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PROSPECTUS 
 
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 NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 WITIi 
 
 REPORTS OF DIRECTORS 
 
 REQAF^DIjyq SITUATION. ^OIL, CLI/vlATE, &C., &C. 
 
 AND 
 
 A STATEMENT OF CONDITIONS 
 
 COfMCEF^JVIJMG FREE HOU^E?, FREE QRyVjMTS OF LAf^D, 
 AJ^D ASSISTED PASSAGES. 
 
 < OMPll.LI) HT 
 
 CAPTAIN WILLIAM BROWN, 
 
 G LASGOW : 
 
 VVII.I.IAM MACRUNK, IMUXTHK. IJ JilXd.N STiiKKT. 
 
(77) 
 
 All intending Emigrants, especially those with large fami- 
 lies, reqniring assistance in passage, should at once make 
 up a list of the ]Jsames, Sexes, and Ages of their families, 
 noting particularly those intending to enter into employ- 
 ment, and the kind of employment desired for them ; 
 also, families wishing to be located in groups of two, three, 
 or four should immediately make their mutual arrange- 
 ments and give intimation. 
 
 All Members will be located from the Town outwards 
 in the order of application, the first on the list having 
 their Farms nearest the Town. 
 
 All applications and communications regarding the 
 Colony to be sent to the Secretary, Mr. D. Tatloe, 
 Journal Office, Stonehaven, who will give all necessary 
 information required. 
 
 A properly - qualified medical officer will acccnpany 
 the Colony. 
 
 /S^rv 
 
NEW KINCARDINESHIRE COLONY. 
 
 Tlie object in forming this Colony is to givo the Kniigrant all 
 the advantages that the free institutions, fruitful soil, and most 
 healthy climate, which New Brunswick otfers, without hrcakitig up 
 home associations, or l^eing fo/ced to have to sudilenly pull down, ami 
 almost entirely rennjdel and rehuiid, the whoh- ftl)ric of their -uo-.a! 
 and social ideas, to adapt them to ungenial, alien forms, (jften dif- 
 fering very nm(di from tho e which every true Scotchman holds saert d 
 as the most preci')us heirloom of his forefathers : and this will be 
 effectually accoiu})lished l)y the grant now conceded to our Colony of 
 a tract of 50,000 acres of tht^ finest well watered upland, bounded by 
 the river St. John on the west, the river Tobique on the north, the 
 forest ou the east, and Moose Mountain ridge and Carlton and \ ic- 
 toria county lie on the south. This tract, " Xeu^ Kincardineshire," 
 will be tilled up from Kincardineshire and the adjacent shires of 
 Forfar, Aberdeen, Banff, and Perth in Scotland, excepting iu case 
 of the admission of desirable partiv'S from other shires ; but no 
 persons of any shire will lie admitted as numd)ei's unless they be 
 Presbyterian, of good charactei-, and industrious and persevering. 
 These are the principal and indis[)ensablt' qualiiications that must be 
 possessed by any one wishing to join the Colony, and all those pos- 
 sessing them will be Avelcomely received, even though short of means, 
 in which case they will have assistance in pas.sage tor themselves and 
 families, and otherwise, as hereinafter to be exphiined. 
 
 Thus, in Xew Kiricaidineshire, covering an area of ten miles by 
 twenty of the finest land, and enclosed by good natural boundaries, 
 there will be but one form of society, social customs, and schools ; one 
 form of })olitics, one language; and one religion. These are the great 
 foundation pillars on which the social, moral, and political harmony 
 and ha]>piness of a community must stand, in order tt) be solid, 
 cohesive and enduring ; and on tlu'S(; will our Culon\ h-- built. One 
 of the principal studies of tlie 3'anager was to acconiplish tliis great 
 advantage, not from any motive of religious 1 'gotry, or anti['athy to 
 any sect, but simply to allow our s-'ct to enjoy all the privileg. s of 
 the New World, and its f.ve and emitibling iustituti>ns, with* ut iiav- 
 ing their social and political f clings enduttered and cankered by tho 
 heterogeneous mi-viiigand confusion of language and creeds that have 
 hitherto blighted the hopes and a.sj>irations of most emigr 'iit-. to all 
 parts of America. We may pro])ably have neighbours of other creeds 
 beyond our borders ; but as our church and school systtuu and iJolitics 
 will be entirely distinct from theirs, we will thus be able to be good 
 neighbours, aud enjoy the peace and comfort that flows from system 
 and unity. 
 
Another object in forming this Colony in the way aforesaid is, 
 by numbers and organization before the starting of the party, to get 
 mu ;h superior terms, as regards both passage and land grants, than 
 could possibly be obtained by single individuals or families, and thus 
 place our free farms and free homes within the reach of many who, 
 for want of means, could otherwise never avail themselves of so splen- 
 did an opportunity of attaining in a few years independence. 
 
 Till* UMji^iiiticeiit lerilis to the New Kincardineshire Colony are 
 special and extra, and are the fruits of the promoters having gratui- 
 tously performed the whole of the work of organizing the plans, going 
 to New Brunswick to select the lands, and carrying out the negotia- 
 tions, and all the arrangements for passage, and location and allotment 
 of the farms to the several members. 
 
 The members of the Colony will, on starting, consist of three 
 classes, viz: — 
 
 The first, those families the heads of which are advanced in years, or 
 in possession of capital, their object in emigrating being to 
 gain for their rising families the great advantages offered by 
 the Kincardineshire Colony in so fine and extensive a country 
 as New Brunswick. Heads of families of this class may, 
 on becoming members, arrange to purchase partly-cleared 
 farms on the river front, or arrange for making extra 
 clearings on free grant-farms, so as to settle down at once 
 on arrival in ease and comfort, in good homes, surrounded 
 by beautiful river and woodland scenery, and within an 
 eas;y walk of the farms of their sons. Director Mr. R. 
 Stewart, of the farm of Newlands, is of this class, and who 
 will be happy to give personal advice or information on the 
 subject to any one so desiring it. 
 The next class will consist of those who have just enough for 
 their passage and sustenance till the harvesting of first crop ; 
 and the third class, those who require assistance in passage 
 for themselves and families. 
 Thub, to suit and meet the requirements of all the classes, the 
 following special arrangements have been made : — 
 
 The first-mentioned class may, on becoming members, at once 
 arrange to purchase partly-cleared Farms, fronting the St. John or 
 Tobique ; or, if they so prefer it, to arrange for having extra clearing 
 on a free grant, and for the others as follows : — 
 
 A Free (jJrant of 200 Acres to be allotted to Married Persons 
 having two or more children under 18 years of age ; four acres of the 
 same to be cleared, and a good substantial log-house built thereon, at 
 a cost of $90, or £18 sterling. 
 
 To Married Persons with less than two children under 18 years 
 of age will be allotted a Free C»r.tiil Of 100 Acres, two of which to 
 be cleared, and a good substantial log-house built thereon, at the cost 
 of $60, or £12 sterling. The £12 houses will be equal in quality to 
 those at £18, differing only in dimensions. 
 
 To Single Males over 18 years of age will be allotted a Free 
 Grant of lt»0 Acres, two of which to be cleared; also, £3 sterling 
 will be allotted to such person, either in assistance for passage, or to 
 
be paid to him on settling on his farm. Also, while building his 
 house, he will be accommodated in a temporary building, the use of 
 said building not to exceed 15 months. 
 
 Any member preferring assistance in passage to the houses as 
 above specified may be assisted to the extent of £3 per head of his 
 family, two under 1 2 years of age counting as one. 
 
 Any member wishing to build a house for himself will, when 
 such house is built, and equal to those built by Government, receive 
 the aforesaid amount of £12 or <£18, as the case may be. 
 
 Any member having sons or daughters over 12 years of age, 
 whom they wish to take service, either in following a trade ov 
 domestic or farm service, good situations for such may be pre-engaged, 
 and ready to enter on immediately on the arrival of the Colony party 
 in New Brunswick, Also, the passages cf such persons could be 
 prepaid in New Brunswick by their intending employers, the amount 
 to be paid back to the employers by easy deductions from their 
 salaries. The number of female servants and male apprentices at 
 trades already applied for much exceeds what the families of our 
 party can fill, so that friends of the Colony party might avail them- 
 selves of this excellent opportunity of immensely bettering their 
 circumstances. But no female, unless related to some of the party, 
 may be thus provided for, unless in case of most fiivourable certificates 
 of character. 
 
