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Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant Ie nombre d'images nAcesssire. lies diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 3n^ I '11 ST (^ 1 ;3^/^ 3 > o'p t 'p 8TAT1: Til \A t'cjxn t'KI!lM".U; SlK : tJlC 1('I)( [Jaiiit res [t'xtciit il I depend*' IT<,.i. ^1 Sir: ^ intbiv'ijit Jiiiio 2,'), t(t the sti Aiiievica ii(le^r THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY Tr;.\xsMn I INT, :L rcjxirt on the ttfate of innlr l/cfircen the I'niicd tStfifcs (Did flie Uriti.-^h yortit Aiiicricmi Po^uscsnionfi. V\:v.n\-\]:\- !. 1-71. — IJeiViTt'd to the Coiiniiiltcc ol' Ways niul ^rciins nn.l unliTcd liiiiiU'il. TiiEAsuuv Depautment, Oefk-e or the Si'cuetakv, Fvhniunj .'>, 1871. Sin : 1 tviuismit for the iuroniiiitioii of tlio House of llei»icseiit;iti\ .vs, the report of J. N, TiJiriM-d, who was appointed special a,i>eiit luidcr a joint resoliitio!! (tf Omi_»'ojfh .Vnierica. Verv respectfnllv, GEO. S. IJOUTWELL, Sevmtiiry. no.l. -TA^IES (t. r>LAIXE, SpeuJuT Houac of licprcscnta fires. Dvvvxi.n, JanufUi/ -2^, 1S71. Sni : You intrusted to ine, a few niontlis a<;<>, the task of eollectiiis inforiaation in complianei' with thejoint resolution of (.'onj^ress a])i>ro\ eil June 1','), ISTO, whii'h directed that an iuipiiry should he nnide relative :to the state of trad territory of the (Janadiaii peninsula lietween tiie lakes is thrust hke a wedjU'o iut«» the territoiy of the Tnittd Slates. Across it lies tlu- s!irovince oi ,( }iifario occupies, with reference to coniniei'cial inter- clian,i;('s East and West, what may fairly be deseiibed as the key })ositioM of the N\hoh'. The lower pr(t\iiH*e of V(d froju the Hiime intimacy of i>'eoinraphical and connncn'ia.l relationship witli our own nutioiial teri'itui'y, an:\IIN1()X OF C AX AD A. Tlu' four i)i-ovinces of Oidarib, Qnoboo, Xow IJrnnswiclc, fuid Xov;i ■Scotia, fornnn<;' at jtresent the ooid'eih'ratioii known as the D.xninioii oi Canada, contain a now estimated population of about 4,l'8o,0;H), disided us follows: Ontario 1>. VM\, 3I)S Quel»e<' J . -tL':*. .j4iJ Xew liruiiswiok ;>i'7, SdU Xo\a Scotia WM. 4 t!i Total 4. 2s;3, lo;; Those ostinnites are based upon a eonsiis takon iu 1801, ton years a.i»'o. and tlioy assume for all the i)rovinces the Siinui rate of lucroaso that ■was found in the i>rovious docado. It is quite ])rol)ablo that the result ot the now ceusus, lor whicdi preparation is now being' made, will tall shoi't r four n exist in of Xo ward I oontaiii Tloro livini;' i toijoctii tioiis ai ical uiii aration, of the J. jUTcat S! and con land St; nu'asuri in-al ciri conditio vpU'stioii siderabl The ave' capabiiii li'cneral feriility that pen is s\\-ept map as ( npp!)i!ii(' Mirli aid eipial. in them in Stream, a of the w Session o dustry o\ least, in ; forun'ui;- 1 pirc; in l!i io reach ISOW I'hl; liu'i'oaso < dofino wit Bortli, ox( Kortii im dian culti by the La from it d,u(' foil #'n bank, ^n direct #)ndint ot Woot, hov tradk with r.nrrr.sii NOirni amkrican rK'oviNX'Ks. 3 between ore tliaii tlic v<'n i-roiul o'l" st iisei'ii! tiu'c liiis »i)r\ ilM't'S !'k. as lias \\U)U>j: the ho side ot se, witliiir IVoai the 1 our own y ])ossess. " , Aslo le Xoith- i)|)u!atetl s in wliich tore prop lid Xovi'i iiiini'oa ol t. «lividc«i ;.::7, S L's;}, lo;'. ears a,iL!,o. 'aM» that the result ', will tall short of this calculation in every ]»rovince, except. perha])s. Ontario, and four millions, in I'oitnd numbers, mav more sal'ely be set oinini- laml States and the other ]>arls of this liiinii, we imiy lind no unfair measure of the kindred commerce that would have existed, under Uiit- iiral circi!iiistanc<'S, between those ])eo]M<' and oiirs('i\es. Such ecpud conditions, indeed, v.onld undoiU>tedly have ,i:i\en to the provinc<'S in (pU'stiou it weiii'ht in the commerce of tin* ^«'ortIi America continent con- sideral)ly ceedinj:' the present wei,uiit of the New i'in.nhind Stat»'s. The aveia;.;; capabilities ol their soil and ciiimite are not inferior to the capalMiiiies (I. the six Stat<'s with wiiich 1 compare tliein, while their {general resources are yreater and more varied, Ontario possesses a leriiiity with which no part of Mew iMi^land can at all compare, and that peninsular section of it around which the circle of the .^reat lakes is swejit, forces itself upon th(^ notice of any student ol' the American map as one of the favored si)ots of the wiiole (M>ntineat — as one ctf the nppointed hivin.n' ])la('es of indjistry, where ]>opnlation ou^ht to bi'ced Avith almost neluian fecauidity. A lar,i>'e section ol' (^)uel>;'c is at least equa.i, in soil and climate, to its Ne\\ En^^land neii^hbors, while, it ri\als them in the ])ossession of water povv'er, whic'ii is fnrnislied by e\-ery Stream, and while it commands easier and c (Uper access ti> the markers of the western interior. As for the maritime ])rovinc"s, their ])os- Session of abundant coal .yives them one of the prime advanta.ues of in- dustry over the conti.n'uons States. Alonu' with this ]>ai'iry, to say the least, in all that is essential to a viu'orous d.'N'elopment. the, i)ro\inees forinin.i;' the l,)omiiiii)n — I'ven if we exc'.ide tliat vast seat of future em- pire in th(^ basin of Lake W'inniiieji', wliich lies wailing for ci\ ili/aiion to reacli it — occupy a territorial area wifliin v.hich the ]»o])ulation of Kew En,:niand or New Vork mi.uilt bi' seveia! times mnltiplieiu'bec it is im[>ossible to deline Avlth exactness, for the reascm that they have jio boundary on the north, ex<'ei>t tlie linnts to civili/ed settlement which the climate of the Korth im|K)ses, uheie^'er that may be. I'ractically, the limits of Cana- llian cultivation and settkMnent were marked, until a very recent jteriod, by the liaurentian ranji'e of hills and the broken spurs thi,it are thrown ^t1' from it across the head of tluMvestern peninsula. Tiiis bai'ren. rocky ijldjie follows a line nearly ])arallel with tlu^ St. Lawrence on its n^nth- ffl'U !)ank, up to lln' vicinity of .^lontreal, where it strikes away in a west- 0tu direction, indicated by the couise of the Ottawa liiver, wliich is the GDuduit of the water-shed of the Lanrentian elevation. A broad otV- «f|ioot, however, of the same priniitive ui)heaval is traced iu a belt of 4 TIJADE WITH BRITISH NORTH A^IERICAX rROVIN'CES. foibiddiii;:' tiMTitory, wlicrc swniiin ami rock arc intenniii«j;l(!(l, iVoiii the Ottawa Jiivcj- to (Jr(M)i};ian Uay. Up to llic pivsciit tiiiK' tlirso nubiddin*;' bairicis liavo inacth'ally tbnncd, in both provinces, the noithcin boninhuy of Canadian cnltiva- ti(»n and setth'nicnt, \vhi«'li spread slowly and feebly, without the same iinjx'tus and nionientnm that characterize the ]>ioneer inovenient in the I'nited States. Within a tew years ]»ast, however, it has been discov- ered, and miw it seems to be a well-deteiinined laet, tliat beyond the Jiaurentian belt there arc larjic tracts of juoductive territory, capable of well sustaining" no very sctanty population, excn when strippe' lale yi'ars within thoM' rcj^io'.is, which 1 have examined with a j;'<)od deal of carefulness, show ;4r«'atine(piality in the value of tlu' lands, nmny distri(;(s of fertile soil iM'in;:!,' curiously in- termixed with sections that are actually or almost incai)able of cultixa- tion. r>ut these reports, if at all correctt, leave no doul)t that on the u])i)er Ottawa, in the basin of liake Nippissiny, alonji' the eastern shores of (b'oiji'ian P.ay, and even to some extent on the northern shore of Lake Supcricu', there arc very considerable areas that will ultimately .U'ivc su]»i)ort to a hardy and enterjuisin^' jjopulation. Lar«ie tra(;ts ot this new domain have been set apart by the jtrovincial authorities a>s "free ,urant lands," to be }>iveu to actual settlers on tcriuM very nearly like the terms of the "homestead act" in the United States, and under the stimulus of that wise i)olicy their settlement has commenced witii some activity and ])romise. To what extent the mineral resources of the infertile Laurentian belt render that cai)able of •iivin.u' life to industry and sujjport to a jiopula- tion, it is imi)ossible to say. .Just enoujih has so far been discovered to indicate that the ndneral dei)osits within and on the flanks of the ran<;e may prove to be (luite an imi>ortant element of the wealth of the Cana- das. iJoth iron and lead nuiu's have been oi>cned and worked to some extent north of Kin0,000 s(puire nnles for each. AVithin that area in Ontaiio the capabilities of development, making" all due allow- ance for whatever iiu'onsiderable difi'erences of climate exist, would seem to be fully ecpial to the capabilities of the State of Xew York, and if Ontario had kept pace in its growth with New Y(uk, as there seems to be no natural reason why it sliould not have done, (if mc exclude New York Uity from the c«)mparison,) tl .? population of that province Avould now have exceeded *bur millions instead of two. The province of (^)uebec may be fairly nuNisured in the same nmnner with the States of 5Jew Hampshire and Yermont, whose capabilities are no greater, s. TRADE WITH J'.RITISII 1>JRTI1 AMKRICAX PROVINCES. 5 , IVoiii the »ia('ti'<'iilly I) cultivii- tllC SilllM' cut ill tlic I'll (liscov- I'voiid tlic hh\ of the >lislM'(l rc- s, wliich I (Hiiility ill lionsly iii- )f eultivii- iiit on the erii slioios I slioiv <>r ultiniiitely (' tliKttS ot hoiities as oiy nearly iind nnder Miced wilii }ntian T^elt I a ]toj)nla- ('()\ oietl to 'the ran};c the Cana- d to some haji'o have !iron<»;hont ill yet be 'in*;' quar- re un(iue.s- diow that it may be ;anadas is I 200 s(inare The aetnal m may be ithin that due allow- st, would York, and lere seems e exclude t province province the States o greater, uotwitlistaiidini;' the somewhat more ri|iiel»ec pr(>|>ortioned to that of New lliiiiipshire and N'crmont would exceed by not less than half a million what the pi'o\iiicc now contains; while Nova Scotia and Newllriins- wicU, po]»iilatcd in the same rntio as Miiiiie, of which they are the coun- terpart, would contain to-(l;iy a million of smds. CATSHS or TA1M)V OKOWTII. '^I'hat the four ])ro\ inccs of the Doininion (h» not at the present day exhibit a popniation of from six to sev«'n millions of people, with cor- rcs])o!idiim' wciilth ;ind coircspoiKliiiy' activities of industry, is the wvy plain and nnniistakablc consequence of the fact that they have not re- cei\''- the immediate causes of the slower growth that they exliil>it. The political institu- tions of the ill-named dominion of (\uia«iod reasons, to exitect that he will iind in the United vStates /greater a<'tivities, wider and more numerous o]>lMUtnnities, and tlu^ stir of a more vi<;orons life. The superior vijior, which ap])cars ])atent to the outside world, is as simply explained as it is undiMiiable. From the immense diversity of resources ami i)roduct- ive cai)abilities in the vast territory that we occupy, with its many zones of climate, its nmny variations of soil, its multiform structure, its trii)le seaboard, its inland s«'as and its j^reat rivers, its prairies and its nn)un- tains of every mineral, we derive a (;ertain mutual i)lay of industrial forces, acting and reacting ui)on each other with unrestricted and per- fect freedom, which is wondeifully cumulative and wonderfully stimu- lating — beyond anything, in fact, that has been known in the experience of rhe world before; and the secret of it all is the freedom of the diver- ^jsitied intercliang(\ The eftect halts where that treedcun of industrial ' <'ommerc<' nu'cts with interference. The custom-houses of the national frontier paralyze it more than half; and we should iind, it" we could examine closely enough, that it is in Just the degree that the neighbor- ing provinces are cut off, by their political isolation, from the free cir- cula^^ion of the i)roductive and commercial energies of the continent, that they have fallen behind their sister communitu\s of the same ori- gin and the same character in material i>rogress. 