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■50 ■^" In^Si
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2.0
1.8
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Hiotograpbc
Sdences
Corporation
23 WiST MAIN STREET
WEBSTff^.N.Y. MSSO
{'>U) S72-4S03
iV
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1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
3n^
I '11 ST (^
1 ;3^/^
3
> o'p t 'p
8TAT1:
Til
\A t'cjxn
t'KI!lM".U;
SlK :
tJlC 1('I)(
[Jaiiit res
[t'xtciit il
I depend*'
IT<,.i.
^1
Sir: ^
intbiv'ijit
Jiiiio 2,'),
t(t the sti
Aiiievica
ii(le<ivoi
allowed i
Betwei
jacent to
ill the m\
iiitereoiu
any coni
lieetion li
4'
41st Co^'f;IJK5!S, \ IlOrSE OF IJEPRKSKNTATIVES. i V.\. P'-r
3f/ .V
('■SSKHI.
i
i ^'o. 04.
.!)
STATE (JF TKADE WITH IJKlTISil NORTH AMi'.KK'AX
»'KOViN('ES.
L E T T E K
FI;(>^r
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
Tr;.\xsMn I INT,
:L rcjxirt on the ttfate of innlr l/cfircen the I'niicd tStfifcs (Did flie Uriti.-^h
yortit Aiiicricmi Po^uscsnionfi.
V\:v.n\-\]:\- !. 1-71. — IJeiViTt'd to the Coiiniiiltcc ol' Ways niul ^rciins nn.l unliTcd
liiiiiU'il.
TiiEAsuuv Depautment, Oefk-e or the Si'cuetakv,
Fvhniunj .'>, 1871.
Sin : 1 tviuismit for the iuroniiiitioii of tlio House of llei»icseiit;iti\ .vs,
the report of J. N, TiJiriM-d, who was appointed special a,i>eiit luidcr a
joint resoliitio!! (tf Omi_<i,ress approved fhuie L'.'J, ISTO, to iiupiire into t'le
extent and state of the trad<' between the Usiiteil States and the several
dependencies of (J reat Britain in >»'ojfh .Vnierica.
Verv respectfnllv,
GEO. S. IJOUTWELL,
Sevmtiiry.
no.l. -TA^IES (t. r>LAIXE,
SpeuJuT Houac of licprcscnta fires.
Dvvvxi.n, JanufUi/ -2^, 1S71.
Sni : You intrusted to ine, a few niontlis a<;<>, the task of eollectiiis
inforiaation in complianei' with thejoint resolution of (.'onj^ress a])i>ro\ eil
June 1','), ISTO, whii'h directed that an iuipiiry should he nnide relative
:to the state of trad<i between tlic^ United States an<l the iJritish Norrh
Vinerican Possessions. The subject is an important one, and I lia\e
iinleavored to investii^ate it with as much thoroilj^'hness as the time
llowed me would j)ermit.
]Jetween the United States and the IJritish dependencies that lie a<l-
jaeent to us ui)on (Uir northern border, the intercourse of trade ouj^ht,
in the natural order of thiu,us. to be as intimate and as extensive as tlu'
intercoujse that exists within this I'lnon between its Stal<'sat larj^'e •a<.\{\
any corres[)oudinji' ^yrouj) of them. Indeed, 'he natural intima<'y t)f con-
nection between the provinces of the Dominion of Canada and our own
U 585
2 tra:)i: wrnr imrri.'^ii north amkricax tkovixces.
Xottliciii, Xortwcstci'ii. iuid I^iislcni Stiilcs, is stii'li iis ovists lictwocn
very tew of the jn'«'<),uriii)liic<il sections ol'tlic riiioii. Tliroii^h iiioiv tliaii
li;iir tlic Iciin'tli of flu' coti'Miiiiious line of tlic two tcnitorios, tlic Nciy
liomnliir.v of politic;!! si^p, nation is itself a j^reat natural liijuli-road oi'
coniineirial iiitcrconinmiiication — the most iiuijestic ainltlio most useful
of all tlie ii'iand \valei-\vays of Irafiic and ti'avel witli wliicli natui'c lias
I'uniished the American continent. The lakes on which wo border at
the iiortli link us with, rather than divid<' us iVom, the for<'i,uii border
on their opposite short's ; while the fact that the jureat rivei- throu,u'i
v.liich their waters escape to the sea <li\('r,i:(''^. at hist, into that iiei;^h-
horin.u' il(!!iiain, only adds to the closeness ot' the relationship in which
the two countries are i)laced. 'l'li(> territory of the (Janadiaii peninsula
lietween tiie lakes is thrust hke a wedjU'o iut«» the territoiy of the
Tnittd Slates. Across it lies tlu- s!i<u't-ci.t o ' ti'afiic and travel be-
tween our Xoi'thwesteru and our ICastern .state.-. ('ioo,urai)hi<'al!y,
in the natural stnictuic (»f that ener,ii('tic /one of tiu' c(n!tinont which
lies beiv.een the loiiieth and tlie foity sixt li ])i'.railels of lalitu(h'.
the i>rovince oi ,( }iifario occupies, with reference to coniniei'cial inter-
clian,i;('s East and West, what may fairly be deseiibed as the key })ositioM
of the N\hoh'. The lower pr(t\iiH*e of <t)uebec, thi'ou^h v.-hu-li tiie St.
Lawrence i»asses to the Atlaidic, is situated wish hardly h'ss advantaire.
and in some views, which take account of tl.o coinnuM<'!al possibilities of
til!' future, ]»erlia[)s with e\'ou moi-e. On the sea'ooard there is no nat-
ural (listinciion or partition to ite found bet ween the nuiriiiuie i»ro\ inces
of the Dominion and <air New ICnjiland States, New Uiiniswicl-;. as has
been remarked, is but an extension of the State of .Alaiue alon/^' the
r.ay of l''und.\', and Xo\a Scoiia is but a peninsula cleft fiom the side ot
Xew r.ruirsw iclv. The island provinces that li<' noi'th of those, withiir
or beyond the (lulf of St. Lawrt'nce, aie a litth^ renu>V(d froju the
Hiime intimacy of i>'eoinraphical and connncn'ia.l relationship witli our own
nutioiial teri'itui'y, an<l yet. to the extent of all thoi-esourc's they ]!ossess.
their most laitura! conneciioi! of trade is with the I'nited Siates, Asto
tlu' new coloidal State into winch the IJritish settlenu nts in the Nortli-
west have just been rudely mohh'd.and the oldi'r but thiidy-papulated
]M<)vinccof Ib'itish ('olund)ia,on the Pacific coast, the conditions in which
they are })laced, ielati\"e to this couidry, may be considered more prop
orly her^'after, porhai)s.
Tin: ])(>:\IIN1()X OF C AX AD A.
Tlu' four i)i-ovinces of Oidarib, Qnoboo, Xow IJrnnswiclc, fuid Xov;i
■Scotia, fornnn<;' at jtresent the ooid'eih'ratioii known as the D.xninioii oi
Canada, contain a now estimated population of about 4,l'8o,0;H), disided
us follows:
Ontario 1>. VM\, 3I)S
Quel»e<' J . -tL':*. .j4iJ
Xew liruiiswiok ;>i'7, SdU
Xo\a Scotia WM. 4 t!i
Total 4. 2s;3, lo;;
Those ostinnites are based upon a eonsiis takon iu 1801, ton years a.i»'o.
and tlioy assume for all the i)rovinces the Siinui rate of lucroaso that
■was found in the i>rovious docado. It is quite ])rol)ablo that the result
ot the now ceusus, lor whicdi preparation is now being' made, will tall
shoi't r
four n
exist in
of Xo
ward I
oontaiii
Tloro
livini;' i
toijoctii
tioiis ai
ical uiii
aration,
of the J.
jUTcat S!
and con
land St;
nu'asuri
in-al ciri
conditio
vpU'stioii
siderabl
The ave'
capabiiii
li'cneral
feriility
that pen
is s\\-ept
map as (
npp!)i!ii('
Mirli aid
eipial. in
them in
Stream, a
of the w
Session o
dustry o\
least, in ;
forun'ui;- 1
pirc; in l!i
io reach
ISOW I'hl;
liu'i'oaso <
dofino wit
Bortli, ox(
Kortii im
dian culti
by the La
from it
d,u(' foil
#'n bank,
^n direct
#)ndint ot
Woot, hov
tradk with r.nrrr.sii NOirni amkrican rK'oviNX'Ks.
3
between
ore tliaii
tlic v<'n
i-roiul o'l"
st iisei'ii!
tiu'c liiis
»i)r<l<'i' ill
11 border
thioii.u'a
lit ii('i,i:'li-
iii which
)eiiiiisuhi
y of th(^
I'iivel be-
ipliii'iilly,
lit wliich
hititiuh'-
i;il iiiti'i-
k- position
1 tiu' St,
Iviintii;;*'.
bilitiesot
is no iiat-
])1(>\ ilM't'S
!'k. as lias
\\U)U>j: the
ho side ot
se, witliiir
IVoai the
1 our own
y ])ossess.
" , Aslo
le Xoith-
i)|)u!atetl
s in wliich
tore prop
lid Xovi'i
iiiini'oa ol
t. «lividc«i
;.::7, S<H>
L's;}, lo;'.
ears a,iL!,o.
'aM» that
the result
', will tall
short of this calculation in every ]»rovince, except. perha])s. Ontario, and
four millions, in I'oitnd numbers, mav more sal'ely be set <lown as the
exislinu' ])opnlation of the l>oinini<in. The two insular judvinces,
of Xewfoundland, (v.hich includes Cape Ib-fton.) and I'riiic*' ICd-
ward Island, which ha\'e thus far I'cl'used to enter the conl'edei'alion,
contain i»o[)ulatioiis estimated, res]n'ctively, at 1 KMMH) nnd !»!),()()(».
IJESOURrKS AND CAl'Ar.ILITIKS.
TIero, then, are about four and a <pmrtei' miilions of i»e()]»l(% not only
li^•in,l;• in the utmost nearness of nei^hborluMxl to us. but with such in-
terji'ctions of tenitory, and such an interlacing' of natiuiil ('ommuni<'a-
tioiis and connections l)etweeii their country ami oni's, that the ,ii'eo,ura]»h-
ical uiiit,\ of the two is a more conspicuous fact than their ])olitical sep-
aiation. Their numbers exceed by more than half a million the jx'ojde
of tlu' six New lOnyland States, and about ecpial the numbers in tln^
ji'reat State of X(!w York. In tln^ nmj;iutude and value of the industrial
and commercial interchaui^'cs that ar<^ carried on between the New l'hi<>-
laml States and the other ]>arls of this liiinii, we imiy lind no unfair
measure of the kindred commerce that would have existed, under Uiit-
iiral circi!iiistanc<'S, between those ])eo]M<' and oiirs('i\es. Such ecpud
conditions, indeed, v.onld undoiU>tedly have ,i:i\en to the provinc<'S in
(pU'stiou it weiii'ht in the commerce of tin* ^«'ortIi America continent con-
sideral)ly ceedinj:' the present wei,uiit of the New i'in.nhind Stat»'s.
The aveia;.;; capabilities ol their soil and ciiimite are not inferior to the
capalMiiiies (I. the six Stat<'s with wiiich 1 compare tliein, while their
{general resources are yreater and more varied, Ontario possesses a
leriiiity with which no part of Mew iMi^land can at all compare, and
that peninsular section of it around which the circle of the .^reat lakes
is swejit, forces itself upon th(^ notice of any student ol' the American
map as one of the favored si)ots of the wiiole (M>ntineat — as one ctf the
nppointed hivin.n' ])la('es of indjistry, where ]>opnlation ou^ht to bi'ced
Avith almost neluian fecauidity. A lar,i>'e section ol' (^)uel>;'c is at least
equa.i, in soil and climate, to its Ne\\ En^^land neii^hbors, while, it ri\als
them in the ])ossession of water povv'er, whic'ii is fnrnislied by e\-ery
Stream, and while it commands easier and c (Uper access ti> the markers
of the western interior. As for the maritime ])rovinc"s, their ])os-
Session of abundant coal .yives them one of the prime advanta.ues of in-
dustry over the conti.n'uons States. Alonu' with this ]>ai'iry, to say the
least, in all that is essential to a viu'orous d.'N'elopment. the, i)ro\inees
forinin.i;' the l,)omiiiii)n — I'ven if we exc'.ide tliat vast seat of future em-
pire in th(^ basin of Lake W'inniiieji', wliich lies wailing for ci\ ili/aiion
to reacli it — occupy a territorial area wifliin v.hich the ]»o])ulation of
Kew En,:niand or New Vork mi.uilt bi' seveia! times mnltiplie<l without
increase of density. The ar<'a of Ontario and (^>iu'bec it is im[>ossible to
deline Avlth exactness, for the reascm that they have jio boundary on the
north, ex<'ei>t tlie linnts to civili/ed settlement which the climate of the
Korth im|K)ses, uheie^'er that may be. I'ractically, the limits of Cana-
llian cultivation and settkMnent were marked, until a very recent jteriod,
by the liaurentian ranji'e of hills and the broken spurs thi,it are thrown
^t1' from it across the head of tluMvestern peninsula. Tiiis bai'ren. rocky
ijldjie follows a line nearly ])arallel with tlu^ St. Lawrence on its n^nth-
ffl'U !)ank, up to lln' vicinity of .^lontreal, where it strikes away in a west-
0tu direction, indicated by the couise of the Ottawa liiver, wliich is the
GDuduit of the water-shed of the Lanrentian elevation. A broad otV-
«f|ioot, however, of the same priniitive ui)heaval is traced iu a belt of
4
TIJADE WITH BRITISH NORTH A^IERICAX rROVIN'CES.
foibiddiii;:' tiMTitory, wlicrc swniiin ami rock arc intenniii«j;l(!(l, iVoiii the
Ottawa Jiivcj- to (Jr(M)i};ian Uay.
Up to llic pivsciit tiiiK' tlirso nubiddin*;' bairicis liavo inacth'ally
tbnncd, in both provinces, the noithcin boninhuy of Canadian cnltiva-
ti(»n and setth'nicnt, \vhi«'li spread slowly and feebly, without the same
iinjx'tus and nionientnm that characterize the ]>ioneer inovenient in the
I'nited States. Within a tew years ]»ast, however, it has been discov-
ered, and miw it seems to be a well-deteiinined laet, tliat beyond the
Jiaurentian belt there arc larjic tracts of juoductive territory, capable of
well sustaining" no very sctanty population, excn when strippe<l ol" the
timber which constitutes their liist vabu'. The ollieially ])ublished re-
))orts of surveys made «lurin,i>' lale yi'ars within thoM' rcj^io'.is, which 1
have examined with a j;'<)od deal of carefulness, show ;4r«'atine(piality in
the value of tlu' lands, nmny distri(;(s of fertile soil iM'in;:!,' curiously in-
termixed with sections that are actually or almost incai)able of cultixa-
tion. r>ut these reports, if at all correctt, leave no doul)t that on the
u])i)er Ottawa, in the basin of liake Nippissiny, alonji' the eastern shores
of (b'oiji'ian P.ay, and even to some extent on the northern shore of
Lake Supcricu', there arc very considerable areas that will ultimately
.U'ivc su]»i)ort to a hardy and enterjuisin^' jjopulation. Lar«ie tra(;ts ot
this new domain have been set apart by the jtrovincial authorities a>s
"free ,urant lands," to be }>iveu to actual settlers on tcriuM very nearly
like the terms of the "homestead act" in the United States, and under
the stimulus of that wise i)olicy their settlement has commenced witii
some activity and ])romise.
To what extent the mineral resources of the infertile Laurentian belt
render that cai)able of •iivin.u' life to industry and sujjport to a jiopula-
tion, it is imi)ossible to say. .Just enoujih has so far been discovered to
indicate that the ndneral dei)osits within and on the flanks of the ran<;e
may prove to be (luite an imi>ortant element of the wealth of the Cana-
das. iJoth iron and lead nuiu's have been oi>cned and worked to some
extent north of Kin<iston ; Acry valuable deposits of |)bnnba<i'o have
lately be<'n found ami opened; jj;()ld is extensively indicated thi()U<»hout
a wi<le rej;ion in both i)rovinces, and, more than probably, Mill yet be
found in protitable <piantities; a beautiful marble is already bcMUj;' quar-
ried ; the cop])er nnnes on the north shore of LakeSui)eriorare un<pu\s-
tionably of j^reat future value, and recent developnu'uts ^o to show that
the same rcjuion is remarkably rich in silver. Alto.n'ether, it may be
assumed that the ])roductive and habitable territory of the Canadas is
not eouiined to their tillable lands.
COMPARATIVE AREA AND POPULATION.
The commonly stated area of the province of Ontario is 121,200 square
miles, and of the province of (Quebec 210,000 s<iuare miles. The actual
area of habital;le and i)roductive territory belouginj;' to them nmy be
estimated, 1 think, at about .■>0,000 s(puire nnles for each. AVithin that
area in Ontaiio the capabilities of development, making" all due allow-
ance for whatever iiu'onsiderable difi'erences of climate exist, would
seem to be fully ecpial to the capabilities of the State of Xew York, and
if Ontario had kept pace in its growth with New Y(uk, as there seems
to be no natural reason why it sliould not have done, (if mc exclude
New York Uity from the c«)mparison,) tl .? population of that province
Avould now have exceeded *bur millions instead of two. The province
of (^)uebec may be fairly nuNisured in the same nmnner with the States
of 5Jew Hampshire and Yermont, whose capabilities are no greater,
s.
TRADE WITH J'.RITISII 1>JRTI1 AMKRICAX PROVINCES.
5
, IVoiii the
»ia('ti'<'iilly
I) cultivii-
tllC SilllM'
cut ill tlic
I'll (liscov-
I'voiid tlic
hh\ of the
>lislM'(l rc-
s, wliich I
(Hiiility ill
lionsly iii-
)f eultivii-
iiit on the
erii slioios
I slioiv <>r
ultiniiitely
(' tliKttS ot
hoiities as
oiy nearly
iind nnder
Miced wilii
}ntian T^elt
I a ]toj)nla-
('()\ oietl to
'the ran};c
the Cana-
d to some
haji'o have
!iron<»;hont
ill yet be
'in*;' quar-
re un(iue.s-
diow that
it may be
;anadas is
I
200 s(inare
The aetnal
m may be
ithin that
due allow-
st, would
York, and
lere seems
e exclude
t province
province
the States
o greater,
uotwitlistaiidini;' the somewhat more ri<i'orons winter climate to \\hi<'h
it is exposed. A popuhition in (>|iiel»ec pr(>|>ortioned to that of New
lliiiiipshire and N'crmont would exceed by not less than half a million
what the pi'o\iiicc now contains; while Nova Scotia and Newllriins-
wicU, po]»iilatcd in the same rntio as Miiiiie, of which they are the coun-
terpart, would contain to-(l;iy a million of smds.
CATSHS or TA1M)V OKOWTII.
'^I'hat the four ])ro\ inccs of the Doininion (h» not at the present day
exhibit a popniation of from six to sev«'n millions of people, with cor-
rcs])o!idiim' wciilth ;ind coircspoiKliiiy' activities of industry, is the wvy
plain and nnniistakablc consequence of the fact that they have not re-
cei\''<i tlieii' iiatiual sliaie of rhe ener,ui<'s that arc at work in the devel-
opment of the American continent; ami that fact is <'learly to be traced
to their isolation from the free ini ■rclian;;e of acti\ities, in a connncr-
cial way, which the rest of the Au^lo-Saxon commnnities of America
liave secured by their national confederation. To the mere ])olitical
<listiiiction l)ctween the dependent iJiiti.-h provinces and ourseh'es, or
lathei' to such dilfeicncc as exists between their form of ])oiMilar j^ox-
<'riiment and onr own. I should .uive no wci.iiht amoii;i>- the immediate
causes of the slower growth that they exliil>it. The political institu-
tions of the ill-named dominion of (\uia<hi are scarcely less republican,
<'ither in operation ( '• in principle, than our own, and cannot reasonably
be charged with exertin.n', in or of themselves, any disaih anta^^'eons in-
fluence ii]»oii The country. Kven as concerns the intiuciice of republican
aspirations npiui immigration from the older world, it may be seriously
doubted wlu'thcr ]n'actical consiiU'rations do not almost wholly control
the choice which the iinnii,i;rant makes of this c«uuitry rather than of
Canada. Jle has been led, and by f>«iod reasons, to exitect that he will
iind in the United vStates /greater a<'tivities, wider and more numerous
o]>lMUtnnities, and tlu^ stir of a more vi<;orons life. The superior vijior,
which ap])cars ])atent to the outside world, is as simply explained as it
is undiMiiable. From the immense diversity of resources ami i)roduct-
ive cai)abilities in the vast territory that we occupy, with its many zones
of climate, its nmny variations of soil, its multiform structure, its trii)le
seaboard, its inland s«'as and its j^reat rivers, its prairies and its nn)un-
tains of every mineral, we derive a (;ertain mutual i)lay of industrial
forces, acting and reacting ui)on each other with unrestricted and per-
fect freedom, which is wondeifully cumulative and wonderfully stimu-
lating — beyond anything, in fact, that has been known in the experience
of rhe world before; and the secret of it all is the freedom of the diver-
^jsitied intercliang(\ The eftect halts where that treedcun of industrial
' <'ommerc<' nu'cts with interference. The custom-houses of the national
frontier paralyze it more than half; and we should iind, it" we could
examine closely enough, that it is in Just the degree that the neighbor-
ing provinces are cut off, by their political isolation, from the free cir-
cula^^ion of the i)roductive and commercial energies of the continent,
that they have fallen behind their sister communitu\s of the same ori-
gin and the same character in material i>rogress.
