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CANADA STRAWBERRY CULTURE ff,^ '■> sr«xs.' i^ai DESCRIPTIONS AND LISTS OF VARIETIES W. T. MAGOUN Horticulturist of the Central Experimental Farm BULLETIN No. 62 JULY, 190B Ser-v ! '^r 'ledbrdirwttonof tiie Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Minister of Acriculture, Ottawa, Ont DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CENTRAL K X P F: R I >I K N T A L FARM OTTAWA. CANADA STRAWBERRY CULTURE WITH DESCRIPTIONS AND LISTS OF VARIETIES Horticultt BV . MACOITN Cetr'ral Experimental Farm BULLETIN No. «2 Ji;LY.iil909 Published by direction of the Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Minister of Agricultvire, Ottawa, Ont To tLe Honourable The Minister o{ Agriculture. Sir,— I beg to lubmit for your approval, BuJletin No. 62, of the Expert- mental Farm Series on Strawberry Culture, which I th been prepare«l uudf>r my direction by Mr. VV. T. Macoun, Horticulturist of the Central Experi- meutal Farm. The rapid extension of strawberry growing has resulted in the produc- tion of very large crops of this valuable fruit, especially in the Eastern pro- vinces of the Dominion, where strawberries have come into very general use. The ease \«ith which new varieties of this fruit are produced from seed, has resulted in the introduction, during the past few years, of a large num- ber of new sorts. Facts regarding the quality, productiveness and general usefulness of these as compared «ith the best of the older varieties are pre- sented in this bulletin, in accordance with the experience gained by tests carried on for twenty-one years at the Central Experimental Farm at Ot- tawa. The best methods of preparing the soil, with particulars regarding the most successful treatment to secure an abundant crop, are fully ex- plained and remedies suggested for the more common diseases and injuri- ous insects to which strawberry plants are subject. The fact that this useful fruit cai be grown sr generally, makes it the more important that practical knowledge as to the best methods of cul- tivation and the most profitable sortit to g ow should be generally dissem inated. It is hoped that the information given in this bulletin will aid in encouraging farmers to grow this valuable fruit more generally. Where the use ' a plot of ground can be 'y had, there seems no good reason why ever^ family should not have a mple supply of strawberries during the warm weather of early summer when such an addition to the diet Is most refreshing and healthful. I have the honour to be, Your obedient servant, WM. SAUNDERS, DiBEGTOH or Experimental Farms. Ottawa, July 20th, 1909. THE STRAWBERRY AND ITS CULTURE By W. T. Macocn, HoiTicuLiuRitT Cbntral Expbrimbntal Farm, Ottawa. There ia probably no more popular fruit grown in Canada than the strawberry. Ut(enin|r •• »* «!<>«• •■rly in the teaaon, when everyone i craving for freeh fruit, the luscious strawberry is consumed in large quf tities and with unabated relixh until its season is over and the supply hausted. The popularity of the strawberry is more general than that of sr o fruits from the fa3t that enoush berries to supply the family needs ma., ob grown on a very small area of land, hence it is possible for a large number of peritons to grow strawberries. Because of its popularity, many ques- tions are asked regarding the best varieties to plant and the best methods of cultivation, and to meet this demand for information, two bulletins on the Strawberry (No. 6 and No. 27) were published i he Central Experimental Farm, but so many applicatiotiH were received fo. these that the supply of both has been exhausted for some time, and in order to meet the enquiries which are continually being received, this bulletin has been prepared, in which will be found the results o." the experiments with strawberries which have been conducted at the Central Experimental Farm for the past twenty- one years, and other information regarding the strawberry. History op the Improvement or the Strawberry. The improveme;.i in strawberries has been recent as compared with some other fruits. This fact is indicated by the following won'.j written by Thos. HyU, in 1693, showing how small the fruit was at that time in England : "Strawberries be much eattn at all men's tal. - in the summer with wine and sugar and they will grow in gardens until ^he big ness of a mulberry." There w s evidently little further increase in the size of the fruit until the oarly part of the nineteenth century, when mariied advances were made. The two species which have contributed most largely towards the '^- provement of the strawberry are the Chilian (Fragaria c' •> , :isls I a u tiye of the West coast of both North and South America, a he Commi.ii Virginian or Scarlet Strawberry f Fragaria virginiana i common all over the Eastern and Central portions of North America. From these have been separated in recent years several sub-species and varieties. A less import- ant species is the Wood Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) a native of North America and Europe, and its variety, the Alpine. The Hautbois Straw- berry ( Fragaria elathr ) grown first in Germany early in the seventeenth century, is aparently closely allied to the Alpine. It has not been used much in improving varieties. While the Virginian strawberry was grown in Europe and in England be- fore the Chilian was introduced, the former being brought into Europe early in the seventeenth century, the attempts to improve it were not very sue- cessful at first, although there were some improved varieties of it in Eng- land in the early part of the nineteenth century. The Chilian strawberry was introduced into Europe early in the eighteenth century. The first cultivated English variety which marked a decided advance in the improve- ment of the strawberry was the Keen's Seedling, first exhibited in London in 1821. This belonged to the group of "Pine" strawberries derived f om a species or variety introduced i o Europe about the middle of the eigh- teenth century. It was supposed by some that it was a hybrid between the Chilian and Virginian, but it is now believed by good authorities that the original "Pine" strawberry was but a variety of the Chilian species. From Keen's Seedling many of the English sorts of the present day have de- scended. The first marked improvement in strawberries in America was when Messrs. Hovey, Boston, Mass., raised the Hovey strawberry in 1834. Up to this time, the varie ies cultivated in America had practically all been originated in England or in Europe and had not proved satisfactory. The Hovey was for a long time the most popular kind grown. It is described by Downing in part as being "very large, roundish oval or sligiitly coni- cal, deep, shining scarlet. Flesh firm, with a rich agreeable flavor." Although the parentage of the Hovey. is not certain, it was supposed by the originator to be a cross between Keen's Seedling and the Mulberry Straw oerj-y, both belonging to the "Pine" group, and was itself decidedly of the "Pine" type. Another advance as made when the Wilson's Albany was or- iginated by John Wilson, Albany, N. Y., in 1857. The Wiisou was popular for a long time. In an essay on small fruits which was awarde 1 the First Prize by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associatio. in 1870, the essay- ist, Wm. Saunders, (now Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director of Dominion Experi- mental Farms) writes: "We think it is generally conceded that there IS onlj one variety as yet in common rultivation which will really pay to cultivate for market purposes— that is, the Wilson's Albany." Even today with the many larger varieties of better quality available, the Wilson is still planted by persons who desire a berry that will give fair results under indifferent cultivation. Owing to its acidity, the Wilson was never con- sidered of good quality and it ranks low in this respect compared with the best flavoured varieties of today. Since the Wilson was intnduced, hundreds of varieties