1 hax'c [)laced the subject in this view ibr tli«» ])ui'])ose of suggesting the loss that we sustain, as a nation, from the unfortunate causes wliicli have siunted the natural, or at least the otherwise possible, develop- ment of so large and so im])ortantly related a se(;tion of the (!ommou ;domain of Anglo-America. lfourlotossil)le that an arran^veuM'ut of incomi)lete free trade so non-reciprocal, so one-sided ' i its operation, ami so ]>rovokiniuly the rec s the treaty of 1arii;;' those who op- ])()sed the continuation of the r<';'ipr(n'ity treaty of l.S.l-t, and who op[)ose its renewal in any similar Ibrm, who are not fidly (convinced that an intimate, unr<'stricted commerce with the nei^Lihborin.n' communities Avould be of <:reat beuelit to this country, as it certainly would be an inealenlabl(! stimulant to the j;rowth oi those communities. The (jues- tion is one of adjustments. Free trade, or any approach to naturalness of comnmrcial interccuirse between these ([uasi-foreii;ii nei.i;hbors and ourselves, is imi)ossible, unless the outside conditions and commercial relations of the two countries vdu be brou<;ht into harmony with each other. That is the inrportant, ami, in fact, the only point of in(piiry in the matter. If the exterior relations of the two countries were so adjusted to one another as not to interfere on either side with a natural circulation of free trade between themselves, probably not one intelli- gent voice would be raised against the abolition of every custom house oil our northern frontier. PRESENT TRADE WITH T[IE DOMINIOX. The provinces confederated in the Dominion of Canada are two mil- lions in population, as I am forced to believe, an(' of ><.~>(i. St a list I I >!i:uiiij the ('ill oi ihc 1 l!ie iiiiji raiio c\ 'Ihc J )omiiii return Sl(il( iiinil Qllclicc . . Oiii.irio . . !Nmv;i Sr iti:i K>» lll'lli.Sl Totii) <}ncl)c<- .... Oii(arii) Niiv;i Sriitia Ni-u- I'>i-iiiisv Total . Sl((t< IllCIlt o ((I) (I (11 1 en 'Jane :iO, )u('1ii>n |iitiii-ii> |t)Vii Scotia. ti'U- Jil'IIII.SVVi ^ Total . , piclipp iiiiiiio Viva Sif)tia . . t'w Briinswi Total .. s. Tu.viJH WITH p.inri8i[ noijiii American rwoviNnr^. Iw iiidiis ;,in body of inddiiccrs iiiiil consiiiiirrs lor ii-< to (Nsil witli. Liist yciii', ('i<'liimj;(' fiiccoKliii;^- lo llicir own oHiciiil stiitisli<'s of trade, tlicy wnr luin'hiiscrs vislcd lu'- ji, tlif iiiiiilccts ol tlu' outside world to flu- iiiiioiiiit of ."ij^Tl.-.'liKl'ST. and tliey Nol.") per cent, of the foi'ei^n imrchases of the Doiiiiiiioii, a.uainst ol |>ei" cent, of its ioi'ei;^!! sales, \o hav«- l»een made in tlie Tnited Slat«'s. In reality, as will appeav upon a further examination ol I h(- lac is, the exports from the Dominion to i he I'nited States e\ce;tl the iinporis iVom i lie I iiited States into the Dominion to the extent oi' a laiio e\en ,nreater t han that. '1 he lollow iii;^' tallies exhiliit the commerce of the four in'oviiu'csof flie J)ominioii f.»r the last two liscal years, as represented in the oi'iicial ret in lis compiled hy the commissioner of «aistoiiis at Ottawa : iw impai't Idle they ions ; Imi ween onr ilitahle. •n to the ,) l.y the ,en years florded ol ' freedom , exert on i>, to learn 7(V'.S' of II ■< 1 desire ilablished operation sclicdnle lid ueaily ler. luit a to extend made free )iild olfer eriNi()X. (', isii'.l (tnd [••',{). 1 Fl'Dlil '.'iiii^iiliiiil iilliri;il ITtiirilH.I l-'iiiiii (iiciil l-'riim I'liitcil I>rit;ii!i. SliilcH. 1809. Qiii'lic'C Oiil,ir;o ^uv^i S.'.,ti;i K>u IJnii.swick 81!', H0(), u;tii f, .M7, :t;i!» I, (H)-,', lIH.'i ;t. :i-'".,."iiii irti, ii:r, hn4 14. .Mill, 177 'i, Mi, ii-j;t •J, I."i4. 7(11 Kldlll illl (itlii r i-iiiiii- irii'.s. $:t, 7411, 7:n ."i,-7,'J4-i I, I. -li. :!•,'.•. • 140. (i-."i ■I'lilal. §'j:i, .71."., 177 •,';(, 7v!4, 7(14 7.7i!i. ;::t;i I., :!-j. r; II Total ' [i'>, 7t)4, 47(1 , 1870. ~ •J"), 47;j, 70.) fi, (!ii,:i:t-2 J4. o,ii,;i4o ■J. ■,'.7>. (I7!l l..-j:i, :i-jo •J4, 7-J4. 1)71 u, Uhi, im t;7, 4II-J. 170 .7, 17 (.370 : lili|.-J'W \ 1, li.'rj. 'J. '7 '7:ir!l.7l •24.:,::ti 4.77 r, nil-, ii:a u, .7:i-j. .-v:7 7.1UI), (l.-.i n,-j:i:i, 1H7 (Jii('i)i'c CO, ;i.--,>, -j'o Olllaiiu i 0, f iV, ^^.7 the act of >f"\'i sii.iia 4, ii'.iT, 7r. . • • Niw luiiii.swick ;t. 077, .7.7:i (pinion 111 who op- ■'■"'•'' ! :'••-.•'•"•"'. ■•:« and who - need that iaiinjuts itiom Tin: inj iimmities lid be '111 St((l< niciit of Ihf nihic of ijood:< iiiijioytid iulo llic lioui'hiioii of Ciniitdd froiii Ihc Viiiiid Sto'rs .,,, iiiu! ciilriTil I'oi' co'ii^iuiijii'ioii, ((■.r:ir< id' coin mill biiHioii.^ diirimi lln hvo liwii} muvx ciidiini i III jin . - ,/((;/(■ ;UI, lS(.il (iinl ! -'/U, dixliiiijiusliiii/i Ihoxc iritjch paid ihi';/ from llioxc 1 nlcnd Jra of diit;/. l.AIl'(JUTS F\H)M Tin: I'NITHD STATKS. tuvalness )ors and iminercial vitli each iiKpiiry were so a natural 110 intelli- om-liouse I !■'!•( I! M C.iiMdiMii iiniiial li'tiinis.] 1»69. luclM'P Jlitaiio ■ ovii Si'dtia li'U- lUim.swick Total 1870. two mil- f"'!"^.'' 3,044,.7:f - , ., IftilaiiK 1.. •.. dred mil- »>vMS,..tia »xljil)ited #^^"i5nuiswifk idc with s y import- Total Diitiabli!. i Total. Duties C'll- li'cted. $3,010.(104 :i, 110, iii!) ctio, i;'-j 1, 104, ;!Ki .?:!, 144, (!30 7.(10.-, !^40 l,^■'.'!l, t;;i:t 1,11.711, :tH .*ii. 0.74 (;:in 10, 73-. 03;j 3. :i.7!). &.::> 3. 1.74, 701 $')7.-. (iiilJ .7,70. (;|8 314. o;i3 7, ','Xi, Uf 1;), 7()H, 43!i 31.407, 1.-3 1. .7(;,7. ,7i;;i 3, 044, .7.'!.-. 3, 013, ;i(W 7ii;t, f4i\ 07p'. o:i(i 1 3, 400, 7.7f. 7, 340, 1711 1, 404, 3;t:) .■^45, 334 (5,4.74.301 11, llil..747 3. 3.7.-. 07!) 1. f3:t, ;t30 73:(. 407 (i74. 371 no. 7(18 l^-J. 713 t?, (JOf, «4."i 13,m)i:',;W3 31, (i!i7, 3.i7 1,7(10. 34^i \ ^ • *w> r4 ^ ^ 4 } 8 TRADK WITH lUJITlSII XOKTII AMKlflCAX PKOVIXCKS. \ lAIPolJTS IIJOM (ilJHAT IMMTAIN. Sliifiiiniil ill' till rdhic of jiinnlx inijii'ihd iiilii llii' htiiiiiiiiitu nf CiiiKiilii from dntil lirilniit iim! ritri'cti fur liiiii, (rxiliiniri- nf vniii t(ii)l Inilliini,) iliiriii;! Ilir lira fixrid i/rtirx cikIiii.j Jiiiir IiH, l,~l>',l (tiiil H7(», tlixliniinixliiiiii llmsr irliiili jxiiil iliilji Irmii lltom viilvrni fric of diilji. (,)uiUi'c Oiit.iriii Nn\ ;| Si'lilill . . Ni V. r>niii»\vi( 'riii^l (,)llill(T Oniai ii) Nii\ ii ScDiiii . . . . Ntw Jinuisw icU Tot ill Il'idiii Cmiailiiiii otlU'iul letui'iiM.I l^dit. Ir-tO. Diiiiiilili', Vvi 'Intnl. ; Ulllir.H (Mil Inhtt. ;i. -J- 1, Kill y. ; I.I, -. 1 1 •Jt*. IHIJ, (H.-i M..T.:i. rtr ^. (i!i|. Vl,"! ;i, .'itii,!).- 1 ei.^Vi, (Ml .'pII-J. ."iIIII v.>i. nil ,«l i, ■,ti(l ??l!>, ;t."pH, into ^, ."il'..:t:i!i •t.Diij, ii,-;. ;i,.v..."iiii *••.', ;i7 1, 1 1 l,:u-,,-... ,'il I, II. 7,()i;j, uu I ;jr>, -I"!!, itN -i,?!!!!, ■;.. 1, 'TiV lo.'i i in, ;wj, o;t-) a. ;uw. i.- I, 1 1::, I in n, r-:;',, m-.-, i, ki;. i .. r:;i;, (iir. .1, icn. vj:> ui-\. in ■;;i, iiii ;i, 'i;;, ."u;i (i-ji.:i.!i lid. (I-,'-,', \ii> ■.II, 117 ;n.,-.:i;, oil.". :>. ti;!T, i:; .">i; ))<' cent. yciirs. T\w TOTAL EXPORTS oF 'niK DOMlXloX. ^ tSliiiiiiiciit {if Ihi- raliif of (loiiils, ilir ijron-lh, jiroiJiur, and uuiim Did lire of (lie Ihniiiiiioii <;' I ((iui(l)i. (■.(■porhtl from tin- I'ci'- ' pruriiicrx, {(.rdiisirc of (aiii , I'ili'..' (tiu! H7n. [I'm. 11 Cauuihiiu ullic-ial ixtunis.] Til till' I'liitcd 'I'll (iii'iit Tdtnl ('xpDil.^ States. I Jil'itaiii. t(iullciiuiitrii>. 18G!). f?''"'"^'' Ontario Nova Sent la X>',\v 15niiis\vi,k Total 1870. CJii.l.i'c Outaiio Xovii Scotia X'i'w Jii'iiiiswick Total .*:., n-j7, 27(i |i(i,;)ii.«.-.' 1."., 1-7, W)!l 74-J, »;-(i 1, K!l,l.,-.4 • -lIKi, 77!» !>!M, (KM) I 2, i»;)l..-).l-' ',»:!, (1-1(1, 7;)!l ! -2(1, IS.'i, KW j 2H, 772, ;512 il.KiO, ilt^7 ^3:!, .">i(i. (r.i i.'i, Mtii, -I": ,''., (i:il,r.V' •1. ^ll, r-'i 4!t, a23.:i(ll C, 880, 44n 1", r.:)8, 842 27, 121, ()7i 18,017,212 1, 21(1, !ti-l» 19. 2:j.-., Itlii. 1, 47:1, 8!).') :)!!-. it2.''. :>. 0(ii, (Hi; 2, 1(10, 7,'')!l 1, DOit, 2:u ■I. :t(j:t, I7i 5(1, 081, II ■. ANALYSIS OF CANADIAN FOREIGN COMMERCE. All niijilysis ot'tho foreji'oing tables of imports shows some facts wliicli it is well to note in passiii**'. Of the iinpoi'ts of tlie Doniiiiion, ~)'^ per cent, in tlie fiscal year lS(!!i an' imports from (ireat Ihitain into the Dominion Ibrineii So per cent, of the entire imports from that nation both in 18(>M jiiiii 1870, and only 20 per ce:;t. were of conniiodities admitted free : ^vlKle bin :eh. TK'ADK WriH I'lltlTISII XOUTII AMi:iM('A\ I'K( )VIN('i:S. lit IliUahi mil! •I //(' e-2;t. 'Hit. or.i l.-l. 'j:w. ■1".- n, (-:tl, r.'i. ■1, ^ll. ,*•' I •ji) a-J3, Uli: . - — — — 2T •121, (;:i 1!) 2:).-). :i(ii 5 (Mil, (i;!. 1 :«;:(. i:i 0(1 (ISl I!". acts wliicli year ISO'i nt. in l.SdV ivU'S, and '. portions oi ion fbrinci! 18G'.) ami ."»li |M'r ccnr. of tlic imports IVoiii llic rnitcil St;it«'s in 1S(;!» imd |() per <'('iit. in 1S7(I piiid tliity. ;'ii(l '!! per coiit. and (111 per cent, in tiir two years, respect IncIv, entered free. 'I'lie duties collected on tlie dntialtle imports irom tlie I'nittd States "vveie lit tJM' a\era per cent, in !s70; wliile tiie duty <'(tlleeted on tiie dnlinlilc^ imports IroMi (Irent Uritniii wns at tlie; aNcra;;*' rate of HI. S per cent, in l^'iV-K and 1(1.7 percent, in 1S70. in ot liei" words, ii mneli smidlei' proportion of tlie ^'oods imparted from llie I'niled States tinin of ilo' -(»(ids im|)orted frinn (Ireat Uritain were snl>)e(^te, no h»ii^er exists. A new Ciinadian tariff went into t'Ifeet on the 7tli of April last, which imposes the lollowinj;" «luties n|>ou articles prcN ioiisly tree, all of tln'in l>ei!i;i cominoditiesot leadiii:;" import- ance, in the not very ex tended list of prodiu'tions that we l»art<>r with our ]>ro\ incial neighbors: llour, L'o cents per liarrel ; meal, 1.") cents per biirrel; wheat, I cents per bushel; all othei' mrri* ;, .'» ci^nts per bushel ; <'oid and coke, .">() cents per ton ; salt, '» cents )>er liishel ; hops,."! cents pel' pound; I'ice, 1 cent ]»cr [loiind. These diitie>, whicli leave a now susj>end or to modify them, by pro- clamation, together with the duties on fish, meals, butter, cheese, hird, tallusv, vej^ctables, iind several other articles, ''whenever it ap]»ears to liis siitisfaction that similar articles from Canaila may be imitort(Ml into the United States of Ameiica free of duly, iir at a rate ot diit.\ not exccedin^i' that payable on the same under such proclamation when imported into Canada.'' THE STATE OF C03IMEI{C"IAL IJELLlGEIJEXrV. As the case now stands, the two countries are in what ndjiht be de- scribed as an attitude of commercial belli'-erency toward one another, mutually repellin,i>" and hborhood. Under the treaty of reci[)r()city there was a larj»e excess of liberality on the side of the United States in the terms of trade, and tlu' Canadian tariff ^rew steadily nnne illiberal and non- reciprocal. ^Vl'tt'i' the abrojiation of the treaty, the conditions w'«mo reversed, and it must be confessed that the ^^ates of trans-frontier traflic stood more open (Ui the Canadian than on the American side from that lieriod until the adoption of the retaliatory tariff of last April. Now, liowevei", on both sides, the freedom of trade is about evenly interfered Avith, and the state of commercial repulsion between the two countries, whose interests so stronj>ly attractt theiu to intinnicy, is as nicely adjusted, ])erhaps, as it could be. No one, I think, can contemplate this situation of tliin,iis without feeling'" it to be a most unfortunate dislocation, which veiy seriously impairs tlie organization and ()])eration of the iiuUistrial ^ener^ies of the Ainerican continent. Aiu\ a further investigation of the '^statistics of trade will not diminish that feeliiii''. t 10 TRADE WITH IJlilTlSII NOIMTI AMERICAN PROVINCES. STATISTICAL EXIIIIUT I'OU Sl'.VENTEEN YEAIZS. r liiivc f^ivcn tlic ('iiiiiuliiin oilicial stiitonu'iit of ijiiiKH'ts into tlio Do- luiiiioii IVom the IJiiitcd Stiitcs (hniiiii- the liist two liscal years. Tiiat exliilMts one side ol" tl)e i'oniiiiercial exelian^es between tlie tw(, eonntries, tiie other side of wliieli is to 1)«> found in our own oihcial stitisties of imports into the Ignited States from the province's t)f th(! Dominiiui. It is proper to remark here that a ^reat many contentious ar,-;iim(Mits rehi.tiNC to tlie trade between the two countries have been vitiated, by bi'in<>' based upon oHieial returns, in one country or tlie othei-, ol' botli imports and crjiorfs, as thou;;!! tiie two were e(pially trustworthy statis- tics. Tlie well-known fact, however, is that in no(M)untry, and certainly neither in CiUiada nor the United States, are the statisti(^s oi' cciioiis, compiled from the retuiiis of clearances at the (aistom-housi's, to be ; rusted for accuracy ; for the simple reason' that there is neither the same stringency of law nor the same watchfulness to compel an exact state- ment of out,ii'oin,rdiii;;' to our own statistics, we bou.i;ht from the four provinces of the nominion, in the liscal year ended fjune ."50, 1870, commodities to the value of i-^.'J'.hoOTjSH', (in .uold,) and sold them domestic commodiiics to the value (in curren(;y) of ^lUy'tHrijlli, and foreign rei'xports to the value (in .u'old) of !