftoM agKeabiy to the form of Htt ciofak and Axon^ tieA4Qi'A. Vnia each urn, leg, &c. waa cat a.iiptdi m the wood, at ft mark wkeietkecu- owtbner oaigha naiik the gfeater facility bicak the .bone. Heb«t4iahi»kaada»,iio)ab»«t not unlike an iron crow, end intkc irft Dla«e broke hie ennt, then in a aaomcnt . after I both bit tlii«h*: It wat dreadfiil w fee tkb poor wjvtsh «iritbe,bia beiiy. with agony, and 10 obtetre th* djiottiont of kil.fMC. k w«» • confiderable tiiae befbi* he expired, aod'iitiWould.have beenlongte, hadnot the eaecutioiMr given biw what it called the ooiip dfigtace •■ jtierciful Ai^. on biv fiootachk wbieh et waae>p«t,aiir endtobirnufet^ Tbey then took tke dead body fiwat the croft; and p«t it «■ » wheel, fisicd lo» lAng pnle, wkere lie wat eapofad^K fone time ; and Ait part or. the eere* mony occafiona the conunott cspiefion of being broke npon the wheel, IhMgb it it Mifofated «• a craft." The iuiiabitanu of Paris ofcry on a very extenfive trade with As edier parfi of the kingdom. Tbiir conunerce with foreinnen it aUb confiderable t fat it it tiUented, that one Tingle branch, that of the gold, fiWer, and filk ftuffe manufaauFed at Parii. it equal to the whole trade cartied en at Lyont. They have here bkewilk manofiiAnan of all other fort* of ttaffr, of Iraoking-glaSiM, and alaoft •lery otlier Utenfil neceflary fin ftipport and convenience. In tbi) city art fix principal aonfMniet of Itadefaaeh, out ml wfaicb the confuli* wiw have the regofaition of trade, arc cLiafcn ; thefe are the dtapwa, the grocert and apothe- •ariesr the mercert and jewellert. the flunnen, the hatltfe and goldfmiths : bcfidct which there are the bookliellert, the vinthcr', and wine-meichanU. the wool merchant* and timbtr-merchaiiu : but though thefe are efteemed in- ferior to dteotbcn, they arc capable et being ekfted eo»> fch, and enjoy the fiuue privilege*. In the neighboarkood of tfaia capital the land it in geii»- ral flat and even, intermixed, ki>wr:ver, with a few emi- acncc*. Toward* the north of Parit the foil i* fiit, and produce* a grcaiquaatity of very good com. On the other fid*' it it faitdy. mailhy, and wet. I'he whole i*. how- ever, cultivated with great care and induArv ; and the people have carried the art of gardening to fa«i perfeAieiv that in the midfl of winter they raiJe all thole fort* of ■htCfwu-itMu *a!«t raCSS to iw ttn- paOwwCc Qi iwmiuvf Only.- Within the eledioa of Pari*, they make oaa yea* with mo« detdJabiemataff ftaW wiph dw Mood of 6* tbmir And prpte{Uo^l i|^ fignal fi» ihi* moft boirible inaAei* h*?<I<>fM>eiieatbeU. trkichit^tv ?*-T" !» .*« WKJtfMtwhm whtra MMtwIiwwni Sth •"* "*'* ""^ P«*« «»k part niih fhe l^agneia, u4 r.*'*TlSr««h«rIW«S««.«nd ifo^rinwin, bv Henry Mh *"4^V« but49 > J94> «<«»; tbecoapnatipiHrf tbahMeifc It r^dUy |»pen«diitt.gate« to him. . ^Tharpaip fewrri paheei and little totntt,. in |B tiioQxfui of tbale aw. the follow.^ ,^*R?^»'^P^ of Madrid, in the woodof Bologna it fitHi>ted ahouf tWee mile* to the wett of Pari*. Tbi* mn^ wa* buih by Fr*nci* I. in i$a9, after the model of ueaa4>the Maine, it owea itt beauty both to nature, and the ekgai^t lafte pf Francitda mrlay, atchbilbop of Parit : it belongt to that metropo- Uiaa tec. ^*nd it the conpSty-fcit of the a|,chbUhop*. Th^ (oooM within are cstiiei^aiy qucnificent, efpecially tbo ralfcry, which U a^ffWe^ ,«fi«h piftnie* eyecuud by th» bett nuOei*. Thagprdeit^mwir bqwtifuUy laid oat« and adorned with gr««e% aralk»,itata«t, ^^am-Wf^*, &c» About twoJeaguc* to tbe«aft of ]?af ia A»pda the town of St.MaurderoUeilt oaibebank*9fth«iiverM»iiw, ovea i^luch k a ftone. tncidge. Here i^ a terftinp fetm, wid» beautiful gatueo*, beloogiag to the duke of Jl^urbojg^i al^ an antiei^t i^bey of St. Maur. wluch wai Jcculati^d ut 152s, andatt^neaida changed into a colJ^iate chuicb of canon*. The Apall I0fm«f Rnel i* fitnated on tbe befuki ^ the Seine,, five piV 60m Pari*, where is a baiuUbme.chuict^ and (JMue emaat ^ntleaien't bou£et : but it it piitif ipaUy noted &r a b^ Ipilt by cardinal Richelieu, which, thoaw iu>t m ag n i fcynt , it admired for itt ueataeft. i| baiag adonM4ffiM> vi^y benvtifttl gardent in the Wiai) ta|^ which hat lomc cutioua water-wotlu belonging t^ thcaa. ^> Witb^th##o«4 ot Vin«e|iBet. tt the diOance oCttirft •ikt to the,ea^of Parit, it a roval paUce, or caftle, which wat con&teraUy improved and beautified by Francis I. Henr^ Ii. Look Xlll. and XIV. It ii an ohloag f<)uatu building, encompailed with dry ditchet, which are baed^ and ptetty.deep. The callk k compolcd of fevera4 fijuat* tewert. the bichcft of which it calkd the Donjon, aad ia furroundedwiat a particular ditch, over which ibue k a dnwbridgi^. , The cbapel, though in the gothic t»|U> ia iifU without l^uty, it being adorned with levetal pyra> midt, and oUier cmbcJli&mcnta j and the paintingt on tho window* ax* highly valued, The room* withia the pfilaot are beautifiil and flately, aad the ceiling adorned witk paifitingi. ThjB wood above mcntit^ed rcacke* ahnoft t» ihe gateiof Pari*, and is inelored within a walL Hcie It alfo a fine paik i aiul the gate ;hrough wliich yon enter it a, noblt piece of arcbucAure, in the foraa of a triumphal arch, adoiacd witli columat and (tatue^ tad ftand* w the afuMt of a Urge court, on each fide of which k aa opei^iptlkry fupporud by ruftic archer, b«Sdc» a fine fuitc otboiUing*. There i» a palace, at the entrance of thi* park, where they uCed fixmerly la keep wild beaft, a* hons, tygeit, and leoaai^. TIfi* park (akci up one tboufand four uvit$ired aiid £3(ty-;if ven acrea. The avenue leading to the pakcv haafour row* of elmt planted on a fpot wbkhhwbeea juadeieTci Sfti iXuii yui^U, iucy iiaviiig been obiiged ta fupyiPit.it, in (eveial plaut, by means of high ana.thiflr a- , wajla. If.;-." » to iC . , . MM K- inv tkn^mimiiOio so {/3 7#Yll .A^:iNl *i|lfc*^4 •'ttn ine. Htatf fht JUoun« , UiiMinf of 6* ttMNr n, br Henry «fch»lMtnk BibviMiBlh l(r tha lam* the foUoN't 'Bologne, it ?ui». Tbif he OMdcl cf afaifaite of ittaof, bfH. MwB it Ai»r kW Ml yr^f with » 'wi . I fltincf upo.> I each Mr by NateibaUet of the Urgt I- in tb« foru om its beio^ ae. It owe* i>f Fnnciada St wmxooo- op». TlKI Specially th» ecutcd by tii* dy laid oat« ri'WfHJ/iU ifCw llMuxivnof Jk4*in«t ovw np &^, Witt) >urbviribt»«MBaa»uii> !W«n4«Ui an i«h« 00Mb. |>y PiC9«d|P t^pnlhe waAiiby MoniiMn4ai>i)'«n ilMSowh bv,tb»<3l»bimiMM > and» e».'ibe «t^.^llba««i*«inW«M«if CbantpHB I tKlMdiiMt bafli |p>leAgttiandbr«Mllh«bovtfl(in«ty«ii|i». TJleairKttnH yeraie, jwkL iIm-M fcrtiin i fotiwt cmh, wia«« and frail, are produced here in great plenty. . >' .Jivttavmi^itv^Uhi 'M04ifmitimMMtnSk. It J^» fever»tYMiiiidiKiibi»t«i«AMil'4tif«dH«h>«re(b* iaiiwdal«tilp4 II W4haUbe|in'Witlhth9:|>akoeit;«ihaTiiiK » «f >r«r«iiM^rt*tt)K pl«Fe« laict» «»lctn: wMiaB cfi i . ,. -Vlbf.^mmfiUfiiwteiti tUf»lrf^rV«rftiU«a» fitwHad^ foiw JlnKOMtP tbei Autbxwefl of Parikt on i a rifiag gtoondt In flWimid^ .of a oouoitiyfitfbr bonlingi.aod abourtding With K'ttu L hofiin Xlil.bttilt aoaftle here, ttf fedw ara-tolmt- Inftfnti brnXow* XIV. being niushpl«aM with the ftfuatJAOt.CQOyertrdidM viUage iAto a fincwwdi, and the caftle into the -^oft noble pake* in itbs WotM. > The idfe jfrontiriBlllteiWblw ia«ot,aAfw0rin| in ^HgniJieeaceitd'the rfA I 'b«t tlMt ft«iiif;tho«rdeni'» eKHcniAty beantiftit, It* roof,, ^itteong witk:gMd| alvidt a noble pnifpeAtt « diftanca-. and the gsndeni, ■AatDea«> «Mali, grove*, p€*' toet, faMKain*», and other wat^r-workt, Ar flwp<& any thing oCithe ;llifid/«D be ilien in^ltalj ; and its riohti'ahd baaiKy»iibin>ptHeftiyi»ncifaoQd;withit* onifide. Thi» «veniwil(»diilg to the caftle divideMh* town intoAwoMtisv thatwhicb'fbinda'on theieft-habd-, .in coming frotontiii i» called Old Vbrr4iil**, knd «h«t«a 4he light the New Town.. ' .Tha falace. which i« feated on.an eminence in-the midft pt a valley^ it encompafliid with billi. On the fide tttwardt Paris ii a fine avenue of elms, the vifKintheniiddieifaeilig ^ty f0et wide, and thoTe^n tta»'fidc* tturty cadi.- The end of the great roval ii^aia i« fencompafled with rrgahr ^vftient biulr by the pnnc** and lords of the eottrt i tn«li^ with Other ftae honTct^ form the itew totarn. Thi* iqiiat* ba* aCMiniam in tbeaniddk «l itt with waiki like tfaoft kadingr toiti From ttac*H» I ';■:■■ ! -f , The great eovTtia iodolcd with an iron bafaiAradc^ and two laige bttiWinM, that fonti ibe wingt on each fida« liavia^Mlooniei umponed by column*, andadoim-d with $ne fUtiief. Theiewifitltt together With tha {Miviliont^ lerve foroffcM to the '{ilkce^ and hwe cowl* with othe^ buildingt behind them- Uerp art other doobk apartmentti which, joining tlidfe wings, form a, conttiiunicalito) between the new and. M caftk, and , tontrafting' the tfjtper part of the grew court, end graeei'olly at the fin^ mii Ont ft' tbic coiMt it an tfeent of tbtte maiUe A*|M irtto>« iMXAlafkdiAg- place, and from Ihenee by five moie, into the little Court paved with black and White marble. In the ttiddk u H marhk fbuntAm and bafon, with fiatnea of gilt copper. Tkl frfnt $ni wingp arcof bdck and ircoftone, Jidornad with marble bofU and brKkett. iiefore tbit kknt it a bakotiy fupported by ipight marble column* of die doric order, > with red and whit* fpotilik* jafper, and their halei and capital* of white marble. In the two angle* of the wing* in the front are hanging pedeftals, which fupport two ckfet* encomfHiifcd with gilt iron cafe* ; and uiidec* neatbaretwa baibna of white mvhlc in the form of Ihclb, where young Triton*: fptiut wttWr. The middle 'building has. throe gih iron door* in the porch, with ap^rtmciui oh the right and kft fides of it. After (quitting the freat court, and M^ng througli «n open porch, you afcend by a large ftair-ciifreighty««ne fcet long and thirty broad. There i* an entrance, from thi*por;h, into two painted haUs. The ceiUngof oneof them k fuppotted by eighth marble coLumnt of the doric teder, that have ledand white vein* ; the capitals and bafe* ire of agteen colour i and the. column*, beiig four on a fide, divide the hall into thiee part). On the fid«>op)>o- fttc to eaeh oolumn arc pikOer* of tha kme maiMe, that fuppoita coinice under the pUtform i and tblsre'are niche* with ikatac* fronting the window*. The Other hall, which is next to the former, i* fupported by twchracolmunofthe ionic order, with maAie pikflcra .kfaindthamtliat hate nd, black, violet, and ytfllow vem* i and theireanllah and balag,amttf Ana u>kii« jMjrKU, prcrs ihi*yottenter ant>ther hall of the, fame ditnen&ont, where the ceUffig i* an oAagon, ttith twelve doubkptdtftal* by the window! and door*, of fiue i^aibk, on whteh *» pucad young met) in gill copp*r< Tka piece* over the dtkkt, and ^jft4m*iim aiihtr of. a trmt* or ^m«*«pkNi(«d pkrUK lgm«wMo oftiUituU^tlMKhaniba^ Awl oldkt^ tka Alti|id,Mwk«M»ail»«i«» itPiig witii utjikftly iki« tiiMl twnhnktWe, M4tka«(anr,youM«Mtotki kii^V^rt. JMtnUi ^ m>i»4iiinptaou» at* th* j n wbkr t »Mlpt!iw» Md painting*,: Th* like order k obfervfd irt ibe Upow ya w menttt w|»i«h «r* eight ond door, adorned with dil^ i*ntnt,M* ofmarbk and c«wl*u* painting*. The gutt^ ^:k«rit«lll*WkdfMth RMrWeUtaliba* bkek and y!(U««r Vein*. ii>rth((Foiit»r i^fitiiitlH* M a iSarbk with grnit vfina, m4 «lh«i«[«r8,U!*ed with a fine marbk called< mm** btoaghl^#4t9,4MAlf** ' . t-\\ • , On thp fide towaixk the gtoeil^oill«4^oilwr lodgiiigi in th* la*iM.^^Mder, with an apwrtment for the dauphltie, uodathatof die^oecn, th* ceiling of which is. «uriqudy adornfd. The queen'* apartment* are « fiiite tff topm* thatlnw* the ikilt* dimeofibn* with the king'* t but4>f^ ^icitt «tork»HHlhipt Itn painti*^,«ntk»cci|i|fgtai^ by fqnr oolumn* each, »nda figure upon every oaW.b.it |«- pf*(*«ii«g,a ino«thof the.year« aad^thali) bakonk* a«t .rieMy ad«i«ed with ftatnea of 'OMtlknt .wollunantiuih -. The vaft varkty 6f)^nting» and ftatuc*, with whieh^ apattiMiti*,of.thi* p«k(eara*domed, are too iHin«::!*iM td farticukriMx TbvT(tt»l ktUnetforiikdak, coin*, paini- ing*, and the title cutfofitkti had the choke, of all that Italy could aAvrd. The king'* lodging* are enrkhed with utenfil* of dmiry pbte, even to thebcdftead*. halufindef, and raiii. ...Thi; galkry tocrard* th* ftk of the garden k pcibap*,th*iiobleft ev middle reprefept* France hold^ inga thundcrrbolt in one han«l, and a buckkr in the othccf tha few otbera are on the fide* of it ; the firfi is Bellona in avioknt.ragfc * th* fecondrfpr^fcnt* Oermany in vain e»% deavouring to dcfeod: ike Imperial Crown j in the third Spain kams to tbwaten France i but her foldkr* are ptiC to . flight i the fourth (hew* Hollaiid thrown back Upon her lien. The room i* alio adorned with fix head:; r>f the Roman emperor* in porphyry } the drapery of tlie butts i* of gilt brais, and th*y are pkoed on orkntal alabaftcr pedeftals. The bed-chamber of the king Is more magnificent thad atny of the Oltki room*'; the carvings are all gik/ on a. white ground' . The bed it placed in an alcove, where two fignie* of ir*|ii«,'whO arc repsffcnted fitting, Tcein 10 watck for the praknatio^^f the king. The clumber is adorned with feveral fine pi^ures, and the furniture of the bed k of crimfon velvet, embroidered with goldi No kfs magnificence appears in the gardens, than in tfa* palace. In delccnding from the terrace, you fee two b«fons which contain lever J water.fpouts, and in the mIdft of each, a colleQion of feout* in the form of a wheat-lhcaf^ that rife* twenty-nin* Kct high. . The borflers of thcte ba* fons ate each adorned with eight groups of brascn figure*, reprelcnting river jcods and nymphti and tour others of ihd faine metal reprelciuingcupid*, little nymphs, and geiui. In twoanglea of the parterre are two other balbns of marblt^ whet* the water ii thrown into two lliecu, that have a fin* eficS, and on the nordeis of ilw imons are groopes of aiti' mal* in brtf*. Froai this parterre yiAi tee in a kind of Crcfoent whicb ■. k below it, the bafon of Latoiu, roun4 whicbare T(tBtcfciiited.agroupe of three figure*, Latona, AjtOla, ^i Tat NEW aii» aHlH^RSiEX SYtf^TEM or OfiOOMiKPfly. . Apolkt, ind Diina. Liiona here Catrin to compkun to Jupiter of the cruelty of tb« peafiinti of Lycik, iflrbo an icprefented a* mctatnorphored into frogt, whidi tbratra tall quantity of water upon the groupet Tlwre ai« feMMl other bafont with jett, and other curioui water- worMf* particular defcrijition of which wonM carr^ i»too fa^. Hete li a famotti caital, at ofttenddfwlkkhiialnronof an oftagcMial ficwa, four huiidied and twmtjr feet in dia- meter t four eritt Mm are circular, three \tk ftraight liitea and the other join* the canal. In two of the an^kt of thii bafon ia a lea-horfe with a Triton on hit back. jThe great canal i> thirty-two Athoont broad, Md eight hmiditd lon^, including the bafont at CKh end. In the niAile it it croflM by another canal about five hundred and twenty fathoms in length. The court rometimet diTett theMfelvc* in yachts and gallefs upon thefe canals. The green houw, or orangery, it a mailer-piecc'of its kind. It has a fouthern eapofure ; and contaiiM, iirft, a large gallery, four hundred and eight feet long, with twelve arched windows in the front ; and on each Me are two others, each three btindred and fixty feet kmg. Thefe galleriet are adorned on the outfide with fine rdwt of columnt. Before thit green-hoofe it a beautiful parterre, with a fine (NObn in the middle, from which a ipoot of woter rifet fortv feet high. It it embelliflied with four rowt of columnt, ot ihe Tuftan order, groapei of ftone figuret beautifully carved, vafet, ftatuet of white nurble, &c. Thit parterre feemt a fbreft of orange and lemon tteet, myrtlet, £cc. in the fummer feafon. ' Another celebrated curittfity it the labyrinth, which it a fine grove, the feveral walkt of which are fo interwoven with each othen that it it very difficult for a perfon with- out a guide, not to lofe himfelf. At the entrance are two ilatuet, the one of i£fop, the other of Cupid holding a clue of thread in hit hand. At every turning of the alleys you meet with a beautiful fountain, in a oafon of fine fhell-work, where one of ./Bfop's febles is very naturally reprefented ; the fubjcQ of which it exprefled in four lines, etigrave^ in gold iettert on a btaft plate with a black ground. Here ate • great number of other groves, all beautifully adorned, and at one end of the garden is tlie pUce where a variety of foreign beafts and birds are bred. There is another palace, in the park of Verfailles, called Trianon, fituated at one end of the canal which croflbs the larse one. This it both genteel and munificent ; the arcnitefture and ornaments are in an exijumte taite, and the front about fixty -four fathoms broad. The court before it is adorned with a fine periftile, fupportcd b^ marble columns and pilaftert. The two win(|t are terminated by two pavilions, and over the whole building it a baluftiade adorned with fbtuet, urnt, &o. In the apartmcntt are fine piftures, and the furniture it yttj fumntuous. The gardens arc here alfo embellifhcd with fine batons, calcades, «nd graupet of i^res. extremely well executed. < There it another royal feat, in a park contiguous to Verfiiilln, called Marly, delightfully fituated in a little Valley, with a very fine profpeia of the caftle of St. Ger- main, and of the neighbouring country. On coming from 'St. Gernuin to this palace, you enter iirft a round court, three hundred feet in diamefrir, where ftands the guard- Yoom, and where terminate the feveral courts for ftables, coach-houfes, &c. The palace confifts of a large pavilion, Handing detached ffom any other, as alfo of twelve finaller ones, fix on each fide : the outiBde of the great one it adorned with paintings in frefco, The flept are embel- lifhed with figures of fphinxes, groupes of children, -vafes, ttc. \. . « In the great hall there are fixtecn pilaiten, and it it adorned with fine looking-glaflet and piAuret. In the king's apartments, and in tbofe of the royal femily, thefe are feveral beautiful pieces of painting, reprefenting the lieges which Lewis XIV. carried on in perfon. The iinali pavi- lions are joined to one another by arches, through, eadi of which you go into a little arbour made with lath-work. In all thofc pavilions there are apartments for people of «ina- lity. They have nothing very remarkable ; but in each of the two iaft there is a globe, of which cardinal d'Etr^es made Lewis XIV. a prelcnt. They are eleven fcet, eleven inches, and one half diameter, and were inventad and IMde by fatlicr Coronelli. There is a large cafcade in the gardens ; it is properly a river, which falling from a very high place, forms very beau- tiful (heets of water. At the bottom there are feveral baibiis, adorned with groups, ftatues. kc. .r.. . : fkf.^l.. ^.i r-..!'....* »k* u»«t— A*mJ. .«.**f«* i lie CltJ|^lll« *" !»»••«/, .».« . — ..'.^ •«.* «•»-., nai.u* ««••«••« river Seine. It is compofed of fourteen wheels, which are turned by horfet, and fct two bundled m4 twenty -five 4 vuapt a goiiig I \tf #hkk ttHmai tlM water la onM tib iMoatowerfii(hwrfr«4and«mfkilMHdiflaM ftom iha river. From thence tht mitr mm into an aqtMduA tlu«o -. J. r >.»-.:.•. phin, grand-fether to the pref'eiu French king. The dau^ phin addad feveral butldingt'andomaKienta to it. .Thia palate [E U R Q r PI F R A N C ?.' *9J palact lies in tlie niiddia of • pleafant fowfi, ind it deco- tjtni . with t grotto pived with I'potted porphyry, aiid fine w«ter>worlci. The houfe is iilonicd with neb farnilure, mtible ftatiiei, «nd iincptiucingi of Roman etnpetors, (ad intient philolophers. ' At the rninlnce of the court of the. palace i> a large pile of buildingi On the right, and another on the lei't< which open in the form uf a femicirclr, but arc disjoined from the body of the lioub. In ttiC' middle of the from ii a lofty advanced building, enirrcd by three doort : above thctn ruiu anorder ut'architcAure, conftfting of arcbci andco- ' luBru fiiKly daiigned > over them it another order accom- panied with pilaftcn ; and over all it a fountain contain - idg two flatues in t recumbent pofiure, admirably well fiuiflicd^ I'he wings are|npt./o high as the principal building;* and each of th^m if terminated by a.fquare pavi- lion. The infide of this palace wu adorned with the liclieft furniture and a fine collcAion of ftatucs, paint- ings, niedals. and other antiquitica. The front towards the garden alfo conlitU of a lolty advanced building, with wings confidctably lov(cr, which terminate on the right and left in. two pavilions of the fame height u the body of the building. The gardens are much admired for their fine, walks, parteires, &c. There are fome excellent ttone ()uarries near Meudon. St. Cloud, in latin Fanum SanAi Clodoaldi, was for- UMtly called Noi^cnt ; it is lituated on the river Scioa, two leagues t>clow Paris i and ftands on an hill, the foot of whtclvis watered by the rivcr^ over which there is a flone bridge. 'I'lieie is in this town a noble palace tie- longing to tlie duke of Orleans -, it is adorned with fine paintings and fculptures ; and the garden is extremely magnificent, at>ounding with water-works, as fountains, col'cades, fheets of water ; all'ii wiih plearant walks, chatin- ing parf«rres» and all that can picale the eye, and fatisfy a fpenator of the nict^ft taile ; but a particular defcripiion •f all (Vicfe beauties would carry us too far. The manor «f St. Cloud was creAed into a duchy pcerdom in favour «f the ai£hbiihops of Pat is to whom it belongs. This town is much rdbrted to, on account of its ex- traordinary pteafaninefs. It has a manufadury of porcc- bin, and a.hne bridge of flone over the Seine. In 1589, Henrvlll. was murdered in this place. Bclides.the pa- Uet above-menuoncd, here are a collegiate diutch, and a convent. . The town of Sentis, in latin Auguftomagut, is fcated •n an eminence on the banks of the little river called N»r iieiie, twenty miles to the north-weft of Paris, in a di- Stvd called Valois. It is the refidence of a governor, ■ diArid court, and a falt-oflke. In thii city, and its three fuburbs, are fix parifh -churches; amoqg which is the ca- thedral, which has a Aecple that it one of the bigheft in France, and the figures that adorn die firoai of the right wing of this church are very curious. Here are alfo a col- Jegiafe church, and a royal chapel. , Its bilhop is fubjeA |to the archbilhopofRhcims, and bat within bit diocete one hundred and feventy-feven pariflies, forty-four cha- pels, three abbies, nine priories, with nineteen infirmaries, and his annual revenue amounts to eighteen thoufand livres, out of which he pays to the court of Rome one Ihoul'and two hundred and fifiy-fo'sr florins. The city is defended by a wall, a dry moat, a .d bafiiont, and has. its own laws. The town of SoifTonst which is the capital of a diftrid called the Soiflbnnois, and of the whole government, is feated in a picafaiit and fruitful valley, on the river Aifnc, fixty miles to the north-eaA of Paris. It is a pretty large well-built town, and gives the title of count. Several couikcils have fxen held here. It is the refidence of a governor-general, and the feat of a generalitc, an inteh- , deiicy, a board of the finances, a falt-oifice, a court of jufticc, a forcft' .-.ourt, ttc. In this city, befides the cathe- dral, which has one of the moil confiderable chapters in the kingdom, are three collegiate churches, one college of the faihcrs of the oratory, fix abbies, feveral convents, a French academy, and an ancient cafilc. Its bilhop is fub- jcft to the archbifhop of Rheims, in whofe abtcnce he performs the ceremony of the king's coronation : he has three hundred and ninety-fevcn parifhes, and twenty-three abbies witlkin hi* diocefe, which produces a revenue of eighteen thoufand livres, out of which he pays the court •f Rome's taxaiion of two thoufand four hundred florins. The town of St. Denis is ieated in a fruitful plain, in the iflc of France Proper, five miles to the north-weft of • Paris, owes its origin to a celebrated abbey of Benedic- tines, founded there by king Clotaire, in honour of St. Denis lb caily as the yew 6co, but greatly improved by N«. 70. his fon Dagobett. The .abbey it now reboUtwidi. the fineft free-ftone, and bat argarden laid out in • moft ele- gam lafte. I'he charch, though gothic, is a haudfome ftruAure, and itot only containi a very rich treefury, iit ' wJiieh'ore kept the crown jewels i but is iikewiiSs tbe«tace of inteiment for the king^ of France and their fomilici ; but no tombs have beeti ereAed liere, for Henry IV. olr any of tlie fucceieding kings. The famoaa marftial deTu- ronne.bas a noble monument here.ereAed by the kinc't order, in < marble chapel built on purpofe, where bit effi- gy Ites.atfuU length, furrounded wiiblaurelt and trophies, and a, Roman eagle retieatiitg .backward at the fight of fo lormidable an enemy. Immortality, wiih a radiant crown on her bead, holds in one band a crown of laurel, while file fupportt with the other the dying hero. Wifilom and valour are alio reprefented in their proper attitudes : the former feemt aftoniOied at the fttoke which deprives Francs of that gi eat man, and the latter appears in coiifternation. On the alar In Ibis abbey is a croft, laid to be of mafly gold, feven ket high, fet with diamonds and rich pearlt, ' and hy it a table of gold ; the altar it plated over with filver. After the death of cardinal de Rets, its laft abbot, its in- come, amoantins to one hundred thoufand livres, was given to tlie honie of St. Cyr. Its prefent revenue is fixty thoufand livres. Befides this church here are thirteen otliers, among which is the collegiate church of St. Paulf and five convents. I'he ancient city of Noyon is pretty large, and well- huilt ; it flandi in the diftriA called Noyonnoit, on the little river Verfe, twenty- tvro milci to the north- weft o f Soiflbns. It is the refideitce of a governor, znd hat a^falt- office, a foreft court. Sec. Befides its catliedral and a royal chapel, it has ten parifh-churches, two abbies, two con- vents, one community, one femitury, and two hofpitalt. Its bilhop, who is alio fiilTraean to tlie ardibilhop of Rheims, it a count and peer of France : his diocefe con.. fids of four hundred and fifty parilhes, and feventeen ab- bies I and his revenue amounu to twenty-five thoufand livres, out of which he pays three thoul'aiid florins to the court of Rome. .The principal trade of this city confifta in corn. It has been feveral times deftroyed by fire. Calvin, the celebtated Reformer, was born here. I'he city of .Laon, in tlie diftriA called the Laonnois, flands on a ftecp eminence in tlie midft of a large plain, twenty miles tothenorth-eaftof SoiiTons. It has well-built, and has an eld cafile, and beautiful fltects. It hu a gover- nor, a falt-office, a foreft- manor, and a court of juftice. BcG4es its cathedral, it has three collegiate churches, five abbies, two convents, a college maintained at the expence of the city, one general hofpital, and an alms-houfe. Its bilhop, who is iubjeA to the archbifhop of Rheims, is the fecoiid duke and peer of France. 'Within bis diocefe are three hundred parilhes, and twenty-four abbies. His le- vertue Amounts to thirt^ thoufand livres, out of which he pays four thoufand florms to the couit of Rome. Excel- lent wine is produced in the neighbouring country. The city of Beauvais, in the diftriA of Beauvaifis, is feated on the river I'eraine, fixteen leaeues to the north of Paris, and is'alnioft furrounded with hills. Caefar having betieged and takeit this town, is faid to have given it the name of Ciefaromagitus. It it fortified, but is of no griat ftrcngth, it being commanded by the neighbouring moun- tains. Its cathedral, dedicated to St. Peter, is a magni- ficent building : it has alfo fix collegiate churchce, thirteen paiith-churches, three abbies, a general hofpital, and an alms-houfe. Ithts hkewife a manor-court, whidi, to- gether wi'.h the foreft-court, are dependent on the bifliop. It has likewife a province>court, and a falt-houfe. The bifhop, who is fufTragan to the archbifhop of Rheims, is a count and peer of France, and has a diocefe confifling of twelve chapters, fourteen abbies, forty-eight priories, tour hundred and forty-two parifhes, and thk-ec hundred cha- pels, with an annual revenue amounting to fifty five thou- fand livres, out of which he pays a taxation of four thou- fand fix hundred florins to nie court of Rome. In this city is a confiderable manufiiAury of tapeftry, and great quantities of ferge and woollen dotht are alfo made here. This city was befieged in vain hy the Englilh in 1443, and in 1472 it made a brave defence aninft Charles duM of Burgundy, When the women fignalized their courage under the conduA of a brave heroine named Joan Hatcher, whofe piAure they prcferve in the town- houfe; and in memory of this aAion the women are allowed to march firfi in a proccffion annually obftfvcd on the t«nih of July. The «dj»crnt country sbsunds in corn, paaluic, and iruit, and afl^irds fome of the beft mutton in France. The town of St. Germain's, 01 St. Gcimun en Ltye, 6^V Thi new and UNIVlRSAL SYSTfiM or GEOORAPHTT. i1 ii well- inhabited i it it fctitd y an •raiMitce tloilg the Seine, ten miki to the noitb'iMft of Parii, and bai very Doodkir and water. Tbe EnglifhdcAroyed a palace whicn flood hete in 1346; but a new building being railed by Fraticii i. it afterward* received the name of the Old Pa- lac', to diftingliifh it from one bailt there by Henry IV. wliicb Wai called the new. Lewis XIII. added Tome eon- iiderable tmbclliihmenii to it, and Lewit XIV. enlarged it by the addition of five-ftatrlv pariUem. whence, thotigh it ii no regular building, it makei a grand appearance. The New Palace, at it ii called, ftonu the Old, and fiandi on the brow of a bill, . with a garden of fix bcdi of earth fupported by aKhet Doping into the valley. This building is a trus itiMBe 6( the tnutfitorinaft of all fub- lunary things, the gaUariet in it being tunted into grana- lies, and the painting* fearoe diftinsuifliable for filth. The very alcove in which Lewi* XI V. wa* bom it now a duft-hole, and the grand ftair^cafe leading into the gtrden it wholly in ruini, while the arches for the liedi in the garden arc in manr placet funk into the ground. The Old Palace wa« the rniatnce of Jainec II. after hit flight from England, and here teo he died. The ftreets of the town are well paved, the hooftt are lofty and handfome, with fonre large fqoares and hotels, though only one parilh- cbuich, three conveMs, and an hofpitil, are conuined in it. The convent of St. Cyr, for nuns of the order of St. AuBoftine, was founded in 1686 by madamc dc Maintenon, mifirelt, if not the frcretconfort of Lewis XIV. of which ft)c herfelfwMabberi till the fifteenth of April, 1719, when (he died. It coniaint fifty ladies of quality, thirty-fix layfifters, and two hundred and fifty pupils, who muft be between the age of feven and twelve ; but muft prove their nobility for four generations, and have no defe£i in body or mind. Here they continue till they are twenty years of a^c, when fuch of tliero as are difpofed to be nuns are diitriboted among the royal abbict, where they are ad- itiitted gratis : the otlieri arc married to gentlemen, with a portion of four hundred piftolet, befidei a certainty of ptefer mcnt to tiie bridegroom i or elfe they are lent back to their parents. On the death of any one of the fifty ladies, licr place it filled up by eleftion from among the young ladles. The thirty-fix lay- fiftert ikiftruA them in every branch of education becoming their lex. The con- vent is a very fpacious and fplendid ilruSnre ; atKl the foundation I ha; an annual revenue of one hundred and eighty tlioufand livres, one hundred thonfand of Which arifc from tlie extindion of the abbey of St. Dennis, ex- chilive of it* lands and immoveables. 8 EC T. VliL ftMting oftht favtrumtnt tf BritUmj and Ntrmmufy, thtir Jituat OH and extent, bifltrj if ike tewttry, its friJuee, prindpul tiliei andtttunt, Iridd etnd manufaituret tftht intatilanH, Ue. BRITTANY, called by the French Bietagne, is a kind of peninfull, (unrounded, on the fouth and weft, bv the athntic ocean t on the north, ,by the Britilh chan- nel i and joins Normandy, 'Maine, Anjou, and Poitou to> wards the eaft. Its ^eateft length, from eaft to weft, it fixly leagues i and its greateft breadth forty-five, but in many pUces it is Very narrow. It received its name from the old Brttont, who being driven out of Britain about the middle of the fifth century, by tlie Angles and Saxons, crolTcJ the channel into Gaul, and, after wandering about for fotne time, fettled in this province, to which they at length gave their tnme. In lucceeding times the Britons were obliged to fubmit to the kings of the Francs. Cliarlet the Great had « fleet here, toad againft the Norma lit, and under hit fueceflbrt, Numenius, a chief of the iiritoii*. created himlielf king; but his fecond fucceflbr was taken off by fomc f-onipirators, who nude thcmfclves maf- ters uf tlu country), wider the title of counts. The Nor- mans afterwards reduced the country, but were unable to keep the quiet poifeflion of it 1 till at length Conan, count «l'firi(tany, married hi* only daoghter Conftantia to Gott- fried, count of Anjou, the fon of Henry U. of England, and duke of Normandy 1 and the daughter and li«irefs of this Conflantia mvrying Peter of Drcux, Brittany fell to the royal family of FnuMev Peter lieing a prince of the blooil. It was tlten governed by the dukes of Brittany 1 tfid at length, by marrying Ihcir daughters to the kings of Fr-oice, iii 153^, itbcsauc liiiiicu iu chni crown. , This provtncB ii intenaix'Hl with. plains and mountain*, of which there are more in Lower Brittany, which in tnf* fed by a ohain of movntains, called mount Atti, I'hcro ■ are iiiveral fruitful plaifti) and alfo nuny landy and barren ' heath*. The air i* every where prettytempsrate, but thick and moift towards the fea-coaft. The toil here yieldii' - pafture, hemp, wood, mincnili, com, and but very little wine. The meadowt feed abundance of cattle, efpeciallf ' horfet, of which a very good race it bred here. Hemp ' and flax grow in great plenty, fo thet abundance of canvaxi and linen it made in thii province. Theforeftt are many and large, and contain great variety of game. There are aUo here feme minet ofiron, lead, copper, and tin. T|iie . province it happy in haveni, having more gcodfea-port<<' than any other parts of France. The inhabiunta are ^^ootl fifhermen, being encouraged by the great variety of delicate fi(k taken on theiri coalt, paiticularly falmon, herrings, fardine*, and a certain filh of a moft deliciou* tifte, callcil imperaior or empereur, at Marfirille*, and gracieux feig- neur, or craciou* lord, in Brittany j bcfide* tunnies, por« ' puflet, dolphitu, fcc. They have their own parliament, which i* held at Ren>' nes ; as alfo their own hiws, and particular flates, the latter of which confift of the clergy, nobility, burghers, and peafants. They ufed to meet formerly every year, but iince 1630 they meet once in two years. Their chief bu court, a foreft-court, and a confulate. I'he biihop, wM is fulTragan to the archbifhop of Tours, hat a diocefe con- fiding of two hundred and thirty-fix parilhes, with an iiv come of fourteen thoufand livree, out of which hit taxa- tion to thefee of Rome it oite thoufand florint. Thit town eontaint many well-built houfet ; but the ftreets are nar» row, dark, and dirty. Befidet the cathedral, it has eight parilh-churohe*, uta feventeen convents 1 the jefuits had here a fine college, aitd the ftates of the province have ereAed in thit eity a noble ftetue of Louis XV. a. Nantes, in tatin Nannctes, was called by the «flcicnt Romans CondiviAum : it is the fecond city of Brittany; and the capital of acounty of the fame name, fituated on the northern bank of the river Loire, neat the confluence of the river Ardre, about eight leagues from the fea to the eaft, and eighteen from Rennes to the fouth. It was the feat of the late dukes of Brittany, and gave the title of count to their eltteft fons. It is a pretty large city, fur> rounded with ramparts, and very deep ditches, with fome forrifications 1 it has an old caftle flanked with large round towers towards the city, and with feme half-moons to* wards the fuburb of St. Clement. This is an epifcopal fee, the bilhop of which is fuflTragan to the archbilhop of Tours, and, ny virtue of his dignity, a counfellor in the parliament of Rennes. There it aHb here a chamber of accounts, an office of the finances, a prefidial, ami an uni- vcrfity. The public buildings arc the cathedral, dedicated to St. Peter, a fair ancient ftruAure, beautified with twe liich towers 1 there are to be feen in this church the tombs ofTeveral dukes of Brittany ; the collegiate church of the virgin Mary ; feveral parochial cbtnrches ; divers monaf- teries ) the town-houfe, built after the modern architec- ture; the p.ilacc of the chamber of accounts ; that of the Srefidial court, with a beautiful tower and clock ; and a ately hofpital. Thit city is a great mart for trade, vaft quantities of all forts of nierchandifes are brought in 'by the river Loire, which flows up to its walls, and brings up ,very large boats, and fhips ot fmall burihcn ; and from thence, by the fame river, foreign goods are fcnt to Anjou. Bloii, Orleans, &c and native commodities brought down, An excellent fort of brandy is exported hence into foreign countrie.. Uy reafen of this convenience for trade, thtr city has been, from time to time, confiderably increafedn and there are now four i'uhuri>s round it, wiiich arc much larger than tlit city iifell', and very well filled with inbtf- bitaijti, tEUUOPf.) ) •' It. '* .K -K C fi. 6»J fur. to> UtMMi. Om of tbe fiibwbi. ««IM Ut'ofle, ii Mar ttic kMboWi ind inhabited by rich mei«hMili< Then it here II hfu luj, alMg whioli are verjr fin* boatin* and Urge ■wmwvafet. Ther* ia • my particular hind of feciety or partiMifhip cftdblilheil above a ecniury aco,'bcnratit the mcKhanli of Nanirt and thdfeof Bilbva in Spain. Thia feciaty ii called the ContraAa'ioiit and bat in -each oTthcile ciiica • reidptocai tribunal, after the manner of a coniiiltr jtarifiliAion t a merchant of Naotei. wlio happens to be ■t Bilboa, bai a right to fit in thia tribunal, and ha« a delibanie voice; aiM the merehanta of Qilboa are ufed after the fame manner when ihay are at Kantei. It is be- •aiife of this fodety, that thotifanilh wool pays but a Very jbiall duty at Nantei, and that in return the linen 6f ' B>i"any is upon the fane footing at Bilboa. Thefe two cilica had even formerly 'fltifh in common, which traded for Itw profit of the partnerfhip ; hot this ia now no longer praAifed. TItey have cftablifhed of late at Mantes a ma> . jinfaAury of cotton- linens^ which fucceeds as well aa that i which has been long fince fet up at Rotidn, ahd may even '■ exceed it in time, bMaufa cotton and indigo Ire here much ' 'kheaper than at Rouen. The famous cdift in favour of the pcttteftat^, wa* made at Nantes by king Henry IV. in ihe year' 1395, which was regiftered in the parliament of Paris, and confirmed and fworn by his fucceflbts Lewis XIII. and Lewis XIV. notwitliftanding which the latter rtpeaidd it in the year 1685, sutd cmeUy perfecuted hi* pnMaftank fubicAs, « we have related in another place. ' ■• The city of St. MsJo, or St. Malo's, in latin Maclo* ' vaum, and MadopoUs, is flaall, but populous, feakcd oil • little rocky ifland, formerly called St. Aaron,: in the Eng- lilh channel, is forty-eight degrees thirty miuutet north latitude, and in the fecond degree firteen minutes weft longitude ; but is joined to the contirxnt by a lone molei not above thirty fathoms broad, at the head of which is a firong caftle ftanked with large towers. The harbour it fpacious, and oiic of the bcft on the coaft, but of diflScult fntiance, it being furrotmded withfeveral ttocbs, and at tide of ebb left alraoft dry, fo that it will not adinit large veflels, though it is very eafy to build or relit fuch (hips u can enter it. On the neighbourine rockK are ten different forts, and the town, which is fur^oundcd with walls, and deep ditches, is alwayi guarded by a futEcient garriloa. As foon as the gates are ihut, they let loofe upon the tampans twelve or thirteeit very fierce bull-dogs, which would in- fsllibly tear in .pieces any perfon that ventured to come near tbcm, whence it is commonly faid that St. Malo is guarded by dogs, thou^ ihefe are only defigned to prevent the garrifon from being fiirprised. This city is alfo liKured towards the fea by a flioal of limd that cncompafies it) and, befides the rocks, by fmall iflanda ; fo that the harbour ii cfteemed one of the keys of France. Thisfcity is vury confiderable, not only for its ftreA(;tb, but alfo for its trade. The inhabitants, who are lea-faring people, are famous for their' Ikill in maritime affairs, on which account a great humber of privateers* are fitted out from heiKc in time of war, which very much difturb the trade of tile channel, and acoordincly made many Englilh captures during the reign of king Williaun, which 'brought a bombardment upon the town, though it received nut little damage.. But in 1 758, a Ct\e£k body of above twenty thoiifand Britilh troops, under the command of the late duke of Marlborough, and a powerful fquadron under com- modore Howe, havins landed at Cancalle bay between the fixth and tevcnth of June, they burnt all the Ihips in the harbour, m the number of a hondre^i, great and fmall ; after which, finding the town impradicable, they r«-em- barkod, and arrived foon after at Spilhead, with little or no loft. It is the fiK of a bilhop, iuffragan to the arch- bifhop of Tours ; his diocefe contifts of one hundred and fixty parilhes ; he is lord of the city, and his income ■mounts to thirty -five thonfand tivres per annum, out of which be pays one thonfand tlorins to the court of , Rome. I'he citbcdral of St. Vincent is one of the moft ancient in all France : leveral iine monafleries, and other confi- derable public buildings, are alio in tliis citv. Btcft, in latin Brelcia, a famous fea-poft inthebifhnp- (ic of St. Pol de Leon, is fituated on the tiorth lide of a large and commodious harbour, which opens to the ocean ha (he weftern part of thecontinent cf FratMC, about fitly miles to the uorth-weft ot' BcUeiOc, in fbd^-cight degrees twenty-live minutes north latitude, and 'in fouV degrees tiiit^ Minutes weft Itmgitude. hit aimall fonified city; tiic Itrccts aie narrow, and it is detenrtcd' Ity altrong caftle tffhic^ Aandson a rock, very Ae^ towards iheiekj-and 7 liliewilc by * lo«r*r '^pfnttt to tite taiitei ivbich gatitit th« entrance iM'o the port on iht fide. It ii encompaied oil tbr lan'< -tiu^ with a broad ditch, and feme other wbrk*. It haa a fpaCioos fine road and harbour, and the latter i* fork rtrandM with velry good qnyt;' upon which are buiM wars boiifei filled with naval ftores of all kinds< The hat' bonr Una beiweon the city and tlie fuburb of RecptSvrance, which. is half as big as tac city. The road it extremelf fpacious, and might, contain five hundred men of war 1 but the entrance to it, on account of its narrAwnefs, ia excAding difficult, and particularly fi-om the blind rocka which lie under water at high tide. This pori'is die itaoft lepure tetreat for the French Ihipt of war, and is ihe beft jioflefled \xf that nation on this fi(Ta of thc> Mediterranean 1 whence that city is one of the grand magasinei of the admiralty of France, the other being at Toulon, in the Mediterranean ; and therefore in this nai'- bonr the greatefi number of the French navy it fitted outa It it faid thft naval ftores and ncccflary paovifions for feventy fail of men of war are conftantly laid up at Breft, aad ihips of eighty or tiinety guns are built here, which renderaibc place rich and populous. There is always a firong earrilon in the caftle, commanded by ftalF-officert. Lewit XIV. caufcd an arfenal to be built here, and ertA^' rd an academy for the marine. Here are a court of admi' ralty and bailiwic, with only two parilh-churches, and a convent. The jefuits bad alfo a fcminary here, be&re ' their expulfion from France. The Englifh, in 1694, ittade an attempt upon Breft, but the debgn ^tianipired, (o that the avenues being de- fended by a nurorrons traih of artillery, and an army fupc rior to that of the invaders, general Talmalh, who com- manded the Englift>, was mortally wounded in.makinKtht defccnt, and the forces were obliged to retire with lofs from the place. 1 he ifland of Belleifle is about fix leagues from the coaft of Brittany, in the forty-fifth degree twenty minutes north latitude, and in the third degree five minutes weft longi- tude. The antientt called it Colonefus, or the Beautiful ifland, which is the fignifioation of its prefent name. It it about fix leagues long, two broad, and confers the title of marquis. It is furrouaded on all fides with rocks, and baa only three landing-places, Palais, Sauaon, and Gonl- fard ; every one of which btbours under fome capital d«& A^ either in ixing expofed, ftiallow, or dangerous at the en- traiuie. It contains only one little city, called Palais, three, country towns, a hundred and tlirec villaces; and there are about five thoufand inhabitimts in the iiund. The capital town, Palais, takes its name from a cafti* in its neighbourhood belonging to the duke of Belleifle, afterwards converted into a citulel, -This fortification it ftrong and regular ; it fronts the fea^ and is compofed prin> cipally of horn-Works, and provided with two dry ditches, the one next the counterfcarp, and the other fo contrived as to fecure the interior fbrtifkations. The citadel it di- vided from the largeft part of the town by an inlet of the fea, over which is a bridge of communication. In the year 17(9 admiral Hawke, with a fquadron of Englilh fhips, off the fouth coaft of this ifland, burnt, funk, and deftroyed, moft of the French fleet from Breft under Con- fians, who was himfclf eitlier mortally wounded, or loft in makiiie his efcape in his boat to fkore. Two of the ene- my's fhips funk to tlie bottom with all the men, and the fhattered remains of his fleet, to the number of feven fail, ran upfbrfhelicr, after throwing their guns over-board, into the river Vilaine in Brittany, and there continued difabied on account of the fhallOwneft of the water. The Eng'ifh indeed loft two of their ihtn of war by too eager a purfuit of the enemy ; btit thoudi they ran aground, all the crew ' were fared, and their kll wat inconlKlerable in oilier re- fpcAs. This ifland was attacked in 1761, by an Engtifh fleet under the command of commodore Keppel, and the land forces under general Hodgfon. The Englilh fleet after landing their troops and their cannon, which was accom- pliihed with the g^teft difficulty, by dragging them up the rocks, laid liege to the city 1 and the garrifon, commanded by the clievalier de St. Croix, a brave and experienced ' officer, threatening a long and obflinate defence, Tht enemy made feme fatfics, which only animated the Englilh troops by the diftkuKics with which they had to contend ; but at length, a furious attack being made upon the enc- n^'s lilies which coveted the towti, they were carried with no gieat lol^ ; this was principally owing to the uncommon intrepidity of a body of new-raifed marines. No aAion of greater <|)irit and gallantry had been pertbrmed during the whole war. However, the garrifon held out till the feventh — €r;5 'riii; eyft Tub new amd UNIVERSAL. SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. I, ■'■ \ '- «f Jti'iir, whrn they Mpitulited, titd marched out with the bononn of war. Tins l(1«n# was rellored to the French . by the lite peace, until which lime it wai kept by the Enxlifli. The goveinment of N:ormtn())r, which dorivet itt name from (lie antieiit Normans, is l>oiinded on the eaft by I'ic^irdy'and the Ifle of Kr..nce ; on tlie Couth, by Beaufre, Vcrche, and Maine ; on tlie weA, by Brittany ( and, on the north by the Bdtifh channel : frum north to fouth, ilt extent is thirty tbagues, and upwards of fixty fioni eall to weft. This province is one of the mod fruitful in ilie whole kingdom, and one of the motl profitable to the. king. It abounds in corn, flax, hemp, and vegetables for dying, but the little wine it produces is very indiAcrcnt. It, however, yields great quaniilies of apples and pears, of which the natives make cyder and perry for their ufual drmk. It is alfo a fine country for cattle, it being full of excellent paiUircs. The fea fupplies it with plenty of fi(h, and great quantities of fait are extrafled - from its waters. Here arc foine mineral waters. The many iron- works are of no I'maU advantage to the country, in which art' alfo foine miriet of copper. Tbii piovince is watered by feveral rivers, the princi- pal of which are, t. The Leion, which rifes here, and, being joined by the Orbiquet, is afterwards called the Tonques, and, becoming navigable, lofcs itfelf in the channel, a. The Carentone, which has alfo its fource in this province,' ^alls into the Kille. 3. The Ome, which rifes here, and, after receiving feveral fmaller rivers, falls into the Britilh channel. 4. The Eure. 5. 1lie An- delle, which rifes in this province, and, falling into the Seine, is of great advantage in conveying to Pans wood for firing. 6. I'he Rille, or Rifle, which rifes here, and alfo falls into the Seine. 7. l°he Dive, which alfo ril(:s here, and, after receiving the Vic, becomes navigable, and dil'charges itfci.'' into the Britilh channel.- With refpcA to tlie hiftory of this province, it is ne- cedary to obfcrve, that the antient dukes of it rofe to great power, both here, and in foreign Countries -, and William, in the year 1066, became king of England by conqueft. In II 35 the male line of this king became extiiifl in the perfon of Henry I. and his daughter Matilda marrying Godfrey, count of Anjou, the fruit of <:his marriage was Henry I (. king of England, duke of Normandy, lord of Guienne, Poitou, and Saintonge. He leaving three fons, Richard, Godfrey, and Jiahn, the lift of them feixcj on the dominions of both his brothers, and even caufed Ar- tliur, the fon of Godfrey, to be taken off, for whicli. he was deprived of moft of his territories in France, and in 120^ Normandy was annexed to that crown. Henry 111. of England ceded to Louis the Pious and bis fucceflors all his claim to this province ; which afterwards, to the end of the fourteenth centpry, fome kings bellowed on their eldeft Tons, with the title of duke of Normandy, till that of Uauphine was intlituted. At length the animo(i> ties between the houfes of Orleans and Burgundy afford- ed the Englilh an opportunity of comjueiiiig not only Normandy, but a great part of France. 1 his province was fubjed to England about ihiity years, tilt at laft, dur- ing the minority of that unhappy prince Henry VI. the Englilh were driven out by Charles V II. Normandy is governed by its ovn law, which is called, " the wife," and on this account the country is (liled, Le PaisdelaSapiecne, or,ThcLandof Wifdotu. Rouenbasa parliament, on which all the other courts of the province are dependant. With refpefl to its finances, it has three generalities, namely> at Rouen, Caen, and Alenfon, ftom which the king is laid to have drawn twenty inilliont of livres, (eighty-fevcn thoufaiid five hundred pounds tler- ling) a year. Hence the government of Normandy is one of the mod confiderable in the whole kingdom. Un- der the governor, are two lieutenants-general, one for Up- per, and the other for Lower Normandy ; and eadi of the fcven great dilUidls, into which the country is divided, has a deputy-governor of its own. Under tlie archbilhop of Rouen ate the fix biflioprics of Normandy i and thele fevcn dioccfes contain eighty abbiei, and four tlioufand two hundred and ninety-nine pariihes. The principal places in this province, beginning with Upper In ormandy, are the following, viz. i. Caudclxc, in latin Calidum Beccum, that is, the Hot Bee. This is • frnall, but populous town, fcaied on the river Seine, into which, near this place, falls a rivulet which runs through the town, and gives name to it. It is clofely built, and t .- II- t3.nl^A.4 ...i»K r#«u>M-* «i,.l C,trff\itl\A»A .a..,!, ^»» ill* >Y*II* ll«,,»V.. «,».. .W..-.-, H.IU .H..VW..M-.. ..,..( Mvv|; ilitcbes. It has three fuburbs ; artd tlie frnall river Caude- i bee, being divided into feveral eahals in ihr town, turn* t confiderable number of mills, that are very IcrviceaHM to. the tanners and leather drefliirt fettled here. 'In this town is a fah and trralnry office, wiMi aproviiKl*!; an admiralty, and a foreft courts. It ctHitains two convents, one parilh-church, ^ and an holpital, I'hil Blace is a confiderable thorouglifiire for fnch at go from ,ouen to Havre de Grate, ami other parts of the onuniry ofCaux, of which it is the capital. Among other manur fiiAuros, the inhabitants make hats, which were formerly in great repute, on account of their not l:ttingin the rain^ bLt this branch of trade has greatly declined. The fea port town of Dieppe is fituated on the (hore of the Britilh channel, oppofite to Brighthclmftone in England, and is much refoned to, particularly by veflels from Saot>- land. It (lands thirty miict to the north of Rouen, oil t level fpot, between two rocks, or mountains, and the mouth of the river BctunCi -indlcd at this town tlie rivtt of Arques, which, falling inia the (t»i forms the harbour. It 1^ fortified witi^bxjlwaiks nebit the fea, with a fortrcfs at the fuburb called Pollet, and a caftle, which, togettitr with the craggy rocks that lie on the fouth, render it a place of confiderable ftrriigth. (hough its fortifications are very irregular. Its natural ftrength induced Henry the (ircat to chufe it for his head quariers, when oppofed by the league, at bis accelfion to the throne. This town is pretty large, and well-boid : It has a good harbour, which is long, out narrow, and'on this account difficult of accefs. In time of war, it is generally a fiaiioA of privateers ; but has not a fufficent quantity ot watfer for large fhipt. It is chiefly inhabited by feafaring men, who are efieemrd very expert in maritime affiiirs ; as alfo by mechanics, who make curious works in ivory ; as alfo by metchants, who carry on a confiderable trade to foreign parta. The inhabitants were chiefly protrilants, until the perfecution which enfued upon ihc revocation of the cAi& of Nantes, I'hc parilh-church of St. James is a very fine ftiuSurc; and hu a tower, fh>m which, in fine woathet, the coaft of England may be feen. It contains two fuburbs^ and has both a lalt-ofiice and a court of admiralty. During the wars between England and France, this town was frequently taken and retaken. It was aliiioft totally d^ftroyed, in 1694, by lx>mba fired into it from the Englilh IJcet commanded by lord fierkely ; and in the wars <£ qucen-Aniie it was alio roughly treated, ufrer which the court fent thither an architcA and engineer, who rebuilt it in a regular manner ; this indeed gives the town an exter- nal air of beauty, bot is attended with very grc.it iDConye*- nicnce to the inhabitants. The chief trade of Dieppe conlitls in herrings, with which they furnilh Paris and the province of Normandy i ihcy alio filh for whitings, mackarel, and oyftcrs, which they fell in the neighlxiuring provinces ; toigether with their ivory works and laces made here. The lea compafles made in this town were once much efteetned ; but itt trade has of late years very ntuch decreafcd. The town of Rouen, the capital of Normandy, called by the antients Roihomagus, and afterwards Rothomum, is Icated in a dillrj£l called Le Vexin Normand and is en- vironed on three fides by high hills covered with trees, and, «n the fouitb, is featcd on the noith bank of the Seine in forty-nine degiees thirty-fix minutes north latitude, and in one degree ten minutes call longitude. It is alfo watered by two little rivers called Aubclte and Robec. The tide flows fo high up the Seine, that vei7i;lt of above two bun* Ored tons burthen can come up hither, and load and un- load at a largo quay;, which is built along the city. Its fituation is fo very commodious for trad;:, that Rouen it confidered as the centre of the northern trade nf France. It had formerly a ftately (tone bridge over tlie Seme, cf thir- teen arches, but it is now ruined ; and there is aitotlier of boats of a very artificial ftru£lure built near ir, and ex-' tending t«o hundred and fevcnty paces in length ; it rifes and falls with the tide, and is paved like the llreets. This bridge, however, cofts a great deal of money to keep it in repair ; and they are obliged in winter to take it in pieces, leu the ice (hould damage or carry fomepait of it awav. The city lias no other fortifications than a wall, with round towers in tlie antique taftc, and irregular baftions to defend the gates on the land-fide, except an old ca(ll« which was iKgun in the ypar 1419, at foon as king Henry V. of Englaiul mads himfcif raaftcf of Rouen, and was iininied in the reign of Henry VI. in 1443. Il it an antique huildingof Ultle ftrcngtb, flanked with five large round towers ; it has a draw -bridge, the whole being en< III tbis city there is no gartifon, Uioujjh it hat a paiticu- lat i- >-- ^4 IE U R 6^PB.] P R A H- e E. Itf Kovcrnor. It li* how«wr, vcrv popvlotti, for it eon- uiiu (even (houland two hnnditd hourei, in which in fiyty ihou&iul perfoni ; but it not very fptcioui. The fircett in aeKenl an very dofe ind nanrow, and tbc houfei moltlv ot wood artd plaiflet ; it hat, however, fix birgt ruburbi, in which are flv« parifliei, and thirty in the city i it liai alio fifty conventi, and four abbiei ^ the j«ruiti had alfe a college nere. Itt archbifhop hu fix fuffin«uii, and ft province of thirteen hundred and leiahtyeight parifli- chaithea, bcfidet chapcli« and his annual revenue amouni) to eighty tbourand hvrei, (three thourand five hundred IMundi uerliiig) out of which he payi twelve tbour>iid florini to the court of Rome. He ftilei himfelf primate of Korfflandy, though lie liu no archbifliop in bit province fuffragan to him -, but for tbi« title he hai no fupcrior in France, and he depends imineifiatelyon the holy fee. The 6ty is adorned with many ftately pilet of building, among which is the cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary, . die cnoir of which it lined round with copper. It has three very lofty towers, particularly that of the pyramid, the f|>ire of which it only made of wood, and covered with kadgilt. It has two hnndred fteps, and- the whole edi- fice upwards of fix hundred to the top. In tliji cathedral are to be feen the monumentt of feveral kings, lords, and prelatca ( and likewife thb, monument of John duke of Bedford, who was regent of France under our Henry VI. Ir. the butter tower, as it is called, which is that juft men- tioned, is a great bell, ten feet in height, the fame in dia- meter, and weight tliirty-fix thoufand pounds. On the great gate is a triumphal arch in hoqour of king Henry the Great, with emblems of hisconqueft over the holy league. The body of the church is fapported by twenty pillars i and, upon the whole, thii cbnich exccedt in beauty and iqjniarity that of Notre Dame at Parit. The other remarkable ftniAuret are the church of St. Toin, • very lofty building, chit^ famous for itt great bell : the convent of tlie Cordcliert ; the church whtch lately beloneed lotbcicfuitt i the church and abbey of St. Owen ; and theparlfament-houfe ; which are all beauti- ful ftmAuret. The archbilhop't paUce it alio a fine build- ing, adorned with elegaiu paintingt and pleafant gardens. In the veal-nurkel ftaitds the image of the celebrated maid of Orleans, whom the EngliOi had the cruelty to bum u a witch, and it here reprcAnteii kneeling beforeCharles VII. and in the new market it theftatue of Louis XV. ereAed in 1721 ; but the workmanfliip is very ordinary. There is a very cxtenfive trade cai'ned on in the city and ditlriA of Rouen, confiding of woollen and linen cloths, leather, hats, paper, and many other merchandizes. The woollen manu^uti6s, which (mploy feveral thoufand workmen, are particularly advantageous to the whole pro- vince ; bat tti^ are only fe far profitable to the nation in ceneral, as they prevent ue money from being lent abroad ; nut the llhen nunufafturei of various fortt exported to Spain are highly beneficial, and (he retttmt generally made in the coin of that country. Thit place bat undergone various calamities and viciS- todet of fortune : it has been almoft entirely burnt thirteen or fourteen different timet. In 841 it was taken by the Nomlans ; the Englifli made themfelvet mailers of it in 1418, and ht 1449 't ^*" fvirrendered to Charles VII. the French king. It was afterwards ilormed and taken by the French oroteilants, and re-ialjsn and plundered in 156a vnderCnarlcs IX. Anthony of Bourbon, king of Navarre, received a mortal wound before it; but hit Ton Henry IV. took it in t$9a. William I. king of England, commonly furnamcd tlieConqueror, died in this city. The town of Caen, in latin Cadomus, is fituated in a diftriA of the fame name, thirty miles to the fnuth ' of Havre ile Grace, fixty-five to the weil by foutli of Rouen, and a hundred and> twenty-five to the weft of Paris. It ilands in a valley between two large meadows, at the con- fluence of the riv( -t Ome and Odon, by the united ftream of which it is divided into the Upper and Lower Towns, that have a communication by means of iiM»to the iefuitt, and two hoi*- pitals. King Charle* VIL fennded an univeriily here about the year 1430, and likewife a mint. An aeadimf of (kiences and belles lettret was alfo eflablilhed in this city by Louis XIV. and in the royal fquare, which is both Ibacioua and regular, with fine nteufes on three fidet of it, itands a marble equcttrisn ftatue of that prince, furroundcd with an iron balnftrade. The principal trade of ihit town and its dillri/V confiils in fine linen andctoth. The city of Bayeux, the capital of the country ot Bef- - ment, and contains a naval inteadant, a vifcounty, an admiralty, a royal court of juftice, and afUt-officej with one parifh-church, one feminary, and two convents. It has a good harbour between the town and citadel, which is fmall but regularly fortified, and an arfcnal. It is a pleaiimt, well-built town, and a place of good trade, many merchants refiding here. In the reign of Charles IX. this town was feixed by the proteflants, who in 15^2 delivered it to queen Eliza- oetb, in coniideration ot the alRftance that princefs had given them ; but the following year it was vigoroufly be- fieged by the French, and with equal courage defendnl by the Engliih, under (he earl of Warwick ; but a peftilencc, which raged in the town, forced, them to furrender in July, 1553. Afterwards, in 1694, the Engliih deftroyed this city by a bombardment. The fea- port town of Baifleur is fituated forty miles to the north -weft of Rouen, and about live to the weft ot Havre-de-Grace : it (Tands between two hills, the one on the eaft, and the other on the weft. It containa an ad- miralty-court, and a fait' office : it is the lest of a rcy^l juflice, and connins a fmall magazine i but hu only one -_„:taiW it is the rcfidence of the governor-general s and haa an imcndency, a mint, a caftellany, a buliw^ic, and foicft court. It has a collegiate church, and about thirty Qtlitr churches, feveii of which are ^Mbchisi, a (treat nuiabfr of r'.ivsnts, and a noble bofpital called L'hofpital CatnteiR Several of the build- jngs are very fine, particularly the exchange, which if a iijuare ftru^lure, furroufided with piazzas. This city is ftronnly fortitied, which the Englifti and their allies exp«rienfc;d in the reign of queen Anne, when prince Eugene, aftot tbe battle of Oudtnilr4e, fat down before it in 1708 f«r near three montUi, and though lie ^t laft took it, it was with the lofa of a great number of men ; but it was reftored to lli* Frvnch by ilic treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. Both tbe ancient and new fortifications arc yory numerous and confiderable. they having Iwen grcatlv im- proved bw imrlhal de Vauban. The ciudf I, which was the firft ouilt by that great engineer, is a pentagon, com- pofed of five titular Iwftions, defended by fcveral works, and furroundcd with a deep ditdt, a covert- way, and glacis. To the fortiefs arc two gates, one towards, the city, and the other towards the country. The ^fplanadc, or Ipice between the city and citadel, is planted with four rows of tires, which form very pleatant wajlfs. , Tlia general governor of French F landers is alfo gpver- nor of this city, in whole abfcnce; bis place ia fuppjicd by the king's lieutenant. The citadel has aU^ a governor, and a lieutenant of the king. TI»e governor preAdes at the meeting of tlie ftaiel, which is commonly held about the clofe of the vear. Tlie Oilier members of this affum- bly arc the magiftrates of L'Ifle, who have always the <>«y and nobility pay no I'uhtidy, and do nut alhft •t tlic iilKting of the ftatei ; but tUfee or four days after they Krcak up, tbefi:. are called topitlier by the gavetnor, &c. and a Turn demanded: in the Lng's name ; and ttieii tliefe two bodies cuminunly grant a twfsntiatb part and a halt of thf income vt their eftates. l°he body ol tlie roa^ ciftracy.of L,'I(le and its diftriA isconipofcd 9f ^ mayorj RilFd revart, and twelve qchevins, all of whom are aniui* ally cliangtd. There arc hire cuniidcrable maoula^tuncii of filk, cambric,, fiua li|)en,'and oijlier (luffs i and their cnmblets are highly eftctnicd. I'he trade of L'ltlc thiou(,h France by laniTcairiaee, or by the way of Dunkiik, is pretty confidciable. - The moil profitaliJe commerce is t|)at to Spain and the Well Indies, citlicr by cuinuiillioii, or on their own account. 1'hc city of Uouay is pretty large and well-fottificd ; it flands on tbe river Scarpe, twelve miles to the eaft of Ar- ras, and is of an oval form, larger than L'llle, but Icff populous by one-third. It is defended by Ian Scarpr, which (lands about a mils below the city, and the whole country -nay be laid under water by mcaiu of (luicct. Here it an univerfity founded in the year 1559, one col • legiatc church, and fcven tli;^ arc parochial, with a fa- moui Englilh Icininary. - I'hc principal trade of this city confifts in the making aud raliitig of woillcd C4n)bletj|^ which are' brought up by all the neighbouring Dcople, c(- pccially at the anpual lair kept iKre in Scptcmoer. Th« magiftracy conlilU of twelve cchcvins, th; hrft of whom ia ftiled the chief. In 1710 the confederates madfe ihem- felves miners of the cityt but in the year 171a they loft it^ainv The territory, called the Cambrcfis, is abput trii league* in le;ngth,and Irom five to fix broad, though in lonie placet not above two or three. It islruittul and wcli inhabited. Xtte city of Cambray. in latin Cameracum. and Camaracum, the capital of the Cambrefu, is fituatei on the bchdd, tifVeen miles to the Ibuih-calt ofUouay, and is a pretty large well- fort ilied city, defended by aciia- del and tort, ll is. the lee ol an aicbbilhop. and. bcfidcs it* cathedral, conuins two . chapters, ten parilh-churctics, two abhjes, and two hofpitali. riic arclibilbupililes bim- felf prina of the holy Koinan empire, a# indeed he fot* merly was, and count of Cambiefis. He-is, however, loiil of the city. Hit diocefe confills of eight bundrod paiilhes, and bis reveniie is a hun4red thoufand livros, (four thou- fand *hr<;e hundred and fcvf nty-fiye poundsi flerlingli out of which he is annually obliged to pay fix tbouland ^Huiins to the court of Rume. 'I bis uty has been fulled to France ever fiiice tlic year 1667 : it li famous foe iis Cam- bric, which took its name from iu. , 'I'he town of Cbatcau-Cambrefis, capital of tlie earldom of Cambrcfis, lies thirteen miles, to the Ibuih-eail ol Cam- bray, and was once fortified i but at prelent lies opei^, and contains one , abtiey. . The archbiihup, vtU*. ha* here a veav magnificent palace, and fine .gardens, is lord of ihi^ pU'se. In the year i jjo the (amour treaty of Chateau- Cambrcfis was coodviUco here, l^wcen Henry II. ki.ig of France, and Philip II. kin^ of Spain, by which the French gave one hundred and uuiety-eight tvwiia foe Ham, Le Catelct, andi St. QniiUin. Hainault is a part of ilir earldom of Htnegan, and its principal city if, the following ;. viz. Valeticiennea, a large and populous city, Icventctn mileis to the noitb-ealt of Cambray, is featqd on ;llie .-iycr Schcld, which not only divides it into tv77. The inhabitants have manulac- turies of woollen ftuff, and very fine linen. In the government of Dunkirk there is only the towA of the fame name, and ^ome neighbouring villages. The town of Dunkirk, called by the French, Dunquer- que, is feared on tbe Coli>e, which here falls-into the Bri- ti(h channel, in fifiy-otte degrees two minutes north Lttir tudf, and iu two dcg(eet twettty-feyen niinutea eaft longi- tude ; twenty-lia miWa to the eaft of Calais. It derives its name from a church built tliere on the I^qs, or land- banks, ereftcd, aa it is (aid, by St. Eloi, who firft preach- ed Chriftiaaily among tlie 4-°lcmings. Some houlies were gradually built near it, 16 as to form a tittle town, which Baldwin, earl of Flanders, in tlie tenth century, encom« palled with a wall ; and it enjoying a harbour commodious for. trade, the inhabitants engaged iuaommercc, by wbich it grew large and wealthy, and Irad even fomc (hips of war ; fo that in the twelfth century the inhabitants fitted out a finall fleet agamft. the Norman pirates, aud jNUlooned fuch .eminent (E U R O P E.J ■«w. :m ift /-* f^.. Qh p. ; ^ fome coiifidarable privileges on the town. i . In the thirteenth century, Ihii town wai fold to the bi- (hop of Ctiubrijr, wlio enlar^cil the Tame, »a^ improvrd the harbour. It ym artcr«(ar(lMn (fee polleffion of fevcral ditTcrcnt famlliei, and in 1538 the emperor Charlei V. «r«Acd • catfJeWiqrt » l^nt in 15$! ii WM taken Mid i» tlroyed by tti« Vren^h. U wa« a^^Midc paAifedJ>y Spatn, atid, though the town rtcowmd «^ Charlea II. king of biiKland, fold the town to France for iivoinillioni of tivwh (one haiidrcd aniMikty-eiKHl fflA'v^ fanJ, fevcn hondnld and il'lf 'pounds 'fltrling) bt wjch means Louii Xi■>•) of' iiargen^'>bout:» mile and a lulf from tlM^tonnv Thp kaabohir wwMlfla pntinib a moft cKccltant condition, twt>iiiiolea of pieh: forming a canal in llie fca onk- ihdiifaii^f^ihoais ia l«iii«k, and about forty in breadth, ■nil at oaob rnd af themu let w4ra ereA- ed two batteries. Bi.-rules thcfe, oiv eadt fuk of the dykt: was afon, together with the battery o> Kevert; tl)ii cafllc of Uaillard on the eaft, amta little faither Fort Bl^^nc. U»- tweenalltltefe fbrta (hipswi the c<on!| bu< it was fithrtiij, M at If aft pretended, thaV >y liljing up : the Uarbour, ' the Country round, for alioilt ten French' leagues, would be in dan|e^of'bdng overflowed. To remedy this incion- veiiien<», feveral frultlefsnrgotiatiens palled between France •n(t England, a'idinthfrmeanwhtlea iie««candl wet itlade M Mardyke. By a treaty concl^ed at ilie Hague between France, En- gland, ind Hollsnd, in 1717, it *%* agreedt that the lar^e entrance of the iMw fl nice- at Mardyko, whith wai forty- fftur feet broid, (hould be entirely dcmolifhed ; and that no harbour, fluice, or halon, (hould ever be madeeither at Dunkirk or M«rd*ke, or within two Frtneh leanin rovrid -, 'iind (hkt'tht; ^nTtoHtion ot thu «t(trfei of Dunkirk (hould be entire'H completed ~ Init France ilkddng no great hafte in thiS'worlc, it was, in 1714(8, made in article of the peace at Aix la Chapdie. After #hich :FVatKe,( inftedd of fiiltilling thc'e eilgatemcnts, began fome new work4,' Which gave frefh umbrage to the court of England, wlie' rejBc'ived certain intelligence tliat the city was again fortified on the land-llde, the bafon widened, aiid rendered as commo- dious for the reception of ihips a* -ever the harbour had been. The Ff^weh eourt replied, that thefe Works htfd tjb other view thitn to free the inhabitants from tbi^ exhalk- tions of the flagnatiiie water, a pretcilce as falfe ai it 4ras ridiculous, fince 1 ' ;natiiie water, a pretciice as laiie ai itwas : the Fiench made the greateft advatitaM of this place during the war in ihf reign oiF Louis Xv. but at the cnnclufion uf it, sixain agreed to demolifti the works, jnd fill up the bar, which wis the iriore neceffary to be infifled Kpon, at the Frenchhive no othei' harbinr in the channel, but th{it of St. M^loes, which it pnlfca- palilc of receiviiijffhipi df bitwe'in thittT" *nd forty ^ims, By the late treaty, ebndludtd in 1^83, the FfeiJehai^: prrniittcd to fortify thehaf hour pf Dunkirk, from Whicfc the lurrchapts apprehend the moft dVcadfill confequcnces' ; as the nntt tirfie we arc at'war'witii the Frencli, they will be able to fend, in a fevr hour^ from that port, ted fail of the line, whicii cfan' fWeep the Downi, by eapturi)^ winding, ffom north t« foutti, three bnadrvl f^Uioms 'ajilinr itiiad aik iiiconipfrakle fluice srith two ba- font,. oiiA «f; vvhifih was tbtty-fqui; htt broad, it baing CQn.- trivcd lurilie i««eption oi lane veAl* 1 the other twwityr fix in kreadilk, and intended for ibofe that were frtiall. , Artojs, «ihich f«rma a partof (toe Nellkerlaitds, is bound,- e^r qh (he u«rt|i, by Flandeis I Qn tha call, by Hainaulti and on the foutk aad «r*ftt by Picatdy. Thii counij; if livemy-^!( FtciKh leaguaa In length, and about half ai ipuvii in broadtb. U i» on« of the btft and 6m(1 provinciw iiv the. whole kingdqtn, an4 beide» its great fertility, bai in it fieyeial linen manufii&tuies, and cairiea on acqnfl- dcraUlq trad? in ^ax, bopi, wool, and oil of luciMp-lfirii. Tlie itcarpei, tlie Aa. and theCanchc, accits p(incip.'J rivers. i TiMi «ojanty.of Artoia, itotftbct with Pieatdy, are ftib- >(Aici|onegD.vernof-geiM(ali alieoMnaat'igenwaltaiU two drsputv-uovcriiojcs ; one f»x Atras and Btpauoia, and Ibe oiUet IpK'Airt ai>c| S<. Omct't, Here ia-apaovincial coon* cil, wbiflt^ incisil afl^airs, i« fubordiiiate t« tlie JRarlia- mcnt of Paris. The raifing of the royal revenues is bets adminiftcrcd by coofent of the (latea, which cotkfiA of the blor;;y, a great number of abbots, and the dtpuiKsJroio every chapter : bcfidfis tbefe, there art the 0(>bibiy,~wh« aarifawt to abputr^ehty pet/ons t tended was pttrl by tbe bIcflM Virgin to the inhabitants, to cure theifl of an inward heat, which Sumt andconfumed thetn. The bilhop, who is lord of (lie city, and pitfideiu .' _. _rt* ,i f»i._A_i.- :- r.~Jf .^ *— *!. - ul.;/i in ihe mtKVnmj vi lUO tl«tC9, »tinil>gai> w uia aikuuuuup of-Cainbrav, add hat a dioccfe ai four bondtEd paiiflio, t "»* ^00 Thk new AMD UNIVBRSAL SYSTEM or OEOORAPHY. ■V \lt with • ravmu* of HNiMy-two ihoaliind IWni • jtu, (nlM hun(lrt4 Mtd fiicty-ihrM pound* Aerlinf), tnd ii um4 it llw t&wtt of Roni< four ilMoiiuid floritw. Tha flron^ city of Aire, in lathi Airia, md Aria, ia fituatcd «n tlx tivar Lyi, n««r Um conflnm of FliiMkrk, and ii about ten milct to the f/xMh-caA of 8t. Oin«r^. Thii ia a wtll-fctiiKcd place, having, befide* ilie walli, faanioni, balt-niooni, norn-worlit, redoabti, countar- fcarpi, and diichet, with a moriri, whiah anttomptlfti it on three fidci. On that fide which ii aocaffible, at the diftance df a cannon Ihot Oom the city, aitd th4 rltar Lyt, Aandi fort $t, Francif , 16 which you go from the city by a regular canal. Thi* fort ii a rmalt, but regular pantaf(on, compofcdoffive bailiont, attsoaiMflad by a ditch, aeo* vert- way, and glKia. The Lyadividei the city into two unequal parti, Which contain a >.^itogiate church, with ftvetal conventi, and had till kt»\j, a college of jiafaiH, with two hofpitali, one of which ii infliiutM for (otdler*. But, notwiiliflandins tha flrength of tbii place, the French look it in 1641, and fcwn aAer it wa* ittalam by the Spa- niard!. In 1676, it wu again taken bV the French, and WM confinncd to theM at tha paaw of NinMguen, In Ifo- vember 17 10, it fcrraitdered to thk allici, aAar a very viao> rout fiege, and tha trenchei had beenupni for fiaweefcai but it wa» reilored again to the French, by tha' treaty of Utrecht. I Theruinaof the once aonfidcrablc city of Teronenneara between Aire and St. Omai't. Thi* city Ibnnarly flood on the river Lya, and waafiunou* on account of iu being inveftcd by Henry VIII. king of England, iinpeilen, in the year 150J, afliftad by the anparorMMiihiuan, whe on thii cKcalioii wor* a M. Oeo.fe'« ett>A. At thii fiega the French, aRempting tothrow provilioni into ifaa town, were defeated by theEndifh, wath great flaughler, and from the hurry with which they lied, thi* wm called tha Battle of the Spur*, intimating that theft were the prinei- pat weaponi thev made ufe of to ellBapc ir Ueij, A fort* night after this battle, thrcity waa taiuiii' butdiiinamlrd and quitted.' The French aftctwarda repaired it, but tha emperor Cbarle* V. taking it in i^cj, levelled it with tha ground, and it ha* never been rebuilt fincc that time. The city of St. Omer, capital of a' baihwic, i* called in latin Andomaro^lii, and waa formerly called Sithin. It ii a conliderable city, tented en the Aa, eight mile* north- weft of Aire, partly on an eminence, and partW on a mo- rafi, and i* one of the beft facti&atiana \a the Nctlier- land* 1 it being defitnded not only by acaftle,- but hy Urge baftioni, between which are ha»-teoan* furrour^ .J wini large ditcbei, which are indeed tw> high to haveaiw fvi>t«i in them ; but are fo deep, that'it wouU oe very dilicuU to mount ftom ihem to the wall* of the rampart*. It i< the fee of a bifhep, fufftatan to ■ the atdibiftep of CambrayJ who hat a revenue ef forty thoujiwd liarea, (one-thoufand leven hundred and fifty pound* fierliitg) and m laicd one thoufand florin* to the fieciof Rome. ' There are feverai fine fiteet*, a lar^ Square, and many handfome houfet in thi* city, and among the latter i* the town-boufe. The cathedral dedicated to St. Omer, i* a noble ftruAure, chiefly remarkable for •it(du^>eU« whicli are embelliftied with fine marble and bcautifu paintingit BeCiAet tjte cathedral, ate fix pariib-ehurchca, and a very rich abbey of the order of BencdiAinet. On each fide of the portico belonging to it ffaind* a large fquare fteeple of great height, where a conftant watch ii kept, to give notice whether there be an enemy in the neighbourhood of the citv, the gatca of which are. never opened till it be day- light, and the watch Iu* ^vcn notice, byafignai, thatne hai difcovered no danger.' In thi* city are fevend conventi and nunncriei, two hofpitali for maideiu, a geneial bfl^tal for the Tick, an orpnan-houfe for poor boyi, another for girl*, and a houft for twelve poor old men, in memory of the twelve apof- tie*, befide* (evctal other foundation*, particularly one for annually giving a funi of money to poor girls iu marriage. Here is alio an Englifii feminaty. I'he city it populout, and has fome trade, a numbier of fmall vefleii coming up here from the fca by mean* of the river Aa. I'he goyem- ment of St. Omer'a i* under a mayor, who it annually changed, aad twelve edieyiii* : and there are above ad hundred village* under its jsrifdiAinn. Several iioating iilandt arc.feen to tlie aortli-eaft of St. Omer'* : they move backward* and fotwaid*, according to whatever motion it imparted to tlieiQ. Upoa thefe iilandt are leen gafs always Rowing, aiid the ptojpte draw tbcna Jwidi ropes to ibe Inorc in order to drive their cattle intp tbem: they have alio fome tree* growing here, but thffc tb«y keep very low, for f
    *m tiM larUtft timit u tin fttf.nt nip\ tk$kl»i^t thin, kitfrnttfim tt thtthrtm, mmi, t*rnuUint, tnfigut tfTtjattf, Igt, thtftwral witrt «/ w Mitf »n4 lm\glMkMd\ frlimtfUt, gritt ijhiri, gr/»t ttumtili »//ttt md ttmti if ji^kii itawf* ttum^ Itmd /»Mt\ andtuivftftkitUiigmm, r , t -t .'i'lt^.c, ■ II ((»') THE Celt* were the moft antient inhabitant* of France : the RoiiMni fiiil confifred on iliem the name of Gaul*, and juliua Cwbr reduced tha country into a Ronuin provinae, calling it Tranfalpina Gaul, or Gaul beyond the Alf«, to diftjiiguilh it from Cifalpiiia Gaul, or Gaul on tlM Italian fida of tha Alp*. In the fifth oantury, Iha Bwrgundian*) Vifiaotbi, and BratoiM, ftnlad in ftvaral parte of Oanl. Theft were fel- lowed b^ ih« Ftanka (ran Gcrmaivr, who under Meiovic and Oiildotie conqutred a pan of Gaul, and under Clovia estended their doininion from the Rhine to the month of the Loire i for king Clovi*, who began hit reign in 468, quelled th« Burgundiant, Vif^otht, and inhabitant* of Brittany, and became the fiift Chriflian nonaich of the Fraaki, whafe kingdom wa* then divided into AuAraria, on tiM eift part ; and Neuftria, on tha weft 1 and the four fon* of Clovi*. on tha decaafe of their father, divided his kiiigdem aoaong then. Th< Fwtki, when they had conquered the landa of OjiuI. ^iifMibuted them among their officer* 1 and thele, with th • lergy, formed the vft great council* or parlia- mantt. Thm the government appear* to have been a mixed nioitrchy, in which nothiiw of moment wa* tranf- aO«d witiioui tha ciand council oT tha nation, cpnfifting of the ;t.inciMl olnocr*, wb9 held their land* by military tenurw 1 whOe the conquered Gauls, who manuiad tha land* for the Frank*, were reduced to a ftate of fervitude. "The goverr.nient of France continued under thi* eon- ftitution vutil Char|e* Mattel, in 73a, ufurpad the fove> reignty. Thi* uohlemat^ wa* inarlhaT of Fraooe, or mayor of the palace, and bad long exercifcd the fovereign viawcr in the name of Cbilderic, a weak and indolent prince. I'he Saracen*, who had made tbcinfelve* mailer* of tb« fouth of FranoA, MMtrating into tha heart of the king- dom, he entirely defeated them, and, driving tticm out, WM confidered u the delrveier of Cbrifteitdom : he there became fo popular, that with the con(ii;t>t of the people, and 0wp of tM popa, he alTuiiied the dominion of France, and having a. viAoriov* army at hi* command, not only deppfed the king, but deprived the nobility and clergy uf iihiir (bare in tlie ^vernmcAt, aiid thcieby rendered liim- ilelf an abfolute prince. Pepin, the Ton of Chart**, fucceeded hi* fiither in the throne, but rcftored the privilege* of the nobility and clergy, on tlieir. agrcf ing to .exclude tlie former race of kiti^. Healfo divided the province among hi* principal .nobility., allowii^g them to eurcife fovereign authority in tlicir rei'pediv'e governments ; till at length, afluming a kiodof indcpendcocy, they only acknowledged the king a* their haad : aitd thia gave lifi; to the numerous principa.. lities, aitd their feverd parliament*, every province retain- ing the liune form of government tliat had been exercifcd in the whole 1 and no law* were made, or tase* raifed, u{i- le<* tlie nobility and gentry gave their a&nt and concur- rence thereto. Theif neat viorar^ wa* Charlemagne, or Cfaarle* the Great, fbe fon of Pepin i he conquered Italy, Germany, ,and part of Spain, and wu crowned empcrot of the Ro- man* by pope Leo, in tlie year 800, ana fioro him Tprang the race of king* called tue Cariovingian line. About :eighty year* after the death of Charlenvyt^e, the empire wa* (eparated fifom France, and,the l^utUiU'ii greatly diftrefled tbpt country by their inv^ipn*,' , The race of kiqgs of, the Cariovingian line, oontinued fovereign* of France till |he reign of Louit V. whrn, in 987, Hugh Capet, a popular nobleman, began the Ca- Sitine line of moifa^clij). Ciuiadaca, or expedition* to the oly Land, fot the recovery of Jeiufalrm from the Sara- ^t^i, , being preached up by opder of ^he pope, the princes g^eycry kipgdon» in EuroM (;ngaKc4..i9 ^pfe falfely calUd oly wart, in whtdt djrulianity.VM* 10 be propagated by fire and fword, aiid in which feverai hundred thoufand de- luded se^ou p(£iihcd f, \w., though they at IciiKiu touic , " * ' Antioch, [B U R O P B.] A A ^i l>ne lion aiiuli , for Amiocbt J«t«&ieiQ( and other ftrorj; |^ Ifctm til iMln within two kuiidrtti y * wiM •upeidilioni, Louii IX. with wen ttkcn prifon«ri in Egjrpti tnd im paid for th«ir rinfomi. The kingdom of Navtm ww idttMl, 'rt • ftown of Frinct, by the nunriue of Philip V ^en of Ntvtrre. During thii reign, the •f the cevcrnmeni reoeiveo ■ conAdcrabie altc the noi)ility and ckrgy refufing to grant the liing tlie fup- felici he demanded, M fummoned the deputiet or repre- fcniativci ot the f ommoni to parliament, and conllituted them a third (late, on theirgranting him hit denuuidi, Hubert count dauphin otVienne traniferred hii donii- Jt'ioni to the crown of France in 1 349, on condition tlut t> ' the liing') eldeft fen Ihould be ftilcd dauphin ever after- '. ' wardi, which hai Kcordlngljr continued to thii dijr. K A cjaim being laid to the crown of France by Edward ,)*l,n. king of England, on account of hit being dcfcendcd In a direU line from Phitip IV. that prince uiTfded the ' kingdom ; and in i x^f> oDtaiucd a ccotplete viAvrjr at te .Crefly in Pioardy, and the next year loqfcCalaii. Ii) i3}6 'lh« French were again dofeatcd at PoiAien, by the e)wilip> ' The French king Charlei Vt. Mng ftised with a kipd it frenfy, aii4 becoming unfit to govern, the duket of lurgundy and Orlcani contended for the adniiniftralion > ' and the i]atrrel grew to that beig{\t, that the duke of Bur- Sundy caufed the duke of Orleana to be afTaffinaied in tke te«ts of Peril, which laid the foundation for a civil war. About the fame time Henry V. king of England, invading ' France, obtained a viOory at Agincourt, m 1415. The '. 'f rench ndw propoliid a reconciliation between the duke of S^ur^undy an^ tbe Orleana family ; and a conference was qld between tl;ie ypung duke of Orleani and the duke of 'But^nidy, to accommodate matiera ) but at a fecottd cop- - Te " " • • . whofe auiflaiice king Henry made ai^almoft entire conqucA of France ) tntl a parliament being held at Parii, the kii^ of Etiflaiid w)H roaoe regent of France during the life of ,ttie French king Cbarlet Vt declared fuccelbf 49 that ^rown ; and at :thf fame time niatried the pruieejaCailM- t'lne, the French king'i daughter. fCing Henry dyjrig, and leaving an infatu fon, that infint wai crownc41(ai^ of France at Parii in 1431 1 but Chariea the dauphki, alio "caufinfj^ liimrdf to be proclaimed king, recovered .aU tfie - countries which the Englifh had taken. Chatlci VIII. the laft of the 6rft lipeof the hoiife of Valois, dyiiig in the year 1498. the crpwn dalceaded .«o Louis XII. duke of Orleani. Three mp^t fona fucceed- c<| hin^ in order. Under the firll, naixtelv^ Franeia II. the religioui difputei b^an to break out in France; tkepro- tcAanta were perfccuted ; and under Charlei IX. thefedif- putet occafioned two civil wan i after the conclufion of which, on the eighteenth of Augult, 157a, waa perpe- trated the barbarous mallacte of Paris, which left an in- delible ftjin on the hiflory of France. Afterwards king Henry III. being thought to favour the proteftants, was afTalfinated by one Clenienti, a monk. His legal fucceflor was Henry IV. king of Navarre, the ilrllof the houfe of Bourbon that fat on the throne of France : but he being a proteftanr, was obdinately oppofed by the popifitparty ; and though he changed his religion in order to pt^fi; liis .TubjeAs, yet having pal]cd an cuift of Nantes, for4be tola- ration of the protellants, he was allaifinatcd in the iliceis of Paris, by one Ravaillai;, a monk. After the deatli of Henry, which happened in 1610, Louis XIII. a minor of nine yean of age, focceeding to tlie throne, Mary of Medicis, his mother, waa declared .regent. She continued to invade the liberties of the fub- ]e«s, and to revive the pcrfecution againft the protefUnti, which occafioned another civil war. Cardinal Kichlieu, being about this time introduced Into the miniftry, entirely fubducd the Parliament of Paris, and put a final period to the libcrtiei of the people. On tliedeathofLouisXTlI. and that of cardinal Ricb- lieu, which happened about the fame time, his fon Louis . |XIV. fuctxeded to the throne, and in his long teicn car- 'rird the power of Frai^ce to^ its greateft hfigbt. To£d|oin,he. added the provinces of AUace and Roufiilon, with a .pDufideiable part of the Kc^icrl«n4ai Frascbe Comt£, or tlie earldom of Burgundy, and the principal city of Orange. He alfo enlarged his dominions in Ame- 1* C B. , ric* »- .1(1. which had be Louis XV 1. born ^u I7J4, i), tie bu< « •Iv .• r 'r' wcr eou r Prowl - ^ trlKie .1«1 III '»slcU hit grahdfiiihrr lailx"! 171S. and wal ill uf Oftfiber, i7aj, jnce and Navane, wji idfather Louis XV'. m 1774, and iharried in 1770, to Maria Autoiuelt.i, tiflei of the tmpcror of Germany, born lyej. The danf>hin, ili(> iflue of this marriage, was born Odiobcr 29, 1781, aod lumed Luuii Xavier BcncdiO. Tl;e king of Fiance's title ii, Louis XVI. by the grwe of Ood, kmg of France and Navarre. 1 he title af fiie, or lord, is given him by his iubjedU, ai a mark uf hit un- limited power; and foreigners ftile him the moll Chi if- tiaiikiqg, or his inoft CUiiftian majefly ( but tlie kiiig'i fubje(ks arc not to make ulie of it. The French writers affirm, tliat their king never di««, kit as foon ,a« his eyea are elofed, the next pimce ot ihe blood fuccccdp to the throne, Mid is inftantly nivcllcd wiili the iiipreme aathority ; but wljt^re ii|ie king ii a niinor, that it, hefiore he hat entered the fourtcenili ytvot hia i^a, t^ adininiflration of the guvcinniciii is cntrufled to a regent, ui'ually the queen- mother, ox a prince ot the blood, yarding t|> the determination of tlw pa'liament at Parin, in Wjhicb the rcA of tlie kingdom generally acquielcc. iUit tbf t ia iiddot^ difputtd, if the deccalrbd king has appointed aregcntby bis w^l. A ttewVing, on entering, into his fourteenth year, goes in great ilxte to tl^ parliament of Paris, attended by tie princes of the blood, the pfcri, and gciicnl otficcrs ot iUte. Tills aflcaably is gcoitrally called tlie bed uf judicr, and here be is declared to boot aue; yet the rrgortt lie- quently procures hiinlelf to lie conuitutcd prjiiic uiinilUr. .f^d vndcr that title filll continues to govern the, kingdom tjll hit nuu^ I^WM ^ ^ alTuuie tuc ici^i of' govcru • rocnt. . Ti» FrcBch atiia are, tlirce flaufs de lyi, or, in a liclJ aaure, fupported biy two angcis, \u the habit of LcMiiej, each holding in bis hand a banner with the lame arms : the crefi is an open crown : tlw whole under a grand a/uic pavilion ftrcwcd witli Acurs dc lys, w, and ermine, and ow It adqfe ^found wit), a, double t1cur.de l/i, or, uii the (idea of whidt^te flyitfg ft;£?mcra, on which are writ- ten the words ufcd in battle, mon i ~>ie s. dennis, aiiJ above tfajem on the royal banner or on.''amc, lili a nom LABOKANT MMUE NE,NT; that is, lilies neither toil nor fpin ; which is liippofed to be an aliufion to the falique law, tlut exclodea feiiules from the fovcrcign power. In France, the nobility ate divided into four ciafles : the firft includes ot^ly the princes of the blood, conlifting uf the houfe of Oileans, and the two branches of the family of Bourbon, tliofe ofConde and Conti. Next to thcte immediately foUow the king's natural children vkho have been legitiqutad, an^l thel'c precede all the nobility of tlie kingdom. To tlie fecond dafs belong the high nobility, ai the dukes and peers of tlie r^alm, of which tliereare forty-five in all, iiielading tke fix princea of the blood, wlip are peers )>y birth. The third dafais coropc&d of the common ancient no- bihtv, who in fomeproviocet, particularly in Langucdoc, are ttiled nobles ; but in moft of the otlicrs ecuycrs. In the fourth dafs are the iiew nobility, whom the king has either raiiied by patent, or ennobled by their employ- mentt. There are three orders. of knightliood in FraiKe : fiifl^, that of St. Midiael, inftilutcd in 1469, and though origi- nally compofed of only thirty-lix knights, was afterwards enlarged to oiK; buoaivd. A perfon mull he a krviglit of this order, before ha oaii enter into that of, I'econdly, tlis Holy Ghoil, which was founded in 1578, by Henry III. and is compofed of one hundred perfons beftdes the .ibvereign, and conferred only on princos of the blood, and .pcrfons of tite kigheft rank. Tnirdly, the otder of St. Louis which was ioftituted in the year 1603, by i,ow XIV, merelv as a di(lin£lion for military merit, aiii is worn by aimoft cverv officer, .tn^. rvcn bv I'libalteiiis. 8 Q.' ■ V The Ttot Tai NBW A»t Um^ilSAL BYITBM «r QEOaiPi «ks fUpnlvMMlWt *V| iM flltf|[QP| IMl IMKHUlyt MM vn9 fV« P««AmmIvm of the thltfiM ( MiMng of c«n6«Mnc*, in rchHtoh In ikt ff«t«, ••• ilicrM^ w aiuAatf «thno«u, M«l>, BkfaRfOlt, •lid IXivky. T liey principilly confifl of • c«ttMn numlNr , of pfsfiJcnti ind limrior Judlci, «Im purcbtft iMr ^IMm ciUMr of the crown, or of tlMf* who ire in pe4Mk>n pt ihcm I for ill muitlritci tnd oAwti bf JvAitt \^ Pwin. opwil* ptir(har« tncir dIkm, tnd Hm govtmiMnimMKM • canfiiiinbi* rmitue by tlifft fitci. Tbty tnjojr their |iofti for life, tictnt ilicy hin botn gallty of tboM atnu la the catrtifii of iheir oAm. TIte parliament of Parii li lh< moft conldcrabta In th« kingdom, tor hitlier th« kbig fircqwnlly coiaM in Mr and bare the rOyal ediAi an recordtti ind pn>ihill|fM>i tilt when Ibay ha*a not tha foitc of Im^i. it 1i coMpoM o' th« princtt of tiM blood, dukci, and paari of rranli|' ll^ fide* Hm ofdinatr iodgei, and takei cogniaanca of ill Ml- fcnoti committed by |i •» atlo^ey* ■eneralj advocatai, foliciion-gnMnl, rtgMlen, rtbtaflMi fecretanei, tec. The principal oflleer of tha crown- it tha thanwilort who prefidM in all couiti and coundli of ftate In tlw king*! abfencc ; the othcn arc, the keeper oftb* fiMh, fimr Acre- * t^riei of ftate, the marihali of France, thk c the four great officen of the order Of tiM HcAf ufiol, namely, the chancellor, the mailer of tiM eerrmonka, tMe great treafurer, and the fvcrctaryi the chief preMcnttof' the ieverat parliaments, with the gpvernon ahd the Kcti- tenant-gencrali of the prorinoei. And^ the principal o0> cert of we beafliold are the great mafter of 4ie hotifliold, ' the great maAar of the Mrte, the greet almoner, , th^ grMt i chamberlain, the genttemen of the bed'efuimMr. the great ! butler, the great nuntfman, the foar captunt of the garde du corpi, and the great porttr. All affiun of ftate ar6 conduArd by fevcn great eooncil*. The firft of iheie it, the fuprctne council of mte, in tdiieiii befides the king and tite prime minifter, trhfn there[b «ne, it it coropolcd of the oemMroUer-general of tilt inanfcei, and tlie iliree fccretariea of ftate* ■ i' ■ > . ThK fecond it the (ceretary of 'flate't oflke, in wMieh, beGdettbe king, the dauphin, and prime minifter, Ibeie fittlir -hancellor, tbemerident of the eooncil of ftiitnoe*, the four fecretaiiet of Aate, and the comptirbUer^eiieral of the financei. Here all aAirt of the provineet art tituff- ; af\cd ; cuntinifliotu. kttert, and orderf lent i»tbe gover- '■ nort and other olfioert of the feveral province* aAd ciliai. • The lecretariei of ftate make the motion, and every one ; expedites the rcfolution taken on the aitielee Of liic depart- ' aiciii : and the members divide among Mtem the fort^n and domeftic affairs of ftate. Ths third couikiI it that of the finance*, whidi bcfide* the king and chincellor, confifti of a pfcfident, one oftbe lis intendtntt of the finances,, a ■HiMer of ttweouneil Of ftate, and the comptroUer-general of .the ftfianicai. The royal revenues are under the diieAion ofthie cAbndl. The fourth is the privy-covncil, frhkh it convened ij I the chancellor on fuch days at he pleeie*. On the kitlg't abiencc, there is alwajft a chair fet for biro. Thit coun- cil at prcrent confifti of the chancellor, or keeper of the crcat teal, twenty one ordinary counfellort of ftate, the ' fcetetaries of ftate; the complroUcr-genenrf of the finances, the intendantt of the fiiianoet, who are all otdinaty' mem- ben, and twelve flate-counfcltort, who oflteiate only half- yearly. Tt«: ordinary ftate-coanfallon have each a Mary of five thoufaud five hundred livfet, ftwo huhdied aiM forty-on; poundt flerling) the half yearly, three thoufaitd thre» hundred livret, (one hundtiid and CaRy-five poundt fterling). In thi* council alfo afltt tw«my-wro rnaften of leqoeft, who belong alio to the parliaidenr, and lay beibre it any affain they are entruftcd witit. aoMctetariea of ftate. it adnainifteMd by tnj The nxxa InpoRanl i ly ^ 1^ par|ani«itt, whfcb deehlai ciii TiA Sftti h the gram! eouocll, *Ii TiM 'Vit Jni'IUi af all caoAt Madng to iici ^'iili<>prlc>. iopnci, tad a»- bkt| thd|iai«llblh«pow«t o>d««ini V|n!j|ii 'rihuiuN, in taitHi, Mri(4i''^iou and ether coiMtiB lite iliaii>.>.fl'H 4 France pr«li4 it llreqaently ih« fadie With the cnaacaNor or Prtnee 1 of kw grand audiancirr), who pawd papeti font fhim tha ftvrtlaiy of ftale'i olUa to bt ftalcd, and make npoit in i|ic chanctllor . of four cenHHraHin of 1^ uidlenG*, who give ih« papen al owed to hi Mrd to an oAeer ciViii chaoff-cirt, or ehtlT wak, and teccive them back ftortt him 1 and iour keepers of tbe roUl ^ the ollie^ of France, who keep liw ragliiart of«U IhlolKeri ttel require tbe grtai fral, wlllt iiveral cbika and other oilctra and WMaml. The leventh and lift oMce it that ptttalnlng 10 com' mefte, the membert of which, bafidci the king and prioM minllkr. an thd thaoMllo^', the eomptrollar- general ft M tbiilll >fMe. a 'iMeMhIadUk in «?M fMoTt. ' TM lAlddlk tHbttnalt pronetutee niiively in certain faMyi »mk*, both civil and crWnil. Tm iwM^r taint btlong to the Hevoiei, mayor% M* ' C8l«rt*i ehateUanjri, and Dtber iurifpAlMt dcpcndtii|«h IN «MWti, or pai^Mlw hSrdiUM i AtttTlhti.'kMRSi Ite to 1^ yineicT o?Meldna ^%i Mi »^ tSrWllpln •a the prsihitM codrtf ■ Tbecivi(^#prevk»*iA^a aedegattical law of Ffuoe, ' TN f rindJii^VleViNtuet riW both ordihaty and aa- t r a dtVHH i w, TKa onUmjiy leVehwi comprehend the do- S^ .Mbidk MOil in |andi» lofdHMpa, and ibi«9* : the eji dttty dn IMoe', whkl^ ah tbe tWettiult Mrt of the ttiike Md % wIMiftle, and tlie tighdl or tenth of that re- ttiled : the gaMle. or ttlt-dttty. whidi It here csttcmcly high. The ethetriitiiiia ajnt ihetaiUe, or land-tai, the caphttidir, or poll'taa : the idbaar' of all kinda^ the duty 'on ftapped paper, and othrt iiilp«(U. ' The cvffotet, ftxh'n wiMl-litiii)d>: fidt and flamp- duty, tobacco, poftt, Bcc. at* fitiMd' out to the brmerr-ftncnu, who have thcit under Ikrmert and rc- crlveH. J^he gteat dffieer fet levying the taxes is the comp- traUer-general, who keep* a dupHMte 01 ail scceiptt and ' dHiihkt||ta*rtiativc to the royal levcnne. It 1$ rtctorieif tbat dte.ordiniry revenues of the crown, arifiill; dtm tlie abovt^ taxe*. amisiinif to abobt ten milliona fterlmg.' mi a^kcii» fuu, coniiderina the la^ds belong- ing to t)ie church,, and what It pave^ to hpport tltc clergy t and^Nnuitiv ihbfifimd. dfonet who, (hot op in convcnu, are fuppottedby flie labour of the indnftrioui. In time of peace, the land forces of France amount to about two buiKlitd thou£uid meii, among which aie a great number of Swiri, Germans, and ofbcr »reigneri ; and in timei of vrar they aite f^eauenily atuincntcd td ft)a^ hundreil thoofimd. ' \* ' ^ • ' Tbefiench have aUo a »t<^«i*«<. i» .^nnoAii ria V * f* < .¥>•■!*• ^^*T B»*' »< -^fe" , .^t.„^.:-££d^.*j^-^*:.i<^.'aMfeB(de|^ p«Mh'iatitnde, and Ixtwcen thrae Mid ten de|^«ci weil loflginde, being the moA weftem part : «f the continent of Europe. lu imgth is Teven hundred, ud its br(«dtfa five humnd miles ; itu bounded to die caft and fouth, by tlie Mediterianean, .{the ftrenbts of Gibral- tar, and part of the AHaittic ocean ( towaru the weft, by Fortugal ; and on the north, by tiie bay of Bilcay and the Pyrenean mountains, whicb fepamic it irom Fiance. It Ma (brmerlv conqoered by the Romate« afterwarda over- Mn by the Gotlwi then f«t>ducd by the Moors, froa whom tfck Chrifiiana (eeoveraLlt. ^:TbM«aie fetctal remailLably bMi moontains in Spain, tM friiiefo^ of which are the Fjnneea, which mmdi fiom the Mediiierrancan to the Aihmtio oetan, but not in : »#paA line, for near two hviidniji^ltoiies t tlieir l>readth ji» iit .!««<« places, not lefa than That called the rkdeMidi iaef aprodigiatiaiicnt.:' Over tbeie moun- tains tiiere ate only about five fa&gps 'but of Spain into France, and tbofc aUb very itarrow : even tlie vaOi^ be- Iwcca the mountaios arc covcnd witiL thkk and lofty - ttbods< Tbe other.ridgin of hills in Spain ns Uw Siarre d*Occa. Slerim Mstlno, Siena Moiaaw* and Sierra No- vada, orthefiiowyi.'tbsnlaiiW. Nea#Wibnllar, oppofite 99 monnt Abyfat in Afiica, fiands the celBfatated momit Caipe: tbdbvreit aAdentiy called Hcrcoles's Pillars. Tbe iuountains yield great «raantitiM of timber for fluppihg, «hich are oenvey^ by the Ebto, and ether rivers, to ttis Mcditerrsnean. According to antient and modem vratcts, tbe Inasm- Hiins abound tritii gold, iitver* ircta.^ kad, tin, cinnabar, qtticlUiIvcr,!aIhnB, vitriol, coppcraa, taois calaminaris, &c. befidea gems, and mineral waterU both hot and cold. The goUand filvir mines arc not worl^ at prefent, but thofe of iron a». The ncglca of the iormer is owing partly to the idolence of the Spaniard*, and partly to the gold and filver itn^wried friftfn America. fiefides tbfttivers Mioho, Douro, Tacos. Mcnda, Lima, and Guadiaaa, whkh run th(onf>h Portugal, but have their reorcea in Spain, the moA confiderabie are the Ebro, Olimlbems, Gnidalavier or Tario. Ciuadalgnivir, olim PeraaBoetis, and Tarteffis. Seguta, and Zucar. From tha h\k notion of tbe Guadiana lofing itielf underground, it is futapoM to have Had the nkme of Anas, or the Duck. The air. during the month* of Junfc luly, wd Aug«ift. is exceffivcly hot in^^tbc daytime i but Uk reft of Ibe year it is pleafant and temperate. Even during the above mteibt, it is very cool iiD tbe (htdet Bn4 fo cold lu ilic night, that it makes atravaller fltlTer ; andip i>,U> NMMrJ, the fanth : bvt on the mouutaiitf iu Uio north and north ealt, tlie air i$ Very ftiarp iii winter. Bbih in the fouth and ilorth, the air it generally clear and iercne ; and, as in the northerh ooiintries, diftettipers for Ae Moft part proceed fira^ colds ; fi», hi Spidn, Jltey ate commonly the efieds Of heat; Ilrfome parti of Spain there are fandy defarts, and iiH' odittslwrren mounfaiiU : the |^t6r part <>f the Countryi howt^r, has a good foil, and is very fertile, producing a l^eat variety of rich wines, oils and fhiits, particularly orange*, lelhons^ ptnhes, titronl, altnoiUU, laifitis, datest 3;s, thcfnuts, cap«tnr, paara^ peachest pOroegnlnatdtioed. Some parts produce rice and fugar^canet t f the head, which begina at tha cornet «f tlie motitht and runs heyond'tfae eyea. ' The t«afe of the lipper chap, and under the chin, ate covered with bright paw and blue fathers 1 but the upper pert of the back of the bead is of a dulky yellow, as well as the back ai^d wings. Only thefe left are ihaded prettv firOngly with green. The tips of the quill feathers are orosm, the breaft and belly green, and the una der part near the vent of a pale yellow, with a Tmall mixv tore 4^f green. The outenn oil feathers of the tail are variq^at^ with green and yellow, and the two middlemoft feathers aie twice as long as.tbe^ reft,, that isy nint inches^ and terminate in fbarp points of a l«own colour. There is great plenty of filh in tbe SpanUb' Teas, among which is the anchovy. The wild bulls ufed in tiie bull- fights are prindpallv bred in Andalufia ; and the fhcep in Spain are iniiumersnle, as may be eafily gueiTed fay the number of Ihepherds, Which are computed to arooum t« forty ihaurmdi The (Keep that bear the fine wool' aie driven evary fummcr from foatb to north, through the whole extent of the kingdom, and t«wardt winter letora agam. S EC t; II. f..,:,: .!i!!^,f,;.i.2i:.S:fe«-.-''- i5-aifc--^-S Oivmg a fMgritfbkml A/triftiiin/.ibt fivtrtl gtaiul AV- /a/ij •r prtwiHttt i/Sfaim twgrtbir with M tcttuitt tflhtir frimipat lUitt, tM/HSi M //«(<, and the trtdi, maim' ■ fgilitrti, maHHirt, (ufinfUt (iu ijf' tif iiiMiiaim. THERE *<*ibiirteen ditifioits or provinces in thai __ countr* : naoMlyj i . G«litS« • 9. -Aflnj... ■ « djA cay, 4. tiiavanci j. Arragon. 6. Catalonia 1 7. 'Leon; %. EftnH :\ * t • ■m •v - #■ : .'^ •- ^i<'. ■'/;, ■..;»., " i- ,■'.■' .."'.'.. M^-ff.. The new amj> UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. ■*■, 704 g. Eftraroadurat q- OldCaflilei lO. NewCaftilet Ji. Valentia; 11. Andaltiiia; 13. Granada; and, 14. Murcia, 'WW(.I> we-ffnH -treat bfin fii« order here hid down. I. The province of Galicia, which waj aniiently a kingdom, has the ocean on the weft ; Aftarijti tnd Leon on the eaft ; Portugal on the fouth ; and th« 4j»y of Bit-' cay on the north. It it of a fquare figure, one hundred and twenty miles each way, very mountainous, had for- merly mines of gold i(nd &>«:, b«|t if Mpnfeiuthe foqnJBt and coldeft part of Spain. The principal places are, i. St. Jago de Compoftelli, the capital of the whole province, is fituated ia- forty-two degrees fifty minutes north latitude, and in ci4ht degrees twenty minutes weft longitude, between the riveia Tam- bra and Ulla, in a moft fsrtile plain, furrounded with hills of a moderate height, which Iheltef it £(«ia tt(e nipyiog winds that blow from the mountains. The public fquares and the churches are very magnificent ; it has alfo a great number of monafteries for both fexes,and about two thou- fand bouTcs. The cathedral is particularly worthy 9f noj- tke, ami in rt is kc{it the preten4pain. I'lie order of St. Jags taJbH if$ nanfw. from tl^s jUUf, whi(^ alfo m^tintaius a, certain iHiaibe^ ^ IniiAtt. Tlie univeiGty w^w fn^d W. lijfii •ccor4i9g toiliOor ISalrymple it hat bitt few (luiith;t. Here it alio » uiliwnal of the inqiiifition. a. Orci)((e, a cUy ^tqi feity-ieiiCR milei.^ptWjfeoih' eaft of $t. Jago ^ic Cemfo^UD, .fix ttte bwtWiIof itae Minho, in a deUghtfni counjtry, vi4 *l>QtHHlH«iitfex««l- lent wine and fif>e fruit.^ One part of H itaiMl* «( t)K feot of a mountain, on which it felt a flvKp.CQl4e, ia iitvaied o)i the Ijay op of St. Jago, and has a levepu* of aiglltccivttaoafand iluead. This town it indofn) witli aftcong wall, f»broad, that two 'foaches may go abieaft upon it ( and itt neiebboqrhand produces turneps of.^y pound* wcighf, and ver^ well aafte^, Her* 9r« nxny warm baths, totue of wbidi are only lukewarm, and ether* boilina hM. j. Tai is, a watfcd city «(i thft n*cr^(inbOk aiMMtfoMy fdiles fputb of Compoftilla, land.iMM fitf firoaa Valtn^ in Portugal. |t, eii^w a gi^od >air; fatingideti^tMty £tuatrid ampng gardens andvtiwyard* i and i*!tlto'iee>a£ »igifliof, who ha» a revenue of font thooiiwid dnoitk. . 6. The town of Vigo is fitiiaicd on a finaU luajf , wberfc, in ijoai the Englilh and Dutch burnt the Spanillt pbM- .flset. 7, I'prrol, two leagues from Corunaa, it an Bgice- ablf town,'wirU a )ine liarboitr, where fevetid Kpanid>>iiMn \ of war are ufually at anclior. 8. Finifito-e it an inoon- tderable town iMat the cape of that name. ^ Monifbrte la Lemot is a town belonging to the count of LeuMis, A/iiiQ has a flatcly palace here. On the top of a nieMkhottr- 'tng mountain is a fpring tiat ebb* and flow* a*.tlike ua docs, and ia 4(ernatc]y botandcold.. so. Mondonnredo, fiotteen leagues froiQ tlK fearcoaft, is the fee of a bifliop, 11, B«- jUiiao*,, oiir th» Mandeo, ba* agood haibour. |{. Anurias, which is a principality, and gives titM to ithe hereditary. pfiiKe of Spain, has G^alicia, on tbevi^eft, the bay ,of Bit'eay, on ibe eaft ; ilie fea. on the noitlv; mM ,Old Caftile and I^oti. on the fouth. It is one hundrad and ten miles long, fifty-four broad, fintrte, but thinly in- habited. The people, wbo are very poor and proud, plume themfelvci upoi» being the getuiine defcendanti ef the an- cient Gotlis. The principal places ase, i. Oviedo, the capital, (ituatei twenty miles from, the bay Af Bifcay, between the little Ove and Duva, from tlie former of which it is fuppofed to .take lis name. Here is a» UQivinrGty, fomided in 1580, feveral convents, clsapelt, chuKhtt, and hofpitals: and here Pclayo, and the iift ^Iviftian Itifigs, after tlie con- qucft of.Spain by. tfae Moors, refidad. The town hat ftrong walls, and is lie feat of the royal audience for tlie pto> I .■viiice. It i* aUb the fee of a bithop, wlw it ^mediMety Aihjeft IB the pOpc, and ha* an iuoomt of ttnlfe tiiouOnd ducats. The neighbouring country is very mountainoittf but abounds in grain, cattle, and cliefnut -uecs, i. The fmall townbfGyon, near the lea, has agood wall, caftle, and pprt. It was called by the Romai); Arae Sextiae, or Se^^st, and was once the cipital of Afturias, and the refidenWof Pelayo, whofe fucceflbrs ftiled them- felves kings of Gyon, for fome time. 3. St. Andero, in latin Portut Sanfli Emederi, is a fnall town, bat has $ Isfi^, fccure, and well-fortified har- bour, which, however, has a dangerous rock at the entrance of it. 4. Santi)tena is a fmall town on the bay of Bifcay, be- longing to tNe duke del 4ififantado, to whom it gives tha title of marquis. It is fuppofed to be the Caalana, ot Caucana, of tue Greeks ana Roauni. - c. XtitbaBBk aa earldom, belonging to the dokes dvl' Infantado. The Moors could never get fooling in this province, which is one of the moft craggy and mountain- ous parts of Spain. in. The provirtce of Bifcay hu tke bay of the fams name on the nortbi Old Cafiile on the fouth, the Abu- lias oirtlM and <^e«, of wbick good cider it made, but in many places (t is mountainous, and the foil fiony and barren. This proviiKe is divided into three yaits, tis. ttfcay JVopitt, tiui^afoaa, and /Jtaba. .,..< The prifMlMl pbces ia Bsfea* Paoper are, t. Bilti*, riMiarly caBed fiilboik^ithefapjtal of the pro«i^« iria ■ i rfi Mtfan t ly Ituatei •vitbc iiwcr YbnwM, is miles ftfkt Hat fea, whcie it lus a >|)Dod. pMt, wi4 a great tntdc m. iron, wrought and unwtcaightr Woli faAvn, andicl|(f- natt. It b la%e and pobidoni* ibnadiiflK whtto wai M- ' natnlgr tiw Fortatt AnMunii, mi taking iW nme fraMi « ford ncar.the temnf >asi hivinc >bcm» H flrft «illad idtto VadOi »hick arai «t laftccn^M iAto Biibw or KIbM. iiircoMilel ihf h AiiWid dowMry, faovifiona ite ii«lii> fai thb.pTOviftdaOrdaaa, t fta-fwt ckr, feated in a plealant valley finnfed -bf hkb^Milntaiw, tiae^»fin mMb atl^ibe fitoiifttMft of Bilbos i ukl two Mhdt fiiuill tumaiitmt-ofmtick ii49tKalKa^ $ikm^tmu 4aiA-vtkof^lbm. '< - '' tt >t Thfc citv of St. Stawtow it «f eonCdtrabk fi^ '1»f» fecoR haiboiir atriMiDouh of tbe little titer OulnnMii, bjrthc antiwiK tilWilinifrtmi. ItitahMMMMoaph*. well defended ly a cjailii canying ois aMb » confldenMe trtMbinimi, mal, aid wool{ neva M 4fo • compaAr iMHciitiadnMitoCalnoou. ItcnjojriaptefaMprolfKn o^bcitfc«aeniidc^ «aAtlwPymwaiiBo«itaunai>»tte "SVpMaNMa, wVaciitanMB, btnttlaaMttmni, Ciwted ottapsniiiibiaoailR lei--4ioi*,'tirf«niy.