1 hax'c [)laced the subject in this view ibr tli«» ])ui'])ose of suggesting
the loss that we sustain, as a nation, from the unfortunate causes wliicli
have siunted the natural, or at least the otherwise possible, develop-
ment of so large and so im])ortantly related a se(;tion of the (!ommou
;domain of Anglo-America. lfourlot<s is vastly less, even proportion-
( ately, than that of the provincial peoi)le, it is, nevertheh'ss, a very serious
one. It is the deprivation of what unglit have been and what might still
6
TKADi; WITH r.i.'riisii xDirru amkimcax imjovincks.
be fully (HH'-«'i,ulifli iiddcd to tlic iKM'iiiiiiihitiii;^' iiiotnciitiiin (tf llic iiidiis-
triiil (MM'i'iiics Itywliicli wciiic cjinicd (orwiinl. irtlicsjimc iiilcicliiiiijic
tliiit exists Ix'twccii tlic Stiites (tl' tlic Aiiicriciiii I'liioii Ii:mI ('\ist<'<l l»c-
twccii tliosc Sliitcsiiiid the ii('i.u!dMuiii,n' |ti<»\ iiiccs, we should now iiiipiirt
to tliciii. it is diK', tlic iU'tivitirs of forty inillioiis ol' people, wliile tliey
jiiv(^ buck to MS the rcspondiiiii' iu'tivitics of six or scxcii iMillioiis; hiii
tliiif is Jill iii<'(|u;ility of «'\chimu(' wliicli \v<' hiisc found, between oui'
Union sit hir.i;'e nnd its seveiul Stutes. to lie iiiurNcllously prolitiible.
in the exliuortliiiiuy impulse of udviinccincnl tlnit wus jni\-en to the
])ro\iiices, iind piiiticiihiiiy to Oiiturio. (then Tppci- Ciiiiiidii,) hy the
opcriiti<Mi of the so <'iillc(l tiealy of reciprocity, duriu};' the ele\eii yeurs
of its existence, ii niurked jind si;^'nitic;iiit illiisiriition wus nfforded of
the iiiii.unitude oi' tin- inllueiice which liinitiitions put upon the freedom
of i'oniniei'ciiil inler<'ourse between their producers and ours exert o//
fluiii. rnlortnuiitely, we were not peiiuitted, upon our own side, to learn
Jis lully, IViUU the expeiience of tliat treaty, the value to oiir.srirrs of a
state of IVeedoni in the interchanges of the two countries. As 1 desire
to show picsently. the adjiistiiient ol' the i)artial iVee trade established
by the treaty negotiated in ISol was such is to render its operation
v<'ry far from reciproc;il or iMpiitable, for the reason that tlu' sclu'dule
of commodities <;overed by it, while it emiuaced on the oiu; hand nearly
everythinji' tliat the provinces ]»roduce, include 1, on the other, but a
limited number of the prodnctions«d' whit-h this c uintry desires to extend
its sah'; and i'ov the fai' jiicater reason that the cmiimodities made IVee
were almost wholly ot a desciiptioji for wliicii the pro\inces could olier
no market to us comnuMisurate with the markets that the lTnite<l States
o])ened to them.
It was simply im]>ossil)le that an arran^veuM'ut of incomi)lete free
trade so non-reciprocal, so one-sided ' i its operation, ami so ]>rovokiniuly
the rec s the treaty of 1<S.")1 was, of a sharply-forced l>ar<iain on the
tisheri; .-stion, could be allowed to continue beyond the term for
M liich it was contracted. It was Justly abro,uate)l in ISOU by the act of
this (lovernment, with the \ery j^cneral samtion of i)ublic opinion in
the country; ami yet there arc prol)al)ly few anu>ii;;' those who op-
])()sed the continuation of the r<';'ipr(n'ity treaty of l.S.l-t, and who
op[)ose its renewal in any similar Ibrm, who are not fidly (convinced that
an intimate, unr<'stricted commerce with the nei^Lihborin.n' communities
Avould be of <:reat beuelit to this country, as it certainly would be an
inealenlabl(! stimulant to the j;rowth oi those communities. The (jues-
tion is one of adjustments. Free trade, or any approach to naturalness
of comnmrcial interccuirse between these ([uasi-foreii;ii nei.i;hbors and
ourselves, is imi)ossible, unless the outside conditions and commercial
relations of the two countries vdu be brou<;ht into harmony with each
other. That is the inrportant, ami, in fact, the only point of in(piiry
in the matter. If the exterior relations of the two countries were so
adjusted to one another as not to interfere on either side with a natural
circulation of free trade between themselves, probably not one intelli-
gent voice would be raised against the abolition of every custom house
oil our northern frontier.
PRESENT TRADE WITH T[IE DOMINIOX.
The provinces confederated in the Dominion of Canada are two mil-
lions in population, as I am forced to believe, an<l several hundred mil-
lions of dollars in wealth, behind ^iiat they would now have exhibited
had they enjoyed from the beginninn' free intereoiuse in trade with
these United States. As they stand, liowcver, they form a very import-
ant bo(
accor<li
in the
ihcy >('
of ><.~>(i.
St a list I
I >!i:uiiij
the ('ill
oi ihc 1
l!ie iiiiji
raiio c\
'Ihc
J )omiiii
return
Sl(il( iiinil
Qllclicc . .
Oiii.irio . .
!Nmv;i Sr iti:i
K>» lll'lli.Sl
Totii)
<}ncl)c<- ....
Oii(arii)
Niiv;i Sriitia
Ni-u- I'>i-iiiisv
Total .
Sl((t< IllCIlt o
((I) (I (11 1 en
'Jane :iO,
)u('1ii>n
|iitiii-ii>
|t)Vii Scotia.
ti'U- Jil'IIII.SVVi
^ Total . ,
piclipp
iiiiiiio
Viva Sif)tia . .
t'w Briinswi
Total ..
s.
Tu.viJH WITH p.inri8i[ noijiii American rwoviNnr^.
Iw iiidiis ;,in body of inddiiccrs iiiiil consiiiiirrs lor ii-< to (Nsil witli. Liist yciii',
('i<'liimj;(' fiiccoKliii;^- lo llicir own oHiciiil stiitisli<'s of trade, tlicy wnr luin'hiiscrs
vislcd lu'- ji, tlif iiiiiilccts ol tlu' outside world to flu- iiiiioiiiit of ."ij^Tl.-.'liKl'ST. and
tliey Nol<l III tlie same iiiaikets jtrodiictioiis of tlieir own to the anioiim
of M.-fil^OSlJlL', (values ill ;;()ld.) Of these transactions llie ('.inadian
.statistics show less than -'>.") per cent, of the foi'ei^n imrchases of the
Doiiiiiiioii, a.uainst ol |>ei" cent, of its ioi'ei;^!! sales, \o hav«- l»een made in
tlie Tnited Slat«'s. In reality, as will appeav upon a further examination
ol I h(- lac is, the exports from the Dominion to i he I'nited States e\ce;tl
the iinporis iVom i lie I iiited States into the Dominion to the extent oi' a
laiio e\en ,nreater t han that.
'1 he lollow iii;^' tallies exhiliit the commerce of the four in'oviiu'csof flie
J)ominioii f.»r the last two liscal years, as represented in the oi'iicial
ret in lis compiled hy the commissioner of «aistoiiis at Ottawa :
iw impai't
Idle they
ions ; Imi
ween onr
ilitahle.
•n to the
,) l.y the
,en years
florded ol
' freedom
, exert on
i>, to learn
7(V'.S' of II
■< 1 desire
ilablished
operation
sclicdnle
lid ueaily
ler. luit a
to extend
made free
)iild olfer
e<l States
ilete free
ivokiiiijly
lin on the
term for
•j'OTAL mi'oiiTS Ol' Tin: i)()>riNi()X.
<S'/((/( iiii'lll of Ihi V<ihir of (lit/chs Uttpofhtl iiilo lln I loliiiliioii of ('inu((!'( (did rlilrrrd for foil'
miiiijilioii ill llii' two fixval j/nirn I'liilnl ,/iiiic ;>(', isii'.l (tnd [••',{).
1 Fl'Dlil '.'iiii^iiliiiil iilliri;il ITtiirilH.I
l-'iiiiii (iiciil l-'riim I'liitcil
I>rit;ii!i. SliilcH.
1809.
Qiii'lic'C
Oiil,ir;o
^uv^i S.'.,ti;i
K>u IJnii.swick
81!', H0(), u;tii
f, .M7, :t;i!»
I, (H)-,', lIH.'i
;t. :i-'".,."iiii
irti, ii:r, hn4
14. .Mill, 177
'i, Mi, ii-j;t
•J, I."i4. 7(11
Kldlll illl
(itlii r i-iiiiii-
irii'.s.
$:t, 7411, 7:n
."i,-7,'J4-i
I, I. -li. :!•,'.•.
• 140. (i-."i
■I'lilal.
§'j:i, .71."., 177
•,';(, 7v!4, 7(14
7.7i!i. ;::t;i
I., :!-j. r; II
Total ' [i'>, 7t)4, 47(1 ,
1870. ~
•J"), 47;j, 70.)
fi, (!ii,:i:t-2
J4. o,ii,;i4o
■J. ■,'.7>. (I7!l
l..-j:i, :i-jo
•J4, 7-J4. 1)71
u, Uhi, im
t;7, 4II-J. 170
.7, 17 (.370 :
lili|.-J'W \
1, li.'rj. 'J. '7
'7:ir!l.7l
•24.:,::ti 4.77
r, nil-, ii:a
u, .7:i-j. .-v:7
7.1UI), (l.-.i
n,-j:i:i, 1H7
(Jii('i)i'c CO, ;i.--,>, -j'o
Olllaiiu i 0, f iV, ^^.7
the act of >f"\'i sii.iia 4, ii'.iT, 7r.
. • • Niw luiiii.swick ;t. 077, .7.7:i
(pinion 111
who op- ■'■"'•'' ! :'••-.•'•"•"'. ■•:«
and who -
need that iaiinjuts itiom Tin: inj
iimmities
lid be '111 St((l< niciit of Ihf nihic of ijood:< iiiijioytid iulo llic lioui'hiioii of Ciniitdd froiii Ihc Viiiiid Sto'rs
.,,, iiiu! ciilriTil I'oi' co'ii^iuiijii'ioii, ((■.r<ln>:ir< id' coin mill biiHioii.^ diirimi lln hvo liwii} muvx ciidiini
i III jin . - ,/((;/(■ ;UI, lS(.il (iinl ! -'/U, dixliiiijiusliiii/i Ihoxc iritjch paid ihi';/ from llioxc 1 nlcnd Jra of diit;/.
l.AIl'(JUTS F\H)M Tin: I'NITHD STATKS.
tuvalness
)ors and
iminercial
vitli each
iiKpiiry
were so
a natural
110 intelli-
om-liouse
I !■'!•( I! M C.iiMdiMii iiniiial li'tiinis.]
1»69.
luclM'P
Jlitaiio
■ ovii Si'dtia
li'U- lUim.swick
Total
1870.
two mil- f"'!"^.'' 3,044,.7:f
- , ., IftilaiiK 1.. •..
dred mil- »>vMS,..tia
»xljil)ited #^^"i5nuiswifk
idc with s
y import-
Total
Diitiabli!.
i
Total.
Duties C'll-
li'cted.
$3,010.(104
:i, 110, iii!)
ctio, i;'-j
1, 104, ;!Ki
.?:!, 144, (!30
7.(10.-, !^40
l,^■'.'!l, t;;i:t
1,11.711, :tH
.*ii. 0.74 (;:in
10, 73-. 03;j
3. :i.7!). &.::>
3. 1.74, 701
$')7.-. (iiilJ
.7,70. (;|8
314. o;i3
7, ','Xi, Uf
1;), 7()H, 43!i
31.407, 1.-3
1. .7(;,7. ,7i;;i
3, 044, .7.'!.-.
3, 013, ;i(W
7ii;t, f4i\
07p'. o:i(i
1
3, 400, 7.7f.
7, 340, 1711
1, 404, 3;t:)
.■^45, 334
(5,4.74.301
11, llil..747
3. 3.7.-. 07!)
1. f3:t, ;t30
73:(. 407
(i74. 371
no. 7(18
l^-J. 713
t?, (JOf, «4."i
13,m)i:',;W3
31, (i!i7, 3.i7
1,7(10. 34^i
\ ^
•
*w>
r4 ^
^
4
}
8
TRADK WITH lUJITlSII XOKTII AMKlflCAX PKOVIXCKS.
\
lAIPolJTS IIJOM (ilJHAT IMMTAIN.
Sliifiiiniil ill' till rdhic of jiinnlx inijii'ihd iiilii llii' htiiiiiiiiitu nf CiiiKiilii from dntil lirilniit iim!
ritri'cti fur <oiiiiiiiiii>liiiii, (rxiliiniri- nf vniii t(ii)l Inilliini,) iliiriii;! Ilir lira fixrid i/rtirx cikIiii.j
Jiiiir IiH, l,~l>',l (tiiil H7(», tlixliniinixliiiiii llmsr irliiili jxiiil iliilji Irmii lltom viilvrni fric of diilji.
(,)uiUi'c
Oiit.iriii
Nn\ ;| Si'lilill . .
Ni V. r>niii»\vi(
'riii^l
(,)llill(T
Oniai ii)
Nii\ ii ScDiiii . . . .
Ntw Jinuisw icU
Tot ill
Il'idiii Cmiailiiiii otlU'iul letui'iiM.I
l^dit.
Ir-tO.
Diiiiiilili',
Vvi
'Intnl.
; Ulllir.H (Mil
Inhtt.
;i. -J- 1, Kill
y. ; I.I, -. 1 1
•Jt*. IHIJ, (H.-i
M..T.:i. rtr
^. (i!i|. Vl,"!
;i, .'itii,!).- 1
ei.^Vi, (Ml
.'pII-J. ."iIIII
v.>i. nil
,«l i, ■,ti(l
??l!>, ;t."pH, into
^, ."il'..:t:i!i
•t.Diij, ii,-;.
;i,.v..."iiii
*••.', ;i7 1, 1 1
l,:u-,,-...
,'il I, II.
7,()i;j, uu I ;jr>, -I"!!, itN -i,?!!!!, ■;..
1, 'TiV lo.'i i in, ;wj, o;t-) a. ;uw. i.-
I, 1 1::, I in n, r-:;',, m-.-, i, ki;. i ..
r:;i;, (iir. .1, icn. vj:> ui-\. in
■;;i, iiii ;i, 'i;;, ."u;i (i-ji.:i.!i
lid. (I-,'-,', \ii>
■.II, 117
;n.,-.:i;, oil.".
:>. ti;!T, i:;
.">i; ))<'
cent.
yciirs.
T\w
TOTAL EXPORTS oF 'niK DOMlXloX.
^
tSliiiiiiiciit {if Ihi- raliif of (loiiils, ilir ijron-lh, jiroiJiur, and uuiim Did lire of (lie Ihniiiiiioii <;'
I ((iui(l)i. (■.(■porhtl from tin- I'ci'- ' pruriiicrx, {(.rdiisirc of (aiii <ni«( liiillioit,) <liiriii<l ll(r lui
Jifniil iiiiiifi vikIkI ./iiiiv ;il>, I'ili'..' (tiu! H7n.
[I'm. 11 Cauuihiiu ullic-ial ixtunis.]
Til till' I'liitcd 'I'll (iii'iit Tdtnl ('xpDil.^
States. I Jil'itaiii. t(iullciiuiitrii>.
18G!).
f?''"'"^''
Ontario
Nova Sent la
X>',\v 15niiis\vi,k
Total
1870.
CJii.l.i'c
Outaiio
Xovii Scotia
X'i'w Jii'iiiiswick
Total
.*:., n-j7, 27(i |i(i,;)ii.«.-.'
1."., 1-7, W)!l 74-J, »;-(i
1, K!l,l.,-.4 • -lIKi, 77!»
!>!M, (KM) I 2, i»;)l..-).l-'
',»:!, (1-1(1, 7;)!l ! -2(1, IS.'i, KW j
2H, 772, ;512
il.KiO, ilt^7
^3:!, .">i(i. (r.i
i.'i, Mtii, -I":
,''., (i:il,r.V'
•1. ^ll, r-'i
4!t, a23.:i(ll
C, 880, 44n
1",
r.:)8,
842
27,
121,
()7i
18,017,212
1,
21(1,
!ti-l»
19.
2:j.-.,
Itlii.
1, 47:1, 8!).')
:)!!-.
it2.''.
:>.
0(ii,
(Hi;
2, 1(10, 7,'')!l
1,
DOit,
2:u
■I.
:t(j:t,
I7i
5(1, 081, II ■.
ANALYSIS OF CANADIAN FOREIGN COMMERCE.
All niijilysis ot'tho foreji'oing tables of imports shows some facts wliicli
it is well to note in passiii**'.
Of the iinpoi'ts of tlie Doniiiiion, ~)'^ per cent, in tlie fiscal year lS(!!i
an<l 54 per cent in 1S7() were from Great Britain ; .'i^i per cent, in l.Sli!'
and not qnite 35 per cent, in 1S70 were from the United States, and '.'
and 11 i»er (;ent. in the two years, respectively, were the proportions el
ini])ortation from all other conntrii s.
The duty-])ayiii<>' imports from (ireat Ihitain into the Dominion Ibrineii
So per cent, of the entire imports from that nation both in 18(>M jiiiii
1870, and only 20 per ce:;t. were of conniiodities admitted free : ^vlKle bin
:eh.
TK'ADK WriH I'lltlTISII XOUTII AMi:iM('A\ I'K( )VIN('i:S.
lit IliUahi mil!
•I //('</ /'.f cikIiii.,
t'tlj'rtcit/diilj'i.
Irrt.a.
)
1
1
1
?••
'. :iTi. II
,:il',v ■
.v.i:i, ! .
.'ill, 11 -
1
1, *it'.i, ■;...
3 i
a.
MVi.
vli''
1
1,
107.
I.M
'
liCI.
III
1
(.•Jl.
:i.!i
j. (i;!T, i:!
r Dmiiiii'iiiu (;
I (Itdiiit/ //((■ Im
Ti)tiil I'xiiiirl^
ti)iillt'i)uiitii(>
e-2;t.
'Hit.
or.i
l.-l.
'j:w.
■1".-
n,
(-:tl,
r.'i.
■1,
^ll.
,*•' I
•ji)
a-J3,
Uli:
. -
— — —
2T
•121,
(;:i
1!)
2:).-).
:i(ii
5
(Mil,
(i;!.
1
:«;:(.
i:i
0(1
(ISl
I!".
acts wliicli
year ISO'i
nt. in l.SdV
ivU'S, and '.
portions oi
ion fbrinci!
18G'.) ami
."»li |M'r ccnr. of tlic imports IVoiii llic rnitcil St;it«'s in 1S(;!» imd |() per
<'('iit. in 1S7(I piiid tliity. ;'ii(l '!! per coiit. and (111 per cent, in tiir two
years, respect IncIv, entered free.