have been named and sold, and while a very large proportion of these have not proved better, nor as good as, the Wilson from the commercial standpoint, there has been a great general improvement in the strawberry in size, qual- ity, and productiveness. STRAWBERRY CULTURE IN CANADA. The strawberry is fonnrt wild from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean in Canada and from the Southern boundary, as far North as the 64th parallel, and large quantities of the fruit are gathered. The cultivated var- ieties are grown successfully almost everywhere the wild species are found, but in some districts require protection or irrigation. In the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec the cultivated varieties do well and a large acreage is devoted to the culture of strawberries. The season for ripe fruit opens in Southern Ontario early in June, the season being later northward and eastward. At Ottawa the first ripe fruit has been obtained on June 17, and the last picking of the latest variety was made on July 19. The season in the settled parts of the Province of Quebec is somewhat similar to that at Ottawa, except along the Lower St. Lawrence, where it IS much later, the fruit not being ripe until about the first week of .July, and the season continuing until the second week of August. The straw- berry season for both provinces covers about two months. PBOPAOATINO STBAWBBRBIB8 FBOM SEED. Owing to the comparatively short time from the sowing of the seed until the plants bear fruit, the growing of seedling strawberries is one of the most interesting lines of experimental work in fruit culture. If the seeds are sown immediately after ripening they will germinate in four or five weeks if the soil is kept moist, and the plants from them will fruit the next season, if the conditions for growth the first summer are favourable. These conditions may be obtained by growing the plants in cold frames where they can be protected in late autumn and have a longer season for growth. If seed is not sown the same season as planting, it should be held over until spring, mixed with sand or in envelopes. The seed should be sown quite shallow, not more than a quarter of an inch in depth, in well-pre- pared soil. When the plants are large enough, they should be pricked out about six inches apart, where they will remain until the spring following the planting of the seed. They should then be set out in the open about three feet apart each way. If the plants are grown on a large scale, it may be more practicable to transplant the seedlings directly from the seed-row to the field. No runners should be allowed to form the year the plants are put out in a cold frame. Before a variety is distributed, it should be fruit- ed at least three years, as often the promise of the first season is not borne out the next year. As no two seeds from a cultivated variety are likely to produce strawberries exactly alike, one may have five hundred different varieties from five hundred seedlings of one named sort. As a rule, the proportion of varieties which are xs good or better than the best on the market is very small. Considerable work has been done in growing seedling strawberries at the Central Experimental Farm, but as yet no variety has been produced which was thought worthy of introduction. Of 650 seedlings which fruit- ed in 1889, forty were saved. These have been gradually reduced in num- ber until only six are being tested. Most of these are of very good quality, but lack other characteristics desirable in a commercial berry. In 1897, about 1400 seedlings were raised from some of the best named varie- ties. These were gradually reduced to 34, among which were some of great promise. In the winter of 1905-6 these were practically all winter-killed. Another lot of seedlings has been raised and set out in the hope of better success, and some very promising varieties have fruited. PROPAGATING STRAWBERRIES FROM RUNNERS. The usual method of propagating strawberries is from runners. It is by means of these that the natural increase of a variety takes place. As the first runners which are made root soonest, and hence usually make the strongest plants, these are the best to use in making a new plantation. There has been much discussion during recent years regarding the merits of the s()-(idl('d "pedigree" plants which have been offered for sale by an American firm, they havinn^ claimed that, through years of selection, they had developed a much better strain of certain varieties than those who had not followed this system. In the first place the term 'pedigree' has apparently been improperly used by this firm, as, to have a pedigree the ancestors of a plant or animal must be known, new blood beinjr introduced in each genera- tion through raising a new variety from the seed. A good pedigree is very desirable, both in plants and animals, but, up to tlie present time, the pedi- gree of plants for several generations is not often known. In the case of the "pediffree" xtrawbeny plants it is said there lia^ been a s^'brtion of plants under favourable conditions of growth, not aa introducing of new blood. J'lants which have been selected from the best plants year after year an«l grown under the most favourable conditions should show some improve ment over those not selected, but the claims of superiority of the so-called "pedigree" plants have not been borne out by the results obtained here. In 1903 there were five of these "pedigree" varieties procured and com- pared with varieties of the same name, which had not been specially selected. These were fruited for two years, but while in some cases the "j edigree" plants yielded better than the others, they did not always do so. While the results obtained do not warrant the purchase of "pedigree" plants rather than others where there is no special rlaim as to selection, we believe that the principle of selection ij good and if thoroughly carried out, is bound to result in an improved strain, which, however, can only be maintained by continued selection. "evkrbearing" strawberries. During the past twelve or fifteen years, there has been much interest shown in the so-called "Everbearing" strawberries. These are varieties which, in some localities, will continue to bloom and ripen fruit during the summer and autumn long after other kinds have stopped bearing. This everbearing habit is considered by some botanists to be due to the trans- formation of the runners of these varieties into flower-bearing stems, the everbearing sorts making few runners. The wild Wood strawberry and its variety, the Alpine, have long been known to fruit more or less all through the summer and autumn and for this reason, they and several cultivated varieties of them are often called the Strawberries of Four Seasons. These all bear small fruit, hence they have little commercial val e at pre- sent. In 1890 the Oregon Everbearing strawberry was exhibited at the Portland Exhibition and attracted much attention, being of good size. Whatever its everbearing habits may have been in Oregon, it proved very disappointing in this resjiett when brought to the Eastern and Middle States and to Canada. It was introduced into France about 1893 or 1894, and wa.s highly thought of tliere for some time, as its everbearing habit was quite pronounced. In 1893, the St. Joseph strawberry was introduced into France and its introduction marked a new epocli in the history of Everbearing strawber- ries. This variety was the result of thirteen years' work by the Abbe Thivolet, Clanoves, France, who began in 1880 by crossing the Alpine strawberry with a large-fruited variety, the latter being the female parent. From this cross is supposed to have sprung the St. Joseph, through many generations and selections. In it there is no evidence of Alpine blood. While the St. Joseph strawberry was much larger than the Alpines, which up to its advent were the only cultivated strawberries whic'i showed the everbearing liabit regularly, they were small compared with some of the best large-fruited sorts. The