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 R E P O R T 
 
 OF 
 
 THE CABOT PROCEEDINGS 
 
 AT TIIK 
 
 HALIFAX MEETING 
 
 OK 
 
 Cf)e Eopal ^ocietp of Canalia 
 
 Junk 21-2r) 1897 
 
 BY 
 
 KKV. KDWARI) (J. roRTEIi 
 
 [Prkbkntki) at the Octohku Mki-.ting of the Massachi'SETts 
 m i stoh i (■ a i, s()(^ i kt v 1 
 
 / 
 
 CAMBRinCE 
 JOHN W I I- SON AND SON 
 
 Knibrrsitu ytrss 
 1897 
 
THE 
 
 CABOT CELEBRATION AT HALIFAX. 
 
 ■jt\ 
 
 At a meeting of the Massachusetts Histohical 
 Society, held in Boston, on Thursday, October 14, 
 1897, the following paper by the Rev. Edward G. 
 Porter was presented : — 
 
 At the request of the President, I had the honor to represent 
 the Society as its delegate at the meeting of the Royal Society 
 of Canada, last June. Tiiis meeting was made especially 
 memorable by the observance of two important anniversaries ; 
 namely, the fourth cetitenary of Cabot's landfall, and the 
 Diamond Jubilee of her Majesty Queen Victoria. 
 
 Tiie Royal Society ordinarily holds its meetings at Ottawa ; 
 but this year Halifax was selected on account of its advanta- 
 geous position upon the seaboard much nearer the scene to 
 be commemorated. The Society had also planned to erect a 
 memorial of Cabot's great achievement ; and as no one spot 
 could be agreed upon as the " land first seen," the committee 
 wisely decided to phice a bronze tablet in the Province IIou.se 
 at Halifax. 
 
 All the arrangements for the meeting were carried out on a 
 generous scale. The Society invited as its guests delegates 
 from the city of Bristol, the city of Venice, tlie Royal Geo- 
 graphical Society of London, and from several Universities 
 and Historical Societies in Canada and the United States. 
 The government of Nova Scotia and a committee of the 
 citizens of Halifax joined the committee of the Royal Society 
 in extending the courtesies of the occasion. The meeting.s con- 
 tinued from the 21st to the 25th of June, and were generally 
 
held ill the Logishitive Council Cliiiml)er of the Provincial 
 IJuildinfj, — ix fnu! stone structure of modest proportions, en- 
 closed in shaded ^Mounds, reniindin<,' one of the older puhlic 
 l)uildinj];s of the mother country, and (|uite as dingy and ven- 
 erable in aj)itearan(;e. T\\v. 22d was given up to the Queen's 
 Jul)il(!e, and tlie 24th to the dedication of the Cabot tablet. 
 
 Among the papers read befoie the Historical section were 
 three which attracted special attention, as they related to the 
 great discovery. The iirst was by the Hon. John lioyd 
 Thacher, mayor of Albany and author of the recent sumptu- 
 ous volume entitled " 'i'he Continent of America : Its Discovery 
 and liaptism." Mr. Thacher carefully laid out the course of 
 the "Mftthew," following the scanty information furnished by 
 Pasqualigo and Soncino. He imagined a fixed course and a 
 fixed measurement of distance, and was led thereby to favor 
 Labrador, "somewhere near Hudson's straits," as the landfall. 
 " We '<ave picked our way through ice and doubt," he said in 
 concluding, " but one thing is clear : it was an English ship 
 that crossed the ocean ; English feet first trod these northern 
 shores ; English hands planted the familiar ensign and took 
 possession in the name of Henry VH. It matters not whether 
 it was John or Sebastian, whether it was Labrador or New- 
 foundland or Cape Breton. The title to all this goodly terri- 
 tory runs from ocean to ocean. The vision was Cathay ; the 
 reality was America.'' Mr. Thacher exhibited an autograph 
 letter of Henry VII. and other original documents. 
 
 The next paper on the subject was by Samuel E. Dawson, 
 Lit. D., of Ottawa, whose previous contributions to the Tvans- 
 actions of the Society have been highly valued for the pains- 
 taking research as well as for the calm judicial tone wliich 
 they always exhibit. Dr. Dawson alluded to his monograph 
 of 1804, and said that although it had occasioned considerable 
 comment, he had seen no new arguments against it, — nothing 
 whatever to invalidate his conclusions. 
 
