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Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■-1 .;v '-'^i^v^.:;.v ^ .': "' y,. .-/^■'.'. •^,V>: A.-. -!(>•; -'^■■'■T ■,.. ■..^- .'■• h--.'" :.''"r^,.,i ' .V'"' iA-'- .'•■■■ -''j.- ' — ■ ■■'■,■: -^ -■- ,1. . ; ^_ . -i .'■ ■ i"-\ - V ^ ■ ■(<■ ■^^ -■ ■'-.'■' r^ - ^ ''':^ -^J' 1 '■ v" ".T" ^v-W- 'K " • s ^*': Vr.^r^5 :.'-■' ^' ,\_i , fe,i^A ■ r ; ' '•'i \ ,■! "■ fy'' or over eil ii - ,' , '3rsk.''t:m Pacific 0| ,-vvy, ..•--■■;'::'., .V ;;'.r(%u_^s, inlets, 1 ,,-y^ ?*,,■,. ' .■ (Sfild measul '_'■•:''/'.■'''■'" J'^>'- ■■•■'■'':,' it possesses ' ^'igation o| ^p water, nl is, abundan 4llsof the . fver, 300 1 .4g, and ma , , Jrter to prote labyrinth are in soi , 1 1 yet too de ( water's ed V ■ 'v ■ '^fe^i*!^. .0 covered w ■ ►>. ■.waB'^f. ^letual sno : of the a\ v ' j''i^!!f'j|to water's >^. r ' , 'J* the overflov ,. ' '■■-f- a precipices ■^:>- • ■ 'vies ; the dee . ■ , . , • into the i; ■ :■ ... 1. ;- ening up an ■r - ;;• med-peaked , \ . -^luuselves spi 1', '. '-^ ig down fro ' ■,, ' J. ^t-trs, filled •« ..-- ': , "', their flow,- ,-■>;• »uty that c ;■ ■ *■ jy who can 1 I,'/* p to Alaska : V rheraarvelo >' mg the coas ,''.^T*heavals of t . les anendle ■ *fc- - "-t. ■A,, , ^-'} •>'<*.> '^;. ■' :, -^.V :i ■ '■ ---^- . '^r' l^y-5-' pi m^mm • 'y A BRITISH COLUMBIA, BY SHELDON JACKSON, D.D. V . S, General Anent of Education in Alaska. ■■'C ■' :'(i •' or over eight hundred miles British Columbia lies along Pacific Ocean ; but its coast line in and out the many s, inlets, and channels, and around its numerous islands Id measure as many thousand miles. possesses one of the most remarkable stretches of inland ^'igation on the globe, remarkable for its bold shores, *p water, numerous channels, innumerable bays and har- s, abundance of fuel and fresh water, and freedom from the Us of the ocean. The great outlying islands of Van- ver, 300 miles long, and Queen Charlotte, 170 miles ; ■ i^g, and many lesser ones form nature's gigantic break- ,, dter to protect these thousands of miles of inland waters. l|e labyrinth of channels, around and between the islands, at are in some places less than a quarter of a mile wide, . .fi yet too deep to drop anchor ; the mountains rising from e water's edge from one thousand to eight thousand feet ' ' A covered with dense forests of evergreens far up into the V, epetual snow that crowns their summits ; the frequent *-' 4'' of the avalanche cutting a broad road from mountain- ' p( to water's edge ; the beautiful cascades born of glaciers, - ;* (he overflow of high, inland lakes, pouring over mount- '^^B; precipices or gliding like a silver ribbon down their ''r'les ; the deep, gloomy sea- fiords cleaving the mountains ^,'.^;-4nto the interior; the beautiful kaleidoscopic vistas j3 ening up among the innumerable islets ; mountain-tops, ,.;^;.med-peaked and sculptured by glaciers; the glaciers ;r''^muselves sparkling and glistening in the sunlight, drop- * , ag down from the mountain-heights like great swollen -, -trs, filled with driftwood and ice and suddenly arrested their flow, — all go to make up a scene of grandeur and v*f «uty that cannot be adequately described. Happy are v sy who can see all this and more in the famous tourist •'• p to Alaska. ■ i- the marvelous combination of mountain and water scenery <•. >ng the coast ' ? equaled, if not excelled, by the wonderful '-_ heavals of the mountains of the interior, — for hundreds of . les an endless succession of sharp peaks and deep valleys, of J, -fcipice and gorge and rocks, some of which are still being- ■, arved into strange forms by the great ice sheets which cover them. Far up into these almost inaccessible mountains during the gold excitement the Government built a wagon road at the expense of two and a half million dollars. Into, over, and under these same mountains the Canadian Pacific Rail- road