Oregon Everbearing was report- ed in the Revue Horticule, France, in 1897, as being much superior to the St. Joseph in point of size, and it was thought would supersede that varie- ty, but did not do so. Seedlings have been raised from the St. Joseph ; the St. Antoine de Padoue, one of the best of them, is said to be a marked im- provement on the former, bearing more fruit of excellent quality. The Oregon Everbearing strawberry was planted at the Central Experimental Farm in 1895 and ihe St. Joseph in 1899, but neither of these varieties produced enough fruit after the regular strawberry season was over to make them worth cultivating. It is evident that success with this class of strawberries is largely a matter of climate. After very dry weather when the fruiting season is over — weather which is not favourable to the produc- tion of runners — there will often be stalks thrown up when there is a change to warm, damp weather, which, if continued will ripen fruit. These conditions Influence some varieties more than others. One sea- son, this peculiarity will be strongly marked, while the next it may not be noticed at all. The plants of these varieties may some- times be made to fruit in late summer and fall by removing all the first blossoms. The Pan Americji, a variety originated in 1898, with Samuel Cooper, of New York State vields very well to this treatment under some conditions. The Louis Oi.ithier is another variety which sometimes bears m the autumn. Imperfect Flower. Perfect Flower. POLLINATION AND CHARACTER OF THE FLOWERS. It occasionally happens that a person who has a variety of strawberry which yields much better with him than other varieties which he has grow- ing alongside, concludes to discard all his other kinds and grow that one variety. He does so and is disappointed to find that he has very few berries, and these ill-shaped and worthless. He does not know what to think about it, but writes to the Experimental Farm to learn what is the matter. The reply is sent back: "Are you aware that the flowers of strawberries may be perfect or imperfect, or bisexual and pistillate; in other words, do you kncv that some varieties of strawberries produce blos- soms which have both male and female organs, while other varieties have 10 only female organs P If yon do not, the solution of your difficulty is very easy." The male and female orprans in plants perform the same functions as in animals. The fine dust formed on the ^tamens. which is shed when the flower is in hloom, is the fertilizing? agent, whirh falls on the pistil and fertilization takes place. If the stamens are absent, or nearly all absent, as is the case in imperfect or pistillate flowers, no fruit, or very little fruit is formed. If a perfect, or bisexual flowering variety and an imperfect flowering variety are growing in close proximity, the flowers on both will be fertilized as insects and winds carry the pollen or dust from the perfect to the imperfect. It vpry often happens that imperfect-flowering varie- ties produce the best crops when properly pollinated, and this experience may lead fruit-growers who are ignorant of the foregoing fact, to make the mistake of planting only one variety, which may be imperfect. A row of a perfect flowering sort should be planted to about every two to four rows of an imperfect variety, to have good results. The propor- tion will depend on the amount of pollen produced by the perfect sort. Of course, it is not necessary to plant an imperfect variety at all. as there are plenty of good sorts, which have perfect flowers. It is essential to have the perfect and imperfect varieties in full bloom at the same time, as, if the former bloomed before the latter, there would be no object in plant- ing it as a pollin.itor. Several terms have been used to "xpress perfect and imperfect flowers, such as Hermaphrodite and Pistillate; Staminate and Pistillate; Bisexual and Pistillate., but most persons now use the terms Perfect and Imperfect as the least confusing and the most expressive. The contractions of these words used in this bulletin are "Per." and "Imp." culture: soil and its prepakation. If possible, the site for the strawberry plantation .should be chosen where snow will lie in winter. A good covering of snow usually ensures a ffood crop of fruit. One of the most important requisites in a soil for straw- borries is thorough drainage, as where water lies on or near the surface, the plants are sure to suffer either in summer cr winter. While too much moisture is bad. too little nioisture is unfavourable to the development of frr't, hence a soil should be retentive of moisture while not satur- ated with it. Warm soils, such as sandy loams, will produce early fruit, but friable clay loam will usually produce the best crops. Much, however, depends on the richness of the soil, as strawberries need an abundance of available plant-food to give the best results. Roil which will grow good crops of roots will usually grow good straw- berries. A soil should be chosen, if possible, which does not bake natural- ly or which by thorough tillage may be brought into such good condition that it will not bake. It is diffii ult to keep the plantation free of weeds in soil that bakes, and it is also hard to conserve soil-moisture in a dry time. Soil should be chosen, if possible, that has been prepared in a measure, by growing a crop of roots which have been heavily manured. .\ftpr the roots or other crops have been removed in the autumn, the land should b( stirred deeply, it being a good practice to use a subsoil ploueh after the ordinary kind for this purpose . By using the subsoil plough the soil may be loosened to the required depth without bringing the subsoil to the surface, which would probably happen if it were ploughed very deep with th ordinary plough. Clover sod ploughed in the autumn is also good, as the sod furnish s humus, but grass-sod land =hould be avoided as there is great danger of injury from the white grub. In the spring the soil should be brought into good tilth with the harrows and when it is thought best it may be ploughed beforehand. li mnuziBs. The beBt fertilizer for frawberries is well-rotted barnyard manure, which should be used in large quantities. There need be little Xear of using too much— thirty tons of well-rotted manure per acre being a fair ap- plication. It may be applied early in the spriug before planting and thoroughly incorporated with the soil.or it may be used for a previous cultivated crop so as to get the soil clean and in the best condition for the strawberry plants. Fresh manure is not as satisfactory as rotted, for it may make the soil too loose, causing it to dry out quicker and make the conditions bad for newly-set plants. On heavy soils, fresh manure may be used with better results than on lighter soils, but as there are likely to be many weeds grow if green manure is used, rotted manure d preferable even on heavier soils. If fresh manure is used it will be better mixed with the soil by planting time, if it is applied in the previous autumn. Wood ashes are very useful for a top-dressing and from 50 to 100 bushels per acre may be ap- plied broadcasted early in the spring when the land is being harrowed the larger quantity being used for iand which is poor in potash. An ap- plication of even twenty-five bushels per acre should give beneficial re- sults A. barnyard manure cannot oe obtained easily, nitrogen and humus may be added to the soil by ploughing under clover, peas or some other leguminous crop; potash, by using from 200 to 300 pounds per acre of muriate of potash, if wood ashes cannot be obtained: phosphoric ai ' 1 by the use of ground bone, at the mte of from 200 to MO pounds per a e before planting. Nitrate of soda is also useful for furnishing nitrogen unites it can be obtained in a cheaper form, by the use of barnyar'' manure or leguminous crops. An application of 100 to 150 pounds nitrate of soda broadcasted just before the flowers open in the spring, is Sometimes desir able if the plants are not making vi/^orous growth. PLANTS AND TBEIB TEEATMENT. If the plants for setting out are obtained from a distance, they should be ordered to arrive as early in the spring as possible after the soil can be worked, and planted soon after arrival. It is often, however, not conven- ient to plant at once ; but in any case, the parcel containing the plants should be opened up when it arrives, otherwise they are liable to heat OT dry out, either one of which conditions should be avoided if possi- ble. The plants should now be heeled m in some place where the soil is well drained. Open a trench sufficiently deep to cover the roots of the strawber- ries well and so that the crown will be just above ground. Now place the plants close together, but in a single row in the trench. Another trench is now opened parallel with the first and about ulx inches from it usintr the soil to cover the roots of the plants in the first trench. This so'1 should be firmly packed or tramped against the roots so that the moist- ure will come iD'o close contact with them. If loosely heeled in ^^''^jT r'"^ likely to drj- out and the plants die. 0th .