 Sleiiibers absolutely requii'in<? Assistance after arrival in the 
 
 Settlement will, when occasion offers, be provided with la])our on the 
 roads or otherwise, at the rate of four shillings per day. Roads and 
 cross roads will be made through the Colony at the expense of Go- 
 vernment. The farms will be arranged in squares, so as to give each 
 farm a front on to the road or cross road ; and reserves will be left 
 between each square for the sons of those occupying the squares on 
 either side, so that the said sons, on coming of age, may have their 
 farms adjoining those of their parents. 
 
 Two or more members so desiring it may have their farms adjoin- 
 ing each other, and in this way two, three, or four friends could have 
 their houses close together, and so form a group, which would much 
 add to their social comfort. 
 
 A Saw, Wool, Carding, and Grist Mill will be erected in a cen- 
 tral part of the Colony, so as to facilitate its development and add to 
 its prosperity. One Saw and Grist Mill already exists within half a 
 mile of the intended site of New Stonehaven. 
 
 In order to relieve the minds of the poorer classes of our party 
 from anxiety in regard to provisions for the first year, 100 to 200 
 acres will be cropped with wheat, oats, Indian corn, and potatoes, 
 and the harvest divided gratis among those absolutely requiring such 
 assistance, the only condition being that those requiring such assist- 
 ance will unitedly reap the said crops ; also, all grocery provisions 
 will be supplied to the whole party the first year at wholesale 
 prices. 
 
 Tea and Coffee in New Brunswick is free of duty. 
 
 Game Laws there are none in New Kincardineshire ; each mem- 
 ber being the laird of his own farm. Salmon and trout fishing in tho 
 
rivers in and bounding the Colony will be free to all alike only 
 respecting the close season. 
 
 New Kincardineshire will be divided into School-ships of four 
 miles square, these Schoolships will be called respectively New Stone- 
 haven, Durris, Laurencekirk, Deeside, Perth, Aberdeen, Banff, and so 
 on, and will be peopled from corresponding Districts in Scotland. 
 
 In each Schoolship a Church and School will be erected, and until 
 the Colony be fairly started, each Schoolmaster will, in his proper 
 District, officiate as Minister. When practicable, the Schoolmaster 
 will be from the "ame District in Scotland as the Colony party of 
 said Schoolship. Each Schoolmaster will be entitled to a free farm 
 and house, in addition to his salary from Government of $150 per 
 annum. The Taxes in New Brunswick are only nominal, and Poor- 
 Rates there are none. 
 
 All Members must, on or before Saturday the 26 th of October, 
 take out their passage tickets, and pay one-third deposit thereon. 
 The tickets may be had from Mr. Abernethy, "Anchor" Line agent, 
 Stonehaven, or from any "Anchor" Line agent in Scotland, or at the 
 head office, 51 Union Street, Glasgow. The object of paying the 
 deposits now is simply as a sign of good faith on the part of the 
 members, so that the Manager may at once order the making of roads, 
 clearing of the lands, and building of houses to be proceeded with ; 
 also, to definitely arrange the time of starting, which will be about 
 the end of April, 1873. 
 
 Each member will, on taking out his passage ticket, as above 
 directed, receive an order for his f:irra and house, as already 
 described ; also, a free pass for passage from St. John to New Stone- 
 haven, and a guarantee for half-fare from Stonehaven to Glasgow. 
 Immediately on arrival of the Colony in St. John, the Government 
 steamer Avill come alongside the Transatlantic steamer, and so tran- 
 ship the party and baggage, and at once proceed to New Stonehaven, 
 and the Manager will accompany the party to the Colony, and see 
 all comfortably settled. 
 
 If, between now and the time of sailing of the party, any reduc- 
 tion of fares should take place in the steam lines running from 
 Glasgow to Canada and New Brunswick, the Kincardineshire Colo- 
 nists will enjoy the benefit thereof. 
 
 The whole cost of passage for each individual over twelve years 
 of age from Stonehaven to New Stonehaven is £6 14s. In order to 
 insure the best treatment, greatest comfort, safeness, and quickness 
 of transit, all members of our Colony party will cross the Atlantic by 
 the "Anchor" Line of steamers. This line has been chosen because 
 its steamers are magnificent, and its reputation for kindness to pas- 
 sengers much superior to that of any other line on the Atlantic, and 
 also beciiuse it is the only direct line to St. John. 
 
 Farm Servants should not take service at the November Term 
 till after considering this splendid opportunity of having free farms 
 aad houses of their own. 
 
HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. 
 
 Tt is (»f scarcely less importance, to the new settler, the character 
 -of the laws which protect him in the possession of his jtroperty than 
 of those through whicli, in the first place, lie obtains possession. 
 
 The Homestead Law of New Brunswick ])rovi(les that tlu' family 
 homestead of the head of each family shall l)e exempt from levy, or 
 sale under execution, or any judgment rendered t>n any cause of 
 action, accruing after the taking effect of this Act, provided such 
 homestead shall not exceed in value six hundr«'l (h>llars; such home- 
 stead shall not be assets in theliands of an administrator for payment 
 of debts, nor subject to the laws of distribution, so long as the widow, 
 or children under age, or any or eitluT of them, shall occu[)y the 
 same; and no release or waver of such exemption sliall l)e valid unless 
 made by deed executed by hus})and and wife, with all the formaliti*« 
 required by law for the conveyance of real estiite ; or if the wife; he 
 dead, and there be children undc^ «age, by such deed, executed by 
 the luisband, with the consent of the Judge of Probate for the County 
 in which the land lies, endorsed on such deed. 
 
 I'rovision is also made for the appraisement and exemption of 
 the homestead to the value of six hundred dollars, in case an execu- 
 tion is levied on th^ property, when the whole value of the same is 
 more than six hundred dollars, tlie husband or the wife having the 
 selection of the portion of the property on which they desire the 
 homestead to be reserved. 
 
 When the homestead of any head of a family l)eing a de])tor m 
 execution, shall consist of a house and lot of land, which in the 
 opinion of the appraisers cannot be divided without injury and incon- 
 venience, the whole value is to be appraised, notice is to be given to 
 the debtor, and, unless within a time limited by the law, the said 
 debtor shall pay the sur])lus over and above the six hundred dollars, 
 the premises may be sold, and out of the proceeds six hundred dollars 
 shall- be paid to the debtor or his representative, with the written 
 consent of his wife, or in case of her death, of the oldest adult mem- 
 ber of the family. 
 
 This law applies to leasehold as w^ell as freehold prf)perty. 
 
 To the Editor of the Stonehaven Jonrnal. 
 
 Sir, — Having just returned from surveyin<^ the block of land set aside by the 
 Government for the members of the New Kincardineshire Colony, it has been 
 urged upon me to briefly state my opinion of the soil .nnd general aspects of the 
 country, preparatory to a more detailed report on the return of my companion 
 •delegate, Captain Brown, who is still in St. John completing the arrangements. 
 In the first place, then, I would allude to the extremely kind reception we received 
 from all classes in New Brunswick, wherever we visited, their willingness to impart 
 information and general affability — and during the time we were in the country wc 
 passed over a good deal of ground — so that 1 could not help feeling impressed with 
 the conviction that they are, both in town and country, a most hospitable, frank, 
 and kindly class of people. 
 
 The reason for shifting the locality of the Colony from Grand Lake to Victoria 
 County has already been stated, and need not therefore be adverted to here. Suf- 
 ficient to say that I. myself, am fully convinced of the superior quality of the soil, 
 besides the greater facility there is for transit both by land and water. All along 
 the St. John River the land is of excellent quality, capable of growing any descrip- 
 tion of crop, and the land in question is certainly not inferior to any we passed 
 over, while the back part of the allotment I consider to be even finer. The loca- 
 