finds its way to the Pacific Ocean. Seven thousand men were engaged three years in building sixty miles of railway along the Caiion of the Fraser. Some portions of the work cost $300,000 to the mile. In these gigantic mountains very appropriately are born gigantic rivers. From them flow the mighty Yukon, which thousands of miles away is steadily at work filling up Behring Sea ; the Liard and the Peace after draining an em- pire, three thousand miles away, through the great Mac- kenzie, are lost in the Polar Sea ; and the rushing, impetuous Fraser and the queenly Columbia. British Columbia is rich in minerals. From 1858 to i838 the gold production was $51,455,668. From Nanaimo on Vancouver Island 153,000 tons of bituminous coal are an- nually shipped to San Francisco. The output for 1888 was over 400,000 tons. On Taxada Island, twenty miles from the Comax coal fields, are great masses of magnetic iron, assaying 68.4 of iron and having a low percentage of phosphorus and other impurities. Copper exists in a number of places, the most promising ledge, so far found, being on Howe Sound. Salt springs also abound. The mountains and coast are covered with dense forests of valuable timber. Eighty per cent of this is Douglas fir, ten per cent red cedar, and the balance yellow cedar, spruce, white and yellow pine, hemlock, maple, alder, and cotton- wood. An experienced lumberman from Michigan, who has been examining the forests, says that he found a tract of 5S,ooo acres of white pine averaging 100,000 feet to the acre, and a large tract of red cedar covered with trees varying '^-' 41940 ,-«^'-'') ,<«!•-■. '»'«nP'4a;,'^'-«»': -■? •'■r>>/.'.4'"_a._aB ■wswwr Anu*32iaBfcl?«*Ti->. -.: m i FT * v ■ -irw-f w ■ora ten to tw ^t to the first imber standio 'he chief seat he Hastings las shipped a In the sami ?hichcuts nei rought to thi utt, and five xport of luml The rivers, ?hich are sain od, sturgeon, In 1887 thei ent to the n ans to the cai hiding those turgeon was ing 65,000 p [5,000 pounds In addition gallons of ref ur seal taken (236,600. While muc 'a Ion, there : vhich have ai ruits, grains, ^' ictoria on tl: ts beautiful i The climat lorth and sov the mountain general way, Dn the islands The coast reg :urrent of the Virginia in tl delightful clii Being a coi tion of the Ci cult of access 50,000. To tl Indians. The admira are fifteen cl within a radi the salary of penses. The cial treasury, school distric daily attenda The Indian They are in c and fisheries in the interic barbarism uj under the inl British Co does not recc they and tli claimed. Tl: darker than i The leadin tion are the ( Catholics . C-apr imnkmi BRITISH COLUMBIA. —»•- — — ., 409 J-om ten to twelve feet in diameter, with trunks 150 to 200 I eet to the first limb. He made a careful estimate of the imber standing on one acre rnd found it nearly 600,000 feet, 'he chief seat of the lumber .nterest is Burrard Bay, where he Hastings mill cuts 15,000,000 feet annually. This mill las shipped a timber 28 inches square and 1 10 feet long. In the same neighborhood is the Moodyville saw-mill ihkh cuts nearly 20,000,000 feet annually. Logs have been fought to this mill measuring over seven in diameter at the utt, and five feet in diameter 130 feet from the butt. The xport of lumber for 1888 was «-J3S,9i3. The rivers, bays, and inlets swarm with fish, among hich are salmon, halibut, herring, oolachan, black and rock od, sturgeon, flounder, smelt, trout, etc. In 1887 there were twenty-one salmon canneries, which ent to the market 205,088 cases of four dozen one pound ans to the case. The total number of salmon caught, in- tuding those salted in barrels, was 1,804,600. The catch of turgeon was 198,000 pounds, halibut 149,000 pounds, her- >ng 65,000 pounds, oolachans 20,500 pounds, and trout 5,000 pounds. The salmon pack for 1888 was 177,305 cases. In addition to the catch of food fish