<;5,<>;»i.ol'r>. According' to Canadian statistics, our i)urc]iases from the Doininion. in the same twelve months, amounted only to sf2S,772..')12, and our tota.l sales to it, of domestic and foreign goods, were of the valueof 8-l/)l)7,-!.'}7, all in gohl. On each side there is strojig ])robal)ility of tlie near aecurncy of the import r<'turiis, and we may safely accept them as re[)resenting the commercial e\<'hanges of the two countries. The following tai)le is comi)ile4, at wh!ch time the ])rovincial governnuMit adoi)ted the tiscal year ending JuiU' ."it), to correspond with' our own; but this does not att'ect the general showing of the state, of the connnercial exchanges represented : FiscMl vral * First ill fnu distil States t( tie folio liot), .^2, Gnu adiai of dome; modi lies Fi'om C;i I^om i'\ 1] CES. TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES. 11 iito the Do- cjirs. That (.(•oiiiilrics, *t'itisli('.s (»[' iiiiiiioii. It iU'^IUIKMlts vitiated, h.v un; ol" hotii ii-rhy staris- 1(1 cci'taiiilv of i'.rjiofls. )nsi'S, to be vv the sniiic jxact statc- s reports of Ciiit'tiy iis respcctin.L;' ey bt'twoei; 'lit rchit'ii,^' ill ciincucy the ioriiu'v. • provinces imoditics to oiiiiiioililii's jrts to the Dojtiinioii. (I our totiii ;i,()*J7,L':57, af'y of tlie 'iitiin^- tlie tal)Ie is :s ill each si lows the t<'(l States iisive, ami tiiat eon- a certain ^ ealendar adoiited but this ommercial Iiiipidtcd into tile IJiiilotl Statt'H from Canailn. [I''ri)iii riiitcil Slates olUciiil n-turiis.] Iiiiiiorltil into ( 'auiiilii tVoin tin t'niti'd Slates. [I''ioni Ciinailian olUei:il retains. i| :'i <:>l.l> CANADA. 1 T\-'r: 1 veai- I'lnieil .June 'M). IKVI.. ■*() 7-JI .■.:tii in. •, 1 vear elliled .1 une '.it). 1 f'lj * 1-,' l^•,• :tll Fi.-: 1 vear enileil .lime :«), \<>6.. 17, ■i^f 11)7 Jise: 1 veal- eiideil .luiie :ilt. IKu.. i". •>'M !<.\4 yise; 1 veav eniled .lime :i(l, If^.V . 11. .■>.-' 1 ",!) Fis,. 1 vear ended .lane :il), l,-.-,!l . II. •JO- 717 I'i.e. 1 Veav eiidi'd .Iime;iO, iMiO.. I.-*, ^,".:t ii:i;i Vi.-^r: 1 vr.ir endeil .Ian • :i(l. l.-dl.. I-. (11.-. ■l.->7 Fise: iVe;,,- ■ndeil .fiine '.W. let;-,'.. I.'>. *,'• 1 1 rl-J Fise; 1 Mill- •iided .lime ;i(i. irtti.i. I^', ir.o 7';:! Fisci 1 Vear ■nded .limi' :ill. 1.-J(i4,(i •stimated).. • »'. ■li]-'. 111,-. llse. 1 Veai' ■iideil .lane :ill. lM)."l.. ;!(), r.47, ■jir, Fi.s.-:, 1 vear •nded .fnne Hi, 1 ,-titp •■• ■Id, i'i;i. ■1711 I'isci 1 vear eiidi'il .June :)(). lii()T.. M, ;i:)7, fG7 OMI C'A\A1>A. Calendar vear l^.7l.. Calendar year l-.-i."! Calendar year l,.-.-i-.7,-J. . Calendar ye^ir l:-,V.l.. Ca,endar year I.~(i0. . Call ndar ye:ii' Iflil .. Ciilmdar year l,-'(iv!.. Cali'Uilar vear iMiii. . First hali' el' ls(i-l.. Fiscal year l.-'()-J-'(i5 . I'iseal year l.-(id ... Fiscal vear If^ti. .•*l.-,, ,->:«. (IfiO ■in, fi!<. (;7(i •J-J, 7(M, ."lOH •JO. •^■■i4, liH l.->, Cii."), .'.Ii.7 17. .'W, !)Mi n, •J7U, (lvi!> •Jll, -Jllll, ll«(V •^•,>. IM-J, rCO If, l."i7, C.-JU 7. !l.7-.i, -lOl !,■>, •>!•. JKI.MIMUN Ol' CAXAHA. _ «enl year ended .June HI), I^(i8. ilseal year ended .June HO, iMiO. seal vear end<'d .Inne HO, 1^70. liilMINKlN Dl'- CANAIIA. •-;.-|, (KM, K,H ri.s<-al vear li-(!8. HO, H,-|H, OKI ; Fisciil vear I Mil), ail, r)07, 8-l'J I Fiscal vear lt'70. U, Oia, l.'.,'> 17, (WO, •,:7H ;>!, ■I'.)7, M-i 21, ti'J-l, •J:i7 * I'^irst and la,sf, year.s of the reciprocity treaty, t Tlie limire/i tor tlie earlier yeais in this culMnin J talvc fnaii one of the reiiorts id' ,^^r, William .T. Patterson, ,secretary e of enrrent tiiat took |)iaee in tlu' trade between the United Slates and 'Janada in 1 i(>2. Down to thedoscof tliat year, v.lien the deranj;e- ment of enrreney, the inllation of p'riees, and tiie disturbance of indus- tries i)rodueed by the war of rebellion in this country bc.uan to woi'k ihi'ir elfeets, we liad been seliin,i>' to the provinces larjicly in e.xcess of what we bou.uht froir. them. The a!i;.r.'(\uate oi theii- imports from us dnrin.n' the nine years endinj;' with IStiJ — ei;^ht of which v.ere the years of the re('i[>ro('ity treaty — was >'17li,(>ll,."57i!. The a.u;ui'e,nate of our imi)orts from them in the same period was .sl;'.;j,2.)t>,47."). The balance of trade in our favor Mas ):^.'>1»,n(>,s'.)l>. ]>u{ in 1«().') the balance shiitcd to the other side, and ever since tlu^ preponderance a.yainst us has steadily and rapidly inerea.sed, until now, as the aboxe ti;.;ures show, w.c are excliaii!4in<>' commodities for little iikmc than one-half that we buy from the Ibitish ])rovinees. Indeed, the e.\chaii.i;'e of our own jirodiictions covers less than one-half of th<^ amount that we are importiii.i;' from the provinces, since the Canadian import statistic^' 'itcd al)ove include for- eign commodities rec.\'i)orted from the (Jnit«',ates to Canada, makiiijn' HO distinction between those and rhe domestic exports from the rnitetl States to (!anada. Our own otlieial statement of these reex])orts shows the follow! nj;^' amounts ji'oin^' to Canada in the last two fiscal years: liiot), )*i*,S'»'S'i"*^-; ^^'i^^i ^'h^yM^'}'!'). .Makin<>- these deductions from the 0«nadiau im[»oi'tation of jjioods out of the United States, the e.\chan.!j;e of ain.st the United kStates 21, 742, l;;i Comment upon the unsatisfactoriness of this state of trade seems 1 1 be ortance <■ each in this commerce, and the course it has taken relative to each dm iiig a considerable period of years past, I have compiled a series d tables, which may be examined with interest. The first table here fol lowing is a summary and analysis of the imi)ort statistics of the Dn minion of Canada lor the last two fiscal years, and shows what we hav chiefly sold to the four provinces of the IJominion, severally and coUcc; ively, during those two years. CJoiii nnd Stipar. nil Me. lis . . T«"ii ... Ootidiis Hnt-<. (■;! Geilrl;|l Coal ami > Floiu' .. Grain. ,\\ linlian ci Coi:iiiirai ria\, llrlil Hides, iiii 'J'nliacd, Wodl .... AVocll-.II.S. Olasswai I Musical ill: Books, iVi' Coltim Will Salt .. Eliuincs ai Stalement ahoiv'inf/ Ihc values of tlw principnl commodltm Imported info ihc sererul proriHCcv ( //((' Dominion of Canada from the United States dnrinij the. two faeal years ended June o' 18(31) and 1S70. [Compilod from Canadian official returns.] 18C9. {__ Coin and bullion. l '.ugar, niolanao.s, and nielado !Mt'ats.all kinds T, ,")li7 JH7, 44:5 417, -r).") l().-),;itiH 17-->, 4411 4, 4:t(l i:i7,!i7:» 547, 40,-) ()4ti. ^'4:! 147, 4li:t !I8, mt! 42, liti") 50, 772 48, :ji).-) CO, 037 1,801 127,32!) 28!), 185 33(i, 574 ill, 4(i7 140, (iO(i 04, 758 .377, 105 (107, 034 217, 337 3, O.VI, 510 1, 342, 840 30, 0i)4 1,-),000 203, 344 1.-.4, 120 278, 825 80,1.53 13.5, 105 111,. 50!) 131, .505 235, 120 147, 138 253, .52.'< 4, 4()7, (i,50 1,58,5,083 8, 340, 042 2,378,081 XovaScotia. I Kew Brunswick. 6198 9,351 : 24,0.55 I 37,030 I 20,751 I 22 021 I 10L193 21, 847 1,033,892 j 0,170 1 80, 340 I 23li, 7.57 ; 72. i-00 i 37, 587 i 02,717 I 20, 799' I 18,272 ] 8,280 ! 19,913 I 433 \ 1,100 I ,57,014 ' f 57, 080 92, 410 0.5.818 140,178 22. 757 14, 140 30, 105 400. 790 04. 507 .5fi,5l9 121, 140 32,811 30, 208 14, H39 If 3 140, 001 20, 570 22, 900 24, 91.") 49,041 2, 057 90, 578 Total. 83, 970, .■; Total imports from Fiiited States, ex- cept coin and bullion Percentajje of article,^ cntimerated abovo, rereeuta";e ol'uraiii, liour. and ineal 1, 90.5, 000 053, 805 1,501,838 052, 803 0,054,633 ! 10,728,023 2, ,559, 825 2,1.54,701 74 11 T 83 43 74 53 70 30 991.:!' 030, I 524, I 443, :! 277 I'. 7.58, n 847. :i-. 2, 0(i!». •:'■ 3,230,1' 1,0.54. r 39.--. 1. 2,5'.i. y 81.-I, I''. &■,!',: 420. i' 351. 1 210. 1 ; 193. X' 224, .-; 344, l.i 1.52. 1' 529. !■ 10, 220. :i!' .5, 270, 7 21,41)7,1- mn €ES. TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN rROVLNCKS. 13 Slotcnivht ^hoH-'uuj the raliicn of the priiiciiKd commodUhn, .Jr — Coiitiimed. [Conii)ilcil t'roni ('iiii;iiliaii olUcials returns. 1 8:50, HOT, S !l ITj 7(i."), 7 1 _ 21, 742, i;;ii lulo seems t'l ^'" """^ ''i'"'"" gTCilt to lie Snv::tr. iii(ilius, &c ebahmcc o; fc''::::::;:;;;:::::::;::;:::::;;:::::: rived jit, iiv Coti.m,-; ... I the OtlU'l', GiMhiiil liardwarc. and .stoves 1 -i-oi k; Coal and coki- , 'J*>1'^' Flour Grain, all except Indian cdrn Indian cnrri Coi: lineal and (lal meal ria\. heni]i. and hiw non tllO f U I -Hi'li'^- ii"'iis. and pelis Itll lilt. IW" »|'f,i,.|,.,,(i. nniiiaiinraetnr.Ml n[)oi'taiice o Woid to each dm (Sasis"neV;.v.v:::::: :;:::::::; ::;:;:: I il Series d M"si<'al instriuncnts , , , ... Bonks. \(' ible here Id. cottn,, ^v,„,l , "'- l"^ J-"' Buj;inesandniaeliiiurv ,1151 1 we liavi - ..iwl <,/v11/>,.» Ti'tal. exclndiiin ciiin and bnlliiin , cilia COliei. All other artielrs Total ini))iirts I'nini ITnitcd States, nxccpt coin and 1 ml I ion 'CI'dl p)VvillC(s I _ . -.../;, ,7 r,, ,,,,•! Pcrci'ntaLV'ol arrndes onunnMaied above ' '""'" •^""' " K-r.'enta-ootvrain, tlonr, amUneal.... Quebf'C. Ontario. XovaScotia. New Brunswick. Total. 157.011 2 809, 793 3, 020, 834 "444.081" .:^ 404, rm St7426 61,948 934,048 101.8(18 ;i:i-', 8:i4 10,311 00, 072 520. 0.-5 (i.-'4. 805 n.-i, ,-75 20, 413 70. !-o:{ 07:;, iiio ' MI..5.-)2 148. 74:t 3:1 451 45. 002 :ioi'. 4:ts l-,(), ^70 M!l. ;!(i(i 2! (151 30. 204 3:15, 401 .'!00. ■^■■il 12:1,0:! 1 121, .520 27. 348 870. 020 \ 208, ;i(il (i(j,5, i;i!i 1,073 3l,8,-(i 808. 0,50 117. , -^4:1 41.0(i2 7:10.2(11 30l,:t:i:i 1,2.57,300 2.'>(l. 100 4 1(i:i, 02(1 4:i,:ioi 2. MIO 4, 400. 0,52 j It, 1-J7 1575. 200 1.5,045 10,227 420. OSit 1 400 11. .528 220, 740 .5:1, 2o:» 2-8. 070 i:iit. K-<2 25 22:1 :i;i2 21. 7.52 187. I.-O (;'.i4, 411(1 300. 4!):l 51. 010 07, 740 1, 120. :il5 471.4:18 2 17. 0;i4 7;t, 2.5!) 8, 8:i2 H14, 52:1 l:il. no 277. 804 50 4. IKl 4l:t, 215 ■ ."i7, 1*77 5C.. 072 10.0.50 00. 813 10.5. 418 41.0i(i 12:5.028 in. 240 22, :i44 205. 228 .^4..-i41 0!», 2:i(; 0, 050 30. 807 101.513 4:t, CiiiCi 148, l.-,0 23, 540 20. 525 241.800 8,5, 17:i 2(W. 411 180 0.5.271 410,044 1, l.Vt 07,051 1, 005 1. 577 71.7.52 141.051 2:!i,(;(io 2;f, -08 81, .545 478, 070 4. -J 10. ^77 ,^ 710. 127 1. 40.5, :ill5 1, IIW. 001 1,5. (02. O'.O 2, ^04. 414 • J 412. 4-JO 7(;2. 77! 054. 050 0.o:i4. 2(i7 (!, 4,54, 201 11 101, 547 2, 258, 07!) 1. 823, 320 21 007,2:17 6fi ■ 78 ' 00 64 72 (i 41 45 24 20 wick. Total. ?3, 970. .- , , OfO !, 410 1.818 ,178 1. 7.57 , 140 , 105 . 700 . 507 ,510 . 140 ,811 , 208 , H;to l,-:i ,001 ,570 000 01.5 041 057 578 0!)l.:'i o;iO, i 524, 1 44:1, :i 277 !'■. 75,'*. l!i 847. :i-. 2, ooi», ■:: 3, 2:!(t, 1^ 1,0.54.1 308, 1. 2.51'. ■"' 818^ 1'. 