«ir^/iiliiti'«* Ac ,ANtar lie ciN niM tha fivar jNdaWM, or VUtefib, ulijch it hamwry broad, and it th* lN>titidv{ between France andf^Mfn. Thb'pitca heUoM a fi^ge agaii^ tfae French.in 1638% Cir which It wu honomcd by the king with the titJa' of a eity -, bnt in (,719 watMNnhy than. The town of Tolofa, caoital MTOvidiilbaB, it featrd ■betw^n'«W»nicm|itiint in a delighkfiil valley, at tha con- fltMn^ of iIk; ftiikia attd Oria» otier which tiseie are two handfoBie bridges, and at a ihtall 4iftaacc feveral fine natural eafcadct. Thisjpbceii not large, bur iiil>dii( the eaft, and Caiiile and navarre'ort (he weft, b^g oite hundred and feventy miles long, and one hundred and ttn broad. It is barren, though well- watered. ,Th^ principal places are, t. Saragoffi, 6r Sar^bza, the capital, fitoated on the banks of the Ebro, and almoft in. the heart of the province. It was antiently a Romanxolony, and called Cxfaria, or Ci^far Augulla, of'vihich its prcfent name is a m^ifcft corruption. It is a lane, magnificent, and pQpulotis city, fian'ding in a'pikafant fertile plain, watered % Tour rivers, and containing a great nuny fptcndid convents and churches; biitth^ica'tlicdral isan old irregular building, the archbilhop has a revenue of fifty thoufand ducats. The umverlityhere was founded in 1744. Of tlte churches, that of our Lady x)f the Pillar i and of the convents, that of St. Francis, are ^he mod remarkable. Here are two liatcly bridges over il)e Ebro ; and the wat's of t)>e city, though old, are ffro^g ani lofty. A great ipanyjperlbns of ({ua^ty refine in |l>is city, w^ich UaS alfo a conffderable trade, aito >> the feat of the cuutt of roy^l audience for Ar- ragon, of the governor and captain-genera), and an office of Inquifition. 2. Ttuity-lix miles north-weft from Saragoza, a Corfft- dcrable town on theliltle river QikIIcs ; it is mentioned by Pliny, 'Ptolemy, and Stribo, under the narneof Turiaflb. Near it is MsivCayoy antiently Mons Caci, Wbith name the Spaniards pretend it had ftoip the tyrant C^us, Who was killed by (lercules. This town is the fee of a faiifliop, who is fulTragan to the archbilhop of Saragoza, and has a revenue of ttventy-thoufaiHl ducats per annum. It is well-built, and walled, and drives a good trade. 3. Forty-cj^t miles from 'Sar«goza, ftands Daroca, a conflderabre town on the banks of the river Xlloca, It is walled, and fltuated on an emineitce, amidft a fertile and delicious f lai;^. Here are fcverat convents, dtap^ls, fquares, aiiU fountains ; tnd in the pcighbbuthood is a, lar^ cava, of which they relate many wonders. Tliey pretend alfo lo have in one of their ichutchcs fix linen cloths, ftained ^ith the blood thav came from fo many confccrated wafers, which, upon an aUrm of the fpptoacli of the Moors, were '^.vrapped up in tbeni.' 4. Auoai cigtiiy miirs louiii 01 .^maguiui, itaims lui- lic, . a city on the banks of tlieTurias or Guadalaviar, '■.nereitisioinedby tlie Alharobria. The river is called by Ptolemy Turiolus, and much cxtoljed by CLiuJiiu for tht No. 71. y^ ricll fldwery verdiiri! bhts bankj; ilare il ie'rtidei, ilh4 the fe9 of a biflitfp, v»bo ImB a it^nue 4{ fix thotttad ducats, and is fliA'agan lo the archbilhop of Sanson. 5. On the batiks b( the Guadalaviar, towards the Imf- ders of Caftile, is fituated Albarraccin, * walled city, an- tierltly called Lobetum and Titria. Here is a oaftii^ aiU the (be of a bifhop, Who is fdffhlaii to Sinffiti, «id taaa an income of fix Ihoufand ditoiti per aniiiim. 6. About thirty miles nortb-eaft firom Sarig^izit ftan«lk Huefcsj a handfome town on the Ifaela. Thctity ftanida in a healthy plea&nt air, ind a fisrtile Ibil. Here is a^ univeilityi feiftlded in ttlfe year, 1354 ; and the fee of i bifhop, who has a revenue of thitteih thodfcnd ducats pet' annurii, Whh fefelral mohaAerles. 7. Xavier, en thti rivtr Callcgo, ha* ks ndme frtim the famous St. Xavier. i. B6na, a fiilallj but pleafknt city, near MonCayo, about thirty Ktiles from Saragtfza towarda the weft- north- weft, called by antlertt writers Bclfinum, arid Balfio. It is walled, and has a caftlo, with feveral' conventsi 9. Xaca, at the foot of the Pyreniscs, fixty miles nortii-eaft of Saragoza, is a Weli-built wallad town, has a ftreng caftie, arid is the fee of a bifho]^. 10. Bar- baftio is'fituated ort the VvM, a«er which it hai a ftately bridge. It ftands in a fbrtile plain, is furrouridad by a wall, contaifis fevetal oonveltts, and is the fae of a blfliop.' II. Calatayud, foity-five nlilei Ibdth-weft of Saragdza, 1* pleafantly fitmtted, has a fine air, itrong walls. iMiy eon- veiMs, and is eeiebrated for its fi«ie-tempeftf fted. 12; Alcanitz, o" the Guadalupe, ajipertaliis to tHe wiet of Calatrava. 13. La Piitibia de Alfuidea,' is 4 haiaidlbaie town near (he river Ebro. 14. Montalfari is a fortifini town belonging to the order of St. Jago. VI. I'he province df Gaudonia ha* iH* Medi^erratieaii fouth and eaft; the Pyrenees tierMi i and Anagain tad Valeniiia weft. It is one Kundred Jfifil dfty «a}let InOfi one hundred and twenty broad, is wtlt-wtterctf, hM a (m^ tile foil, and a temperate air. The principal plaoas are tile following; namely, I. Biiretilona, ^rBntSno, thecapitat of Catalonia. This is a tett&and welt-fortifisd fca-port; feated at the foot of Moiltjeui, in the forty-^kft degree twenty minutes north latitude, and in the fecond d^iee five minutes eaft lorigitude; It opens to the fett in a biean- tiful femicircle, between tlie rivers Llobvegat and Befes; It is a Urge aild well- fortified place, divided into tHi Old and I9e# Town, which are feparatdd from each other by a Wall and dinsh/ Mi^ of tlie ftreets lire broad, wea paved, and clean. It has tnany beaotifii! ftruAares, a large and fuperb cathedral. With fome other tine churches and eonvents, and (everal handfome fquates; 2. Tarragona, an antient arid firdng city, .is fitriated o« an eminence near (he tnoatli of the little river Franceli, fbrty-fivfe miles to the nortK-eaft of Tortoft, «Ai abe«t the ftrtw diffatnce to the W«ft of BarceloiKa. It is the fee oftaarchbifhCp, whCcnjuysa tewWOetJf twenty ftion- fand ducats a year. It has an ttntveriity, caft of Barcelona. It is (hited at or near tlie conflux of the Ter and Onhar ; h^s ftrongoM waili, and other fortificatiorrs ; with a great many cori* vents, andan univerfity ; being alfo tlie fee of aliiffiop, whd is fitflragan to the a^Difhop of Tarragona, with a levenotl of three tlioufand ducats per annuKf. The town carries on a pretty tratle, and gives the title of count : the oe^.k bouring country is reckoned the mc^ fertile in CerMlfhia. 4. The antierit city of Tortofa, en the Eb*o, ftands near the fea, and has a bridge of boats over the rivet, with a fttong caftlc, and other fort'rticatlons, an univerfity, arid feveral churches and convents. .This place is wajled, Car- rie* on a good trade in filk and and entthen ware; is tba fee.of abilhop, and gives the title of manjui^. <;. In the heart of the provinet fiaitds balfofna, which is ftrongly fortified, and the fee of a bifhop. 6. Balagncr, on the Legre, is nine miles no#th-eaft'from, 7. Ltrida, OH the fai«e river ; Which is an antient,' hairdfome, and flrong city, one hundred and five Inile* north weft of B»ir- celona. It ttontains feveral convents and moitaftcries, ala ....' It... .^ _< :..„.<:i:ii;;_. mUa 3. . ktflvn«>c £>• 8. Terrofis, near Lerida, has an air which is remarkably falubrious, and particularly in cafes of infanity ; fo that it is common all over Gatalotua to fay to a pafiionate man, 8 R " Y«\i ^u:-*.. M U t. I (- ^ The NBWamo UNIlM^RCAi SYSTEM of OB^OKXPHVt J n< 7. Art«diiudel Ijilinpo, itp!» on ,Um> IjWrkL v^vSwM, op ^iiiAi«rW*r, and.ait'tlM^iniM di^infioirota Madrid, iqi Tw^fli^tHf; OQ W.r0riM(9nb. A|4di|iafi* oil ^i|Sigi»fbe;.(^, ,;IVi*oiiff hundred <^««Pf#0d«^ t^i> tiroad, M well "•'^ Ittnriuu,' thM it if QmU«i but a good barbow:, on a bay of the fm, U owm m ^^^. „ ■ant aniSorigifi t« jiM antioit towi> of Rho4>r which [ P^^tigal tm flood »li«il> way pj^ near cai^Ctin. tt, Vtunmik, -^ > • targe ta«fe,!«ndtlNi^i«l of the earldom of Cci It 1* frctified in the inwietAmuwiw. miJBum^ U ^ . yiL.ThoprotiOKrffflMOatiwhich wai antiend; a kingdf^m. i* b«ii«4rd br thc: Aftwias, on thf northit liltesMdttra, on thCiffWii t (^tlkia and ?on>ig«l^en tbf «iA t 'ttd Old Ciaftite. m t|» nQ. . 1% i« one hundred and wijhtar^ilfailong, ai4i«piM«d( cf eight; l^oad in haa a, fraiiM foU. aboonda in..aatt|||i «mI;:0|1>«i «ndh«eni»ina ftwinil faarrja* iof ft9na> aaeil minn 9f ;ewda. Tba diihiit! of NalnnkMebefcditanEMtT^fwn. ,(!. . Tbetpfemcipal river* cf Leoo m the Pifnerga K^lim Qarrhtn,^^- which fife ifHOld GnOUf ; tbf %«^mA Qib«P» boihwb«h:hawjai«i|. tha 0rlMg«i wdlti« Formct* «K MO {ita 5a!«||»aiii«a, which Alj|i,iiie> i^l^iiirfr oatbftfRMitirra«fPQiWnI-,i . ;: ;U, : .Ih.ttia pR>*in«e arWi »io /fo W wa Mi g nanarkabla f»aow 1 Via;: '. iLeon tba.capiulof i^e pr«vinc<, ,wi* builtihjrlhA RomMii in the reign of th* emperor Qalba, andcal)^ Tu^ S«p{iH|a;(!cri«#oi«a>, 6!omj whence it 4ori«ed the same of Leon. It ia feated in tte forty third dagree: , . SHmitea iionh {atiti;de« t^ in the fixth de^ee twttity intirate* wjtA lopgitiidVt betwaen both (he; fp^oga ofi tlia, ri«anEfta« and at tbreiid pf a latg^ plain bpvndiM by thu movnbdni of the Afturiaa.,£ft!r itiy«; and tWratjr* fivecoUegea; The river ITormai, vrhich run* by itr^iw- tiliiM tba nei|^b«urin^cotmtfi[. . . 4. Rotoi«ati«n, cj^Coopal city, wh«:|), aficri» ^ly, ruined by die Gtfths, wa*.,in 1 ip|,, ;rcbi9li t^ rai ||j|^ dMed. Mife^Mtwahle; MM mk, he en^ed 4eoinM< dra«f it jw«a:c«mn^ and Ma « ravenoe of fiatm 3. . Thife town of Metid» ia fi^n^ui toihaarchhitlhopof S|. J^o, a^ baa an aiinuaj revenue of ten thott£in4 ducat*. Tbit ^itv i* pw o£ the three place* of rendfsvout for the Spaniards., w^en they are at war with the Portuguefe. , , 4. Zamora, fituated on the Donto, oyer which \t h«* a fine bridge, and ftantl* in a fertile country. The bi^^ of thi* place ha* an annual income of twenty thor^tof ducats, and i* fuSragan to the archbifhop of Toledo. Tuf bodv of $t. Ildefoalb, formerly bifhop of Toledo, is kept in tliiacity. , J. Palenfia, which it a confiderable walled city, plea- fanily fituated on the banks of the riverCarrion, antiemh Nubis, one hundred and twenty miles north-and-by»viea from Madrid, Here arc a great many convcntp, chuKhel, chapels, and it is the ice of a bifhop, who i% fufiragjm 10 the archbifhop.pf Compoftclla, and bat a mvcnoe of twentyr four tboufand ducat* per annum. Thil city vra* difiroycd by the Romans, bntrelntilt by Sancho the Great, anno. 6. Medina del Rio Secco,,afiour]flitog town, poehun* inc f^rs pT fouiltTwefl: Roman W) Itilmitt by Caclar ovi^liM^it' liaa LhweH at'triiim- de '8ffi| ti^V inM Ibaaa oth«r • fng- JM fj&AdorJv / ■ -7 ■ 'i ■ ■■ 1' ^.liadaiSS^on -ae .QluiM^ki'JrlbM^ to )Je «>• anJwM CpleiAllM!ktaIm&tiHt, i-fm^^pfAyitm^ bleforaMw in its neikhboarhopdi iimkli.,p(cvipua to (plweadtn, jdftya apiwan 16 >iH|M>ur^ ^itated. ft, Alnniant iia m«M towpfitutead on; the Thm, over #bich ii^S^1iil^i£?nt br^^ bk^ the em- pe{p^iwei^f)M deiy3^%4Ktong^iadet. atiiipi ctitwated fil h^dic BMii^iljilics: dTFrancii Pisarco, ihe fkmdua coAquenw of TCru. t. C^oria, Pn ijm iMe Iw ofa bifhpfc^pnd belm^ to the Alva fiKhily. 1,9. AltoqiMue ip s wall^Mplnaur tba, fton- ^^^^oirti^ tp.^0aadal«(ii ia^tUUid bn a, rilKr of tbejia» iwana. ftX. T»Wngdpm pr provihee c^OI4^CaftiIe it bonnd- td,>b til potO, h», the -aSiAm< iWdi^lftay ; on the «4,%Kavatreap<|*«rtt|tfA oh i^^^T^ by New C^Kt aiid, on the'vi'eft, by i«c«t.,; {tt %ire i* very imgular. afid con^nentiy it* dbtcpfifmt,«»remely dit- fer^it ; however, itt grealeftlenm WMn VtlUKioHd toTar- ratpna, !s,«^ut pn« hvAdiciiand tw«t^ in|)ifh milca. and Ita QNiiteft breadth anoitt pni* hhtidredlpd riahty. I (s ptindpal rtvert i^f the Dopu» attd Ehro, the fitil ot which u loipeif % d^ Attayada. the Anda>^ the Arebarlllo, ni| thePiroeig*V v^i#l am'twai^tbtArlai (a and At- bpcon. Thfii^ir^tifaiithefo river* inwin this province, which it mounliMnPn*, and MKfeRdethan Ne^ Caflile. : tlie R^rfl MwHtabk plad^ «!• this MBvioce aie, i. -Avna, Of Avila&i R*y»jtoflqp«iillJ»jlothBeaflof Sala- niancaf it an ancient ci|y, foi^d po f w^ pt^in environed with mountains, and ptoduci^ excfejfcnt gro .et and ottier fine fruits i it is furrounded with a wafi, Sg^ (E U ROPE,] " 8 P )irUlf, three clwpeb. favta iqave^ lamt -foriJ^th'gK itnett At the fiift nuik, he&dtttgmtpiiamimoitujitt. - , In this city are finreral.finfcbutcha, bcfidct (be catha> dral'i that of-Stv Mil«p,it>««ry M, Tlit ttcbaa'of this ahutctiare albiiMuitf'and'Jafge't jnd the piiian, ^khare lofky, bave cai«cdn^b, cciitaitiiminanjfigwwbothof Kieil>«hd animiit'i nn» with beaiUi»I fobaee : the (hafu attftonnd and jtm* plaetd upon! 2|Mit wfei sxtfetitely . btga. At the entlnnce it afort of akade, ttiih beautiful froall column* oCliiack niarble^ and* fort of ijpinnineHiaint (hei faUarttogftlilf,,. TJm church dctfiealrAto 8t. John.thc fiaMiftis find tA> be ibeoldeft indie city, it b«itUibniltin9a3. Tbe.rojralpalMet or Alcasir, it fuppofiNTlo bave.been built iixtbe c%fath(itn«ir]r. The front it lAtatfifjt} leer long i there qtv t«ta» coni^ iturrcts «t each wing ; ariatbe taf«de>ii.adonicA ^|M<^ ittKtd- diminutiTe tatrett in! the iiuae ftHe. Ab«roaf adorned with turrets in the faiiie fiile { aaii between tlie wiflkt in the niidiUe rifei a lofty fqu^re brick tower, furrounded with (ituU cir* culir turrets eniiinjK in & eonfele. Along the: front of the firftbuildibg nnwtiiMat, fmali, open gakeify» jvft under the.'cemiee.i; rTMt «hole'of;tiie fabric appears to be in the old Mopeiih ftllcijUiiHliajtxueflliely pmtv and liglu. Hete.it 4dkl;iiuiM(iutqw«t or cafth <» Segovia, fo cele- bratadih GilBlaajind •Hieri romance*, the aiitient recep- tacle of fiatewilelutt'. .There it anothet large prifon in the itiiddieorthiitciijr i but that it only for common male- b&on. Here it a fiHQoot wtiverfity in this city, which it the fee of a bifiiop^. who haa a rcnnitcor twenty-four thouland ducau per aanune Though th^ ^Mm-ho«(k it agood modetn firoAare, yet the' city, upon (he whole, hat a ftrange appearance : the buildings look wiU^d odd, iomctiiiKt being nufcd upoie the uneven and cragn parts of the rode, andconfiftingof all the fliles of •(chitcfiuie, Roman, Gothic, Spanifli, Mooriih, andSaxoih ^ . The mod remarkable tturiofi^ among the buildihgi of this citjTt it the Seeovian ai)nMnS, which extendi to a fmall nver,«)alkd Rio Frio, tthich rifes in the (kirts of a paft in the tn^une^, and takes from it at mocb tnrttr at would fill adu£kthat would contain a human body. The principal mint, of all Spain it in tbit citjr : wlKn at work, they can coin thirty iboufand ducats in a day. Here they mute good paper ; but the woollen manu&Aure of thit city it the beft and moft eonfiderable in all Spain i the blankets of Sqpivi* are, perhapt, the fintft in the world ; for they have a vaft quantity of the itnet!: wool, produ«d from tftf QVmberleft (Iqckt bred in tMe neigh- bouring plaint. Here arc alfo feveral other manafaanriet, particularly of linen, which is carried on very fuctnftfolly. ThecityoCVatiadolid, antiently called Pindia, it large, beautiful, and pfqwlons, eighty-fix miles to the north weft of Madrid. It U (ituated in a I'pacious and deliglitful piain, watered by the FilVMlca, over whicli it has a ftately bridge : befides which, it hua about nineteen inull onet over the Efquera, a fmall river that runs through feveraLof the ftreets, and thence tbro^ a delightful landfcape of gardens, orchards, meadowt, and iieldt, which it waters in its coutfc. The city it walled round, and has fix gates ; but it is a place of no great Arength, It hu long broad ftreeu, with Ijir^e and lony houles, fplendid palaces, fpacious and ele^Dt Iq^ares, and fountains i feventy convents, among which the doQ^inictn convent of St. Paul has a magnifinnt church i the college of the jefuits is particularly Worthy of notice, at is bkewife that of St. Gregory. Here isa great fi:|uare, or piazza, is built after the model of that at Madrid, and oonhftt of five hundred arches with gilt bakoniet, three tboufwd windows all in view, and three hutidred and thirty gates or doort. It it feven hun- dred oases in circuit, and it eanable of containinc thirty tbott&nd peifoni. A large well-built ftreet, chiefTy inha- bited by gold aud filvei'fmitbt, Hands near one fide of this N. m Near the Dominican convent, is a royal palue'i liere is alfo an univcrfity, founded in 1346 ; « geographical acar; demy, lately credlcd i a court orinquifition ; and a tribu- nal of iufticc, coinpofed of one prelident, fifteen counlcU lors, four criminal judgei, one fupreme judge for Blfcay,» four judges of nobilit/, two fifcals, and an aljuazit niayott yet the loveniie of its bilhop, whoit fuffragaii to the aidi- bilhop of Toledo, doeinol cxweditvaelve thoufioid ducaia per annum. The inhabitanit of thit town not only cirry on a eonfiderable trade atroaJi but are em;)l<}yed in fevqrai manufaQuiei at home, in which tliey are very ingelueua and expert, and are at polite and well-bred people at any in Spain. . , . , 3.' The ci^y of Borgoa, capital of the pwvinoe, is fituaicd on an eminence by the little river Ailan^n, one hundred and twenty miles north of Madrid. It has a bridge over the river, and is a large, but not a fine city j though it Ua| fome haiidfome fquaret, public baildings, and palacci'. It it faid to have nine monUit of winter, and thre« of fire, oit account of their exceflive heat. Among other convents, here is one for ladies of quality, called Las Huelgas, tlie /evenue of which is (aid to be eighty tiioufand ducats per annum. Thcabbefs, wlio is generally a Udy of onpoftlw firft fiimilies in Spain, has feventeen otlierconvcnts, fourteen towns, and fifty villages fubjeA to hit. Thitcity, which was built in ihe ninth or tenth century, on the tains of Aoca, claiint the precedence of all others in the cortet or parliamentt of Caftile. The walls are antieut, but ftrong. On tlie north fide, on an almoft inacceinble rock, flaiids the citadel. The cathedral here is one of tlie nobleft and richeft in Spain, Tlie archbifiiop has a reve- nue of forty thouland ducats per annum ; and the king it alwayr the firft of the canojit. There are a great many eleunt fountains to fupply the cii^ with water. X. The province of New C^fiile, which. was formerly a kingdom, has Old CaDile on the nortli, from whioli it is parted b^ rid|;es of mountains ; Ellraniadura, on tlie weft-; Andaluiia, on the fouth ; and Valencia and Arragon, on the eaft. It is two hundred miles long, and in the wideft placr one hundred and ninety broad, well watered, ^ fertile, and' has a good air. The inlubitants fpcak the pitreft Spanifh. 4. The city of Madrid, which is the metn^lit qf tail Spain, and the refidence of tiie court, ftandt in the ccntro of a large plain, furrounded with mounuins, and iii tlip very heart of the kingdom,, on the banks of the little rivet Manzanaret, which is always very low and (hallow, except when it is fuelled by the melting of the fnow on the mount* taiat. The flreets are wide, ftcait, and bandforae, and adorned with feveral fine fountains ; the houfes are fair and lofty ; but built of brick, with Uttice-windows, ex- cepting thofeof the rich, who have glalt in their windows. There arc two fiatety bridges here over the Manzanaret, feveral beautiful fquarcs, feveral magnificent churchM, oonventa, palaces, and bofpitals. I'hc compafs of^ the whole city is cqmpnied at about nine miles, and the num- ber of its . inhabitants at about one hundred and fifty tiioufand. Tbit was formerly a very difagreeabic place, but hat been greatly improvca of late, and is now one of the neateft in Europe. It is wellfupplied with provifiont of all kinds at reafonable rates > and the court, with the refort and refi- dence of the quality, and tlie high colleges and officet that^ are kept here, oocafion a brifk trade and circulation of money. There arc three royal academies here, one for medicine, another for hifiory, and tin third for the im- provement of the Spanifii language. The moft magnificent palace, not only in this,country, but perhaps in the whole world, is tlu: Elcurial, which takes its name from a fmall village, near which it'ftani)t, about twenty-two miles nortli-weft from Madrid. j[t was built by Philip II. and is a vaft fpacious IbruAure, till of curious whitcfpecklcd ftones, with ornaments of various Ibrts of maiblc, jafper, &c. It was twenty-two years in building, and has the appearance oi a town, having, it is faid, about eleven thoufand windows, and containing, befidcs the royal apartments and otfices, a m'oft fplendid church, in wliidi are forty chapels, and as many altars, rich beyond imagination i a convent of jeremites, a college, feveral holpitals or infirmaries, and a noble library, con- taining a large and choice coUcdion of books in all lan- guages and Mculties. ' Here it alfo the burial-placet of the kings and queent of Spain, called tlie Pantheon, whicli, amidft all iti riches and fplendor, is an affediiw monu- ment of the vanity and t'ranfitorinefs of human grandeur. In fine, it is faid, that it would take up above four whole days to go through all the rooms and apattuentt of thia palace. -■•m .■;*> 7B8 Tni new AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OEOORA^HY; i S) ■fk Slice, wbicH tyik*ti% M tliit ctn bfe imigined fer^trtety of Fpcr, inirMef and ctfriOdi noneii painting, fctilptare, pltce, tipeftry, gulii, fcc. j. TheCo*ii of Arthjuet!, wttileh it aboat thirty tnilH foudi of Madrid, A fltattcd On the baitki of the Tagoi, and Wat chiefly built nd« r gi'omd. a. The antient city of Segorre, tfr Segofbev in Utiik Segobriga, is pleafantly fituated on the baaikt of tlte Mor- vicdro, about one hnndiad a.id fifty milct eaft fre*i 1^4 drid, thirty from the fea, and at many n«Mh from Vatenk tia. It it the fde i>f a bifhop, who it fuftagah to the aitif bilhop of Valentia, and hat a rcvenae «7 t:n ihouiaad ducatt per annuin : it alio gives the title ctfdafce, J. Theclty olfOrihuela, in UtiA Orftlit, ittheeapihd of a partkvlar diftrift, fittiaied on the baRkt of the rivet Seetira, riwut one hundred and ninetr-four mila fbiith- eaft from Madrid, and eighty tenth fn4* Valentia. It* pMfent -amr is thought to bek corruption of A«ri«lla, i.e. the Pot of <3old, as it wat called by tlie Romana, on ae< coimt of ffie gold mines that wtte formerly about it. Thia plue is the Im of a bifhop, #ho it foibajnai to Valefttia^ and has a rercnue of ten thoufand iitiei i liere it now an univerfity. 4. The fkmout city and flm-port of Alieant it fituated on the Mediterranean, about it»o handled ard ten itailea to the foutheaft cf Madrid, and about fikty foath of Va. lentia. It has a commodioat iwrboar, mm whence a great quantity of delhiout firnita, whh rtcalibnt red rtid white wine, foap, aiM anife.nre nrpdrtedi It bat acaftle, ftrong walls, ahd a few baftioht, for iti AAnca. c. The town ofSt. Dcrtii, itandt atihefcMora high hill, called Mongon, about thirty>four milet nordt-eaft from Alicant, on the fJea-coaft, where it ha a confenlant harbour, with a cjftle, and tratoh-tower Of anmMraotdi- nary height. It it alfo well-fortiiied. Tfait piaca it fop. pofrd to have been anfienlly called Diana, fromateiriple dedicated to that goddefs. 6. The fmall town of Morviedro is fituated on the ftmo fpot where the antient Sagunhun ftood, on the hankt of the river formerly called Patantia, but which' now bear* the fame name as the town, independent of the walk which nmrk the limits of the antient Sagunhun. The remains of an amphitheatre and pahwe are ftill to be feen In thit tnWn ; they arc fituaied abovt three milct from the fea, at the (tot dfa hill. Oh (he'ihininit of wMah it albrt, twelve miles north 6( Valentia. 7. Cape Artenues is the antient Artemyftum. 8. Gau- dia, on the Alcay, gives the title of dake to the noble fa- mily of Borgia, contains an'taniverfily, and it delieniied bv a caftte. 9. La Mata centaSht the mdft confideraMe'Mt- werk in Spain. 10. Uche it a haiidfoue town, very plea- fantly litoaied n«ar Alieant. Xll. The province of Jfindtlufia it efleemed the bed in all Spaii), it abounding in> exquifite fruitt of all kinds, honey, excellent wine, grain, filk, fugar, fine oil, nume- rous herds of cattle, particuhirly horfes, with metals, cin- nabar, and a certain fpecies of of the moft numerous and bcft equipped band of, be^ii|gera that, pcrliaps, ever befet any fortrefs. The Spaniards bent every endeavour to this fingie objeA. They ftarved their marine, and negle£tcd their power in cverv other quarter of the globe, that they might employ all their rc- lources, and direA all their attention to this great aid. I'hcir works wore immtufe, tlieir induftry iiMe&tigabk:. They endeavoured to aceompliftt its reduction by thecon- ftancy of their attack : by tlieir numbers they were able to make their operations iiiccfFant, that the garrifon piiglft have no relaxation from fatigue, no opportunity forrepofc All their ftruggles, however, were rendered abortive, Our fleets have annually relieved the gariifoii, and on tlie only occafion when they were oppofed, had the glory to gain a figiial viftory over tlie SpHiiilh lijuadron, commanded by don Juan de'Langara. The Eiiglidi fleet was commaful- eU by the gallant Admiral Rodney, whotookfiioM the eilfp my the Phqsnix, don Juan de Langara, admiral, fopx- mander, eighrv guns, and fevcn hnndn oieiv; tli« Mi- nnrct, PriiKcfli, and Diligcnte; fevenlv I .ns, and fix hun- dred liicn each : tho San Julian and San"'iMgcni9 wetc alfo" 8 S . ttihen J til i,.,A^;.:*V ■i: 7f» Till NEW AMD ^liun 1 'the forroet went on Ihore, iha Utter w»i driven on Ihc brcakert, and loR : riie Sin Tudi and San Lorenzo cfctped. very much damaged : (lie San Dominjo of feventy giiTM and fix hundred men, blew up in the aftion, and all on board perilhed. The iod, upon this occallon, on me Tide of ilie Knglilh, wai one hundred and thirty-two men killed, »nd one hundred and two woun^d. Tlic happy Conrtt]uencci of ibis viAory Wat, the cfTeAual relief and lecorily of the (arrifon. Gibraltar, however, coirtinued to lie inveflcd by the Combnud forCei of Fiance and Spain, till the month of Scpieniber, 1781, when ilic enemy made their jjraiid but incffcftual mack on the place, both by fei\ and land, .af which the following account wat pubtilhed by authority, on the fixtecnth of November, in the fame year 1 in a letter from the right honourable General Elliot, the brave governor, to the lecrctary of flite i dated Gibraltar, September ij, 1781. •• My Lord, " THE encmv having ColleAed hii whole force by fea ■nd land ; forty-four fail of the line, befide* three inferior Iwo-dcckcri i ten batterii-.g Dtipt, few guns, and (hat only at in- tervals. At midnight the admiral's (hip was plainly dif- covered beginning to burn ; an hou' after it was com- plsctly in names : eight more of the 'hips took fire in fuc- celGon. Signals of didrefs being now made, the launches, feluccas, and boati of the whole Ocet, began to rake out the men from on l>oard the burnirg (hips. Many Ihots were ftill fired from thofe in which the flames had yet made no confiderable progrcfs ; and the fire from the enemy's batteries on (hore did not in the leaft diminiDi. Brigadier Curtis, viho, with his fquadron of gun-boats lav ready to take advantage of any favourable circumftince, left ihe New Mole at two o'clock, and about three formed a line upon the enemv's flank, advancing and firing with great order and expedition ) which (o aftonilhed and difconcerted the enemy, they fled precipitately with all their boats, aban- doning the (hips, in which fomc officers, and numbers of their men, including many wounded, were left to perith. This unavoidably mud have been their wretched (ale, had they not been drag«;ed from amidit the flames by the pcr- fonal intrepidity of brigadier Curtis, at the utmoft hazard of his own life, a life invaluable to his Majcfty's fcrvice. For fome time I felt the utmoft anguifh, (eeing his pin- nace clofe to one of the largeft (hips at the inftant ftie blew op, and fpread her wreck to a vatt extent all round. The black cloud of fmoke being dilperfed, I was again revived by the (ight of the pinnace, little apprehending that the Brigadier was iii the utmoft danger of finking, fome pieces of timber having falling into, and pierced the boat, (killing the cockfwain, and wounding others of the men) fcarce any hope left of reaching the more : providentially he was favcd by (hipping the hole with the feamens jackets, until boats arrived to their relief. One of our gun-boats was funk at the fame morouiit. UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of C. R OG R A F H V?l " In the courfr of the day the remaining eight fhipi fevtf* rally blew up with violent eiplufions : oikc unty elcapcd the elTcA of uur fire, which it was thought proper to burn, tlicie l>eing no polfibijity of pieferviiig her. " The admiial't flag remained Hying on board hit fliip, till (he wni totally conlumcd." " ExiiaA of aletter, from Captain Curtis, c|*lcd Gibral- tar, September ij, 178>. " At eiciht o'clock in the morning of the iiih, the ten battering (hips ofihernrmy lying at the hcij uf the Uty, under the command of admiial Moreno, began to get un- der fail, in order to come againft the garrifon i every thing was in readincft for theit reception. At ten the adiniiar* (hip wat placed aliout one thoufand yaidt from llic king's Battinn, and commenced his fire. The others were very (hoitly afterwards pnfted to the north and fuuth of hint, at fmall diftances afunder, and began their cannonade. They were all fixed to the (lations allotted them in a maflcrly manner. Our baltci ies opened as the enemy came bclure them : the fire was very heavy on b«lh fides : the red-hot (hot were fent with fuch precifion from the garrifon, that in the afternoon the finokc was fcen to KTue from the uppct part of the Admiral, and one other, and men were pcr> ceived to he ufinf^ fire-engines and pouring water into th« holes, endeavouring to cxtinguifh the fire. Their efTortt proved inc(feAual -, by one o clock in the morning the two before- mentioned were in flames, and fevcral others afluaU ly on fire, though as yet not in fo great a degree. Confu- (ion was now plainly obferved among them, and the nu* merous rockets thrown up from each of the (hi|)s, was • clear dcmonftration of their great diftrcfs : their fignali were anfwered from the enemy^ fleet, and they Immediate- ly began to take away th: men, it being impoflible to re- move the (hips. I thoug it this a fit opportunity to employ my gun-boats, and I alvanced with the whole (twelve in number, each carrying a twenty-four oreighlcen-poundcr) and drew them up fo as to flank the line of the cnen.y't haltering (hips, while they were annoyed extremely'by an exceflive lieavy and well-direAed fire from the girrilbn. The fire from the eun-boais was kept up with great vigouf and ttkd. The boats of the enemy durft not approach ! they abandoned their (hips, and tht men left in them to otir mercy, or to the flames. The day-light now appeared. and two feluicas, which had not yet efcaped, endcavourec to get away ; but a flUH from a gun-boat killing five meu inoneoftnera, they fubmilted. The fcencattbis time before me was dreadful to a high degree, numbers of men crying from amidft the flames, Ibme upon pieces of wood in the water, others appearing in the (hips where the fire had M yet made but little progrefs, all exprelTing byfpeech and geflure the deepeft diftrefs, and all iinploi'fng allilUnce, formed a fpeAacle of horror not eafily to be dcfcribed. Every exertion was made to relieve them ; and 1 have in- expre(Bble happinefs in informing my Lords, that the number favcd amounts to thirteen officers, and three bun* dred and forty-four men. One officer and twenty-nine wounded (fome of them dreadfully) taken from among the fisin in the holds, are in oor hofpital, and many of diem ill a fair way. The blowing up of the (hips around us, as the fire got to the magazines, and the firing of the can- non of others, as the metal became heated by the flames, rendered this a v«y perilous etnployment ; but wc felt it as much a duty tftiivte every cSon to relieve our enemiet from fo (hocking a fituation, as an hour before we did t6 aflift in conqurting them. The lofs of the enemy lUuft have been very confiderable, [private accounts make it two thoufands] Great numbers were killed on board, and in boats. Several launches were funk. In one of them ■A-ere fourfcore men, who were all drowned, except an of« ficer and twelve men, who were floated under our wall* upon the wreck, it was impolTiblc that greater exertioni could have been mide to prevent it, but there is every rea- fon to believe that a great many wounded perilhed in tb0 flames. All the battering (hips wer« fet on fire by our h : (hot, except one, which we afterwards burnt. The admi- ral left his flag flying, and it was confumed with the (hip." By the late treaty of peace between England, Spain, and the other belligerent powers, which was concluded in the beginning of the prefentyear 178J, this important place, fo gallantly defended, is allowed (fill to remaitLin the hands cf theEnglifh, no ftipulatioB having been made concerning it. The town of AlgezinB is at prefeni but a mean, old place in the Streights, and has a decayed harbour, with only a fi^w (battered hou(et. The Moors (irft landed here, and held the place almoft feven hundred years. The word Algezira, in Arabic, fignifiet an ifland i and the harbour being formed by two iflands, it has been called in the plu. t»t rH! [EUR 0> E.J )«l numhef Algfiini. Thl« port w«t, howrV*r, fet»ice- •blt to the Sp«ni■td^ for Ihelteriiig and ic|>airiii|i dicir (hipi of wjr durina i)ie ftcte of Cjibraltar. The next kingJoin iitciadcil in the province cf AoiUlu- fi*. ii Cordova, wliicli thouKH muc^ f^Allcr than tlii«i of Seville, it equal to it in fertimy. C'irdovt, ihioitv, antiently called Cordoba atid Colo- ni« Patricife, liei in tiiirty-leven degreci, fifty miliuiei iioith latitude, and in fotir degreci fifty-three miitutet \\ei\ lon- gitude. It ii a very antient city, fituatcd in a bcautirul and veiy fpacioui plain on the banki of the river Uuadal- miiver, over wliicli there ■• a flout bridge of rixiecnatcllci. On the north fide of the town ram the Sicra Mnrete, a temarkable chain of moun*aini that fttctch tbcnifelvei from the fca above two hundred tnilei inland. The walli are in many placet entire, oartty Roman; partly Moorlflt. It It at prefenl a confiderable city, but badly bnill, the Arcert narrow and irregular : the houlei ate cliieflv ftane, conflroAed in the Moorilh tafte, on each lidc of a f(]uare eoiirl-yard The bilhop, who ii fulfragan to the archbifhop of Toledo, hat an annual revenue of forty thoufand dncatt. The cathedral it a large anti<|ue and magnificent fquare building. 1 be epitcopal palace ii a Urge flruAure. The Alcazar, or Moorilh palace, ii now made ul'e of for the inquifition. In i ;86 Cordava fufFrr- ed very much by an earthquake. I'hif town ban been fi' mous for its leather , whence the Englilh woid cordwain, from Cordovan. There is alfc a confiderable filk manu- h&ary carried on in this place. The neighbouring mountain* are covered with delight- ta\ nrdeiis and plantaiioni of olivea, ortngr<, lemons, and ngs. They are alfo'lnterfperfed with pleulani valleyi, refrcftied by fpringj of good w?'cr. VVneii the above- mentioned trees are in bloifbm. Ihcy diffufe a fragrancy all over the country. Bcfulrs the e^. llenceof the wine, and the plenty of fruits ami vegetables, there is the finoft breed of .Spanilli horfcs inthij country. The town of AnHujor, one hundred and fifl) miles ibnth of Madrid, is fituated in a fertile foil, and has a bridge over the OuadaJquiver ; Lucena, fortj-five miles fouth- weft from Seville, is a confiderable city. Very plcal'anlly iiiuated ; and Vacna it'a large pleafanttown belonging to the town of Sexi. jean is the fmalleft of the three killgdoms comprehended in the province of Andalufia. The'frincipal city it con- tains is Jean, which (lauds at the foot of a mouiuain, and is defended by a caflle. !t is populous, and has ibme fine churches and monaflcrics ; but the greatcft devotion is paid here to St. Vcrunica. lis bifhop, who is under the arch- bifhop of 'I'oledo, has a ycaily income of twenty thouland ducatt. It was once the capital of a Moorilh kingdom i and the country particularly abounds in filk, Itefidcs pro- ducing great plenty of corn, wine, oil, and fruit. The oihri (owns of left note, are, i. Ubeda, the Ubea, or Vetala ot the Romans, a fmall city, one hundred and fifty miles fouth from Madrid, and Mtyfeven north from (iranada. 2. Baeza, anticntly Valia, Beathia, and Hea- tia, a coiifiderable city, three miles from the Uuadalqui- vcr, and about fifteen fouth- wed from Ubeda. fiefidei the above-mentioned, there ate feveral other places of fome note in the province of Andalufia t namely, I. Alcantara, h« but its grraieft breadth is about eighty. The air is temperate and healthy ; and though there are many mountains in the province, and fome of them very high, yet they are almoft every where covered with vines •!)■! fruit trew, totether with laurel, myrtle, fweet bafil, SPAIN. yti B», together with laurel, myrtle, ier- mir'oram sisd other sromatic h»rb! Iiluch gin in exiitiilitc tafle M the fleflt of ibcir cutle and (heep. The vaHiea are extremely beautiful, »nA ih« whole ii «cU watcicd. This wan the lall of the .Spanilh kingdoiai polTcflird by the Moors, who did nut reduce it till the year 1492. Tiie principal pUcctaie the following, vil!. I Granada, the capital, which is fituatcd at the ron- flux of the Ze^lland I.)aro, one huiidtcJ and oghty milts Ibuth of Madrid, It ftandi in tli* itiidft of a fruitful country, hat a fin* air, is capacious and populous, baing one bl llie '.itgeil cities in Spaiiit mid coiiiainiiig upwards of ninety thoufand inhabitants It is of a circular form t and the Inowy tops of the Sierra Nevada mountaint, rhicti •r* (ceil at the dilUnce of three leagues, greatly diverfify tAA add to the verdure of the circumjacent fcene. The cathedral is very large ; and the iiillde, within tlicle fifteen vears, has been incrufled with the (inell marble highly pi'!illird, and enriched with ornaments of bionza ; but though the whole is exprclTive and coHly, the workman* Ihip IS executed in a delpicable niaiincc. In the adjoining clinpcl royal feveral crowned hcadi, and other Kreit per- fonages, lie buried, 1 he church of St. John of God liai a handfonie (lone front, and elegant cloillcrs, which, ia 1749, were pahited in freico, I he royal '|>ilace of the Alhumbra it 6ne of the moft entire, as Well as moft magnificent of any of the edifice* which the "floors creAid in Spain. It ii fituatcd on a lull, which is afcendrd by a road bordered with hedge* of double or imoerial myrtles, and rows of elms. On thit bill, within tne wallt of the Alhumhia, the empeto^ Charts V. began a new M^ce in 1658, but which was never finilhfd ; the (hell of it remains ; it is built of yellow fionei theouifide forms a Tquare of one hundred and ninety feet. The infide is a grand ciicular court, with k portico of the tufcan, and a gailery ul tlie doric order, each fupported by thirty. two columns, mad"; of at manv pieces of marble. The Alhumbra is a inafs of many houks and towers walled round, and built of larj;e ftoiiet of dilTerent dir<;enfioiii. Almoft all the rooms have ftucco wails and ceilings, fome carved, fome painted, and fomo gilt All the tloors are cither marbled or tiled. The filk mannfaftury in Granada ii very confiderablet and the arfcnal is the bcftfurnilhed ofany inSpain. There is likewife a theatre, which is but mean and daric ; a cir* liar amphitheatre for bull-feafls, built of brick, with ./oodcn teats, and confining of two rows of boxes, fixty. eight in each row i the inner area being one hundred and ei);hty>five feet in diameter ; a court of iiiquiliiion, a royal tribunal, &c. There is a large plain without the city, called La V^ega de Granada, which it full of hamlets^ villaget, and other fmall buildings. ; 2. The antient city of Malaga is lafjge, well built, flrongly fortified, and populous : it hat a fine lur- hour on the Mediterranean, two hundred and fixty miles fouth of Madrid, and frventy-five foutU-..eli from Granada. The city is encompafled with a double wall, and defended by t«M caAles. So great is the exportation from hence of wines, raifini, almonds, figs, lemons, oranges, and other fruits, befides wool and oil, ihst the duties on them arc laid to yield to the king eight hundred thoufand ducats per annum. The harbour runs up into the town five hundred and thirty common paces, witli a good breadth, and lour (lain to take water at, x.nd twenty- four pillars of jafper ftone- to fiiften the (hips to. The bilhop is fubjc£l to the archbiOiop of Seville, and tiai t revenue of twenty thoufand ducats per annum 3. Seventy miles fouth. weft from Granada (fands An- tiquera, which is a pretty large and handlbme town, with a caAte. Near it is a famed faltpit, which fuppliet the whole territory with that commodity -, with a Jpring, which is laid to be an excellent lithontriptic, or difiolvent for the ftone in the urinary paffages : here arcalfo a parcel of rocks, called El Torcal, which at a diftance reprefent men, benfts, buildings, itc. and fome caverns, that arc faid formerly to have contained gold. This place is fuppofed to be the fingilium of Pliny, and tlie antiquaria of tlie itiiiciary, 4. The fmall city of Almeria, on the Mediterranean, is fituaied two hundred and ten miles fouth-eaft from a- drid, itnd fixty-four fouth-eall from (iranada. It is the fee of a bilhop, who is fulfragan to Granada, and has a revenue of four thouland ducats : this place has a fafe and commodious harbour. 5. Guadix, twenty-fourmileseaft of Grsnad.i. is the fee of a biflmp. 6. Alhama, twenty-eight milct louth-nA of Granada, has fome admir ble warm baths. ; . Gucf- ear, between the Guadadar and u-ravate belongs to the I great trade in wool. Loxa Santa Fi, vi *i.. ■ ai.iiii- y|i Tm NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or O E O (^ » AfPJ^ Y, I Tt, lltn, Veld M*ljK», tnJ Roivl«, u^ tt« inrnpHf dttablr (u merit particular alieiit .III. XIV. Tlic lift prnviiice tn have to cirfcribe ii .Mufcl«, which WM iiilienlljr i kiiiKdom : it liai New CiUlile on the nniih t An4atu •ki\ i Ciraiuda on the fouth-wcft \ *ii<] l|^^4ellllrrra•l«all ^11 the rotiih. It ii one huiklrcA niiln Jong, iiinetf in tlie iwiiaJcll part, well wtiereil, aiiil toleiahly teriltp. Thii pii'vince containa, i. Mmcia, i'roni wliicti it taJ(CI ill name, lilnattd in a fpaciou* iihI i>vrnHi churciici, liiuatci, ai>J gatei, wiih a Boud wall, a cquit of in'|uiliilon, a liaiely pilace, anil a xafllc. It ha|li often (lilTcrcd by tha inuildalioiu nf the ^egu^4. 'tUc aJjacenl country ahounds in mullwtry tccet, olivet, fugar caunj •lid line Iruiti. a. The town ofCarthagena lul a noted Tea por^ on the Medilcrranein, at the iiuiulh ot the i^vcr (iu|d)Uii)iin, J tot far from Caue Paloi, f ne hundred and ciuUty nnk > buth-loutheaft from Madrid, and foity-twa luuth-vfil) iratp Muraia. It ii faid to have h«rn tMti(( DtY AMnihal, the Carthaginian nncral, two bpndied ar^d (wenty'tive years before Chriil, and called Catlhagc Nma, or New Carthage. The air here it temperate in fummer, and (q mild in winur, tlut the rofei blow at fa^r imi frejh at CfiiiAniai. •a in Englind in June. Botly city and harbour are wrtl fbxtifted. The bay on wbich M flMid»t ab(iuiida y\ fUh, •fpccially mackarel | and tlieueightMuring country afTurL'i diamoiuli, rubiei, aniclhyfli, garnctij agatei.and mines of •llum. The city is pretty large, and il( harbour one oi the bed in Spain. The bidiop is fuffragan to ih* archbi- shop of Toledo. Under the Komint and CartUai^iiiai>i, tltii was one of tlir mod tloutilhing cities in 4II Hp«ii) i for, from hence tl>«yll»ipp«dotrtliofe vail (jo^ot,iti«s of gold and (ilvcr which they dug in tlic I'yicncei (lul other nipuntains. 3. Almacafon, a littlt (ea-pott at the nwutli of tbe Guadalantin, i» celebrated for tlie niintt of ,allum tfll its luighbourhood. 4. Lorca, forty-two milci fouth-wcft from Vfurcia, ii pKtiy i)9pulOHi ; itia r«tmxt49" >^<: OuM^la^Uiii., . '.it-ii-tiv' }'i'i1\'>il I ) 'ill'liyi .. ' 1 ' .^-lii. till" :■•, , ti i,..;.J •>. J--..* i.^-j^lL . vo( a,^, I., J,: if<»l * ..It .'■111.' ■' '-''1 *•• V,, • • 4M<» 1 I IM j-n! f... Dt/criihg thi manniri and mfltmi tf tti !!^amd abhorrence of drunkentieli : tliey a»e, very jealous of t|icir honour, wliv-n once engaged ; and a cciebratijd author obfervc^, that " the Spaniards Isavc Iwn, in all agci, fjmoui ! >r tlieir honefty." Juftiniaii mc itions their fiJclity in kccj.wig nlutever was intruftcd to then care ; they luvc fu.j Kiitly fulFeied death, rather tlian 1 n cal « fcctet, and h.ivc flill the lame fidtdity lot which they wcic formerly diftin- guilhed. The Spar, h, however, on the other lui>-i, arc univer- Jally too muci. p,iven to women ; and their '• lioufy, where either their wim , daughier. fiAer, or even miAreft is con- cerned, fcldoiu fails to end in bloojrticdi fpr they think no means too crui I, bat, 01 unjuft, to wipe off any (lain tliat i> cad apoi) tii< tr honour, olr to gratify, their icvengq. Pride of birth is no where catrried to a grealfr height i wjdthe ijiCuuiii '«»» c moil aii.*ble virtues and tb( mcll (h-Kking vices ; and while tUcy ifftSl a haughlf air to Ihaiigeri, no people 111 the woij J are more courteous to tlioff wiili whom tlicr arc iiitlmitely acquainted. l hey are very moderate in ttieirdict, andean make a nKal of olives, a iallad, a little garlic, or 4 few roots » ^t p^r:oiis j»t fortune have fcvcral ptpci^fivc dillics. The nithJ-ue by themfrlvas, anJ tin ir wives atid childirn at teuar^te ubic«. I'll. .Spaiiifh women arc for the moft'oart very lean, and very am udus . they l».c black ejfc», titt bofoms, fmall fee', and long garnicnti. They M coU-lrggcd on car- peM, • cutbjiu which they derived from the. Jkloo^s. Tbfly Ric much «cuhI( ) and niig^yei h* vary f»vra(ul, ii ithaJ 110 po6 , rririont ill Amino, hut noft itis^unly inuaUt^d. , Tk* nuinhe^ "f 1 inlrahiuiiis it bwi fuiUI, yict their , foveity is fci^iatkablc, for ttwy .nut only liv» I'g a codiitijr capable of fuDpottiii)«*uy niilliont moie ^iaik.it does, in llic treated p1cnt«, lii^t have i^rodigious A'>P* poured ill from America. Savala coaipnies iliaC, from the year tafl, when America waadilaoifereU, to I7)i> above itr tlioulaiHl niiUH^ns pf pieces ofeji^ iiviegilUifd gold ^id^v^r |uv« been iivptiib'd int<| Syau), ek,cluilva ol fa^ Kitatcr Ivi^l unregi(\err alwye tweiuy-fia inilliuns of pcsoa, w pieces of eight : yrt Uflaria conipntcs, tliat aH llie coined and wioughi (^nld '>id filver in Sjaiii, including that bclMiiging to chuicjut and piivatc.pcrToni, |'i.nicelvauiuuiM( Co one bundled milliona uf pka((rcs of fuilt ^ilhuga atul Hsjxuceud^ ,1 The D^verhe Caflellan^, j and Efpaiinnl, or .Spanilli, whiob hm the neareft affinity to the kitin, b countrv is there ntoie nraying ind cei)ci)ioiiy, .md lei's real CiuiAianity. Tlie Virgin Mary is more relpcfled and adored among the Spa- niard! than God himfcli, .is appears f ven from their coin- piimenti. The Spaniird< arc mere llavei to the clergy, who fo art/ully hoodwrirk them, that they do not perceive the chains of their IU*c'y< "r, if they do perceive them, I)c4t theni vvillingly i am] wlieuiliey g)ill them, dare not fia much as vent a ffgh after freedom. Under any difappoint- nieiit, either in view* i^f avarice or ambition, the clergy Iwve their d'^'dful inquifition at hand, which feizcs both on honour and life 1 to tliat pcrfons of the moll aiilJMttcd innoccnpe ctlccu) it a piticular favour to come off only with dw lot's of tbcir fortunes. I'his jnrernal court was' hr(t hitnKluced io n-jZ, by king Fetdiiund the ^thpliq aiid r]i]rcn U'ehella, at the fng^^cflip^M of John flic Turi{)mnia4a, a. domiinflno, who was the (irft iiir)liidpm. andaven in tlie Canar« iflands, Mexico, Catthagena, and I^ma. But according, to the latdl accounts the (nwcr of this tribunal is new declining very vifiblv and leeim haftening to its fall. It is neceflary, however, to cbferve, diat, amidft the great d(«rea(eof the inhalmants in Spain, the body of ihc cicif;y hate fuffercd nq diikinulioii | bm has ratlicr been gradually, increafint;. iiironiueb that: Uflariz computes tl^ number of ccclcfl.iilidt and llwir tervaiits at two li .ihlMd aiid fifty thoufand- I'Iks king nomi^tatea M KtllK^>«and archbifhcps, who are tfterwards confirmci! by tlic pope. A (Iranger find) maoy inconvorHen'ics in tliw country, from tlie mifcraMc accommodations to \te liKt with on the public riiads ; for, it frcrns, you mud aliloliitely carry your piovifCons and bidding along with you i artd ifven (hen, unleft you can bear fatigue well, lii dawn in your cloihea, tat c|;gs« onions, and chcelvv; uiikU you cm Accp wliilft'yourinuks icll, litcilicmomant youatceal ul, and let out <:ai ly in the niorning bcfoie rbe heat comes on, you \vi:i I'aVc ill as a traveller, ft is a gix>per imd fall , and wlKiia«niorrow may prudtice. Aknittt ^rk> anil fptMd, .iire;ebfolutcly iieccfEiiy, \ ^ (EUAOt»B.] ktr, Ihryott #{Ilill4 nWM i nqr flieul-l yon omit i fiir of tnwUkn, • caM^Wflidi, tiifnft ixhihiied in tti»n«fa Mimtt Madrid a« rrUtid byCirltoii ; Tht tjfut* hcini to lift thrM d*y>. on ihc KiD, all the t?ntry M Itw piacr. md r hiji enconragtment. Ort the third day of ' .e fvift young gentleman of quality, turned don Pedro OHega, pttfbrmed the part of a tauriro. on horleback, when the feats were crowded with people of falhion, who cart« from dlftant placet to fee the eiKountet , He entered the lift*, finely mounted on a nunagcd horfe, nttended by (bar footmtn in rich liveries, who after their ir>after had rode round the (quare. and imid hii compliments to the company, withdtewfrom thedanger. 1 hen the bull watlet out, and baring flood a little whilf ftanng about, fixed his Mct opon hi» adverfary, and run at liiin with the iitmoft fury. The cavalier having dexteroully avoided the brute, wounded him with a dart in the 'hoalder, whettuoon the preple ihoutcd, their vivas wea -peated. and the lady ol his aircftioni waved her handkcrchiet. as a maik of her fatisfaAion. Tbecavalier eiidcavou.. ! alwayi to keep his horfe on the 6«e of the boll, for i.<: advanUge of piking him, and throwing another dart, fixed it in hit fliiiK : but notwithftandingthegentleman behaved to admiration, and afeM received the vivas and bust 'as of the people ; Ae bull, at length, getting 1ms horns between the hotle*« hiiider legs, threw both man and horfe to the ground, and itsvatexpeAed he would have killed them both, when, to the furpriee of every one, he withdrew to the farther fide of the woare, and flood ftarinc about him. In the mean lime the avalier was carried off not much hurt. The foot tatiriro hereupon entered the lifts *g*>n, iti»- gining he lho«W h«v« met with an cafy conqueft ; but the Uiae bull made hiin fireqoently retreat into the places con- trived for the fecuritv of^fbotinen \ not was he able to dif- ritch the creature atlaf^. without the general alGftance, the ull having near one hundred darti. iTuck in him Iwfore he fell, befidcs many cms andgalhes in lii» ftelh. This fport feemed to be fo vei^ barbtUons to the late kint(, that he has been heard to liiy, itdefcrvcd very little encouragement : at the Cme time, his fuhjefti vrere fo enchanted with the i-trfisr., that he did not thir.J: f.t ir.tiwijf w sbohfr. it. No. 71.* • ". . , AIR 7»J Th«% tfitertammetui, howcMr, art of Ute nMeb Mit fre- i|iienf than they were formerly. The court never eahihit the bttllfeaft in itM PUfi Mayor but upon fome ciiraoniinary ocaaAon, at iN awaffion or marriage of ihrir kings, and is attended with very greet exjience, boili to hit majefty and the ciiv. But 4»m is a Itcatre boili wHhAt the walls, where there are ball-Ciafli every fortnight, which to eonnoifliurt are greatly prafem-. ble to tlie others, the hulls beinc more furious, and the danger greater to thole who tig^ht tlicm -, bat their Manner ol'eiigagingthem is pretty much alike. The theatrical ealiibitiont in Spain are generally ahfurd. The prompter's head appears through a trap door above the level of the flagr, and he reads the play loud enough to be heard by the audience. There are two theatres in Madrid for the performance of Spatiifh plays. Ho^ dancing it ei- hihiied in one of thtm, which was called kl Tlieatto de la Cruz (the theatre of the Croft), where there are three rowt of boxes, flftecn in each row. Part of the pit htsbcnchoi, with arms dividing ilirm into dillinA feats. The Spanilh tragedies are for the nioft part ridiculous bombaft, yet eon- tain I'ome elevated fentintents : and tiMir comedies are a jumble iif religioo and buffoonery mingled together In * moll wliimfical atid inconfifteni manner, though msKh humour and many (trokci of wit are diicernibie throagh their niinircll ablurditirs. The Sptniards feem to give a military turn to many of ihtir diverfiolis, and even in the very terms and languagd ihcy life at cards : hombre in Spanilh lignites a man, and from thence we derive oar game at ombre i tha four prin- cipal cards are called matadorcp, or mordereri, becanfe, lliey win all others. Spadillo it the little I'word, or, u v>9 call it, tlieace offpades i forfpado, in Spanilh, figniliea ^ tword, and their cardt are pamte4 with « figure o( that weapon. The Spaniards ufually breakfaft and fup in bed ; their brcakfaft is frei)uent>y chocolate, tea being (eldbin drank br them. Their dinner it generally a poebero, or beef, veal, mutton, pt>rk, baCon and grcelw, ^c. all boilei! together. If ir be a richer or more espenlive mixture of meata and delicaciei , it is then termed an olla podrida, or what we call an olio. I'hey are fbnd of garlic ;' and it is a pro" verb among them, that olivet, iiipad, and radipict, ar* food for gentloihen. After dinner they coinmonlf fleep. Men and seomen all tmrthe fame drcft in the ftrceta andatinafi; but on oMier occafions, andia their pritat* vifits, tbe ladiet w^r as great a variety of drefs, and of • muc'.i richer I'urt tlianthalc of England. The fpirit of)eti« loul'y it fofar worn out, that the married ladiet of Madrid have each ih'- ir profelied lover, Uce the cici Ibeo of the Italian ladies. '. ' ' i ■ , ■ WitliirrfpcA to their evening's airing, it is to the laft degree irtfipid : you Ice nothing but a Itring of coachea following one another, filled with people of falhion : Here a duke and his conieilbr ; therfc a couple of fin*rt young abbes ; Iwrr a whole fiiinily grouped together, hulband, wife, andchildren. When tliey takctheir airingongalaoe court days,, all'their footmen wear plumes of feathers in their hatt, and arc'drcfliKl in laced liveries. The grandeet, and people of the frft falhion, keep • great number of fcrvants. Some of tliem have three or lour hundred domeftica, and tl|e Englilh emhafliidor, in eoinpiiance with the uftc of the country, keeps near a hun* drcd. As their coachci are ufually drove with four mules, they have twp poftinions ; with generally four and fome- times fix fbtittnen behind their, coache*. They take out the fidet and badu of their eoafSbes, for the fake of the air, in hot weitber. Ihe Spaniards feldom ufe fedans > and when tliey da they have alwaya two fbomen who go qn each fide the hmd- moil chairman, in order to hold him up left be: fhouk) fiUl : there Ire two oil each fideef tltc (edan, and two wlu* follow hiehind with lanterns, though it l)e in the middle of the day. Thus, exdofivc of tlwle who go before, they have generally nine fervants with a ceacht afkd ten with « fedaii. ' I . , jtii i: .Uw;! -J' .i ::;;■' ^i . .. . ' ' -,(iifli ei T. IV. ■. Ofihttf^imit batiiing, r/Hsiut, traJt, md ttnmtrct, ctim, wiiibli, audi mt^jurti, e»iiJHliii*i>, crdtri of kmghthatd, rrvtmut fnitu Ut. */ thi Sfaniardt, THOUGH Ihe ihhabitann of Spain ate not wanting in capacity for tb* Icienect, yet Uttle ^rogrcfs ca^i be CXpcJ^ tVwS. vXiik n hil« tu.J iiE wWMitd iiW UlS Ot ihciT %J aawtal, .•1 7i« , T ;b N E \V a n d UN IW p E S A"L (elvel, it is a point ol policy .with' Ibctn ta ('u|>(ircl'i aU feicntlfieal kiwwU^;,tlK: |tiity,t iiKi in otfiet to kctp ttem in ifnoraiice uiU (ubjcO«c>nt thoy bniitii all Uts- nrf leftarcjies.with tli« nsint: W licKji'y^ , ; Tih« prcif«iu flateol ilit!iiiitv cwitUU ipkioti u it roriPftly dMkiihdie ftu4y ot the Uilicra, a9itiKit» aiid decrees of tlie po^i and tlicir c«ifou),' ami iit fyl^v'toi.of Tlilipuiatic Wtfl Auguftine thtology, 'J be know'kd^ oT.tUc. ileal iic.wliich makes ~ciou!< Iq.del'ccnd top nqar to tltcipic,- iilnttirott Ix^lides, his (ncleiit ituicfly lias ahfoltitcly for- bid any of hit fubjcAi to wiiiu the hiftoiy of Chailcs V. pf^SiMiu. .1 Tiwy U^ faid to be at lead tw.o centuries, Iwliind llis tai^iOt, in pbylie aod lurgviy , but whetv tiiu pcvpis arc yerfoaded tbat faints, niir.icle ^e, aie inoral, grave, majeftic, aiid pcnfive. ; .Cervantes and Guevara are their moft celebfated writer* of hiunour in profe : the moK famous work of the latter ia the El Diablo Ckxnelo,: which ta Sa^e moderniccd into aramaneoi known in katglifli by the title of thciDevii on t4ra Sticka;; and Diable fioiieux, in: Frencfai Here it a want even of the moft noceflary trades ; and of die £ew they have, thegrealeft part arc in the hands of tlie' Etencb, who are very numerous in tliis country : for the natives, befides their averiion to ivork, diidain to ftoop to taborions emptoyments. They are not,. however, entirely without mana&fiurers, eTpeciatlv of fitk and wool ; but tliefe fall far flioit of that llouriuiing condition to which they might be brought : and at tradefmen and merchants are lotted npon with contempt, they have no fooner amalT- •d atioaapetent fortune, than they leave off trade, procore a title, and fet up fot' prHbiu of quality. '. This kingd6m is extremely well lituated for trade and navigation { they might be their own carriers ; but tliis ad* vantage they negleA, and leave it to other maritime nai- tiohs, who turn it to a very good ace6nitt. The Spaniards indeed deny them all acccfs to then poflfirffions in America, and arcifo 'jealous of haviiw that trade confined only lo themfelves, that no foreign fliips muft even approach tneir coaft : yet of this commerce, whidi is carried on in their own fliips, they have tlie leafl profit, they beinc little raoic ihan ftitors for the French, Englifh, Dtitcb, and In* lians, who fend their goiods to America by thesn, and have file greatefi fhaic in their itturiia of gold, filvev, and other valuable merchandise. The Spanifh tbde to America was formerly carried on by the fiota and 'galleont i bat fince the years 1735 and «737, the fleta and gallcoiM have been dilcontinucd, and the trade to America carried on in rcgifter fhip*. which any merchants may fend, on obtaininfi pcrmiiRon from the council of the Ind\(M. Tiwfi* £iit.frbm Cadis direAly to Lima, Buenos Ayrcs, Maracaibo, Caithageoa^ HMuluraa, CamMche, VeraCrui, kc. Tnc Spaniardt aMb carry on a v«cy cenfiderable trade to tiw coafla on the Soath fea, between the town of Manilla, itr the ifland of Luconia, and tlier haibotir of Acapuico on the coaft of Mexico. The Spanifh money is ttot eafily imdeiftood ; fwthe Spaniards make up moft of their accounts, and form their calculations, chiefly in thefc two fpecics, the real de velien, and the marevedi. The latter is the lowcft of the deno- minations of their copper moniy, and in this the king's accounu are kept ; conrequently the revenue* of Spain, and the wHlth brooght fitnn Peru and Mexico, are an- nually computed by an integer of copper, that is three rimes lefs tnan our farthing. The real de vpUon is the fnialleft piece of their filver money, and equal* our two- pence balf-pt^nv. »ndt*olhirdsofalahll»ii'g.-' j • ' Oor Englilh merchants traffie ckietiy ih{itRol|B a^daot tHe coldpM pf rt.vcnty- tiye a^d ten nHra>4dit,pde4^fl(>lll>laoaitf^)^ tivodepiobyiybeSpanhrds, ,..„;„ ,, . . . ,j;r;, I'liat the reader may fonn a '4Mire ^tfte^ tdeaiOl t)u) Spanilli coin, vr* have, reduced It to tm) £^|li(h v[(e|ighu and v^jue, as foiJow* : The old fnalifh ii^ pifl eiglit fe»Vf weights, fixt«ei| grains j one fomifamt niTUing*'*nd ei^b(|«noe. The new, &ff% douf>le oil , ., ?igl>t.p?nny weights, iixteeifieifiivii luie, poiiDifoatfiipa (hilling* and ei^bt pence. And the ball , and quarteriAf Ihefe in proportion.— —i;be pUflte of.Sp^io, oc SeviU; pieces of eight, four (billiiKf and fix pence. The new Seville ,piece of eight, three (ni)lipg^aiwi feiffn peike. Th^ Mexic9i piece of eight, four (bllltngP; a»d Jfivii pco**- TUf t>illaT pie«e of eiglit, .foiir ihillingt,, an^ i&re peace. ; Tlw rial, or bit, fevfft pence. , ' ; 5 :Thc weight* con^Rignljr ufed in S^tain, ate, the arrd>e, which is exaAly twenty-hve pounds Englifh weight, fow ojf which makii.a quintal or hundred : but a* the pound of Cadiz and Seville are much iaiger than thpfe of CajIiVt, confequently . the anqbe ia not te fame; thrtwtgii^ aU Spain. . u , . .. . i . x'.'.'. Almoft every thing in Spain, whether dry or liquid,! i« fold by tlie averdnpoife pound of fixteeh ounces, and c6a- (cqucnily by the arp>b« : thuc^oodt tdals, corn, wini, 6»f btead, and fait, are foiid by th« pound, and by the anxibe in large quantities. The weights ufed by the gold and (iti^r*fmitht are, b Tlie quilate, or carat, of four grains, a. A tomii^, cqvM to three c-irats, twelve grains, j. A cafiifkn, equal (p eight Uimins. 4, .The punce, equal to (ix eaftillafi* »iA two toniins. (. The mark is equal to eight ounces. ' ,', The Spanifii liquid mcafurc* are, i. Do* afuiii- bre*. or a gallon. 3. Ari a9umbre,_ or two quatit, 3. Half an afumbre, one quart. 4. A quaitiUo, cqiial 10 a pint. . I . Spain is, at prefent, with rcfped to it* fonftitMion, ait aUblute licteditary monarchy, where tlie fiiinales inherit in default of the male, line. The king, ia his title, ent^- meratet mod of the provinces, and particular parti of the dominions be has been, or is pofTelTed. of- ^Ih fpeaking of him, he is .commonly called bi* CatJMlicfjnajefty, or the Catholic king. The hereditary prince is commonly ftiled prince of' Afiurias, and the other royal children in- fanilt. The kings of Spain are nevercTownad; they ^la 10 hawe a power to di ftile* theiD, in hi* letters, lUuftriou* ; uid m fpealting to them, or of them, their Eminences : but tlierc are others, befide* the grandees, who are covered before the king, namely, cardinals, nuncios, arclibifbops, the gtand prior ofCafiite, and the grand prior of Malta i the geDerau of the order of St. Dominic and St. Fjancis, s^mulIlMlort cfl crowned head's, the knight* of the golden fleocc, and of the three military orders of St James. Calaiirava, pnd Aksn- tara, when the king aAAs at their Klpcfiive clapicrs, in (Quality of grand maAer. The inferior i)obility fliie thcnx- (elves cavalleros and hidalgos. Mo grandee can be apprc- bended for any crime, but by. cxyrcU p'dcr of the kiijg ; aitd they have many other privileges -hefides thefc. " With refpeA to tlie orders of knigli|hood ia Spain, thar 'af the golden tlooce !• die principal i whifh waa iiifliluinl in 1450 by i'iiiiip the Guvu, duks ---i iiuigur.dy, £!>.d i- common now to the kings of Spun and the houiir ot Aelliii. [E U R 'Oh R fi4 » 3 Ot*: c b I k?- Vt T kiv G A ti; auifepi tuted in iiTjt by Ferdinand 11. kina otLtibn. THiar- der of ;«u Jbmtdcd Bjr Saiicbe III. ofiCaftile. Thc^dnkLof AJantotip«Mt itsinftintibh toFordbiand II. kin^ '«r hedai llihattirda lafl otalerlr hsf« lirte 4oinM imuiddtiet,. orlifluaivlliiftiiRCiiio them. Tba itttftin «f tliem weidonoe fo IpdtNrfut, ibu t)iey dlfpvMd the king'i ilutboiky orertlMn: «hew^n th« kin^^^Miireti liiolk msfterfliips to be coMmed on himfelf by ttie pone, JttWi i they might ho hihnr afliinte an ipdependcncy of (he itatc. Befides iheCi. here I* the oader of Charlii III. Which wib ii«ftttBtM .8qritiiiibtr>i77i,. In honoar of the birth of hit tttMiy IT i^mtfaai tbtotM .of Santiago, and Ihe oMer The dorainioni of the ^o»im *f Spain in Africii mie, th« tal*ntofi€!itw,'.'Oiaat «nd Kfrfalqail'er, Hn the cekft of Barban i ih Afiay tlw^flaiMltof St. Laeinii, the Philip- pineit in4 L«4t«imi« thagrcattftpartof the main land of South AnRtiea ( apafture< ; the Madrid es-> cife; the thirdii teiitlit. and patrimdhial ien«i of Cau-. Ionia, Atragon, Valencia; and Majorca i the eedefiaftical paynienta for the military Hbrpitals i the qnlckfilver, and ottier AnMt^n revenueit the W«ft-IiUlil trade; thft ewrngc. Ice. all which tocether amddrit at prefent to about three miHibn three handred fetenty-three thooland i#b hundred and e)ghty-•*•«;»;■. • ■• '.'■■i. . ;*r',- ^'|t)<•'^ .V'to-^tfnR ' k ' ;'W;.'» • , r '• '. 1) ft.-l;, i;: vu ,.hikU tmirf it v;:'?;- ::.^* -:'•: 'k>',>j'4l. ■ , ! ■ ; ■f.-t ■, .;'-li.;/. o '•,' r^ij II f"***'-* . • ' . ».'. 11 , ".. .- ,,., .ji .;.,;», ' > • Ha»ri jHi'-i ; J;i^ -ufJJSi.s-ti'&iy fJ,*JI3(S;|'{ii':K fl^ ■' '. . ■■'■ ■!■'■■-■■•■':■' ^1 :■■'■'■ Xi.:-.'.m:j-tihe^: '•■■ "■ ■" i ' . ■ ' ' ^ " :/fN\'' l4rPf«|Miii%.::ji>^- ♦ I''. iC;.fi?'f.''n ?>■ t-iKfj; . ■:' '. m' .. ;■ 'Till . ■ •'•.!s":i'itftW;ji ;-.'!•- ;.*(iWU;> and here is i remarkable falt-petre mine oci die hill of Al- cantara, not far from Lilbon. •Tfie foil is very fruitful, but at agriculture is much neg- UAed, ahove bftif the country lies wade, and the inba- bitants are fupplied with a great part of their corn by the En^Iifh and Dutch, ahd bavealfo Indian corn from Africa^ Portugal. .jibwftver, abounds in excelledt wine arid oil; the greateft part o( the Utter is made in tlie province of Alentejo, for the olive-trees thrive better here, near the (ea, than up in the country. Here are alfo abundance of oranges, l^niai^, iigs, poq)e|ranates, raifins, almonds. ^herDUts, and pther fruit. Great plentv of tine hooey, i^i4oon^iiei{itly of wax, is likewife produced here. The principal rivers in t'ortugal h^ve tUeir fources m Spain ;^. there are the Miiiho. the Luna, or Lethe, the pourOt the Tajjo or Tagus, the largeft in the liingdom, the Guadiaaa and Cavado ; whicli laft rifcs in the moun- tains of Ttuos, and difcharges itfelf into the fta below fiarcelos. The three principal, luntely, the Tagus, the pouro,.»nd(f nadiana, divide the kingdom into three parts. All tbefe rivers abound in ^. Portugal cmkains the fix itillawing provinces, vis. L 'Entrc Dguro b Mtnho. It. Tralos Monies. III. 3einu IV. Alentejo. V. Atearvp. VI. Eflnmaidun. I. The province of Entre Douro E Minho it fo called /rom its fituation, whjdi is between the rivers. Ooarojnd Minho; havinsGalicia qn the north; a ridge of moun- tains ot\ the eall ; Beira on the fouth ; and the ocean oa the weft. It is feventy miles long, fifty broad where wide^ and. i^ renurkable for its fertility. The principal places are, i. Broga, between the riveti Cavado and Defte : here is the fee of an archbifhop who i< primate .of Portugal, and fpiritual and temporal lord of. the city anfl flcighbourin^ country. In this town are, a ftately cathetkal |ut^ archi m t f copal palace, a great many convettta, ifevf ral parifti-cburchcs, aoout twelve thoufsnd inhabitants, a, noble liorptlal, si large college, and a houfe of mercy, ythicti IS a charitable foundation for the relief of gvod fami- lies CtntiiHoig tbt natural HiJItly aisi gtiira^hUal ^'finPH"* tf lit ttanttj, its ittant, rittrt, tUmatt, /»!', frt^ncii Vf, ' elfiiftht inbaHiantSt tbtir, trait, manufallur.tt-, ri\if,\ijf', rr^HlS is th« 111611 «l^el(i!ni*kifigili>Rl'in^urp^ ; it is _l bo.nnded, op the north, by tlie province of Lepn, ^ftramadiira, iH& Kti^v/R^ \ Xha oh the fouth a^d ireft dy fh6 AthmtW'bi^an I'eixti^Ading from the thirty-fixtii lie- g;ree fifty thiritfites, J6 the feity-fecbrid degree three t(im'vte^ north Wttt'-ie, jind bet^rt the revjeii(h And tenth degrees t>f Wfeft (dtigitttde frixfi L6n^orf. Its length from Valeh;a, the moft northern town in it, to Sagres, the moft fouthern, near cape St Vincent, is about uiree hundred and ten miles ; and. its greateft breadth, fromPeniche, a fe^-port in Eftramadura, to Salvaterra, on the froiltiers of Spain, is one hundred and twelve miles. Here the climate is much more temperate tlian in Spain, though it is a little diffisrent in the feveral provinces. The northern parts feel a kind of painful cold in winter, thougli this is chiefly owing to the rains which fall at that feafon, and in the fouthern the fummer heats are very great. How- ever, both winter and fummer are very fupportable ; for coolin|> fea-bteeces during the latter refrem the country^ which IS extremely delightful in the fpring feafonl Portugal is, in many parts, a mountainous country, and tliefe mountains contain the ores of fllver, copper, tin, and iron, but the Portuguefe being fupplied with metals from their poflcfliont in otlier parts of ine globe, .and particu- larly with abundance of gold from America, no mines are worked in their own country. Grms of a^ kinds, as tur- (juoifcs and hyacinths, are alfo found in tlie mountains ; and particularly a beautiful variegated marUe, with many otiiet curious lolCIs of the lapidary kind, of which lievetw i'ortt of work are made, here are alio very good miil-ltones. '"if. •?■• ,h:. 7i«; The new amd UKIVsIISiXL S'T8T£M of^QEOO|.l.Rii>Ya U 2t] lit* (aHitf (b dcaiyv- anil (br marnrlng-yowK jitdlMki ^nd) patting ^MjritioiMnaiojnneutt. Tiun aro fonidltthnins of «t*^«it]r in 4ii|ipi»c«; mctkniarijr iif.*n imphMwtti* anA ■naqiKmAii (-1tMaicbfaifhop*tn«Bn«ciiUiit.totefottp th|W6«rtn«tl)r-.its particalar lords ; Imt Wrr iHllonftfcto tkc cm^|m< xm ftaiub one hundttd and «w«M||r , mil«|iitO(tho£ UA>on- ■•' Ji«rv i>aR£n9li&«l>nfuU.«ilMi I^|gltPi,t(«^4(qClcngos, whilst is fitMaiadiari the IridMnl' pMk«f thevit^cJ'eives a»aL. -^S^lSSKUttcr -.-«rt» ► * . . . . fituated Of ar the niourh of the Lima, thirty miles north m j| iV^ Tne pfbviftw of Alantejo bordart .Lisbon. It contains about fcven thouiand inhabitants, '^' feveral coutis of juft'ce, churches, convents, and a fpa- ciouf magfizi^ie.. This place has a confiderable trade i it is~ lirg«, «'ell built, ftrons, and has a comtnodiotti batbour. ' j '■' ' ' ■ •* ' V#jWf>Va (!c l**no. J>j»fbme tt^ Oportb. oiti Vt^ footh dsil rfif tfic river pouii/ *?. Villa Nova de Carveira,' on the MlH6d; 7. Pdnt'detfciinii.'bht hiinilfted andjeighljr miles 'north of Lilbon. I'Vilfadi Condef'aiTeaibtort*! thehtaa of the mouth of . ' to. Valenja, ^flron^ towftonito fame'rivcr. "' ' '" "'J' ■■>■'■■' •. ■";_"_^'* ir.'*l*he tfrov^rfce'if T>a L«4 Monttt ttiilietth tio Aie broad iVid IS ,._„ J '--J- I The principal places ate,' 7. Bx^jthffl^JiTilt^iKtf'itlie river Fcrvertjja, at the extremhy of tht jffoirmce, ahdjn«>r the borders of Leon and Gafiaa, atkiat BM fatindrcd nii twentv thlles uortUward'from Lifbon." |t Omtabotut three "li^»ared'ifihaitfltaht«iJ'feviriIcoi!vtiin,' and M bchW wftia i has k vaffetyt^ tified. This town is fapppllKf'foltaVe liMli'tne Mfideilt C«lia »»''ga BfigaH^k, #:lryintii&."inbfe»%dIloA«»f the {(rtfrnt loyil fitnil^,' wtre'dukw; 6f 'Bnianti, befiire ih«y were advanced to the tbrtM, in tfafc peiion rfjolin, the ei^tjx Juke and Ibnrth king of dut name. ■■" 9; ThrtownofC^avw, ontherivcfrTaliMgi; IsliMiti^ fix iti1iles*i»iii'(fhe biirders of Galicia. art* t*» htihdftd no^.«a(tjfroiti Lilboh. It wa« built by tH«: enipt- fbr'Fltvfei Vef^NSlan, artno 78,"»rid, |lraK1)fTjfh1l^i^^ k^UiSr,*':. It it welt-fartlfiM.'' i^ea&ittlv fihilMea'W dte«rik .'( i > <' ut l. Hit 11m jaHHbiBKaf JMw iatkkiainfclftiiNddoBdma. ha^Tnlot J^iMi»;MU£nltt Dnlo>m,MlU» nonh, milet aach. amy, well-waMicd, and natmUy MMii«»orMaitdcsai iOMAr bridmdkait 'Aa.ai^ itdcKnt ■diaiiijilacl'two Bhemimlliof it'k.-vary ,!to:iti^ta ■dHMfiuali ^ — „ ^illOmiaii«it»{ «hd riches. The nnmber of mbihhaatt is about twelve tkoufand. t)puro, about one bundled and forqriiid$p(k|iorth-ea(l from Li!-><' "agan totbe archbifhop of Braga, and hasareven . teen thoufand crufadoes, or twenty-fiv« hut uids , - , to the north, on ||ft(emadura and Beira 1 to ttw foutb, on Algarve ; to die iKL on Spain i and to the nci^ mt-die lea. It is one b^nltdiiii and twennr miles long, Mai|)r the fame broad, and hua very fertile foil. .. ^ The principal places are, 1 . Pertaldgi;^ frmicrly Psortut* tin MMMim*^ ^ontiV. I OTjUItict, fountains, coiii^m, ip^ chordhes. befides the cathedral, a manufaAuryotcMrfi) Woollen do^, and the fee of a, bi^iop, who has abioat ^ ^twdied fOiiDda thdtpidtlfUl/atiitaiits. ttittii($T««. hanriyy».iie;ijf;^' ei^.' aai&ntly caM H ipddltfibrfed t>>(Kop, , revedM ^^nptti iM mamji crufadoes, or . jiM^Hd fedr nnfaiMd pO^tkjs'peHint. . Tlie neigh. bottring country i( gleji^, very firui^ in wine aitd oil, and rite namber of ok inhabit*^ ^liVthrce thou{ind< The othetjlitf 6fk&i»bt^iit, i/B^^ «ig^t turn S^JMimM^^ o«c hundred itK»MlMMii-dr £^%, % Villa- Vi^of^, Wrthft'Migbtftl'Tt^yrib^ and f'vc liiiie* eafi' 4f Llf^h. ' 7.^0^. , W.W>^'i fortified t6wn, ij ihP 0&4ita4' W&kh|i^.if ftai^:XHdaIa{ia i to di^ (bimi and snA. by the Mtan ; ahd ro thfc north, by iibWh fide ofiiie DoOro, and Isfeefteof a bi'ftiopwhoiis 11 the Inotmtainj galled Serra (Sis Algarve, oVCaldeirao, ani J I' Serrade .#- \ ; :■ '. 1 lotf tkouftnd tAaMagina, AUtm iwnh, . 7 JM^.'Vu tut ... ^*^F ''^^T^ ■^^* ' •'Owialilacl'tim ahemimltiaf I about twelve lonh-eaftfrom And and forty nuico, a town lilts north ilttop, craf^ocs, or , Tlte neigh* t wine attd oil, ce thoufiiAil. at>out fyylM)- Efiremas. oiic Vaia-Visofa. ilidred and five iirfl,' « fortified ^or, ohe bun- o; Avif, fixty I. prato. 13. iVfiifi, to the ,Arii]aIa{i«; to the ttbrth. by Cddeirao, and! Sernde l,a-' m if *' i: '^ ...A' jA> . ,5 . V V- » '^ -'^ '^ ' :r -^.v J" '1 . ■*^'--;;, ^'.-n >a:" 'J v^ -vt^ V ■**■ f- 1' 4f 1- .*» i ^' V/ "" ■' . - *' _. ^.'^ .<^ 'C ' j-'\ '■' • .. r ^.* ■%%' ii„--r- - »-f ^Vi«*«*» "^^^-^l, '*'.*t?Vv^'^'* % li- \ \ [EUR O t>,E.j 1 f;.9,R;T li/'>.$M>, U it' ex- in I Serrajdc Monarchique, which divide it from Alentejo ; iti ereatcft length being about one hiindrcid tttile*, but. ita breadth only about tvircnty- eight. Theri wiil* formerly coth^rcl|^tdi4 under it it iillidh laigel' ettdiit of country ttahiitbrefiint;' Thdugh very miouiVttinotn, ft ji r- tfimtly fcittttiiT tiorn, wihfc, iJil.'artd ifl forlil of ftui ^S'^^Mi'^^" '"^^"^ k bay, «Ad «cU-{Bh1iie^..\^ a hii) |^i*K6ft roewMp.< Awy ( iW r fewy w'ftw m- , — ^ _. — v— ., ylfvcn bnn|gmrattnib, The ^lOMtot of Y^Ug^iHl rtodie jurBaBMnAfit. ' ' ' toilet ftuil|<^ tHb()!)^iai< TvMJ i^ttiiitcd otf I ^nd ^flle, not prr^ttfnot fecfble ffte wliich tliey behe}<| 0(t aU fidei of lii^. Uliayf. who had ti\fej in o|p'ulcnc6, eafe/and (jf/Jendor^vVeri r^uceH^ to the moil diftrcflifg watif , eVeii of the ittmipOn f(ie tliouf4ivM'\^hb WcreovetWhtlmrd by thb ftltihg btia^ti, ' orcoiifumed by the fptcadine^mel whitU buTi^V from* »'>(*« ttoH?^ thore ^ iKe \iitm^ b^bltiqu. Vft6''Siayf deftruflion M'ihefe hofr id ftlMi. «er«,fiH^ ro*teffde W ^e tnod inckm^ht feafoti tf the j/^'in iffe'ofii'airV ftartje able to prMUte « ftiffiaent Mmktcetdi tneifai-' mbft uluii^(«{ IbMiei' Mr. ^afte^ {iji, dul ninnr horcqr, and death, more dreadful tljBft'Ail. "AKiiiH'lh^ Ihocks of 'the' earth bad fub^disd, the fire tiihrifni Vincenf, defend JK fhe rivifr k;irocn 1a\ nd a hejtl '^tr, uti The Qi >d(tditii A^'^f UtA from mi%U qtitilHj|f niV'^'t'™!^ ffl thtf«hehp»^^^ thii Tut^ffis kab^ in nMt^ of iti' fi))!,' iaitie^ioiM Am,^ CJrt§, 'tbe'intuid mvigftion Of ite Tagm, ,1ti thtitofdSi eing the 'Hfi/i^tik. of the court, jcc. It enntiihc ,#ee «ittea, pnehun^ndand ekren fnoKll tovns, thiteliiindred ted'fifWeti {ii^flm, cind above twd hundred tbo^f^nd Ibula, The cit>' of \.iOMn, anticntlif call'^d OHfipptt'^U^ «tpldi' both' of the province and tcingdbni; ' ft*MiiliiM't|ie imOitth of A» n+er Trens, on the not*' fidet 'IrJIrl^ bceannr coiifidi^le io i^e reign, of king Emaiibil :'Wtt ibanimeH |i«h bee^> ifie thief' kjit^, the Mdence4«f1fe nionarehs^ die feat of die chief tr^btinalt ana t>9ices| of the tietropAtitiii, cbntaini a ndblc 'univei^, jind 'h.the receptaeJeif thejieheft roerthaniiiie of the Eaftund WW ]Adi«>: t^'i^r* Wee|le*i't. bbiig refiicftiedby the dcligljt, f il fea-bitrfb*. ihd thof: bfib* T«gw- '^ "' ■'•' ' ' Thit'eity^WlMdi aWOvt hrtJ milej aloiig the Tagu* ; biit it» bieacMr i» e6il(iderJ(bV. Li|te Old Rome, it fiitnd^ on fevenhflis'; Wt ihe"ftr«ts, in gAieral, aris ni.r»o* and dirty, and (ome. of them are very deep, neither are they lighted at nighti The churches in general are very fine i bui the magn-fio^iiee of ((he chapel toy.al is aittaziiw. Here M oiw of the-iltieft'harbouri iti the vforld ;' ai.'d there were • great naitiber nbt only of fine churches and convents Ihetc, but ntef other poWic buildings, and particularly of nsyal paUim, and others belonging to the grandcei, but the grcatcft part of them, ahil tliedty xlfo. were defttoyed by 9 dreadful earthquake dn Tiot. I. lt7S5. which cala- ; niitv we Ai?ll here give an account of> a* related by Mr. fiBareiii, kiid two ojher geiiUameh, who fucceflivelj' vtfited rthisill-fatedeapitaliniybo, vi&i, anai>74. f' •' It la co^uted {laythty) that Liiboii, before tiie 'i^eartliqiial;c, cntfliincd twent) Vour thoafand houfes, many 5 of Which were fix or .'even ftoriei high : Mr. Barretti fop- pofcs rhat two thirds of the city Wi.e letellcd WftJ> the groundk and fuch it withffood the (hock, rcteiyed very confideraKe injury. Beftde* tl«,re, *bnndai*ee of l«t» perches ^Kti fhVc^n dli^!! %i^ tot^ttx^l ^ffs iKfil palaces, and miiny conrents, fiunncries, • hofpitiih, and' otiier public edifitics. Thii^tong and royitj ftMil^ weri' m thtff tarriates pafli.ig t > palace in the cffanWjf, unAY\ip\, pemng tc be in an ope: ipaoc. were refciitd froitr theml»* No. 7J^ '■■■^ ,v*^' ■ ;pacc, were refciitd fhortr thel . , . ^ trnSetf} foV hiany Weeki, bv Which the pefiiientiit ai^j^ ^ froi^ the numeroni dead bodii^i wM puHfied^ wnf^A ^'t- viving remnant of the irihabitantt thetefa^ (lieierifril' their' healtlk, airhdbgli furi'ound^ by butreftdlbn." 'The" rturnVr of •Kople before this ew« cTid'tMi! at mAft.'ik-' deed oill^ huftdiTd and fifty thoitwAd^ The »' fM-' dent, fix counfeltdri; afid^her ihfitrot Mitii$\ '^he harbour lias vraterenpttgh for the lar^it fli^.^iha^toom' coOug^^for ten thoufknd fail. Without being pamdiih to? ip^ fectiritjr, there is « fort at the ntomh. of tbe river '9b' aitd have not where-withal to main* t^n themff^lve*. I'hatcilledthe HoufeoP Mercy is alfi^ iltldble charity. lii the centre of the city, upon one of the bigheft hilb, is the caflte, which coniinandi tb^ Whole, being lar^e and antient^ and having always a gar- rifon of four regiments of foot. The cathedral,' a henif gothic edifice, contains kreat riches. The large fquare, called RoQb, is furrounded by magnificent buildiiigs, i(nJ the whole city it under the eccMiaftical jurifdifiion of the patriarch. Theiiniverfity is infierior totbatof Coiftibri. ' The fttnons aquednft of .Alcantara, which ioppiies thif (Hty of Lifbon with water, is a noble work, anddelerves theittentionof every traveller; itiscompofed of two dif.* icreni kinds of arches, the one roinan, the other gothie; g' Which' the unifofinity of the building is diflroyed.' Urjn^tb^ earthquake, this building dood^ though many of the key-(tonc» fell feveral inches, and hane, only be J CSfifc a'fmall ,^art of the kev-ltoiie was catchcd by thrf cent'res'cle'lir'g again. At ^e'ntighbouring village of Belein «t i'hiindfbme' royal palacej and a magnificent monafiery' detjicated tb St?^ Jerom ; and the whole circumjacent counJ t'ry''it''extrcortiy^pIeiifant, abounding iii olives and other '. fruit-tr<;c^. 1 efore it Was deiuolilhed bv the catthquake, there ate many' new flrerts builty interJeAing each other at right awgltet*, pw^llel and fhiit; efpcially that caHed the Rua Angufla. On each fide c-f tht new ftrects it a fiiot path, elevated I'omewhat above the pavement, iiM deiehded fi-otn (Strtiges |)Jftt)nepofts. •" ' He% it a thetrrc for ItaKart operatt, ahi another for Portoguefc plays, hi which there.are four rtfWt of hoxet, twenty-feven boxes in each row ; the feats ^n the pit are app'opriattd fblely to the men. The adinittahc* money to tuer Opera it i'ctuf'do noro.ortwo fhi!ling!i and eight-pence IJalfbcntiy.' If ji ..ft be tontefftd, lltat the Poitttguefeftage' httSTtisdebut linlc progrelii towardr'refitieraent, »nd itrt only fince the earthouake tfa^t playt in the Portugdefe Ian-" guagt; hare hteir allowed, the tranfhnlcrn of im Englifh comedy being one of the iirft. There are two longroomi,-* where the Brltifh faftOty afjbmbte twuie ar weekdiiring the %'?rstfcf "t6 d'st^e st^ "^sv st csrd*. ' AbiSut tJw' fett 1716, Lilbon W»H divide* iiWo tWtf, J under the niracs of the Oriental and Oct^den^l parn ' ''I%e other towns of this'proviiice are, I.' Leina, a poj pMV. ■'U, SktUTiI. ittiohkwell-fertffiedtown, twenty mile* foutfi of Liibon. 3. Siiitrt. iituaud by the cape ^it bean the fame name, is fuppored to have the moft raltobrioui air of anyplace in Portugal. 4. Santerem, on the Tagui, ii a nlace o( good tr^de. By the decretajs of rhe churcbi found learning; and li- beral fcience are banifhed Portugal : '' ^re ate, indiged nni- ««rfitiet at Coiihbia ai\d Evora, an Sifton it a royal Kademy for the Poriu^uefe hifloiv , A Santarem is an academy of hiftory, antiquities, and Uneuagei s and at St. Thomai an academy of fciences, on the Tame footing at that of Paris . but all attempts to difTufe nfefiil know- ledge are defeated by tlie tyrannical fway of fuperftition* theparent of ijtnbVance. Tbey pay nttle attention to the cultivation of their lands, and to nianura£t4res ; but carry on a very cxtenfive foreicn trade, yet from 'Ibis they reap little profit. The chiercommodttiet of the Portuguelc confift of imports from their own colonies, particularly from Brasil, as to- bacco, cocoa-nuts, fugars, fpices, drugs, ivory, ebony, brazil-wood, hides, gold, pearls, diamonds, and other valuable gems. Their ihips feldom frequent the other countries of En- rope or the Levant, their voyages rather lying to the coaftt of Africa, particularly the Gold Coaft. whence thet carry, negroes to Brazil, and aifo purchafe fome gold and ivory. They likewife trade to tlieir Eaft-India colonies of Goa, Diu, andM^cao ; hot this traiEc, though once very important, is nph greatly declined. Braxil, however, is ftill a plentiful trcafury to Portugal, and foreigners are en- tirely excluded from all commerce wFth that country. I'he Portuguefe long meafnre confifts of barros and cavidos ; an hundred barros make one hundred and fixty- fbnr cavidos, or one hundred ninety-five and an half I^ambttig ells ; but an hundred cavidos are only equal to fixty-one barros, or abcut one hundred and ninety Ham- buii ells. Soros of money are reckoned in Portoga) by iteis and crnfadoes, which are not real, but only imaginary coins. The gold coins of Portugal are the double moedas of one pound feven (hillings value, the quarter of which is called a millici, 01; a thoufapd reis, and dm therefore the number of one thoufand marked upon it ; and the Johns, worth three pountls twelve (hillings, which aie fubdivided into halves, quatten, eighths, and fixtctntlis. The filver coins are the vinuin of twenty leis ; the half teeftoon of fifty, and the whole teeftoon of one l(undred reis. With refpea to tlie weights in Portugal, ai\anobais Airty-two pounds, and four anobas nuke a auintal. The popilh is the only religion tolerated in Portugal; yet there are many concealed Jews, and thofe too even among the nobility, bifliops, prebends, monks, and nuns } and the very inquifitors themlelves. The inauifition, befidet puitiihing Jews and reputed hercticks, who broach or main- Uin any doftiines contrary to the relitpon of the country, takes cognisance of all pretenders to forcery and the black art, apoftates, blajbhemtrj, jperjored perfons, impoftori, hypocrites, 5tc. The burning of thofe condemned by the inquifition is called an auto de fe, or aft of faith. There are fcveral tribunals of the inquifition, one of which is at Goa in tlie Eaft Indies ; but there are none at Brazil. The reader ojay fee a panicular account of the popifh inqaifition, and'the vwious punilhments infiiAcd by it, togeiher with the dangerous tenets of popery, He. in a work lately publifhed, entitled. The Protedaut Alarm, or Popilh Cruelty fully difplayed ; written by Mr. Fellows, and fold in a neat volume, price three fhillingt bound, by the publilher of this work, and other book- fellers. Though the power of the inquifition was ex- ercifcd with internal fury and barbarities for many years in this kingdom and Spain, we are happy to inform our readers, that iu authority has of late been greatly circum- fctibcd. In Portugal, the being an antient chniiian, or, inotlier words, of an antient chiiftian race, is efteemed a very high degree of pre-eminence, and far fupcrioi to what tbey call a new coii>'crted clirifiian, or a half new converted chriftian i by which laft tliey mean thofe whofe new con- verted ancenors have married chrifiians of the antient Portugal is fatd to have in it nine hundred convents, and inoit of tSscm arc very rich ; bat the iefuiti, who, in multitude and opulence, furpalfed all the other orders, have lately been banilhcd that country. Among their eccleliaftics, there is a patriarch of Lif- bon, who muft always be a cardinal, and of the royal family. Next to him arc three ardibiftiops, who rank with mardiiifles, «nd the firft of thent ts the arckbifhob bt Braga, who is jprimaie of the kingdom, and lord fpiritual and temtkiral ot his city and neighbouring country. The blftiopi hold tlie rank of counts. The Portuguefe hava archbiDioprics and bilhoprics in the other three parts of the woirld, bcfides thofe m Europe. Befidet tht nomination of allbifliopi, tht king of Por- tugal receives a fbiitth of theiir teveiiue. The pope con- firms the bifhopa, publifliea hia bails in the kingdom Without the king's picviotis live a poft,, that they licver fitil o( raifiiy vi^' fortunes be« fore they return to Italy. . , ' The Pdrtiigoere, like the Spaniards, are extremely foni of dieir buU-feailSi or ball-buating, which are generally exhibited on ■ Snnday afternoon in a capacious amphi- theatre about four nrtlet from Liibon, at a place called Campo Peqneno. Tbe kinc, royal family, and court of Fprtu{(al, aie'fipeqneiitly prefent on thcM occafions. This _ . . :pitft great pleafure at the fight. The language of the Portneuefe it % Compound of die L^tin, Spanilh, Ficnch, and Mooriih. With refpeft to the conftitntion of Poiti^a], it it in abioluie monarcliv. Both here and hi Spain thei« were andently cortes, lutes, or parliaments, but they have long fince entirely loft their ihare in the legiflatnre. For the adminiflration of the civil government, there Is it counfel of fiate, and feveral fecrctariet ; for military aflairs, a council of war ; for the finances, a treafnry-court ; and, for the diftribution of juftice, feMralhigh tribunals, with others fubordinate to them, in the federal diflriAs into which the kingdom is divided. The proceedings of the ooorts are replatcd by the Ronun hiw, the royal edifit, the canon law, and the mandates of the pope. l°h« cities have their particular magiftracy. The cuftoms and other taxes run excefiively high. Bc- fides the royal demefnes, the hereditary eftatcs of the Houfe of firaganxa, the monopoly of, Brazil fnuff, the coinage, the money arifing from the £Ue of indulgencict ¥ anted by the pope, the hfth of the gold bi^^ht from raziL Use fiirm ftf the Braisildiamondi, the midlciihips of tVi ordert.of knigbthood, and other fources, yield very large fums. The forces, however, of this nation, both by fca and land, are very inconfiderable : their land forces are accounted the wotft militia in Europe, and their navy fiv fi-om being refpeAable. The titles o( the king are, •• King of Portugal ^nd th«. Ainrvet, on this fide and the other fide the fea of Africa : 16i3 of Gniiiry^ and of the navigation, conquefts, and commerce in Ethiopia, Arabia, Petfia, India, &c." The king's eldeft fon is ftiled prince of Brasil. The king of Portugal wan dignified, in flic year 1749, ^»* the title of his Moft Faithfiil Majefty, by pope Benedia XIV. Here are feveral orders of knighthood, which are, t. The order of Chrift, the badge of which it a red crola withi,n a white one, and the number of commandetiea four hundred and iifty-fbur. a. The onlcr of St. Jamet, the badge of which is a red fword, in the fliape of a crofs : there are a great number of towns and comroanderies of this order. 3. Tlie order of Aviz, whofe badge Is a green crols, in form of a lily, and the number of its comman- deries forty- nine. Though thefe three orders are relinioos, et the knights are at liberty to marry. 4. The order of t. John i tu which alfo feveral coromanderiet beioiig. I SECT. IL Ctntatning an acetunt tf lb* firfipttpling tf Spain j ttgttbtr with thi autitnt enimtitrn hiftirj tf Spain and Ptnugal, It thtdivifnn if iht iwt mtnarehui. HISTORIANS tell us, that Spain wat firft peopled either from Gaul, to which it is contiguous, or i the Saricfenti who, About the end of the feveiUh century, lutd made themfclvot imfieri of the iineft kingdomi of Afia ahd Africa i and, not content with the inimenfe regions that formerly com- pofed great part of the Aflyrian, Greek, and Romtn em- pires, they eroded the Mediterranean, iiid, ravaging Spain, cftabliflicd themtelves in tlie foutherly provinctl. Don Peiago was the firft Spanifti prince ntentiottfed in the hiftory of this coaniry : he diftingailhed himfelf ■gainft thcie infidels, (afterwards linown by the name of Moori,) and, about tlie year 720, took upon himfelf the title of king of Auftria, Hit fwxelts animated other chriftian princei to ukii arms likMifc, and the two kiitg- donit of Spain were for many ages perpetually embroiled in bloody wars. In the mean time every adventurer wtt en- titled to the conqueils he madt upon the Moors, till Spain was at tad divided into twelve kingdoikii ; and about the year 1095, Henry pfBurgundy was declared, by the king of Leon, count of Portugal ; but his foil Alphoulo tlirew ofFhis de- pendence oil I>eon, and declared himfelf king. A ferics of brave princes gave the Moots rcpfsated overthrows iii Spain, kill abiout the year 1475, when all the Spanifh kingdoms, Portugal excepted, were united by the marriase of Ferdi- nand^ kjng of Arragon, and ilabella, the Tieirefs, and afterwards queen of Caftile, who took Granada, and ek- pelJed the Moors and Jew:, to the number of one hundred •nd feventy thouland nmilics, out of Spain. This expul- fion tended greatly to depopulate the country of artifts^ labourers, and maniifaAurers ; and thedifcovery of Ame- rica (which happened a few years after) not only added to that calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniards moft deplorably indolent. To complete their misfortunes, Fer- dinand and Ifabella introduced (he popifh inquifition, with all it* horrors, into their dominions, in order to prevent die return of the Moors aii4 Jews into the country. Charles V, of the houfe bf Auilria, afterwardt emperor of Germany, fucceeded bis grandfather Ferdinand. I'be extenfive poflclfioni of the houfe of Auftria in Europe, Africa, and particularly in America, began to alarm the jealoufy of the neighbouring princes, but could not fatisfy the ambition of Charles : he was almoft conftantly en- gaged in foreign war*, or with hi* proteftant fubjcAs in Germany, whom be in vain attempted to bring bark to the catholic faith. At lengths after a long and troublefome reign, he refolvtd :o wTtlidraw bimftif entirely fi-om any concern in worldly affairs, in order that he might fpend the remainder of his days in retirement and folitude. In coiifequence of this refolutioii, he refigncd Spain and the Netherlands to hi* fon Philip II. but could not prevail on the prince* of Germany to elefl him emperor, which they conferred oii Ferdinand, Ciiarles's brother, dividing the dangerous power of the houfe of Auftria with two brancht*. opain, with all its pofleffiont in Africa and the New World, alfo the Netherlands, and forae Italian ftatet, remained witli tlie elder branch, whilft the younger had for bis (hare the empire, Hungary and Bohemia. . . Though Philip II. inherited all his father's vices, yet he pofll'litd few of hi] good (qualities. He was auftere, haughty, immoder«tely ambitious, and through his whole life a. cruel bigot in the caufe of poper)-. He married Mary (j^ueen of England, an unfeeling uigot like himfelf ; and, afttr her death, he paid his addrefln to her iifter Elizabeth, but without fucccfs. His refentment on this account produced very difadvantagcous wars with that priticefs, which occafioned the revolt and lofs of the United Provinces. Bat in Portugal he was more fuccefsfnl. That kingdom, after having been governed by a race of wife and brave princes, fell to Scbaitian about the year IS$7. Sebaftiau loft his life and a fine army, in a head- ilrong, unjuft, and ill-coiiccrted expedition againft the Moors in Africa, and foon after P'lilip united Portugal to his own dominions, though tlie BFsganza family of Por- tugal prctejided to a prior right. By this acquilition, Spain became pofTrflcd of the Portufiuefe fcttlemems in India, and ftill retains fome of them.' Philip's defcendant* proved to be very weak princes } but Philip and his father had lb totally ruined the antient liberties of Spain, that th?y reigned aimoft unmolefted in iheii own dominions. Their viceroys, however, were at oncefo tyrannical and infolcnt over the Portuguefe, that, in the year 1640, the nobility of that nation, by a wcU- coiiduited confpiracy, expelled their tyrants, and placed • I — J.,l.. »f Dm*.**m-« nM ,1... ^Ufnni^ U*. »l.^ »UI#. nf fnKn UIV UUIkW V, A«l«|^«tt.>u w*. ...w k...w..w ^j ...» ....i.- ... ^ v.. IV. ever fince which, Portugal and Spain have bcendif- tin^ kii^domtt ' Charlei U. who Icitue iflue, being the ■s J *■■-•.'-- ' 1 - u'w '. . ,-.*^*': 7i| laft king bf Spain of tbft Auftrian line, Philip, duke «f AnJDU, fecoiid (o\\ to the dauphin of France, and graiMl« font© Louis XIV. moanttd the throne,' by virtue of his p)redeceflbr's will, in the name of Philip v. anno 1701 ; and after a long and bloody ftruggle with the Gerinan branch of the houfe of Auftria, lopported by England^ he was confirmed in his dignity at the conclufion of the peace of Utrrclit in the year 17(3. And thus Lewis XIV. through a mallerly train of politics, accompliftied his fa- vourite projeA of transferring the kingdom of Spain, with all its rich polTrftiohs in America and the Eaft Indies, from the houl'e of Auftria to that of his own family of Boutbon ; an event which proved f^'ial to the commerce of Great Britain ; cfpecially in the American fear, where a glaring partiality has been ftiewn to the French nation ever nnce, and renders the Englifh being pofleflcd of a port in the fouth feas of equal importance 10 that of Gibraltar, Which fetves as a curb on the united flrength of France and Spain. Philip, after a long and turbulent reign, died ill 1746, arid Was fucceeded by his fon Ferdinand V I. who died in 1759 without ilTue. Ferdinand was fucceeded by his brother Charles III; the prefent reigning monarch of Spain, by whom be hath iiTue, by hU late queen Maria Amelia of Ssxonv, i. Maria Jofepha Ihfanta; 1. Maria Louifa i and, 3, Charles, prince of Afturlas^ p^efumptive heir to the crownt born November 11, 1748, and married to princefs Louifa of Parma. It would have been iinpoflible'for the Portuguefe to fup- pbit themfclvcs under their revolt from Soaiii, had hot tne latter powers been engaged in wars with Englahdahd Hol- land 1 and upon the leftorattoh of Charles II. of England^ thit prince having married a princefs of Portugal, prevail- ed with the crown of Spain, in 1668^ to give u;> all prt^ tenftons to thatVingdom. Alphonfo, fon to John IV. Wa* theil king of Portugal. He had the misfortune to dif- agree with his wife. .and his brother Peter, and they, uniting their inteiefts, not only forced Alphonfo to refi^n bis crown, but obtained a difpcnfation from the pope for their marriage, which was aftually coiifummated. They had a daughter; but Peter, by a fccond marriage, had fons, the cideft of whom was ^ohn, his fucceflbr, and fa- ther to his late Portuguefe Majcfly. John, like his father, joined the grand confederacy formed by William king of England ; but neither of them were of muCh fervice in humbling the power of France. On the contrary, they had almoft ruined tlie allies, at the great b^^ttle of AU manza in 1707, the lofs of which' wis owing to tticit mif- condu£t. John IV. dying in 1750, was fucceeded by his fon Jo» feph, who in 1760 was attacked by XTaflins, and narrowly efcaped with his life. From thif confpiracy is dated the expuliion of the jefuits (who Were fuppefed to have been the authors of it) from all parts of the Portuguefe domi- nions. Jofeph, having no Ion, his cideft daughter, Maria Frances Iliibella, was married, by dilpenfation from the pope, to her uncle, Pedro Clement, brother to the Wte ting Jofeph. 1 his marriage was perfectly confifteni with the Levitical law, though contrary to (he canons of the Chriftian church ; however, feveral children have Cprung from this marriage, the eldeft of whom was the prince of fieira, (born Auguftii, 1761, and married February 21, 1777,(0 his aunt Maria Francifca Benedifla) ; lie bore the above title till his mother afcended tlic throne, and then he alTumcd that of prince of Brazil, peculiar to the heir apparent. The ijuecn immediately conferred the title of knig on her hufband, as did our Mary the iirft on her hulband king Philip, but retained the fovereignty in ^her own hands. In the year 1767, when the war broke out between England and Spain, the Spaniards and their allies the French, pretended to force Jofeph into tbeir alliance, and to garrifon his fca-towns againlt the Englifh With their troops. The king of Portugal reje£led this propofal, and declared war agaiiift the Spaniards, who, without te"^ ^ >^* i> O % 'V ;!« « O /I U SI ^' .r,..': ^ C H A k: THE NEW tMSTORV ,l: 1./ I it I N E R a '•^> ■•i«i. 'I' ■'•i,. SECT. I. 1 tf «M,3, IV. i. -,r.;;.') l.i'l',.J . Gtniral dtfcriplitn ef that part of Fiandirs, which is imlui- ■ td intht Brthant ifuartir ; with its btundarits and Jit na- tion, exttnt, ttuim, plies, inhabitants, thiir Iradi, manit- failures, cujiems, lie. TH E countrj of which we now riropofe to treat, is a prOTJnce ofthc Netherlands, uving bounded by (he German ocean and United Provinces, on the north ) by Brabant, on the caft; by Hainault and Artois, on the ibuthi and by another part of Artois, and the German ocean, on the weft. It is fluty miles lonj;, fifty hroad, ii level, frrtile, has a p>od air, and contains thirty walled towns, one thoufand one hundradand (itty-erglit villages, forty-eight ahbies, &c. The men are heavy and lalxiri- ous, but love good living; the women are induftrious and handfome ; the inhabitants are papifti in all paiti, except tbofe belonging to the Dutch ; and the nianufifiures are linen, Uce, and tapeftry. The feveril diftm£t diflrifks contained in this part of Flanders, arc, i. Brabant, which is bounded, on the north, by the United Provinces ; on the foTith, by Henneganand Namur; on the weft, by Fhndefs,. properly fo called; and, on the caft, by Liege. The air is good, and the foil fraitful. It is watered by fevcral livers, the chief of which is the Demer, or Rupel. There are two fine canals in it, one of which joins the Senne and the Rupcl, and coft eight hundred thoufand florins ; the other runs from Lou- vain to the Rupcl. Between Louvain and Brulfels is a fine ftone caufeway, and another reaching from I'hieren and Liege. The fouthern part, called Walloon Brabant, ia mountainous, but not unfruitful. In Auftrian Brabant are reckoned nineteen walled towns, befides a great many boroughs and villages. The ftates of the province confift of the clergy, nobility, and reprcfcn- tatives of the chief towns. Thcftflates meet four times a year at Bruflels. In them, and the viceroy, the legiflative power, and that of levying money, is vcfled, but the whole artembly muft be unanimous in paiEng an aft. They ap- poii\t a kind of committee of t'-vo clergymen and two no- blemen, to meet daily during their rcccfs. There arc four hereditary ofliccr: of ftatc for this pro- vince, viji. the fcncl'chal, the chamberlain, the marthal, and the guidon : Ixfidcs whicli, there is alfo a great huntf- man, a great fiilcaner, a great forefter, a chief jufiice in evr'-, am! a maftcr of the wolf-hunters. The high coun- cil of Brab.int, which is divided into two chambers, or co.irts, is chicrty held at Mechlin, wlieie moft ofthc pro- vincial caufes arc tried. 'I'lic Roman catholic is the only religion of this country ; and the numl>er and opulence of the ccclcliaftics is very great. At Mechlin is the fee of an arrhbilhop, to whom aic I'ubjcft the prelates of Antwerp, Ghent, ijoidcuu, Brui;es, Yprcs, and Rurenion Je. There are fourteen cnlleglAic churches, and two hundreu and three cloillers in the archbiihopric. This countrr, with many others, came to the houfe of Auftria. by tlie marriage ol Maiia, daughter of Charles the Bold, duk^ of Burgundy, with Maximilian, archduke of Auftria. I he principal n.aiiufaAurcs are, lawns, c.im- br cks. lace, and tapeftry. The Walloon language, which is fpoken here, is a mixture ot German, French, and Spa- niih. i'iic arms of the duchy are a lion, or ; at a held, lab e. Aullrian Brabant is divided into fevcral quarters. In .> AND DESCRIPTION 0/ fi' "'ii I !■ • irtu;« ■ ...!d I / ■ ;i the quarter of Louvain, the {>rincipil j>lace»kreas folloi^} I. Louvain on the Dyle, thirteen miles eaft of Bruflfclt. It was formerly the capital of the duchy j but at prcfeni Bruflels it conndercd is fuch. Louvain ii a place of great antiquity, having been founded by the emperoT Afnuiphvli, as a check againft the Normans. The emperor Charles V. was educated in tlie caftle, which long continued tha refidence of the duket of Brabant. Many aflemblies of tho ftates have been kept in it. The churches and cloifters are very numerous atid fine, both within and without the town, which it very large, but not populous : for there are many meadows, vineyards, gardens, and orchards, within the walls. The Stadthoufe and the church of St. Peter arc very beantiful. Tht traded of Louvain hath long (ince been upon the decline, and at prefent is inconfiderable, cortfifting chietly ih Iheexcellenlf Deer which they brew, a great quantity wlwreof is fent to tbe neighbouring cities, efpecially' to Broflels. With a view to rcftorc tl>i« city to its former luOre, a(i tmiverlity was founded in it, in 1426, by John IV. duke of Brabant, which cnjoyj great prWilegei, granted to it both by the popes and dukes. There are above forty col- leges ; and in the hall, where the public exercifea are per- formed, are three fpacioui rooms, where leftures are read every morning in divinity, law, and phytic, to which the feholars, in every college, may refott. The Hollanders liave a college here for their Roman catholic fellow-fub- jeAs : the EngUfh, one of Auguftine monks ; and the Irifh, one of Dominicans, and another of Recollefts. To give encouragement to learning, pope Sixtui IV, granted to the univerCty, A. D. 1^3, the privilege of prcfentation to all the livings in the Netherlands. The church which belonged to the jefuit's convent 14 admired for the elegance of its architcAure ; and tlie palpit, made of oak, it fnppofed to be the moft beautiful in the univerfe. The cohvent for Englilh ladiet ir very capa- cious and elegant, and moie richly endowed than any other in ihe Low Countries. The burghers of Lauvain boaft, that their city was never taken by force. In 1710, in- deed, the French entered it by ilratagem, b«t were footi repulfed with great lofs by the citizens. To reward their fidelity and bravery, Charles, then ftiled king of Spain, and afterwards emperor, prefcnied them with a golden key^ which is ftill picfetved'in ihe town-houfc, to commemo- rate the event. 2. Tlie town of Tiencn, on the Ghcte, is fevtn miles eaft of Louvain. It was formerly a very confiderable city, but is now greatly decayed., Here are two collegiate churches, the canons of one of which are permitted t» inarry; hut if they l)ecomc widowers, they arc not allowed to have a fecond wife, uiilefs they rcfign their prebends. 3. The town of Gemblours is fcated on the rivet Onie, fix miles diltant from Namur 10 the north-weft, and twenty -one from Louvain to the foutli. It ftands upon a ftecp hill, encompilUd on all fides with precipices, except towards tlie caft, where a little hill h.ings over it. It is coiifidcrabic only by its ahbey of St. Hubert, ofthc He- nedlt^iiie order : the abbot is tlie firft nobleman of Bra- bant. Gemblours is famous in hiftory by thv viftory which don John of Aufttia gained near it, January jr, 1578, over tlic array ofthc .Statrs-^ jcnrral, commanded by An- tony dc Coignics, »ho loft alt his cannon, nnd was hini- felf taken pnloncr : this defeat wn imnnfrH tn tlvc abfeiies of the thief olfiicrs ofthc llatc, who ivcie then at Bruftils, and to tlic jealuufy Ibine others had conoeivcd againft tli* prince of Orange. Kiii^; WiUijm, during a great part of ■an 0-1 US! IE U HOPE.] f L^ A K ># 'H J HI'* :( i- i.t,.'. .«' '! f place»kreM folfo#f lies eaft of Brulfeli. chy i but »t prefeni liii it • place of great imperoT Aliiulphui, ic emperor Ctiarle* loiig continued iha my aflemblies of the numerons and fine, hich ii very large, nesdows, vineyai^di, s. The Sladthoufe autiful. Tht tradtf the decline, and at icfly ih»he excellent ■ wlKroof rs fcnt to rufTels. s former luftfe, an by John IV. duke legM, granted to it are above forty col- ic exercifes are pcr- re leAures are read byfic, to which the The Hollander* •tholie feilow-fub- nks ; and the Irifli, xolIeAt. To give ut IV. grantetf to ege of prefentation jcfuit's convent is rei ai>d tJie pulpit, 9 ftand* Leeitwe, a (Ironk town : it i* in a marfliy tituation, which nnder* it atwottinacceffihle. The (o tcr his abdication. Of the other palaces, thofe of the ]>rince de la Tour and laxi*, and of the Knglilh earl of Aylrfl>ury, arc very fine ) and of the garden*, thofe of the duke of Bournonvillc are tlio moft delightful. In all the palaces are colleAions of original paintings, by tlie moft eminent mafters, both Italian and r'kroifh. 1'h« arfeiial No. 73. t It Hi: fu, !i wtU worth feeing, on acooant of the cUriout awiija* arm*. , The opcrt-houfe wa* built in the year 1 700, by tlic duk* of Bavaria. 'I'liis is one of tlw iioMell and largeft in (lis world, it being creAed in the Italian mannerv witli rowi of Ions, or clofeii, moft of them with cUimiieyj in tiiem, which ijie nobihtjr generally take by the winter, for tlic conveniency of their familic* and friend*, and keep ilt« kevj. There are, in this eity, twenty public fountains, adorn* ed with ftatues, at the corner* of the moft public ftreets | and a famous canal that wa* cut from Willibrook, a vitla,^4 on ilie Scheldt fifteen miles diftant from UrulTcls ( it wa* finifhed in 1661, by the celebrated archireAGeorgcRinaldi, and Cult the city one million eif>lu hundred ihouraiid lluriiu e The churches of this city au' very magnilicent i feven 01 thcfe are parochial, and among them the church of St. Uedula, which is alfoeollegiate, is the largeft and fincft. Bclidcs the college of jcfuits, which has a very fine churdit here are eleven monafterlcs, and twenty-one nunnerieat among which are two EiigUllt, one of Dominican ladiest founded by cardinal Howard in the reign of Charles II. king of England, of which one of the houfe of Norfolk ia alway* abbef*, the other it of BcnediAinc nun*. The foundation of pious maid*, called the begulnagc. rcfembles a little town, and is furrounded by a wall and diicli, and divided into pretty little ftreets, where every beguine has her own apartment. Their number generally amounts to feven or eight hundred, and fometime* mote. They are governed by four elderly women, whom they choofe out of their own. body, and have a confelwr, or chaplain, appointed by the bilhop of Antwerp. Tlicir church lately built is a fine piece of architedure. ^, In this City is the mount of Piety, which is a publif ,'i office for lending money upon pledge* at a moderate in- teraft, and wa* eflabliined by the archduke Albert, and Ilabeila his wife, in the year 1617. It i* a vaft building, like a monafiery ; and there are privi^te paflage* for going in, without being feen from the public ftreeti. The inhabitant* of BrulTcls, Icemto have had a fin(;ular fondnef* for the number feven ; fat here are feven prmci* pal flreet* that enter into the great market-place, in which are fcven tlately liouics ; feven parilh churcbc* ; fcveu no- ble families, eminent for« tlieir antiquity and great privi^ lege* ; fcven midwivcs, fwotn and liccnfed by the ienato to vifit the poor as well as tlic rich, whenever called ; feven public gates of the doric ordfr, remarkable for leading to fo many places of pleafuro or difTcrent exfrciles, nainclyi one for hunting, a fecond for fiftiin^, a third for fowling, a fourth leads to pleafant fields, a fittb to pafturc grounds, a fixtb to fprings and vineyards, and a fevenlh to pleafant gardens. This, city i* faid to have entertained at one time, feven crowned heads, bcfides the dukes of Savoy and Lor- rain, with nine tboufand horfc belonging to their rcti* .""