8 
 
 lity we have chosen (about 40 miles from the town of Woodstock) is covered with 
 mixed hardwood, and a sprinkling of pine, while water of excellent quality from 
 natural springs and water courses is to be had on every 200 or 100 acre lot. Part 
 of the river front would be a most eligible site for a town. It is on a beautiful 
 bend of the river, and there is every natural facility for a landing stage. One part 
 of our frontage is already settled and the land partly cleared for cultivation. These 
 farms can generally be bought at what I would call a nominal price, as the true 
 Brunswickian has very little favour for farming. Indeed, I was very much struck 
 at the slovenly way in which the lots are farmed. In fact there is no pretension 
 whatever to (arming after the rules of "good husbandry," or as practised in this 
 country, and I firmly believe that is the principal reason of the lower averages of 
 particular crops compared with what we have in this neighbourhood. There are, 
 of course, exceptions to this rule, and invariably I found these exceptions to be ir» 
 the person of the Scotch settler or his family. I can only attribute the general 
 sluggishness of the farmers to a liking for a rough, yettattractive life, amongst the 
 woods. The greater majority engage in what is called " lumbering," a business 
 which I consider risky and unsatisfactory compared with farming. The fault, 
 therefore, in my mind, lies with the farmer, and not in the land, which I find can be 
 bought far cheaper than a farm of the same acreage can be rented here. As an 
 instance of this I mention a fact, namely, that I was offered a farm of 100 acres, 
 about 40 of which were cleared, for £(>\, and better crops than upon that farm — 
 especially potatoes — I am safe in saying that I have never seen elsewhere. There 
 were more farms of this class brought under my notice, of which I shall enumerate 
 two or three. A farm of 160 acres, with from 60 to 70 acres clear, could be bought 
 for ^^"150; a farm of 250, with 130 cleared, could be bought for ;^300; and a farm 
 of 400 acres, with one-half clear, might have been had at from ;^350 to ;^400. 
 These latter I mentioned have all fine houses and out-buildings upon them. But 
 the question is asked — "Surely something must be wrong when a farm of that 
 extent is offered for so little money?" And this'^is easily answered. The people, 
 as I said before, are more fond of lumbering than farming, and, besides, many- 
 private individuals make it the business of their lives to partly take in farms and 
 then sell out at a profit. I have no hesitation in saying that S'ew Brunswick is a 
 splendid farming country, although at present it is, comparatively speaking, still in 
 its infancy, which, however, is all the better for the settler and his family. In a few 
 years there can be no question that land will be of immense value. Already is this 
 the case beside towns such as Frederickton or Woodstock. And when our new 
 colony is fairly settled, this cannot fail to be the case, possessing as it does such 
 facilities as to transit. In the settlement of Glassville, founded about ten years ago, 
 which I visited — calling upon twenty or thirty families — I found that the whole of 
 that number, with one solitary exception, started with little or no means whatever; 
 and now they are in a prosperous, many in an independent, position. I came 
 across several families in that settlement who went out from Aberdeenshire, and 
 the kindly and enthusiastic way in which they received me I shall not readily 
 forget I am glad to say they were all doing much better than they ever hoped to 
 do, and are, consequently, in a happy and contented condition. Therefore I would 
 earnestly and advisedly, as my own honest conviction, say to the young and strong, 
 and those without capital — Go to New Brunswick, take an out-farm and clear it 
 yourself; but to the old, and those possessing some capital, endeavour to get a 
 partly cleared farm. The means of obtaining an independent position, I am con- 
 vinced, are not to be found in this country in companson with New Brunswick. 
 
 A word or two regarding markets. If you want to go to a market there are 
 plenty quite easy of t.^ress, but the farmer very rarely goes from his steading to 
 sell the produce of his farm. Dealers come round and give the market price for 
 any he may have to dispose of, lifts and carts it for himself. I enquired particularly 
 about the price of oats, hay, cattle, &c. The average price of hay per ton is £2 
 15s. 8d. ; oats, i8s. per qr. Beef sold in Si. John at about 7^d. per lb., while up 
 the river it could be had for 6d. to 6^d. I shall refrain from giving you any more 
 quotations in the meantime, but shall enter fully into the price of agricultural im- 
 plements and domestic utensils in my report. I may just add that labour of all 
 kinds was in great demand, especially in Woodstock,' where there are several exten- 
 sive iron works. Wages, for both male and female labour, were high. — Yours, &c.,. 
 
 Robert Stewart. 
 Farm of Newlands, Dursnottar, 
 August 26, 1872. 
 
9 
 
 Fkom the Manager, 
 
 To THE Secretary New Kincardineshire Colony. 
 
 St. John, 4th Augu4it, 1872. 
 
 Dear Sir, — On our arrival here to-day we were Tery kindly 
 received and welcomed by Messrs. Scammell Brothers, who iiitro- 
 <luced us to the Attorney- General, and at once the ofticial machinery 
 was set in motion to expedite the object of our visit. The next day 
 we started for Frederickton, and were there received with very 
 marked courtesy by the Hon. Mr. Fraser, Provincial Secretary, who 
 conducted us from the steamboat wharf to the Crown Land Office, 
 where map after map of the vast un<^ranted lauds was unrolled 
 before us. By this time we had abandoned the idea of settling on 
 the shore of Grand Lake, as it could not offer what we needed, viz., 
 water and rail carriage to the principal markets, and sufficient extent 
 in one block of real first-class soil. All the most reliable informa- 
 tion we could glean, and our own growing convictions, pointed to a 
 certain part of Victoria to secure all these valuable points unitedly, 
 so that when the map of Victoria was enrolled before us, we were 
 delighted to find that the very locality we had decided on for all the 
 above advantages was ungranted. At Frederickton we met several 
 members of the Government, and all seemed zealous for the success 
 of our Colony; but at Woodstock, where we arrived on the 20th, 
 the Hon. C. Connel showed us more than zeal. He, with the most 
 hearty cordiality, made us his guests during part of our brief sojourn 
 in his beautiful town. His instructive discourses on the vacant lands 
 and country in general were evidently disinterested, and we were 
 thus very fortunate in meeting him. Mr. Connel and his sons also 
 took much jiains in accompanying us to price different kinds of 
 household utensils, such as stoves, bedsteads, tables, chairs, &c., all 
 of which we found of good make and material, and much cheaper 
 than in Scotland. Agricultural implements were also cheaper, ow- 
 ing to their lightness, which is permitted by the friable nature of 
 the New Brunswick soil. By the time we reached Woodstock we 
 had seen several hundred miles of the country. There was much 
 splendid land in each of the six counties that we crossed, but in all 
 of them the settlements were too close together to permit of our 
 getting a tract large enough for our purpose, and combining rail and 
 water carriage. After leaving Woodstock we proceed to Glass- 
 ville Settlement, begun about ten years ago by some families from 
 Scotland. These persons had little or no means when they arrived 
 on their ground. Moreover, they had to pay for every acre they 
 got, and make nearly all their roads; and our object in visiting them 
 is to avail ourselves of the valuable and most reliable evidence that 
 their present actual condition offers, in illustration of the future of 
 New Kincardineshire. 
 
 After many manifestations of friendship from Mr. Ct>nnel and 
 sons, and being provided by Mr. Connel, senior, with what- 
 ever maps we required, we started for Glassville. Crossing the 
 St. John by the steam ferry at Woodstock, we kept along the left 
 bank of the river a few miles through a series of fine farms, some of 
 them very tastefully laid out, with fine fruit-laden orchards and 
 
10 
 
 garJens surrounding the pretty white cottages of the happy and" 
 independent fanners now enjoying the fruits of their in(histry and 
 perseverance, that transformed this part of the forest to what we now 
 see it— a most charming picture of regidarly laid out fields, covered 
 with green, luxuriant crops. When about seven miles above Wood- 
 stock, we struck off the river side on to the Glassville Road, and 
 ascended by an easy grade the first ridges, till Ave were fairly on the 
 uplands of the back settlements. The scenery was uninterruptedly 
 beautiful ; — tlie rolling nature of country, varying from the little 
 grain-cropped hummock to the forest-capped hill ; the cattle-dotted 
 green meadows, threaded through by the zigzag, sparkling brooklets ;, 
 the flocks o^ white sheep on the hill-side pastures ; the haying parties, 
 whose merry voices mingled with the click-click of the mowing 
 machines, gave a charm and iiomelikeness to the scene that made us 
 pause, and ask ourselves if we were not in some beautiful woodland 
 region of the old country, rather than following r.long a mere tracing 
 of civilisation on the ocean-like expanse of boundless forest. Wherever 
 the soil was exposed by the cuttings in the roads, the uprooting of 
 trees, or by the streams and watercourses, we found it consisting 
 generally of three layers — the upper rich black loam, the next a rich,, 
 whitish, friable loam, and then a deep layer of yellowish loam, alsa 
 good, in all about four feet deep ; then a subsoil of earthy gravel, 
 itself superior in quality to much of our Scotch land for which high 
 annual rental is paid. This subsoil we observed in some places to be 
 twenty feet deep, but in others only five to ten feet deep. At 
 short intervals we passed neat wooden school-houses and churches, 
 but being vacation time, we had no t^)portunity of seeing the 
 children, uidess when they happened to be at play in the farm- 
 yards, or fishing fine trout in the brooks, or gathering raspberries 
 ill the forest, in all of which cases we were delighted with their 
 ruddy, robust, healthy, and happy appearance. The fanns along this- 
 strip of settlement had all been begun nearly in the same year, yet 
 they were in very diff'erent stages of development ; in fact, each indi- 
 vidual farm was a kind of reflection of the individual character of its 
 possessor. The fiirms of the indolent and of those who had yielded 
 to the coarse and decejjtive allurements of lumbering were easily dis- 
 tinguishable by the absence of system, neatness, and taste, both iu 
 the laying out of their grounds and mode of building tlu'ir houses 
 and barns. Equally easy was it to distinguish the farms of the per- 
 severing and industrious, who had not yielded to the passion for 
 lumbering, but had stuck to their farms. Their fields were well laid 
 out, their crops in better condition, and pretty, luxuriant gardens 
 surrounded their charming white-painted cottages and well-conditioned 
 barns. Besides, the condition of the stock of this class was always 
 found much better than that of the first-mentioned class. About T.oO- 
 P.M. Ave entered the famous Glassville Settlement, begun about four 
 years ago by the Rev. Mr. Glass of this province. This settlement 
 originally consisted of 30 families of Scotch emigrants. Some AA-ere 
 agriculturists, but many Avere tradesmen, quite unacquainted Avith 
 farming, and most of tliem had no capital except a i)air of braAvny 
 Scotch anus and hands, in which they carried their axe, the germ ot 
 