'I'lie duties collected on tlie dntialtle imports irom tlie I'nittd States
"vveie lit tJM' a\era<ie -ate of L'O per «'ent. on tin' returned valiM' in isd!),
and \*.K'> per cent, in !s70; wliile tiie duty <'(tlleeted on tiie dnlinlilc^
imports IroMi (Irent Uritniii wns at tlie; aNcra;;*' rate of HI. S per cent, in
l^'iV-K and 1(1.7 percent, in 1S70.
in ot liei" words, ii mneli smidlei' proportion of tlie ^'oods imparted from
llie I'niled States tinin of ilo' -(»(ids im|)orted frinn (Ireat Uritain were
snl>)e(^te<l to duty, Imt tliose amoii.^- the foinier w Iiieli did come under
tile Cainidiiin tnrilVpiiid iit a consideraMy lii.ulier a\<'r;i;ne rate.
'i'lie Very l;ir;;(' jiropoition, liowevei', of free i^oods t'roin tin' I'liited
JStiites tliat iippciirs in the Caniidiiui imports of ISd!!, iiiid with ;i sli^iit
diminution in 1S7(>, no h»ii^er exists. A new Ciinadian tariff went into
t'Ifeet on the 7tli of April last, which imposes the lollowinj;" «luties n|>ou
articles prcN ioiisly tree, all of tln'in l>ei!i;i cominoditiesot leadiii:;" import-
ance, in the not very ex tended list of prodiu'tions that we l»art<>r with
our ]>ro\ incial neighbors: llour, L'o cents per liarrel ; meal, 1.") cents per
biirrel; wheat, I cents per bushel; all othei' mrri* ;, .'» ci^nts per bushel ;
<'oid and coke, .">() cents per ton ; salt, '» cents )>er liishel ; hops,."! cents
pel' pound; I'ice, 1 cent ]»cr [loiind. These diitie>, whicli leave a now
<jiiite insi]^nilicant free list of commodities, so far as Amerienn trade is
concerned, were avowedly le\ie(l in retaliiit'tn for the pr<»t«'ctive ri;4'or
of the United States tariff, and, by the act which imposes them, the
gviNcriior !': < oiincil is authori/ed t'> susj>end or to modify them, by pro-
clamation, together with the duties on fish, meals, butter, cheese, hird,
tallusv, vej^ctables, iind several other articles, ''whenever it ap]»ears to
liis siitisfaction that similar articles from Canaila may be imitort(Ml into
the United States of Ameiica free of duly, iir at a rate ot diit.\ not
exccedin^i' that payable on the same under such proclamation when
imported into Canada.''
THE STATE OF C03IMEI{C"IAL IJELLlGEIJEXrV.
As the case now stands, the two countries are in what ndjiht be de-
scribed as an attitude of commercial belli'-erency toward one another,
mutually repellin,i>" and <liscouraj;inft' the intercourse of tiad<' and the
in'otitable and convenient exchauji'eof industries that are natural to their
intimate nei<>hborhood. Under the treaty of reci[)r()city there was a
larj»e excess of liberality on the side of the United States in the terms
of trade, and tlu' Canadian tariff ^rew steadily nnne illiberal and non-
reciprocal. ^Vl'tt'i' the abrojiation of the treaty, the conditions w'«mo
reversed, and it must be confessed that the ^^ates of trans-frontier traflic
stood more open (Ui the Canadian than on the American side from that
lieriod until the adoption of the retaliatory tariff of last April. Now,
liowevei", on both sides, the freedom of trade is about evenly interfered
Avith, and the state of commercial repulsion between the two countries,
whose interests so stronj>ly attractt theiu to intinnicy, is as nicely adjusted,
])erhaps, as it could be. No one, I think, can contemplate this situation
of tliin,iis without feeling'" it to be a most unfortunate dislocation, which
veiy seriously impairs tlie organization and ()])eration of the iiuUistrial
^ener^ies of the Ainerican continent. Aiu\ a further investigation of the
'^statistics of trade will not diminish that feeliiii''.
t
10
TRADE WITH IJlilTlSII NOIMTI AMERICAN PROVINCES.
STATISTICAL EXIIIIUT I'OU Sl'.VENTEEN YEAIZS.
r liiivc f^ivcn tlic ('iiiiiuliiin oilicial stiitonu'iit of ijiiiKH'ts into tlio Do-
luiiiioii IVom the IJiiitcd Stiitcs (hniiiii- the liist two liscal years. Tiiat
exliilMts one side ol" tl)e i'oniiiiercial exelian^es between tlie tw(, eonntries,
tiie other side of wliieli is to 1)«> found in our own oihcial stitisties of
imports into the Ignited States from the province's t)f th(! Dominiiui. It
is proper to remark here that a ^reat many contentious ar,-;iim(Mits
rehi.tiNC to tlie trade between the two countries have been vitiated, by
bi'in<>' based upon oHieial returns, in one country or tlie othei-, ol' botli
imports and crjiorfs, as thou;;!! tiie two were e(pially trustworthy statis-
tics. Tlie well-known fact, however, is that in no(M)untry, and certainly
neither in CiUiada nor the United States, are the statisti(^s oi' cciioiis,
compiled from the retuiiis of clearances at the (aistom-housi's, to be
; rusted for accuracy ; for the simple reason' that there is neither the same
stringency of law nor the same watchfulness to compel an exact state-
ment of out,ii'oin,<i' shipments that is ai)[)lied to secun; true repoits ef
the value of forei,i;n comnu)dities coininj^' iuto the country, ('hictly as
the conseipience of this, the statistics of no two countries resjx'ctin;.;
their rrade with each other will a,i;reeat all. The discrepancy betweei;
our own oflicial returns and those of the Canadian ;4()V(H'ument relatln;;'
to the same trade is further widened by the mixed vabuss (in curiency
and .uohl) that appear in the export and rei'xpoit statements of the iormev.
Acc(>rdiii;;' to our own statistics, we bou.i;ht from the four provinces
of the nominion, in the liscal year ended fjune ."50, 1870, commodities to
the value of i-^.'J'.hoOTjSH', (in .uold,) and sold them domestic commodiiics
to the value (in curren(;y) of ^lUy'tHrijlli, and foreign rei'xports to the
value (in .u'old) of !<;5,<>;»i.ol'r>.
According' to Canadian statistics, our i)urc]iases from the Doininion.
in the same twelve months, amounted only to sf2S,772..')12, and our tota.l
sales to it, of domestic and foreign goods, were of the valueof 8-l/)l)7,-!.'}7,
all in gohl.
On each side there is strojig ])robal)ility of tlie near aecurncy of the
import r<'turiis, and we may safely accept them as re[)resenting the
commercial e\<'hanges of the two countries. The following tai)le is
comi)ile<l in that view, from the otlicial returns of 'imports in each
country from the other, both re[)res(,'nting values in gold. It shows the
yearly amount of trade each way that passed betw<'en the United States
and the old ( 'anadian provinces from 18.") (■ to 18;)7, l^oth inclusive, ami
between the United States and the Dominion of Canada, since that con-
federation was organi/AMl. The exhibit is rendered faulty to a certain
degree by the fact that the Canailiiiu returns are madi' for th(^ calemlar
year down to 18(>4, at wh!ch time the ])rovincial governnuMit adoi)ted
the tiscal year ending JuiU' ."it), to correspond with' our own; but this
does not att'ect the general showing of the state, of the connnercial
exchanges represented :
FiscMl vral
* First ill
fnu<liui
Pattcr><iiii.
The p
change (
ami Can
meiit of
tries pro
iheir elf(
#hat we
during t
of tlie ]
iarii)orts
tfade in
the othe
and rap
exchang
the Ib'iti
covers It
province
eign con
1K> distil
States t(
tie folio
liot), .^2,
Gnu adiai
of dome;
modi lies
Fi'om C;i
I^om i'\
1]
CES.
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
11
iito the Do-
cjirs. That
(.(•oiiiilrics,
*t'itisli('.s (»['
iiiiiiioii. It
iU'^IUIKMlts
vitiated, h.v
un; ol" hotii
ii-rhy staris-
1(1 cci'taiiilv
of i'.rjiofls.
)nsi'S, to be
vv the sniiic
jxact statc-
s reports of
Ciiit'tiy iis
respcctin.L;'
ey bt'twoei;
'lit rchit'ii,^'
ill ciincucy
the ioriiu'v.
• provinces
imoditics to
oiiiiiioililii's
jrts to the
Dojtiinioii.
(I our totiii
;i,()*J7,L':57,
af'y of tlie
'iitiin^- tlie
tal)Ie is
:s ill each
si lows the
t<'(l States
iisive, ami
tiiat eon-
a certain
^ ealendar
adoiited
but this
ommercial
Iiiipidtcd into tile IJiiilotl Statt'H from Canailn.
[I''ri)iii riiitcil Slates olUciiil n-turiis.]
Iiiiiiorltil into ( 'auiiilii tVoin tin t'niti'd Slates.
[I''ioni Ciinailian olUei:il retains. i|
:'i
<:>l.l> CANADA.
1
T\-'r:
1 veai-
I'lnieil .June 'M).
IKVI..
■*()
7-JI
.■.:tii
in. •,
1 vear
elliled .1 une '.it).
1 f'lj *
1-,'
l^•,•
:tll
Fi.-:
1 vear
enileil .lime :«),
\<>6..
17,
■i^f
11)7
Jise:
1 veal-
eiideil .luiie :ilt.
IKu..
i".
•>'M
!<.\4
yise;
1 veav
eniled .lime :i(l,
If^.V .
11.
.■>.-' 1
",!)
Fis,.
1 vear
ended .lane :il),
l,-.-,!l .
II.
•JO-
717
I'i.e.
1 Veav
eiidi'd .Iime;iO,
iMiO..
I.-*,
^,".:t
ii:i;i
Vi.-^r:
1 vr.ir
endeil .Ian • :i(l.
l.-dl..
I-.
(11.-.
■l.->7
Fise:
iVe;,,-
■ndeil .fiine '.W.
let;-,'..
I.'>.
*,'• 1 1
rl-J
Fise;
1 Mill-
•iided .lime ;i(i.
irtti.i.
I^',
ir.o
7';:!
Fisci
1 Vear
■nded .limi' :ill.
1.-J(i4,(i
•stimated)..
• »'.
■li]-'.
111,-.
llse.
1 Veai'
■iideil .lane :ill.
lM)."l..
;!(),
r.47,
■jir,
Fi.s.-:,
1 vear
•nded .fnne Hi,
1 ,-titp •■•
■Id,
i'i;i.
■1711
I'isci
1 vear
eiidi'il .June :)().
lii()T..
M,
;i:)7,
fG7
OMI C'A\A1>A.
Calendar vear l^.7l..
Calendar year l-.-i."!
Calendar year l,.-.-i<!. .
Calendar year H,77..
Calendar yc ar l>-.7,-J. .
Calendar ye^ir l:-,V.l..
Ca,endar year I.~(i0. .
Call ndar ye:ii' Iflil ..
Ciilmdar year l,-'(iv!..
Cali'Uilar vear iMiii. .
First hali' el' ls(i-l..
Fiscal year l.-'()-J-'(i5 .
I'iseal year l.-(id ...
Fiscal vear If^ti.
.•*l.-,, ,->:«. (IfiO
■in, fi!<. (;7(i
•J-J, 7(M, ."lOH
•JO. •^■■i4, liH
l.->, Cii."), .'.Ii.7
17. .'W, !)Mi
n, •J7U, (lvi!>
•Jll, -Jllll, ll«(V
•^•,>. IM-J, rCO
If, l."i7, C.-JU
7. !l.7-.i, -lOl
!,■>, •>!•.
JKI.MIMUN Ol' CAXAHA.
_ «enl year ended .June HI), I^(i8.
ilseal year ended .June HO, iMiO.
seal vear end<'d .Inne HO, 1^70.
liilMINKlN Dl'- CANAIIA.
•-;.-|, (KM, K,H ri.s<-al vear li-(!8.
HO, H,-|H, OKI ; Fisciil vear I Mil),
ail, r)07, 8-l'J I Fiscal vear lt'70.
U, Oia, l.'.,'>
17, (WO, •,:7H
;>!, ■I'.)7, M-i
21, ti'J-l, •J:i7
* I'^irst and la,sf, year.s of the reciprocity treaty,
t Tlie limire/i tor tlie earlier yeais in this culMnin J talvc fnaii one of the reiiorts id' ,^^r, William .T.
Patterson, ,secretary <d'l!ie M(aiteal I'.oard of Trade,
The i)roiniiient fa(.'t that api»ears in the above statement is the total
cliaii,i>e of enrrent tiiat took |)iaee in tlu' trade between the United Slates
and 'Janada in 1 i(>2. Down to thedoscof tliat year, v.lien the deranj;e-
ment of enrreney, the inllation of p'riees, and tiie disturbance of indus-
tries i)rodueed by the war of rebellion in this country bc.uan to woi'k
ihi'ir elfeets, we liad been seliin,i>' to the provinces larjicly in e.xcess of
what we bou.uht froir. them. The a!i;.r.'(\uate oi theii- imports from us
dnrin.n' the nine years endinj;' with IStiJ — ei;^ht of which v.ere the years
of the re('i[>ro('ity treaty — was >'17li,(>ll,."57i!. The a.u;ui'e,nate of our
imi)orts from them in the same period was .sl;'.;j,2.)t>,47."). The balance of
trade in our favor Mas ):^.'>1»,n(>,s'.)l>. ]>u{ in 1«().') the balance shiitcd to
the other side, and ever since tlu^ preponderance a.yainst us has steadily
and rapidly inerea.sed, until now, as the aboxe ti;.;ures show, w.c are
excliaii!4in<>' commodities for little iikmc than one-half that we buy from
the Ibitish ])rovinees. Indeed, the e.\chaii.i;'e of our own jirodiictions
covers less than one-half of th<^ amount that we are importiii.i;' from the
provinces, since the Canadian import statistic^' 'itcd al)ove include for-
eign commodities rec.\'i)orted from the (Jnit«'<h->,ates to Canada, makiiijn'
HO distinction between those and rhe domestic exports from the rnitetl
States to (!anada. Our own otlieial statement of these reex])orts shows
the follow! nj;^' amounts ji'oin^' to Canada in the last two fiscal years:
liiot), )*i*,S'»'S'i"*^-; ^^'i^^i ^'h^yM^'}'!'). .Makin<>- these deductions from the
0«nadiau im[»oi'tation of jjioods out of the United States, the e.\chan.!j;e
of <lomestic productions (since we receive very few non-Canadian (!oni-
i]|odiiies through Canada) stands as follows for the last two years:
18G9.
Fiom Canada to the United States.
From i'u' United States to Canada.
. e.'JO, .'}o;5, 010
. J8,0;')8,100
Lalanee against the United States 11, 714, (JIO
12
TRADE AVITII imiTISII NORTH AMERICAN PRO VINCI'S.
1870.
From Cniiiida to the Uiiitca Stutcs ^'•V^. .507, S !i
From the United States to Cainula 17, 70."), 71:
Balance aj>ain.st the United kStates 21, 742, l;;i
Comment upon the unsatisfactoriness of this state of trade seems 1 1
be <iaite unne(;essary. The adverse balance is vastly too great to In
analyzed into commercial "i)rofits," as an ai)i)arently adverse balance o:
trade often may be ; and the mode in which it is here arrived at, itv
comparison of the im])ort entries in each country from the otlui.
excludes, moreover, almost all the elements of such an analysis.
WHAT WE SELL TO THE PROVINCES.
To show what conimodities are chielly exchanged between the tw
countries, and to exhibit at the same time the relative imi>ortance <■
each in this commerce, and the course it has taken relative to each dm
iiig a considerable period of years past, I have compiled a series d
tables, which may be examined with interest. The first table here fol
lowing is a summary and analysis of the imi)ort statistics of the Dn
minion of Canada lor the last two fiscal years, and shows what we hav
chiefly sold to the four provinces of the IJominion, severally and coUcc;
ively, during those two years.
CJoiii nnd
Stipar. nil
Me. lis . .
T«"ii ...
Ootidiis
Hnt-<. (■;!
Geilrl;|l
Coal ami >
Floiu' ..
Grain. ,\\
linlian ci
Coi:iiiirai
ria\, llrlil
Hides, iiii
'J'nliacd,
Wodl ....
AVocll-.II.S.
Olasswai I
Musical ill:
Books, iVi'
Coltim Will
Salt ..
Eliuincs ai
Stalement ahoiv'inf/ Ihc values of tlw principnl commodltm Imported info ihc sererul proriHCcv (
//((' Dominion of Canada from the United States dnrinij the. two faeal years ended June o'
18(31) and 1S70.
[Compilod from Canadian official returns.]
18C9.
{__ Coin and bullion.
l
'.ugar, niolanao.s, and nielado
!Mt'ats.all kinds
T<a
' (Jottons
Hats, caps, &c
, ( icncral hard ware
Coal and ooko
l<'l()ur
drain, all kinds, except In<liaii corn.
Indian corn
Cornnu'a' -nd oatincftl
3<'!ax, lii'inp, au<l tow
Hides, horns, and jielts
Tobacco, unnianiitacturod
AVNtol
"Woolens
f Jla.Hswaro
!Mu«ical instruments , ...
Itooks and other publications.
(^)ttou wool
Salt
Slachincry
Total, excludiiiii coin and Imllioii.
All other nrtii'li's .•.
Quebec.
Ontario.
8114,171
$:}, 802,1.54
();t,i,7l.')
183,417
3t!<t. ('liii
1'JO, 8,'..")
i;)7, 484
2t).">, ,")li7
JH7, 44:5
417, -r).")
l().-),;itiH
17-->, 4411
4, 4:t(l
i:i7,!i7:»
547, 40,-)
()4ti. ^'4:!
147, 4li:t
!I8, mt!
42, liti")
50, 772
48, :ji).-)
CO, 037
1,801
127,32!)
28!), 185
33(i, 574
ill, 4(i7
140, (iO(i
04, 758
.377, 105
(107, 034
217, 337
3, O.VI, 510
1, 342, 840
30, 0i)4
1,-),000
203, 344
1.-.4, 120
278, 825
80,1.53
13.5, 105
111,. 50!)
131, .505
235, 120
147, 138
253, .52.'<
4, 4()7, (i,50
1,58,5,083
8, 340, 042
2,378,081
XovaScotia.
I
Kew
Brunswick.
6198
9,351 :
24,0.55 I
37,030 I
20,751 I
22 021 I
10L193
21, 847
1,033,892 j
0,170 1
80, 340 I
23li, 7.57 ;
72. i-00 i
37, 587 i
02,717 I
20, 799' I
18,272 ]
8,280 !
19,913 I
433 \
1,100 I
,57,014 '
f 57, 080
92, 410
0.5.818
140,178
22. 757
14, 140
30, 105
400. 790
04. 507
.5fi,5l9
121, 140
32,811
30, 208
14, H39
If 3
140, 001
20, 570
22, 900
24, 91.")
49,041
2, 057
90, 578
Total.
83, 970, .■;
Total imports from Fiiited States, ex-
cept coin and bullion
Percentajje of article,^ cntimerated abovo,
rereeuta";e ol'uraiii, liour. and ineal
1, 90.5, 000
053, 805
1,501,838
052, 803
0,054,633 ! 10,728,023
2, ,559, 825 2,1.54,701
74
11
T
83
43
74
53
70
30
991.:!'
030, I
524, I
443, :!
277 I'.
7.58, n
847. :i-.
2, 0(i!». •:'■
3,230,1'
1,0.54. r
39.--. 1.
2,5'.i. y
81.-I, I''.
&■,!',:
420. i'
351. 1
210. 1 ;
193. X'
224, .-;
344, l.i
1.52. 1'
529. !■
10, 220. :i!'
.5, 270, 7
21,41)7,1-
mn
€ES.
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN rROVLNCKS.
13
Slotcnivht ^hoH-'uuj the raliicn of the priiiciiKd commodUhn, .Jr — Coiitiimed.
[Conii)ilcil t'roni ('iiii;iiliaii olUcials returns. 1
8:50, HOT, S !l
ITj 7(i."), 7 1 _
21, 742, i;;ii
lulo seems t'l ^'" """^ ''i'"'""
gTCilt to lie Snv::tr. iii(iliu<s(>s, &c
ebahmcc o; fc''::::::;:;;;:::::::;::;:::::;;::::::
rived jit, iiv Coti.m,-; ...