«»• . ^ . :^ The inns, or enting-hoiifcs, at Bri^flels, arc equal tb. any in the world} and a ftranger has tlie advantage of dining a,>y time between twjlve and tlirec, on feven or eight dilhct of .'ueat, for lef* than an Euglilh (hilling, The wines here .:rc alio very gpod and cheap ; and foranEn^- lifh (ix-pencc every hour you may luve a coach that will carry you wherever you picgfc to order. This city is th-^ (cat of the council of ftate, the privy council, tlie counci' of finances, the war-coitncilsi and tlie chamber of accompt; of the clunccry and fsedal court of Brabant, tlie court of the grand forcuer, aiid a particular chamber of accompts for tlie province of Brabant. Herd is aflatue of gilt marble eroded by the company of biewerij to prince Charles of Lvriain, governor-general of tlie Au- ftrivt, Netherlands. In tlie year 1695 tlii* city fufrere4 much by a French bombardment ; in 1706, the aflics auii thenvlelve* mailer* of it ) andtbe French in 1746. Its trade coafifts in camblets, bone-lace, laces, and tapefttief,,, inauufa£luied here, and fe^tjdl over Europe. ]. Tlwcity of JSivellc U fifteen miles diftant from Bruf*- fels to tlie foutlt, and twelve from Cliarleroy to the north. It contains two collegiate.and five parochial churches, and feveral convents and nullifies ; alio a chapter of canoiielTeSi who muft all be the dau^ilers of princes or counts, or at leaft of noblemen, by (a\u dei'cents both of the father and mother'* fidv-. The abbefs is ftiled piincefs of NivclK, and is appointed bythe.f^veicignt who mufl choofe on* out of three canoneilos nanied to him by the chapter, llw abbefs is fpiritual and temporal lady of the city, ahd ilitv diftrift, in the latter of wiwch are feventceri village*. A ■real quantity of fine lipeit is mide here, equal to that of Cambray, and the plate w^joys large pr\yikg|t$« jti Thi new and UNIVIRIAl SYSTEM or GEOOi A^HY. 3. VihfMAtn ; t« it Anted fc^n mite* htm Br«Mi« to ibt north, ll ii ■ poor, paltry town, but ftioiig bocht hj iwMic Mid «tt. h Hands on tb* caiiil of Oniiiilt, ku in old c«o«h fidcB. The BBott rcmarkaMo phcat in ilie Brabant qraMcr of Antwcr|iare, 1. Antwerp, called by the itatives Aniwor- pen, by the French Anven.aixi in latin /^ niwerpiaor An- dovcTpuiit. h it tfat eamial of * marqutiaie oi ihe faaac aamt, aad i* feateden the Seheti, twcMy-tiTe mileanonh of Bruflcls. It it the third 111 ranfc in Brabint, eitenfive, elegantly built, containi two hwulrrd wide Urecti, and twenty-two caMcioot iqoani. The houlet a*-tlirfe feet itt height. The Mthedtai, ideditttcd to the vir]gif» Marv> and tke Siuk' hovk, are wry ina|.itiiient ftraAtiiet. The eichafige for nkerchanit hai fbut fhacieut fate* op- riiie t»eafch other, and alway uoctv The walbi rottnd are r«^ftcd by ferty-(hi6c pillm of Mua narbia, all carved with dMereUt fiBaKi, not tiro of tham being alike. Thia (koAvtra li faid to be one hundMd Mid cighfy ktt lonK» aad oiit hondivd and ftMiy broad. UtuhtnMth felt nulti, or niiigasMM, vmU ftored tritb inefthaiat goodt ; ahd above ia atv icattemy fer painiinit, fcaiptat«r mkliao- lure, and the matbematiOi. Ihe bkiUdinfoii iMa aMchange coft the city of Antwetp tltree huiadrod thwuTaMienMrnt. From thia ilruaorer which waa the firft af ttai khid in Europe, Star Thema* Orettmin took the bint of btilkKng file Royal Exclahge iii London, aa did alfe the bargkert «f Aaaflerdam that of erefting thein, whicbdrovt Ik* mar- ebann of Aniwetp to turn their head* 10 jtwclling, paint- itg, and banking, whidi tliay luwe cMHiaved Co thia day, (• the greateft perfeAion. This city ii the fee of a bUHoOt wbe, M abbot of St. lernard, ii the fecond pNlate ti> BiabaiM. The bilhopric if of great eiieni^and the cathedral a moft noble pile, with •ne of the ihteft fteeplea in the wOrM. Hate it fe martlet, called the Friday*! market, bcet«A tt i» held every Feklay, where all forts eif hoolhold-goeda, pilkuMt^ and jcwcb, bm fold by auftionv Here ara %ur eoMegiaie chtarehei, HMree otbir paiiib- churches, four abbeyi,. and about futy doiftert of thcfirft tank. The cathedral of our Lady, which ii alio a paro- chial church, it a very grand pile, upwirda of iae hun- dred feet long, itao liundred and thirty broad, and three hundred and fixiy bigtk In tplre it four knndicd and fixty-fis feet iiv height, the cn>fi at the tof one hundicd and fifty-one, the diameter of the clock thiity fcct,. and iti aircurafercnee ninety. In iu htlbj are thirty thne gieat belts, and two feta of chiniei. On the banki of tiie river near the runpaiti ftaada tke noble and rich abbejr of St. Michael, where alb ftvcreign f rinces lodge on their coming to thii city. There are alfo ■inctecn nunneries in thia diy, among whioki ia aw Eng- li(h one of the order of St. Tberef»i btat IheiWM wear iiolineni eatiioflefh, andlic uoonwaw; •vtn'thigniet Juvc fuch a dffmal appearamie, that tbey giwe th» pUca tbc^ sefemblance of apiilbn. In. tlw Carmelite church ia a large fttMe (Utue «<'llie Virgin Mary. At to tke forttficatioHi of this city,, it ivon- vironed withafitK walK ptanied with rows of tiaeaon inch fide, with walka bclweciK broad enough fer two eoacbes 10 go abteaft, being alfo'deftndcd 'by a verfftrong, lai^e, regular citadel,, iia^ {omof a pantagon, eicAed by the duke of Alva in {$68, which eonmartda the t«wn and the neighhonring country. The magifttae^ «f Ibia city is chofen only oat of the Imn patrician iai»4iei, and eon- f\\U of two bnrgo-taMtftert, and eighteen cakeeim, befidet inferior taagHlrates. Among the priviiagaa gmtud toit by its princes,. then iatme, by wfaicnavCTy^pcawVinnwia. it h a citizen^ Aoajkboth hit p<««mt «ret« CweitMaa. Tbeduka of?arina,gowJmor'ortheTle4iel:landafortke kingofSpainv toakAntarerpin 152$, aftdrafiageofttrclie months, which was one of the moil remarkable in hiftory. He ic>c(laUilbcd the ^oman catholics, who had been but 1 UMf bani(ked tlie city, and reHored it to tb' 1 awa q#' Sp^in. It wkl feixed by the FttiKh on tlir dvatli ut Cliula* If. iikihejirear lyoo) bat tlwugb it wa* p«•• public of the Uiiitrd Previncat waa conduJed hero iit iyi5 i and tiw FroiKh made Aeaaialvet matter* of iliu city in 1746, but rciloied il»tofathcr with Ucuiatt. le lU« emperor, at the ptacc of Akx-hk-CltaMllc. The teruiojtiak belonging 10 this city ara xiy vitaniiae. The aelibnMad geographer Abnhaiw OitiMa wai bofn.hcia. a. I'ltelniBlltownof Lier, on tlicaoniuKoflhf Gmttar and Leifer Nethc, and ten mile* froae Antwerp^ i* iiroiig both by art and nttwm. A pavad load lead* faewi bencat to Aniwerp. Here ia a ipaaioua aMiket-pkae, wbcra they keep • famou* market foi black sMtle once every vreakr from St. jekn't day to St. Martin'*. Tkiy brew an «a>* callant fbrt of wkiw bear, caliad eavaft^ which i« eery much ciWeaMd aH over Ae Netherlands : they aiiia auk* laee, wkick i* rvckoned equal to itiat of Mec^w. TtN chief church, which i* a eoUegiaia one, i* a fym liullding, aderiiedwithan harmoniou* aMnie ctf beUf«' Here aic fcveral coiwcnt* and nunnsric* 1 amoag Ihe ht^. tcr, i* that of Englilh Ure fooled Caraattite-mina. That Cankufiana have a monaftcrv, the laigaiT in tke Natkir- lands : the ciisunifereiMa ot the wain* that tncMe Ibe^ ceils and kitcben-garden, is a full Englilh mile, and Iko monk* have a larger miviicge granied them by tb* pO|i» tkan the other mo*Mil«rics of that ord«r. 3. Tumhoot, twcitty-one nailos diiiani freia Antwcm to tb* eaA, is a fmall cilv with the title of a tordfhjp : is. was built by \ienrj IV. duke of Brabaut, about the year rail. Here is a OoUege dcdieaied to St. Peter, the dian^r of which is cootfeled of a dean aad twelve canons. I'bir riMilar eaiiwii eif the priory of Corleadaiik. kawa bar* a, college, where tbejr teach poiite licaraMrc. II. The lordihip of iM tknei ktaK, Who «Mdie fame af St. Romkant, srho wu an-Irilhaian, and biib«q» of Oiiblin, is patron af thi* city. It iatba feat of a.gqv«(- aor, a provincial court,, and aUb of a parliament or fovc.> reign council, to which apoealt lie from m«tt of the court* of juftise in. tlie AuAriaa- Nctkerland* \ but there tie* b» apMal fmm it, except in the eaufin of the .knights of the ggblen flmta, to the foveteignof the order. IIL Tiie duchy of LJnIborg is furrounded by Julien* Laaenibeig, and Liege. The country is ploaiiiiit, popu* kias, and fruitful I abounds in cattle, mine* of iron, lead> and calamy, and is well watered. The ftatca conlift of the nobility, clergy, and commons. The priiidpaL places are, i. LiiUbarg, which Aandt on I an emineoee, i* well fortified, ha* one large ftrcct, two firong gate*, and a capadou* fuburb colicd Dahlem. 2. Roleduc, or 'Rodelecluc, is a fmall town defended- by a cafile, and capital of a diftrifl. At about a mile didiiicc from the city, tUnds the famous abbey of Roleduc, of til<^ oriicr of St. Auguflin ; it is called Clooftcrroda by the people of that country. The abbot is temporal locd of the l-MHaMtdf Maikfiein, Kerkcnrode, and otlier placet. !». The dschy of LystRjbar^ is bsundfidi ^n ?h^ aorlbrhy Liege ; on tlte weft, by Chanipa|ne ; on tke caA, by Treves i aad on the foutli, by Lorrain. It is nearly iquare, and extend* about eightv miles each way. It Liu Iin thecenireof theforeft'Of Ardenne. I'he air is puti^ tlie land well watered, the li>il fruLtlul, and the country ]}opulous> Std^ • " n1 j fEUROFE.) f t .A. Nt/I>.i& .11 -.'.li ^ of b«Uf« f Ike 1m->' na. TlMT NvMwr. ncMNi (iMr •nd lUa dochr, vit. 0«rinarti Frcnclt, ■nd^alloan. Tl\e conilftef tht etorgy, rteblct, md deputiM, and tht NUgiun i> RoflMN Mih«lic< > Tb« principal plaaH *m tli« rA<l, l eonrnleritblT Acayed float what it once wii. There are in thiicity two conTcnts of men, and one of maldca*. It h the -feat of a provolinii|i,' Qontaining one hundred and forty'iive ▼tllbet or kamttt^ within itidifliri A. 4. Marclie it a fmati city, fituated en the IIMe river Marfette, on the borderi ot the cotiMy o^ Namur, and (he bifliofrie of Liege, feveii mitt* diftant from Rochefort id the nerth'eaftt tweniy-threefrotn Liege to the fouth-weA, and fifty from Luxemburg to the north. It ii the fear of i piovolUhip, which hai nineteen vH|age9 under its jurif« diaion. The parochial ehmeli, wliich it dcditaibd to 8ti Kcnncalut, is a very fine bulldinc. - Here it a eotyyent of Carmelite monkt, and ai^olhct oTntint, of the famie order, and a college of jefuiu. Where they ttMb ptiliie literature. 5. Cbiny on the Scntoit, thoveh' irtpreieM I poor place, |;\vei name to a county apd proroRftiin, eontuning tbiriee^ citiet, with a great numoer of viHagc*. 6i Roche, or Rochc-en-Ardenne, I3 (ttvated twelvl miles from Matche to the eaft, and thirty-eiehtfrotn Lmifmbuifto the north. This town ia-furrpundcdi«l^^r^H%tt|watki, aitJi brood ditciiet full of water, thil'tiMif tTom tite tivrr OatNr, which runs aerols the ctty'i it is alfo defc'iiideii ^ a'^aftfe built on rocks, and whicti commands the tbwn. J. Vtt^ ton is a fmall, weH- fortified town. -8. Biedbifig gives name to a diftrift. 9. Epternhiach on the Soiir if'tim^ miles from Treves. 10 Grave Machereni oiithe'MtlfBlW, is fainotis for ita Mofell; wine. 11. Igcl contains'a pydi- midal pa^n moniKnenti la. Dicknipi is thi ^(tila! of ii provofllhip. ' ^Thc fallowing ]daces are in the marqwfiMe of Le Fotlt fyOye : I. Rochefort, a fni^llforti%d town, withe caitle, •furroni^cd'by ro^ks, and fituated iSxty^fix miles northiWeft crfLaxembui^. a. St. Vit, the capital t)f a feignioty.' 4. St.,Ha|^, tlje feat of a ver; ric^i BeptdiftiM ahbdY. % -Veand^, the i;apiial of a fvjkunty, bikt.very itt^uanble in other itfpeAs. That j>art of the du^hy df Oi^4rei,1)dep|inf to Anftrk, contains ot>ly the little cities of ;Bliiipi;artaSvriilm, with their villages and fcignieriis,,and'the (trong town of Ruft- moade, at the. conflux of the-Roer widt (he Ma«fe. It is twentv-$ve .nnl^s from Macftficht, is (he hi^ftl toifn in Gucldtes, anU ,fabje<( tti the arc^ihop of ^yfkhlin. There are qiany eonyeijtt, aiida ch|lTteT*htltt(2iit (iifc to#it i «ndatoUiaM«^h?r*i ' - - •" 'I SEC' T. i<||^"'-3 '-'c .tT.'n>,:M "Cmtfininf tltjtripthn*/ft»ii4hnt frtfirh ft fvlhd, with tHfirkli, tilitt, and I0W111, ibtrit* hUngiiigi alf$ M. mtttunttftb* MaHitntH iMrlraJt, nuuii^Mfmrtt, ra*'-' ■»..'!> I i-.'^phi^. ?D •' r- 'f -"(' - ! IHE province-of Flanders, is bounded, ontheweff, by Artoit t oiiihe (butb by ^nhegao and Ailois i I C)* tha tal^ ky llrakant 1 and. on tlia wet, by Artoiai' It It l«*artty>itw lAilei long, fifiy-ira mitea broad, bt> • fMtd ut, tad ptrhaps tke nalt fir«ittui Toil m kurop*. Tha pan«latkiii i> fuah« that il l«alu like oim ceiitinuadk city. 'I'hr llatai conlill of lite nublei, Cler|iy, an4eaBA-; nutna. The lift «lafs ooniiOi al oerum familMt, wIm have heaaditanr taMctii «i;%fr«ni*si thaiocoiii inciudaft Ilia btihopa ami abbots 1 a«d the third; it furaied «( tbtl dapuiictofoiilai and dillrlitt, tha burgo-aaaiWri and peit^ lioticrt. Moft nf the FUnderkiiK are fat. ctumfy. and dull, but iiiduAriouit boiicA, audgreti lovori of libcrur. I'hr women are I'lir and virhiottt. but not remarkable MT wit, dr the MTaAtiion «f u, Aoiit feict, Itowawir, are fend if pttUic divaHiiani ; and aln)«A every city, town, oc villaue, hat a keinnHii, or fair, in which public (hewt ara cahibiiad. I'ha manutisAures toiUiA of flik, coitoit, Unen, laec, woollen, brocades, tapeilriei, and cuaiblats. Thr. prinoipal rivcA' are thii ^lield, Lyi, Scharp, atU Dendei. > ih'roni rfiflitiiitlleentaty 10 1^9 Ikis county had coonM pli,<« vumi it Ilea- tMciyfiva milea 10 the northnaift of Bralialj, iad tbiity-tbrae caft from Uftdod, in fiftyaf'icfiiila,ietien other monafiaiieat hild .wjiat ia batted ihf TdmpiChof. which belotigt to the order of St. John, with lwtaniy>-rwo BuniMrisa^ two bcguine-houlisat hltminaiiybelmiging.taihebilbonric of Ghent, with liive- lal Cbapela alid heftiatalt. In thia diy.aire mirtcen marka-idaMs, fcven of whicb are htfty paitieolafilyJbat called the Friday 's-market ia the moft extenfive, and remarkable for a noble iUtue of HhdeotpenticGftarlea V. dreflbd in'hit impacial robes, and itandh^on awdddflal in the middk; o£jh» fquare. And upon a bridgtfhhiltover thC Lytfiand two brafs ftatuea, repreiemingr fnan ready to cut oft ihe'headof another. Tne fame figures are alio painted in tlie tbwn>houlb. Thia city is thaitet of the council of Flanders, firom whii!h;an apfwaflies ta:the|pandoouncil of Mechlin. Tha town-houic- ia a daabtaiboflding, with twa fruuts, ione of antieatmchitcAnrei tndthrmkrr in itte inodcin tilb, and acryimtttifiil. Thotradaof Giient principally .csnflfta in cloths, ftuffs, and ifiihr, of which fuch ^mntatics Cte iiMdr'Bere,'thataaBOng thi'Jfty cotnpanieaaf tiadelhten, it^fe concerned in thde commodhies arc &id to. forpi a third part. The magiftracy tioniifts of bur^omafters, cche- vioa or aldenmen, and^ounfellora annu:illy diolen from dmong the ptincipal inhabitantk ; utA thcle lifive at .their tteadanihigh'bailiff. The inhabitants of this city are ex- icendinglyfatul of chimes or carillons, whidi are played -drWk^a kMd of keys commmiicating with bells, as thole of -atwlnlraiiefMtdandorfian do with ftrings and pipes. 'Thdniate^-genenl of -ilie Metherlands, except thofe of Lotemburg and Limburg, concluded, in 1576, the famous ttiaty called (he pacification of Ghent, the principal articles .of jwhi^h werr, that the Spanifh, and ail other foreign troopv ihouid evacuate riw Netooriands ; that Hoiianii .knd iZeaJaiid IhooSd oontSnuc united with the other pro- vincee",~and that the RiMnan catholic religion, and the ant^ont privilcgKof tta» country, ihoitld be maioaiaed -, ,.-..-.,- > >, I ,.^ bv« : -* . -ttf,' -i Tm NEW AND UNIVl«fi4& S.' I' i- i & ':p f*4 kM In iflAiwjr aitatttAibMiMad m dii Vhgwl »ffi\m. Thii clt]r MWrfa«f«riliiiM«*Hc. Obcni M ■ viry conMntkb AUIrlA, niA CMMlnrtb* M«ntT o# AMI. with Im Mfrlul 1 OaitnM. wli t ii i i uJ ibrilM itoriottt vlAwyoMlnM ntir it •itariMKvMoti,' in 1 70I, by ilw dwiit of MulbenHMk 1 iIm town Mhl aaJi tonlfhip«< DfiMiwiiiMul* i tw Mwrw tt Bomhaia,' 'lurnn, WMtMlon, DiMnitdt, Am. t. Bragt* i* ftaM4 Im Um ibirtjMM i iim AtMMv MiiMMt iw*ili>lMku4tv' (mI in iIm ttiini it g mn HAM* mj«iaMi taft len|tM«ri0b H«r« arc fmrat cantali, ona'W which IcMia 10 OiVtad, Nawfort, Futnca, and Dankirit 1 and can cttty veflcli b( four htmdrad torn, wkiah'comt vp laihe bafonofBiniiaa. The (ktcMofibiadiypM large ahil firaight ) it has ajfo fovcral Ana fquarei. particularly iIm WtU dky'i n)(rkci>plac*, firMn <»hciwiii t tPfgrnH ttrnta h a d wifu pfincipal Rirr* AtoiieandvftWa'lqaaMitandaaiiwIIca]^, liv« ItuiMiitd and thirry-ikrte flapa h^U, «iMiac«rWMH cbimc ol bells. Safc*ai raw*«f wtci ui> plantad is ihl« fqnare. 1 ■•• . Htrr ii anothrr fqwatc ealM tht 'traigh, horn iba ciila •f that iiaroa ; it it lurnMUtdadwi* Many fint buiMimn, ai the towii-houfie, which ii a haitdfotiM gothic ftruA«i«t •dornad with tha pUkiiraa «if ■«■•• atria •n^OTMitAi of Ftaitdan 1 tba cathedra} i iha UiMpa »ateM« and iitt chapel of ihab^ blood of Mr Savtaut; .TtMeathtdtti it a T«ry anticnt b«ildiii|, and tat tbirtf -two tan aw* Hare are aub m*o othtr collegiaM> chndkiati ana <# whith k dedicattd to our lady, and bat a ehapur coni|M>led of a BTOToA and twelva canont ; Iha other it tba ciMteh ot St. Saviour, and baa a chapter coniillin||«f a daan aadfiKtean cmem i Am fMncr i>f ibeft t«» mt* ftnttmn k fcrr bcduiifbl, and hat a fina ftaafit, fa bigb that-hi nwjr bi lieanatfieain'CiiliniMrOftand. ■iftdaatbaabrwy baw»ir< five parochial cbarnat, fetirlecn cba|>ala, > coliigadf jafldlt^ twelve montfteriea, and ninctacn nwiMtiat. Tbara it in ibit city a hrga menaflary af the Oattbu- fiani, and the circuit of thair kitclien>*ardant, eallt, and little gardent, it abnat an Eitclilh mib. Tba cannalita church it one oltha fincil in tlie city, andlMt a baiMifel mouumcnt of Haiwy jmmfn, lora Dotttr, • pair' ti England ; but tba moft noMe moniNncat iin iba> cky it that of the Bcrnardinet. Tbe abbot't aptMaanl ia vm inagnifioent, and thofe of the monka aarfiMat. ) Ankoa|; the many nnnneriet in tbii cky aMtaro Few citiet prowida fe comfaitably fiac tba ^r tud crphani at Bru^t (or beraatcAvtwalaliM-lwnfef and iKrfpitala for tbair matnarnanfrj an— ng triwdrisaaatcaWtd ihercbool of the Orphant, foundedin ifii, tabertonahiwn- dred and thirty otipban boya are adoaited'and bfonght up to learning, or feana uade, according tatbair gaaWt or inclination. ...-..- i-.,. ,.■,•■,', }t 1 ihi ' A cenfufaiabla' ttada. lalaairied on Jtowiwiaaibit cottoni, fine wMttcn iaA, linen and baa 1 andKhafe are many perfeni cnplofed in OMUuftftaii^ ftiMam ' and lapeuriea. Have are fixty^-eigbl coaapaniaa of Itadcf- mcn in varioua brancbea. Sinetthe citiet of Antarerpand Aaaiatdain have cidafged :thcir conuncrcet that af Brngea bu bceadaeliniitg: fe that it it &r from beine fo popnioM'aaianMijti'it ThaK . are fiili, bowerer, in Bngeaftvtnl taayTJcfc a a iWliiiHt , arho meet daUr >n the great mathotophde, wUkkovilr fiiiae die year 1715 hat bean their eaabanlt.. ' i' 1 m r'. Several coiuta are cftabliiaed .bewfcrtbelalniioiftntian ■ of joflica, both in civil and crimiaaHafcira |. the pincipal it that of the magiflratet of Brugea,' aotnpobd oftifo bor- . gomaften, twelve echevint or aldannen. MeWa eotniM- km, fix pcniioneri, and two tradaamt, Tbeiiha«rthe |[overnmcnt of tbe city, andadminifier jtiftkaaBoiigthe; inhabiunti. Ihere it another coart for te goaaatunamj of the libertr, wkicb la* a augiftracy of te mmi cotHift* ' ing of four burgomaftcrt, tweniar-litvim iiritaaiiiii'fapa*- . iionaries, and two treai'urat*. ; Tbe taMiaftbirid their cm. ' ploymenii for life. Tbit court ia held at Brngea in im •Id caftk called the Burg or F ortrela. In tbe uil where . they meet are feveial good piduret, partieahrly the bft . iiidgnfient, by a dili;iple of Kufacna, named Backer. - A J. Vpcrt or iprci, in iuin rpra, which ia HaBd fteuyj appiarancat' Ihaiigb ^ frotna aw of innlMt.'. ta»|dkti»fHi«aMICi«< i»raiiit» f7i|. ,, t ,." ,.1 , «, 4. OftMd, in laiih Otalda,. ia oalM by tbe Rc»ir«» Ooftanda, and it faaiad'intba fiAy-diift dcgna f»ui«Mn adnaiaa nonh latiiada, mti in tM.6tftticl,dagra»i fifty- ntna minMot aafl longttndai iit^a «nai% .iQfUt awMg a- variaiy of eanala 1 it bwng tinaoft (arrouadad kf tm* tt ihk latpAof ithaot, inla. aMikh Aim; of i|mM,iNKtbaa may enlar with the tida. It it well tortlfitd, ai|4>tt » imparl* adtap ditch, an' Aa nay ba lai in roand ablfvatint of gramdk by whirjb niaana |t i* rendaiaA al- moft impregnable. Tba ein It atfo d*ran4od.|» iimral ferti which encoatpaft it. Tha buildingi are bM Um, bat an prtity uniform, and tba llieeii are fltaiabtand raaJMan IH principal ehafch |i thai of Sfc Petit. Hera amftvaral caawenn of friaia andAanit Ud aa hofntal fowMM hy> tbacitinent in 140a. , ' » ' I |. Newpoitf lahkh it a trang lea-port town oiT tiw Iparlca» ia otM naUa'froai ibafiM. and nine from Qlktn4» It conaiina feveral cooaanti awTmontftcriet, patt^Urlv ona of the EngU(h Canhafiait friirt, The chief bafuiara of Iba inhabitant! it rop«>making.,iwi-«iahingi' and 6^ ing. The battnari* toiattbly gpcRl ; jt» ftnogtb'CWtftfta in itt Aukei, by which all tbe country roand niajlxi Wi«L andcrMttN ■.,',•..■:» ,b. TbaaiivofT^arMyiffcliveiiroikileuth-aaAftofi rifla. It it dafendtd bt a ftroi« caftle, k a ttacga ttading' place, and lanioui for levaral manufaAuricij particularly lbradmira(>l(floikiiigt : tbit iia bilbop't fte ; the C|v|te- dad(huri-i>, niul lUc abbey of Si Martin'i, arc vetymi^- nifleant ftruaurci. I'hit plaaaiwa* ceded t« tbe hottliiof AuAN^byibenaaty^of UMicU. ,, , II.. Tha proviiKe of Nainanlt, or Ifeitnenu, bai FUfi- den lo the north, Namar and Licya ,tp tI|p;Wei^ ; ^^a. bant rcveii niilct feitA of Bnillelt, and flandt on the banks of, tbe dvejr TaaukUti The publif ftrnaaxci arc npble» tha buil41ngt ,ifl|jiii»i«l haiuMwo. and the 0i««4' J^olite literature it taught In two colleget ; befidet whichi h|ieatc (a«anl convcnit and aannf ria, andanabbcv.. St. Wau> inm, fiflai to the celabrattd St. Aidaftdnide, /oundad a ,ch»Mar of cavonafle* here. They are thirteen :ii> namber, ■niQ prove their nobiliiv by fixteen dcfcetut, and are iu . ^ jaaa wnMi pw of -tha fevereign. a. TM city of. 9i>|G>)UUip. or.St G^iflain. ^awb on the river Hain^, about five milet below Moiu tq t^ weft, ^ifhlfraiB Conda to 4m aaii thiitcan from l^auberge to iltha ntitftit and at many.frc^ Ath to tbe fouth: It it aaetty fifon»by iu fitaaiKai on the banfci of the river, and on the riyer Haine, by th^-jnat^cfi thK futroopd it. 9. Tba city of Bincb ia littiatcd ficb 'WlMch'hai^ i«i/pfiiw,ia tha (Migbboaihfipd. }t ,ii nine aaiiMd)fl»nti(tonMoapbvol((I)|p, yhich ailendt along tlie Schcid to the bbrden of the couiuy of Nanmr, and con^i{lt fift|^oiw bofou^ ot villagcf, but no citiet. Tbit it an antient and pleafant city, built in a fraitfol country, .which aboundt ,in aH lottt of gj^qt, and the air it very wholefocnek Here is tbecal\!e of Mari- MaiU^ which Mao.at.thc hunting- teat of tlie go>oriior of the Netherlands. Thii city was reflored t« tl>e Spaotards by the peace t» Nimcguen, ilnce wbich time it bai cgu- timad' ■» tM poftlfibn of the ho«ff o^ Aufttia. 4. T^o fm^ictty pf^99iyufU.I>i>4*e b*nj|* °^ [EUROPE.] P L A ;N O IB R 8. 7«l Iht riwr IciUM. ii niM oiUm lUfttnt from Mont lo IIm northtift. Nui tlii* ciiy li iIm littk woo4#.Oompto wa* fo aalM to ro the above city, in 1709 UM French army, commanded by tha marthan Vil* lira and Boutten, ware attaclifd here in their triple en- tftfiehitwntt, tn4 entirely dafeatad with great flaughlar. t. ^th, or Aetb. on the Dendrr, fourteen milei from Mont, it a 4ron>, tot handfome town. 9, Lccofa. • Anall town. 10. LcMnaa, on the banki of the llitia 1 ' ^tt Dtttder, near the borderf of Flanden, Aventeen miiaa 4ifltnt from Mont towaidt the north-weft, and fear rom Aefh (e the fonih. It it a fortiffed town, fiit^Mtii ^r iti ^nen nunaMlttrv. 11, Chievrca ia a fmail op city, •Ad a lordihii^ alipui nine milaa diftani hwtt Mont ftt- tMrdk ll)« nerth-w«ft, and four from Acth to the finith. Ii. Hall, or Halk, on the Scone, feven milet firem BraAli, it fiin«m for an itiMga ^ tha virgin Mary, m- Arined in gold, with a ^own of the liime or >V head. In oiM hand it an iihage u( our Saviotir, and i -t iher a rofa gilt. 13. The abbey of Bonna EfiiararK , or ( 'Hti Ifopa, at a mile and a hflf diftanee from Binch : ji it iaiia> kited bv monkt of tha etdar of tha pnamonftratn^fet 1 and in ttiia ncighbonrhoed'ifcne ia aMoan abbey of Cif- ttrcim nnait callad the abba* de rolivt, or of the olive. 11. JBraine-le-Chateau it a vlllaft, which,, in iMi. wat raired to a priocipalii|, ander the nadie of Tow and Taait. 15. Ligne it a oonMaitble «i1l)|l«t which givet »ma to a principality. .16. Fontenoy it 1 vilKja on tha Scheld, where the French, tuidei oiaiual Saae, gained » viAory over the alliet in I7ji5. 17. Aneuien, or £ng> hien, flandt in a velky, ehd it »•» — . 1. Chtriirov. in latii< Caroloregtum, It a (hiitt, but ftrong cliy and fortrel'i, ftrtecii miles diflaiit from Namur 19 the weft, eighteen f'oni Mont (o the raft, and twenty* fiii from Bruflelt to the Ibuth. It Dandt ou rn hill, near thrconflua of the Sr.mbre and the little river Pieton. It wat fermertaf bat a tine village, and fovercign lordfhip, called CHantoy, hatonitihg fa ifce prince' nflfenghein. The marquit of Ctftel-Rodri^o, gover'iicf general of the Ne- , Iherlandi, made aciivof it In |M)6, lortified it, and called it Cha»l«^, after the nafic of hhltiafter Chaklet 11.7 ^ kthg'of Spkin. In the neighbourhood Of thil city ftanda tha abbey of Sa mani and FreneH. 5. Bouvinei, Bovinet. or Bovignei, in latin Bovin*, or B' -'iniacuer), it a fmall city on the left bank of the river ? ^ift, over-egainftDinant, twsWo milet diftant from Nt- 7 'r toika footh. Thil k no ftrong place, and in confi- -nabkonly for betagapaft between tlieprotincei of Na>' mur and LuBemborg. There it but one parochial church' in thkiaty und t«ro coavcnit ) the one of Auguftme nwnkt, In - ■ .ch they teach phifefopby, and another of nunt of St. iiepulcbre. Near Boovinet are to be feen the mint of anantient city called Chaviemont, which wat very«ftrong, the inhabi- tania of which aoade themfclvet fomout by their robteriet. The finalltown of Walcoort k fituated on the tivulet caUed the Havre. In addition to the fereral hiftorical fiiAt already taken notice of iit deferibing the varioua diftriflt, cities, and townt, in the Anftrian Netherlandt, it may he necrflary alio to obferve, that formerly that part of Germany, which liCi ereft of tha Rhine, with the fevenicen provinces, went under the geneial name of Gallia IMgica among the Ro- mani. Upon the decline of the Roman empire, the Gotht made tbamfelvea maOera of thefe provincet, and divided them into a number of fmall governmentt, till at length they came into the pofleffion of the houfe of Rupgundy. Afterwarda the emperor Charkt V. u heir of (he houfc of Burgundy, daffied them u part of the empire under the titk of ciick of Burgundv t but the tyranny of his Ion Philip occafionad the inbabiianti to nrow off the yoke. The prince of Orange, and the counta Hoorn and Eg« mont, appeared at the head of the confederacy 1 the two latter, however, were taken and beheaded, byt tlie former being ekAed ftadtboldar, retired into Hollind. when that and the adjacent provincet entered into a tn^aty at Utrecht, for their mutual defence, in 1579 ; and, by the affiftance of Engknd. compelled Spain to acknowledge their inde.' pendency i and about the year 1609, were deemed inde- pendent ftatet by all Europe, under the title of the United Provincet. The Spaniarjk, however, remained poflefled of tha other ten p r ov i ncet; till the great duke ot Marlbo- rough gained the bank of Ramiltiet in the vcar 170b ; after which, Bruflelt, the capital, and raoft of the other provincet, acknow k d g a d the emperor of Germany. I'hefo ftill continue in the po&ffion ot the boufc of Aoftria, ex- cept fuch parte at were conquered by the French in tfao continental war before kft, and are ufually ccmprehended under the general tiik of French FlaMkrt, already de* fcribed in our aosonntt of France. CiHAf, I ^6 ) ■i n li Tfl ■ lUi XV. HQLLANft OR THRUNI^iD NETHRRLAitDsl r • . . . ■■ ■ '■ ^ I ____^ • . ■ ■ ■■ li .-^ ' n : ■iM^iT^.t :|:-;^ ■3L-. «!luca k 4o«^d(w fitnadon. Tiitjr and benreffi Aht Mt^ f4)tf>lbR« «kgvMI thirty miniMp* norih Utitiide. The extent from north to (bath ii thnif koodiMi and fifty siilea i tbt breadth, in the widaft pact, from ca^ to wau,; it tbrca hundred. Tha boundariaa w, the nicla of Waftpbalia, with the bilhwrkaof iMg^ aaA' Trian. and the diichiea of Julian arid Cl««c» oa l$aaaft» the Britini ocean oii.tba w)eft> Fi«(KW «•' t» (ipadw JW* tUGera«i|oceaadpth«inP|th., :' .,..*, ,-.1. Thole called the Uttited VfovinacH^ IMmi uiiMeitNen tbarlfndt, of whifh wa '^rehere t»-t*aat. •«• I. H^liiadL It. Zealand, iff. friefUbd. iV. Gmwiw*. V. t Overyflel. V|. G^drlaiid. VH. Utrechft^TiiaMin- l cTial of th«fe AMUkprmnnMi, wid that vMeh WMlr -*' p*^ appa|l«tiekt9 A»i<#i» Holland. Thw afifitaaiad ; betwafn thrM di««M«<«P«iiH>»iWW nAmmicfttn ," thirty minutes caft toagitnde, and between fiigr^oM diK - gMca thiny^fivc oiinBicat aqdrffty-thciir dapac* (*ny m- ^, nutei north iatiS^^aMI rfwwit »k h w dwd inAflftf oailaa iu Itngih^ and Marty the fane iAbswdtht The lowipwtion 9i (hit coMntrv near tht fa^ HtpAm with the DWMioHt bogi a«d mMUtct* ««nfiflm ■ damp «ir, and randcra the WiMie trnwhoUonft , lUina aftd feg*. Mcfiequenti andtiMgavi. feusry, f h«|tMiili«t( ttc. ai» qomnMn and jsvciMatt. TheiteniaNry i» gwwatwoolA beowrwbetmed by lh« ie% Wei* it WM Cm ttiedykM aad dama, whkh. exhibit aAoaaibinC ^«<»f« «t hmaaa iAdHC> try, and ai. Tbe psincifial rivers are. tbt Hhiiai. Marfi, Schald. aod . Vccht. The fbroacr of theft we haf« aheady daftribad. The Mac<«, aftM dividii^ MMf hsMtSMbmn^bea. and, ag«uv uniting tbefe, fiilii into.tbaf aiMtbii« bctew Ko«r^ dam. The ScbcUl, befow Aatwcn. diwdat illelf iMae«*^ brsnchei, called the Wcfitm *tM. EaAatn SebeM: «h* c fktU. rofnrating Flanderi from Zealaad, atid4hi( other mtm iiitiK iiorili by Bergrii-op*a«ii^ Bndaftnwaada Mft« he- ,"lwcca tlie ti} i l:P\ IL,- dmn. ilelf oftdnjra,^ tt^ Flt^W , . Aate the harhfM^ Amfterdam, it it indeed one of the largeft and fafe$ ,ii^ ^repe,^^)mt them i* p bar. ft th^ eaOranceof.it, over which IW vct^l* cannotpau^ . wit^oat being Ughtaaed «r ttoloMe^ There are no nmnntauis in thefe |>rovioTC^ipr.»M» fcM n4 riWfci St^rk* b|iihl.a«d hatch i% theiirchMtities,, hat, beintbudt 9fMd|igH they kpep th^ comti^ ^tM mmgM,^^^ .P*«N»r r»W« and iclnra t>>4 Ftbrwrr »>i!i«W<«' i.i .V 1 - ift k hya been Kowked of the an^ Vaited Protri^tettt that though the* dor net psvdpce conv• conlid» any option whatyr^ , . ', .^(_^. ^ . ' ^;ii: mI; 1' M .i6^'(f md*i>tmt I ,<<««i*p|>.icf9t4i«gjtn.tfae compuutioH of thexelci^nttd John de.WiHe cfl«%n» (am handcedthna^ acntSi ^utiatet Mtl^Rr* :AipBi>i«.thv^it confifatt fmir h^^d,re4 and Jhytf UlMfrn* lit fituatiM iuiq flenen),. very, low, and ^e part even lower dian the fea, trooi which it is fccurc4 by feAed by inaqnwtahlc diluies iitch the water it carried off at the H dike* and dam*t tfi»^»» ,>.fi> lithe nft. ---•••^^•SHIH^ft-ft.^^ f v * .f>" .4 -. 4^.»- if-.'r ^ 'a * .»' MMtab *lhinrtlil ptkidlAlt ibAWj lidfc^tvwitirt nicttioil il BooiiiMi HwihiMtaMMi,, »» iti«»H fH.llu.4 ihiMfalMii,: 9» iti«»fMlma nul Wtib Friellairfu it mIM dM V; «, w i« U ipfOnoauMdli iiiw' and lomt the Wykcrtneer at Beverwick. ' >nw 'i to ilwmi w ibw id U nMy itawMni'- I ia amaia|lj^ MiddM, thk Mi*b*r of In is' InUtaiMi Mng ooaiMMivttvM silllMi tiMKtnadnA tMnted.. nnwbuiMngi in AsMMiM iM>%'of Wdta, and fSBilMMlMMiiiNilaa aMi thmiiiMft in tiNif tedftfJT ntateen IS •MMp wl.to aa WMMwIw^fMtlK {iDtkMi jpntvinct «aiitM^|«a' l> - w | i« h ihafaafM, «a|nher wiik' tho worn* Wwi ftw»eJ»ilRi( ii > ■J j lafilad, havfc ■-very.dBMiit4|»|NaiiaMt.(" >>'j>r,- .', -> i > liMMlMimtMitk «f iiranafti^. ii „n^ iMimbaaf iiJMtlii'ciiiMit ahi aiaahinil have i hiall' aaoiaMW tf a Mfidat Mnd ai OMafiBUorl far HMkiali, aiU diM ibr flteiiaitdv 1 radftnr, ami ifiiMU wiMilf and Mtiahpthimi*^ lltt^ kHd inM «1» «QM)li^ttr tha Mum itef«fbr*iMtalinif«tlMte*K TteA*. bntf ekatUaiettvfM mtMbcftl^ruHJotMf •TwMm, hM tla»tfchhMt     a. The««6iHit*#M,«ttefillftANn- d(ticaa«fitbaiWpiiKHc, «eM«nly tfaB ttloflvMnf : DiMi' 1 fion* mknWtima 4P9nte ahenfiteWi tiU tiie explratioit Harlciii»t)alf^lmidn{Aaift«nbM^mdO«^ ' ■ Karn I. tnirMsd of th* fent thi7 are oighteen, that is, eleven in South HoHand/ttitiii ' fi)he|; imf of revifioi^ thiak ia«fie(,i(t i* Naoaffiuy that a perlbn (hould firft beat* the oficc i>f a {A»fen. Itaeie are twelve burgo^ maAaiit in Amfterdaniv fow^afvMUMa Itave ibc admini- fitakioM of aflidrit ilnd are ir«M tticncetilled'netnt burgo- teflat*. TI&(te'of thefedre antMaHy cbOMtedi «ti4 the CawrtH ctetinucs in office a Adond ytar,' to mftruft thtiie whofiKcted to it ; he likawife pacfidef ibt the firft quarter, and then givei plae* to hie aoHelBaet, who pnfide in tai iiirente^teiMiialhmk- ' O'.he flnaiMft 0i^ thlft'okta*! hai an cqwal voibc in'tha {>wvtH«i)ll Aatei tlitll tJtmfterdia^ aihkh>«y« hi Pt^ brtaty)^./aae,^W!|i^^iai^i-and NovanUir. ni tM>ltaMl Aihan AADiwti|Miift>aikili««tiaa*t amftovANMt iA'fMi dilpdfaiiawU i i k i» andtilewMflr yii«|Ull»-iliilH«l«athai \aifaf 4u^ twtfn tfaeta«ii>;'lii(l)fta«toiJirUl^«M«t (a;«ii||i|faiih> fapplita aa aaa* bava tatpt graimd by ^tir d^^Mitt to M Siatea Ganeail,'for ihe^^KeiriKt«iMi«wteMofiiMbcitig«Unt tA'wh)•;WtiR^ the aifcmbiy li ' i ^j iaiw ii ed Ibfia day w <»«/ liKfcthe .ttrp«<. tHiniay hain liV'ill (entm far faitbtr iftffraltioni to their tdjjMlliw diiitd "HmtAot'^muniffnGaniay M HblUnd it oMajM by a pHtifm.iiliV»»4mmn ;■ ba hi« M dMifi«e ««ia>t Iw faoaAeit torf i|^ t a»as«Mii cotlia»1M^lbA«Ma1rftlie4kinc(csii t«^ prefcimii«M«,:fiWAOttifMa «M HMiiifcM,> aiid>diaan»ih« t««N $ri«rf|iMMbtf w^fiai bt<«tiMkfed': lifrji* aUb^ilHi caMfta4(i4l|My«B tfta 8i«to* Gefletali ami lcca|«rtbtydb- |KtreEiita(a.a«l0Mt.MI«fth«fWO«in«t. Ht.ittMeaid bjaMa^tyctflbfllmin *^«ibaibly of tbafihtW) MM bUofl»eiy|»pyith'<>»>y'**^t»>ayiaaai atthewpiw aw^ df vhidt a M* 4Miali>6lMftM «btaiMdi<«f i«tl|ar|'Mn^ §nm.rMm'-vll^4»MtHr. ''■■'• ■■■'■'I- !,i-)-<'.nv ■-■ Th«aD«ilts«f:tiii gi«alcft aiMiMirity, TMi: tb the aitKW' rrflklWid, Wtta poatwBiat aanH^i of tiatmr« y< « (> w i l il >ia t < of •faicb^dk '^'"'^ taMKeiM* itw Aobdlty.t ami hai tk* praaaoaacoNi^dvtiWeiiv' • ^aiiH^tKa- c6|cMnitia liOtli'af * the tawiHBdiidlHiilliryir rc4M:mt witb eight eoan- ftlk>r»«Nriliat ptwiinoe, and three for Zeahad « a foUdior, two aM«mie*i a regift«r, nnd fit fecreiartet : HoHand' cbaft* the ptafidaiN t^o yeani aM- JSikland tha thiitl«> Ibc Meinbarfaf tbwcoort a*aaxMuded»olnb«Mg[niagif'< tMM* of cMm, dtreAat* oT tit^'itw MpMMlety artiwy- ^ aM| poft, or aay otbu iilHljr thim mm k mmm to Men af #bam amahnoaiK aMMi and t^o ranain a fc eond year. Tfaeie adatiniMr jufiicii bMth in civil mi orimiii^ Suawti; but, btferf tho maftert oh thd dMatoofibaaaufei bataiaiiotobligadtotoqifbrmtotfafeit •mnioa^iaad IbmativM' tfacjc g^njdtlgnant contrary' to if.' Wtaera ilw«p«niihhMtM.i« capital;, not only the pMof of I tl»arinkbla«aittiM«ttbbeiei(tMn«(lf««identy butthepri^ |i tatr MatfeiCt isr arliiefa pv^ft thef cicptoy tW mk ant otfaeaadttaics ; bat tbi» It nmet done axeeptwhen the eviw deaca ie'ib Arong teaihR tbi erimiAfll «« td leave no room toaaoAianhivgailitrwhenceitisfaid, that an innocent panon «i nwer put t» th« tadc. Tfrire liei no appeal frewa thtftnwiwe ef thte court, in ertoifhatt diijfes. liafidea dia above, there \» ahotbet eouvt infertttr to it| bat vrorthy of being jaMtMcd by all Chriinan nationti final it. Ctaou giAmc at their head; alfo take co^&Mie of eitil biafef aaMbntiiig to a r m not xcccdiltg iiafbaridted tnildert, or dbaaviU^fite pounds tliiig. Tltey pttieetdby arayoif dMiail: ^( v-'<(itor iimmonret his debtot- to kppeari ar^S after im t«f^ has bren ftated, and both iidts bakd^ the )Mit.«- niakeu dcttHnliie whatbagli' i^Me^ atti order th: p;ii ties to comply :«iiH it: but n tj^ pM toiha l< 1.' '«Ai fiwltt thfe dMirmii of thi « got Very lat^gftdiVfo it 1^ tt;«ll ibni oPprroi land, -and tbiM nevfei* «M any eaantry wtut or kiHgaNh>}ft fhlan, WiMMvdr any perlbn acqotinis thd magiftTatetof b'li iiiabUtty to pay hi* creditors, and layd I, bfl&te them *r> eta^ atxoaiit « hi? drcumftmcet, they I iAmedidtely tt4ct the aommiSdnen of benlirupts to talea p a ftfltoh of hi* dRsAs, and' oteiMt hi* ^(ob ftom ail •tiefti ht fi« #ackti which ttua i* itt/omiji hint ea com^ poandfrtthhiiAi^k*^. IiidiftiiMatrt!aftlii*Sb<>k«ttd laid befbra thettMubifftbniert «, Maaamhted. aiid al| lettaM dtreAed to Him ait delivered t6 dMMi bifbte bb peniitM ibcm. If hi* endtavours to eofapbtmd trlth hit cre^iota pnfve itiaAiftnal, and hi* fiitluiv •PPOn to be owing t«l lofle* and misfottUCea, the coiqniiffioncn, wben the Ac WmIU' *re tfMired, fin bit efita*. and i^dte a dividend^ after whidt the itttgiftiatet ntennti him ftom lU clidin< wMtner 'farajM dr domeftic i atid wban tfie lailat^ i* ndif AaadtfWtit.. *(1* Rbt te the pbiti(t HoUaiidt U. (otthe'dcMor to Apdrtv itoittt nttf i(^ eftgtga )fk trait} bat irttiedettttirfaentaktt a faife Mth, the mag^ftrate* are antboriattl 46 ptttii^if'Mm at dM/ ■^i. ll- 728 Thb new AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOORAPHY. s .-'*•■ ■A they picafc, md >nrcn fcntenoe bii* to fiiftr dcMb for the criin«. The cccfcfisftical goveriunent of Hollind it dhrideil into tfio putt, each of which ha* itt pvticular fynod. Th« (jmod of Sooth Holland it oempofed of elefen claflei, under which are three fundrcd and thirty-one miniftera : the fniad of North HoUand hM onl^ &% ciafibt, in which ate iw* hnndred and twenty-one niiniften, Befidct tfaeio miniftera of the eftabhlhcd, there arc aflembliea of En^riift pre^vteriitns at Anfterdam, Rotterdam, Dart, Levdeii, and Harlem 1 and at Amfkerdam it a» iagliA c|MKopal chuKh. The icmonftratiit amouBi t»thrity OMigren* tiont, and lhir.y- eight mittiften. The LmlMraM eok^ pofr nineteen congngationt, and have twetity-fevih | w » i ch ' en. Here it the owtropolifltn chiuch of ^ MwaviaM, and alfo a Qjiakcr't roectiK. The' Ronan catholiet hare about two hundred and 6af charcfaci, and two hundred and thirty-five pri«lU, among which are abwit Catty ehur^ea and fisty prieflt of lanfanift principle*. The fitllowing are the moft confidcraUe ciiitt and placiet in Hollaitd, via. i. Dort, or Dordrecht, in latin Dordra- cum, Ctatkd o* an ifland in the Merwe, that was ferined in 1411 by a terribk iiMttdalion, which deftroyed no left than feventy-twovillmct, and about one hundred thoufand pcrfon*. Thit city lUndi fifteen milei to the eaA of Rot- terdam ( and its fituation it naturally fo- fbeng, thai, diougb deftituic of fbrtificasioni, it bat never yet been taken. Thi aaoiibw U houie* in 1 73a ameuMed to three thoufand nine hundred and fifty-four. The harbaw it . very commodioui, and itt trade cenfiderable, efpecially in gram, Rhenilh, and other winei ; at alfo in timber, which, in fumner-time, it brought fi«m GcnntUT.down the Rhine and the Waid, and hen fawed in miljt, of whieh there are great numberi about the city. This it the feat •f the mintage foe South Holland, and hM afcminary. 2. The city ofHarkm ftands on theriver Spasren, which tunt thiougb it, and it the only pafltge for the many fliipa and other veflelt coming fcoui Frieflaud and othert partt, in their way t* )be townt of Holland and Zealand. Har- km ftandt foarteeia miktto the weft cf Amfttrdaoi, and enjoyt • communicatioik with that dty and Leyden, by meant of two fpaciou* eanaltv The houfet, which aw ■eat brick buildings, iikiyji amauntcd to fevea thoufand ■ine hundred and iixtj-threc; but very few of them at* built in the modern taAe, o» make an etegant appearance.; There ate, in thit city, font Dutch Catvinift chuichiet, •■e ofFtinch, one of Lutheran, and feveral mari-houfet, the papifti being here much mora ntuaeiout than tlic pro- leflanu. lis aoariuftAutet of ilk. and linen, though ftill ^nfidcrable, are greatly declined. The bleaching of thread and linen, foi which thit city i« famotu, empioyt a great- luimbet o£ bandi. The invention of pnntinK it attributed by the inhabi>- tantt to I,awrmoe Cofter, <» thit citv ; on whofe houfe, which ftood in about the middle of the loxwtt wc* a latiik infeription, that he invented it about the yeas 1440 : a ftatue wat alTo cicAed to him^ on the Cute account i and m ihc town-houfe it kept, in a filvet cafe, wrapped up in ilk, the fitft book, that Goflet prioicd. Here it an acade- my 9f feietcea, foaodadi»i>si. Several beautiful' featt, and a wood' cut out into delight* fill tralka and viilu, lie tn the (bntb of the town. |. The city of Leyden, in latin Lujplonam BatavoruBt it farted CO the Rhine, in the fifty>(wond degree fifteen minaiet north latitude, and in the fourth degree ten mi- nutet caft longitude, and, aext to Amfterdam, ia the lar^eft and fineft city in all Holland. The ft.'aettaa£l The groand hcMabontt it naturally aaarfliy, and Mid buildingt founded on oaken pilea^ which occafiened th« fccetiout Eraiinut to fay, that in hia coantra vaft multi- todaaof people lived on the topt of treci. Th*middi«o( the town ia inierfeded by a gieat Munber of nkvigable camh. which while they condncfeto the plaa&atnefii and ckanlineft of theplacei are at the date time a gnat con- venience to trade, TbpBfciii hunns, and'a Uon't head on the Mf oT^we^i.^ in the mid-i die ie the city^ prefenl arou,: aai «k tl>« lUtM of the in»< fide of the gate towardt ihetow* it the andiutooat, ivbichr wat a fliip without a rudder. On cacbjtdeof thitgateis* agaard-himfe* one^tbebvighert, and the ether tor the foldieirs of the yuritt n. There ut foui otbir ptinclpat galea I before irhk;k it a bridge of fereial . ftchei, witla draw-bridge*, and'anodicr Rone pte, thatitftiu< every' ni|*t. The ftreett aft, itt general, extwotly dMkf bat, ex- cept theie tfur have canalt, they ate mocbloo narrow. TlMT are, however, rrndcred leu incamwaflout by tb» hired coachet beiiig> fet on (ledge* dmni hf one borfe. Mercbandifi it alfe drawn on fnliu, «|hisiiare not oolf' the nqft uAfol vehiclet for the bihahMMMiaal their tiade,. but are flalcokied to prefervc the houiMi tN^M^ firam thair> being, b«iit on pile*, might in tioae he dMi^gedin tfieir foundatkma, Jiy havii% a great nuiabec tif ttfcttl.earriagw. The principal ftreett, or rather «uayt of ^Mcanalt, err agieeably pnnttd oit each fide vrith tieet. The houfet arte rather naat than elegnt or co wmi odio«» tkt euratic* of the^i it for the moft part by fiepa, trhUttiii) four or fiM ftet from the ground ; and dtc paiifl iito'thetpoomt, which runt very deep, it floored and paanaUad with mar- bk, tthiclahat an ak of grandeuf in miniafK. The Mwn-houfe it the moft diftingtiittMd of all thr ^ buildingt in Amfterdam. It it two hwtdRdand eighty- tm^hit ifktcMt, «m> hundred and thiinr>4WBdeep, aad one huadied and (ixteen high^ exduftveof the cupoW It coftthiteitMllioni ofguiMtra, «nr thiee iwirilcd tbeuiiuiA po«nd» Atrliag, wheit money war more whMhk than it It Mar t whieh will be laA riMprifia|, if iMpcenfider that it ftandt upon one hundred and thirty dMMAnd ihrang- woodea pikt. Thit it a very grand and tiiefiil build- iw§, and TCI k it neither cl^^mt nor apeeaUr. It contain* ne oSce* and ttiboMl* for the execution of thekwt in the feveral brambet of the miliipty, as well u civil goveramcnk. Tha linfid* it Aid if be very beauiifiilly ornamented with marble, jaTpar, ibdptare, and paintings In fame of theic vault*, or cellart, are kept ihti tK«furt* of the cekbratMi bank of AnfUrdam i ior othata ut oonfinod criminab ante fonliMa of death* and othan agfun ftnre a* apartmeM* foroOiaM of ftveaal dafle*. Iiktht sppetjMtti* anarianal,a»ititaalli4th«n^itia rather ai callecUon ofoid-fclhioitd arawn: aad weapon*. N*u the atfonal ia the deck, which i* iho«a iv»hBndred feet kMgw The «himc( of the totiet aa* inwmparabic. and it coamand* a foi* pco^paA of tha dtf and ii* env>> root, at for u the Zoydei fin, Amoiv the other public bnildinn ai» dwhlaMialty and ladia-beufe, which aa* lai|i and beaatilul. Ontlii'har^ bent ftandt tht aiftnal for military- ftoii* bod»fo>' ica.«nd land-krviee. Among feveral thing* rtmarhahle m this totpmmt, 'u a refetvoir on ibo top of the houfe capable of containing one thoofend fix bundicA torn ol water, which, by laeant of l*ad«it pipet, may bo oenveyed, iu cafe of fir*, 10 fixtatn-diieteM part* of the city. Thctcare ekvetvchwchet m Dutch CalvinifU in tlii* cir'. two of wUch an parochial, with two-of French, two of Englife, one of Arminian* or Remanflnna, two of Lutberani^ and tht. - -fl>feJfe'--,--"5 5'3i ^.y^iysk^ Ji^'».^J^«lkU^;^»i 4 [E U R O P E.) H O, ^ t A N d. f*9 tht Portatncre Jews it a rpadoui and fltte|y.bail« Other J«w> )uvc »lio their difliriA (ytu^ognu. Thf iiunK ifv at |»apr houfo it tgiMt Mti tbiur mkoumi, f^jd ^ir ctitwntaacin »n4 cleanliiwA. art «cirib'y vf tiau- rarion. Hne'ii an hoipjiai for a|rd men and woinciit qpa^iWK of '<«cra> hstUingii »Mpadilicaii9i;aei(4 pco- ^a <>f both r>:xct| flat diacaiiia for oU woinoti wUicb ii iIk rooft ilatci/ iVvAw of thtm all, ^if.if^i^^.^yix o'^ BKn al#W*l!m^ aiy tfc* daamp- ft«)»ry lu»H{|i ^arbi^M fn^MUg^X tifa' liioqfiivi cW- drtn, tha 4»9mh •fl#«»*N»»i'fa W hurfiher orphan- hoyff. tui. . iafidaa (bf aboxK lna(,f^^.w•.al>4lnoft of tlM coqii(l*r4^« citiat In H<)IUnd .a-pahDc «Pm, afhan all poor uavcUan, that kiv« any fatUiaQoiy acf/wnt of tliemfaUai. my go ■■^'' i*'^'^ • toaf. a pcimf, aod » p*fl- BOft, hjr virttMi of which ihfy ata icc-Hiifdliiuii iQip tb^ boat* t^i cafiy, papBi^ri aivi j;paftf Hiffi^^ m^wP fa another. ;■ :,,,,,. ■ ■ , ' ,, ,.;',, i ;, . In AH)(^ec;«n,m al4> ("SW WiMiPH orafljmiJEljM^vM tlie t»fp-houl», vifttn Mmi (Wp Jn^ »^|w ^hpe«jfit|fr. leocn, ttn yvan. or for (itc, .afGaf4uif ^ tbe r^wc of llicir cUm^l- , Wbcn iber •r<.iaco^«Ue, and tpo Uf^t to world tl^f ,a|«.4Ulcr« puttjf ^n lioui or ta^o inl|i advn- gaon, I «)«*«*' !n*«r cooiei ii>)'if th(K,the]r Hitt^l b? coa finmlly tabtavrUg at tbe pwntp. in ojifdtf.to avoi^ being drowned, Ifaiii am alto (omtMi^^lmlk^ mJfKpf. pro^^- tutaa. an^o^ v«in• Ueiaely nmwiiahla. Af. pi*r)aR4 of. ^ natio^i refoit hither, many of «bom hjtW not aitic|i to ^pimd, and the taverni are gcnaially aacy daw, MMy.Miw.fptfM^iu cdifi«ei, wheie all poor ftrangtii. ara recatVf4> jnf^ly 'o^iga^i and have bad, boardt. •Vi "t^WH]. for ttiice day« ^d nightt. duiilW «bMl MV)» if nnjr Of |bfin,A^t ikk. ey aretrniovcd inm>iteighbm(inL hofpi^I i but a(tc. at expiration of thrta ^^/a. Uiey initt ^m% iba p^. and are oot allowed to ^atqin Ik A" wacka, on pain of L! - feverely punidiad hi fo ^OMU^ Tbcie are igmt numbar* al.%-tiiicer ^id manafaSotcra In Atnfterdaib : befidei whiai,.tbia tify \» aione in podaf- , fion of half tba iaamanfetnila which (ha Dutch carry pn to the Eaft Indiaa, an4 f»«"*9» the w^iole. Tbay 4So cngroft almoft i>.h» wh^«qrdii» trade c^rricfi on bf the Daich Ml Norway* aodlhiB ooniitrks fiuiatad .ni^ir tba Baltic. Their coouneroo «/tb Spain and the Spanilh Waft Indiaa ii vary graif, .\Jt it it lab oonfidcfa^ia to the Levant, Iialy« and PortiigfJ. Tha city of KoMrdaAi ftamli ,fo«irt^e» initfi. to fhie fcuth-eat of Itaa ilagBOi ii in tba fifty- Iccond dcgreo Hia minutes north ladtoda, and tha fourth degraa twanty-&i( minotet eaft longUOfik. U ii feated on the Maefe« here called tba Merwa, which at thia place receivcatlie *> •'— after it hai lahan ita ooorle throiub the city. Ti>i is verv broad, and of • depth fuHcicnt to admit ih., w^ tolerable burdm i but if tlKy draw above fifteen feat water, they are obliged to take tha way of Hflvoetfluya to Kotter- dain. The ctnah within the loyrn we to deep, that tbe largeft Ihip* oeOM np and taKe in, or lialivrr their cargoes at tike very doora of the warchourea : accordingly, tli|is city, next to AmftetUaw, is the jplaoe of greateft trade, cfiiccial^lO'Sa|land and Scotbisd. Tbe mouth of the Merwe is five German miles to tl>c weft of Rotterdarn, where it gradually becomes (hallow by the ra|h«nng of the fiuids. luhaaffi*, in 1732, werccoapu^fdatflK tboufand fix hnndnad and twanty-one. The fineft Aract in Rotiierdam it called tb* Haaring* diet: aaotl of the houtcs are noble ttqne buildings. The Boomtics, or Bootntjuaj^s-ftreet, extenda deiigbtfully along the Merwe, (which is here near a mile and a half in breadth} upwards of half a mile in length. Hare is a row of lofty treaa, and the honrcs rereaibie palacts t on the other fide ruia llie river, whicU hat ihips continually fail* fflallfor fKU('eo* Tbe chieli'oi Eafl and Weft-i change ; but, tn No. 74, -ii- -i~i4ior. T'"* "lies few *• onduion, who in general refort to it. air, pubtit niidt^gs are Jie bank, tbe dia houi the arfenal, and tbe Ex- % o^licrs. . ;uull not omit to oien- m- ''??! '-*'*" ^"^'' wtofi the Morwe, in the middle at which IS a tiiM braU (laioc of the cclebra'cd Erarmua, who wHs a /utiva of this chy. The firft admiralty college of the Ijnited Proyniteit tinder tha direfiion of twelve com- . rT ^^i'lf* '*'>< churche* balooBirtg to tha Dtjfch, e."**a''Nl*^ •nd«KOfEn|li(hpreln»»)»rtans, witb art Englilh CpUiOpal cbUKh, whole minitler has one hundred pouiidiilertinaper annuiiifroni tl^ lilng of Great Britain, beiides furplicKiwif uit» ttaoaikt to tiTo hnndre'd nonnda more I there ara alfo a Scots and Lutbenui chuKb, tho latter of which is new and handftima. The fynagogue of )f.',* f oriugucra Jewtiia very fine flruAure, though not \*f,^.*K'<>went as that in Amfterdant.' The Hague, or Gnivcnhage, ii a inoft beautiful place, ntuaied in a vc^ dcligbtfvl country, ten miles north watt of Rotrardam J hot, from it* having* neither gates nor walls, i< called a vil^ga. It is, however, fnrrounded by a ir^oai. bordered with » wa|k of lofty and fljady treep, and «l the avenges of the town is pafled by nteans or dranr- hndgei. 'I'be fti;ce.u are broad, favaral (rf'Uiem are with- out caiMlSr and tha houfcs arc, for tha moft part, extramejv well-biiilt. 1 he number of coKbet b(l0li$ing to ti^ noblemen ihd gentlemen, and the nv apnaraivce in poii^t ofdreU, give a very different idea of Ufa hafe from tb»t in the trading cities. The people h«rt are more pobt< ami eaiy In (heir behaviour, thin in other paits of lloUaitd t the mo(| co||^rabla nerfens in Eur^M aneetliig lUre. M well ^» tbe aflembly oftb* ftlttcs geneq]< wbicb ^fo .orth-weft, and (ew(i above GoTciim to the nortb-eaft. The celebrated Cort^e* lias Jjuifenius wai born here. 5. ticbredam, on the river Scbie, a fmall, liot populous ciiv. 6. Schoonboven, at tbe conflux of the Lccli and Vliet, and eleven milta fro^i Roueidam, 7. Briel, in the ille of Voorn, near the mcvtb of the Masfe : the celebrated admiral Van Trorop wiY horn here. The ifland on wbidi this town flaiids is twenty miles long, and fix broid i the air is thidi, and tbe loil fruitful 8. Goree, on a fmtll ifland of tb« faine name ^ it ii about eight miles firom Briel. 9. Nao^'^r^ den, a (lro%ly fortified 'own on (be Zuyder fea. 14. . Muyden, a well-fortified town at (tie mouth of the Vccht. on the Zuyder fea. 11. Nicuwpoort outlie Leek. 13. Gertruydenburg. And 13. I>er Khindert, all belong to the hotife of Xafliku. 14. vVeaep. 15. Nieuwerftuice, on the Vecht. 1 6. Wooerdcn, on the Old Rhine. In Nonh Molland, the principal places are, i. Moni- kcndam, on the Zuyder-fea, about eight miles di(faint from Amfterdam to the notth-caft. 2. Edam, near the Zuyder fea. 3. Alkmaer. twenty -three miles north of Amfter- dam : th'* '* * beautiful village and pleafant town, fur- rounded with garden's, walks, and meadows. 4. Hoorn, on a bay of tbe Zuyder fea, twelve nules from Alkmaer to tbe eaft, and feventeen fiiin Amfterdam to the north : ' it is a pleafant, rich, and lai^c town, encoavpaffed with To inanv dikes aiid canals, tu.'-i cckoned impregnable. ^ t. .^..U.*—/— .« «M» .>K.k 9 .- . ..a— — I— MJM« BV^n— a .'■.AHA J. MK..w..Mj4«.a, *..• *.•* — t ■ -*— , **—.»«• •«•••«« ..%«,«. Hoorn to the north raft, a: -ly three firom Alkmaer :owardi :he e*ft : chis is thi- u>ti >jwn that levolted from Spin, atter V • kin,.; the briel by the confederates. 6. Medcnblick, or Uu: l!.i>yder le:, (even attics from Enchuy- t Z X09; - ■■' ■■.-■■. t: "•-»*• n^ Thi new and UNIVERii AL SYSTEM tor G EOGI^ A ^ M VJ '' ^(j Ton : (lie neighbouring country abounds in exctltent yanureti wlitic aic hied a prodigioui number of catfic, i. Scliagm, fourteen miles to ihe wcR of Mc Irnbltc^ . Egmond, fix niilei from AlkniMj (o tbe' weft. ,91. Bcverwick, (even miles farther to the (outb of Egiuoot. 10. Brock ii a lirgf and baiidforue vilhge of Noitli Holland. The houfet arc all built of boaidi 1 they ^cldpm exceed one Hory, and the roofi are tiled. The village it watured by canali, which are kcpl with the grcatcil care, tnd all the (Irceti paved with bricKi, Which in foniepUcci ^ce difpofdl ill the lonn of flo^'cis, and arc frequently walhed That thcle oniartients may not be defaced, or their clcanlinefi inierfupted, the flrccti are dtfigncdly made too. nvrot '. ,\i net to pafi through. The caitic, jiUUa : 2^ .1. tl into the'viHagc, :trr kept by tlic W^. i/bii . \v ■■ Mi, who dwell among the pafturei, uii I a\l o'f^ f ni nuft put. «fp at th^ iiitii without the f V)llu.e. iSot only the wooden furniture in the houfc), l^t Hm very broomfticks ate paihted, ag are alfo the ^tet 4iid raili in the meadow*. The inhabitanti either trwit, or rubfill on tlien tftatei, and an1i)n| the latter are fre- quently many merchanti. and tradelnien of Amft^rdam, who retire hither to enjoy in tranquillity tUe forlulics dicy have acquired by thHr induftry. '•''', A roWof idandi lie arrc'' i*!' "...'. ,1 m* Z'ovff'r feai the firft of which, n ined the Trx;!, is dijiotned uvni the north cape of North Holland, by'ft very narrbw cliannel , nor are the diQancei betv^ten ih' feft much larger. TheTexel is defended from the fea by f;ind-h)lls, and ftrong banks ; ii about eigbt milel long, ^nd ftv'e bioid. This iflaiitl contains feveral tine villages, ana a fargetewn on thecaft fide, called Bunk, which enjoys the privileges of a city. The inhabitanti apply ihcmfcvesto agriculture, iind berring-iilhing i and the hates, becaulc of the importance of this place, which lies at the moufb of tlic 2uydcr fea, have built a ftrong foitre'fs hetr, whtte they keeb aliv.\;,s a good girrifon. Moft of thefoil i's'applied to feed fl^ctp,' of which t)iey have larce tlocks i and tnc cheefe made of their milk vies with the Parmefan. The idand of Fheland, or Vtieland, lies towards tlie north-ead of the Texcl, and is about nine miles long, and but two broad : it has only t.vo Anall villages. North-eaft of Flieland lies Schclline, 'or Oer Scheliing, which is about ten mites long, 'and tnret brdad, It Tias two villages with churches, and three without : tHb cl^cf of them, coritaining uVjvc one thoul'jind libulei, Waj burnt, with one hundred merchant (hips, by Sir KolxM I-lolmcs, with an Englilh fquadron, in |66b. '1 hefc iHands lying along the mouth of the Zuyder fea, do, with feveral large banks of fatid, break the rage of the ocean, and form two good harbours at the Texcl and Vlie ; thciiift being a noted Ration fioT fliips bound to the foutli, and the or''-i' foi 'hofe boi^nd noithward. A numbei of little iliaiids, ciHtJ the Wicrengcn, from the great ijaan'ity of fea- wctd i ,Ilcd Wief,' lie more to the for.ji. on the coil of Norili ' Hand : the chief of thcrtl is £vi . .'ts long . id two broa. ,:is feveral g' <>d village^, a rich loil, and their flocks of II cp are very iiuineroots II. The provinte of Zealand has Holland to the nbrtb, Flanders to the fouth, Brabant totheeaft', and the Get man oc^an to :' i 'cft. It confilh nf iflands, is guarlccfagaiiiA the fca jy dykCS, has a'tVuitfi : loH, but is wl lout fuel, exctpt \vh:.t England .iiid Pre land fupply The aflcm- Tjly of the dates confifls ot liven Mmibcrs, is held s: 'Midukburgii, and has ilie ptiiiM- 1 Oiange for its prefi- dent. To the alfcnib! of tn .ites-general, Zealand fends four deputies, " ' hold tlih office for life. Two high courts of juflirr •get)f 'dmiralty, and a chamber ofacc.mpis, aic thi alt unah. The clergy are dividcc' into four chji 5 and 1 > together fixly-thrce miniftcrs. The pre. luce is pop ,J» arid wealthy, but ttie air is not wliolfo ic. Sheep are numerous, and the wccl i.iie, and fifh may be had in great plenty. The princip.il places in Zealand are, I. Middieburg, the capital of ' Walchertn, and of the v. hole province, is a liirge, handfome, rich, and ftrong town, which ftanils hearty in the centre ut tlie ifland, to which tituaiioii it owes its name. A caikal a mile and a half in length, avoids this city a coniniunicalion « 1th the Weft Kcheld, and is caoabie of rtctrivinp the hirgell fhips, Middieburg is fortiiied nitli a wall, ftrengibcned with tliiiteen biftions. Hire the ftatei of the province hold their meetings, as alfo ilie (fcputies who imcmble in St. Nicholas's ahlicy It is likewile the ftat of the admiralty eollegr, the mint, and the chamber of accomots. Several fine fquares and (l.ifcly public tmiiding* adOrn tliU city, paiticularly the town-liouti:, which is a noble pife. ♦ilh ■* Very ttffih ik^tttr %M cfor t, which laft coft ail hundred Olid fifty tiiouTand guildcri. It contains (irT:i< CalVlnift churches, Scot- land, the natives of which fnloy prtlrttlarprtviU^e* here, Thearfeluti^ the beftfurnilh^ bbliccstreife bf'thcii leiigiM^iit this 1 ^wn | whence the vijrcs, antiiently earls ot' Oxfdrd, art laid tu liavederived both tlleir origin and natne.' ' Soutli-Bto^c/and is the pleafimteft of all the Zealand iflandr. j«hd contaim the ' town of Ter-Goes, on. tho iibf -r;! psirt of theiflkt ' not far from FaP, held. Ts. i the dniy town in lUc ild ikai finds U(| .. to iM ft^tes : it i« fmall, bot' iMfk.. - bailiv ftionglv u, an'd carriefon a goodfra*. *■ ' The town •( Monfter', or . 'elen, beloi , toihv Borfelen family, and is built near a place wheic . town of the fame name formerly ftood,' whicti vat deftroyed by ait inundation in the year I y ^3. ' Kortgeite, a fmall village in Nonh'i.ettl.iiid, is the only'pla'A worth mentioning th»c. " •■" "The iliaiid of Schowen if feVcnieen miles ' eight broadi tolerably feTtil», hat many ricti gcntlemcns feats, and coniaint the town of Ziik. teen miles from Middieburg, which fends deputies to the ftatcs i and Broniverihaven, a fmall fea pott tuwn. Duiveland ifle took its ntitte irom the great number of duives, or pigeons, which formtrly aMuiuled in it : there are only a lew villages in it. ■ I'hc ifland of I'hoirn is eiglM niilet long, and four broad, but does not contain any place worth naming, except Tholen, which ftands on the F.aridracht, is well foititicd, his a loll-houfe, and fends depotios to the ftatcs. T!.c ifland of St. Philip has only one village of the (ami: ri-ine, which is not very confiderat'lc. III. 1 he province of Friefland h bounded by the Flic to the weft, by Gioningcn and Overyflcl to the eaft, by the Cierman ocean to the north, and by thi. y-iydcr fea to the fourh. It is thirty-t.vo miles long, iwonty-fcven bro.id, has a foil and air rcfemblaigthofe eif HolhrKl, rich pallutcs that feed large quantities ut cattle, flieep, hoifes, &c. and in the higher grounds arc pood com lands. It produces turf and wood, has many lakes, and it guarded from the fca by cunfidcrable dykes. Here art ibany canals which facilitate coinmerce ; tlie inlubitants arc cliieriy Aitaliaptifts ; their language approaches the nearcft to the old Englrih of any other in Lurope. Several courts and chambers belong to this pioviiice, and the Calvinitt ininlllcrs are two hundred arid tcven in number,' divided intu lix clalTct, and holding fynuds annually and alter* iiately. ' The aflembly of the ftatos here coiililU of about ti^ity-fvvo perluni, who fend tive deputies to the aftciLUy ut tM fiates general. The iiiicii niaiiufauiiica liSic ii thb .fineft |>cthapt in the univcrlr, and the woollen a:'- niuoli elUcincd. ' I. Lcuwar^len, the capital of tliitrftoviikce,: it tliiity- r' .ci)^Ut about > anil thir • -^r- IM 1 'M [RUR OPE.) H O L L A hf D. 7H eight mitei di(t*ncc rmm Canipcn la the north, twenty- fix from (irocningcii to iho urcft, ahout fixiy fioni Am- iterdatR to ih« north eaft, and I'cvcn from itic Oirmin pcrnn '' tli« fouth. It i> the l^rgell, litheft, bcA buiit, and nil >puiou> of tho nioviiic*, though not fo 'itient a> Ton) ti : it ii the (cat uf tho pioviiicial ftatct ' id ihefov council, and ihe itlidcnce ul'ilie ftadtholdcr. '11 ' All . are clean, the houfci fptcndid, the bridgci wc.i pavcu, and the garden! plcal'ant. I'h* cliurcUci, the covcrnor't palace, that where the {lales nioct, and the Doufei of the noblemen are iineflruduro. The figure of the city ii an oblong r4uare, encnnipafli-d with flrong (aroparii, a broad dfcp ditch, t)vo hulwarkiuf v^rth, with a ditch each. It flindi in a fruitful fuif \ and hy iti navi- gable canali, the larRcft ul which rum lu the ocean, they have a good trade with Hamburg, KrenKn, Knihdca, and Holland; and are pleiuifuUy I'upplied withucccirarieifrou^ the nqighhouriiig covyitrict, 'J hey have two hofpitali ; and (he city it guveine4 by good lawi under ilircu burgo-< inadcrs^ and nnic aldetmcu. a. The town of FraiitLcr, wbidt it about ten milci from Leuwardcn, and four from the Zvyder fca, it neitlicr large nor foitilicd, but hai an Vinivcrfily, which wai opened in the vcar 158$, and a pbyfic- garden. The fala- riet of fh« prdrelTori are paid out of ilic revenues of the old mona^rics.i,«nd the fludenii, nrither in ilill, nor the uthfT uitivcriTitiea ut the provincei, pay any tax for tlicir wine and beer, They make here great numbcri uf fine blue glazed tilei and btickt. 3. Harlingcn, which 11 the largeft town in the proNince next to Leuwiiiden, (lundi in (he coaft of (he Zuydcr Tea, at the mouth of a large canal. The town n pre(i> ^vcll ( "tificd towards the land, and the adjacent country may I cafily laid under water. Iti manufa£luir] are I'alt, bricki, and tiles. The admiralty co^egc of P'rielland ha« iu feat here. 4. The town of Dokkum, about eleven miles from Lcuwarden, and about four or five from the north fea, with which it hat a communication bv a canal called Dok- kum Dicpi through which the largclt Ihipi may pals .it high water. A great deal of fait is made in this tou.i, which (tandi in a fruitful country, abot^^ing in corn, pailure, villages, and gentleniens leati. j. The (mail town of Stavercn, which ftandi on the banks of the Zuyder fca, within three leagues of Well Frjcfland, was formerly a place of great trade, which hath much dwindled of late years. 6. Sneck, fituatcd on a lake of the fame name, which fupplics it with plenty of filh, both for confumption and lale. 7. Stolen, a fmall lown, ainioft furroundcd with lakes. 8. Workum, a IiujII town near the Zuyder fea. q. Ylft, which fendi deputies to the {lates. 10. Makkum. 11. Rinlopcn, which has a harbour on the Zuyder fea. 12. The village of Molkwertn, which is fituatcd in a marfliy ground. They fpcak here a p.iiticular language, which none of the other inhabitand ot the couniry underllahJ. It is a remainder, or diali£\ of the aiiticnt Saxon i fo that the people of the village, and (he Ei^lifli, undedland each o' 1 pretty well. The houfcs Ikiu are placed Iu irregularly, (hat when a ftranper comes into this village, he niuft have a guide to U< ' him the right way. On the coaft of Friefland are tW6 little iilaiiJt, called Aincland and Schiermoonigkoog, thj fi.ii\i<.i of which belongs to the piince of Oiangc, at aiic.-, independent lordHiip. At VVykcb village, in the quirtirof the Seven f orclls are interred lliu reiuaini of the celebrated general Cochovn. ; ,|.;^,(,,,,, , ) 1.,; t, ^,„ ,, ,< . .,,. ,,v \ I •' I, ■i SEC T. HI. ice,: it thirty- 0/ iht trevmcts »f GrtNingtn, OvtrjJJil, GtUtrland, and '. Uliiclt, vi'uh tht country of Drtanthi, tht Gimralitt ' knii, iic. will) a parliiular iltfiription of ihtir rtjpteiivt (iliti, liuni, anJrivtn; alfa of tht Iradt, manufalturti, Ui, of tht inhitUtanli. IV. rin HE province of Groningen is bounded, on (he X caft, by Munfter ; on the weft, by Friclland ; on the fouth, by Dicanthc ; and on the north, by die (Jeriuan ocean. It is forty-fcvcn miles long, and the gicatcft breadth is about thirty-three miles. The number .• I- 1 J-.l i:j**..M. - -.,.1 ,li.- nrinri. (lal river is the Hunfc. The Dates confift of ti.e deputies ; otilic lovuiofGroiiingcn, and of (he ncighbouung country L\ dcpiiti'.i ate lent to the dates gencul : the number of eOablifhed clergy are one hundred and fixty miniftersi divided into fcven clalTes. I'lie air and foil relamble thofa of Friclland. The principal placet are, |, Qroitingrn, the capital, twenty-fcven miles from Leuwardcn, hfty-eighl from IJevcnter, twenty-four from F.mbden, eighty from Am- ftcrdani, and twelve from the iieareft fliore of the Germtrl ocean, at the conflux of feveral rivulets, which form the Huiife and Fivel., Ships of confideiable burden can come up to the city, in confequcnce of which it cnjoyt a pretty, good trade. U was faimcrly. very ftroi)g, but its foriifica- tioiii are now much iicgleQcd. The univerfuy here wai, fouijdcd in 161 j, and it well endowed out of the revenufij of the antieiit monaftcricj. The town, which was for* iiierly one of ibe Hanfc, and lias Hill great privilege U large and populous, being the feat of the high coUc(;e^, and coiitaiiiiiig three fpaciout nuiket-pUcei, and twenty- lisvoii llrceu, in whiuli .uci many, hno hou(<:t, befidet churches, and .w'th^r public fttutt^res. By the rivet Fivcl, and the Eemt, it lias [» communication with WeftDhalia. In 1671 it mado fuch a gallant rcfiftance againtl the hilltop of Munllcr, that be it I'aid to have loft ten thoufand men before it. AiconiulcrablediftriA, calLd the Gorecht, is under the juiil'diAioiv of this city. Ro- c!ol|ihus Agricoli, and Vcfelius, two of the moft learned men of the age in which (hey lived, were bom here. a. The town of Uam, ur^D|ainiiie, (lands on the river, or channel, called Dainderdiep, about three mikt froliv the niuuih of the Eeius to the fouth, and thirteen froia Groningen to the fouth-weft. Though this is an open place, it has all the privileges of a city, and I :ids deputie) to (he Hates of tin jirovince. 1( has fuftcred \ cry much ot, late by inundations. The Imperialifts, it is laid, tookthit city by (lorm in i ;3|6, when thofc of GeldcrUnd were lordi uf it ; <>iid that it was ag;reed, that the walls IhoulJ never be re-builr, nor the town fortitied. 3 Tht: ftrong fortrek of VVinl'choton ftandi ncir the Dollert, lUteci'i miles diftant froniGroniiigcn to llie fouth- ejft, It was taken and plundered by the troops of Mdn- Her ill 1674. 4. The town of Dclfzyl (lands on the Damftcr-Diep, ofherwifc called Fivel, three miles from Dam to tl»e nortU" caft, at the mouth of the river Eems. It has a very good harbour, which, for (ituation, and other advantages, ex- ceeds that of Enihden. It is a place of fuch in^portance, that it was always well fortified by tliofc who were in pof- feffion of it. The duke of Alva dcligned to have built X good city here, but was prevented by the wars, to which his bloody govrrnmciit gave rife. It is a ftrong place, furroundcd wiUi i;ood ramparts, and fcven baftions, and defended by a citadel cncompalTed by broad and dqcp ditches. J. Twenty-eight miles from Groningen to the fouth- etft ftands Bortaiiger fort, in the middle of a large marfh, which is alinoft impaflable, on the borders of the bi- fhopric of Munfter, and the county of Einbden, V. The province of Overyflel is bounded, on the eaft, by the county of Bcnthcim, and the bilhopric of Mun- fter; on the weft by the Zuyder feai on the fouth by Zutphen.and on the north by Friefland and Dreanthe. It has the name of ()vii\ llcl from its fituation in refpeil of Holland, Utrecht, and part of Gcldeiland. Its greateft extent fiom north to fouth, including the territory of Dreanthe, is about tilty-feven miles, and from eaft to weft about forty-three. The foil is in general far inferior to that of the other provinces, being full of fand, heaths, and niarlhcs ; yet in Ibme places they have good corn lands aid pafturc. The ftates conlift of the nobility, and the towns of Deventcr, Campcn, and Zwol, in which their annual alTemblics arc alternately held. Heic are jiigh tribunals and colleges, anfwcring to thofe of the other uiovinces ; and five deputies arc commonly fciit from hence to the alTenibly of the ftates general. The clergy of the eftabliflied religion, who are divided into four claUes, making \if all eighty- four miniftcrs, hold their annual fynods alternately in the chief towns. This province was loiiK fubjcft to ihe bilhops of Utrecht, till hilhop Henry ot Bavaria transferred it to Charles V. and in 1580 itac« cidcd to the union of Utrecht. The piiiicip Saliand, on (' cinht miles I ahout eighteen from the Zuyder fea. This was formerly nti tnit,^ri:t1 ami H.inri» trtivn. at\A alfo ft\r •% lknr» *:».. — . ........... .,-. _ , , ,„. ••,,«.* I,,,,,., a bilhop s fi^e. It is now a neat, populous, well built, and well foitified city, containing feveral churches belong- ing to dilfeient feils, a magnificent gymnafium, a mint, aiid jicipal places are, 1. Dcventer, in the quarter of n the Yflel, over which it h.-is a bridge of boats, ifrom Zutphcn, foity-four from Utrecht, and '•V' 7i* Tub new AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OBOORAPIIY. . tnd an iron fouiuicrir ; fwc tnftuil (tir« tr« held her*. Tb«7 havf t toad tttit, ind tinng lh« rifcr M* ii « Ant quay, attorned wirti rowi of treri, a. 1'hr town of CaniMn, on ibc YfTel, it ftrorqi froM it! flloAtion, «iin the Zuyder fc*. 5. Hoilcll, • fortified town on the Plickwater. 6 0«n«m«iiden. ;■ AmtU, famed for iti luanufaAuici of fine linen. VI. The province of Oeldtrbiui ii called North Oei- derland tu diftingaifh it from Upper Qelderland, or (iel- 4tr«, belonging t6 the kins of Prulfia. It it bounded, on the eaft, by Manfter ami Clerea j on the north by Over- yflell and the Zuyder fea -, on the fouth by the Maefe, which feparttet it from Brabant ; and, on the weft, bv Utrecht and Holland. It U forty- (even mtlei from north to fouth, and upwarda of forty from eaft to weft. The land liei higher, and the air ii much clearer than in the maritime provincct, and the foil in moft parti ii fruitful. Oeldertand Ii divided into three diftrlAi, via. Nimeguen, Zutphcn, and Arnheim, each o( which hai iti diet* artd ftatat. Thofe for the province are held twice a year, and nineteen deputiet are fcnt 10 the ftaics-general. Here are Iwo hundred and eighty-five calviiiift miniflert, (bur lu- *h«ran, fourteen romtn catholic, and ihreeaiiabaptiftcon- ^i'7l[ationi. Thi* province ii watered by the Rhine, and III ti..f branchea, Ihe Yflel, Leek, and Wul, feveral canali, ice. The moft remarkable placet in the diftriA of Nimegoen are, 1, Nimeguen, which ftandi on the Waal, nine milei from Ctevet, and fifty-two from Amfterdam, and it the capital of the auartcr to which it gives name. It it a large antient city, Arongly fonifted, and pleafantly Ctualed, where ttic Oppidum Ratavorum ii fuppofed by fome to have flood. It was formerly an Imperial or Hanfe toWn. On the eaft fide of it ftandt an old caftle, called the Fal- keiihof, where are pleafaitt walkt of lime-ircei, and it containt feveral churchea belonging to different feAi. The provincial ftatei, and thofc of tne diftriA, aflemble in the ftadthonlc. Thit city carriei on a good trade with the duchy of Clevet, and makei great profit by ill white beer, which ia much efteemcd throughout the provincei. In the town-houfe ii kept the fword with which the counta kgmont and Honrn were beheaded by the duke of Alva'i order. Tlic turgrave, who reCdci in the caftle, i> one of rlie chief iioblci of the provinces, and prefidei in iti dieti. In the higher part of the city there are three large pnnda, ted fiooi hidden fpringi j and through the whole there are many deep wclti, which are obfervcd 10 rife and fall, ai <1aei the Ivlaefe, fix milei diflant from ihif city ) whereat the Waal rum clofc by it, but in a valley, towards which the defcent is confiderable. 2. The town of Bommel (the capita! and only confi- derable place of an ifland of the lam; name, otherwife called Roniniel-wacrt) ftands on the river Waal, ten milei diflant from Chiylcnburg to the fouth, and eight from Bol- duc to the north. It is a pleafant watered citv, wiili broad and regular ftieets. It ia very ftroiig, being fortified with good curtains, baftions and lowert, a double wall and double ditches. It ftandt low in a marfhy ground, which can be ovci flowed from the Ws^t and Maelc. The town cliule iheir own magiftratei, ui\dcr wliofe jurifdiAion is the whole idaiid of Bommel, in which are many good vil- lages, and which is about thiitecn miles long, and four miles broad, lietwern tite Waal and the Macfe. Thit place lurrendercd to the French in 167 J, who fpent four- teen days in deftroying ill fortifications, carried off the nrtillciy ami amtnanition, and obliged the town to pay thirty-fix tlioulaiid guilders to prevent its being burnt. ^. Tlie Imall city of Uatenburg it fituatrd on the not them bank of tl'.e r!ael'c, twelve milet diftant from Nimeguen towards the loutli-wcll. It is the chief place of a littlt- country or diiliiA, called Meat and Waal, be- cjule it lies between thefe two rivers near their conflux. The town has the title of barony ; and two brothers, lords of Batenburg, were beheaded at Brullels, in the year 1569, by the duke of Alva's orders. From that family the counts of Hootn wctc aifo dc.ccnded. 7 4. In thii diftriA ii alTo the town of Tid on the Waal, feventrcn milei writ of Nimeguen -, it is ftlH pnpuloni, and liattr a toletable t/ade, but i« iiiqch decayed Dam its prlf- thtc fpkndor. ■ illa^t of Pandertn ii in the haillrage of Upper Be« *"''', where bcglni the new canal, Ihioiigh which the • ' a ."'^nt pallrt. In the fanw bailliagt ftuod lur- 1 < i/ 1' 9 Schenken-Schanie, a verv ftrr>ng and fpacloul ion, buih in |(H6 b<; general Martin Schenk 1 ind ilia Tokheui, a caftle where Ihe duksi of Otlderlandfrrqurnily redded, and wheie vefleli flitl pav toll, as ihey formerly did. Tke Bctrcwe »i that traA of land lying between the Kh^ and lh« Waal. It is called the Upper and Lower, or Raftern and WcKern Beirewc. and dirUed into tjro beilliaies. In ilie ftcond diftriA k the town of Zutphen, on th« right bank of the Yflel, giving name to a countrv, which conftitutes another of the three qi|«rteri into wiiich the province ii divided. I'hii place It iflrge, and ftrongly for* lified, and hai a bridge over the Yflel, which dividei Ihe town into two parti. Here are fevtral cliurchet lielunging to different t«Ai, with hofpitals (imp the jucd. Tick, orphans, and flrangen, and a gymnafiuMr. There are pleafant walkt about the town, efpecially en the ramfiarn. The citiietu are noted for their courtefy and poliieneft, to which the many cenilemcn who live heie ntatly contri- bute. The great Sir Philip Sidney died of Oie wowitfs he received at tne (iege of thii city i and Ue(ar4 Van Zut- phcn, matter to the famout I'homai k Kentpis, wm born here. The whole neighbouring country may be laid undrt water by meaiii of Borkal, a river which here Joint tlic YflTel. In thit diftriA are alfo, Bieedevoort on the borders of Munftcr and Heerenbura, a town which gires name to a lordlhip ; Docfburg, a fortified town, at the conflux of the Old and New Yflel -, l)eutichen on the 0!d Ylfel, Lochem on the Borkci, Orol on tiia Slink, and Bofkelo on the fiorkelo. The third diftriA of this province, called Amhelm, contain« a town of the fame name, which is not only the capital of tliit diftriA, but of the whole province. It ftandt on the Rhine, at the foot of the Veluwe hilli, fix milet from Nhnegtien, and forty-eight from Amfterdam, and ,•-•-'-•■• which I liolder* of the province, ufed to keep their court. Thf walli, beins deluhtfnUy planted with lime-trees, make • pleafiint walk. In the great church are the monuments of uvcral counts and dukes of Uelderland ; and near the city is the village of Ooftetbeck, where the emperor Henry III. wu hota in 1017. This town has a commodious harbour, and ii the feat of the fupreme council of Gel- derland, and the chamber of accounts. In that traA of land, called the Veluwe, ii lite lardftiip of Loo, belong- ing to the pritwe of Orange, and has a beautiful feat on it. The other places of note in this diftriA are, i. Harder- wyk, (ituated on the Zuyder fea, twenty-fix roilei from Arnheim, and thirty from Amfterdam. Here it an uni- verfity, which, till 1648, was only a famoui fchool. The trade of the town is confiderable, efpecialjy in fifh, of which its red herrings are much admired. The fleeple of St. Mary's church, a moft ftatei^ flruAure, is fo high, that it ferves for a land-mark, being Teen at a great dif- tance, both by Tea and land. I'lie provincial mint is in the city, the fortifications of which are in the antient manner. The celebrated lawyer Gerardus Voetius is faid to have been a native of this place. Prodigious quantities of blue-berries are Eaihered in the nei|;hbouring woodt, and carried to Amfterdam, and other towns, a. tlburga, a fniall town on the Zuyder fea, whoGe ramparts, planted with lime-trees, form a delightful walk. Its inhihitanti fubfift diieliy by filhing, and catching wild ducks. 3. Waccningrii, a fmall town on the Rhine, with a com- nioJious harbour : tobacco is much cultivated in the neighbourhood. Vll. The province of Utrecht is wholly lurroundcd by Holland and Gelderland, except a fmall part which borders oil the Zuyder Iol. The length is about thirty-two miles, tlie breadth about twenty. I'his country enjoys a good air, and in moft parts the foil is fruitful. Ihe rivers are, the Rhine, Leek, Vccht, and fome (inalcr ftieams. This province is divided into four quarters. There arc live cities in the province of Utrecht, and tlxty-hvc towns and villages. Its I'tatesarc coinpofed of the civrgv, the nobility, and the towns : indeed the former arc ntcrcly uouiinal, and eunfiil of nobles and citiicns of Die it ftrongly fortified. There is an antient palace, in ich Ihe dukei of Gelderland, and after them the ftadt- |E U R^0PBIJ>' '*'' ' 'W 'd L t A r^T)^ tht daltiMW Miifeii, tit^MT ttf eecWriiftM. Th«]r arf, howfvti. clewed fH>iii tlir diiplcri of c|ie (|v« dtUKMI *t UwMr, *iid (liH in itic i»inbl]r ^ '^ ''■*** "'P'/ the cil^i ^ut pqh confifli e 'iihpr(;|> ii a mur frtim, itfiidi'cantaitni a Varfei*^ bficurioiViiei and tj^tL- quiiio. St. Peter'i church hai been afligncti to the Frai^ C'lvinifls, whocoqftitute a numeittui coagrrgaiion. The J.utbcnn«, the Rcmonftranis, arid the Mtimonitet, ha\|c cKh of ibenl • chufcli, whiin (he oapifti inret in boiilei, of wMeh they liave ftrnit approfjiwed fyr tli«t purpofe.. In ^itctty mo tcfiUri the thief of the Janfeiiiltt in the NethevlanHt, who ttWu hl^fetf archbflnoD of Utrecht, and ii ele^teti by tlib nominal chapter, wfifcb, iruliu^in^ ib^dean, coMft) of right canbni. The ftatc^ of the pro- vince niret in a building, called ibc/\atet clumber, wliic^ it alfu the Irat of the other provincial coUesci. I'he memoritiie unioi^ *ai fortttt4 in i|)b ,city bctwcco ifre Seven United frovweci, in the yfeir 1^70. In i£7j the i'lenflt took tbiteti* Without tb.ri |ea(l it*|RMicCi, »n4 in 1713 « COAcrcft of jpwipOKiitti/itiea wa| ppqied ben finm ali'thtttUm itit,iiA{M,irHtchte'ni^^ii)t^.)ii xt/tnnni peace alxjut (wo yetn iMriikitli." Amcrifori, or Ameirtfoort, U fltii^te4 fonrtMii miki to the north-(«^ of Utrcdit, on th« rlrer Eemi, wbicb hit Sti rife in ihWk jMMrtf firom the confluence of fevrral rtv)i- len, and Hrft tt'edvts that.Milva hct«, «l}|er« it bccpipei navigabh;. It li a fttoi^((Uw'A, fiti|^tfd,^^ feM cw • hill, in a pleafant and fertile coUntrr. Tbi builai^. particularly thofe.of the oW'tMli,' aiff veirjr ni^ It fiiw three chm«hei, .one qf «»biui 1^ k la^gp aiid lUiely ttriji;- torr. The hofj^tah of Amenfbrt rcfrmbte thofe ot the larger citipa ; »M Ikrc ia a public fcbool, wl»tc I'cvw*) peribns of eminehosliav^ b^fbeir cducaHtm. The town of RftroMt i*1^^4 m. M)« Kbini. i^oipt feven mHei lrtwieftV1(|VYte-OtcrftMeio')|M eaft, oifiejeeD from UWcfJtr towil'jil .OM fattt^-.eaft, and thirteen, from Amersfort M ttio ft)ttfh:'/VontfcHi we chief filace pf t linlediftrlA, it fltita^ An the litfte rWer Yftl, i>«ar ^e bordeti of the province of Holland,, ^i> milet above Gauda to the eaft, Tix (Vom Utrecbt towards iKe fovitb- weft, and thrae from Qude-waier to the fouth-eaft, The cpuAtty of ^DfeantMe it bopnded, 00 t))c caft, ,t)y Munftef ; on the north by Groni\igen ; on the weft ^v FrieflintL anf Oeldctlaodft and part of Flanders. , ■ ■ The principal placet'ii Brabaiit, t>eronging't6the Aates, •Fc the uinvwiiig: t. Bois ie Due, caiicd m iatin Siiva No. 74. 733 tVtcif : It Ik fltuatud at the eohduitice of the (IVert Dotii- ntel and A'a. whieb, after their ]Hnalan« at« called the CKrfl. ' At about ti\ hour's dliUne* finMB butce, this river lofts ItRIf in tlie Maefe. TUx eltr Is Mtty iMgr. ali4 IttUfirAfI "by rntnt cu^(« I UIUlUiUditirdM«f«- loneing (o tb« ndlcli CaUlniftt, wttn oiU of FNncb. on« of [.uilttrant, ait«l ten malf -bouiiii « the m\o$\\i U iha people beliic of ilyi! Kor . . tidjoti. TIm liade to. wcO < f Brtda 1* Be^geQ-of- ■oom, or Mfteu ufM « > mv ., tbr capital of a ta^r quilkieof the bma ni|i.ir . HUoOKh it nni the riyuletoc rather moet of Zoom. The (birth iid« of the town (tande on a fmall eminence;, I> hat been long celebnicd as • ftrong fortifff ) and Ita ««U, which is about an bour'^ walk 10 citceit, Is deAr.dcd by Ave bafttoni a^ ftti nofit' works. HMm the other lortifications on tha north Me, a ftrong line wu drawn there in 1717, that h»s a colnmu- aication with Moormont, Pinfen, and Rovir forts, and tho Soutli or Water fiprt ol flve baflions cpounands the en- trances of the oM aitd new harbour. The e^jacent coun* try may lito be laid under waur 1 and at lonf « XepUnil coifttnuci dear of enefflici, ftippljc* aod rnnfctcenente may be thrown (nio It bjr meafw of ihil Seheld. It coo* tainf about eleven hundrad houfeh tritb an old p«l»ce, called the Hof, that it at prelirtw the chamber ol acCounu ; and the fcudal court beloMing to the iiHiK]«ifait, are kepi in it. Hete ia a Dutch GUvmiA charcht and another di* vided into two partitiont, which il iffgiMd to the French Calvinifia and t|M Lvtherant. The HPiAi have likcwiOi a chapel. Tbii tpwn wu firA wJled in 1187. Th« Aatet fMieral Keep a Mod gatnlbn here, and the governoD is alwavt a pctfon ofdiAinguilned reputation. 3. Breda, the capital of the barony of die (amc name^ is icated 0.1 the river Merk, Which at this place rcccivce the Aa. The latter of thefe two ftrcama peing a littl* berore increafed by the Bjrioop, il here rendered navigable^ and hat a communicalion with the Ocrman ocean, jita fortifications, without very great improvementl. are un- able to fland a long Iimc, thou^ tbe city itfelf is partly, covered by a morafs, aaa< by means of tbe Mark and Aa» the inhebitanti are abje to Uv a patt of tb^ country under water. ItcqiifiRs oi about hftecn hundrad houtct, is well built, and cptitaint a regular caftle eiMompafled with a. noot i and frobtiiig the entrance is a fquare delightfully plamad wit|t tree*. The great church, now in the banda of' me rrokeftants, hat feveral vpry fine ntonuments, and ajiuidfoine fpire three hundred aiul fixiy-two feet high : the Dutch h^vealfo another diotch, aiM tbe French hava one, as h»ve likpwiA the Lathentna t hut tbouib tlie Ro-* men catliplic'^ "■■ mate Quncroqt, tbey are allowed onl: (bree cnipel tfwre are fy, ^kd '•O'.i.yfn c'* owti'Iioaia b a latgs flruAure, ai eaiuket-plafpEt , but the coQimerca es of this town are greatly de whom it was yielded up by the fovereignt of it, jointly with tlia iiaving fuccecded to the rights of tha dnkei o^Bis^ant. churches bcIoDi ' is tiMintained I, , ^ of Calvinifts, and partly of Roman catholics, and tha totter muft be natives of the bifhopric of Liege 1 in a hiU in the Bcighbottrhood is a horizontal quarry fiUl of loitg winding paBages, in which, in time of war, the country •cppfe MCMie their cattle and valuable effeds ; forty thou* land men, it is laid, might lodge in it with great conve* nieBfiCt The town contains about three thouland bou(ief. and thirteen thoniand inhabitants, befidet the g^ifon. Here is a Calvinift gymiufium and grammar-fchool, tha mailers and profitfwrs of which are paid by the {latet i and, bcfides other buildings, here is alio a large college, a commandery of tbe teutonic order, aftatcly town-hoiUOt andjovernot's boufe. TIM part pfthe duchy of Lintburg, which belong* to tba iUtes-general, contains, i. Valkenbuiv, thu Falcon's moun- tain, or caftle, which ftands on the river, Geul, and though but a fmall open place, is the capital of a countrj a. Dalem, otherwife called St. Gravcndal, a fmall town on the civer Berwine. The former of thefe places is ' empted from all taxes by a particular privilege. "The ftatck o^'teral have the following placet in tbe upper , part of Q^^rlatid, via. 3. Venlo has it* name from itt fituation amonx low meadows, which it the meaning of itt aame i/i Dutch. It 9 A Aand* • fli 734 ' "rHE NEW AND UNlVfiASAL SYSTEM or GfiOaRA|>^Vf j '] The pt^emat of tin ciwuben b |i< %.y. SECT. IV. Of thtttrjtns, tUfptfi'ttm', (trt/t, imiia^eijiUm, m*muri, Ift, tftbt Dutch; Ibtir rtlighh, ctnJiiMHn', trUJf Md im- merte, 'ivtnrtt, J'trCM, tffi. . u '• ' ' THESE pcopk kit, in general, tall and attgain, have good compkxionii, rntl are flrbng but ankwtrd. The boon are heav\, but flow of ondcrftaiiding. Their fcamen are it plain, Istnn:, rougl), furljr, atid ill-manheteil (ort of people. Their tradefmen arc fonv.-wUat •'harptr, and make ufe of all their fliill to circumvent thofe niev deal with. Evenr clafs of men aic extremely frugal : all appetites and pafnpni (avarice excef- A) run lower and cooler here than in other counfiies. Their refentmcnt it uliially unmanly and favage. The;' arc, however, patient, tkndj, wiry, calm, and have feldom any difference with each other; but when they arc in itated to quarrel, they grow excecditijily brutilh. Their drefs is plain, and they clian|te faihioni ai rarely at the Spaniards. The men wear coatt without fliap" < r plait], with Ion; fiockets placed at high ai the rib*. T'- womeiit drefs is ilill more (ingular, tor their < oat: reaci. flanda on the right bank of the Maefe, fe*en mile* ^ftiMt from GeMre to the fouth, aitd fevcnteen from Rumnonde to the north. It it not well enough fortified to be abk to hold out* long fi^e. Its rampart ia abovt three miief in compel, iod on tmufide of the Miffk it opilfiQp jiC f 4f%l|> fbrtMfly <|UiW Willi lev«rai'tMvtN, iDoft df «rWdb hav% been demoliflted. ' The city of Venio i< of a (quiire figure, and pretty til|e, having two ujuarcs : the town- houfe ftandt in one, HNcre they alfo kieqp a inarkct three times a week ; the other i| tmT)ttnidt>'«tMI flaee 6f uiiM. There are be- tween eigftltod n'me hun(h«JhoMfeihf|e|ftn4>Wu< four U thoutand^ibiiitnti. mo({ of irtbbd) (^TKSIm/ii^ Jf^l lict, who^^nj^i^ the &re ^n^ ptUd^ Monm ftion. ThCmuttracy it compoud oi a (nmlt. a Muvo,. mafter, Mfi nefled ittflandert. viz. I. HaWt/t fftwhs fotMM towiu iituated in a fruitful plain, whim :||Miyib« .laid yndex water. The commodity It chiefly ieill 4 il corn, hairiiilg a canal, qr harbour, which cqr^iinidiiea: With the Weft Scbe^d. 7he fort* and 11 net' M Whi^ it fi/arrounded, rtAdei.tbe'approachet to it very difficult I but tlie aii^. it ^one of the beft, and mofi of the inhfibitantt are papifti. ' ' |t gives name to a bailliage or cot^fidenibte extent, a. Slu'ys, on the Germari ocean, the hariio rfor ftation imitate ttipr ncighbovai. and aim at th« rooA liixnriodt inode of llvmj|. They are^Mldlaed to diinkiiijij only to the middle of their legs. They are " «■ in their iioulet uad furniture, and the ftreed the. ite kept amazingly clean. Mr. Haaway, in_j'f/ >h« women, lays, that the dirttett thing I eucciit ' of II Mjn't I and, when they treat their friend*^ Jlo it fumpttiotimy, though they piii^i«hcmre|v#«i90ti|aftoh«nirdi. TheirprinciMl ^jiorteent u nod attijii amt hart drink* fSg. 'ObtltfpUrwrtiMr n^jjieiMfita UOaS/^iiia, in which mj excel i ^ ibat in «baf4 Mft it fifftonifhing to ft* *• 55^4* •gisrtl ftwjMlpift (te^ph^ piaoc opoa m Eliittib .f wel in painting and en||ntvia|, lome have tMh goodi fiatoviei, and a firar hmw 6*ett i^wlubie foe tlicir wit aiid ingenmtv, a* Erafmat, GrotiM. itc. The common moia of travelling in the United Pro. tince*, and i|ii(ked tlbroifghout tba Atiflvian and French Ncthcrhnds it iq tifckttoot*, or ^wWn by a bone at the rate of tbre* mJHf an hour, ehe fiwc o|C which d«|M 1^ amount to mot^ thim a penny a mile. Tlic rate ollilefii boM'', and alfo of the peift wa^ions, is fixed ; and ya(|4^ peimittcd to cany a portmanteau and provifiont, fa tkat 19V am not under Ae neceflity of expending any 4iiag at poWic houfe*. TJ(e ain;iage of, the baggage i* not mm4 by law, tbere- fbte aii ailment ««g^ to be made, c#ttr«ife tbedriver will charge aki^oiding to the diftatet'of bif; avarice i and the money muft be paiil him. if a jjNCvimu aargaia i* not iija4e. ^ ' , At the inni and public houfet qn the read, a perfon it fore to meet with clean linen and IM't bed* ; but their bed- fleads, or rather cabins, in the (idea of the walls, are placed fo high, that a nun may bieak hit neck if be happens to fall out of them. Befide*, as there ia^po difputing with a Dutch inn-lceeper, either ^bo4t t]^ mi^oning or any other particular, tbeTcfiaif 1 travdicr Ir^ ' b« content to lie in tlie fame room with wf aidim|k aeopk, or more, and be difturlxd all night long b* lome^y or ether, if the churl of a landlord pkafes to have it fo. Li the United PtoTinccj, tbeir ecctefiaftical concern* are- governed ^r « Mtfbytery. itttm all «ie n^inifters arc equal. ' Tk;jPt#r|tery, or €orifift(>ry.,M they sail it, ia ton^fiiitiriltthe sfinifttff of fhe town, and of the lay- rider*, «lif Wie cb^fea amofi^l^ moft eo^kieni inhabi- ruitti tMcVM fbniLtime* among,^ ntagiftKics. They take cam of ft!) die afbin of the cbtuch within the city or towtl, aiM fciamthe'diyftriiiienf of the tlock, according to tt^e dili;ipi^n|r eflaMtiM^ by the lii^twal lypod Iifld at Dort lij the year 16 j8. Tlie delKons,- who wk laymen, hare mt*n tim-ftlvt; *nd im iUUpblU of iU t|ie money de- figiM^rduurtofe ufci. ^^ T**y>ive ccckfiaflSa^ aS^UtH called dlfles, com- ftam of m duties of live Of 6x oeigbbbaring churches, mora o^ left, who lend each krainiier ami an elder. An- ttthet ecdefiafKcal aflembly I* the proiliiKia} fynod, of Which thoe are two in H«l«nd. oim for Soulh Holland, and the other for NmiAi HolliiM. ' The whole province bcivigdlvi^ in^e Aj^pany didfei, each dais fend* fbwr Ihtir t^^^Aiv^' fyiKidi, two roinifters, and HM eUien. Afi lb« mow important aflbir* of tlw CbWcb, ail Ijhat reteidt ihc ,]!••• « leligion in general, cenfiUe*, and degradations, are maiuged by tiMfe fvnods. With rcfpeA to their cccleliaftical hifioiT, it is ne(;cf- (iiry to obfeinre, that, at the time of llie Retormation, the inhabitant* declared for " Aiigftiurg cmifeffion ; articles, corrcfponding ^ , _, up for the ^letberlaiul churchci ; at tha union of Utrecbt in 1579, ^' iitatet agreed to maintain and defend it 1 and in il>5ii llie Calvinift doflrinei, at fet foith by the fynod of Dort, received the faudion of the dates of'^each parti- CBlar province. Hence the Calvinifls alone are admitted to any fhare of the government, and deemed capable oi holding the pitu'Jpal employments. The •lumber of C1I- vlnift minifters in the Seven Utvited Provinces, and iJie countries belonging to them, amov.t to one thoufand five hundred and fcventy. However, m msttert of religion, ■M univerfal toleration is allowed. Besides tlie eflablifhed religion, the different fe£\s are, ; . The capitis, who have three hundred and fifty churclict in tiicU'.iCcd Provinces; they are compuied to make one ihirv Jl u.t inhabiiants, and ar« MiniMca oruy to miiiurv 1 .X', .'i . _ , _«mpIpym«Dt,. t, at tne nme 01 iiie Kctormation, the for L.. heranifm, adhering only to the I ; bui ill ij(62, a different fyftem of ing vvith iholi; of Geneva, was, dr.iwtt , J.,.. ■ 1. ^^'■•^\.:r.^.,. MHHHIii Jm^^!: s,i VYf.m/f » *■ (E U R O P ft.) Holla in a a A WS»; «»lT ^f^ kittpIoyiMiut. 3. The Lothenni, whoTt phcet of wor- iSiip have all ibe appeirance of churchet : they arc inot- toabli of holding pons and employinentt. 3. The remon- flfinttt fo denominated firom a renmnftrance which rtiey jirelented to the aflembty of the 4U!c« in »6ib, are alio called Arminitni, from the ieamed Jacob ArminiiMt who taught the doftrinc of univerfal iwlemptio.i : thtre are (hitty-four congregationi of thii ibcicty; which >i» rather on the decline. 4. The mcnnoniib, «r b«ptifi«, are di- vided into various. fcAi, the princi|ial of which are the Flemifchert and Wiflerlanden . they iMve > about «nc hundred and cichty-fix congregationi. 5. The Rhein- burriien, or coilegiants, who are .'lot very numeraui. ' 6. The Qpaken, who are ftw in number. 7. The Mo- ravians, who form a confiderabte b^vfy. 8. 'The 'ATitte- iiian Chriftiaut, who in many ref^.<3t reremble thofeof the Greek churrh. q. The Jews, tolerated here ever fmce the year i6i9r have many rights and privileges, hut arii. excluded from moft trades at Amllerdam, &c.- There are feveral other fefii that have no fettled congrcgatior.s. The principal cities, as alfo the nobles, I'rpd ijeputias to tlie States General. Thus the number of the' repriliinia- tive* is verv confiderable, and alt arc maintained at the et- E-nce of their nfpe^tive provinces ; the dainties of Jlol- nd being t^wed foor florins wday, and l^uf« of the bthcr ftates fix. Biit whatever be the numlxr of the deputies from each p'ovince, be they nobles or commoners, the/ have altogether but one voice ; aqd tLercfoic in the,eflbTi-v blv of the States General there are bnt feven voices. Be- fidcs this, b^ing properly ilic afTembiy of the reprefet:ta- tives of the feven (ovcreignties which coaipofe thel^ates of the United Provinces, theii, |)oweT, it limited either ex- prcfly or tacitly by tliis JtifiruSion : " Not to (ufft-r the leaft wound to br given to tht Ibvereignty of that province which deputes ihem.?' The States General, however, not only aaake peace or war in their own nam?, but fend and receive iunbafladors atjd othrr public minilWrs.' The commander in chief, and . iiH other tnilitary officers, take an oath of fidelity to them \ and, during a war, fomr. of their memberi, or 6f the councii of ihte, foUosv the armyi lit in the cotaiici! of war, and without' their corvfent no- thing of importance can be u>,.krtakon. '.h ime of war th: States likewife grant licences and piwteftions. Thus the Spates General appear at lirft view to be the fovereign« of the country : but moft of thefe d<^() are appointed only for a few ye*rs. and though they havi; the power of debating on the moft imiiortaiUairaJr.i that may' tend to fccure or promote »bt prel<:ryation and hapspuicis of the Hate, yet they h»Ve liot power to cor.cludu suy point of grtal confequencf , without previoufly (mmmunicitiing it to their refpcftivr provincsi, and rectiving their «xpr«r» confent. This renders the rcfolotioni of the republic very ledions and dilatory. The provinces prefiJe weekly in their turn, in the affi:m> biy of the States General, begiriuini!; vj-th GeiderhnJ, who had the prsctfSency beforr. tjie -jiiion ; then Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friefland, Overyflfel, and 'Grf.min^en. He who is firtt named in th deputation of his iwoviirice prcfides, and is from thence called the Prefident br ,o»cs of theafllemblv, upon which he forms his concijfion, diAater to tl>e regifler, ind artcfwaids figns the rcfolution. Their meetings are alw',.78 held at the Ilag'K and tbcy fit throu|>hout the whole 'car without adjourn rnent. Th«! ftadlholJer is the principal oflicer in ti.is country, for he 11 at liie faini; time governor-genera' >f the Seven United Provinces, cipiain-genenil, and grand-admiral but liis power is c.itivmcly limited. The States aflume the title of High and Mighty ' ords, r»r the Lords the States Griienl of vhc United Nether hndj, »Tid in pnWic adiiiic;i m fliic : rem- bics c«ty day In ihc fsme crott with the States (ji.-ncril. The principal affairs which come under t!ic rtelibemiou of this toanci), Jrc.'thofe o( the army and revenue; and in 4 conjtinai«ni with liM'i^ttM 0/1^ 8(tot^y^,'dMf alio piDvide wety 'tbing MetAry >f>f the ^Hgi^iblf^atmii connnyt bo* in ^»»^fm«»n)t^rtin The l'i«Nttbl«Mt4Mi»»yL«tti«. ' TM!tteiir«r^-«ene- ral is alfo honoured with this 'liite^' M-^kh^iiiWmfiA thecomieil cf tObMei tM iMp Mi'ttfiA* ltj»fnion« tM»%a* no dcAnitive vokft- ' hi' thfa' etstMMell Hi» rliBi^ipWw H e Ht haaafeM. Ii ,.r ;>'■• -A'l-yi: ,., •■■,-:■■:; ■'frA/i: j.: .^ The M«nlclttiM>ei< i>r.Mieitfc^ «efdM# teen d^utiet; each- prevtnac fendii* two. Thett kwnir empltqiniiiu •• to receive, ffartei end Isllanefe tb^^ccotintf of the ievcTkl pt«vimc«. The mrfnlber* ef thr* ciRaitiber are alfo filled Noble and Mighty Lords. The genet at chamber of finances is fnboidinate to the (brmer, and con- *ft« of foot TBmmm»eH »M alS-WaiVr- ■■TheniWi* office confifts of three counfellors, a&ftf:d oy a nnint-maf- ter-general, a general aflity-mafter, and an under fecretary. Ail thefe feveral colleges meet at the Hague. The proceedings of the fevtral courts, for this idmini- ftration of jnftice, are regulated by the p)>rticularl:.wsof the refjpcdiiie towns ,and prpyioces where they art tried, the cdiitts of the ilAes, and ihe civil law. The inhabitants of the United Provinces, ind thofe of tlie conquered latkbs have been renttored liable to many 'taxe.., by-jhe long nnd fevtre wars 4>hicli tSia repub- lic has luftained, and the number of them, efpecially itl Holland, where they are always thu beavitft, is fo great, that a certain great writer aferts, that the only thing; which Krs elcaped taxation is the air they breathe. The principal ordinary taxe" are the duties on experts and im- ports, levied by th; admiralty offices, and sippropriated to defray the cxpenccs of the navy. The taxes on houfes, lands, hornei! cattle, 6c;.. and on the purchafe-money of. all immoveables, under which ate cornprehended veflels of above eigt-t tons burtSin, for which the fortieth penny is paid} .ind this alone in Holland annually brings in above Icven luMidrcd thouOinc! golden,florins, The twentieth penny levied on iiriieritances in the collateral and ;U<:end- ii)g line. A poll-tax, ; which tains only in fooK pro- vinces. Theoxcifc on all- kinds - *■ provifions, n^ceSries, and liquors ; and here the money levied on bread .nd beet is eftim«ited at above pne-tbird. that on wine at fomcwhdk left, and that oq turf fur firing alfo at one third; . Thiie is hkewife a duty on bor(es, coaches, and fisrvants. . The duty on the flampt paper, uftd i.i til their fev-;iiil inftruf mcnt:.. comiaAs and bonds, is laid to produce ai)imali]f) -^ above four hundred thousand golden florins. Thih land-forces, in time of peace, fcidom exceed forljfc | ihouland, and very oftcu fall Jhcrt of that number. They* • jmploj a grcBt maiw foKti^ers, efpecially Swifs and Scots* in ihcir fcrvice ; and, in timt of *»«rj hire whole regimenti% . pfGerreianii. The chief command of the army is vested i in tlic ilaJibolder, und^r whom it the fieldmarOial genet >ai. In 1 7 j6 the expences of the army amoonrcci only to nine millions feven hundred and iixty-Sve thcufand and (our,gailder«. No narioi) in the w^rld can fit out a mom fornidable tlci;t iluin Uic Dutch, having, always va(i quan-. ' tiilrs of timber prepared txir buildinp of 'hips, and alfo great numbers of ihip-catpenters and lusiti-'.ers ; however, in. times of p«ce, they uiiially have no more than thsrty in cummitTioii, for the proteiflion of their trade m the Medi- terranean, and to convey their homewartl-buund £aft in- diamen, and other llrcts. The monorioly of tue fpicotiAde ha.s been iri the bands of the Dutch Kofl India company much above a century ; hencr iv is, perhaps., th.: mo^ opulent: trading company in thr 1 liverfc, i hough the United Provinces of thiim- I'elvci produce vcrv few things, yet all the commodities an& y>i'odu«t of the gl)ve^ to the nearelt towns o* the NetliRiUndu, or is faltisl at fc», and thusf;;^'mt ,1 li'unc'.i both of Uonieftic and foreij:n commerctf. T!ic great Slhcry is tint of hci rings, from which the Dutch venp iminrnlc profits i f-.r though it cannot, as fo. merly, b".' tcmicU ilic goUirn mine o; Hoiiand, yci it itiii AilaM* a comfortable t'ubliiUnce m it. tcaft thirt/ tbojf^ri tix liuiiJrcd fimiliei. , 1 Tht feafon for catch. ng the hertiiigs along .he cppfts of ' S«otiai)d^ ' t ^3« T>t NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or OBOCRAPHV. ^u^txti m4 lEM|imi)> ii from the twtntjr-fooitb «f June to tt* t««nl]F*wh of November. The veflcli employed ia ifai* mtty are tacmed bufiet. uid carry frooa twenty- five ts tfaAitv laftfi which oiks with another feU fcr abMt •ne bwnked ami twenty gitilden. Every province Iw* the right of coum«b, but all the Mcae mvk he of • fimibr invinlM vatwi the foUowing It an ekaft aoconnt of the Dutch gold and filvcr coin : tfieir gold «M« uct ** *y^f> val«td-«t one pound five Itillingi and Qx-wnoc. The half ryder, twdre ikiUiaga n4 nine pencf. Tlie doubtedoot, nineteen (billingi and •na penay. TIk dacat. nine fliiUingi aiU fix pence half- ! 1 m •-if . peiMiy. Tlic fitver coin are, the three guilder piece, five IbiUIng* and five pence halfpenny ; ria-doUir, four Ihil- lin« and fix-pence halfpenny ; dollar, two fiiillings and cigfit pence batfjptnny ; twenty- eigiit ftiver piece, two (hil- lioga and fix-peitce ; lix-fiiver piece, fix-pcncc halfpenny; piaeet of five ftivto and a half, fix-pence halfpenny ; two- ftivcr piece*, ejeren of which uiikc two Ihillings ; filvcc picoet, eleven of which nuke oitc (hilling. I'he fmalleft coin, or doit, it worth about half a forthing i and EngliAi, French, Md Qerman coin, pafi for their intrinik value in tliit country. CHAP. XVI. tHE •*,%,■ NEW IIISTORY 'ANI> DESCRIPTION OF S W I T 2 E R L A N D. ff. •)5.'ir(t;'il<( ■•rm •»•!' "i* -s :;:r> . 8 1 r f . t Cflbt hunJarltt md finotitn, lulural hijhrj, and gmra- fhical dt/criftitH #/ tht tiuntn, with an accfant of tht tltitt, ttumi, and rtmarkMt flacti ; iht inhaHtantt, tbtir tmdt, manufaChiTiit maitti&i, mJlMiii, ftvtrnmnt, lawt, rth'gUii, (Jt. THIS country h bounded by Bnmindy, 8and«ce, and the county of Gooe, weft; Saroy, the Mila- and Venetian territories, fouth ; Swabia, nOrth , and Tytil and Auftria, eaft i and lies between the fixth and eleventh degree of caft longitude, and the forty-fifth and forty-eighth degree of north latitude, beiru; two hundrtd and fixiy miles long, and orte hundred brokd^ It contains many ftupendous nioantaint, whofe inaoJefiiWe and cra^rgy fummits are continually covered with fitow, and the vallKS are filled with lakes, or rivers and ftrttuns that are reple- nilhed by waters from the rocks. The weather is fortie- limes winnry on the one fide of a mountain, and refemblfcs the ftinimer on tlie other. Prodigious <]uantitict of ice and A)ow fall down and diflblve in the winter, and dread- fiil inunditions are frequent. Tliett art. indeed, fome fertile fpots, bu' 'he principal part is dreary. The country is well watered, produces fome minerals, and abounds in cattle, Ihcep, chamois and other g-wts, horfes, Alpine mice, wild-fowl, «{c. it is not very populous ; and Ae popiih cantons are no lefs fo than the'pwteftant. Switzerland is divided into thirteen cititem, or repub- lics ; which are, I. Bern. II. Zurich. HI. Lucem. IV. Uri. V. Scl.vreita. VI. UnderwaM. VII. Zug. VIII. Glacis. IX. Bafil. X. Fributg. XI. SolotLurn. XII. Schaffhaufen. XIII. Appenzel. I. The canton of Bern, which is the lirhell, lat and ffioft fruitful, is one hundred and eigjhty miles lo? and thirty broad. It It well watered by n\tn, and con- tains feveral lakes. The principal cf thefe ii that of Oe- neva, the length •f which is about ciehteen leagues, and the greateft breadth betwern three and four. The Jepth in fome pUccs is near four hundred fathom, in others not sbove forty. The Rhone enters it ai 'J.e eaft end, near Bouveret, ai^i iffoes out agaii at the weft, dofe by Ge- neva. !n fummcr its v/xtcis are tnuch fwelled by the melt- iftg of the fn'jw on tlie mountains. The prevailing reli- gion is Calvii'ifm, and miniftert are here kept in greater depen(*enc<: on the ciwl power, than in any other «f the cantons. The prevailing langtiage here if the German } rhongh people of^conditioii fpeak french »nd Italiiin. The capiul city, of tlie fame nam.-, is »lmoll furround- «d by the river Aar. The houfes are moftly built of v/bi(e ftve-ftone, and, in tht principal ftreets, have piairas, or arches, under them, for the conveniencv o( walking dry in wet weather. Moft of the ftreets of Bern are oav d with flints, and travcrfed by a canal lined with free ttonc, Which it brought fi'om i confiderable diftancc, and is very ufeful in carrymg off the filth of the city, cxtinguilhing fire, and other purpofes. The city is t«rge, {landing almoft in the middle of the canton, and containing feveral churches, of which one is called the Great churdi ; and the firft roinifter thereof is the dean, who is the head of the city cl:rgy. Here are likewift a college, public library, mufeum, granaries, guildhall, arfenal, feveral hofpitals, a handfome ilane- Sridge, a platform with a fine profrcd, &c. Tlie great council, in which alio the fuvereignty of tbe cantons is vefted, cenfifts, when full, of two huudAl and twenty-nine, but is generally much (bort of tLit nuijaber, eighty or more often dying liefore their places are filled up. Tlie lefier council fenate, or, as it is called, the daiW 'cQuncil, (becaafe it meets every day, Sundays and holi- days excepted) confifts of twentyfeven membors, includ- ing the two prxton, or advoyert, the four tribunes of the people, tift two treafurers, and the two heim-lichert, or fecrcfy-men, fo called, becaufe to them all fecrcts relative to theftateare dilbovtred. The vacancies that happen iu thefc two colleges are mutually filled up by tbe members of the great and lltt> councils. The village of Hafzli gives name to a territory or valky of confiderable extent, in which are fine Woods of ijccch and pine, excellent roots, wild fowl of all kinds, cbamota and other raouiltain animals ^ together with mines, par- dcuiarly of lead and iron, and fine cryfials. The inha- bitants of til is diftrift put thcmlelves under the fovercignty cfBern in 13IJ. but with a refervc of tlicir antient right* and ufages. "Hiey have a particular dialed of tbeir own. The ctruntry called the Pais de Vnud, is twenty-ibur leagues in length from Geneva to Morat, being bounded, on the Jfcft, by the county of Gex and Francbe-Comptc ; aniV on the fouth, hy the Valais and Savoy. Its capital, Laufaiinc, which is the fccond city of th'; whole canton, Hands one mile from the lake. Here it a college, founded in IS37> for tbe infiruAion of youth intttMlcc for the lumiftry. Tlie cacnifancc of criminal tffairs belongs entirely to one quarter of the town, called 'St, Francis, and in that is one ftreet, of which we are told, that if any of the inhabitants ate guilty of a capi- tal crime, the others have the fole j^^iwer of condemning or acquitting them. . tie whole town confifts of fteep afcentii and defcents, and tak^s ils name from its fituation t>ctwixt the brooks Lawn and Anna. *n ti.e college here, Theodc-.e Beza tranflatod the pfalni'- into French verfc, and the firft profeflbr of kw rOabliftied in it, was the Uto Icai ned Barbeyrir, who died a profeflbr in one '."f the Dutch U'llverfitiei. This place gives uaiur to a baiiiwic, the bailiff* of which rcfidck lit llie caftle, which was for- merly the bifhop's palace, and has fonw junfuijtion in the town. II. The canton of Zurich, ilioi'sh it rinki >i ihe firfl is inferior to that of Bern lu extent, power, and wealth. It ii fituatcd to ilic caft of tbe itit baiUwics, and extendi lixty IEU«6 j»^f ^^' 6 \^-!'Y af'k^ ■•i..i U D. ■J It ■it it /I . Ji id.'. i|iei irtjertgth, krtd fortyelBM h br«««hb. Wi&' :'^q j|i f^ce and appcaritice, tail canton it an epitome ) Hfrtkwii all tAo oth'f rit Of the bailiwia iht» if iWividcd, eighM.eh alr« Catted the iiuvard. an^- tteen the outvyard. Over eachr of ^be former tho* ari- bai^JtHi who hold their' em^loyitientt dnriitg life, of* lebytdtti*, and relldi ii^ the city, vifitiitg their tiai- it only kr cettiiA tfmq^r theholdine of courti. I^ \i^t* the bailiiFi rifid^ coiiitantly, and hold their office ittiily for fix, nine, or at mod twejve years. Here are atfo twenty feculaii zed convents tiiatare called blkilUage«> but >Rl(hd^t any jiirirdlAlon annexed tp tltem. The rcforma- k\M vft^ introduced here in t jt; : relieiobs malteri are ■u/^der thft |uHrdi£^io/i' of an ccclefiaftkal c6iih|{6 ^th6 cantoh coniiiins ten aeaheries. with one WinUltd afid rtfty minlftcrs. !(« qaQ% for ifie national 'dtfen^e, i> one thodfand four hdndrrd ijiert ; it i^o^inatet one of the two comm<(nderi in chief, and hai a' ttyoaue of'^ut one hundred and {|fty thoufand crowns per annum, " The_i;a]pital city, Zurich, give^ nattie to the canton : it it'ands in apleafint coii'ntry, near where'ihe river Aarifltiea ft6m the 1 alt* that d'eiiv'es Us name from the tbwni, tweiity- riiree miles fronl'Sthiffhaufen. After having bCert tuilied •by Atf ila the Umn, it waJ reftored ' by Thoricu«; ' fort of ■ThettdtJiic, kinrgof the'Goths, tfom whom it took the name of the Thuricam, corrupted afterwards into tha of Zurich. 