11 • 
 
 their 'present comfortable fortune. They had nothing to guide them 
 for over 20 miles to the lands allotted to them but the marks cut in 
 the trees in the time of survey and the compass. All the roads had 
 to be made by themselves in repayment of the lands. But the narra- 
 tive of one of them, a tradesman from Aberdeen, will best illustrate 
 the condition and first struggles of many of these heroic fellows. I 
 call them heroic, because their noble deeds are beneficial as examples 
 to the thousands of their fellow-countrymen who aspire to indepen- 
 dence, showing how even the poor, haid-worked, plodding, drudging 
 ploughman, and the equally hard-worked yet contented partner of his 
 toils and troubles, may in a few years rise to a position equal, when 
 all thiv's are considered, to one of affluence in the old country. 
 
 "I\> It never forget," said our kmd host of the day subsequent 
 to our entry into Glassville, the first night I spent on this farm. On 
 the very spot where this house now stands there stood a large sugar 
 maple tree. We reached this tree about six in the afternoon. My 
 wife and little ones were all much fatigued with scrambling for days 
 through the dense underbrush, and at once laid down to rest, while I 
 lighted a fire, and then chopped down some spruce branches for beds, 
 and white birch bark for tenting, to shelter them for the night. 
 This being done, I looked around me into the crowded hosts of liuge 
 trees, their great trunks and branches looking like so many big arms 
 and fingers, all pointing ridicule and defiance at me and the insignifi- 
 cant little chopping axe I held in my hand, which hope and love of 
 independence for myself and family had fondly painted in my imagina- 
 tion as the magic wand by Avhicli my hundred acres of forest giants 
 were to be vanquished, and levelled like straws on the ground, and 
 in their stead to see fertile fields covered with thriving cattle, and, 
 set like a gem in its midst, a pretty garden and a snug, happy home, 
 and all that to be my own. But my long-cherished dream vanished 
 as my courage sank before the weird aspect and grim scowl of the 
 hugely-branched trees, growing still more weird-like in the deepening 
 gloom of night, and I laid down hopeless and tired beside my wife 
 and little ones, and slept soumlly till four in the morning, when 
 roused to receive into the world a fourth little colonist. That was 
 indeed an anxious day; but I was so busy getting a little hut put 
 together, which %vas so much more necessary owing to the little 
 stranger, and cooking, &c., that I did not feel the actual weight of 
 my desolate position. At sunrise on the second morning I got up, 
 looked around me for a while, then looked again on my wife and 
 little family all asleep, and cosily huddling together in the temporary 
 shelter I had made for them ; then casting a glance on my axe, that 
 seemed glistening and eager for its great woik, a fresh impulse of 
 determination and hope flashed through me. I hurried off to about 
 100 yards from our hut, and selecting the largest tree, I struck out 
 at it, hacking right and left as if it had been a fight for life. Away 
 flew the chips up and down, and deeper grew the gap, till a sharp 
 cracking warned me that my foe was struck to the heart, and in a 
 second afterwards do^vn he came with a rustling and whizzing, and 
 fell with a leaden crash at my feet. In a moment more the three 
 eldest little ones were out to witness the fallen monarch, and the 
 
1% 
 
 eldest of the three, followed by the two others, soon stood triumphant 
 on the fallen trunk, and cried out with all their child's strength, 
 * Hooray, hooray, hooray, well done father,' and then hurried off to 
 the hut to tell their sick mother the good news that the stubborn 
 monarch of the hundred acre legion lay dead on the ground. Tree 
 after tree yielded in the same way as the first, till in a short time a 
 clearance of a few acres was made, and potatoes, oats, turnips, and 
 buckwheat began to peep above the dark soil, and hope brightened, 
 and energy wxed stronger with each successful effort, till now, just 
 ten years from that day, I am just as you see me — comfortable and 
 independent." 
 
 On this my kind host tapped the faithful partner of his trials 
 under the chin, and told her to tell me herself if she ever regretted 
 leaving bonnie Aberdeen. 
 
 " Na, na," she said with a feeling of pride, " it was never for the 
 like of us to be there what we are here. Besides, our eldest laddie 
 has now a farm of his own adjoining ours. When the other one 
 grows up he will have the next one back of it ; and what with their 
 own energies and the help of our savings, there's no knowing what 
 they may come to yet in a country like this, where even the son of 
 a farmer may rise to the highest dignity in the State. Na, na, even 
 tho' I'll always have a tender feeling for the old place, yet, after the 
 first acres Avere cleared, I never regretted leaving it, and only wish 
 that hundreds like what we tlien were ourselves had followed our 
 example, it would be a proud day Avith them now." 
 
 While I was being favoured with this narrative, a smart neatly- 
 dressed little girl — "the little stranger" before-mentioned — was 
 helping her mother to spread the dinner table, which being ready, 
 we sat down to a meal which, compared with that of some of our 
 best farmers at home, might be called luxurious and extravagant; 
 splendid pieces of mutton, fowls, and other savoury dishes soon stood 
 reeking before us, these were succeeded by fruit pies and puddings, 
 then followed a fine dessert of ripe wild fruits of exquisite flavour. 
 Indeed, our diimer was actually equal to that of any hotel dinner in 
 the country, except perhaps in style, the absence of which we by no 
 means regretted, as it was substituted by a warmth of welcome and 
 cordiality that was sweet sauce to all we partook of. After dinner 
 we visited the bams and sheds, saw their full stock of agricultural 
 implements, and sleighs and carriages, and their cow, horses, turkeys, 
 geese, and sheep, etc.; then walked through the garden — the pumpkins, 
 cucumbers, tomatoes, and Indian corn were all thrivincr splendidly, 
 also every other kind of produce common to our gardens. 
 
 About 60 acres of this farm were clear, the remaining 40 being 
 reserved for timber preserve and shady pasture. 
 
 Both myself and Mr. Stewart much admired the very favourable 
 appearance of the crops, the substantial commodiousness of the barns, 
 and above all the homestead itself, which was a shingled (slated) log 
 house, 15 by 25, a porch at the front door, all but the roof painted 
 white and clustered around with vines and pretty green creeping 
 plants, contrasting prettily with the white walls over which they 
 trailed themselves along. This very comfortable pretty wooden 
 
' 13 
 
 cottage was built by the owner, and with timber from liis ovm farm, 
 if buUt to order it would have cost about 70 dols., without the inside 
 fixings and finishings, which the farmers themselves prefer making 
 in winter, or when leisure offers. 
 
 I nearly forgot to make mention of the little purling brook of de- 
 licious spring water that rippled through the vegetable and flower 
 garden. Almost every farm in this splendidly watered country has 
 a brook running through it. 
 
 After this we visited several other farms, of which the one just 
 described is a fair sample ; then we drove five miles along the settle- 
 ment, and everywhere noted the same signs of prosperity and inde- 
 pendence. The people were all alike kind, communicative, and very 
 hospitable whenever occasion offered. They queried us about what 
 changes were taking place in and around Aberdeen, Deeside, and 
 thereabout, and also frequently a><ked about the Anchor Line steamers, 
 of which they spoke as with grateful and affectionate remembrances 
 ^ " Such fine bonnie steamers, and how kind the captain and all the 
 people on board were to us," were expressions repeated at nearly every 
 house we visited, and no doubt the prosperity of those who uttered 
 these well-merited compliments heightened the charming picture that 
 memory still vividly retained of those splendid vessels, and the prover- 
 bial attentiveness and kindness of manner that characterise their 
 officers and crews. 
 