I the OtlU'l', GiMhiiil liardwarc. and .stoves
1 -i-oi k; Coal and coki- ,
'J*>1'^' Flour
Grain, all except Indian cdrn
Indian cnrri
Coi: lineal and (lal meal
ria\. heni]i. and hiw
non tllO f U I -Hi'li'^- ii"'iis. and pelis
Itll lilt. IW" »|'f,i,.|,.,,(i. nniiiaiinraetnr.Ml
n[)oi'taiice o Woid
to each dm (Sasis"neV;.v.v:::::: :;:::::::; ::;:;::
I il Series d M"si<'al instriuncnts
, , , ... Bonks. \('
ible here Id. cottn,, ^v,„,l
, "'- l"^ J-"' Buj;inesandniaeliiiurv
,1151 1 we liavi
- ..iwl <,/v11/>,.» Ti'tal. exclndiiin ciiin and bnlliiin
, cilia COliei. All other artielrs
Total ini))iirts I'nini ITnitcd States, nxccpt
coin and 1 ml I ion
'CI'dl p)VvillC(s I _
. -.../;, ,7 r,, ,,,,•! Pcrci'ntaLV'ol arrndes onunnMaied above
' '""'" •^""' " K-r.'enta-ootvrain, tlonr, amUneal....
Quebf'C.
Ontario.
XovaScotia.
New
Brunswick.
Total.
157.011
2
809, 793
3, 020, 834
"444.081"
.:^
404, rm
St7426
61,948
934,048
101.8(18
;i:i-', 8:i4
10,311
00, 072
520. 0.-5
(i.-'4. 805
n.-i, ,-75
20, 413
70. !-o:{
07:;, iiio '
MI..5.-)2
148. 74:t
3:1 451
45. 002
:ioi'. 4:ts
l-,(), ^70
M!l. ;!(i(i
2! (151
30. 204
3:15, 401
.'!00. ■^■■il
12:1,0:! 1
121, .520
27. 348
870. 020 \
208, ;i(il
(i(j,5, i;i!i
1,073
3l,8,-(i
808. 0,50
117. , -^4:1
41.0(i2
7:10.2(11
30l,:t:i:i
1,2.57,300
2.'>(l. 100
4
1(i:i, 02(1
4:i,:ioi
2. MIO
4, 400. 0,52 j
It, 1-J7
1575. 200
1.5,045
10,227
420. OSit 1
400
11. .528
220, 740
.5:1, 2o:»
2-8. 070
i:iit. K-<2
25 22:1
:i;i2
21. 7.52
187. I.-O
(;'.i4, 411(1
300. 4!):l
51. 010
07, 740
1, 120. :il5
471.4:18
2 17. 0;i4
7;t, 2.5!)
8, 8:i2
H14, 52:1
l:il. no
277. 804
50
4. IKl
4l:t, 215 ■
."i7, 1*77
5C.. 072
10.0.50
00. 813
10.5. 418
41.0i(i
12:5.028
in. 240
22, :i44
205. 228
.^4..-i41
0!», 2:i(;
0, 050
30. 807
101.513
4:t, CiiiCi
148, l.-,0
23, 540
20. 525
241.800
8,5, 17:i
2(W. 411
180
0.5.271
410,044
1, l.Vt
07,051
1, 005
1. 577
71.7.52
141.051
2:!i,(;(io
2;f, -08
81, .545
478, 070
4. -J 10. ^77
,^
710. 127
1. 40.5, :ill5
1, IIW. 001
1,5. (02. O'.O
2, ^04. 414
• J
412. 4-JO
7(;2. 77!
054. 050
0.o:i4. 2(i7
(!, 4,54, 201
11
101, 547
2, 258, 07!)
1. 823, 320
21 007,2:17
6fi
■ 78
' 00
64
72
(i
41
45
24
20
wick.
Total.
?3, 970. .- ,
, OfO
!, 410
1.818
,178
1. 7.57
, 140
, 105
. 700
. 507
,510
. 140
,811
, 208
, H;to
l,-:i
,001
,570
000
01.5
041
057
578
0!)l.:'i
o;iO, i
524, 1
44:1, :i
277 !'■.
75,'*. l!i
847. :i-.
2, ooi», ■::
3, 2:!(t, 1^
1,0.54.1
308, 1.
2.51'. ■"'
818^ 1'.
8;8,,-
420, r
351, 1
210, ;:
10:! "
221
341 1
15-.' '
520
One of tlie larger items (/. e., tlie item of tea) in tlie fore.u'oiiij;"
lisl- of twenty-two eommoilities or elasses of eommoditie.s, wliieh, to-
l^'ilier, make up tliree-fonrtlis of our exports to the jjiovinees, is a for-
eign artiek', siini)ly eon\'eyed through American hands, in bond, to tht^
provincial consumer.s. Some part of other items in the list beh)n,i;s in
the same ca egory of foreij^n rei'xports. Wlien these are allowed for,
the ranjie of the ('anadian market for Ainerieaii productions ai)pears to
lamentably limited and almost eoulined to the rawest ])roducts of
■riciilture, with hardly an apin-eciable openinji' for the benefit of our
illed labor in any dei)artment ; and this, too, in the case of the nearest
peijihbors that we have upon the j>iobe.
J have founil it imjiossible to ftive, for the provinces at large, a com-
parative statement like the above, embracing any such jyeriod as is uec-
«ssary for an liistorical exhibit of the cour.se of trade; but the following
|i.ble approximates that exhibit. It shows the value of a few of the
|'inci[)al articles imported into old Canada (Ontario and (jjuebec) diir-
Li the liscal year l.Sdl-'G.'i, the last full year of the recipnu-ity treaty,
fm[)ared with the imports of the same articles in the fiscal years
;08, 18(il), and 1870.
80:t
14
TIJADE WITH r.RlTISII NORTH A^IKRICAX PROVINCKS.
Slatvmenl of the rahicn of<i fctv pr'niripul articlr^ imihn'tcd into "old Canada" fi'om the Uiiitnl
.S7^/ /(■«./(*;■ ncrir((l i/tiirx.
Artiflps.
IfGH-'Cii.
(•((ill 8.'.44,r)ii , ??;iu.ii!)8
( 'lit t (III, Wiml ss, ;Mi ! -Ji:!, l!l-l
I'lix. liiiii|i, anil tow, iiiiinaiiul'actiiri'il I-,MI, Mi7 in. ^^i(i
Flour (i!)(l, lei Ii|,m
(ir:iiii, all kiiiils ;}, "i.- 1, -llCi add."), ili'.'^' ■!, (iT."., Kin
lliiiis, liinii-, iiMil iirll.4 y(i,-), (1(1(1 1, ():i,!i!l!l
1 1 111 l;r,i meal anil nil till i-iii :'.(!, (i-.'-i -17. .•■'(!.")
■Mral. all Minis ; hid, !!(ir' y;iO, XW
'roliarcii, iiiiliialiurMrt ilV.'il '~1T, (1(17 -t.'iC'. •J.-'-
WiMil 174, (171 ',•:>:), 7;i()
iv:ri. 377
•j;i5, ic(i
i;i;i, !!(i.i
(i::-j, .v.i-j
7,"itl, 7 1il
■10, ->-24
■il'.i, !i!:i
,«(i!i, iii':i
4-J(i, 2r:pi
l!^C0-7ii
:i,"i:t. ;
1 (;.-.. ii
i.'.ii, ■
4,41:', -
1,0(1(1."-
14
440.
4ii(")!:'
AVIIAT "\Vi: lUY FlIOM THE rilOVIXCES.
Tlx' return ti'udt', or wlnit we liaNOcliicily Ixm.ylit Iroin tlir ]>r(niji('i •
c;M> he cxhihifcd more coiiipreiiciisiNi'ly, hi liist(»i'y i»t Iciist, Jis will In
seen in tlio tiihlo f«)ll()\viii.u', wliicli shows tlu' vji hit's of the Iciidiii.u' iiiti
t'h's iiiiportcil iiilo the riiitfd tSlatos iVoiii iill the liritish P()s.,i'Ssioiis '■
Is'orth AiMcrica <Iiiriii,<;' a scrit's of years. The series eamiot he matie ;;
<'()!n|>lete as I slK»nl<l wish, for tiie reason that articles imported uik'i
the reciprocity treaty were not discriminated Cor severi.l years iu ti:
oflieial trade reeiuds ol' this (!o\'ernment.
ConijxtriifircKldlrmfiif for scrmd i/ntrx Ixforc, diirinff, and since the reviproeilij ireiitii,<if .
t' the ]>riii<'i))<tl ailiclcn iaiporled into lite I'liited Slate i J'n>ni t'.ie Uriliih J\\)r .
raini' o
.liitericaii rDsuckniuiix.
'ermo
Oswe,i;
Niauai
Bidial
Clianij
Bostoi
All oth
Oswe
All oti
Cli!ca,<i(
Milwa'i
Tole(h
rt)it 1
Vermoi
Boston
Detroit
Olcvelu
All oth(
, i
New Yo
PortlaiK
Boston
All othe
lo
icr.4.
IfU.'l.
lS(i3.
1H)\
\\'iii:il riiiil iiia'iiil'ai'Iiirr.s el' j
\\:iii|,(rxc .III I- I'lini't Wiiiiit) s7.'i:i. 10!! j .*:'0n, O.V) :'-;!,
Aiiiiiial.s, livilm- 'i.i,-JI . 4J, l:i(i 1,
Wh-at ; 11, (1(1!), c^n ! 1,44I,:!:)T 1,
I'liiiir ' l,7!>i7.-'!l I 1,1S4!'. Kill -J,
liail V j ri.5(i;' ■ '.H),;:yi J,
Oats." I 37, lOfi 111. (i:.-, 1,
Itvi- I 20-> I ;«. COl
]'n)i''.,!iMsiit' li.-;hfl-ir.s 1,'0I. !(if i Ki:i, :;ia
(^ii'il : 'J.i4. 774 ! ^43, 7;'4
l'i-iivi.--.iii;is anil tallow , 4,431 j 4, 0:;«
]? i;t. T ' 1-J.!. ^ll I 84,7;3
M'ool, raw anil tlincc : Cii.O.-o' i:;,,-'ii0
lliilis a.iiilKkiii.'s I 3(,7-j:)| ::•..".!;•.>
I'otatoi'.s ' l^fi, 40."i i 1-2I1, OTi!
l''iir.-< ami I'lir .'^kins ; lii.O-jO^ ."i, 077
(i v|isniii, iin^iiinii I , lO'i. 1 1 ! lin. l::(i
I'iu' iron ...'. j 1I0..-4O 100.,'-^ti
Aslis i
Coin ami bullion ; M-i, 0. >• j 1;?, 44.') 6,
■203, P()(i
:i,")l. 173
0"l). .M)3
l:!7, (ilO
.■|-.:4.-.i'ji
41.-^, 7-.33
l-,>, 577
'liO, 5411
707, 0:14
ir.o, 7tJ-,>
■.i-ic>, (;:j4
7f-l,>-ii7
137, 113
147, 3-0
143, 133
4(;o, (121)
■ 130, 47ci
84, i'^~,
5, ri03,
i,(;!i4.
•-*, !''<0,
4, 003,
•-',-~!l(!.
T'J.
•2,213.
l,2-,'3.
f-."l.
(Ki,-',
1, V.'7,
31 H
!ll(i
34H
■:n->
Oil!)
3.-4
0^l
344
017
','7;")
0!)(l
214,
(il,
t-'i.
41.\
i, 044,
022
430
320
3!W
Olio
1H,7.
K-'OO.
^■!i
431,(,V
!'02. !'(
2 2. ^;lO
•,(\\2.'.-|
012, .vi:
2."')7, Or<.')
1411,301
(l."4, 04(1
!!2,"i, 447
h4, IM>
aU-'. 102
201.0. '3
fl,. (!.'i
02, 2 .'
J33, -iO.i
i'4, !(0
20!, :'!'i
1(17, -JJT
r.co. r..!
•?T
170. :!■
3
471,..
1
lH.{, (•■
440, (•'
4
1)24, ;
143, '
i;)7, -.:
1
.'•lO.-,. ■
75^'. ,
1
423. .
' '• ' ."■, ■
42, 1
230. 1.
i:;(. .:
3.-I. '
4.-). :■
7! Ill, .
DISTKlIll'TION OF TIIE TRADE.
Tlio fact tiiat in our trade with tiie provinees the interest of theEasi
ern and ^Middle States is almost wholly that of buyers, while the inter
est of the Western States is almost wholly that of sellers, et>u!d hardl.v
escape the notice of any one who examines, the tore.i>'oin,u' tables. If we
examine by enstonis districts the returns made lor the last fisea' eai.
of iniiKUts from and domestic expoits and forei.uii reex])orts to the !>ri;
ish American i)rovinces, we ihul the distribution of the trade to be i:i
the following' proportions :
To a r
nii;;lit b
merely t
Iwpth con
(ijreals, !
fia^ascoi
we sell t
but is ell
of diver
reflson, \
sell then
tit.v of t
ns I *i
anuMiiit '
cariietl <
of that (
tion. not
tkr, is si
J The Hi
p tralli
I#int(>d (
state. 1
«l^iilin<4 i
i^vitab!
CKS.
from llie I'lii
cit.
Ir-lill-";!
,:m
i?."!;-!. ."
, i((i
:i.",:t, ;
, !l(i.!
1 (■■."., ii
, K.T)
4. 41:1. '
, ^lll
]. 0(1(1. '
, rdi
!■)
,!l!!l
44(1. J
, !i(':i
,2tici
4lii). :
(' ])r()\"mci'-
, as will i)
l(';t(liii,!i4' aili
).S.„'Ssii>llS '
ortcd iiik''!
,"«'ars ill ti;
/// tiriilii, of
Uriliili Xor
It-GH.
(ns
.?:, i-o. :!■
!>(il
;t,-i;i,.-,
^."|■..l
I, (;-.<, (■■,
■:><:<
.|.|,;,(.i:
(1-.-)
li:!, •;
::iii
l.")7, '.:i
ck;
],:>[):,.■:
-:i7
.(III
I,4:j;i. ..
i(i-.>
) 'it
* 1 ", '
•I-,', 1
id.;
'j:w. 11
!()
i:;f. ,;,
","<
4:1, :<:
2, Villi, .' •'
.(!i
tlioEasi
|l tlU3 iiitci
liihl Iiav<l1y
<'s, ir v> .
jisc:i cai'.
lo llic ;'>ri'
]e to 1)0 i 1
TRADE WITH BRITISH XORFH A.MKRICAX TROVINCES. 15
Viv ci'iif.
Iinjxn'ts ill —
Ycniioiit district -". 1
Os\v('<;(» district 1 7. (J
Nia.uaia (Siis|t('iisi:,ii ltiid,y,'c) district l-l. 7
BiilValo district S. 7
Ciiaiiii>laiii district <». <>
Boston district 4. (i
All otlicr New l^ii^land districts ". 4, <»
Oswc.uatcliic (O.^'dciisbiir;;) •'>. iS
All otluM- collection districts 1-. 1)
Doiiicslic exports Irom —
Cli ica'yo 1 .'5. .~)
Milwaukee l."5. •">
Toledo !>. o
Port I Inroii t>. !>
Vermont !>. •>
Boston S. !>
Del roit 0. 1
Cleveland : 5. <>
All other ports li.]. 1
, Forei.un rei'xports i'rom —
New York .' ril. *)
.Portland 'SA. (»
Boston i;5. (>
All other ports lu. i)
A ("(BDIERCE or COXVEXIEXCi;.
To a nMiiaikable extent our present trade with the ])rovinees is what
rai^ht be characterized as a pure connnerce of eonvt I.'uce, incid-eiit
merely to the ecoiioniical distriliiilioii of products which are eomnion lo
l^tli countries. W'e exchani^e with them almost e(pial <piantities of thc^
(breaks, and almost e(|ual (iuantities, on an aveia.y'e, o!' tlour. ]'.\cept so
f^' as concerns (he barh'y that we buy from them and the Indian corn that
mb sell to them, this trade ori,n'inates on neiiher side in any necessity,
but is chieily a matter oi' simple convenience, of economy in carria,;;;', or
of diversilication in the <pialities of jiiaiii. Similarly, and for tlie like
reflson, we exchaiij^'e with them almost ecpial (piantities (jf coal. W'a
sell them a certain ({uaiitity of hides and skins, and buy half that quan-
tify of the same articles baciv from them. On the other hand, tliey sell
i^ i 'isions and wool, and buy our j)rovisions and wool to half the
d||ioniir in return. Xot less than oiK'-tliir<l, probably, of the trade now
carried on between the Unit<Ml States and the neii;hi»i)rin,n' provinces is
of that character, and the fact that it is kejit up with so little dinniiu-
tion, notwithstandinii' the imposition of duties 011 both sides of the fron-
tier, is signiiicaiit of the value of the advantu'^cs that are found in it.
. TIIK RECIPROCITY TREATY.
'M
The narowness of the ran^e of commodities within which the bulk of
tht' trailic between the two countries is now restricted has already l)eeii
pi|iuted out as the conspicuous feature of this eommeree in its present
afiRte, It ,iO)es very liltle beyond tie rawest products of a.yrieulture, (in-
«hiilin<4 animal food a>. sueli.) and <uit of tliis I'act there follows, as an
ij|e\itable eonseipieiiee, the inecpialify which we tiiid in the exehanyes —
16
TRADE WITH J5RITISIT NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
the lu'avy twcoss of our iinportiitioiis from tlio in-ovinccs over wluit \V(
('Xi)oi't to tlu'iii ; siiico the tnidc, coiilincd to an iiitcrcliaii^c of tlic siiiik
kind of coiiuiKxiitics, must lie pivtt.v much in tlie nitio of foity millions
of cousumcis on one side to four millions on the other. The old treal.v
of so ejdled ri'ciproeity eontributed nothinji' directly, and very little in
directly, to the rectili<'ation of this commercial ine«|uity, and tor tliiii
reason it was a fraud upon the Tnited States. It established freetradi
between the Cnited States amt tlie IJritish North American provimr^
in the f(»llo\vinj>- specified articles, and in those only :
(iniiii. flour, iind ))i'('ii(lsliilVs ; .iiiiiiiiils of all kinds; aslifs; iVcsli. smoked, and waltci!
meats; timltcr and Inmlier of all Uinds. ronnd, hewed, and sawed and nnmaiuil'aetnreil;
eotloii, wool, seeds ami v<'.n'etaliles ; iindried fruits, dried frnit ; lisli of all kinds; inn-
duets of lisli and all the ereatnres livin>;in the water; ))o\dtry ; e!;j;s ; hides, fnrs, skin-
or tails, nndicssed ; stone or maihle in its crude or'unw rouj^ht state; slate; huttr:
cheese, tallow ; ores ol' metals of all kinds ; co; 1 ; unmannfaetnred loi>acco ; ]»iteh. t:n,
tui'|ieiitine ; lirewood ; plants, slnults, trees ; jx'lts ; wool; lishoil; rice and hroom-coiii :
harks, jivpsuin, j;round and un^^round; wroui>ht or unwrouj^ht 1 iirr and griudHtone>;
dyestull's: Max, hemi>, and tow, unmanufactured; rags.
With two or three exeei>tions only, these are oonnnodities which hotli
eoinitries i)roduce, and \\ ith reference to which, of course, the freedoii;
of the nmrkets of the I'nited States, eontaininu' ten times their i)opu];i
tion, was of vastly more value to the i)rovinces than the freedom ol' theii
nuirkets could jtossibly be to the rival producers of the United States,
jMoreover, the scIumIuIc «)f raw (!(unmodities covered by tin; treaty em
hraced, on the one hand, absolutely every pnuluet of the i)roviiu'es foi
which they sou^^ht a forei;j:n market, wliile it in(;liuled, on the othc;
liaiul, the products of but on(! department of tlu^ more varied industrif
of this country, llcnv it operate(l, so far as our trade with the old Caiia
dian ])rovinces is conceriu'd, may be exactly shown by com])ariny; tli
statistics of free and dutiable impiuts in each country from the otlifi
duriiiij;' the period of the existence of the treaty :
Slafcmeuf coiiipilcd fro)ii tlic otjicial nliiniN in lite Unilcd SlofcH and in Cunadii, sltoirinfi Ih
iniixni-i (ifiitrh (viinlrn from the otli(i',fnr and dnlidhlc, diirin<j the existence nf the treat
vf rceiprocitj/.
ftift- e(
the ti
iner»(
gave
occur
of tin
ill tin
of <lo
States
tweiit;
a fre(i
in the
free ai
ivAin c(
cent,
goveri
free ^
ports-
thai I t
tretitv
Tins
free trj
imi)erfe
make tl
iis its (
privileg
were th
an equi^
the pro
have ex
Lawrem
of t]u> tl
of the V
CtlSS.