8;8,,- 420, r 351, 1 210, ;: 10:! " 221 341 1 15-.' ' 520 One of tlie larger items (/. e., tlie item of tea) in tlie fore.u'oiiij;" lisl- of twenty-two eommoilities or elasses of eommoditie.s, wliieh, to- l^'ilier, make up tliree-fonrtlis of our exports to the jjiovinees, is a for- eign artiek', siini)ly eon\'eyed through American hands, in bond, to tht^ provincial consumer.s. Some part of other items in the list beh)n,i;s in the same ca egory of foreij^n rei'xports. Wlien these are allowed for, the ranjie of the ('anadian market for Ainerieaii productions ai)pears to lamentably limited and almost eoulined to the rawest ])roducts of ■riciilture, with hardly an apin-eciable openinji' for the benefit of our illed labor in any dei)artment ; and this, too, in the case of the nearest peijihbors that we have upon the j>iobe. J have founil it imjiossible to ftive, for the provinces at large, a com- parative statement like the above, embracing any such jyeriod as is uec- «ssary for an liistorical exhibit of the cour.se of trade; but the following |i.ble approximates that exhibit. It shows the value of a few of the |'inci[)al articles imported into old Canada (Ontario and (jjuebec) diir- Li the liscal year l.Sdl-'G.'i, the last full year of the recipnu-ity treaty, fm[)ared with the imports of the same articles in the fiscal years ;08, 18(il), and 1870. 80:t 14 TIJADE WITH r.RlTISII NORTH A^IKRICAX PROVINCKS. Slatvmenl of the rahicn of:), 7;i() iv:ri. 377 •j;i5, ic(i i;i;i, !!(i.i (i::-j, .v.i-j 7,"itl, 7 1il ■10, ->-24 ■il'.i, !i!:i ,«(i!i, iii':i 4-J(i, 2r:pi l!^C0-7ii :i,"i:t. ; 1 (;.-.. ii i.'.ii, ■ 4,41:', - 1,0(1(1."- 14 440. 4ii(")!:' AVIIAT "\Vi: lUY FlIOM THE rilOVIXCES. Tlx' return ti'udt', or wlnit we liaNOcliicily Ixm.ylit Iroin tlir ]>r(niji('i • c;M> he cxhihifcd more coiiipreiiciisiNi'ly, hi liist(»i'y i»t Iciist, Jis will In seen in tlio tiihlo f«)ll()\viii.u', wliicli shows tlu' vji hit's of the Iciidiii.u' iiiti t'h's iiiiportcil iiilo the riiitfd tSlatos iVoiii iill the liritish P()s.,i'Ssioiis '■ Is'orth AiMcrica lete as I slK»nlriii<'i))ni t'.ie Uriliih J\\)r . raini' o .liitericaii rDsuckniuiix. 'ermo Oswe,i; Niauai Bidial Clianij Bostoi All oth Oswe All oti Cli!ca,i7.-'!l I 1,1S4!'. Kill -J, liail V j ri.5(i;' ■ '.H),;:yi J, Oats." I 37, lOfi 111. (i:.-, 1, Itvi- I 20-> I ;«. COl ]'n)i''.,!iMsiit' li.-;hfl-ir.s 1,'0I. !(if i Ki:i, :;ia (^ii'il : 'J.i4. 774 ! ^43, 7;'4 l'i-iivi.--.iii;is anil tallow , 4,431 j 4, 0:;« ]? i;t. T ' 1-J.!. ^ll I 84,7;3 M'ool, raw anil tlincc : Cii.O.-o' i:;,,-'ii0 lliilis a.iiilKkiii.'s I 3(,7-j:)| ::•..".!;•.> I'otatoi'.s ' l^fi, 40."i i 1-2I1, OTi! l''iir.-< ami I'lir .'^kins ; lii.O-jO^ ."i, 077 (i v|isniii, iin^iiinii I , lO'i. 1 1 ! lin. l::(i I'iu' iron ...'. j 1I0..-4O 100.,'-^ti Aslis i Coin ami bullion ; M-i, 0. >• j 1;?, 44.') 6, ■203, P()(i :i,")l. 173 0"l). .M)3 l:!7, (ilO .■|-.:4.-.i'ji 41.-^, 7-.33 l-,>, 577 'liO, 5411 707, 0:14 ir.o, 7tJ-,> ■.i-ic>, (;:j4 7f-l,>-ii7 137, 113 147, 3-0 143, 133 4(;o, (121) ■ 130, 47ci 84, i'^~, 5, ri03, i,(;!i4. •-*, !''<0, 4, 003, •-',-~!l(!. T'J. •2,213. l,2-,'3. f-."l. (Ki,-', 1, V.'7, 31 H !ll(i 34H ■:n-> Oil!) 3.-4 0^l 344 017 ','7;") 0!)(l 214, (il, t-'i. 41.\ i, 044, 022 430 320 3!W Olio 1H,7. K-'OO. ^■!i 431,(,V !'02. !'( 2 2. ^;lO •,(\\2.'.-| 012, .vi: 2."')7, Or<.') 1411,301 (l."4, 04(1 !!2,"i, 447 h4, IM> aU-'. 102 201.0. '3 fl,. (!.'i 02, 2 .' J33, -iO.i i'4, !(0 20!, :'!'i 1(17, -JJT r.co. r..! •?T 170. :!■ 3 471,.. 1 lH.{, (•■ 440, (•' 4 1)24, ; 143, ' i;)7, -.: 1 .'•lO.-,. ■ 75^'. , 1 423. . ' '• ' ."■, ■ 42, 1 230. 1. i:;(. .: 3.-I. ' 4.-). :■ 7! Ill, . DISTKlIll'TION OF TIIE TRADE. Tlio fact tiiat in our trade with tiie provinees the interest of theEasi ern and ^Middle States is almost wholly that of buyers, while the inter est of the Western States is almost wholly that of sellers, et>u!d hardl.v escape the notice of any one who examines, the tore.i>'oin,u' tables. If we examine by enstonis districts the returns made lor the last fisea' eai. of iniiKUts from and domestic expoits and forei.uii reex])orts to the !>ri; ish American i)rovinces, we ihul the distribution of the trade to be i:i the following' proportions : To a r nii;;lit b merely t Iwpth con (ijreals, ! fia^ascoi we sell t but is ell of diver reflson, \ sell then tit.v of t ns I *i anuMiiit ' cariietl < of that ( tion. not tkr, is si J The Hi p tralli I#int(>d ( state. 1 «l^iilin<4 i i^vitab! CKS. from llie I'lii cit. Ir-lill-";! ,:m i?."!;-!. ." , i((i :i.",:t, ; , !l(i.! 1 (■■."., ii , K.T) 4. 41:1. ' , ^lll ]. 0(1(1. ' , rdi !■) ,!l!!l 44(1. J , !i(':i ,2tici 4lii). : (' ])r()\"mci'- , as will i) l(';t(liii,!i4' aili ).S.„'Ssii>llS ' ortcd iiik''! ,"«'ars ill ti; /// tiriilii, of Uriliili Xor It-GH. (ns .?:, i-o. :!■ !>(il ;t,-i;i,.-, ^."|■..l I, (;-.<, (■■, ■:><:< .|.|,;,(.i: (1-.-) li:!, •; ::iii l.")7, '.:i ck; ],:>[):,.■: -:i7 .(III I,4:j;i. .. i(i-.> ) 'it * 1 ", ' •I-,', 1 id.; 'j:w. 11 !() i:;f. ,;, ","< 4:1, :<: 2, Villi, .' •' .(!i tlioEasi |l tlU3 iiitci liihl Iiav . jisc:i cai'. lo llic ;'>ri' ]e to 1)0 i 1 TRADE WITH BRITISH XORFH A.MKRICAX TROVINCES. 15 Viv ci'iif. Iinjxn'ts ill — Ycniioiit district -". 1 Os\v('<;(» district 1 7. (J Nia.uaia (Siis|t('iisi:,ii ltiid,y,'c) district l-l. 7 BiilValo district S. 7 Ciiaiiii>laiii district <». <> Boston district 4. (i All otlicr New l^ii^land districts ". 4, <» Oswc.uatcliic (O.^'dciisbiir;;) •'>. iS All otluM- collection districts 1-. 1) Doiiicslic exports Irom — Cli ica'yo 1 .'5. .~) Milwaukee l."5. •"> Toledo !>. o Port I Inroii t>. !> Vermont !>. •> Boston S. !> Del roit 0. 1 Cleveland : 5. <> All other ports li.]. 1 , Forei.un rei'xports i'rom — New York .' ril. *) .Portland 'SA. (» Boston i;5. (> All other ports lu. i) A ("(BDIERCE or COXVEXIEXCi;. To a nMiiaikable extent our present trade with the ])rovinees is what rai^ht be characterized as a pure connnerce of eonvt I.'uce, incid-eiit merely to the ecoiioniical distriliiilioii of products which are eomnion lo l^tli countries. W'e exchani^e with them almost e(pial . sueli.) and - specified articles, and in those only : (iniiii. flour, iind ))i'('ii(lsliilVs ; .iiiiiiiiils of all kinds; aslifs; iVcsli. smoked, and waltci! meats; timltcr and Inmlier of all Uinds. ronnd, hewed, and sawed and nnmaiuil'aetnreil; eotloii, wool, seeds ami v<'.n'etaliles ; iindried fruits, dried frnit ; lisli of all kinds; inn- duets of lisli and all the ereatnres livin>;in the water; ))o\dtry ; e!;j;s ; hides, fnrs, skin- or tails, nndicssed ; stone or maihle in its crude or'unw rouj^ht state; slate; huttr: cheese, tallow ; ores ol' metals of all kinds ; co; 1 ; unmannfaetnred loi>acco ; ]»iteh. t:n, tui'|ieiitine ; lirewood ; plants, slnults, trees ; jx'lts ; wool; lishoil; rice and hroom-coiii : harks, jivpsuin, j;round and un^^round; wroui>ht or unwrouj^ht 1 iirr and griudHtone>; dyestull's: Max, hemi>, and tow, unmanufactured; rags. With two or three exeei>tions only, these are oonnnodities which hotli eoinitries i)roduce, and \\ ith reference to which, of course, the freedoii; of the nmrkets of the I'nited States, eontaininu' ten times their i)opu];i tion, was of vastly more value to the i)rovinces than the freedom ol' theii nuirkets could jtossibly be to the rival producers of the United States, jMoreover, the scIumIuIc «)f raw (!(unmodities covered by tin; treaty em hraced, on the one hand, absolutely every pnuluet of the i)roviiu'es foi which they sou^^ht a forei;j:n market, wliile it in(;liuled, on the othc; liaiul, the products of but on(! department of tlu^ more varied industrif of this country, llcnv it operate(l, so far as our trade with the old Caiia dian ])rovinces is conceriu'd, may be exactly shown by com])ariny; tli statistics of free and dutiable impiuts in each country from the otlifi duriiiij;' the period of the existence of the treaty : Slafcmeuf coiiipilcd fro)ii tlic otjicial nliiniN in lite Unilcd SlofcH and in Cunadii, sltoirinfi Ih iniixni-i (ifiitrh (viinlrn from the otli(i',fnr and dnlidhlc, diirin tl of the V CtlSS. I'uitcd St.itos impoits iVdiii ('aiiri(;.") lr(iU Totals.. Dutiable. f 5, 30.'), 818 (i-10, ;nr. fiiU.OUT .'■,(1-1, !)(i!) 4:iJ. .■>;« ;i.",s, -,'4(1 •j-.i7, (ir)it 4v!.-,, i:?,-) 1, Hil,!lsl 74S, :t74 ;!. 744, (i4:< l'"rco. Calendar year. 14, ."i.)(l, 17.") to, 87fi, 49f) I l»r>-) 1(1, S47, i-J-J IS.'iti 17, CdO, 7;<7 1S,",7 Il,l!(;7, CIS lf^.-)8 i:t, 7();i, 74.-' is.Mt lS.41S,,"i(U 1s(iO IS, •>7,-JI7 IKil I .'>. (KiO, 7.'):t ISCrJ l,-, •J4."i. (;:!8 ]s(i;t :!1,-J(ii),(»;!4 ls(i4. (first lull I).. 2!l, 7!IS, sn;t Isti,-,, (fiHcal year) 4-J, 4."i4, b-.27 If-iiU, (iLseal year) 'j:i!», 7!»':>, •.284 i Totals ]nitial)le. $n, 449, 1-J, 770, 9, ildli, 8, 47:t. 9, o:t(), 8, ::.\-i. f, ;M(i. 0, i-JS :t, 974, '-', in, ;t. '.I'.n, 4, :«i-i. Free. 472 S9, 379. 9-J4 9. 9:t:i, 4-1- 10, •2,> (lo: 7, 1(11 ;ra 8, .').")( i :,44 8, 740 (l:i:i IfS.JII 7H:t iti, r)i4 ;iii(i i4,4s;i (i(i:t r,, 77-1 •2M 10, 8-J'.t ni7 10, ITPO 89, -^09, ,V)4 i-:'4, ;n-,' So far freedom and at •' seriously v'^and jibo^ : to them I freedom ;tl|i<^ pro '^"^ l)rivi jhts ot tl^t alii nadas bli treat ■ E.stimated Canadian proportion of trade with tlie liriti.sli Xortli American Possessions, not diseriniii't ted in tlie returns lor li^(i4. [ t'l'licse tifiiires an* talveu from a table compiled bv tin? seerotarv of the Montre.'d Board of Trade, M: Williiun J. Patterson. ' ' %i The trade represented in the columns of free goods, on the two sidi"^, of the foregoing" table, is, of course, the trade in which the operation o the reciprocity treaty is to be looked for. A^'itl^ the traffic in duty-pay- ;es. TRADE WITH UKITISH NORTH AMERIf'AN PROVINCES. 17 ■<'r wliiit \V( of the siUiK •.•ty niillioiis J old ti'Ciilv .^ry littk' in imI for tliat 'd fret*, tradi' 11 inoviiU'r> ('(1, fliul S.'lltn iiiiuui'iicturcd: ill kiihls ; inii- It's, fill's, skiii\ isliitc ; iMittd •CO ; ]»itcli. t;ii. 1(1 ludom-coin; il griiidstdiit-; ? which hotli the tVccdoii; heir i)o|>ulii '(h)iii ofthoii iiited States, e treaty em )roviiu;es ini Ml the othci :h1 iiuhistri;' he ohl Cana ini)ariii};' tli Jill the othi'i 1(1(1, slioinnfi Ih ■Hcc of Ike tir(t! Ml S iitcs. [ Kriii, nis. tj Fret'. 4 80, ;n!t, •:' ■J4 !», !i:i:i, ."- **.'" J(I,-J,V,-J-. T): T, llll.!'' ;i 8, r..-)(i, .vi. u H, 740. 11 ;(;t l\,f'>'X li f-;; i)i, ,'.i4, iir ;)(', 14,4K!,-J-1 l):i ."), 77ri, :i: JO ; ii),8-j'.),.(' 1)7 1 li), ^r(l, 11'' -.4 1-^4, 370, ■:■- Is, not (liwiimii!: Inl of Trade, il |e two side )l)erati(Hi i In duty -pa V tiift" coininodities, wlncli was carried tm wholly outside of its provisions, the tieaty had iiothiii};' to do, except so far as that independent coni- kaerce was indirectly stimulated by the activities to which the treaty gave dire(;t encouraji'enient. The actual treaty trade, therefore, which roportion of two *n one. Two hundred and thirty-nine millions of doliars'worth of Canadian products found a free nnirket in the (Tnited States, under the jnovisions of the treaty, against one hundred and twenty-fonr millions of American iu'odneiiod, \)l per cent, came free and but «> per «'eiit. paid rovincial government. Moreover, the entire sales from this country to Canada — free goods and dutiable goods, domestic pro(Ui(*ts and foieign rei'x- ports — altog(>ther aggregat<'d less for the tw<'lve years by $li(},(U)(),(l(K), than the free f/orietorship there are in the coast-tishing grounds, and tall tluMMiormoiis unreciprocated trading iidvanfages given to the ladas in the bargain were a pure gratuity. Under the operation of treaty the maritime ju'ovinces inciea.sed tin* sale in our markets of lu-oducfs of their own fishing from 8I,(>0L^,2i;i,;{.S4 iHiLSarentl,v. funiisl however, tlu' xaliie of the treaty to tliem v.as found more in the relici dian p that it atlbrded from the annoyance and harassing" application of pro As vincial rej;nlations, than in the yield of the tishin};' grounds to whicli chiefly tiiey were admitted by it. At all events, the reccnds of the enrolled ton settled uage employed in the mackerel and cod fisheries sliow no stimulation dom o of the business duriufj; the period of the reciprocity treaty, but unmis privih' tuKably the reverse, as may be seen in the statement below, taken from their oilicial sources Statcmcnl of the enrolled toinia5;i l.'7, 310 Miickt'rcl fisli- t.'iy. 7-3, 546 50, 850 35,041 i!l,f)-24 20, 880 28, 327 iiO, 553 27, 009 20,110 54, 295 Years. Cod fislit'i'v. I Mafkeivl llsli 1802. 1803 ., 18t!4 . 1805* IfOO . 1807 . 1808 . 1809 . 122, 802 117,280 92, 744 59, 228 42, 79() 30, 708 80, .