 Among the other farms that we looked over particularly was that 
 of Mr. Miller. From the adversities and difficulties that this 
 gentleman met before reaching his farm, he had to begin almost pen- 
 niless like the others, but J will give you a sketch of his first opera- 
 tions as detailed by him to myself and Mr. Stewart: — "Property and 
 capital at the beginning of first year, a good wife and two bairns, 
 some oatmeal, a little tea and sugar, a wooden hoe and an axe, and 
 kind of wigwam or small hut made of branches. End of first year — 
 five acres clear, comfortable log house, also money earned working out, 
 $100, besides $30 labour on roads in repayment of the Government 
 Farm. Second year — crop raised, corn, 42 bushels ; buck wheat, jl 60 
 bushels ; oats, 150 bushels ; hay, 2 tons ; total value, §200. Also, 
 earned by hiring out to another farmer — one cow, S30 ; two ewes, .$8 ; 
 and by labour, lumbering three months, at $18 ; thus : — income for 
 second year, exclusive of dairy and garden produce, and pigs and 
 poultry, is equal to $292 ; add to this four cwt of fine maple sugar 
 made from trees on his fann." 
 
 He now began to feel somewhat independexit, and began to take 
 things easy, yet progressing steadily till this the ninth year, Avhich is 
 as follow^ : — 
 
 "Ninth year — oats, 500 bushels; buck Avheat, 126 bushels; 
 potatoes, 200 bushels; turnips, 300 bushels; Indian corn, 50 bushels; 
 and 12 tons of hay. Total value sold at the farm door, $530 ; 
 produce of sugar trees, sheep, dairy and poultry, about S300 ; this, 
 exclusive of home consumption, besides woollen clothing all made 
 at home, and abundance of excellent wild fruits and garden produce. 
 Stock on farm — ninth year, and which we inspected ourselves — five 
 ^ood cows, two heifers, one steer, two calves, twenty sheep, two large 
 
14 
 
 breeding hogs, two horses, and numerous turkeys, geese and fowls, 
 full fanning utensils, sleighs, and very handsome covered waggonette 
 for church and visiting, good frame house and bams, and 50 acres 
 clear and all fenced, the remainder fenced and left for timber pre- 
 serve and pasture." Mr. Miller now values his position at $1500, 
 besides, a fine comfortable home. His farm is just a fair sample of 
 Glassville farms, but the total assessed value of the settlement also 
 gives a good idea of its wealth and prosperity — $100,000 is the 
 amount Glassville is assessed at. Were not the farms themselvea 
 and the actual official statistics before us, we could scarce have credi- 
 ted that merely thirty almost penniless families could have raised, in 
 so short a time, a wild track of forest land, from no value at all, to so 
 great a worth, as all the value of this land before their advent was. 
 $8 a year per square mile for lumbering purposes. 
 
 Any one who reads carefully these statistics cannot otherwise than 
 conclude that the Glassville Settlement is, to all intending Scottish 
 agriculturist Emigrants, especially those of small means, the most im- 
 portant Settlement on the earth, as it shows where a comfortable 
 independence can be obtained in so short a space of time on so small 
 a beginning. 
 
 This fact becomes more evident when we consider the nearness 
 of New Brunswick to Scotland, and the comfort and cheapness of 
 passage offered by the Anchor Line of steamers from Glasgow, for 
 St. John direct ; but to all this, when we add the advantages granted 
 now to the Kincardineshire Colony, the fact becomes distinct and 
 impressive. One of the greatest advantages to our party will be its 
 transit direct to St. John, avoiding the disagreeable circuitous and 
 very expensive routes by the Allan and other lines. To go fuPy 
 into all the points of the Glassville settlement that are of interest, 
 would take too much time , I must, however, give you a short ac- 
 count of our second evening in Glassville, at the house of Mr. Hugh 
 Miller, also one of the first settlers. About dusk there was a regular 
 gathering of the clans, — the Spences, Wilsons, Millers and Macs in 
 galore, all crowded in to see the visitors from the Old Country, and 
 soon an animated discourse ensued, one giving an account of ^his first 
 struggles in the forest, another telling how he killed a bear, and ano- 
 ther speaking proudly of his present position, and not over tenderly 
 of the cobwebby ideas and land-law despotisms of the Old Country. 
 " No rent, taxes, poor-rates, and game laws here, Mr. Stewart," said 
 one voice with a strong Aberdonian twang ; then we gradually got 
 our inquiries systematised and noted down. 
 
 The replies in regard to feeding and health of cattle and tilling of 
 the grouuvl, and the unanimous opinion of our friends, were as follows : 
 — Home feeding of cattle here only about 14 days longer than in 
 Scotland ; health of cattle better than in Scotland ; ground much 
 easier to work — that is, two horses here would farm as much as four 
 at home ; they liked the winters very much ; preferred New Bruns- 
 wick winters to the Scotch winters, and said they were more bracing 
 and healthier than our winters were. Epidemics were unknown to 
 them, never having t" leave the kitchen to go to the dispensary. I 
 also asked them if they had worked harder to obtain their present 
 
15 
 
 positiou than tliey would have liad to work as farmers at home. 
 They seemed a little divided in opinion about this, but most of them 
 thought tJiat at the beginning they had. However, referring to Mr. 
 Stewart, I said, " Why, our good friends here are as straight as tele- 
 graph poles. Their hands are as soft as gloves, and they walk ^vitii 
 a grace and dignity of carriage as if they had been born gentlemen. 
 There surely must be some mistake somewhere." "Ah, well," said 
 Mr. Miller and some others, "you see there's one thing— we are our 
 own masters and lairds ; we govern our own afi'airs ; we are not 
 borne down by the leaden hump of care and anxiety that is ri etted 
 on the bent backs of old country farmers. Besides, once one is faii-ly 
 started here, say in the third year, living then becomes pretty easy." 
 Some of them laughed heartily over the indisputable evidence I 
 brought to bear in regard to their being hard worked. I shall ever 
 remember with pleasure the joyous evening we spent with the happy 
 and hospitable settlers of Glassville, and shall ever recall to memory 
 their manly, dignified forms and manner as they sat before me, clad in 
 home-spun of plejisant colour and fine texture. After the general 
 chit-chat was over we had some music, and then retired. Our 
 room window, on second story of Mr. Miller's splendid house, 
 looked eastward along the settlement, and the moon shining on it 
 gave it so much calm peaceful beauty, that Mr. Ster\\'art and myself 
 sat for some time looking on it. Then just beneath our window 
 were the ruins of a camp, where many years ago my most revered 
 friend — the late R. Brown, Esq , of Banchory — used to re. t from 
 the toils of forest life. Among the dark, jumbled, decayed, iioss- 
 clad logs sparkled the bubbling spring whence his men were wont 
 to draw their supply of cool refreshing water. What strange 
 coincidences occur in the zigzag labyrinth path of life ! and what 
 volumes of thought ileet through the mind when such coincidences 
 as the present occur ! 
 
 On the morning of the 27th, we left the beautiful and prospering 
 settlement of Glassville, well satisfied with our visit, as it practically 
 and efi"ectually confirmed what we had everywhere heard in regard 
 to the time in which an industrious farmer could attain a comfort- 
 able independence. On our way from Glassville to the river side 
 turnpike, we passed through numerous fine settlements of from five 
 to twelve years' standing, and everywhere the crops looked well, not- 
 withstanding the careless, easy-going way in which the fields were 
 tilled. The soil all along was good, consisting of a deep, rich, frial)le 
 loam. By this time we had travelled nearly 800 miles through the 
 country, and could anticipate the soil from a glance at the trees, or 
 vice versa. Meeting the river turnpike at the mouth of the Shikete- 
 hawk liiver, we drove along it ra})idly, in order to reach Perth iu 
 time f<>'" prospecting before nightfall. The land seemed to improve 
 as we ascended the river, and the farms that we passed are much 
 better laid out than many we had seen below the Shiketehawk ; there 
 were some fine gardens, and beautiful fiower-plots around some of the 
 homesteads that evinced a degree of luxury and refinement as well as 
 comfort. Many of the houses had elegantly designed verandahs round 
 them, about which vine and Iru it y suckle were entwining as abun- 
 dantly as iu the State of New- York or Pennsylvania. 
 