I'uitcd St.itos impoits iVdiii ('aiiri<la. [ Kiinii V. S.
otiiiial ictuiii.s.j
Caii.ldiaii imports from Uic I'nilcd States. [ l"ri
Canadian ollicial rctmiis.t J
Piscal voar.
la^s
l.svi
I f .'i7
l.S-)S
l",^)!)
}m)
i.-(ii
lH)-2
ih;:i
l^(i4*
1 >(;.")
lr(iU
Totals..
Dutiable.
f 5, 30.'), 818
(i-10, ;nr.
fiiU.OUT
.'■,(1-1, !)(i!)
4:iJ. .■>;«
;i.",s, -,'4(1
•j-.i7, (ir)it
4v!.-,, i:?,-)
1, Hil,!lsl
74S, :t74
;!. 744, (i4:<
l'"rco.
Calendar year.
14, ."i.)(l, 17.")
to, 87fi, 49f) I l»r>-)
1(1, S47, i-J-J IS.'iti
17, CdO, 7;<7 1S,",7
Il,l!(;7, CIS lf^.-)8
i:t, 7();i, 74.-' is.Mt
lS.41S,,"i(U 1s(iO
IS, •>7,-JI7 IKil
I .'>. (KiO, 7.'):t ISCrJ
l,-, •J4."i. (;:!8 ]s(i;t
:!1,-J(ii),(»;!4 ls(i4. (first lull I)..
2!l, 7!IS, sn;t Isti,-,, (fiHcal year)
4-J, 4."i4, b-.27 If-iiU, (iLseal year)
'j:i!», 7!»':>, •.284 i Totals
]nitial)le.
$n, 449,
1-J, 770,
9, ildli,
8, 47:t.
9, o:t(),
8, ::.\-i.
f, ;M(i.
0, i-JS
:t, 974,
'-', in,
;t. '.I'.n,
4, :«i-i.
Free.
472
S9, 379.
9-J4
9. 9:t:i,
4-1-
10, •2,>
(lo:
7, 1(11
;ra
8, .').")( i
:,44
8, 740
(l:i:i
IfS.JII
7H:t
iti, r)i4
;iii(i
i4,4s;i
(i(i:t
r,, 77-1
•2M
10, 8-J'.t
ni7
10, ITPO
89, -^09, ,V)4
i-:'4, ;n-,'
So far
freedom
and at
•' seriously
v'^and jibo^
: to them
I freedom
;tl|i<^ pro
'^"^ l)rivi
jhts ot
tl^t alii
nadas
bli treat
■ E.stimated Canadian proportion of trade with tlie liriti.sli Xortli American Possessions, not diseriniii't
ted in tlie returns lor li^(i4. [
t'l'licse tifiiires an* talveu from a table compiled bv tin? seerotarv of the Montre.'d Board of Trade, M:
Williiun J. Patterson. ' ' %i
The trade represented in the columns of free goods, on the two sidi"^,
of the foregoing" table, is, of course, the trade in which the operation o
the reciprocity treaty is to be looked for. A^'itl^ the traffic in duty-pay-
;es.
TRADE WITH UKITISH NORTH AMERIf'AN PROVINCES.
17
■<'r wliiit \V(
of the siUiK
•.•ty niillioiis
J old ti'Ciilv
.^ry littk' in
imI for tliat
'd fret*, tradi'
11 inoviiU'r>
('(1, fliul S.'lltn
iiiiuui'iicturcd:
ill kiihls ; inii-
It's, fill's, skiii\
isliitc ; iMittd
•CO ; ]»itcli. t;ii.
1(1 ludom-coin;
il griiidstdiit-;
? which hotli
the tVccdoii;
heir i)o|>ulii
'(h)iii ofthoii
iiited States,
e treaty em
)roviiu;es ini
Ml the othci
:h1 iiuhistri;'
he ohl Cana
ini)ariii};' tli
Jill the othi'i
1(1(1, slioinnfi Ih
■Hcc of Ike tir(t!
Ml S
iitcs. [ Kriii,
nis.
tj
Fret'.
4
80, ;n!t, •:'
■J4
!», !i:i:i, ."-
**.'"
J(I,-J,V,-J-.
T):
T, llll.!''
;i
8, r..-)(i, .vi.
u
H, 740. 11
;(;t
l\,f'>'X li
f-;;
i)i, ,'.i4, iir
;)(',
14,4K!,-J-1
l):i
."), 77ri, :i:
JO
; ii),8-j'.),.('
1)7
1 li), ^r(l, 11''
-.4
1-^4, 370, ■:■-
Is, not (liwiimii!:
Inl of Trade, il
|e two side
)l)erati(Hi i
In duty -pa V
tiift" coininodities, wlncli was carried tm wholly outside of its provisions,
the tieaty had iiothiii};' to do, except so far as that independent coni-
kaerce was indirectly stimulated by the activities to which the treaty
gave dire(;t encouraji'enient. The actual treaty trade, therefore, which
<jccurred between the two countries duriuij the period of the existence
of the convention of lS."i4, shows an ine(|uality of exchanj^es very nearly
ill the |>roportion of two *n one. Two hundred and thirty-nine millions
of doliars'worth of Canadian products found a free nnirket in the (Tnited
States, under the jnovisions of the treaty, against one hundred and
twenty-fonr millions of American iu'odn<ts for which the treaty opened
a fre(^ nnirket in the ("aiiadas. Of the total Canadian commodities sold
in the United States during' the twelve year.s' ]>eiiod, \)l per cent, came
free and but «> per «'eiit. paid <liity, while ."iS ])ercent. only of the Amer-
i<5Jin commodities sold in Canada passed free to their market, and 4L* i)er
cent., <n' altout half, i)aid tribnte to the custom-houses of the ]>rovincial
government. Moreover, the entire sales from this country to Canada —
free goods and dutiable goods, domestic pro(Ui(*ts and foieign rei'x-
ports — altog(>ther aggregat<'d less for the tw<'lve years by $li(},(U)(),(l(K),
than the free f/o<i<ls which Canadian iiroducers were enabled by the
treaty to sell in the Cnited States.
This was certainly \(M'y far from being an arrangement of reciproeal
free trade, and no statisti<'al ingenuity, even taking advantage of the
iini)erfect export showing of otticial returns in either country, could ever
make the treaty ai)pear otherwise than a badly one-sided bargain so far
as its commercial stiiudations w<Me concerned. AVhether the fishery
privileges and th<» freedom of the navigation of the St. Lawrence, which
were thrown as make-weights into the scale, approximately constituted
an ecpiivalent for the excess of advantage in tiiuh; that was gained by
the provinces, is a «(uestion about which some dilierences of opinion
have existed. It is certain that the i)iivilege of navigating the St.
Lawrence remained an almost unused privilege during the whole term
of the treaty. How far it might be made valuable, by an enlargement
of the Welland and St. Lawrence canals, I shall not undeitake to dis-
cass.
THK FISHERIES.
So fai- as concerns the fisheries, there i^an be no doubt that the greater
freedom which our fishermen enjoyed under the tn'aty, in British waters
and at the provincial ports, was of importance to them. But it may
seriously be doubted whether the worth of all that they gained, over
awl above what justly belonged to them before, and Avhat Justly belongs
to them now, under ])rior treaties, was greater than the worth of the
fte^edom of the markets of the United States to the juMjple of the niari-
tw»e provinces -done. It would seem that a full e(|iiivalent for our tish-
l)iivileg'es was given to those jirovinces to whom belong whatever
hts of proi>rietorship there are in the coast-tishing grounds, and
tall tluMMiormoiis unreciprocated trading iidvanfages given to the
ladas in the bargain were a pure gratuity. Under the operation of
treaty the maritime ju'ovinces inciea.sed tin* sale in our markets of
lu-oducfs of their own fishing from 8I,(>0L^<W in l<sr»4 to $L>,2i;i,;{.S4
iHiLS<M. Neither their fishing industries mu' their fisheries sustained
detriment from tiie admi*(sion of Ameiican hshermen within tlies
e-mile inshore line, w hile they profited to no small extent from the
ing of supplies t<) them. JIow much of actual protit the New Eng-
d fishermen found in the privilege of the inshore fisheries, to offset
accompanying comi)etition of the ])rovincial fishermen with them in
H. Ex. 94 2
18
TRADK WITH BRITISH NORTH AMKRICAN PROVINCES.
their own lioiuo markets, it is liard to estimate, siiK.'C our statistics are by m li
lamentably detieieut in facts bearing- upon the subject. Ap]>arentl,v. funiisl
however, tlu' xaliie of the treaty to tliem v.as found more in the relici dian p
that it atlbrded from the annoyance and harassing" application of pro As
vincial rej;nlations, than in the yield of the tishin};' grounds to whicli chiefly
tiiey were admitted by it. At all events, the reccnds of the enrolled ton settled
uage employed in the mackerel and cod fisheries sliow no stimulation dom o
of the business duriufj; the period of the reciprocity treaty, but unmis privih'
tuKably the reverse, as may be seen in the statement below, taken from their
oilicial sources
Statcmcnl of the enrolled toinia<je emjilojieil in the cod and maekerel finhcriex from lS'i'2 i
in&J, inelimive.
YCMIS.
1852
i«r.4
1855
185ti
1857
185H
1859
18(i()
18fil
Coil fisliorv.
in2, 050
10-J 1!I4
10d,!W7
•15, 8l(i
10»,57a
no, 8!)()
I -JO. 577
i:tti, (>5;i
l.'7, 310
Miickt'rcl fisli-
t.'iy.
7-3, 546
50, 850
35,041
i!l,f)-24
20, 880
28, 327
iiO, 553
27, 009
20,110
54, 295
Years.
Cod fislit'i'v.
I Mafkeivl llsli
1802.
1803 .,
18t!4 .
1805*
IfOO .
1807 .
1808 .
1809 .
122, 802
117,280
92, 744
59, 228
42, 79()
30, 708
80, .-ill'
51, Ol'
55, i\i-
41,yii'
40, :<y
31, -111-
83, 880
02, 704
^ ACttT 1805 till' stilted t(>iiimy:c is t'itluT partly or wliolly l>y
soiui' ainiaiTiit diniiiiiiiion tliat is not real.
new'' adiiieasnroniout, whicli vrodiici
ducts,
cents'
to tlie
adjust
a'nnexi
stren
promm
Had a
recipn
basis o
«ries 1)(
the situ
cousidt
It is 1
It ap))ears from the forcjioing- statement that an actual and consider report
able decline in the numberof American vessels engaged in the mackerc ^^^} ••■'^
fisheries occurred during the first six years of the reciprocity treaty, am lations ^
that, witli the single excej^tion of the year 1862, the business never em ^ '^'"^ '
])loyed so much tonnage tliroughout the whole period of the treaty ii- More ik
it iiad employed in the two years before the treaty was negotiated ^t'^ti's c
while the tonnage jneviously employed in the cod fisheries was barel} aBythiiij
kei>t engaged until l.S(J;J, and after that likewise declined. more h^^
These fa(;ts are certainly very far from sustaining the prevalent ideii lions ot
particularly prevalent and much cherished in Canada, tliat the conce.>> compleii
sions added to our fishing rights on the British North American coasts b} * puige
the r«'cii)rocity treaty greatly promoted the New ]']iigland fishing intei ^^^^'^ 'i''*
ests, and were of such weighty value as to counterbalance the unevei ^^^, "''^'
sharing of the commercial privileges negotiated in the same contract ^^^.''"'^ tt
The importance with reference to these fisheries that came to be attache: visions,
to the treaty of 18r>4, undoubtedly grew out of the welcome experieiid *'®t^J^"^''
of relief from unfriendly laws and har{issing ofticials which the Ameri^'^^s^'i i>
can fishermen enjoyed uiuler it, and the welcome quietus that it gave h *^' t'lei
<piarrels and (luestions which were constantly giving rise to dangerou "W*^ ^^""i
national controversies. Now that the treaty has ceased to exist, it i
the recurrence of those same annoyances, and their conse(]uence of il
blood, far more than the loss of the "inshore fisheries," or the disputoi
definition of the "inshore line," that gives seriousness and importano
to the fisheries question. That they have been revived iu the mos .
troublesome forms that can be given to them — as they were mad^ ^"9, f
troublesome to the fullest extreme beforQ the treaty of reciprocity wii Wh Grt
negotiated, for the politic purpose of heightening the importance to tbi^C"^^^
country of some compromise that v.ill end them — there is little room fo "P* ^ . ® ^
questioning. Nor does it appear very doubtful that this policy oriji;:^\^"^ ^
nates at the same source from whence proceeded the shrewd diplomat "T^'^ory
all not
ey lun
Is the
(;omn
ions.
CES.
'JRADK WITH lUUTISlI XOKTir AMKRICAN PUOVINCES.
19
atistics are
\l>l>rtrtMitl.v.
II tlie velici
tioii of pro
by which, in the tivaty of ]S.">4, the luaritimc provinces were made to
furnisli the c()n.si(h'riition lor privih^jnes in trade from which the (Jana-
dUm provinces drew tlic lion's share of profit.
As between the United Stat«'s and tiie maritime jtrovinees, wliieii are
ds to which chiefly the parties in interest, the lislu'ries (pu'stion conld probably be
'iirolledtoii settled very «'iisily. Those jirovinces wonld gladly exchanj»e the freo-
stiinuhitioii dom of their tishiny j;ronnds, and «'very desired landinj? and harbor
biit uniuis privile;»(>, for free access to Anu'rican markets with their fish, their oil,
taken from their (;oal, their <;ypsnm, their bunber, their j>rindstones, and other pro-
ducts, and the best side of the baij;ain, so far as a«'tual dollars and
cents' worth is (•oncerned, W(ndd be tlieirs at that. Indeed, so apparent
'H from K)'i /' to the iM'oj)le of the maritime provinces are the advantajijes of such an
adjustment of thinins, that tlie sentiment in favor «)f s.'i'urinj;- it by actual
-" — annexation of thems«'lves and their fisheries to the Knited States has
Miukcni tisii strenjuth enough to be boldly ontsi>oken, and to supi>ort at least two
prominent orj^ans of its ])ublic exju'ession in the province of Nova Scotia.
Ha<l an effort been made, at the termination of the ine(putable treaty of
5" o|. reciprocity, to ne<>otiate a settlement of the fisheries question on the
55,4,1 basis of free trade with the i»rovinces to whom the chietiv valuable fish-
J I 'III' . . - . ' . . ..-.'.
I'ly.
a, 704
4c!.v eries lielong — then separate as tlu' since confederat(Ml i>n)viuces were —
"'■ ^"' the situation of affairs in IJiitish North America might now have been
considerably different.
IS UEC1PK(JCAL FUEK TK'ADi: PKACTICABLK ?
t, which produci
It is made ]>lain enou<4h by the showinj;- of the facts ]>resented in this
lud eonsidei report that abundant reasons exist for a stronfj: desire on our part, as
the niackerc ^^^^ '^^ ♦^'^ theirs, to brilij;' about an adjustment of our commercial re-
vtreatv, alligations with all the British colonial states that are in ixighborhood to
S8 never em ^^^ '^'"^ especially with the Canadian provinces, upon a more liberal and
he treaty ii' ™<^i"*' mitural footing, lint it is made equally iilain that the United
ne«'otia\c<l St'^tes can n(H'er, in justice to themselves, etfecf that adjustment upon
s was bareli *'*J'*^'''">^" '''^^' ^'''- bases of the old treaty of vecijirocity. We want a
' more free and a more extended iiiteicoiirse in trade with the four inil-
'valent idcn lioi'^^ <'^ people whose territory, in so many respects, is the <>eoj»'raphical
t the concci^ complement of our own ; but we want that freedom of intercourse to take
'an coasts bi * range considerably beyond the raw productions in which the two couu-
shinf intci ^^^^^ 'ii'^' mere competitors of ea<'li otlier, and with reference to which
tlie unevci ^^^^"^ nuirkets are necessarily of far greater value to the provinces than
me contract t^'*"*^ t*' "•'^' ^^ ^' want, not merely to «'xchange breadstnft's, and pro-
be attached ^^'^'•^' •^"*^^ coal, and hides and tallow with them, but to sell them (mr
experieni
,, Cottons, (»ur boots and shoes, our machinery, and our manufactures geu-
the Ameii*^^^'^' ^^^ trade for their luinl>er, their live stock, their ashes, their plas-
lat it gave t<
lo dangerou
[o exist, it i *
|]uence of il
the dispute!
Iniportanc'
in the mos!
were mad
^procity wa
tauce to tlii
btle room to
, their furs, their nnnerals, and the general prodiu^ts of their farms.
e want, in tacit, «uch an adjustment of the trade that the provinces
iall not sell what they have to sell in the United States and buy what
3^ have to buy in Great Britain.
Is the arrangement of a reciprocal free trade exten-Ied to that range
commodities ])racticable ? Apparently it is not, under j)resent con-
ions. If the free admission of American commodities is suggested
the provinces, there arises at once the objection that their relations
ith Great Britain forbid it; that they cannot discriminate against that
ntry in favor of this, and that their revenue necessities will not per-
tt the removing of duties from the products of both. Nor could we
this side afford the introduction of a state of free trade between our
dipiomac *ll'^^*^®^^ ''^"*^ ^^^^ provinces, with the circumstances of the two countries
20
TRADE WITH URITISH NOUTH AMKKICAX PROVINCES.
rcmainiiijf as tlu'varc; \vitli lii^li juices ami liijili waj^cs prcvailiiij; u|miii *!..,„,
ouv) side of tln' liiu', aiul low wajics and low prices prevailing- u|m)|i tin a^
other; with the iiuliistiies of tiie two i»eople ton«'<l,if we may so ex'iMcsv
it, in widely ditterent keys. To obliterate the boundary lin<'. coniniei
cially spealvinji', while these contrasts of circiinistanc(> and thecansc^
behind them existed to still deline it in every indnstrial respet't, wonl(
simply invite the removal of a /^ood partof onr manufa<*tnrin;; «'stablisli
ments acriiss the frontier, to enjoy the cheap scale in makinj^ and tin
ilear scale in sellinj;- their products. Of course, time would (inally lev(
all the dilfereiices existing' at first, but the process woidd assuredly In
aJi I'xpensive oui' to the I'nited States.
A Z()i.Lvi<:in:ix.
ajust
ship
oblij-;
pendt
troll e
be pi
caus(>
they
indep(
chara<
States
as eas
basis,
reason
The
count!
It ai»iiears, therefore, that an intimate fici'dom of commercj' betweci
this countiy and its northern nei^hbois, whi(di is so desirable for boti
jiarties, cannot be contemplated excejtt in connecti(Mi with ji materiii
change in the conditions of the tbrelgn relationship that the provinces sii>
tain toward us. It involves, of necessity, an entire identiMcation of tlii contro'
material interests of the two c<nnitries. by theii' common association, ii iiu,„),.f
sonu' form or other. If the provinces do not choose to become one witi mei-^.j.,^
us politically, they must at least become one with us commerciall.v j^jj^ ^^!j
before the barriers are thniwn down which shut them <Mit from an ofpiii ju ^.^. ,
])articipatlon with us in the energetic working' of the mixed activitir mai^^.
of the new world, ami which deprive us, in ii great measure, of tin
leenforcement that they are capable of bringing to those activitio
The alternative of annexation is the zollverein,or a <'ustoms union, aftc
the plan of that umh'r whic^h the (rernian states stM'ured free trad • In e^
anu)ng themselves and identity of interest iu their commerce with tin Domini
outside world. the Uni
A majority of the people of the IJritish ])rovinces nmy not yet be pn gant Ix
pared in feeling (though numy of them are) for an arrangenuMit whicl betweei
)>robably involves the disjointing of their ])oliti(!al attachment to (Ireii flroni it
Ih'itain, and the assumpti(Mi for themselves of a state of i)olitical indt enterpr
jiendence; but the time cannot be very distant when the i)ersuasi(ii eifgies, j
of their interests will overpower the hardly exi)lainable sentinuMit k of the
which it is oi^posed. Perpetually nuule conscious, of late years, tliii support
the ])arental nation to which they have h»yally clung is more than read ness th
to dismiss them to an indei)endent career, with a hearty Godspeed, aiii across i
that they are far more endangered than protected by their anomaloii the buil
connection with (Ireat lUitain, their feeling, with reference to that coi tj^e com
neetion has confessedly undergone a great change. At the preseii |pitorto
time the inhabitants of the provinces appear to be in a doubtful, wavti timplat
ing, transition state of oi)inion and sentiment, with regard to their futiu ; These
policy as ii people ; nuu;h atH'eiited, on the one han<l,. by <lissatisfacti(i^e retu
with their relations to England, and, on the other hand, by a mistake "The i
belief that it is the ambitious policy and lixed i)urpose of their Amei;
can lu'ighbors to coerce them iiito a surrender of themselves ami tlui
territory to the United States. That it is alike against the politic;
convictions and against the manifest interest of this nation to covet tli
forcible absorption into its body-politic of any unwilling, alien, (liscoi -^
tented coujuunuty of people, so large as that of the British province
and that their accession to it is only desirable, and only desired, if tin
come by free choosing of their own, is a fact which they will proba
discern when their reflections have be(H)me more deliberate.