7hCr HvCr divide* it into two parts',and has two bridges over if.'ltMfbrtifiiedin the modern way^ and has wide dirchei, ftced with free ftbnc,Thert ate five ai'fcnals in it, will ftored li5lH armsitnd artillefr; an aciflemy or college, having fifhea proMHiTi; a mttie^m, OV chamber of rarities ; a ftately'towu-houfc, the pilUrs iti th«i front of which are bf blaclt marble, IheakedWith white ; here is alfo itowU library. Thefovereigntyartdadminiftration of all affairs Are lodgeid in ^, that an ordinary insn may crrep into thr gruter pipes. The toTn is fuppofv;il to h.ivf hid its name from Luceina, or a hnteri., fct up luiv to direfl ji^afllnpcrs on the lake in the ntglit. The gorciiimeiu of the town and canton is vePtcd h? --II »»._(■-_ .k. I — t. t^. The Vrth caAiaili h U^. whidi U filtty d|UM long, artd twenty broad, aboondt with mouiUaini) th« The criio^'c cantons ul tally h.tve their pirticulur diet litre, ftolli toy, fnd the annuafpeniions they reCeive from the kings of Franc* ahd Spain. They have ito wine, iittle corn, and few or no manofoAurei, but plenty of wood, fiOi, black cattle, butter and cheefc, witn which they putchafe what necef- faries they want. The number tit people in this canton is o>n'.puteil at about twenty thoufand in nunlbcr, of whicl: thofe of better ^ fafhion live by the flocks and herds they keep in v their gtouiids^ and the nieaner fort by tending thefe herds* - of hawkiilg and pedliiig German and Italian wares. ,The government here is democratical, as in all other infoiior cantons, ^here they have hardly any towns, but live dif" perfed in villages. In ecclefuAical matters, they are fub- jeA to the bilhops of Conftance, Coire, or Como. Tht Urtdes gemeine, or geiteral afTembly of the Canton, is held annually on die fird Sunday in May, where every male, above fix teen, ha< a vote. The tvTO following are the only teiDarkable places in thii canton, viz. Altorf, i. e. the old village, which is a well built town, being the feat, of the government, and tht place where molt of tlie gentry refide. It contains an arfenal, a granary, an handfome town-houfe, with a houfii for cutting arid polifhing cryftal, three churches, and two convents, a. Urferenth^l, or Urferen Valley, Which i* about nine miles in length, and one in breadth, and yields good paflurage. in ecclefiaftical matters, the ii)habitants are funjeA to the bidiop of Coire. I'hey are a free people* and rather allies than fubjeAs of the canton of Un. V. The caifton of Scbevcitz is about thirty milCs in length, and twenty in breadth. The land, for the moft part, is pafture grouud, yielding httle corn, and no Wine ; but they have plenty of fith from their lakes and rivers, with black cattle, game, butter and Cheefe. With refocft to their government and religion, they arc much tlie um< as thof^ of Uri } and itb inhabitants too, like thofe of that canton, are lurdy, bold, and vigorous. They are AiK-ift, in fpirituals, to the bifhop of Conftance. The principal pUces in tliis canton, or under its fave«' rcignty, are, t . Scheveits, which gives name to it, and is^ its capital, snd the feat of the regency. It is fituated ten miles from Luc.rn, in a plcafant valley, and Contiini, be- fidet a parilh church, tluee convenU, a town-houfe, a mine, an liofpital, an arfenal, and feveral jiandfonle pri- vate houfes. ^. Einfidlen, a fmall town near the rivet Meufe, ten miles north ea'ft from Scheveitz. Here is a rich' benediftine abbey, the abbot of which has the title of prince, and is led of the town and its territory, under the Ibvereignty, or rather the proteAioil of the cauton. The treafure of the abbey is of immcnfc value. The church of our lady is embellimed with maAerly paintings, with gild'] |< ings, and moft delicate ilucco work. V I. The canton nf Underwald is divided by a foreft into two parts, diftinguilhed by the nar.ie ofObcr and Underwald, i. e. altove and belo'V tlie foreft ; but it bearf on!^ the name of the latte'. It extends about eighteen miiM from north to fouth, and fifteen from eaft to weft. Herv are fine raftures, fruits, woods, and cattle, with lakes, mineral fprings, and qnarriet of marble. The two parts make two communities, whiclt have eacit thisii re* ipeAivc chief, diet, council, feal, banner, and officers ; but a!i (hey both confKtute only one canton, they have alfo * common coenci!. Both are of tlie popifh religion, and in the diocefe of ConAance. VII. The canton of Zug, is fhiall, reaching ibout twelve miles either way ) but it is very populous and fruit- ful, yielding wine, whtat, chefnuis, and other frnits, and :*_ „_ ._.?_. I. ..ll-^. ^.iL T* M-- 1- -Vi diocefe of ConAance, and its government is democtatioRU There are two lakei in it, abciniding'witk fifb, particularly 9 ii . . large *», % ^w p^ Thb new AMD UNIVPRSA^ 'arge carp, pik«, ohd a fpcclet of trout called rotelt i and Itie woooi produce great plenty 6f game. The inbabitanti are all (launch RotAan catholic^ The only plKc in this cantoit worth mention'n^ }i Zu(i, which gives nnme to it, and is its capital. Itis^a flrong, neat toWn, containing a prl6ry and tWo convenes, and Hands on the eaft fde of a lake of the fame .name, about tcNtn miles long. VIII. The canton of Glaria, or Glarus, is furrounded on all fides, except towards the north, lofty moun- tains, one of which, called Todibcrg, is almoft im- pallable. The principal valley extendi from north to foutli above tvvcnW miles, and is ftid tu be very ruhje'f) to ^art^r quakes: The other vklcs yield good pallurage, b\it liftle fdrt\- or piilfe. Vaft numbers of horlei, .bhick caitle, goats, and Ihiep, grace both oh 'the thp\4nbiiiii and In t|ie Vallles, and great qulintitiei of butter and C^itscfe are matlB in both. TUe'rtiduiuains yield »\t6 wood', flatr, crynal, mineral waters, and baths j and the'ri\ers and lakes a- bound vyitli flfh. The government, like that 'of tljr pre- ceding petty cantons, is dcmocratical i but.tbe fefc.atei' part of the inhabitants ^rcptMi-flants. BefiJie's il\e RcijeVal diet of botli religions, heldannbally in a^elif witt^put the town of (jiaris, there jrc particular djets of e»ch| reli- gion iu'ld alfo ani^uatly ; ihat'df tAe Ca1vihi(t<. at a fmall town, called Schumdt^n, and that of the papifli in a field between Nitffall :liid NaflFtls. Hire, as in llye , 6'*l)ei- de; niocratica! cantons, b^fidcs the diets, it a ^'oiliioil of re- gency, with ICyeral. courts of juiticif foi ci,vil,'cri(iiij)^l, and ccclrri.iflical affaiti. The. (owns ii) this pntoh are very iiicniili(ieiah|r. . IX." rile canton nf Rafil, ' wbiiM is t^pUv niile\ li) length, alld ^Uout cVi:btccn in brradth, contains tv^cp(v- feven pari(hf.t tlie tnountaini^ arc very'bar- ren. ihtreare many rocdiciriat fnrings and baths in, it, rnd ihe ar is uliollbiiie aiid (en}p(',rate. Its' government is arinociaiica), and its t^evemjeVarift chiefly from rerularited ibbic>( and impoHs on goods carried through the Tountry to and fioni France, Italy ant! Gciniany. '^oth i.icn aha women, for the nioft oart, wear the Frchch dr'ets ; but the Tanguige commonly fiwkcn is High Dutch, though the French alfb is much uled. , Bafil, which gives name to the cantor^, is the Capital city. It is ilic largeil in all Switzerland, having two Iry.n- dicd aiid twcniy flroets. and fix market places, or tqiiarcs. Its environs arc exceedingly beautiful, confiding of a. fine, level track of fields and meadows. The' city is divi^e4 into two bans by the Rhine, over which there is a nand- foinc bridg;. It is (6'rtificd with vvalU,' moats, towers', and haflions, and contains feveral churches, bcfidf;s ^tl)^ catli'^dial', which is an old gnlbic llruAure ; a com(T||^i4ery'. •f the order of St. Jolin, ;^nd lanqther of the teutonic otdci ; a public granary and arfenal, a (lately low.n-huuic^ an univcrlity, which was founded in I4S0- and liaf a fu- rious phyfic-^ardrn, libr.iry and niuf'-Uiii, a gY^'tiaCum, a (laiciy pal.icc leau|itul and extei)fivc proCpcd. '1 radc ftill flourrllkcs here, cfpecta«ly ih fllk, ribbands, and viiiics ; and the police is uiidcf excellent re- gulations. The t,wo EuxtoiiTs, father and fon, and the famous paintct Holbein, wc|c natives of this place. The celebiaiid Erafmus died here in 1536, in pie fcventictU year of hi^ s^c, and was bi^ried in the great church. X. The cajito.'-, cf Fiiliurg, which is ncarfortv miles in leng'ln and twenty in breadth, is partly aiountainous, and p Icvil ; ar.;l, beiides fpme mines, yields plenty of patiui:.gc, grain, fruit, c.ttile, and dieefc. It is divided into three iniu-r bailiyrics, and fixtccn outer, befxics the territory of the city. The inhabitaikts are chw£y papiftt, and the lani;ua|;e principally German. The only pUc: of liotc in this canton i^ Fribuic,i«luch gives name to it, and flands amon(jrp(;k»,,.in a valley,. on the liver Saone, fix leagues fuulhw^rd from, I!eii|. l\^ft ae feveral churches, convent', aiidhorpit^U, wit^i alun4- fome colUgc, a mi'iit, a granary, an arfcnal, a co^inun- dcry of St. John, i.wii a council honfc, Mlilth ilifrds on a rock, and commands a guild piulptdl. The govcii^uKikt rctiemblcs that of Bern, except that here it is confined to frvciitv families of patiicians. cxclufive of all Other*. The town 1* tolerably fortified XI. The canton of Solothurn is ritua|e^,,9() the river 8 Y SrT B M .«F 9 E O GlV,AcP H ^f fj n Aft i is about tweltre mile* long, and ten broad | and ^ tolerably fittite, ylelainecorn, wine, andftuiti, andjcoi^* tain* fine wood* and pafturc*. The governuitnt if arifto- craiical I and the rcligiort profpfled iu it it (ba I^nt^ cathotli:;, except in one bailiwic. . ,' ' T'lRfprintipalpUq'e in i^i* canton ii Sole|h«Mn, wk^jcE giv«*''nain4 tp it, ajtd i* i^tuajted in a pleafi^n^. jfei^ ci^K^nkfy. The governthe4)t i^; much the fameu t1ii|i.gfF Bcfiv am) Friburg, and the language chiefly (poken.jf French. Here are a collMiate church, a large college, a well furniihed arfcnal, and two convents. XII. '*l'bR dntop of SchaflPhaufen, which lie* cn^ljr dn the GCriiif n fide of the R,liine, i* the ^oft nbt^er^ c^ all' the !\Wifs cantoM. It i* about twenty ipile* il,ong,.'(i(^ iW'eW*; bVoaiJ'i and i* in gcneal fertile, yietdut^ corn, fruit, (Ulti^rel plenty of fiih, mineral fyfitfgi, if\i^o^ Ted wine. Tlic inliabitant* are Calvi'i>ift)i and tbegoveri^ ment iHftocratical. , , "'' The'dhly town in this ciantoh, tbat ihe^iu defcri^lioij^ is. Sdlaffhaufen, which i^ plearant|v,{ituated mapla^i^on il^e A..|iiue,. isnd ii very handlbmc^'tlte Qrcets being braa4.> ai^d thtjno'ulc's niagniiicent. Here ajjf feveral ha^^nif fhun:|iei^ an arleiial, an'acadenjiy, ,^ ,i[t(ti)^ i;a{iinet,pfr4tt- , ie*, and a grjodJorfrcf*. j The, city c^rie* ai^.i fiwuifif Ubie trade by the Rhine, ovcr'wIiic|>',tf Ita* u )MiV(}(yaf« itolte bridge.^ \ .,]' ,j,, „ ,, • , XIII. T^e canton bt Ap(>cnzel ja.atiout tturtj, mile* long, and twenty. broad. U yifl^s good 'panuragp,|ai^ ironlcq^uently i* not deflitutc of. oaftle, imiIk, butter, 9^ Checfe. 'C6i)lidcrabIe.<}ua(^tities.a4to,prw)>ea,C> rye, ba^ley^ oats, bAn»,,jK;»s, flait,' itiid wAe,, areipro^'upcd i(p i^,{ pcli^j a ^re;|t deal, pf /r}{jti Jfp'tft ,»V*' 'F** wi'.h.inmeta* Waters, itnd wa'rn'> bai)^9« . l^ij^.aifije many moiintaini i|^ !»a^re;|tdeal,qf/r}jjt,_ 8, and wa'rn'i b*iii»f . '-...^_,^,- ,, -_ , tliesahjon, the bigh^p of ^^lyclij is that callfd the J|plw W(iM!(j ir"tli9 Mohv-meT2;m<)r, which coiiioiarids a pfpipc^ 11' !u the bifliop of ConftanCC, but^v fjtjj (euants t^ tt'cir own conf.ftory. Tlt)^ inha9J|a(ii;$,,ifu|)|t||| ch'ielly' by' Ihelr manufaAuries of. lineo,.crap«^ 'H^WH aiid.Uirew, or , by bleaching, andtb^ ula ot)u>eu\,ffi|tk, bul»cf,"cr^'rfe, borlcs, woo«yicit tltat belojij^in common to certain pan(b^* i whicn u^ ^' follow : ' ' ; il' • I. Ther^au, <»bofe name is derived from tne river Thur that runs ihiough it. It is very, larg^ and , populous, and,, tlitiiigl) lomcwhat mountainous,. ii. in^gi^neral tolerably, fu|,^i:. About one thii'^i of its ii^atiitaiit^ aie papilla, ane^ tWreftcalvinifls. The eight old cantons, who are love-, reigns of (t, alternately appoint a lailin every two. year*. ^ ^'Ijecbicf places of note in it are, 1. fjraucnfeld, thi^; capitaj, which llands on the river Mark, eleven miles weft. of^Conllancc. The bailiifrefides here in 1^ calllc, on ^ ock, at biie end of tlie town ; and here the. deputies ot the eight cantons meet to audit tli^ annual accounts, of their common bailiwics. 2. l^ilTcnliofcn, {( cpnCderable, town on the Rlisnc, over which it has a bridge. It ^njoyf, I,' cat privileges ; fur the bailiff^have np autllOl!^y .in it* o|^ '<: precin£l ; but appeals, in civil cauliis, \^ r/omJt,to ti;^ cantons, or their deputies. Both prills and protcllaots compofc the inagiftracv of thial^i^j^c.,^, , ,, ,, II. Rhcinthal is about twenty iifiles )aagf tl^ fivA where broodcft, and ts fru.'tful Mth in. corn and wine, efpccialiy tbc iattci. Here is i^ i.iyl|al pin li^ witict) a vaft (it at of yellow, brown, and whilf^ tranlparcnt cryft^ is ftijind. Moftbf theinliabiuutf,^* prptciGlants, ami tbcvr muuffer* arc always taken f^om fnc ^cajdcinjr. at .Zurifb. The Ibvetctgiiiv ol this bailiwic belongs to ninccantons, \u, Be(n. Zurich, I,,uccrn, ScUwcit?., (>Jaii*, Ijri, Underwald, Zug, and Appen/.el, who alternately appoint a bailiff every two yrara but the abbot of St. Ga|) riileralilf to n.rrit jurricuUr defc iption. Ill Sargaiu i< about twenty-tour miles in length, and. ab*ttt fia >(> Itrcadih. Its mountains feed great numbers of cattle, and its vallies produce corn and fruit. This bailinx, which is divided into tiie Upper and Lower Sar^ani, beiong to the tight old canton*, who lend a bati^'Vi It in tlieir turns. I'he ir.habitantt aio partly papills, (EyfP OFfi.) . V pipifti, atwi panlyv^rotefluitl. T , niftert from the academy at ZurL fi,Miril.:'F,ZS/rv?fc^vN0i; 73?> have their mii .tie forniec uiidei' itUe ^b, and. number* This Lower lend » ic pittty papiDt, the hrfhbp oF Cbii-c. ' The principal pliiicef li Pferffct^, m rich benediAlne abbsy, whofe^abbbt 'i» » prlrt^ of tlid ^empir*. About a mile and a half from the lionvi^nris ^ ^ fiuniua hMtelli belohgiikg lothe abbey, tto water of ^iclv Ji b9t in the (ocomI iegoti, and good for many djdeni|eri; iMing 'inofimiiaMd *ith fpirit of . fulph^ir,! nitrr.qvivtolj IIBnd aaaialk oTvaribui kiodi. ■ ■ i. i' I, • lV.;tia(iet it chiefly raoantkinottt, notwithAanding! which it it far from bting unfruiifol. Thii diftri£t ha« a flitt beU.eyvryitwo yeaiisr 'rxi acounoil, with two. couittj of foftioc, qne foceitil, and another fdr criaiinal Gaufes, , inl ail which the < baili ' .• ^ ■' ' ' >' ! I V. iUtanaeh biiiliwic : was purcbafed tin r469 ' by the oaBtons'of fiohweiiz and' Oilaris, . by whonr a 'bailiff' is ■ppoimed alternately every tw6 years ) bat wh4n it ii the .turn of the latter, be it not^inatcdby the papilU alonei 6f ■ yilvA'c religion nioft of the inh.«bitaiit> are. r I' Vli Garabs M • very fmall and incanliderable'bailiwic ; is fubieQ to the iame cnnioni, and enjoys nftudi the fane priJOfiegMiis tbetwo forniir; ■ ■' VII. Rapperfchweil town, with its diftriA, liethirleen imiiis lbulh*w{itl ' of Zuriclii on the lake, towards Chur. rll.it a tol«f.ihld e6od.town, wril tortiticd, and ha« aftroitg .xrt&lci; She wood«i» briitge,' which extends Ironi hence lo ^pptntKif land in ilit lake, is laid to be vny near IWO nriles III kiigili ; yet it i-. entirely open, thwt not liflnjt: tiny' rails ,ontitbrr llde.'-i Tli«inhali«tantt,:>wbo.atei4lilandi^«nH< itill oijnjfHitirti^ticWt'privilegci. •' " ' ' ■'>■■'' <>' • ;■ i '! .-.VJII. liadont which in gmernl: it | (Mi\6 diArift, lyidltlf plenty of fi'Utt and frr»i)i, tiful -in lome places it drodkiteswineitiv'iron. It itwc:j watered' by ihrcfnavi-. ^abloifivert,' the Lithnvir, the UcmIz^ and the A.ir, which ahouiul-witli- filh. 'Ihe-cantont of- itcrn-appaint » bailift' fiivi«ly/ -each for ieVrit \i%t9, andahdn Ularii.|<*r.two. (Moft ofit*Wh»'t»ittms'ln-«' jMi'ift*. ■•''.'.■■ Ii- ' fFbe «Nly>t-((J»i»«ed on tlie LiBimar, and is otluiwifc called U|>per Undcn, (o dif- .tinpoilh it fi^minbrtiertoWnof tlic fartie bame in Swabia. In it.< ncigjlbourhood art'Crvtrnl hot baths, the waters of Av^ich arc j*oed f<»rv»iio«is diferdoii. Tin; inhabitants are :j)trfly prottftanH,. «iiid partly papifts. Here arc two calWcs, 6(ie (4'itMtfi\ is (hv^tftArtceiof the bailiff'^ a hridi«e.e' and Lower, in l>oth of which the (oil ',i v*r^ fruitful, and ttic inliahitaiiU all Komancatlir- lics, •mk'rithe bifhop of ConftincC Thd'ontv place irt iHcm worth inentfoniiia; is Muri, an opiilint iin.) celebrated iu-««tliftiiw t\t^H\ on tlw fiver Hitwr., the-aSbot of which, ws^i) Ii iWltieJiately under th* {xiyt, it all'or a princ* of the empire. Tlie t*wnr of Br«!igiffen and Mcll ih eon ?re under tht ioirttOWet^ij^rt^y 6f Zurieb, Hern, aiuKJIaiisj the forink of whicli rttriiw on a |;oo • i'liii'>i¥am4 of iHie laftiSe a niixtiMc of prottShnts aftd p;ipitl» ; bntthufe oftlWfhree lirll ate proteftar.ts^ Artliefbot ol tlit Alps, in Italy, lie'the ll.iliitti baili- wifi,' which Hre (even in nunibir,' 'hattielv, BslHrni,' Ki- viera tjr" Polrle, \ aliexli Htrgno, La\ii'<.<'Us;i',aiic.s, Alya- tlnl or Val MaMta, aiAl M'endi*i. "'TNcy*i* all moun- iaiH6u«. and-Werabfy fcftilo : {lie irtiabitanM fptak- the Ifsll'^ii Ihnruajie, ^Ad'are ai! pafiills. ■ ;• • ' • HfA^uWig x^hey and the boroiifch of Glirfat' ire xnde* rti« phiiedtion of the four t«t>ft'towns of Lucent, Urtj Scb'^ritz, and I'nclerwalder*. The allies of the Swifs arc united t<» the cantons by a fol^mivleaSue. iA eonleiiiu-nce ofwhich thty have a vote in tlifir'a^mbhvt. Thefearcai follow :• •St. <.>all.'an .ibHL-Nk whife anbot is lovereten of that call.d the patriinuiiy of St. Gall, litii^fd bctvreim-ZtiriCh aiuiUicUkeofConilance: Th; .ibiioy, wliicli is of the Seiiediain« order, lU very alms-houli, and an arfe- nali The town was formtly fubje£\ to the abbot, but it is novKi* republic, and. lends deputies to the general diet. . fieil, aitowii fituatedon the lake to. which itgives name, it undtn thefoveteigntyof the bilhop of Uafil. who, riii his accefrion,to the jfegeiicy, (igni an Inilrument by which he engafil^s jto maintain the inhabitant? in all their rights and lilKttle^. This town baa a vote in all the general diets of the cantont. T^he i>f ifon Leagues territory Is divided into three partt, ,»ia. N The iGrifon or Grey League, a. The League of the fioufeiof God. And, 3. the' Ten JurifdiAioni. .Tbii Kuytti ofttie^wholois.abokit. feventy miles, and the breadth lixty. It is in general a inountaiiioiK country, bUtprDdu'cea.moft of ifae necefTaries of. life. Each of til's Leai'.ucs is fub divided into fevcral l.lFer communities, ■which atiJ fp many dciinocracies, every male above fixtcen .having a (hare in the gnvsmment of the community, and -a'Vate.iit the cleflion of ntagillratcs. Ocpuiies from the dfiveral coniiniiaities ctmfbirjte tlie General Diet of thb .QrifoniLcaguei,. which mocis annually anc> alternately, at tlus capital «f/:achi Lea^ac, butiheyc^ii conclude notliin; ■i»LthoitC'ilhe):cotif«nt of ttieir coiirftitucnts. About two thirds \of tlie inhabitants aire Cal/inifti, and the reft papilla.' 1 !. That called the Grifon or Grey Lcas^ue is divided into'ei^ht .diftriAs, callyJ- councils, and twcnty-tlircc oomnMinuiiM.iof which eighteen ai: popilh. Thrib dillrifti contaiafevtral: fmall villagus, which are too inconliderable to meiic |iarii6ulnot only of the League, but of the whole republic. It is tolerably la^gc and populous, and its neighbourhood is beautifully divcrfitied with hills, pLiins, vineyards, cora fields, and orchards. Here are fevcral churches, an arfe- nal, a college, a gramni.ir rdiool, a granary, and a town- houfo, .in which is. hold, once in three yean, the general dict,.and alfo thb oxtraurdinarydiets, and the congrelTes. I'liehiOMp is a (iriikeofHie empire, and has a revenue of Olio theufend pounds ddrling perannum. ( g. The Lcafocof the'Ten JurifJidtions, which it the fmalleft'of thoilirte, ii divided into feven coinmunrties, dnt of which the chief is annually chol'cn by turns. To make uptfac Ten jur'ifdii!}ioi>s, tliree of the great cninttiu- nication^ are fub-dividedtactvintotwol Theigveatcrpatt of the inbabitatftsarl^pToldftantt -, ianti the language fpnkeik in gcMTat:!* ihc'lUfet'flian. I'he country. contiltt, foi^thi mail part, '. of- ragged mountatiis, yielding neither corn nor trait; eiedspt on the .banktof -the Rhine, and ajfeW other''|iihccs, but abouhding in Imrfce, cattle, (ilh, milk, butter, niid clleefc, of all Wljich there Is a cenfi leraible e«« poriation.' i' • ' I'holtj ttiVitwiw ot bountftas which arc luh]»a «o.th* tlirae(3 bf vrhieh arc very feftile. : THS-hnguagaliaebrropt Italian, and the reli^itfh popery. I'hafe pUccti io not cbntain any thing re<- iii.ukable. .• 1 ■ t Haldenttcin haronf is under the proteftion tff the Grifon Lraone, atstl tak^y^tii ntrntyfuaiu the^iillai;aof MaMe)lft«(fl, which Has i'pahige'iii it,''ahdalmaUoallle. The Calvtnlik ^^li^',ion■|Htvail5.thro'll^!hOlI^thl» batbny. ^ 11 ' lii Val.«i^- aAothar allfA>f 'tliO S4vM mtuAj, i}s a vaNk^ among the Alps I'urrounded by lofty mountains. This country 740 tHi NEWano U'NI'VfeRi»A& (YSTiM or OEOdHAfk/iiW at ',-'"■■». fk- V) ceunirj it isetUingly iWtffct prelueing HMft kitili of gnuM, atid a great variatyi of the cliolctft fraki. It abontida alfo in cattle, game, and venifon. It U iliyi ThtgoewtiMent it mnra belongiii^ tb it, with a verv valuable library. The library belonging to the city it wcU lumifhed with excellent bo olu, bcfide* a curioas colledioa of medals and petrifadion; , and fbme antient and valuable manufcripts. The trade of the city is vrry conliderable, it bein^ a great thoroughfare, and having a variety of manufiiAuriea, with a number of induArious and ingeniont artificert, par^ : ticularly in the watch-making branch. At thie general hofpital, bcfides the city poor, indigent travellers are main- tained for one day, and ihen difmifled, with fome money in their pockets, to proceed on their journey. The go- vernment is much like that of Zurich and Bern^ The number of burghers is about one thou/and five hundred, and the principal magiftrates are the four fyadiea. Hett : aie no Icis than four councils, vis. the general coundl of I the citizens and burghers, the couiKil of two hundred, that of Cxty, and that of twenty-five. Of tho iafk, two pcilbnt of the fame family cannot be members at the fame -time. The religion of moft of the inhabitants is Cat- viiull. ' No marriages are permitted here, unlcft both parties are of the protcftant religion. A woman of forty years of age nuil not marry a man of left than thirty ; if Ihe exceed* forty, her huiband muft be at leaft thirty-five i no* mail a nun above fixtv marry a woman who it not at leaft thirtj. A widow muit not alter her condition in left than fix montlM after her bulband's deccafc. A very fingnlar «.'• torn prevails in Geneva, and it peculiar to it : the parcutt /oinvfocietie* for their chUdtcn at a very early period of Iheir lives. Thefe focietie* eoi\fifi of ten or a deaen, or mere children of the fame (ex, and neatly of the fuae age and fituaiion in life. They aflcmbie once n week in tbc boufct of the diierent parents, who entertain the com- pany by turns with tea, coffee, bifcoits, and frait* and 4bcn leave tbc young aflembl;r to «1'F freedom of the* own cunveriatiou. This connexion is ilriflly kept up throi.■■»»«• •><»«>«*W>l*'>^i*io«t,firlendiy, and bmnane. Their perfou* are «iU,' robaft; and wall made, k»t their eompieaion* arevcry indiflerent. TIm wamenara gititcel.'fenfible, nwdeftw and agraeable. The aantoniitevwr keep any Atmding troopa, exeeM for a fint garrilbnt, but ibe nilltia i« thabcl ttgulaied of any in Europe. Every male fr^mifl&ieen «> fixty it cHiolM, and near one third o^ them regiteanltil; . ThM are aitot^. ed to engage in the fervice of fbrtihn prineca fer any 4ime they think proper, at the eapiiktion of which they ai« at liberty to return home. Hene* Snrltaerfand it i never unprovided with experienced (iffipert and brave foldiers.' We have already, in our defbrlption of the feveral can- nnit taken notice, of their refpeaiVa garemmentt, and fhali tbenefoia oalyi add, in thiiphKx,; ttaat tha>ceaMnan- wealths of Switaerland endeavour to fupptefe everything that may ioirodaoe vahity and luxury < they proliibkgaa. ing, balls, and allextravacancetofarefti and their mtgi. ftraitt, in iheir public afkmbliet, appear in. the plained garb imaginable, to fct an example to the reft., Eerfbnsef different qualities, are Jiftinguilhed by their omamantVi but they are fuch at may be purdiafed at a moderate p^ice. The German language is generally fpoken here, in which alfo all public iftairi are tranfatled : bnt in tbofe part* of the country that border on Italy and France, a cotrupt French or Italian prevail*. Calvinifm and popery ate tM two predominant reliaioiM. Their priiKipal manufimures are fhofF anri tobacco, linen of feveral torts, lace, thread, filk, and wo "'0 ftockr ingt, iKckck>ths, cotton AufFs, glove*, handlMircb^tfftt fjlka oTfeveral (bru, gold and fiivcr brocade*, a variety .afrool- len manufaAuret, iMtt, paper, leather of all timt, eatihcn wares, oonelain, toys, watches, clock*, awl other hard> wares, &c. The trade of Switaerland is neatly premotei by many luvigable lakes and rivcH^ In wm4.«f the above manufaauret, and in dicefe, butler, ihecp, hoTfkiu'falack cattle, hid?* and fkins, the exports an confiderthie t and a* the' impotu are chieAy grain and felt,, witit (ome Ame- rican and Afutic goods, the balano* of Uade t* probably nnicb on their fide. In general, the public revenue* are very inconfiderable, and atife ahiefly fiom the ufual regalia appiopriated every-where to the fovereign, the daneOiet and public granaries, voluntary contributions, tlie ble of fait, and a lind>tajc : iiipcoi«iaiit cantons, from tke church lands •Ifo that were fiHMdat t\\t reformation ; *)tcept in Zurich. Bern, Bazil, and bcUaffliaufen, where tlie people aremoic induftrious, have a greater trade, aiul are richer than in ilic other*, they only defray the ordinary char^pg*. ^Ite people of tliii country were antiently calkd Hcl- vetii. After tliey were defeated by Mariut, they retired into their o«vn country, where they lived peaceably till the time of Julius Caiiiir, who obliged tbcm again to fubniit to the Koman yoke, uitdcr which they continped till the dccleiifioii of that empire, when they became a part uf the king (icmbled a body of tweWe thoufend men, and obliged the r«ritci£ntantt to furrendcr ; wheuufn^ the peace of itu republic wai fcttoieU. ,„\) „ '^ '■"'*„• chv,: .1 U-i f. • A *i - ' %'('\.' .;.j ■I 4" ', i^ *«" ^ji' t «i % *« v„ »■ f . f : s I i*l- f # CttA?. .'1 ( 74» ) CHAP. XVII. THE NEW HISTORY AND DtSCtllPTlON OP V. .r^-V.*] Comprehending the reveral Kingdoms, StaHit» and Terrilorlet thereunto WjogiAg. 4 * i'^ SECT. I. ') '^ * hj/hty anil itfo til ptpr »' ttvmi, •■ ve brrn oiic* the miflteri of the world, the c\ piresi tlie liut of the mufes, the nurfery of arts, ...ui ilic centre of opulence) but at prcfeat rctaini only the Ihadot* and remnants of ita priftine power and grandeur. Thi'> country is fituated between the fevcnth and tenth degree, of caft jongitudc, and thirty • fevenlh and furty-rixtli dcgrcei of nonh latitude, being about fix hundred milei in length, and in feme places near four hundred bread ; but in other parts the bieadth doci not ex^d twenty-five miles. Its form rcfembles that of a boot. It it bounded, on the nonh, hy France, Swit- Berlarid, and Qcnniny ; on the oO, by the Adriatic -, and on the fonth and weft, bv the Mrditerranean fea. The dominion* in Italy, fulMci) to feveral princei and fovcreigns, are ai follow: I. The Popedom , 11. Naples i •in. P&Jmontt IV. Milan; V. Montfetrati VI. Mo- denai VII. Parma and Placentia ; VIII. Mantua i IX. Genoa ; X, Venice t which we fliill treat of in the order here laid down, after giving the natural hiftory of the country. Italy well merits the appellation which it has obtained, »5«. the Garden of Europe. The air is very different, ac- cording to the dilTercnt (ituations of the feveral countries contained in it. In thofe on the north of the Apennines it is moiC temperate, but in thole on the fouth generally warm. The kir of the Campania of Rome and of the Ferrarcfe, is unhcalthful, which is owing to the lands not bein^ duly cultivated, nor the marflies drained : that of the other parts is geneially pure, dry, and healtliy. In fum- mcr, the licat ii generally very great in the kingdom of Naples, and would be almoft intolerable, were it not fomc- what alleviated by the fea-bieezes. The foil is, in general, very fertile, being watered by a great nuinl)cr of riveri, the pruicipal of which are the Po, which rifcs in Piedmont, and dtl'cml)ogucs ilfclf into the Adriatic , the I'yber, which hai its fiinrce in the Apennines, waters Rome, and difchari;es itfcif into the Tuliran fcai the Adiga, Atno, Adda, &c, bcfidea which, and Inme other rivers, great numbers of lakes are fprcad throughout the whole country, which produces a variety of winis, and the bt-ft oil in liurofc, excellent iilk in abund.ihce, corn of all forti, but not in fuch plenty as in I'ome other parts; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, railins, fugar, mulbcrry-tices witliout number, figs, |>eaclics, neflarincs, apricots, peart, apples, filberds, chefnuts. he. Mod of thefc fruits were at hrll imported l)y the Roniani from Afm Minor, Greece, Africa, and Syria, and were not the natural produOs of the foil. The tender pluttts arc covered m winter on the nuitli fide of the Apennines, but on the foulh fide they have no ntri of it. This country alfo uclds good paftuve, and abounds with cittlc, Ihccp, gcan.DulFalocs.wild boars, mules. and borl'es. The furcli:! arc well (loicd with game of varioui Itindj. The Apennines and Alps are the principal mountain* i the former run the whole length of thecountry from north- weft to foiiih r.nft i tin- l.iltt;r extend froni tl.c river Var, pear Nice, to the AJr'iutic. Th: mountains yield not • No. 75. only nUnea of iron, Icid. allum, Ailpliur, matblo of all foits, altbtfttr, jafper, J^.^^.', rfc ^c. but alfo gold and Clver, with • great variet..< '.v^: V-.< ic hetbi, trees, fltruba, and ever-gtecnt, u 1 m , >i,,j-.,|ir, laurel, and bays, wild olive-treet. mr.-. 1 , ^- ; • ,« , tikh P*"**, &e. The eccleiiaftical ftate, ~t general, is excellent. but badly cullivaud, llic people being remarkably Idle, and grofsly fapctflitious. The tyranny of tlic governin<-at, the pride of the prelacy, the numerous herds of mortksand friars, and the natural indolence of the people, have greatly depopulated and iinpovorilhed one of tlie moil fertile fpocs ill the univcrfe. The fpiriual power of the pope received a great blow by the Reformation 1 but, though hv fhoit of what it formerly was, it is Aill vrnr confiderable. The Roman pontiff ftill pofTelles his temporal domi- nioni. The Campania of Home is under hia immediate t.overnment, but me other provinces are governec* by legates and vice-legates, and there is a commander in < iiieif ofthe pope's forces in every province. The pope is cliolcn by the cardinals in the conclave, who are fcveniy in nuni- ber when complete, and confift of throe clafles, i\amcly, cardinal- bilhopt, priefls, and deacon*: the caidinil that is chofen pope mail be an Italian, and at leat\ filty-tive years of age : the Cardinils conlidcr themfelve* as on • footing with crowned head*, and have the title of I ni.' nentilumi. The pope holds a confiflory ' ih^m on e< .-• fiaftical affairs; but the cardinals do not meddle wttit hi* civil government. The pope's chief minidcr is the car- dinal patron, who amafli' an immenfe elUte, if the rtign be of long duration. The pope's revenue, as a temporal prince, is, one mil> lion of pounds fterling, ariling piincinally from the mono- poly of corn and duties on wine : bu independent of tlii*« tic receives confiderable funis for inJulgencrs, difpenfa- tions, canonizations, &c. He has a conlidcrable body of regular troops tolerably well cloathed and paid ; hit life* guards are forty S-wils, fcventy-iive cuirilflcrs, and the fame number of lijht borfe : his fleet, however, is but defpicable, confiding only of a few gallics. It is computed that the monk* and regular clergy fcattered through the pope's and other countries, who arc at his ablblutc dcvo- votion, amount to two millions, and the revenues which fupport them are eftinuited at twenty million* of pounds llerling. Bologna was once a republic, and afterwards annexed to the papal dominions. 'I his leriilory cuntiiiu only one place worthy of defciiption ; namely, Bologna, its capital the fccond city in tlic ccclefiaftical flatc, and the fee of an archhifhop. The city of Bologtta is waflicd by the rivet Savona, and intcrfcded by the river Reno. The latter has a canal which communicates with the Po, and is ofeful for the convevaiice of various commodities. A brick wall adorn- ed wiih towers defends it, and the people carry on a few manufa^urics. All kinds of provilioiis aie in great plenty, and the inns the befi in Italy. The women enjoy as much liberty here a* in any city of Italy ; tlinfc of the highcft rank drefs entirely after the French mnde. In the ccntie of this city, like a mall -n a (liiy, (land* a very high tower, called Degli Atinelli, from (icrardo Afinelli, who built it in 1 109 : the heieht is three hun« drcd and feventy-one feet. Near it is a leaning tower^ called ( i.uifcnda, f>ut not lb high as tlie otlicr..^ The pa- 9 C lace t <5> ^ y] /i ^^ •y -I* ^^.^i'^ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.4 1.6 rtL _x Ui„ riiuiugiapiuL; Sciences Corporation /. S: •SS %. V ^\ .V '<^/< C^ > F!i:!s 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ■ ' f- ' ■ •-!: 74« Thb NSW AND UNIVERSAL gYSTEM or «EOOR APHY. lice whcie tlie gavernor rclklet, ami ihe court* of jufiice •re held, flinds in the great markel-placr, and i* two huiidicd and eiglii comiMin paeat inJtogilit Than «it In B«logtia, a great manjr convent*, fine palace*, and churchc*, adorneJ with a raricty of fine piintlngi, tculp- ture*. &c. TIjc church of St. Petntniuf ii tie laigelt i the emperor ClM(le( V. waa crowned in it, in the year I j^o. From BolMna niiu a oovand walk to the nunnery •f jMMmhm lie St. Lata, lUifi Itp^ mUftM^^ The daehy of Fenwa waa anonud to ^w w rt J lii B a l ftate in 1597. The princiMl pbnts in il h ftnli^^kUm hundred aM Qinanr fSiit* mw R^mc. Thi»'toifii,K i»>, Slarly Mv fail • H^M* t^KOt, .«MX»f ■ » t l kt tm^ ,f0, me otta(Mr # ##pLt» mitmrniu. '' of RoJTwfPflii^iW 1^ •re, •. Rowia, ihiity-oirttt Hitlat cat • dcoqM cMj^ mi feiOMcly the W0 fisa-ports. fit the larfi MwilD^pHtia - Ofgranafe, on wUdi an Ae (bnil of It ApoiliMrit i and ai(b a braft talM of iMi Akwp^ flttingithe ofual attitiKfeof titt|iO|«iaaUilali|i||:ilMi mh lie mohinnents. The (iMednt i*' > iut*lf ;JMt mM% adorned with feor row* of laattte pi>*"f«f ImmmV II* faiework, and ThechuttA " a. The WMid #RiiMini. llw 'ttmHUtt ^rikafm^ m l^e AdriaritL^no^gtca^Hdcdincd^tiMiogb' ' -^ of ii^ aiitirri* MHMi& af* Ml to b« -ft^ : ««i .v; • towiii iowaiid*Prfiuiro,i<^trtnaplMI%ii|ik'Np% Ao-. guflM. iH of tiuaiWe. tbeMMolwHWh^ftAfMiM raohraotifol > ble, built or rteaiird bjr.A««aftiii 'mi^ TibCtHK.. /TW fplendid librMy afcorot C Mt ti o nM ^* «Ml|wotth • tn^t ler't notic«. «kre wat tmiU»Mlttelllknim>oiuniM witb marhLs; M it ■* ll»«*'rM*.V» intanm. ckoaktd upwitbfand. • * • UrbiAO (* oMof th« ]*aA(iMU^da(lit«*i!|h%, Mi dor* not contain any reiniffcaUi! fiiie esoM Oibinoy ^ lebrattodibr hMtefi«cn Unk ^PotTdm Vbii^ the biftorian, amlRafbael the^debnMcdjMnler. Ancona, on dM Adrittii^ to • f^ 'M^. Mill Mi. Thit marquiOiSi co«t«a#| AMini, ^*feaCwal«, in the Iiok booli; and traaT?)*, would fill a wttona : kt it fuAce to lajs ibaf tbey are of inunanle value,- Perugia icfri-ory cantaiii* the laka aaar whieliiiMmihal 4 defeated the Roman* under tht confal Flaniniri^r and the <| town of Fer^a i* Only noted lor ha>iii| beenT«Ma takml by the Godis, after they bad bcfieged it fe^eu di^i. • Onicto territory containi a town of tb« 6tVt» nMm, which a welt, cut into a rock two bondrcd and^Ay «ubi<« iitp, ftipplici witli water. spsfetc !• ^xty-fiv* mile* Ions and fbrtv-feveit broad, an9Mmt te •><""*• i* <• tba; A*iaf a biftop, wbai(imA|c|wilr«ndortha|Mpe. TbwMMBber of the inbabitam* ia^ frid to be about taMeitlliDiiftnd. aconfi- danMe pact iff f bilk oeirfMb of prftHtnf monk* of all Olden. Mot flM* Ihnn the tvwn it a wiinti minenl fprinc. Hita aic «tn i r idJ imk i aif wkt, dta ati^jCaikd Gli oftt. . Bart|'aa4'4M!OtbHiGjyMl^ ' 'TfcetekritimdnilPm tibaa, biA itwiry WW, aM a rick andcdiUiln*&Miit,iA«caritidi " pice, and BOW dii;lpA « the iff a^rf^ w^oESmMpe 'tiaRanM^ Wiii«w4 medium JEoiiM:k gi a ag iiy tanttl Mcndbrjiralajpi^i tkitt R&w. TlM OeijMw K|ceaM«t.tlurom^C|ii inlttbiliiiui. ^TybM^ t^ia a*a fefqat 'WMiimimber af^'leiwer* on n^ ■ TU Tjtm k lbl|jiMR,,«» fiHiPJfUi onen' wwi' grisat daiiiiMt* ** watt iN^nil * banfinat^i *le«a|iBa 4^ tbi ttutii 'uj|i antiendv^* ibivftied foil, Roman of aMkMBittnaflh ■, tl»dtf^|Ua»'a ,. „_ otwt ifaawa*^ leih t^/^^// ^/Penit^Prostitntes ^/NAPLES •i..0, ».-•-.;# *. • . ■%■ •WJf >**i*. ■>-• •■^-H'-HK^ - t«r- '.•)iJM:%)^;««iii,! .^ #. ■■rlfci'" i^Mu '"S "%}" )• -t M <. '^A ! .X ( Sefoflrit *ni Anjuftni by »he Cl*»' inenline college \ the clinrch of St. Piulo t'uoridelUMura, l«ld to hnve hceit built by ConOintiiie the ^'"Wfi tbe iiMufoleuni v( Aiif \tn i Marcellui'i Ibreitre i the Ttrnefe Hcictile*, of white marble, ofa Coloflean fixe artd exqui- file workmai\lhip, in a court of the Tarnefe ralKC, and an lUniirabte group cut ont of Qn« block of nuinlc, in an- other court of the Affle pilt^ No city in the world tfuA* Roim for th* maltiptidly »f fine founnim, oMi mSau, imi^wMiM, cmMUict, piiiithiga. (taiuct, hxAfunt, lc«. TM eatwembt wcif sUeei where 'he ChrMwni, who' nmr MmM IMr d«Mlt «nd Acb »f the P4|^ Ronitili. •hofclWIlp •QuMikH «an«« ... gaabrtafl,']iwMi titi1M*gnmt ffufin. Oftit, tUc aiitietit part Of iMM. being NM»f niii fendi thmof. i« at prvfent' ■ mmr «i^ : tM»U.^hg,<«' tb* ciMuind JKCo^ingdry.i^* tbi Ijiber'i feiviM dtanfid ittvowft. About tiMitt«thfM miln caft of Kttiw, on iIm brow of • hill. (tanltllvoK. which it now bgt f inean -piMt, hot ia the fee <« • MftioPi holding imiMmichr or the |ioee. In iti neighboarhood art many r«nuin* of Rooun «ilMs, fome quai^ of frte-ftont, and the ttkait or Watar-ftU of the riv«r Ti««rone, formerly Anio, which makea an aftoniibinc npifr. New it it aHb tb« Ifafi A Bii(gni, or kcb M the F«gM Kaaiaqi. wiraw Hflip fqwvnw' I tiM enpencr of bathiiM, were bario^i Wey «r* lotMu w aNvn, fcltMhr bmiTmotiA fer «tn parftHii. ft rtafl,']»W Mi^rMly Mgh for tt«;ttiMlfi«M to lhM4 Solfiura. Whmct the rirer Solfittan I Thewfter of thcl>k< «4 river are flrengly itnomnMidl With folpbur, and prrtty Hot« cfpacially toward* tMMndaal St. Marino, whi fuviu* by mean* of an aqueduA. Five mile* from Naple* ftand* the celebrated monnt Vo> fuviu*. The fouth and weft fides, as well m the tops, are covered with black cinder* and aflie*, though fome of the other dediviiic* produce foveral foru of wine. It i* about three mile* from the foot of the mountain to the fummit, but the afccnt i* very toilfome. The iMigb- bouring peafanu, for a trifling reward, forve u guides to, and affin travellers in climbing up: they wear leather biilt*, which ftrangers taiu hold of, in order to render the afeent more ealy. A flream of lava often iffuea firom the volcano, confining of melted metal, fulphor, "int nlf, &e. It mn* like a river, bear* all before it, uid doe* iaf> credible mifchief. A* ere approach the volcano, if the mountain is aflually belching out matter, the albes grow hotter and hotter ; at tlie fame time a horrid noife ia heard, like the esplofion of a whole battery of catmon, and a rumbling under foot, like the contimial boiling of a large cauldron. Not a tree or flinib is to be <^ on dM top of the mountain : the hoUow, whence tho eraodona iflrue, i* very Urge, andgoe* ihelving down on all fido. When the mounts i* quiet, thi* hollow mar be ftfidj looked into i ^at even then it i* generally filled with finoke. Oiiring the eruption*, it i* filled vriih glowing and melted matter, which, u it hoil* over in any part, run* down tho fides of the mountain like a torrent. At ihefe time* alfo vaft qa'antities of aflies, cindei*, and huge fionea ara thrown out. Not far from thi* mountain i* the villue of Pottici, where i* a royal palace, with an amaaing c^ Aion of m- tiquitie*, ffloRly dvg out of the mini oi tha aniiant citv ar Heradea, or Herculanenm, which ftodd near the fi^ and wa* deftrojred partly by an ear^hqnaiu, and patdy I7 an eniption of mount Vefuvln*. devcral vdumai, ^ving account* of diefe antiqoitie*, have been publillHd, and diepeople ftilt continue to dig for more. The grotto of PaufiHppo 1* a broad, ftra^ht, rufa(err»« Jtaetoeiwid. hewtttheoughamoantain. TWo holes on eMhifide admit ah- and l^t. This cave i* one hundred fket high at the cntraMe, bm diminilhe* afterward* : sn4 the whoie, which i* paved with brood ftonei. is about hatf a mile long. At coming out, the road kadi to the lako AgaoA, •■;«ft 744 The NEW and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or O E O G R A P H Yi i m %; Agtno, whicli ii ciieuUr, and « mile jiiciicumfertncc In the midlt are the liid.ituiiriof Si. (lermaiio, bcinc none (parrmeiits. wheie the hot ftieaini which arilc produce a pinfufe prrfpiratiDii : hriice they are mucli ficijueiited in 'variouj difoidrm. Tlic town of Puzzuoln, or Puuoli, iho' formerly aflou- 'ri(1iin|;city, it nowrrducrd only loan iiiconfidetaljle place. It i>, however, the fee ufahilhopiand iho cathedral, which t*a» formerly a pagan trmple, is Iniilt of hrge blocks of marble Puteoli |(|orics in twiiig the dUc« where the (irft Chrtflian coiuniuniry in Italy wai formed ; for we are told thkt St. Paul, in Jiii journey to Rome, foaixl bre- thren \p'h, Here ii a very commodioiM iwrkiour, in which art foaiMmpien, or pillars, riling above the furftce of ItM waltr. The earth vt Pi^te«li Ittt thia paeuliar pro- pcrtjf,' that it hardens in the water, and, after lymi in it lonie time, looks more like ftone than earih. In the nrighbourliood are what the antients called the Elyfian Ficlda, from the fwretnefs of the climate, the verdure and Rr^itity of the foil, &c. Hut ita former beauties are all defaced, as the whole pla :c it now covered with buihes, br'uri, ruini, &e. The city of Salerno, capital of the principality on this fiAe the Apenninei, is fitiiatcd on the gulph to which it civei name, about twenty -fix miles fouth-eaft from Naples. It ii well fortified, lus a pretty good harbour and caftle, but little trade : liere, however, it the fee of an archbi- fltop, with an univerlity, and I'everal annual fain, which are much refotted to, and very profitable to it. About twenty miles to the (ouih of Salerno lies Cam- paccio, near wnich are the ruins of the aiuient city of Poedum, or Poflidonia. Here are the remains of a theatre, amphitheatre, and three temples.. The walls of thii place flill remain : they are compol'cd of very large cubical (lonei, and are in fome parts no left than eighteen feet thick. The citjr of Otranto, antiently called Hydiuntum, is well fortified, and the fee of an atchbilhop : it ftands on an ifland at the mouth of the Adriatic, which in joined by ■ bridge 10 another ifland, and that by a bridge to the con- tinent. It gives name to, and is the capital of a province, which with tbofe of Bari and Capitanata, conflitute the country of Apulia, a traA in general flat, dry, and Tandy. Piedmont, which is part of the anticnt Lombardy, has ita name from its fituation at the foot of the Alps, being about one hundred and fifty miles long, and ninety-four broad. I'here is a moil extcniive and romantic profpc£t from the mountain Rochenielnn, which takes a whole day toalcend. Annually, on the cth uf Auguft, vaft crowds pi to hear niafs laid before a ftatuc of the virgin Mary on the fummit. I'hc inhabitants, and even horlcs and dogs, are fabjcA to the lame kind of wens in the throat at the eople in Savov. This is a very fruitful country, and the 'icaraontcfe filK is deemed the befl in Italy. At the conflux of the Po and Doria (lands Turin, the capital of Piedmont. It is fmall, but flrong and very populous. Within the city am forty-eight churches and - convents, and foine very fine ftreets, particularly Rue Neure and Roe dePo,which are deemed the mod elegant in Europe. Here are likewife many fiite fuiiarcs, feveral magnificent palaces, befides that of the king, a fuperb opera-houfe, an arfenal, royal printing-houfe, an univerfity which is a quadrangle, and one of the fined buildings in the city. The king't palar , for the beauty of itt apart- ments, the richneft of tb( I jrniture, the elegant paintmgi, tabinet of curiofitiet, and library, it fcarcely to be paral- leled. The chapel of the Holy Sunday, built of blackilh marble, it particularly admired. The city conflat of the Old and New. In tb* Old the flreeti are crooked and narrow, but have fome ^ndfome houfes in them, and, in both the Old and New, are ex- ceedingly clean and neat. From a canal cut from the river Doria, water is conveyed by an aquedud into the city, and afterwards diflributed at pleafure through every flrcet. Here it a fine citadel, an univerfiiy, library, and a gifat many charitable foundations. Tliere are many beautiful villa*, convents, and other buildings in the nicighliourtiooil* of Turin. Of the villas, tliofe belonging to the toyM family are, Valentine, now neglefled -, Montca|icr, Ri- voli, and Stupinice ; La Vigne de la Reine, and La V«. ncrie, which has a very fine chapel and gardens, with « little town near it. ThetownofSufa, on tlic. Doria, .cqin|U|ini i.triami^ arch, erefleJ in honour of Auguilut Caefar.: Ti>it phice is furr<>»nHe(l by a wall, and has a Arongjarriffn ; and about a quarter of a league iVoni it ilands 1-oit Urunciie, which perhaps cannot be paralleled iii the whole world, I ,...«-*■ ' •V- K having brrn hewn nul of a rock with all in nur. works* The palHi^ei in the rock are lo large, tlut wa)!)^oni and heavVcannoii, drawn by feveral hoil'cs, may pal'i over it franiyi.icf to place. yi'lic (null ha )K)rt town of Nijce is fituited near tli< Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Pauluii. I he I'orti- ficitinni were cntitrly dcftioyrd bv the I'rcnch in i;o8. It {(ives name to a dillriA, called the county of 'Nice, iii winch is hII'o Villa Fr;inca, a fmall fortified town, two or three mile* lo the cad »l Nice, with a harbour on the Tea, and two cafllat ; and Capo it S. Ofpitio, a very llrong town on the fca, ai\d a free-port. Nice hat an in- different h»r)t) fcmble tne Germans more than the French. Great nura- l>eis of the mountaineers of both fexei, are dctornied, and particularly disfigurtd with wens in the throat, which, as iliey are not painful, it the only inconvenience that attendt them. The townofChamberry, the capital of the duchy, it fituated on the river Leife, in a pleafant valley in Savoy Proper, tw,enty-feven milet north-eeft of Grenoble. It it walled, and toe feat of tlie high court of Savoy, but not very' large, nor of any great antiquity. Here are feveral handfoiue fi)uarc«, • great number of monafteriat, a (lately ducal paliw*. or caftt^ feveral palace* of the nobility, and a collegitta church, the bead of which i* ftiled dean of Savoy ; but fine* the dukes removed their rcfidcnce to Turin, the town has loft much of it* anttent fplendor. The fmiH. town of Aix ii fituMBd about two leagues from Chambarry, The bot bathi here ara free to all, pay- ing only the attendant, or rubber, a trifle : the water nt them is clear, ai«l of a gfcenifli coloar i no fiih or any animal will liv^Jn them. Some remaiiu of a Roman triumphal arch are to be leen here. The province nf Milan, which it one of the fined in Italy,^ Imi to the north of the Apemiine mountaini, being near ont; bandied and tan milet long, and about one bun- dled braid. It is lertilaand well watered, containing, befidt* 6vertl rivart, foma lakes, particnhHiy Lago Mag- p;iera,iOMh»Gnater Lake, which contain* the fiarontean ittandt, vis. Itolof Bella and Itolo Madre, the beauty of which almod eicaed* iiaa|ination : art and nature fcem to have vied iHth eaeb othar m embellifhiog them. In each (if them is a.pilace- witb beautiful nrdeni, belonging to (fan Banaipean'Amilgrv TltewaHriM^thelakait tiear, and of a greetiilh colonr. and aboundt with fifli. The hiltt, with which hla furnmhded^ btdngpianted with vines and cbefnnt-trce*,' and inlarfperiird With fninnier^liatirct, pre* fent M moft chaiming laniUnpe. The principal place in thofe diftriOa, which Mong trt the king of Sardinm, is, Aleflfaidria« fnmamcd De la Plglja, .tjram tbeinhabitantt ufinyftubble for fuel, indead of vvood. It dandi upon the lanaro, is well fortified, and ooma!n*«bove twelve tboufand inhabitants. Here it • one upifa-hciife : it i: tb*' f«* rif a hifhon. (iifTragan to the archbilhop of Milan, and two annual- taiis arc held htre iTi^ n O \ ^ K ;%' ♦■ .•<» »,1 '••?/►»■» /'^ t •■• st ■' ■" • ■ * '» *-■•■:'>» > 1. < ' ' ■,>. .*••.. s r .',:,• 'l J 1. " ." * } t 4^f i - » -'. . I •^<;' I'll' • ::: • > 4 1|-. ,11 •■ • »--'* Pr.' *i'.- TV r* *4 »■■ b--£ iduki^ ILiTJ^^ ^^^.c^ili^iLiUi 7> .- .r. (EU^rto>B.p«>»+»^ IT A t f. 74J AhiRindtk frmn popi AlcttnJcr t|I, lii honour of whom ^ttWM Mill, fnno tn9. i'licMnowhMr fihM' ire eontilnR fi«ly AiAori m hw, who are all iioblci. It eonmiiit ni«ny re-. •fWathlg fiftirrilifi, The Htlicdral It' a iaft nllf, all M HitrMc ; •iiid iMiUkh lbmetH% hii bctn doMig for near' •fear MitdNd yetn to«ritrd< the ontwartf or utwatd onu-l menu tW^wf, W it' not yet fiiil(h»d. Of the great rumiber of (latoM »W>ut Ir, that of St. Bartholomew, juft flayed' •tiy«, with hit flrtn hanging over hit fUouldeVi, and of Admti 4nd-Eit4l. In a ' nViid fp«e»fln WW 6'f tWflre^ of MiUh.'Whtic flood the i hnmfeof ib«rfacr, whoMJconfpircy^, with the comihi.M fkry of Ii^AMl Ifb polfob liU fellow- citlciini, i« ereAed a ^Hlar, cllM'CilbAin IHfahie (the infantoui pillar) with '1 an lftfcri)ttlb|ii'l«t*r^Mle' ge»r,t£l>'r, i^ivc namq to the two Titles of letter calleij Jouble anil fin^ v' pica ufed by printers. _ MalTaandCarraraitWoliitle principalitirs, air; contiguout to one another, and very fruitful. They lx>tb li ive their names from their capitals, and lie on the Tufcai) tea. MalTa, fituated on the river Krigidn, about three milct from the fei, it the fee of a biOlop, fuhfraj 'Vents, and bofpitals. In thefe lafl is a prodigious collec- tion of the (ineft paintings ; Venice, in this refpeA, fur- palling even Rome itfelf. In the doge's palace, all the high ' colleges hold their alTemblies. In this palace is a fmall aifenal, (urni(h' J with arms againft any fudden infuirec- tion of the people, together with a flatc prifon, a great many exqifite paintings, and feveral curiolities. One fide of it is towards St. Mark's fquare ; and the lower gallery on that lide, with the hall under the new procuratie facing St, are called the Broglio, where the nol>ility, and none elfe, at leaft while they are prefent, are allowed to walk. St. Mark's fquare is the zrcca or mint ; from zecca, the golden coin called zecchino takes its name. One of the fmallefi pieces of money at Venice is called gaxetta ; !n«( to the Cornaro family. tS drvetfions of the Venetians are chiefly mafauerading, ■'■ cfpecially duihig the carnival, and other teftivais i ridot- tos, operas, plat«. which are generally wretched per- formances, and concerts of vocal atid inltrumental mufic. I During their ^feftiviilt, debauchery, riot, ai^ li^mttoHT- nefi, ate carried to ^e Ereatcll beight. The grand ibeoe of all the (hows and tollies of the fieftivaU, it the l^uars of St. Mark, in which bulls are fometimca but^. Tlie marriage of the doge to the kt, on Afcaa^ii«f, being one of their greateft folemnities, we (ball hcrf preunt our readers with a partic^lai: defcription of it : On Afcen- (ioit-day, the doge, or in cafe of his illnefs, the vicp-doge, who is always one bf the fix coufialieii, perfbrina Uie annual ceremony of marrying the Adtuitic (ea in a baige called the buceiiuur, which is pompoufly gilt and carved. At about ten in the morning, the (isnal oeine given \fj the firing of great guns, and nngine m bcslls, be goes on board this vefTsl, and accompanied by krem thoufaifd barks and gondolas, a great number ofgalliea finely orna- mented, and the fplendid yachts of foreign ambafladon, is rowed dut to fea, about two hundredjpacct towards the iflands of Sr. Lido and St. Erafmo. The partriarch and dignified clergy come on board the bucenunr, and prefent the doge and fignora, as tliey pafs, with nofegays or arti- ficial noweis, which, at their return, they make prcfeats of to their acquaintance. The doge, at his putting off and return, is faluted by the cannon of a fort on the Lido, and by thofe on the ifland Erafmo, ^nd with the fmall arms of the fo'dien, who are drawn up along the Lido (hoie. Thefe iflands lie about two Italian, miles firom the city i and an eminence on the ifland of Lido affords a diftinft view of this pompous proceffion, a^^^^'tbe vafk number of boati, &c. which cover the furface nf the water, and make a beautiful apixarance. In thn mea* tim^ feve- ral hymns are perfomied on board tb« buccntaur, by the band of mufic belonging to St. Mark's ch.ircb, and feveral prayers appointed for the occafion are read or (ung, till the doge hat jpaffid the two forts of Lido and St. Erafmo ; and then, he proceeds a little &rther towards the Lido (bore, the ftern of his bane being turned towards the main. fea. Here the partriarch pours into the &a foraeboly water, which it faid to have the virtue of preyent'i|9g and allaying flohni. After this the doge, throiw|i aii aperture near his feat, drops ipto the fea a gold ringofa few dollan value, faying, in latin, <* Weefpoufe thee, O fea, in tokep " of our real and perpetual dominion over thee." After this all return, and the doge with hit company \f fet a(hore near the church, of St. Nicholas, in the ilhwd of Lido, where the pai'triarcb in perfon celebrates a (olemn ma(t. In the evening the principal meftibers of the council, and all who waited upon the doge in the bucentaur, are enter- taincd at tbe ducal palace. Padua territory is thirty. five miles long, twenty-eight, broad, and exceediii^, fertile. The capital, oT the fame name, is one of the richeft and mofl floutifhiug cities of Italy, vet it. t)*> not much of its antient fplendor. It is fitiiatcd on tbe Brenta, thirty-four miles eaft of Venice, and has'roany churches, holpitals, and convents ; but the flreets are narrow and dirty. The univetfity, which was formerly in great repute for fome time, has been on the decline, but the phyfic-g.irden is (lill confiderablc. The Francilcan church and chapel of St. Antony are fplendid beyond imagination. This city is the fee of a bifliop i iu the podefla's pa'jce n the library, and in the old caflle, au irfcnal and granary. I'lic territoiy Ts .fubjeiCl to viuleut (torins ; but the air is healthful. The territory of Vcroncl'e is very fertile, but contains only one place wortli mentioning ; via. Verona on the Adigc, a large, flrong city, in a fine fituation. Over the liver are four bridges, of which that one which leads to the caflle is much adniiird. The caftlcs are three in number, the ftrects narrow and dirty, the houfes mean. The bcft Arret in the city is that called the Corfo, where hotfe and foot races are fometiroes run. The largcft fquare is tliat called Piazza d'Armi, where tlie annual nirs were formerly kept, in April and Autunn. Here are feveral academies for the improvement of muflc, polite exercifes, &c. an elegant theatre, and a Roman amphitheatre in fine prefer- vation. The wine of this country is admirable, and th)i territory well watered, fcrtife, andbealtliy. The 'city of Vicenza, which it * '.rge, contains about thirty thoufand inhabitants. Over tlie principal river are feveral bridges ; without the city is a triumphal arcli built by PaJlidio ; but tbe city walls are gone to decay. I'hcrs are a great many elegant buildings within it, particularly in tbe piazza befoie the council-houfe ; for, bcfides the cathe- dral and other churches, and the convents, which are numerous, tlicre are feVcial bofpitals, and fome fine palaces. The council-houfe is a flatcly fabric, and fo is the Monte della Picta i in the latter of which is a fine library. Here "-*, IIE U li O P t.] i A t V; Hf tn ftill to Ke Teen roirie remaini of • Koihan aropbithntfe,^ '«f a noble nqueddf), and feveral magnificent hot bathi.' The circumjacent territory is extremely fertile. Brefdano, which it alfo a tolerably fertile ahd well watered territory, contalni nd place worth obferving bot Brelcia, which givet naihe to it, and ii its capital, nand- ine in a pleafant plain near the little river Oarza. The Caitle llands on a rock, and commands the whole town, slnd the aHenal is well fUrnifhcd with warlike (lores. This town it not above three miles in circuit, but is very populous, and drives a coiiiiderable trade in fire-arms, fwords, Wiiives, and •ther cutlerv wares. i Bergiitoalco is in general birren, thot^h well watertd,; •nd the inhabitants are fubjcft to the fam* kinds of wens ' in the throat as the Savoyards. Bergama, a ftrongly forti- fied town at the foot of the Alps, is the only place in it. The town of Crrma, in the territory of Cremano, which is fruitful and pleafinr, is fituated on the Serio, being firong, handfome, the fee of a biliop, and famed for a linen BianufaAury. Rovigo, a fmall fertile difiriA, contains a .town of tlic fiime name that is thinly inhabited ; and Adria, which formerly gave name lo the Adriatic, isabifliop's fee. Thediftrift of Marca Trevigniana is fo fertile, as to have obtained the name of a Continental Garden. Tre- vifo. the capital, ftands on :lie river Site, where it joins the Peavefella. This is a bifhop's fee, has given bitth to many great perfonages, and contains at prefcnt fome noble families. It is an antient, but ilrong ; a neat, but not populous place. The territory called Patria del Friuli is the northern verge of Italy, and belongs partly to the Venetians, and partly to the Auflrians. It is very fertile, but does not contain anv coniiderahle place, except the city of Udino, (on the rivt r or canal La Roia. It hath a fine caftle, witli ieveral hanai'.:.iie churches, palaces, and convents ; belides a college for law, and an academy'for martial exercifes. TItepeninfuIa of lilria, on the Adriatic, belong* paitty to the Venetians, and partly to the Auftrians. The air is wnwholfome j but the terrrtory, though hilly, is fruitful. The ftrong town of Capo de Iflria is ntuated on an illand in the gulf, fo near the continent as to be joined by a bridge. It is the fee of abifhop, contains many convents, and its trade in fait is very conflderable. The little republic of Lucca, on the coaft of the Medi- terranean, is a miniature portrait of Venice. It is not thirty miles in circumference, but is fertile and populous. The inhabitants, who arc faid to amount to upwards of one hundred and twenty tliouf»iid, are very induftrious, but extremely jealoiis of the Tufcans, by whom they are almoft furrouiukj. Tin. forces of the republic amount, in time of peace, to about lix hundred men, including the doge or gonfaloniers guard of Switzers, which confifts of feventy- £x men ; but there arc above thirty thoufand in the terri- tory of Lucca capable of bearing arms. I'he government is veiled in two councils, of which one is called the council of ilatc, and the other the great council, the executive being ill the former, coniifting of nine members belides the doge, who continue in office only two months, and, during that time, have apartments in the palace of the re- public, and are maintained at the public eapence. The annual revenue amounts to about eighty thoufand pounds ftcrling, Lucca, the capital, and the only place in this territory worth defcribin^, is about ilirec Italian miles incircumfe- rcncr, and well fortified. The walls aiTord very pleafant •ralkj, bein^ planted with rows of trees. The number of inhabitants is about forty thnufand. The houfes are for the mod part well built, and the ftreets broad and well paved, but irregular. Several matiufafturies, particularly of filk, arc carried on, and the tineft oil in Italy is made here. This is the fee of a bilhop. The cathedral is a large gotliic ftrudlure, dedicated to St. Martin. The republic of Genoa is greatly degenerated from its former fplcndor ; but, among other mislortunes, the revolt of Corfica fctms to have been the grcatcft. The govern- ment is arillocratical. ' The doge or dilke is chofen only f(ir two years, and mull be fifty years of age at the time of liis ckflion. The Itgiflitivc power is lodged in thp great council, confifiing of four hundred members, of which four parts in five mud be unanimous. The admi- niftr.ition is vcftcd in a doge and a proper council. The •Jy*^c h?.! a (^uard of tv^'o hundred meii. i h? great couiKi! mjke laws and raife money, the lefler declare war, pro- claim peace, and form alliances. The military is iiiconiide- nible,the navy defpicable, and flic revenue at prclent fmall. The tcri'itoiii-s belonging to the Ciciiorfr are one hun- dred ant! lixtv miles in iciiv,tli, and about r\\ciity-fivc in brcadtU. "tbej tittxii aloiig tliat part tit tjie Mcditerfa* nean called the gulf of Genoa. Thej ate tolertbly fbttUe, pretty well Watered, aiid divided into two dlftriOi, Vis; the eaftem and wefiern ccMifla. The eafterrt boaft contains Genoa, the c^iTital^ whkh (lands near the Mediterranean fell. At it i* partly fituated on a declivity, it appears to neat advantage from the tu. It is defended on the land-nde by a dotible wall. The hew and Balbi ftreets confift etch of a double row of inag" nificent palaces ; the other ftreets are crooked and narrow; btit the luburb of San Pieira d'Arena contains many noble buildings. Here are feveral palaces, churches, convents, hbfpitals, &c. many of which are fuperbly built of -mar- ble. The fineft of the churches are thofe of the Annun- ciation, St. Mary Carignan, St. Dominic, and St. Mar- tha. In the cathedral is a difh made of a (ingle emerald. All the Inhabitants here, except the principal ladies who are carried in chairs, Walk bn foot, on account of the iwr-. rownefs or fteepnefs of. the ftreets. The fortificationt of the city towards the fea are remarkably ftrong. There are two fine ftone-bridges over the rivers Bonzevera and Bifagno, the firft whereof walhes the weft, and the other the eaft fide of thu city, within whidi there is alfo a fur- piifing ftone bridge, joining two hills. The harbour, though large, is far from being fafe, but no care or ex- pence have been fpared to rerider h at fafe and commo- dious as poffible. The principal placet ort the wefterh coift ar^ at hllowi viz. I . Savoiia, which next to Genoa, ii the moft oonfi- derable city of the ftatet. It is the fee of a bifhop, fuffni- gan to the arcbbi(hop of Milan ; has a ftrohg caftle, it well-fortified, and famed for the (iiieft fweetmeats. tiere alfo is a confiderable filk manafaSury i and there was once a good harbour, until it was partly choaked up, by ordec ofthe republic, that it might not hurt the trade Of Genoa. 2. St, Remo, a fmall town on the" fea, with a g06d har- bour, fcventeen miles eaft of Nice; The town in laliit Is called Fanum Romuli. There are mariy plantatioiis of palm-trees about it, with olives, lemons, pomegtahatea, and other fine fruits. The fmall principality of Monaco lies between the Ge» noefe territories ana the county of Nice. The only place worth mentioning here, is that which gives name to the principality, viz. Monaco, antiently called Hercalit Mo* iiKci Portus, from a temple of Hercules, that ftood hetel It is eight v;)iles eaft of Nice, and fix weft tif Vinti^ miglia, and, though fmall, is ftrong both by nature and art, having a good harbour, with a caftle and garrifon, paid uid officered by the king of France i and in this towni the prince ufually refides. The income amounts to near five hundred thoufand French livres. The duchy of Tufcany is rncompalled by that part of the Mediterranean called the Tufcan fea, Modena, Lucca, and the popedom. It is one hundred and fixteen miles long, eighty broad, well -watered, mountainous in fome parts, but fertile in others. The only order of knight- hood here is that of St. Stephen, inftituted in 1554; the duke is always grand mafter, and the badge of tlie order it an oflangular red crofs, with a golden border worn on the' breaft. The great duke is an abfolute prince. His forces, however, feldom confift of more than three regiments of foot and two of dragoons, and his navy is made up of only a few gallies and galleafles. The city of Florence, the capital of the duchy, !s fitu.* ated on the Arno, twenty-fix miles foutli of Venice. It gives name to a populous and fertile diftrift. Here ant four ftone-bridges over the Arno; the number of cburdiet, palaces, hofpitals, and convents, is great, but the ftreett ' are crooked and narrow. The palaces here are inferior tof thofe of Rome, and moft of the windows are only made of paper. The chapel for the interment of the great duket' in the church of St. Loxe'nzo, is hardly to be paralleled. Here is an academy for the improvement of the Tgfcan language, called Delia Crufca ; another for agriculture^ and another for riding. The principal trade, ^des oil* wine, fruits, and other produce of the country, confiflt in wrought filks, and gola and filver ftufFs. The nobility and gentry do not think it below them to trade ; tliey eveit fell their wine by retail out of doors, but not in tbat houl'es t at the fame time they deem it a great difparage* mcnt to educate their childreh in the profeffion of phyfic. I isey Tfriie lus ssaisan sc™ .e,j ««,. , ww» Mn,., |nvtiM«4- ciation is guttural, and difagrecabie. Florence is adorned with fcveii fountains, fix columns, two pyramids, and about one hundred and fixty ftatuet.' Moitofthe Florentines are (hort-fighted 1 and hence th« Fiorentini cicchi, or blind Florentiites, has palTed into # provarl^at ,i :■;%,■ %?■•; Hi! '11- • ,748 The NEW and UNtVERSAL SYSTtPM or OEOORAfPHY. IjTOVerbial jcft. The gmt. pi»«ta or fqutre ii very fp«-.y bibus aKd Kiagiii()ccnt, Avitb i iiobic fuunutti ii> the midfti of it. The arfeiial ii * (latpl'y -liuildinCt ai>d w;U furaifh- ed with ktl forts of weapons, of war, Kept in very good (Order.. The ^thedral is a very magnificent edifico, the i^'ljrhole QVtiCdebeing of polifhcd maiblef and euridicd wiih "tile itigft exquifite arcbite^ure and Iculpture. The cele- b'|rate4.pamp)^ile, or fquarc fteeple. wliich'ii one hundred and «igtity feet bight allofAnc marble, of fcveral colours, 4i(i j^iirioufly wronght, ilandi hard by the church. The city of Pifa, on the Aruo, has feveral handfqme ftrects and hourcs ; but grafs grows' in many of the latter. The linivcrfiiy.is in a flouriming condition .and. the bk- "JBhange is magnificent, but little frequeuted.' Thegreai *° I 'this city hat, for its defence, a moat,.' walls, acaftle,' fort, and citadel; the lad of which is a. |np4, makes a handfome appear- aiipr. The liai1x)ur is too Uta[low for large (hips. I'" Tortified, buf wants godd water, which .inuil.M brought from Pifa. The port, confifting of ^wo havens, one for the duke's gallics, and t)ie other for mcrdiaut Ibips, is furroLtiided with a double mole above a mile and a half in length, . and detended, together with the town, by a good citadel and twelve fortsi The walks on the ramparts are weryjafferable. Tlicic is good anchorage in the road, Vut fliip's rising there are much eifpc^ed to the weath<;r, and the Barbary corfairs. The liglit-houfe {lands on a rock in the fca, near which is the Lazaretto, wlK:re qua- rantine is pcrfoinicd. The number of the inhibitauts is about forty thoufund, and one tialf of tUefc Jews, who live in a particular quarter, but without any mark of diftinc- tion, and have a fine fynagogue. Tliu Turks, nho are not flavRs, alfp live in a particular quartc-r, as do the licenfcd proteftants. Roman catholics, Jews, Greeks, AimciiianSi Mahonutans, and even the Englifli &£lory are indulged in the public exercifc of their religion i but other proteftants itiull be fatisfied with the private. Leghorn is the fee of a bifliop, and rcfidencc of a governor, l)as a fine ducal palace, and a noble cathedral. The power of the inqui- fiiion is limited to ecclefiaftical matters, and Roman ca- tholics. The large and anticnt city of Sienna (lands thirty-eight miles fouth of Florence. It has a fertile pleafant territory uf near lixty-five miles fquare. The city is clean, neat, and healthy, but not populous. The inlkabitams arc polite, ^nd fpeak the Italian language in its utmoil purity, riie walls arc adorned with many higli towers of brick,, and.the ilrects paved with bricks fet edge- ways. Here is tlte fee of an arcubilliop, and the cathedral is a very mag- nificent gothic pile. Fronting the cathedral is a fpacious and well endowed hofpital, founded by a ilioemaker, who isliiterred in the church, and, as a reward for his libera- lity, hath been canonized. Over tlic flatuc erefled to bis itie't]iory is this appcfite infcriptjon, " Sulor ultra crcpi- dUffi" '' The ihoemakcr went beyond his laft." The atnts of this city are Romulus and Remus fucking a wolf, for it pretends to bAVfitKClll i C^lv^ljr foiuulcd by thcfe two brotliers. . ,utv> m* '»«• ijj»' :Hii') i: !'. SECT. lit. [i->h Of iht ftf&lll, charaBfr aim d'ijfij^tiin^ misktitf iic. eftbi Italia.ii ; with tht anliurt and mtdtrH hijUrj tjf haly. HAVING, in our defcriptions of the various fhtes of Italy, alio incntioncd many particulars relative to Uie cuilomi, inanucts, icligion, foicet, revenues, &c. of tlie, Italians.!, we need. onty,add the following remark* i viz. 'That tlie inhabitants are ufually well-proportioned, though tlieir complexions are i(one of the belt. As >to' drefs» they follow the fafhions of the countries on which they border, or to which they ire fulled, name^, ti^o of France, Spain, and Germany. With rcfpeft M'thait . genius and tafte \<\ a^chiteAure, p»iiiti|)g, carving, and I mufic, they excel greatly, and leave thcother nation* of . Europe far behind them ; but theiir mufic feems too ii»ft I and efTeminate to defrrvc all the praife bellowed on i|; (and their houfes are far inferior to tliofc of England, in refpc£l of convenience. No country hath produced better foliticians,,hifto,ri»ns, poetSj ^ aii^teis,, and fculptors, fince 'tta^_ revival of the arts and foienccs, cxcluljve of tbofe of . ancient. timfs, They ere affable, conrt^ouf, ingemouy, foher, and . ready-witted ; but at the, fame time jealovf , vindictive, lafcivious, ceremonious, and fuperllitious. The Italians, ill their tempers, fcem to beagood medium between the (ireoch and Spaniards, neither fo gay and volatile as the one, .nor fo grav^ and folemn as the other. With refpc^t to their diet, boiled fnails, fcrved up with oil and pfffK't or fried in oil, and the hinder parts of frogs, are reckoned dtiinty c^ifhcs. . Kites, jackdaws, haH>ks, and magpici,' are alio eaten, nojt only by the commpn people, but die bctltr fort. Wine is drank hers both in fummer and winter, cooled by ICC or fnow. I'hc wcmen admire yellow hair, asthc^opuii ladies and courtelans formcily did. They alfo. ufe paint and wafhes, both for their hands and faces. The Roman catholic religion picdoroinates h6re. The^ reckqnUie ilay ftom fun-rife to iun-fetr as the Atlienians l^idofold. The Italian language is corrupted latin ; but .fince the. revival of .irts in luly, it hath been fo much re- fined) that it is now deemed elcvant, fpft, and fmooth. iTbe .pared Italian is fpoken in Tulcany. I'hc exports are c(^icfly wine, oil, pcrtumes, frnits, and (ilks. Travel- lers. aUip expend large turns of money in Italy, in purcba- (m^wpMXpi, curiuGties, antiquities, Telic«,>&c. fn idiefe early ages, when the Romans fiift. began to ex- tcncl. their territories, Italy, like moft other countries, was parcelled out iruo a great number of fmall.flaies, who were all gradually fubdued by the Ramans. On thedeclenfion of the Roman empire, the Hunns, Goths, 'Vandals, He- ruli, and other nortberii nations, pafTed the Alps, and feizcd on the greatcflpart of it, which was overturned by Charlcii^{;ne, who founded a new empire in the weft. I'hc fucccflbrs of Char'-magne claimed, and for fome time pofTefled, the fovercigiity of Italy ; but their civil wars tat home foQii gave an opportunity to their governors either to afTuruc qr purch^fe the foveicignty of the feveial iUtci they govcrneq. In piocefs of time. Savoy and Piedmont fiill to the lot of the counts of Maurieniie, tlie ancefior* of his prefent Sardinian ^ajeily, whofe father became king of Sardinia, by virtue of the quadruple alliance concluded in 17^8. Vidor Ajnadeus, the prefent king, was born in 1736 ( anU in 1773 fucceeded his father Charles Emanuel. After goiiig. through feveral bands, the Milanefe was at length pofTcfied by the emperor Cliarles V. about the year i'525, vdio pvc It to his fon Philip II. king of Spain. It remained >»itli.ihat crown till the French were driven out of Italy, by the Impcrialifls, in 1 706. Thefe were dif- pofTefled 01 It in 1743, but by the emperor's ceflion of Naples and Sicily to the prefent king of Spain, it reverted to the hoMfe of Auflria, who has appointed a viceroy to govern it. Mantua was formerly governed by the family of Gon- zaga, who adhering to France, tlie territory was fortified, as a /ief of the empire to the houfe of Auftiia, which now pofTcfTes it, the lafl duke dyin^ without male ifl'ue ; but Guaflel^ was fcparated from it m 1748, and made part of the dudiy of Parma. The firft duke of Parma was natural Ton to pope Paul III. the duchy having been annexed to the .holy fee in 154S1 by pope Julius II. The dcfccndants of the houfe of Farnefc terrarnatcd in the late queen dowager of Spain, whofe fon, his prefent catholic majcfly, obtain- ed that dudi/, which, with that of Placcntia, U now held by his nephew. In auticnt times, the ,Venetians were the niofl formid- able power in Europe. They conquered Conflantinopio itfclf in 1 193, and beld it for fome time, together with great part of tlie continent of Europe and Afia. The dif- covery of a paffage to India, by the Cape of Good Hope, gave the hi ft 'blow to their grcatnefs, as it lod ihcm ihs Indian trade. The Turks, oy degrees, took from them their moft valuable pofTenions on the continent , and they lofl the Morca fo late as the year 1715. For a confulcrable time, the Gcnuefe difnuted the tm' pirc of the Mediterranean fea with the Venetians, but ' were [EURO pn.] H V U b A R Y. . m were feldom or ncv^r ahle to Iniititain their own [nd^jpehclentt by land, being generally proteAed, and (Jintetiir.ei nibjcAcd, by the French and Impcrialifti. Thc]r are, at priefent, pollellcd of » revenue barely furacient to maintain their dignity. Tufcany belonged to the emperon of Germany, whogO' verncd it by deputies till the year 1240, when the uinous dif- tindion of theUwelpht, partitans of ihe pope, and the Gibel- linei, in the en)])cror'i intereft, took place. The popei then 'fuaded the Imperial governments in Tufcany t* put thcm- ^ :vei under the pr'oteAiQn of the church ; ' but tbf Flottntinea, . \ a (hort time, formed themfelvet into a free^commonwtalth, ?nd bravely defended their liberiiei againft both panics by turni. .Fa£lion at lad (hook their freedom, and the family of iVleilici, long before they Were decUred princes or dukes, in hO. governed Florence, thoudt the rights and privileges of the people fcemed ftill to exift. The Medici, particularly Co$no, who was defervcdly called the father of his country, being in the fecret, Iharcd with the Venetians in the immenK profits of the Eall India trade, before the dif(;overi;s made by the Portuguele. Mis revenue, in ready money, which exceeded that of any fove- reign prince in Europe, enabled his fucceiTors to rife to fove- reign power; and pope Pius V. gave one (if l^is deffcendi'nts, Cofino, (ihu great patron of the arts) the title of great dvtie of TuTcany, in i7 jc, which continued in his family to die death ofGadin de Medicis, in 1773, who left no ifliie. The great duchy was then claimed by the emperor Charles VI. as a fief of tlir empire, and given to his fon-m-law the duke of Lorrain, and laic emperor, in lieu oi ihe duchy of Ldrrain, which was ceded tc France by treaty. Leopold, his fecond fon, brother to the prefciu emperor, is now grand duke, and the country alTumes a new face, Leghorn, which belongs to him, carries on a great trade ; and, in order to prevent the depredations of the inti- dels, feveral (hips of confiderable force are now ftationed on the Tulcan coails. Naples, or Sicily, has undergone many viciltitudes of go- vernment, chiefly owing to the inconftaney of the natives. Cbriniani and Saracens conquered it by turns. The ^lormans under Tancred drove out the Saracens, aiii^ by their connec- tions with the Greeks eftablilhed there, white the rcl^ ofEu* Cope was plunged in monkifh igtioriMe, a moft refpe£(abli» tnoHarchy flourifhed in arts and arms. About the year tt66, the pqpes being then all-powerful in Europe, their intriguei broke into the fucceflion of Tantrred's line, and Naples and Sicily at laft cane into the pofleffioh of the French ^ and tht houie of Ai^ou, with fome interruptions and tragical revolu* tioiis, held It till the Spaniards drove them out in 1J04, whetl tbejr annexed it' to the dominions of that monarchy. By virtue of vario^^s treaties, which had introduced don Car.> los, ^he king of Spain's fon, to the polleflion of Parma am} Place'ntia, a new, war broke out in 1733, between the houfei of Auftria and Bourbon, about the poltel&on of Naples ; and don Carlos was received into the Capital, where he was prO' claimed king o( the Two Sicilies. This was followed by a ver^ bloody campaign ; but ihe farther cfTufion of human blood wa$ ftopped by a peace between France and tlie Emperor, to whicl^ the courts of MaJridand Naples at firll demurred, but afterwarda acceded in 1736, and don Carlos remained king of Naples, Upon his ?-cemon to the crown of Spain in 1 759,' it being found that L., cldeft fon was by nature incapacitated for reign-- ing, he reiigncd the crown of Naples to his tnird fon Ferdinand HI. who is now the reigning king of the Two Sicilies. The power of the papacy is now evidently at a low ebb. 't'he br^er of jefuits, who arc not improperly (tiled his janiflaries, has been exterminated out of France, Spain, Naples, and Por* tugal ; anid is but jull tolerated in other popilh countries. The pontiff httnfcif is treated by Roman catholic princes with little more ceremony than is due to him as biihop of Rome, and pofleffcd of a temporal principality. The prcient emperor has alfo lately given a great check in his dominions to the papal tyranny. This humiliatipn, it is reafonable to believe, will terminate in a total feparation frqin the holy fee of all its foreign emoluments, which even, (ince the begiiining of the prefent century, were iramenfe, and to the reducing his lioiinefs to the cxcrcife of his ccclenaftical functions as iirft bi(hop of Chriftendom. The prefent pope, John Angclo Brafchi, who alTumed the name of Pius VI. was born in 1717, and eledcd to the ponti^cal chair in 1775. <.il / -O. . ii^">i i ,' 1. .1 1 ^ii ■'t \ 1 .,, .n^iTi,"!-: f ■;x-: Of HE CHAP. NEW •*' w, 'n K ) HISTORY AND H tJ N G A R V. -HVt/j DESCRIPTION OF ?> tains. The principal places in Lower Hungary are, i. Niira, on a river of the fame nkmc ; it is a well peopled, but mean-built town, with a bifhop, whofe palace and cathedral are in the caftle. a. Leopoldftadt, a ftrongly fortified place on the Wag, and the only town in tliefe parts which could make head againft an enemy, in cafe of* fioge* 9 E ;, .. 3. The >.&i9! fi9 Thi Hi W AMD UNIVEKSAV SySTEAi or GEO GRAPH y. 3. Tbe town of Prcflnitg, th«c»pital oftbckin^m, aVe4 bv the inhabiiMin Pofony md Ptcrporen, i« fituttfd or). the Duiubc, about forty-fix mile* eaft from Vienna. The uftloi in which ihe regalia are kept, ftand* on a hi!l above the town. Here the flatet aflSsmble, mid in tlie cathedral, dedicated to St. Martin, the fovcreicn it crowned. The town ia not very larn, nor well boilt, but is verjr antient, pleafantly titw«ted, •ha enjoy* a good air. Its fortificationi art only a double will and diKh. Befidrs the cathedral, there are (evenl other popifh and one Lothetan church, with a jefuit't college, ihife con- venti, and two hofpital*. It giwi tump ti> a eoeAity , Mid t* the lefidence of the archbilhop 01 Otan, #iio it k|atiu itatbl of the papal fee, prince of the holy Roitian empfre, ' and' alib primate^chicflieaetary.iuMl chancellor of the kingdom. 4. The cafile ofLrpto- Ujvar-Htad^ |ive» naUie to a coVinty cfCry where full of moantaiuii and rociki, higher than thoft of the Alps ; one in particular, called Deni-kova, it three tlioa- JBmd pacet perpendicular in height. They abound ininetattl tnineialt, and biedidilal fpringt, with cavemt, in Which 1^ many cnriout figures in drop-ftone. Tbe birdt who fly, om fimieof thefe mineral fpringt are fuffbcaicd by the exhalatitMW arifingfrom them. J $. The royal free town of Gran, thirty«five milet fram Pref- %aig, and ninety>two from Vienna, it iitaatetl on the iDan^be^ where it it joined by the river Grait. The town it well fiA%^ '" tified, givet name to a county, and hat a alHe on a h%h roUt| in wbidi it the catliedral. Here are fome natural waHn. |Mtht. The neighbouring country it very pleaGmt and fhtttfiil, »M jieldt excellent wine. In this diftriCt are two towns of the tia-ne of Bnda, the Old and the New. Old Buda it but a poor, mean place, but the Mew it a royal free town, (landing on the Danube, feventy- 'five roilet from Piefburg, and one handrcd and fix fix>iq Vi* enna. It it well fortified, and was tfaler capital of the kiiudelm and reiidence of the king, until it wat feised by the TiirKi ill 15M, in whofebands it continued till 1689. ,. Thencighbouring country yields a good nsd wine, and eicel- lent melont. Hard by the town it the idand of St. Andrew, in the Danube, eight miles long, and eight broad : and near it, on the banks of tlie river, it the town of St. Andrew, which makct a better figure than Buda itfelf. A few milet alfo below Bodait another ifland, called Efepel, which formerly belong^ to prince Eugene, who had a feat iA the neighbourhoodi; irhere he ofkeii refidcd. The brincipal mine town in Hungary it Schefpnitt, chiefly inhabited by proteilantt. The gold.and filver ntirtet ftill pro- dnee a conbderable quantity of ore (though fliort of what they did formerly) and about one thoufand workmen are employed in them. . : i , The town of Cremnitx, the capital of the county of Bepi, containt a mint ( but the mines are almoft rahaufled. The inhabitants of Hungary are fierce, cmel, proud, and re- vengeful ; better foldiers than merchantt, and huntfmen than fi^ohn. The nobility t£k& pomp, gluttony, and drunken- neft. The men are ftronc and well made i they fliave their bcardt, leave whiflcert on the upper lip, wear fun on tha bead, a ch>fe-bodicd coat girt with a (afli, and a fliort cloak buckled under the arm, in order to leave the right-hand at liberty. The horfc, who carry a broad-fwofd and battle-axe, are called Haf- kn, and tbe foot are named Heyduket. Here are five famguaget fpoken, vii. the Hungarian,. Sciavonian.Walacbian, German, and Latin. The trade of the country it in the liaitdt of t&e Jewt and Greekt. Though not above a fourth part of the people are Roman catholics, yet that religion is the eflabiiibed one i but proteftanu, and particularly thofe of the Greek church, are tolerated, and Jewt are doubly uxdi. The crown of. Hungary hat been in poflciEon of the A»- ftriant ever fince ijay, and it wu finally fettkd on tbe heirs male of the houle of Auftria in 1687; and, iniyaj, in cafe of their fiUIore. upon the female heir. The ordinal^ revenue of tbe kingdom execcdt a million fterling, uifing from the mine*, dutiet on cattle, ntyal demefnet, lalt-workt, coaftitutiont, cuf> tomt, &C. The fortifications and garrifont, conftantly aaain- tained on the firontien againft the Turkt, are a great txpeace to Jie government. Hungary can cafily brin^ into the fiekl one undied thoufand men, tcga]*n ma militia t for there are fifty dioufand in adual pay, and the provincet fiimilh the other fifW thoufand on an emergeiKy. The province of Tran^lvania, fitnatedto the fouth of Hun- gary, being about one hundred and fixty milet long, and one hnndred and fifty broad. Itt mounUtnt yield filver, iron, lead, copper, quickfilver, rock-faIt> cinnabar, fnlphur, vitriol, falt- petre, antimony, red ochre, ifin^taft, and other minerals, and feveral of them are cloatlied with vinei. Many petrifying, uii, and wcuicirwi fpniig:, ccid ssd&eti with « areat variety of plants, are alfo foi^u} amoiig them. ,The fieldt and valliet ai« rich ^d ^rtile, yitUii^ jCOtn'. pvlfe, and fruits 1 and the forest abound wRh btifl&loet, elkt, Kagi, wild goatt, bears, foxct, martint.iynxet, erminet, heavert, wild ^t, wolvet, bee«i &e. Vtft numbert alfo of black cattle and hor/et are . b^ here. Of the, latter there it a tyihl fort, with manet hang- inftdkiwnt^ ih^ ground. . Th^ principal rivert are, theSzamon the Ma»oi, ilnd the Aluta.' At, to' the inhahitantt, tl^ey are t»f fev«ftal fo'rtt, a<'Hungariarit,.^kxoht, Walacbiant, Armeniaht, Biilgriritiit. Qi^kt, Rkrciafli' or Senriani, and a people of T«rwrt*ln> JSeVe tWaltt Jewt ^ Zigdunt, or gypfiet, m in'Hnitapu^i' The prom(a|t^a)f»'tnMh, mote numeiout than the Rdttad cttholi^. The flam, like thofe of Hungary, contft,tgf tbe preUtti or dergy, nobUity, getitry, and royal towAt.' ' ■■■■■':' '' The provineeof 'StihiVonIa cktMdi flrom the Adriatic r R'^lbinit, and fiungariant. The only' religion irabidt toleiaftd (iwRbman'Catholic -, yet there tre many of the GH«kdraMik."<^Lik« Tyrol, itpayt ten thoufand pounds fiibfldr to the ttafu^." 'The air it pleafiint and temperate, the fai^ of ^ Ofuniry levio!, and'die ftril fruitful in corn, wine and pafture. Th« pri^ci^t place it E&k, a confiderible town on the Dra^, eighty-fevrn ijiikt horth-wdl^ from Belgiade. It wat particularljf reiturka'bie once for a wAoden bridge, ercAed by the Tiirkt over (Be Danube amtfome ^atH&tr which wat near eight milet in length, and thirty yardt in breadth, with railtbn each fide, watch-towert at every quartet' of a mile't diilancc, and flairt l6«nds IteraperKe, the corn, wine and I town on the Igtade. It waa ge, ercQed by which wai near h, with rail! bn nile'g dilUhce, 1 the late wats 9 invad^ Hun- v6tiia,''i» eighty ho inhabit thit and fpsak the ut not ariy uni • iith^ of defcrip- I wine and oil, t are good fol- le famepurpofe oopt. irenetiam, Au- bnner have the reft. The hn- i mountaini ate and lined with e fertile. Here liofe language ii of the Greeks : I to rapine, and ig the mountaini , the fee of an irilea from Ve- feparated from ea flow* at high IS harbour, and nor of Dalmatia lifted, that it it ilea Venice in iti rely in th'e hands t€(oT, anfwering ed every month. ' the pregadi has city againft con- »>nlifting of five iboura, that tlie few hoars in the r, to whom they )ina. The only (I which the re- I Epidaurui. At [ding on the fea d having a good anfiderable trade. lall fertile iflands ,-lf ■■ 4'* ■'•^ 't ,5^' '-.^^e^M^^ ■-f ,5f- C H A P '•■'%.'•' s .^F im e ^:i.J ...t- r^ fc ¥' .*W|^ •v: .*^ i11ltff''yWW* ^€ v^ H'. •■« 'V 'V^ ■tr^ '» ?•'!< ', ■«•»■ "• ^ N^^ .^ NT %\'~ — «>• -T^ ■*;'* ~\ / orrrrflnOQcivi . ^=5*v^^ ■*''*/)p»V {7ii,i.„ififi M 1.* VII , '4 ,,,,,■ k ',■. tt \ i'lf'itW«f»'% J vj lowers, ( 75« ) ~%~ . .-, t 9 1 I II ■ CHAP XIX. THE NEW HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF" TURKEY IN EUROPE; Compr^htti«qg ih» PANtJ3IAM PROVINCES and GREECE. ^ y ' - ':if ' ib&ii?^^^^ rpHE Dai «£ ifinmfT^lliitM^^oM two bundrwl ind Mdiqr jiHli in lHI|tlri iJiji, W^^ taiiiont parti •»• coUt «»# oiily tiit. lifri. telfc IMMMt tb* it the i*l «^y,tli4iMWifr«itftt»^ caft and north :>inc«ri«&Vhot (Mf i tim im^i Mlt communicatioiibf W|lar|ritb>taiiotw pyt* tf/«lM)^«npil». It was antSently tallied 9y«iiUiin>*'«fteiimd« Cmihndnoiik^ from ConftaniUe the.|^ IfM fotaietimef-lM Nm. on ac- count of it* hems thiltMft pOl^i|i EaroM. Tt ftaildi ill fort]|- one degreci north latitude, aMt^aity^t^inr^degrM* fert* ii-. nuteieafttongitada, M th« Wiwat OiToni lUtttlandfoai .lon- dred and thirtyffire nllM |^ i|l|ihDiit twiidoit. It is fepa- lated from Afiaby •c«(kal, it«f «i«iaii|«tarft»itn, and, including the fuburbi, covWrift wkut 4m^ |i«ttnd. ^TM aiiduiniinpor. tant. Here are t««ntyt in every one of them, from whteMilifMailUafoiheiiroe preaA to the pcoplp. Here ate feveral uHw ind Armenian, a few Roman catholic, and one Lutlieran church. Fires are verf frequent in thif city i aiM it may not be im- proper to give a paiticfilat letonnt of a moft deftniaive one which happened on the feeond of Auguft, 1781, aqddefcribed in the London Gatette. " It broke w4 about ten o'oclock at night, in the qoarter called Gibali, (tti^ed towards the middle of the barb6ur, which a high north wind extended to fuch a degice, as to baffle, for feme liiiie. the eftbrta o^;^ to fopprcfs it. This confUgration, the greatcft perhaps that ever happened, continued during fixty- two hours without intcrmiiBon with fuch fury, that one of the larc^efi palaces, the habitation of the At» of the Janiliariet, disappeared in lefs than ten minutes. The flames proceeded frsni !°es tc fea^ SP.d hnrti'd even the interior of the lieven towers, at thii oppofite exircmit)' of the city. In this dircAiou £e lb« ra«4dli«* #U«i In Itngth, through the richaft f nd bt^ habitad RrM^, o>t t Arortt fometimet a mile broad, and fime- limfllitefi^^Keordlfy tb lb« regular hilly fitoation of the city. Ijnfeaait pUcia it Mkmaid in different direftiont ; fo that ttop« «MM duM appw^aii nft.la^than eleven diflin^l conflagrations, mofl'MWbieiijMiUiMAlyattheiea-fide, after (oiifuming tha «try Whtrft..^ It it ii|Bpomb|e to eftimate the lofles of all kindi oonfioned by this calamity ; but it it certain, that numbers of paoglf ptrilbad in\he flames, and that manv were driven by tbtn^ into Miaiea, and uttfertunately drowned. Amongft other 'Ublll^edifiMt, all the chatpbcia of the janiflaries, upwards of '^F ?^ofa««^ lllic« hundred corn mills, and two hundred m ovwn of Phitippopoli received its name from king Philip, tne father of Alexander the Great. There is an old wall about the town, which is at prefent not a place of any great ftrengtli. It is fituated in an cxtenfive plain near the river Ma- riza, two hundred miles north- weft of Conftantinople; is inhabited chiefly by Chriftians of the Greek communion, and is the fee of one ot their archbilhopi. On the Thracian Cherfonefe ftands the port town of Galli- poli, being one hundred niilet ftuth-weft of Conftantinople. This was the firft town the Turki made ihemfelves mafters of in Europe, anno 1358: there are in it about ten thoufand Turks, four thoufand Chriftians, and great numbers of Jews. There it an old cattle in Romania on the European fide of the Hailefpont. ufually called Seftot : it liet in twenty-feven degreet of eaft longitude, atid fatty north latitude. Ai: (hips bound to Conftantinople are taken account of by the Turks at this caftle, and the oppofite one in Afia. The once great city of Heraclea, wbidt formerly flood in tha /na of Bulgpru, wlkh ii fepinicd from Romani* by mount Hamat, ii two humircd and eighty milf* long, tnd one handrail and eighty brotd. It ii govtrncd by the beglcrbtg of Ruimlii^ with (bur fubordinite bngiici. TtM inhabituiti ■ra ■ miiilur* of Turki, Oreclii, and Jewi, who ftieali a ditl«A of the Sclavonian laAgaage. TIm eoaniry it wtll iMttrcd, and Ihoogh in gancrtl mouniainoui, bai fonM fertile fpoii, tboundi in cattle, contain; a few iron mine*, and Tome mitliciual (bringi. The principal pl«c« it Sophia, apopnlo-jt towit on the Bojane, two hundred and fcveniy miki north weft of Conftanlinople. It hit in unwholfome air, ii a great thoro^v'i'are, without for- tificationt. •/ - The province of Servia, andmllf oiled Myfia Superior, from itt lying higbtr up the Danube, faM the rivert Sa*e and I^ube on the north: it it two tMMilM Mri gee, Ubeck Tartars, Uc. in pp. i ii, 1 13. 114, of ibit wprk, to which he it referred. •Greece it iituatcd to the north of the Mediterranean, being four hundred milet in length, and two hundred and forty in breadth. The air it temperate, but fliattating; the foil frullfbl, but uncultivated, and the religion ChriftianSty, out debafedby tbe ignoiance of in profcflbrt. The head «.tbe Greek church it the pauiarcb of Conftantinople, Wlioit chofcn by the neiglK bouring archbifliop and metropolitant, and cOiHirmed br the grand leignior ; and the other patriarchs are thofe of Jeruulem, Antioch, and Alexandria. There arc four diftina ptovineet in Ortecet namely, I. Macedonia. I(. Albania. 111. Thei&ly. IV. Lividia, or Acbaia. The province of Macedonia it fituated to the weH of the Archipelago, Itas a (harp, clear, and wholfonie air, and pro- duces corn, wine, and oil. It it weil watered, but moan- tiinout : mount Athot, Jn particular, it covered with hcrmi- ttgej, and upwards of twenty conventt, The only confiderable place it the town called Kstrait, which it furrounded by walls, flanked with towen, and planted with artillery : thit it the re- fidencc of the Tuikiflt aga. The populous town of Stionici, or Tlieflklonica, it fituated at the bottom of a hay of the Cgean fea, to which it gircf iiamc, lying in twenty-four degreca eift Ieogitail rohull hut ignorant, and ihey are of the (irrck perl'ualion, but fupcrtkiii- out. The principal pltoea are, ScuiaH, a placeofconlidcrabl* trade, eighteen milet nortbeaft of the, gulf ot Venice i and Durauao, thirty Ave mibt fouth of SeuiaH. Lower Albania, or Epirut, it exceedingly fruitful, and the !nhabii4nit an well adapted for a military liM. The towns are ineonH^rabie, lying almoft totally decaynd. TkvpMvineeof TlifAljr. mufjltutttt ia bounded by Epi< rat, Mibi weft I by Macedbn, on the north ; by Acbaia. on the footh rand bv the Archipelage, on the eaft. 1 he chiet town 1|- liarflft/cilWil Ai^rirba by tb* Tutkt, about fifty milet iteft of m itUbdnbC mmn, pt Wa g ropoim it is fituated on ■~ •' Mt^*«buni OiymfM onllw north, and ' 01) the foolb ; * na| dklightful abode. tiMnwJi Unptolnli^ llii^hfl^r iUM*, to {iiO fi^th of Epirn^ li^*, m |k^«U>ve ihirty-tis IWtpfttlnM^beiilgwell watered. IMtUmfyit Ariient, fituaicncK , . ifliilM tii'of llie ifihmut of 'moft IN IMJmiddU of • plain, being* ll, iba rivtrililTat almoft furrounding („i|»«>«^ft>y the hill called lli« ri^M NRVugh a wood of olivet, fiit pfallmt Ipwn Ijpa on the north- weft fid* j§» roUe aad ajialflliieBgh the plain, and n'Mt^ Iff tMitl^iumx, but no wall about it. Thif .& nMr a dllfpila^ pWji ; «nd thoq;h the fciciicet do not mm (lercatlbffHrly^.fM inlM^Ufiti„«re #ill cflc«med « !t(g*ni«iaij Titi«a\«|t_ iaoaitiDTerii; J| woman wei^ : ten tltoufand, jDreck churcbi : with a lao(it lies the crown . »ts, which fit iiAthoTurkido. . Tha ll^ rever Um. which reach t tb^O« m Q»M .WilfrtVir*, « •aver iboaa oi — . pJNwred gowlMii-slU,... — w. —'^1 •w.. down to.lbtli- fiw^ ano^ovar t|wia a fliort vaft of filk. The town of tepanto^ (M ijMicni Na^p«Aut, it fitaate4 near the jMrth ftipraof tho ciMraMJa ff th* gulf «f Lepanto. It is furrounded by fruitful fiellii and Viiicyar^i, producing corn, rice, olivet, orange*, Icmoni. and ciirpm, ia; great i&nty 1 the wine i-^ cfteemed ibt baft in Omca, | ' , The aiitient po;|-te«n of jLivadia it fltaaM on the gulf ef Lepanto, twenqr nilat north-wdl of Corinlli, and communi- catea itt nam; 10 thit proviiice. The inhabitanu confift of Tnrki aod Oicek CbrlMint : and ii it at preicnt a populoua tradipg.lown. ' The Moica, or Pjito|pmi^fni,.,if a htge peninfula joined to tb* oontineot of OMaoa by.vVifthmot of Corinth. It it one handled and tmpatf (hIIm long, and en* hundred and fifteen broad, tolerably fntjkt eittpi in tba meaniainous pa.tt, and i« in general wall walete4. The principal (Jaoet are ai fblloni. i. Corimh, the modern Gcreme, fituated between the bavt of Lepanto and Engia, fifty mile* weft of Athent. The boiidinp an aotniMr contiguous, but intermised withtfeldt ami gardeiii„ which make it look like a villm ; the callla it fitnilad oaajrigb fleep rock above it, of very difficult aceefr. TKe covMry about it abounds with corn, wine, and oil. The narrowcft partof th( ifthtoui it about fix mile* over i and on a mount there, called Oneiui, weio antiently celebrated the ifthmian game* : there arc ftill the ruin* of a town npon it, and of templet dedicated to the Sun, Nf p. tune, Diana. Fluto,,Ceres and B«ocha*. an4 feme remain* of the wall* built by the lAxdemonian* ^woft the iabmus from fin to fea, to feawe tha Pelopoouefian peninfula from the iq. curfiont of.invadert. The town of Patra*, eight niiht w*ft of Corinth, it the fee of an archbifliop. Ititat prefent a place of fome trade. Chia- lenaa, tbirtv-two milet fouth- weft of Patrat, is thought to have been die antient Cylleni ; and Laccderaon, or Sparta, now namad Mifitra, antiently the capiul of L*conia, it fituated on th* bank* of the river Eurotas. forty mtl« fouih of Napoli di Romania. . . The town of Napolidi Romania, it fituated thirty-fiK milet fouth of Corinth: it.a a floqg place with a good harbour, and hf t a confiderable trade. The city of Ofympia flandt in the famout Olympian plains, on which were celebrated the Olympic games. Thit city it likewife famed forjtt magnificent temple of Jupiter Olympus 1 in wiiitii Wai a^ fauioui naiiic of thai god icventT-nn feet high reckoned one of tlie feven wonders ofth* world. 6 C rt A P. (%^frvfv)/n,^ml^.hS:^^r^ifot^n/l/4^r^flmt^ C/^ K T^-rMm/r,/, ^oyri/.^/fu/fMoALr SOCRATE S.//'///^ miJ^r ^ HMuiMl fy.UuTMrlf^ V.VVMrMUIW^lr. ^t^-OKZ/M. j,t.«i . %'■ ,'.e**5.-. KvSj!> ■^. .:*^; <:"e^^gW' '.'* .i ,- i ' «■ f^-^t, r *% -;> .; 1 ■• -j- I' ,♦ •^ I . 'i ■. "^1 '. -M ' t !#(*' ^ •.^■fN,:*-'' . '. *i-H . •.■^. 'W-'^ ■*'.}-■ ihf; K ' .« '4^t^4fh^.0i^, Mf'^ .M**!-*^. . ■4 *.-,■. ■-i» v<*■. r* i ^. w V 3 Tt »"< •* *.*,.{, ' f ^IS-' I fV«* \ 'Wl M. .^ t V. .-■kT'* ^^ ^ .*.'*■> fe-li: ^. ili)iStfMiiV*»' ->V .^y ! 5- >.,.#?■ 4-ii .JlA^ •«•' ;,..<-^^ :Vv ■ri^ r^ri^ '' 1 m% ^■f,\' .Li Ji^iS D> : ^ .<.: I^P .r I ^: •^' -*■ I",. r f/^? ^ i . u: > - 1 ~i ■df ' V n .■■«• ■ ■ ^i ■■ :V ■ :-*; ,Ty ■, ■■ 'm J », E.i,»-^. m' ■m • »-'.^' -i • ■'■■■ S,' y ^. ^ ' ■•**?- • f^x **> f. H4^ »»ft 'Mfc. '!*!!' ! .<• ii-v ii. j/i'T •I. ,j..^'- y- H ;-.-irra=i'*Kt-.T!««c rw*Bi - «;^r:i.'T»&:. - •lv.''?i^- ,--i ( rsij warn « M l* M ■MB C H A P. * XX. Trffi NEW HISTORY <^ D DESICRIPTION Of THE U R O P E A N ■■1^1 1^ I ISLANDS. SECT. 1. CutMmut » ^Mtral. gf»gr«fhltfll fiirviy tftbi ijlani »f Grua ' Britain ; with a f articular *ccnint tf tht mtwUitlnt, ftrtfltt iaitit, rivtrt, tudic'iHal fyfingi, mintralt, vt^tftht, f«a- druftds, birJs, fijhet, in/titt, and riplilit tbtrnit (Mt'aintJ i shJ alff ihi titiis, ttwni, and placit, rimarhablt prtduOitni, tic. uiitbadtlcriptionofthe inhaHtanti, tbitr numuri, ciifimtt rtUgiiu, traat, manufaaurtt, lie, THE ifland of Great Britain, which pn miny accounts is the moft rerpe£tiible in Europe, iiiituated in the weftcm ocean, between fifty and iifty>nine dcgpreef north latitude, and between one degree forty -two minutet «nd fix degicM longitude, . being fix hundred and twenty- fiv^ >iiil(s long, and three hundred and thirty-eight broad, where wideft. The whole ifland con- fifts of two grand divifioni, viz. South' Britain, or England and Wales'; and North Britain, «r Scotland. The former of thefe, namely, South Biitain, which we (hall firil treat of, i* bounded, on the liorth, by tlie river Tweed, which fcperates it from Scotland ; on the weft, by the Irilh fea, which divides it from Ireland ; on the fouth, by the Britilh channel, which ieparates it from France ; and, ou the eail, by the German ocean. The air is in general healthy^ the foil fertile, the fiice of the muntry beautifully diverfiiied, the prorpcdls admirable, and die lands well cultivated. The Ihores, by nature, form innu- merable bays, creeks, harbours, &c. The circumjacent fea and interictting rivers farniih a great plenty of various kinds of iOi. In many parts of England, the eye is delighted with an en- chanting variety of gently fweUing hills, level plains, corn £elds, meadow grounds, wood and water, intermmgled in the moft agreeable manner. The champain country is prcelled out into beautiful inclofnres, furrounded with quickfet hedges, in. termixed with (lately oaks and elms. The farm-boufes, fcat- tcred about in great numbers all over the face of the kingdom, appear large, . neajr and convenient, in the midft of tlieir offices or outhoules. The uncultivated part of the ground is doathed with acontinual greenj aiid the lands in general difplay the pet- fcAion of agriculuire. The feats of noblemen and gentlemen eidtibtt on every Ode > moft delightful fcene : flourifhing cities, populoua villages, and thriving towns, abound in every part of the kingdom, which in beauty, opulence, and cultivation, eacel* all the Hates in Europe. We (hall now proceed tp defivibe the face of the country, and its various aniooal, vegetable, mineral, and medicinal pro- ductions. The chief mountains ill England are, as follow : The Peak, in Derbyfhirc ; Endle, in Lancalhirei Wolds, inYorklhirCi Cheviot, on the Scots borders; Chiltern hills, in Buckingham- Ihire ; Malvern, in Worcefterlliire ; Cotfwold, in Gloucefter- Ibire ) Wrcken, in Shroplhire ; Skiddow, in Cumberland ; and Penluinnon and Snowden in Wales, 'I'lie mod celebrated of thcfe mountains is the Peak in Dcrbyihire, which is rather a cluiler of mountains than a fingle oiic ; the principal of thefe is Mam-Tor. There are above three fcorc forcfts in England ; the principal of which aic Windfor, Epping, Dean, bherwood, New Foreil, and Exmoor i the whole kin; loiu, indeed, being alinoft throughout (haded by trees and plantations, appears like one cxtcnuvc forcft. The lakes in this country are, Soham, Whittlefea, snd Ram- fey Mirc, ui the iilc of Ely and county of Cambridge ; Winan- der Mere, in Wcftmorland ; Derwent Waters, in Lancafhire ; apd Hull's Water, on the borders of Cuinlicrland. Tlic lakes Soham, Whittlofra, and Rainfey, ii> rainy weather, overtiow .1... r .«.i :_:..:«» u«....... «... i.l. ..r.-.tr ..„•...> The rivers in England (which, confldcriiigthe extent of the country, are very nuroeroia<^} not only fertilize tlic ground, but No. 76. eondtice to the improvement and profperltjr of commerce. They are as follow ; viz. The Thames, which is the chief river in tlie kingdom, being formed by the junftion of the Thame aivd the Uii. The others are, the Medway, Seventy Treni, Tvne, Teea, Eden, Avon, Ribble, Merley, Oufe, Hnmbirt Lodd^n, Colne, Lea, Dee, Dove, Tweed, and Clittm. The Thames x'lhn on the confines of Gloucefter(hire, receive* the Churn, and miu nortb-eaft to Lechlade, in Wilt- fliirt, where it unites widi the Colne, and becomes navigaUe. Thenee continuing itscoutfe north-oifterly, it is fwelled by ths Windrulh ; enters Oxford, where it receive* the Charwell, then turning fouth to Abingdon, proceed* to Dorchefter, wliera it is joined oy the Thame. Thu* increaf e^ it takes an eaft- ward dii«£tion, paiTes by WaUingfordvAHtofiag, Marlow, Windfor, Kingfton, and Richmond, in iffi^y to London, whi^ having walhed, divides the county of Kent from Eflex, and widening as it approaches the Ocean, iiills into the fea at the Note, being navigable from it* mouth to London-Bridge, for large (Iiips. Few countries abound more witli medicinal fprings, than England, which will appeir by the following alphabetical lift of them I Aain Wells, Middlelcx. Alibrd, Somerfetlhire. Ancliff, Lancalhire. Aflrop, Northamptonfhire. fiarnet, Heitibrdlhire. Bath, Somerfetlhire. Briftol, ditto. Brofely, Salop. Brouehton, Yoiklhire. Burnly, Lancalhire Buxton, Derbyihire. Caergile, Flint(hifc. Carlton, Lancalhire. Cawthorp, Lincolnfliire. Chadington, Oxon. Cheltenham, Gloucefterlhit*. Chippenham, Wilu. Cliltoii, Oxon. Cobham, Surrey. Codfall, Slaffbrdlhire. Colurian, CornwfiU. Comner, Bedfordlhire. Crickle, Lancafliire. Crof, Yorkihiie. Doddington, Oxon. Dog and Duck, Surrey. Dulwich, Kent. Epfom, Surrey. Eralmus's Well, StafTordihire Euny Well, Cornwall. Gainlborough, Lincolnlhire. Haniftead, Middlefex. Handbridge, Lancalhire. Harrowgate, Yorkihire. Hartlepool, Durham. Heigh, Lancalhire. Holt, Wilts. ' Holywell, Cornwall. Jelibp's Well, Surrey, ilniington, Warwicklhire. Iiiglewhite, Lancalhire. King'sCliff, Northamptonlhire. King's Sutton, ditto. KirkleyThower.Weftiiiorland Knarelborough, Yorkihire. Landridod, Radnorfhire. 'Leroington, Warwicklhire. Lincomb, Somerfetlhire. Madern, Cornwall. Malton, Yorkihire. Matlock, Derbylhire. Moreton, Shroplhire. Ncvil Holt, Leiceftetlhire. Newton Dale, Yorkihire. Noithall, Herts. Nottingham, Dorfetlhire. Orfton, Northamptonlhire. Pancras, Middlefex. Pitchford, Sallop. Queen's Camel, Somerfetlhire. Road, Wilts. Roogham, Lancalhire. Scarborough, Yaikfhire. Shadwell, MiJdJHex. Shapinore, WeAmorland. Stanger, Cumberland. Strenfield, Lincolnlhire. Siretham, Surrey. Swantey, Wales. Sydenham, Kent. Tbetford, Norfolk. Tilbury, ElTex. Tunbridge, Kent. Tunbridge Wells, New, Mid* dlefex. Upminfter, ElTex. Weft Alhton, Wilt*. Weftwood, Derbjrlhire. Whaley, Lancalhire. Witham, EiTex. ;> Whigglefworth, Yorkihire. Willoughbridge, StaftbrdUuie;. Kiiialton, Nottinghamfliire. The minerals are, tin, lead, copper, iron, free-ftone, marble, coal, fullers earth, black lead, allum, and fait. The moft couliderable mineral i* tin ; .ind Cornwall, for producing it, has been famous ever fincc tlie Plusnicians traded to Great D.:..:» XI-..1 I I...J .r..l r hjf Ajx4) f t mm S^ ifK'Vlttmi( rk mi,,mi Cumhwlaml. Mid- afeftx- bfiiif (he 'Ml oi ilw l\i|neiin CBtnfU'df jUftlcii '4fed Che- ftiire a county palatine. ther,«w, MMkwCtMMWtt, not in> ciMed'injny oMiiti. > ^ " ^ .,- 'Waleif wliiclr it • nrfncipali^ from^WltehCellte kvlr appa« rent derivei hi* title, i[ di»H>d fb|K«it«|ili. wIlM the north-«3ft circMi|,,the flrth-weft circuit, the fonth-eaft circuit, |Bt^t^efou0'^Kcircait;.dn Otc nonlfeaft, aft contained ]iSh^?S«lt?^ e%gk$!&il2£^St^^ Hn the%utb-i^ft,^ MMcdw^^^Ciladnori Brecon and Olamor- gan : iii the l^lh-woit, FkoMlipOiue, Cardiganfliire, and Caermarthenfliire. ,;. :.p,:\,-S'' •In Epgland, we number (brtflOoviMett containing hrentr- nve cii|#, one hundred and ferentv-tWo boroughi. aiid eight >Ciif^iK- porti, wUichiare, Dover, Haftingi, kytlie, Romner, Rye, Sandwich, SeaTSrd.'and Winedelfea. In dcfeiibini^ the iituation of, aad the principal place^in each eoiimy in En|;|and, we fhall begin with the nioft Wefterly, namely, Cotd^all, which injteps refemble* what It (mpliCa, that ii, a hA-n; It aboun^in tin and lead; produce* ^undic, which affbrdi copper •* good ai the Swedifli -, h fanionc for the bed Umt of flai«''ti|(^, and furailhei tlie builder with moor« fton& which rcfem1ife»-S|]rpttan yanite, when it is Miciently The town of LiuflMon ii tht mofi antient and chidf in the couAty; LannCifton ^aftk wa* formerly a very ftrong place, and thence obtained the Htame of Caflle-Terrible i 'thf round hill on which' itftand* Ixing environed with a triple wall. It ' wa« built by William de Mcrton, earl of Cornwall; foon after ^hcve tvs yaiietyiif muuKli^md* maris iit nffiBfent psrtt of the E^ol^ntry. lu ve^etab^ woduee it^^c^Aij rye, oats, pew, l^mt, vetches, hop*,- wtiii UKlit, flw, clover, heinp, cm- tqaeitil, mfbil, fainifoin, Jaieem,' graft, tfiichokes, alparagus,' icauliflowers, c«bbaMV' COllMMti, bi^coli, kidncy-beani, iiacb, becu; wiUfif cn««l^ tarnepa, caiTrou. potaitoeti kt, onioha, chalotf, Miiiling of aU Kindt, MRfl>wli|f(I. ^ , jiles, peart, cbeyrieii,-^pricot*, neAaiines, grapes, mBpTofe jvarious fpeciet, ra(btrri«i, ilrawberrie*, gooflierric*, Inmo^le*, Uackberriet, cirfiiana, ^iluti of various fortt, and mulhrooms. The corn whfch groWs in England excels that of all the countriei in Eosope^.^'The arable lands are cbinputad to, produce thirty fiw idinimii of buflicis of wheat annually, i* Eonfiderable part of which, afebr fcvowable feafont, it exported. The Englilh wheat-ear it, by tho beH' judgei, preferred (tjl iM foreign ortolan for flavour and delicacy;- Near at mucb Mftej Is made into mall, partly for bcerwid ate, and partly Ur diRi^' Ing Englifl) fpirits and Geneva.^ The ^ponUneoM-'lierb* Wio Innumerable. Englifli oak Is the lieft in the iiniverfe i beAdei^ Ivhich, here ia'plentyof aih, elm, beech, poplar, walnut-tree, Oiaple, fycamore, aMtr, hornbeam, fallow, wWow, httle, and birch. Thevardcners of this country, who are the mod expert in the wh^a world, can, by means of bot-bfdt -amf fire-walls, raife^Jlpiotic plant, and produce the mofi delicate' fruits that grow w^bfn the "I'ropictt The Englifl. quadrupeds are,' bUck cattle, (heep, fwine, horfes, aflea, does, foxes, fquirrels, ferrets, weazlet, licitrds, Uewtt, etten, badgers, heM'hogt, pole cats, rats, n^ite, ■loles, rabbet*, bares, deer, flags, Itc. Their oxen are large- . and fiit, and the facet ha* a^ticheiwis flavour. The (beep, are. ' the conciueft. It is fo much decayed, that no part of it, ex-° large, and even more vahixble for their iieece than their Heih, at above twelve millions of fleece* are annuallv Ihom and inanu6i£)nitd in the kingdom. The korfes for the faddle and chace are finely proponioned and full of mettle ; thofe for the dtanght are amasingly ftrong i and the war hories have abun- dance of fpirit. Among the animals peculiar to England, we muft not omit lo memionthe maftiffs and bull-dog*,whbfe fpirit is fo great, that toey will fingly attack any aniaaai whatever ; but when (bev lire tian^Mtted to any other country, this fur- |>riling fpirit tlegei kia tei greatly. The featiiermi tribe in England is very numerous^ havine great quantities of poultry, wild fowls, and birds i fuch as turkeys, peacock*, geefe, fwans, ducks, tamo pigeons, wood ttigcoas, wild docks, wild geefe, budards, lealt, wigeons. Movers, pheffknts, partridges, woodcocks, growfe, quails, landrails, fnipea, hawks, kites, owls, licrons, crows, rook*, lavens, magpies, jackdaw*, jay*, blackbirds, thrufhes, ni{;ht- imale*, gotd6ndK*i wren*, Knnet*, larks, and a gicat variety offmailcr bird* common to other countries. The Engiifh game cock is remarkable for his courage ; but, like the mulifF aiid bull- dog, lofcs it, if carried to any other countrr. In tne (bat furrounding this ifland, there is grrai plentv of cod, maclarreli^^ haddoc, whiting, herrings, pilchards, (Kait, foals, Oirimps, oyfters, lobflers, and crabs. And the rivers alford abundance of falmon, trout, eels, pike, perch, fmelts, carp, tench, baibles, gudgeons, roach, dace, mullet, bream, plaice, flounders, cray-iifli, and char. The laft-mentioned is a very delicate (i(h, found in the frefh water lakes of Wales and Cumberland. The coaft is feldom vifited by wlialet, but there arc great numbers of porpoifes tumbling about in the channel i and upon the rocks at the extremity of the ifland there are many fealt. Among the inftdt and reptiles in this country may be redioned adders, vipers, fnakes, worms, bees, wafps, ants, crickets, gnats, flies of variou* kinds, grafs- hoppers, and many Mher fpecies of inCefts aiul vermin common to other European countries. Many infcAs are of the tranfmigrating kind, chang- ing from one fpecies to another: examples of which are found in the caterpillar, moth, and butterfly. England is at prefent divided into (ix circuits, namely, the home circuit, the Norfolk circuit, the Oxford circuit, the midland circuit, the wcftern circuit, and the 'northern ciituit. Each of there comprifes a certain number of countiea. '1 he konae circuit include* EiTex, Hertford, Kent, Surrey and Suflex. In the Norfolk circuit, we reckon BuckinghamflMe, Bedford- ihire, Huntingdonibire, Cambridgefhire, Suflfblk. and Norfolk. 