16 
 
 At half-past one p.ra. we entered Perth, rnd continued along about 
 two miles, till at two p.m. we arrived at the farm of Mr. Kilbum, a 
 retired lumberman, — that is, he had retired from lumbering to recruit 
 his fortune by farming. On being informed of the object of our 
 visit, we received a welcome froiu himself and his most kiml and 
 amiable wife, not inferior to what we received in Glassville. The 
 table was soon spread, and the busy hands of the good Mrs. Kilbum 
 and her pretty, neatly-dressed daughters soon stocked it with savoury 
 mutton chops, puddings, and home-made fancy breads, and big over- 
 flowing dishes of fresh new plucked raspberries, to all of which 
 Mr. Stewart and myself did full justice. After dinner we started to 
 prospect, first glancing over Mr. Kilburn's crops, which were pro- 
 nounced by Mr. Stewart as splendid, we then ascended the hill side 
 to have a full view of the country fronting on the river, and the result 
 v,as most flattering, the soil was the best we had yet seen, the crops 
 confirmed it, and the high towering hard woods of the uncleared 
 land doubly confirmed it. This part of Perth fronts on the river St 
 John, and the interval between the river and the uplands varies from 
 100 to 600 yards, all splendid land. There is also a second interval 
 terrace of from 100 to 600 yards, and a third terrace rising upwards 
 to the upper table land, where we found the finest soil and grain crops. 
 The scenery from each terrace was supremely beautiful, the graceful 
 outline of the uplands and the long level intervals, becween which 
 flowed the fine river St. John, about half a mile wide, and dotted with 
 boats and rafts on their way to the commercial centres. We next 
 crossed over the hill, and after crossing the Muniec River struck 
 straight out through the forest, noting the kind and quality of the 
 trees, underbrush, soil, and sub-soil ; but as night was near, we turned 
 back when about three miles from the river, and after supper pros- 
 pected along the front for a suitable place for New Stonehaven, being 
 anxious to select a spot combining shelter, good spring water, good 
 garden ground, good wharfage for steamboat landing and railway 
 station, levelness for building, and beauty of scenery, and we saw 
 several spots well adapted for all these points, but left the matter an 
 open question till after prospecting in the back country. As soon as 
 night gathered over we returned to the house, and spent a very de- 
 lightful evening with our good friends Mr, and Mrs. Kilburn and 
 family. Mr. Kilburn, aided by his thirty years' experience of forest 
 life, was equal to a living map and directory of the whole of the upper 
 country, and we were thus able to get a si)lendid foreglance of the 
 region we had now to explore. He described the land as equal to 
 the best in the whole of Victoria. The good Mrs. Kilburn was also 
 invaluable to us in regard to information on social and domestic 
 points, showing us the sugar made on the estate, the jams and jellies 
 made by it of the wild strawberries, raspberries, &c., so densely 
 abundant in this country, besides giving us an interesting account 
 of her dairy and poultry produce ; but what surprised us most was 
 the manufacture of home clothing, carpets, blankets, sheets, under 
 and overclothiug, &c. Mr. Stewart and myself were at first some- 
 what startled at this, especially when we looked at the elegance 
 and refinement of attire and manner of the young ladies ; but our 
 
17 
 
 doubts were soon set at rest, and the spinning-wheels and looms on 
 the second floor were soon set at work, and never did the operations 
 of spinning and weaving seem so charming to n^e as then. I ha<l 
 seen the expertness of the operatrices in tlte dairy department", f^till 
 more of their skill in the kitchen, then their ableness in manufactur- 
 ing nearly the whole of the family clothing, and then, above all, their 
 refinement and gracefulness of manner and educational accomplish- 
 ments being equal to our better class young ladies at home. I could 
 not refrain from saying tacitly within myself, verily, these are the 
 most accomplished young ladies I have ever met in my lifetime of 
 travel. On comparing the cloth on the loom, I found it equal in ap- 
 pearance, and superior in quality, to that of a suit I then wore, pur- 
 chased from a first-class establishment in Glasgow. The house of our 
 friends now had a fresh charm for us, its elegancies, luxuries, and 
 comforts being of home manufacture. While the s]:)inning-wheels were 
 going, we were much amused with many pretty little anecdotes of the 
 pleasant winter evenings, when the young men dropped in to woo, 
 while the fair ones were weaving or spinning, the operations being 
 seasoned with music, singing, chit-chat, and stories. I have men- 
 tioned these particulars to give our party some idea of the social life 
 of the country. 
 
 The following morning we visited several farms along the river, 
 both above and below the intended site of New Stonehaven, and at 
 noon we started for the back country, our party consisting of myself, 
 Mr. Stewart, the deputy surveyor, and Mr. Kilburn and Merridew, 
 the two latter were heavily packed with provisions for four days, the 
 deputy with his maps, compass, &c., Mr. Stewart and myself with a 
 knapsack of spare clothing and a prospecting hoe and axe. The first 
 two miles were comparatively easy, as we availed ourselves of an old 
 lumber road ; yet in this, notwithstanding our best efforts, we only 
 made a mile and a-half an hour, so dense was the second growth of 
 maple, beech, spruce, grass, and raspberry bushes. Our course was 
 about magnetic east. Occasionally as we went along we had to climb 
 the tall 80 feet spruce trees to overlook the surrounding country, to 
 note its roughness or levelness, and the kind and quality of the tim- 
 ber with which it was covered. Climbing the giant spruce trees "-Yas 
 a small affair to me a sailor, yet I could not help admiring the daunt- 
 less pluck of Mr. Stewart, who climbed with an energy and agility 
 that almost converted me to Darwinism. The continued repetition 
 of these operations, of course, much lessened their charm ; yet, in each 
 case the view from the towering spruce summits amply rewarded our 
 pains, as after reporting to those below the nature of the country, the 
 compass bearing of the distant hills, and the direction of the table land 
 ridges, we could then indulge for a few minutes in the wild yet beauti- 
 ful scenes which dawned upon our sight, as the world would upon 
 the sight of a diver gradually ascending from the depths of a dark 
 green sea to its surface, when the forest region would burst in all 
 its wild grandeur and beauty upon his sight. 
 
 At 6-40 we fortunately reached a lumber camp, — a small log 
 house, roofed with boards and flakes of birch bark, — which we at 
 once took possession of, and, after noting the footmarks of scm© 
 
18 
 
 ursine visitors, we lighted a fire and prepared supper, after which I 
 ascended another high spruce; we were then, as near as I could 
 judge, eight miles magnetic east from INIr. Kilbum's house. The 
 country for five miles on either side was much more even than near 
 the river, and the level tract continued about six miles — as far as I 
 could see eastward. The trees were mostly high densely packed 
 hardwood, with here and there a straggling spruce. The land all 
 around gave evidence of springs and brooks, in which our track 
 hitherto richly abounded, and the water was of the most excellent 
 quality I had ever tasted. The soil thus far was excellent, consist- 
 ing of three layers friable rich loam; the upper black, the second 
 deep yellow, and the third light yellow and sometimes reddish. In 
 many parts on the highest upland we found a still finer and richer 
 soil, having a rich whitish loam of a foot depth between the black 
 and yellow of the above three layers. The sub-soil wherever we 
 could see it, from cuttings in the brooks or the uprooting of trees, 
 was very deep, and consisted of sandy loam slightly mixed with 
 pebbles and gravel, yet lich in smell and itself superior to much 
 land in Old Kincardine for which over £1 per acre rent is paid. The 
 total depth of the four surface layers would average about four feet. 
 We occasionally found pieces of soft flaky (upper Silurian) stone on 
 the surface, but on removing them and digging down we found the 
 soil immediately beneath them the same as that before stated. We 
 crossed four brooks and passed numerous springs. 
 
 After dark we sat down at our camp fire, first comparing notes, 
 then deciding on our next day's course, then listening to stories of 
 forest adventure told by our good friend and guide, Mr. Kilburn, 
 then rested till sunrise on our fragrant beds of spruce branches, with 
 our feet towards the fire in truly Indian fashion. In this way wo all 
 slept soimdly, and at sunrise breakfasted, and struck out N.E. for five 
 miles, digging on every ridge to try the quality of the soil, then 
 prospected from spruce tops, the country in every direction appearing* 
 most satisfactory. We then kept away north about five miles more, 
 still through the trackless forest, and steering by the compass and 
 sun, it was really desperate work, dragging throiigh the almost im- 
 penetrable underbrush, climbing over fallen trees, then often climbing 
 up the standing spruces to prospect the siirrounding country, then 
 digging into the soil on every sloi)e and I'idge, we soon began to 
 lag, and were glad when at noon tlie fires were lighted and the kettle 
 on. On this occasion we had no camp ready for us, but in a less 
 time than I can desci'ibe it, a spruce tent was made by the expert Mr. 
 Kilburn, and under it spread a fine silken tablecloth of white birch 
 bark, on which the viands, bread, butter, cheese, &c., were arranged 
 a la mode, and looked very cheering, even although so primitive in 
 style. As soon as dinner was over, and pipes lighted, we climbed the 
 nearest spruce and finished our cigars. While sitting in the upper 
 crutches our view extended across the St. John to the west beyond 
 the river Tobique, north and east retrospectively. Over the gi-ound we 
 had just traversed the country all around was \indulating, and the net- 
 work of dark grooves on the forest indicating so many brooks and 
 streams. After reaching terra firma, and resuming our march, we 
 