there were made 68,500 3;^ average daily attendance, at a cost of $79,527.56. The Indians, as a rule, are industrious and self-sustaining. They are in demand at the lumber mills, salmon canneries and fisheries on the coast, and in herding cattle and horses in the interior. They are in all .stages of advancement from barbarism upward, in proportion to the time they have been under the influence of the missionaries. British Columbia unlike the other provinces of Canada does not recognize any native ownership in the soil, which they and their fathers for tjenerations have occupied and claimed. The future of the race in British Columbia is darker than in any other section with which I am acquainted. The leading denominations engaged in their evangeliza- tion are the Church of England, the Methodists, and Roman Catholics. • C-apr The missions of the Roman Catholics are mainly in the villages on the west coast of Vancouver Island. They have contract schools with the Indian Bureau of Canada at Kyu- guat, Clayoquat, Hesquiaht, and St. Marys. Where they have attempted missions by the side of the Protestants they have failed of success. The Church Missionary Society of London opened mission operations in British Columbia as early as 1857, when Mr. William Duncan arrived at Fort Simpson. This was the first mission to the natives of the North Pacific and proved a remarkable success. As in 1887, eight hundred of the con- verts of this mission sacrificed the property they had pain- fully acquired during the thirty years they were coming up from barbarism to a Christian civilization, abandoned their homes and went out empty handed to a new land for con- science sake, the attention of the Christian world has been called to them. From Metla Kahtla as a center have sprung these six mis- sions: at Kincolith, established in 1867, Messatt, 1876, Alert Bay, 1878, Hazleton, 1880, Kitwanga, 1882, Aiyanish, 1883, and Kitkatla, 1887. These stations in 1888 were provided with ten European missionaries including three laymen. They reported 237 native communicants, 97 baptisms, and 309 children in school. The schools at Massett, Kincolith, and Alert Bay are as- sisted by the government. This North Pacific group of missions is in charge of Bishop John Ridley. Mr. J. B. McCullagh at Aiyanish reports the following in- teresting case : Agwilakha, a powerful Niska chief, was the principal leader of the heathen party on the Nass River. One morn- ing last summer while Mr. McCullagh and his men were at work on the new mission buildings, they were startled by cries of distress proceeding from the forest. Soon Gwin- pazqu, Agwilakha's boy, was seen running and crying out, " I/aiawn / haiaivalth babi (Alas! alas my father). My father lies on yonder mountain stricken with lokgii (hemor- rhage.) He has eaten nothing these eight days and is faint and dying. Haiawa ! haiaiua I" A rescue party was immediately sent out and in a couple of daj-s he was brought in apparently just alive. A bed was made for him in the school-house, restoratives applied and after hanging between life and death for three days, he com- menced slowly to mend. His first request upon gaining a little strength was that some leafy branches be placed around his bed and a few pic- tures of Scripture subjects that he had seen at the mission be hung upon them where he could see them. He then requested the people to praj- for him. In faltering tones he expressed deep penitence for the past and de- sire to lead a new life if he should get well. "Death," said he, " overtook me on the mountain. It struck me low. My blood made red the snow for a long waj-, while crawling to my little hut on the stream. I remembered Shimoigiat lakhage (God). I besought him. 'O Shimoigiat,' I said, 'hold me up,' and he did. Four days and we found the little hut by the stream. Mj' flesh was black. I knew it meant death. 