 There were now, he said, only two advocates for the New- 
 foundland theory (I suppose he meant Judge Prowse and 
 Bishop Howley), and Labrador is put out of court by all 
 Canadians. Most of the earlier writers have steadily confused 
 the two voyages. The first one was not a survey, but only a 
 reconnoissance. He considers the Cosa map of 1500 in part a 
 transcript of the 1497 voyage made by Jolm Cabot himself. 
 
Cavo dv YiKjlaterra is Cape Kfxce. This he coiisul<!rs the ciir- 
 iliiial point on whioh the wiiolo doltiite turns Cape IJrcton 
 is the (Javo desciibierfo of Cosa's map, and the I'riiiui I'txtd of 
 the Mappemontle of ir)44. 
 
 Dr. Dawson acknowledges liis great indelttedness to Har- 
 risse, but cannot follow him in some of his recent con- 
 clusions, as, for example, when he sends Cabot — wlio does 
 not mention ice — up to 63 degrees two weeks before June 24. 
 lie evidently does not know Labrador when he writes of /mrcu- 
 laoH ; for codfish do not arrive at ('ape Chidley till Aut^ust. 
 Harrisse disclaims for Spain any jealousy, but the Bull of 
 Partition jjoints to another conclusion. 
 
 As to Sebastian Cabot, Dr. Dawson reminds us that the 
 standard of truth in the Renaissance period was not iiigh. 
 VVinsor's Columl)us shows us that. Sebastian should not be 
 dismissed as a liar. We must remember that we have nothing 
 from his own pen. If he was such a fraud as is now claimed by 
 some writers, so were Ferdinand, (^^harles V., and Henry VIII. 
 The Court of Spain had many able sailors who would surely 
 have detected gross falsehood in a foreigner like Sebastian. 
 We must concede him the first place in nautical matters. lie 
 would be justified by his Spanish position in suppressing cer- 
 tain facts. His first duty was to his own master. He was a 
 scientific theorist, but not an impostor. 
 
 A poem upon Cabot was read by Mr. W. Wilfred Campl)ell. 
 
 The last paper was by the President of the Society, Arch- 
 bisliop O'Brien. It was an elaborate study, illustrated by 
 diagrams, and presenting some novel features. Pas(jualigo, he 
 said, gives us the distance sailed, — seven hundred leagues. 
 Soncino gives the direction taken. These two data, however, 
 do not suffice, for they will apply to Labrador, Newfoundland, 
 (U" (^ape Breton. But, happily, Soncino supplies another point 
 which has been overlooked. He says that Cabot "passed con- 
 siderably the country of Tanais," that is, evidently its latitude, 
 according to the early custom of locating unknown shores by 
 comparing them with well-kn(»wn places in the old world. 
 The "country of Tanais" is the area included within the 
 great bend of the river Don, between the AOth and the 48th 
 degrees. Bristol is about 51 degrees. So Cabot must have 
 sailed south of the latitude of Tanais. This gives us a third 
 known quantity, which enables us to solve the problem. We 
 
 ^ 
 
must, therefore, exclude Labrador, Cape St. John, and l?ona- 
 vista. Tlie only | laeo fulfilling all the conditions is Capo 
 lireton Island, (Mtlier on the Atlantic Coast, or, more likely, 
 within the (iulf, southward of Cape North, near Mt. Squirrel. 
 In this case Cabot did not see Cape Race, but passed south 
 and west of it, and came toward Prince Edward Island, and 
 could easily have coasted the gulf in nine days. The Micmacs 
 — traces of whom he found — fished in the G ulf and never went 
 out upon the ocean. The "seven cities" were at Chateau 
 Harboi', which has the ap[)earanee of being fortified. 
 
 The President then took up the second voyage, and handled 
 the Cosa map in a very bold and ingenious manner. It has 
 been generally taken for granted that Cabot's charts have been 
 lost ; but let us examine the Cosa map. It is admitted by all 
 that the northern portion is founded upon information derived 
 from Cabot himself. The work is evidently made up of two 
 pieces. We can find the scale on which the portion covered 
 by the Spanish Hag is drawn. This scale does not fit the 
 coast line covered by the English flag. We infer, therefore, 
 that Cosa copied that part from another man's work. Happily 
 for us, he did not attempt to reduce it to his own scale. Can we 
 then discover the scale of Cabot's shore line? We must dis- 
 tinguish between the chart and the map. Only the chart is 
 .Cabot's. The most southern of the English fiags would be near 
 Cape Henry. Cavo descuhierto is the cape first made — the 
 landfall, that is. Cape Breton Island, in latitude 4G°30'. The 
 distance between these two points — 3| inches — is ten degrees. 
 i.'his gives us the scale of Cabot's chart ; namely, | of an inch 
 to a degree. This clue restores Cabot's chart to its proper 
 position. Hut we see a distortion in Cosa's map. Cabot sur- 
 veyed the coast from north to south. Hence Cavo iV Vn;ila- 
 terra cannot be Cape Race. Cosa, in joining Cabot's chart to 
 his own, made it run east and west. This explains the fruit- 
 less attempts of modern scholars to understand it. It ex- 
 jdains also why Cosa's map was never reproduced, but was 
 quickly laid aside. Yet it has preserved to us Cabot's chart 
 unmarred. 
 