-ill' 51, Ol' 55, i\i- 41,yii' 40, :iiimy:c is t'itluT partly or wliolly l>y soiui' ainiaiTiit diniiiiiiiion tliat is not real. new'' adiiieasnroniout, whicli vrodiici ducts, cents' to tlie adjust a'nnexi stren promm Had a recipn basis o «ries 1)( the situ cousidt It is 1 It ap))ears from the forcjioing- statement that an actual and consider report able decline in the numberof American vessels engaged in the mackerc ^^^} ••■'^ fisheries occurred during the first six years of the reciprocity treaty, am lations ^ that, witli the single excej^tion of the year 1862, the business never em ^ '^'"^ ' ])loyed so much tonnage tliroughout the whole period of the treaty ii- More ik it iiad employed in the two years before the treaty was negotiated ^t'^ti's c while the tonnage jneviously employed in the cod fisheries was barel} aBythiiij kei>t engaged until l.S(J;J, and after that likewise declined. more h^^ These fa(;ts are certainly very far from sustaining the prevalent ideii lions ot particularly prevalent and much cherished in Canada, tliat the conce.>> compleii sions added to our fishing rights on the British North American coasts b} * puige the r«'cii)rocity treaty greatly promoted the New ]']iigland fishing intei ^^^^'^ 'i''* ests, and were of such weighty value as to counterbalance the unevei ^^^, "''^' sharing of the commercial privileges negotiated in the same contract ^^^.''"'^ tt The importance with reference to these fisheries that came to be attache: visions, to the treaty of 18r>4, undoubtedly grew out of the welcome experieiid *'®t^J^"^'' of relief from unfriendly laws and har{issing ofticials which the Ameri^'^^s^'i i> can fishermen enjoyed uiuler it, and the welcome quietus that it gave h *^' t'lei l>rtrtMitl.v. II tlie velici tioii of pro by which, in the tivaty of ]S.">4, the luaritimc provinces were made to furnisli the c()n.si(h'riition lor privih^jnes in trade from which the (Jana- dUm provinces drew tlic lion's share of profit. As between the United Stat«'s and tiie maritime jtrovinees, wliieii are ds to which chiefly the parties in interest, the lislu'ries (pu'stion conld probably be 'iirolledtoii settled very «'iisily. Those jirovinces wonld gladly exchanj»e the freo- stiinuhitioii dom of their tishiny j;ronnds, and «'very desired landinj? and harbor biit uniuis privile;»(>, for free access to Anu'rican markets with their fish, their oil, taken from their (;oal, their <;ypsnm, their bunber, their j>rindstones, and other pro- ducts, and the best side of the baij;ain, so far as a«'tual dollars and cents' worth is (•oncerned, W(ndd be tlieirs at that. Indeed, so apparent 'H from K)'i /' to the iM'oj)le of the maritime provinces are the advantajijes of such an adjustment of thinins, that tlie sentiment in favor «)f s.'i'urinj;- it by actual -" — annexation of thems«'lves and their fisheries to the Knited States has Miukcni tisii strenjuth enough to be boldly ontsi>oken, and to supi>ort at least two prominent orj^ans of its ])ublic exju'ession in the province of Nova Scotia. Haotiate a settlement of the fisheries question on the 55,4,1 basis of free trade with the i»rovinces to whom the chietiv valuable fish- J I 'III' . . - . ' . . ..-.'. I'ly. a, 704 4c!.v eries lielong — then separate as tlu' since confederat(Ml i>n)viuces were — "'■ ^"' the situation of affairs in IJiitish North America might now have been considerably different. IS UEC1PK(JCAL FUEK TK'ADi: PKACTICABLK ? t, which produci It is made ]>lain enou<4h by the showinj;- of the facts ]>resented in this lud eonsidei report that abundant reasons exist for a stronfj: desire on our part, as the niackerc ^^^^ '^^ ♦^'^ theirs, to brilij;' about an adjustment of our commercial re- vtreatv, alligations with all the British colonial states that are in ixighborhood to S8 never em ^^^ '^'"^ especially with the Canadian provinces, upon a more liberal and he treaty ii' ™<^i"*' mitural footing, lint it is made equally iilain that the United ne«'otia\c^" '''^^' ^'''- bases of the old treaty of vecijirocity. We want a ' more free and a more extended iiiteicoiirse in trade with the four inil- 'valent idcn lioi'^^ <'^ people whose territory, in so many respects, is the <>eoj»'raphical t the concci^ complement of our own ; but we want that freedom of intercourse to take 'an coasts bi * range considerably beyond the raw productions in which the two couu- shinf intci ^^^^^ 'ii'^' mere competitors of ea<'li otlier, and with reference to which tlie unevci ^^^^"^ nuirkets are necessarily of far greater value to the provinces than me contract t^'*"*^ t*' "•'^' ^^ ^' want, not merely to «'xchange breadstnft's, and pro- be attached ^^'^'•^' •^"*^^ coal, and hides and tallow with them, but to sell them (mr experieni ,, Cottons, (»ur boots and shoes, our machinery, and our manufactures geu- the Ameii*^^^'^' ^^^ trade for their luinl>er, their live stock, their ashes, their plas- lat it gave t< lo dangerou [o exist, it i * |]uence of il the dispute! Iniportanc' in the mos! were mad ^procity wa tauce to tlii btle room to , their furs, their nnnerals, and the general prodiu^ts of their farms. e want, in tacit, «uch an adjustment of the trade that the provinces iall not sell what they have to sell in the United States and buy what 3^ have to buy in Great Britain. Is the arrangement of a reciprocal free trade exten-Ied to that range commodities ])racticable ? Apparently it is not, under j)resent con- ions. If the free admission of American commodities is suggested the provinces, there arises at once the objection that their relations ith Great Britain forbid it; that they cannot discriminate against that ntry in favor of this, and that their revenue necessities will not per- tt the removing of duties from the products of both. Nor could we this side afford the introduction of a state of free trade between our dipiomac *ll'^^*^®^^ ''^"*^ ^^^^ provinces, with the circumstances of the two countries 20 TRADE WITH URITISH NOUTH AMKKICAX PROVINCES. rcmainiiijf as tlu'varc; \vitli lii^li juices ami liijili waj^cs prcvailiiij; u|miii *!..,„, ouv) side of tln' liiu', aiul low wajics and low prices prevailing- u|m)|i tin a^ other; with the iiuliistiies of tiie two i»eople ton«' and thecansc^ behind them existed to still deline it in every indnstrial respet't, wonl( simply invite the removal of a /^ood partof onr manufa<*tnrin;; «'stablisli ments acriiss the frontier, to enjoy the cheap scale in makinj^ and tin ilear scale in sellinj;- their products. Of course, time would (inally lev( all the dilfereiices existing' at first, but the process woidd assuredly In aJi I'xpensive oui' to the I'nited States. A Z()i.Lvi<:in:ix. ajust ship oblij-; pendt troll e be pi caus(> they indep( chara< States as eas basis, reason The count! It ai»iiears, therefore, that an intimate fici'dom of commercj' betweci this countiy and its northern nei^hbois, whi(di is so desirable for boti jiarties, cannot be contemplated excejtt in connecti(Mi with ji materiii change in the conditions of the tbrelgn relationship that the provinces sii> tain toward us. It involves, of necessity, an entire identiMcation of tlii contro' material interests of the two crobably involves the disjointing of their ])oliti(!al attachment to (Ireii flroni it Ih'itain, and the assumpti(Mi for themselves of a state of i)olitical indt enterpr jiendence; but the time cannot be very distant when the i)ersuasi(ii eifgies, j of their interests will overpower the hardly exi)lainable sentinuMit k of the which it is oi^posed. Perpetually nuule conscious, of late years, tliii support the ])arental nation to which they have h»yally clung is more than read ness th to dismiss them to an indei)endent career, with a hearty Godspeed, aiii across i that they are far more endangered than protected by their anomaloii the buil connection with (Ireat lUitain, their feeling, with reference to that coi tj^e com neetion has confessedly undergone a great change. At the preseii |pitorto time the inhabitants of the provinces appear to be in a doubtful, wavti timplat ing, transition state of oi)inion and sentiment, with regard to their futiu ; These policy as ii people ; nuu;h atH'eiited, on the one han «'xiu'«'s> inc. coiiiiiin (I till' cjuisc" spcct, wuuh !!<;• ('stal)lisli .iii<>' and tin I liiiJilly Icvi iissnrt'dly In vivv bctwcci uhlo tor bntl li ii nmteriii n'oviiicossih iciition (jf till ssowiiitioii, ii ome one witl 'oninioivJallv Toin an o(|.:ii x(hI activitii 'asui'o, of til' )sc activitio s union, aftc mI t'lv-c. trad k'(!c with till ot y(;t be pn enient whicl nt to (hcii >olltical in(l( ])ersuasi(ii ntinient l* years, tliii than read )(l-speed, ail' ' anonialoii to that coi the preseii btt'ul, wavoi their tuttii ssatistaetio a mistake their Anier es and tlii' the politif; to covet til dien, diseoi h provin(!0> ured, if thi' ill probabi Ireierenee them whieh it oiijuht not to be ditlioult for the people of the ])rovinees to u!i(h'rstand. It is the niiwillin^uess of a reasonable jealousy, and of a just, pnuhMitial seltisliiu'ss, to extend the material benefits of mend)er- Bhip in the American I'liion, without its responsibilities and reciprocal obligations, to comniiinities with whi<'h the certain relations of an in- pendent friendship cannot be cultivate«l ower, an«l winch are at all times lialde to be placed in an attitude of unfriendliness or hostility to this country by causes outside of tlienis«'lvcs, or through events in cimnectiou with which they have nothin;:;' on their own ])art to do. IJetween two equally independent and res)»onsibl«> nationalities, homogeneous in blood ami character, and with every interest in common, situati'd as the Uidted States and their northern nei^^hbors are toward each other, it would be as easy to s«>ttle the iclations of intimate fellowship upon an emlurin,i;- basis, as it is mside ditUcult to do so in the case of these jirovinccs, by reasons of their nidary of tlu^ two countries an actual barrier insteatl of an imaj^inary line, are umler their control, not onrs. It is tor them to detiMinine which a[fe(!ts them most importantly, their political associaticMi with (Ireat liritain, or their com- mercial and industrial association in interest with the United States, and which shall V yielded to the other, since the two are unquestionably in c( .irtict. There is no ajjparent evasion of the choice that they must make. TllK TKANSIT TRADi:. • In every commercial resix'ct the dei)endence ui' the provinces of the Dominion of Canada — especially of the old Canadian provinces — upon the United Stat«'s, is almost absolute. To say so is not to mak(^ an arro- gant boast, but to state a simple fact. Kestricted as the intercourse between tlie Canadas and this <*ountry unhappily is now, they derive flrom it almost wholly the life which animates their industry and their enterprise. The railroad system which jiives them a (urcidation of en- ergies, and V)y which their resources are being developed, is theottspring of the East and West tratlic of the United States. Its trunk lines are supported, and were made ])ossible untlertakings, by the cariying busi- ness that they command from i)oint to i)oint of the American frontier, across intervening ('anadiau territory. American commerce instigated the building of their Welland and St. Lawrence Canals, and furnishes the compensation for the cost of both. American commerce is the iusti- Jiator to, and the guarantor for, every similar enterprise that is nowcon- tifmplated in the provinces. These are not exaggerated representations. They are borne out by ti^e returns of the tratlic of the chief Canadian railways and canals. I The fallowing is a stsitement, in tons, of the property transported though the Welland Canal in 1869, showing the proportions of Ameri- n and Canadian commerce employing the canal : American to American porta toiis American to Canadian ports tons Canadian to American ports tons Canadian to Canadian ports tons Up. 277,065 5,843 78,480 16,666 Down. 411, 635 210, (108 56,455 178, 751 Total. 