There does exist a feeling in the United States with reference
ough
in and
Amoi
Amei
Canw
Can»
fCE8.
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
21
vsiiliii^ upon
11^ U|M)II till
ly s«> «'xiu'«'s>
inc. coiiiiiin
(I till' cjuisc"
spcct, wuuh
!!<;• ('stal)lisli
.iii<>' and tin
I liiiJilly Icvi
iissnrt'dly In
vivv bctwcci
uhlo tor bntl
li ii nmteriii
n'oviiicossih
iciition (jf till
ssowiiitioii, ii
ome one witl
'oninioivJallv
Toin an o(|.:ii
x(hI activitii
'asui'o, of til'
)sc activitio
s union, aftc
mI t'lv-c. trad
k'(!c with till
ot y(;t be pn
enient whicl
nt to (hcii
>olltical in(l(
])ersuasi(ii
ntinient l*
years, tliii
than read
)(l-speed, ail'
' anonialoii
to that coi
the preseii
btt'ul, wavoi
their tuttii
ssatistaetio
a mistake
their Anier
es and tlii'
the politif;
to covet til
dien, diseoi
h provin(!0>
ured, if thi'
ill probabi
Ireierenee
them whieh it oiijuht not to be ditlioult for the people of the ])rovinees
to u!i(h'rstand. It is the niiwillin^uess of a reasonable jealousy, and of
a just, pnuhMitial seltisliiu'ss, to extend the material benefits of mend)er-
Bhip in the American I'liion, without its responsibilities and reciprocal
obligations, to comniiinities with whi<'h the certain relations of an in<h>-
pendent friendship cannot be cultivate«l <m' maintained; which are con-
trolled by a distant forei;i'n i>ower, an«l winch are at all times lialde to
be placed in an attitude of unfriendliness or hostility to this country by
causes outside of tlienis«'lvcs, or through events in cimnectiou with which
they have nothin;:;' on their own ])art to do. IJetween two equally
independent and res)»onsibl«> nationalities, homogeneous in blood ami
character, and with every interest in common, situati'd as the Uidted
States and their northern nei^^hbors are toward each other, it would be
as easy to s«>ttle the iclations of intimate fellowship upon an emlurin,i;-
basis, as it is mside ditUcult to do so in the case of these jirovinccs, by
reasons of their <lei»endent status.
Th<^ i'ircumstajices which make th»' common iK)>nidary of tlu^ two
countries an actual barrier insteatl of an imaj^inary line, are umler their
control, not onrs. It is tor them to detiMinine which a[fe(!ts them most
importantly, their political associaticMi with (Ireat liritain, or their com-
mercial and industrial association in interest with the United States,
and which shall V yielded to the other, since the two are unquestionably
in c( .irtict. There is no ajjparent evasion of the choice that they must
make.
TllK TKANSIT TRADi:.
• In every commercial resix'ct the dei)endence ui' the provinces of the
Dominion of Canada — especially of the old Canadian provinces — upon
the United Stat«'s, is almost absolute. To say so is not to mak(^ an arro-
gant boast, but to state a simple fact. Kestricted as the intercourse
between tlie Canadas and this <*ountry unhappily is now, they derive
flrom it almost wholly the life which animates their industry and their
enterprise. The railroad system which jiives them a (urcidation of en-
ergies, and V)y which their resources are being developed, is theottspring
of the East and West tratlic of the United States. Its trunk lines are
supported, and were made ])ossible untlertakings, by the cariying busi-
ness that they command from i)oint to i)oint of the American frontier,
across intervening ('anadiau territory. American commerce instigated
the building of their Welland and St. Lawrence Canals, and furnishes
the compensation for the cost of both. American commerce is the iusti-
Jiator to, and the guarantor for, every similar enterprise that is nowcon-
tifmplated in the provinces.
These are not exaggerated representations. They are borne out by
ti^e returns of the tratlic of the chief Canadian railways and canals.
I The fallowing is a stsitement, in tons, of the property transported
though the Welland Canal in 1869, showing the proportions of Ameri-
n and Canadian commerce employing the canal :
American to American porta toiis
American to Canadian ports tons
Canadian to American ports tons
Canadian to Canadian ports tons
Up.
277,065
5,843
78,480
16,666
Down.
411, 635
210, (108
56,455
178, 751
Total.
688,700
21.5, 851
134, 935
195, 417
22
TKADK WITH IMHriSH NORTH AMKIilCAN I'UOVINCKM.
«
Tlir lolloNviny is a stiitrinnit of tli*' Irci^lit (liillir of tlic (Jn-iit West
<'iii Itiiilwii.v of (')iiismIii, I'oi' tli«' ,v«'iir riidiii^j;- .Inly .51, 1S70:
Kiminn tnilllc, rjistwiinl.
I'liliiyti t liillir, \\rH\ \Mir<l
Ciitlli
llniil.
•xt, :w!t
Sliiip,
llnUH.
Ilnnl.
tl'.l, (Hi I
(illlill.
HimlirlM.
(ttlllT
I'll i^ lit.
Tuns.
•Ji:t, r«i
i:iii, kj:.
l{<'i'i'i|itii
•j(»;t, 'iitn II
m>, tifi'j 11 :
'I'lilal riinii:ii tiiilllc. . .
l.iMiil (riilllc. (Illlill wiiys). .
:i:i, :i-.ii
•Ml, (Mil -.>, :i!l7, O'1-.i
■,\M. M4 :i(i:i, iii'j I
"l liiivo Immmi unablo to urormo a statotnont of the trallic of the fJrain
Trunk Railway of Canada, tlic niana;;('ni«'nt of wliicli ap|»eai's to pursue
l»olicy of concoalmcnt with ic};anl to its business; but very niucli tli
same state of facts would uudoubti'<lly be shown on that load as on tli
(treat Western. The extent to wliieh the (Irand Trunk Railway shan
inthe Hour and ^raiu trade of the Tnited States, app ears in tlie follow
ing statement of the (piantities of thosi^ articles which were shipixi
upon it from its two western frontier termini, JSarnia and (loderich, i;
the year ISOU :
riiiiir. AVliciit. Colli. lotlKU-grai;
Ki'diii fiiitril Stiiti'S til I'liilril Stjitis. ill tniiisii.
l'"i()iii I 'nit I'll Stall's til Ciiiiiiila
/)((/ reU.
•i;i,K«i
ill), Hi
Jliixhi'lii.
Itllslll't.'i.
1,<I!I-J, I I'M
(m(I, -ZiO
IKt, I-
•I.-, f,
Port Ih II
V<'iiiiiii
D<<ti'i
Port III
N.w \ .
PnNNaiii
IflhSMII
BOMlOII
iio, 51W; '.', xwi, TmS :w:«, m i ih ini u _
The forejjtang lijiiires supply their own comnuMitary and fully sustai
the remark witli which they were introduced, tluit the main railway
and canals of Canada owe their existence and their sui)port to the con
merce of the United States, in the transportation of which they share.
On the other hand, a larjie portion of the commerce between the ol
Canadian provinces (Ontario and (Quebec) and foreign countries, otlu
than our own, is carried on through the United States. This is mad
necessary by the winter closing of the St. Lawrence, and by tlie fact tlin
no railn»ad connection between the Canadian interior and the seaport
of the maritime provinces exists, and that one can be formed only \\
taking so wide, costly, and inconvenient a circuit that its commereit'
nsefulness when realized will be very slight. According to the "Trad
and Navigation " tables published by the government of the Dominior
the foreign goods passing through tiie Unite<l States under bond to tli
Canadian importer, in the fiscal year enVled June 30, 1860, amounted i
value to $6,825,lCr>. This is excluai\ e of foreign goods purchased i
the United States market, in bond, to the value of $1,701,905.
According to the returns compiled in the Bureau of Statistics a
Washington, the foreign commodities carried through the United Stat(
to Canada in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1860, amounted to the vain
of $14,843,620, (more than double the quantity appearing in the Canadia
statistics,) and the Canadian commodities shipped through the Unite
States to countries abroad aggregated $5,704,107. In the fiscal yea
ended June 30, 1870, the goods shipped through the United States f
Canada were of the value of $16,510,637, and from Canada, $6,032,69;
The greater part of this in transitu trade is to and from Portland, Main*
over the Grand Trunk Railway, as appears in the following statemei
of it for 1870, made by districts :
use ol
Easte
oarri(
worlt
count
of eitl
refere
impor
snsteii
Ameri
hand,
at exe
wise tl
Of the
platioi
the Cm
the Hi
by eau
The
no tari
parties
commo
an arm
of intei
tion, wi
Obstacl
arrangi
iuice.
4ifterei
Wnited
# few >
icy ill
ties
lanadi
ivoral
iry d(
'omin
'ovim
i^SOl
iriflf, e;
ol
NCES.
' (iH'Jit WcM
I
TKAHE WITFf URITISIf XOllTFr AMKRK'AN TRnVINCKS.
23
it.
IJfcrii.tii
•j(t;i, IK!) II
ri(i4
:u):<, 1)13 1
,>,')
I'.M. (Ill II
of the flniiii
I'.sto piirsuc
ory iinu'li tli
oad as on tli
aihvay shan
in tlio follow
wore slii|)pc
(loiU'i'icli, i
(ini. loilicrKrii'-
70, -SW
IKt.i.
9prtliiii<l
Vcriimiit ...
IVllMll ...
'«iil 1 1 II roll
_ cw \iii K
pRHNMiiiiHiiiiiilily, Muiiii-
lIHvMiulico. . . .'
BciHldll
|i|-iiii'U.
I fully Riistai
II a ill railway
t to the con
thev sharo.
twoeii the ol
iintries, otlu
This is mad
y the fact tliii
the seaport
riiied only \\
s coininercii^'
the "Trad
le Dominion
bond to til
amounted i
)nrchased i
G5.
Statistics n
nited Statt
to the valii
he Canadia
11 the Unite
e fiscal yea
ed States!
1, $6,932,69;
land. Main*
g statemeii
K 'ivi'il iViiiii
I'liiiudit.
•ii, an, ;::«
:t, i.'i.'). :4o
nil, ra','
• .Ml, (117
iy,(i!i:i
7,7111
Slil|i|irtt Id
I 'iiniulii.
♦ Ill, 7tlH, MM)
",'. .'i9,tlM
IU.'.i7ll
7, !l7r.
•J. Mil, l.-iO
7,701
't'ollll
a,3HK ;
•JdO, l!{7
0, ii;«, oiKi
111, .'.I'.t, o;i7
No one will iincstjoii that wr lliiil (MnivciiiciKM' and advuiitam' in the
use of Canadian cliiinncls for llic passauc of oiir roimnerc<' ln'twccn the
Eastnn and Wi'slciii States, iioi' that we liiid prolit in at'tin;;' as the
oanicrs of .so larin*' a part of tin' roniincicc of Canada with the outside
woild. r>()tli f Ik'sc airanncmcnts of tra<l(' ail' of impoitant valiii' to this
country, and its intcirsts would sull'rr materially from any suspension
of either; hut the dilVereiice in the situation of tlu' two eoiintrics with
referenee to them is veiy marked. 'I'o the Canadian provinces their
importanee is nothing' less than \ ital. since, on the one hand, the very
susti'uanee <»f the arterial system oi" the <"aiiadas is derived from the
Amerii'an ((unmerce which circulates thrcuij^h it ; whili', on the other
hand, their own commerce with the world ahroail can o'dy he conducted
at exceed in;;- disad\antaji(', if at all, for live months of the year, other-
wise than a<ross the terjitcny of the rnited States, and hy the privilege
of the cust(Mns rt',:;ulati«)ns of tlu' American (loverinnent. The contem-
plation of such a state of facts must make it a very sericais <iuesti(Ui to
thc! Canadian peoide whether tlu'y can atViU'd to let tlu'lr relations \Tith
the United Stat<'s remain in a precarious state, suhject to <listurl)ance
by causes that are totally foreign to themselves.
CANADIAN AND AMKlilCAN TAKIFF POLICIES.
The proposed anaiigement of a commercial union, or zollverein, with
no taritf hetween the States and the in<k'])endent provinces that become
parties to it, and a c(unmou tariff for all outside trade — dividing the
common revenue collected from customs duties upon equitable terms — is
an arrangement which would place the proviiu'es in the utmost security
of interested relationship with this country, and which, beyond all ([ues-
tion, would yield great advantage and profit to both people. There are
obstacles and apparent objections, to be sure, in the way of such an
arrangement, but they are less serious in the reality than in the appear-
ance. The objection raised, on the other side, upon the score of the wide
difl'erence that has existed of late years between the tarifl:' policy of the
jlrnited States and the tariff policy of the Dominion, is an objection which
a few years more seem likel> to remove, in any event. While the tend-
cy in this country is toward a moderation of the extreme protection
ties that were caused by the necessities of the war, the tendency in
lanada, with reference to duties, is a steadily advancing one. Opinions
ivorable to a pronounced policy of protection are manifestly gaining
ry decided strength in the Dominion, and some, at least, of the
'eminent public men now in oftice, including the premier of one of the
•evinces, are among their advocates. Within the last year, the Con-
as of the United States reduced and abolished duties in the American
iriff, estimated at the sum of $26,000,000 per annum, while the parlia-
Hent of the Dominion, at its corresponding session, made considerable
24
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
additions to the (Jaiiudiau tarift". Witliiii the past twelve years the
average rate of the Canadian tariff lias at least doubled. In the last
tiscal year, tin; duties collected in the Dominion amounted toJ21 per cent,
on the dutiable commodities imported. In the same year, it i& i^ "e, thi
duties collected in the United States averaged 40 per cent, on the duti
able commoditiei? imported, but the current tiscal year Mill ])robabl,v
show a falling of the latter rate to less than 40 per cent, and an advann
in the former rate to perhaps 1*3 or 24 per cent. The wide difference hv
which the two countries have been apart in their tariff judicy is certainly
destined to disa])pear in no very long time, whatever their relations \u
oeach other may be.
CANADA AS A "CHEAP COUNTKY."
1
It was remarked not long since, by a prominent Canadian gentlemau,
that the policy of the Dominion was to make a cheap country. That
policy has undoubtedly been successful in realizing its object; but
whether " cheapness," as an ultimate end, is a wisely-chosen object o
public i)olicy may be quostioncLl.
WAGES AMJ THE COST OF LIVING.
To ascertain how labor stands atlected by the cheapness that prevails
among our northern neighbors, I have procured a rei)resentative state
ment of wages and of the prices of articles that enter most into the
cost of living, taken at several points in Ontario, in the two chief town>
of New Brunswick, and in the city of (Quebec. The mean average bo
tween the four jwints represented in Ontario is, I think, a, fair one foi
that province, which is by far the most active and prosperous section ot
the Dominion; that between the two towns reported from in New
Brunswick is, n«) doubt, something above the general average of wages,
and, possibly, of prices, in the province. How nearly the summer aver
age of wages in the city of (Jjuebec represents the same in the proving
of Quebec I am not now aide to saj', though it is certainly indicative ol
the prevailing state of industry.
These figures are placed, below, in comparison with similar tiguro
representing the mean average of wages and prices in the States oi
New York and Maine, the latter of which are derived from the elaborato
tables upon the subject compiled and published within the past year bv
the Bureau of Statistics at Washington. The New York and Maini'
report is for the yejir 1809, while the Canadian statement presents the
average prices of labor and of commodities that prevailed during the
summer of 1870; but, so far as the difference in time affects the accuracy
of the comparison, it is rather to the advantage of the Canadian side,
since prices in the United States have declined to some extent durinj;
the year past.
I
I ^
I
O
8„
5»
as
2i
.1
I
I
rcES.
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
25
e years the ^
In the last »;
>|21 per cent, T
t i& ii 'ie, the -n
on the dnti jf
ill i)robabl,v 3
an advancv
litt'erence bv
T is certainly
relations t(
I
I gentleniaij, '^
mtry. That |>
object; but ^
en object oi !§
^1
s
hat i>rcvaiK> o~
tative state fe
lost into till' «k;
I chief towib ^
average bo
I, fair one tbi
IS section ot
oni in New
ge of wages,
I miner aver
he provinot -
ndicative ot ^
lilar fignroxK,
e States t)i ^^
e elaborate *s
Dast year by ^
and Maine ^
)resents the;*
during the |
|he accuracy^**
ladiau side,*
Itent durin;; m
3
B.tjfltAV O) 0,M1
vMlftjO.VjIi) in
wjait.tt JO <>!)«}£
^. 11 1- "T 3 -r r-. X -r —
li 11 1» ui rt ii i» -; ■:> :>
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1 to I
1 to 1
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1 to 1
Ito I
1
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8.l3UAV JO 0(4l)}£
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11 ?1 11 11 rt 11 11 11 X -^ c
OiWl '.wq-iuft JO A'tiy
I'J 11 O i-. II = II = = =
oJ i c il — 5 — 11 = r.
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26
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
If we reduce the wages paid in the United States to their equivalent!
the currency with which (.Canadian workmen were paid, by calcuhition c
the current premium on gold in 1809, (which ateraged about 32 per cent.,
we shall And that wages in 2^ew York average 25 per cent, more in thtj
gold value than wages in Ontario, and 80 per cent, more than in tli
city of Quebec, and that the gold value of wages in Maine is 35 per ceui
greater than in New Brunswick.
But the fairer comparison of the earnings of labor in the two com
tries is to ascertain the purchasing value of each, or their ratio in eaci
country to the cost of living. This we do in the table subjoined, whici
exhibits the prices of the principal articles of common consumptioi
and the ordinary rates of board and house rent, in the same localitit
that are cited in the foregoing table, and for the same periods of time :
i
4
1
'4
[NCES.
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
27
? equivalent i »
calciihitioii c ¥
1 32 per cent, '1
more in tliej .i
re than in tli i||
is 35 per cent S
the two com \
: ratio in eac 4
>joiued, whici ^
consumptioi ^
lame localitie s|
iotls of time :
•5
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III tjaji-id JO on«H I
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28
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
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TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
29
o o o ;
1.1 l.T (M O
'T n* i- i-
1-: '-5 S
3i
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Ac(5or(liiig to tlie mean ratios obtained from tlie forejjoing- tables, the
wages of the average worlviiiau in Ntnv York are 05 per cent, greater
than tlie same wages in Ontario, while the cost of his living is but 58
percent, greater ; leaving a clear excess of 7 per cent, in his tavor.
The wages of the average workman in ^faine are 7S per cent, greater
than the sam<> wages in New Brunswick, and the cost of his living is but
42 per cent, greater ; leaving a clear excess of .iO i)er cent, in his favor.
Between New York and the city of (^)uebec the ditference is almost
:: incredible : wages l.'JS per «'('iit. liigher in the former, and the cost of
;. living but 4;} i)er (M'ut. highei-, leaving !>5 i»er cent, dear excess of earn-
■ ings to labor in New York.
It may be d(»ubted, however, whether a. just ratio of prices is obtained
by calculating the mean rate between i)rices in so miscellaneous a list.
A more accurate calculation may be mach' by another method. Taking
on ea(;h side <Mpial <(uantities of the various articles (juoted, in an esti-
mate of tlie probable consum]>tion of an ordinary family, I arrive at
\ the following results: Tliat which cost 8100 in gold in Ontario cost
: $162 in currency in New York, or i^VJ'2 Tli in gold; while for every $100
; of wages that the average workman received in Ontario, he Avas paid
; $165 in currency in New York, or $125 in gold. Excess of ])urchasing
i value in New York wages over Ontario wages, 2.2S per cent., gold meas-
urement.