 The Archbishop saw that this position was radical and called 
 for further proof. Accordingly he went into an exhaustive 
 argument to justify his statements. Ajjplying his scale, he 
 found Cavo cC Ynglaterra to be Cape Chidley ; Cavo de Jorge^ 
 
Cape Race — fittingly named after En<'Iaii(l',s patron saint; 
 V. t'rnli' is the (Jreen or Grass Island of to-day ; JxI'i </(■ In 
 Trenidnt is Oi^na lAk — ('od Island — in ">7 '40', with three 
 remarkable hills. Tlu; small island near the second (lag 
 is in 48 .")0', and must he Salile Island. Other places are 
 identilied after the same fasliion ; and the author seems to 
 have convinced himself, if not others, that this is a chart of the 
 wliole coast-line from Caj)e Henry to the north of Iludsoi-'s 
 Hay. lie finds another proof in the names on the chart, wliieh 
 hear marks of ("osa's classical condensation from Cabot's rough 
 English phrases, according to the rules of the time. 
 
 Tlie writer thinks he has reason for believing that Jolin 
 Cabot did not die during the second voyage, but returned 
 unsuccessful, and dropped out of sight, as indeed Sebastian 
 did for several years. Men forgot the achievements of the 
 father, hearing so much afterward of the son who gained a 
 European rei)Utation. In the eyes of the commercial world 
 the father liad failed. Some day, in the crypt, or amid the 
 other dark nooks of St. Mary Kedcliffe at Bristol, a slab will 
 yet be found which will tell us when and how John Cabot 
 died. 
 
 The crowning feature of the ( ccasion was the unveiling of 
 the tablet at the Province House on the afternoon of the 24th. 
 The inscription, which was carefully prepared by Messrs. 
 Bourinot and Dawson, does not commit the Society to any one 
 of the theories as to the landfall. 
 
 Through the kindness of E. (Jilpin, Escp, F. U S. C, one of 
 the Halifax committee, I have obtained an excellent facsimile 
 of the tablet which I take pleasure in presenting to the Society. 
 It sliows the artistic decorative bt)rder representing the royal 
 arms in the centre, with those of Bristol and Venice on either 
 side, and the good ship sailing away from the old-world port 
 toward the sun, which is setting behind the distant shore. 
 
 The ceremony of unveiling was worthily performed by his 
 Excellency the CJovernor-(!eneral, who was accoujpanied by 
 Lady Aberdeen and a large nund)er of distinguished guests 
 re})resenting the Army and Navy, the Dominion, the Province, 
 the City, and foreign lands. Among the speakers were the 
 Bristol delegates, Messrs. Barker and Davies, — both of them 
 recent mayors of that city, — United States Coiisul-(Jeneral 
 Ingi'ahara, Mayor Thacher of Albany, and Consul-General 
 
8 
 
 SoliniherRo, who represented, he said, the City of Venice, tlie 
 Italian (ieo^'iapliit'al Society, and the Ministry of I'uhlic In- 
 struction. He gave a glowing address (|iiite charauteristic of 
 
 THIS TAni.F/r IS IN IKiNOl'U OK Till: KAMOl'S NAVIC.ATOU 
 
 John Cahot 
 
 Who under .'uitliority of icttt'is-patfint of IIKN'IIV VM dirccliiif^ 
 him "/(> coiii/ior nrcii/ii/ mid poitsc.iii" for K\(iLA\l) all lands he 
 might find "in irhnlirrr pitrl of the irorlil tlii'i/ lie,'' sailed in a 
 BRISTOL Ship TlIK MATTUKW. and first planted the flags of 
 EN(;F.AN1) and VKNICE on the 'Jl'!' of June 14it7 on the north 
 eastern seaboard of NOIITII AMKKICA, and hy iiis discoveries 
 in this and the following year gave to IC\(iLAM) a claim ujion 
 the Continent wliich the coloni/.ing spirit of her sons made good 
 
 in later times. 
 