^r trenches should be dug parallel with the fiist two ,if needed. By the .ime the fieM is ready for planting, these heeleJ-in plants wiUhavo made new roots and be m better condition for planting than if they had been set out at once The best plants for autumn planting are what are known as "pot" plants These are obtained by sinking two and one-half inch potfi filled with rich friable soil m the ground and placing a new runner in each of them These root and make good plants by late summer. The advar.ta;?e thev halt- over plants rooted m the ordinary way is that when thej are transplanted thev are taken from the pot and re-planted with a ball of earth without dis- turbing the rooti). Hence they are but little checked and will soon go on 12 growing •gsini making stronger plants, which will bear more fruit than the ordinary onea. Before planting, it is a gcod plan to remove all the large leaveb of the plants except about two of the healthiest ones. This prevents too rapi.l transpiration of moisture from the plant before it becomes estab]ishe(l and may often save it when dry weather sets in immediately after planting. Long and straggling roots may also be cut off at this time, the removal of about one-third of the roots being a good practice. When possible, one's own plants should be used as they are much more likely to live than those procured from a distance, as the former can be dug and planted within a few hours while utiU fresh. The best plants to use are the strongest of those which have been made the previous year. Plants which have already fruited should not be used as they are much more difficult to transplant and their vitality has been weakened by the production of run- ners. It is a good practice, if it can be managed, to grow plants for setting in a special propagating bed, the old plants in which, not being aUowed to fruit, make stronger runners and plants than do the fruiting-plauts. rurthermore, the extra attention to the cultivation of the soil and to the placing of the runners in such a bed will ensure good plants. PLAMTINe. Successful planting may be done either in the spring or autumn. Early in the spring, however, is the most satisfactory time, as, if the plants are set then, when the soil is in good condition and cool and moist, they will make rapid growth and many runners during the summer, if properly looked after, and produce a full crop of fruit the following season. If planted in the autumn, there will, as a rule, only be a light crop of fruit the following season, and unless the weather is favourable and the soil 's moist when the plants are set, there may be little growth. If planting is done in the late summer or autumn it should be na soon as the plants can be obtained with sufficient roots and when the soil is moist. The most satisfactory way for the average pfereon in Eastern Canada to grow strawber- ries is in what is known as the matted row. The plants are set from fifteen to eighteen inches, or even more, apart in rows three and one- half to four feet apart. The varieties which make a large number >ii runners, such as Warfield, Senator Dunlap, and Splendid, need not be planted as c< sely as those which make fewer ruuners, such as liubach, Buster, Glen Mary, and Williams. If the plants are set early in the spring and have a long season for growth, the varieties which make a large number of runners may be planted 24 inches apart in the rows, thus admitting of cultivation both ways for a time thereby reducing the number of weeds and ensuring better growth. Ac lun as the distances have been decided upon, the rows may be marked with a marker and then again cross-markdd so that plants may be set where the lines intersect, ^long rows are desir- able as, with them, time will be saved in cultivation. I'la ting may be done either with a spade or with a trowel or dibble. When planted with a spade, two persons are required for the work, usually a man and a boy. The man takes the spade and opens the hole by forcing the spade into the l^ound pressing it forward and backward. As soon as it is withdrawn, the boy places a plant in position and the man presses the soil firmly against it with his foot. This method is very rapid and, if the soil is well pressed against the plant, is quite successful. A surer method of ob- taining a perfpct stand is by using a trowel or dibble for opening the hole, whereby the plant is more likely to be set the proper depth, and more care is usually exercised in spreading the roots and firming the soil «bout the plants. By this method, one person both opens the hole and sets tLl.A^A^.^^. . m.^Aii: iMtLlLAAiAAiJiii^lk'. StrawlK-iry Plantation, Cntnil Kxpt'iiniental Kami. Ottawa. Mulched for Winter. Strawberry Plantation, Central Experimental Farm. Ottawa. Blooming Season. (Pl.ATK I.) the plvit. Great ewe ahottld be tdien to h«Te the crown of the pkat jaei •t the •urf«oe of the groand after it Haa been preeaed in when pUnted. It r.ll Vk if i^'w"7? '^^dry out, and if too low it wiU be amothered. l^are ahould alio be taken when planting, to apread the roota againat the Planted t(MI shallow. Plaiitfd PIant««l proper ttor is not the most compt^tent person to judge of^the relative value of his seedling, and as a result many °"^/?'t' ■" off*"*! (o' «J« e'ery year. It is the work of the Experi- mental Farm to test theae new varieties as they appear, and, having com- pared them with standard sorts. pubUsh, when deemed advisable, a reliable description of them and the yield obtained. During the past twenty-one years, 696 named varieties have been tested at the Central Experimental V"^- y} *°»" '"""'^. °^7 1* »'• 'tJU under test of those grown during the first two Tears. This does not moan that nearly aU the varieties tested atfirst have deteriorated, but that better kinds have been introduced and have taken their places. It is interesting, however, to note that of eleven vareties which were considered very promising twenty years ago, three ^l Jli^ "f*'^?- *^^fr?°*i^ pronusing under test, namely, the Bubach, V ,rfield. a- Daisy. The Darnel Boone is another variety of the Warfie.d i.-. which continues to do weU, though under test for twenty-one years. Williams has been tested for eighteen years and is still one of 'he best commercial berries for long-distance shipment It should be stated here that aU the tests with varieties have been "" * \°? ^^-^ n ■°''- °'^,*"iy '"«"" *J»« "■"It* i"»gl»t ha^e been differ- ent, but this soil was not available. The ideal variety of strawberry has yet to be found, bat. as an aid to those who are originating new kinds, the following description of an im- aginary variety approaching perfection is herewith given: DMOHIPTIOM AN IDBAL VABIITT OF STaAWBKBBT. nn^,!?,*"*""^^"* v*'fT' ^^'y ^^'oductive; vigorous, making a moderate I^^JLa r^T!' '1»°"" "icceed weU on a great variety of soils; must withstand drought weU. Fohage large, abumTant; nist-ri.istant. How- ers borne on stiff stalks of sufficient length to keep the fruit well off the ground; poUen abundant. Fruit: sue, large to very large from beginning to ena of picking season; form, roundish conical with a slight but not prominent neck regular; calyx or hull smaU; seeds not prominent; colour rfoJ-^l n vn^' ^'^F ?'