'Wait my son,' I said to Pazqu, 'until my end has come, then hasten to your brother Muguiliksqu. Tell him where I lie, that he may come and take me away and bury me.' Two more days, I still breathed. Then I sent Pazqu to you and soon came the men and carried me on their shoulders. Blessed are they ! ' I shall recover,' you say. Perhaps so ; but Agwilakha is dead ; he died on the mountain ; with mine own eyes I saw him die ; his old life ended there. Henceforth my life shall be like a thing lent to me ; He who lent it shall own it. Great has been His 4IO WOMEN'S CLUBS IN LONDON. mercy to me ; the heart of a child has come to me. My speech is finished." Among' the remarkable men in the Methodist missions on the North Pacific coast is the Rev. Thomas Crosby. In the spring of 1863 Mr. Crosby commenced teaching an Indian school at Nanaimo. In six months he was able to preach in the native language ; in 1869 his field was visited by an ex- tensive revival and hundreds among the Flathead Indians ■were brought to Christ. His great success attracted the at- tention of his denomination so that when a picked man was wanted to go to thff tribes in the extreme north he was se- lected, and in the fall of 1874 he settled at Port Simpson on tne edge of Alaska. He and his wife threw themselves so unreservedly into the work, that a strong and influential cen- ter has been built up at Port Simpson and twelve other mis- sion districts have been formed covering many hundreds of miles of territory. The annual report of 1886 mentions stations at Port Simp- son ; on the Fraser at Nicola, Nass, Port Essington, Skide- gate, Kit-a-meet, Kit-wan-silh, Kit-lach-tamux, Bella Bella, Hy-hies, Wer-keeno, and Bella Coola. At these stations were six white and five native male mis- sionaries besides a number of white lady teachers. They report 1,102 native communicants. The schools at Port Simpson, Port Essington, Bella Bella, Xanaimo, and Tak- k alsap (Nass River) are subsidized by the govemn In addition to a home for girls at Port Simpson, Mr. C by has recently opened an Industrial training school for b While on the Nass River, Mr. Greene also opened an orpl age. During the winter of '77 and '78 a revival came with g power at Port Simpson. Many flocked in from neighboi tribes, and upon the shores of the Nass where for ages been heard the rattle and wild howling of the incantatior the medicine men, was heard for the first time the son redeeming love. The Nass people wanted a niissionar their own and in response to their earnest entreaties Crosby secured the Rev. Alfred E. Greene. Upon his arri at their lower village the whole population turned out welcome him, rejoicing that the day was breaking upon Nass people, after a long dark night. Flags were hoisted trees and poles, and cannons fired to express the uniA'ei joy. An old chief as he leaned upon his cane said, ' ^ getting old, my body is getting weaker every day. obliged to have three legs to walk with now (referring ' . cane). This teUs me I shall soon die. I don't knoww.^'jf hour I shall be called away ; I want to hear about the Gr God, and I want my children to be taught to read the Go Book ; I want them to go in the new way ; we are tired of t old fashion." ti^ ■'■ -<'■■ 4 ','■'' f:-;';' fr'i-.' ■. ■^ '>^/ ■■ ■ fci» ■(-■ ■ ■ .!*■ :M ■■ '■ ."" ''^%.' / ■ - ■' + :-* 'i' ■ : !■ 1'^^ -^ ■'-'■ ■.,"■ ■-■'>;i.T .■ ' -J .-■■-• mmmm '■V/ff .i\ *'4 •/ by the goveniii rt Simpson, Mr. aining school for b ilso opened an orpl vival came with g i in from neighbo SB where for ages of the incantation first time the soni , inted a missionar irnest entreaties ne. Upon his arri lation turned out as breaking upon Plags were hoisted ixpress the univei ^ tiis cane said, ' :er every day. now (referring ' I don't know w.l'vr hear about the Gr ght to read the Go ly ; we are tired of t »:. *-.*■ ,-a 1"- J ^ -'*"> '-'i . * Jfc. ' 5.- •.-,^- : -• V''