 -i3- 
 
 -[>- 
 
 T/ils laldct was p/iireil in llii.t hull bij the Uoyai. Socikty of Canada 
 in JiiNK 1S!»7 when the Bitrrisil Kmi'IUK icas celehralinf/ the sixTlKTil 
 Aunirersnry oflhe Accession of Her Mn/'esli) Qukk.n Victokia during 
 whose hene/icent reifjn the Dnininion o/" Canada has ertende.d from Ike 
 shores first seen In/ Cahot and Enijlish sudors four hundred ifears before 
 to the far l'a>:ifie coast. 
 
 His Kxcki.i.kncy tiii; ICaim. ok Akkudekn 
 
 (lonrnor-Geiiend of Camilla. 
 
 C O'MiuKN, D.l). PiiKS. H.S.C. „,^ iioNouii M. B. Daly 
 
 [Archuisi.o.. ov Hau.fax] ,j,,,„„„„t Gorernor of Nova Scotia. 
 .7. G. BouKiNor, C. M. G. Hon. Skc. R. S. C. 
 
 CiTV OF BniSTOL DKLKIiATES 
 
 Wll.I.lAM ROHKUTS BaUKKK, J. 1*. 
 WlI.MAM HoWKM. DaVIKS, J. 1'. 
 
 his race. Speaking of the adventurous seamen who had gone 
 fortl) from the Italian maritime republics to conduct distant 
 voyages of discovery, he said, " The Cabotos were like feathers 
 
9 
 
 from the winged Lion of St. >riirk," (lyiii<; to tlii'se wehttMii 
 shores, then (hisuhitt', l»nt now swarniin<j witli restless activity. 
 At the eoMclnsidii of his speech tiiree roiisin<^ cheers were 
 given for the King of Italy. 
 
 Then occurred one of the most touching incidents of tlio 
 dny. A Micmac Indian woman came slowly throngh the 
 crowd, and handed to the (yountcss a dainty basket woven of 
 colored splints, — a line specimen of nalivt^ handicraft. She 
 wore the hrilliant dn'ss of her trihe, with the stiff peaked hood, 
 — a survival, I presume, of the skin costume of her ancestors, 
 which is still retained in northern Labrador. The gift was 
 graciously received amid the api)laus(' of the company ; and 
 several other Indians came up with their chief, Jwli' Noel of 
 Shubenacadie, and \v vr presented by the Archbisliop. 
 
 The IJluejackets of ^i. Al. S. " Crescent " acted as a guard of 
 honor during the exercises. 
 
 I ought not to close this report withou*^ alludinn to the 
 social coi li \ies whi^di were extended to us duriuL^ th; whole 
 week, such as the luncheon given by the President of the 
 Society; the steamer excursion jvround the beautiful harbor, 
 given by the government of Nova Scotia ; the brilliant recep- 
 tion by the Lieutenant-(iovernor and Mrs. Daly , and the five- 
 o'clock teas at the villa of Sir Handford Fleming and else- 
 wdiere. The concluding reception was held at the Province 
 House by the Nova Scotia Historical Society. 
 
 The Royal Society and its guests were also invited to a large 
 meeting in the Opera House in honor of the late Joseph Howe, 
 the eminent statesman, for whom a statue is soon to be pro- 
 vided. The oration was delivered by the Rev. Principal 
 Grant, of Kingston. 
 
 I should add that the Faculty of Dalhousie University and 
 other citizens of Halifax showed us many personal favors 
 during our visit. 
 
 The Maine Historical Society — the nearest of all our State 
 societies to the landfall of 1407 — has given another proof of 
 its enterprising spirit by having a Cabot celebration at its June 
 meeting in Brunswick. Papers were read as follows : A Brief 
 RdsuHK^ of Cabot's Voyages, by Hon. J. P. Baxter, of Port- 
 land ; The Old World at the Dawn of Western Discovery, 
 Professor J. W. Black, of Waterville ; The Cartography of 
 the Period, Rev. H. S. Burrage, of Portland ; The Landfall 
 
10 
 
 of Cabot, Professor Willia.n Macdonald, of Brunswick ; The 
 Value and Significance of Cabot's Discovery, Professor John 
 S. Sewall, of Bangor. 
 
 Messrs. Charles C. Smith, Samuel A. Green, George B. 
 Chase, and Edward G. Porter were appointed a Committee 
 to publish a volume of Pepperrell Papers, from the original 
 manuscripts relating to the siege and capture of Louisbourg, 
 in the possession of the Society. 
 
li:, 
 
 I 
 
 
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