?"y ^^'^ *'°™ *»P *o stem; not showing scald IS: ♦ V- l'^' '*^' J^o^y ^'^^ " *«"^" <=ore; subacid, sprightly, with !lfc ^^^ ^''^'"'^- ^*""'°°' ^"y «"^y *o very late or. in other words, ail summer. «n^ {* Af"^i?' ^^^ foregoing description is not an impossible one to realise, h«il^?°'* *"».^°S •t"»»»>«mes to introduce wouJd have the ideal straw' «IL 1 "" ""''^' *^*''* ™'*^* """^ "« «° ™a°y inferior sorts introduced ©very yeBr. As the ideal strawberry has not yet been found, until this ideal ap- peara, it is necessary to plant several kinds, each having its own good points, so that one may have the g^reatest quantity of fruit of good sise, ap- pearance and quality from the beginning to the end of the season. In order to furnish information regarding the best varieties for certain purposes, separate lists are published in addition to the general list. VABIETIES OF BTBAVBEBRIES BBOOIIIIENDKD. There are so many varieties of named strawberries introduced each year that the list of those recommended has to be changed from time to time, as those of superior merit are found. The following are those wl '-h *re recommended at the present time: Commercial.— Beder Wood (per.). Splendid (per.), Warfield (imp.), not suited to light soil, Williams (per.), Greenville (imp.), Bisel (imp.). Sample (imp.), Buster (imp.), Pocomoke and Parson's Beauty are also two very good commercial berries. Domestic— Excelsior (per.), Splendid (per.). Senator Dunlap (per.), Lovett (per.). Ruby (per.), Bubach (imp.), Wm. Belt (per.). MOST PRODUCTIVE VARIETIES. In the following table will be found a list of the fifty varieties which nave given the best average yield for from two to five years. In this test from 200 to 350 kinds were grown each season. Per. after a variety stands for Perfect, and Imp. for Imperfect : . 10 M i B f! M & ;:g i§! J a- I 3 2 Z4 < >» 1 2 2 5 •i 5 i 5 5 4 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 10 5 11 2 12 5 13 5 14 5 15 5 1« 5 17 5 18 5 1» 5 2it 5 21 5 •w ■2Si 4 21 •> 25 5 2() 5 :^ r. 28 5 2»: 5 1 ») ° i 3ll 5 I 32 5 ! :n 3 :;t 5 35 5 m 5 ! 37 " i 38, 5 1 :«: ^ 1 4«) 5 11' 5 42 3 43! 5 44 *> 45 5 40 '"> 1 "[ 5 i 48 5 41) o m 6 li Fdcoinoke 15 Sample 42 Bisel 73 Buster . . l»l Mcle 34 Olen Mary lit Sreeiiville 18 Danifl Mooiie. . . •V) Htevciis' Eiirly . . 101 Afton 14 Splemliil 121 Daisy 1' Maggie 10 Doia 2(1 Cai'leton 123 Howaiil's 41 . . . 182 KiihaiKV 3 Carrie 140 Warfleld, No. 2. 72 TlKiiiipsoii'.s Lati 12!j Beiler Wo' 2i 5 > tt *' i i Imp. iPer. ** 2 2 " 5' jimp. '• 5 20j 27 20 27i 20| 2( 2S) 27 2»l 2»: 211 " Hi :: 24 " 24 " •£t •• 21 " 20 " 24; •■ 20 " 23i •• 27Julv 2:iJune24 lit " 24 24 ii| 27 27 27 24 24 27 27 :{o 27 3 28' 25 28 20 2;{ 2.3 Zi 21 21 27 28 2*1 2ti 20i 251 21 201 2.0i. Lbt.Ox. 4 :22 11 3 ;21 5 4J19 H 14{1<) 6 1 10 2i 2f 18 15 il8 13 3,' 18 10} 8i{18 OJ 2 17 13J 4ill7 9i 15.V17 8 10 iril7 3J 15 2 10 15J 12 llj 10 lii 4 14 JO 12i 2 (U 10 1 18 I) 10 1 3 15 15 12i 14 V 15 13" 15 8.V15 i6j;ii5 2i 15 0||14 12 5 14 II 8i 7i OS 2 5 8 3Jjl4 11 8 'l4 8J Oi W 14 8i 7} o 5il4 8 OA 10 0{ 14 0', 1 54 14 2V 7 A o 15; 14 2i Oi t 14 Oi «* 12 \i 13 15J n 13 13 .') 3 13 12 5{ 15,13 5J 8 IS U13 n 5i 4 7; 13 1 7 10 15) 13 1 Oi' IS 12 15 ;) 2 71 12 1)4 o.\ 12 12 Oi 4 1) 12 7-; 12 8 12 7 f..', 12 S 12 7 5 10 lil2 (H 5 15 11 144 7 U 8 11 13 The above yields were, as a rule, from two matted rows, each fifteen feet in length and three and one-half feet apart. Estimating on this basis, the average yield per acre of Pocomoke for two years was at the rate of 9412 lbs. 8 ozs., and of Sample 8841 lbs. 11 ozs. These are not exception- ally large yields, as the highest yield obtained at the Central Experiment- al Farm during the five years was from the Greenville in 1901, that vari- ety yielding that year at the rate of 14,818 lbs. 3 ozs. per acre. In the EAHLY VARIETIES. to Dltnt*Jhn.?S-*J"if*^*',i'?v'^y ^"°» *^« ^«»* prices, it i. important sfbfi tI ?. o1 ^'''<'1^J'»" y»eW tl»e greatest ouantity of fruit as early as pos- sible. It s also important to have varieties wlicli bear fairly larire fruit al t^^e:Tl^t.^''^'''^^V°'^.°^'^' ">*^ early a7iTmaS.;=rop In th^ fSwteill "" f^'^^i^ wherethey are shipped to a distance^ in ine touowing table and in the descriptions of varieties will K« ound most of the nformation wHch is desired^regwdiVeSv sirtT The Ihich^rbS S-Iwn^tr. V%^^f'\.'°"°.*^ *° »'« th^e e^Se^t'S- those have been df.P»^^S "K^^^ ^*''*'*^ Experimental Farm. Kinds which tielare ar?S ?n''?r%*'lY* -^^ f^,""* ^^«° ^'^ *^" *^We- The varie- first SkS -^ ^® following table according to the yield from the Excelsior Ma^Kie (Jsreola Lincoln Eleanor Daniel Boone. . , Beder Wood . . . Van Deinan . . . Mayflowei' August Luther. H.iiH Hawaii Boniba Crescent Michel Warfield Stevens' Early. . John Kittle Boynlon VVilnon "3 £ K sg.. ■¥, >> "?2 *? H Mi8. Oz. 4848 10 WUl 6 HXtJ 8258 awo 81«7 am 3148 2M8 11 140 < r. s 1^ ■< - < C 1 x'S. 1 ■Inn* ■ 28 July 1 .luly 1.5J Oz. "4 Ll)«. 13 r.i)s. Oz. 5.«« 2 2 .5 New Dominion. '• ^ •• 20 Jnnt 2). '• is' ' 11 II 1719 H o [Brandywine " 3 " 27 •' 2itl •• I81 "4 10 14J 4.524 ' Ti Surprise .. ., 1 '• 28 " :«.; •• 1«| 7 9 i:i 4070 ];! 5 5 Hntcli Ex. Station •■ 4 •• 28' 2)» •• :«,i : •■ •1 w 17 (it II 1 2.-.i»:t 1 11 ■i Nettie ..: •• fl •* :* -« New VARIETIES HAVING THE MOST ATTRACTIVE FRUrF. An attractive berry is very desirable. especiaUy in mid-season whan there is the greatest competition. A berry to be attractive sWd bl of fnn w!ik' 'T " "" ^''^P"' ^T^'l"* t "^^^y b"* ■'^^'' deep scarlet or crim- son, with a glossy surface. It has been found by experience that the S TttuU Thrsil°l"/i '° A'"." '^' ^^'^" '^^^'^'^ the latter coIoS sunken TW fnSnf^"^ °°* ^* -5° ^1°'^'''^^^' but should not be much Ttt'cen'tiaVSSenLVFa™'^"' *'^ '"''^* ^""-^^^^^^ °* *^-« ^°- Most Attractive -Anna Forest, Anna Kennedy, Barton's Ecliose Bisel Bomba, Bubach Daisy, Daniel Boone, Eleanor Hood River Irene' Joe Kittie Rice Lloyd's Favorite, Logan, Lovett, Mwie. No Name Pari son s Beauty Ridgeway Sample. Satisfaction. Senator DunlapVX'rman VABIBTIES having the BEST QUALrtT. Varieties having the best quality means, in this instance, those which 2S have the agreeable characterigtics of the strawberrv /a^«l«„„i the hghest degree. As taste, differ corSrabl^ tW^ ^'v wo'uTd b^"UL;?,e';JjTe'«trne^^^^^ ^^ "^^"^« -»* °^ t^-'^whfc\ productiveness, hence many varieties of fine m,»lft J^^t^ V ?• °T '," VABIBTIE8 FBEEST FROM RU8T. ki- 1?*"^:^ varieties of strawberries are much less subject to ru«t nr l«o* bhght than others, and it is important to know these ki^nds so thS L l? tncts where rust is troublesome, they mu be DlantpH.f tV.lt *^**^.*? 'l"" productive and have other nece^sa^ good chSeri tics ^ Th^^^^^^ varieties are the freest from rust at the ExpexTmS Farm "°''''°* aU. J^ettie, Repeater, Sampson, Success, ^Surprise °"Tenn?s8er' pSfici BEST VARIETIES FOR PHESERVINO. ipfflTiii«^'„f nu-fi"'' '^' "■* '" «"=• »--P wSl" of flow- an the t: Cres- HABDIE8T VARIETIES. There have been some severe winters exoerienrprl of tl,» r> * i i-. cent '■"■'"'" *''"''• ''°"'"- S""'" D.«hp X«« Nbahitoe Quite AS Haidt A8 Those Above.— BismirU si.«„'. T.. Champio.. Hawaii, Abiagton, Howard, Luiupj, He" Sun.hW fe!^ VARIETIES WITHSTANDING DROCQHT BEST. During the strawberry season of 1908, there was nnp nf fi,„ droughts ever experienced at the Central Experimemal f!™ T1 Tv^""^ of most varieties wilted down and many ifavesTrieduJ Tut It t-"f showed much greater ability to withstand the drought than otLr Tl • °*^'' no doubt due. fn some cases, .o fV Mli^y of the forgVto witfcd tJe ho^ 24 dry air, and i" othew to a better and deeper root system. Some varieties doubt ess had both resistant foliage and good roots'. Most of those Xch withstood the drought best were medium to late in season, though it should be stated that m this case the early sorts have not been considered, as their truiting season was almost over before the drought affected the crop se- verely. Following are the varieties in alphabetical order: rnmtl^t^'7I' ?f'*,°''''n^""P''o' ^"''^^^f' ^'« I*"'"'- Urandy^ine, Buster, oXr m ^f^^*^*^ "^"'^^ 2°?,?