That which cost $100 in gold in New Brunswick cost $141 in currency
in Maine, or $10(> 82 in gold ; while for every $100 of w ages that the aver-
age workman received in New Brunswick, he received $178 currency, or
$134 84 gold in Maine. Excess of purchasing value in jNIaine wages
over New Brunswictk wages, 28 ])er cent., gold measurement.
That which cost $100 in the city of Quebec, cost $152 currency in tlie
State of New Ycnk, or $115 15 in gold; while for every $100 of wages
that the average worknmn received in (Quebec, he was paid $2.'J8 curren-
cy, or $180 gold, in New York. Excess of purchasing value in New
York wages over Avages in the city of (Quebec, (54.85 i>er cent., gold
m^asurenuMit.
In other words, by the same labor and with the same livinjj', the av-
erage workman can mak<» and save $2 28 (gold), out of every $100 of
earnings, more in New York than in Ontario ; $28 nuue in Maine than
in New Brunswick, and $04 f^^} more in New York than in the city of
Quebec.
It is certainly plain enough that labor gains nothing, but loses very
seriously, from the state of cheapness )uevailing in the Dominion.
TUK SAVINGS OF INDUSTRY.
iThe state of a country with reference to the accumulating energy of
iM productive industries, and the gi'ueral juosperity of its i)eople, is
ilMlicated with tolerabh; certainty now-a-days by its savings institutions.
"Me savings on deposit throughout the Dominion at the close of 1800,
iiKthe post ollice savings banks, in trnstees'savings banks, in chart-
"T^d banks, and in the hands of building societies, was estimated by the
Tnpilcr of the " Canadian Year liook *' at $0,108,150. At the beginning
|the same year the dci)osits in the savings banks of the State of New
rk, drawn from the earnings of but a little larger population, were
urned at $100,808,078, equivalent to about $127,000,000 in gold, or
f(||rteen times the total sum of savings in the Dominion. The savings
Iposited in Massachusetts at the same period, by a people numbering
(►nt one-third the population of the Dominion, were $05,000,000, equiva-
30
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
lent to about 871,0(K),0(K) in j^old; and the latest publishod returns fron
the saviu<;s hanks in all the New En<>land States show as follows:
MiissaelmscttH $112, 1 19, 01
(Joniu'cticiit.
Jvhodt^ Isliiutl ..
Miiiiio
New Haiii|».sliin^
Vfiinoiif
47, 904, rt
y7,(H)7,();;
10, 490, :!(;■
Irt, 759, 4i;'
2,o:{7,;t:i:
Total Now EiijrlaiKl 'ilH, :{7H, t;
AC(JU3IULATE1) WEALTH.
Statistics from which to calculate the actual wealth of the province
are not at present attainable. Even the assessed valuation of real am
personal proi)erty for pur[>oses of taxation 1 have been able to procuii
only for Ontario, and there no later than 18G7. The comparison tr
property, as assessed in Canada and the United States, must be a tol
erablyjust one, since the undervaluation cannot be far from alike ii
both cases. Ontario is by far the wealthiest of all the provinces, boti
uctually and proportionately, and its ofticial statement of the assessoi
valueof real and personal property for three years is as follows:
lo
ISfi.').
IrtUi
■18G7*
V(';ir.s.
of real t'stiiti".
aHf, -JOl, 057
2l-J,88f. 435
A.ssi'ss(>tl value
of ]>(M'soiinl
property.
$•25, 357, >>i\i
■M, -M), 087
23, 'J63, 077
Totiil.
The
the ent
$2^001 »,
vigoroi
people
a sum
of the
tion «>t
nationa
still d<
in the
al bank
charter
The
has rap
Januar,
inces oi
per cap
itt eircu
ness as
atimula
the Don
contrast
$2,58, ISO,-
2t)4, 4!I0,;
236,851,:
Year.
AsHf-ssctl value '
of real estate.
Total.
On til
general,
* The tact tliat tlie a.Hse.ssed values of i)roi)erty were lowered to tlie extent of .S\28,()0n,O()l) the year I aCOOUUtJ
lowing tlie altro^iatioii of tin; reeiproiity treaty is ei^rtaiiily not williotit sii;'nilieaiiL'e. not iucl
In IMassachusetts, with not more than seventy per cent, of the poP"' T)Q«iiioti
tion of Ontario and twenty per cent, of its occupied territory, tlij|_^ji^'
assessed •Aaluation of real and personal property in the same thi( |j„* j.'^,'|'
years was as follows : ener*nes
whether
l)rovinct
di8api)es
governn
l,08l' niil'i'^®^®^''^'tl
M05;8y:u exam pie
railway
These of course are valuations in a depreciated currency. In 1807 tl;Of wie^\
average i>remium ou gold was thirty-nine per cent, lieduced by that, tl "**® ^"^'
assessed valuation of property in INIassachusetts was $838,772,230 !
gold, or about $055 ])er cai)ita, against $230,851,512, ov about $131 p "
capita in Ontario.
In Ohio the assessed valuation of real and personal propertv, in lS<i
was $1,143,401,380, or $810,758,132 iu gold, ecpiivalent to about $3:
per capita. Taking the Nortliern States of the Union together, they m
doubtedly exhibit ou the average more than double the value of pro),
erty per capita that is shown in Ontario, where the proportionate valii
of property must largely exceed that in Quebec or in the mariti
provinces. lOi
1865.
1 86fi .
1807.
Assessed value
of ]iersoual
]iroperty.
• ,?380, 07!), 055
•13(1, 27'J, •J!I8
457, 728, 21)0
6605, 761, 046
051,043,703
708, 105,117
fCES.
TRADE WITH IJRITLSII NOKTH AMKUICAN PROVIN'CES.
BANKING CAPITAL AND CIRdLATION.
31
returns froii
Tho capital empIo.yiMl in baiikinji' ainoiiiits to but $;>2,753,242 in
, $112, 110,1)1 the entire J)onuni<)n, of wliieli 83(),.'J(>;»,84L' is in Ontario and (»Juebee,
47,l>U4.Ki^2,0(i(>,400 in Nova Seotia, a;\d 8;J21>,40() in New IJrunswick. An active,
10 4II0 'li'^'*^®^'*^"*^' '"'^^ enterprising;- state of business in so larjje a conununity of
" irt,' 759,' Id' P*0P^^ i« clearly impossible with that limited sum of caintal in bankinj;^ —
2',o:J7','.t:i a sum equal to l)ut about -i^iS i)er capita. In the nineteen States north
of the Potomac and the Ohio and east of the Missouri, with a popula-
■ ^^^^^tion of about 2(J,(M)0,0(H) i)eople, there is a capital of 8-H8,0(K>,0()0 in
' nationsil banks alone, or 810 per capita, besides the cai>ital of banks
still doin<»- business under State charters, which amounts to $15,000,000
ill the one State of New York. In the New Enjjland States the nation-
he Drovincc^^ bank capital is ^'M ])er cajuta, and in New York the total capital in
n of real am *^^**''*'^^"''^^ banking- is $2S per head.
lie to proem '^^^ currency in circulation, bank note's, ami J)ominion treasury notes,
:)mnarisoii li^*® rapidly swelled within the jiast year, from $15,982,10.') on the 1st of
iiust be a tol''^*'*"'^*^' i^^^*' ^" Ontario and (^Juebec, to $25,514,109 in the same prov
from alike
vinces, bo
the assessoi
Hows:
.inoes on the 1st of October hist. At the first-named sum — less than $5
ovin'ces 'l>i)tlP®'^ ^^''^'^"^'^ — ^^'^ money in use (makiuji;' full allowance for gold and silver
fiia nclpssio.i'* ^^'^■^'^^l'^*^*'^") ^^"'^^ ^^ much too restricted for an enerf»etic state of busi-
neafi as the intlated volume of cnrrency in the United States is too
stiinulatin<»'. The process of inflation that has (commenced so rapidly in
the Dominion, howevei-, bids fair in tlu' end to more than nMuove all
no
Total, contrast in that particular.
Pl'ULIC DiniT.
$258, 130, -:
aUtiialii!.' On the .'JOtli of April, 1870, acccn-dins to a statement from tlie auditor
[__ general, the ])ublic debt of tlie J>ominion, deductin^LT cash and bankinj?
loo.nno the yt'i'i I atoounts, Avas $99,.584,807. Ai)parently, however, this statement di(l
not include tlui outstandin<;' Dominion treasury notes in circulation,
of which $7,450,;>;)4 had been issued in October last, llelatively to
e same
jt tlie popii . pjjp^^j.^jj^j,,^ :|.j,jj^ ^1^,^^^ of the Dominion, amounting to about $2(> per
' capita, appears trilling in comparison with the debt of the LTnited States;
^ bat relatively to the wealth of tlie two countries, their resources, and
energies, it may be questioned, from the indications heretofore given,
whether the dis[)arity of the l)urden of debt is so great as many in the
provinces imagine. Whatever the disparity may be, it will certainly
di8api>ear in tiie accomplishment of the ])olicy of expenditure which the
government of the Dominion has laid out, with reference to political
,*i|"j;f,p'; 'necessities that grow wlioily oat of an anomalous situation — such, for
Mosimioxample, as the luiilding of the Intercolonial Uailway and the projected
railway a<!ross tlie continent to IJritisli (!oluml>ia, parallel with tlie line
Total.
In 1807 tli**^^'^*' American Nortliern Pacitic, to neither of which undertakings
Id bv that tl^^® ^''^' <''^'"»"^'t*'L' of the continent offer any encouragement.
|;J8,772,239 i
>oiit $131 F
|erty, in l<S<i
about $3:;
ther, they m
lalue of pi'oisl
kionate vale
the maritiu
IMMIGUATION AND EMIGRATION.
no other fticts existed to show that the conditions of life in the Do-
[ion of Canada, with its cheapness snd its lighter taxes, as compared
the United States, are not conditions to be intelligently preferred
hose who are free to choose, the tacts of immigration and emigration
it strikingly,
nt of 74,305 foreign immigrants to the New World, who landed at
adian ports in* 1809, only 18,360 paused to seek homes in the Doinin-
iamf and 57,202 passed on to our Western States. In 1868 the number
32
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVIN'CES.
reported as injikiiij;'a sottlciiUMit iii tin* J)(»iniiiioii was but 12,70."), ajj^iuiierinn' in
58,08.'$ fjoinj; throiigli to the United States. For the year Just clos»afc lO.Od
the statistics of iininiftiation into the Dominion at hir^jje are not yet ;i 4|1' *'•
tainable. Within a lew days, however, the Ontario (^oinniissionei tltipro
Agriculture, wlio has charjic of immigration, has i)id)lished his repdioilloiil;
from which it ai)i)ears that the measures adoi)ted in that province, tl^efacl
attract settlers from (Jreat JJritain, and to assist their renu>val, hiifltWD tli
hirgely increased the arrivals in Ontario during the past twelve nu)ntl;Dolnini»
The commissioner reports the numl>er f(M' the year ending l)ecen;l)er iteiprisii
1870, at iMjL'iX). Although to a great <'xtent this does n«)t rei>reseiitseek w'
natural movement of immigration, hut is the result c»f systenndic elfoitlfRwtls
that are being made in Kngland by varicuis societies to <h'port some estflw)!!
the more sutfering chisses of the poor ])oiudation of that country, sii;3llM, ar<
so far as concterns Ontario, it produces a considerable change in thefai jn we A
heretofore existing. Jiid if Ontario is nndcing some gain of ])opulatiii8 mgre
ng
Sh
om
llati
aci(
|orti(
>us
from foreign immigration, that ]>rovinc«', in this as in most matters, isyojj
favored excei)tion. AVithout mucli reasonable doubt the other ])roviii«(3t
and especially (Juel)ec, are steadily losing more by enngiation to tlPW
ITnited States than they gain by imnugration fnun abroad.
I am indebted to ]Mr. Young, Chief of the IJureau of Statistics, f«utlP<
following statement, compiled from retuiiis nnide of immigrants arriviiiti*
in the I'nited States from the British North Amei'ican possessions ti[*r
eleven years ])ast
9X1
V<!ais. '
[HVt
lH(il
iHdd
im;;}
IfM
lH(i5
iMit;
N'
llllllcl'.
4.514
'J, (Hi!*
'I HtK
:), 404
a. (inc
ai, r.t't)
;ia, 150
Vfiuv
Nui
to iptdcu
tJOflxr,
m
iH(i7 i; k^
if-tif* 111,-'*?
iHiii :iii.!3l
if'm -Ill, ii_ J
Total l.> j
lUit these are more than doubtful statistics; nor does it ap])ear jxi^j
sible to secure; any trustworthy eiuuneration of the persons who com?
into the United States from the IJritish provinces with intent to mak;
this country their l»onu\ The figures given above are obtained, I In
lieve, from returns made by t\w otUcers of customs, in connection witl
the entering of household goods, which are adnntted free as "settl('iv|
etiects." If exact to that extent, they would only rei)resent the class i
immigrants who come with families and household effects, wholly oiml
ting tlie perhajjs larger class of .young nu'u from the ])rovinces wl
seek their fortunes in the United States, and who, as they cross tH
frontier, are in no way to be distinguished from oidinary travelci
IJut even for what tliey pui'port to exhibit, I fear that our statistics ij
]uovincial emigration are iH)t to be trusted. I liave reasoji to kiniji
that ftoiHC of the niurns of immigration from frontier crossing poiii!
are almost entirely, if not wholly, founded ui>on <;areless guessing n
the part of railway agents an<i clerks, as to thenund)er of [tcrsons like!
to have accompanied a given «piantity of "settlers' effects." J*erhiiii
thCvSe are exceptional cases, but more luobably not, since there is neti
lug to com])el the taking of the trouble which accuracy would requiiu
It is possible, too, that tiie aggregate result of such estinmting may !i
not far from the tru<^ fact, but that is a matter of no certainty. '^
As for the large class of inunigrants of wlu)m no acconntcan ])ossilt!t
be taken when tliey (iross the frontier, Mr. Young, who has been gailU
^^- J <? )\i.
loers
|es oi
loym
les Af.
lane
Th
w. ih
|inin,i
is
idiai
of
ne\
one
\\('
3oun
|at a,
|icile(
beca
inter]
o))e
Iweel
mo
[coni>
1
tmiii
len,
put
en
lin^
jcte<
11
f
■#
IN'CES.
TUADK WI'Jl! nRITISII NORTH AMKRIC'AN PWOVINCES.
33
l!i,7^»'N "Hi'iii^^rtQti" iiiloiiniition on tlio siilticct, tliiiiUs tlicy may be satoly ostiiiiiited
w ju.st do.siat JO,0(K> lur the past yrar.
iire not yot n |ipl (Icliiiit*' statements, liowever, witli le-^anl to this emijuratioM Ciom
unniissioiiei titil'pioviiices must he ma(h' and received witli coiisiiU'rahle <hmht. Jt
led his repoiocjti'oiily he said witli eeitaiiity (and that no one at all acrinainted with
t provinee, itlpfaets will disjnite) that the annual movement from the Cannulas and
lemoval, lia i'lIMn the maritime proviiu-es to the United States is very lar^'e. The
welve moiitlENrtninion sntt'ers in no ies}»eet imn'e seriously than in the loss ot" the en-
December .lteipfirisin<»' yonn]^' men who are heiiijL;" constantly enticed away from it to
ot represeiirseeK wider opportunities in the Unite»l States than their own country
tematic elloiaffOKi^ds ; sonu* of them to return after a time, but the fyreater part to
I'port some establish permanent ties and make- ])ermanent homes in "the States.''
country, sii:3ltd| are to be found everywhere in tlu» Union, and no adopted elenuMit
i}j;'e in thefa('n |Sp Ameri(!an population contributes more to its stock of ener<;y or
of ])opulati( 18 « greater value. During' the late war many thousands of Canadian
it matters, isyOlpg nuMi volunteered in the Union army and shared our national
rherprovinnStMK^ih' with us, the larger proportion of the survivors of whom are
jration to tlPl^|P''*'y <'iti/.ens to-day under the government for which they fought,
d. S*"" ^^'*' Pi*>^''"'''' <»* ^i>iiebec, where the circumstances of the general
itistics, fortIP<W^"^''*" '"'*' gio^ving less ju-osperous rather than improving, emigra-
■rantsarriviiitiW«<'i'<>^^ the lim^ into New lOngland and elsewhere has assumed such
)ossessions tiyW*^''^'""'^ within the past two or three years as to become a very
ien©us subject of discussion in the journals of the j)roviuce. it is
3Xwedingiy unfortunate that we have no trustworthy data from which
^. bo (|idculate its extent. There are two migratory movements from
I ' '"" tji^||fl)ec, one periodical and temporary, the other permanent. Large
l" nup^bers of the French Canadian laborers and small farmers leave their
'.'."'.'.'.'.v. I'l '^ji*''^ **'* ^'"' '•PPi'oach ol" winter, cross to the United States, tind winter
iij 3Mpoyinent lieie, son<e «'ven in tlie Southern States, and return to their
^l^licB*"'^ again in tlie spring. How this number compares with those who
'•"■ ^^pianently remove themselves to the United States it is impossible to
3Cm That the latter liaNc greatly multiplied during late years we
Icww. from the imi»ortance Avhicli the French Canadian element is
t appear ])i>^«Sining among the ojieratives in the Xew England factories, and from
>UH who coiiwjBt is acknowledged by observers in Quebec. Intelligent French
itent to mak^Hpdian gentlemen in tliat in-oviu(;e estinmte that there are already
btained, I ^•'liflp of their race in the United States than at lionu*. Said one of the
Unectiou witljffl||? newspapers of .Abmtrval in October last: -Statistics tell us, and
:> as "'"^^'^^''''l^one who has ti-aveled in the United States will coniinn the fact,
it the class (;|H we annually sntfer a heavier loss through native persons leaving
, wholly oinb^Peountry than the total ligure oY the immigration returns. There
rovinces \\iii«at a low computation, half a million native-born ('anadians now
\oy cross til^iciled in the United States. They are established in the republic,
ary tniveld lo^because they prefer that form of government, but because the spirit
statistics iii^|nterprise seenu^d to have died out on this soil, and there was no
soil to loi' i^P opened to skilled industry."" The same newspaper, in an article a
Dssing poiii imAveeks ])revious, had stated the fact that '' our farmers reali/e very
\ guessini: "mf inore for their Imy and oats than they did thirty years since, and
(crsons lil.< ;^^<'onsequences are that farm lands are declining in value in the pro-
f^." lVt'hiir>|Mg«_ The returns, minus the labor, ar«' smaller; the margin of profit
here is udi '«HRining to the farmer at the end of the year, after paying and feeding
onld re<iuiM|HDen, is less." It was said in u public address by one of the promi-
ting juay ! iw public men of the province of Quebec a little more than a year ago :
"ty. ' w|^ emigration of common laborers to the States is something actually
(^an ])ossili J»iaing; and it could not be otherwise, for oiir water-powers are
s been gatlMlJpcted, our mines are closed, and we have no means of furnishing
n. Ex. 94 3
34 TRADE WITH BRITiaH NORTH AMKRICAN PROVINCES.
oinployment to our peoph'." Within a i'vw wi't'ks past, to fite oih< h ^,
authority, the leadiu};- urwspapt'r of the city of (^ueboc, tho ^'wSJ:*
Chrouicio, uv.uh' the followiuj; stateuiout, which lias a two-fold si;,n'"**'^'*
cancc: " rnfortuuatcly it is a truisai, an<l rcciuircs no ilcinonstrati .
that ship-lmihlinj', formerly the main industry of (Quebec, has alii
ceased to exist, and that <;onse<piently our laboring population, tluM But
bone and sinew of tla^ body politic, were cominencinj;' to seek in orcen <
ad.joinin;;- repnblic that employment which was no longer to be U^nade a
here. Too many, indeed, already, we fear, have r<*moved iM-nnaiiciew ye;
from our province." aiise c
Cieneral evi<lence of the nujgnittule of tlie enii};ration that ji'oc md rei
from the Dominion to the United States isabundant, thouj:;li the statin gingl
to reim'sent it in detined numbers, with tolerable exactness, are la<ki»oth L
What is true of (Quebec is undoubtedly true to not much less exteiiu 185(»
Nova Scotia and New JJrunswick, and if Ontario does not lose pojiieet of
tion in e<puil numbers it loses very considerably from a class \\ii«l8j an
younj;- blood is the life force of a country. Aj>ainst these losses tlu'ir2,000 t
no e(pial offset or exclianj»e.^ Emigration from the United States tdiavy is
provinces is limited, thouj;h valuable to the latter, because chieH.vihe wei
lined to men who go there with a definite enterprise in view, and ;
erally with capital, to engage in lumbering, or mining, or salt lUiiK
or oil pro<bi(^ing, or general sjjeculation and trade. Under difierenti
ditions, the nuniber of these would unquesti(;iiably be multiplied Ferlui
very great extent.^; • nerce
sign (;oi
PARTFAL PROSPERITY IN TIIK DOMINION. »owerfii
!few Vo
I hope I shall not be accused of having labored to nndce a represc'^^^'"''
tion of circumstances unfavorable to our northern neighbors. 1 giv( ^v 'MM
facts as I have found them, in seeking, without preconceived notioii'™'^*^""
ascertain the relative situation of attairs in the two conntries, whiclij^i /'p^^
came, as 1 have viewed it, a necessary part of the subject submittci"^^^'*'''
me for investigation. I group these facts here to show, as I think ^-^A.. .
do show, that if that which a])pears to be the only practicable arriii*^ '"*
ment under which a imtural state of trade between the United St,
and the British provinces can be established, involves a change in
conditions that ]>revail within the latter, assimilating them to thc'
ditions existing in the United States, the change cannot be one ti'
detriment of the people of the provinces, and cannot form a forbidi
obstacle to the arrangement.