'I'lie Oxford ciicuit comprehend Oxfisrd, Berkfliire, Glou- ccfterihire, Worcefterfhire, Monmoalbihire, Hcrcfordlhire, balop, and StafTcrdibire. In the midLind circuit, we find ctM that which ferves for the countv goal, is ufcd at prtfent. The town of Falmouth, where the river Fall rui)! ipto the Englilh channel, is twp hundred and flxty three ipilis from London. This is the- richeft and bcft ttt'iing town! in the county. The harbour is fo commodious, that' ihip*' of the greateli burden cbme up to its quay. It i* guarded bv the caflles of Bt. Mawes and Pcndenni* ; the latter of which, ftand- ing on a peninfula, is large and w^-fenified, and wu built by Henry VIM. for the defence of Falntonih h»bour. There is fufikient (helter in many creeks for the whole royal navy to ride Tecure from any winds. The town is well-built, and itt trad* of late greatly increafed. The town of Penzance, which is the fartheft place in the weft of England, is well-built and populous, and hai many (hips belonging to it; veins of lead, tin, and copper, |to the utmoft extremity of low-water niarlc, are feen here, .j^ The county of Devon, which joins Cornwall ts'lhe eaft. ward, is naturally fterile, but rendered fertile in many pans by art. ThefoltoWitMarethe printiipal pliKaa contained iait -, via. The citf of 'Keter, capital of the county, end one of the principal ciiie* in the kingdom. It it fitoaltd on a riling ground watered by the river Ex, hat (ix gates, and,t||>ith the fnburbs, is two miles in circumference. The cathedral; called St. Peter'* i* a magnilicent and curious fabric, vaulted throughout, three ■ bundled and ninety feet in length, and feventy-four in hieadtb, and ha* a ring of ten bell*, reckoned dk* lafgeft in England. Its bridge over the Ex is of great kngth, and has hoafes on both tides towards the ends. It hat four principal flreett, the chief of which it called High-flreet, all centering in the middle of the city, which is well (applied with water. The town of Totneft flandt on the river Dart. Here it a fpaciout church with a fine tower, a town-hall, and afchool- noufe. lu chief trade is the woollen manufaAure -, but it ha* more gentlemen than tradefmen of note. There is a fine bridge over the river, which abounds with delicate tr^ut and other good fi(h. It is diverting to fee them catch falinon-peele here, with a fpaniel trained to drive them into a (hove-net: foinetimes a man will take up turenty falmon at a time, from fourteen to twenty inches long, for whidi they afk only two- pence a- piece. The town of Plymouth is (ituate two hundred and fiateen miles from London, at the influx of the rivers Plym and Tamw into the channel : it was antieutly no njore than a fifhin^-town, but it now the lai]geft in the (hire, contains near u many in- Habitants as Exettr, and it one bf the chief magazines in the kingdo.n, owing to its port, which is one of the largeft'and fafeft ill England. It confiil* of two harbours, capable bf con- taining one thoufand fail of (hips t defended by fevctal forts, particularly a trrong citadel of iaigc extent, (cniSUiing s granu itiagazine lull of fiorti, and fitf regular baflions, It i* very convmient 'i.*i »I M t»i m u k i ^ij^ - :iiy^':^4»i^-^-J^''^'^f''''' ;f agi;^?*"^-*'*^*^-^****^^ *.-..•„•<>■ if Kf\fr»rJfimflle*f A: f'nittVMJ SrsTKMiflitroaiuna: ' . It il ttVf coamiient >1 1 it x tt*- l^t^^itf-"!'- *3Er*. . 1 M.- ■ .-Sit 1} » ,1 ^:!S: i'> iM-'-y Hi*,- [EUROPE.] I T A L Y. 7iS 2 t • till " > ■ * 0' 1^ :N -r^ .'*») coimnUnt for heaM«ir4>b«wid (hipi ID provUa thnaiUvM with pilou «p ih* chiniMl, ui4 it tUo lb* |«imiiI nndMvoiH •flblpi ootwai^d bound. Thm M (Ifo a royal doch-yw4. lor boiUiag Mid nfMm ftipt, ibMM two milM M tiw iMWh artti liwr Tumr, wkw it Ml inltt of tiM te, diiiilMiidMd iq«ef«, bognft In lyiot In tha centre of which it a ganrni, and an eboltik finerdy feet high, ih honour of hit late royal highnefe Fraderk prince of Wal« The Mrtitery of Cheddar ia feoM for the fineft chttfe In Ibd world, eMcept the Parmeiimf and U MAnty'ilma miles in coja« paft, aboonding with paftare. There ate foch pbnuiiont of ipplegnittrlii>ot Canterbury, it the oldcft fee in England. It* cathedral is faid to have been bttilt by Etiielbert king of Kent. Here it a ftone bridge, confifUng of twenty-five arches, which is eftcemed one o( the fined in England. Ro- ch'llcr appears to have been a RoiiMn ftaiion, from the Roman Watling-Areet running through the town. 3. Tunbfidge, or the town of Bridget ; fo called from tlie river Ton, and four other ftreami of the Medway, which rife in the Weald, run hitlier, over each of whjcb ia aftonc-bridge. Tunbridge Well*, much frequented on account of their mineial waters, are five miles from the town, up to ttrhtch the river Medwav ia made navigable. 4. 1 he town of Margate, or St. John's, it iituated on the north fide of the ifle of Tbanet, and is a member of the town and pott of Dover, to which it is fubjeA in all matters of civil juriidiAions. The principal ftreet is near a mile in length, and built on an eafy afcent^ by which means the upper pan is clean and drv, but the lower end much oiherwife. The pier is inainiainea and prefcrved by certain payments for all goods and commodities tnipped or landed. The batliing- rooms are not large, but convenient. Three of ihefe rooms employ eleven machines till near the time of high water, which, at the ebb of tlie tide, foroetime* runt two or three liuiidred yards : itito the bay. The county of Middlefex, which takei it* name from its fituation between the kingdoms of the antient Eaft, Weft, and South Saxons, is, exceedingly fertile, fends eighteen members to parliament, and contains the following places, vis. Tlic city of London, the metropolis of Great Britain ; it is fuppofcd to have been founded about the time of Claudius, in the year 42. It had formerly feven gates by land, namely, Lud- gate, Aldgate, Cripplegate, Newgate, Alderfgate, Moorgate, and Bithopfgatc; all of which have been fome time taken down. , On the fide of the Thames there were Dowgate and Billingf- gate, long ilnce dcuiuiiiheu, s: vtill as the Pcfinn-gate near the Tower, and the gieateft part of the waMs. In the year ., 1670 there was a gate ercAed called Temple-bar, which is iiilt ilanding, and determinct the bounds of the city weftward. This celebrated city hai undergone great calamities of va- rious kiitdi, but the hvo laft were moft rtmarkahlr, nanidy, the plague in 1665, which Iwept away fixty-ciglit thoufand five hundred and ninety fix |)crfons t and the fire in i'.66, which borm dovin thirtten rtionftitd two hundred dwelling houftt 1 in memory of this hift theie is an eheli/k ereiled, called the Menunieiir, near the place where it began, which is one of the moft remarkable ftructurei in the city. To the two abeva ealamities, «• may add the high wind in 1 703, wbleh did in- crcdiblf mikititf t* the city Md h* tuviroiu. tiid alfo to the (ItitMniin the Tha«iH. Th« Tower ot Lortdon is rurraondad by • wall, ind pkrdv hv • thfip ditch, which inelMw (kvecfl tracts, hMMct the 'fofrnt properly fo calltd: thUcofKatm tha gytat MtilUiy, a inaga«iM 01 (mail arnit for flity ihoutinA' flten, and mm nd of a conftahl* and lieutenant. In thU'ftvtraTs ar4 kept tiie jewels and ornaments of the orown, m wtN at the'Mlier re- galia,, the lAint for coinings money, and Ma ntenageHd for ib- reign birdf and bcaftt. The coftom-houfe Aandi in Thames-ftrtetnear tfn Tower : it is a large ftately flruAnre, where ihv king's cuftottiij are re* ceivad for all geiodt imported artd exportra. Thert il a de< licliiful prof^A of a grove of (hips, laden with commoditiei or various kind* op|K>fite this place, as well at a great aray down the river. London bridge is ercAeda little to the tiniilof the cuflom Itoafe. I'he Excife.ofHce, ill Broadftreet, ha* been lately efrfltd on the (pot where C>rt(ham college foimerty flood, the latter of which wa* provid.d with ||onflori, appointed to read IcAure* there in the di.ferir.t liicultiet, which is now done in a Conve- nient apartment 7 ;ei the Royal Exchange. OrelhaiH foltege was formerly tlir r/i'jfeuinof tiK Royal Society, anShtd a fine library t>elong>iigtu t. In 1131 the Bank of England began to b« creAe(|t and wa* finiihed in two'; cars ; loon after which a marble (taiuc of WiU liam III. was fet up iu the ball. Thii ii a noUa and CtNDitia- dious ftone building. On the north fide of Cornhill (land* thai Royal Bschange, which is generally allowed to be the fineft ftrtiAute of tlw kind in Europe. It was firft bvilr by Sir ThoOM Gl« in the years i^and 15671 tml bring burnt down In 1664, ik wa* rebuilt in a more elrgant manner with Portland* ftone, was llniilied in 1660, and cod fiaty-fix thoufand pound*. 'The quadrangle wilbtnit one hundred and forty-four feet long, and one hundred and fcveniecii broad ; on the outfide of the walls .ire piasxas, and over them tWenty-four niches, twenty of which are filled with the ftatuei of the king* and queens o| England. In the middle of the area i* the ftatue of Cnatlet II. in a Ro- man habit. Tlie tov.'er and turret of the liaitern is one huii. drcd and l^venty-eight feet high, and make* a good appearance. I'he Manfion-hoi-fe, in which the lord mayor lefides, (land* to th« fouth-wcft of the Royal £xchnnf>e : it was ibundcd in the year 1739. It Is a magnificent ftruAure, but its fize, weight, and confined fituation greatly diminifh it* dignity. 'J'hc church of St. Mary le Bow in Cheapfide is admired for its fteepte, and has a fine rii>g of ball* ; and that of Walbrook, behind the Manfion, ht its architeAure, which i* extremely curious and maftcrly. On tlie north fide of Cheapfi(|e, at the (op of King-ftreet, (hinds Guildhall, the towh-houle of the city. 'The great hall is one hundred and fifty-three feet long, fifty broad, and fifty- eight high, and will hold near fevcn tbmuand people. It is embelliihed with the piAures Of feveral Englifh monarcbs, p.-\rticulaily ihofe of their prefent majefties, and feveral other diilinguilhed perfbnaget 1 a Aatue hai lately been ereAed tltere to the memory of the late earl of Chatham. And nearly ad- joining to the before mentioned buHding ftands BfaKkwell- hall, famous for being the greateft market in the world for woollen cloth. Sion college itands near London-wall : here is a library ap- propriated to the ufe of the London dergy. There are alms- lioulcs belonging to it for ten poor men, and it many women, toeach of whom fix pounds per annum it allowed. The cathedral of St. Paul, ncarChcapi^e, is allowed to be tlic fineft proteftant church in the world, and wu built after a model invented by Sir Chriftopher Wren. It* length, from eaft tp weft, is four hundred and fixty-three feet, and including the portico, five hundred, and its height three hundred and forty-four (cct from the graund to the top of the crofs. "rhc College of Phyficians, though obfcurely fituatcd on the weft fide of Watwi k-lanc, is nevcrthelers a handlome ftrufturc. In llie Old Bailey (lands Surgeons-haii, whicii is a handroine building, adjoining to which are the felfions-lioufe, and New- gate, the cminty giol. I The noble building, called Chrift't hofpital, behind the " ' north ^4^ ■• - ' : - • '■ \ '^■m ,.***' J ^ ^ S?' 5 1^ .* reuRopfe) 6REAt n A I f A i U. Ui Morth 6d« of Ncwgatt-ftrMt. wti formrrly ■ heuHi of tH» Qity Krian, tn^ «m foanM hy K>i«r.iril VI. tor llir riiteriimmciit and cdiKMion of lb« fo>.>f citildrvu of ciiitciu of both (rxi, A ina>li«aiuicilblionl wm h>Hii«l*4 liftt in 167), and • wining- fiUiuol (u \fi^ aHd by nicaiM ul a graai many nohl« b«n«- .fc^tiOfii iba ctuUHV haa bwn eibarwtla graady incrcalitd. On the loMtli oCnd. and the Magdalen, frr the reformation •f proftiinM, in Si. Georn'i fialdi. To thtl'e niuft be added, Bedlam or Bethlaro bofpitalfor inline people in Lower Moor- fieldi (unitad with Bridewell) and St. Luke'i for the Viroe jpurpola in Upper Moorficid* ; alfo the magnificent firuAure, called the Foundling hofpital, in Lamb'* -conduit field*. The city of Weftminfler, coniiguoui to London, are by Ibme reckoned part of it, though under a diftinA government, hat long been famou* for the palace* of the Englilh monarchi, tlic leal of the law tribunal*, and the hi^ court of patliimrnl. Ihe name i* derived from itii abliey, formerly cnlled a ninfter, and it< fituation weft of St. Paul'* cathedral. Tlie abliey ti a IruW venerable pile of building, in the gothic tafte, where moU of the Englilh monarchi have been crowned and bariad. It wa* founded before the year 850, Init the prcfent fabric wa« cieAed by Henry III. It i* four hundred and eighty-nine feel in kngih, and fixty-fix in breadth at the vctt end \ but the crof* aitla ia one hundred and eighty-nine feet bioad, and the height of the middle roof nincty, filhinungara, goMfmllihi, Ikiniiari, iiMreliaiii-uylo't. habardalhcr*, falter*, ironmuiigeri, vimnan, and cloth-wuikeri. The lord mayor,' twenty fix aldaimao, Iwo hundred and lliiity-hx cumnioit couiKilmaii, a recorder, twotheriffi, a chamUilain, a common ferjeani, and a lown- clcrk, are ihe city tna^iftralei: A high ftaward, a head iMllifT, t high conflaUa. and fotir* teen burgrlica, are llic principal m' gillratea and ollcar* for ih* goveriimuii of the city and lilxrty ol Wcftniinftar. Vauxhall, Railclagb, lha Pantheon, two play-hoafe*, tha opera-houl'e, and the ilieatra loyal in ttia hay-markat, ire iha principal pJacc* of public amultmeni. Bcrid':! the clergy, the moft learned bod'iea of men are, tlia Royal Society, the College of Phylicians, the Society for tlie F.n- conraKcmcnl of Art«, Jxc. and lha Society of Antiquarieii The fineft repofitory of raritica i* that called air Han* Sloane'a Mufeum, kept in Great Ruflisl-CTeet, Bloorolbury, and pur- chafed b^ the parlJaiDciit for tha infpcftion and afe oi^iha public. London, Weftminfler, and Souih<*ark, ara (aated on tha banks of the Thame* 1 and fiom Radcliff-crori in the eaft to Northumberland houte in the weft tlicie it a gradual afcent to the principal ftreeia. The common fuel Is pii-coal, ufually called fea-coal, of which there are confumcd upwarda of, fix hundred thoufand chaldrons every year. The nnmbar of hackney coaches is one ihouiand, but lite l<:dan chair* aia not fu numcrr/u*. It is computed that London i* fix hundred and ninety mea- fured anile* north by weft of Madiid, feven hundred and fihf north-waft of Rome, fix hundied and fixty weft-north-weu of Vienna, two hundred and twenty-five north weft of Pari*^ one hundred and ninety weft-fouth-weft of Amfterdam, four Inindred fouth-caft of Edinburgh, and three hundred and thirty- tour fouih-eaft of Dublin. The county of F.ITcx, fituated to the eaft of Middlefiiv, it extremely firiile, and abounds in cattle, corn, iiafturc*. falfroni &c. In chief town it Oolchciler, a large and populous placo on the liver Coin, which pallet ibrougli if, and is made na- vigable for fmall craft up to the Hithe, a long ftreet, which may be called the Wappini^ of Colchefter, where there in a conve- nient i|uay I and atWiveiiboe,wichin three milct of it, it a good cuftom-houfe. This, and all th; towns round it, are notad for making of baize, of wh'ch great quantities are exported. For the fupport of this trade, there it a corporation, called governor* of the Dutch bay-hall : tliit town :t alfo noted for excellent oyftert. It it reckoned to be about three mile* in cir* cumfercnce, has ten parilh cburche*, and five nieeliii^-houfcit It had antiently a wall and a ftrong calUe, built by Edward, iba to king Alfred, about the year 91a. The town of Chelmtford ftands in a beautiful plain, having the little river Chetmer running throuf^h it, over which tliaiv is abridge. Thit is called ihi Ihire or county town, and it a large, populous place, alinoit in ihe centre of the county, and itt fituation rendert it the moft frequented. The county of Hertford (or Harifordlhire, which received ill name from live great number of barti with which it formerly abounded) it fituated weftward of Eflcx, it particularly fertile ill corn and wood. I'be Ihice town it Hertford, which, how- ever, it inferior in opulence to cither Ware or St. Albant. The town w«t in Tome note in the time of the Romant, who called it Durocobriva, or Red Ford, from tlic red gravel at tha Ford. The Eaft Saxon kingt tb^merly kept their court* here. Its churches are All Saint* and St. Andrew's. The county of Bedford lie* north-weft of Ilertfordfliira, ia fruitful in corn and pafture. The principal town of the fame name i* a clean, well built, populou* place. Here arc five churches, of which the chief, and indeed the principal orna- ment of the town, is St. Paul'*, which had onci: a college cf prebendaries. The priory, now beloiigiag to the carl of Alh- buriiham, was founded before the Norman conqueft^r feculal canons. The buildings of this town are pretty good, and th* ftreett broad. The north and fouth pacts are joined by a ftona bridge over the Oufe. I'he county of Buckingham, 01 Buckinghamlliire, i* both plearant and fruitful, abouiidt particularly in phylkal plania» The county town, Buckingham, ftandt in a low ground, en- ^ompafled ou all fides, cxcei-t the oorth, witli the river Ou4. 9 U The 7j8 Thi new and universal SVSTBM of GEOGRAPHY. The caillcr now in raim, tvM built in the niddle of ii, and 4i\iAa it into two |Mrti. In tlie north p«it ftamte the town* halli * very bandfonu, convenient ftroAurc. It ii a populoos Mwn, «n4 his three ftoBc bridges overihe Oufe. Its cnuidi, which it in the weft pai t of the town, it very Urge, and, when die fpirt WM (Unding, might be reckoned the beft in the «eant^. In i6a8 it wm in part blown down, and never fince t«' built. Earl femple hat lately made a new road from thit t*wn to bit celebrated feat at Stowe : it runt in a ftiiit tine about two niilct up to the Corinthian arch, which, however, fome tines di&ppeari, owing to the riling and falling of the ground. The laee manulaAure is the princip*! bufinefs here, a* well as in ether parts of. the county. The county, of OsfetJ, which is pleafant, healthful, and fertile, is fduated to ih( weft of Buckingbanilhire. The city, which bears the fame name, Aands on the conflux of the Cbar- well attd Kit : the name fecms to be derived from a Saxon word, which fignifics a foid for the paflbgc cf oxen. It enjoys afweet air, in a plentiful country, onafinepUi», atid has every way a delightful profpeA. The private buildinps are neat, the public •net fumptuout*, and the river navigable (ot barges : but that which gives it a confcquenCe above all other places in this kii^- dom, is the oldeft and mod noble naivetfity in Europe, having been a feminary for learning upwards of eight hundred years. k is governed by a chancellor, vice-chancellor, and other of- ficers, and coiMaius tweitty collrees, five halls, a ftately pile called the fcboolt, wherein exerciles for the feveral degrees afc ^rforined ; the theatre, the moft magnificent building; of the kind in tlie world i the Clarciidon printing- houfe, which lihe- wife forpaHet every thine of a finilar nature ; the muieum, eontaiiring a chemical laboratory, a repofilory of natural and artificial curiofitiet and antiquities, a libranr, phytic f;ardcn, Ice. The county of Glonccfter, or Gloticdterihire, lies to the weftward of Oxfordlhiic, is tolrrably pleafaut, but indiflertntly fcitile. The city of Glouceflrr is well built, dean, and heal- riiv, lecured by the river on ihe one fide, a branch of which brii'.gs-up veflrls of a cuiiftcleral4e bnrdcn to its walls. It has a beautiful ca'liedral, five diorches, and is well provided with kofpitals. There is aii elegarvt (lone bridge over the river,witb Ac]uay ot whai^ and a cuflom-houfe ; abundance of crofles and fialues of the kings of England arc difpcrfed in diflTercnt parts of the city, and large retrains of monarchies. Under the bridge ic a cut ioui machine, which raifes water to fupply the town, which they alfo procure from Robin Hood's Well, a mile or two 0)it of the town. The cathedral is an anticnt but magni- ficent fabric, and has a tower, which is one of the neatcft and Oioft curious pieces of archiiecflure in England ^ and a wbif- pering place, at in tlte cupola of St. Paul-'s. It hu beantifiil oloifters, and twelve chapels in it, with the arm* and amnu- BKnts of great pe;iOns. Its town-hall for the aCzes i» caUcd the Sooth-ltall. - The eounty of Monmouth, which was formetly part of Wales, is the mod weftern EngliOi county towards fouth Wales. The town of Monmouth, twelves miles from Hathii, and •ne hundred and twenty- &ve from London, hu its name from the moutli of the river Minway, on which it it fitaaied, ftand- ing on a pirafant fpot between that river and the Wye, over tKh of which it hat • bridge. The place carries on a confi- derable traffic with Briflol by means of the Wye. It ha* a ftaiely church, the eaft eiul of which is cnrionly bnilt. The town is in a manner fesrounded by watnr, there being another (tver, the Trothy, over which it has alfo a bridge. The county of Hereford is one of tite rooft fiirtile in the Kingdom, and particularly celebrated for its cyder. The only city in this county, called after its name, has a god (tone bridge of eight arches over the Wye, and is encomeaUed with rivers on all lldet but the welt Its name iignifies the ford of an amv , it kaving been for feveral hundred years the bead quarters of the Saxons before the comjueft, and of the Eqglilh afterwards ; who were flarioned here, to keep the Welfli in awe. Before the «ivil wars, it had fix, bat aow only foirr churches. The ca- diedral is a magnificent (Iruftore, and contains monuments of its aii:ient prelates. The brfhop's caftle, the clofe with the dig- iliuries hoofes, and the college of tlie vicars, and ehorifters, are f teafantiy (ituated It is a hrgc, but not vera populous city. The county of Worcefter, north-eail of'^ Hercfoidihire, it well watered, and very fruitful. The capital t'ttj, Worcefter, i^ fituatcd near the Severn, over which it has a fiitc ftone bridge. The chief manufiidore* of the place are. broad cloth, gloves, ind porcetaiRk which is a compofition of a middle nature be- tween fine earth and gia». TSie public buildin" sake a eraid Appearance, e(pecially the guildhall and the wondioiife. It had formerly a caftle and walls, with three gates, aiid five watch lowen, all long fince defiroyed. The cadiedral (the model of that at BruiUs,) is a large edifice, but not very elegant, except die choir of tlie chapel, on the fouth-fide, which is of curioui Workminfhip. A handfome library belongs to the cathedral, tupi>ort(d by one (ingle pillar in the middle. Here are the mo- nmnenH of kine John, prince Arthur, brother to Msnry VII J. the countcfs of &ali(bury , and other illafti iout perfons. Befidet the cathedral, tliere arc eleven parilh churches.. The ftreets are broad and well paved i the forcgate ftreet is regular aiid beau* tiful; the hofpitals deferve notice, efpecially that nobje one ereAed by Robert Berkley, of Speichy, who laid outtwothou« (iind pounds in the buildni|, aitd four thouiand poiands in cn>- dowiag it for twelve poor men : there are, befides this, fix or (even others. Here is a f;ood water houle and quay. The Se* vern, though generally rapid elfrwhcre, glides by Worcefter very gently. The remarkable battle in i6ji, when Charles I. was orfieatcd by Cromwell, wis fought near the iboth gala of the city, where bones of the flaiii are ficq»eRtlv dag up. TheconiMy of Warwick to the eaftof Worcefteilhjr*, is particularly famous for its iron works, and very tiertile. The city of Coventry is united with Litchfield, in Stafford- (kirc, as u biflioprick, It is large and populous, but iti« buildings are old ; aad feme of them which are built with tim* ber, projeft out fo much, that in the narrow ft rcets, the tope •fiheoppofite houfcs alaaoft touch. The chief churches arts St. Micbael's and Trinity. The preteftant dimmers are a qwu (iderable body here. The town-honfe is worth frring, the windows being of painted glafs, reprefenting foine of the old kings, ice. who have been benefaaors to the city. Its chief naqilfaAares are tammies, and the weaving of ribbands. The county town is Warwick, fituatcd on the banks of the Avon, on a ipot renuikabty rocky. It is a very antiept ptace, aitd may be approached four ways, anfwering to the points of the compafs, and cut through rocks. Thele lead to four flieet* which meet in the centre of the town. The walls an ments of the place, ftrong both by art and nature ; the itxk on. which it ftandt is forty feet from the river ; but en the nortli fidr it is even with the town. From its terrace, which is abi>v« fif J feet perpendicular from the Avon, there is « profpeft of tliC river, and a heaatiful couii'ry beyond it. The apirtments are well contrived, and many of tbtra adorned with original piAures by Van Dyke, not inferior to fonie of the royal palaces. The town of Birmingham is very large and populous ) the upper part of it fluids dry on the IMe of a hill, but tlic lowet it watery, and ibhabited by the nscancr foit of people. They are employed here in the iron works, in which tliey are fnch iiv ^niout artificer*, d»t their aerfbrmances in the (mail wares of iron and fleel are admired both at hooae and absoad. It i» mucb improved of iMe years, both in public and private build- ings. Near this town is a feat belonging to Sir Lifter Holt, Bart, but converted into public gardens, with an organ and other mufie, in imitation of Vamihall, which appeUaiion it bears at prcfent. The county of Nordianipton, eaft of Warwickfhite, has lefa waAe ground than any otlicr couaty, and confequently is ex- eeedingly rich a«id fierrile. it give tlie title of earl, and fenda nine members to parliament. The town of the htne iiamr, (lands upon the Nen, over which it has two bridges. The beiidinp were bandibme, and the place large, (having feveis parifh churches within the walls, and two wiiliout) when it was reduced to afhes by a dreadful fire in 1675. Liberal contribu- tions from all parts of the kingdom reftored it in a great mea- ture to its original fiae t and for neatnefs, beauty, and fitoation, few towns equal it. It has fuur churches, of whicli the great one, vis. AUhalbws, it a handfome edifice, with a handiome portico of twelve lofty ionic columns, and a (latue of kiny Charles II. on the baluftrade. It flands iirar tlie center of tlis town, and at the meeting of four fpacious ftrtets. The maikei place is one of the fined in Europe. The horfe market it thought to exceed any other of the kind in England. Its moit confidcrable manufaQure is ftioes, of which peat nunibcrs are exported i the next to that ftockings. The walls are two ihou- fand one hundred and twenty paces in compalii. Among tbe public buildings, which all make a grand appearaiKc, the George inn looks more like a palace, and as foon as it was finifhed at the expence of two thoui'atid pounds, the owner, John Dryden, generoully gave it to the poor. A county bol - pital is bnilt hepe after the manner of the infirmaries of London, Briftoi, Bad), &c. and the rivet Neii, has lately been made navigable up to the town. Ttie felTioni and alTwe houfc, is a vety beautifol building of the Corinthian ordrr. Thedty of PeterboMHigli, which is of great amiuuity, is alfo (bated on the river Nen, over which there i« a bridge, which leads iiKoHuntingdoiMhire, and Mii)iueeaeaft of London. It was antienttv in a nourithing flate, as appears from the great number of (t>i|is that belonged to it, when its harbour was more commodious, and twenty one churdiet, of which now only twelve rrnuin. The tide tifcs herctwelve, fometimes fourteen teet. TIk town is populous, about a mile long, and fome- thing more in breadth, forming a fort of half-moon on the batik of the river, over which it has a good bridge of (tone. It is a corporation ; and its chief inanufaauiet are linen and wool- len. Here is a convenient quay and cuftom-houtc, .ind no place in Britain i* thought to be (b well qualified for the Gieenland filhcry, fiiicc the fame wind which carries a uiip oui of the har- bour is quite fair to the Greenland fea*. The town, which contains about four thoufand houfes, contains twelve parifh churches, a town-hall, a county-hall, two bofpitali, • frec- Ichool, &c. is governed by a bailift', twelve aldenuen, and twciity-foui common council- men. g The coiiniy of Norfolk, which it alfo a oiarittme place, V> the n6rth of Suftblk, i* exceedingly fruitful, and, deemed aii fpitoine of the whole kingdom. The principal iWer* are the Oufe, Waveiiey and Yare. The city of Norwich, one hundred milet north-eaft by north of Londoii, It large, and fiiuaiad near tlie eoullux of the tivcre Vciifder and Yare. It ftand* on the Mt of a hill, and it neais two mile* in lettcth, and one in btcadth. I'howh the place ia irregular, yet alTtlie buildings are neat and handioine. It ha* twelve gfles, and fix bridges over the Yare ; thirty-lit cbuKbes^ bcfide* the Cathedral, and chipela and meeting- houfes of all de* noiiiination*. The roof of the catliedral, a large venerable^ and handfoeac ftrudure, is adorned with the biftory of the bible« The choir is large and fpecious, and (he fteeple higher iha^ tlut at Grantham, but lower than that at Saliibury. Here are two eburche* for the Dutch and Flemings, who tnjey fingula* privilege*. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve aldct* men, two fheriffs, and tweifty-one common couacit nien. The fea-port town of Yarmouth, one bandied mile* north'^ eaft of London, and feated on the river Yare, it well bttllt, and very populous, at the mouth of the Oufe. Lynn Rqpi*. or King's Lynn, one hundred and tero miles notth-eaft ofLondon. it a handfome, large, and well-built town; at the mouth of the Oufe. Tlie county of Lincoln, a large and ptemlful titaritime place, • is fituated to the weft of the German ocean, and divided intil three parH, via. HoUand, Kefteven, and Lindfey. Thi* laft divifion, wliieh is the largeft, contains. The city of Lincoln, one hundred and thirty-five milet froot London, built on the fide of a hill, at the bottom of whicK runs the river Witham. in three fmall channels, over whictt are feveral bridges. The catliedral wat eikemed the glory of ' Lincoln ; for its magnificence and elevation it fucb, that tfak monkt concluded it would Ihortify the devil to look at it} and lience an envious look, bf a pioverfaial exprekSoiit ;s < it compared to the devil looking over Lincoln. In the centia ^ ot the old caftle, Which was built by the Romans, ahd r^jiairetf ' ' by the Saxont, it a mcdem ftruAure where the afEzet are hch^ ' The city is a county of itfelf, and has extenfive power and pri> vileges. On the Down of Lincoln is fomctimes'feen, thatrarai bird called tlte buftard ; tlic circumjacent countty is very rick and agreeable ; the noble traA of Lincoln heatli extending like Saliibury plain, above fifty miles. The cathedral wat fnccc^ cefiively brought to perfeftion by feveral of it* Hifhops. Heie it the fineft and largeft bell in England, called Tom oi Lincoln^ near five ton weight, containing four hundred and twenty four gallont, ale mealure, and is near twenty-tbtee tieet in circuiua fcrence. This city is governed by a mayor, twelve aldermei<, two flieriffii, &c. whqfe jurifdiftion extends twenty mile< round it. The town of Bofton, on the river Withsm, which is navii- gable to Lincoln, and one hundred and twenty miles north of London. It wa* forfflerly made a fiaple for wool, and tlie merehaitt* ol Hans towns fixed their euild here ( it is a pleufant, well built town, and hu a good foreign and inland trade. lb church is reckoned the Urgeft parifli church without crof* aitei in all the world : it it three hundred feet long within the walht; one hundred feet wide, haodfomely ceiled with Irifh oak, fupi^ ported by tall and flender pillars ; it bat three hundred and fttXf fivefteps, fifty-two windows, and twelve piUan, anfwerable (tl the days, weeks, and months of the year. The tower or {{«(•. pie, is Csmons for its height and workmin/hift, being two htm- dred and eighty-two fint high. It hat a beautiful oAagon laii- tern on the top, which is feen near forty miles every way, bvtef- pecialiy on the fea at far as the entrance of the dangerontcliannale called Lynn-deept and Bofton-deeps, fo that it it the guide fo mariners, a* well at the wonder of naveller*, and if, a magtiK ficent fpecimcn of a fine gothie tafte. The town hat a comni<<> diout haven, and it plentifully fuppljed with frelh water tff pipes from a pond, incloiiid in the great common called the Weft Fen. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve alder- men, eighteen common council-men, kc. In the divifion of Kefieven is the town of Stamford, on the Wclland, which is navigable for barges. It is finely fituated on the declivity of a hill, and has a ftone-bridgr of five archek. Here is a hanofome town hall, and fix parifli churches, with feveral good flreets and fine ftrufturet. '1 he trade is very con^- fiderable in malt, coals, and free ftone. I'he inhabitant* aM numerous and rich. The borough town of Grantham, one hundred and teil milet from London, fitnate on the river Wiihem, hat abundance of good inns of great refon. It is well-built : here is a fine lai;^ church, with a lutndfome fpire of ftone two hundred and tit,htf ket high i which, by a deotpilon of the fight, fixras to ftand awry. A good free fchool was boilt and endowed here b« Dr. Richard Fox, bifhopof WInchefter, and a native of IhH town i and bete Ate otleented Sir Ilaae Nawtoii tcteived hi* 76<> Th» new and universal SYSTEM o» GEOGRAPHY. '- /' iirft educttion. 11 i> governed by an alderman, twelve jufticcs of the peace, a recorder, coroner, &c. The county of Rutland, to the fouth-weft of Linculnfltire, is the fmallcft county in England, but contain! more parks than any other ; and it it as /crtile at pleafant. Ttie county town it Oakhain, where the aflize is held : it it fituatcd in the little but rich vale of Catinot, ninety-four milet from London ; it indifferently well-built, but famous for itt market, Mrs, caftle, hofpitalt, and fiee-fchools. Thit town it remarkable for an aniient cuftom, ftill obferved, that every peer of the realm, the firft time he comes through ihit town, (hall give a horfe- Ihoe to nail upon the caftle-eate ; and if he refufet, the bailiff of the manor hat power to ftop hit coach, and take the (hoe. This it now called the order of the horfe-fhos) and it is com- mon for the donor to have a large one made with his name fiamped on it, and often gilt. One over the judges feat, in the afiize hall, it of curious workmanfhip. Here is a church dedi- cated to All Saints, which it a handfome (iru£ture with a lofty fpire ; alfo a free-icrhool, and an hofpital. The village of Uppingham it a pretty compaA well-built place ; hat a very good free-(chool, and an hofpital : it is feated on an eminence, eighty-feven miles from London. The county of Leicefler, fituatcd to the weft of Rutlandfhire, it a plentiful and extenlive place. Itt chief rivers are the Avon, Soar, Anker, and Welland. It gives the title of earl, and fends four membert to Parliament. : The principal and county town, Leicefier, and the only one fending membert to Parliament, it the largeft, bell built, and moft populous in the (hire, having fix parilhet and (ive churches. The freemen are exempt ftom loll in all marketi in England. St. Margaret't church it a noble and elegant ftruAure, and fa- moiit for a ring of (ix of ihe moft tuneable bells in the kingdom. In Si. Martin's church it an epitaph on one Heyric, who died in 1589, aged feventy-fix, lived in one houfe with hit wife fifty-two yeait, though fometimes twenty in a family ; and the widow, who lived to be ninety-liven, faw, before her death, in December 161 1, of her children, grandchildren, and great grand children, to th: number of one hundred and foity- three. There it an exqui6te piece of workman(hip in the high ilreet, in form of our Saviour'i crofs. I'he hofpital built by Henry Plantagenet, duke of Lancafler, it fnpported by fome revenues of the duchy of Lancafter, fo at to be capable of main- taining one hundred aged perfont decently : it wat rebuilt in 1776, at bit Majefty's expence. Here is another near the ab- bey, for (ix widows. The inhabitants have greatly improved in the manufadure of ftockingt wove in frames, and are thought to return in that article fixty thoufand pounds per annum. The county of Derby, (ituated to the we{^ of Nottinglui'n- fhire, is barren on its furfacr, owing to the great number of hillt, mountains, &c. but rich within the bowels of thofe emi- nencet. The peak is in the north -weft part. It gives the title of earl, and fendt four members to Parlument. The feven wonders of the peak are, 1. Poole't-hole 1 2. Mam-Tor, or the Mother Rock ; 3. The Devil'i arfc ; 4. Tidet Well, or Weeden-Well j 5. Buxton- Wellt j 6. Eldrn- bole. 7. Chatfworih-houfe and gardent. One of the moft extraordinary of which is Poole'i hole, a ftupendout cavern, at the foot of a great mountain. The entrance it fo low and nar- row, that you muft floop to get in ; but it foon opens into a wide and lofty conr.avity, that hat fome refemblance to agothic cathedral, which reaches above a quarter of a mile in length. Water drops every where from the roof and fides, and being of a petrifying quality, it encrufts all the fiones with long cryftals, .in various forms, which, by the help of a ftrong imagination, Jire (hewn you at lions, lanthornt, organs, a fiitch of bacon, &c. At length you come to the queen of Scott pillar, which .it the boundary of moft people's curiofity, and wat fo named .by tliat unhappy princeft, whrn (he vifited diis place. It is .compofini of a clear bright (lone, like alabafter, or rather like that kind of fpar which is found about lead. A flrcam of water runs along the middle of thit cavern among the fallen rockt, with an hideout noife. On the left hand is a fort of chamber, where they fay Poole, a famous robber, lived, and whofe kit- chen and bed' chamber they (hew you, after you have crept ten yards on vour handt and knees. What appears moft extra- ordinary is, the l\iiprlfinghei;;htof the arch, which Dr. Lei^h .compares to frei-work, organ, and choir-work, bcfpanglcd with ftars, wh^cU dazzle the eyes, and look extremely beautiful fiom the ietic£)ion of the lijihit. The town of Derby, which it the capital, is fo called from heving been a p<>rk or fh'lter for drer : it (lands on the well fide of the river Derwent, over which it hu a neat flone-bridgc of five arches. The foulh-fide is wateied by a little rivulet called Moitin-brcok, which has nine bridges over it. I'lw moft re- markable church in Deiby is All-faints, or Allhallowt, liaving kticamifulgotbicfquare .tower fixty yards high, with four pia- rfacles. This town depetidt chiefly on a retail trade ; alfo in buying and felling corn, in making malt, and brewing ale« of both whicli great quantities ate fent to London. Tlie town it governed by a mayor, nine aldermen, and other officers, The rebelt came as far as thit town in 1 745, and then return- ed back into Scotland. The county of York, which it the largeft in the kingdom, oontains a variety of foili, givet the title of duke, fendt thirty membert to parliament, and is divided into the eaft, weft, and north ridings ; on account of their fituation. The citv of York, is the fe^ond in the kingdom : itt chief magiftrate hat the title of lord-mayor. The cathedral it built in the gothic ftile, and by fome thought 10 be the fineft in England, if not to excel any in Italy. It is dedicated to St. Peter. The windows are adorned with glafs, exquifitely painted with fcrip- ture hiftory, and other moft curious figures, in one hundred and f:venteen partitions. In the fouth tower there it a fine peal of twelve bellt. The nave of this church, which is bigger than any except St. Peter's at Rome, it four feet and a naif wider, and eleven feet higher . than that of St. Paul's. The afcent from it through the choir to the altar is by fix fteps. The entrance of the middle nave of tlie church, at the weft door, it under the largeft gothic arch in Europe, which binds and fupportt the two towert. At the fouth end of the crofs aile it a circular window, called the marigold window, from itt glaft being ftaiiicd of that colour ; and a large one at the north end, coiifiUing of five li};litt reaching almoft from bottom to top, and ereQed, as they flay, at the charge of five maiden fiftert. The painting repreli:ntt embroidery. The city it in a plealani fituation, and divided into four wards, containing twenty-eight parifhes, and walled, but not fortified with artillery. The river Oule from the north paflet through it, and divides it into two parts, joined together by a ftone-bridge ol five-arches, 01 which the middlcmofl it reckon- ed, for height, breadth, and archite£lure, to be equal to the Rialto at Venice, tliough not to that at Blenheim. The great council-chamber, the exchequer, the fherifF't ccurt, and the two city prif'ons, are kept upon this bridge. The river brings large veflcU to the quay., though at fixly miles diftanoe from the ocean. It hat four large ivell-built gates, and five pofterns. The otlier moft remarkable ftruflures are the guildhall, wbich.it longer, and in fome refpcfls fuperior to that of London. Near it is the ftatue of king Edgar, who lebuilt the city and St. An- tony's hall, in which there is. one room bi^ enough to hold moft of the inferior tradefmen of the city. The nurket-houfe in the ftrcet called the Pavcipent, it a curious piece of archi- te£lure, fupported by twelve pillars of the Tufcan order ; and there it another ftill larger in a f(|uare, called ThurfUay market. In this city are feveiitecn churches \ of which All-hallowt hat the finefl gothic ftcepte perhaps in England. The city belongt to neither of the ridiii^^, but «njoys its own liberty, and has ^ jurifdiAion over thirty-fix villages and hamlets in the neigh- bourhood. The town of Hull, or Kingflon upon Hull, it large, dofe built, and exceeding populous. It hat two churches, one call- ed Trinity or High-Chuich ; the other St. Mary's, or Low Church i the former is a fpacious, beautiful building, the pil- lars of which are remarkably fmall, and had, before the Refor- mation, twelve chantries, in one of which is now ■ neat library. Here are feveral meeting- houli:s, an exchan^ie built in 1621, a cuftom-houfe, and an engine for making falc-watcr frefh. Here ii a free-fclkool, with a hall over it belonging 10 the merchants, who have founded an hofpital called Irinity-lioule, m whicli are maintained many diftrcflcd feamen and their widows. The rigid difcipline beggart meet with here, makes Hull tremendous to them : all foreign poor are whipped out, and the poor t>f tho town are firt to work. They have a cant litany among tbcin, viz. from Hell, Hull, and Halifax, good Lord deliver us. The town of Scarborough it large, built in the form of a crcfcent, on the fide of a fleep hill. It has a conimojiuus quay, but little trade. The pier it inaint,iincdhy a duty upon coali i and the mariners have crc£led an hofpital for widows and poor feamen, which is maintained by a late on vcfTcIt, and dedu£lions out of feamen's wages. From the middle of No- vember herrings arc taken here in great nutnHers. Befides herrings, tlicy catrh I'tig, cod-fiih, haddock, turbot, and other filh in Rrcat plenty, and foinetiines whitini; and mackerel, 'i'ho fpa-well is at the toot of an exceeding high clift', riling perpen- dicularly out of the lartli like a boiling-pot, near the level of higli-watrr-mark in fpring-tides, with which it it often over- Howed. It is never dry, and in an hour yields twenty-lour eallont of water, which is purgative and diuretic. Here is good accommodation, belides ailemblics and public balls. 1 he re- fort of company is prodigious to thit mux of gaiety, wheie, with nuiubcrs, health is the pretence, but the end dilfipation. It fendt two mcmlicrt to pailiamcnl, and it two hundred and four miles iigrtli of London. • > ■ ^4:. . ; ;, ■ Thit ii:: .... lu. '- »^ t ,i' j a .,._i--'kL' • (fe tj A O t» E.I CJkfeAt hkltAlN* ?M I'hii ebdntjr tifo corttiSns th« iharkci towili bf Lttit and Halifax, both in the Weft Riding. The count or bifhopric of I>irham, fitnUed to the taorth ofYotkihirr, > very rich in coilt, thouch the foil it nor very fertile. The principal riven are the Teci, tlie Wear, the Tame, and tlie Tyne. The capital town, of the fame tiaine, it fituated on an bill, hai a cathedral, which It an old, bat magnificent pile. Befides the cathedral, here are fix iMrilh churehei. Southward of the cathedral, it the college. Above the college-gate is the exche- quer i and at the weft, the gueft-hall, for tne entertainment of j ftrangers. On the north-nde of the college fchool it a houfe for the mafter, and between the church -yard and caiUe art open area, called the palace-grceii i to the weft of which it theihire- ball, where the affiset and feffiont are held for the county ; and near it a library. On the eaft it an hofpital built and en- dowed by bifliop Cofin ; on the north fide it a oaftle, now the bifhop't palace, built by William the Conqueror, the outward gate-houfe of which it at prefent the county-gaol. The other Erincipal public buildingt are, the toll- booth near St. Nicho- it'i church, the croft and conduit in the market-place, and the two bridgei over the Wear. In thit county are alfo the town of Darlington, and the fea- port town of Sunderland. The county of Cumberland, fouth-weft of Northumberland, hat a piercing, yet wholfome air, but it not very fertile: the land it for the moft part hilly. The capital city, Carlillc, is fituated at the conflux of the nvert Eden, Peterill, and Cauda ; it is a fea port, but without fhipt, merchanta, or trade ; hu but two parilh-churchet, St. Cuthbert's and St. Mary's ; the latter ilandt differently from any parith church in England, viz. in the bodv of the cathe^- dral, which is in the middle of the city, inclofed by a wall ; the eail part of the cathedral, which is ncweft, it a fine piece of workmanlhip ; the lower or wed part fufTered much in the civil wan, when this city was bclicged. The choir of the cathedral it an exaA piece of archite£lure, has a flately eaft window forty feet high, and thirty broad, adorned with oillart of curiout workmanfhip. The roof it elegantly vaulted With wood, and Mubelliihed with the arms of P' ranee and England ; the Pcrcy't Lucy't, Watren't, &c. This town it the key of England on the weft fea, u Berwick upon Tweed it oathe eaft fea : it hat a btidge qver the Eden, wliich is but a little way from Scot- land, the fouth part of which indeiitt into England, at leaft, fifty milet further than it doet at Berwick. The town of Whitehaven, it fo called from the white clifTt that are near it, and fhelter the harbour from icmpefts : it it populous, and h-\t been greatly improved by Sir James Low- ther, who wat at a vaft cxpcnce to make the harbour more com- ip-Miioat, and to beautify the town, the trade of which chiefly confiftt in fait and coal. Some of the coal-mines here are funk to the depth of one hundred and thirty fathoms, and are ex- tendi under the fea to places where there it above tliem fuffi- cient depth of water for fliips of large burden. They carry on a good trade to Ireland, Scotland, Chefter, kc. The town of Penrith, or Perith, two hundred and eighty- two miles from London, hat a very good market for all font of commoditiet and cattle : the church it a la<°ge anu handfome flruAurc The county of Wefimoriand it fituated to the fouth-eaft of Cumberland, hat a healthy, but fharp air, it verv mountainous, and hat many barren partt in it. The priiKipal rivert are the Eden, the Lone, and the Ken. It givct the title of earl, and icndt four members to parliament. I'he chief town is Appleby, which though neither rich nor beautiful, is, by its fituation in the midft of pleafant fields, and on the banks of the river Eden, which almoft cncom- paflet it, rendered very agreeable. Here it an hofpital for a governcis, and twelve other widows, called tlie mother and twelve Mert. This place hat, of late years, gone greatly to decay, con- fiding at prefent of only one broad ftreet of mean houfet : however, it ftill keeps the alHzei and fcfliont, and at the upper part it the caftle. The church ftands at the lower end of the town ; and they have likcwife erefted a town-houfe. The town of Kendal, two hundred and fifty-fix miles north weft of London, is feared in a valley, among hills, on the weft fide of the river Can oi Ken, over which there are two ftone- bridges, and one of wood, which leads to the caftle, now in ruins. The church it a fpacious ftruAure, fupported by five rows of pillars, and twelve cbauels of cafe belong to it. The free fchool ftands on the fide of the church-yard, and it well- eiidowrd, having exhibitions to Queen'i college in Oxford. It is not ■\ for its manufaAures of cottont, druggeti, hats, and flocking* Hert isalfu the town of Lonfdale, or Kirby-Lonfdale, feat- «d on the Lone. The maritime county of Lancafler i$ fiivated to the taftward No. 77. of the trilh fe«; It bitioui for it* niaitofaAilret; ttgii^4kik| ^le of duke, and fendt twelve memhen to parliament. The fhire towh, Lancafter. has its name from the tlrti Lone, on the fide <>f which it it fituated neat' iu mouthy ami givet name tb the Whole country : it it the atitiertt Lonf^ovicuiil mentioned in the itinerary. Here Are fireqileiltly found th4 coint Of Roman empcrort, efpecially where the BenediAin4 friartliad a doifttr, which they fay wat the arei of an antient city burnt to the gradnd in' 1322 by the Scots. Th'it towH hu lately much improved in contmerce, being ajbopuloutt thHWng corporation, With a toleratite harbour and cultom-houfei TM county-afBaet ktc held in the t»ftle, wliich it one of the faireil monomentt of antiquity in England. The town of Liverpool, though not very intient, li rttat and paf||ttiloat ; and the moll flourifhing fea-port in thefe partt,. nearly equal to the city of Briftol. The inhabitarttt carry on an inaredibU tnde, witii vervhrceftockt, to all the northern and fouthern parts of the World; They import alinoft all kinds of foreign goods, have a large inland trade i and, with Briftol^ Ihare in that to IreUrrd and Wales. It is alfo the moft convi- nient:an4 moft fWquented pafbge to Ireland, ftanding at the mouth of the Merley river, or Liviirpool water. Here are font churches, itiany fpaciout cittan ftreets, an elegant town-houfe, an admirable wet dock with iron flood-gates, t ftately fcnftom- hou.e, a neat play-houfe, ttc. The harbour is de^nded, on the fouth-fide, by a caftle^ and, on the weft, by a tower, oit the Merley. Mancbefter is a very large and populooi town, feated betweeii the Ilk and Irwell, is one hundred arid eighty-one milet ikorth- north-weft of London. This is a place of great antiqaity ; and carries on a very extenfive trade in cottons, tickings, velvets, &c. It hat a collegiate church, and two modern onet. This town has alfo a fpaciout market-place, exchange, college, hof^ pital, free-fchool, and library. The choir of the cdllegiate qhurchiis remarkable for its curiout carved work, and a famoot clock that Ihewt tlie age of the moon. The chief magiflrate is a eonftable, or headhorough. The town gives the title of dukk tc the noble and antient family of Montague. Other towns of inferior note in this country are, Warring- ton, on the river Merfey ; Prefton, on the north fide of the Ribble i and Wigan, on the river Douglas. To the fouth of Lancafhire lies Chefhire, Which has a ferene air atld.^>od foil, and is famous for its cheefe: the land being fitter fan paft«re tlian corn. The principal rivert are the Merfey, itlw \yever, and the Dee. The city of Chefter, called alfo Weft Chefter, it large and well built, full of wealthy inhabitants, who, by its proximity to the Severn and Irehnd, drive a confiderable trade ; it hat feveral fain in tlie year for cattle, Irifh linen, cloths, hard- ware, hops, draperv, and Mancbefter goods. It is a place of great antiquity, and of a quadrangular form ; the walls are neair two miles iir circumference ; and there are four gates, towards the four cardinal poii.ts. It has a flrong caftle, in which is the fhire-hall, where all the caufet belonging to the county palatine are determined. By the bridge is a handTome water-houfe ; and the principal ftreets are adorned with piazzas, under whicli are the tradefmen's fhops. It contains ten parifll churches befides the cathedral -, is governed by a mayor, two fheriffs, and twenty^ four aldermen i fends two oieinben to parliament, and is • biftiop's fee. In this county are likcwife tbe towns of NantptwichiMiddle* wich, Nortliwich, and Macclesfield. The county of Stafford, lying to the fouth-eaft of Chefhirci it a rich, though not fertile place. The Ibire town, Suflbrd, where the aflises, and alfo th(( quarter fcfliont arc held, is one hundred and thirty-two miles from London. It ftands low on the river Sow, over which it hat a good bridge. Here are two handfome churches, a free' fchool, and a fpaciout market-place, irt which ftands the fhire* hall : it is well built and paveid : and much increafed of late, both in wealth and inhabitants, by its manufaAuriet Of (lotlu The oldcuftom of Borough Englifh is flill kept up here. The buildings are for the moft part of ftone and flate, and fome of them in the modern tafte. The town of Litchfield is large and neat, and, when joined to Coventry, is a bifliopric. The cathedral, Which ftands in the clofe, was begun in 1148 ( and is now » noble ftrafture, being walled like a caftle, and, ftanding on an cmiisencci it feen at the diftance often milet. The town of Wolverhampton ftands upon a high grtniad, and is a populous well built town, and the ftreets are well paved. It has an antient collegiate church, annexed to the deaiicry of windfor ; and a very handfome chapel, with i pfeibyKiii!* and a quakers meeting- houfe. It is chiefly noted for its iron nunufaftury, confifting of locks, hinges, hackles, cork-fcrewti lie. The town it chiefly I'upplied with water from four weale fniin;t called Pudding- well, Horfe'wcll, Walhing-wcll, and \k * Wea!. >6a Tkb new and universal SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHV. ■It t ". Meii-well.. The healthy ftate of tliii place ii afcribcd to iti high and dry iltoation. Shropfhire liei Touth of Chefliire, and U tolerably fcrtilei It contains the following places i viz. The town of Shrewlbury on the Severn | it has two fine hridgei over that river, which furrounds it, except on the nortli fide, tntheformofkhorre'fhoe, and renders it a peninfula. It has a free eraminar-fchool i and conuins five parifli churches, belides a ciiapel, twO of which are handfome ftruAiirei, adorned With large fpire fteeples ; here are. good ftreets, and Iiandfome houfes well inlubited s it is furroundcd with a flrong wall, through which there kre three gates, and on the eaft and weft twc good (lone bridges. This plaee Is the comnion' marl between England and Wales, to which all forts of Wehh com- modities Hre brought. It is a corporation with ihe title of ait earldom, fends two nieioben to parliament, and is goverjied by a mayor, an alderman^ a recorder, twenty- four common- councilmen, and a town-clerk. The town is nearly twa mUci long, and raoilly broad. The following Table will exhibit at one view many curious and necelTary particulars lefpcfling the feveral coimties in England, the frequent repetition of which might have proved air^ufting. ,, , •■ ,. , ■ • . y.^iU ■ A TABLE, containing the Modern and Antient Names of the Counties or Shires in England ; the Titles tlicy ^ive ; their Length, Breadth, Circumference, Cities and Towns, DiftaiKcs from London, Market Towns, the Number of Members they fend to Parliament i and the Number of Parilhes and Acres conuined in each. Modein Names. Bcdfordfhire Berkftiire Buckinghamfliire Canibridgefliire Chefhire Cornwall Cumberland Drrbynilie Devonlhire Dorfetfliire Durham Glou'cefterlhire Hamplhire Hcrefordlhire Hertfordlhire Huntingdonlhire Kent Lancaihira Leicefierfbire Lincolnfliirc Middlefex Monmoutliiliirc Norfolk Northampton ' Northumberland Nottinghamfliire Oxfordlhire Rutlandlhire Shropfliire Somerfctfliire Staffordihire Suffolk ... Surrey SuiTex VV«rwick(hire Weflmorland Wiltttiire Worcefterftiire Yorklhiic AnticDt Namei. Tide. Bedfordia Readingum Bockingbamia Camboritum Elia Deva Lanftaphadonia Luguvallum Derbia IfcaDanmonionim Plimuta Dunium Dunellum Colonia Canonium Clerum Venu Belgarum Clauferttum Herefordia Hettfordia Huntingdonia Darovernum Roffa Longovicus Mancumium Rhagx Lindum Londinum WeftmonaftCTium Monumetia Norvicum Garrianorum Petroburgum AntonaBorealis Gabrofentum Nottinghaniia Oxonium Uxocona Salop ia Ludioa ■.-••.. Briflolium Aquz Calidse Lichfeldia StafTordia Ciippevicum Villa Fauftini Ncomagus Regiopolis Ciceftria Przlidium Coventria Concangium Sorbiodunum Bannogenium Eboracum Kichmondia D. E. E. £. E. D. D. E. D. D. D. D. licng' Bnd. 23 39 39 40 55 57 «9 57 55 5° 43 4a '5 40 60 40 48 34 6S 33 30 40 36 "4 CIT cuinf T3 HO 138 130 «30 150 168 130 aoo 150 107 150 •56 150 108 ISO 67 166 170 180 95 84 140 I as '50 no 130 40 «34 200 140 146 112 170 122 120 142 1 30 360 Chief City or Towni. Bedford Reading Buckingham Cambridge Ely Cbefter Launcefton Tiuro Carliile Derby Exeter < ./mouth Dorcheftet Durham Colcheiler Chelmsford Gloucefier Winchefter Southampton Hereford Hertford Huntingdon Canterbury Rochefter Lancafter Mancheflcr Leiceftcr Lincoln London Weftminfter Monmouth Norwich Yarmouth Peterborough Nonhampton Newcaftle Nottingham Oxford Oakham Shrewlbury Ludlow Briftol Bath Litchfield Stafford Ipfwich Bury (iuiklford Kingf.on Cl"<:l>eftet WaMfick Coventry Kendal Saliftjury Wilton Worceftcr York Richmond. Oilt. Ir.liliirkti Lond, Towns. 50 40 57 5^ 68 182 214 2i;8 126 «73 2i6 120 257 100 63 75 130 21 it 30 m 99 132 o I >*5 109 123 8i 66 271 1 26 »55 138 117 108 118 >3S 69 70 29 12 61 93 9» 'II .85 III •97 230 l'.iriiam. Men. 10 12 '4 8 12 »7 '4 it 40 22 8 22 18 8 18 6 28 a? «3 39 5 8 3» II 9 «5 2 »S 30 18 3» II 18 «4 8 a3 11 49 4 9 '4 6 4 44 4 26 20 4 8 8 26 8 6 4 18 >4 4 12 18 3 12 9 8 8 9 2 la 18 10 16 •4 28 6 4 34 9 30 i\unib. I l>..ri(h.| Nuwuer ui Acres, J 24 1 40 >85 163 86 >7» 106 394 248 4«S 280 »S3 176 120 408 60 200 688 143 127 660 330 46 168 280 48. 170 38s 'SO 575 140 213 158 64 304 563 2Co,000 517,000 441,000 570,000 720,000 960,000 1,040,000 680,000 1)920,000 772,000 6io,oco 1,249,000 800,000 1,312,000 660,000 45 1 tOOO 240,000 1,248,000 1,150,000 560,000 1,740,000 247,000 1,748,000 550,000 1,370,000 560,000 334.000 11,000 890,000 1,075,000 810,000 995,000 592,000 670,000 510,000 540,000 3,770,000 The otiicr part of South Brittin called Wales, or the principa- lity of Wales, was, in the year S70, divided by Rodcrjc, king of Walts into three parts, that his three fons might equally iucceed him. Thefc divifions were called South Wales, North Wales, and Powis Land ; but the latter divifion was foon Jwallowcd up by the two former. Wales fonncMv confifted of fuuitccu counties, including Monmoutlilbire and Herefordlhirc ; but thefc having been lince annexed to pngland, the principa- litv now couiifts of only twelve counties, each of whicli has the privilege of fending to parliament a knight, and ev ry iliite iuWik a bur);els. This principality is bounded on all ildes by the Tea and the Severn, except on the eaft, where it joins to the counties of Cheflet, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth, being one hundred 6 and ot M puiiit iULK. noteil lijv by A •1 :tj moil' itiarl Velih com- tide of an goveMwd coiutnon- twa mile^ Iny curioul oiintiet ill laye proved ive i their Mcmberi luwtwr ut Acres. 2CO,000 527,000 44I1OOO 570,000 710,000 960,000 ,040,000 680,000 1,920,000 772,000 6io,oco 1,249,000 800,000 1,312,000 660,000 45 1 i 000 340,000 1,248,000 1,150,000 560,000 1,740,000 247,000 1,148,000 550,000 1,370,000 560,000 534.000 11,000 890,000 1,075,000 810,000 995,000 592,000 670,000 510,000 . , •' f • (! 540,000 3,770,000 the principa- ivhicli hat the ry iliitciuWu he Tea and the e counties of ; one hundred and tLURbPE] GREAT BRITAIN. and tliirtern inilei long, and ninety broad, Vvhere widefl. Tlte country, thougli for the muft part mountainous, is not altogether unfruitful, as the valiiet abound in corn, the feas and rivers with (i(h, and the hills, exclulive of the metals and minerals they contain, feed great quantities of black cattle, Iheep, deer, goats, and other animals. There are twelve counties or fhires in Wales ; namely, 1: Radnorfliire ; II. Itrecknockfhire i III. Olamorganfliire ; IV. Carmarthejilhire ; V. Pembrokefhire ; VI.CardiKanlhlre; VII. IVIontgomeryfhire ; Vlll. Merionethfljire ; IX. Carnarvon- fhirc ; X. Denhighfliire i XI. PlinMhire i XII. Ailglefea : this laft we (hall give an account of, when we come to defcribe tlie inmids belonging to Great Britain. The county of Radnor, to the fouth-weft of Shropfliire, Is tolerably fertile. The chief commodities are fhccp and horfes : )he principal place is New Radnor, one hundred and fifty-feven miles fiom London, is a very anticnt borough, well built for tliefe parts, but chiefly thatched hoiifes. I^was called Radnor by riie Englifli, fiom Rhaiadr Owy, or the cataraA of the river Wye, near the town of Rhaiadr. It flands in a fruitful vailey, ai the liottom of a hill, where abundance of flieep are fed. It is twenty miles in length, eighteen in breadth, has five parilhes, and fends two members to parliamciit. I'hc county of Brecknock, to the fouth of Radnorlhire, has a fliarp but wholfumc air, is very riiountainoiis, and abounds ^ilh black cattle, vinifon, goats, wild fowls, &c. The town of Brecknock, or Brecon, one hundred iind iifty- hine miles from Londoji, is the capital, and almoll the centre of the county. It is a compafl, well built town, in which the aflitcs arc held : it (lands at the confluence of the rivers Hondby and Ulk, over which it has a good (lone bridge ; is Vvell inhabited, and has fumcfliarc in the woollen manufacture. The ruins of its caftle, built by Bernard dc Newmarcli, in the Tcign of William Rufus, remain; its markets ar: well fupplied Vrith cattle, corn, and other provifions. Brecknock priory was founded in the reign of Henr^ I. by Bernard de Newmarch. It is now a parilh-church, and (till a raoft magnificent building, lituated on an eminence, and built in the form of a crofs. In »he centre of the crofs an embattled tower rifes about ninety feet, kind lies open to the church above the pof. There is (till re- maining, in the priory- houfc, the refeClory or dining-room. The county of Glamorgan, fituated north of the Briltol channel, is tolerably fertile towards the fouthern parts. It is forty-five miles long, and twenty-one broad, has eighteen |)ari(hes, and fends two members to parliament. The town of Cardiff, one hundred and fixty-one miles from London, is the capital, where the alfi/.es are alfo held. It has a bridge over the TalF, in which fmall vclTcIs may come up, tind lade or unlade tlicrc. This is a large, well built town, confiding of two pariOies, and reckoned the moft beautiful in all South Wales ; it has a good trade with Briltol, and plenti- ful markets and fairs for corn, cattle, (heep, horfes, fwinc, &c. The antient town of Swanfea, two hundred and two miles from London, is large, clean, and well built; diives the grcateft trade of any in the county, cfprci.illy in coals : holds a corref- ixmdence with Briltol v and has a good harbour, where fome- tiiiies one hundred (hips at a time come in for coals and culm. The town (lands on the river Twy, and its maikets are well furnilhcd with all necelfaries. Here are the rem;iins of an antient tartic, built about the year luj by Henry Beaumont, carl of Warwick. The county of Carmatthcn, fituated north-weft of Gl.imor- ganlhirc, h«j a milder air, and h more fruitful than moll of the WcKh counties. It is forly-lcven miles long, and twenty-feven broad, has eight parillics, and fcndi two members to parlia- ment. The caiiital town, Carmarthen, two hundred and four miles from London, is lituated on the river Twy, over which it has a (lone bridge, and i< a pKicc vencr;ible for its antiquity. It is a very polite, indiifttious, thriving, and populous town, of great reforl, and drives .i very confidcrable liade. 'I'his place was anticntly reckoned the capiial of Wales. The county of Pcmbrol^e is encompafled around by St. ficorge's ch.inncl, cxceiit on the izA fide, where it joins to Cjrniarthcniliirc, and on the north-ealt to Cardiganlhire. It is a fruitful country, being thirty-three miles in length, and twcntv-cight ill liicadtli, contains one hundred and torty-five paiKhes, and lends three members to parliament. Tin: county town >i I'diibroke, two hundred and thirty-four miles fiom London, and (lands at the innermoft eaftcrn creek ot iMilford- haven. It has two handlbme bridges over tho two points of It. lUTi.- arc the remains of an antient caftle on a loLK, iii V, hich tLury VII was horn, atld under it is a vault noted for a ftuiit;i- echo, called the Wogan, and fuppofed to luve Ijcen oii5;injlly a (lore room for the garriibn. It was built tiy Arnulph de Moutj'.oimry, in the reign of Henry 1. It has ttvu paiilhci, and a cullom-houfe: it is welt fici^uented, not '^^SMIS"' bnly by gentleiiien, but likawife by fcveral liercbahts aiid Md^f- men, foine of whom have well built boufei here. , The town of Haverfbrd-weft, t\^o hundred kha t^'itij-Rx miles from London, (lands on the north fide of a hill, but i( a' very neat well built, (Iroiig, populoiis, arid trading town, having a fine (lone bridge, plentiful marketi, a ccimmodioua. quay Tor (hipt of burden, and a cuftom-houfe. There are three parifb- churches in the town, tiefidei one, called Priengeft,. in the out parts. The harbour called Milford-haven hat fixteeil creeks, five bays, and thirteen roads in which one thoufand fail of (hip< may ride fecarely. It ii the beft hirbour in the three kingdonisi there being no manner of danger in failiag in or outof-it with the tide, and almoft any wind, by night as Well as by day ; aiid a (hip in diftrefs may rvin alhore on foft ooze, and there lie fafe; The fpring tide rifei in the harbour thirty-fix feet, and the neap about twenty-fix. The county of Cardigan, fituated nbrth-eitft of St. George'* channel, is for the moft part barren, but contaiiis fome valuable mines. It is forty miles long, and eighteen broad, contains fixty-four parilhes, and fehd two members to parliament. The principal town, of the fame name, two hundred and twentv-two miles from London, is pleafantljr fituated at the mouth of the Twy, over which it has a good (tone bridge lead- ing into Pembrokelhire. It is a large, antient, and populous uuiough, and carries on a confiderable trade, efpecially to Ireland, the tide flowing up to the town. The church is a handfome (triiAure, and the caftle, though id a ruiiious condi- tion, is ftill in beiilg. The county of Mdiligomety, one hundred and fixty-one thiles from London, is lituated in a very healthy airi on the I eafy afcentofa rocky hill, having beneath it a pleafant valley, through which the Severn winds its courfe. Thetown is large, though the buildings, except a few belonging to wealthy fami- lies, are but indifferent. Six miles from Montgomery (lands the corporate town of Welfh-podl, which is large and well-built, fituated On a lake in a fruitful valley, where is a good manufa£tury of dannel. There is a caftle, belonging to the earl of Powis, on the fouth fide. To the eaft of St. George's channel is Merionethfhire, which is a mountaihous, barren-, bleak, unhealthy country, and the inhabitaiits are tiiore remarkable for idlenefs aild incontinency than any other of the Wel(h people. It is thirty-five mile* in length, twenty-five in breadth,' has forty-feven pafilhe?, and fends two members to parliament. Tlie town of Harlech, in this county, is one hundred and thirty-nine miles from London, fituated dn a rock rtear the fea, where there is a harbour for (hips. It is a mean town, thinly inhabited, but has a earrifon for the fecurity of the coaft, and an old, decayed, and ufelefs caftle, originally a (ttong fort of the antient Britons. In the year 169 ^ the country about Harlech was annoyedal>ove eight months with a fiery exhalation, of a curd colour, which arofe from the fea, and was &ea only in the night. Thetown of Dolgelly,, thirty-fix miles from WeKh-pool, ii fituated in a woody valley by the Avon, at the foot of the great mountain Idtis, which is computed to l>e near three miles high, and one of the loftieft mountains in Britain. Here is a good maiket for Welfh cottons, and a tolerable inn for travellers. The county of Carnarvon, fituated fouth-eaft of the ide of Anglefea, is very mountainous, but abounds in cattle, (heep, goats, and other animals. It is forty miles long, and twenty broad, has fixty- eight pari(hes, and fends two memberl to par^ liiment. Carnarvon, the principal town, two hundred and fifty-one miles frottl London, is fituated on the channel that (eparates this (hire from the ifle of Anglefea, and was built by the tommand of Edward I. out of the ruins of the city Sagontium, Which ftood a little below it. The town has a beautiful profpeS of the ifle of Anglefea, and is pretty ftrong both by nature and art. The county of Denbigh, the fouth-wed of Fllntlhire, is for the moft part mountainous and barren, though there arc |a few fertile fpots in it. Its length is thirty-one miles, and breadth fcventeen, contains fifty-feven parilhes, and returns two members to the Britifh parliament. Ttic town of Denbigh, two hundred and ten nliles from. London, on the banksof thelfirio, is a handfome, large, and populous place ; was at firft built on a fteep rock, but in procefs of time has been removed to the bottom of it. It ftands on a branch of the Clwyd, has a good trade, and is by fomcefteemed the beft town in N orth W ales. It bu a good market for corn, cattle, and other provifions ; and two churches. Weft of Ciieiitire, is iiid county of Flit'.t, whisk contains fome mines, but the foil is in many places barren. The Ihirc town, Flint, one hundred and ninety -five milet from London, (lands on au arm of the river Dec ; it had for- merly ^1 ;«4 t"« NEW AMD UNIVERSAL SYSTEM of OEOGRAPHV. mrlT • ea(Uet th» rnliii of wbkh are ftill remaining ! Henry Ii; began, uti Edward I. iiniihcd it. The cit^ of St. Afapb, mo hundred and twcNe milei from Lon^n, la a bilhop'i fee, iituatcd in the valcofClwjd, at the conflux of the Elwy with the Clwyd i but the buildinea are not ffniar|(able for beauty, nor ibe chuicb for elegance. The epif- copal iec waa founded in the year 560, by Kentigern, bilhop of GUlgow, in Scotland, who teflgned it to hit dilciple Afapb, from whence ita name ia derived. S E C T. II. 0/ thi thtrtHirt, enfltmt, maniurit raw^iVufiMi, gtvtnmnt, laws, rtlifiin, ifc. »f lb* Bnglijb, TH E inbabitanta of South Britain are in general of a good fixe, and well made; they have regular featutei, fair itini, and florid complexions. The women, in particular, are deemed the moft bv-auiiful in Europe. The fafhionable drefa of the Cngliih is ufually copied from the Frendb, but the former generally add decency and cleanlineHi to the decorations of the latter, A fcorbutic humour being common to the country, decayed teeth is on that account a very common peribnal With refpeA to their manners, the Englifh people vary in the different clalTes of which they are compoled, according to the difference of education and intetcoutfe. Perfons of fafhion, after having ftudicd at the univerfity, commonly travel for im- provement. 1'hey are magnificent in tlieir drefs, eauiiiage, dwelling, and manner of living ; generally polite, holpitable, {Ood-natnred, humane, charitable, and foreiving ; but not very rcmailcable for their liberality to the profeiibrs of the polifhed arts, even to thofe who have exhibited proofs of excellence and ingenuitv. KcfpeAing the unfavouraole part of their cha- raacr, there is obfervcd in them a difpofition to gaming, riot, an exceffive infolenceof pride, and a flrong propenfity to cwi- temptuous ridicule, diffulcd through tlK whofe ration, from the higheA peer to the very dren of ilie people. Perhaps this ia the peculiar charaQeiiflic of the Englifh : for it ftrikes every foreigner at his firfl arrival in England, and appeara remarkably confpicuous in the writings of the linglifb authora. The Englifh merchants are, beyond all others, efteemed for their honourable dealings, as well as for their knowledge of trade, and their extenfive cotimierce. The people in general are matters of the different profiifliens they exercife ; their workmanfhip ia neatly and elegantly finifhed, far above any thing of the fame fort in other countries ; and though thev are not the moift remarkable for their difcovcries in the arts of nan- dJcraftfmen, they never fail to make improvements on the in* vcntions of their neighbours. They have been always^ually famed for ingenuity and courage. Their foldiers are fearlefs in the day of battle, and have obtained a great number of fignal viAories over the moil powerful and warlike nations on the continent, and*in point of aAiviiy, fkill, and intrepidity, tbeir failors are confieflediy fuprrior to all the mariners upon cartb. We may divide the diverfions and paftimea of the Englifh into thofe of the town and thofe of the countryr and again fubdivide thefe into fuch ai are peculiar to the higher ranks of life, fuch as are praflifed by the lower clafs of people, aitd fuch as are common to both. The diverfions of tbc town are . operas, ridottos, >safauerades, concerts of mafic, theatrical performances, and card allembliea for perfons of falhion. The paflimcs of the country, peculiar to the fame degree, are horfe- races, flag, fox, and hare- hunting. A fpirit of gaming pre- vails with fuch excefs at a horfe-xace, that one would imagine all the fpcAators were aAually poi&fled. Hunting is the fport uf country gentlemen { and thofe whom the world dif- tinguifti by the appellation of fox-hunters, feem to be infii- tuated with the divcrfioii. The common people delight in cock-fighting, cudgelling, wreftling, duck hunting, bowls, ikittles, or nine-pins, archery, prifon-bars, cricket, Ihuffle- board, cjuoits, divers games of chance, and fpeAacles of va- rious kinds, fucb as tumbling, balancing, vaulting, feats of le- gerdemain, bear and bull-baiting, au-races, colleQions of wild bcafb, mufic, dancing, drolls, puppet-ihows, ringing- bells, &c. Perfons of fafhioii Inve large and magnificent houf^s, many of which are built of Uone, and well provided with offices. The apartincnts arc fpacious, adorned with carvings and paint- ings, .tiiJ the furniture rich and fplendid. The middling fort of people live in brick-houtea, roomy, convenient, well ii- nifncd, and neatly furnidied. The habitations of the lower fort are built of brick, though not fo large and well finifhed. Many of the dwellings in the country aie covered with thatch, inflead of tilci. , ^The Englifli in ^neral are foitd of good chrer i and it i* perhaps owing to their living more Itikutioufly ihait any othef people, that diftenipers arifing from intemperance are rife iil Engjand, efpccially in the grea* towns s fevers of all kind.i, continual, remitting and intermixing, inflarnmatorv, malig- nant, and eruptive; pleurifies, coughs, catarrhs, diarrhxas. dy fenteries, and confumptions, gout, gravel, dropfy, jaundice, and tlie lues venerea. But the endeniial difeafes of this climate are the fcurvy. hypochondria, madnefs 1 and hyllerics among the fitir fea. tn England the noMlity are numerous and wealthy 1 and na country can produce fuch a number of noblemen living in all the pomp of aflluciice, and all the joys of independence : they are dillinguifhed by the diffisrent titles of duke, maniuis, earl, vifcount, and baron. The fons of nobility enjoy certain titles by courtefy, according to the rank of their fiitliers ; but the law ranks them among the commons of England. Thua the eldefi fon of a duke ia denominated marquis, or earl, and the younger fons are faluted by iIk appellation of My Lord. The fiift fon of a marquis or earl is denominated lord of fome barony belonging to his father, and his brothers are likewife addrefled by the title of Lord John or Lord William, ldbourers : hot it ia to be obfcrved, that opulent merchants are to be conlidered u of graater im- portance than the degree wherein ihey are placed in the aborc Icale, and frequently wed their daughters to nobility by mearu of large portions. AsToon as a woman in England is married, fhe, with all her movtabies, is at the will and difpofal of her hufband ; nor can fhc alienate any thing without iMS confent : her necefliiry ap- parel is not her own oroperty ; luvy, at the death of lier huf- band, all the perfonal chattels flic pofllfGrd at marriage defcend to his executor or adminiilrator. She c^n make iiu conttaft without her hufband's confent, nor reply without him, in matters of law. On the other hand, he muft pay the debts wliich fhe has contiaAcd, and be obliged to make fatisfaAion to the paity, ihould flia injure any peifon by her tongue, or ttcjpafs. Fathers have an uncontrouled authority in England lefpcA- ing their property ; fo that they may give away their unentailed eflates frcm their own children, or bcuueath their fortunes to any one child in preference to all the relt. A youth of fourtccii may chuff Iiis guardian, and confent to marriage; at twenty- one be is at age to make any contraA, deed, or will, and to (it iu pSFii«iu£rii. A «iC CwiCm .cn 2r*.*eT(ts *c the Isi'tdcd cntaiicd ellate, and the younger children are portioned from ihe goods and chattels; but in Kent, and fome other places, the lands are equally divided among all the font. The inhabitants of Wales arc in general brave, hardy, and hofpitable, jealous of afironn, hauys maliciuus, conceited, ptoud, [EUROPE.] GREAT BRITAIN. proud, and litigiout. Tbe nobility and gentry fpcak the Eng- li(h language, afTed the Englifli ralhioni, and endeavour lo civUixe the lower orders of their countrymen} in pailicular, (hey have done their utmoft to break ihtm of the fi^ige arid inhuitnn cufltini of pltrtiderina wrecka, and have. In fotaH meaftire, fucceeded. Th( Welflt language (a diaIcA of tht CeU|i!) it chicHy uled by the common people, tliougt> (i^mt of tliem fpeak EngIKh indiffbrently. • With refpeit to the Engliih conftitution, which is a limited nonarchy, it may, with all its defefls, be confidered as the bc'ft that ever was formed in any pan of the woi Id, whether wt coiillder tbe dignity of the crown, or the happiiiefi of thecom- munityi The legiflative pAv^er is vefled in ill« king, loryingthecrimii)il to the gallows on a huidfe, and hanging him by the neck until he be dead, but are fentenccd to be drawn and bur.nt alive. The titles of the monarch of England are, George III. by tlie grace of God of Great. Britain, France, afid Irelandj king, blender of the faith, fee. He ftilea hirolelf king of Fraike, from an antient claim which his predeceflbrs had to that king- dom* of which he pofTeflcs nothing at prefent but three or tour inconlidcrable iflandson theco|i(l.of Normandy. The title of Defender of the Faith was an aniient appellation given to the kinu of England ; but more particularly contirined by Leo %. to Henry VIll. in conrc()uence of a book written by this prince againft Lutlier, in defence of tbe feven jacrame'nts. Tbe title was afterwards continued by aA of parliament. The king of England, in point of power, pomp, dignity, and levensie, rivals the greateil mbnarcbs of Chnfiendom : he is fupreme head of the church, and cjiicf magiflrate of the kingdom ; be has the fupreme right of patronage, paramount over all the ec- ayt, keifiet, rufbet, fcrges, fays, frizes, ftuffs, flannels, lugs, stpt, and ftockings. I'be produAs of wool are the principal articles of the Englifh traffic, the exports of them exceeding two miUiont yearly. The imports from various parts of the globe tre immetifc. II I Many .iijj^. 766 The new \9D UNIVERdAL SY6T£M ot GEOGRAPirV. M*ny brai^chei of foreign commerce are monopolized and managed by incorporated or dMrtertduoinpaniet, vis. £»ft In- dia company. Levant or I'urkry company, Mervhani Ttylern, Ruffia co W panif, Royal African company, HiidCM'aBtyoofD- pany. South Sea coropauy, Himbargh company. Crtcnland company, &c. Tho hlhery it very confiderable, and, if properly culrivatpd, would equal, ifnotejicel, any other branch of coninicRC. It confiiii of pickled nwringt. cod, ling, and tuik fr6m Scotland, and the Scottilh coall : red hrrringi fioin Virmouth, and pil- cjiardi from the wotWrii co«(l of Eiiglanil , belidet which, a conriJerahle number of Ihipt' art anoually employed in the whale filhery of Spitzbcrcen. In time of peace, the land forcei of Great Britain and Ire- land do not exceed forty ,thoufand, ii%. twelye thoufand ;n conjiii-. cated a nature as not to be cafily afcertained ; i|iJ the fundi arc perfe£ily fecure, though the national debt iiehorinoui. Ac-, counts are kept in pounds. thiUings, pence, and firthingt, 1^ former being only a nomiiul fom. Beiidc* fiuthiites, huf- pence, fixpences, ihillings, half-crowns, crowns, balrpii|tcH. and guineas, which are the common current ^int. tScfn att fome filver pieces, fuch as pennies, two-pennies, three-pennies, and groats, and fome gold onss. fuch as twp and iiVe guinea pieces. There are two forts of weig)its, fuch as trov and avoir- dupois i all goods, fubjeft to wafte, anWtfiglMd by tlie latter, all others by the former. Twelve ounces of the fira, and fixtecii of the latter, conftitute a pound. Mcafures of length are tha inch, foot, yard, fathom, perch or pole, acre, furlohg, and mile. Dry meafares aire chaldron, laft, quarter, comb, bufliel, peck, gallon, quart, pint. Liquid meafures are, tun, butt, pipe, hoglhead, barrel, kilderkin, firkin, ffi'Mx, quart, pint, half pint, gill. SECT. III. Ciivtainiiig a tUfcriftUn »f that part ifGrtat Br'ttmn, cattid Sett- laai, tr Ntrtb Britain. THIS part of the ifland of Great Britain is bounded on all fides by the ocean, except the fouth, where it is.&pa- rated from England by the river Tweed ; towards the tail by . the Cheviot hills, and the river Efk, and Sotway Firth towards the weft. It is generally reckoned three hundred and eiEhtv miles in length from Aldermouth head, near the ifle of Mull, to Bnchanefs, and one hondred ai>d ninety in breadth where broadeft. The principal part of die country it mountainous and hiUy, the air Hiarp, but whAlfome. and the foil in general inferior to that of England. It was formerly divided into an bcptarchy, like Engtand, but it now diftinguilhed by two dif- trifts, viz Highlands and Lovylands ; thepeeple of the former are rude and uncivilized ; thofeof the latter iaiiate the Engljih cuftoms and manners. The whole country is admirably Well watered with rivers and lakes. There area few fotefts of fir ; • timber in general, however, is very fcarce. The (juarries con- tain frcc-ftone ; and, indeed, Scotland in general, in every part of its natural hiftory, refembles England,^ except that molt of its produAions are rather in&rior to thofe of South Britain, from the mere unfavourable fituation of the country. The Scots are brave, paffionate, and vindiAive, and the High- landers in particular are accnfcd of infmcerity, cruelty, rapa- city, avarice, pride, and naftinefs. In genera' the Scots are tinflurcd with learning, but it is of a fuperfieial nature. They ace good foldiers, and obfequious fervants; their cioaths are after the Englilh fafliion, exccp* that their peafants wear btoe bonnets, and the Highlanders plaids, the only remains of the antient Roman drcis. They have long vifages, high cheek bones, and fandy hair. In diet they are abftemious, and tlicir houfts'are hadly accommodated. Moft of the North Britons ■ are nneonimonly fond of m/ic, and their tunes are extremely ' fweet, cxpreflive, and alTe^ing ; their common inftrument is the bagpipe. The religion is Calvinifm or the Prelbyterian, and the kirk of the kingdom is divided iniG tuirtecn pro~;nc;i' fynods, which conuin fixtv-cight prelbyteries, and nine hun- dred and thirty eight pariflies. Scotland fends to the Engliih parliament fixteen peers and forty-five commoners. This northern part of the kingdom is divided into the fol- lowing counties, viz. The county of Caithnefs, the mo(( northern in Scotland, it Very rocky, contains naiiv Kayiand promontoric*, abounds in cattia, fhetf , eaats, (««-bueks, red deer, and produce* cepHt tba itUubitaoM pfinci|i)a)ly lt«e by ftjbing and graalng. It is thirty-tiva roilas long, and twenty broad. The principal place is Weick. though Thurfo, a town on t|ia other fide of the roanty, is fujppqfed to bn better inhabited. Tha county of Sutherland, loutfi-weft of Caithnefs, is moun- tainous and barren, but well fupplied with iilh and wild fowl, by reafon 'hat it is lu t only watered / fcveral rivers, but con- tains above fixty lakes, indoding varlpui finall. iflands. It is eighty miles long, and fotty' broad,. I'he princiail place it pie royal borough of DbrnO';k. which conGiU of nine paiilb^t, eontams a cathedral, andi| tttlfaat of a,pre(1^yterv.., ,, ,,,",. The county of Rol^, ite%» Tt^rne and trortartie : It is (ituatc^ to the fouih-wail of: S^tl.MUnd, and has fnow on it* mountains tb« |Yeattft palt of the year. *f h« vallies, however, are fertile, the airg6od/and t|M hills prbdu" fcfcflt .of fir. ¥ma. &c. Itis etghiy miles long, and ft venty- eight broad, he chidf place, Ofaannerie, is but *« !niok)fidcra|)M invkct- tpwn, 'though the feat of a preftiyicry, llie county of Invernefs, to the fouth of Rtfiifliirc, is in gedeiai barnni but produces wood, iron, 'and game. It is jixty lailes loaf, and fifty-five broad. At tha mo^tlt of the Aber, in the centts bMween the weft and narUhhiftiNinds, ftands the towns of Maryborough and Fort Willia^, WjlC to check tlie deptedatl6a< of fome of the clans. Invifhafs, miM which the (hire derives in name, is a royal boroVipi Ml t^ river ^eifs. over which there is a bridge of fevcn ardiw. It is the (eat of a prtibyiery, iMntaihs thirteen parilhes, aod ifiky be ju(l)» deemed; the key and capiul of the iflands. the inbatiitants imagine their town to be a model of neataelii, and that Etiglifli is fooken by thein in iti utmoft purity, but this is not (irl{Ut true. . To tha fouihreaft of Rolslhire, is the <;punty o.f 'Nairi\, which has a falubtious a. id tamperatis air, and contai^nt fome tolerable pafture laiid : it is twciiiy miles' long, and foarteeii broad. The only ^It of note is N aint, wnj^fa though a royal boroash, is poor anil mean, and the hk^urquite choakji^ tu : it (lands on the bank* of the liver Nairn. ' The county of 'Elgin, to tlie eaft of Nairn, has a tdjarable air, and the low country is fertile : it is twenty-four, ttiiles long, and twenty broad: The town of Elgin isaroWjbo- roogh, fitM^c^ ill a verdant plain on thfe river Lolfie. If'^aflf tahu tbirtecn pariih ctturch**, and It the fral of a prefbyte^. Th«! cottntf of Argyle. w tha fouib-#Mi: of Invtrndi, jt for the moft Mri wild aha barren : it is ninety Aiks Iong,''ahd feventy broad. 1 hfc town of Argyle it the feat of a provincial fynod, confifting of five prelbyteries, and forCv-nine parilbes, and gives the ti^e of dukt and ea^l to the noble fan^ily of Camp. beU. the moft boxful of all the Seotth nobility. This (hir^ is divided ihtitfevftaldifirias; viz. Arg^yle, properly fo, Cowai, Kintyre, ICnapdMle, and Lome. Tni^ county of Perth, is. fituated about the centre of Scot- land, and majrbc deemed one of its moft fertile provinces ; be- ing ftveiiiy mihs long, and (Ixty broad ; the people arc polite aiid indaftront, and thM Tjjum , SHLTXa / 1 ScotUnd, tt I, abound* iit iroduMt cep« ire by iJhiitg twenty ^rpad, I town on t|io inhibited. Kit, it moun- u)d wild fowl, 'ers, but con« flanda. It ii ciyil pluce ii nine patifhei, oiriirtic : it IS i» Itiow on iti lliei, However, fflfcfli .of iir, i:ra|>M i^vkct- lufiflliro, ii in le. It i« fixty o. ,oflte. lUfeBft- I prelbjiWr. f InvtHttli; i» tiles long,' ihd of a provincial ■nine pari(be$, it^ily of Camp, y. Thifihfrfe erlyfi), Cowai, centre of Scot* provinces ; be- eople arc polite I in ipoft other 'evJeral diflriAs, Ulbih, Athol, is an ifireeiible, i, on tnc fouth St. Johnlton's, on of tlie place, iiftropolis, gave which is now d to bfc the cen- W of the Tiy, nt Stotinont, a crediOiiy keeper Vificcnt, though els are adorned years ago ; a,nd. hands of Mkty enfhire, is very dfrs : is thirty- vn of BamfF it , ro al borough, ured by a caftle, ! with the abbey air, is well wa- id pretty fertile : owprehcnds tlic ''■mv'^fmm^mx fr I* ' * \^ P Is C>!*lM^^*^'«^'.*«.-u.-.-..-.-«**'»^ ^^z; ftpT-iifr rVf* /-.•\v..».-."^W^\. .1*1?/ • - .' .1 •• :!l ( . -JHk. ■ ' ^y-^X-'-i^.^^ .L. ■,:,.;/-■-' ,..,l..„Aiif-^ i t -wi,' ," ,,.:, i If, •\' y^' U iM ""'"*>a .■ ■•'. .- -J^' ^.4-". •».. •» .«* iigil»li>»ii|i|i«»l|IOit ««fcil«JW*-.^-. ,*."fV. 'I - H • '• .'a kg .■ i> '/ ^,''d:»i,f ■;■; :■!&■■ *H'^ '^ J S' t ^^. lttC(t well'l pear I city' ■# [EUR OP t.) a ft tf A t'^fi'^R'rt'n w. T Hf t iliOriAi of Mir, Gkrloch, Stratlibo;;ii., *n>i the (^rtiler part 6t Buclian, Ai'iTilei-n, fhr capi'al town 'n eig!i»y miltl ludlli of EJin. b d i.flMtMjr.lkrtilt If iba movtti of »I crulrti. H*nil>/ ■ * ' ■ lu.Mh-w«A ff ,i^u>4btf^h«^i6nil ttiir^e of TtS to««n. t4Su|h1iiMmflP^^^ a r^ailorouaH;. feat ol « pTeftytcry. ; ,, ■ l)undMi th« meft marlfhine't^Wn ^f^ii^ fOMi^l^ tientW tuilfe4 lUuMm a||t 1'aodtirfuni,%t( |i£ rtM Kiftoriatt H^r slcthiiii. It b-MumllM t' « iiilf, outtieiionhiuioiittlie Tky, Mtfl|:l ocalh. Oandce it a ^nt1^a|;h, ha ferioir^oiiNVtowntin 9«0#M4 % *r«ng If Hon. It k^%l^'rdlt1-*«MI||.B^In hoiilii, #iih lo<)|ingi for the aiitcera ; and fioiu h«nc« a I4ng - tliKht titf' Itt^ (Kpi, afcvndi to ibe upper ptrt of tbo ciM*r whevi feverii Miur|^^ or Weft Lothian, fituaied !• the fouth dt ihe.ritth of Ponb, i^unrfi in 'min'rrali, itcsticittely feititc,' well culiiVarrd, and pleafant. The (heriffalry of the 0\tre it in thi gift of the crown, and Edinbafgli U a coiinty of itfolf. It* leiMth it twenty 'one mikM, and breadth (ixteen; The city of Edinbureli, which it the capital of Scotland, wu formeily the royi! refidence. It confifti principally ofonO (ttect, Miiih Itnei rnnning from it, the ground rifing gra^Mlty from Holyroodwi oufe, to the Cannon- gau head, vrhich fii die tiH ttrl^, 'itnttfroii^ thence to the caftle, which it the higheil part liu» into the hnilr. aii^' uferiot^^o Ibw tOwnt in 9«&)|(rm fi^^bongth, fitv^^ and -ontitkwev ; _it b al!o the (kUpt^'^mymi' rbc coqnt)^filiwb>i|niian^ ii cn^tf^Mi^'jiltiet lon& eM ~ ani (i aa w im '^ine eHiiit ^ AhHir Vjlk Aloa . In (he •' ' ' 'ibS ttiaE^ Iffroduee* good oft^b 6ve brotll, firrh ofForthitffitoHri -™. _ torn and pafhwrttftiil plenty W'ceidt tH Wi,. y_ , The countyopMiK a peti1ii|jb tletiii^ti a| iutb tf fM anjthe Tay, ftlbiftrtbly fert«eTlf Sa'f«>By.1i»cn mile* bng; an4 feventeeiiifjiif. Ihe priftcipat nliii U C^^'pv ^J% thrf county iolw4l|Matcd on UieVivei' Etbitii t-ut the moBM< lebiated placdM tbowy of Sr. Anifrew't, atwlvt ^^naous for iti tml^erfity'. ^. Andrcw'i wa« aifo the priiialp^ (eki of |>W CiMecHi, wh«diHil^ al> ra<.:rtd inii: utioui f^ra'lbe (^*fiiit ' vetfion of the Wfctt) Chiiftianitjt. " . 9fven niile^ttli the coill «|-1 & :iTn i^dppofUe to d^ rodbof'Bafi, fl^^e ifland of May. . i»^t«f I a'l^Nli :imil a Iwif in circ ilghel ilFed I •eiH*. ltforiBj;rlv ..donjed.tp'the pr^»CT_«i, edicalcdib'St. Adrian, ifuj^ied to Oavi' lace by thoJJttnM, . ! . , I i.rtcd'n tM Couth of Petqiiihtre, t'; It Ii tOwn-y ^ilck long, and't^We Pittenwecm, an been martyred in' The countV 4f' it l^h lertil«iat«i breid. StitlU)?, il||^^I>'>'^l K'Wifii derlvtt its name frot|i a fa|iou» w«rd^ «i|ni^fin| hill -, atjdJin watii'r : it was anti ^. calleil Rinobira, of itH^ftmc ii(m|fic^a|' in t^'Scotfifli lan- f^uage. Thetuwn, whHeti ib liipffig^uloM,;jRitni{* al>out ihirtywUet frbm Kdinbur))^, oi) tliie cH^nt t^vbUi^jhe top f)( whieh it covered vyitliajhiicly old eaftlc (o^^fbicnunt earft o{ M*r wch fotm^ly^Wmins) kt;pt Ui rrpalriiiiJiirrifoned by the gpvrnimenlt The towniv.tnclQr^ vviib'a#int> except tuwardtite '""^b^Ji^Ml the owtofa fort H (biipn^i by the river F^h.-ever ilpWl the mbabltahfli have built a ftone biidge, coltfiAingoF four* l|^y-a)n:het, with' k'nii^h gate in; Itont to A|C«re it, ' TUe coiMity oM^Uft, {^Sti^t^fo Dombartonflift*) *bich \^ tweitty four milei lon;;l*lrf twinty brOiid, itfisriile in corn, iielir' the riveri, but the other pirrt if mouiitiinouji which however. feed! 8giraa« iijuubor of tfaciip.- Tho take LougbLotnund i^ a f;reai cu'iofity, bcinu fiinplicd by fubtcrraneousTprih^s and ri- vulctt, furrounded With Iiiige mouiitaint, extending rtear twcn- t . -iive miles in length, and in tome places tivc IUilc$ in breadth, ot^ the city'. 'The principal fliect, beftdet thit, it called Cbw- gate, and it on the fouth (ide of the other, and from thit ftve- ral ianet ruiv'a|t the hill towarda the univerfity and heirriot'a hofpital. The city it about a mile in length, but in no ' part' above half a mile in breadth. The houfet are built of (tone, fix or fcven (toriet high) and near the Psirtiament-clofe they ate fourteen ftoriet high, - Tbe whole it walled on every ndu except 'be north, where a lake circuinfcribet it. The caftlo la remtoiutily firong. The coiinci4-4>oofe and fefliont-Iiotife - are coi^venient fabrici for the purpofet for which they arfde---' ngnrd. Tbe.b'git church, .which wit tbe cathedral, itnow,^, divided into four.churchet i beftdet which, there are feven^cc ""■ charcbet, and^ thapel in the ovdie. Tbii city it govemaiby a Iprd ,provbR, four baililTi, and t common council. Tm| palacR galled I^y-rood-houl'e wia formerly an abbey, an^it a handrome convenient ftrufluie. T. The to«tn of Lcitb, fituatrd on the Forth, two titilet ^rtli of Edibburab, it not only the port, but may with jufii^ be Icriucd ttti f atvbbure ot Ldiiiburgh. 'It it t'tiouriHung bind- ibmetown,Jiit^rri:£lcd by the river Lfith i over which >kt», it .-» ftone iH^idge, >vhf rcby tlic two partt ve coiineQed. , The' codnt'y qf Haddington, to tlie iio^i-eall of Edinbftgh*, fhirc, it very fertile and well cultivated. It* length it timatf, ni'ilci, ijtewth tyvelvc. The Jbirc town, fifuatcd on theiivct. Tine, over wbijcb it liat a noiie bridge with three atcb^, if Umw, weU built, thefeat of* prefbytcry, and a royal borotigb, fnt ^c mouth of the Forth iiandi Dunbar, a royal borough, atid^ff li-at of a prelbytery. It it a neat, fmall town, airriea on.^ coi^den^lc trade, has a gpod market, and a (ecurebarbour. TMcnun^yorliiiie of Berwick, adjoining to England, ai^ firua^to the (but h c.tft of Kdinburghlhire, is a rough mooriih ce»H»li'y,.irr* thdieatof a prelby* : «•»,• !.... .... . _ ... ... . ., _. . . '. I The lAircot Aire, ttfthe eatt 01 tM|utI|»t,C'iydt, it a level, pUarajit, and tolerably fert'iJe country. It* breadth fisty- fouri length thirty fix mile*. Aire, the county town, it aia anliint luyal- borough, commodioufly Gtuated lor ttade, a&d !.,. |-^cnt)!-t|ir;;pinili% h is » TojdJ-hoiojBj' ifs«W.f*i««frjtenr. itii5m!«««[ |b»y/Qf the, fimfi, Mine,. «^f|mf>Uii| ia«Mad«^^ <• of elg^-eigbt milBitlwiBj&!M|bi|fU|S|^ vahtMB ofa toknW batboiir> tail* wti ^it^ f nt^ ftjr,H»iciii baf^ibcini^entifelf twgledcd. tti«to^a, it. if^ i>cM)|^,,«iqA thii)I«in1»Wte;--.:^^ -.j-*^ f H E anfifnt mtabiWtt ^ thii iila^. f by Julioii C«$ff^ an<) lifieH<^t^* fubdued Mixtn «f^9*9tmitftl|l.tl*J quits • 'WUL th«liRi*iiit ^ Koaiin 4diH 9rt(i| iri-rapo6d'te t&^tmrfioou of th« Pii _.._..jfooaffivdjr etelNwf ft«iM:mona tional cotwention ^^jtir, with certain rtftriAiwiti tit't h epfimiii l th6Wle.olWa«|iflfJll. ♦asfwBe«««leab3rAfthe,kl%;j4ii{BT yoaniiifidaughikr, aiirfJKUfatcJier, in 1706. waa MCMitptifbed the tmtvn ofilitkingdtdm^ ttf Utebnd and Scotland, oiMler ifMf Miv«lnalnei^GnJkt>Briia8#ViOnjH!r deceafe, in tjf^iii^ Sirown ita*alMC4o G«irgf 1U#^ ekAor of Hatiom, aM4tilir of Jri)prvr^''LiiiU»il>!*|bKHit:nien began «1tb a rttaiMiftv Wl#h waif M«n 'foppreflM. That ^'uvef «aa peaeeaUj McnM by hU.f)in wbofe ragn aMtber htoke out, tnitwu 4wU|e(lB|r^tlie brav^|rof hia fon 4ukA ofCumfaecJind. Ipi.'feKp.was e Bfttifh .-— *- t^eiwenty fifth «l*(>atthtt,'i^i(il|V het WM^-fi irandfon Geotgettl; bityfilAlrt^ majefty. io :•*«* unhappy war brMWKbi».HIwe^.S)h|^>i»iMd Amieritait which tniainatcd in •'tli|»bp 1)et\MMMH the cOBl«ndinMow^,^iii- bywhkhihefrhiblitQb^l^beeavieiiN^^ ^ Among the Roftian antiquities in Great Briuin are, feveral kitars, monumental injcriptions, walls, and militvy ways, the principal of the latter being one that began at Dover, and M^W« AmII* in the firft placet ,t4|«tfietib« dilll (JelebiMwi WMvlmffk, jibciM fix miles from MilMry, callctf Stonehetqje, wtii0 eMfifti of ' nwo circles and. m4l ovils.J9fpeAively ^Qjicentrici.'llte outer circle being las httfiMnii etghrfcet in d<>to circumference wai to iConfift ef one baiidt^d updgbt fiikie*,- each ftoiie four cubili l|roa<^ and each interval two cubitt. Of die outer circle, wbiich In itf perfedion confiAed of fixiy ftonesi* and thirty impoth> 4i«le atp feventcen upr'^liti leftuaKding, eleven of which aK oontigtioas tdthe grand entrance, and have' five impofts upon them.' The le0ep. cirde, which never had-. any impofta, ts finaewfaat more than eight feet from the in ing in lito, five'jn one place condgoons, three in anothcrt and- two in anothei. ,^iPt(ri4iralk between thefe two circlet, which is thiee hundred 6»t in^i^eumferenoe, is equally gmnd and d«^ lightfal. The a4)^|4pB, Orcell, into whkh none but the up^r Older of Druidi; omfed, t* compoled of ceruin compaget <6f floiKS, or trititliMii, conGftin^.of.tw«' roous ; and to fee fo rAany of them placed t^iher in a nice and regular figure with exaftneft ; toconfidct', t* It Were, 'not a pillar of one (lone, but a sriiote waH, a fide, and end of a temple, ofone ftonei to view them cMikiaflyv cremti fiUtt Wi. emotion in the mind, as cannst iafily be'delciibed b« W^tda. At a fmalt diftance from tliia aniasing W9rl|L of «niiqaii«> are a great number of elevation^ ^fomethii^ HtfiMbling theiorib of a bell, called burrows, or harrow )> thefe en feputcbiil' tumuli i wherein the anticnt Britons depofited the afl^et of their (lead, and railed in memory of foldiert flain in or n(^ the place. On Marlborough downs there is an ereAion of huge iloR^s, called Abury. relembling Stonehenge. Thele ftopcndous le- niaincare alfo fuppofed to be the ruins of an antient Druidilh temple ; fo Urge, that a whole village is now contained within the cireiimrereiiceofihem. About five miles from Laneafler is i lematkable cave called Dtinald Mill hole. In the middle of a large common, a brook, near as big as the New River, after turning • corn-mill jiif) at the entrance of tlie cave, runs into it* mouth by feveral bcau- tiliil cafcadcs, continuing its cauT& two miles under a large' \ mountain, atfd at laft makes its apoearance ^gain near Cam- torj, a vilbge ii^ ihe road ro'Kendat The emmMce bffliis tiibterraneous channel has Ibmething pleulingly terrible t ( '■« tlie mill at the top yoii defcend shout teii yards perpen*- ilicular by inean»«f chinks in the roek and cliim|>s~ of trees : the pafTa^'e is then almoft parallel to the horieon leading to the •.^U^..^.... UtrU wJmUumt^ *.II i*n,» hity» fe w w gi S..«,>»ly». j *g of 1^ thick wf rock; and oiiiteruls above your head. ^o. 78. ' ;itWe, being bounded on the call by St.Geoi'ge's channelaad the Mb fe», which I'cparates it from England and Wales ; Oii ,tb« 9cMh-(fa& by a channel abod') fifteen miles broaili whicU fepMratit it from Scotland i and and grafs, etpc.ially the latter r for whidi reafonthey breed a fubdigious num^xr of fheep and bMe'^ catde. Thepro- diililianttff me marlh parts are vanous Some dire'eot«red With frafs, feme with reeds and hifhes, ind others with, little {hrMb»>inlerfpferfed With Water. Some yield abundance of es- Mllent^f i and bthers, called bed bogs, produce large fin and MhcrOdH. >*■■ T biire are in''rreland Mueh the fame animals and ^gMables I at in England ; but they have a greater plenty of ^;a|^ info- [ iJ^Mib that hifes, phcafants, fUt. are fold in the public tbarkets. r^l^is country is well-watered with rivers ; among which the mm i^eWiailtabHI are, the Shai on, BaiYow, Neor, Siiir, Batin, Lee^Llffyi-an^'Boyne. The Shannon is a much lareerriv^ than any in England, but not navigable above fifty miTes. It ruiU ffoifi' iMrth to fouth upwards of tliree hundred En^lifh miles, and, like' the reiV,. aboubds with excellent filh, panicUr tarly liiMoii ahd pike. Here ait likewife a great number of lakes, or lotighs, many ol' whicit ^Ifo produce la:ge qoantittta of fiihi and tHcj{reat Itlce,' callid Neiigh, is rcmatkaoleforiti pettifrinf; qaal^. But the bays, harbours, and creeks, lirhich every' where incient the coaft, fqrJh the chief glory of Ireian<), and TCitder the country the beA fitted for foreign cohi^erQe be- yond any other in Europe;' '-' ' ' ' The principal riches and comntodities of Treland are cattle, hides, hiUhi, fuet, buitcr, cheeft, woqil, fait, honey; wax; furs, hemp, and more elbeciatly fine linen cloth, which xtaif have brought to great prrfi^fVibn, and their trade in ix is vaflly incteafed. They are »Vo. by ii latead of parliament, permitted to fend fbetr wool into England. It it faid by fome, tbste ate mines of ir6h, filrer, and lead : but if there are, they are not workedi ' Here are feveral loftjr chains, as well as finale mountains, fome of whfch'contain in theii-^bowels beds of ruins, mineratsi coalsj quarries of ftorte,, (liie, and rharblc. Some of the foreftt produce excellent timber, jiarticularly oak, which is cfteemed at good in every refpeft as nny in England. ' Geographers ui'uallv divide Ireland into four large pA>vince3 ; hatnfly, f; Ulttff; 11. Muiilterj IH. Lcinflerj IV. Con- nanglit. The provinceof Olfter, theinoft northern of TrelAid, i^ irt ibme parts mountainous, but in general fertile and wfcU'V^ater- ed T thcprincipll rirers are, the Bannc, Loughfoylc, S willy. KT*..*w.-*.4.i.\.- jL-i*-.**-:a..x s«.'tji»j _i Ji' .. :.i. *t — .-* l_L-/r A^vmiT-Wrttt;!, «iiu IVfaiiiv. 11 atlu aiiuui,ua Willi lillgC lillwCJ^ Mtd tl^e fi>Vl in gencral'irfruitful in coriMnd graft, andthtre art 9 K • plenty • 1 'Hi 'Jrii^trT- ,'■ ,-''f '< 77» Tbe NEWAH0 UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAfHT. pKnt; of horfei, fliccfr, and becvo. Tlie wMen jicM abun* ihncc of excelknt iifh. Utftcr contain the foIfo\rrng coonties ; vn. i. Donegar, which i» in moft pans very fertile, and the Mr dear and whnl- r — nr..-. — j^^^ Dwwwb I'Wcl" t>v« naiM toib it » - , a«^t^^A^lHtH^1n ite «itlc^WlU^ is tbe{lti^«falttt Mce, or^tber uffa-tftut whidr «xte«^.«kliM«irnkiki' in gHoncnt* frati. ^ Londonderty, or Coierain, is alfo a tolerable fei trfi^ being well-watered by the river Bann. It fends el *~""i ta (mrliamMt. Ldndondexry, or Derry, tbe ci ftc of a bifiiop, ftands at th« bottom of Lough-JF') ic. vtfjr good |>ort« to which (hips of the great ' I Ktmi and a confiaeqtbk trade. Great auantiliciCi , fidted and harrelM, aia mportcd from hence iv pf !!.. This town it well-feftified with a Orong .wlH, alitaitK tlie banks of tbe river are feverat calUcs and a ibi^ <^;Vm town of Coktain is fituated near the mouth df (fil rivj .Aim. Hereia » vevjr valuable falmon' iifticry, wltktf '^rii _ (ipUy b«]«ng« to ths city of London. This town ifJUfuiti- (isiue, and furrontided wilU a good wall. ^ j&'ijj . f. Amriui conthls chiefly of bogs and raarihc*; butuMh timicd partf arc tolerably fruitful. > « , \ ' ?fac town of Kclfaft is ihe moft conliderable in il|l tMl , •filreland, fbr extent, weatib. trade, and number ofiltbi Iwtt. A creat trade is cariied on fiom hence to ScMiaiii Mlkuiarly to Glafgow. The liaibour below ibe town jl c^i aMkdioas, and has * good depth of water, fThe town of Cariickfrrgus is populous, walled, andftrti^A hal Ml cxtitent b»rhour, and is defended by n caftleqii •,!■» lOfk. Heic the aiiisca and quarter feKons are lie^1tiiD(l> Jot tb# eounty and town. ' * One of thr treatcft nMnral curiofities to be md sritti In Ettopr, is in thk county. It is called the Giant*»@Mfeway, an^ ia fituated by th«. lea fide, about eight miles fipm Ci both in corn and paftarc. Omagb is tbe pruKipal I9«r#i^p>ii C9iin:y { but ic doc* not contain any thing woitli,y iiflitriiijlii deJtfi^tioiv i 5. f he county ef Fermana|^ is one of the meik sniirl^l- fotne in ibis province, tbe grcauft part of it being tik|MI up with bo^, and a Urge lake called I^ongta-Eame. Iiiniikillit^, the a||ial of tbe county, is fituale4 on an ifUnd, m, bciiig am iinpoftant pafs, it is weil-foitified and |arrilbnf«k It i»^(^|)f((iy rr^atkablc for produdm a regiment of its naaoelht^rclafid^ .in th^ war between king WiUiatn III. and Jantct if. ,, .^ . .'t. Tbe county of Cayan is very bopgy } n«twil|«fl[|{MHng w^b, the air ts far from being unhealthy. The to#ri(Wbtch tifet.name to it is very fmall and infignificant. But KUinorr, laattd in this county, tboiwb a mean place, it |t htfw!''* fkf, , |i|d one of the ilchcft in Irmnd. . 7. The cotmty of Mooaj^an it very mountainm, tvoody, and marlhy i and the prinpn^ town, which givd-iniM to it, djMt not iconuin any thing worthy of particular ,|UM. 8. The county of Armagh is, in general, Tc^mt;^ tbe foil being efteemed tbe richeu in Irebind ; only.ilMnI ititcertain . ' hilly and barren track in it called the Few*. v'.i. ' .^^ Tbe town of Armagh, which give* name to thaccimtv, is tbe fee of tbr primate of all Ireland, and is faid to hitt ueoi' founded by St. Patrick in tbe fifth century. Ncwwat antiently.' a famoMt monaflcry, built about the year 616 by St Columba, or Coloipbann*. ■ , , Thr town of CbarleiBont, which received 'iit name from • fort or mount built by Cbarlct Bletint, lord Mountjoy, i* a finall neat place, fituued on tbe linr Bhdtwatn. Log^rh, the prettieft town in Ihe county, it plea&ntlj! both for iimny yean acquired tbctiante of Little CngltinJ, from the (irailarity of its general figure, of the langnagc, manners, and difpefition* of the inhabiianta. to tliofe of ill's Englilh. Q. Doton, the laft county in tliia province, it very populout, }^* M IS iS^m SSS ^ mm4»^ a blfliop's fee, •kiQm about tbe end of the fiitb century by St. falfifK. Qe- IHlMbl^it Mln«le^b«llfe. im^ ,i-*^ *^r ■timmt' ithc ithi dnt bar Ltoj ^iviii<|#ii; iAo»«b«fi. Sarro^^Jfej]^,' m li^' mg( M" ■•.im-m. ? *'i«wi., Utmaii rjof-i S'Slh^i tani 'm tft,btt%^di¥tfaiB iWi^ffciV, ' lonrhunttretttnidl fiikated^aboat bott»%«r^a upon||»4|»M ..Mrtt,]jn^t bai^ed^in «I1«&^ ■•'k»t:1l» AleHtfTi* » nciJKth'.to' rte'j Wr* Vpopiif Ati- 'ree li|infi«cl foenfiderjttilff Htr, in the thit tptfnt Kd, m a fifh, and fiftrl. j|efthyO»n- iir,'onthen«rtU chief riifcrt in Siam,4|pid I, M^Ept H t^ulotis and It ftr ex- fuloofndfs, laid iiigcptiity iamen|. kingdom, it eity.in the luatc, about readih, ana tifand inh^bi- th^ fcBtvat tl'.e (pacioos bayj^ tw^tirt^lj it givft name, y, which di\ ides k<|tecm into two equal ' ' ilK'WWii length of the city oa _tfhictt form f;?^icioiit quays mr' tt#>conven)ence of I^|diik«iid"inlai4inj( «eir:lt. The MiM P«bUn, with. 'im pan j*tk if incrediUft i liumfkl^meriSSy fuppofcd fbirtboaBf triHc-nitet, «|hMlriftria|lM i3uf Mdlj, M ri40U Ol|ii#MHy^ far at tbi l aiti ^ |tl » tt| Fl|lit<«ia«, wMa^i0) ittto rdidpMrai|«e, «■' S«ne iHly fcr- agnificene icft taftr. iic pariia- al edifice. ; tbe in- in which lilt one of can boai( fa mo- in length, ^Annrl of I very cx- publicex- rottghi to artiaenr'i. itages, t y imitted in are em- I entirely cnt of th« ' . ^nen ■*,.;*■ n? ^ ■•«?• w \ ■ ?i*^v.' ■ ■ i; .-:'>*■-»' : , *»%- ■.^'■;)^'' fc; .'«'..*¥•%■■ r - y^if^ ■**''*"l*;;.- 4--' *^*6.-^:'ft' ';;*»:, ..*«i>^"':. IB U R*^ linen liUnuA cbukvllott t |irinc1p»l pari On an en fiiomdi the irf' tnjr in E we genenlly iBcntof h«r Keted dtiiy,' Thtf pine; jelly, commi «f St. I^nm Thli city diarchet fol WUlMitand locieiy. wW ftler«t4e*M bo^fitto il ravcrntiib] AsUdlifrcb fH«(OTfn|. ; The WW Publirt, wl putfenrtot ! fc-The' idom, bmi )n corn m ear the i a^lin. ; has a ^aiii 3. The • very «l«« , TBteJ. B( valtie*.vrt, aigioat[he trsvellct. which 4wc 1 The br ^bei^al nieaof ;fo tiierive^I iHovifioni 4. We sr'te'gM aMi poor wt*. T being fiiu tient caft ■Adbtm 5. Th lerabty fe Silal to« orfe, «i 6. Tl ceen, pal by w^Kwi on the E ' ; » te •"A,^ itbJ^^ .^31 t ik-^ L:^A»ll'^lli llnciMMiinuMNY ot Ir«l«iui« «Im aM eoajkM' it4|kM IciMI cluukcttdr, the priinil*. the arehbifhop oTDabUA. and the lirincipal pirt of (he tiobUitT ttid jent^f. ■"' -^ -^ Or ' • On aa emipenca, a««r HmI atf> tM,dicten( piwf in Eufop«, fi^twafUk offeM^fafi^lB^Wn?' aie gencnily quHfiei HMitof be(r«i fVtf lieved daily.' , , ■ Thtfpark, caHed Phttm»|katk. «^Ml' MMljIIWiVM^^ Jefty. command! • moft dalighirii^MMtafti'MWM^^ «f St. Jam«tW'WiMi;«iAM!hinMiu(iMiftt«r'v;'^ m Thil city ifa^u^><^>8|>*l^ Cflf' diarchca fW Fi|MMh,<«tril:0iM lor' {I«mhjcall«l tt. P«^ft*l.'li«« in tbejAipifb •ntlmiand hanJfiHM<, litfa M ttjMftr, IbckiT. wlikb^by dil^lcniat prc^riHMM7«»tM and Mber ii(«%|,#*r 44 tAtii^ui«*> JUth MfM B9vern«dby a kvtAAMM.$iC;t||^ii«yv()acbef tmdfPfnan |bHklbft«byMi#4a*ik ft^^^ ' "' IH■4l^l^.JMdUrJU#;c^Kd;>: • -U j \.,; ''^f-Y^'A- ; The iwd'ihiMit^ W the prinfeiMl poMic amafal|i:tit« )ii| poMin, which ar^geiiarally WW w4 and (etvtfaa'a^iud it Ttla^Mit IMTM, lltltBMay, to«k i(i AaiHe hnm Xhi eill or «ii«th-«r%dtt, «Mio«itai an eminait NM«h i» (hh ced|tf]r> It it the Ami of a T! i(ii''«£*'*i pariery to tholf in 'LondMu uqd«i'>j i a. The coH^'w.?»f 'LobtV$l.tl le'fl dom, bmtth«li]kMJpiMi^l^Uii','«i<,. h corn and (iliM#. Qra^^ti^'d^ ear the moia^ vf^Ute B^yn^ ' li|i|6ut Q^lin. It ik'dWidW ^nt* nra pant Iky tl hai a plain bat cortvchienit btidgo oive^'it The ( ■ ."i patronage. i iro,/is fitnatadi mSlet' frooi 3. 1 ne eouaWoi^Widdowrwhich llflerjrtft^ftUi&^iu, hw a vera clear and ^wboUbme air, and t)te Van ttn^arj Wjllculti- tated. 