*' °°™' ^- S- El'^y' Gandy, Giant Gibson, Glen Mary, Governor Rollins, Great Ruby. Greenville, Hatch Ex- Mrr^^^Iw 11?' -^M-n ^'T' H^^J"*:. Luxury, Miller, Mrs. Cleveland, Mrs. Pisher, Mrs. Miller Murray, Nettie, New Dominion, New Globe llTr5 %i?^*"*y' ^»"°«"i Pocomoke, Ridgeway, Robbie, Ruby, Scarlet Ball, Seedling from C. H. Smith, Yarmouth, N. S.. Steven's Late Champ- ion, Sunnyside, Tennessee Prolific, Uncle Jim, Williams. EN0LI8B VABIETIBS. K , .^*°y English varieties of strawberries have been tested at Ottawa, but they have all proved too tender to be growa commerciaUy or even fo^ home use. The English sorts have been originated in a climate quite dif- ferent from that in most parts of Canada, hence it is not a matter of ffreat surprise that they are too tender. The best varieties of American origin irt! * ^'"^"t^"'' ff^-^'-e ;?»°te" before they are recognized as valuable sorts for general culture. In Great Britain and Ireland the plant, are not subjected to such trying conditions and become popular for other re-sons hence, when they are subjocttl to the frosts of winter and the heat and dry weather of summer in Canada, they fail to succeed well. As a rule. Entrli.,h varieties make few runners and hence are not as well protected by their foliage for extremes of temperature in winter or in summer as the best American sorts. Of those which have been tested, the Champio. of Eng- t.i t ■' ^"'' .^l^/J^ «PP*'f the hardiest. The best English varieties «♦ M ">'• T^ll^^ *'"*" ^^^ *'^** American berries, but some of the most profitable kinds there are not of the best quality. The average variety in rln^ ) K rrrf- \' T^l '''^^*?'" ""•' "^ ^'^^^' fl^^"'"- than those in Lanai'a. but although the flavour is higher, one misses the sprightliness in some varieties which is characteristic of Canadian strawberries. The Royal Sovereign IS the variety most popular in England. The Wm. Belt. i-^r^S K ?r r u°'' !*"".^ "*^^^' compare very favourably in quality ductive^ I^nglish sorts, but unfortunately they are not the most pro- STRAWBERRIE8 IN COLD STORAGE. The general impression is that strawberries will keep but a very short time, hence the following preliminary test made with twelve varieties in the summer of 1908 should prove interesting : The fruit was picked inti> strawberry boxes on June 30th, and taken to the cold storage room, one box of each variety being used in the test 1 he air in the room was dry, with a good circulation, which accounts in a large measure for the length of time which the fruit kept, as the dry air prevened moulding The highest temperature in the room from Jun. 3()th to July 21st was 45 degrees F., and the lowest temperature was 43 de- fn/i average temperature for the 18 days on which it was recorded, was 44 degrees F While the fruit -emained in good condition for eating for a comparatively long time, it gradually shrank in size, no doubt due to the evaporation of moisture in the dry room. While a single test of this kind made mainly to test a new storage room is not as reliable as one with more fruit, covering a number of years, it indicates how long a time straw- 25 foDg*d«SS,eI* '"^* '" '^'^ condition and the po8.ibilitie8 of .hipping A-,;?,fu®°'"w"P?"'?'°*" ^?':*>«*° «=o°d"«'*«d by the Department of ^? li"™' f •'T^g*""'. «"»«!'* ha« been found that the best temperature for keeping atrawbemea in cold storage ia about 32 degrees Fahr. ^™ "" STBAWBHBHIBa PLACID IN COLD 8TORAOB JUNB 30tH, 1908. Variety. t'ondition in July. ^ I ^ I'lth ~17th 21^1^ ^'"'*y '"«»•' & JryJFiesh it dryuSoiii,. ,l,.,;iy Mouldy j ""'"""■'^ •'""<' *^ dry FriMli A:dry;s.,im.d.V,ry Mnnldy, unfll (iilwi.t. «■ 1 . ■ '„ . ' f'liily dry. for ii'se. ' "" •"•""• •'^ '■'>• P"sli A dry So.ii.. nio'ld .Mouldy. unfit rji'.>..i.i';n.. /. 1 I , .. . fairly drv. for use. ^ '"""""' *">"«' A^ * '1>> |Fr..sl. Ac ,lry .Sonu- d.T«y Mouldy, until Ku>r (• 111'.- ■ . . fairly dry. for usi-. ^ ' '■'""' *■■ ■''■>• Hesh&dry.Kim. .V dry. Dry. littl,.nu.-|d .Soui-deray. un- Nfw(iliil<» <• 1 1 1 1, . . ' lillli'ofTflavor. tit for use '^"'^'■'"'" ^'""'^ *■ ■'•■y Kr...sh\d,.y;.Son..- nu.ld .Son,,- mould l.ul Fairly ilrv. I fairly dry. fairly drv. Havor K""f. Pri,U.of('uu..,..rrd .iood A: dry Fresh * dry Son... nu^ia S^:Z!^r'- Mo^^y^:'"' ^ilrit fairly dry. fairly diy. tia- for use. ^'"'^"■'■"« <'"<«' '^'- 'l>-.v Fresh Ac.lry.Son.e nu.hl MouTdv!'''-'.mm Hero (■ III ,. ... f'lirly dry. for use. '*""•' '^' "''■>• lMesliA:,l,v.Sonie mold Mouldy, unfit Giant /• i i i .. . . . • fairly dry. for use. '" '"""' ''^ ■'■•>• *"■•'■«'' '^ y Fine \- ,lry. So mould. SomP deeav. i fairly dry. unlit for "use. His,. I |. Ill ,, , , , i littleort'tlaviu' "'*" '"""' ''*^ <•'•>■ HreshiV dry .Some mo'ld Mouldv. until , fairly dry. for lise. CAUSES OF POORLY -SHAPED BEEEIES. ninno^c^'^ "t ^'^^ l^"**"^ °^ poorly-shaped berries or nubbins. The com- monest is unfavourable weather conditions. The flower and growing W weattr SomJtTm"'' T^^rr'"^*".''^^'^'^ ^^°°^ <^°W winds oVco"^ perhaos mo?o n.'.A /^ *^^ ^^"^ is injured while another part being with n^rf nf , P^°**'«=*«'^' . .escapes and develops as normally as it can Tilth part of the berry injured. Another cause of poorlv-shaoed SntVtS tnut^'-ru ^^^T The supply of pollen reitUrT- an f^!o ♦ f Vi '^*^"-„*"; ^^^'■^ Jias not been enough brought by wind and insects to pollenize all the stigmas of the berry. Extremely dfv ho weather may injure the^ pollen. Rainy weather Lring the Lssominir season may cause much poorly-shaped fruit by prevenfing proper poTn^ at.on. The remedy is to plant varieties with abundant pollen and mL lln? r^u ''"^ imperfect sorts which mav be grown Keepfng The e'lrlv iilfheXTo"''^ as possible in the spring 'by not^emoving th'e L ch early, will help to avoid injury from cold winds and frost. 28 DifoupTioMS or VAinntM. The foUowing 120 Tarietie. of the 690 tested during the past twentv- olantinir ITi... K fiT °' *>°"« 'le'cribed are recommended for general ftni .^5' I * * nfi* *^°"8^t best to describe most of those which aw and hav« nS"K •* S",r'. " *. ^"»« """"^^ °^ t»'«'° "« comJaraUvely new frnn, T ''**° '"".^ **''*«'^' """^ ""^^^^ '^ich have long been drooZl from the nurseryman's catalogue have continued to do so weU for ftC :rrh?C^\ rVlSarntTr- ''"''''"' ^""''^1*'°'^ of the'Ut o°btained «L^. k^*l P "™® . ^'"™ "lay ca»»e tl>e«e varieties to be tried W As\''r°u7e the'^rr^wh^' discarded them for others thoSght to be bet am fnr ♦t; ' 1. «^a\*'erry grower buys his plants from a nurseryman and for this reason he doubtless often loses a valuable vanity by neTlect ing to propagate one which has given him good results hut whZflf ?v. but originated Tefo^e the ?„i?"'*^ .resembl ng Warfield very much, ductive than th« wlJfi„U 1 ''"" r"^*^ '"»^ ^''^ P'o^e- brip}ftTed'''lti..l"f;- Er^^V'*'-H" P^l'' '■«'^' not prominent seeds; flesh quS V l;ion'^\e.£ "12^^^^ «""• «f .T''»"'» to above iJ s^oT ^'S:ir;LWi;^:^i,,-/?-.f;:r -" -he^„To^?he set! troducTHsga^"-^-^"^'"'**''*' ^' ^''''^^' C"^'"^' «f I'^^'i'*"-- I"- vigorous LliZ!: Klthy ' '"'"^'^^"^'^'y «'"> '^ ^^^y good quality; plants The quality of this 'variety is exceptionally good. iJuBACH. (Imp )-Originated with J. G. Bubach, Princeton, HI. flesh St"rer£;Tuhir''^ Jarge bright red, seeds not prominent; season Siumtilate it li-r''^ ^'"^ K^'""' ^""'' l^^l'^y .>o<,erately ,ooi: ^ ^^l^^^;^^ ^i;^^^^^- -mber; foliage to .p^Ss of i:S',rJ^-^.^r^- tifr '' -'-' Camkbon. (Per., -Introduced in l!i02 by D. Brandt, Oh^' ent; fS pale'S Z!'l^ "T •^,^'''' l"'^" ''"" '•^''' "-''« "ot promin- quaiityjve'ryonKason^k'n^ ;;:;'• '''*^'" CV"' °*' '"""""^ *" «'•-•" i" good.^rusts^lighti^reonsiSerali;:^""" "'''^ """^ "•""^''^^ ^"^-^'^ Much like Mayflower and Osceola. OttawaTissS.^^"''-^"^"^'"''*"'"* '^^ ^'''''^^ Experimental Farm. Roundish to pointed or wedpe conical, medium to above in siz,- niie f;'Lri;:rtrr;rii;y *tLrt!et' i"'?