688,700 21.5, 851 134, 935 195, 417 22 TKADK WITH IMHriSH NORTH AMKIilCAN I'UOVINCKM. « Tlir lolloNviny is a stiitrinnit of tli*' Irci^lit (liillir of tlic (Jn-iit West <'iii Itiiilwii.v of (')iiismIii, I'oi' tli«' ,v«'iir riidiii^j;- .Inly .51, 1S70: Kiminn tnilllc, rjistwiinl. I'liliiyti t liillir, \\rH\ \Mir, tifi'j 11 : 'I'lilal riinii:ii tiiilllc. . . l.iMiil (riilllc. (Illlill wiiys). . :i:i, :i-.ii •Ml, (Mil -.>, :i!l7, O'1-.i ■,\M. M4 :i(i:i, iii'j I "l liiivo Immmi unablo to urormo a statotnont of the trallic of the fJrain Trunk Railway of Canada, tlic niana;;('ni«'nt of wliicli ap|»eai's to pursue l»olicy of concoalmcnt with ic};anl to its business; but very niucli tli same state of facts would uudoubti'. This is excluai\ e of foreign goods purchased i the United States market, in bond, to the value of $1,701,905. According to the returns compiled in the Bureau of Statistics a Washington, the foreign commodities carried through the United Stat( to Canada in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1860, amounted to the vain of $14,843,620, (more than double the quantity appearing in the Canadia statistics,) and the Canadian commodities shipped through the Unite States to countries abroad aggregated $5,704,107. In the fiscal yea ended June 30, 1870, the goods shipped through the United States f Canada were of the value of $16,510,637, and from Canada, $6,032,69; The greater part of this in transitu trade is to and from Portland, Main* over the Grand Trunk Railway, as appears in the following statemei of it for 1870, made by districts : use ol Easte oarri( worlt count of eitl refere impor snsteii Ameri hand, at exe wise tl Of the platioi the Cm the Hi by eau The no tari parties commo an arm of intei tion, wi Obstacl arrangi iuice. 4ifterei Wnited # few > icy ill ties lanadi ivoral iry d( 'omin 'ovim i^SOl iriflf, e; ol NCES. ' (iH'Jit WcM I TKAHE WITFf URITISIf XOllTFr AMKRK'AN TRnVINCKS. 23 it. IJfcrii.tii •j(t;i, IK!) II ri(i4 :u):<, 1)13 1 ,>,') I'.M. (Ill II of the flniiii I'.sto piirsuc ory iinu'li tli oad as on tli aihvay shan in tlio follow wore slii|)pc (loiU'i'icli, i (ini. loilicrKrii'- 70, -SW IKt.i. 9prtliiii()tli f Ik'sc airanncmcnts of tra to remove, in any event. While the tend- cy in this country is toward a moderation of the extreme protection ties that were caused by the necessities of the war, the tendency in lanada, with reference to duties, is a steadily advancing one. Opinions ivorable to a pronounced policy of protection are manifestly gaining ry decided strength in the Dominion, and some, at least, of the 'eminent public men now in oftice, including the premier of one of the •evinces, are among their advocates. Within the last year, the Con- as of the United States reduced and abolished duties in the American iriff, estimated at the sum of $26,000,000 per annum, while the parlia- Hent of the Dominion, at its corresponding session, made considerable 24 TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES. additions to the (Jaiiudiau tarift". Witliiii the past twelve years the average rate of the Canadian tariff lias at least doubled. In the last tiscal year, tin; duties collected in the Dominion amounted toJ21 per cent, on the dutiable commodities imported. In the same year, it i& i^ "e, thi duties collected in the United States averaged 40 per cent, on the duti able commoditiei? imported, but the current tiscal year Mill ])robabl,v show a falling of the latter rate to less than 40 per cent, and an advann in the former rate to perhaps 1*3 or 24 per cent. The wide difference hv which the two countries have been apart in their tariff judicy is certainly destined to disa])pear in no very long time, whatever their relations \u oeach other may be. CANADA AS A "CHEAP COUNTKY." 1 It was remarked not long since, by a prominent Canadian gentlemau, that the policy of the Dominion was to make a cheap country. That policy has undoubtedly been successful in realizing its object; but whether " cheapness," as an ultimate end, is a wisely-chosen object o public i)olicy may be quostioncLl. WAGES AMJ THE COST OF LIVING. To ascertain how labor stands atlected by the cheapness that prevails among our northern neighbors, I have procured a rei)resentative state ment of wages and of the prices of articles that enter most into the cost of living, taken at several points in Ontario, in the two chief town> of New Brunswick, and in the city of (Quebec. The mean average bo tween the four jwints represented in Ontario is, I think, a, fair one foi that province, which is by far the most active and prosperous section ot the Dominion; that between the two towns reported from in New Brunswick is, n«) doubt, something above the general average of wages, and, possibly, of prices, in the province. How nearly the summer aver age of wages in the city of (Jjuebec represents the same in the proving of Quebec I am not now aide to saj', though it is certainly indicative ol the prevailing state of industry. These figures are placed, below, in comparison with similar tiguro representing the mean average of wages and prices in the States oi New York and Maine, the latter of which are derived from the elaborato tables upon the subject compiled and published within the past year bv the Bureau of Statistics at Washington. The New York and Maini' report is for the yejir 1809, while the Canadian statement presents the average prices of labor and of commodities that prevailed during the summer of 1870; but, so far as the difference in time affects the accuracy of the comparison, it is rather to the advantage of the Canadian side, since prices in the United States have declined to some extent durinj; the year past. I I ^ I O 8„ 5» as 2i .1 I I rcES. TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES. 25 e years the ^ In the last »; >|21 per cent, T t i& ii 'ie, the -n on the dnti jf ill i)robabl,v 3 an advancv litt'erence bv T is certainly relations t( I I gentleniaij, '^ mtry. That |> object; but ^ en object oi !§ ^1 s hat i>rcvaiK> o~ tative state fe lost into till' «k; I chief towib ^ average bo I, fair one tbi IS section ot oni in New ge of wages, I miner aver he provinot - ndicative ot ^ lilar fignroxK, e States t)i ^^ e elaborate *s Dast year by ^ and Maine ^ )resents the;* during the | |he accuracy^** ladiau side,* Itent durin;; m 3 B.tjfltAV O) 0,M1 vMlftjO.VjIi) in wjait.tt JO <>!)«}£ ^. 11 1- "T 3 -r r-. X -r — li 11 1» ui rt ii i» -; ■:> :> SB3S2c3 zS.S .1 •(Hiinn III HOSUAV OJ y\.)l.\\. •Hlll!.l}I.VV.)X^lI! KOat!,^ JO Oj (UJJ « «- ts 1- 1- a X i-i 1^ I 1 to 1 Ito 1 1 to I 1 to 1 Ito 1 I t<. 1 1 to 1 Ito I 1 .tti>X: tit soXu.w o| oj.iiMiiO in 8.l3UAV JO 0(4l)}£ •09WI '■•iiiitiv III .taiMj.vy^ lO 'T tc X t= X X ~ -: 5 1 - H M H 11 M 11 11 "1 — — ■ <» jl ' V 'a ■(!9:JI •5|.lO_\ W.ISJ ui it.Su.i.).\Y •«• s 1- -r s TD 1- 1- 1" s 11 t- K Oi 3-. 3 n -r =-. CI r. i^ 11 ?1 11 11 rt 11 11 11 X -^ c OiWl '.wq-iuft JO A'tiy I'J 11 O i-. 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I- '■' U * Or- -i n 71 'H' d X O 71 ? -O 1-5 F- t- 71 i7 71 «l -■ i7 in QQ i- i^ o ■«."'i<»r 'js « •c C3 ^-* C O :w O O o .9 £ •0181 'OI.I •imii[M!i[3 ■lt,iojjtic,ia S o O 71 1.7 O '.3 3> 71 O O SO O O — — 71 1 . — 71 --• 1- O =5 O 5 'T 117 00 C7 71 8§ §S T » f7 71 •iioi[iiiniji •.■14 1.^ H.vio^jo * <1 a ; o a 3 ;s s o o « 2 o 3n ZU 1 B o.af 3 — 3 p. ; 3 3 3 = §•35. a R 3 - S -i 1I 2 .:3 » a ^ bn a 117 X MSI 1^ 5 op 71 ^ « Ul .a a o Hfirl 3J S s a .9^ ■2« S V -I 1-2 a S 9 a> 0~' 3 ;' 11 .J 0.- C9 « §3- NCES. ; ; 3 ; TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES. 29 o o o ; 1.1 l.T (M O 'T n* i- i- 1-: '-5 S 3i § i nt n "" ! Ss 11 •:» TftO ?: n Si iS L': XI « Cl o §S T *^ re Ti C §S i~ X M 11 Si i§ "1 T n »» O 7' St • v.i 9! .,■ -^ ; t^. '. a ; 4) : a aa « s Ac(5or(liiig to tlie mean ratios obtained from tlie forejjoing- tables, the wages of the average worlviiiau in Ntnv York are 05 per cent, greater than tlie same wages in Ontario, while the cost of his living is but 58 percent, greater ; leaving a clear excess of 7 per cent, in his tavor. The wages of the average workman in ^faine are 7S per cent, greater than the sam<> wages in New Brunswick, and the cost of his living is but 42 per cent, greater ; leaving a clear excess of .iO i)er cent, in his favor. Between New York and the city of (^)uebec the ditference is almost :: incredible : wages l.'JS per «'('iit. liigher in the former, and the cost of ;. living but 4;} i)er (M'ut. highei-, leaving !>5 i»er cent, dear excess of earn- ■ ings to labor in New York. It may be d(»ubted, however, whether a. just ratio of prices is obtained by calculating the mean rate between i)rices in so miscellaneous a list. A more accurate calculation may be mach' by another method. Taking on ea(;h side tion of an ordinary family, I arrive at \ the following results: Tliat which cost 8100 in gold in Ontario cost : $162 in currency in New York, or i^VJ'2 Tli in gold; while for every $100 ; of wages that the average workman received in Ontario, he Avas paid ; $165 in currency in New York, or $125 in gold. Excess of ])urchasing i value in New York wages over Ontario wages, 2.2S per cent., gold meas- urement. That which cost $100 in gold in New Brunswick cost $141 in currency in Maine, or $10(> 82 in gold ; while for every $100 of w ages that the aver- age workman received in New Brunswick, he received $178 currency, or $134 84 gold in Maine. Excess of purchasing value in jNIaine wages over New Brunswictk wages, 28 ])er cent., gold measurement. That which cost $100 in the city of Quebec, cost $152 currency in tlie State of New Ycnk, or $115 15 in gold; while for every $100 of wages that the average worknmn received in (Quebec, he was paid $2.'J8 curren- cy, or $180 gold, in New York. Excess of purchasing value in New York wages over Avages in the city of (Quebec, (54.85 i>er cent., gold m^asurenuMit. In other words, by the same labor and with the same livinjj', the av- erage workman can mak<» and save $2 28 (gold), out of every $100 of earnings, more in New York than in Ontario ; $28 nuue in Maine than in New Brunswick, and $04 f^^} more in New York than in the city of Quebec. It is certainly plain enough that labor gains nothing, but loses very seriously, from the state of cheapness )uevailing in the Dominion. TUK SAVINGS OF INDUSTRY. iThe state of a country with reference to the accumulating energy of iM productive industries, and the gi'ueral juosperity of its i)eople, is ilMlicated with tolerabh; certainty now-a-days by its savings institutions. "Me savings on deposit throughout the Dominion at the close of 1800, iiKthe post ollice savings banks, in trnstees'savings banks, in chart- "T^d banks, and in the hands of building societies, was estimated by the Tnpilcr of the " Canadian Year liook *' at $0,108,150. At the beginning |the same year the dci)osits in the savings banks of the State of New rk, drawn from the earnings of but a little larger population, were urned at $100,808,078, equivalent to about $127,000,000 in gold, or f(||rteen times the total sum of savings in the Dominion. The savings Iposited in Massachusetts at the same period, by a people numbering (►nt one-third the population of the Dominion, were $05,000,000, equiva- 30 TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES. lent to about 871,0(K),0(K) in j^old; and the latest publishod returns fron the saviu<;s hanks in all the New En<>land States show as follows: MiissaelmscttH $112, 1 19, 01 (Joniu'cticiit. Jvhodt^ Isliiutl .. Miiiiio New Haiii|».sliin^ Vfiinoiif 47, 904, rt y7,(H)7,();; 10, 490, :!