19 
 
 plodded on, still digging down every half mile or so, or wherever we 
 foucd the least change in the appearance of the surface and trees, but 
 everywhere we found the soil deep, rich, and friable, so much so, that 
 at any place during the whole of our tour in the forest, an easy tlirust 
 with a cane would have reached 18 inches. At about five p.m we 
 reached the Forks of the Muniec, where about 50 acres had already 
 been cleai-ed for a mill site. This position will now be ours. The 
 facilities for a mill will be unsurpassed. It would also make a good 
 site for a town, being well sheltered from all winds, and only tliree 
 miles from the railway; but town site we left for further considera- 
 tion. The total distance we had now traversed was about 28 miles, 
 the line of our course being in the shape of a kite, and ending about 
 a mile above where we stai'ted. Wliile at the Forks of the Sluniec 
 we lighted a fire and had tea, then started for Kilbnrn's, and were 
 well pleased when at eight p.m., emerged from the dense ocean of 
 trees and underbmsh, and were soon afterwards safely landed with 
 our kind and hospitable friends who, while welcoming us back, could 
 not help smiling at our tattered appearance. Kilbum and Merridew 
 were proof against spruce scrags and underbrush, but our less vulner- 
 able material was almo.st in rags. 
 
 I forgot to remark that during our journey in the woods we saw 
 numerous coveys of j)artridges, some specimens of the minute yet 
 beautiful humming bird of North America, and wild ducks and other 
 small game, also the fresh tracks of moose deer and cariboo deer. The 
 bear is very scarce and very shy, we only saw signs of it once during 
 the whole 28 miles. 
 
 After supper we compared notes on the soil, trees, &c., and dis- 
 cussed the comparative merits of the country we had just explored, 
 and that we had crossed in the whole of our tour hitherto, and were 
 convinced of the superiority of New Kincardineshire. Moreover, it 
 will have both rail and water carriage to the States and St. John, and 
 these alone are great considerations. 
 
 The following morning we were up betimes, yet our good host was 
 up before. We looked out of our bedroom window, and we saw 
 him coming up from the river bank with a fine lar.^e salmon for our 
 breakfast, and he was anxious that we should first see it alive and 
 then eat it, so that we might be able to give our fellow colonists some 
 idea of the free live stock of their new country, and it was really deli- 
 cious. While enjoying the rich and savoury breakfast, Mr. Stewart 
 observed, with a significant wink, that such food would agree fine 
 with some of the lads about Stonehaven. 
 
 After leaving Mr. Kilbum's at eight a.m., we proceeded up to the 
 mouth of the Tobique, a large fine river, and crossing the St. John 
 there by ferry, proceeded along its west bank, crossing the Roostook 
 four miles above Tobique, and arriving at Grand Falls about three in 
 the afternoon, the distance travelled being about 30 miles. While 
 passing along the high lands on the west bank of St. John, we were 
 able to overlook the land on the east bank as far as 20 to 30 miles 
 back. It was a little more level than the front land of Perth, but 
 judging from the ground on which we stood, and which was geologi- 
 cally related to the east bank land, the land of Perth was superior to 
 
20 
 
 that before us. We found the layer of rich whitish mould mostly 
 absent in all the road cuttings on our way to Grand Falls, yet the 
 land was excellent, and the crops really magnificent, notwithstanding 
 the carelessness of culture. 
 
 On the way to Grand Falls we passed many scenes of surpassing 
 beauty, especially near Aroosto jk, whei'e the Little Aroostook falls into 
 the Great Aroostook, near their junction with the River St. John. At 
 3 p.m. we reached Grand Falls Town. It was very pretty and pic- 
 turesque, and seemed thriving, from the bustle of teams and traffic in 
 its wide, ample streets. The inhabitants looked healthy and robust ; 
 but what attracted us most was a certain air of dignity and indepen- 
 dence not met with in our country towns, except among the favoured 
 few who are able to lord it over the many. After refreshing ourselves 
 from the fatigue of the journey, we started exploring on the east side 
 of the river. At Grand Falls we found the land very good, but scarcely 
 equal to the land below the Tobique. During our ramble we met a 
 Scotchman, who kindly invited us to inspect his pretty farm. He was 
 in a very prosperous condition, and liked the country. After attend- 
 ing to the business part of our tour at Grand Falls, we went down to 
 see the Falls. The scene as we approached them increased momen- 
 tarily in beauty and grandeur till we reached the pointed precipice, 
 on the very verge of the roaring cataract. At this point the whole 
 power of scenic effect culminates. Within a yard of us rushed the 
 skirt of the wild, headlong-plunging water. Far beneath our feet 
 boiled a vast, hissing cauldron of foam and spray, in which the huge 
 logs plunged, whii'led, and darted about like reeds in a whii-lwind. 
 Before us and high above us flitted silvery spray clouds, on which one, 
 and sometimes two and three, beautiful rainbows would linger for a 
 moment, then vanish, then again flash up before us at some other 
 point of the scene ; but they seemed most efiectively beautiful when 
 they rose between us and the elegant suspension bridge, about 500 
 yards below the Falls. The graceful, airy structure, framed in a 
 flickering double rainbow, and viewed through the fine spray as if 
 through a fine silk lace veil, was a sight never to be forgotten ; and 
 the picturesqueness of the scene, the high, steep, jagged, cedar-plumed 
 cliffs bounding the roaring rapids beneath, added a wildness and gi-an- 
 deur to the ensemble of the view that made Niagara, notwithstanding 
 its greater magnitude, seem tame. Niagara is but a vast rolling 
 cylinder of wliite foam set across a deep gorge, and whose waters flow 
 away from the very Nadir of the cataract as placidly as if nothing 
 had happened to^disturb their course. With the watei-s of the Grand 
 Falls it is very different. These waters seem to revel delightfully in 
 the terrific impulse given to them in their wild leap, and bound and 
 whirl along, thundering with their voice as they go in their fierce 
 sallies against the jutting rocks as they dash along, far as the eye can 
 reach, till disappearing at the angle of the gorge about a mile below 
 the bridge. Niagara is certainly a magnificent natural phenomenon, 
 but it has not the enchanting surroundings of Grand Falls. The 
 picturesque, the wild, the grand, and beautiful all so exquisitely com- 
 bine as to render them unrivalled among the wonders of natui-e. 
 This sublime spectacle will be within one-and-a-half hours' ride hy 
 
31 
 
 rail from New Stonehaven. In the evening we revisited the Falls 
 to see and feel the eflFect of their grandeur under the pale clear mys 
 of the moon, and well were we repaid for our pains. 
 
 On Sunday morning at 10 a.m. we left the Falls, after a farewell 
 visit to the Suspension Bridge, and retraced our steps, arriving at 
 Kilburn'8 at 3 p.m. Took dinner and started out with the family to 
 church, and were much pleased with the appearance of the people. 
 They were all well dres.sed, and cheerful and happy in appearance. 
 ThegirJe, without an exception, were really very pretty. 
 
 On Monday morning we visited the farm of Mr. Acton. It is 
 situated on the highest ridge in this part of the country. The home- 
 stead was pretty and of superior architecture, and the crops and live 
 stock looked splendid. While at Acton's fai'm, which is in New 
 Kincardineshire, my.self and Mr. Stewart carefully drew up an average 
 regarding the timber and surface of the country within the Colony 
 limits. 
 
 Each farm will have two-thirds level and one-third sloping — some- 
 times steeply and sometimes easily — towards the brooks. Thus the 
 steep parts miy be left for timber preserves and hady pasture. 
 Twenty acres would be sufficient reserve both for a sugary and fire- 
 wood and building timber. Each farm will have a brook running 
 through it, or at least several fine springs. The timber presently 
 covering New Kincardineshire averages as follows: — One-third rock 
 or sugar maple, 60 to 70 feet high ; one-third birch and beech woods, 
 and one-third other hard woods, thinly sprinkled with cedar, S| ruce, 
 and hemlock. Each acre will average 40 trees, of which 10 will be 
 over 18 inches diameter, 20 about 12 inches, and the remainder under 
 9 inches, and saplings. 
 