^- ^fr^'^- r^'^- -^''-^*- t ii«»e very Huk and h«.lthy. A gooj late berry. .ee,lliiro'f Cy";.;:''"''"""' '" "'■ ^'""^'' l«'«"0'tb, K.n. A owingTrirWlXer' °' "• ""' P'« /. Round conical, medium siie, rather deep, glossy red. seeds not promin- ent; flesh bright red. juicy, subacid, pleasant, moderately firm, and above medium in quality: season early; plant vigorous, large number of runners; foliage motlerately goo«l, rusts slightly to considerably. A promising early variety, handsome and productive. Enhance, (Per.)— Originated by Henry Young, Ada, Ohio. A cross between Sharpleas and Windsor Chief. Roundish or roundish conical, above medium to large, deep red, not prominent seeds; flesh bright, rich led, meaty, subacid, firm, above medium to good in quality; medium season; plant vigorous, large number of run- ners; foliage moderately good, rusts considerably. A fine, productive berry. Enormous, (Imp.)— Originated by D. 0. Curtis, of Illinois. A seed- ling of Crescent. Wedge shaped, irregular, very large to large, bright red, glossy, seeds not specially prominent: flesh bright red, juicy, acid, moderately firm, above medium quality; medium late lo late season ; plant vigorous, mouti- ate number of runners; foliage good, but rusts considerably. One of the most ^.roductive of the very large berries. Ernie, (Per.)- Originated by Dr. S. Maudlin. Bridgeman, Mich., in 1805. Introduced by A. R. Weston and Co., in 1903. Roundish conical, medium size, bright to deep red, glossy, flesh bright red. subacid, firm. ' "■ood quality; season early; plant moderately vigorous; foliage mode "1. Excelsior, (Per.) — . > - . 'n 1890 by Louis Hubach, Judsonia, Ark., and introduced by J. ludsonia. Ark., in 1892. A cross be- tween Wilson and Hoffman. ed in 1898. Roundish conical, medium to above in size, deep, glossy red, not prom- inent seeds; flesh bright red. juicy, briskly subacid, firm, above medium quality , season early to extra early; vigorous, runners numerous; foliage good, but rusts considerably. Promising for earliness, appearance, firmness. About the s e colour as Van Deman. One of the best early sorts. A very fine-looking extra early sort. Fairfield, (Per.) — Originated with P. Johnson, Cumberland Co., N. J. Introduced in 1902 by Stanton B. Cole, N. J. Obtusely conical, necked, medium size, dark red; flesh red. juicy. A promiMng early Tariety. iflM®*?' (P«.)-Iiitroduced by J. T. Lovett. Little Silrer, N. J., in ii ,*;'?•"' '^***«"> Jereey Queen and Olt'ndale. Round.ah. medium to large, rather pale, .lull red. Meda not .pecially prominent: fleah bright red. imcy. hriakly subacid, pleaaant, firm, above medium to good in quality; late leaaon; plant mwlerately vigorou.. mcl- erate number of runners; foliage good, runts slightly to considerably. A late, firm berry, but not productive here. 1897^"""*' ^^""^"^ chance seedling found in .Michigan. Introduced in ,«1 "T*'"^ *"• ""f"-'""' ?.W«^. l"Re. bright or rather deep glossy red^ rather prominent seeds ;flesUright red. juicv. subacid, pleasant, firm, of good quality; late season; plant vigorous, lew runners; foliage moilerately good to gooP-.)-<^rPinated in 1882 by B. H. Hcveriand. near Cincinnati, Ohio, and introduced in 1887. Irregular long pointed and wedge conical and roundish, -bov.. medi- um size, bright, rather pale, red, rather prominent seeds; flesti pnle -ed juicy, subacid, moderately firm, above medium quality; enriv t lid seal son; vigorous, moderate number of runners; foliage moy Charles Arnold, Paris, Ont. A cross between Wilson and Dr. Nicaise. Wedge conical, deep red, prominent seeds; flesh a bright red, juicy, subacid, good, firm or moderately firm, of good quality; season early; plant vigorous, few runners; foliage moderately good to good, rusts con- siderably. A productive early sort resembling Daniel Boone. Marie, (Imp.)— Originated by W. N. Scarff, of Ohio, in 1892. In- troduced in 1901. A cross between Crescent and Cumberland. Roundish, large, glossy but rather pale red. attractive, seeds not prom- inent; flesh pale red, juicy, briskly subacid, moderately firm to rather soft, of medium quality; medium to late season, vigorous, few runners; foliage moderately good, rusts considerably. Looks somewhat L ,e Buster. Keeps its size well. Productive, prom- ising. Mark Hanna, (Imp.)— Introduced by M. T. Thompson, Rio Vista, Vir- ginia, in 1902. A seedling of Bubach. Originated by Mr. Thompson ''n 1898. Irregular pointed and wedge conical in form, large, bright red, seeds sunken; flesh bright red, juicy, subacid, fairly firm, of medium quality; early season, vigorous; foliage moderately good, msts slightly. Marshall, (Per.)— Originated with M. F. Ewell. ilarshfield Hills, Mass., in 1890, and introduced in 1893. A chance seedling. Pointed conical to roundish, large to very large, dark red, rather prom- inent seeds; flesh bright red, rich, juicy, subacid, good, firm, of very good quality ;^ season medium ; plant moderately vigorous, runners fairly numer- ous; foliage good, rusts slightly to considerably. Not productive, but large and handsome and of the best quality. Ten- der in flower bud. Maximus, (Per.) — Pointed conical, large to very large, deep red, pale towards tip, but not always so, seeds not prominent; flesh pale red, mod- erately juicy, mildly subacid pood flavour, firm, nf good quality, medium to late season; plant vigorous, large number of runners; foliage good, rusts considerably. A promising berry for home use. 3S beloi*t'^?,r'' (P«'-)-Po>°t«d conical or obtusely conical, medium ;^°i ^'''e; pale red; seeds not prominent; flesh pale Ledi^m fo lat'"nlk ^.H. , "moderately firm, above medium quality •sea'Toa fll^J ; 1 'uP'*,^! ^^''■^y vigorous, moderate number of runners- fol- 1 .ge moderately healthy, rusts slightly to considerably. ™°°«"' ^°^ Not specially promising. Grand°rnTshaSlesT"' <^«">-S"'' *» »>« "^ -«" between Triupph de promi°i;?-Ve?h bJ/iY^V" ''T '?'P'- '^"^P' "*^«' d»" '«d' ««^«'« "«* flavTr firm. o„„H f ^'!?' '""'lerately juicy, tender, mildly subacid, good latl ' I ' 'l"a"*y 8ood; season medium to late; plant very viirorous- lblyrus"tTd °* "°°'"' '°^'*^ ^"""^ *° ^«^ good, ^slightly To coSr-' Lacks juiciness to make a good dessert berry, but is a good variety. n^ZrT^"F''^^^^^^ ^- ^: Si^ith, St. Catharines. Ont. Drominent JI^TJf' Vl^^-^L"' 5°°?°?^' ^^'•»«' "^arlet; medium to rather ftv S mp»"«»' good flavour, firm; qual- ity good medium MMon; plant* vigorous, large number of runnew foli « moderately good, but considerable ruit. oi runners , loii « One of the best varieties for distant market. trn^.)!SKJ*M •r^^";^T°"*.yjf>*',''y W"- ""'t' Williamsburg. Ohio. In- troduced by M. Crawford in 1895, after six years' trial. Irregular, first fruit wedge shaped, others wedge and pointed conica' large, bright red. seeds fairly ;,rominent; flesh brijht red" meaty, TuTcy' n^ i:;K*°°1 "*''°"' fi™:/*'^ good quality; season lat;; plant; vS ou , with a large number of runners; foliage moderately good to S bu. rusts considerably +0 badly. ^ '* ' ' One of the best-flavoured berries grown. Uncertain as to productive- ness, some years doing well, and other years not very well P'"*'"''*''"" T., in'l857* ^^^*""*y'- P-)-Wedge or roundish conical, above medi- mi;,l vf^^ ^^'\- ^"'""y- r'^ ^"* pleasant, moderately firm; above medium quality, medium to late season ; plants vigorous, large number of runners; foliage healthy, considerable rust. Jfe numoer of A handsome, productive variety. Wonder. (Per.) -Originated by S. A. Sampsel. Sandusky Co., Ohio . . ^oD'cal, large rather dull, deep red; flesh rich red; seeds dark- E' vJ!?""''- ^'"^ fla-o«r; very good quality; firm; mediumlate season ^ plant vigorous; runners medium; good foliige. A berry of fine quality. Only fairly productive. WoNDEEFUL. (Imp. )— Irregular, roundish or flattened, large, bright red. rather prominent seeds; flesh bright red. juicy, acid, fi^i; aboVe medi- r/Zn ^'r''"'"^*''/*""*' "P""/*^ ^"^"'^ '"^'1"'°> l»te plants very vTgor- ous, moderate number of runners; foliage healthy, considerable rust A productive late variety. ^o..