1 know and 1 do not contradict the claim to i)rosperity thii ./
asserted in considerable portions of the Dominion. Prosperity, upon ~W
moderate scale to which everything is adjusted in the provinces, i
exist throughout most of Ontario, in the city of Montreal, and in sev
small nianufacturing towns that have grown up in the lower proviw
a degree of prosperity quite in contrast with the aspect of affairs,
erally speaking, in Quebec, and for the most jjart i)revailing in the m
time provinces. The i)eople of Ontario are very comfortable ; man;
the towns show more life than they formerly did, are adding to t
industries, and are slowly growing. One branch of manufacture. J
woolen manufacture, has obtained quite a root, and has risen to con;''
erable magnitude withiu a few years past; so much so as to diuiii'
the importation of woolens nearly a million of dollars in 1800 from
importation of 18C8. In railway enterprise there is a noticeable sti^:
life, stimulated in great part by the American transit trade, tlio*
e SI
thei
are
hipi
rtl
t,ii
.ye
rom
igs
[lOVINCES.
TKADK WITH BRITISFf NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
35
>m'boc tlio D'^'^^y <lin'<*t«Ml toward the •l(*V(»l()i)iiu'iit of tbo *'back settlfcioents" of
I two-tbUl .Mi,ri>n*iM'><>-
o (loinuiKstiati tommercial (Mtowrn of mo.ntkeal.
lobec, has alii
piilatioii, t1i(M Hilt iiowlu'iv and in notldii;; else is tin- disjilay of loally enerjcetic
;• to seek in orces equal to that at Montreal. Tlic city of Montreal has certainly
>n^(»r to be tonade an astonishlnj;" advance in commercial importance within the last
)ved ])ennan(iew years. The conspicuous feature, and, perhaps, the conspicuous
aiise conn(M;ted with its commercial rise, lias been the establishment
ion that fiocmd remarkable suc<'ess of the splendid line of (tcean steamers which
jugh the statin siniiirle <'anadian tirm has i)laeed afloat, conncctinj;" Montreal with
;ncss, are lackiioth Livi'rpool and (Jlasjiow by re^fulai- direct lines. Commencing;
leh less extenu 18»(» witli four steamers and a cjipacity of (J,r>,'{(; tons, this ixvvnt
i not lose pojiieet of the Messrs, Allan .S: Co. now numbers einhteen steam ves-
>ni 11 class \vli,el», amonj;'' the finest on the seas, with a total «'a|>acity exceeding
ese losses tht'i:2,(W0 tons. The rise of this fh)urishinj;- Canadian mercantile steam
ited States toiavy is a more notable fact by reason of its contrast with the decline (►f
•ause chiefi.vihe ocean steam shipping of the United States,
in view, and :
••, or salt mak , divkuston of ami:i{ICA.n (;ual\ tiiade.
ider different I
>e multiplied Peijiajis it is owinj*- chiefly to the orj^anization of operations in com-
nerce inci<lent to the effect of the establishment of such lines of for-
)ign connection, that Montreal be^an, two years aj»"o, to accomplish a
JOWerfiil diversion of the movement of our Western cereals away from
ifeW York. The very extensive sudden transition, i)articularly in the
lake a represc!***!'''^^'"*-"^ of wheat, whi(;h occurred in 1S(»{>, claims serious attention.
ibors. 1 o-ivc If appears in the followinj>' statement of flour and j^rain passing
ceived noTioii''*''^^'* ^''*' ^Yelland Canal, from Lake Erie tc> Lake Ontario, the quan
" ' stated as
INJON.
intries, whiclij*
ject 8ubrnitt<'*
as I think t
eticable arrni
le United St;
s a change in"
them to the >
not be one to
orm a forbidi!
osperity tliai
sperity, upoif
B provinces,
ill, and in sevi
lower proviuii
t of affairs,
iling- in the m
)rtable; ma
adding to t?
iiaiiufactureJ
s risen to <;oii|l
;o as to dimifl
in 180J) from:
noticeable sti*|
it trade, tliolf
itreal
going ''to Canada" being almost wholly destined for
itics of tloitr ami (/ruhi paHxinff into Caiutdu from the United StuUn ; aho quantititt in
Iniiisit to jHtvtx ill the I'liUvd Statin (liiriiiij four ymrn pa»t.
l%i-
KLOUR.
WIIKAT.
ivniA.N (ou\.
5* .'5
Bt
CS
t;
.r:c
C
'-■r
cs
c 5
-•s
o
^b
H
Barrels.
8,102
4,401
(>:<, r)40
105, uc:}
liarrels.
H6ti, 314 1
1,073,Gg« ;
1,455.947 ;
1, 300, 054 I
Bimhels.
14, 9C3
23, 804
87, 223
5, 458, 692
JiughcU.
5,032,071 i
5,148,714 I
7, 151,fil2 ;
7. 990, 233 :
I
liunhels.
488, 401
295, 720
526,731
1, ISO, 947
Buxhels.
4, 250, 232
5, 448, 144
5, 680, 996
7, 024, 835
OTHEU OBAIN.
3
S i>
:-'
^P
Bunhels.
Iht^heU.
26, 168
20, 425
3,128
223, 719
18,502
865, 020
65, 835
1,248,470
le statement for the last season I have not yet been able to procnre,
|there is reason to believe that the proportion taken to Montreal,
)ared with that i)assing to Oswego, Ogdensburg, and Cape Vincent,
^hlpment by canal and rail to Xew York and Boston, has increased
ir than diminished.
it, noticeable as the commercial progress made by Montreal during
years past may appear, it obviously has not placed her, and gives
|romise of i>lacing her, at the height of importance which naturally
igs to the chief i)ort of the great St. Lawrence outlet. For Montreal
30
TRADi: WITH ilRITISH XOIMII AMKHICAN PROVINCES.
<»ccii|»i«>.s a positioii wIht*'. iiimUt coiMlitKm.s <»f «'(|iiiil livaliN witli .N.
York, IMiila(l(']|)liiii, liostoii. and ISaltiiiioic, there would ii)i4|iiesti*)ii;ili
liJive risen, today, a yreat metropolis (»!' jiot less tlian halt a niilli
sonis, instead of a tlii'i\ in;; citv of one hnndr(>d and toit.v or tilt.v tli
sand jieopie.
I'AVoiMNo <'iiM'rAi>iT,\N<'r:s.
I'he moderate dejuiee of piosperitv thai «'.\ists in the most iiiMii
sei'tioii of tiie Dominion atVords <'\ idenee, not to l»e dispnted, in pi'
that the Canadian people suffered less from the ;il»ro;;ation ei •
reeiproeit.N ti'eaty in IStKj than Ihev appreiuMnled or than other,- i
pel tt'd. The expiration of the treaty happened at a most lortnii
time for them, when sexeial eirenmstanees <'ond>ined to l>reak the efi
of the suspension ol" fi-ee trade. The state of l>nsiness in this conn;
was Jnst Ix'^^'ininn;;' to settle into eomposnre alt<'i' the npli; aval and d
tnrhanee of the ei\il war. I>nrinjn the> wai'. and for sonw lime attei
the e\a]L;;:erated and inealcniahly tinctuatin;; ineminm placed upon ;"
l)y the nmd ;4aml)!in;; that was rife, depiived our eiirreney to some i
tent of its due ]Mirehasin,i: powei' in the Canadian market, and iiiti
dneed so much daily and iiourl.N nneeitainty of exehan^icable vain
liet\v(>en Anu'riean and Canadian nn)ney. that transactions in i
('anadian nmikets by Aineri(«in jmrchascrs were nmde «lil1icult ii
hazardous. This had interfered seiiously with the sellinjn' of CiMi.,(|i
products totlie United Statesdurin^ the last half oi' thefreetrade jx'ii
and wlien, otherwise, the marketing of those products in the llnii'
States woidd have been enormously stimulated. At times it had
doubt formed more of an obstruction to tiade from the. province's tli
tlu^ duties since impcKsed have formed. I bit the one obstruction, of a Hi
tuatin^ and uncertain purchasing;' medium, was disappoariuju', when i
other obstruction, of revived customs duties, arose, and it is cli
enough that the innnediate connnercial etfecls of the latter oiHuirrcn
wcrc! very considerably neutralize<l by the fornu*r; so that the i>eopl(
the provinces did not feel the sudden loss of free trade with the Unit
States as they otherwise avouUI liav<^ done. jMoreover. the Soutln
States began about the same time to beconu* purchasers again of IumiIh
tish, &c., from the provinces, which, for five years before, liad had tli
part of their Anu'rican trade entirely cut off. Tliese circumstam
account, I think, for the otherwise singidar appearance of the fact tli
our in)[>ortations from the provinces have rather increased, on ti
average, than declined since the termination of the reciju'ocity trent
LFMBEJ' AND I5ARLEY.
Referring to the comparative table heretofore given, which shows ti
extent of our annual importation of several of the chief staples of Can
dian production, we find that the two articles of lumber and barley i
gether formed one-third of the entire purchases of the United Stat'
from the Dominion in 1860, and that these two articles, more than ai
others, have exhibited a total indifference to the terms upon which tin
are admitted to the United States. In ])oth cases the undoubted t;i
is, that this country has need of the foreign supply. The sources of o
own lumber supply are rapidly receding from the great markets in wliii
it is consumed, and are rapidly being exhausted. Every year is nutkii
it more a necessity that the Eastern and Middle States should buy im
ber and timber from the provinces. Under such circumstances, and
view of the fact that this countrv would seem to have more intertst
con
It ot
Jh' ,;
lerie
iliili in
which
aaw-h';.
Sly t(
to }
soi
diction
Ti; Al
ImporiH —
Do^iCHtic CXI
ielati
tlie Unit
th^r poi
tt|^ bettt
tn^in, UK
o^jthe ui
the Biiti
I Mgret
111 the
tween th
North A
province
tlt# sine
Ofided I
or tv
Mit of
led V
isacti
INCKH,
TRADi: WITFT MI?TTiail NOKTIT AMKKKWN I'ROVINCEH.
37
alr\ with .N
iiqiicstioici
halt a iiiilli
\- or nriv t
most laMii
aitcd, ill ]ii'
lyatioii cf •
laii other.- I
lost loi'liiii.
I'cak the el]
I tliis conn;
; aval aiitl d
I' tiino attci
('(•(I upon ;"
y lo sonic I
A't, anil iiit:
yi'abh' \jil
ctioiis ill
' (lilliciill u
H' of ('iM|.,(||
c^tiiuh* pcii
ill the I'liii'
lies it had
n'oviiict's til
;tioii,()fa III
injU', wlu'ii I
1(1 it is I'll
♦'!• occaii'icii
the peoplt
til tlio Unit'
tliii Soiitlii
liii ot'liinilii
I ad had tli
ircuinstaiM
the fact til
ascd, on ti
ro(!ity trt'iit
il (■onsci'vatioii ot its tastilisapitrailn;:; t'orosts than in the fiicoiiraKO-
lit (it'tlii'ir coiisiiiiiption. it may IkmvcII to consider, without n'tcrciico
the general (|iiestinii ut reciprocal policy, whether it is not due to
lericaiM'oiisiiiners that tlii' present hii^li diitvotLM^ per cent. on Oana-
(l&i iiinilM'i' shoiihl lie inodilied, laUiii;; another step in the; direction
whicii was taken at the last session of <!oii<iress, when the duties on
HftW-lo^'^ and ship tiiiii>er were reino\ed. Much the same considerations
ai^ly to the article ol liailey, lor uhit.'h the consiiniers in this country
atCu to a coiisideraiile extent, dependent upon a, country whostM'limatc
and soil are hetter adapted than most of our own territory lo its pro-
(Imtinn.
TifADi-: WITH riir: non roNKKhioifATFj) iMtoviNoics.
IBS'ith this impeitcct discussion of them, i siilimit the main facts which
I ]|«ve. <;ollected. Within tlie time allotted to my impiiry I lisivc been
unihle to exti'iid it. except very siiperllcially. hcyoiid the iirovincesem-
bltteed ill the Dominion of Canada.
ur trade with tluUhrei^ provinces of Newfoundland, (including' Cape
itoii,) Prince I'idward\s Island, and liritish Coliimliia, which riMiiaiit
oW|^id(> the (u)iifcderatioii of the Dominion, (althoii;>h lUitish ('oliimhia
^'^kins to he at the point of becominji joined with it,) is rejireseiited for
thdlast two years in tlic^ reports of Coinmerce and Navi;;'ation, compiled
in tlie I'liited States Jiureaii of Statistics, as follows:
IimoriN
DOpeHtic fxporU.
Fqii|ij|;<> rci'xpttrtH
\mi
?l, 737, 304
J, 7n:i, 1711
4IG, (j(i4
!H70.
8l.r)rtl,!)5!)
:t,a04,Cfi8
Ml, otiO
ch shows i
pies of Ciiii
lul barley i
uited Stilt
ore than in
II which till
doubted tli
ources of oi
cats in wliit
ar is inakiii
uld buj' liiii
iiues, aud ;
e iutertst
jyjelatively to its extent, this traile appears much more favorable to
i«i United States than our trade with the J )ominion, and relatively to
thfiir population and <;oinmerce the non-confederated provinces arc far
tlifi better customers of this country. The subject of our relations with
them, moreov«'r, is mad<* the more interesting and important by reason
of ;the unwillin'iness that their i>eople manifest to attach themselves to
the British colonial confederation, and it claims an examination which
I IhBgiet that 1 have not been able to give to it.
Ill the United States otUcial statistics of late years, only a distinction be-
tween the •' J3ominion of Canada" and "all other IJritish possessions in
NcMrth America" is made, so that our trade transactions with the several
provinces cannot be discriminated. Attempting to procure returns from
the several customs <listricts w ith such a discrimination made, I suc-
ceikled but [lartially, and with a result too imperfect for use, except in
Cw or two particulars.
NEWFOI'NDLANl) AiNl) PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.
fut of twenty-eight collection districts from which I have been fur-
jied with statistics relating to the last fiscal year, only five report
'^saetions with Newfoundland and !*rince Edward's Island, as follows:
38
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
Imports ill ca'tain dwtrietH from Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward's hhu
during the fiscal year ended June 'M), 1870.
<D
c
t-
a;
.a
a
A
■^
—
X
*^ _;
(.-4
^ X
%m T.
"^ -M
"SS
o »
at:
5
Uistiicts.
n a
s s
^.fe
te
a g
-=1
^
a ^
S '^
%
"—
v
F—
C "— '
V
-
o
o
o
(-<
h
S
Ph
l-H
Ph
^
<k
r*
lioHton
l?()21
121, 707
5,877
!jl .537
S-*l, IG7
$7!), 073
81, 372
«10, 431
.5, 447
*1.54.
214 ■
^few York
372
121,. 520
2,530
I'l'ovidence, K. I
ii ■
New Bftdford, MasH
2!>, 096
■X)
Totftl
fl03
37, C44
125, 587
41, 1G7
189, .541
15, 878
40(1 '
Impo
Impo
Expoi
Domestic exports from certain districts to Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and I'rince Edntu
Island during the fiscal year ended June W, 1H7(I.
From Bos'.on to IJ^wroiindland
From Host on to I'riuco Kd wiird's iHliind
From Wiluiiiigtoii, X. C. ('■'.•.nbpr to Newfoundland).
From New >''irk
¥2!1P
10.\
Total .
4(1,-
Tlie forejjfoiiig retnrn.s no doubt represent most of the trade carrie
on durin<4" the past fiscal year with the insnhir ju'ovinees named.
MANITOBA.
Our present trade with the great central region of British Anieri(
formerly known as the Ked lliver country, but now politically organizi
and incorporated With the Dominion of Canada, under the name of tl
province of Manitoba, is imperfectly shown by the following statemei
which is furnished to me by the collector of customs at Pembina, Mi:
nesota. It exhibits for the last two fiscal years the imports entered
and the exports cleared from the customs district of Minnesota, throu;
which the trade between the United States and the Manitoba coiuit:
necessarily passes :
1869.
IMPORTS.
Imports entered for immediate consumi)tiou $60, 40l' i
Imports entered warehouse 151, 645 :
Th(
nishet-
Mauit
that h
gimpo
at otii
in trai
The Si
Manit<
sist all
in the
Hmlso
Our
ritory i
z^ation
P^sibi
w|en i
t^s I)
ig t(
nee
:i
V>W'*
Total imports :il2, 047
in cf
«|fcrenj
1#n b>
cMn, a
l#n to
•i^esp
uHon.
EXPORTS.
Export of goods the growth, produce, and manufacture of
the United States. 174, Oi;|
Exports of foreign dutiable goods 14, 548 1
Total exi)orts 180, 401
/. -» ■ .4* •
V^INCES.
je Edivnr(Vn Ixh,
P.
TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES.
1870.
IMPORTS.
39
Imports entered for iniinediate consumption $34, 109 20
Imports entered warehouse 180, 142 57
Total imports 220, 341 8(>
EXPORTS.
1*10,431 ! *ir.4 Exports of domestic merchandise 152, 50() 00
5.447 . yu: Exports of foreign dutiable j?oods 20, 133 47
I g((' ;, — ^— — — ^^_
15, e-8
4U0 ■
Total exi)orts 172, 720 47
d I'niice Edmii
lOJ.
2,;
!.:■
4(if.-
e trade carii^
named.
itish Anieri(
ally organizi
le name of tl
ing statejiH'i
:*embina, Mi:
^rts entered
esota, tliroii;
iiitoba count:
$60, 402
151,045
212, 047
The special deputy collector at Pembina, Mr. N. E. Nelson, who fur-
nishes this statement to me, writes that the entire amount of exports to
Manitoba, through Minnesota, is not represented in it, for the reason
that large <iuantities of domestic j^oods, such as tobacco, sugars, sirups,
glHttpowder, matches, liquors, &c., are entered for exjiortation in bond
at other districts, free of the internal revenue tax, and, simply passing
in transit through the Minnesota district, do not appear in its returns.
The same is true of a large quantity of foreign goods reex])orted to
Manitoba. The United States imports from that province, which con-
sist almost wholly of raw furs and buffalo robes, are i)robably all entered
in the ]\Iini'esota district, since the large shipments made by way of
Hudson's Bay go abroad.
Our present trade with that vast new region of richly productiv<'i ter-
ritory iu the basin of Lake AV^innipeg, which the pioneer forces of civili-
zfttioH are just jueijaring to invade, is inconsiderable; but its future
possibilities are l)eyond calculation. The time is ajiproaching very near
when it is clearly destined to give a new ])hase to the ([uestion of rela-
timis l)et\veen this country and iJritish North America, and when it will
being to bear upon that question the pressure o{' an inexorabh^ geographi-
cal necessity, that will compel it to some solution.
:S CONCLUSION.
In coiidudiug my report, it is i)roper that I sliould acknowle<ige the
©||treme courtesy with v.hich I have been assisted in procuring informa-
l^n by the members of the Canadian government, and by all of its offi-
cials, as well as by tliose of this Government, to whom 1 haveliad occa^
l^n to apply.
dBespectfiillv submitted.
I J. N. LAKNED.
i^Hon. (lEOKOE S. BOUTWELL,
%! Secretary of the Treasury.
174,0ia
14, 548
9
180, 401
m
I