(;■ Irt, 759, 4i;' 2,o:{7,;t:i: Total Now EiijrlaiKl 'ilH, :{7H, t; AC(JU3IULATE1) WEALTH. Statistics from which to calculate the actual wealth of the province are not at present attainable. Even the assessed valuation of real am personal proi)erty for pur[>oses of taxation 1 have been able to procuii only for Ontario, and there no later than 18G7. The comparison tr property, as assessed in Canada and the United States, must be a tol erablyjust one, since the undervaluation cannot be far from alike ii both cases. Ontario is by far the wealthiest of all the provinces, boti uctually and proportionately, and its ofticial statement of the assessoi valueof real and personal property for three years is as follows: lo ISfi.'). IrtUi ■18G7* V(';ir.s. of real t'stiiti". aHf, -JOl, 057 2l-J,88f. 435 A.ssi'ss(>tl value of ]>(M'soiinl property. $•25, 357, >>i\i ■M, -M), 087 23, 'J63, 077 Totiil. The the ent $2^001 », vigoroi people a sum of the tion «>t nationa still d< in the al bank charter The has rap Januar, inces oi per cap itt eircu ness as atimula the Don contrast $2,58, ISO,- 2t)4, 4!I0,; 236,851,: Year. AsHf-ssctl value ' of real estate. Total. On til general, * The tact tliat tlie a.Hse.ssed values of i)roi)erty were lowered to tlie extent of .S\28,()0n,O()l) the year I aCOOUUtJ lowing tlie altro^iatioii of tin; reeiproiity treaty is ei^rtaiiily not williotit sii;'nilieaiiL'e. not iucl In IMassachusetts, with not more than seventy per cent, of the poP"' T)Q«iiioti tion of Ontario and twenty per cent, of its occupied territory, tlij|_^ji^' assessed •Aaluation of real and personal property in the same thi( |j„* j.'^,'|' years was as follows : ener*nes whether l)rovinct di8api)es governn l,08l' niil'i'^®^®^''^'tl M05;8y:u exam pie railway These of course are valuations in a depreciated currency. In 1807 tl;Of wie^\ average i>remium ou gold was thirty-nine per cent, lieduced by that, tl "**® ^"^' assessed valuation of property in INIassachusetts was $838,772,230 ! gold, or about $055 ])er cai)ita, against $230,851,512, ov about $131 p " capita in Ontario. In Ohio the assessed valuation of real and personal propertv, in lS2,753,242 in , $112, 110,1)1 the entire J)onuni<)n, of wliieli 83(),.'J(>;»,84L' is in Ontario and (»Juebee, 47,l>U4.Ki^2,0(i(>,400 in Nova Seotia, a;\d 8;J21>,40() in New IJrunswick. An active, 10 4II0 'li'^'*^®^'*^"*^' '"'^^ enterprising;- state of business in so larjje a conununity of " irt,' 759,' Id' P*0P^^ i« clearly impossible with that limited sum of caintal in bankinj;^ — 2',o:J7','.t:i a sum equal to l)ut about -i^iS i)er capita. In the nineteen States north of the Potomac and the Ohio and east of the Missouri, with a popula- ■ ^^^^^tion of about 2(J,(M)0,0(H) i)eople, there is a capital of 8-H8,0(K>,0()0 in ' nationsil banks alone, or 810 per capita, besides the cai>ital of banks still doin<»- business under State charters, which amounts to $15,000,000 ill the one State of New York. In the New Enjjland States the nation- he Drovincc^^ bank capital is ^'M ])er cajuta, and in New York the total capital in n of real am *^^**''*'^^"''^^ banking- is $2S per head. lie to proem '^^^ currency in circulation, bank note's, ami J)ominion treasury notes, :)mnarisoii li^*® rapidly swelled within the jiast year, from $15,982,10.') on the 1st of iiust be a tol''^*'*"'^*^' i^^^*' ^" Ontario and (^Juebec, to $25,514,109 in the same prov from alike vinces, bo the assessoi Hows: .inoes on the 1st of October hist. At the first-named sum — less than $5 ovin'ces 'l>i)tlP®'^ ^^''^'^"^'^ — ^^'^ money in use (makiuji;' full allowance for gold and silver fiia nclpssio.i'* ^^'^■^'^^l'^*^*'^") ^^"'^^ ^^ much too restricted for an enerf»etic state of busi- neafi as the intlated volume of cnrrency in the United States is too stiinulatin<»'. The process of inflation that has (commenced so rapidly in the Dominion, howevei-, bids fair in tlu' end to more than nMuove all no Total, contrast in that particular. Pl'ULIC DiniT. $258, 130, -: aUtiialii!.' On the .'JOtli of April, 1870, acccn-dins to a statement from tlie auditor [__ general, the ])ublic debt of tlie J>ominion, deductin^LT cash and bankinj? loo.nno the yt'i'i I atoounts, Avas $99,.584,807. Ai)parently, however, this statement di(l not include tlui outstandin<;' Dominion treasury notes in circulation, of which $7,450,;>;)4 had been issued in October last, llelatively to e same jt tlie popii . pjjp^^j.^jj^j,,^ :|.j,jj^ ^1^,^^^ of the Dominion, amounting to about $2(> per ' capita, appears trilling in comparison with the debt of the LTnited States; ^ bat relatively to the wealth of tlie two countries, their resources, and energies, it may be questioned, from the indications heretofore given, whether the dis[)arity of the l)urden of debt is so great as many in the provinces imagine. Whatever the disparity may be, it will certainly di8api>ear in tiie accomplishment of the ])olicy of expenditure which the government of the Dominion has laid out, with reference to political ,*i|"j;f,p'; 'necessities that grow wlioily oat of an anomalous situation — such, for Mosimioxample, as the luiilding of the Intercolonial Uailway and the projected railway aia, parallel with tlie line Total. In 1807 tli**^^'^*' American Nortliern Pacitic, to neither of which undertakings Id bv that tl^^® ^''^' <''^'"»"^'t*'L' of the continent offer any encouragement. |;J8,772,239 i >oiit $131 F |erty, in lval, hiifltWD tli hirgely increased the arrivals in Ontario during the past twelve nu)ntl;Dolnini» The commissioner reports the numl>er f(M' the year ending l)ecen;l)er iteiprisii 1870, at iMjL'iX). Although to a great <'xtent this does n«)t rei>reseiitseek w' natural movement of immigration, hut is the result c»f systenndic elfoitlfRwtls that are being made in Kngland by varicuis societies to us from foreign immigration, that ]>rovinc«', in this as in most matters, isyojj favored excei)tion. AVithout mucli reasonable doubt the other ])roviii«(3t and especially (Juel)ec, are steadily losing more by enngiation to tlPW ITnited States than they gain by imnugration fnun abroad. I am indebted to ]Mr. Young, Chief of the IJureau of Statistics, f«utlP< following statement, compiled from retuiiis nnide of immigrants arriviiiti* in the I'nited States from the British North Amei'ican possessions ti[*r eleven years ])ast 9X1 V j lUit these are more than doubtful statistics; nor does it ap])ear jxi^j sible to secure; any trustworthy eiuuneration of the persons who com? into the United States from the IJritish provinces with intent to mak; this country their l»onu\ The figures given above are obtained, I In lieve, from returns made by t\w otUcers of customs, in connection witl the entering of household goods, which are adnntted free as "settl('iv| etiects." If exact to that extent, they would only rei)resent the class i immigrants who come with families and household effects, wholly oiml ting tlie perhajjs larger class of .young nu'u from the ])rovinces wl seek their fortunes in the United States, and who, as they cross tH frontier, are in no way to be distinguished from oidinary travelci IJut even for what tliey pui'port to exhibit, I fear that our statistics ij ]uovincial emigration are iH)t to be trusted. I liave reasoji to kiniji that ftoiHC of the niurns of immigration from frontier crossing poiii! are almost entirely, if not wholly, founded ui>on <;areless guessing n the part of railway agents an 1 tmiii len, put en lin^ jcte< 11 f ■# IN'CES. TUADK WI'Jl! nRITISII NORTH AMKRIC'AN PWOVINCES. 33 l!i,7^»'N "Hi'iii^^rtQti" iiiloiiniition on tlio siilticct, tliiiiUs tlicy may be satoly ostiiiiiited w ju.st do.siat JO,0(K> lur the past yrar. iire not yot n |ipl (Icliiiit*' statements, liowever, witli le-^anl to this emijuratioM Ciom unniissioiiei titil'pioviiices must he ma(h' and received witli coiisiiU'rahle ^''"'''' <»* ^i>iiebec, where the circumstances of the general itistics, fortIP^^ the lim^ into New lOngland and elsewhere has assumed such )ossessions tiyW*^''^'""'^ within the past two or three years as to become a very ien©us subject of discussion in the journals of the j)roviuce. it is 3Xwedingiy unfortunate that we have no trustworthy data from which ^. bo (|idculate its extent. There are two migratory movements from I ' '"" tji^||fl)ec, one periodical and temporary, the other permanent. Large l" nup^bers of the French Canadian laborers and small farmers leave their '.'."'.'.'.'.v. I'l '^ji*''^ **'* ^'"' '•PPi'oach ol" winter, cross to the United States, tind winter iij 3Mpoyinent lieie, son^«Sining among the ojieratives in the Xew England factories, and from >UH who coiiwjBt is acknowledged by observers in Quebec. Intelligent French itent to mak^Hpdian gentlemen in tliat in-oviu(;e estinmte that there are already btained, I ^•'liflp of their race in the United States than at lionu*. Said one of the Unectiou witljffl||? newspapers of .Abmtrval in October last: -Statistics tell us, and :> as "'"^^'^^''''l^one who has ti-aveled in the United States will coniinn the fact, it the class (;|H we annually sntfer a heavier loss through native persons leaving , wholly oinb^Peountry than the total ligure oY the immigration returns. There rovinces \\iii«at a low computation, half a million native-born ('anadians now \oy cross til^iciled in the United States. They are established in the republic, ary tniveld lo^because they prefer that form of government, but because the spirit statistics iii^|nterprise seenu^d to have died out on this soil, and there was no soil to loi' i^P opened to skilled industry."" The same newspaper, in an article a Dssing poiii imAveeks ])revious, had stated the fact that '' our farmers reali/e very \ guessini: "mf inore for their Imy and oats than they did thirty years since, and (crsons lil.< ;^^<'onsequences are that farm lands are declining in value in the pro- f^." lVt'hiir>|Mg«_ The returns, minus the labor, ar«' smaller; the margin of profit here is udi '«HRining to the farmer at the end of the year, after paying and feeding onld reainst these losses tlu'ir2,000 t no e(pial offset or exclianj»e.^ Emigration from the United States tdiavy is provinces is limited, thouj;h valuable to the latter, because chieH.vihe wei lined to men who go there with a definite enterprise in view, and ; erally with capital, to engage in lumbering, or mining, or salt lUiiK or oil prorevail within the latter, assimilating them to thc' ditions existing in the United States, the change cannot be one ti' detriment of the people of the provinces, and cannot form a forbidi obstacle to the arrangement. 1 know and 1 do not contradict the claim to i)rosperity thii ./ asserted in considerable portions of the Dominion. Prosperity, upon ~W moderate scale to which everything is adjusted in the provinces, i exist throughout most of Ontario, in the city of Montreal, and in sev small nianufacturing towns that have grown up in the lower proviw a degree of prosperity quite in contrast with the aspect of affairs, erally speaking, in Quebec, and for the most jjart i)revailing in the m time provinces. The i)eople of Ontario are very comfortable ; man; the towns show more life than they formerly did, are adding to t industries, and are slowly growing. One branch of manufacture. J woolen manufacture, has obtained quite a root, and has risen to con;'' erable magnitude withiu a few years past; so much so as to diuiii' the importation of woolens nearly a million of dollars in 1800 from importation of 18C8. In railway enterprise there is a noticeable sti^: life, stimulated in great part by the American transit trade, tlio* e SI thei are hipi rtl t,ii .ye rom igs [lOVINCES. TKADK WITH BRITISFf NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES. 35 >m'boc tlio D'^'^^y n*iM'><>- o (loinuiKstiati tommercial (Mtowrn of mo.ntkeal. lobec, has alii piilatioii, t1i(M Hilt iiowlu'iv and in notldii;; else is tin- disjilay of loally enerjcetic ;• to seek in orces equal to that at Montreal. Tlic city of Montreal has certainly >n^(»r to be tonade an astonishlnj;" advance in commercial importance within the last )ved ])ennan(iew years. The conspicuous feature, and, perhaps, the conspicuous aiise conn(M;ted with its commercial rise, lias been the establishment ion that fiocmd remarkable suc<'ess of the splendid line of (tcean steamers which jugh the statin siniiirle <'anadian tirm has i)laeed afloat, conncctinj;" Montreal with ;ncss, are lackiioth Livi'rpool and (Jlasjiow by re^fulai- direct lines. Commencing; leh less extenu 18»(» witli four steamers and a cjipacity of (J,r>,'{(; tons, this ixvvnt i not lose pojiieet of the Messrs, Allan .S: Co. now numbers einhteen steam ves- >ni 11 class \vli,el», amonj;'' the finest on the seas, with a total «'a|>acity exceeding ese losses tht'i:2,(W0 tons. The rise of this fh)urishinj;- Canadian mercantile steam ited States toiavy is a more notable fact by reason of its contrast with the decline (►f •ause chiefi.vihe ocean steam shipping of the United States, in view, and : ••, or salt mak , divkuston of ami:i{ICA.n (;ual\ tiiade. ider different I >e multiplied Peijiajis it is owinj*- chiefly to the orj^anization of operations in com- nerce inci, claims serious attention. ibors. 