8elwe qiauntaia* w^lbmeof thM;,detj*,' daifc. valtiea,, called glyi^t whi^h ate vere'beaatiful andt^l^urei^ue 1 tofgether with fofqli^ K'*i)i' and aiwni'hing watei^'faiU. The mod c(«Mrkab|E aaoi^ tbe lattct itf ti^it called thftf ^^>f Po-, nuifcodrt, whiOiii amnthe pecalMu:i(y!of ita fitaan^n, iti pro-i digiooajheljthit and wiotar beauty ,We|l deierves thf notice oif aj travdic*. Thk . ««i^'«illa >fe 4t |«aft three hundred ^t, . od (which .. < I The priaPiMd t«twa, Wicltlo4. .U nfcinarluble fur pjijaf MWgi the hew ale in tha K^doimj Jt Ji« barracks for three cenag;»>l Mca of ifoet, ffiA, '« kifid W Icafllcand haven at the m>iih 'of tfw, rivctr Lntrim i^ln^ moft,of:i^'tnule confifta in4alryiii^i |provifioi|« to Oubim in finall vcllelk. 4. We'sforicoiintjrla Stuated to th^ funth of VV ick>ow. The air ' it' good, buit \w Yoit vaiMur. In fome places it it ooaife and poor, but k' otheit it prtHktcea plenty of com atd fi<^ tare. The oafsMI town, ' W^afbrd, it iboih larfga ahd antient, being fiiuaied at 4<» mdntb bf ^ $)anil. ffieie it a vtrjt ^tat- tiant caftle, a sdiMthirirbo«r for>ve03it vtinHSMmt bttr«o» Mkd barrack{|i for two conipmiet of foot. ; :t '' <■<■ ' 5. Theeoonty ofL^igftfrd iipteafant, and iii general '19-' krably fertila, bat fome partt of it arc very bOMy.. The c»-^ Eitat town £1 Loligford, which lut t>arrackaliir a «oop of orfe, and aicaftle. ■ . s ^ ... ;!.>..■ i. , ... 6. Theddoprf of Eaft Meadt >t very fertile, ahouhdihH iA coin, p:iflalre, and herdi of cittle. Antientiy it hatf pdty HMkk hy whom it tree governed. T^iui, thecountytoten, it'fliiulKd on the Boyite ( but, except batradu foratroop'of horfe, doet notcoMain any tiling reffiAdttbie.*' ' 7. The county of Weid'^eath c^taini id great manjr rivert, hkei, and boj^i, but >i it very fcrtije, where dra land ii frcefiroin thefA. Mnllirgert ihf chidF tftwn, ' it final!, but very coffi' pad, and ccnuini ba^chtfor a tmop oF horlb. Atblbhe It a tolerable good town, fitoated on the Shannon, and hat a garrtftta and talMe. ' ' 8. King^t County h not fo rich at (ome of the other coun- tiett nor io well inhabited : it wat formerly fdll of bogii bat i« now well drained and cultivated. Philip'* Town, of Kiitg't Town, it the capital of tbe county: here are batr-.tck9 for a company 'Of foot, btft nothiiw elfe that mt.-itt notice. 9, ' Quean't Countv, antlenuy fuU of bogi and woods, ia now tolerably well incloied, Cuhivaied, and inhabited. Marybo. loiigh, or QjKon'i Tokn,' the capital, received its name mqi queen Mary.' wife of Philip king of Spain : it hath banaci-jfor a company of foot foldiers. 10. The county of Kilkenny it one of the bed and moft po- pulous in Ireland, abounds in towns and caftles, and bath •Icntyofalltlii'igs. It is divided, as it were, utto two parts, by tlie river Ncor, or Nura, Which bu its fouroe from thofe fjf^y mauntaint, called the Slieu-bloom, or Blandine-hillt. Into the Englift) and ll«*ilM»»«bl», 'tba 'aitdi^bAttid#n4H>4M }L i^id' {tt'^wMna "*lr'i«S^thaMSS* liroiii Ncftib laft whhisiM Anoke, and >ratty asabh reftmble^ th« . t^WfMijeoal. MCift'vf the ftreeti are aifo aO^ally m«4mI 'WM|>l|iM'f9tid:fbfrbf«nu:ll roarbla, of wbkh theyhi&e l/bjM •aMlUt^f tha IoWH; '«hMi tafce» a fine iie|Kfli,rant^ia fi^tUmi irtternihled whK White granite. M^ tjm^iAAi ilbrjiuiiop of horfe, and foar"c«M8nictallMtj:ilMr tiiatt ^«iyMwwn«erchd6l, ealledih«:coiie^. / V n. l*heeonn(yof-Kildare;it iitaatcdta tlis limth of Kilt Meath; and it in general v«ry ridi and ftrtile. Kildare, tbe capita^, {k the fte 6f a. bifhop, i»hd hai' tbe precedence oi^- all thje fm b{QioM, eilte^ ihtt oflMekdi. I n tito neighboarheod ii^a |d|%ileal|M the Ciuioitigli', large enotigli kit Hh thon&nd MBh •4'Weiimp'updrti ■:'■•■' ■ " ■■'" ia.Thecouhtf'af Cari«w''it'chK^y (ttbated betwecrtitba rhMm'Birrow amSMe, I( eitjov* a whotlome air, and frb- |lBe<^' good corn andgrafti' Carldw, the chief town, ftJtda Ob the Barrow, hat an antient <^le, and contains b«rractt# lb' 4'tQ4|iiof hotfi. ■-'•...- ^ ■ t ' The {Itdvinee of Mfliiifler Wm fbrnerly k pttir kingdoM; of itfgU, jMote tbe Enelifli inViidtd and c6iK|aered Ireland. Ttas air it (eas|ierati and healthful: the foil, plains, 'and talmt, w|ttfe''Broperly eal ivatird; are friiiiful both in corn and ^(alt, but the momiiaint are U^tk and barrert. ' Great numb:r#'b| cattfe are fed here, and it is wvU fapplied with flih, ,r- The eoantiet contained in this province are as fmllow, «)c. I. Cork', thfe laVgHlin tli^licmj^om, containifig near a miHioii of ac|raa: (('eontiina leveral to'ivM and hJitbo&rs, and thettgb a cdMtdtintble part of it is b6g^y, mduDtaiAbUft and barren, y^tJttt'nMtty Well cultivated and iin <**«td.' ' ' ' • • • -' ' TBicity Of gantlvfiniWeif fer ving the notice of a traveller, and alfd a great many fcatt and villat. 3. The county of Limerick ^orttaint fevehil lofty inooa- taint, one of which, cillci Knockpatrick, affords a very lilM profjpeft of the aiMacent country, the Tea and the Shannon 'The tovm of Limerick, whence the county takes it name, it the fee of a bithop, and a very ftrong, handfome town. It iUnds upon the Shannon, which is navigable for Oiipt of bur- den almoft up to the city, though lituated about (isty miles from iu mouth. Here is a fine cathedral, and barracks for twenty-two companies of foot. The city is divided into two parti, borh of which ite ftrongly fortified with walls, Cafttoi, fuftions, and bulwarks, with draw-bridges upon the river. 4. The county of Tipperary is in general very fertile, but the ndrthem port of it is mountainous, and the air blealc and nnwholftme. Clonmell, the capital, is lituaied on the banka of the Suir. The town is walled, neat, and populous, has a ftronggtol, and a court-hottfe. Here are barracks for two troops of horfe, and a good market. •J t Th« \' 7r« 5 Tm NEW AHo UN(»VtR>Alj ^VS-TBM of OEOO|14PHV« u .) Mcjplfd. 01) the npMji, lijrjilveCiriav' nwun^«inf> f -t The county erf WMtifotd iiichj^njlevel,|no|«(Uhftipd- U«ory.., if t^ji_. ng which I great |Nk/t of it ii baiKii, ui4 the air )y>«holComB, which tre very Atff mid liigh. ' Vl'pfcouVmon, the county t'own^ Incoiinderalilc pi 11 and thick. Watcfford, the county towo, was firft huilt \)y ccffiiq pi^lfl of Norway, and bai been a ^il)>op'i I'^e ever J^pcf t^-y^ff 101)6. Till ectipred by Cork, it was accounted thje fecondicity in tlie kingdom for ,tiad«,, Wfiltb, aftd populouOiers, b(ii)g Htuated on a fine baibour« aeiieiMt«don,tli|e eaA a^e by tluii^ caiuion fort. Here ii a fine cathedral, b«t the h^uif i aff kytfr nerai built of limber, and make but a mc^n appear^ofc, . ^f» haven extendi near eight niilei almoft iii a Uraii line, and it but little encumbered with rocks or fandt. I'here ii a citadel on the weft lide, and on the eall a block>bouie and Aor&>hqufe. Th^ city carries on a great trade, particularly with England, tiid,|fbip« qf burden come up dote to its diftind county. The province of Connaught it iJie moil mountain9Ul of tJiie four into which Irrland ii divided, It is the leaft cultivated and inciofed, the thinneft of inhabitants, and thole the moft ignorant and unpolilhed. Grazing is the chief employment, of tl)c pciifants. Iminenfc numbers of (hcep and ,Duli9qk« ttf, ^rrdhere, particularly in the counties of, Clare and Galway. ,'V; alfu ubounds in horfes, came, veaifon, horsey, apd hawkA, ^m ^ welt fupplicd with fi£, having mapy ccMtvenict)t ^ys 4"d creeks on the coaft. and feventl riTers, paitiqu^ily tl)e: Shan- non. Moy. Suck, Drofos, and Gyll. In this province are the following counties, viz. ' ■ . , I. thr county of Gil way, which, next to Cork, ittbelargeft in the whole kingdom, and in ^cnrral hat in {it pkitity c^ Cattle, ^^>djis very fertile in corn and pafture. ., ■ . Galwiy, the city from which the county i- nsuirdi ftanda on a noble bay, having many hjriiouri and roads on eye^ fide., (t is a very neat, fitong, and flouiilhing city i and is admirably ^tuated for a trade not only to France and Spain, but alfo to the Weft -Indies. The buildings, boiii public and privati, are tnoftty of Done, and handr9me. The city it walled, and v>> once the fee of a hilhop, but is now wiihi;i the arcjibilboprii; of Tu>n>- It carries on a very coiiliderahle hciring-finiery, and is almoft the only place upon this coaft ihat h.is any.fo,r«iigi> trade. The harbour is about two miles from the city, tu xyhjch the goods are brought in lighters. Here arc bariacks for ,tvi'« companies of foot. The town of Tuam was once a famous qiy, has been tbe: fee of an archbifliop ever fince the beginning of the jlixtb century,, but it now a conGdcrable place. ,, . a. The county ofCUie has a good air and fovl,. biftcootains very few towns ; the mpft remarkable is Glare, fp. called ftom Richard and Thomas de Clare;, younger Ions oif;tl«t earl of Gloucefter, to whom Edward I. gave tlic county. Barcacks for two companies of foot arc erc£lcd here. The principal and bell town in the county it Enpis, filutted about two miles from Dublin. ItfUnd^ on a ^^kq forntctli ^y the Shannon, baa a good market, a ^d i« a neat plic^. ; , The towu of Killalo, a bifbop't fee, with tbf privilege of a, fair and market, ftands on the Shannon, *nd (fas, o^^p much more cwiftderable than at prcfcitt. The dioc^fe.i^ ve^y; large, conuinir.g one hundred parifh cIiutcIms, hcfides chapels. A little to the fouth of this town is a ridge of rocks, wbicbnu), quite aciofs the river Shannon, and ftop up all farther navigati tion to it. . ; . .! 3. The county of Sljgo is very mounlainouf ; ^n^ ioHie plains and valleys the air is unwhelfone, owing to;thcir beiiig, niU of bogs. I'he foil, where it it free from lakes and fens, if tiolerably good, and fit either for graiing or tilLige. $,ligo, the capital, flands on a bay, to which it gives name, at well as the country. Though not large, it it pretty populous, and has, au old caftle ; but its trade is incnnliderable, notwithftandirig Vts harbour it (o deep, tliat (hips of two hundred tout burden can come u? to the quay. 4. 1 hi: county of Mayo abounds in lakes, and is inciofed pn one fit'e by the fca. The air is moift and cold, elpcciaJly upon the mountains, where the foil is alfo poor and coarfc, but tlicre is good paftutage, witlt herds of cattle and deer, in the other parts. In this county are feveial lakes and rivets abounding with fifli : tliat of Lough-MalV, a lake eleven miles long, and five broad, affords plenty of faliuon. 1 he Gallo glalTes, a people defccndcd frori the Scotch of the weftern iflcs, who uled to fight in coats of mail with two-edged battlc-axei, formerly lived on the banks of this lake. The town of Mayo, capital of this county, ftands on the borders of Sligo, at the mouth of the tiver Moy. It waa once » bifhop't fee i but thcbilhoprie uatli been lonie time annexed to Tuam. Caftlebar, the only parliamentary borough ui the -Q.^,..y^ (land* on a little river which falls into LougU-Com) : hilt arc barracks for a troop of bprft. J. The county of Kofcommon is in general very hcalihy. The air is clear, and the foil yields plenty of gials, with loinc IS a very 6. _ »ge. I p illina S|<>c, ■ fmill town in •f is rqiuaiiablv fqr Iiaviyg the largeil beaft or flock Ji^iijj^'t dopi)nK>ns. I|,continuet each time a wcck» kept ijw/ce a jear; \ ,1 , ., Thpfountyof l,eitri(n )». wy tjiountainous, but noted for g5aiii)jvaft hcjua of cattle. The town, which gives lumo to the county, 'St tituated noai' the Shannon. It wai formerly a tolerable good (u\yn, but is now greatly decayed, and contains nothing jreutarkable. The folfowin'g table will exhibit, at one view, the names of the refpcAiyp coumics, their length, breadth, chief towns, and t)te lucmberi i;t)fy,fend,to Pi^rliament. , ^^ " rf- r.—- C«un(|ei. LfW Br^. , CKief Towm.' Metira. PkHi 1 Tjirr ■ lI'Vl'!' ■ . t' * Donegal 64 35 Donegal rt« . '«<,■■ Londonderry ■3* 30 Londonderry » H\it ^mrim Tyran* , 46 a? Carrlckfergus 10 . .,/t. ()9 35 OiTiagh , Linilkilling ,10. .•^.. I'cripa^a^li 38 24 X ■5 Cav^i) , Monaghi^i Armagh 47 3^ 3a as 30 CjmaB . , 1 ., Monaghan Armagh , ^Dowa tt 30 D.owii-Palrjck 14' # 'Dublin 1-5 Dublin .to LoMth t '.I Drogheda 10 Wieklow , Wicklow 10 1 • Wexforjl,, 47 VI Wexford 18 ■ .1 .Longford , ■Eaft Mcath. , ^7 32 16 as Longfij^d 1 rfm 10 14 « ■ .S ■ Wift Mea«h King's County 3i 40 20 ao MijUinger Ph lip's town 10 6 Queen's County. Killfenny 35 30 Maryborough 8 40 20 Kilkenny 16 Kildal'e l\ a3 K.lOarc. , , 10 Xarlow la Carlow 6 bT Corle ?S 5P ^"'\, .!■ DO K"fy ,. 60 47 Tralee' ," '8 3 • Limeriex 40 ar Limerick Clonirfeir.'-' 8 S Tipperary 60 36 8 ■ Waterford t. \\ W4ttrfof4, 19,. J fGalway Gal way Eiinit \". 8: •S, Clare^ 40 38 'X' ii 'Ji' Sligo ' '• ' Mjf/o ' ' ^■•f. ■^ Rofcommon '^ ' «-Leitrim 3S' "zif Rbrtommoa' ," ...g,„ 4+ 18 Ltitrlm 1 1- ',^1 \Vith re/p^ to tile inhabitaiils of Ireland, thevare a medley ofthc'i^lViuit (er »ild) l^ii]l^ andqf Scotch and Englifl) eui' grants, , '1 he comiifoi) people are very, ignorant «nd uncivitizefl, particularly thpfcwlio inhabit the province, of Connaught. The gcfateft p^rt of t^i)i are pap>ftt ^ fiid l)ence tliey have a rettle4 averfion to Englimmcn, and even, to thdt oyyn cpunirynjcn ,p][ a.djffprent pc^fuafion. To this all^ i^ay l>e atfibutcdthofe a^« of,(fiv.'ig^ cruelly To frequent in this country, u well at tha irieguj,i^ities,:^t;njing their public meetings, which geiKraUy end in bloodflicd. Many of ilicirfurnames have ast Q vr Mac prefixed to tbem,' which fignify grandfop and ifoo : formerly the p was ufed by their c^efs only, or fucli as piqued ihem- felves upon the antiquity of tl^eir families. 'i'bi:it' inufic is tlie bagpipe, but thpir tuucf , arc {.'.rnerally in a melaiiphnly ftiaiu. In thc'interior parts of the kingdorp, fome of their pld cuftouis ftill, .prevail, pcit^culafly tb«r fuiieial hqwlinga. 1 he uiferior ^tt place the corpfe of a rolatipn or friend on a table before their dpoit, havinp; a plate on the body to excite thp chai iiy of puften-. gets, and this cuftpm v) pruflifed; even in t^ Jkiit^ of the capital. ' , They pay little regard to the fabbath, the prin,'ipa,i part of the day being confi^.tied to amuiemenis 1 and in tlie evening they aflcmble atpublic-houlcs. when they dance to the bagpipe, which generally terminates in riot and debauchery, iheic ma)incrof living fcemt to rcfemble that of tiie aniient liritons as del(:ribcd by Roman authors, or tlic.prercnt Iridian. inbabi- tanti of Amviica, Mean huts oj^ctbins built of clay and iha,w, partitioned in the in,iddle by.il wall of tlie liiinc maieiialt, fery(o the double purpolcs ot acconuiiodifiiigtho family, who live ainl flecp promil(;iioully, V'i^''>(: ■'■'^K l^ies of turf m the middle «f the lloor, with .in ripdiiiij till (>'.i);li the lOOt *ur a chiniiicyi the other being occupied by a ri>w, or fuch pi';ce» of fprniturc at are not in .mniodiatc ufe. i li' ir childiciil(.M|celv know the u'ic ot cloaths , and arc iiotalhaivcd tug^/c upon Iti^ngcrs, oc ii\ake their appeal 4>ice upr>ii. tiie rouds in lUat pritQi'ive niajii^er^ T heir weal li cDnfilln); a^uw. u>nictiin<:t a hvii'c, ivme pouiiiyij and a Ipot loi jiolriloc:.. Co,iilf bicad. pol.i.tocs, i-(;(',s, milk, and lumctinu'i lilli, coatlitucc liicii food , toi huw plentifully Ibcver ♦ ' .*..„. ., - !_*i t.iW .■■ n^ moun^iaf^ ; county tovtn, fmill town in t bcaft or flock h time a wmK» jui, but note^l licit ^ivcs lume t wai formerly J, and contains r, the namel of liicf townti ana (EUROPirl M!<}. ing t an t: ?Ht\'=^ «♦ 1 .10 i$: " Ifl r 10 i8 i . 10 '4 i" 10 town 6 rough 8 »y i6 , 1 iO 1 6 i ii)e :|: K""":' n.'- 8 "t^^ '9. 8 > *■/ 2 mon' , 8' * i ', 6 ' i i . Ol icy are a nifidlcy nd Engiitbcmi- «n4 uiicivitix«^( lonnau^lit. 'i'ha cy have a rettl«4 cQuntrynien ,p| at^'ibutcd tliofe at well ai t\m which gcncriiUy re aO) O or, Map I ifou : fof'nierly 19 [>iqued thcu- Uptf inufic ii tlui lai.ipljoly Ataiu. iMir vid cuftotiR '1 lie Ulterior table before their ;Uaiily of piilTen- /tv ikiiu of the >iiii>'ipai part oi in the evening to the l>agp>P^> iiichcry, Their aiiiient Britons t Ittiijaiviiibaihi- if cU^Msiid ihtxv, nuiciialc, fcr^o ily, who live 4|kI 111 the middle oi >ur a chiiiiiicy, i ,c<« of fprnijuro .iKrIv know th« lOH lti^>ii);cr!i, OK iitOrive iuajiu«t«n feawt i w t t I'lifjwftid ol mitrt pflMMiKOii (ten real frien4fliip rcl(itAin( tbiat vittiK. Thtytaitfo fond Of Htlei, thattlwirpeera^ ItM tocwne a.bafW lefqae upon nobilir*' "lany of tltatord«r aoiongft tbcm having neiiher antioaity^ tior fortuno to rtseomiMnd them t» fupcrlor nonce ; .aid, befidea otliv bsi conftqiMticaf, it ii u b* feared that tbcfe coroncli muU bt fapporta4 at ih« cxpencr of tlwir unhtopy Itnania. and of ■umiifaAurM, «>hich ceniii' qvoBtly wiU tii« iia ftoyottioit aa nMtfkriet advance m fticti ■ •' '.'.ii :. . . ■ ■ ■ ■•>. ' Tbo Irifh lanfpiap iifundanMnlally the him with the Biitiii «r Wellh, and a dialeft ot the Cehic, which ii made afetikf the Scotch highlandera oppofite the Irifh cnafti. It », howevert in a great meabire defaced by provincial alienuioni, but not fo altered aa to render the Iridi, WcUb,' and Highlander* unin-i telligible to etch other. The MliTe languefpiaonly Iboken by Ibe pcafanti and lowtr foct df pcopit, who tfe remarkable for their fitquent blttndat* ip fpeaking it. The fAaHli([hcd religion'tn Irdimd it the fiirac at in Endand. The chnrch ia under the government of four arohbiOiopt, namelvt . the aichbiihop of Annagb, who haa the title of primate •fail Iceland i the arcnbifhopoiUuUin, who it Oiled primate of Ireland ; and thofe of Cafnel and Tnam. Under thefe four arcbbilhopi are nineteen bilhope.' Diflintcrt of all denominationt are tolerated in Ireland, par-< licularlv Prefbyterianti Independenti, Baptiftt, Quakeci, anil Metiiodiftt. But the ftr morenumerouk body are the P^piftti who have their bifhopi and other dignitariet like the efiablilhed chuKh i but neither tliey, nor the inferior clergy of that com- ■innion, have any other revenues than the voluntary contribu' tiont of the laity. It it fuppofed that throughout Ireland there arc kbeut eight PapiAs to one Protcftatit ; but in the capital ths ^(propoftion is only at four to one. For the promotion of learning in Irelaitd, there it oi>e utti- Vtrfitji, and iJevcral free-fchoolt ereAed for the education of youth I and for promoting the principle! of real ChriAianity among the poor popifh nativet of Ireland, and inuring ihtm from infancy, to inunftry, and obedience to their fovcreign, it kiAituted the incorpor i ted fociety for promoting Englilh Pro- teflant working fchoolt. This inftiiution bids the ftireft for leflening the number of PopiAt, and conlequently of increafiiig indufiriout and loyal fobjeftt, ■ Ireland being farbordinate to England, the government it much the fame. The king fendt a viceroy, who is t>ilcd lord lieutenant ; and who comet as near the grandeur and dignity of a kinf; at any viceroy in chriAendom. To affiA him on all occaiions, hie tnt a privy-council, compofed of (Ik officers of ftate, and fuch otheraat his majeAy it plcafed to appoint. The patliament it convened, prorogtied, anddilTolved, at the pleafure of the king. Unring former reigns, the fame parliament con- tinued till the death of the king i but by a late a£k, a' new One it to lie chofen every eight yeart. The lawt made by the par- liaoftent here are fent to England for the royal approbation ; when they jpaft the Great Seal of England, and are r«turned, if approved ofby hit majcfly and couikiI; ' i'he prefent revenue of Ireland it fuppofed to befomething more than half a million Aerling, out of which fevrnty thoufknd pounds is granted in penlions. Their lands are not incum- bered *ith heavy taxes, nor are tlwir exports Or imporn fubjeft to high duties ; and every article of confumption li to bi pro- cared upon the moA eafy terms. The courts of juAicc, their terms and manner of proceed- ing, affixes, juAicet of the peace, &cc. and almoft the feveral orders and degrees of the people and nobility, are much tlie ianw here as in England. The chief articles exported from Ireland confiA of linen cloth, yarn, lawn, and cambricks, which are encouraged by the Englilh government. Wool and bay-yarn are allowed to be exported to England only, but great quantities of both are finogglcd into other countriet. The other exporti are, horfcs and black cattle, beef, pork, green hides, fome tanned leather, calfikins4fifd, lallow, butter, candles, checfe, ox and cow- horns, ox hair, horfc hair, herrings, dried filh, rabbet fkins, oucr Ikins, goat ikins, &c. The principal articles of their im- portation arc, wine, brandy, tobacco, fpices, hof.s, roals, copper, block tin, lead, metcury, grocery, habcrdalhcry goods, and Wc A- India commodities. The Irith havini; no mint, the coins ufe'd by them ire the fame with thofe of England, but they differ in their denomina- tion; an Enclilh lliilline paAine for thirteen nencr. n criiinAa for one pound two thillingt and ninepence, and to ia proportion for the othi.r coin. ..■.'..>.'. • ,. •" j No. 7S. ' Thdhi^rf «f lr)rf«ii4 it bivoived In faitle iefts^ttie Statti kings of Eniand began to invade that coaft t and very faw meoMrable fventi arc recorded for auny ccntnriet afterward. Aboiu the canclufion of the eighth century the Danes and Nor^ jnan*i or m Ihev weia sailed, the Eafteilingi, made frequei)! defcanit, attd at icHgtb began to ercA placet of defense, in e formed very nearly to that of England. He likcwile very libc- rallir rewarded hit Engli& nobility with 4itf«i\ The buikSinn trc gieetlv impt-ovnl, but neither grind nor rCfiuUr. The church ii • Urge building, with i fqui'e tower ; iivl the inhibitann h«ve lately rrrflrd an or|;an, and ethefwlfe gttailv decortttti it; vet thii clinreli li but a chapel of cure m Caril- brook, ■ fmall village about amilelroni Newport, and famoai far a eaflle, built about the timf of the Norman coni|Upft, which wai the relidencc of the *nliei)( Inrdi of the ifland : king Charlet I. wai confined here, until remorrd to Hurl) caftle. Cowct, a remarkalfle port and harbour, i< «t the mouth of Newport river : here ii a ciftle huill by Henry Viil. and alfo ■ fin« raltern. St. Helena lici at the c*tt end of ike ifland, twelve milri from Newport. It iionljr remarkable for lia road, t»hich ii large enough to contain the whole Britilh itavy. The town of P«H, fitaatfd on the weftrrn roaft, ii a plitce of confiderable tr^det Upon a I'lnall ifland elofe ro the town it Peel caftle, oneof theftinngell in the world, and hai a garrifon I in it. The ifl^iid on which it (tands n a llti|>cndous ro. k, in- ' ■cceffible from all quarter* but that of the town, (n n whKh it It feparated bjr a narrow Anight, fordabic in l»^w ii <■«. Within one of the churches i> a chapel ippropriatr-l to the ufc of the bilhop ; and undrrnraih the chapel i« a duiiial . rights and prerogative!. But in the year 1 765. for the further ■lid more rileiiually pi eventing the mifcliiefi arifini (o the re- venue and commerce of Great Britain and Ireland, from the illicit and clandcfline trade carried on to and from the Ifle of Man, it wai thought expedient to veft in the crown all lighu, lurifdiAioni, and inteirfti in and over the faid ifland, and all iti d'rpcndenciei holdcn by tiir proprietors the duke and duchels of Athol; who then lurrendercd the fame, excepting only their .hnded piopetly, and the (latronaee of rhe bifhopiic of Sodor ,«»>.' Man, the lemporaliiiei of the fame when vacant, and all ' pationagci and ecclefiaOical beneficei. Upon ihii annexation of the ilhnd, the fum of feventy thoufand pounds was paid as > full comptnlation to the proprietors, according to their own propolals to the commiflioners of the treafury. The induce- , inent for giving fo large a fum was, piobably, the clear revenue ' 'of the ille for ten years, from 1754 to 1763, which, having been laid bcfote parliament, appealed, at the medium, to be fevcn thoufand two hundred and ninety-three pounds and fixpence halfpenny per annum. The contraA was accordingly executed by both pa/ties, utuler the authority of pariiament April 19, 1765. . . . ,^ The Wellern Ifles, or Hebrides, are fcattered in the Deu- calcdonian fca, to the north- weft of Scotland, of which king- dom they coiiftitutc a part. They arc fituated between the , fifty-fifth and fifty-ninth degree north latitude, are computed to exceed three hundred in number, and conuin about forty-eight I Ihoufand inhabiunU. No cotintry abounds more with the •i ncceflaries of life, and at lefs labour or charge than the Hebrides. They have Hefli and fiflt in prodigious plenty. Their cattle of ■11 foru as cows, Iheep, hogs, and goats, are exceeding nume- rous and prolific, fmall indeed, (as are their horfes) but of a i^ delicious ufte ; fo are their deer, which freely range in herds on ; Iheir mountain*. No place can compare with them for tame and wild fowl, there being of the latter no where in the world '• greater diverfity, many (oris of them extremely beautiful, and " rate, or utterly unknown elfewhere. The like may be faid of their various amphibious animals. Numberlefs are their foun- . u'lnt and fpringt. rivers, rivulets, and lakes very wholfonie in their waters, and fuperabounding with fifll, efpecially tiout and falmon ; and no fcas in Euiope are better ftored, not only with herrings, but all other kinds of 61h from the Ihrimp to ihe wlule. No liarbouts or bays ate fuperiorto theirs, either for , number or conveniency : add to this, their variety of excellent roots and plants, particularly tliofe of marine growth, all of them ferving for food or phyfic. Their paftures are lo kindly, that they might live on milk alone, with that inconceivable quantity of «gs which they yearly gather off the de&rt rocks and illets. ' Bread is plentiful enough among them, and the ground is g-P,-,j!!. allowed to be much richer than on the Scottiih con- tinent hence. Vome parts of which are often fupplied with corn from ^. I , _, r „ — ( ,h. jj^j f jEj ^y„ji tUofc who Tlie inhabitants ate of the llv* InilM HigtalhnvU »f ScnkUnd, f|t*ak 'he fanto ItfiKtM^*, wear the fame hal'il, tnd oblerVi the fkiTT cultoln* ; vtlih ihil diffirnnce, that khy are more Ample, induflrinus, a' : nncrir, than thtir neighbohrs of the miin land Thry arn in gcnnal fttoiig, vignrovit, and hMllhy, ihrlr conftltullon baing (Ie*lt4 by labour d pr«liirv«d hy rempehince in their ditr. The Hi«hlartder« of fitperior Mnditlort live hke their helfth'* hour* I but th€ eominon people are wteiehrdiy Imlged in (laliry coltafes or cabbins built ot loofe tkonel and niudi Mid tt iiehrd whh ftraw ; thtir parliiioni are no other tban a kind ut hurdlet plalhcicd with cla^ ; the y have neither |;Iah n their wthdowst iM>r anv other chimney than a hole in. the middle of the roo^ throiwii which the finoka finds In wayt 'I'helis people an ttiier ttrangers to cleanlinefi ; tbcy «i« eiHremf ly llmiilh in ihcit houfet, and nafty in their |ierlons ; and this impurity is, in all likelihood, one great caUfe of that Invcttian itch ^hich infeAi the greaicft part rs of excellent barley. St. iCilda is one of the ftrongeft natural fortrclfe* in tlie known warld, being inacctflible in every place but at that rock, which might lie defended againft any force hy loofe ftonet hurled from the impending moomaht of Oterveaul. On the weft lido of tlic illand there it e ftnall bay, in which fbmc veiTels take fhetter when the wind it at foQth, or blows from the north-cail : bat the fea ic gencralty fo impetuous all round, that it frequently rtmcvts fragmcntf of rocks aiiu ftones of a prodigious weight. Here are great number* of fea (awl, which mty be dlftin- goilhed into feveral difTcrent fpecies ; among which ate iho guer fowl, and the folan goofc. The people of this ifland, amounting to about two hoodred fouls, arc origiiully defcended from the inhabitants of the Haines and thr aJjaccnt ifles : like tU<^, they fpeak the Fife language in great purity, and lisvo for fome thise been urotef- tants of the church of iicocUiid, from wlience a miniAer hi lent to them. Ihey live togetlier in a fnull village, fituated in a bottom among hills, aitd compoGsd of low wretched cot> tages, Ihe thatch and roof being lecu/ed by ftraw-ropes, with Hones hanging tt the end of iliein. Tliejiumber of Iheep on this and the neighbouring iflands may amount to two thou- fand i and their co'.vs, which are very imall, do not exceed oiw hundred. All the aiiimalt on the main land, incleding dogi, cats, and even wild fowl, are fputted. T'lie arable land of this ilUnd is dividrd into ten equal patts, and ihcfe again are fubdividrd, according to the number of fiiinilies. They manure the land with a cnmpoft of :urf.afhet, mixed with ft; aw and urine ; and add to this the bones and en- trail* ofthe fea fowl, 'I'bey plow with a fmall crooked inftru- ment 1 fow their bnrley very thick ; and reap an harveft twenty- fold. Ihe iea-coatt funtilitcs them with plenty of cod, ling, nMckarel, turbot, herring, and all the other f| mon 10 the fea ) here ate likewife otten and feali : but their chief dependence for food and gain, i* upon the fea-fowl, which Ihey catch many different ways i but their employment fubjeft* them to the mofk imminent danger* ; for they are obliged to climb rocks, the very fight of which fill* with horror the mind of a flranger. Lewi*, or Long ifland, i* fixty miles to the weftsrard of St. Kilda : it extends one hundred miles in length from north to fouth, and from thirteen to fourteen in breadth, conlifting of a great number of iiles and rocks, and parted by the kt into two divitions, called Lewis and Harries; the foriiMr of which lie* weftward of the latter. Harriet is an illand feparated by a channel from Lewis : it extends about twenty-four miles in length, and in fome places about fix miles in breadth. The air and climate aie the liime with thofe of Lewis : the face of ths ground is rocky and mountainous, covered with grafs and heath : on the weft fide, however, the land is more Hat and arable, producing naturallv abundance of clover and dailjr, which in the lummer perfume the air with an agreeable freRrance. There are divers frelh water lakes in this idand. abounding with trout, eels, and falmon. The foil is in general dry and fandy;; but, when manured with fea ware, yieldn very great harvefts of oats, rye and bailey. ' ' The ifle of Sky may be rankvd among the largeft iflands of the Hebrides : it was lb called from iikianach, which, in the Erfc dialeft, iignifies winged, bccf ufe the two proinontorie* oj Valernefs and Troiteriielt, by which it !s bounded on the iiuriii'inrcii aiiu iivrili-csii, Hi liipyaici to reiciiiuic wiiiffi. The ifland lies bctwten the Ihire ot Rol's ajid the wellern piit ot "V^ tfe U R O P fi.] I C ft L A N d. of Lt«i<, txitiiding forty mil** in length from north to Touih ; In fums pUcet iweiUy, and In othari thirty In brodth, thi circumfrrtiic* of the wlioU tittnanting to aKout ont hundnd. 7'hit ifland ii alfo compofed nt iiuny diffcrtnl lOanrft and tockt I and ii divided Ixtwccn proprittori ; iIm CMiiMrA paH twiongi ro th« liird Mueleod, faid to b« lincmlly ilcictndtd from Ltod, foil to ilta black princa of Man: the northam diftriA, or barony of Irottcrnala, ii iIm nrooeiiy of a Macdoiiald, wbofa aneaftor «rai Dontld, king or lord of ih« iflei, and chief of iha niimcrodt clan of iMacdoiuldi, who ait cottnttil th« mbft war- likt of all tha Highlanderi. Skv It part of the fhira of Javar- imU, and formerly belonged to the dioctle of the iflea : on tha ibuiiit it la parted from the mim land by a cliannal ihiaa leaguci in breadth, though at Iha forv of GlnicPy it ii fo lurrow, that a tnan may be heard calliii); k>r the boat, fium one Ma to the other, 'i'nii iflanJ is well provided with a variety of excellaai bayi and haibourt, and i< lurrotiiidcd by inlaiior illci, among which are 8oa-Uretiil, Oronii, Pabbay, Scalpa, Surah, Ciipy, Iflav and Bute. liut Iho moft eelchratrd of nil the wellern idandi, ia JoiiOi likewife caNrd St. Culumh-hill, from &t. Coluinba, who came hither from Ireland, and lies liuried here. The illand flretchei Two roilet in length, from fouili to north, in tiM neighbour- hood of Mull, and ii about a mile broad from call to well. One end of it ii rocky and batten : the other plain, arable, and fruitful. In tha Caledonian fea lie the dcadei, or Oikney i(le>, which are about thirty in number, but not all inhabited, the grealcft part being finall holnii that pixiducc nothing hut pathirage for Ihcep and goaii. 'I'liey are htuated eighicen leagues from Scot- land, betweaii the fifiy-eighiU and (ixtlcth degree of latitude, and in longitude from I.onduii between one degree tliirty mi- nataa and two degrees fifty minutei, and are divided on the Cailth from Caitlinclt. the mod northern point of Scotland, by the PcutUnd or Pi£tUnd Firth, from twelve to fixtceit inilei hi breadth. The piincipal of them are known by the dcnonli- iuuioiu of South Ronalina, Swinita. Hoy, Hurra, Lambliolm, Ftotta, Foirat Cava, Urimfcy, Mainland, Copiniha, Stupenftia, Uunfav, Inhallo, Stronfa, Papa-^tronfa, Sanda, north Konald- flia, £da, Roula, Wyre, Uarta, Eglelha, iiortli Kaira, WaAra, Papa>Wcflra. Tb« chief of the Shetland iflandt are. Mainland, Brufla, the Skcrrici, Burray, Whalley, Voft, Yell, Kcflar, &c. MainlaMd, extending lixty niilei in length, and twenty in breadth, it indented by a great number of bayr, and abounda with Moiba, bogi, aiui mountaini, fo that it ii more adapted for pafturaga than corn : nevertlielel'i the low-groundt near the flioro, produce oati and barley. Uii thr caft-fidc of the illand flanda Lerwick, the priiicipal town, coiififling of about three hundred familiea. Powardi the weft ii fitualed Scalloway, which, though very fmall, is the (cat of judicature ; and liere iikewife the prelbytery of ScotUnd aflemble. The illand of Btaflii, (itujied to the eallwaid ol Mainland, ii about five inilea long, and two in breadth t hai fonie arable ground, and two chorchet ; but ii chiaHy remarkable for its found, in which the great herring- lifhery it carried on. I'he landlords here are con- uderable gaincri, by letting out their ground and houles to the Dutch and Hamburgheri. The Skeriics, iiniray, VVhalley, and Vuft, are inconliderable iflandt, the Urged and laft not exceeding eight inilei in length : but all Of tnem are provided with churches, and in VuA ''leie are three good liatboura. Yell is fixicen milci in length, is indented like the figure of t, has three churches, and feveial chapels, but the country it moorithand barren. Keilar, or Fctlor, fire miles in length, is remarkable only for the mini of fame watch-towert which tlie natives call Piits boiifca : they are from twenty to thirty leet high, twelve bioad, and tapering to the top. 'I he natural hiftory of tbeie iflands, with the charaAer, cuftoms, &c. rcfembling thofe of the Ur- vadea and Hebiidca already dafciibcd, it is unncceflary to repeat them here. I'he iflands in the Briiilh ch.^nnel, dtuated neat the French coaft, are Jtrfcy, Guernl>y, Aldrrney, and Sark. rhe ifland of Jcrfey, known to the antient Komana, ii fi- tuatcd eighteen milca well of Normandy. The north fide ia inacccfiible by rcafon of lofty clilts, but the fouth ia almoll level with the water. The higher midland parts are Well planted, (Miiicutarly with apple-trees, from which great quan- tities of cyder are made. The vallies are fertile, and well cul- tivated, and the pallurct feed );reat qiiautitiet of cattle, flieep, <(c. The inhabitants apply ihemfrlvci, in time of peace, to the iniproyement of commerce, and more particularly to the manu^ure of (lockings, fair of honey, &c. which it here Very exquifite. In war time they Imvc in general a concern in privateering, for which the lituation it admirable. The French, ia :ks Utf war, msde * del<»nt on thii ifland, but their army nu defeated bjr the gutifon, and oude pnfoneri of w«r. Jerlay ffl i« •boot twelve mibi In len«h. tiitli t kwltliy air, and cdniaini about iwaiitv tboulaikj inlij>itanti. I'he tuvtmor ii aupointed by tha Britilh crown, but the civil jurifdlAion it invefled in * baililTand twelve juraii; .The capital town, in, Helier, ia bandfomc, and coniaina about foui hundred houfai. The lanjaagc it FieiKh, corrupted by an iniantiuiure of Eilglilh. The ifland ofCiuernley, in length thirteen milet and m half, and nearly ^( Uie ti,mt breadth, cpmalns tan parifhta^ which, howevari have only eigbl miniflerti four of the pa- rilhet be ilig united i and Ali<«rnty and Saik, which are appen- dagat, having one a piece. Thit illand, though naturally final than Jerfey, li neith«r fo populous, nor fo i^ell cultivated. II it, however, a hcalililul place, and fruitful In corn and paftorc, but hu only one chureh Tha people in avar tint*, aa irt lerley, *ie fond of privateering ; ihe only harbour it St Peter le Port, which ii guarded by two forti, one called the OU Ctfllrt the other CaHle Cornet. The inhabiianri fpoik French, it having been a part of Normandy, and it (liU goveincd bv Nw niah lawi. ' Tlte ifland of Alderney it a vciy healtiifwl piaeci fruitful in eOrn and pafluici and remarkable for a fiiM b^ekd Of fmall cowt. It it only feptraied from the coatt of Nomandt (»« ft narrow ftrait, called tha Race of Aldrrney : it hat only ond ahurch. T|ie inhabiiantt live together in a town of lb* liuM name, tlie ifland being but eight milet in circuit. The httic ifle of Sark liei between the iOaiidi Of Gl>«m(cr and Jerley on thecoaft of Normandy iri Fiance : it iikfa ibtit the former, hat a fine air, and is fertile. The thret laft of thefe iflandt are computed to contain abdot twenty thouiiuid people, and all tha four are pan of the Norman patrimony, baing the only reroaint of tliat part of (rancr forinetli cm. quered by titc Uritilk atmi, »' .', ICELAND, MEDITERRANEAN and ADRiATtci ISLANDS. dtntainiiii a iipriftUn if tb* ihivt Iflaiiit, tbiir tiimJariti, txlml, fituutiin, mhural h\fi»rj, iiiMilMiittf lawt, tm/lmn JCi E ti A N b !t atxJot /o«r hilndred iililci loHg, ihd oM hundred and fifty broad : it is fituated in the AtlaiUic ottin. twecii fixty-tbrik ahd fixty-eight degrees horth Utitudfc, and between tei> knd twentv-fix degteei well longitude. THp greater part of the ifland is mouniainUbs) flbny; ktid t^attert. But in (omc placet there are excellent paftures, and the graft hak a fine fmcU. The ice, which gtti loole from the more northern country in May, brings with It a Urge (Juantity of wodd, and feveral animals, I'u'ch as fokes, *olvcs, 4nd beai-s. For twtf montht together the fun never feti, and in the winter it nevtt rifci for the fame fpace^ at leall not entirely. The illand it well watered with large aiid fraalj riven thit flow from the mountains, heCdcs rivulets and large lakcl, all of which abound with excellent fiOi TlKrearc no foteRs in anr part t>f the ifland. but thit tar «• th* lakt of Mfnit, iitio whi.:h it ifilcNigrd iticll, bu« did not cmM till ih« tiid of H*|itein(icr, 1719. «n*n tht.crapiioiu of th« meunttint fub- Me eruption! ot tilfe* of th« •d'iKcni mouiiuint. tit lliM eountf y ir* found fktiMl of variom colouri, hnl no mnbl*. It likewifc pTfxiuMi • kind of ciydtl, • Utft ijain - tity of jtuMice (kone, and. iwtr ih* vetcano, two fern of ■Xttc. It li •Kncertiiiity nch «n mineriii, tlicMigli ibtn ira no miMi worked m the counlry. The pcnpU Arid, even above gioond, lifK* liinipi ol tilver, copper, ind iron ore, lb rich, that ihey ara nulKMl bv a common wood fire, and ihe metal made Into vartout iiienfili. Sulphar ii die principal metal of thfi idand, i;reii*<|Uiintitiri of whicli were formerly rx)reat deal of cattle. '1 he water i« faid to be of an indifferent (jualily. The inhabitants, like the Spaniardt, are tno proud and lazy to cultivate the ground in • proper tnanner, .\nil cuntrquently have but little corn. They are computed at al)uui twenty thoofand, have a natnral turn to poetry, love niulic and dancing, and, like tlieir anceftori, era expert llingert. i lie capital, Ciiadrlta, liei on the weft eoaft, where the go« vernor rehdct. It is a Imall place, but well fortified, andchicDy inhabited bv the F.nplilh 'I he harbour of Pun Mahon it oita of the fineuin Euro|)e (botli for its capacioulneft and fecurily from wind and eneniiei) being lour milet long, and above half a mile ilt breadth. The town it Iniall, but hat a brilk trade. Near it it St. Philip't caflle (which, with the town and hirhour, lie at the fouth-eall end of thit illand) it a lijuarc iort, and ha* alwayt a cood gatrilon. In 1756 ihe French eot poflefliun of this ifland, the Englilh garrifon in Fort St. Philip's not having lieen duly fupporled, reinforced, and lupplied by Admiral tiyn;;, who was lent to itt relief. The combincU forces ol France and Spain again took it ia 1781, and, by the treaty concluded in 17113- it w«t ceded to hit catholic majenv. The iiland of Coifica, between the gnlpli of Genoa and the ifland of Sardinia, extends from forty-one to forty-three de- grees of norih latiiude, and from nine to ten degrees of eaft longitude. Hence its greaieft length from Cape Corlo.which it its utinoft northern point, to Cape Konifacio, its utmoft fou- thern extremity it about one bundled Englilh milet, and itt greateft breadth about fifty. It is computed to be one hundred miles dMlant from the city c>f Genoa to the fouth. and is divided into the country on thi« tide and beyond the mountains, which are again fttbdivided into thiity-eiglii cantons, called pievts by the natives. Being tor the moft part mountainous, woody, dry and Aony, it has little aiablc land. Some of the low grounds and vallies, however, yield corn, wine, figt, almondt, chefnutt* olivet, and other Iruit trees. Here tre fome fait- workt, and hot baths on the ifland, witii cryttals, iron and allum : here is alio a good breed of caliic and horfcs, and the weeds and tbrclU sbsund ^th ^i ttid gchet game, toitelber witli honey and wax. ■, v^ant'- «««. »r,v'iit- vrilti ll hcloiigcd to ilie Ucnocle, bul thf nativct, un >ccouilt of Ibtir ivranny, baviiigfni niiiiy yeati (akdi up *riii« agaiiirt t!i«i)i, tlut llatr ruirtndcrcd in nglit to th* Krtnch kiiiK. Under wbofc dnniiiiiuii it how leniaiiii. . CJcnaral Paoli, wliu long coiiiin4ndcd tbein in their ftrunglr* for rrecdoni, nu v iclidal in EiiyJand and |mi a pcniioii lium the Uriillh court. lIlc pi iiiri|>al placet air, i Haftia, Ilia capital, fifuated on tbr iinilli-cail coalk of tlia ifland, Iwrnty-twu iiillo (uutli uf ^I»p<' Curft, and r«v«nty-rix nurtli of Cap« BoniCicio. It if fit Ire of a hilhop, hat a i;ood harbour and caftle, and it prctljr «tli Ni'tihcd. 2. The 'own of San Finrcnaio, (ituated alfoon the northern fide of tlu' illaiid, on a sulf to wIikU it givet name, liat_ a t'W'i baveii, with fume iiirtificatiniii, and it ilie rclidciwc of a Ciiliou t hut iit inliabiianti aie few, on account of the mo- wb'illomciiel'i uf iheair. 3 I'he town of Biiiiif^cio, which i« fmall, hut well peopled, Aaiidi un the fouthern coad of the illaml. 4. Potto Vccciu, • liitic fca port town on the eaftero coaft. ). Ajaiio, by I inic cfleeinrd the capital of t|)c idind. flaiiJi on the weflorn cual\ by the liver (iravone, and on the fouih Cde pf a g<>lf> to wliicli it givet name. It it an epifcopal Ice, a place of euoil tiadc, and well peuplrd. 6. Cuito, on the Colo, it alfo an cpilcopal fee, and it defended by a ftron^ cattle •ml wall. The idand of Sardinia, one hundred and fifty iiiiirt weft of t>c^hotu, uiic hundred and fiaiy in length, fend eight) in breaJih. b»i but aii inJiflVieiit air. vet the foil it fiuiitul, and aboundi inc^jin, wine, oil, and fiuit : here are alfo pleiii / of ultle, game, b'lffa.oct, bears '»d deer, fome of whicii have Sie fpotted rtciiu , gold, filvcr, lead, i'on, fulphur.all , &c. The coinnioJitici. cxcUfive uf the produ^ioiii already men- tioned, are coral, linrn, t'llk. wool, hidct, and clieefe 1 aiu the t«hole it enjoyed undir ilie title »t king, by a prince of the ^a foy family. The inhabilfiili are indolent, and dilTolute in their mannert j confenuently i ■ country it not fo v '■ ■ ilti- vated a) it might be. I'hc religion is Roman catliul . «>. the language Spantlh. The only vcnomout creature 1. km . ot fpidtr. 'I'he chief town, Cacliiri, it fituatcd on the fouth fide of the iHand, and on the declivity of a hill i it it divided inialii);h •nj low i the former lieing hatiJCome aiul well built, but the jaKci poor and uiihcaltliy The tuwn cii:ilaint fevcril con- venti : tUcciihcdralis ina^uittccnt i the archbilhop and viceroy iciide here ^ the port it fpacmut, and defended by a battery and caflle. By an oppofuc courfe of the riveri Sacro and Tirfo, thit idand it nearly cut into two equil pirts or provincct 1 the one called II Capo de Ca,',!iaii, and the other II Capo de SalTiri, ur J,,uj;cdori. There are a great ni.iny porti, guift, and biyt in it, with feveril itrong townt, a ^reat nu.iiber of village*, three •rchbilhoprici, and tour bilbupiict. The clergy, l>oth fccular nnd regular, have great privilege!, incoinci, and immunities. The only univeifity is that of Cagliari. The re'enifet of the illand are laid to exceed the char^ • ' itt goveininrnt and fup- port. A great man, I'liuUer ilia-:' u . tout Sardinia. The ifland of Capri, or Caprea, . wiuch taken notice of for the noble ruins uu it. It U about four miles long, and one }iroid, and it fiiu.^trd at the entrance of the i^ulf of Naples, About three mi let from the cominciit. This ilie -was tht; relU iilence uf llic emperor Au;.V'.ius tur Ibmc time, and afterwards of Tilieriut for many ye?rs. The principal ruint and remains of antiquity are at thr {itiremity uf the eallrrn promontory. It fontain:, about one thuui'anJ live hundred inhabitants, who are Exempt from alt taxci, and IkIoiij^s tu the province of Lovoro, in the kingdom ol Naiilci. TUrc are feveral fpringt of frelh water in it, an J in a dcli';lul'ul valley between the mountains, at the two extieniiii.'S, ilands a city ol the fame name witli the ifland, which is the lee of a bilhop, whole revenue arifeichictiy from the piodigiuus liightt of quails tliat come thither at Certain i»fons, variicularlv in March. The illand of Iichia is a finall but pleafant place, lyingon the Kcapuliian coail. about twu miles from the cape of Melfiiu, and twenty-hve from Naulcs. Moll of it is furiounded wit)i bigh, craggy, and iiuccrlt''.jle rocks, whidi Uieltcr it from t^e winds, and dulend it from invaders. Same parts of it are rich and dcliglittiil, yielding all manner of delicious fruits, and ex- cclUnt wines but otliers are difnial and barren. It was an* tiently called Inaiimc, and was very fubji;A to earthquakes. .I'here are a number of pleafant townf and villages in it, and ^10 fevcral hot baihs and muieial waters. 'I'be KlaiiU ot' Sicily, the moU contiderabic in the Iviediter- nncan, » divid' d Irom Italy by ^narrow ,fti«ight,cal|cd the Faro j^,fAtiT\n». ihc tide* here dow im^uUrly and violently. ho. 79. Tfi* rock, anthiMly call« tirJy deflroyed that lieautifulciiv, together with mofl of its in-' hahitantt. amounting, it is faid, to near forty thoufand fouli. riie citadel, the forti that command' d the fea, the magnili- cc' port, the centre of coinmercu of Sicily, the fuperb edi» ti, the public :nunumcntt, are overtlirowa, and all the gran- <*' i ihcioot vaiiilhcd away. I'lic oppofite coaft of Calabria .» greatly fuffcred, and it is computed that no left than ono hundred and thirty townt have been deftroyed. Several perlbni of high rank, nd a great number of families of diftin£lion aro totally loft, i I > nothing left of a great city but the ruins, wa- tered by the lean of the wretched furvivors." Mount Mtnx it leventy iniles in circuit, and fo high, that it harbours manr wild beaut : at the bottom are corn ficldj, and plantations of fugar canes. Among the other mountains, one of the mod conGderable is Mount St. Julian, near Palermo, antientiy called Ervx, and vulgarly Trepani. The nobility are fo numerous in this ifland, that a lite writer fays It is paved with noblcmcu, there being no left than lixtjr' dukedoms, tifty-lix marquifates, and upwards of one hundred eaildums. The p:oplc in general, with rclpcA to their cha^ rafler, are reckoned a peivcrfe race, being a mixture of Italiani and Spaniards : they (peak chiefly Spanim, andfullow the Spa- uilh fa(hlunt. particularly in wearing black. The eftablilned religion of tlie ifland is the Roman catholic. The number of churches, conycnts, and rqliguiut foundationi is very great; and they are well endowed. There is a fovere'ign tribuna). which jjdget, in alt eccUdadical alTiirs, and admits of no appeal to the pope. The Jews are now allowed to I'ettle here, and make open profcl&on of their religion, which was not the caJTa while the idand was immrdiatelv fubjeA to Spain, (ieographcrs commonly divide this idand into three parts ot provinces, viz. Val di Domino, Val di Nuto, and Val di Ma- zara. The principal plaeci are as follow : 1. The city of Palermo, capital of Sicily, antientiy Pano- ranics, a large, rich, and well built city, iituated at the very bottom of a gulph, to which it gives name. It it faid to have been built by the I'hoenici^nt at their firft coming into Sicily, and it is now an archiepifcopal fee, being one hundred and twenty miles diftant frorb Melfina to the weft. The viceroy'a palace is a nugniiicerit ftruAure, adorned with fine fculptures^ gardens, Sec. and fcrvcs indead of a cafllc, flanding high| and being flanked with fome lofty towers, and other works, There arc many other fine public coifices, as the cathedral, and the other churdies, feveral fountains, the city gate, which leadl to the fea lijle, the quay, the mole, forts, convents, town-houfe, iainbard-houfe, and univerlity. The quay is onr of the fineft \yalks about the city, being wide and of a great length, and , plintcd vuti\ trees. The port is fafe and commodious evcrjr where, except ou the /outh-weft tide, which is full of rocki, that appear no higher than the fuiface of the fea. This city carries on a conTideiable trade, is computed to contain one huiidred and twenty. tii9uland inhabitants, and tb* two ilrcets^ whicit col's each other, are very line. ■ a. The f itjr of IVletfina, before ilie late calamity, was prettr iai^e and we^ built, had a fpacious harbour near the ftraight to which it gives ixane, and riot abovy fix miles from the coaft of "^ ' ■ It was one of the grcatcft niaikct towns in the Me- Calabiia. 9 M diterranaan, j^ " '.^i4Litl."-Ji*^,'. .■ ■: ( ; ■ "ii- Jti«'\2i' i'^i^i u^ts£ii&Li' f78 Thb NBMV Airo a^IVBRSAt 4it«nanMp, contained mio^r noMe cdifioN, «u th« faeof an It tlBcd. arthl>tfliq||kluidGontend«il with Palermo for bcinctlMcqsinl of ^hejflaHu). The calKc4r«I WM a large fpaciou buUding, very fKK in nlaM, and finely iKlorned In tte infide. . 3, To* c^ vf Syncare, (^really cclcbraitd among tbe an- tii^u, aqd fBriiMrlj th« coital of the if^d, ii fiud t^ have been, biiilt dy ^fii^ni a Corimhian^ and 19 ,bave cslpnM np- w.vii of tilpenty-hro mile*, or one hundred and •ighO ftiJlHt incora|>ari. Iiftandt forty- (ix mifci from CatMiia, Kventy- svefivin MeiRna to ibefoath, and ..tbirty-eigiit north fioia tiaiii and Saracens by turn* conquered it. The Normans un- der Tancrcd drove out the Saracens ; »nA, By their connexion* with the Greeks cftabliihed there a moit rcfpoftablr monaichy flpnciOiiag in art* and arms, while the reft of Europe wa* plunged in raonkifli ignorance. About the year 1166, the pope* being then alt powerful in Enro|.e, their intrigues broke into the fucctlGon o^ Tancrrd't line, and Naples attd Sicily at laft came into the pofleflion of the French ; and the houle of Anion, with fome interruptions and tragical revolutions, held it till the Spaniards drove them out in 1 J04, it was th^n an- nexed to the crown of Spain. Off tbe no. Ji coafls of Sicily, in tbe Tufcan fta, lie feveral fmall iflands, called at prefent the Lipari iflands, from the chief of them, which i* faid to ha-.^ bad ht name from Liparus, the founder of its capital. Lipari, which lie* about twenty-fix mile* north from the neareft coaft of Sicily, and is about eighteen mile* in circum- ference, including the winding* of the uore, enjoy* a wholfome air, and rich foil, producing corn, wine, and fruit, efpecially fig* and raifins, in great plenty, together with fulphur, aUam, and bitumeik. It hath alio fome excellent hot fpnnu, and on the coaft* are caught a great rariety of fine filh, wim which it idrivM a confiderable commerce. The capital, called alfo Lipari, i* flrong both by nature and art, well inhabited, and an epifi»pal lea, under that of Meffina. The fmall iOand* of Levanzo, Mariiima, and FaTagnana, O'l'hich with the Lipari ifles are fu^jeft to the king of the two Sicilie*} lie at the weft end of Sicily. We fltall here mention tbe ifle of Malta, though it i* not pieperlv ranked wi:h the Italian ifland*. It wa* formerly call- ed Mehia, i* fitutird in fifteen degree* eaft longitude, attd (onj- five degrees north latitude, fixty miles fouth M cape Pkflaro in Sicily, and is of an oval ^re, twenty miles long. Kid twehre brnd. Its air is clear, but esoeflivci/ hot : the whole ifiand feems to be a white rock covernl with a ihin'fiiiftce of eanh, which is however amazingly proddAive of cottoH, Indigo, and a variety of fruit*, roots, hetM, 8tc bat com arid fait are Ihe priitcipal commodities. It contain* Mbtout fixty thouiand in- habitanti, who fpeak Ital-'ui in the towiu, and a cornpt Arabic in tbe country. The knighu confift of eight tongue* or nation*, the chief of which are French, luliant, Spaniard*, Engli(h, and Germans. They are faid to amount to about three thoufand, have confi- derable poi&fGons in the Roman catholic countriet on the con- tinciit, and are under the government of a grand nmAfr,' who is elcAed for life. They ooght all to be of antient noble tami- Me* ; tMt fometimes nobility i* difpenfed with on account of perfonal merit, and foch are called cavalieri di |r*tia. Tbe grand matter and knights k.e eqaatty capable of being advanced to a cardinal's hat. According to the ftatutet, no natural chil- dren, thofe of great princes excepud, nor perfons under eigh- ttcn year* of age, can be admitted into the orders bnt the pope may difpenfe with thefe qualifications, and tbe grand mainT bu an unlimited privilegf to grant this fiivoar to fix Hrfom. The knight* arc under vow* of odibKy and chaftity i but tbey keep the former much better tlMii the Utter. They wtw have dcgcncnted rroni 'ftiU confdntd againft tbe Tork* on that fidt. The chief town, Valctta, had it* name from the gn|i4 maflcr Fred. Joh. de Vaktta, wbo built it anno 1566. It i* • hftodfoipe town, with an excellent harbour, and flMngly for- ■ a SySTfiM Of G^GRAt»UY. Here it an elegant paiKe fot tbe gtand mifter, Hveral keep tne rontier mucn oetier osaa roe uoer. erDlet of a perticuUr fbrm, and never have doRii the milinry glory of tlieir prau6CS&R ; ^n* ftiil as the bulwark ot Chriftcndoin againft tbe Tttrk* o 'coovcnli. i)nnn«ri bifltop. Here are fome Greeks, Who bear a very good cha- ra fter, a few Jews, and fome Ariiieniins, bcfidcs three or four French fiiniilics, with a vicc-conful. It was taken by the Turk* in 1669, after above three years fiege. It was attempted to ba retaken by the Venetiatis in 169a, but without effeA. The pro- daft of dii* ifle is com, wine, oil, wool, filk and excellent honey>. The air is good, u well as the Wa^er. It i< divided into three partit, the principal of which is Candia, where the beglerbeg rchdr* ; tbe iccond is Canca, where there is a bafhaw ; and the third is that of Reamo, where there is another balhaw. Mount Ida, fo fuacd in biftory. i* in Hie middle of this ifland, and it only aberrcir, diu|n£abSs, fhsrp- pointed eminence, with not the leaft (badow of a landfeape : no delightful grotto, public fpritM^ or purling rivalct, are to be fccn thereon. Tbe famed ifland* called ttw Cy«bules lie in the Atchipel^^ I ' . i I - the foath «( I length, fifty Cindit, an- lOur to fpoiled which are fiill • Gteckatcb- ;ry good ch*« I three or foot I by the Turin ttempt^d to bo fca. The pro*. Kcellertt honef. n«o three piit#, jletbeg tefidfi i ; and the third '. Mount Ida, nd, and it only . with not this , pttblicfpring, he Archipcligat . u 1 •*■ •-r-t*:'^- ^»^7t*' ■'j*«nf'T TiS^SSSS sgsai ' /.f^,fntf/ /t'r Mt^tti'j* \hf /'/'////■//// .(•/V//>y».r< '♦.. fv IkV r-m as «4 v (<<' .l,i .i'' ^,1 jj J~* !!■*■<■.■ K — ^•' ,y.; ■■^ ■■§ .-MM. . nnt ' .. . W I A' ATX. A IST TI^SESSSdii?, |0 u',t,\rt* ''' *^\/J/M^t IV R A z I L.i7nr±r4 4»Him;itw;«& I .5 . ! ■[ »<■>»> y. j c.tU O iC E^ A N i/r ;« I /i*/ PajttpA* ^Si:- J§Z^ •"'W /■ ' / /--/- 7 =ft. / / / / / ,' / Mm 1 / / / / . / ,/ .iJ v u> l.^' X ^ -/•^ T*. U; /»• ' /i'.l/f i,M^/t,.A *J<*\*- .'0mjuMtmtff 'v^' -^ZX- T s A"Jf »49'. by of AmeriJ to dilcov(^ ■- .: C H A K I. Of AMERICA in g >: - s R A i. SECT. 1. AMERICUS VESPUCIO, a Florentine by birth, being, in I497> fcnt to improve the difcoveries made in 1491, bv Columbus, gave to this divifion of the globe the name ot America. This vaft continent (at leaft what has been hither- to difcovered) re.ichfS from latitude leveiity-eight degrees north to latitude filtv-fixlli fouth, that is, one hundred and thirty-four degrees ( which taken in a ftrait line, amoant to upwards of ^:-i.. .1 f-«j .,,,.4 »«..,« n,il..e It, I.*t,(^^^l Iff* Kri": ' h K vrrw irregular, being in fome places three thoufand fix hundred and ninety miles, and in others, as at the dillance of Darien or Pa- nama, not above fixty or (cventy. The boundaries afcribed to it arc the hmd about the pole on tlie north | the Atlantic ocean. !^ which feparatcs it from Europe and A':i tn i/.eeaft ; anothet vaft ocean on the fouth, and the Pacific 'Ki-au ulually called the South Sea, which divides it from Alia on the weft. How or when America was firft peopled, cannot be afctrtained ; but if the north of Afia is joined to America, it is moft Jikely to have been from thence, efpecially as the natives of thefe parti ftill bear a great refemblance to one another in innny rel^efts. The native Americans, who arc diftinguilhcd into various tribes, are found, as far as we arc yet ar , Jnted with them, tfi brar a wnndcrfii] lilcfneffl. hnfh in rlirii ■ ■ ns ?Jld inanners for they have all coarfe black hair on their heads, but none on any other parts of their bodies, not even on their faces, except thofe in the country called Labrador, in North America, who have not only thick lufty beards, and hair on other parts of their ^-..,,,_ ;•»!<♦ .-rU _..»« i.>.^> Util t . 786 The new and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOGRAPnY. f ■ VIS. 1'T VIZ. their bod'ici, bit alfo eit raw fleih, ind go doathrd both in fummer >nd winter, in all wli'.h refpcAi they differ from the ctbert, ill J are therefore '''.^ii^ol li 'o have a diflvrent origin. ■ The New World ni»y propflv be divided into four parts. 1 '>oulh America. 11. Am.Mcan and Weft India iflaiids. N'^i th America. iV. Cou lately difcovcred by cap- J : leng:i. fifteen hundred, breadth one thouHand milci, chief city Bueiii r Ayres. 4. Chili, belong- ing to iSpain ; length twelve honlred, breadth five hundred grilles, chief city St. jp a. 5. 'J'crra Magellanica, or Patigo- niu, belonging to iti native* ; Iciiuth feven hundred, breadth tl.'vM hundred mih:!. 6. Brazil, ' donging to P<- rtugal . length two 'houfand five I'vindred, breadilj feven hundrsd miU.s. chief city Jit. Sebailian. 7. Amar.onia, belonging to 'U '> itivea j in length twelve hundred, breadth mac jiundted and i' . ' . miles. 8. Ouiana, pfffelTcd by the Dutch a;^fi French-, in.i: -even hundred and eighty, breadth foui bu uiied and eij^hty miles, chief places, Surinam and Ciyruiie. The extent of the va(t pcninfuU of South America, iitora puted to be from ihe iflhinus of Darian fo Jape Horn, ii. the loi'm of -I tti!\ngle, go«v '.> the general name of Peruvians, al- fhcus!-; 1; '.' c -vimies inc 11 Jed within it d" not acknowledge the ,;.ii hoiit; •."• rat. crown tn Spain. 1 he heart of the country '.^ h.ulh 1101 ■, V ■ tv;tj' Tuhdiud ; the Portugucfr are in pofleflion of a | hrpetfai', nti icr. e mUcT nat'';.!R have found means to elhblilh t»ieti4{i; Uj* \ the caaii. Thofe dominions in South Amcrici, ivt.ii.!'. ij':i.>,iij< 1.' ".he Sj^aniBrds, are under two go- vei."on, rtjjii! V .-o>5 am) v-'piaii;»-general, fubordinatc to vnhjm are ftvfuVv ; jlicnccs, -^s tnofc of Panama, Terra firitia, t-inuvjifaci, I.V ito, Litia, l,<.sCharcas, >nd Chili, confiding vt i rixf'lsfit, and n certain number of cuunlellots, with the iftiViior ofiicecj, appointed by the king. SEC T. II. Of' Terra Fir may Peru, Paraguay, and Chill, th, ir hwi/taritt a/Ill extent, tlimatf, rivers, mtuniaint, prtduct, anim.ls, (Jc. v,i!tb the jiveral JijIriSlt, cities, and ttxvnt therein contained \ ..tf! aljo a defcr-.ptiiin of the inhal/itants, ihiir perfms, manners, euf.ami, diejs, diet, lie. THE boui\darics of Teria Firma, cilled alfo New or Gol- den Caftile, are, the Atlantic ocean on the north i Peru and Amazorkia on the fouth ; the Pacific ocean and New Spain on the weft, and Suiiiiani on the eaft. It is fourteen hur.di-ed miles long, feven handled broad, and had the name of Golden Caftile, from the great quantity of gold found in it. The climate is ncitlicr pleafant nor healthy; the inhabitants, one part of the year, being almoft »iro'.vred with perpetual floods vf ram, and in the other (corchid b) the moft intenfe heat. The foil, in fome parts, is a barren land, or drowned man- groveland, that will fcarcely prodice any kind of grain ; in others, it yields Indian corn, balms, gumsanddrugi, almoflall tntnner of fruits, a'< well of Old ai of New Spain, fagar, tobacco, Brafil wood, and fcveral kinds of dyeing wood i > variety of precious (lones, particularly emeralds and fapphires ; venifon, and other gume. The plantations of cacao, or cho- colate nuts, in the diilrift of Caraccas, arc efteemed the bed in America. The rivers, feas, and lakes teem with fi(h, and alfo with alligators ; and the b iwels of the earth were once furniflied with the richeft trealures, now almoft cxhaufted. The fame may be faid of the pearl fiihcries on the coaft. The mountains abound with tygers, and, according to fome, with lions, and great numbers of other wild beafts. The diftrift of Terra Firma is very mountaintius. Accord- ing to Dampicr, the mountains of Carthagena and St. Martha arc the h'gheft i^; ' world, being fcen two hundred miles ofF at fea 1 from the . 1 a clTain of hills, of almoA equal ' .. u quite through !^' '■ '.merica, as far as the ftraights of M ■ Ian, called the ... ..'ras dcs Andes. The provinces oi -.- ., iwzuella, and'tbcdiftri£l of the Cvraccas, are likewifr. . v -, mountaiiiou.oden houfes, .1: the galleons are here, 'vei. In the year 1739 J wiiy only fix (hipi^ foitifir.ations. r populous : here is no .>i. TIm principal plices are, i. Panamn, which is Arotlglf fortified and gariifoned, and the walls mounted with larga cannon. Here is the rclidence of the governor of the province, and the feat of a royal audience, with a convenient harbour^ well fecurcd againft llorms by a number of furroundilig illandti At the bottom of the fea are found nunihers of pearls, and the oyflersintvhichtheyare found are cxtrcniiily delicious. This kind of filhery is of great adyanugs to the inhabitants of all the iflandi in the bay ; and there are few perfons of fubftance about Pana- ma, wlio do rot employ at Icaft a part of the< , flares in it. The town of Porto-bcllo is fituated dole to the fea, on the declivity of ,\ (..ountiiri v,h ch furrounds the harbour, Tlia Eovernor ii .^!w;^ys 1 iniln.'i. v officer, fvbordinate to (he preli» dent c<' ;.'H»iia. I'he tov, i ihut'l': ■ • ■ • noxiou . iir. ii:i.'l v.^/iliins ;;bout :■*.. which .1.011, ;<(■ .,.' inliribit.ints let, w and inaW inv 'W'ipoiary (hift for ''icr the gall ';i;. sduiii! ''. mm! .tik tl.i' dcmolii; u>; thd lor..:', wni' li;- niinnc' Carthaev.aa i.s neithci licb, fcr.iii\ reat quatv /I . of corn nor cattle i lonie valuable guoM, balms, and drugs. Me found hetc, but no rainet of gold or filver. 1 iie i\ietropolis, of tho fame name, ii> not only a fine, apn* itint city, b^n a llrong fortrefa, fimatcd O't a fandy ifland, called a prninfuh bj inoft writers. 1 lie 1.. hour lies between tho ifl^iid .lid the main, •■> -.s (iic e, ,rance .> now at the fouth-weft { iij T'.ic city »nd fuburbs a". ^ dl laid out t the llreets llraight, brr^ii, uiii.'brr.i and w^rU-pivcii. The houles are built of float or i'fick, wit'! ba'cuh. "• lattices of wood. C-.rthagrns .vas an t Jcpcndcni government till the yeat I7.;g, whin I'l-. viceroy of New Granada was appointed. It extcnta Martha is two hundred miles long, one hundred and fuity broad, very mountainous, but produces gold, jewels, tr.3rr>lc, fait, Uc. I'he capital of the fame name, on a branch of the Hio Grande, it the refidence of a governor, and the fe« of a bllliop.. On (lie norih fea lies Venrtuela, which includes the diftriA ot Cat.-acoas. It is a populous and fertile province, but rathet labours under a fcarcity of water. The capital of the fame nam* is the rclidence of a governor, and the fee of a bilhop : lh« inland t.'.wn of Carraccas is hrije and populous. The province of Rio de la Hacha is pleafant and fertile. Tht capital, of the fame name, contains nothing remarkable. Her* are mines ol jafperand chalccdoiiv, and alfo a pearl-filheiy. I'he province of New Andalufia (including the diftrids of Commona and Paric) is fertile, and ricn in gums, drugs, medicinal plants, fugar, tobacco, and feveral forts of valuable timber. Comana, or New Cordulia, is the capital, but is not fo haiidfome a town as St. Thomas, 1 htt inland province of New Granada, cajled fomerimn Santa Fe, and Caftelle del Oro, is very cxtenfive, and beadti- fully diveifificd with mount.-iiis and vallies. The mountainn contain gold, filver, anH e t,cr;ilds; and the vallies produc* corn, cattle, roots, and fruhs.with great quantities of guaiacum, balms, drugs of various kinds, gums, with other rich articles of commerce. Santa Fc de Bagota, tlie capital not only of thi* province, but of all Terra Firm.i, is a large, populous, opulent, and well built city, fituared on 1, lake, with altars at fiate4 diftynces higher than houfes, and richly adorned. ita. a fca-iKjit town, was lacked by the late lord Ai>ii ,., ■' ', : ; and Guiaq-jil is a conliderable commercial '' l, on if the fame- name. ■. 1 refpeft to the natives of Terra Firma, • ,ey are bold -.-' arlikei and as they have almoll imprcguaV"! and inac- ible fbrtrefics, and bear an inveterate hatred to the Spa- ards, they never have, and it is probable never will be fub- \'.d. The Spanifh cen'™l Pedro Rias and his fuccclibrs, dc- (Iroyed in "I'erra Firma no lefi (li; c-ight hundred thoufand 'leople, and plundered the country ol fever?.! millions of goi.!, '(.• U tain which, they exercilcd the moft Ihocking' barbaritief :■•? natives, Thefe people have iank, coarCc, long, black Their natural complexion is a copper colour. The in- ' .-nis aie difl'ereiitly drcflcd, according to the S: >i!i{h ' .111. The men wear a caflbck without foju ' , .. .■;cuding to the Vjatc, a large cape, ai\d fltevts open ;' la -.V; i des. it has buitort-holcs, and two rows of battonc •■■.■♦ iiabits of the belter fort are made of etf-broidcied iluffi. T'f > handicrafts wear a blue ftuifof the nianufj^uic of the ci,>.i.iT"j but it) make it ditfcts not from tl>« otlitr. The Iniii..i> .j(< diftuu- . ^ w y n ^^ M r ^' '. '^■^aJ ronglf I lirgt >vince. rbour, . .., f lands 1 nd tli« is kind iOandit P»n«- it. .» on the Th« ^ ' eprefi. « ig to iu houres, re here. . "'739 xfliipt, p\ TO it no "> C bilms, er< le, opn* d, et led s m cen th* fH th-weft > 'VratnK* ^ itraigDti ^- otitom t he year /^ ted. Ic w* eighty. ?s valliai, t?i leincnu g imateii k. vomit. w. irmand ii agena it M s on *^., >S. ^^.■/v.-s-rf»^'^*ia.(- \.:^^i^^^i-}c^<.:.^%i$^' «Hjtkt •yfo?*"' -^ ■m- '.sSBii^i ■:«..*'■ ^'■^^^S^sk' lAMERIC A.] 'I > HO SOUTH A M E R I.C A. '*f Sl'^ « 781 dilliaAiuni ttt fingular, in weiting skind ofirowfcn ofwrhite cotton, which dttccndt fiuni the viM ti' the niiddia of thd leg. The b»rJ)crt here ire diftingoiflied by the fiuenefi of their linen »n'H eleu»nce of ihcir drels in gcnrral They have Ihiru without ilecvcJ ; ibtiut the neck they have 1 kind of black collar, with a Uceof lour fiiiftcri breadth, which fotm« a fo'tof (iinge that falls on the Oomach and Ihouldcii. Thty wear nu Ao«k- 'wf.t, but have ihoci with ^otd or tilver bucklet. Thedrefs of the ladies conlifts pf the hillelin, a fpcci?« of (layi, or rather jumps j a Ihi/t which dclccndi onlv to the vraift i a bay inanilc which enclofcs the upper pjtt of (he body, confiding of an ell and a half of that (tuff i and their whole dref» isornimentej with rich laces The drefi of the labuur- inR wioinen i< not diftinguifhsble frijni that of the ladies, but by its inferior qualny, the f.ilhion l«ing the faiue. The Induu pcafants wear a bay mantle -, and the coininoil native Indians a pit ce of fackcloth fafttncd over ihe ftioulders by two pins. A snoiigrcl, or Creole, is known by the fuperioriiy of his habit, aikd his ingenuity. The great empire of Peru extends from fixty to eighty-one degrees of weft longitude, and fiom the iiiuatur to twenty-five degrees of fouth latitude, being about one thoufand eight hun- dred miles in length, but its creatcll breadth does not exceed three bundled and ninety. It is bounded, on the noith, by Fopayani on the eatt, by the Cordilleras des Andes j on (he Ibuth by Chili and La I'lata . an J, on the weft, by the Pacific occm. It is governed by a viccioy, whofc juiifJiftion like • mrifc extends over P.irai;u»y. Chili, and lucatan. The coaft of Pci u is lii;;li towards the Pacific ocran. Thiny miles from thence, within land, a chain of niouiuams e):tend$ aconlideiable way, and about eighty miles farther are the Cordil- leras des And $, the upper parts of which are contiiiually covered with fnow, and the air is lb fubtle, as to be unfit for icfpiratioii. Thr whole country is well watcrid, the low grounds arc fcttile, and this is the only countrv bclwecn the tropics that produces *inc. The nutivrs call the Peruvian Ihetp, pacos or huaiiew : they aic of the bignels of a lUg, and lefeniblc a camel. The body is coveic;! with a coarlo kind of wool : they arc wry tia^able, and were formerly the only bcafts •f burden among the Indians. Tlicir tlcdi is very good inest, and cftccmcd as innocent as a chicken. Tlitir height is from (bar feet to four and a h-ilf They generally carry a hundred weight) and walk, holding their hejdj up, with wonJcrfi. gravity and majcfly ; and Ir cgular a pace, that no beating will make them alter it. At night it ii impolfibl; to make them move with their burden ; they lie down till it is taken off, and then go to graze. Their common food is a fort rfgrafj, fome- what like a fmall rulli, with which all the mountains arc covered. Thefc Ihcep cat little, and never drink, fo that they are very eafily kept. The Sp.ini.irds ull- them in the mines, to carry the ore to the mills. The vicunas are lliapcd much like the pacas, only they are fniillerand lighter. The Spaniards call tm-m Indian goat-., bccaufe they refcnililc that animal. Their wool is very fine, and much valued ; "iclidrs, the bexoar ftone, which is laid to expel poilon, and 10 pcrlorm many notable caies, is found in tlicin. Their deer are much Id's than ours. They have not m.iny wild bealls i and luch as they have are not very ficicc nor dangeious. The cattle imported from Europe are vafliy incicaUd ; and maft of ihcm run wild, and are bunted like other game The Peruvians have no tame fowl but the nuana, which is much larger tlian ihe duck, and 1 nt unlike it. The moft valuable of their foreft trees is the ciuinrjuina, jcfuits barl', which grows, in the mountains of Potolt, and is alio found in ihu province of (.iuito. It is about the lize of a cherry-tree, the leivcs round and indented, and liears a long, reddiih llower. Tlis nuift ufeful tree here is called maguey, wluchatonrj fupplies a delicious drink, honey, vinegar, tim- ber, hemp, and iliread ; thcfc laft h.iiig made from the leaves, ftalks, feration the pcrfon fufforcd fo inurh, tt)at there was nothing the Spaniards carried over more ace .table to ihcm, than the rafors and IcilfoiH : they had no looking' glafli-s, but, inftead of them, the Peruvian ladiet made ufe of a round plate of polilhcd brafs or Copper ; and in this the natives of the Ball Indies agree with them, having no other mirrors at iliii day than wliii they get of the Europeans. The fcvcral nations were diftinguilhcd by their head drcfles ; forac wearing a kind of turban of coiton-lineii, others a linulc piece ; foiiie a kind of hati, and oihert caps in the form ot a i'ugar-loaf. I'hcfr people were exceedingly flruck on feeing the blackncfs of the negro Haves which the Spaniards brought with them ) they could not believe it to be natural, havin;; never fcen a black in .\^ncrica , they delired the Spaniards, therefore, to let them make experiments if they could, not walh ofFwlLit they deemed to be the black paint. In quicknels nf wit, and fticngth of judgment, the Peru- vians exceed moft nations in ihc world, Sucii of them as have had th.' advantage of mafters, flncethe arrival of the Spaniards, have generally made an extraordinary proficiency. When the Spaniards firit appeared among them, they acknowledged' one almi;;hty Being, maker of heaven and earth, whom tliey called Pacha-cainac, i. e. The Soul of the Univerle. The next objeft of their adoration was the Sun ; tlie priefts of which, who officiated at Cufco, were of the blood royal. . Rulides their feftivals, celebrated eycry month, they h.id four other grand ones : the principal of which was celebrated in June, in honour of Manca Capac, their tii ft inca. The inhabitants of this country are much addicted to effem'.- -> ' doth ; for it is obferved, that tliofc who have been ul . oour in Sptin, grow idle here in a Ihort time, like the ^r ,>i,ans. They arc fobcr at to wine, but eat a great deal, and after an in.bccnt manner, without foiki, and lometimet out of the fame dilh. The Creoles, in matters of love, yield to no n ition, freely faciilicing to that palllon moft of what they have ; though covetous upon all other occafions, they are 'Tately generous to women. The Creolian females, thob^'i I'nder the refiriftions of the Spanilh women, ''.•Idom go abio.id in the day time ; but at night they purfue their picalures with great freedom, and are mighty fond of intrigu.ng, though they ufually condud their f;alluiuiics under the {hade of vails, Baftards are as much regarded as the lawfully begotten, provided they are owned by the father ) and there is no difgrace affixed to that iflue. They conftru£l fome of their barks, or velTels. like double c-nocs joined together with poles which pafs crofs-ways, and, being covered with a Ikin, ferve the boatmen to fit upon. Others are made in the form of rafts, with a large fail made of nutting, and a rudder at one end, near which there is a fire-place or hearth, and a fire always burning : l>etween the two mans there is a kind of cabbin on the deck, and th: maoi|iicd at Simla Fc in New (ira-! naJ«, I'eru cwitaiiicd (nc tliie« ^uditnces of I.|',)ia, I-oi Chaicni or Li i'lau, and QuiK>i l>\i( now lue Iwu roiinu aie only contained in it. The capilalof this audience (called airo'l^ini;i)i> llliMird in a fine \allry near tlie lea, in the latitudr of twtlw Jcjjieci is*<) minuted fuiith. A riv r III the Unic name walhii th.- wailt. over which wai a hiii ilumc ftone hrKij;c i but ke alii^utlciitirdy de-i flroycd thii ciiy in tte f- • '^ ■•l-'#e niinutei, burying in tlid ruins tUoli: inluhit^ ' >. i"'i\'. y..i\n^ to favc thiir niiift prtt ioui mov<"^''Ii ■ . Ii» 1 IK . urhtiiint hartc uiio ilie llieii'. and t<|uaic9, lu iut I'y 'i" tj'iUiity al.jvu twelve thoui4iid people p|f(i(li,''l. ' The fupum tijhunal at {.ima, enllid Audicn^a, ii.h^'IJ Mt the vi'-crov'ii [.tUce, and conltft* of eight anditms, aiul a filcal, for civil gffaiii. Here is al'o a c'laoincr of nicoilipts, a board ^ofriealup, a couit for thetflVftsof pcifoiii dying nwillatc and Vrilli""t l^wl'pl licir',' a cu nr^il of coniDuicu, and A tri1'ini«>l of tl inqitiTlttun. nuiiy convnils. diJ|cl). and h'>l|>it:>ls, with nn univciTity, in which »ic pruLITor' 1' ;!' 'iKcs, and three fubr)id:ii.ilc colli^,c5. The iiihabifamsot Uina, a» of all the othTcifiij in Spiiiilh America, confil) of .^'paniaidi, ^T<:ni7.llCS, MuUt'ocs, liiJiuns, and NfRioes. The SpaniAi fiinilicj were very nuiiicrouj ; there having been no Icis, at a moderate c(Mn'|>iiiaiiuii, bcfciici the cartliuuHkc, than ci(;!:(i'cn thoufatid »liiic« in tliii raj'it^l, ai third or fourth part of whom confilicd of the chief lubilily of Peru. Thehaibourof Lima, named Callao, !» (iiuatfd fix tnilei weft of the city. It it the l^eft port in the fouth, being fcicencd from the will Is by the iflanri of St. Lawicnce. Thf tcnvn of Cufco, capi'al of the empi.e of Peru, and the feat of the incaj, bifore t!ie arrival ufihc Sp.iiiiards, ftaiuli above three !■ .ndicd and twenty- fix mi'es from Liiiia towiird' ilie '4aft. h wai ilun very Urge, magnificent, and populous, fh re flood the faiiioi-s temple of the fun. The incjs refided in a pait ot the citidcl, the walls of which wni; incruftid with gold and lilver ; and (he whole (ortivPi wa'^ huilt of tl-ncj, fo long, that fcviral oxen could hirdly iliiv one of tlieni The air is vciy pure and whollonie, and the iici^hbouMiig country very pleafani ' and till, tfiil. Loi t'lnicos or La Pla'a audience i< bounded, on ihe north, by tint ot I inin, I ring tivc hundred and IVventy nnlcs in a flr.iit line, and four hundred wide, where broidcft. '1 l)c clniu'e is various, the foil in general fertile, and the principal coninicdiius. (liver, g'ld, and (imento. I'he chisfpLices are thcfollovvngj viz. La Plata, the capital, which hrd its nanic fioni tbi- in.i 1 in its ncighhourhbnd, is feven h'-ndrid md eighty miles fror. Lima, towards the fou'h- cifl. Tile inhuhilan'.s, includini^ Indi.i .s, exceed t'ounten thoufand. Fere is gieat 'carcity of wjicr. This il the feat of the (, -' 'nor of ' a province. he atchbid op, Jiji an univcifity, aiid court of inquilition 1» oidinate to that of Liuia. The town of Potofi, famous on account of the rich filver mines in its neijrhbr . ' ooj, (lands about fixty miles fioin La Plata, to the fon. .-tali. Theic arc alio '.mie gold mines, ind nany others of filv.-r, in the audicn ■, befides thofc .n-ar Potofi. The cxtenfivc province of Tucuman is entirely under the dominion of the Spani/uls, tho 't;h t|- ■ olkd only a few cities in it. According to the bt' Reog'"! 'h it do;, not extriid beyond the twrntv-fcv deCKt tt I'oulh latitude, ' Ivingto the weP uard of 1'.iij;; ■ I i'"' of lli'-. river Plata. The cities poflcifcd by the i-a, .1. ai., '. 'a;o del Eftero, fo calK-d from a river on which it 3 lituited, jfe inund<>tioiil greatly conttihuic to fertilize the idjiicent l.i . . ; St. Miguel del Tueuman, Ncii 'ra Scnnora dt '1 alavera, Cordova dc la Nueva, Andalufia, Rioja, and the large village of San Salvador. The two firft of thcfe are the mod confiderable ; the two laft are fiuall, and built without oider or fymractry. Qiiiio is reckoned to be about four hundred miles in length, and two hunJi^d in breadth ; and is fituated bemeen two chains of llie lii^h mountain called Corddlera dc los Andes. • The lands of this province arc for the moll part »vtl| cultivated ; and there arc a great number of towns and villages inhabilcdbv " the Spaniards or native Americans, Every village is adoined with a lar^e fquare, and the church (lands on one fide of it. ' AH the roads are laid out in a line, crofTing tach other, inCo- .' ;biucu thai the ifpe4\ of thK country has the appi;aranceof a l.irge ■garden. It mi.ht hv" imagined that this country is very hot ; . hut it lies fo high, and fo near the m(iunt.(iiis covered with . iiiow, tint the air is very temperate. Tli'.y might have plenty .of wine hstc, if Lima had not an exclufivepiivikgc of BuLin;; tl.lhcmfelvrs. Tlic) liave no vicunas or guanicoes here ; |>nr llioy liayi an animal ot the fanib kind, called by the lativi , Uinai, whii'li Is like a f^liall rnfiitl, and rati rtirv f,li\ }t>uii(J, wt^j{lil. ^I he* liavc ajl lorts cj in:., rial* proper tm Jyin.;, and feveral fi>*J« ol' fruin .1111I plants \i\.\'U li.ivc hern hrouglir fiuiij Spain, hilide* thofc that iiatuially giov» hire 'f hey biivo alfo iuiprrted l^vci and ihct p. A great deal of (;»td is ^ t nt the nuilh ;i:iitl'ol' this {irovlnce. The II lives in ceneial are very fond of drefs 1 the perfnns of III (>i both fcxcs wear lung par nlcnts. >nd a kind of loofe mantle (iver their Ihoulders, The drcis of the 5puiiia(ds iliilinitMii (>i both fcxcs wear lung panncnts. >nd a kind of rs. The drtlii of the 5puiiia(ds ia pill Hit ihari that of the Indians, the latter ufually b«ini of il_. I „.. L.— 1. r. .. I ..!• .M--,.:... .' -- 1 " lloweied LOlloii ; both aiefond of (♦carinjj ejr- rings, and rowa of Ik^iIs round their nceki, and the Indiaiil Will funietimet adorn even their .mclci «ith btACtlcn. An Indian baibcr hai a long lovli: garment, and carrier his bafon and uthier utcnfils with hiiij. The p'ufir.ts aie iii'at, l>ut adorn thcnifelves witli brads or ilicl!^ ; and a common In ..in only wears a p'ain loafe I'ailnein, which the women fo contrite as to carry their chiU dull on ihiir bitVi. I ho drefi of a mechanic rclemblci that of the hjrljcr abnvc delciibed. wiih this di/fcience. that he walks' aliout with all hii tools packed Up in a bundle behind liim. T''> capitnl city, Cil'ito, ii ffafed in a ptenfant valley bctwcf:. two cinina of high miiun'ains. It is about a mile in length, and three quirti is of a in le in breadth, it a bifhop'i lee, and the rcfidciuc of the trealuier of the kingdom, ai wdl as of the '"b r oUiccrs. It contains abou' 'hirfy-fiie thojfanJ itilii- li.t.nits oi wliieh cncthinl arc originally Spamaidi. Hcreaio liiviral religious cninniJiiitiC', and two colleges, which are a fort of univctliiics, under the. dircAion of the jcflita and Do« iniiiicans. The third divlfion of South America, wliith comcj upjcr nur notice. ,is Pa'agua , iHiunded r>n the north hy Aina .iiii, c ill !iy Brazil weft !iy Peru and Clu i, and on the fui;th by Pa- tJi;f>ifia. It ii line tlKniCaiul five huudrttl rniics long. One thou- fand bio id, and extrLMidy feitile. IiiOv petulcnt of borles, mules, Ihctp, go.iti, lioi'.s, I oultry, game, grain, fruits, {y the cr uniry is Imrrei ut to the raft, ic the jcluits have crefled temporal and .ual monarch' , it it frrtile. The next i ii'i.leuble livcr 1. ihat of Plate or La Pi'ata. which rif^s in Peru, and falls into 1 • \ilantic ocean. Tie climate ot Paraguay dilT'rs but hi 1 that of Spain, and till- diftiiiitions b.lwcen the fcjfons ai . i uch the lame. Ill wiii'cr, iivt.cd, vio'cnt tempcfts ot \und and rain .; ■ very froq 11! ; 1 1 , accci.ipunicd with fucli dreadful claps of tla;n at- tended wiih lightning, as fill the inhaliitunis, thougi '. to theui, with terror and conftcrnation. In I inmer, the (five hints aie militated by gentle breezes, which conllantly begin at eight or nine in ihe nioming. 'I he cotton tree is a native of this country. The Spaniard* fnw and ule hemp in pietly lJii;e quaniitii'S ; tobacco and tjme fugar arc alio produced here. Venomous herbs are alfo ibund in many places ; with thefe the Indians poilon their arrows ; but th' antidotes arc cijiiilly coninion ) and, among others, the heib called fpiriows hcih, which forms pretty large bulhes, and was ,y'.,>veied, and obtained its name in the following manner : Anion" t^« difllrcnt kinds of fparrows found in iLcfe pi'o- vincc;, molt of which arc of the fizc of our black- birds, there is a VI 1 , pretty one c.ilk-d niAcagua. T hi> little creature is ver/ fond of the flclh of vipiis, agai.ift whom, for this reafon, he wages a continiul war : here aie alfo vaft numbers of all kinds of tcrpentJ. The ratile-lnake of Paraguay is a very fo.mid.ible creature ; the circiSs of its liiie are ludjen, and the confe- pliu!. The chief antidote is a floiic, to which tlity have i.i\eii the nair.c of St. Paul Pczoard, and a poultice of chewed garlick. Theic arc bees of tendilUrent fpccics in the fotcltsof this country. When the Spiniardsaiii! Portuguese firft invaded tli s country, they hid but very tri:li:i)^ (uci.el's againft its inhalitants ; but the jefuits eiret'hd by art what tlie otiiers had failed in bv force. They Ik, an by li>ingahout fifty Inuian families into a to.vn- Ihip, and i)i( n by leaining their language, confoniing to their manners, cultivating thiir mindi, and inculcating Inch doc- triiici as were nioli l.kdy to proinutc lli.ir vires, fo m ac^iuired grcit autliority am ins; them, anil nude numerous convcrii. till at lall, by ttcidily j uiliiiiig the fame aitlul meafuics, they ar- li'.ed " tint d eirr of power and in!lutncc they now or iatclv pofRlFtd, as b^ii;g ill I nianiurthe abioluic fwvcrcigr.: 2f s g-c.^t part of ihii cxtenli\c c-iuntry. 1 or the govimui.Dt of the Country, here are parncliial ai.d I piuvincitl have acijui tlicir II mock, Ik Iter ( moll with erafs. Thel wild h(| repent 1 inals. life wil I'll- latf i!ie wi prilonJ ferve t| It fiiee';, firuiigl 'hi'dr «f th M /, • •re 1 li\i» )IIUI||J. ii; Jyin;!, Stou^ln licy hiivo is H 'I lit ftroni (if 1 Uilid of S|imiia[(li being of and rowi fiiincttmet aibcr lui r utenrili Ivei wiUi plain land: ii.ir (.liiN nl>!'jt that t'.iat he ilc licliinJ y bctwcf , 111 length, i Ice, and II as of tlic iwi iulla- Hcrc ail] vliich are n iu aii.l Do- )mrj ui'itr Aiiia ,'iiia, ■ui;th by Pa- ;, one Hiou- of hor ;s, tins, iCQ. it the country mh\\n form bound with ui kir.ils of :oni.i'ii , ;: ' af the !i-aO, ic narcli it is Plate or Lsk )tic ocean. that of Spain, ch the lame, lain .1 '^ very iliutv' »t- OU(;i 1 to , the A'.'ffive antly bcginlt rhe Spaiv.ard* ,cco and tome alfo (blind in r attowi ; but heis, tbehrib (hes, and was ving manner : in lUcfe pr'o- birds, there is ■2turc is very liis realon, he rs of all kinds cry /o.mid.ible mi tlie confe- iliplifi'. The 1 the nan.c of irlick. 'I'hcic lis country, d ih 5 country, habilatits ; but ed in by force, into a to.vn« i;miiij; to their inf. Iiidi doc- fu-in .icijuired js converts, tiU fuies, th'.y ar- f now or utelv reign-, afssf '.•.;{ parncliial nr,d piuvincal (AME RI C A.) (trnvincial jurifJiAionti hut fuboidintte to ■ fupicmo council of an annual niei-iiiig of til the fithcfi. On« of tlie ^,r.n)d objcAs III the iiieiiihcrt uf thi< council was to prcrenl Itran^eri Itciin briiii; thoi' Iv tci|uaintey form ii>nie judgment of its largcnrft by the widih of its mouth, which is about fcveniy Iea.;ui!>. Hefoie it falls into the Para- guay) it is called Paiuma. lium its juiiQion with the l'ar.i- guay to its mouth it above tivo hundred Iraguus. I'he capital (d the province, called .Nucllia Sriinora de Duenos Ayres, and which takes its name from the pleafamnels of the climate, was founded in 1535, under the direction ol Pcdrod Mciidoza, ' that time governor. It ftands on a point, called Cape Blan •, on the fouth tide of the Plata, fronting a fmall liver, inihiiiv-luur dej^iees thiily-four minutes fouih latitude, in a tine plain, rifnig by a (;ciille afcent from the river. The town has Itiaight broad ilieits, and it of a conliderable extent, containing no lefs than thicc ihuuland houfes, built moftly of chalk or brick. Her; is a vciy haltdlbine I'juare, with a migm ticent cathedral, and a caftle, in which the governor holds his court, WHh a garrifon of three thuufand men. The more civi- lized part of the natives are of a moderate (lature, and well made. They have tlat round faces, olive complexions, and long black hair, Their garments were formerly the Ikins of K-alis, but now in inoft things they conform in diei's to the Spanilh lalhion. The wivea of the petty princes or Imds wear a kind of triple crown made of flraw. and their lordii hang doelkins over their fhouldeis. The hoys and ^iils go tjuite naked. 'I'hey wnp their in'anti as loon as born in a tyger's fViii, and give tliciii ihi: hreal\ for a little while, and then apiece ol half raw L.at to fuck. Their bi-ds ae ilie hides of oxenortygcrs fpttad on the i;round. but the people of rank ufe haromucks of net-work. Previous to their embracing Chridianity, they worlhipfieJ the fun, moon, ftais, thunder, lightning, groves, rivers, aninnls, &c. The bad qualiti.-s common to all of tlicm are ferocity, in- conflancy, jieifidv, and drunkcnnc's. Their f.ivoiiritc litjjcr is chica.. They allcmble to drmk :t, and to dance and (ing. and in thcfe excrcifes they | :i|) till they are all drunk. I'h. y then i|uarrel, .indfrom vvoiU:, loon proceed to blows, fo that their nx-rrv' makings fcldom terminate without '"odQied, if not in the death of foiuc of the gtiefls. I'hcicis, pi opeily (peaking, no form of govt.-nment ainonp the;n ; every town, indeed, has it\ cacique; tot thef'. chiets have no authority, but in propoiiion to the I'Aasi; tiiey have ■ajuncd Scvtr.il do nothing but rove from pl.ice to place wiih tlicir furniture, ^^ inch conlilh of nothing but a mat, a ham- mock, andacaUbalh. 'I'liofe wlu> live neaicft to Tuuuman arc belter cloathed and lodged ; but the cabins of fuch as live in moil of the towns ate no better than wretched hovels rna.lc with branches ut trees, and covered with ftraw, or lather grafs. They arc admirable horftinen, and tame and manage the wild horfcs with great addrel's, which has made the Spaniards repent ever li:ivin;r (lockeil the country with thofe ufciul ani- mals. Their arms arc bows, arrows, and lances, which llu-y nfc with great dextcriry and ftrength. Thuy fallen a rope to I'lo latter, by vvliicli lliey can, a; tile end is bearded, draw tiie wounded pci ton to tiicm. UciiJes (awing the necks of th'.ii prilbners with the jawi bane of a filh, they fcalp theiu, and pic- ferve their lijalps as tokens of viilory. It is cuftoinary with the women of Chaco to prick their faces, bicatls and arm«, in order to mark them. I'hcy aru ftrong, roliutk, have caly labours, itnd bathe themlclves and children immedi.itulv after the delivery. They are very jealous •f theit- Uuibands, yet entciuia vuy little atfcCtion for tiicir SOUTH AMERICA. m ofTspriiig. They ulually bury tlxir dead on the fpot wh«ra iliey expire, | laiil a javcliu, and ihr icull ol an ciiriny (ifihkf can g«l one) over th* grave, and Ibaii remove to • diA^OM from (he plaee ul inttimeiil. 'I he kingdom of Chili, cnmprchendi:d in the viceroyally of t'eru, ^eaohcs from the Irontiers of Peru to the llrai^liit Of M«- ftrllaii, Tilts conntry was liiK dilcovrrtd by Don Uirguda Ai- niii;',ro alHiut the year 1 ^i',. Tlicl'c klititdoms arc feparaied by th« dilhi^ of Atacama, which extends eighty IragMi b«twc«ii the province nf the fame name, b.-in,; the iall of Peru, and ihs vjllty of Cnpayap'i, the fnl\ in C'hili. Ealtwaid, loiue paiuof 'hit kiii;;dom lerminateon the frontiers of Pat,igujy, properly fo called, though fome unialiahilcd dcfirit inlorvene, and others on the government of Uucnui Ayres, or La Plati, pro- |)erly fo called, though belwe'ii ihcic are the Pampas, or widC" extended plains. Its wenerii boundary it the fuuth-aalt, (k< tending iiraily from iwcnty-lcven degrees, the latitude of Co- payapu, to lifty-lhiee digieei thirty minutes fouth. Bulthat part of this kingdom, which U inhabited by the Spaniaidt, b«- gins at C'ipiyapn, and terminates at the lirge illand of C'hiloe, . the (buthcrn exiiemity of which is in the twenty-lourth degre« of fouth latitude, aiul its extent from we(\ to ea(V, it the dif- tance lielween the cnall of the South Sea and the CordiUerai, whirh arc here of a tlupendous height. As ilie kingdom of Chili liei fouth of the equator, the fct* fons are almoft oppolite to ihofe in the northern hemilphere ; hut the face of the country, except on (he fea coalf, it beau- tiful, and the climate whollbme. Un the call, the country is fcreened by the Andes, while from the welt the air it cooled by ■he mod refidhing fea breezes. Along the coaft of the Pacific Ocean they enjoy not only a fine temperate air,' but a clear lerenc Iky inort pait of ill ■ year. Soinclimes, iiuli l.tliewinds that blow fiom the mountains are exceedingly (harp in winter ; but, in ,;t.ieial, this is one of the moll coiuloitabk: cliinatrsin the world. Iieiiig a medium between the in'enle heats of the torrid zone and the pieicingcnlds of the frigid. The Chilclians ate of a middle flaluic, fliong builr, of a tawny completion, and have long black hair on their heads, but pluck ofF that on their chins, or other parts of their ba- dies. They are tall, robufl, ajfive, and courageous, enduring fall ic, heat and cold to admiration. Their aims are pikes, bows, arrows and I words and their dilcipline much more xt^ gular than that of the other Indians. I'heir manners arc very fiinplo. TUey have no gold nor (liver, though thel'e metals «r« (o common in their country. All their bedding is fome Ikins liid on the ground, and they eat on the ground, orclfe on a little bench, an. I wi^ie their hands on a broom, inllead of • napkin. Their food confillt of malz. fruits, herb*, indwhat they catch by liuiilir.i;nnd (ilhiiig. T heir dtiiik alfo is made of mai/ toatled, Dctpi.; and boiled, or of fruits. Their futniture conlirts of lour or five dilhei, and fome wooden fpoont *r Ihells, a calabalh or );imrd to drink out of, and a leaf of a trte or mail (or a falt-feliar. The martial genius of the natives continually retarded the progrcfsof foreigners, and lias always b<>ii ililaliled at tlic lame liiftint, Tha profinoe of CUmcitoi i« IkiuikIH lijr l.a Plala, on ihc IM«lll-«aU, and hy Cbiti oil ibc well. I'lic ori|;inal inhahilaiiu ■M VOTf •olupiuoiM and warlikt, TItey aia alio vciy lupcr (litioiM, and chaiiRC llictr wivca at o((cn a« lltcy iiltalc. 1 hey ■Miniaifird bhiody wati witli ilia 8|aiiurda (ill i^o. rmcr avbicb tima fonw of tbetn liavc bccMiia Cbiifiiani, IctctiMl rkbri coniifi oi iioney aitii wa«. SECT. III. ttat, Jtil, tiimaN, ft idmtt^ itMitaiUt, animaU, t^t. TKKRA M«|(Mini<« itctived ita name from Ferdinand Mai^Uin. a Pdrtugucrc fitficer « wlio likcwilc gave ii«in> to (lioir lliafRbta whidi lead ftoiii (be rou(b tiithc nuitb lea, li being (lie lirti «l»o failed (hiuuKli ilifm. Uia ap)i Moiofi extremity of South Aiiirrica, (lta( ii, CiOiii tliii' y-fiic ainioft to fi/ty-feur desreea ot l'ou:li latiiude, liein)^ (even huii died milra long, aiid Uirec bundred'broad where WHlrll. '1 hi n fcaice i but were tliat the cafe, we cannot fee how the ptcfrni iiilubliaiia, and fuch niultiiudct of cattle, could fuhfift. The eafl coaft is diierty low-land, with few or no good barbouiai that called St. Julian ii one of tiie bctL The inbabianti of Patagonia confifl of feveral Indian tribe*, •• the PatagoiM, Panipai, Codarca, &c. 1 hey are a favage, barbaroui people, of « cooper colour, like (he rcll of tlic Ame- ricaiii, with coarfe black hair, and no bcaidt. Ihey are miglKily addiAed to painting thcmlclvea, and make Oreaki on ihar face* and bodies. They go alinoft lUik naked, having only a lijuaie earnicnr, in tlie form of a blanker, made of the Ikina of levcral aiiiuiali, and fcwcd together, which (hey fome- limes wrap rouud (bcm m eitrenie coU wradier ; and they Imvc alifo u cap of the fkiiii of fowli on (heir beads. Foimcr voyagers repicfcnted them as monflroiis giants of eleven feet high, whereas they are no taller than die other AiiKricans. The women, as in other places, are very fond of nccklacci and bracelets, which tliey make of fia Ihells. The natives black and lank, banging about their beads in diforder, and befmeared with train oil. On the chin tbey have a few ftraggling (hort hairs inftead of a beard, and from their nole there is a conftaiit difcharge of mucui into their „.|y open mouth. The whole aflcmblage of their features forms the moft loathfome pidure of milery and wretchrdnefi to wbiclt human nature can polTibly be reduced. They had no other cloaihing than a fmall piece of feal-flcin, which hung from their Ihouideis tu the middle of ^he back, being faflcned round the neck with a ftring. Tlie reft of their body was per- fcaiy naked, not the leaft regard being paid to decency. JlKir natural colour fecms to be an olive- brown, with a kind S 'if nlofi refcmhlini; that nf co ijier . hut ntanv of ilu'ni di'iii'* ilirintdvct WKK llrcakt •>! itiI piliit, and lnnirliiiut, (liowfh lildam, with V' ii I'livir whole iharaAer i< tl,« l)ioii|i«tt coniprjuiiJ n* '"tiidily, indilTcrrncr, anJ iiiaAiv.ly. They have no oti r i iii \' it btiwt and arruwi, and their iiiKrii. merits fur ti,'. : kind of filli-ga|>a. I Ikv liM-iliKlfy on ('•all flefli, and hkc lli« fit nily |i«il molt. 'I I eic i« tin appcar- jiueuf any fuhordinaiion among them, and then iinxtc nl living a|iptnarhrs nearer to (lul "I brutct, ihiid cnvcred with tnud, hrancbei, fsc. One (ide ii n|i«ii, .iiid ili< lire |il»rR ii m the midille, and a whole family herd tag<.lhii in oni: ot (hel« luir.iihle hovels. TiM ark-tree, and a fwcie* of artiului, loaded with red fiuit uf the tize f- gcrhrad duck. Anionu the hirds are alio plenty ol gecle and lalfont. The rnckt of fome of the illand* si.: co\ercd wilJt large raufcle-fhcUi, llie lilh of tvlucli is laid to \>t muic dclicaM than oyilen. Kralit wai firft difcovcnd liy Amrricus Vefpueius. When mcafurcd along the Cca-coad, frrni die mouth of ilie river l.a Plata, in tlie thirtyiifth degree ol louth latiiuilc to the river of Amazons, under the ri]uator, it i« (wo thoul bill is bigger th^n ir< bodv, yellow with- Iout and rfed within, and about a fpaii long. 1 he'guira, called by the Europeans the lea-curlew, and the lame with the aumq7 »iu« iV'n'i'k iiidril- • Hy on I typtii- dI U«ii|( Ithrr lit- J(li<- nitn 1.1 lik« • liud Ml lb 1-cc ii in ot tbcU '' /y///.'yv'//MlLLAK'B. ifW^r/yt/^/rj ////// >rt.>^// SYSTEM /^tV.nCRAPUY. ' JMti.Thnl hyJltt>riT,>9^„\^BnUrrm>'<-lft/li>w. /„'»,/<'» ■i^__ s^ 3 ,;s»j,v lii "*„^v,, V .1-., , ,'4>' II I* M A M E R niut ImJicus a inarkalilu tor i hiack, llieii al IhII ofaUciiinl ■ lie biid livctli pairots, cocka coininoii hnt. go in°o houfi's and uncovered Tlicir catiible i of white hcus, fowl. Great plent\ the likes and r the latins orb hefet all round it bids detianct of all the livin bccaufe it great waves. The in t'lil of water tbi parent, and r< raifcd in the w Timber is \ termed Brazil- Brazil are of fi of cbouy< nial which diffufc mil able fruits ; Soma of the bcrgris, balfaii gold, pebbles, di.imoiid mine been compntei of -which bclor cd at much inl Brazil fu|jar is mirable. Oft where they no ply the vefFeU for the conveni with any tolcr Brazil abound hides, of whic Europe an'iual Theic has < lugucfe Irac!; 1 ployed in the hundred fail colonies. With rcrpcil fifteen piovincf being a ptinc' of the crown < annexed to th| the royal r^wil dred thoulanJ c'jftoms oil ml The prinrif Bahia, wlrulil thas call'.d ff felled on a lii:| and opulent prodigio'is ■ tl quiiid wcalthl are r.o lefs tl)| thrtc limes tli of rcciivini; tl i;viarued by a fmall forts tli upon a nxk I It\ this citj fi)mely builtj vents, and iJ Qus ni| of ilie ftrcetf No. 7'), A M E R 1 C A.l SOUTH AM RICA. 78| ti\u« Indicus aiui rcnata conconca of tlie latin authors, it re- iiurkaMt; tor its ot'irn changing its timivc coloui , being at ftrft hiack, then alhcoloureJ, next \»hite, aficrwaids (carjirt, and I4II of allcriinloii, wliich liD grows richer and iiirpcrtlic longer ■ lie biid livctli. The cocoi, 4 vrry 1 caOtiful bin! ; paraquits, pairots, cockafow, mAckaws. aivd Variety of others, arc very common here. Their hats aie of 3 prodigious fize : they will go in-o houfcs in the niftht, ind it (hey find any perfons alleep and uiicotercd, tlicy will fallen on them, and fuck tlteir blood. Tlieir eatable fowls Arc turkics, very targt and detiXous ; a fort of white hcui, and other poultry ; ducJca, and other fuck water- fowl. Great plenty and varii-ty of firti are^on the fea-coafti, and in the likes and rivers ; among others, is the globe-iifh, called by the latins orbit tnt the crown of l'oit»_;al : of thele ciptainries, eight onlv .%i<; annexed to th; crown. Some late writer!, have coin|)Uti:J tliat the royal r^v^iuK- anling from this colony amounts to two hun- dred thoufand poundt llcrling in gold. ,)i;fides the duties and ciiftoms on tnerchanrii/.c imported from thence. The p:inripal citv is St. 5%.lvador, alfo called the city of B-ihia, wh'cli is lU tlic provinci of the fame name, and was thMS call'.d from the commnJioufacls of its harhojr. It is felted on a hill, and is populous, mignilicent, aui the mod gay and opulent city in all Brazil. The trade ^ .rricd on here is prodigious ; the gentry are polite ; but the vulg.ir,who hav<: ac- quiitd wealth, are intolerably iiifoleiu and brutal. In this city are 1,0 lefs than.twclvc or fourteen thoi>land I'ortuguc'"., with three times that iiiiinlier of ncirroes. The harbour ii c>p,ible of rcc:iving ihips of the greatcft burthen, and its entrjiic.- is i;.i3rded by a llrong fott callffi St. Antony's. There arc othci iniall forts that command ihe harbour, one of which is built nuon a rock ibouv half a lul- horn thfl (hore. In this city are about f.vo thoul'and houfes, which arc iiand- f)in!:ly built, mollly of b.ick. or llone. The chui.-he,, con- vents,' and hofpitals, arc not only buiit in the inoft fumptii- ous manner, but adorned with cve.y thing lir'' and collly, particularly with fine p.iintings. The upper town has many ffilcndid ttru'luic?, p.itticuUrly the cathedral of St. Salvador. The church, which litdy belonged to the icUiits college, is very magnificent, and built of marble brought from Europe ; and tint college in a fine edifice. The viceroy's palace is ; moft fumptuous building, as is al!n the palace ;>{ the arclibilhop, llie ■ourts of judicature, the hofpitals, (tc. 1 he principal lliecis arc l.i'V.c, and all of ihem paved ; there :i-c alio fcveral fquares, and many gardens, ^oth wiihin ^hc city ariij its neighbourhood, in which arc a great variety of fruit- jrci'S and flowers, iail.idiii.j, sr.d plr.ntr, fo; the kitclv.'n: Mo* ot the llrccts ait, ho^cvtr, fo llcep, as to be inipaffable for No. 7<). coaches or chain 1 to fupply which iefcA, the rich canff tiicifl- fclves to be carried out in a kitid of cotton hammock, ii^iti '■ ferpentlne.', which are borne on ih£ hegrdcs (hoblden by ib« lielp of « baltlboo, about twelve or fourteen fbet lon{. The lower ctafs of people here are infolent, ami the (btdler* ' given to all manner of vice i «ild feme of litem ttt dan|{troM atTaffint. ' The women are more ftrlfily tiratclied than In Por- t'.igal, yet (omeiimet find meani to elude the vt,;ilaiicc of their keepers. However, the hulb.ihdt make no fCrup!e 10 ffib or polibn their ^vivei, if titey find them falfe. The chleirnieeiiank trades ill this city -are haiiers, fmiths, (hoe-makeri, favfyert, carpenters, cimpert, taylors, and butchirH. All tliefe bdy ne- groes whom they tram up to tlieir (everal emptovDientt. The town of Fernambuco, capital of the province t0 which' ' it gives name, is a very confiderable place. It ii alfo called Relief, or Arrarife, from a neighbouring harbour of that (lanK, which is now the (liongetl in all Brazil, a nutnber of fort* being rrcftcd all round, and the accefs naturally fo intricate and dangerous hf rcafon of the concealed rocks, fands, and little illandt about it, that the alTittance of a fl^ilful pilot is abfblutely neceflary in order to avoid tSiem. The name Fernambuco, filppofed to be a contraflion of Inferno Boco, or the Moatli »f Hell, leems to have been given it from tiiis circ«ml?aiit». Th2 lich and populous city of Rio St Janeiro, Is fituated on a river of the fame name, aliOut two leagues from the main occ-in. It has a mod admirable port, well guarded j which is verv inuch rcforted«o by the Portugoefe. on account of the gold and diamonds found in the neigtibourhooll. The little republic of St. Paul lies about thirty miles north of the province of St. Viticent, which is the moft foutheVly of Brazil. This Hate is furrnunded by lofty mountains and thick forefts ; it was originally compofed of outlaws from all the neigh houiing colonics, Spaniaids, Portuguefe, Creoles, Mefti- zoes, Mulattoes, and Negroes, who iiook refuge on (his fpot, and lived at fiifl without order, fociely, fiiith, honour, or re- ligion ; preying upon each other, and fubfifling by mutual ra- pine, and the plunder of their neighbours i but the inconve- niences attending this way of life, and, the danger to which it expofed them, loon drove them into confederacies, and the fe, at lad, produced a reptular democracy. Ttic lUand of St. Catherine's is fituated in twenty-fevfli de- grees thirty five minutes fou'h latitude, and it one of the molt delightful I'pors im.i_;inablc, being about twenty-fevcn milei Jong, and fix btoad. The convids from Brazil are tru.fport- ed hither. The moft confider.ibIe tribes of the native Brazilians are the Tapuycrs ,«ivi Topinainboys 1 of whom the former inhabit the northern, and the other the fouthern parts. The former are men of good llature, of a dark copper colonr, their hair blark, and hanging ever their Ihooldcrsj but Ihey fuffer no Ii.iir on their bodies or facc.^, and go almoft naked. Their ornaments are, flittering ftoiics, hung upon their lips or nof- trils, anJ biatclcts of fcatl):MS upon their arms • the ineu have .ilfo a cap or corjnet of fiatliers. The complexion? of the lopiiiaiiiboys are not 1j dark as that of their northern neigh- bours, wl;3 live nearer the line ; and neither the one nor the oihcr, as thofeof the Africans who lie under the fame parallels. ' 'I'hc native Brazilians arc paitly freemen, and partly (laves ; but the ntgro (laves arc much more valuable, beinj of a more rohnil conlli'ution, and fitter fnr labour. Some writers have reprefcnt d the liia/.llians as a favrge people, devoid of all prin- ciples of reli.'ion, ciuel in war, ar ' cinihals or devourcrs ot liumanHelh ; but thefe (loiies are generally looked upon ai tiiili oi.s of the Portuguefe, to juftify their cruel and inhuman treatment of them. They believe in cntaiii invifible beings, the difpenfei' of good and evil, the rewarders and puiiifhers of virti-e and vice ; and their notion wi;h ref()eft to a future ftate, is, thit after death they (hall vilit their aiiceftors, dwelling be- yond the Ai>d« \ but they have no temples. Their piieils make them l)elicve, thst ifthev bring them otierings, thole invilibic beings, who give them food and all the good things they enjoy, will p-.ofper ihcir affairs ; but if they negle£l this, fomc terri- ble misfortune will b=fal them. Their towns are without walls. I'hcir mode o!' carrying on war is by ambufcades ; and their weapons are bow5, arrows, (hields, and wooden clubs. They have caciques, who rule them in peaa-, and lead them ia war. The country of .Amnznnia was fiid uifcovrrcd by Uonzola Pi7.?rr(i, brother to the mar(|ui3 Fizarro, who conquered Peru. it is hounded, on the north, bv Terra Firma; on the fputh, by La Plata ; on the eaft. by Urazil and the Atlantic oceatt ; and, on the welt, by Peru. >' is one thoHi.nd two hundred miles in length, and nine linndrrd and (ixty in brcadrli ; but this vail extent of country i« bnl Httle known, except alortg the bank* of the great river Amazons, and towards tlie Brazilian frontier*. The river of Ama«oi.sidd!e, and a woodtn fwoid in their hand. All thtfe nations alios- of polygamy, ox a plurality of wives and turicubines ; and the women here, as in the other American imions, do tl'.e nioft laborious woik. I'hcy worfliip the images of iheir aoticnt heroes, or lubordiiiate deities ; but have no tem- ples, or orders of piicfls among them, iioth fcxcs fomctinics wear mantles of the Ikiiis of beads, or cotton, but generally go naked. In fomc dii\ricts the men thiuft pieces ot caac tlnough their cars and under-lips, a id hang glals beads at the griftlcs of their iiofes, which bob to and do when they fpcak ; bul in oihtrs, they wear plates of gold at their tars and iioihils. Guiani, or C.i.>l>eana, which has An)3Z.onia on the fnuth ; Terra Kirma on tiK- svcit ; and the Atlantic ocean on the noiih and eaft ; its length is fevcn bundled and eighty miles, and its breadth four huiioied and eighty. It is ufualiy divided into two parts, that is, the fea-ccafts and adjacent diftri£ls denominate' Caiibcana Proper, and the interior country called Guiana Proper. The Portuguefe, Frcncli, and Dutch, hav/ 'U fettlemcnts along tl'.is coaft, which i^ iow and matfliy, and fubjefl to in- undations ill the rainy leafo'is. 'i he principal Fiench fcttlc- raei.is in Guiana are in the iflc of Cayenne, which lies one liun- ihour. The ("renchlirft cftablilhed theiiifelves here in it»3«. 1 he place ivas .iftcuvards alrcin.itely nofiiirod by the- Eiijjhm, then by the French agaifi, to whom fuccccdcd the Dutch , but the i-'rcr.ch iiiully prcvaiiing, l^ill keep it III their jKjflcffion. The diltritt railed Diitch Guianj wat fornie-ily the property ofW En^liflj, who made Icttkoicnts at Surinam, whe-ic a kind of corrupt F.nghlh i« ft'ill fpokeii by tht. negroes, i he Dutch took It ill the rei^n of Cli.iilei II. and it was ceded to tlicni by treaty in 1674, in exchange for sshat they had pofTeficd in the proslncc now rilled Ntsv York, in North America. Theie is a pruKtiial fpring in this country, which produces large rjumtitiej of iugarcanes , alfo the fimarnbatrec, tUctnicd a Ipeclfic in dyftntcrics; and tlic cuunce, a poifonous nut. Here are great numbers of nionkies and lerpenis, and a remark- able aniphibious creature called the laubba, about the (ize of a finall pig, Thty have alfo .1 vaft vaiiety of birds of different plumage. Anioiig their tiflics, here is \hf torpedo 1 and infecSls are innumerable. 1 he i;ihabitants of Gui<.na are in general cither natives. wlio arc of a reddifh brown, or negroes and Europcins, or a mixed progeny of thefc in various combinations. The natises arc divided into different tribes, more or lefs enlightened and po- linied, as they arc moie or lefs remote fiom the (ettknients of the Eurojicans : thty have no divilion of lands. Polygamy is allowed among them. Continence before marriagi; is not con- fidered as a yirtne ; a man cares ni.t whether the woman he maiiics is a viigin or not ; but no injury is fo luicly revenged as the infidelity of a wife. The men go to war, hunt, and navigible (or near one h j>diesi miles up the- country, and coimiundcd by leverai (oits, p.irticuiarly Zciandiia, alnut fix miles fiom the entrance, near which foi- ticlstht fmi!l tr.svn of J'aiaiuaiiaiubo now ftands, which con- tiins about lour hutidted houles. Thcic aie no lets than (even or eight inland towns, all of which are lich, populous, and comineicial. J'efore we conclude ou' defciiption of South Amciica, it will be neceffary to add, ;',. l he exiik-ncc of a (outlicm con tincnt vs as fuiuly believed, until the contrary was indilpuIaMy proved in the years 1772, 1773 and 177+ by that luoft con- (unimatc ftamiin captain Janiei Cook, whole cxtraoidinary merits, his country, and the whole wo id, unite in ccicbialiiij; In the Rcl'jiution, a linn titled out for the purpofe of maknig di'iroveries he three times (eiietr.itcd within the aiitarilu ciicle, a region which t.ll tlii.ii lud been impeivious lo all na- vigators. He piocccded aniidit liojtiiijj ice islands ol vaft heij.;hl, nuny of which were two 01 three ni.lcs in circuiiiteiciicc, 1! e Ihip, and all on bo.ird perptti.all;- e.