 Before leavir>g Mr. Acton's farm we went over it, carefully noting 
 the quality of the crops, and on one part, where a burning of five 
 acres had just been made, we took hoes in order to know practically 
 the amount of labour necessary to plant Indian corn and potatoes on 
 land never before touched, and the result was that three light strokes 
 of a small lioe effected the planting for each bunch of stems. On 
 another part of the farm we found a lad hoeing potatoes on new land. 
 The hoeing was as simple as the planting. For the grain crops on 
 new land the operation is still more simple. The seed is sown broad- 
 cast among the stumps, then harrowed over, and the work is done. 
 Thus the cropping for the first few years, that so much frightens the 
 intending emigrant, is really the easiest part of his farming, as he 
 requires neither oxen nor horses, and has thus time to clear away his 
 farm and make his home comfortable, or, if need be, earn money by 
 working to neighbours with more ample means while his crops are 
 coming up. After leaving Acton's we returned to New Stonehaven, 
 convinced that, all things being considered, the most desirable locality 
 for New Kincardineshire is that chosen. 
 
 On our return to Kilburn's, I went to the river side and followed 
 up the bank for nearly two miles, noting the kind of stones in the 
 river bed and the jutting rocks. I had done the same in the Muniec, 
 and found everywhere proof that the soil of New Kincardineshire 
 overlies the upper silurian, as I could not find the debris of any other 
 
22 
 
 kind of rocks in the river >>ed, excepting some rolled down by the 
 stream from the upj)er country. All those conversant with geological 
 allinitit's know that the soils of the upper siluriun are of thn best. I 
 do not judge the soil of New Kiiicardincsliire conipjiriitively between. 
 it and Scotland and Lower New Brunswick, but comparatively be- 
 tween it and the finest soils on the gloU", which I have seen, both 
 under cultivation and in a statt; of nature, and I coiisidnr the soil of 
 New Kincanliiicsldre ecpial in richness to that of the famous valley of 
 San Jose in California, and the grain crops I saw on the skirts of 
 New Kincurdiiit'shire were (piite eipial to any I had myself riised, or 
 seen rais;^!, on the v.dley referred to. Tlie 1 tver of super .soil on the 
 great alluvial deltis su< a as the Nih;, Gauges, and Mi.ssissij)pi is 
 much deeper than in New Kincardineshire, but not richer. After 
 leaving Acton's farm, we first revisited all the interval firms up 
 to five miles above N(;w Stnneliaven, in order to have a know- 
 ledge of the land, whicli might bo useful to thus;) ilesiring partly- 
 cleanMl firms iu the Colony, also to decide on the site for the 
 town, and then le+'t for .bicksontown Settlf'inent, uf who.so prosperity 
 we had heard niufh during our tour, and we fcmiid that settlement as 
 reputed. The best of the laud in Jack.sontown Settlement being no. 
 better than our own, we were thus much encouraged iu our choice, as 
 Jacksontowri Settlement t ffered anollu-r good picture ui' what our 
 Colony will be after a few years have ]»assed over it. Even in the 
 most fivoured parts of the United States I never saw a more beautiful 
 landscape, or a panorama of prettier farms and steadings. J.ate ia 
 the evening we reached Woodstock, being delayed on our way making 
 enquiries. On arriving at Woodstock our iiorses wei'e as fie.sh and as 
 quick to the whip as wlien we started. This says a good deal for 
 their niettle and the roads, as we had nearly always four in the car- 
 riage, and from the Monday to -Monday seven days we travelled nearly 
 300 miles without changing. Our heavy hoises would be of little use 
 in this country. Here they re(]uire beasts with quick step and action, 
 and even for ploughing a)id farm work oidy light horses of quick step 
 are used, the soil being so friable. While at Woodstock we found 
 that nearly all kinds of household furniture atid utensils were cheaper 
 than with us, so that to bring anv such utensils here would onlv be 
 ■waste of trouble and exi)ense. Tobacco is under 2s. per pound, and 
 there is no duty on tea, sugar, or cotfee. 
 
 After leaving Woodstock we jjroceeded direct to the capital, and 
 signitiei to the Grovernment our decLsion in favour of the locality now 
 called the Parish of Perth. After that we left for St. John, to com- 
 plete the terms for our party. I much i-egretted that Mr. Stewart 
 had to leave before the Grovernment met, yet [ had no dithculty, as 
 the several members all seemed zealous to meet mv views. Durimi the 
 meeting of the Government I gave it as my opinion that for certain 
 reasons the county should be divid(;d, and 1 have good reason to hope 
 that such will in due course be the ca.se. After the sitting of the 
 lixecutive was over, I was, as the representative of the New Kincar- 
 dineshire colony, honoured by a recei)tion from His Excellency the 
 Governor, and s})ent a very plea-sant evening at Government House. 
 The Governor was very affable in his manner, and warmly zealous 
 
2NI 
 
 for the 8\iccess of our colony, and assured me that nothing would he 
 wanting on the part of Government to make it successful. He also 
 enquired kindly aV)out your good self, and much regi°tted that he 
 had lost the opportunity of seeing Mr. Sti wart. 
 
 I have nothing h-ft now to add exccjit a few remni-ks on the 
 effects of the climute of Xew liriinswick. Judging froiki what we 
 saw of the peo}>k' during the whole of our tour, they were as 
 healthy looking as the cnuntry people of our own country — they 
 were cert;;inly not s«» {hi^hy, but more muscidar and luiniy looking. 
 The negroes thrive here better than in the Southern States of the 
 Union. We saw hundreds of them during our toiir, and all of 
 them looked robust and apparently pr(>sj)eious. The French Cana- 
 dians are much more robust than the iidiabitants of the di tricts 
 in Fiance wliLiice they originated. The nattiralized Scotch, Eng- 
 lish, and Irisli feel imjiroved in health and vigour by residence 
 in New Brunsv.ick ; and the descendants of the first settlers are 
 certainly not in the least deterioratid, but the change is perceptible 
 the other way. xVn old native-born lady, of Scotch descent, told 
 me that her gi'andchildren were taller than the former family connec- 
 tions on either side. I sav/ the flld hidy's grandchildren myself, and 
 if they had really increased in stature they certainly had lost nothing 
 in robustness; l)ut perhaps the best illustration and test of the climate 
 of New Brunswick is furnished to us by the persons of the aborigines 
 thems(>1ves. These aborigines are a branch of the great Americo- 
 MouLTolian Familv. All the varieties of this Family-, both American 
 and As atie, have of course been ]>roduced by climatic influence as 
 much as by the sun'ounding conditions of life. 1 have myself seen 
 ?})ecimens of the finest varieties of this wide-spread race, both in Asia 
 and in Not th and South America, and most of them are inferior, and 
 none of thtni superior, to the New Brunswick variety. Thus in the 
 wide range of climate and conditions of life between Terra del Fuego, 
 Behring Straits, and also in Asia, no climatic or other influence has 
 so favourably moflified the Mongolian race as that of New Brunswick 
 and Canada. This is a great and most interesting fact, because 
 analogy prophetically and unmistakeably jioints to a similar result 
 in favour of the Anglo American races in th>f distant future. 
 
 A higlily-civilized race, possessing the advantages of a climate 
 like that of Nev*- Brunswick and Canada, cannot fail to become in 
 due time one of the greatest nations on earth. Those who have 
 travelled in India know well how feeble and degenerate the second 
 and third generation of Anglo Indians are compared with the ori- 
 ginal stock. Also, those who have travelled in tlie Southern States 
 easily detect a Northerner or Yankee even at a glance. Nothing 
 could be more easy than to detect a Canadian, New Brunswicker, 
 or Nova Scotian among a multitude of Southerners. And this is 
 done timply b}- the superior physical energy and healthful ruddiness 
 and robustness that characterize the races inhabiting an invigorating 
 climate, that, bracing up as it does the whole physical system, sus- 
 tains and assists the fuller development of the mental powers. The 
 sceptre of the physical, moral, and political power of America will, 
 by the very nature of things, be held by the more northern popula- 
 
24 
 
 tion. The Southerners are handsome, impulsive, and intellectual, 
 but they lack that moral and physical stamina and energy that ia 
 the natural heritage of the sons of the north. 
 
 Before concluding, let me remind the reader that each of the 
 several counties of New Brunswick still possess large tracts of very 
 fine land, quite equal to the best in Victoria, and equally well 
 adapted for extensive settlements. 
 
 Extracted from Dundee Advertiser. 
 
 Feeling convinced of the great importance of this social move 
 ment, we have lost no time in obtaining such information as may 
 prove interesting to many of our readers, both in Kincardineshire 
 and in other parts of Scotland. 
 
 [Here follows a full description of the objects and benefits of the 
 colonisation scheme.] 
 
 Extracted from the St. John (New Brunswick) Telegraph. 
 
 The Kincardinesliire Colonists will, on their arrival, get such a 
 hearty welcome as will do their hearts good, such as they never had 
 before, and which they will never forget.