1 o-ivc If appears in the followinj>' statement of flour and j^rain passing ceived noTioii''*''^^'* ^''*' ^Yelland Canal, from Lake Erie tc> Lake Ontario, the quan " ' stated as INJON. intries, whiclij* ject 8ubrnitt<'* as I think t eticable arrni le United St; s a change in" them to the > not be one to orm a forbidi! osperity tliai sperity, upoif B provinces, ill, and in sevi lower proviuii t of affairs, iling- in the m )rtable; ma adding to t? iiaiiufactureJ s risen to <;oii|l ;o as to dimifl in 180J) from: noticeable sti*| it trade, tliolf itreal going ''to Canada" being almost wholly destined for itics of tloitr ami (/ruhi paHxinff into Caiutdu from the United StuUn ; aho quantititt in Iniiisit to jHtvtx ill the I'liUvd Statin (liiriiiij four ymrn pa»t. l%i- KLOUR. WIIKAT. ivniA.N (ou\. 5* .'5 Bt CS t; .r:c C '-■r cs c 5 -•s o ^b H Barrels. 8,102 4,401 (>:<, r)40 105, uc:} liarrels. H6ti, 314 1 1,073,Gg« ; 1,455.947 ; 1, 300, 054 I Bimhels. 14, 9C3 23, 804 87, 223 5, 458, 692 JiughcU. 5,032,071 i 5,148,714 I 7, 151,fil2 ; 7. 990, 233 : I liunhels. 488, 401 295, 720 526,731 1, ISO, 947 Buxhels. 4, 250, 232 5, 448, 144 5, 680, 996 7, 024, 835 OTHEU OBAIN. 3 S i> :-' ^P Bunhels. Iht^heU. 26, 168 20, 425 3,128 223, 719 18,502 865, 020 65, 835 1,248,470 le statement for the last season I have not yet been able to procnre, |there is reason to believe that the proportion taken to Montreal, )ared with that i)assing to Oswego, Ogdensburg, and Cape Vincent, ^hlpment by canal and rail to Xew York and Boston, has increased ir than diminished. it, noticeable as the commercial progress made by Montreal during years past may appear, it obviously has not placed her, and gives |romise of i>lacing her, at the height of importance which naturally igs to the chief i)ort of the great St. Lawrence outlet. For Montreal 30 TRADi: WITH ilRITISH XOIMII AMKHICAN PROVINCES. <»ccii|»i«>.s a positioii wIht*'. iiimUt coiMlitKm.s <»f «'(|iiiil livaliN witli .N. York, IMiila(l(']|)liiii, liostoii. and ISaltiiiioic, there would ii)i4|iiesti*)ii;ili liJive risen, today, a yreat metropolis (»!' jiot less tlian halt a niilli sonis, instead of a tlii'i\ in;; citv of one hnndr(>d and toit.v or tilt.v tli sand jieopie. I'AVoiMNo <'iiM'rAi>iT,\N<'r:s. I'he moderate dejuiee of piosperitv thai «'.\ists in the most iiiMii sei'tioii of tiie Dominion atVords <'\ idenee, not to l»e dispnted, in pi' that the Canadian people suffered less from the ;il»ro;;ation ei • reeiproeit.N ti'eaty in IStKj than Ihev appreiuMnled or than other,- i pel tt'd. The expiration of the treaty happened at a most lortnii time for them, when sexeial eirenmstanees <'ond>ined to l>reak the efi of the suspension ol" fi-ee trade. The state of l>nsiness in this conn; was Jnst Ix'^^'ininn;;' to settle into eomposnre alt<'i' the npli; aval and d tnrhanee of the ei\il war. I>nrinjn the> wai'. and for sonw lime attei the e\a]L;;:erated and inealcniahly tinctuatin;; ineminm placed upon ;" l)y the nmd ;4aml)!in;; that was rife, depiived our eiirreney to some i tent of its due ]Mirehasin,i: powei' in the Canadian market, and iiiti dneed so much daily and iiourl.N nneeitainty of exehan^icable vain liet\v(>en Anu'riean and Canadian nn)ney. that transactions in i ('anadian nmikets by Aineri(«in jmrchascrs were nmde «lil1icult ii hazardous. This had interfered seiiously with the sellinjn' of CiMi.,(|i products totlie United Statesdurin^ the last half oi' thefreetrade jx'ii and wlien, otherwise, the marketing of those products in the llnii' States woidd have been enormously stimulated. At times it had doubt formed more of an obstruction to tiade from the. province's tli tlu^ duties since impcKsed have formed. I bit the one obstruction, of a Hi tuatin^ and uncertain purchasing;' medium, was disappoariuju', when i other obstruction, of revived customs duties, arose, and it is cli enough that the innnediate connnercial etfecls of the latter oiHuirrcn wcrc! very considerably neutralizeeopl( the provinces did not feel the sudden loss of free trade with the Unit States as they otherwise avouUI liav<^ done. jMoreover. the Soutln States began about the same time to beconu* purchasers again of IumiIh tish, &c., from the provinces, which, for five years before, liad had tli part of their Anu'rican trade entirely cut off. Tliese circumstam account, I think, for the otherwise singidar appearance of the fact tli our in)[>ortations from the provinces have rather increased, on ti average, than declined since the termination of the reciju'ocity trent LFMBEJ' AND I5ARLEY. Referring to the comparative table heretofore given, which shows ti extent of our annual importation of several of the chief staples of Can dian production, we find that the two articles of lumber and barley i gether formed one-third of the entire purchases of the United Stat' from the Dominion in 1860, and that these two articles, more than ai others, have exhibited a total indifference to the terms upon which tin are admitted to the United States. In ])oth cases the undoubted t;i is, that this country has need of the foreign supply. The sources of o own lumber supply are rapidly receding from the great markets in wliii it is consumed, and are rapidly being exhausted. Every year is nutkii it more a necessity that the Eastern and Middle States should buy im ber and timber from the provinces. Under such circumstances, and view of the fact that this countrv would seem to have more intertst con It ot Jh' ,; lerie iliili in which aaw-h';. Sly t( to } soi diction Ti; Al ImporiH — Do^iCHtic CXI ielati tlie Unit th^r poi tt|^ bettt tn^in, UK o^jthe ui the Biiti I Mgret 111 the tween th North A province tlt# sine Ofided I or tv Mit of led V isacti INCKH, TRADi: WITFT MI?TTiail NOKTIT AMKKKWN I'ROVINCEH. 37 alr\ with .N iiqiicstioici halt a iiiilli \- or nriv t most laMii aitcd, ill ]ii' lyatioii cf • laii other.- I lost loi'liiii. I'cak the el] I tliis conn; ; aval aiitl d I' tiino attci ('(•(I upon ;" y lo sonic I A't, anil iiit: yi'abh' \jil ctioiis ill ' (lilliciill u H' of ('iM|.,(|| c^tiiuh* pcii ill the I'liii' lies it had n'oviiict's til ;tioii,()fa III injU', wlu'ii I 1(1 it is I'll ♦'!• occaii'icii the peoplt til tlio Unit' tliii Soiitlii liii ot'liinilii I ad had tli ircuinstaiM the fact til ascd, on ti ro(!ity trt'iit il (■onsci'vatioii ot its tastilisapitrailn;:; t'orosts than in the fiicoiiraKO- lit (it'tlii'ir coiisiiiiiption. it may IkmvcII to consider, without n'tcrciico the general (|iiestinii ut reciprocal policy, whether it is not due to lericaiM'oiisiiiners that tlii' present hii^li diitvotLM^ per cent. on Oana- (l&i iiinilM'i' shoiihl lie inodilied, laUiii;; another step in the; direction whicii was taken at the last session of er were reino\ed. Much the same considerations ai^ly to the article ol liailey, lor uhit.'h the consiiniers in this country atCu to a coiisideraiile extent, dependent upon a, country whostM'limatc and soil are hetter adapted than most of our own territory lo its pro- (Imtinn. TifADi-: WITH riir: non roNKKhioifATFj) iMtoviNoics. IBS'ith this impeitcct discussion of them, i siilimit the main facts which I ]|«ve. <;ollected. Within tlie time allotted to my impiiry I lisivc been unihle to exti'iid it. except very siiperllcially. hcyoiid the iirovincesem- bltteed ill the Dominion of Canada. ur trade with tluUhrei^ provinces of Newfoundland, (including' Cape itoii,) Prince I'idward\s Island, and liritish Coliimliia, which riMiiaiit oW|^id(> the (u)iifcderatioii of the Dominion, (althoii;>h lUitish ('oliimhia ^'^kins to he at the point of becominji joined with it,) is rejireseiited for thdlast two years in tlic^ reports of Coinmerce and Navi;;'ation, compiled in tlie I'liited States Jiureaii of Statistics, as follows: IimoriN DOpeHtic fxporU. Fqii|ij|;<> rci'xpttrtH \mi ?l, 737, 304 J, 7n:i, 1711 4IG, (j(i4 !H70. 8l.r)rtl,!)5!) :t,a04,Cfi8 Ml, otiO ch shows i pies of Ciiii lul barley i uited Stilt ore than in II which till doubted tli ources of oi cats in wliit ar is inakiii uld buj' liiii iiues, aud ; e iutertst jyjelatively to its extent, this traile appears much more favorable to i«i United States than our trade with the J )ominion, and relatively to thfiir population and <;oinmerce the non-confederated provinces arc far tlifi better customers of this country. The subject of our relations with them, moreov«'r, is mad<* the more interesting and important by reason of ;the unwillin'iness that their i>eople manifest to attach themselves to the British colonial confederation, and it claims an examination which I IhBgiet that 1 have not been able to give to it. Ill the United States otUcial statistics of late years, only a distinction be- tween the •' J3ominion of Canada" and "all other IJritish possessions in NcMrth America" is made, so that our trade transactions with the several provinces cannot be discriminated. Attempting to procure returns from the several customs , 096 ■X) Totftl fl03 37, C44 125, 587 41, 1G7 189, .541 15, 878 40(1 ' Impo Impo Expoi Domestic exports from certain districts to Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and I'rince Edntu Island during the fiscal year ended June W, 1H7(I. From Bos'.on to IJ^wroiindland From Host on to I'riuco Kd wiird's iHliind From Wiluiiiigtoii, X. C. ('■'.•.nbpr to Newfoundland). From New >''irk ¥2!1P 10.\ Total . 4(1,- Tlie forejjfoiiig retnrn.s no doubt represent most of the trade carrie on durin<4" the past fiscal year with the insnhir ju'ovinees named. MANITOBA. Our present trade with the great central region of British Anieri( formerly known as the Ked lliver country, but now politically organizi and incorporated With the Dominion of Canada, under the name of tl province of Manitoba, is imperfectly shown by the following statemei which is furnished to me by the collector of customs at Pembina, Mi: nesota. It exhibits for the last two fiscal years the imports entered and the exports cleared from the customs district of Minnesota, throu; which the trade between the United States and the Manitoba coiuit: necessarily passes : 1869. IMPORTS. Imports entered for immediate consumi)tiou $60, 40l' i Imports entered warehouse 151, 645 : Th( nishet- Mauit that h gimpo at otii in trai The Si Manit< sist all in the Hmlso Our ritory i z^ation P^sibi w|en i t^s I) ig t( nee :i V>W'* Total imports :il2, 047 in cf «|fcrenj 1#n b> cMn, a l#n to •i^esp uHon. EXPORTS. Export of goods the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States. 174, Oi;| Exports of foreign dutiable goods 14, 548 1 Total exi)orts 180, 401 /. -» ■ .4* • V^INCES. je Edivnr(Vn Ixh, P. TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES. 1870. IMPORTS. 39 Imports entered for iniinediate consumption $34, 109 20 Imports entered warehouse 180, 142 57 Total imports 220, 341 8(> EXPORTS. 1*10,431 ! *ir.4 Exports of domestic merchandise 152, 50() 00 5.447 . yu: Exports of foreign dutiable j?oods 20, 133 47 I g((' ;, — ^— — — ^^_ 15, e-8 4U0 ■ Total exi)orts 172, 720 47 d I'niice Edmii lOJ. 2,; !.:■ 4(if.- e trade carii^ named. itish Anieri( ally organizi le name of tl ing statejiH'i :*embina, Mi: ^rts entered esota, tliroii; iiitoba count: $60, 402 151,045 212, 047 The special deputy collector at Pembina, Mr. N. E. Nelson, who fur- nishes this statement to me, writes that the entire amount of exports to Manitoba, through Minnesota, is not represented in it, for the reason that large