> fouili l.ititude. [AMERICA.] SOUTH A ME RICA. i^? htirode, in tongltttdc oim livnilrad trxl fix ikgwM fiAsy-fottr miantfls weft from Loaduii. A folkl fibl« to make any f^rtbA advinoe*. DariiiEiliM.,fttly in Uic rigid Zone in ihc moutht of December. tMd Jkiuitry, ik> night intsrvcncd -, fa that within a fow minuipt of midnight Ihc light of the fun was fuilicicnt to rtad or writs bf, aiol ibc fuii'i Hay below the hoiizon w»s fo very fliort, -llwt * »«ry firong twilight ctintint!i«d all the time of hit difitppAwmg, . ; The refott oi' tkcii: c^ttmpt) to pencirate towards this faath oolc \i, that either the ice extends quite to the pole, or eHc jfbint fame land to which it hu been fixed ft*m the very eariicft timet. To detcnuiaa whether it it hind or ice that cncitelet the jpole, is beyotid the fonterof human cxtrtioni and hat Ao -tendency tp gratify kny ratioiiit cariofny. In July ijjf>, liicfMMindefaliaaUa navigator rope, have now been fully triced : on the fouth-eafiward of this \au, but almoft ufclefs diftrift of the |;lobe, have been found Ulands abounding with fpicet, which aught by attention be loon tendered equal in value to thofe which tlM Dutch polleft in the Molitocu. The fpirit for difcovery, which hat lately prevailed, yanicnkrly in this country, under the auipicet of hit prefeiit Vlt)j«ftr> bat brought ut acquainted with ma>ty large, rich, fer- tile, and deUghtful iflandi, iitaated in the South Sea, which the reader will find a copioat defcription of, firom p. aoi to 2iq of thit work, beg|inaing with that of New Holland abcve- gAentioned. It may riot be imfroper in this place to fubjoiov agreecbie to •ur ptomiftf a particular account of the even's and ci.cum- iiancci immediately picvioiis to aitd attending the unfortunate death of that cc^elN-atcd auii able navigator captkin Cook, which happened oit the I4ith of February, 1779, at the iHaiid of O- wby-bee, when on tlitir return to Europe. On January 17, 1779, with great difficulty they found and anchored in a convenient harbour at O- why-bee, after beating •bout the coaft near two montht. The Ihipt were immediately tifited by the young prince (fon to the Orono or great kingi) ^bo wai abfcnt at a ncighbodring iflatid. The viiit was re- toriMd, end no ftrangers were ever more faofpitrbly received. Land Wat appropriated to their ufe, the lick were lodged, trade Iras carried on, the (hips repaired, &g. Theking.onhitatrival, tieati-d captttit Cook wi'tl great rubmiifion and reipaA, and paid Ilim the lama honours tliat are paid to the great E-a-thu-ah- nu-cb. or good fpirit, rloathing him in the fanie mantle, .lud afTigiiing him a place of worlhip, which the failort called Cook'a altar. A very high luauntain of fnoiv .wat fp ive a light be- tween the tropici, tliat live •( ihe geitllciuen, with a guide, fet out to explore it« but after two days and nights fatigue, they were obliged m return without reaching it. After a lieiva, or pity, had been peiformed by moft of the royal family, and fome fire-wr^r.; iikd been exhibited by the Englilh, the Ihips failed •n tl 9 5th of Fioruary, ftored with bogs, fl), tec. but the Rcfoiution having unfortuntltsly t'prung her foreniaft, and being very leaky, they were oUligtd on the iitli to return lo ihtir C'ld birth to repair. TIk king vifited tlieiu a» before, but the na'ivc« allirmbling, gathering Ooitet, and rolling them from the hilN, in order, at was fuppofed, to annoy tl>e (hips, t.ie captain', oin;uly and init'cliicvoos, and tiriiiQ only en- raged tiMm. Ihc pnnce, More very friendly, airuinvd an- other counHuaitcc, and liir VAmptr of the Indians was totally changed. On the i4tl> the great cutter was milling from its moorings, and the lHUt".« paiiuci v»a> tbuiid cut two fathoms from the buoy, thcl'e avidaciout rot^ucs having contrived to carry it olf in the onurl'e u( ilic iiiftht without lxingpercei\ed. This was a»thcd which couiti n^t i>c 0¥i-rli>.-kcd cii a!>y "scnnnt. at the lofs of ta capital a bozt might p(!)Vok end informed him of what had htppHkcd. Jiftcr fomodclibMation, the belt method that couMbetltaaght of (a luciUod wlucb, in other iflandt, lind often beeiii tried, ahd , always met wiib fucceft) was lo fccure the king i and tlic oiUy Wf'ay lo do this was to invite him on board, and then phfce cett- tinilt over him, after which they could make tlteir own teroit with him. It was alfo thought advilcable to fend boats todb'- fercnt paitt of the bay, to previeitt sny of the nativet ton mekiiigtlwir efcape in tl'eir canon. , ,,. Thiiigt being thut far fettled, the Refitlution's gnratand fiiMll cutteri allondcd by the Difcovery's fnieU cutter and jolly boat, all well manned and armed, were difpaiched to rhevarioiMpant of the bay, with orders to ilopall Canoes that Diould attentat to make their efcape, and if they proved refraaory to-ihrswand kill feme of lliein, at icaptaiii Cook Wat determined to lei Ifaem fee he wai not to be tiiHcd with any longer. In tbc interim tbe captain, with the lieutenant of marines, went in his pinnace, attended by the launch (in j^bich were the marines aiuMJoaie of the officers, all wed armed; to tbe north- weft point of the bay, where the king relided. Ihe natives, fufpetiing polTibly that fome »nquiry would be made relative to the boat, had alTeitibled there in greater numbers tlan ufual. The marines jpon land- it^ w^c drawn «p iJ» a lipe upol»tl»e beach, with th; ferjeant at their head, and captain Cook,' iwiih Mr. Philips, proceeded to the king's houfe ; hut not finding him there, enquired of the natives klere he' ♦as, who ||old thotn he was^dfa hoofe not Tardillant. They walked on, aVid foun<) him, and after fome little time the captain invited him to go on board, which he very readtly wat going to do, but Ibaie women, r.nd others of his attendants, who probably were apptehcnfive of fome defign, earneftlv begged and entreated that he would not. Almoft at this inllant three Indians ir> a canoe .arrived from the other fide of the hay, with ari account of one of their principal arees being (hot by our people. They had been to both (hips, wbeiv ihcy told their lloty in very lamentable terms ; but not meeting with that pity and redrefs n bicli they probably thouglit they bad a right to expcA, they proceeded to the (hore, where their tale was received in a very different manner. A general murmur of difcontent was heard to prevail, and many of them began to arm themfelves with fpears and dag- gers. This circumflance was obferved by Mr. Philipi, ai)d he communicated his apprehenlions to captain Cook,, who was at thit time in the inidit of a crowd, and of courfe wat not able to watch their motiont. The ferjeaut of marines alio, who wat at {otr.t dillaiicc, faw them arming ; and as tbe tumoit ra- ther increaled, called fevcral times to the captain to warn him of bis danger i but there fceincd to be a degree of infatuation at- tending him, which rendered him deaf to every tiling. The mob now prelRd upon him, and he was feen to pufh them back, exclaiming at the fame time, get away— get away." Ai length one of ihem behaved very intolently, and threw flonet at him : the captain, having his double barreled gun, fired, but mifl^ him, md (hot the next man to him. The marines, beating the report of the gun, imagined thkt fome mi'chief had been dene, and without orders began to lire alfo : this rendered blatters Aill worfe ; and captain Cook, now feeing his dangbr, was making to t'.e boats as hA a* the crowd would permit him, but received a (laL between his fhbuldert from a ebie^ who was behind hiir. ; the man was going to repeat hi* bUm^ but was (hot by che ferjeant of marines, .'be miiincs had iio Iboner fired, than tbe ptopl^ ih tye launch fVoin the fame reafon^fired likewife, and now theuprdiT' became general : the captaiii did not fall in confoqueocc ot tbe wound, bu'. ftill prt(&d forwards towards Ihe boats | the Ta- dians, however, rulhed upon him, and, with cfuba and flonet, foon put »ptrtod to hit exillence. The commarding officer •(? tbe Refclution (which was Et leaft half a mile nearer the fpot! than the Dil'covcry) alarmed at the report of the gunt, gavej orders for the great guns to be pointed and fired at tliem,wmch' appeared to create much (laughter and confulion. Mr. Philip* and 'lis party of mariiiet wore obliged to jump into tl)e xttxtt : but fome' of tlicni not being able to fwim, were dragged on (hore by the nativet. who foon difpaiched them. The remaining number witb difiiculty reached the boatt : Ihe ferjeant of ma- rinct wat rv6tJinded in the neck, and received a fevere blow upcA the he;.d fitjro a ftone ; one of the private men had the point of a fpear, which broke oiT, fixed under his left eye i Mr. Pbilipa was wounded in the Diouldcr, and a corpora! and three private men v.ete killed. Tbc Indians behaved with great relblution and intrepidity, and notwithftanding a fevere nre wat kept up for fome time afti'rw.uds, they maintained their ground, and at foon as one fell, anothct fnpplied his place. Finding it im- poflible to recover the captain's body, the boats ceafed firing, and made the bcft of their way on board ; and Iboit after Mr. WilUamfon, the third lieutenant of the Kelolutiwii, waitej 3 " Thus upon captain CiciikC wuii ihe above sa .j^.. ^18 Tat NEW AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM or GEOORAFMY. Thwtndaddielifiof ihcgfcMtft iMvigMortlMtUiiiorany ^ tittm mmm cmU «rrr boaft. aAcr having (wauAMij M hit II af Bntth CMOMn thrice round ihi«rarU i who had f#- liMT the n whklk the WriMd of all nationi ware in doobt ; had I the boandaria* af the earth and fea, and Ibawn tfaa im- ptafticabilitj of a nactb-wet pafllige from the Adande to the gitat ibuthcni ocea. for «bicn onr ablefi navigaion bad con* I tended, and in poffiiit of which raft fomt bad been fpcnt in jMin, and manf valoable nurincti had miferably perilhcd. The naiivae cntainHr had no imaotien at fiift of dcftroying capfain . Cook or any or hi* pany. The caufe firft ori|inaiM in the death of the aica who nu fliot by our people: itwu'thitcir- comftance which alarmed ihen, and in confaqoence of tU* it wat that they anoed themfelvca. At tbii period captain Cook might have leiamed on board with fiifety : hot he wa« nnfoir' ' tnnaia in miCng the man who behaved iniblent to him, and flioeting anothar->-be wai onfbrt^ate in the firing of the ma* fiOM— and cqwdlv fo in the firing of the people in the launch j allwhiahhai^nul'in the /pace of a minute. In fhori, the whole fteme to have been canicd by a chain of event< which could neither b« rbreleen or prevented. Uir death wai, how* ever, untveifidjT reitrettad, not only in Great Britain, bat in other parii of E«irojie,.by iavcn ieconda nonb. The command, after hn dtaih, devolvad on' captain Clarke, who died at Tea on bit ittnm to tba fewfawanl on the aid day of Aoanft, 1779.' The tvro fltipa, Munwly, tba ReTolution and Dilcovery , returned booM by tba Cape of Good Hope, and 8n> ctaored at ibe Nov on Um )ih of Ooobar, 1780. V '• CHAP. n. THE KEW HUTO&Y AND DESCRIPTION OF NORTH A M E R I C A. 8 EC T. I. OfNfrthtnJ Stkth CanUna, Gttrgi; Fireimt, Marjitmi, Pnn- . fihtnittt tit Jfr/ni, ahj Nnu Ittri > tStir ixtnt a»d JUuetitn, ■ frtHtifml Imrnt- jiil, pri.fuci, iiihtiittiitt (btth nativii mad tt- - l»n-jit) tbtir trai*:, tntmufalhtrn, mamitri, eajlimi, Jrtfi, ri^ NORTH Ararrira, which conftitutei a grand divifion of tbil vaft ccmtinent, is feparate<> 'roni the fouthcm part by the ifibtuoaol Darien, and extcnui from that iftbmua to within a few degrees cf the north pole ; but |cpgtapbert have not yet been abw to afoertain the limits of this northern ex* twmity. ''■- The fitmtion of the countries which compete North Ame- ttoBf'and othe- paiticulais iclative to each, ate exhibited in the Mlowmg tabic : tCaeatnei and Col. Length 700 Breadth Chief Towoi Beleagi tn North Carolina -, South Carolina Georgia 3«6 Wilir.ingWn Cbar'c* Town .Savannah United State*. Virginia 7jo a'+o Witliaraft. Ditto. Marylaa«l 1^ •J* Anapoli* "TSiito. Paanrylvania JOO «40 PSIU^i. &itl». Ditto. The Jerfeys 160 60 J 50 fKW'/orV TTeSTVo-k 300 bitto. New England 5?o aoo^ Bofton Ditto. Nova Scotia or 1 New Scotland i 350 150 HaUfas Great Briuin. r ( wlieat tcing very backward in the Carolines) and h«rd Wires and wine from Madeira, and the other :flandt ia ibc wettern ocean. For fettling in thi* picafint country, the method hu hitherto been to pilch upon a void piece of ground, and either to pur* chafe it at the rate of twvnty pou.ids lor one thoufand acr**, or eMc pay a penny an ai:ie qoit-reni yearly to the pioniiator* without parchafe money i the fii>rmer method is the men com- mon, sitd the tenure a freehold. The hnd being laid nut, tba purchafer bnt!ds*u »»ipW«l«PP^"»»¥"^ ■•^■■w**" tmtm . % IJ if JVJS i JL .^h iiU no a ]fa4j fitf/ift J, ^- 1 i ;% •x> J >. HjAa"'"'"^ fear '>/'4>v/l>'l( "'•*«iA Kafl KloHd* 'fhirrthtl. M K X 1 C^ O ^^^'""'•/^] ij ! ■ — ■ — _ \ I I -I -■ \ •i»- '■!<■■ "If ■ H-'.' f^* ■^L ■v^ >\^ •i- ,1- «V V"**- '.o«4< T ,str' »?'• f "ST'V ;5*m: . -J .■Viri ■!>i^ ^ll-Si , .X 'sit'.'-' If ■V i+» li^^- ,-?' .•h; ,ir.. WV m X- ■'»' ''<4i*t .♦*•' ^-l^ ••^■; U: .i>.3" '- !• ?•>• I •* .41 ^.r i*fee»ga|r;- ■^-^' i^iil^. •*»•■ ««-. .^r- ^ liM> IliCO «« ovokcdi but •uible I *«ry •ubliceoalN «vo 1 iitiiml •1^ rdk, >««! ovM ahi Mtking lain thair luMMI tl two ]f*MU ^ Roinuit i 'Ihty »• I ilM:toi;«»« whudaiMrt ad ol brM4» (Ming) ami i^obfMfai '-'■ t-r Mk :> •.:«';«tt»f |lr«» of iW« Illy, whiclft a conairion > be furiiwd t fix mUM le huiidnd Oberi to Um ^ks« M lb* >( turpani iotgi» carry ' and Cb«- . fun : (ha the Indiaa ^ever (laM lion. : ', tbe AiMH n, a naiiv* ' were net,i I of North te fruilful- ncident tc umfUncci tir aUntu,. imeof tha the royal r lide did, liter nvcoi elf >jr b*f the weft,; Dih) Aid Utd fifty tolctftbl* coiuury pns ban> . or fton« ore, aad. (country, cerlperiied lopi. are above (he nams lugh and between ernraentt nTown^ name, ooi a viili^. !, having! dpocodi power tor- pbpnds « ' exported uteis or tOTeroeiw rge d»aa-J ^ titta I**- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^12.8 |2.5 ^ 1^ 11112.0 U ill 1.6 ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 f>v«^VlHiLAR'a. yr/. J„iA/tiK>^^*t4'et^a/ '^n "',5 "'^ ■*" Jtf flit it*> TS iV 1 ♦*»■ ♦' I \f^ O r- i'V../i,^ i' ■ ' i»n., ■ .: , fAMERiie^.^ ') f> to ^ 6 %: f f|.i 'A' tt'E^R''! e k- whKh ik mvigaUe. for * an twa viry handibme uiurabta builywiih b«iek, befidaa icverat other edificef fqt public wdl** Aip .bcloogiiig.to dii&itntiitfti of diflinieri. Nciir ih« ce;itr« «fi ih« to«n ii a neat marlMk-hbuItt andata fmall diAanae ii tb«flK^-bb(ilc,.aha|tdranM and commodioiu brick bixOding. Ill lite ndiglibanrinM of ibt town drweenvenicnibarraclct fuf- «aianifor«lb«uraiiAiwn.iCkarla«.Mwncontaini abouta thoa> ftpd:g.houlil^ faA thoufalad male inhabitaht*. and fix Aotttklid Hegro'llaTat : itic the Ibat of thff governor, and ittt place tS martiag of the aflcmbly. Several haiidfome cquinges' are kept here ; for the planten and mcichanti ai« ricbandwell bttdt the ptople cspenfive ii| dichr inft and way of living, and ^wy thing idnl«ret ~'> render ihit outea north tatitode, and an hundml mile* fonibof Charlet- ta«m« the iUfMd and continentiiiMnnirtg a line eapKion* Uar' bowroC fliBh da)nb« thatit'ialcaaaUeof coniaininif the wtwtar rpyaljuwy of England^ , The UUnd on which the town ie MiM ceoSft* «f neira"iiiD,nfthd «cre«, aitd itnavioaUe all aMAdtbr bt>al» 4nd fariagoai, and ene half of it for ftiippingv where large vefleh may load and unload from ihe lliere. Tm tpwB. Jiemvtor. it not yctooofideiable, but Md* ftir in time for baoaiMng the fiiiltradrng town inithit part of America. ^ TheintaiAmt df itthafaitaHtt in the whole province dt S<«uth CarnithaiaarmanMiiiO'tboitrDaty ttaenland^itat, and atxtre dokbbttfaataMmtieataf veflclt of all kind^ but waa NpulfiMi by BHieral Oglethorpe at the head of the Englilh fofcdt, and a hnall body or Indians under I'omo Cbicki'* (on. Witttevcr mi^it br the caufe, it it cniuin thi* infimt colony 4raape d and janguilhed from tha year 174a till Mr. Ellit wat appointdd gowmor ; bin- luvfer hit adminiftration it became again of! fiKk importance, that hi* late majelly George II . upon. iMioving him to another government, rewarded hmt with a- haudiome prei]»itof money for tbcimpnownKnt* madednringi hit adminifttattofilierA '. On(thet:(rjS.of Georgia there aicfeveral iflandi, the chief of ^hieh'arc, Aintlia,' Cumberland and St. Simon'* ifland. Tlie fitft,' lying (even leagues to the north Of St. Auguftine, ' i* about (wo miles broad, and thirteen long. Thefccond, lying about twenty-one miles fouthof Frederica, forth* tlie inlet of Amelia SoniM, which it conmnnds, by means of a fort called Fort WHliain, and is; ^b fpringi of water. i^Tbe third, lying, niiar theweilernmamhof the Alaiamaha, icaboutthite mile* u^ breadth, and forty-five in length: Fredfcrica ilandt in the middle of this ifland. .. &i»annah eowrt lie* ten miles up the river of that name, where it forms a halfmibon, and where (hips, that draw ten or tiMlve-foet water, m^y ride fo; a mile within ten yard* of the bank. Oppofire to it is an iflandof very rich pafturage. The river is pietty wide; and the water fteihi :and ^om tluvquay of the town you liic ilie whole courfc of it towatds the lira, with Ihe iiland Tybec, which forms tlic mouth of the river, and the other way you i«c the river for about fixty miles up into the dtniiitty. The town of Wilmington, litnated on Clarendon river, it the iarceft town in the province,' and ha* much die grrateit Kade t Neuborn is fituatrd on the Neufe, and Eldcnton on the AUiMnartet at which three plaoe* the general aflcmbly vf North Carolina fit alicnutety h* making law* 1 but the planters being ;.iN«-«a> ••;■■=':■ ## Honing. ,r-«ij TbvndAaanfidcrable of tkalildian ilMivfi baliii(|dl|Mli3w»> liau are .thk Cc^.and Chamltaaa, «f -Vt* *lhi|»li> Jw' generally 4*llr but; dieiwoaniv Jwle. , -Ikv/ .Htx^AWMMuk |00d-natuied people, and Very humaiw to ftiansrt*:(«MtalB m want andfitin,! flow to aag^f w^ aamjU/j-pHiiim^it^nn yrhw lbeiy,are«llM>i:oagbly ifMcnfiidi they are-iiiipliiqiUti qditfc of ap^rehenfiop,' an«( ga* of tem|^ ; their pnblitfii renati ihew them to be men of geoin*, and tticy bav« eloquence. They .anMOt.^heir hodie* with oiU;j tb^ra to the fub, which occafton* their ftiiM to ' blown i.ttie man;|iaint iliem and t«tpedi«v«»tj|lMi tirdlc. bothJiefoia and;, behind, which loeka (oma^bim JMf ^«(ach«ft. : Th* women wear a kind of petticoat m ibelr.lMMi^i both men and women, in the winter, wear manties.tw* ywlf li}uare, which they wrap round their bodic*, at the RMBKoa did ihcir toga, ge^ierally keeping their arm* bare, TlMyt.-*w very healtbfal. and have batdiy«ny.dif«ar<*j lexqept ikwSidlNM iioned by. drinking mm, and tbefoMll-pox i ibvy ««lioidaM 4riak. arecxtreiiKlif l<*i>e-li*«'> Tneirfood* inArad.of.bfaMU i^: Indian corn, boiltd and feaiianed, like ha(|y.p«iflding r ial thi* ia called hommony: thcyiatiobpif venifon, and make brMii of it) and eat all manner of flaih- v •After hi* late Majefty bod paicbaled ihejifOfwrty T8M or GEOGRAPHY. (iren. ^ Tht pnAioe of tnnrponint critninah is tbii pnwlnce, or to wiyf it wte i r i leiict belonging w^He Uaiwd Sai4», beitiK now wolfUiliHl. tk* convi^i ate tor tim ftff to be Aw tmm to M««vSofla?i, finei, •edtm, cypreflesi Iweet myrtldv chcfniJil, hkkcrf* Mve oak, «ttnvt« dii^-woad, alder, liamle, obinkajriiw. locuft t4ee<, Mb- Mi, elm, afli, beech, with a gieat variety of (weetgttkWkn^ inemfit, which they difiil from fewral tteei ; pitch, tar, rofln, Mtpeiitine, plank^limhert, math, and yaidt. >'-!rheir tree* -are moch Isfiier than eoi», and no underwood or4^u(hci grow beneath ; fo that people travel with eafe throngh the fiticfta oh horftback, and never want a fina (hade to dcfntd ttMtn (toMi the Aimmer heate. Silk graft grow* fpontaiicovfly Uk'mahy-plaoes ; dw fibres of which ate u fine a« flax, and ittueh (iMngec than brmn. Here i* al(b a greiit variety of (jport-t. nncoyaioWcn, particularly the fineft crown imperial in tht world, and the.cardinal flower, fo much extolled for iti Ibarlet •Oloar ; the'plUni eiuarly the rattle fnike -'OTbirds, they liave (evcitl forts of eagles, hawks, and owlt. TIst white owl i* very beautiful, all the feathers i^ the bock and breaft being white as filver, except a black fpot immediatelyi below the throat ; their turkeys are very large, fome of them Weighing forty pounds : they have alio abvifdinoe of other fy4ay>n^-fire to their roots t and bj fire they alfo hollowed them, and made canoes of them. Their S ■'*, way of peodocin^ fireiwwi b^ rubbing dnk flick againil anertier; that w>a fefter. Thciy fccfcoivtheir years b) winters ) and divide them into five feaforts, the bndding'tirae, the caring of the corn, the fummer, the barveii, and ihe winter. The montHs they count by the moon. They divide the days into Ihrco parts-, tb« :rife, power, and lowering of the fun. 'nieykeep lbeWaecon|Ks by knou on » firing, . or notehea on « flick. The province of Maryland wu diicovered in the year i(oA when Vifginia was firft planted i' and for folae time wa« efteamod a part of Virginia, till king Charles I jn t£jti granted all that pan of Virginia wbichJay north. of Patowmat river, to the fctrd Ballimote, of the kingdom of Ireland, aiM i^a bails. TJie Baltimore fismily svere Jmrived. ofthfe gawent. ment of (his pcovince during the oiviliwarsxid^ iMglkhdJ Ml recovered it again at the ReftotatiOn^ andtth^ w«H doferved to be fo, lot they eftabiiUKd atarftA toleratioivib all rdipious matters : the colony increafcd: and flonriihbd'i «n4 diflSniers of ail denominations, allured by the profpeA of gaii^^ flocksd into Maryland. . The tyrannical govemiiunt of James II. again deprived this nolfile fiunily of their poflefioni acquired by royal boonty, and ifflpnaved by muds cara and espcncci Ar the Revolution^ bsiwqver, lord Bdtiaore was again reftored to all the profits of the gOTcnment, tbooghnot to the right of goireming, which cottM notconfiOentiy be oanfirticd on a Roman cathoRc. Bitt afkcr the family changed their iJigion, they obtained the powee U'WeUfttlhisintarcfi. The govcriienent of this country exaAly icftmbled that in Virginia, except that the governor wat appointed by the pi*optietars, and only confirmed by ihecrowH. Tlw cnftoms too were referred to the crown, and the oAotra bdonmng to them were independent of the province. So far ii MwyMM ai piefent from being a^oplfli gpvernment, .that tho proteftants, by far more numerous, have excluded them ftom all oAtca of ttuft a*d power. They even adopted thto penal laws, of England sgainfl.them. The church of EnglMM ivis by law eftabufhed here : and churches have not only been btliltv but parifhes allotted to them with annoal ftipends tothe Biiniflers'! every chriftian nliaic fixtcen yean old, and iimi«c# mak and female, above that an, pwing forty potintU of tobacco, whicb is levied, by the flienff,' among otiier poUic burdens, and y ieUi to cach'ibout one himdtcd pounds fierliiMF at a medium, . Maryland lies between thirty*feven degrees fifty. naiiMitet* and forty degrees, north latitude, exienda in length one h dred and fairly, and in breadth one hundred' and thirty-five miles ( has tiM -Aptlachian mouniains to the weft t Delawaiv bay to the north ; Patowmac river to the ioiidi ; and the fMsthem ocean to the eaft. The parts next the fea are very low, but the intgrior diibSft*. tre.hiRy. The air it exoeffive hot in the fummer, and intenfely Go!d in the. winter ; but the latter is not of above tbreemonih* duration. The p'incipal bays are thofe of Chefapoik and De> laware, and the tnoft noted cape that of Henlopen, at the amrance of Dck^are bay. The bay of Chebpeak divides lit* province into two parb, of which one lies on the eaft, and the .other on t^e weft. It is watered by innumerable fprings, forn- ing agreat many fine rivers, of wbiohjthe chief are Patosvmac, Pocomoac, Patuxbent, Sevcrn.Cheptouk. Saflafi«s,and.WicO' moca rivers, and that of St. George. Theft and other rivers^ capable of receiving large (hips, with the numerous bays and creeks that indent the land on every fide, give the (eamea an opportunity of bringing their veflels up to die planters doors. . Tobacco is the chief commodity here, of which the proviMce exported annually, many years ago, upwards of thirty tlionlimd hoitheads, eadt hog(head feven hunditd pounds freight. This article forms the mediiim of currency of Maryland, being re- ceived in debit and taxe~ i and Ihe inrpcAort notes for tobaeoo* delivered to him, are traiuferrable. An indufliious mail can manage fix tliouiiind plants of tobacco, and four acres of Indian corn. The tobacco of this province, called Oroonoko, is dif> ferent from that of Virginia i and, though not much liked in Englahd, yet, in the eaftern and northern parts of Europe it it preferred before the fweet fcentcd tobaooo of James and York rivers in Virginia. Another confidcrable commodity of Mary land is pork, of which large quantities are exported, failed and barrelled ( the woods containing vaft droves of wild fwine, which arc generally of »(inall fize. Great quanfities of hemp and fiax are raiftd in this province, and the mountains yield abuadanceofironore, which is run into pigs, andieflnedinta iron. Maryland oak is not neatly efteemecT for building large (hips, but is very proper for fmall craft and ftavei. GoM land here yields about fifteen bufheis of wheat an ajcre, or thirty bufhelt of Indian corili but the grain is very fubjefii to the weevil. There are b« few towns in the province as yet, tlie EngHfh living at large in their (everal pUntationa. Indeed each plama* lion IS a iitiie town in iifcif, nod cau fslwu iiwif witSi pfSri- fions and neccflaries, every ceniiderabi* piaatcr't wareboiife being '* ''fc- , ^ '. . ■ ■ '" . ■(■-"■' ' [AMER'lteA.J^ '• • ^ - :- '"i If 4i5«T:H ^ il M'l IvUC. Ai. Mns lik«'k' «i^^ l^Miot MfoMi^Utfimi MMplM. aa hlnej^modirin (b Mmtt fbrtoNct^ fleet aMokf Tm «in Mi*li !«irf «•!• iariiw wioMr. ^tbvki** MaMtevitf •Amt IhMin •?«; Th« htau wwM b* ioMianUe ia ■miui>iii, lRiiikwlinlaafe«lk^WmMAhei«>. -^^ ' if >lwyiw**iiWP«*tig«M*4ylwq«tii»li>»b fWw t ' The (e«k» IiidUiM near MarylMdHfiantheMt IMr«, "mhti^ 1 TiMftfml rlvMi, with Um naiiiwn cwdumd-l tlurr hiVt two oi'iUMmM' tame.y'TtlM''vti''4iuftofU'i«ti irnDttmnm ^,-= fa wib l i •».«MHM»>ng >fkm higA fciWrt •* ltahth(^(ilif#«ri>i'WEnrf>(h: 'm.«l^^ I •inwNl*<«i«aiukW» m HmMtiof'tllicaforam) TiwKki* ^■nfelvct. [tiir«m»rliabtr;,tUtho#'tHiitii«VMII«^ i Jm H h kjmatimtktma m ifw Nm lmiuaititS^ iMd'csWafd^rth iIgM, VtKwMntikiniMNMMthdteiMbli^M,, I M^Wiri aai, alWr«ii4i«c4ld»<|Mtiiifea.ii«»iD>ib«o#NMr tiMy 4te amitr^rtindwnMi'fl^lAm *lltlW <^bi«ttMr M»<^ ifte W'$d brtf^it ilwriMir hftARltomtot^ >^'r '"'"^ .' MUrrliflid coWMi'«ri«4'MIM6nW ifai ib&W' 4' f6H MHrrt, liM'Hw i44a»i btta Ac chit/fiat dr)b(H^. «IMi*it MUM capital,(lf (be ttrdviniae. Baltimore tbWtt diia1ceir,'i(vailwnimfetfbfthii|promifej Ahd','Uiter mach'eourt^ wlicitatipn, obtained tl\e pcifermance of it.. Though ai,ail'' ambof abd a and. bn the Mon'li, by tHe.'countiy of the Iroquois or FtveNm'""*' • ths «rholitrt:'!rrirf tcsysrd! the coaft >• ««?-. but ^f«a gril^ailly to tMr 'AijMfkhiali itamitttuluv it ei&joyt ackar S*mfi. Mtt^iiMw tha Atlantic mm^ batwaen the prooionlbfipa m ia d miM t i imi Htwl iwm, to ii M ilgt artta mowit, alimfav^ «8lM):i«ini<*^Hv«r, OelwMirb^ri TUaiavwia navi^Hla above two htindred miles. Tb*.-8M|oriiaiiiMb liAa aHb ia ik» ootHfyftfrtMH iu fot i , aaat, rtaniiig.fiawh ihion|k th»iDiA- dte»fili»pMNriiKe,.fril*intitb*ib4ieWbnnl, it foil* ■ mto ite DehsMM' ^ th««tyfof Philalei|ibia : it il navigabh |iwbaair4ihov«.'oiW'lHmd«ad«iilxa.M j',>.l.-,->ju , I ThirA»i)tiMb4iK«(,M>d«fifleaf'eennfyViani% *remvchth« feii(»itt,«lMW^r>tiM)|ft4Mt£>wUclBW« Ikali I prcftntly treat.' They have fonie rice hem, Ibit to great daaa« titJiMI and^fbafin iobiced, bat it is not eqtial.ta.thatof Vir- iiiiiait iFmvtiW'|ii«niiNna'aflerad by thctSbciew ofiAIt^ flee. Ill London, H apyaara, ibal die foil and climate of tbit piovino* are loohad upon at proper for the cultivation of feme (pedes of viiiea. . Tfcetnidtf carmd oa'fitnt hence, and the other fcolo'* iQiatt l»the>Pi«nch'aiid Diiebiflandaand^Sutinam, waanevtt* ; atiaU.-u tfaaiadMDtiig* «f-Ortac BrttaiorMMJvery bortfitl lio tho fitgatMixilonltai feir thav nke meiafles, tttniii and otbarrfpiritt, witbaWMR «a«Hy Eftrbpean goods^ framthaihfofeigAets ; car* ryingnem bbrfte, prbvifioas,iand.b>robee!in ratorn, without which the Fvtqeb could not cmy on thdrfngar manufafturo with e^ind advantagie. Pennfylvania, before the late 'Jifpnies, waii one of the noft> iMrifMngicOhmiaa in Ntnh America. . TBe: f wple feldom bad •af*ftfll««lt)with the Indian natives i tfaahcter, hoarever,iTo(iK in thefr demandk dbr iandi in proportiob as Europtan Miera fiMfiMd Vager to ptmbafe'. We find thi*' 'upwards of twienty tMtt'^tt tb* jlroprietariet« who alone ean porchaie landa heiW from the natives, had bought fevcn hundred thonfand anetfbr no mbre th<^ fcven hondnd and fifty pomids fterling, wLrh Mie pra^rietariea afieawardt ToM at the rata, of fifittn pouada foreMevyMndradaeTea. Tbc Indian 'cosineil! at Ontodago^ bowavrtydifapoioved of their depullea parting with . fa aiwl land i and in the year i7<'5V obliged the proprictariea to re* ceiWey to the ladifena great cart oTthe fame. '■'There' happened, abbot aha year 1704, fome altemtiona in die conlKtution of the. province, by invefting agovemor, coun- AW and aflembly, each with tho lame power and privileges at in ilie heighbonring colony of New Yorki die lieutsnantf ^tcnio^ and council being; with hia M^efty'a approbation, aMpbiiitad by the pro^ietoN, the Pennsk ... • -l%isiWK)Vinco w Av^dadL imb feven conntiet, four of wnidi acVF inlM ihc-MMer, anH three the lower, The i^pcr are Bnefc- iHghlMi PhilsAibhial Ghefter, and Laneafter^ the loirer, S*Ax, Keitt, and Neweaftle. Philadelphia* the capital of this province, ia feated in th» oMhty of lh«:ftaifr name. 'It it built updn one of the ibuft SMttbttifrer was formed, laid Out by Mr. Peim himftlf, uA r 'e^Oela any oU»r diy in North America. It it (caMd btv. tweea'lwb titvigabie riv«n« the I^tlawate on the north, and. 4ib'Sin each olfaat a few miles; btftow, ' and it near a- hundred milea dwvt the bey, into whida the river difchargea itfdf. It is an oblonjg of near two tnilea in. length, ektending nearly to each of th^la rivera, where the front Aeing'ekch it a tniie in length. The fticeta are wide and fpaci'* oiitv With a^ry diMbnied irdk on each, fide, and aroevidfaf fttait MtdpatalM 10 eadi other: the honfet.are, ingenecaH wen-bttill, and make a htrndfome appcar^e^ efpecially fevent of the public bttildingt, which are not exceeded by any in tb* comitry. The High (Ireet, which rant the whole length of tlM city, it a hundred feet wide, parallel to which nm cint IfaaHs, that are crofled by twenty more at right anglet, all of theoB thirty feet wide. Every owner of a thoiibod actea baa hia honlii in one of the tWo frehtt feeing die river, or in the Hi|h-:ftreflt« running from the middle of one front to the middle of tbt other. In the centre of the dty it a (i)uare of ten acret, encom* pafled by the town-houfe and other public buiUingt, and is each' quarter of the city it a fquare of eight acres. Sovcralcanala are let into the town firom each river, which add to die beauty and convenience of the place. It hat noble barracka for the iv oeption of the king^t trciopt, and the finaft market of any on dm continent, it being of a prodigiona cMeniv well bnik, and a« well nwttiaicd and nipplied. Itt quay il two bnndiwi feet fqoan^ to wh^ h Ibipi of law o( five huadnd mm any cobm vg, uK .;??(>!■ fjpS tftw NBW Ant, l«r2K*4ik ftYKSTirl^*? %aiMi»MM»fiil»V«oreiM>itb| yHa)«lfwMriirj<(i«(1ticli ferM««aiM»«l|r bM*«Mif*li*»/itfai «nd(Aaotilliing garden. 1 W«iiy-OMMahM lhaatlB>rtfipdl«< a'ttiwk4iitminwmtf4mVkm» JatwIiiiiM*.. r/T>|iPninliMi Mahr provmbeoiiRmli^teftifci : .au I ■ I. -ik', . ■>.\ ■^■'. \i ■41'Ww iiii»ft'»wi f il W i|pB jMMr.*|gM|»,ife »ki,pw«MWB Butkihrtan^ Oitilr a «w»i H w ytfa rf j iN ft »i MarioiMifa, abd Sti<6eofgr. in theMoaty .>Aifitttt!en ikiM fmiliLlMictifta;.*! ika frdniiar pnt^fcikci OQWUgr.'WMlim »«o^iieKglafii|iftuaMki.ji. .'-'-: i ^ i^'V ,v ,- I'l; K <• ■ ThiiitinfabuiKlMlaiirMit givmio ltbert|r of uMlfticOMio^kiB cootitry, faaa<««cafioMdittteinRinhabilMlil>T|HO|^«falM^ •very trifgitimsiemimtnt, Mcbof VrkolB ia wnr«4 mdiAinft place of moHkip. Mm an Q)t*lKi)i< -«hafch of EnglMld m^ pk.'LaihMani, icaihoiie*, pnAwBtiika*. . ind^wmfun, Mp. tiftt I' ai>4 t|ie in.uott.lta*dif«rfiiy«CtBe|Mf>-( pte, religiooi, ignioit, mi4 }aag>ia|i»> i* hcnf fwoiiiaMma, and the harmony in which they live togcihef itfntMb iiniahla ikM tfiMng. ■ '.'.-n .. •,.,,!. -J- !■.■ ■ . i : ,p,!\- :•.■:■■ t The JeTfeytai^N«wV«rkbfeing«Mittg«y a vricnr of irtho otiwtmftipaM^' we Aatl thetcftue bknA tbcir dvfciititlfMM togeiltWk r i> ^ . The beuRdaiiec and IntaBt eiTthcicMcmniriet u* M foUmbC theJctUeyi haM mpwiVofk wiihc N«f4i ti ia.oiM htndifed tnd ivy. Jc«iiiyt, andPconfyb'«iia« byH«4U9n'«l and DeJtMitoe TivctBt .«».tha.««ftM4tnBtili».M joiMi N««(£«gr' InnA « and on ttot nprihtwrft^CanMlp. i luUivi. > ' ' . - The govenimcnu of New York and Jeifey, before the late tmhappy aoatdft,Aveie«cl)«dia tbc crown. Tint of Kew York was admioiAeved by a govelnor. witiU coinwiflion uiukr the btibd feiil«f JixigluMl ; the lagi(fativ«. power attdauihoTity be\fig, tsdgsd in thegtiternor aud uunpilt who . w^.twalve-in sputr; btrv appointed Ifay the kiag, bot.iUlediup byiitq gPTwn^y Bu4 itMnty-f<;««i:T«picfeutatitca.elcd«d.ib(c iIm '.p«>p((« : iit.^W V« mim y inrft „ «atiBn,9f,,r->i of^Middlefex, indot iat*nd«d,aic^ wpid ^C|bee|i.eiM of ^ta ,fif(eft t^ijfft }9, North AmiBris>Kjliw ptaot^rs h|m,i^oh(fo(M^j|ki wwp^ peflad, Qqtwithit«9^ng itia io,conq|odioMllpn|«Mcd,fortn that fliips of ilfrca baodred toifi nit^r come up in oue tide, iiabefom the Aff^huita doarti k» l)>i:,ta^iio.y. , , „ _. ■;„ , . -.-, -,., .. .,, : ■ ^ , ■ , , The principal place 11 Bnrlington. fituate >A forty degnes forty mmufs ooith laiiude, on an i^ud in the , ni^jle orio^ riyer l>eUynit„ 10 |b« nc^fth of PhijAddnhis iii Ptiwlyiv*- •f*** *}?» ?WilPP*?W«P W« «f Hwir^vjsr. Th^,))p«|ftsare6 fomply, ,}>^i|t»f: «rtt f|i^, laid 9M io^o^/MJpfou* lltefii, wa , cosamM|ipms npiya.jiijlf w<^ft^ to which thipf ,<«f twnos thni •M«W'? W'^^ , York, WSJ formerly calk4 AP'***'^' tfc IS fitiia^ in Ma^a^ttw) iljaiid, wl^ich ii,tW6l,vf miU« loil^' af4 betvreen,twQ an4cat^«))|, Tbn, ttade of the inhabitant* is carried on by water-«arij^,^nd (hips' of five hundred to^ji may come up to the wfi^ffs of iheciw, aqd bff almi^ ,f49f!l;. ilwlfo^^ rivet, .where iiruns by New Yi)rk, 4* abov; ti^rfa^iksjbroad. ^nd pr6yv» a ^oble. conveyance for the g9od« f^^cp^^^ 4 Alb»y, Ulrtei;, PpfJitjft^QifmiK,, and K^off, Uf.^tM^ This,j>|ace it jjgyj^V^fd W.* PMjW and alde^ipf|p, ^fui^ other pUcxis as our co^|f().rj»u^n>. b; conta4nt&(Jaaij^eti,,f|Hiitabc better fMppliea!>viih»U,k^di at ptovifioM llun, any in Europe. Tbe town and lisrlwuj ua jddfonded by fans and bcttwics. Twelve years ago tbc t>o((cs. k(pt. h«w;.wf)iie.ciM^Putr<^ at five, thpuftod. Tl^e priiwjpal' edifices fu.Kfi town-ho^e, the fouiiicitTi¥)a'f . when tncv hold their geijipi^^alleo^lies and,<»iU(Uof juftkis. tb(:£ng(ii&cbuT^7 th* jqe^OM^iluMiiies.. t^JO, fort^. the ftie-t^w^l^ and iji« puti(i« Ubwy., Here is ajfo aprini^ag-office. . ' . ,j The tawp pT^baiiy is one liUndi^ii an(li»rty.th«ec miies . up thi; i^iver. and but five below the plaBe>wbere it is parted inta I t«o4>iWcl)c«. It^icoufifts of. between three and fouc bundrc4 fanstiicf, vrlso aif BioA)ir.ot'i>utch ^xtca^ipi), ai)d hw ailro^g Ifatt^ndg^trifon faritweft pwtofthepioyince.9f^ii! XpA.,,.Ogeof,ihcfc nations, or jt'tW» W)?,c^lW-NwM»f)HljJi^ about 5i4;ss.-es?j 5?«b'^Wk,n*Wf , Thefe lodian*. «f.ihe Five iflatjon^ aie V; emcd' d(^ ^atj^.^,^ JbfU^^t people. ,rf IVortli Amiukai ^:t 'MlLLARs 1 ■ti . ■V-viJ^. ■■■- >?>*^,, :" ; ^fttAJ V' '<'-*\^ ■A. 'jJ^^w. \ft ...4. -tlz. H.1 t y ■■■' 4« » • 4,. ^ ■". I: f ! ■' .. 'V ^ , i «» rtB'J/.Ii.e.- .j ** .^ J, ^-iS, .' •.•'^;'" :^m. '..»•**•- «¥ " „^ii^i^^r-:j^-^tlM^::^z:^-r {ame: W^jy^^ Amvrici, i wril b* coi -. VMiti of thi •Imott til II hiftorian oh tli« darkrl) through (bo faiv« iioirfil COIlWllipt ol they hav* o thcmftlvci I Miljr refufec thought tilt Ihalr bodici could inriijt whole couri howrrcr, ih which th«y without m« •b«]f deieiv* EnglUh •!» conlidrrtUt . are III txcMi venge only i been given et ctuclbn the) di«n allici. « •xtrcifed bjr the French, i wbentliryim Ifaair armi, ti Iroquoii fucli very fervicral] Thefe Fivi ed by iheir la by their wan iMveprefolve firft conruJiinj faprcnie Bcii^ and they beli but have veri tbink the rew thofe pleafurei gine.dreamiiM body, and laE be uitplealant, aoddMit. it hi obr«rving the which their wi and which thd the bare carca, The bofinel their huti, fel They comma with Indian that it it a wd either ptcgnai atgrindiiit; ilJ The children] with, the boy I with fome poi tlie grave of a| cverv thing world. In this cov FaU of Nia greateft in tli deep. TtM projeA from Ming brokenl a white fiotlif H-cnds like Ol beautiful rai J iiig to the an] hundred an lieard at a gil tiariti «mI IraJt, atanl ttUHl if th\ end thi Cj[ THE el defcril No. 80. [AMERICA] NORTH AMERICA. 793 i J'- •$>s-.»' AiiwTici, and H tti* (»m» time tt ^litc ind judicioni, *t CMt ' wril be coneeivrd i whicli iftfitart not only from tlie tnanig*- UMiil of thtir tfTiIri willi Iha French and Knglifti, but with ■Imott all the Indian ttaiioitt of thit vaA conimcnt. An Knglilh hiftiirian obfervci, that noiwithfttndiilg the Iroi^uoli hvc under the ilarkrrt ignorance, jn • bright and noble geiiiua (hliKt tltrough thofe>>lack clcuiu, TIm m»k ctlebratrd RoiiMtt hcrocf biv* not difcovcrtd a giwMr lor« for ihtir conntrv, or « greater coiiteuipl ofdeath in ihf cttlf* of libaity. ** I t dink, ftyi he, th«y havt outdone th« Raiimiu, cfptcitlly tholit who murdered thtmlelvci to avoid niamc or loriMM -, for our Indiini ha*t not oiiljr refufcd to die manly by their own handi, when liMy thought ilieif coaniry'i benour it ftak* -, but have given up their bodies willingly to the moll crtiet tortiicnti their rnemici couM inriiA I to Wtw that the Fhre Xaiioni coitAflad of men whoia «aura|e and lefblution could not be ftaheii. Tbey t»nj, however, ihieia iwMe virttiei by thai crwi paAon of revenge, which they think net only lawful, hmt bonaurable, to eieit without mercy on ilieii ootmtry'i enemlM i and in thit only ihcy defai ve tba nanM of BubaiiaiM." Anoilier gentleman, of Eiiglifli eiitaAien, but a nativa^f this coantry, and refidcnt a contidrrable tiflM among tlia Iroouoti it Albany, fayi, " they . are an txcecding bafpitable, i;ood-natiited people, given to re* venge only wbaA thay ara drunk -, and the inttaiicei that have been given of ii an no evidence of a vindiflive temper i for tlte crucltiM they infllAcd on feme French prifoiKra, and tlicir In- dian alliet, were by way of retaliation of the like erueltici fiift •xcrcifed by Uta French on tiKir people." It it obfervcii, that the French, in tM irft watt which they had with the Iroquoit, when tliry inM|iMrf that people were not able to refill thefoite of iheir armt, uledtbem in abarbaroHqrfnanncr,'which gave tha Iro(]uoit fuch an aUiorreiKe of that nation, at wat afterwardt verv ferviceablc to ika iniareft of tba Kl||l*n> >■> ''>>• country. 'fhere Five lutiona form u many diftlnft rcpublict, govern- ed by Iheir bdieiM, or civil magiftraiti, in time of peace -, and by their waniort, or captaint, in their wart t but their chieft nevci>refolve on nor execute anv thing of importance, without firft confolting tba baadt of their ttibet. Tbey acknowledge a fapreme Beiitg, whom they flila^he Piaftrver of the UnivcrTe ( aiM they believe a future date of rewardt and punifhmentt i but have very oMenre, indiftinft notions of it, and fecm to think the rewardt of the good wilt confift in the cnjovment of thofe picafuret the* were moft fond of in this life. I'hey ima- gine, areamiiw W ba nothing but a fally of the I'oul out of the body, and taking a trip into that happy land j and if the dream be uitpiealant, inay attribute it to I'ome obftruQion, enemy, or accidant, it hath Mat with in tlie way. Thry are very llriA in obferving the oatbt they take to each other, efpecially thofe which their warrioirl nuke of ftanding by one another to the left; and which they ktep fo (liiAly, at to haaard their livet to refcua Iha bare carcata of tl>eir fallen biethren. The boiincfi of the men it huntinc, going to war, building their hutt, felling of timber, tillinc the ground, and the like. They commonly fow a ficid with oeant one year, and the next with Indian wheat. The women are commonly fo prolitic, that it is a wonder to fee one fiom fiatccn lo hfiy, who it not either pregnant or fuckling i yet they do moft of the drudgery, at grindini{ the wheat, fctchirig of wood, water, and' the like. The children are often fo ftubborn, that if they are found fai>lt with, the boys will difpatch themfelvet witli a gun, and the girit with fome poifoiiout weed. They comronnly make a featt over tlie grave of a dead perfon, and put into it wheat, tobacco, and everv thing tlicy tiiink the dcccafcd n'.ay want in the other world. In thit country it that great water fall, or cotooi, called the Fall of Niagara. Thit furpriaing cataraA, faid to be the grcateft in th« world, it a (juarter of a mile broad, and feventy feet deep. The water, precipitating itfelf from fcveral rocki, which piajeA from tba leii, Mlt down on every fide in torrents, and being broken near the bottom by many leparate crags, rifea in a white fiotli. From the whole arifet a mifiy cloud, that da- icends like fmall rain, and exhibits, when the fun fhinat, a beautiful rainlMW, that moves as the fpeAator mores, accord- ing to the angle (if viiion. As the waters fall from rocks one hundred and forty feet high, a noife it produced like thunder licitd at a great diAance. SECT. If. OfNnu EiiglaiiJ, MriM Sulia, anJCanaJt, thtir JilHatiiii,htHU- Jariti «<•« txltHl j printip»t Uwni, tlimatt, /oil, praJuBimi, trail, maniifaamrii, grvtrmiuni, iMit, (ic. ugtihtr with an «r- lion thofe piercing winds which prove fo fatal 10 marintri on ihitcoaft. The land tewardt the fea it, for the moft part, low, and fra> ouently marlht i but in tha country it tiCtt into billt, and on the north-aaft becomet altogether rocky and ipounuinous. Tba foil about M^achafet's bay is bbck, and tba grafs rank ; but the uplands ara fruitful. Tba fruiu of Old England coma to great perfeAion bare t and tha country in general produces comf Eulfe, efculent plants, Indian com, and all kinds of tim« er. The oaks neie are inferior to thole of Old Enghind j but the firs are of a prodigious bulk t and tbey draw from thefe, and other trees, pitch, tar, rofin, turpentine, gums, and balnit the foil alfo praducing banp and Hav, a lliip may be built and liggad out with the produce thereof ^ and in this country lliip« building is a coniidcrable employment. In New Engkind there is a great abundance and variety of fowl ; as geafe, ducks* turkies, liens, partridges, wigeont, fwans, heions, hetlhcocks, pigeons, flic. Quadrupeds are alfo very numerous here, and European cattle thrive and multiply exceed- ingly. Tba borfcs of the province are hardy, mcttleic' % and fervioeable, but fmall. Here arc alio elks, deer, bares, . . jbets, fqoirreli, beavers, otters, monkies, racoons, fables, bear*, wolves, foxes, together with a variety of other tame and wild quadrupeds i but tlie moft extraordinary of their animals is tlio moofe or moufadecr { the black fpecics of which is about twclvo feet high, with four horns, and broad palms, fome diftant near twetve tret from the top of one horn to the other. His body ia about the fixe of a buH ; his neck refembles a ftag's \ his tail le fomewhat longer ; and his flefh extremely grateful. The light- coloured raoole, called wampoon by the Indians, is of a fmalkr flature, and much more common than the black. The rattlc- fuake is another natural curiofity of New England, though not peculiar to it. The furrounding feas, and interfcAinf rivers* afFord abundance of fiih 1 oorfequently there are many tiiheries, particufairly for cod and naackarel. The falt-workt are im- provaable, and the iron-mines confiderable. They export from hence bifeuii, meal, fait provifions, foma« times cattla and horfes, planki, hoops, ftiingles. pipe-flaves, butter, cbeafe, grain, oil, tallow, turpcuime, bark, calf-lkins, tobacco, apples, cyder, and onions i they brmg in return fugar, cotton, ginger, aiM various other commodities. From Europe they import wine, filks, woollen cloth, toys, hardware, linen, ribbands, fluffs, laces, paper, houfliold furniture, huftMndry tools of all kinds, cordage, hats, ftockings, Ihoes, and India goods. In fhqrt, there is no Britifh manufaAure, that fervea the purpofe of luxu'y or ornaitient, which the people of Nevr England do not import. They alfo fend Ibips to the bay of Honduras for log-wood, which they tranlport to Europe ; aa tbey do fugar from the Weft Indies, and iilh from Newfound- land. Their inland trade, befidcs mails, yards, and provifiona of all kinda, confiftt chiefly of furs, and the Ikins of beaveta and martins. The foritand fkins are brought in by the Indi- ana, eliiaciaUy thofe on the rivers Penobfcot and St. John. , Tbair money is for the moft part paper-currency, which hat been attended with OMny inconvenieneies in the circulation of it. The eftablifhed religion in New England is that of the Inde- pendents. Tlie church government ^mits of fyAods, but the fynods have no fowet to cnforcn tlieir own aAa. The minif- ters of Bofton depend entiKly on the generofity of their hearera for fopport i a voluntary contribution beiocniade for them, 1^ tlie congrag^iioB, every tisni divine fitrvice is celebrated. Tbo' the pursana of trariow faOa, who firft tranfported tliemfelves liitMr, rather than confiirai to the church of England, com- plainatl of tkeir not being allowed toleration, yet they were fo ht from granting it to ibol* who dilRitd from ibem, that they put to death fcveral quakers, and would not permit people of any other feA or denomination of Cbriftians but themfelvet to have anji^ihare in the govammei^ts tbey creAed Lete. 9 vc Grsat ■:"'~-f-^ yNiVBRSAr^VSTEW GEOGRA^ttV. tst SiiiS#S|^S t„d unlimited i«g»«ve "" fa' for i»h«« ^ ^'^*."' ^iTTti^c i/r.nd that no l»^'«; °"j;;;re7rare val.d without the governor's conftnt in wjj^f,^^^^ ,hc people giftrate.. or atts « I?°7'"";-,jng. Notwumtana...^-.". r v„„i,(h on the continent ot '*■"*""?, -o«"nment5. A roy« Englim °" \" , gna proprietary 8?*^ ..igny u imnK' one> but Bofton n^.n.J« ^^ „„. cnaa^d UwS^ ^^^ J™ t ihB principal ftreet runs ^«^« ^^ ^Ae mewbant*. a. h«d-e rh!ndro»ebuili.nR. ^l'^**^^, "jifoe cont«n. not fc,t »f '"".B^^ rovernor bM alf? » ".V'thu; Mined from Mr. Slather buiUin'g..*rc ^ -^"^''^ 'C^S °* *l* ^K »«««• ,- K. anefted bere.rf there •f»wy«' j^ , ,„„ | cteafe ot r P of Middlefex, fiAriiitanH of the "»«."« "'.7;";;^' year*. Such a rapid m- ft!Ilv. ItwaiorigliiaUy «»"'*' ^!*CaMbridee. and conuuu I two fpacioua ""'R^'jJ,"; pL.c library, fu.d to be the Wi L ,nd Stooghton-hall. w'* » P ^^^ ^of 'he world. Itcon ?L*own. for the time b"''Ev.*\'i,:, of maftcr of art., till it r^vr inferred iny/^S'^V'Sg W 1U'« »"<> ''»^" '^"^' "^ obtained a new clwrur ff°'« \' f aoftot. of aivinity. . Maffach^fct. government Its^bo ^^^.^^ ^^ the "O.th-e 11 . Canada on the noTth^weft. Mai ^ ,^ ^^„ ^,,a bv Nova :,. Wore any bill coui- - f— „«„«f f.tif- cealmentofeffeft^^ wefe .!«.». 'fL*! bU^cT po^^**' ' »" parties. T he lawi j^^jtore of 0""^*^°. oJker'i meet- ^o bring one in. '» " • ,„ hour ; to g^«? a qua be not an innau qu»ker« to oe wn'Pr. jj ,ijey return, returns, death, .y.^ft ft,^«ider, and banilbed . « " 1 ^ ^"^'V P o^r and Maine, and •»^"^*'^ %erri«ack r.ver. S:^aWa;.aNcwvo;^;-S:;/^^^^^^^^ on the "««*;•• *"HeW of thefe P>^°*;"«"L„TcaIcoa «°"P' "^^^ T?IK cS o-^* hundred «f ^f'^VoS.ent bay to runs »»°"S "'« =.°*i, near I'fty ^'f""*' ""S H.iftol. Plymoutli, Maiichefter. and ; .^^^ ^^ «f l"^*eStoUs of each ; •^'^ii'"- ftili taking their names from the ch « commodious andBatnftabe.nKii S ^,ou», l^^^'^B ^ ,„ Bjfton. »'="''°7'ni. le -«' 'h« "*Vlwi.a^. orw^tin's vin- ■ rnJ-rS.-fy^^,.c,„,. Prooer H J>und.dJ, ^ ■>^-pS:«p.»»towuofBoaon.i.Ii«cdinthecoant, » .| - ; , -^:. ^ Lac.. I^y.firft Ipeain-; lolfthit ktd* of litre i» I fo nar- Jt within laiichor. oheof lerica, it linei o£ hecaille [napUt- aoeae- _ tfoard iCe, from lips come :b end of [xpofed, if le bottom fith warc' tbii pt^i't, without the ' Vound the |nd it fifing the fca. in L«n- thetown- iicbantt, at ontaint not id the honfe bar and five and f«v«ral ■nt. It Yii» ine «or(bipr rned, and the Theohuffeh- kinj5 William a magnificent ibe church of ofe. Among ncd from Mr. of tbiapfvtin even hundred ; >ut twcntjf-iiva tboufand uMlbe . FranUin, the ca double their uch a rapid in- iny part of the ty of Middlefex, fix miles to the oufei and good ♦ but on founding (c, and conuins laverfordcollege id to be the bcft I world. It con- er. The gover- I the magiiiratei pffixncigbbout- Tlii» univerfity Urof arti, till it 1 queen Mary, by divinity. twecn two riven, n mile* north of ruftion of filhing- carried on here, id divifion of the ,thebiyofM»ffa- n the noith-eift , ih- weft and north- >ili and Cornwall! theaft partoithii aunuy againft llic riy it Saco, Kennc- incipil towni iKrc I, Hedcck or New- k, and Biddeford. jnt, it boundcJ by ony, on tlie loutli- rail ; and by Nova iv.ii\y •own* in tiw I, covered witli ex- ctlltnt ■4i '^ ■ '■•**; '•■ji.. "' \ , '>■! ( -■» .♦■•■* 1 ^•';. '. ' '. • i *• ■vr^- ■■ 1 ■ . :j,,^. I . ^t* -. .1 I'm;. ,.i;* .• ■. • •Us'!'* ■i. t "' k ;• -'^"''^'W^.'?^: if'. ; ^ i' ::; "^ %' -;-:, y- Si,),-. \' ■ ' t; .• ■.,-./,.., ,^-''--^- ••-'^/r-y' -r— •'♦*^- ■ "; . . -■ ■ — "><-;^|vi;^* ' Sv5!i'5 (AM E R i.trA.j N O R T rt it M B K id A. 795 V K 5: §: ceUent timber ; but the foil does^Oi reem proper either/or o«*lt' or graft. The chief towns in the province jre Dover, Ponf* mouth, Exeier, aiiJ Hampton i all vA\k\\ lit Dear the itioiiitb«( tlie river Pifcataqua. Co^ncdticut js boimded by the M'ilachofet't «olony 4c,'Wl'1iM^ weft; and Long lllandi fepanited by an arm tff »* 'H.-ttrtttito' fouth. It ia-aboiftonebuiidM niilet in Icr., h ieveniyiii^ breadth i and abounds in mctalt and-na*«T , -^i^feMMUy; limber, and has ntany good porn, Thia c*lor j ' ' -' - ThetownafN<«rlilt««ift4ndsuponth«JaMiH andbM•c«l-' kg« far aitadcmtMtlMtniHI'.i ealM Yalt-lialli' MnMty «rftll in* ^wed,. and fMroiAMWiiM* ffiot librarf. NeV VitOoK h « town of good tMri«( Aftikted on the weft-fide, and near the' mouth of the ttircr called Thame*. Hwtfordi:i{raai«d on the banks of Ce«MAieurri«er< is a Miidfoinevpdpifnoat town. Rhode ifland «9B»prcbeiidtr befide* the ilMkdt ■ diftrift on thexcmtinent, an4iit«bout twenty milck' f^olltf', b4*>tWo large thriting toWM, near tbemotatti^eifihe riveifffiMiieii MJIl of which it ci lied Providence, and the <)|her WaN^ck. ItU inhabited cKiefff'by qaakent; with foin»'(tem part of the 'continent of America, namely^ Kiova Scotia, New Scotland, or Acadia. It is bounded by thi tfkir of St. Lawrsnce ihtd'ihe Atlantic ocean, on tlie eafti thti ume ocean atid New Erigtaha, on the fouth; the river St. Lawrence,' north; 'and Cinada, on tMf weft; being three bundled and fifty tniles long, and two hun- dred and fifty btoailv It had its nime of NoVa Sc^ik from Sir William Alexaiidcr, « So^tfinan, and fecretarv tokiug Janiet I. who bad the ficft grant -of liiidt in it. By the treaty of Utrecht, it was ceded to Great Britain, and arenmentwas fcnt over to take pofleflton of Annapolis, the caoitaf;' ^t no artict\larly rouh4 the liar of Fundy, and on the riven wUidi fall into it'i "ifien axt larg^ tradt of ground nn both (ide* of thefii rttrerf, foir fifty or (ixty' miles into the coui>iry, and imral miles frotw the bay, which were once marfliy, but, by beingdykcd, are-improVed to gre%t advantage. The cminencei'in this pievincc ,11'0-fcIfo very ^^i-i fant andfiuitfal|producingwbeat.rye, Indian coriri peat, beanV,' hemp, flax, and4orae kindi of fVuit in gieat perfieAiau, as goofe- berries, ralberriet, and ftrawbciries, which grovt i4r the Voods; Several parts yield fine ViRiber, and particularly t^llent oak tit for building of (bipij vith fir, fpruce, birch, j(c. It abounds with all the neccfianes of life, particularly a great nnmberpf deer and otliergarae^'witb plenty of wiMfowl, .is teals, heronM, woodcocks, pigeon',' buftards, partridges, wild-ducks, aiid a great iiuinbcr of bcaven ahd oiters. The riverisbound with falmon and other kimlt qf nver-fifh. I'hcre are alfo feveral fiiheries ereded in the dMfcrcht hat hours, and carried j^n'witfa giieat fucccft. ^ ,,';.■.,.. . ,■:.;■,,■.,;.. 1 .1 Oil the coaft arc many commodious bayt, ^arboiirs; and creeks -, and the land it enriched by many rivers, fume pfiybidi( arc uavijatrd for a long coiirfe by the native Indrant.' ' T'hc karbour of Cliebitdo, upon which it fcated Halifax the aietrt>w piJit, may be jallly 'eftrvincd ohe of the iineft in the world, both lor lattty and convenience,, it having good anehbring- ground,' .ind water I'ufTicient for the largcft rtien of vrar. This is thdf.e- ture made the place of rtiidczvou^ for the royal navy in Ameri«*, It having a royal dock, and coiivcnienpet for the largcft IHIps to heave down and c:irn-n. I'he CMttanCe into it is from me Iqiitli, Willi « iirgc illand of an iire{,ular form, lying on thj it*rth-eirft lid»^ naiiMd Cwrnwalliilfland, from the fati ganmot •f fhlifcx. This iflnd, at weir a«' « fmaller one th«t liwU|h^' i^p the tiarbonf, named Georgti ifland, it' Teiy comniodlMflT (iiuaiM for a fiflMfvy, and has Minvenienciet Of'^all ibrti proptt for.J»j*ig and ettniikithe tilh. ■ ^ T'hmibim df Haliilax it inMdon'd^wei^iMa'of tlii«bii'< bom,' Though Aonded ib lateh' at thdyear 174)0, it it nmi , acoAfidetablkaiaoil. fonfiftiiiK or «bo«< on^ thoofand boufet. lai4:«arfMlHiidfeii>4lfiagMi «bcM, uidil thb coital «f ite wboikprmtifitei- .»';'■'-' ,1 ■ '■ ■• _.■ ,'„.*,, v Annapofit li fhoitrdoH^ftitJAr, if Kti^ featti ekf an4y *lMy4'in>fi«ly-fblir degrect'odifiMntitet weft tookitudb, anAbrty. ifivedegrctt of honh latitode. It it well fortifini, bolfltaaiM ' ia^Migergaivifoii no defend it than it hal batn (VmVtitin'M 'orh»ycan.i ■ 10 ,•..■,• - ThcriHaro vlArfivaral tfther towiH l»id oat round the bay; and fixttf iMtOMttJk^ but the.moft eon£dcrable fettlementt are u|ton the Bay of Fuiidy; and We rivcrt that fail into it. About two milci up the barboor of Cbeboato it a river on the (both-weft fide, witii a Amll harbour »t its entrance. "Thii river, which wat«aOed by thefirft (ettlert ot' Halifax, Sandwieh- riyer, is^ at the moiMi aboiu at wide and deep tt the Thamet at JLondon-bridge, and it fall-water for about fbut oir five milet I up, when it termiiutit, where' a fmall frefh water ri'vukt fall* l^into it fttam the north. From the month of Sandwich-river to the pp|H>fit* fideof the harbour, it about t-'O ft bbut, and Sandwich-river, divide the peninfula from the main- ' land;-';- •■■ ■■'■-■:■ -.; ■ , : Thirciare icytral lai^'vivenon the oppofite ihot«, aoMKie whicl^'that •tii. lohAit thtum'oft eonfiderable. It it ten leagues diftttit fto#«tb*4>W«|-Annap«lis, and hat a very4ong ccurfe j bnthat tW^tyftr^tTicRii 'catanAt near itt mouth, one of them no left thtn'tnlrty fkihomt d^pj which it fuppofed to be chiefly occafioned bf the great head of water above, and the channel being pent up between two. fteep mountains. The inhabitantt may be MihpateJ at about twehty thonfaniT, who export tti othtf parts lumber, at planks, ftavea, hoops,, joifts, t.ogeth«r)wttli ififh.' ' "I'hi latter is, indeed, the ftapla ctAitimodky,- uind inipl«>y« a^'doiifidtrable number «f hands, j itrhtJMnfbfti^tat Britain, virbo is foveieign ofihe foil, ap-t points thegovehte>,^he lieutUunt-govcrnor, and council, wh(> form the uppcr-houle i and the lower- hOufe it formed of the re- ' pi^iitalivu^ tlie'people; who are chofcn by the freeholders. Theifit^inea of-C'anad«, .whieh it the largeft upon the con^ tiiienl, W b<>nHdtd)'«ittbti«iORh-«afti by tlie gultof St.- Law- ,rirtice and>St.' Jofhiits -rivei- ;' oiithe fonthiwcfi, bylandt inha- bited by thtt Indiantt on the fbuthward, by tb^ province of !New York, New Engtand, ahd Nova Scotia; and, on the ' weftward, hylandt blamed by Ihe Indians, tt is deemed fiva luindted miles in UngA, and two hundred ih'breadtb. TlMelimaie.and foil vavy ^ tliii partt beft known, which- lie' toWkrdt the great fiver St.^ LafWtwice, are cold to an exeefii in winter, ftoagh rattter warm tit /ummer. The reft of the country, a* fitt as It It knovvn.iit f^ll of large woods, mailhet, lakes,- mobntai^ii andrlvcrttwhich render it ftill colder. 'The! lands, hft^vever, d^dlall)^Saritlie interior parts, and about the 1 likts and riyirrt, ilM gwfetiallyifcrtilc, and capable of producing wheat, bapky,rye< v^it^'imnifli forts of grain, fruits and ve- geub('>iit>:|«ttleuar, thrives excdedingly, and ia much cultivated.' •;!"' • •* ■.•n., ,'.■■;■:'--, I^re are pleiity 'Of ftagt,?Mkay beirt; fotiet; nulrtint, ferrett, WAzKtf r(l|«irr«i«,»lbi«si-^Ttbbiit, and other animalt. The' wild-caYf airt^a('tMMiill««id^tbe>elk; and; notwidiftanding (heir being mueh inferior hi^^^ often make a prey of him i for he hat n* Ather «ay-lO> diiengage bimfelf from them, but by ptonging into thtflMfer.' 'The-lkunk, which has been im- proptMy eatted th^fdl«>biim«hieh it no wayt reftmblet, ia calUtfbytltifMilidiitllltftihkttig'bMft, on account of hit emit' ting ^ difagieeable fmslt to a confiderable diftance, when pur- fMd Or'tfilMbtMv ' tt ilr.tfbfiiOF the fiW of a fmall cat. The fur of this antink^ With^nttbf^heitrtliih, otter, and martin, make up wiMt *is -iiik'd tht fMill ^Ury'. Thie ermin it about the fizft of the.f<]uirrcl ; ii*>fef1i^'ektreniely white, its tail long, and the;(i(i^f itas bltttk^ftt^t^t.! T^ martin, or fable, liva prin- cipa'Ry ;lirVong the moutraiitfl, it at long h a common cat, but vei-y flehder'i iM for it Wety fine and VtluaWc. The moflt r.i iSeinfeiti im btsVif ft¥s^Ay *iSrt.- est-pi its jsi!, which is rtjtvid likfttlriHbf nljiM.' Ooiii ofthcfc animalt weight «bdM 7h |Vr 796 Xht NEW AMD UNli^EaaAL SYSTEM o» CEOCUAPf^Tr f!v« ot.fii ^ttn4«> Daring the rummer fufon the iimI* ind ftmil* kMO to|eih«r, bui f-prate at ihc kpprotcU of wiiMer, •■4 «Mfa fccki ■ flulter in feme hollow lice, withoiit lijrinf up any provi6oni. The foxei^ here are of vartoiM colours a* black, grey, ltd, and while, wlw, by their craft and ciMniqgt mak« great havQCk among the «aiar*fo«l in ih« lakea and oven. Here arc three foru of Iqairreb i that called the flying fqttinal will leap apwuda of forty bet from one utc (D anfthcr. Tht hare* ind rabbcta difliHr little' ftom ihofa in Ento^, goly tilay turn grey in winier. The moomaint abound with mina « coal, and fome meiali. The lakca are large and nnmeroMi the chief are, LakaSa- perior, which ii one hundred leagoet in lettgth, (maty broad, a^d containt fereral i(Undi.i the hkca Michaniior Illinoit, Ha- roni, Onurio, Fr6ntenac.Champlain,&c Of the riven. which a^ very nooieroai, the three principal are* the great rifer St. liawrencc, St. Jehn'i. Troit kiviem. lie bay of St. Law- rence it entered between Cape tthttt in Hewfoundland, and Cape Breton, and, after doubling Cape Role, jrou fleer into the- river of the fame name. Towarda the ibuih lie the bay and Point of Gafpey ; below thii bay it a Steep, called tlie Pierced Ifland, from an aperture i«iti middle^ llirot of a mountain which eLvet name to it, about half a league from (he fouih (bore. The French ira> MBvad ibfo wall, that ibtwhole ifland waa became a moft de- .^hifiil fpM, and producad.every thing ibat oould adminifter to tht MnvcniencfM of Mk. When tbt town wu ledueed by «- Mnl Atnheift, itwit of an oMMig form, well peopled; ind forrounded by a wall, with cbvcn rtdviteL ifhich Iwved in, ftcad of toflkof . The flrcett are reg«|ar,ji|»honfos good, the ditch eight Am deep, andihebaiterJRftf jlM'foit cSmmaiid tte fticeu of th^|B||Q. ' . ;, 1,,,?^ ,J^ *?**'l!?*» if "!? «•* InamMtamilH thet« is a fpe^ of tradtn, ollad Ceamn dtl bMUM^cvry on a trade withnaiiont«i)knewnto«l|thtwiDrlil|tfila«^. Aftir is held \ In June at Ntattrnl. to which Indiana lefort fim the diftance of one huQdrtf Witt with p*iiet. Thbfoirfomenmethdtsibrlbr^iaMthh Therefort ht lava|MMlM»lott it JQcrediUa I and mil difordert and , Mmiat*4(M^*t^IndiantMni|fofoii4i«f brandy, that i ^mr^m^ii^ for «,dnmgjive tbt CWut'^lte b«t afi they ^ b tkf . neiiJkboMbood of the ifland^ on %Uch the town ^ndhua gam nn^ of Mhwp.plrtHMlarfy Oat called the lOeof Idtttjj«|*;baboiKeii^Iwg9elin Itngib, and two In breadth. Tfi«i« u* alfo fevet^lldin t among ethers tbtt of St. L«uit, Wd that formed by the opmiQg of the river Dei Outaonius, or a» Great River, into the fii^ St. Lawrence. On the banks a«* det Anges, St. Alexii, St. Michael, St. Jofeph, Forti Front^nac, Detroit, Mi. chihKhimeiHK and Nii^n, near which it the fomout catita£k above defcribtd. Sagnenay province takes iis name from a river (b called, and contains QkKcc, the capital of Canada, feated ahootihrce ban- <(ftd milct noitb of Bqfton in New England. This it a band- fome and bu|« city, ftrongly fortified. The harbour it flanked widi two batons, wbicli.athigh tides an abnoft level with the W)Mcr.. . ;A fi^ab^ye one of them it a daOii baftion, which is partly taken ont of the rock ; and-above it, otk the fide of the gallery of the fort, is a ]>Mttj of tWcnty- five pi.eoes of cannon ; above ihif a (iin«n fort called tha citadel, and the ways front one fortification fo another are difficuh to pA- To the left o£ the harbour, oatbe fid* of tbe road, are large batterict of can- nen, and foaae vortvs. It it encompafled with vrallt, and bat a caftleon tbp brew of a. hill, abo^t forty fiubnms above the tetwii ; but it it inegufatfiy bdilt, and fortified witli only two baftibns, and no ditch towards tb« town. It hu alfo another fort, at PiM Dfainoiid of folid tpck* four hundred fatbomt hi^, and cm^R ovret its greattft ftn^tb to nature. The firft eOtt taken notice of noAn landing bere it a li]uare of an irregular figure, with well buift bo«fet o«one fide i on the b*ck of wnicb it a rock ; on tb* left it it bounded by a fmail cbiircfa, |md on the right ha* two towt of boufet parallel to each other : time it atiother between the church and the bar- hour t at alfo another long row on the fide (rf tha bay. This is called the Lowrr Town, and is mefily inhabited by merchsnts, but it it too much crowded. Between thit and the Upper town is a Very fieepalcent, in which are ftept for the foot paflTengeri to go up. Thit has noble edifices, and between two Urge (i)UK(|8 it a fort in which the goventor te^s. Oppofite the foft the RccoUeAt have handfoine boufes, and on the right is tl^ cadudral, which is built in a meaaflik, but has a large, bigb, arid w^ll built to^cr, that n)ay befoen at agreatdiftiuicc. Qver-againft this is t^ jefuiu college, which is a fine building, and between the cathedtidand the college are well built boufci. Tbchoufeof theknubttbol^itallers is a (lately ftruAure, with iw« nnc pavilion*^ Tiithefecond fquare are two defcentvio the river of St. Charles ; ai\ horpital called Hotei-Dicu ii in ths raid-way, and from thence aie fmallci boules, whicii reach to that I .ft Rf K i flO IftoZfit I OD tilt |in tbii St. ioor in lie to it, |ch ini> oft <>«- liifter to Jed, and Ived int lood, the Immaiid it • • trade it held I diftance Iconimo- rlw refort dcra and ndn that laU ihty e town id th« and two m that of river Dea Lawrence. tfu from one called II 'ii\ 1:1 ' 3! It, -•, - ! ?" 1"^^ ^'^ ■ .*< •* ■' «. M -•-s,Vi... M',: w; ^ fAMERlCA.J M Oft r MA Mfi ft !CA. m & (hat •( the intend*i\t On thc-other fide of the jeraiti cdllcRe it 1 pretty long ftrect, iii which is a nunnery. Almoft ijl (he houfcisre bnilroCnone, and iliere«re above ftren thonf^nd in- habitant!. Uelidci the Lower and Higher lowni, there ia an- •other bryortd the Utter, •n4he banks of the rivet St. Charlci, •loni^ which are federal nobte oonntry feaii. In 171 r the Ehg- Itfh. hited out a tltet with a df4ii;n to rrduce QsMlhec t but the icxpediiion failed from the litbiuft .of the Mlmital, ii^ho, «im- trary to the advice of hit pilot, tailed too near the Sevan Idea, ■and that loft hit targcft Ihip, with three thoa&nd oF hia heft failora. But it W4t attactwd with much better fuceefi in iTTOi . «hen the brave general Wolfe, who commanded the Britim ibrcei, and M. de Montcalm, the French general, were . both Uain. After the hattic, in Which the French loft near two thenfand nirn, killed and taken prifonen, the plaec fiirrendered to the Englilh, and hat been ever finoethat tinae in their pof- feffion. Between Qtiebec and Montreal, in failini^ np the river St. Lawrence, the eye i* entertained with beaatifut landlea^i, the bank* bein^ tnmany plaeei b«ld and Deep, and fhaded with lofty , tree*, and in otbert crowded with village*, af which there are alfo many on theiflands wherewiih the channel of the livcris intrrfperled. AfierpaAngtlie KicbKeuiaandt, the tirbecomei fo mild and tempcriie, thai the traveller think* ItimtUf itanf- ported into a different climate. The raoft contiderabic of tlie Canadian tribe* of Indian* at prefentare, the ireqnoi«« the Huroni, "Miami*, Noket, On- marai*, Outagamii, &iku, Illinoii, Oabache*, Otter* or LoutrM, Savannoia, Siam, AffiniboiU, and Chriftinani. The feven laft liwe-towatd* the nertb^^weft, about the river* Miilouri and Oiibacbe, and abo«t Lako Superior and Aflihiboil. To the north of the ifland of Montreal the ooanti^ i» thinly peo- pled ; buta.fewvillast* belonging to the inhabitant* are to be met with, aoMMgwhieb are thofe belonging to the Nepiflingi, fboallodftomalakeof that name; thele aie the true defeen' 4aitt*of theAlgonquint, andllill preferve the purity of that langoaRe. The French ciUbliihed fome potu on the banks of Lake Stiperior, where tht« traded vrith the Chriftinaux and Affiniboili. ' In Ihort, a travcUcr can know very little more of thi* country than a man may learn by an infpefiion' of the map. He may wander one th^ofand milei on the bank* of the fineil lake* and river* in the world, without meeting with a human creature, and Ihofe he don meet with are generally fo ftnpid, cruel, barbaioaa, or ihy^ that they featcelydefervethat denomination. Moil of them fobfift by fifliing and hunting, and appear to be void of aH notion* of agriaulture. In thi* northem^corner of America are fome almoft unknown diftri^)*, whi^h go under the name of New Britain, or the country of the Efquimaux, comprehending Labrador, New North and South Walei, Ace. It i* bounded ou the ibaih by the bay and river of St. Lawrence and Canada, on the wdft by un- known lands, on the eaft by the Atlantic ocean and Baffin'* bay, and on the north by unknown land* toward* the nordt pole. In thi* country the mountain* are very high toward* the north, which being oerpetually covered with fnow, and the wind* blowing from wctKe tliree quarter* of the vear, are the chief occafion of that exceflive cold which it found on ihi*«on- tinent undtr the fame parallels of latitude. The winter gene- rally commemie* in September, and continue* till June; during moft of that tiaac the mow lie* vciy deep ooon die groimd, and the river* are fro(cn eight or nine Ret thidt. The conntr* a.^ bout fort Nelfon i* a low marfhy foil, producing juniper, hircli, poplar, a fmatl wood «>f the foruce, &c. Tb* lands near the iouth end of the bay produce large timber, and plenty of herbage, and no doubt would produce corn, if cultivated. Terra de Labrador it fitaated on the fouttiern coaft of Hud- Ibn't flraightt : the foil here is much of the 4ame nature at that on the weftern fide of the bay. This country i* of a tiiatigotar form, extends from the fiftieth to the iixty-third degree of north latitude, and from the fifty- firft to the feventy-ninth degree of weft longitude, and i* innabitrd by fome. tribes of Efqnimanx Indiatii, who have neither towns, villages, or fettled habita- tions, but are numerous, mifcbievous, tretcherou*, and cow- ardly. They exchange fun for kettles, pots, knivet, and other kind* of hatd-warci They fubfift chiefly by hunting andliih- ing, a* their country aboundt in a great variety of wild and tame quadrupeds, fowls, &c. and the fea* and river* aiferd plenty of fith. The Indiansof ail forts, inlubiting thecoun- try about Hudfon't bay, lead a wandering life, feldom renuin- ing more than a week or two in a place. The Englilh Hiidfou't bay company have fevera! fort* and f:it'cmciitt on this coafl, the principal of which at prefent are, Foits Churchill, Nelfon, New Severn and Albany, on theweft Ikle of the bay ; and tliey had formerly Fortt Charles and Ru- pert at the bottom of thc'bay. The Englifh, in thefe faftoriet, till beet, pork, iiiutto"., sr.d vsnifu!'. st the beginning of tbi! winter, and thcfe aie yrelerved by the froA fix or (even month* No. Vq. free from ptiitefliAioit ; gceft allb, ftotrl^, utti &Hm fb«hk killed at the fane time, are hang «p wkh their M*btn and oi- traiht vet hold gopd all the winter. In hkat'ihd (UndMg watert,' whith ai« not ten fctt da^, the miUt ii fhUMi^R t« ' IHa bottom, and «h« fifli killed ; btit hi «at«t»a^|MaNr4Mi'^*M in riven near the lea, the fifli are caught fll the win^rvv ieit- ting hole* in Die ice, to wbkh tfaty ebme ftelir. M* iMn aa ifaiy are taken out af th^ ' wtttr, they are ipnmc^la^l* fM(in ana ftilF, but nray be ti(alred min by faeihk' irtitncflra in cm water; and tbut the fiilt prOvitMm* are thMrt^ and fttfliiMM here : the m<»t it let dowti thi tngtt a bole in the Ice Into' tljjt water, and in a little time it become*- Aft and pHiKe, Vjk neverMad-beenfioaeiit^ndeat* vt^welli Where'a* rMAed '«» boUad.While'froiten, if will be fpOilcd, ind eat at If it wj|* lotten. Thcrak no irant of fiMid tUotir Huctfoh'* bayatanv tint* ^ the year. In April come the geefe, iMiflaMtt ili^ dMklf,' <&f which they kill u many a* they pleafe. Abotit dw finne titue they take great numben of Vein dee)', and (htA Uj niK reftim to the nortb till Jl»j or Aunft. In foiiAmer Mify-aiTo tai(e pike, traat, carp, and other fim' i and all livh^ne^ oi'^ wild «>« 1 return again in tlie beginning of winter. There have been fometime* a thoufand tfldian men, aM fdme women,-'#ho have cmtie down to Port Ndfon iiif fix hiihdred canoe* 10 trade with the Englilh : many of Ibemeotne from far diflant eovrttria*. Thcfe Indian* are of a tawmr cbmpiexion, and not fo fiiir at thefe in Labrador, nor of fueti larfa robuft bodie*, but much mere gentle and traAable. In fummer they wear iearcely any cloaih*, but anoint- tbeta- felvet with bear* greafe, or the oil of fealt, whkh, it is faid, prevents thnr beinfftung by mnlquetoe*, or bit by buM '&t other infeO.!! but thole in Labrador go alway* cleathetT Iii winter the fotithern El^nimaux Indian* cloath thetnfelve* With beaver flcinij which they oil and greafe in the lame maikner «« they do_ their own (kin* in fummer, which pnsvent* the cold penetrating them, and have a kind of bufliins on their i( and (hoc* of deer fkint : thev ttfe alf< ' their beds and covering* in tne night. heir lea*, 1^ lilts tar We (haltnow give fome aceount'of the rife and prc>gre:r* of tlie diffenfion* which unhappil> fubKfled between England an4 America, Thefe originated in New England, on tne Btitilh parliament impofing (lamp duties on all paper* and parchmenta made u(e of in law proceeding*, aitd in money tranfadion* be- tween man and man in the yean 765. This k A b«^in|Te^ pealed the foilowiiw year, caofvd the general fcimcMt to fubfidet but in the year 1769 it revived'with accumulated force, on freft internil taxet being taid, particularly a duty Of threepence per pound on all teas. The provincial aflembly had for Ibme years been on ill terma with Mr. Barnard, the governor of the province, and he being now nxalled, wu fucceeded by general Gage, and a body M forces, aoMuntine to about two thoufand men, whith lailed from Ireland and Halifax, arrived foon after. But neither th6 new governor, who was known and refpeAed In the province, wa* capable of allaying the ferment, nor the appearance of th4 troops coald ovierawe tliat fpirit of eppolitioA which was £ond fordi. A general confederacy of all the old (nionies, from Neif England to South Carolina, took place, and aflbciations wero every where entered into, for the purpofe of breaking ofF all commercial inierconrfe witlithe mother country. A general congrefs, cottipoliMi of deputies from each inde- pendent connty, met at Philadelphia, which the authority of the governor* of the ref^ieAivt colonic* wa* not able to con- troul. The right of Great Britain to levy internal taxes on thai continent wa* denied, and the fecniity of every man'* property #a* confidi^rad a* loft by the Britifh parliament claiming fuch a power. Petition*, remonflrance*, and addrefles were ttanf- aaitted to England, couched in the moft refpeftful terms of aHegianee, exprefSve of their eariMft wiflie* to be allowed to levy monay for the ufe* of government by their refpeAive pro- vinchd aflemblica, and not by taxe* levied iil an aflembly |» which thev fent no reprefentativc*, and in which they had no weight of interefi. About the middle of Deeember, 1773, fome fhipi laden with tea being at Bofton (as a duty vnas to be paid) the people would not fufTcr it to be landed. The fliips being refufcd a dearanco by the governor, unlcfs the cargoes were landed, and properly difpofed of, a mob, dre&d lilw Mohawk Indians, entered tho, three (hip* which contained the tea, and emptied their cargoes, oonfifting of three hundred and forty-two chcfts of tea, into the water. This and other outrages oCcafioned the Bofton port bill, palled April 4, 1*74, by which the town of Bofton Wu profciibed ana blocked up, Much time waa afterward* ()ient in fruitleft negotiation ; but in t775 open hoftiKtic* commeneed : the American congref* declared the Britifh fettlements independent flattt, and the pro- vince of Georeia, acceding M the alliance, they afTumed the title of the Thirteen Unitni Colonic* of America. They for 9 ^ fomt ^^9 Tmi new ah» pNjIVERSAL <¥&|T£M <>' OEOGRAPMV. fern* tiiMt B»d« I»m1 iWkinA ^^ powerftil atmy tcni om from I Prau Brh^i^ whieh «»r i|rengtl)ei>ed bj4 1«W body of Hef- Ow^i, )Bfi whoh i(ivif r the comnuiiid of jemraT Howe, wbUft .)»^fea «ig))tv inA ^ii>l*%ftiptc« of 4ii«i'ent ^tet w«n Aa- tjtipntd alow tU c««A, «(^ IbiM fhtya'of the Um nndiaVeutwl jQ.Viikutpim n Iif uaglon, fbmi t^iw iBtIn fr^m ifa« lovn of id^tUgt, yi tka year tjjs, «twii> t)|a kiMV hroopa w«n f^r^vm faad( to Bofton «itb conflcbr^bi* led. T|m ntxi t£tion QW«%tlMt otEm>ker;i^il|.in;tte fin^rNK, wbcp itto 9riii(h troopa jfi^ll qjpwiwlit o( owtt^|nApropottiomb|t#iHPUAafioac(i«> ,;^n,i27o» 9»^Wp«im,^pwcii>a4a»def«pBUn4*P»gIflaiW, ,«hkh hefu|Mlii|^, wi4<»i>Kb the j(ing'« irQ9p»> cQ^nbiofd an^y «f.9riti7K» iWancw^.f rf A«d,A»ltM wtfiad into alreatv of c(ynine^9,:a^ another pfd4ffnfiv««Uj»(|MV)tb4b»Frenob kiiM, wbo thfi;cby iKknowledgniA llwcfMinW j|idf«md«nce. The war wu proft^utcd mt)t yarioas foccefi uU OAobcr, lyti, when the Britifhttmqr, mvdfrlprd Qornwallit, being in want of' ncceflariei, m«ic|^ nn'ivftd bv fi^igw, weakeixiHi even b| viAorici, and rcdoced ut tbefmalLpmnbei of ihrefi thoa- HM five hui^r^d rffiAive oien that wen fit for daiy« were l^iNKd tofprrender on the wtb of the fame month !• the arine of Fiance aiul AmiMrica. Thii proved a fatal flroke to the Bti< tilh armi and iniercft in America, and oaft focn a gloom over the Ihte of a£faii( in that qurter of the world, at to occafien an addrrfs, petition and rtmonftrance from the city of London, re- qnefling his miijefly " to rfUnqi|i(h entirely, and for ever, the p^n ofrcducipg their American brethren by foict." fb** wu fucceeded by a vote of the bvaife of comment on Febraary 17, >^^, j(bt.i(n:«ddrcfi to his.majefly to il^ fame ciicA ; the prayer c)f, which liTM complied with, and hit miyeily was empowered by parlia^i^to conclude i| peace with tlie revolted coloniet. Accordingly, at the eqfumg^.ffllioni, on the. 5th of De- ccmbter in the fame year, hii maleftv, in a fpeech delivered &0|m the thrpnci ann.ogmyd the o&r be had made, to declare Atqerica independent, and that pijovifiond wtiolei were agreed vpoi| ; which beiq^.fignlki on the part pf France, were fol- lowed by the prclimmartei of a peaM between Great Britain, France and Spain, dated January zo. 1783, and on the i4ihof February next enfuing a ceflbtion of hoftilitiei wa* declared be- tween all the belligerent poweii. By. the treaty, of peace pto- yofed to be concluded between the crown of Great Britain and America. " hit Britannic nujcAy acknowMgiN the United Statei, viz. New Hampfl^iie, Maflac&uict'i Bat, Rliode Ifland, Ind Providence PU&cationa, Conoefiicut, New York, New erfey, PennfyWania, Dehware, Matyfautd, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, W be. free, fovicreign, and independent ftatci t t<«att with tbein u fueh j and for him«' felf, bit hein, and f«cceflbr«, relinqHifliet all claim to the goi teriunent, propriety, and territoiitl right* of the fame, tnd every part thereof. The United Stata arc alfo by the faid treaty allowed 10 take fifli on the Banks of Newfoundland, the gulf of St. LawreiKe, f(c> at heretofore. Though America rejeued the idea of a feparate peace, Iheaccedcd to the tcrma which ad< mitted her independency, whereby the antient and vglnabla co- lonies were diflfevered from Britain for ever. Such was theever- to-be-rcgrelted condnfion of this nnfonanate comedy, that cell fo much blood and treafure to thefe kingdoms. A judicioaa Writer obferves, tbstjiltc Ameriandebl makes forty miilionsof dollars, at four {hillings a.id fnpentc eaeb, beiog,nine millioiu four hundred and fifty thoufand pounds i the annual. iotereft of which, atfix percent^ it five hundred forty-three tboufand fix hundred pounds i fo that the Americans have obtaimld thdt purpofe of independence, and gone through tlie whole feven years war for about one half the fnm of money that one year of the fame war coil Eng'snd. V'.. .^ i.;i'. .t'''":» -*'"Cv.J!,. III. , Ctntainirii dtfii'iptient o/Otd atid NtV Mii^iti, CilifaAl*, Lmir Jtana, aitd Eeji and H^,Ji Flerjdai titir Jltuatiin, toimdarUi, ■ and ixtint, chmalty prtduct, inMittnti, Vt. TH E rich and extenfive country of Old Mexico, or New Spain, was once a mighty empire, ruled by its own mo- naichi, tiii the Spaniards, by whom it was firft difcowrcd in I {^8, afterwards conquered it under the cdoimsnu oi Feriisndo' Cortex, It lies between feven degrees thirty minutes, and thirty degrees forty minutes north latitude, 11 two tlionfsnd tnilet long, fix hundred broad where wideft, hat the iftlimus of Dariciton ihc foufb. New Meaieo ok the north, the golf of Mflxieo en the eaft, and the ocean on the well. It is divided into thaaudieneet of Qaadaltijara, Mexico and Gutiimala, and ialiovernMl by a vicfroy^ Mexico) cenfidering it< fiMrtSonin the torrid «ona, enjoys a tem^rate air. Tb« rainy, tefon brglnt at the latter end of Aptil« and oominiset till Septomber, being prcctded by terrible wm, wbkb ara fo mktpttd, that tbo wind blows from ■Imeft every jpolM of the heavens, hicteafing daily in fury till Ai month of June, at which timo tite rain fiiUs as if a (ecbnd dehige were to enfiie. ; ■ N« oountiy vndet heaven atonndi more vrlth grdn, dctlciom ^■iU, rApts, and vegetables t many of which, aw peculiar to it, or at teaft to America. Of theft the moft remarkable are. bamboos, mangroves, «nd logf ood, which.grow on the eoalts -, Md and white cotton tttes, Mdars, blood wood, tad mabo, of which the natives make ropes and cables ; light wood, of which they make floats, being as light at cork s wbittwood, the cab- bage tree, the catabafh, cacao, aodvcnelia, which the Spaniards call befuco or bainilla ) plantain*, henanat, piaci-applet, Ctpa- dillo, avogatopeu, mammee, mammi«-fapoia, grape, prickle, babbv, af»d other curious fruit trees 1 bciSdet 'which the Spa. niants have introduced moft of the European fruits. Thit country alfoptodiKcs the poifonousmanchineei apple, gourde of a prodigious fiae, meloni, filk erafs, tamarinds, and locuft trr^s, the little black, white, and oorachio fapoioe trees, tlie laft of which takes its name from the inebriating ^aaiiiy of the fruit. Here are alfo the crenadillo de cttinc. ciceping plant, end the m»y»bcy, which fuioifhos the natives with thread for linen and cordage 1 and alfo a balfam and llqudr, which, when f^r- mtnted, ia u pleafant and fltong u< wiria^ al ftrong liquor, not unlike brandy, is alfo diftilltd from this. There is alfo found in Mexico balfiun of Pern, gtiaiaciim^ china-root, ftrfaparilla, and the root mcchoacan, which are well known to druggiftt and apothecaries, and of excellent uie in » variety of diftemperi . Other valuable prodoAlons of New Spain are, conal, aninie, tacamahaiea, caranlea, liquid: amber, and oil of amber. Bcfides th^ maia eir native minof-Mexico,. tlie Spaniards have introduced the ufe^of barley, wheat, peas, beans, and other grain. The beafis, birds, infeds, reptiles, &c. are much the fame as in Peru. On the weftern coaft of New Spain, near the Pacific Ocean, are fome high mountains, moftof "which arofjid to be volca- noet. Several rivets rife in thcle moantaint, and fall, fome into the gulf of Mexico, and ibmc into the South Sea, on both of which tlicfe art ftvcralcapesiand bays. The bays of Cam - peachy and Hondnras are among thofe on the gulph. In the rocky, .berren parts of the country are ,the gold and fi(vec mines. There are, it is faid, fevcral of the former, and no fewer than.one thdufand of the latter. Gold is alfo found in grains or.doAiii'the fands of riyert and totrcnit. Whoever diloovers a mine of gold or fUver, is at liberty to work, it, pkj- ing tbekii^ta tenth of.thepsoduft, and limiting himfelf with- in fifty, yard* rcland the place upon w^kh hoAaa fixed. Ail the filver iind goM dof(, or found ingrains, is' entered in the toya) exchequer.; and it. is reported, tiat notwithAmding groat quaniitiet are run and concealed, no left than two millioas of filver marka^ iwtigbing eight ounces each, are entered yearly,: out of whidi they coin feven hundred' ttraufimd nurks into pieces of tight, I quarter pieces, ryals, and batfifiieces, ilie latter' being abotit tlllte-pcl^e llerling valve.! . r marble, porphyry, jafper, prrcioos ftones, pearls, amber, gin- ger, tobaceot bidesi tallowy falti dying woods, drugs, balfaihs, oney, feathers, chocototo, cochinMl, filk, fugar, cotton, wool. I Tbo whplcaftbt trade between Old iSjpain and the Spanilii I American dominionsi^ it by means of a neet, called the Flota, I ort from all quarters, Ibme of the cicancti and Ixit failing veflelt are difpitohfd to. Old Spain with advice of tlit: content* of thefe feveral fleet*, as well as with treafuie and . goodil of their own, -that the couit.may judge what convoy is neceflary for tlieir lainy, aiiu wiist ind'jlto er duty is proper to be'hid'On thcin. " ." The.meichauts..at Cadix.and Seville fend our regifterfnips, vrli.-ii f he culf o' ii Jividcd mala, •nd I, tnjoyt a Kr end of by terrible lowf from n Jury till if •(ec»nd t, (feliciowi euliar to it, irkable are, the eoaftt » 1 mibO) of i, of which 1. the dab- e Spaniard! pplet, bpa- pc, prtcVle, Ich the Soa* uii*. Tliii le.goordaof and locuft tee», ttic laft taliiy of the nf plant, and u^for linen ti, whcnfief- g liquor, no* ),. goaiacnm^ rhich ate well ilentufe.tn* ono of) New iquidr ,amber^ invofrMexico,. wbeai, peas, licb the fame »»ciftc Ocean, id to he volea- fall.fome utto la, on both: of bayaof Cain- Iph. : ,the gold and le former, and i it alf« feund iti. Whoevtf wotkiii, pky- tliin>r*lf with- haa fixed. All entered in the liftanding great «ro rniUiona of entered yearly,: ind mark* into >iec«i, Uie latter filver, exquifite' Is, ambCf gin- dmgi, balfaihs, a, cotton, wool, ind the Spaniili called the Flota, } La Veta Crox. any account, till idr.d and difpofed , precious ftonc;, , hidej, which are l^ruzthcy fail to ndezvoui, where , which carrics.oii , and of Pervt by nncr at the Flon vet at llie.Haun- which afiamble at cicancll and bilt (ith advice of tlie with treafure >nd • Igc wlut convoy n It duty is ptoptr to I out regiiker fnips, ^k f- * ••?< f y/,/rrti/i>/ MlLLAH. S. t^////^/>//^^i||^/^/«vii.^/SYSTia(D/(>ZOGRAPHY. It, ■', ;r'*'- ' 1 TUt'mtnt i-itt^. V... TWA.-iU^/y.iSSi.-'ia^. » v./i,«r»uy..iV-«/;^**». .,V. ■- ..*'i^,' ■**»; (AME F wlitn iltf V ju |>«rli III the \ of the Iiiiliei bgrtlrn or ui M Afiy dolliii to tlw coimi Jicenct rum o out ii ftldom rrKiflcrcd at tt ceriiticitek'hi f)ie ii b()tii)d, regillcrtd. 1' for foma yun 'I'hr inhibit confining of tllr Creolci, M the MeUiclici, Indies, or the lh« (jjiaricrooi fame privilege pretty iiumcrou various purpofc The ilTue of «ii ftinAion, c«JI«< ofnegrociandl Some (rilici tnountaini, flill fubjcA to the S Among the free the EngliHi hav diani being in friendi and allic The native li tioned, and bai both lexe* have but iliey fuSer trlbeieftccmflat paint their bo«lii ■nd anoint tben but the men of general, have th with peaili, and or Tome other n gcneroui, huma ficei i but the o mean, thicvifh, offieei, the won cloihi, for Iheii free Indian! Ath they liavc no in They cuhivate t filhiiig. With rcfpefl the clergy, both drefi anil luxu wench, and nuk getting money c bilhoprics. A frequently lays i is able to live pi renced by the c( ail extremely bi wipes off the o< iiiuruded in th tainmeiiti in th The principa middle of a gr degree! foriv n weft of the gulf cxceedi all othc and exaAly difp The want of ga great caufe-way) remarkable. A cditices, efpecial The i.icome of tlioufand pouitd bilhop lias fifte firom perquifitct three hundred tlie mines ahovc^ vaft fumi fecre vet, with thefc Se reckoned pea and terminate a i\ prOMigivwS G'J together with . Aiu, are espoft A ^■;#> vi (A M E R I C A.j' NORTH AMERICA. wlitn ilif V judu* ibar goodi muft b« waitKd M any pirtkuUr p«rii m ific Wt(l-li>dtci. I'licir nay ii, loptiiiion lit* council of the liidiei for » Ikeiice to feud » (hip of ihie« liundrtd loni burdrii or under, to iliit jiori : thev pay for tlii* lictHM foiljr M fifty dolliil, iKfldci prcfenli io llie oAcert, iit proportion to tilt connivance necelTary for the defign t for thouiih the licence rum only to three hundred loni at moft, the vcllei tilled out li feldoin lelii i|un fix hundred. ThiilhipandcaifO are rrRiflcrcd «i the pretended burden : it li required loo, that a certilicaie he iMuught from itie kin^^'t ofllcer at ilie port tu wbicii flic ii bound, that (he doct nut exceed (he fin at which flie ii rcgiDcrtd. I'lic trade of Spanilh America baa bran carriad on for fome yean p«fl by the(a vcQeUi called rc|iftcr (hipi. The inhahtiiiiiu ol iliii country are at pftleni • mis«4 people, coniiOing of Indiani, i>|aniardi, and oUicr BuroMuti i and the Creoici, McltichoM, or ilTue <>f Um Spaniardi byAmericanii the McUichct, or tlie ilFiic of fush iflue i the Terccrooni dea IniliC!!, or the childicnofMhe laft, married to Spaniardi; and the Qjuricrooiii del Indici, wltoti dclcambnia arc aUuwrd tht fame privilege! at true Spaniardt. The negroci arc likewife pretty numcroui, bring importad fromtbteoim of Africa fur various purpofet, and many of them Mimincd to tbcir freedom. The ilfue of ai« European and a negro conflitute* aitoihcr di- ftinAion, called Mtijatto ) brfide* wnichi there ii a mixed breed of negroct and lndiani,wliich it generally deemed the lowcft rank. Some irihci of Indians, both in tlie open country and the mounttini, Aiil pteferve their freedom ; but mod of them are fubje£( to the Spaniard!, and have embraced the popilh religion. Among lira free Indiani are thofeon the Mufquito fliorc, where the Englilti have fome fettlemenli, and a covernor i thefo In- diana being implacable enemiet to the Spaniardii but liim fiiendt and alliea to the En^lilh. The native Indian* are in general tall, clean, well propor- tioned, and bandfome : their complexion it a deep olive, and both fexci have long, biKk, lank, coarfe hair on their heads -, but they fulTer none on the other parts of their bodirs : fome tribes ellccm flat notes as a great beauiv. Almoft all the Mexicans paint their bodies with the ligaiet of^ various birds and beans, and anoint them with oil or fat. Some tribes are cloathed ; but the men of others (o almoft naked. -The Mexicans, in general, have their nofet, lips, can, neckt, and arms, adorned with pearls, and other jewels or trinkets, made of gold, tilvcr, or I'ome other metal. The free Indians are faid to be a brave, generous, humane people, except in the article of human facti- hces ) but the otheri are become cruel, treacherous, cowardly, mean, thievifli, and altogether vicious. Belides all the domeflic oflSees, the women fpin, weave, and dreft cotton and linen cloths, for their own and their bufbands apparel. Though the free Indians difcover a great veneration for the fun and moon, they have no image of them, but a great nuny of human form. They cultivate but little foil, and hve chiefly by hunting and filhing. With rcfpeA to the Spaniards of Mexico, we are told, that the clergy, Doth fccular and regular, rival the quality in tbcir drefs and luxurious way of aving : they drink, game, fwear, wench, and make ajcft of their vows of noverty, many of them getting money enough tn return to Ola Spain, and purchafe biihoprics. A prieff, who has but an ordinary cure in Mexico, frequcnily lays up ten or nvclve thoufand crowns in ten years ; is aole to live plentifully all the time, while he it highly leve- icnced by the common people. The laity arc reprelcnted to be an extremely bigottcd and lewd people ; a prcfent to the church wipes otr the odium of the greateft crime! ; and the jpeople are iimruded in tbcir religion here by plays and theatrical enter- tainments in the churches, u in old Spgiin. The principal places are, i. Mexico, which fiandi in the middle of a great lake of its own name, in latitude nineteen degrees fortv minutes ; about one hundred and feveniy mikt weft of the gulf of Mexico. This city, in point of regularity, exceeds all others in the univerfe ; the fircets being to ftrait, and exaAly dil'pofed, that from any part, the whole is vifible. The want of gates, walls, and artillery, togctlier with the five great caufe-wayt leading to the city, renders Mexico extremely retnarkable. All the buildings are convenient ; but the public edifices, efpecially the churches and convents, are inagniiicent. The Micoroe of tiK grand cathedral amounts to near eighty thoufand pounds fterhng per annum, out of which the arch- biftiop has fifteen thoulhnd pounds, befides vaft fums arifing from perquifitcs. The number of the inhabiiants is computed at three hundred tlioufand, who are faid to draw annually from the mines above ten millions of money, without reckoning the vaft fums fecreted, in order to defraud the king of his rights ; yet, with thefe almoft incredible treafures, the people may be reckoned poor, as moft of them live beyond their fortunes, and terminate a lifft of profuiion in tlie moft wretched indigence. A _w.j:«.... ^.«.»n*;*.. ^.r l*M.«U nn\A tttt.1 l«lw«r nlaf* «l)/1 tnv* together with the rooft valuable commodities of Europe and Alia, arc eipofed to lale in ihc ftrcets. 79f a. The town of Acapnico is fituattd tlMiiH two hundred and tm milct foutb-raft fruin Mexico, in rrvcniitn degrees iionh latitude on a bay of the South Sea. 1 lie haven is largt ai.4 commodious, and the entrance fccurrd by a Hat itiand running acrofs, at each end of whidi is a Jrcp tlianntl, lutlkienily broad for the greateft vetlcls. 1 he only incunvenience it, that Olipt muft enter by the lia- wind, and go out by the land-bretxr, which fcldoin fail to luccei'd each other alternately, I'u tlut they arc frcuucnily blown oHftofe^, after rr|)eatrd atierapti to make the harbour. I'he inwn is large, but ill built i a part of it con- fifti of warehoufei. Durinu the fair, alter tlic arrival of the Lima and Manilla Ihips, the town is focxceilively crovtded, tliat great numbcit arc obliged to pilch tents in the nrighhour- hoed^r ihcir accommodation. It il fu|i|K>lcd that the Maiiil a galleon carries off from Acapulcoal leafllon millions of dollars, in return forthe goods Uie brings ihiihcr, and for ihc payment of lira Spanith gairifoni in the I'hilippiiiu iflcs. 'i lu.- cliinaig htre is unlicalthy. and iIm caithiiuakcs very conmion. Ihc town of Vera Cruz, or Ulva, flatids near ibe gulf of ' Mexico, about fiventy leagues from the capital. Iiis vciy flrong, both by nature and art, being the great mart of all the Spanilk trade in the north fea, and has a fafc commodioLi harbour. Few Spaniards of diftinAion refide here, on account of the infalubrity of ihe air. I'he province ol New Mexico, including California, is two thoufand miles long, and one thoufand lix hundred Iroad 1 it is bounded on the caft by Louifuna, on tlic louth by New Spain, on the weft hy tlie gulf of Calilomia, and on tlie north by high mounuins. I'hit country, though plralant and healthy, is hut little cultivated, and thinly inhabiicd. It has feveral rivers, many ports and crctks ; and the Indian tribes, who inhabit it, live diflinA from each other. Many of the natives are Chriftians. The town of Santa Ke ftands near the fourcc of Rio del Nurtc, in thirty-fix degrees iioith latitude, and about one hun- dred and thirty leagues from the gulf : it is a well built, hand' fome, rich town, and the (eat of a bifliop, lufTiagan of Mexico, as well as of the governor of the province, who is fuboidinaie to the viceroy of Aiexico. The peninfula of California, the moft northern of all the Spanith dominions on tlie continent of America, extendi from the north coafts of America into the Pacific ocean eight hundred miles from cape Sebaftian, iii fortythrce degrees ihiriy minutet north latitude, towardi the Diutheaft as far as cape St. Lucar, in twenty-two degrees thirty-two minutes north latitude. '1 he caftern coaft liei nearly parallel with that of Mexico, oppofite to it I and the fea between is called the lake or gulf of Califor- nia. Itt breadth is very unequal ; towards the north it is near two hundred miles, but at the foutli extremity it tapers away, and is fcarcely fifty miles over. The more fuuthcin part was known to the Spaniards fobn after the difcovery of Mexico i for Cortex difcovered it in 153$; hut tliey did not till lately penetrate fai into it, conuutiiig thcmletves with the pearl filhery tliere. Several kinds of fruit are produced here ; iherc arc two fpeciei of deer peculiar to this counuy i alfo a particular breed of (heep, bufTalocs, beavcrt, or animals much icfcmbling them ; a pecu- liar fpeciea of wild dogs, lions, wild cats, and many other wild bcafts. The horfet, mules, aiSit, oxen, thrcp. hogs, goats, and other quadrupeds that have been imported hither from Spain and Mexico, multiply exceedingly. Of the two Ipccies of deer peculiar to California, that cnlled tayc by the natives is greatly efteemed, and its flcfh at well taflcd at venifon. The coaft IS plentifully ftocked with peacocks, buftards, geefe, cranes, vultures, gulls, cormorants, mews, ouails, linnets, larks, nightingales, and many otiier fpccics of birds. There is alfo a great multitude and variety of fiOt in the gulf of California, the Pacific ocean, and the nvcrs. Though infcAs fwarm here, asin moft hot countries, yet on account of the drynefs of the foil and climate, they are neither noxious nor trouhlefome. There is one of the richeft pearl tifheries in the world on the coaft of California, and theie are fuppofcd to be mines in the country. In California arc two confiderable rivers, namelv, Rio Col- lorado, and Rio du Carmel, with feveral fmaller ftre^tins, and fine ports, bays, creeks, and roads, both on the caft and well fide, which is the reafon of its having been lb much frequented by the Englilh privateers. There are, in the heart of the country, plaint of fait quite firm, and clear as cryftal. A great variety of favagc tribes iiiluhit California. ThoA that hve on the caft fide of the peninfula are great enemies to the Spiniardt ; but, in the other pans, they feem to be very hofpitable to all ftrangers. The inland country, efpecially towards the north, is populous. The Indians refemble tbote dcfcribed in other parts of America. Their boats are only Tliey have a great many abfurd, ridiculous cufloms, opinions, and fopcrftitiont. They go almoft naked, and pay great defe- reiKO • * Th« new AMD UNlVERBAt KYSTBM or GEOcfftA^nY. piitfi- (>ft4 0( rcnw to thrir prirftt, who prflrnd to Ic miglciani ami ^iani. All thrir houlhnUI (utniiuie imiI ptoi'iiiy rf-nrtfta of thi imfiUiii -nn oftd in ftlhiM|, Iniii' i*^ of n»i, in wlii^l' mort of lluir lime n f|i" n», '7'b« P'oviiiteoi Loi ' mill bound '^y ^^' MiiUftppi on iWwrft, »nd by F.ift Honda 'icorgi.i a.ii C ' in «lrt ••ft, inj fvrrndt from llie )»\. I tlie lllmoll, <>: ' from the frurce of ibc Miirilfippi on tht north, to the guii oi . »ico •n ilie fouth. Thii i« I vfty plcifmrt <■ ■'"'if«l country, Iwinp walfrnl by a number of riven; the fi ' oterHowingi of whicli rontri- bute not a littte to il, ty. robing if more dcliglnml than the Mcadowi, which aie Til for Iced nf ill kindi. In fomi parti the (oil jicldi three or ("i r tiopi in the yeir ; for the winter conlifli only in heavv r.i without any nipping froHi. Alnioftill (orti of the treei of I uiopf ' ■ to be foiind here, bcfidet I vaiifiy ufnibrri unknnwn to ii . d ftnne of iliertiof great value, ai lofty crdari, that iliftil a Runi, vhMh ii I'id to excel all the noblclt European perfume* -, and cnitnii ireci^ «hicbareof aprodigrouihrigbt. The whole country abouiidi with a great variety of ganv, fowl, cattle, and other ufclwl treatum and produtliont. ' The in*n of N'tw Orleani li fituated between the eaftern fhoie of the NiiOillippi and the Filh itver, near the likci Pont- ehaflrain and Maurcpai, and at OMt eighteen Icaguci from the fta. Il Ki a preity large bmrdfomc town, but I'ubjeA to moft fuinoui inundiiions ; befidci, ihe navioation between it and the Ira is fi very difficult, that none but fmill vefleli and Hat- (to'tonied boati can get up to it, theiebein^a flicif thit liei ht!twe«n the mouth oi the- river, where there ii not above ten feet water. It is fjid that the channel nf it i> twice ai Urge at that of the Seine, keeping the fatne biiadth all along, and that the llrcim ii rapid. Louillana was ceded to the Englifli in 1763, b«t»« it eon- ftitutes the grcatrft pait of the government of Weft I'loriJa, which, by the treaty of 17(13, the Spaniardiare to retjiii, thii aounri V i:: confequeHily now fuhjcA to the crow n of Spain. 7 he Lift countries wc are to defcribe on Ihil continent are K»ft and Weft I'loiida, winch aie five hundred jnilet in length, four hiiiidied and forty in btfadlh ) having the gulf of Mexico h> the fouth, the Apilachian mountiini and great lakei to the jtij/ih, Georgia to the eaft, and the Atlantic ocean to the wiii. Florida wai firft difcovered b» Cabot, a Venetian ma- riner in the fervice of England. It had its Mamc fiem its ver> dure, being certainly a very fine country. The air ii wholcfoine, ai evidently appears from tlie fize, tigouT, and longevity of the Floridan Indnnt, in all which refpeflj they far exceed the Meaieani. The foil, except on the li;a codft, is rich and fertile, producing fTec]uently two or three cropi of Indian corn in the year ; and might, with proper cuhivation, he brought to bear eyery fort of grain. Here are •II kind* of timber aAd fruit trcei, efpeciaOy pinei, laureli, pilmi, cedar, cyprefs, and chefinut treet, which grow to an extraordinary length and fire, and, with the oaki, afford nonrifhinent to fwine ; but ;he wood moft prixed, and in grcatefl plenty, is the faflafras, vf which confiderable quantities are exported. F.xcellent limes «nd prunes alfo grow here in great abundance, with vines of various forts, and cotton trees, hemp, H.1X, poll'e, roots, and herbs : game, fowl, and filh, | ate alfo very plentiful. The root mendihoca, of which the cafTavi (lout and bread are made, is verycAmmoni and ilirre is a kind of grain, like ouc oais, tint Itiooti uti Ipoiitincoully in mardty placei, and by the Itdes of rivers. Here is a fruit calked tuna, fo esquilitc and wheirome when ripe, ihit amond ' ■ Kirropetm it go»s by the name of the ardiil julep. Kaed.- , ( htrf, veil, and mution, are the produce of ili<* country, logetlirr Willi horfesfit for draught and ciriiagr, fo cheap, tfur Iheyiiiay he purrtiifed fur the value of 'a crown in Karopeaii eommoditiei. l ti« other produfts of Florida are ambergris,' eochincal, indigo, filk crali, amcihyfts, turrjuoircs, lipillasuli, and other precious III. copper, quiekHlver, pit co»l, iron ore, and a kiitJ of Ifune piteli call ^ copea, which t1ie HpiniaRls ufed as tar for iheii (hipping : on ilit coaft pearls are alio fuund. The moft coitfiacrablv mouiitiins are Ihe Apalarhian, which divide Carolina and the other American plantations from Florida. A vaft number of noble rivers interfeA tliia country, moft of which ril'c^n 1 c moumains ahove-mrntione-J, and (all into iheBiilf of Mexico, or the Atlantic Aeean : the chief are the MiffiHipp*, Ohio, Coia, or CoulTa, and the river St. John. The MifTidinpi, which tlie F'retKh call St. Louis, is in many refpeflt the micft river in the world. It tuns a very long courfe, is iwvigable within fixty leagues of its fouice, and free from lho.ils andcjtaiaAs. The piincipil European fetilement in Eaft Florida is St. Auguftine, ftandingon the caftern cult of the peninlola, about (cveiity leagues from the ^ulf of Floi ids and channel of Baha- ma, thirty fouth of the river Alatamali*, or Alatainacha, and forty. fevcn from the town and river of Savannah. It is lituaieii in latitude thirtv north, and lies along the Ihore at the bottom of a hill, in the foim of » parillelogram, the ftrects cutting each other at right angles. The port is formed by an iiltnd iikJ a long point of land, almoft divided from the coniinent by a river, whiifh fiills into the fei two miles fouth of the town. The entrance into the port lies between the ifland and the p^int of land, and is about one mile and a quarter over, but vciy fhallow, as is indeed moft part of the coift of Florida. About 11 mile tottie notthwa^d of the town ftaiid* the caflle, defended by four ba(\ion«, and is pretty ftreng. St. Matthto is the next place to St. Augufline, beine fitnated fifiren leiguei to the north of it towards Georgia. Mr. Rolles a mftnSer of the Dritifh parliament, had a ftttlement on the river St. John ; and at MoCquito harbour, not far from tlia channel of Uahama, another fettlement wu formfcrly eftablifhcd here bv one Pr. ' ruicmel. Mobilltan 1 i tofaeola were the rlilef places belonging to the Englilh in i.all Florida and PenfKola. Thefirft is butaTmall place, I" r T on the : Iver of that name, ahourohe hundred mile* from iMnouih, and feventy from the Mifliffippi. Penfacola ftinds on the weft fide of the bay to which it gives name, about ten leagues fiom Dauphin ifle, at the ntoothofthe liver Mobille. The harbour is the heft upon all this coaft of the golf, being large, fafe from all winds, with four fathom water at the entrance, and fcven or eight fattlier in. A fine river enters the bay on the caft fide of the harbour, which 1in.T.i - * CHAP. III. THE NEW HiSTr-«lY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLANDS IN THE ft- ■'"•''• V'"'" AND AMERICA. .9m w «••.' ' ■' ..'■•■;■;. «»; • f ■ ■ Wf» J."- ■ ■\{i- EST 1 ' D I E S SECT. Gintral dtfcript'nn of iht IVift Indien tht'ir fiinHitHf clitntlt, prtduu, am 'anii, with an tiitmnt of (immtdiliii, plantathni, ntgrots, tradt, Vt. THESE iHands, which are fituated between the two con- tinents of America, now belong to Great Britain, Spain, France, Holland, and Denmark. They lie in the form of a bow, or fcmicircle, ftretching almoft from the coaft of Florida north, to the river Oruoriolco, in th: main continent of Soutli America. Some call them the Caribbees from the firi^ inha- bitants, though this term is generally confined to the Leeward iflaiuli. The geographical mspi and tkbles diftinguilb them by the names of Great and Little Antilles ; and failors hr thofe of the Windward and Leeward, with regard to the ufu-il conrfes of fhips from Old Spain, or tlie Canaries, to Cartha- ge na or New Soain, and Porto BelJo. The Weft India ifiands in general have neatly the f.mie climate, allowing for thofe accidental difFereiices which the feveralfiluati-'is and qualities of the lands theinCelvej produce. As they lie witlim the Tropics, and that the fun goes ijuitc over their heads, palTing beyond them to the north, and never returning further from any of them than about thirty degree* to the louth, iiiey arc coritinualiy fabjeQed to th? extreme of ait heat, which would be intolerable, if the trade wind, rifiiir gradually as the fun gathers fttcngih, did not blow in upon •■»< tL:!a •./ h > \ incoudy a fruit t anioit^ country, «p, ttiy;' »berjTii,' pillituli, iron ore, •Rii uftd bond, in, which I Floridi. ffloll of (ill iiild :( *r« tlis St. John. in many ng courfc, free ftoin rida ii >Sr. lula, about of Bahi* lacha, and I \% liiuaied the bottom ecti cutting 1 an ifttna oniinent by the town, id tlie p' int r, but vc.y la. About a le, defended ring (itnated Mr. Roller, lent on tht ar from tlia y eftabliOicd nging to the is butaTmall iundred milci i. Pcnfacola name, about iver Mobille. e gulf, being water at the ver enteri the ei about one )rmed by the onfiderable at odioulneli of Iter figure, if given op by e th:m. N THE A. and failori hr ard to the ufai-vl ici, to Cattlu- eatly the r.inie ce« which the lelve$ produce, fun goci quite >ttli, and never I thirty degicti the enttcmc of de wind, riling t blow in upon Ibcoi i U- I' I. p 4„ fkr^riluV K, ^ I \. :. frig's' ' ..•• \ V\%?^'>-/-- :-^^'-.5'''''r ^^'^ fl ' . - 'f*v"«\\ 7 ''i - ] 'J % ■ . 4t V "V*"^'' V'^^latiiiana r. ''^o^l.il||.•,M,L-l >» '- '■■sf^ smmimi 'i- ■A :m } \ fA M E R 10 A.]' - W M * f - ifbetn frotn the fMi aM^rernfll the air in Aieh ■ fHiiiiir'-; it i6 enahte'them to follow fhcir necefiiiry occupatioHi even ander the meridian run. On the other hand, ii the night advance*, a breeze begini to be perceived, which blowt fmartly from the land, aeait were from its centre, toward the fea, to all points •f the compafi at once. hj the fame remarkable providence In the dif^ikl df ibiita*' ft is, that when the fan has nade a great progrefs towards tM tro]Hcof Cancer, and becomes in a manner verticali hediaws after him fuch a vaft body of doads at Ihiald them from h!s direA beams ; and, diflblving into rain, cool the airi and tefrefh tlie country, thhAv with the long drought. Which gene- rally continoes from the beginning of January till near the month of June. But though thefo rains conduce to moderate tile exceiftvc heat, yet they produce great inconveniences owing ie the amaxing violence witn which thcy-fidl. They are rather floods of water poufid from the clouds with a prodigious impe- iuohty : the rivers rife in a moment ; new rivers and lakes are formed, and in a fliott time all the low country is under water. Hence Ac rivers, which have their fource within the tropics, fwell and overflow their banki at a certain feafon. When^orms of that kind happen, they are very violent, and the hail-ftones are exce^ingly large and heavy. The rains make the Only diftinftion offealons in the Wcft-Mdies : thi trees are continually green i thev liave no cold, froft, oi fnoW, and feldom any hail. But in the rainy feafon they are expofed to hurricanes, the moll terrible caUmity by which the inhabi- tants of tliefe iflands are aflaulted. One of thefe deftroys at a iflroke the labours of many years, and extinguilhcs the mbft exalted hopes of the planter. It it a fuddcn and violent itorm of wind, raih, thunder, and lightning, attended with a furious fWelling of the Teas, and roraetimes with an earthquake i in flloft, with every cirrnraflance which the elements can aflbmble that is tenible and deftniftive. A hurricane comes on either in the quarters, or at the full change of the moon. Sugar is the grand flsple commodity here t this ufcAil article «ras not at all known to the Greeks and Romanoi though it was midc in China in very early times, from whence We had the firft knowledge of it : but the Portuguefe were the llrft who cultivated it in America, andbrdugfatit into reqiieft, as one of (lie materials of a very univerfal luxury in Europe. It is iiot fettled whether the cane, from which this fubftance is extraded, be a native of America, or brought hither by the Portuguefe, fVom India and the coaft of Africa ; but be that at it may, in the beginning they made the moft, as they (till do the belt, fogsr which comes to market in this part of the world. The Juice within the fugar cane is the moft lively, elegant, and leaft-cloying fweet in nature ; and which, fucked raw, has proved extremely nutritive and wholfonie. Rum is diftilled from the molafles ; and a meaner fpirit is procured from the fcummings of the fugar. Rum finds its market in North America (where it is confuracdby the Engliih inhalniants, or employed in the Indian trade, or dilVributed from thence to tlie filhery in Newfoundland, and the African commerce) ; befidea what comes to Great Britain and Ireland. However, a very great quantity of molafles is taken olFraw, and carried to New England, to be diftilled there. No part of this excellent plant is without its ufe, for the topj of the cane, and the leaves which grow upon the joints, make very good provender fbr their cattle ; and the refufe of tlie cane, after grinding, fervts for fire. The expencet of a plantation in the Weft Indies are very great ; and the profits, at the ftrft view, precarious ; for the chargeable articles of the wind-mill, the boiling, cooling, and dillillin(;-Iioufes, and the buying and fubiifting a fuitable number of Haves and cattle will not fuffer any man to begin a fugar plantation of any confequence ; not to mention the purchafe of the land, which is very high, under a capital of at leaft five thouland pounds. Neither is the life of a planter, if he means to acquire a fortune, a lifi: of idlenefs and luxury : he mnft at all times keep a watchful eye upon his ovcrfeers, and himfelf muft even overfee occaflonally. But, at the boiling feafon, if he is properly attentive to his affairs, no way of life can be more laborious, and more dangerou* to the health, from a conftant attendance davand night, in the extreme united heats of the climate, and fo many fierce furnaces ; add to this, the lofles by hurricanes, earthquakes, and bad rcafons ; and then conlider, when the fugars are In the caiks, that he quits the haaard of a planter, to engage in the hazards of a merchant, and fhips his Produce at his own rilk. Thefe conftderations might make one believe that it could never anfwcr to engage in this bufinefs i but notwilhtlanding all this, (here ai-e no parts of the world, in which great eftatts are made in fo ftiort a time, as in the Well-Indies. The produce of a few good feafons Reiicnilly ptovldes againft the iilefTcAs of the worft, as the planter is fure of a fpccdy and profitable market for his produce, which has a readier fate than perhaps any other commodity in the wotld. It has been computed, that, under good management, the rum No, 80. and'mohttlw piay Oe Ouijgu i( tke fiianmioii, iin(l the tdgm tn clear lain. Planter* funlMt their nwroes it i very Mfv rate: They ge*. tiienltfMcm-to taeh Amfly of them a fmall portion of land ; and pemh'tliem, twetdajw in the week, SahiriUy and Sunday, toraltWattriti 8enMai« (ViMfted in thU manner ; but others inrdyide tbcir ikgreck with a certain portion of Gtiinea and In<- diah eOai, nhA M feme a filt-h«rringr or a fitiall portion 6( bacon or fult pwlL a dav. All the reft of the charge coitRfts in • cap, alhirt, a Mir of breeches, ftdckincs, and fhoes, djuvhole not exceeding forty fhUlings a year, and' the profit of tImlUbor yields (en or ttirelve pounds. The price of men negroes, lipoif their firft arrival, is from thirtv-ihree to thirty-fix pounds ; women knd grown boys about fifty ihillingt lefi ; but flich ne- gro famine as are acquainted with the biifiners of the i(land*i generally bring about forty pounds upon an average one with an« other I and there have been inftances of a fingle negro-man, expert in bufinefs, bringing one^undred and fifty guineas ; and the number of flaves a planter 'fbflefles, generally afceruins his wealth. ' Though the traders in general make a very large profit upotl all they fell, yet from the numerous ftiipping conftantly arriv* ing frOnb Europe, and a continual facceflion of new adven- turers, the Weft India market is frequently overftocked ; fo thi^ good'; are fometimes fold at prime coft or under : but they who can afford to ftore their goods, and wait for a better market, acquire fortunes equal to any of the planters. Phyficians and furg^ns even outdo the planter and merchartt in accumulating riches. All kinds of handicraftfinen, efpecially carpenter^ bricklayers, brafiers, and coopers, alTo meet with great eiicott* ragement. E C T. II. Gtvlw a particular dtfmpthn tf thi iJlanJt tfjamtttta tmd Bar- itaits, tbtir tjtttHl, tUmate,foU, prtduce, iuoakitaHtt, Ve. PREVIOUS toan account at large of the Weft Indian and American Iflands, we (hall prefent our readers with the following table, exhibiting, at one view, the chief of them, with their names, length, breadth, principal towns, and the nations to whom they refpeAively appertain. W li ii T 1 M u 1 A M I S L A N t) s. 1 idanoi. LenKi'JiTj Breaaih Chief Towni. Belonginn to Jamaica 140 60 Kingttoa Uicat Britain Brirbadoci at >4 Bridgetown Ditto St. Chriftophtr'i so 7 Biffetcrre Ditto Antigua ao zo St. John's Ditto Nevit and I Montferrat | Eachofthel'eitiH miles In circum. Charles lown, Plymouth Ditto Ditto Sarbuda 20 la Dmo Anguilla JO I Ditto Domioica S8 «J X Ditto Si. Vlaceut U 18 Kingllon. Ditto Oranadii 30 "5 .St. George's Ditto Tubago }» 9 France Cuba 700 ■ J Havannah Spain Hifpaniola 450 I JO St. Domingo Do. & France Porto Rico I0« 40 Ynrw Rico Spain Trhiidad 90 60 Ditto Margafiia 40 »4 Ditto Maninico bo 30 St. Pierre France Guadalupe 45 38 Bafleterre ■ Ditto St. Lucia »3 IS Ditto St. Bartholomew Defcada Marigalante All of them in- con liderable Ditto Ditto Ditto St. EulUtia tg circumf. The Uay Dutch CuraiTao JO 1 10 Sr. Thomas 1; circumf. Denmark St. Lroix 30 1 10 BafTe End Ditto A M E ^ I 1 C A N $ L aU D&. ■ I Ncwloundlaud J50 aoo Placcntia Ureat Uriiun Cape Breton 100 80 Louifbourg , Ditto St. John's 60 r Charlotte town Ditto 1'he Bcrmudai aoooo scici St, Ucorge Ditto The Bahamii Very numeroui. N.flau Ditto Kalklands Juan Frrnandei •4 6 Uninhabited. t'uera Ditto Chiloe la 17 Ca«ra 9S Th^ Sox Thk NE'W and universal SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY. y V ■♦■ - The ifltnd of 'iiniict was difoovercd by Columbai, anno, 1494, in hit fecond voyage to the Weft Indies 1 he changed tbie name JaoNica to i>t. Jago. The Spaniard' poileflcd it till tlie lime of Oliver Cromwell, whOt being fcnrible of tlie ad- vantages that nation obtained by their poOcflioni in America, fent a eonfidcraiile fquadron of men of war, comipanded by the generals Pcitn and Venables, in t6si. to talM the fini; iflwd of HifpanioU. .Hut being repulled in ihat«(t«n)pt, tb«y bent tbcir force* agatoft Jamaica, which they made themfelvc* mafter* of with lUe lort. Since this time it has tteen in the huiib of the EiiglfllP and recovered it* ^,s, which produced yearly fifty llioufand pounds worth of indigo : they are now reduced to eight, and an injudicious parliamentary duty iu* nearly ruined iliis branch, which the Ficnch have almoft entirely wrefied from iit. At the time above-mentioned, t^icrc were in this j/land fixty cacao walks in produce, and many new ones under cultivation t but having been fume years afterwards all deftroyed by a blaft, they have never been fuicc renewed, and there is hardly one left, though chocolate is in genet al ute here. I'be piodu£lions which promifc to increafe «re cotton and co(rce. The French, however, have maintained tlicir fupe- rioriiy in the manner of Ihipping cuftcc fur Europe, fo as tu |>re- fcrve all its quahiie* and virtues. Jamaica exports annually eight hundred citks of coffee of three htindicd pounds each i and utie thuulaiid bags of cotton, each weighing one hundred and eighty pounds. Jamaica picduces, befidrs the articles already Ipecificd, * number of trees, flirubs, and ufeful plant i, tome ot tliem well at the cedar, odoriferoui and incor- luptible : thii, bcfidei, fervcs to cover and wainl'col hoafei, to make pencils, &c. and is much ufed by cabinet makrri. 6. The lignum-viiz, excellent for joineis and turners : its gum, called guaiacum, is of excelKnt lervice in medicine. They have alfo fevrral trees that are ufcful in domcftic oeco- nomy ; among which are, i . The oil-tiee, or Palma Chrifti, fifteen or fixleen feet high, and laden with nuts affording p!enty of an oil which is of great ufe, as well as that of the pilm-tree ; this lad is much elleemed by the negroes. 2. '1 lie cacao-tree and date-tree produce fruits both cooling and nutritive. 3. I'he cabbage-tree, a beautiful tree whole flem grows to a prodigious height, fome having been feen oiie hundred feet high ; and produces at the top a fuhflance which has the appearance and tafte of a cabbage. 4. I'hc tamariiid-trcc, whole fruit is well known ; they procure a valuable variiith by incifion from tlic tiee; and might extraft an ufeful oil from the nuts. 5. The live or loap-tree, which alTord an excellent foap. 6. 'i he red mangrove, and the black olive-tree, uled in tanning of hides, and their bark is infinitely preferable 10 that of the oak for this purpofe. 7. The machioreal i a remarkable tree ; all the parts of it, leaves, juice and fruit, (the latter el which much retem- bles a crab tree) are more or lefs poifonous. Here are likewife various forts of dying woods, gums, and medicinal drugs ; anioiig the latter are guaiacum, china-iuot, laifaparitia, caffia, venellas, aloes, and the wild cinnamon-tree, which is clleein- ed of Ibvereign ufe for promoting dij^eflion, and dii'pelling wind. Tvbacco is alfo produced here ; but, being of a coatfe kind, is cultivated only for the fake of the negroes, who arc fond of it : they have alfo Indian and Guincy corn, with jicas of various kinds, but none rcfcnibling thofe of Great Britain, except fuch as aie reared with great care and tendcrncfs in gardens ; likewife jams and potatoes, tugether with cabbages and a variety ol roots, particularly calliiva, of which they make bread. There are various kinds of berries in the woods ; but apples, and thole fruits that are mure peculiar to cold countries, thrive but t>adly here. Their princi| al fruits are oranges, lemons, citrons, pahns, pomegranates, fhaddocks, momres, four-fops, papao, melons, plantain, tamarinds, guavas, pine-applcs, cuf- tard-applcs, Aar-aprples, prickly peats, and alicado pears. There are but lew cattle in this iHand, iKing chiiHy fupplied with beef from the Britilh colonics on the continent ; what they liave are very fmall, and the flefh tough and lean. I'heir Iheep, boweveri arc laige and fat, and thirir llelh very good ( but the wool, which is long and full of hairs, is of litile ufe. They bave great plenty of ho^s, and their ticlh is exceeding fweet and delicious. Horles, alli-'s, and mules, are very numerous : the former are fmall, inctilifomc, and hardy ; and generally fell for tliirty or lotty pounds Aerliiig, when well made. Fowls, both wild and tame, arc found here in great variety, and paiticalarly more parrots than in any of the other illands ; bclides parroqucts, pelicans, fni|KS, teal, Guiney luns, gcefe, ducks and turkirs ) th: humming-bird, &c. '(here IS aliuudaiicc of excellent lilh in the bays and rivers; but the tortuil'c is by much the ino{l valuable, both for its Ihell and filh, the latter being accounted the mot\ delicious, Ind, at the fame time, the moll whoieroine in all the Indies. The uianatu, or feacow, which is often taken in calm bays, is reckoned extraordinary good eating by the Indians. The moun. tains breed numlx-ilcis adders and other noxious animals, as the feni and marllies do the guana and gallewafp ; but the latter are not poilonous. In this ifland arc many noxious infefts, fiich as the cirer, or cheguc, which eats into the nervous and uimnbraiious parts of the Hclh of the negroes ; and the white people are fonietimcs jilaj^ucd with thciii. 1 liele infefls get into any part of the ImkIv, but chieriy the legs and feet, where they breed in great iiuiiibcrs, and (hut tbcnil'cUcs up in a baj; : they Ibmctiines pet into the toes, :ind rat the Hclh to the buncs. As Joon as the perlon feds them, which is not, perhaps, till a week .tfter ihcy hdU' Ucii in tlie body, they pick rhem out with a nerdle, 01 the point 01 a peii-knitc, uking ca e to ddUoy the baj; en- tirely, that none of the breed, #bic(i ire like nits, may be left behind.. The feVeral forts of inhahitanu In Jamaica confift of Englilh, or thofe of Englifli extradion i Indians, negroes, muUttoci, or meftices, or the defcendants of them. I'Tie better fort of the Englifh wear wigs on Sundays, or particular days, amT appear very gay in coats of filk, and vefts trimmed with filver. At other times they generally wear only thread ftockings, linerl reaten part of ibis valuable illand. I'he foil v«ries« being in ome placet fdiidv and light, in other* ncli, atid in othert fponf[y. The mod viluaiile prod ud ions art, fugar, rum, mulairri, gm- ger, Indigo and cotton. TJi'e prirtcipal fruits are, pine-apples, guavas, platni.iin<, oraniies, lemoix, citrons, limei, tamanndi, inat\);rovcs, prickkd :ipple», fi)>s, cacao and cocoa nnts, bullies, cuHard applet, papivs, pomegranates, &c. Here are few or- chards or gardens ; and 'hey can procure Indian corn from Noith America cheaper than it could be fold for il of their own growth. • Here are abundance of hog<, srhich are nruch finer eating than thole of England ; oxen, cows, liotfes, apei, goats, mon- kieu and racoons, with a few Ihetp and rabbets i but the mutton is of an indiAcrem quality. Tame pigeons, pulict% ducks, and poultry of all kinds, bred in Barbadocs, have a fine tlivoiir, and are accounted more deli- cious thin thole of Kvirope. Hera are alfo teaN, 9urlcua, ploven, fnipes, wild pigeons, wild ducks, and a kind of bird callfd a man oi war. I'heir fnakes and fcorpions never (ling, and their infcfts, tliouvli nuiiierous, have no poifon. Among other tilh common here, they have the parrot fi(h, fnappers, gtcy cavclloct, larbums, coney-iilh, and the green turtle, which is a great delicacy. In the centre of ihit ifland there is faid to be a bituminous fpring, which riniti a liquor like tar, and fervcs fur the fame ufei as pitch or lamp oil. There are alfo twuilreama, or rivers, on each fide of it, wells of good water all over it, befidei large refervoirs tot i,mii witer. Here are thrc- clafTrs of inliabitints, viz. the mtfiers, the white Cervants, and ntgines. The white fervants lead moie eafy lives hcie than the day l.i!;ouicrs in Kiigland ; but the planter is generally more careful of bin black feivanii than of the white, as the former, if not made free, are. with all their poflerity, his perpetual prop?itv. Mod of the negroes are employed in the fii-ld, but Ibmr of thrm work in the fugar mills and ftore-houlcs, while thole of both fcxe*, who arc moft )ikcly and hardy, are employed as m?nial Servants and hnul'e- maids. The negroes fubfift chiefly on plan'aiiis ; but they have every week, at (tatcd times, an allowance of In'.li in cum, hr-aJ, fait fifll, or fait pork. F.vrry pcyro family has a cabbin, and ad joining to it a finall piece of groun.l fur a garden : the more in- duftrious plant potatoe -, vam$, and otht r roots ; they alfo lear live ftocW, whicli tliey arcat lihrrtv to eit, or convert into mn ney. They are fond of rum and tobacco and generally lay out their earnings and I'avings in fine deaths and ornamiiits. The whites are computtd at twenty ihoul'an 1, but the negron, mulattoes, and mcfliccs llaves, at onehumlre,! thoufind. A fal.iry of two thouland puunds rteiliii^ is allowed to the governor, pavable out of the four and half per cent, bcfiiles a third of all fcizures. The council confifts of twelve- niemlicfs, and the adembly of tweiity-two, chofen yearly out of the fc- vcral parilhes, viz. two for cich, by a mijoiity of votes. Moft «f the civil officer.^ .Tre appointed by the governor, who alfo col- lates rcftors to tbc parillies of ihc iflands. The pcrq'iifites of them arc very conlid>-raMc, and their Hated falary about one lumdud and fifty or two huiidrud piuiiis a year ; but the rec- tory of St. MiCiiacl's in liiidje town i.? fuppofed to he worth about eight hundred puunds a r.ir. Here arc Ibnie Jews and quakerj, but voiy few other difT^nters. A furrogate of the bi- Ihop's appointment go\ ems the church affairs. I'hc military clbblidiiiiciit of ilarbadoes is very refpedtable, confiftingof fix iej;iinciits of fyot, two of hoife, and a troop called the troop of hoifc gu.irds : they have alio a pood tiaiii of artillery, and feveral fort<. Th,: whole ilhnd is divided into five didrifts, and thele again into eleven parifhcs. In each of the diftrifts is a judge and five affiftants. who hold a court of common pleas every month, from January to September, and the governor is aibitrator in cafe; of difficulty. liridge-town, the capi'al of the ifland, and the only place of note in it, is fitu.itcd in Cailille bay. in the fouth- wirt pait, and lia'i the b.'ll or rather tlic only harbour in it. This is reckoned the hneft and larfcfl town in all the Caribbrc illands, if not in all '.'x' Kn^';f'i Welt India colonies, takinp, its name from a brid^'.ciii thecafl part of it, erci'f cd ov; r the wa'iis that come fiom the iiurt of chancery. The governor's houlc is about a mile out of the town, which i'; not leckiiicd veryheal:!iy on account of the neighbouring nmlht'S. There arc t'cvcral forts ami batteries about the town and 'av, tlielntr-rof which is large enn.ii^h to '-ont:-.!!! live hundrC'.] I'll; sml b.i< twriiiy ta'.lnm anchoiairc in very clear wa'cr, bit it is extremely lotkv. lleie is a colle['e, foinided and lihi-rally endowed by coloiul (.Jodiiii ton t.ir pio- tellbrs in tli; feveral Ici-^nccs. it is thu only mllitution of the ^05 kind ill the Weft Indict, bnt ft doii rtot appear to tie in a vary flonrilhittf date. A conhderable trtde is carried on from hence with Great Oritiin, North America and Africa, which is luppofed to em- ploy four hundred vefleli of all burdeni. I'he principal articles of exporlaiion are, aloes, cotton, ginger, fugai, rum and mo- lades ; it amounted, in 1770, to three hundr<.d eleven thoufand pounds to Oreai Britain, one hundred and 1 y ihoufand pounds to North America, and eleven ihoufan. iid< to the olhct ii'aiids, the whole being upwards of four ..undred and thirty ihoofand pounds deiling. 1'liey import timber of various kiads, bread, flour, Indian com, rice, tobacco, inL! of ;;oods alwajs inconvcMicnt, and very often dan- gerous : tlicy liavc b-cn therefore obliged 10 adopt a (urticulai; method t > ihipijie hoivygoods, luch as hop.llitaJs of fugar or luni. lor this purpofc they ule a fniall boat of a peculiar con- <) T" ftjufliou. 'fi;-^::^ / ; 'i (toi Tmi NEWamb universal SYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY. (Ifuftion, called » Mofei; tliM hoat>reU off from the Ovp with feme very aiUve inJ expert rowers : when tliey '.^cwhat lliey call a lull, that ii, an anatrmeiit in the violence of the (urge, thoy pulh to hiw), and lay the lidei ol ihc nioiet on the ftranU, the hoglhead is tullcd iniu it, and the I'amt precautions ire ul'ed to carry it to tlit Ihip, Rum, cotton, and other goods that wiU bear the water, are generally floated to aud from the Hiip. This inand is divided into nine pariflies, tIfU of wlii«h hai « handfome church. Public ufl'airs are adminiftercd by ■ go- vernor, a council, and an aflcmhiy chofen from the paiiflies. In 1770 tlie exportitions of this ifland ainuunted 10 above four hundred nineteen thoufind pounds Aerling for fugar, nin- InfTcs and rum, and near eight tliuufand pounds fur cotti n . 1'he inhnhitanis amount to about eight thoufaitd whitct, and twenty thoufand blacks The iHand of Antigua, the iDoft eonfiderable of the Leeward Caiihbccs, ii of a ciiculir form, about twenty milct each way, and near fixty in circunifcreitce. It ii more noted for good har- bours tli.in all the En^lifh idands in thcfc feas, yet To encora- pnlTed with rocks that it it of dangerous acccft in many parti, i'he climate ii hotter than Barbadocs, an^ very fubjeA to liu^ ricincs. The foil is faiidjr, and much of it overgrown with wood. Hcie are but few Iprings, and not fo much as a brook in (he wliolc ifland, lb that the inhaHliants depend on the cal'u.il rains for moft of the water they arc fupplird wiih. St. John is llic capital of Antigua : it is a regular well built town on the well lliorc, with a good harbour of the lame name, whole entrance is defended by Fort James. It is the teddence of tliccovcinor general ef the Catibbcc Leeward Iflaiids, the place wiiire the aflcni1>ly for this illand is hdd, and the port where the j;reatce of the ifland there ii generally one regiment of regular troops quartered there. Antigua has a governor general, a lieutenant governor, a council, and its own alTcmbly of twenty four members ; be- fides which, the governor general can, when he thinks proper, call I i;eneral aflcnibly of the ieprel<:ntatives of the other iflands. It is divided into fix- parifhes and eleven dittriiSks, of which ten fend each two reprcfeiitatives, and that of St. John four. In 1770 their exports amounted to four hundred forty-fix thou- fand pounds Iterling to Great Britain, Ireland and America, of which Turn five hundred pounds is only for cotton, all the reft is the produce of fugar, moUfles and rum. '"he number of ▼ellels that enter yearly into the harbour is reckoned at three liundred, but that of tlie inlubitants of the ifland is not cer- tainly known. Tlie fniall iflind of Nevis confids of one vafl mountain rifing to a very conlidcrable height in the middle : it is fituatcd about four miles to the call of St. Chriflopher's. The Ibil is fruitful, and the (laple co.iimodity fugar, which ferves all the purpol'es of money. Here are fometimes violent rains and tor- nadoes, as Th the oilier iflands, and the air is even hotter than than that of Barbadocs. Here are many remarkable inlc£is iind reptiles, par'icularly the flying lyger, the horn fly, and a kind of fnail, called the fuldier. The fea abounds with a va- riety of excellent filh, as groupers, rockfilh, old wives, caval- ]ics, wcllhmen, mud fifli, wilks, cockles, lobftcrs, &c. land crabs are very common here ; they arc fmaller thin fca crabs, and make little burrows, like raboets, in the woods, towards the tops of the mountains. The only venomous creatures are fcorpions and centipedes. Here are fprings of frefli water and a hot bith, much of the fame nature as thofeof Bath in Eng- land. Their (heep have no horns nor wool, but are ^loathed with fmooth hair, and generally full of fmall red or black fpots re- fembling thofc of a fine fpaniel. They breed twice a year, if notoftener, and generally bring two, three, or four lambs at a time, and, what is more extraordinary, fuckle them all. The rams are of a red pale colour, with a thickrowof loiigftrait icd hair hanging down from the lower jaw to their breaft as far as ihc futc-icg;. The hogS; being fed with Indian corn, Spanilh potatoes, and fugar cane juice, are exceeding fA'eet food, wiiitc •nd fat, and fo are the turkiei, which are fed with the fame diet. The ground dovts here are about the fne of a lark, of a chocolate colour, fpotted with dark blue, their heads like that «f arobta-red-brcait, aDdtheiicyci and legs of a moll pure red. Here are excfllmt gime-cnckt and fine bull-dopr, which retain thcit f|«iril, bclidcs large cur-dogs, but no fpanicli ot Jiotindi. here are great quantities of ifparaf^ni ; likewife a tree gillcd diddle- doo, which Ixais I lovely Ijjuilriin of the fineit yellow aiwi fcarlct colours, and is cflrrincd a fuvciciitn remedy againft the gieen (icknefs. The lti)uori(c runs wilil along the flono wall* of common field*, like the vine ; hut here is no lignum vita or iron wood. Ihc buttei uf this ifland is nut good, and new cheel'cfar woife. Charles-town, the capital, has a fott, called Great Fort, that defend* the anchoring p'ace, whc- the goveniur, cooncil an4 aflembly meet ) the lali u cuinpofcd of five intmhers fur each of the three parilhes into which ihe ifland ii divided. Hero are three lolciable raids or liay*, on which are as many htti* tqwns, viz. Newcaftle, Linl'-'burough on Moreton bay, and Charles, town above- nicntiuiird. The king gives twenty, pouiiils out of the exchequer to the clergy, \y1io are fent hiihcr by tlin bilhop of London to vacant parifhes to defray the charges of their voya;je. The fees for every chrillening, marriagf*, and buiial, arc one Ihilliiig afid fix-pence, and for a funeial fcrniun .hree pounds, or live liun- drca pounds weight of f»gir. They have three public aniuinl fafls to implore the divin* proteftion againd huiricaiiesi and if nnne happen in July, Au- guft or September, they have in O.ifober a public t(iankl..;iving. If a negro in thii illand ftrikes a white man, Ui is punifhed with the loft of his hand, and if Jie Ibould elraw bluoj with death ; a negro cannot beevielence againft a white nun : but if a white man kills a lugro, he cannot be tried lui his hie for tht murder ) all that he fulfers is, a fine of thiity puunJs cYirrency tOithe mailer fur tho lofs of his tlave. Before the revolution Nevis contained thirty thousand inha- bitants, but the iiivaliuii of the French about that time, and fume epidemical diforders have'grea'.ly dimiiiilhcd (he number, fince they only reckon at prclcnt two or three thoufand whites, and fix or fcven thoufand negroes. In 1770 their exportation! to Great Bri'ain, in cotton and fugar, amounted to near forty- four thoufand pounds i thole; to Noilh Amciita, where they fend a gKat deal of molaflcs, rum, and a prodij^ious number of lemons, exceeded fouiteen thoufand pounds. About twenty veflclsare employed annually in trade to and from this ifland. The illand of Montfeirat is filuated twenty five miles ,-ilmoft fouth-eaft from Nevis, twenty vveft-l'outli-wcl> from Antigua, forty north-well from Guad.iloupe-, and t.vo lu •; red and (oity from Baibadoes. It is of an oval tij,urc, about three leagues in length, the fame in breadth, and eighteen in ciicunif^:rence. Columbus full difcovered tlii& ifland in 14 13. It wa< fettled in 1631 by Sir Thomas Warner, and taken in the beginning of the reign of Charles II. by the Ficnch, who rcflored it to the Englilh at the peace of Hrcda. The firft (cttlcrs were (riflrinen, and the picfent inhabitants .ire piincipally coinpolcd either of their defcendants or of natives of Ireland ; to that the ufe of the Irifh language is prelirved in this illand, 'even' among the negre>es. 'i'he Spaniards gave it the name of Moiitfe-rrat from a fancied rcfemblance it bore to a mountain of that name near Barcelona in Old Spain, where is a famous chapel dedicated t» the Virgin Mary. 'I'his illand it well watered, and fruitful : its foil, climate, and produce refeml.le thofc of the other Englilh Caribbees. The mountains yield ccdart, the cyprefs tree, the iron tree, with other woods, and fome odoriferous Ihrubs : the plaiit.:ra formerly raifed a great deal of indigo, 'i'he camanture, by fome called the fea cow, is found near this ifland, and generally at the entrance of ficfli water rivers. It is faid to be an aniphi. bious animal, and to live muflly on herbage. Its llclh if reckoned very wholfomo food when failed, and llicy arc fo large, that two or tliiec of them load a canoe. The lurround- ing feas produce fcveral hideous moiiftcrs, particularly t\Vo, which, from their remarkable uglincl's, as well as the poilbnous ejualityof their flefh, arc called lea devils. There is no harbour in this illand, only three roads, namely, Plymouth Twliich is the chief town in the ifland) C;ld Harbour, and Ker's Hay, where the fhipping and landing of goods is at- tended with the b, loie-mciuiiined inconveniences. The government of Monif rrai is compofcd of a lieutenant- governor, a council, and anaflcuibly ot ei^lit icj)releiitativps, two for each of the four dillri(!ls which divide the ifland. The annual exports from hence toGreat Britain and Ireland arc elii- mated at ninety thoufand pounds, and to North America twelve thoufand. The number of inhabitants Iktc is aliout fourteen tlioufai'd, among whom arc about one thoufand five hundred whites. The ifland of Barbuda is only about twenty uii'ej in icngih, and twelve in breadth, and is fituated fifteen miles north calt ot* Montferrat. It is the property of the Codrington family, who appoint the governor. I'art of the cflati ariling fiom it (ainouming. It 'h. 1^ '!•;;)■ --m^ [Al ::^^i [A M i: R { t A.] WEST INDIES. 807 («mountln{>, a' i« (kU, to iwo ihoHfarKl |>oundi * jrur.wUh two plarit«ri»nt in \> . Iiailoctj w«i berjuctihed, lit 17 lO, by Clif If Icphei Coilri'iglnn, i,(i\, govtrnnr of HarhaJoci, to ihc fockcljr tor pio|iai;atiiic, tlie gofpcl, umatJi the inftruAioii of ilx lugroc 1 ill lit* l.'tribtMc illaiidt in (lie Cliriftiiii rcli);ioii, and ilie erec- tion of a collcKi* at Haibadoei liir irachiiig ilie lilKral arfi. Tliii ii 1 fertile iltaitd, thnucli llio land hx l< '^ onth* wifl fide of it ii ( good well flieilirrd road, clr.) li. u rockt and laiidi. The iiiliahilaiiti apply ilicmklvei clucri. 10 the bleed- ing of can Ir, and raifiiig pro»ifiont, with whth they fupply the neiglitxiuiini; illandi. Many of ihc conimoditlei prndiiccd in the other Wcl) India iflanda may ill'qbc raifed hare. There are lontc large fcipciili on the lOand, hut they are neither poilniwui iiur noxioui, and will dcflroy rati, toidi and frogi, though the Hint or bile of olbcra it nioiul, unlcfi an antidote ii quickly applied. Anguilla I1CI ahout feventy five hiilr< >rlh-we(l of liir- bada, and ahonl forty to the north of (U. i. iiiiflophei'i. It ii ver^' long and narrow, which indSMd the Spaniard! to give it the name of Anguilla, or Cel...-nii lb lew and Hat, that the French, mIio hift fettled tflere, did not Ihinlc it worth culti- vating, or even keeping 1 the F.nf^lilh adopted tlie fame opi- Tiion when they took potfeflinii of it, and the ifland wai a long tint: in their handt bctorr thry perci^ivcd the contiary. W ithin a fe^ yMi%indul\ryand the indefaiigaUle lalraurt of the planteri of Aiigtinh have convinced them, that their iHand producei not onW^Mie ncceflarieiof life, but, befidri, many provifioni which they fell to their neighbouri, at well ai fugar and cotton. Mefore the late war, their exportationi, which prunnfe an in- creafe, amounted, in fugar, rum and cotton, to near (ix thou* fand poundi, thret tboufand eight hundrvd of which were for Great Britain, the reft for North America. The climate ii very healthy, and the inhabitant! flrong and vigoroua. Thcic are feveral fmall uninhahitcd iflandi to the north of Barbuda, and dependant on it : the raoft remarkable of them (called Sombrero by the Spaniard! from it* refemblance to a hut; lie* at fix ka^uft diflancc, and is about a league long. The Archiftlago of the Virgin Iflandi lie to the wefl of Bar- buda and Sombrero, af\er having crofTed a channel of eight le:>{>un ; thefe were fo denominated in memory of the eleven thoufand virgin! of the legend. They take up a fpace from call to weft of about twenty-four league! lone, quite to the caltern coaft of Porto Rico, with a breadth of about iixteen Icagoei, They are conipofcd of a great number of iflea, wbofc coall!, rent throughout, and fprinkled with rocki, every where dangeroni to navigator!, are famoui for Ihip-witcka, and par- ticularly of f':vcral galleon!. Piappily for the trade and navi- gation of thefe ifland!, nature ha! placed in the middle of them • large hafon of three or four league! broad, and fix or fevcn long, the fined that can be imagined, and in which (hlpi may anchor liind-locked, and Iheltered from aU wind!. Sir Francii Drake firft entered it in 1580 in hii expedition againft St. Do- mingo : hence it i« called the Bay of Sir Francis Drake. 'Jhcfc ill^ndi arc all of tlicm exceedingly friall, and tlicgreateft paituiiinhabitt'd. One of them is called the Tropic Keyi, from ihc proilijTJoui quantity of Tropic bird) which breed there, and arc about the llze of a pigeon, but round and plump like a paiiridge, and very good to eat r'^tlieir plumage ii quite while, except two or three k-athi.ii in each wing of a clear grey ) their heaks are fhort, thick, and of a pale yellow ; they have a feather, or quill, about I'even inches long, which comes out ot their nimp, and i« all the tail they have. Thefb birds have never been I'ecn hut between the Tropics, from wliich circumltanccthcy deiivc their name. Doniiiiica is lituatcd about half way between Martinico and Guadaloupc, in fixie?n degrees iiorlli latitude, and fixty-two «\'clt longitude. It '! about twenty-eight miles in length, and. thirteen in breadth, and received it! name from being difco- vered by Columbus on a Sunday. The foil of this iiland is thin, and lieitcr adapted to the rearing of cofTce than fugar ; but the fides of the hills bear the fined trcei in the We(i Indies, and the whole ifland is well fupplied with rivulets of fine water. At the north- wed end there is a fpacious fandy bay, called St. Rupert's, which is well fccured Irom the winds by mountains on all fides. .Here, asin fome other of the Caribbces, is aful- phur mountain, and hut fpring, equal in falubriiy to thofe of Bath m England ) and the fine fruits, particularly the pine apples, arc fupcrior to any that grow on the French iflaiids. The town of Rofeau, which is fituated on a fpacious har- bour, ii the mod didinguiflied olacc in this ifland. Thehoufcs ire low, and irrcgulaily placea, and the town is (heltered by the circumjacent mountains, fome of which rife to a confi- dciable height. Ships of a confiderable fize ride at anchor with the grcated fafety in the bay or harbour, from whence there is a mod advantageous view 01 the town. St. Vincent is iiiuaieu auout fifty inilcs north- weft of Bir- badgci, it (bout twciil]'>four inilci ia length, and c^bteen in ■4.' - '/ ' breadth. It is genrrally alMwed rn fie one of the t-tft of all lh* Aniilln. Out (if. ilii' ikI|{<> <>f mounlaiiM, whitih crofWe ■* fiom fou'li to north, ril« a gr'Xt injinlK-i of H'ers well |lorvawiv ne^roei, but nmiii of thefe now re- main. Kingltown it ih* moft remarkabli* phice here it i« firuaied on a bay of the lanic name at the fouili welt end of the iiland. It i< the icfidence of the governor, and the place wlu-re the nf- fcnihlv meet. The town of Ca'lij)(ua, whole lurbour is the molt coMfldfrable in the whole iiliiid, fluids about three milea from Kiiigdown towards the I'outh-eaft. The iiland of (iraiuda it lituatcd in twelve de,;ree! nmth la- titude, and fixty-two degrees wed bngitudc, alioul ihiity leagues Tnuth-wttt of Darhadori, and almoll the fame dilUnce north of New Andalufii, or tfie Spinifh nnlii. The ifliiid i* about thirty miles long, and fifteen broad. 'Ilie foil ia very lich atfd fertile, and p.iilicularly adnpicd for proJuciii!! fuitar, coffee, tobacco- and indigo. A lakt on tli: top nl' a hill, in the middle of an i|1ind,'l'upplics ii plentifully with line rivers, wlnoli adorn and fertilize it. Stvetal bayi a' in the others. The iiland of Ciranada was long the theatre if which is dependant on that of St. Domingo, or Hifpa- niola : its bifhcp, whole fee is at St. Jago, though he com- monly refidcs at the H.ivannah, is fuffragaii to the archbifliop of St. 1 )o;ningo. The ealt part of the illand is under the governor of St. Jiigf', and the weft of the governor of the Havannah.^ There ax fcvcral large towns in the illand ; but the two above-^ nitiuioiud ;iic the mort considerable. On the noith-wcft coift of the idand ftanOs the Havannah, the capi'al, in twenty -three decrees twelve minutes north lati- tude, and in the ei'Tlity fecond degtte thirteen minutes weft lon- gitude. The town ulclf, diftin£l f^rom the fortifications, is about two nvUf in ciicuit, and contains about twenty-fix thnufand fouls. Its port is faid lo be the moft frequented, as well as the beft in all ilic illands, and one of the fincft in the world ; it bein^M'o l.a'c, thai aihoii'and fail of iliips may commodioiifly ride in it wiili the utmoft iU'eiy, without either .inchoror c^lile, no wind bcin^ ahle to hurt them ; and is fo deep, that the laircO vcflils anchor at > (null diftance from the fliore. The uitranee, which has nu bar toobftrufl it, is by a channel about time quaitcr; cf a mile in length, but fo narrow, th.it only one fl'.ip can •',c^ in at a time. The hatbout into which it l.-ji!s at iht: iicirih-\vct\ corner, is a long fquaic lying north and fou'ii ; the otliir three corners forming three creeks or bays. T lis city {lands in the moft feitilepart of the ifland, on the vreft tiiicof the haibour, in a delightful plain that extends along t1ic lliorc, and backwaids it is waflied by two branches of the li-.tr Lapitia. "Ihe citN is of an oval form, and k-gins about a quarter ffi mile from the iii'inth of the harbour. The build- ings, wVich aicof ftone, are very handfoini', but not lofty, and thtlh'a-.s are i:arrow, but clean. Hci:' a: - eleven churches and r.ionaflcri<-, two handlome hnfpitals, and a fine fijuarc in the middle of the town, cncompafrcd with iinilorm buildings. '! he cit-.' on tli'- land fide is cncompntTcd with a wall defended h) b.(ll::i , ard r. c:.!lle fin the fide towards the harbour; at the h.lilHr.n's m' Cinmn bti'.-iijii g to it ; ihcic are alfo two other JiiiiU fart", c,i.:?y (. axeniir and liariav.nis. Thefe forts, all ti.i> ih-i, Irivc mcbuiidrtd .ind twenty guns. this city it of iiinie iiiiporiaii:c to the Spaniards than aiiv other in Anirriii, it bciu.; the ulaoc of icnde'vous for all llieifliLi. iii il.cir return frnn that quar'er of the world to Sjain i and fiotn its lyiii;; at the niov.th of the guiiof f U.fid-., Iliroiiqli \\U:rU thcv ari- obli^'.'-d all ti) pafs, it has been ca!h-d by the Sp.m'ai>ls the key ol'the Wetl-lnJics. Here rides the nav of tl;( Itiii!; ol Spain, and bete meet in September th.' nitrehnnt! iT.itu frcm icsoA Sp.iiiilh p'l's, Iv/tli of the enn-i- ncn: niid lilaiids, to luc iiuiubci ol filty i.r lixiy fail, lo Like in provifions and wafer, in order to tcturn to Spain in a body.' Within the city is a continual fair till thoir departure, which is generally before the end of the month, when proclamation is made, forbidding any that bcloni; to the fleet to ftay in the town on pain of death, and upon tiring a watning gun, they all go on board. St. Jago is featcd in the twentietb degree two minutes north latitude, and in the fevcnty-fifth degree forty-fevcn minutes weft longitude, at the bottom of a fpacious bay, on the liSth- ealt fide of .the i/Iaiid, about fix miles from the lea. The entrance to the bay is narrow, and within it ar? fmall iflandf, which fhcltcr it t>om ftorins, and form a commodious harbour. Itis a bifliop's fee, and has acathedral; it haifonce alfoagood trade, which is now removed to the Havannah, attd thuugli the city has jurifdi£lions over half the ifland, it has dwindled almoft to nothing. The other principal towns in the ifland are Santa Crux, whicli is feated fixty-thrcc miles to the eaft of the Havannah, on the fame coaft, and has a very good harbour. Porto del Principe, oil the fame coaft, (lands about three hundred miles fouth-eafk of the Havannah i it was formerly a rich town, and was taken by the Buccaneers, after a ftout refiftance i near it are fome fprings of bitumen. Baracoa, is fituaied on the noith-eaft part of the ifland. The illand of Hif^aniola, or St. Domingo, ii.tJlj^ttl about thirteen leagues to tli: eaftward of Cuba, and sit^HMd Aitti by the antient inhabitants. It is about four huiufaiip miles iit length, one hundred and fifty in breadth ; and die coaft. including the circumference of all the bays and creeks, near iivc hundred leagues. The climate, though hot, is not reckoned unwholfome, being refrcfhed by breezes and rains. This ifland is agreeably diverntied with hills and vallies, woods atfd rivers, producing ananas, bananas, grapes, oranjes, lemons, citrons, t'oronias, liinesjB dates, and apricots, fairer and better tafted than thole of tn? other illands, together with whole forefts of cabbage, trees, elms, oaks, pines, acajou, and other trees, lar ■; and lofty. The otlicr commodities are fugar, hides, indigo cotton, cftcoa, coffee, ginger, tobacco, fait, wax, honey, ambergris, and various kinds of drugs and dyeing woods. There are plenty of tortoifes on its coafts and in the rivers, which arc alfo infcftcd with crocodiles and alligators. The Spaniards and French polTefs thit ifland in common, though the latter formerly occupied thy whole. Columbus dit- covered it in 1492, and called it the Spanilh Ifland ; a denomi- nation it has preferved under the name of Hifpaniola, along with that of St. Domingo They found here Ibme exceeding rich gold iniius. The greater part of the male Indians pcrilhed in thefe mines ; and almoft all the females, by the exceffive labour of cultivating the fields of maiz for the ufe of thecon- (]ucrors ; the others were nLifTacred cither in cold blood, or in ranged battles, forfo they called thofc kinds of lavage chacea which the Spaniards, covered with iron, and followed by bull- dogs, made to a multitude of thefe unhappy , wretches, quite naked, and flying with all their might : we are told, that no left than three millions of men, women, and children, were murdered in cold blood by thefe inhuman butchers. The quick rxteimination of the natives, and conlequcntly thedifll- culty of working the mines i the bloody quarrels of the conque- rors among one another ; the di.'ieoverv of Mexico, foon after that of St. Domingo, drawino thither all ihc invaders j laftly, the pillaj;ingof the capital by Drake, in 1586 t all theft- thir\g» made the new colony fall to decay a few years after its eilablifti- mcMt. The Spaniards, (cattcrcd alout this laric- niie of twenty thoiilaiid dijcais. and a line maiket-jilacc in tlie ci.ilir lit the city ; wlii' h is alio the rrCulcnce of the p^ovcrnm- (■ ii'ial oftlic Spanilh Indies, slid of an aichlnfliop, and c-mut ol ii>)4l .ludieutc. 'I'lic arcbbilhop's fuffrajaiis arc the bifhrji north latitu It is about Moft of plains, is I. other ifland the air is 1 feafons. barren, ... but tliere prefpnt. A breed •nd tear in in the wot that burro parrots, found here pork is ex( their muttc and fruit t cominoeliti cafCa, mal Great [ prevent an the fcveral to the con The ciJ on the nd and is joir[ by forts an This towl the refiderL Bcfidesl remarkablT Agnada, other necj There 1 Crabs mi Sir Fr«l was afteis teicn of I having tol fuinmer, \ btitudes. N«. 8l [A M E H 1 C A») WEst Indies. icU is oi\ is ill tlie icy all north iuutcs o»tli. The ilaildF, rbour. a good huugli ^iiuUcd blrCon^tionin thU iHand, St. John's iii Porto Rico.. St. J«go in Cuba, VeiizueU in New Ciflilc, and of the city of nonduiti. The jarifdiAioni of the court of toyal audience tstendt to ail the Spanilh Weft-Indian iflandi. A fine navi- |able river jhll* into th£ fea a lii'le to the weft of the city, which owes it* pi«fent ftlpport to the lawyer! and ecdefiaftick* whofe profeffioni obliec inein to refide in it. I'he town of Conception ftands twenty leuiiet liorth of San Domingo, It ik a large place, ahd the lee of a bifhop. Porto la Plata, or the !Iaven of Silver, fiandi on an arm of the Tea, thirty- five leagues north of St. Doinin|o. Monte Chrifto is at the month of the river Yaguey, ten miles weft of Porto de la Plata, and forty nonh-weft from St. Domingp. St. Jago de les Cavalieros lies ten leagues north-weft of Conception, alKl fenjo) s a fine air. The chief towns bclon|iiu| to the French are, i. Cape St. Franf ois, fitttaie on ilie nbiui fide of the ifland : it is in a flou- rilhing condition, having • fine MUrbour, a briflc trade, and about eight thoufand inhabitants, s. St. Louis, or Port Loiiii, which ftands on a fmall ifland on the fouth-wcft coaft, mnd has a good ha- hour with a fort, but labours under a fcarcity of frcfli water, j. Port Paix* a place of confiJcrable lirengtb, Iving opjiofite the iflaiid of Torrufca, on the north- weft coaft of the ifland.A^ Port Uuaves and Leogane, on Donna Maria ^t. Nicolas, at the weftena of the iftahd. Leo^ne |:|o the town it poorly defends. The French h.-ive fince built a^ citadel upon Monte CJarnicei, an eminence higher ihan ibc n.nft elevated points of Monte Patate, Tartanlian, and Cartfuche, 9 U which '■*' fib The new amd UNIVERSAL SYSTEM o» GEOGRAPHY. Which tlleomiB^d Fort Koyil : thit cindd hu cod upwards \ ciftlT(M,hundred ind twenty fivethoufani) pounds ((eriingi | ' Port Royil, » wcli a* the reft of the illand, fell under the p but they reftored it M the peace. The harbour of Fort Royal, where the men of war anchor in Winter, is one of the bcft of the Windyrard idea, iipd iti iccurity againft the hurricanes generally acjcnowledged : it is fuppofed that iher inner part has Ixtn fyaltei by 0iiking the hulkt of feveral fliipi at « fence apinft the Engtifh. St Pierre, or St. Peter'a, 41 five leagues to 9|HHPi and Portagal. India and Guiney corn, French beant,^m^ kindt of peas, the cufton apple, that it both meat and diiak, and yieldt an excellent lamp oil ; the prickle apple, tlie banana, pomegra- nate, pineapple, fwbetand Sitter Orange, lemons, fugar, tubacco, indigo, ginger, far£^parilhi, fempervivum.citions, vanelloes, limes, . guavBS, plantains, tamarinds.grapef .fuftard apple, the four ap),lc, the papau'iipple, raainmie apple, the yellow plumb, cherries, iLo- cocoa tree that yields both ineat, drink, and cloailiiiig ; muik, cuciimbert, water melons, pomkins, gpurdt, potatoes, yhns, carroti, turneps, parroeps, onions, <;afliida root, natural ballkm, filkgrau, five diffierent forta of pepper, the long, the cod, the bell, the rbnnd, and t)i'e Jamaick, It is faid teas may be railed here by cultivation, though fome confider them as the fpontar neous produdion of the illand. In difTerent parts of thit. ifland are found green tar, foap- earth, with many curiout ftiells, ftones, maicames, and luinc.' rals. As for animals, here are wild hofjs, pickerees, which re- ferable a hog, armadilloes, guanoes, which are of the alluator Kind, Indian conies an^ badgers, horfes, cows, afl^es, (B.iH ■•:■* '*j^?tl!' [AMEHICA.} WB«T IKDIES. «it Th« ifknd of St. Crsit, or Sinta CinH, il the mofl confl- dtrable W«ft India idand belonginc to Denmark. It ii fituaied oat of llie group of tlie Virghii, five laagMi to the fouth of St. John'i, being about thirty mile* in length, and ten in breadth. It ii tolerably fertile, prodttcirtg moft of ihe n«cef- farie< of life, together With orangea, eltmnr, granatei, lemony, the minioc root, and the papau tree, the fruit of. whtch itiaket a moil excellent fweet-mear. Here ar« alfo a variety of dyeing woodi, and thofe ufed for boiiding houfes and fhiix. Moft of the inhab'tanta of Santa Cruz confift of Englifli from the ifland of Xicvi* and Antiina, of Irifh papiftt, • tanall nnmber of Danei, and German Moravianii SECT. VI. Cinttinliif a difcriftim if (b* Amtritm i/»tiJt, itik- tfitufiund- hni. Cap* Brrttit, St. Jilm, iht BtrmuJai, tht Bthtmat, F*U- hudljlts, Juan Ftrmiidn, Fmrn tr Ma/a-Fiuri, mud Chilm thiir fitMAtitn, utitHt, tlinMUi, pridiu*, MtmtU^ iiilkUltirti, ttmrntditiiti trtdi, (ft, t^TEWPOUNDLAKD !| of a triangular ^brtn. about f^ three hundred and fifty milea long, and two hundred Road, ia fituaied between ferty-fis dtgreca forty minulea, and fbrtv-Mniltojn feven minutea north latitude, and between forn^H^B||ta fifty two minute*, and fifty-feven degreei fbrn^^^^Hp' longitude, and haa many excellent harbo«ri and^^^^^Hpf the coafi, being bounded to the eafiward and fout^P^^HHu Atlantic ocean, on the north by the fttaights of BeMMI^ratch divide it from New Britain, and on the weft by the gulf of St. Lawter.ce. The coafli are exnenwly fubjr A to foga, dccafioned hj the Tapenn exbeled from th6 lAt* and (Wari.pk with which the ifland abounda. yet tlie air ii falubriou). and agreeable to moft conftitutioni. The winten'are feyere, atten«fe«l with.almoft continual ftoftti of ihow and fleet, the Iky being ufually overceft. The foil ia generally fuppofed to be barren, except only the banka of the rirera, whicii are tolerably fertile. There lire however wooda of difierent kinda throughout aloMft all the country for feveral miln from the coaft, which contain abun- dance of timber fit for fliip-and boatbuilding, at w'ellaa for ereAing fiagea for curing and drying filh ( and beyond thrfe woodi, where the lands ere cleared, are in many pi«eea good pailurage. The inland parta of the country rife into high hillii and fink inioboga and fwamp«t where fuch parti aa are not co- vered with water, aSbrd only fliruba, fprnce, and white mbfi. This ifland however contain* many fine riveri, lakea and rivu- leta. which abound with beavers, otters, and the like, add atlbrd great plenty of falmon, and other filh The forefta are flored with deer, moofe, bean, wolves, and tbxes in great plenty i bat hert are few cattle, Iheep, or horfei ; inftead of the latter, the inhahitanta make ufe of dogs for drawing of wood and other neceflariei. Ihefe they manage with great dnterity, fixing them in leather collars, and yoking tocefher what number they pleafe. Here are great plenty of wild fowl, but (he ftaplecom- mbdity of the ifland is cod filh, which are larger and in greater abundance than in any other part of the world yet difcovered ; and a confiderablc part of Europe is chiefly fupptied with this article. From hence upwards of three tboufand fail are an- nually employed by Great Britain and America in this fifhery i on board of which, and on ftioie, to cure and pack the fifli, are not lefs than ten tboufand handa ; fo that it u at the fame time not only a very profitable branch of trade to the merchant, but a fource of Ii vstinood to fo many thoufands of poor people, and a moft excellent nurfery to the royal navy, which is hence fupplicd with a great number of able feamen : it might ftill be much enlarged ( for notwithftandtng the great trade carried on by the Englilh here, the French are laid to have aconfiderable fhare. ' There are alfo taken on thefe coafls a great number of whales, feals, porpoifcs, &c. whence above five tboufand barrels of oil, bclides a great quantity of whale-bone, feal fkins, &c. are an- nually exported from hence to diSerent parts of the world s all which fufficiently ihew the importance of the ifland, notwith- ftanding ihe roughnef* aitd bstrennefa of the foil, and fevcrity of the climate. The number of EneUfh inhabittnts on the ifland is uncer- tain and floAuating- They are indeed very inconfiderable, if compared with its extent, but there are not half the number in winter that there are in fummer. Placentia, the capital of the ifland, which is feated on the fouthern point, contains no more than between three and tourfcore houfes. The vefTels employed in the fiihery are fmail fltallops, which come to fhnre every day, where the filhermen throw the cod Ihoy have taken upon » flage prepared for that purpore. One o( r!>em. who is calleU the cut-throat, opens the fifh with a two-edged knife, and cuts off his head, i a Iccond hands tlie tilh to the carver, who ilandi oppofite t« him at a table crc pofed to the air, and turned according aa there is occafitti, be* fore they again raife it into larger piles, where, after this ia done, it fometimes remains fifteen tfays withoit being moved ( alter which it is once more expofed to the air, and, when almoft dry, gathered together again in order to fweat. which takes up twenty-four hours or more, according to the feafon : it is then opened and expofed to the air for the laft time, and, when tho- rougliK dried, houfcd. Fifh cured in this nuniier are not only more feir to the eve, hut more grateful to the tafle, than thofe which are perfedly prepared for the fea i and thole fifh are ge- nerally the befl which are cured in the fprinz before the areat heats. " The principal towns are Placentia, Bonavifta, and St. John. The Indians of this iCand are faid to be a gentli, s'.id, traft* abfe people, eafily gained by civility md good ufage. They paint their bodies, and are clad in fkins and fun in winter. The ifland of Cape Breton is lituated between forty five and fiftyleven degrees north latitude, and between fixtvone and fixty-two degrees weft longitude, being one hundred miles long, and eighty broad. It it tituated about twenty leagues fouth- wett from Newfoundland, and is frparated by the flraight of Canfo from Nova Scotia. The nonh coaft is high, and almolt intccefflble ( but the fouth coailcontains feveral exotHent bar. hours, particularly that of Louifbourg, which is very fpacious and commodious. In thit ifland, Ihe climate it much the fame with th.)t of '^ebec, only moie fubjea to fogs ; the air, however, feems to be pretty wholfome. Here ar? many Ukrs and rivers, and great ouantitiea of coal and lime-fione ; and though there are many barren fpott in it, applet, pulfc, wheat and other corn, flax and hemp, are or may be railed in it. The moft common of the timber-trees are oaks of a prodigious bignefi, pine fit for mafia, afh, maple, plane, and afpin treei. J'he coal is pro- cured here, without digging deep, or draining the waters. Here aregreat numbers of horfes, oxen, hogs, fheep, goats, and poultry, bat game is fcarce. The pattri<^ca ate almoft at big as pheafanu, and not unlike them in the colour of their feathers. On the coaft are many whales, fea-wolves, porpoiles, and fcelt, befides great quantities of cod and other filh. The Englifli took this ifland from the Trench, in ly+c i but reftored itliythe treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle, in 1748. They again took it in the beginning of the war of 1 7 56 j Louifbourg, ita (orirefe, with the ifland of St. John, and its other ap,ii.r- tenances, having been furrendered by capitulation on July it, 1^58. All the fortifications of the town have been fince demo- lifhed, in order to avoid expence, and prevent the French from again fettling there. The ifland of St. John lies very near to Cape Breton : it !a fixty milea long, thiny broad, and the produce is nearly tV.« fame aa that of Cape Breton, but the foil is much better. The lift is now a feparate government, in which Charlotte town hath been lately built. The dufter of ifland* called the Bermudas are about four hundred in number, hut moft uf them arc fmall, barren, and uitinhabited. They are tituated inthe Atlantic octdn, in thirty- two degrees twenty minu'cs north latiiudc. Thcv obtained their name, Bermuda, from John Bermudez, a Spaniard, who firft difcovered them ; but they took that of Summer itlands from Sir Cieorge Sommert, who was fhipwrecked here in 1709. They have a pretty clyr and temperate air, with plenty of tic'Jt, fifh, pouhry, fruits, herbs, roots, &c. • Thefe iflands belot\g to England, and have a governor. Ce- dar* grow here 1 ambergris is found on the fhores ; and wkalea and turtles are caught on the coaft. Here is a bited of black* hogs which are much valued t white chalk Hones and tobacco are exported ( oranges, and palroettoes abound, and here it plenty of many other things -, but the inhabiianu have no water but what drops firom the clouds. I'he chief ifland is that of St. George ; which name it taket from George town j and i* a pleafant place fixteen miles long, and three broad. Sir EdmUnd Waller, befides his fine of twi thoufend pojindt, being J)ar»iflied, chofe hh reticat hither, where he continued tiii Ciivcr vromwcii prevailed over the ■\> long parliament. 7ha "$'?■„,;.,■' Bia Tm NEW and UNIVERSAL srSTBM or OfiOGRAPHV. The Bahamit ire fituated in the Atlantic ocean, to the north of the ifland of Cuba^ and not far from the coaif of Florida, ftreichingfrom tlie ttorth'Wtft tothefoutb- weft, between twenty- one askd twentv- fcven degree* of fouth latitude. They aie very nameroMi and twelve oi ihem pretty large i and belong to Great Britain, The largeft, called Bahama, it about fifty mtlet in length, though very narrow, arid give* name to the reft ; it liei twenty- five league* fiom the continent of Florida, i* every-whcre well watered with fpringt and rivulet*, and enjoy* a lieiene tentpcratc air, with a fruitful foil. Thefe ifland* wer; the firft place* difcovertd by Colua^bni in America, yet the Spaniard* never thought of fettling in tlieni. The Englifh knew nothing of them, till 1667, when captain William Sayle, being bound to Carolina, wat foiced aiiiong them by a ftorm, which gave him an opportunity of examining them carefully, particularly that which is at urefent known by the name of Providence. At hit return, lie reprel'entrd the benefit they might be of to the ftate 1 whereupon grant* of them we made out to proprietors ; but the government was refervcfi in the hands of the crown. None of them, however, are yet fettled, except Providence, Lucay*, and Harbour ifland i which feenis furpiiling, as fome of them would certainly prove of the greatcft advantage to Great Britain, if properly cultivated. They are' fuppolied to amount, altogether, to about five hundred. The ftraights of Baliam.1, which the Britilh fleet* fo happily cleared in their laft fuccefiful expedition againil the Havannah, are, by reafon of the dangers and difficulties that attend the ■ pafliiig of them, well known to navigator*. The Bahama iflands lie near to Hifpaniola, and to the noted part of the Havannah, in the ifland of Cuba, where the Spinifh galleons and flota always rendezvous before they return to Eu- rope, 'having the gulf of Florida to the weft, and the windward paflage to the eaft of them. In time of peace, they are capable of great inipiovemcnt with reipeA to trade ; and have always been a g«^andoiied. .* , ~ 'I'he iflands of Juln Fernandez and Fuera or Mafo Fucro are diftant from each other about tUi'rty-one leajiuesv they were firft pt~— .-■ V generally known by the name of Mala Foero. •♦ The greater j^ian rcrnandes lies to the eaftward, in latitude tliirtythrec dtf- cs foiiy minute* fouth, and^vcnty- eight de- grcC) thirty minutes weft longitude from Ijonaon. It is uninha- bited, but iMt good baibouri, and wa* formerly a place of great N rtrortforthe buccaneer* who annoyed the weflern coaftoftiili Spaniih continent. It is alfo found extremely convenient for th« Eng ilh cruisers to touch at and water ) and herp they are in no danger of being difcovered, unleft when, a* i* generally the cafe, their arrival in the South feas, and their motions, have been made known to the Spaniard* ty our good friend* in Braail, Thi* ifland i* famous for having given rife to the cele- bratfd romance of Robinfun Ctuffpe. The ingenious author, Daniel Delbe, derived many hints for writing hh hiftory from tlie paper* of one Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, who wa* left afliore m thi* folitary place by his captain, where he lived fome years, till he. was difcovered by captain Woodes Rogers, in 1769 ; when taken up, he had forgotten hi* native language, and could Icarcely bt tmdrrftond, feeming to fpcak hi* worda by halve*. He was drefled in ^oat* Mm, would drink nothing but water, and it wa* fome time before he wouM relifh the fhip'i viAualt, During his abode in this iflano, be liad killed five hundred goats, which he caught by runiting them down ; and he marked as many more on the ear, which he let go. Some of tlicfc were caught tliirty years after, by lord Anfon'i people. But the Spaniards, in order to deprive the Englilh of the nourilh- ment they fomeiW piocuitd from the iduliitutfeof gOat* here, have tranfported thither a con£derab)( number of dogs, wbicb have almoft exterminated the (peoit*. . This ifland is not quite fifteen i»le* long, tnitk it* only fafe harbour i* on the north fide, f plenty of excellent water, and to abound with j efculent Vegetables highly antifcorbutic ; httU modore Anion fowed a variety of garden feed*, ftoner of plums, apricots, and peaches, which years afterwards informed had thriven greatly, and now doubt> iefs furnifti a very valuable addition to the natural produAion* of this fpot. There are but few birds here, and thofe few are of a fpecies well known and common t but vaft (hoals of fiftt of various kinds frequent the coaft, particularly cod of a prodi- gious fize, and it is faid in not lelt abundance than on the banks of Newfoundland. I'he ifland of Fuera, or Mafii Foero, lies in thirty-three de- gree* forty-five minute* fouth longitude, and eighty degree* forty-fix minutes weft from Greenwich, It is of a triangular form, and fevcn or eight leagues in circumference ; is very high and mountainous, and at a diftance appears as one hill or rock. In thi* ifland there are fuch plenty of filh, that a boat, with a few hook* and lines, may catch as much at will ferve one hundred people. Here areooal-filh, cavillicrs, cod, hallibutr andciay-filh. Captain Carteret'* crew caught a king'* filher thtt weighed eighty-feven pounds, and was five feet and a half long. I'be fliirks here were fo ravenous, that in taking found- ing* one of tliem fwallowed the lead, by which they hauled him aoove water, but he regained his liberty by difcharging his prey. Seal* are fo aumerout here, that if many thoulands of them were killed In a niiecially in March, when winter begins. The Spaniard* have but one little fort In this ifland. called Chacao, always ill provided with warlike trees. Excepting wine, this ifland produces all necef- fary rcfreftiments and provifions; and much ambergris is found here. Caftro is the prijicipal town. About this ifland tire forty more, all taking name from it. Ovalle tells us thefe iflands are reputed barren i but their foil is not really fo, only the ex- ceflive rains choak the fei d, and prevent the growth of corn ; fo that they are without wheat, wine, or oil, and other plants which need muchl'un. The nature of thetlimatcofihiscluftcr of iflands is fuch, that it rains almoft all the year ; lb that only maiz, or other, fuch grains, can ripen, that want not fq muck fun. The diet of the natives is moftly of a root called p.ip£hj, which glows bigger here than in any otlier place. The nianu- faAuiCii arc cloathing for the Indians, who have a kind of vcft which they call macun, without (Iccves ; over which they wear a garment called choni, that fcrvcs for a cloak, and is like that which painteri give to the apoftks in their piAures. 'J hey raife another manufaiSlure from their woods, particularly planki of cedar, of nhicU they have vaft woods of prodigious large ttcei, fo as liardly to be incompalTcd by a rope of lis yard! long. S. Apprnifl, 7J nno 1 the have dt in cele- iihor, from o WM lived ogert, word* toihing i(h the il killed down ; Some people. Vouri(h« kU heM« wbicU X broad; m^. have fef ■led the Km many DW doubt- roduAion* ofe few are >ah of filH of a prodi- i»n on the ty-three de- hty degree* a triangular w very high hill or roclc. a boat, with (ill ferve one od, hallibutr iking'i filber eet and a half lakinfe found- ey hauled him reing his prey, lands of them he next morn- nd their beait* fomewhat like fine fur. Here rhe ctew of tlie of the pintado n the diftrift of om forty-two t« miles long, and ivided from th« Ere makes a bay. er, el"i»■ i> > » *g N D E X. A. A «t»IRO, ID J\ Abbeville, «7I A li i i i iUin , 767 Abra, ifc Ahl«l«|-| Pillar, I4< Abyitaa, l;4 Abyfftnia, j^C Acra, i.-,o Mm't >l> A*;'. 345. !«• A^«, 16 A*lranii:(un<., i]4 M'At, i.?4 A;rjthiita, IJI ^.a.^^.n.. Aii-la-Chipellt, 615 Akilztki, 13X AUtltlia, 1)7 AUrtI, t;it illbanu, 75a ^ Alenujo, 716 Ati^undrir, ](t Alg-irvet 714 ' AU^r, 667 Altenj, ja6 Alicnburg, jy$ Aoiadabtd, %i Aaudia, i>S Amart, 347 Atu«fia, ij6 Aniazoniti 7AJ Ambo^iia, 177 America, 779 Amftcrdanl, 718 Anatolia Prnpcr, 13} Ancyra, 136 Andalu6a, 708 Andernan iiles, 189 An^l''''* 771 An^ .la, J04 Angoumoii, 83 1 Angnjr, J 10 AnruiUa, S07 Anhalt, 595, 617 Anian^ 361 AD)Ou, 684 Annabon, ille, 4^5 Aniiku, 290 Anfpach, 635 Antandros, 134 Amij^a, 806 Ami-Ubanui, >4J Aniioch, i]9 Antwerp, fw Apanwa, 136 Apre (ille) loj An^nxcl, 7jl Arabia, 115 Araican, 7; Aranjuci, 7ot Ararat, 9] Arbcia, 119 Ardcbil, 9 Ardrah, 193 Areinbcrgt 63? aXrgrlcihirc, 766 >lTf»ufaii^ 513 ArinutUca, 145 Armagh, 770 Artmriui, 114 Annrmaiu, 119 Arrngon, 705 Altai, 699 Artuis, 699 Ar/rruiii, 119 Afialon, 147 Arttnfioi) (Of, 45s Aftnu, 19) Art.ilod, 147 ' '/'[-■ ilAer, 144 AU, c Affi Minor, I}] •Atfm, 134 Atfyria, 118 Allia4.han, m Altiiriat, 704 Art-.ciii, 7j» Awanuas, 3*% ... A»a, 71 Anglburgh, 641 Avignon, 685 Auniit 6K] AulUia, 6)6 Auvergue, t8o Aynan, {A, 173 A lores, 779 Babrlmaiidfl, 411 Babylon, 116 Bii'liin, 652, 7^9 Uagamfder, J47 Baifdat, is* Bahanu illandf, 8lt Halbec, 141 Bamberg, 634 I'amfTfhirr, 7(6 Banda* 176 Bandel, 8ft Baiijar, 180 llai'tatn, 186 Banaa, 108 Barahinmi, 107 Harbadoea, 804 Barbary, 113, 246 Barbora, 413 Barbuda, iA Rarca, 146 Barcetona, 705 Barras, 184 Rafally, s«| BaatI, 738 BafTora, itl Ratta, 309 Batavia, i84 ■«t>. 75S Bavaria, 644 Bayonne, 87^ Bechin, 6$8 Bedfordshire, 757 ' Bcira, 716 Beira(l» 770 rrllcine, (9J Bcinba, 308 lUrmlea, 304 Benga, 3^ Bengal, 8a Brn^uela, %f^ Benin, 196 Bciitheim, 61$ Bcrakhap, 144 Bcraun-Podbrad, 837 Berg, 614 Eergen, joo llerg«*op-ioom^ 733 tferlin, 374;* Brrmudai, Sit '' Bern, 738 ^ '• Bfrrrj;, 68s Bcrwiiklhire, 767 Brniua, 141 Bethcfda, 146 Dethlehcin, 147 Bnhfaida, 144 Bcthzur, 146 Bctlii, 129 lUelRDrod, 469 Bitr?ulgerid, 39^ BiKjcroiB, 475 Bir, 117 Bifcay, 704 Bifagi*c iflet, 417 RiCnagar, 8a Bitagi* illei, 418 Bilfao, 4, a Bilhynia, 133 Bito, 1(8 Bloi», 685 Bnchara, 57 BnKemia, 033 Bolabola, an Botli, 136 BoUtgna, 741 Bombav, 193 B4 Brava rr(>i Catcotia, 83 ' Cftlcnburg, 6e« ' Calical, 8j California, 799 Callimacha, 198 Oalvary, 1^3 Cam bay a, 81 Cambodia, 76 CambriTiHt . CanibrMlpitaircy 739 GanaorOalUcc, 149 Caaaia, 79J tiaury lOes. 433 Candu, 778 Cudy, 190 Canterbury, 736 Cipe Breton, 81s CkpcofGood HopC| 3t| Capcrnjuim, 144 Capri or Caprea, 777 C>ramanii, 138 Cordiganlhire, 76) t^rpcol, 475 C»ria, 133 Carlow, 771 Carmarthenrtiire, 763 Carmel, 143 CarnarronAurc, 765 Camiola, 639 Carolina, 788 Carpanihui, tot) Cars, 129 Canhagena, 711, 780 Cal'an, 476 Cafena, 136 Cainmbur.ar, Si Catfincrc, 78, 80 CalTcl, 613 CalM, 633 Caflile, 706 Catalonia, 703 Catherincbourg, 105 Cavan, 770 Caucafui, 113 Caytongc, 181 CayAer, 134 Caran, 476 Celebes ille, 178 Cejthalonia, 778 Cfram, 177 Ccuta, 115 Ceylon, 189 ChainotHjua', 311 Chatcrdon, 134 Chaldea, ia6 Chaligan, 86 Champagne, 67s C'himi'oati, 311 Chandernagore, 8^ Charluitc's (Q^) Ulindi^sij Che-kv-anK» 41 .Cherbourg, 697 9 X Cherebon, 188 CHeAiire, yti ChichcAer, 736 Chili, 783 Chil-f, I'll l.hi'o»gn, 313 China, 4a Chios; 198 Chirigricjuai, 3i» Chrillaina, 304 Chriftianfand, 300 Chrudlon, 6j8 Ctfca^a, 113 Clichaiaanan, 767 Clare, 771 Clarot, 199 Claudinapotis, 136 ClazQitiene, 133 Ctermont, 680 Cleve«» 581 Cohlenti, 6a8 Cofcurs,594 Coeho^uas, 3^11 Coehifl-Chiaa, 59, 61 Cotchrffter, 737 Cologrje, 628 Coloa>bo, 190 Comaila, 137 Comaflia, 131 Comofa iflrt, 405 Conceptt«n(provmce) 783 ' Condora, 474 CoAgo, 198 Coonaugbr, 77t Con A Mice, 649 CittiAataiiDopTe, 751 Cftpenkagen, 317 Cores,; 38 Corfu or Corcyra> 771 Co^iiuti, 731 Cork,7;i Cornwall, 754 Coromandel, 91 Coffic«» 776 Corvejl, 614 C9^o|^, 198 c«tMi>; 131 Coto,a8l Cotyai^m, 136 Coarlafcd, 533 SL""1' 547 Crim Tartars, 114 Croatia, 750 Cuba, 807 Cuma, 134 CuTpbeHand, 761 Cnnltil iiS Cordcun, ia8 Curfa» 117 Cyeladei, 778 Cyprus, 100 Cyticui, 134 Cgeaickawf 469 P. Dacca, 81 Daghellan mngntaint, 133 Dago (Saredifh iOand) 311 Uahlak, 41a Dale* arlia, 51,6 Daipaftius, i^» DiiDbca, 348 Da;nieta, 374 Danilla, 347 Dan (lot of J 147 t>anda,| 306 Dane (^>ircffIoiuof lalodia, Daniih iflandi, 5 I^antaick, 55a Danube, rirer, 589 Dunbian pruvincei, 731 Darmftadt, 614 Davis's Land, %i% Dauma, 136 Daupiiine, 666 Day a, 184 Doad Sra, t^j DcUIr, 79 Dc U Scola, t99 Delaware bay, 790 DtJmcnhorn,6i5 Dri'lbigh&irc, 763 Dendermorde, 714 iWnark, 512 Derbcnt, 9 Derbylhire, 760 D«vo«lhire,754 Peas Poms, 6aft DiubeCf S17 186 Ditfppe, 696 Dillemburg, 614 Dio, t8, 197 Dobrin, {49 Dominica, ifland,ft 1 }, 80/ Donegal, 770 Dorfctij.ire, 735 Dort, 718 Doitninnd, 615 own, 770 Drenfdcn, 391 Drontheim, 5UI 'Dublin, 173 Ddke of York's if)and,tift Dumbarionil.irct 767 Ddmfrieilliire, 768 Dunkirk, 698 Dnrbam, 761 DuflH(k)rp,6i4 Dutch po(relfinns> 85 Dwina, 460, 475 B. Kafler ifle, %\% Edinburgthire, 767 EgmoQi'i idcj 115 EffTi, 657 EichsHiid, 611 Kiochftett, 635 Eifenairh, 394 Ekron, 147 Elbe, 390 Elbing, 33s Elgin, 76b El-Hunmah, ut EUMcrfa, i]8 Elfineur, 31Q Emb^n, 381 %mefa, 14a Endor, 145 * Engedi, 147 Engaddi, 147 England, 739 Engl. India podcffom, fft Emre Dowro e Minto,7i5 Ephrfuif 133 Ephraim trtbe^ 145 Erfurt, 6]i Eridy (lerpcntof)t 37S Brrumango ille, ao4 Eraerum, 129 Etfen, (abbey,) 614 EfTet, 757 Elloma, 461 Eilrcmadura, 717 Euphrates, ii Europe, 457 Europeans i'e^tlemcDti oq the Oanabia, 150 Buiine fea, 133 Eieter, 734 Eyraca Arabic, 116 F. Falkland's illands, 8ia Fnlae.-, (Daniih illaud), ratiai^uAa, 101 ^.Uadcnda, 155 FcJiieren (DanUh iHand}, Fetm.inigh, 770 Feruientora (ifjc), 776 Frrnrtntio Po, 433 Ferro, 443 Fez, 114 titeihire, 767 Finland, 309 Flanden, 7*0 Flintlhire, 763 Florence, 747 Bloiida, 800 Hulhing, 730 , Foix, 677 • Fol^ia, 16 J Fomaf 133 Foniainblcau, 698 Forfarlhire, 767 Formofa, ^6, 1/3 France, 66 1 Franche-L'ooit^, 667 FraBconia, 63a Frankfort, 373, 6r9 Fredericklburg, 17! Frcderickitu.il, 300 Fr«^rtck0aJt, 500 French Indian poOcffioniy Friburg, t4i, 738 Fritdbur^, 6a» Friendly liicfy mi4 X. f rifrl«na (Hol..nd), 71». i««« (;*»■.*■.«"*•).«' o. Ota, 0"' "0 '*♦ Olio, ii* ' GiTilii, I J* Oililee, 141 0«lici>, 7»4 OillUi J4* o»lw«y. 77» 0«mbi« rivtr, »$o eticiHiyj 67I IJiih. 147 OtMi '47 , , „^ flfllfr, (provincf ofl $*' OtUtti'fi, ill I 71» Otn""* '4° Cenm, 74'' ,. tjcMoo. of W'«. 9J Otorgii, llo,7»» Ocriiimi 143 Oermany, 5»» HdTa, «i» Hil^ll^cxoi to* Hokcslokc, (]* HolUnli 1%i Helftcin, (1] Holy Utit Hoiulii *T Hovaaiu, St7 Hoiilinl^uu, 111 Hovi, W Huniiry, 749. HumiH°°°''" Hk' ii«, 7» OcAili, 1*1 0«<»i '*■ Ghent, 71 J O'uni'i cwfewtyi 77» Oibrtliir, yof Oig«"i *J' Oiko") 146 011o. '77. ,. 01»morgan»ire» 7»1 CUrU, 71» CU'». 5'° Cbgawi J* 5 . 01i>iiceft«rniitei 7J|» Co., I9« ' Calcondt, W OuW Cotft, l«9 Gombroon, i] Oomera, 44] Ourdiuni, l)( Oor«) 4>t Oorcnghaiconat, J»« OolUr, 6of Gothlanil, joy Collio(n>, 601 Coyain, 347 Cranaila, 711, w? Grand Cairo, jyo Grand Canaria, 43* Otain coaft, »'l . Oratclints, 691 Great Britain, 751 Great Cormantin, l»« Great Wall in CUioa, 4» Greece, 7J» Greenland, JOJ Greiwble, (66 Oroenland, 56] Groiiincen, 7JI Orobenlitjeni 6o» Guadalupe, 810 Goan, 171 Cubcr, 150 OiMrnfey, in*i77S Guiana, 7I6 Guildford, 7J* Cutncyt *6o Galick,s<3 Cuniel, Il» CuiaW, 7»i»» H. Haddlnponihire, 7*7 Haerlim, 7»* HajUnd, 510 Haj.ue, 7>9 Hainan. '71 Hainault. 69I HilSerftadi, 57f Hildcn, 610 Ha!iairnaflu«, I}5 Hainbur»l>, 606, Hanulen, 60J llajnmaincl, 13» Han.i.a.irc755, ., .,. . ■ H>"dfu,.« Peo,,L-lule)..4 -« ' Hanoter, 601 Harri", l'"' °0 774 HAvannah, to» Ha»re dc-Otace, »97 Hcbal, 143 Hebndci, 774 Htbron, 146 Hridclberr,, 030 Hclmltadt, 6c* HenotberB, 6}6 Hrrielea, 75'. . Hcraclia Ponu, IJ* Ile'r«fo'dl'>'''>75* Hereford. 614 . , Hcnaw».<41 .,, Herifnrdmirrt 757 ||tr»«y''1» '• "■* Hir«adcs 4* Itf(W> 3<" laiii riier, IH laktial, loy liiiuiM, Io» lamley, lU 1am|«ndani, ly^ Jacan, lAl 1a», l«i. I IccUnd, 77} leoaiiim, ■]? Inueilk*, toy ericho, 144, i„fcy,illeof, 77J 7»» iBunirtiu, i]t lndaft*n, 77 . .^ iMwloea paltUDUC, 5^ Inffrut, 641 Invetocfi, 76* iobaitna, 406 olwr, 76, 'Vt ooa, 774 . Mia. t34 {uFT'.'H ordaii, 14} KUn^769 Irofuoii, 79* lr<«n,9, l>t Iftbia, 777 , . Iftobutih (.(.pjr) W Me of Piamondi, 75 __— trance, 6U .Salt, 4) > IfMlian, 11 lit rfibar,(lo«oJ)«4J Italy, 74« . ,.. u«i r«rnaiide«,ln udah, (tribe of) 14* udca ^tiper, 141 ufota, 474 uoica, 77$ ' »i(«e»aH,»07 jtfUn^ 51* Kackao, «$7 Italrouclia, n» , Kalifch palatinate, 541 Kamllti, Tartar*, 107 Kamtfebatka, 107 ltar»kali>aki, II4 ICauafiira, iM Kaurtitn, Sj* KMhin.Tartary, 5» Rent, 7S6 Kerry, 77 « itJ.angrS. 4» ICildar*, 77' Kilkenny, 77 1 Ulllarnfy, 77' King'.wO""iy.77' Kw-' Tartare, ll« Kirunula, 110 Ki.vi.jsy Km., 9 lior.jc), 16» It„n,»ibcrj,(l'rul6»)j7» K> J«* Rotekl, 107 K.;..l««. '0* KvanB-nan, 4« Kya»b-1>. 4» Latirailor, 797 Udo5a,(l.a)«»0 4O» L»,U"nr» illiUd*, ly* l.ah.., l6« Uala..d,'.(Oa«ilh tnO Sl» UMatdalcnailUad,*'! l^ Uaxcltc, 680 Umpfaint, '14 Unca*!'-. ■•• Lauwef-"". 431 Unerklliire, 7*7 UngcUnd, Sl« Lanj«ed«.| 674 Uod.c«», 116 Llo», Sf . *»' 7* Upland. J41 U |>1U>, 7«» 1 N D ! UtilTa, 147 Layte, 17« UMot, 111 Letkom, 74» Uicc&e'lhiK, 76* Uiofter. 770 Ulp Ur»a, '99 UlkM, 197 UlfM Tartan, 114 Uffer Ja»a. 1I9 lMia',**i ... Urantifet *n«Mil» Ltniiiieritf, 657 Lnwardcn, 7JO Uydoi, 7** Libwui. '41 Lia Limerick, 77* Limilla, *oi LiKolnkire, 75t Lisp*, '<5 , Unntkfow, 7(7 Linlburi, yis Uaaiwi*. 67} »jp»» 5»' Ulboni 7'7 U(U, 6ft Liikuuia, |51. little Corittanunj twm Lifonif, 461 Uandt, je6 Louflri. )l| Voftfi Vi 1*0*0(1, 7 S* Loadofderry, 77» L«ttit|>, 74* LMittni, >oo Louth. 77« LMTtin, 7»« Uwer.Esjpt, jtl Uheek, S>J Ukliih 34* Lukolq, jof U«ei,747 iJ^'PjStll, 600 tsfttii, 6S0 Li>«»fMr|h> 7*> Lyd>*>i)S k7«M|<71 ' M. MKhi^n, 177 Ma()ai.fcar,4ol, tlttnb, *1 liWri<. 707 Madar*, U Mtpdkia, ]4t Maiaiwi, **4. kt*!*!**, I|6 |«,J<.rc«,77»_ Matun^, ]I5 MaUica, 7 J fialai^ah, i}7 Halay^ 176 MiUtna iaca, 19I Male, 194 Mallfo|omanJ,*o4 Malta, 77» Mamalbkn, i}* Man, (We of), 774 „ Manaikk,(lotof)i44.»V MtndrU tllM, 191 Uwita.169 Mantfdd, 596 MlMcUcwTamt*, tl» Mantu*, 745 . Maoponto, i"* Maitte, 41* Martbhaiv , Manan itiei. <69 Matienburgh, S5* Mai^aeratiflandi,*!] Man, (city op «J7 MarCtiUei, 665 Marukan, 75 Martinica, »0f MaiTUnd,79° |i*ir*chufci,794 MaffiUrataii, «t Maflkiaa, 147 Ma Mauiiaii, J6f M**nU<»,4«* MeeMIn, T*« Mucklenburg, 904 M«dw>i7S Medina, US Meditarranean, *4t Meine river, Mclittee, 1*1 Mcnphia. 114 Menu, 6*7^. ,, Meriiwelhmire, 7»1 Meilcburj, 591 Mefofoialtua, l»» MelSoa, 777 Mtlaponra, ill M<*M«>79> Meiren, 474 Middleburg,71o Middlefil, 7S» Milan, 744 , Mimmingen, 63* Mindanao, 17I Minden, 3la Mindora, 17* Mingrelia, lit Minorca, 776. Mifcidaw palauiu«> 554 Mocko, 116 Modena, 745 Mtikilla, 40* Moldavia, 75* Mo1kcm> 176 MmnUaa, ]44 ■onaikan, 77^ Mo»r>l Tartan, I'O |(|ooino««h(kire, 75» Monamugi, 14' Monomotapa, 119 Montgomcrylhire, 7*1 Montpclicr, 676 Montreal, 707 Moniferrat, lo» Moon,(DanilbilUnd)51> Mora«iar659 Mordira,47a Motlah, 141 MoracM and i ci| 9*I Mofca*. 47a Moftche, )o6 Mofal, 1*7 Moiir, 177 Magden, 110 ||«Uhaaren, 609, 7il* Mundiogo, *5I Munich, »45 i^unflcr, 611 MunAcrberg, 5H - Murcia, 71* Hafcai, il< Mtircovy, 467 Myra, 137 Myfi** >is N. Mabal, t jt )lack&T*n,9,iJ0 Magai Tartan, 11* Marian rWtr, ilf Main, 766 llamaqaoi, )t* Namnr, 7«5 liangt&i, 161 lian-king, 41 rtantn, 694 Naplrt, 74V 74t NaRa, ]4> - . |Lpl>tai!,(Mo()'4*- tJalTau, 6*4 Naomi 67l> 704 Itwnibcri. » 1 Mccan*,*]! . (kfroMillei, 171 (icgR>land,*30 Matkerlaadi, 7*< iS^ufckalel, 51)4 |fa«aZ<«kli,47T . Mo.og5«odV.Uki.4«« Nubia, 139 Muttaikerg, ii* 0< Oacco, 30} Oirii, 3°* Ocland, 511 Oder rlttr, 5I9 Odi<|iiah 5>» . Oell, principality. 5»» Oefel,ditto,}ll O.Hcteroaiaand,»I5 OkM, 169 Oldenkurg, 61) Olaca, 347 •lifet, 141 Olympia,7S« M*yo,y7» MaToin<.4t6 Metco, li* Mearni, 7«7 Mecca, i, 6lt llotdbaulcu. 6aA Norfolk, ; 59 Normandy, 696 Northawiptonlhire, TJ* NtftkamWiland, 7SI N»rway, 491. N»faafii*«u>i *'»♦ Olynipvi, 114 Oporto, 716 Oran, 131 Orcadei,Orkii«Tl»77l Urieant, 61] Qimui, 11 On^ha, 117 ■ t Ofacca, |6» Ofnaburg, 61J Otend, 7*4 Oilioet, 194 Qiaka, *i» 0-Taheitaifland,»»9 Oter-VITel, 71^ OugucUa, f " Ounioai ~ OifordA Oaui, 1, 1 Paderbom, •! Padua, 746 Pahan, 77 ,- Palamboaa, i>> RIatinatc, 6i Palma, 444 Paln;rr,ll4 nnamt. 7*» Bingo, jo» npklag*nia,l}6 aphos, *ol ragoa, I7» rfcragoiT, 7»» l^rii, 6ii6 Pkrma, 74$ WIkn,647 iWagooia, 7*4 Ratana, 76 . . iteicnce ataighti, IW Fainwi, 199 Puaia, 117 - . Puce, df*"."^.!;* Fkak, Adaou i| >H P»g», 7» Phkeli, 4> Pkking,4» .,. maponnefa'i 75* MnVa, 109. Kmkrokefkirt, 7*t IVnnrybania, 791 Rra, 77 rganua, 'W hrmia, 47S nerfcpoliH 4» Pitrfian P"", » |>»rtkftire,76* Pkru, 7«' , . ■pWetboroygh,75» Pitcf Iborgk, 4H Pattipoly, «7 Pctaoraf 474 FkimK *• '17 Phafti, il' Pkiala, 14.1 pjiiladelphia, I3J.7>» Philippine iOea, k7» Philippopoli. 7S« Miiliplbourg, 61» -^„ Phillil'ina, 17» if, PhryRia, 13$ Picardy, 670 i ICO, (ille oO 7y» Piedmont, 744 Pienii, i6» Pilfen, 65! Fircad.>rti, J7i Plri, 3'$ , PUlkow, 46; Ploeako, 349 riymonih, 754 Padolia, IJ7 Paitieti, ol| Paitou, 6*1 ..t+in. Polachia, 5|4 Baland, 546 Palffia, 554 palocak, 554 Pamerinia, J7J Pandicherry, U Fantni, 136 Papcdom, 74' KicJuinTower,<| Pfrio Bello, 7J0 patio Rico, *"• ppi, ;t* pailitawath, 7ij fotmiil, yij Pofnania, 34! Jatldwi, 57J Praehin, 6)1 Prafoe, 631 Frtftnirg, 730 Princc'a ifland, Probal, 70 Provence, 664 Pmm, 619 Prufa, iji Prullia, 571 Ef' '99, Pj ... Jnt, 6iy Q|iang-A, 4* Qjiang-tnag, 41 Q^«b«c^ 796 fljeda, 77 Quedlinburg, <^2aen'a caaatyl tAerfen, 595 (^e« chew, 41 <^ilKga, •64 Qgnitclla ilW, Quito, 7V* ^oja, 164 RadnnrAira, 7I Rafufa, 750 Rakownitl, 6j Raniau, 6|« Raphia, 147^ Ratlfbon,^ Rava f RavRiA Reading j Rkklingk Rad-f^j, I Mainiicim, 609 Raofrcwlhiiv, ] R«anci, 694 Ihftn, 469 Reuben, (Int of Ravel, 461 Rt«it;n, 597 ■tynrek, 6jj Rhcimi, 671 Rfcinr, ^89, 7 a Rhine Gravel, Rhodei, loo Riga, 463 Rdmho, 304 Ria dc U Hack Rugen, P« Ruma, 45 ,j'>;%!i.-f>- I .107 fortufil, jij PrMhin, 65I r™|«, 6j| Fnftmri, 750 Prince'! inanrf, 455 Probii, 70 PrDvtncf, 664 Pram, ti) Pt«ri, i]j PruiRa, C71 P) ... mt, (17 Qltang.ll, 41 Qjian|-to«g, 4t (^sbK, 7}i qgola, 77 «£">. »'4 RadnnrAin, 7ij Ratufa, 750 Raaownitt, 657 Kaniau, (i» Raphia, 1^7 Rat..Aonb Rava F RaTcnlb Reaainx, ^ Rhklin|l> Rail-r.!, ii« Rtinlicira, 609 Raafri-wfhire, 7tff Rotmi, 69^ >, 461 Rtaflen, J47 Wtjnfccli, «jj Rhaimi, 671 Rkitir, <<9, 7>« Rhine GravM| hi Rhodca, too »1|«. 4*1 Riniba, JOA Ria lie la Hacht,.7tp „, Wren, $» RochrlU, «I4 Rochfort. 6t)i 713 Romania, 74a Rmiw, 741 Rvftomiram, 77a Rofrna, $70 RaA, 766 Rbftock, 6o{ »o»nw, 475 R«a, 17ft RoofiUlon, 677 ReiMrthlhirc, ;6t Rudolilafc, 59« RuRn, Jll RuSa, 4<9 RbtlanduiiiT, 760 Rmtb, or Rcfchiar, 46! t. tUM, i$t Siccai, i«> Sagatadiu, 1^7 ta^an, nriiici^lirV) 586 Sainl Antony, 4)3 _— CtiritojihFrt tof ->»CiDi>, tia I Dirtningp, Sol ^— EuOaiia, 811 ■ ■■ GiU, abltry, 739 ■ I Gcoige, Hit ^» Hcku, 4>i e«T laiat JMOi 4}f — — John,4)S|lo6|llo — Kitadi, 774 — Kiti'i, I05 — L«Kia,4]] — — MiU, 69) — «* MuthflWi4i| — — Nicholai, 4\% -*«. Omcrt 700 —— Philip, 4i» ^— Pierre, bio •^^ Sftlvadore, 309 — Thomii, 455, lio — Vincent, 433, Uy laintMiBi 61 1 ttlunanci* 706 Sftlim, 145 S«liAunr, 75J M,H9, ■•4 Salfettr, 196 takiborg, 04 J lami, t70 , ItinachunUkef 14] Stmirii, 145 itmof 199 Sunoyitit, 5)5 $iinioiedi, 104 Sintoi, 199 Ian Jtgo, BO], Sol ^— Pattlo (le Loanda, 305 ••- Salvaitur, 7S5 Sandwich IHr, 104 SaiuaChrilliiiB, AI3 •*— Crui, 810 — - Manha, 7I0 ftardinia, 777 laidid, 135 Sartpta, 14a lark, 775 Saialii, tji 8av«^'.' idiBd, a (5 Saunicl;Hiur, U Sanmui, 604 *«»"7. 744 Saae-lnburg-Saaireld, 595 — ^Ootha, ^9( — — Lfwcnburg, (no Satony, 590 Siyi)!', 611; ' bcamti-r«»n, 139 Scait, 171 Srchncn, 4s S^uvia, 707 Seinr, river, 67) SrlLirlilhin:, 76! Scnifamir, 547 Sdori^l rivir, 155 K:via, 75a Sfrtf, 315 Stfvcna, 46I Seville 708 Shang-tongi 4s Sttan-fi, 4% ShiitFDbttrc, 4i5 Shlloh, 145 -Skirvarc, 9 Shrewibaryi r6» IhfopOiirr, 761 Stiutuni, 145 Siani, 08 Siberia, 1C4 Siiltcm, I45t 7>> Slaly, 777 1 N D £ tidon, 14* lieuna, 74I lierra Ui«a, t]7 liMn, 614 Mlelia, ,14 lilUbar, li, lim-on, tribe, 'l|7 ftimaii, 1 34 Sinai, 114 linnpoiir, 1,7 lind/, to lla«», 1)6 ' llraaia, ^, Si>ai, 137 Ikia, ilte o'', —ja •IttCcc .t IliiP, 7;t ! Iniucuiko, 46I I , Imjfma, ij; Society iHea, XI SoTalj, )43 Solm, 614 Sol««httrn, 73I Samerfctlhire, 75, ^ Sonra.ar %t,Ct,%yt'r Spaf or 5,iaw, 6ia Spam, 703 Spire, 61I Spi>aber|eii| s(j Sponhtlm, ti4 >i><»ra4M, 779 UtIhtMun, 7<| Stamiialia, too Stanckio, ido Surgard, tot' Sta>ella, ti^ Sieft, •]! Iteinfo^, f SviiUrUnvVr]! SyracuTe, 77.1 Syria, 138 T Tabor, nfi^nt, 14] Tacklcohurg, sl| Tai-ouan*fou, Ml Taitgier, 114 Tanjort, 84I Tanna, aoo Taphilei, I'a] Tarfot, 117 Tariary, RaflMl, 10] Tatia, So I'aurii-tairn, i], womt, 1,8 Tedti, tij T«f«:a,474 Trch>naii,«}l TflU, 131 T.|lichang, 17] Tcmair, iTfe Terra dot fumot, 31/ — Firma, 780 M^HM del f uego, 784 ' ■ Magellanica, 784 TrrtaPi, 141 Tetiian, saj Thebet,38] Tbeiral7,75» Tharncit7,5iu, 77> T'lbai, »i» Toiuinsn, 78a' Tilnptifii 107 Tumi, a37 Turin, 744 Turkey, Afiatic, taj — ^— in Euro|«, 7J1 Turtle llland, a 16 T^fcany, 747 T7eeda1elhire,768 T«cre,46S Tyre, 140 Tyrone, 7 7» Ucranta, 357 tnadidaw, pal. 549 Ulictea,alt Ulm, 651 Ulfter, 769 Vaderwald, 737 ITplaiid, 304 Upi>crVany,a55 Upfal, 305 •'''■'J7 .i. . ! Ulkeck Tartan, 37 Uucchi, 733 Waitka, 47J ^lentia, 7c8 Valclta, 18 Veneauell, 780 Venice, 745 Vanio, 7,j Varil«ii,lle«b.inle, (O) Worceftcrlhirr, 738 Worrni, bilhopric,6l7 Wurteinbuig, 649 Wort/burr, 634, Xantho*, 134 Xicoco, iSl V. • ^eddoJl(i Ycrodavita, 47J Vor< iilc, a6a Yorklhire, 760 ; , Yun-nan, 4a Yu piTaitan, i|« Z. Zaara, 393 Kaine, 137 Zamora, a]?, 70C Zanfata, a;6 Ziugacbar. 34* Ziiiie, 778 Zealand, 7J0 Zebolon (lot g() 144 ; Zcflaml, saT, ,, Zfll.Coi ', Zir4ni»,47ip Zoara, a43. Zocn(or«,^>4 Zugi 7)7 Znlpha. 130 Zurich, 737 To the PUBLIC* 1^ WE gnat and 'incteajin^ Sal* of thii ukivirj ally appro vkd Work, (in confequenc«on<$beirrgraoreC»)B^///;tIiananv ' other Work ofthe Kiuil whaicver, aiiJ the ctntinuid Rtcimmnidathnt of the Suifcnhtri to their/V/Vni/j antl yfcjuaintaHct)hiv- inc occafibncd a frcfli Iinprctiioo of the heRiiinin(? Numbers on new Ty]^s, ice. the Poblic ate hereby rcfpcflftilly informed, that Pt^rfons may now btjin with Niimhrr 1. anJ be Ivipplied with Oiu or mtri NuMiirs at a Time, ptico only Sixpence each, including the elegant C»/i«'ne Volume, Price only 2I. 8s, or in Two Volumes, Price al. 12s. N. B. This \V)KKh^viu£exci,dedthj:^intttypriptJid,oyitnoiatxo\MSub[h-ittrswUlohkx'ie,^^ (agreeable to our Promift in our Prti .jals delivered the Ovnpliit, • Eight Sheets,) Gratis, although it has occafioned an Expcncc to the Pro- prietor of upwards ot On Hmidird tiiJ Fitty Ijuineai ; in order that we might be fufficientljr full in our Account of America, in which we have loully rej;:c'\cl all tinle vain coiijcaaies, ridiculous fuppofitions. febulous flories, and palpable falfuics, which have foloM been impolcd 01. the l^uhlic m fi.riuer Works of this kind j contenting ourfelves with giving our Subfcribers fuch intereft. ' • T :_.. ..r„.i%;.,.. ,i.,,p.rt ofri-.c Ulobe, wliic!'. is ftiled the New World, ss'we have deduced from the niuiiautli>-nti<-nn/i wdcniable Evidences of IrHih. I ndecJ the late Revolution in the Northern Uifttift luis rather impeded out rcfearchts, and rendered the Hiftorical Part lefs ciiciinirtantnl iliuii wc wiihed } butftill our Hiftory and Defcription are unqueftionably the moft complete and authentic now extant ; and certain it i.s that many years muft elapfe (owing to the unfettled fituation of Affairs in lliat Quat- ter) before • mote full account of Nortli Amciica can be coUedlcd frpm docameiits fupportcd by autlienticity. I'M DiRccTiONt to the Bookbinders for placing the Cuti to M I L L A R'l Nt-r, Complbti and Universal Svstkm of G E O O R A P H Y. *«* Thongh «r« wonM rccommtnd thig woik in generil to b« boond in (Xic volunne, yet, to accommodile tliofe whn prcrcr it in ivro, ilie binder ii dcHrrd to divide the volumci betvvem the (ignaturit 5 Y and 5 Z : He it dvlircd all'u to plico the leal' ();ivcii in No. No with the t'ccond voluine title) with the p^f ri 491 and 401 with ■ *, containing the conclufioit of our «l«lcri|ition of Radt*, between the rigiuiurci 6 H and 6 I. Alfa place the Uitti^a'nn at tlx end ol the Prifati. N. B. Thii work niuft be beat berore the coppcrplitei are placrd, in order to prevent the letter prefi from fetllng oflT, and thcieb/ r))oilingihe engravingi, which are to be placed ai lolUw : No. Page I fry H^E Frontifpicce to face the I title page The new whole Ihecl map of the world - - < • The death of r'.^Main Cook at O- why-hre, near Kamtfehitka 3 View of the ruin« of Palmyra 4 ProfpeQ of iIm caftle of hurat in Indoftan 5 New whole (hret inip of Peifia View of Connaniinnple 6 Vaiioiis kinds of infi Aland repiilei 7 View of Quebec, capital of Cai^ada B Whole flicet map ol China PtolpeA of an loely^ in the ifland of Spittt)erKcn 9 The city of Jerufakm in Turky 10 View af a Perfian ciravanfera Reniaini of Grecian antiquitiet near Atliena II New draw-bridge, canal, and great orphaivhotife at the Hague 11 Whole ihcet map of indoflan Remarkable animal found on one of the Hope iQaudi 13 Various birds and fiih in different patts of Africa 14 1 he governor of Bauvia's palace General view of Lilbon >5 VepeitbiepreduAions in iheAfi aiic iHknds 16 View of funis, atowninfiarbary 3j. A nioiai, orburying-placein Ota« beite View of the city of Berlin View of the celebrated' great wall in China Chart of the Englifli channel, and the coafts of Fiance and Spain 19 A new Zealand chief, ttc. ao New whole Iheet map of the tm- pire of Noith America \l ai6 114 81 8 796 563 '!! 75« 729 77 ai8 186 7'7 161 211 574 4» ao^ 784 5"4 ,,. - - 788 View of the flying bridge in China 42 \i 91 View of AmftcrdaAl 22 View of Turin A favourite dance, called theTim- rodee, at Otaheile 93 An Arab of the defarts, and a principal prifon in Bafbary 94 Whole map of South America A chief and oUier natives of Ota- hcite vifiting captain Cook View of Drefden Profpeaof Dublin - ,,_ RaintoftheMorea,oiPeloponnefus753 97 Caffres, or Hottentots, aflcmbled /or the admiflion of their youth to the State of manhood 98 Proceflion of penitent proftitntei atN^plf, - . ,,j Plan nf Hanover in LowrrSasony 601 '9 fenKle habits much ufed in Africa aa6 3°Divcr(ion of fwinging praAilisd in India • - - 87 Chart of the New Archipelago, Azores, Can^'y lies, Madeira, and Cape dc Vcrd ifles, &c. 430 7a8 744 a 10 116 779 309 59« 770 336 743 No. Page 31 ProfpcA of Vienna • 636 31 Whole (heet map of tlieW. Indie^ 800 Mr. OouKlity iMlieadcd by order of Sir Francis Drake on the coaft nf Paiaf^oma 33 View of Stockholm 34 The king of Congo, fuiroondcd by his attendants, giving au- dience - . 312 Plans of the harbours of New York, Charte-town, city and harbourofHavannabi 0oflon,&c. 791 35 View of Madrid • 707 36 Indian woman burning herfelf on thcideath of her hulband Whole (heet map of Afia City and caftle of Edinburgh While (heet map of Africa Habit of a Mufcovite woman, ahd arnis and drefa of a Calmock . View of Beig^n in Noiway 40 While (heet map of the E. India ■ilinds View of the pearl fijhery 41 View of Pans, capital of FranC' 4a MapoftMtciit Greece Caps fliei^, Syri'in goat, Sec. 43 View of St. Sal\ 'or, a city in South America 44 Socrates, while under fenteilc* of death at Athens, compofing an hyitin to Apollo New mercator chart of the world, face the title page of voj. II ;: 39 96 767 laao 497 300 ,i6i 126 686 7Si 318 .785 - 75» 4} Vie«^ of London, capital of Engl. 756 40 Whole (heet map of Europe to face Europe - • '457 Porcelain towerof Nanking inChint 43 47 Ceremony of weighing the Great Mogul - - • 9a 48 Goal of Angora and Antelope 13' Mai of France - - 66 49 Various beafta in different parti of the world - - 310 50 View of tLis whale ffliery in Greenland • - 566 View of Balbec in Syria, with the mini of the temple dedicated to the fun - • - 141 51 DrefiloftheinhabitanttofCaIifornia799 Sa Habits of the Hottentot men aiid women Map of Spain ajid Portugal 53 Various drefles of the Indians in North America 54 Chincfe method of tak.iiig wild ducks, and catching filh, ice. MapofthtSevenUnited Provinces 736 55 Habit ofthehorldmeninBarbary, and mode of travelling by the women - - 346 56 Map of Nortli America 788 Beggars aflcing alms at Montrcuil ■ inFraiic6 - - 671 57 Grand proceflion of the Perfian ambaffadoT - - 31 j8 Water-fill at Tivoli in Italy 743 33' 703 793 47 No. Pap Drefs, &e. of tbcTapoyers InSouth America, and view ol the har- bour ot St. Vincent - 807 59 Soldiers of the kln(',dom of Ma- cilfar, and ol tlic iile of Timor 189 60 Natives of Holland • 734 Map of Italy - • „ -j^i 61 View of mount Vcliivius 749 Animals of Maragnan - aa6 6a The Jaggai, a people of Africa 301 Zebra, buflUo, many horned fltaep, trbttl • - 3«9 63 Pcterlburg, capital of Ruflia 464 Muflulmin's xanannah, with the various amufementi of tbuML ental ladiei .^flj^B '5* 64 CauraA of Niagara in C^^^P. 795 Hr,>its of DueftanTarnMBpir- cu, on the borders of rmt 133 65 Amethodof riding, &c. prafltGtd by iM rallies of Japan 163 66 A ^ajMiicfe temple, in which the pricft is performing their nup- tial ceretnoniet - |0| Various boat! on the coaft of Malabar • 84 67 Natives of the Molucca illandi playing on muficaj inftrumenii, called the rabana - 176 68 New and correA Map of Ireland 709' Natives of the Caribbce iflandt feafting on human flelh 8i9 69 A view of the town and ifland of St. Helena in the Atlantic ocean 426 70 Rein deer fledges uled in Lapland 54a A new and corrcA map of Scotland 766 7 1 A beautiful view of the remarkable e«{i«le on tli 1 White River in lamaica - • 80a 7 a Habits and charaAer of the people of Perfia, with their manner of fmoking, &c. - -14 Habits of people in Rnflia 47K 73 Di,ffi;rent ways of carriage and ifaveliing in Congo • 31c 74 Various earriagea and fledgei ufed for the conveyance of goods, .inerchandiac, &c. during the winter in Ruflia - 479 A new and correA map of the em- pire of Germany • jSt 75 The drefs, agriculture, encamp- ment, &c. of ilie Taguri I'artars jft 76 New and correA map of England and Wales - . 7^* Marriage ceremonies obfervH by the Iiidiansof Panama - 789 77 View of a Tuikiih mofque on the river Peneus, with a dihant pro- fpeA of the city of Larifla § J4 78 The buffiilo and lions of Africa >43 Map of Norway and Sweden 493 79 Chinefe hufl>andry, with their manner of tillage - 46 80 The ele^lor of Saxony'i bear- garden at Drefden - J91 ^ New map of the Rufltan empire 459 Note, The lift of the fubfiuiberi and catalogue of new publicationi to be placed at the end. -Jo Mrs, Mr. Gai MiAB Mr. C — Wi — Bt — Bu — B» — Hz^ — H. — Br. — St. Mrs Mr.B^ — B. — Dal Mri. Rev. rI Mr. BiT — Bx and it in ion of A List of Subscribers tjp this WpxfCi heiebjf Face ih r- 807 [«- ir 189 734 - 74« aa6 I 301 tft I 319 4H 795 133 i6j Ufed t the nup- tl «f »♦ Danili »ei»t«» 17& iUnd 769' kfland* 8i« tnd of ocean 4*^ ipUnd S4> cotUnd 7(»6 irkible vet in 80a people incr of >4 ge and 3«« net ufed goods, ing the 479 the em- j8» •ncunp- iTirUTS $( England '.. 7S3 ren;d by * - 78« ue on the lant pro- fli 154 Africa 148 eden 493 tlk their 46 y't betr- 591 empue 459 Being an UNIVERSALLY ESTEEMED UNDERTAKING, which hii been uniformly (vi^ on from the Beginning, artdthe LATTaa Nummm of whi^h (•graeablc-Mttnr Pjvmifc in the PropofiUa) an delivered to the Sabfcribcn ai good in eirtrry HeQKiCt at thv riaiT, L •«-«■ *♦,■ Mn.. TtKt. Anditiri. KdftI kt, Mr. J«ai« AUbp, BriAol — Aikint, Wiriyara -• Jacob Archer, Old ittrt i^HlMpb Archer, Old Gravel tiM, llCTPXiHin-, OftenoiiK ScoiU*! O. Aadarfon, E(^. Ne«)(fR)« _ Edw. Alcu kV«%J , ^ — Thomit Adanji.tmtB ' ; , M^i.AabHi. Bwd Ai^ci — G. AdiBM, Llichleld — Adwiek. kdham. NbitlathiffllMra — Aikiafos, Lieidcnbain, Lincolnfliirt <— John Aaccroft. S(o ^*H , — Allen ^ Allen, Yaraioatk — Jamei AMrad, jaa. Mr. AmoM.y«>r««r t/it*Ntv,Kjho»fif>ni ami Statt Amtr'.t*. Mr, Arthur, Sorry ftreet — Joiapb AnJerJbn.Oxfbrd ftriet B. Dake of Bedford Mr. John Bifliop, Bridport — lohn Buchannan, Qrtcct — Francii Biugh, Briltol — Barrow, Great t^wflel (lr««t — John Bruwn. WhKehoHit court, 8aMh«rark Mn. Rofaniond Brook .Mr. Chriltopher grown, Cbtiletlbcet, Haiton Garde* — John Brown, BIftiop'i ca«rt. Old Bailey w: Jamet ilradOiaw. Laacafter — Bafling on . — Brown, Gem. Worfcfep, NottinghfrnAire — John Barr, Mantfiel4. Motlinghamihire — Broken, Oepiterd — Bocciv, Compioo fttfct ' Mifi BctlU Mr. Charlf, Ri^nall, W'>olwich -- Wiirani Urii, Chandui, ftreet — Brarcl.iy, Vauxhall — Buffiaitlon, Soalh Lambatk — Bartholomon^ Vi. >)ihaN — Hwfciel Baker, W.iteihapel road — H. Brcoke),jun.CCF¥enir»«reet — Breni, Qoecn flr. RoiherhKb* — St. John Barry, MInoricI Mrs Burnett, BunbitI row ' Mr. Bavcrflock, Baibieaa — B. Brafs — Dan. Brent, Roiherkiiho' Mn. Barker, Beirden, f ITcX Rev, Rich. Ulackmore, ShaSM Mr. Brirkic, aiiornay, do, »— Buker. Coventry — J. Bov<, Whiiby — Bell, Nrwcaltle — juitU aVfiOIC, U«1IUN«UVS — Jamci Brnwell, Seaion iiluiee — Kich.nril B»wer<, St John's lant — ChriH. Banki, Bewdlev — Tbomu Browne, Bewdly — Barton, YaraMNtk — J, Bf««. Cka*«rr law — fcob. L, Baeeo,ltl«4U«i ,, — Byrne, Coirtnl OafNa — Boak, Great qneMlMtt,.; •„ i — J.'liw*t1ng;Ci%erXl -. J. BvUock. Bow ft[^j||ta9iiU|mr. ■ \ ■ _l.teavl.,Mo«*rf.ffl - 'i . '•" - lolmBrr.n, An|U« .,., ,)._ - JamMiBHU. PortpMiK^ ' J.-,Vi / — - tan^berl nrhW,ir^^HH(|l|IW.,\ - .■U*i II. I'l':' — Bates, Nouingham — Richard Barlow, Rnrff ,, . ,^ • , — lane, Baraei, rUfwMtb, hnr Sary — John Boston, Sutaton»SulWdaiiitt MldlVlflHiaU Mr. BroO^ Yaraoiltk Mn. Brooks, ditM Mr. Buri.bra,llaitli ■ . ' '- Mr. fti4aatH<4MMt«:^~ ' '• > — Mils Nancy Coiss, Daaft^bia ' ' > ' Mr, Sangel Coper, diua ' ' ' ' ' — loha Cxwing, Rotherbitlia ' — M, Conk, Aylctbary lliMt ^ ~ — Charlei Crof;,, Plymoatk — jame, ChadsrM^' '••pnay' ' " — luho Carter, P ,k OrofeOMT fimv* — CbiaW^I, |t.'.1 Lyoa Mkga Mif> Church. Y.irmoulh ■ ■ ■^ Rav, Mr, Coker, Dovataa ' Mr. Wm, Cuitercl, Psnv'Hini — Ciitor, Bromley, Kent — S.imucl Coadcr, Falcoa fa. AMfrfkiSa — Wm.Co^, Dock bead — Cullm,^vcrbain, Noitiagbamdilia ' -~- Jol'eph Cook, Barton — George Conner, Bttabaai — R. Cernifli, Montagna dodl _ Cuonaivtdell, Beltoa Artet — Cairkpole, Vll^gatiiUeM — lofeph Ct>ok, Burton — Mr. R.Colborn.OrustoB, Soaierftf — Thomas Cl>rkft>n,' Portman-lquarf — R. Cecil, inowhill — Collyer, MoorfaMt _ T. Cander Carter, Rbbin^iA labe ' — Cocke, Ayleftlury faeer ' — Collyer, Brick lane -. Cqatei, Taviftocfc ftreet _ Carter, St. Thomas ftreM , Mr, Oe Coeitonmi Or«r«taorplaea *,*Wm, Cooke. Dock hfad Mr, Fxd. Caathnl Duke of De*enOitt« Duchefi of DevonAira Earl of Dartmouth Mifs Dangiloe, Brldport Mr. Richard DonciAei', Hmian — Wm. Dobfen, Potion, BcdIbnUhtia — Dennett, WoodmanoQte, SvBeX Mn. Dixon, WbHecmfs Raeet ' — Sarah Dawibn, St, Martin's le Oraad Mr, Wm. Dawes, St. John ftr. Binaingbaa Mn, Sarah Dawes, DanftaUa Mifs Sarah Duaa. Lotldon Mn Deaae, Bath Rev. Mr. Downing, Barium Mr, J. Brooke Davis, CheapUc — lobn Dixon, Wakefield Mills, York^dtt — Uatboit, Canterbory Nicholas Wm. Dowdall, Efei .n, LamVetb Xi i i, m i ^i} '*•>/ LIST u r S U B S C R 1 Mr. Ot*l<, PhltMt UiM Mr, (irltvo, r, miKnh Bum — V/m. Daridfin. ^(»tttf •/ l*t iiUirouJ — titbbs Ri^l l,io.i rtre.t •LStt^n, btiuuMt'i hill Mr. I'aul Rov CiuUi.r. <4j,«.. I1r«f« — Wm. lillbfrl. Iiurtliiuiulh l*..Wii.«iGSr. NH( MMflllttMlnlMt^ i — KnwUmliCli**^ Mtllwx'l^fMoiUgulxr/ft — Klstltf-, Curp (»<*< " — Uilw.irJi, Ware, IlcriroriUhir* ' — Uvcii, lUAinK-, buflvM — Wm. E.irum> Whiicchiptl ~ lohn Kn^l md, PontefriA. Yorklh r« — H. RrlUinc, York — Wm. Ev.'.iii, Btrmtmdfey — Humplirey Bv«n>. Vine Ur^et, Sc, JimM'» — Simurl Kllvn^tjii. W^r*l(l| — Thumai Eult.u;«, BxAer \,\Ay fttrr.Tt I Mr. Fcllgate, Buffonr , ' • — Wm. Kiwlrr, Luubct^ ,vl)« * .w*- — Hox, l,.inil)«th >-iti-M ,«•«.» — John I iftier, Baldwin't fu^M ■ • — ltcnr)j«,f«lowcn, t/ioi\)>,'Mt\l iittt ' i — Din>il I'ouUtca. riwicy ilrcci — T. iiirtune, Whubf ■ — Hlhtr. Wa>dk«tW. NMl)UU)llH!t»M — Janiea Korfti'rk N. Shiclil*> > J <<>a>i>'i. < — 1. KiclJ, Burnhiun j i^' •* ■ — Forrftl, ChaHotlf ftr«« • " ' I •- Khtk, Lincola ' — I'raiicej, Illiagton — Mark I'laier. NotlingklM- — JohTFei:**!, j#w*«r »/ tit Utm Mt/ftfn •/■ lit H'.lf Mii' /■» ftr/t. Charlc. Freeman, Ki)| ArW «/ »i« A^»*» Le-vrr'j Gut^tm Mr. I'trnulon, German (lr««« — Fromantcju, tM. MartiN') Ian* — I,. Feltham, Woo- John Griflithi, Iflinstoo _ Wm. Green, Wheeler ftre«l Rev. Mr. GlaTi, WorceOcr . Mr. GUben (ioHart, York butldingt — Green _ Thonuu Green — Wm. Gojdard. Covtvxj . — Goddard, tallidon — Cibfoo. Newcaftle , — Thomas Gradon, Souihwlek — P. Grievei, Gatelhead Matter Gibbard, jun. Great Illord Mr. CnraberUnd Goul, Bloomlbory Captain Joho Gcrton, Newark Ur. Grant, Dover . • — B. Godd.ird, iilcemin, NcKWUhaMinire '^ Thooiat Alexander Gardner, Lyon'i Inn __ luBCi Gates. London Gawte Alexander Gordfv , M. D. .Inlbtr ij tUC»mtUuZmtUf>P fda- , Danial Girton, Gent. Ar mr »/ f*«- Arw ni C*mfUi< Pit— fftifr. Mr. Gamer, Upper Tbawci ftrtel — Gibbt, Strand — Wm. Ullberi, Purtrmouih . , .-. ^ ;,,M, Karf of Harringin 1 , VuiMncft ol H.»riiigion Mr.tiuldltOfk. lUlli , ^ J — Heal, KiHiiciKloii — I>» iicl llolbruu, Orillel Captuin llu^Iaiid Mr. Kiln Ituulgiava _ _ — < Ckarwi Hiriley, Bury Capiatn Thomai HarrikNi, Lancatter Mr. John HadUy , — A. J. T. Hail. SaavktrflV' t Hoichkil'i, jitockMn Air. Higgi, Wal»brA _ — Flarwjod, Skya ua^ — liudion, Wart, Herti — lamn Hitch, ditto ' — Harie, Alretibrd, Hants Rev. Mr. Heron, PonwfraiCk. YorklMM Mr. K. Ho«ldlw«rth — Howfehk, WorctXtt — Hclley, Kxeur 'Cb^agf — George Hudfon — N Hw»>u, Sil Ceoigc's. MiddUftir — HduJ.'NllMMton Captain Wm. Hunter Mr. Jol Hfinier, Byker — ». riodglbii, Neu'calUt — Home, Plymouth Finnui Hullcy, Vm\, Warley. SlallblrdlUrt Mr. Hale, FrdhiorJ, Sokn«r((triilrc Mifs Hayward. Bath Mr. John Holmes, Guildhall, Landoa Mrs. Hainilton,^ Lincoln Mr. G. Hayward, Chelmiferd. RITax — Jame. Hiilkius, Tunbtidg* Wells — Wm. HitchcocK " — Jamei Haqcock — Joha Hi/o, CiMtarbmy ° — riayward, Catiterbury , — J. riummcrHun, Fleet ttrtirt' — Hughes, Moorfields — Heaih, Oxford ftrect Mrt. Cath^rinj Ann Huwatd Mr. Horlcl'all, Middle Tcnwle' — Joliah Hawkins, Stoncy ftrect — Hui l», Dover — John Harper — Kobcrt Hawoith, Bor>tftllcr, Bury — Jonathan Hewlett Wm. Hopkins, Batbtuiu Rev. bdtvaril Holden, BarAa^ Mr John Heweti, Pc&aaaM ' — Win Hewett, Bodmin, Co^nwiJl — Samuel tiawett, riymouth — John Hamilton, Maia;:lon — Hubbaru — Edward Hall — John Harper, Baitoa Henry Harru, M. D. , Kev. Dr. Hurd, Author »/ tU fftv) Hijirrji < Rilighu, Riiti and Ctnmnuti ./«// A'tuin 'Mr. Andrew Hogg — Haggard. Bc HenOiaw. En&cld. Middleft^i V Hilion, Ironmonger lane Ki John Howard, Greenland dock — Flarilcy, fleet llreit Hartly, I'ooley llreat Thomas Hill, Fore llrett — Hamiimn, Eirrstt c-^r? — Anthwv Hervey, Tottenham biiHi crols — Haftwdl, Bloomlbury court, Uolborn — Adam Hcndrey, Pitt ftr««t B I. R 9. Mr. Wm. Iichrfon, SbaJ>««ll — Cornfliui Jtllhn. Wnolwldl ;7r'" ' ' ■*• j.i<- — C Jiikion, kiiby iHtvm Humphry Jacklbn, RU|. F. K 8. iamei Jai|iic<, Hr*I M<^n)out)^li| Spit iXl Hc). Ml. lvvr)r, !luntJiturt .'Vir.ij,.Aib<.ri M-llguhain, Hay MarkM — Ilvi, llmiiiftrr, MinerMl -r Jordcn, Little Brliaift — Jefferyi, Lova lant Mr, Wm. Kuighi, Chancery Un« — Knill, Oxendon ftreel — Kolk, Irigg. Lincolnlhira -- G. Kervill, Ba« Un« ' Thomas lUdder, Surry . ■ Frtdsrick Kohi* • Jafpar Knighi, Dunk Aract ■ Kitighi, Chelmsford, Kfits • Killct, Bury, Lancalhira — Thomas Kay, ditto, dilM >— Charles Kent, Staflord r- Knutioo, K«IM>"> NoniagkaaftiM ,— E. 9. Kaddcr, Cantarirvy ,_ William Kamp, li^tu ^Kcrr, Berwick Richard King, Efi]! A»thtrtflUHn»tf4l I if Lta4ni iiuaii, lit. Mr. Keith, PkUpot Una • J- - Mr. Jones, Baih Mrs. Ann Jenaer, Burbagr, WiUs Mr. Richard Undeg|. BriOol ^ Thomai Littler, Rotherhithe I— Thomas Lambe, Rathb«iu place ^— Jofeph Lane, Brideftird -~ ThnmasLe&licRedUon ftreci,Whitacfcap«i — jiihn L'homme. Great Ueoree ftreat — James Lewis, YorkOraei, Batluul Ol«l|t John Lovett, Eftii Wicknor «,,„j; J"^ Jllr.T.Littlefai?, Whitby *» ^ ^ — B . Lowry, BirchinOiaw, Scotland — Wm Lowet, S, Shields — Nathaiiel Larking, St. John's lana Thoraiii Locke. Eli)) Dcvixti, Wilts. .. ry- Mr. Lacon, Yarmouth — .'Jhomas Lambert, Br uk lane. Old ftrtel . — 'D;t% id Lowes. Stanhope llraet — John Leggatt. Great Ayliff Ureal — Janes Lcwi^ GkxicafUr — "jabex Leev . l.ong Acre J. Levitt; Ki-^j. LilchSald t- .vlr. Andrew Spence Largo, Fife, Scotland — loleph ; iwraiKa, Exater — William Lawrtnce. ditto LLane, Weftputfcrd ^. aihe. Surgeon, YanMOtll ,J — Robert LamGeth . ^ Thomas Lock, Mary-le-bona lao^ Wm. Linn, Petticoat lane ^^ j _» John Leifchikl, Barnct .'iiii'i;4ti!4 • ■<•-> .It.". M. iW •• . j -* Mr. Alexander Marno, Newman ftreat — Robert M' llwharo, Oxendon ftreet — Duncan M' Larty, Glafgow, Scotland „ — John Mathews, Briftol — William Mar&, J""- Old ftreet John Murray, Rfq. .J? .. Mr. Jofeph Mills, Lambeth i ,- y — Charles Maybrick, Pox's lane •! - — John Mullios, Chandois ftreet ^ . — Jofeph Maiton ..,...., ?l - — May, Coventry .««■** . ^-ljI •,.» — Charles Mappa, Delft W. F. de Marlines, Efq. Ucut. coU and capt. in the Dutch navy Mr. Richard Mafon, Rotherhithe — Mountain. Great Oafcburn, YorkOiire — Maniheid, Burflini, St-ffj'd(hire — Mounce, London — Thomai Mitchell. Holbom — P. Meek, Theobald'* Road — M.ifon, Queen Anne ftreet, Eaft . -. — Maelin, Piumb tree ftreat — M'guire, Coodgc ftreet 3 -.,:;> Mr — ( — » — V Rev. D Mr A. — V r.. m; Will. A, Robe, A. «.« Mr. J ILir Bdwaj — Ma Mrs. N Mr. W —Ma — Wil — Moi — Ma, — JeOi Mf.TIi — Oavi — Neth *- Willi — Nenn Mr*. No Mr. Mr — Nuili — CImr — N<, — John lohnN(i Wir. J.I — K.Ua iirai ^encm Mr. Johr Mr.Io — Ale • John 1 • Willi, — Parke — Wiim — Wm. — Thorn — Tlion — John 1 — Willi, -Page, — Danie — P. Po — Penny — LcPi — Privet — Cewg — Pcniii)! — P.urif — A. P.1 — Polle — Pink; — Pike, f — Phillpl — Richil Rev. Mr Mr. a. I — I'aulnil — w. kJ w.l . ■■Jlil ~ Pnln>e| — Perry.! •— Potts, f "- John I — Prif .. zk. mm *••"*?■ .>..v .-c I- L 1ST Mr.MorA.Ritk «- Mort«, Pntdhrauth cnmino* — M4C||< 4 r.Miii:!i*ll,S<>tiih:unptoabuiUiii|i — MilUi-, Y«fmouth •— WillUm Murrii, Bury, Lancalhirt Riiv. l-rifis'it Mlditk'ion, ^mlur >/ itt N»>u Ditl/*»iiry tf Jrii ttil Sihmn Mr. Joliii ll.imUUM M.iorc, /l»iktr tf iki hrw iltlUuiuH «f y^j^j^tt mint I'rauifl — Matiiii, "(xk hold, SMitr tf' iki Snti tt.'ilin ff li" Pilgrim 4 ttciri/i a»d Htlj H'ar 111/* Ntlti Willuni lUnty Melmoth, RR]. Juhnr ^ lii Siw Rtm.i H'ftri. U., JlolMit Murr.i;', I'.ii]. .Vi.rrdcen, >iM// itr ht-ii, Ctm'p/tt* —4 Uaivtt/tl Hifiirj t/ tcuUmd Mr. Joh.i MrtlMjlcrton, York ftur, Amitr »f ili f/t/miiJi'i Sun (iait/t B4wi/ii MiJJUtun, KIh- I'artlind lh*rt, Aa- ■i/ I hi Nnv MriJpmiml t/ikrUiJhiy M^HMfc, Snow hitl , NewCalUe Coarl |iw WillUm Nairn, Long court Licui. Joh» M' Mr*. Noad. Road Mr. Nirholli. Warwick Ian* ~- Nuiliy •— J. Nu.id, jun. Pore ftrctt — CImrIn >/nad, Oxford llrtet — Nunli, Cleincnl'i lane >- John Nwis, St John llrMt John Niitin.w, ECij. City mad Mr. ].imei Newton, Vauxhall — I,d«ard Nafh, Ruaibrd, EiCrv Hanonradle Baron dc Olderhaufrn . ipdA o » t ?;• b''s c n I Mri. Price, AmiUr tf tkt Htvi But t/('tti«i Wettminfter, ^mhtr >f lit fkivtrjal Cati Mr. Robert Herretl, CiiiwnciMin Uanrjie AuruAui f ndwick f r«l^. Smith (i«M — William ParulJge, Ptiwhurclk llrcat I greto I, Pkil't UulOiolr. ' Qyceii, FUtt Hr**! puke of Ri(!hmond jir KiiWri Reid, K. B. Juhn Ri)bcrt:nii, Kiij. Weflmihller I'honni Kojcl, Klq. ditto Ml RsJmjyne — Kiiberi Kankin, Monmouth tirtet R. Modrick — Uluiiet Randall, Lancaller — Forter Ri'ynoldj, Miti Ham, Surry — Robert Reed, Moorgate — kJniund Rodd . — Rogeri, Aldgau kigh OttM — Riiu, i'oplar — t.hrilto|iifr Rudlio, Cuperi bridge — RulTell. AUofbrd, Hanti — Robinion, Dean'i court. Old Bailey — RnMnfiM, MiddlaTex ^oho Rix, Brancafter, Norfolk rhnmaa Rowley, Ifleworlh — Rayne, Newcaillo — Peter Richardi, Uelft — Rannoldlbn, Craven bnildingi, Wych ftrecri— Thomai Trevoor, Depiford B E R 9. Mr. R Suttnn^ Walco« — T. VUMraji, StDa«urnr, Suffcx — Lc Pulley, Crane court. Fleet llreet — Privett, Alresford, Hantj .r- George Payne, juii. Nuwgaie llreet — Pciifon, itirbury — P.iiiick • — A. Pattrlbn, S. Shieldi — Policy. Chclmstbrd, l-ilrx — Pink, I'ortl'mouth oommuu — Pike, Winchefter -, - ,. — Pliillp P.iufnier — KitlurU Ptcftwick, ftury. Lancalhlre Be*. Mr. Peoill. Newark. N ittinghamlbire Mr. C;. Prel — Paulpitler, llkelhin, N utinghamfhire ^ W. K. Parker, Vnrm — J. W. Pilhani, BI.Kkfriars — R. I*i|ipp5, jun. Taunton — Pnlmer, jtulttr if ikt Ntw mud Cimfitli Xiir-fehool a- Ptic--, Loihbury Mr. RiJiev, Tnwer ftreei Wiillim ReJfiearn, Old Filk ftrcet — Robini, Bath ftreet Rowland, Drury lane — Richardlon. Dowgate hill — Williaii Reeding, Dowgate '.ihnfc ir, Wappinjj William Robinfon, Wakelield, Yurkaii;c — Tliomas Robcru, Finckley 8. Sari DTShelbanM Lady Spencer Mr. famei Shaw, BriAol Silas Strmt, BrMclbrd — lames Shepherd, Moorgat* — William Sitchefon, Shadwell market — Leonard Stout, near Lancaller — lohn Shepperibn, Mantfield Woodhouie — Scgar, Ueptlbrd — Tl»mai Sttover, Woolwich — Thomas Smith, ditto Mn. Smiley, ditto Mifs Smith. Stockton Mr. Smith, Camberwell Mn. Sibun, Blackwall Mr. Smith, Poplar — Solomon, Sapner — Smith, Stanflead, Herts — R. S<|uires, Maid lane ~ Henry Sutton, Garlick hill — Benjamin Stocks, Kippax, YorkOiire Lieut. Shuttleworth, Marinei Mr. Shurley, Suogate, Ijunbctk — John Smith, Dartmouth — Slate, Coventry — John Scott, Liverpool — 1. Stockton. Whitby — John Scott, Cbeiler le kreet — George Sheppard, Clerkenwcll dole — lohn Scrimfnire, Bewdley — Nehemiah Spicer, Ruffel court — John Stephen, Lane end, Suflordlhire — Willi;. .< Swin, Rotherhithe road Mn. Sufanna Saiven, Dunk ftrcet — Ann Sanden Mr. John Skincs. Sonbury, Middlelex Mifs Smitb. Br«dllcd..Kemt Mr. Swcetfar, Mortner, — Shaw, Clare court, Drury lane — William Saltonftall, Pimlice — Johv Stuart, Bidlbrdlrwy — Taylw, ditt — William Th — George — John T — John T — Kiimuot ditto hreader, Shauw>t, C. mock, ditto — Tuttfll, Bath — Thi mas, St. Mar^j.irot's hill Lawrence Tatliam, Vt'\ ftreet — James Taylor, Brentford — Tkylor, Retford, Nottinghamftiirc — Matthew Taylor, Lamb's eoaduitft.'Mt — He*ry Treeve, Plymouth — Paykir, 3ambury — Thorntni, slaughter llreet -.• .Simon ]'bn, jimitr tf ikt AVw Gardntti Cmltndtr — William Thomas Thomas Thompfim, King irctti Clieapfidt — William Taylor, Deptford — Taylor, Ely place — Thomas ThomiWan, White chapd — Turnbull, Alocrfgate ftreet — Homan Turpin, St. John ftreet V. Mr. Caonco Vidall, Betton ftreet — Charles Vincent, Exeur — Vernon, Juihtr tf tbi Niv £mMi« miut Ctntiy ScMiJItr U. Mr. T. Upfdalc. Alrcjford, Haau •~ R. Uiherwood — Underwood, Falcon flreet W. His Royal Highncfs the Prince of Walaa Right Hon. the earl of Warwicll Mn. Mary Williams,* Cardiif ,i' — Charlotte Wright J£ Mr. John WiUbn, Shellon court. Bedford Charles Wheeler, Skcrjditck Capt. Odorge Winteringhuni Rotherhithe Mr. Oeorge Watfoa. Rotherhithe I— Ttuunas WUtc, 4itt«> — Welborne, in. rai 1lif.Wwrf.Cki#icfc t I ST tfUnmMtf, IW^U^tt' — Ia*««1i;WSlHftditcli — fflka WiKMu AfMkaat. Nbi — Walttr SmM WtUAMd. Pa« — Wea««r« BoRMgii •~ Corediiw WebS. St. Ali*«#*r kill — Joha WUkiafim. CovncQt «9Wt> H>y market » WUIiui ^^pu^, Mtmtati. Haat* •" Wn jhtf ditto •— Smmm Wairtn, Bedford llreet — W!lU«LWUte, ToOlev llrMt — Sune) WUte. Greek Kraet — Wamn, Ctdtim hnoTe, Lanf^ — Matthew Walte, Iioag lane, Soottiwark — W'ebb, Ag}erica ftrect, Soathwark — Andnw waia finart BafiiviMM, YoiklUrt Rer. Nfr. Wlite, Yarmouth Mr. Vhite, Awfiird, Sometietlhire ^ Webb, HattaM BitMd oak — Welti, IfliMtoa ^ William Webfter, t«e •— Thoma* WilkinTon, Ocean ftreet Stapaay — Thomu WeAcomb, Bridport, Dorfet — John Wade, Croydon, Swry '— Willbn, Averham. NoltiaghamflUfe — Welch, Ealing, Bflex ta- Roger Weame, St. Barth — Woolocr, Bnrv, LancaOiire Capt. Wid4>>»mbc, Totoefi Rev. Jofeph Worthiogton, Jmhtr rfiht Mmw I Vuiwftl familf fr^r B-k, lie. Rev.Dr. Wi afesaK^S^ Mr. WitaMt, Dritn |ue — Wins. Leade^all tr«« — Walker, Dat^Brtec — H. Watlbn, BrHlge llreet — Wtlki»foB, Mary.le-boaa — White, Kw lane — WevHI. ATderrgice litM Miri Wra,OrM^ Bell alley yf.t^ W/fMiitt, Bllhkman, JBerkfliiie . — Mark WiUba, Chftqr gfrdea drcfC Mr, Lewh Toeug, Corpori, Mn. Yarbonaghi, Campi Moeat Mr. Ynte^^ S^ulfcwark — Vnunghulbiind, South Shield* — Yowngi^oyr Uoe — Wiiliaot Vpang, S<^tkaaipmi (net N. B. Thr ?■«%)«■ of /lif mHl ret«rm hit mot mtfrigmd MurmltJtmnli lo the mumrtmi Si fclitMa • Coniionance of their F»autt with nfpiA to lorn* of hit ('irr Mw fuUauius, aHWiijg il PirMJial Woikt ia which be Ihall ha eapigeil, ilrlct-ving the Puhlic ruronaae, inr priiitc4 Heticn tot Uw PtirpoA givea fia Weck> «( - ■ - '-^ — ml "' n prf ferrnte 16 Mr »ttli BiltHl Dayi Dday of Inrprintc^ fittMn lor Uw rtarpolfe gtvaa Sa Wecln ago, l ag ittie* wwa- BIW Uayi iTda* el coTlcAmgthe Whole, arc have not been .ibtt to prociin lh» Naine* of mar Half of oar oMimh I will ihtctfdiv of Coarfe eacufc ihc Omiflioo g lud Aich a< Had aay BJavi.in SpelUng, will pleMi 1 1 init iucn a< nad aay Bjavi.in SpelUnri ' Fublifcer, at h« haa ordered (be Name:, Plant of Abode, Jic. to be litcnUly Uan&ril Staiioacit, MsorfincOf Itcftc. Ihethifir griM Ihiaam^i^aeM, and haaridy '"' aMbin« Ihall be wanniig to ten^er'al^ the of a taitar naiiMk. NacMiMiMd- i«n, and other aeeeirary f ^ Thafi^honi^Mm.Ml M nhftrra^ thai the Fault it iioi r'- bad ammi the Noiea at delivered in by the va A New Edition being now ready,— HWx IVyii PuUiJMf .' :\. Number f. (to be contplcaMd in only Scftoty Weekly Nambcri, in large Folio, Piica Only id. ea4h, or the Orcrplai failhfbllydctKiand gviti^of^ BARNARD'* New CoMPREHgNsive «nd Gomrletb H ISt ORY of^M^LAND, From the very earlieB pcriold.to tba prefrat Time. XmhcllilMdwiih opwardaefOoellaaitredattdTMcntybeautirel aixl xrantf 'Cepper-plaio Eagravingf, hitherto unequalled in any adm Wmfc of iha Kind whateeer. A t « O , .. Nomhar r. (to be comptetMi !a only Eighty Weekly Numbeta in huge Polio, Price M. each, or the OrerplM puoaoalty delietitd gnib) of ■^• MIDDLETON'g New aiid Complete DICTIONARY «f ARTS and SClfeNCBST With all the Madera Impiwemeata. - '2* Illairaiad with a complete S« of elegmt and urtfol Coopcf-platci.. I'he Whale bring i«B wimed of, may be had by fueh ai with to became paASt of thia ealuable Work at atKe, Pric* boondin Two Volume*, al. tti. or, baond in One lar|« Volume, oaly al. la. L I K B W I « B J> MiHBh or. Malefactor^ Complete Reoistzr and Chronicle of Old B a i t r Tr i a l s, &c. The Whole commencing from the Beginoiog of ike Year 1700, imtl cirrfed down to the prffent Year. Containing alfo an aathrntlc and full Account of the Livet, Djrin; Sp^echtt, Execution*, ' &c. k\. of all the molt nntm^i MalrfiAoia of *T*i;y Clafa, who have fufliircd Death and other cecinplary Puoitimeilti in Bnglanil, 8eot lumet, neatly bound in Calf and lettered, peicc )1. ji. L I K B W I • B Dr. HURD's New and Complete History p( the RELIGIOUS RUES and CEREMONIES of all NATIONS. ■abcUilhed with elegant and aamaroM Copper-plate*. Price neatly boaad in Folio lU 16*. or may be had ia Sixty Weekly Nam6era al SiS'pMca eaak. A L 3 jiUpdMT I. (To be coadaued Moathly, and embellidMd with Pmtraili of oar preieni Aich Bilhop* and BiQinp*,— An! i!&s::h V;>w* of all the Calhcdrel*, ttt in BUOiaaO, of Nbw CHRISTIAN'S MAGAZINE, being aa Univerfal Repofitory of Divine Knowledge. Price ooly 6d. each Namber, alwajr* OaiMUaMd wtth Two Coppee-place*. '• *!,* The Public ate eanieMy reqaefbd (in order (o prevent MiBaket) to be particularly carefal in aflunt tst any of the above Va* iattiO Work* ; and thole Ptrloai who mean 10 call, or fend 10 the PubUlher'* ihemMvea. u well a* tke Newfmen, ke. are reqaeilcd to M ild B?**!. "* * wonS Shop throttgh Miftike, at the moft prJuy, mean, and aafair Attificet, are afed to inil^.oid the Unwary, By a cartaia Perfon who nai Meanly, igaoraatly, impudently, nad piratically copied tke Propolhit anil AJvertircmenti of the Pata^ lUbtr of ttil Work, aad applied tham todd and imperfeA PcrioeMaacai, in order |0 give them a araa Aft—riut. I ^mtMy ItJ'.f-, lofllw Ttf,: -^' \.*^'*?i 'i/« '^^ . -> . ' and r^ 'M