*^*'n''°'',^?''r"T' ^^^^-^ Roundish, medium to above medium size ij^J \ '■•'^- '°'^'T' .^i* ^^^S "^•*« *'P- «««'« 'atl>«'r prominent? flesh bnghtred juicy, subacid, good fl o.r. moderately firm; good qial tj re^Uh^r^^trcot/dKr'^^"'""^' '"^^ """-^^ "^ ru„Lrs;%olia-;; A good cropper. ImJaZ'^'a ^^^\lm^&'^^^^tKJ°^^ ^^""^ '° 1896. A chance seedling. Introduced in 1901 by H. M. Martin, Stark Co., Ohio. Obtuse to wedge conical, above medium to large, deep red not ff^TTi ""'^''' ^7^ "^^ 'i' J"'''^' «"*'»"'^' ^«°d flavour, ^firm; qual Ity good to very pood: medium late season; plants vigorous, few runners- foliage good, rusts slightly to considerably. runners. Promising for home use. Appears moderately productive. INSECTS AMD DUBASKS AWrtClllfO TBI STKAWBBSBY. There are comparatively few inaecti and diaeasea which cauae aerioua injury to the atrawberry and in this bulletin, only the moat important are (lesrribed. The information in regard to inaecta has been taken mainly from the reports and other publicationa of the late Dr. Jamea Fletcher, formerly Entomologist and Botanist of the Experimental Farma. WHITE OKCB. (Lailmostenia fusra, FroL.) The white grub often does much damage in strawberry plantations and sometimes gives fruit-growers a great deal of trouble. If, however, the life-history of the insect is known and proper methocls followed, it may be controlled. In brief, the method recommended by the late Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist to the Dominion Experimental Farms, is to take only one crop of fruit from a plantation and then plough it up, thus preventing the insect from passing through all its stages and so de- stroying it. Land for strawberries "bould be prepared by growing some crop that the white grub will not touch, and thus offering no inducement for them to stay in the soil. As the growing of other crops which the white grubs are fond of, near the strawberries may be the means of introducing them to the strawberry plantation, the following descriptionoi the life-history of this insect and the general remedies suggested are given. These are taken from Bulletin 52, "Insects Injurious to Grain and I''odder Crops and Vegetables," by Dr. James Fletcher : "White Grubs are the larvae of the May Beetles or June Bugs, so- called from their great abundance in May and June, when they may be found in large numbers f'ying aroun>' ♦'•pes and bushes, showing particu- lar preference for certain kinds, as wil. , oaks, ashes, plums, maples and lilacs. The eggs are deposited in tht ^''^und, one to three inches below the surface, and hatch in from ten to eighteen days. The larvae feed on roots during the remainder of the season and burrow very deeply into the ground as winter approaches, returning again the following spring and ducing the healthy leaf-turfaoe and ao leaaenioL the vigour of the planta. When thus weakened , the plant* are unable to develop fruit properly, the crop ia much leaaene^ - ' •>. ^^^ ^^ A?SSi P^c J 1 ^ ^ 1 BusttT. (Flatk 2.) J Hi 7^^\^^i^ "• «<»*«n«l during the winter. They «>on geminate and at- tack the leave.. As thi. disease spreads only on the surfacVof the leaves it IS readily controlled if treated at the proi^r time. ' CO«T OF GROWINQ OWB AC»K OF BTBAStTBEREIU. ftl«o!!i^^**i'' Strawberry crop is one of the most profitable to grow, it is jOso one of the most expensive, and in order to give those who may desire S,- "^"♦^^r'?^,'*'"?^^*"^" *" «^« »°°»« ixe.s (UOO ! liDxes ' 5000 i <|iiarts 8000 : iMxes boxes 700O S°* o~^* ^" F*rq«l»arson, Hull, Que. No. 2.— C. P. Newman, Lachine Locks, Que. No. 3.— Alex. Stewart, Hull, Que. S°" l'"~ii. ^- Morrison, Acton's Corners, Ont. No. 6— a»M. H. Snow, Cumming's Bridge, Ont. No. 6.— W. J. Kerr, Ottawa, Ont. K l'~^' S" B»*tenhouse, Jordan Harbour, Ont. w°' a~r "awelman, Arkona, Ont. No. 9.— J. L. Hilbom, Le mington, Ont. «r»i:w II? '"*?°*i'^« **"i* ***" ^f^'^' ^» **»« ''ario«» columns vary consid- erably among the different growers. ^ consw 1 J • ^'i "?f°* °', ^"°,d" *^" fi6"'«» *re l»Jgl»er under No. 1 because the and 18 valuab e,, and under No. 7 because the rent is for three ye^™ whSe jn most cas it is for two years. Under "Fprtili.«r« " w^ o • ! nurf" *!l!3 '^'^''''"i r«J-tly bJcaL fkr^r proportion 'of "theTa' nure applied is charged to succeeding crops. Under "Plants •' No 2 oe Charged. Under Additional expenses,' 'only Noa. 1, 4, 6, and M S give the total cost of picking, marketing and boxes, the others me ely give the cost of sundries. In the colder districts, occasional injury from winter lowers the aver- age crop obtained. Altno'igh the net profits are not given, the prospective grower can figure this out for himself from the prices at which berries are sold on the market where he proposes to sell his fmit. VARIETIES OF STIIA\VBESRIE8 TESTED AT THE CKimiAI, OTTAWA. 1887-1909. ■XPEailCENTAL FARM, In the following table will be found a list of varieties of strawberries which have been tested at the Central Experimental Farm rince the year 1887, when the fir.st were planted. In this list there are 696 names, a f:w of which may be synonymous, but not many. Per. after a name means that a variety has perfect flowers; Imp. .hat the flowers are imperfect. In addi- tion to the name, the date when each variety was first planted is given and, if discarded, the date when it was last tested. 1887-1904, for in- stance, signifies that a variety was planted first in 1887 and was discarded in 1904. Where new stock was obtained it is signified thus: 1887, 1892- 1904. If a variety is still being tested, only the date or dates when first planted are given. The reasons for discontinuing a variety are also indicated by the initial letters : I. f. means a variety was discarded because of irregu- lar form; I. p.. inferior productiveness; i. Q., inferior quality; i. 8., infer- ior size: i. v., inferior vigour; n. a., not attractive; n. h., not hardy; t. s., too soft; t. t., too tender; G. i., general inferiority. Abundance, per., 1908 Abington, per., 1905 Accomack, per., 1897-1901, I. F., I. P. Ada, imp., 1895-1901, I. F. Afton, imp., 1897. Alabama, per., 1890-1901, G. I. Albert, per., 1894-1904, I. P. Almo, imp., 1907 Alpha, imp., 1897-1901, T. S. G. I. Alpine, per., 1897-1899, G. I. Alpine Wood, per., 1888-1901, I. S. Amateur, per., 1887-1900, T. S., T. T. Anna, per., 1909. Anna Forest, per., 1887 Anna Kennedy, imp., 1896. Annie Laurie, per., 1894-1897, I. V. Arkansas Black, per., 1907. Arkansas Traveller, per., 1899 Armstrong, per., 1902. Amout, per., 1906. Aroma, per., 1896-1901, I. P. Arrow, imp., 1899. Atlantic, per., 1887-1900, T. T. Auburn, imp.. 1892-1901, O. I. Auguste Nicaise, per., 1895- 1903, I. P. August Luther, per., 1900- 1902. Australian Everbearing, imp., 1894-1901, I. S. Auto, per., 1903. Autumn, 1909. Avery Seedling, imp., 1899- 1904, I. P. Bancroft, imp., 1887-1890, I. v., I. P. Barton's Eclipse, imp.. 1892. Banquet, per., 1895-1902, I. S. Battenburg, 1909. Beauty, per.. 1897-1902, I. P. Beaver, per., 1904. Beavers, per., 1906. Beder Wood, per., 1890. Beebe, per., 1894-1901, I. F., I. P., I. V. Beidler, 1906. Belle, per., 1893-1901, I. F., I. P. Belle of Lacrosse, per., 1897- 1901, I. F., I. P. Belmont, per., 1887-1907,1. 5., I. v., I. P. Ben Davis, per., 1906. 47 Bennett, imp., 1901-1904, I. V. I. F. Berlin, imp., 1896-1902, Q. I. Bessie, Imp., 1890-1900. T. T. Beverly, per., 1892. Bidwell, per.. 1887-1889. Big Bob., imp., 1887-1889, I. P. Big Bobs, per., 1903. Bisel, imp., 1894. Bismark, per., 1899. Black Giant, per., 1887-1901, N. A. Blaine, per., 1909. Bob Biibach per., 1897-1901, I. P. Bob Rust, per., 1897-1901 I. P. Bomba, per., 1895. Bordelaise, per., 1888-1890, I. P.. I. S. Bouncer, per., 1895-1904, I. F., N. A Bountiful, per.. 1909. Bower, per., 1909. Boyden. (No. 30), per., 1887- 1890, I. P. Boynton, imp., 1892. Brandywine, per., 1894. Bright Ida, per., 1888-1890, I. V. Brilliant, imp., 1909. Brunette, per., 1894-1901. I. P. Bubach, imp., 1887. Bud's No. 7, per., 1899. Burt, per., 1889— Capt. Jack. Bush Cluster, imp.. 1899-1902, G. I. Buster, (No. 53), imp.. 1894. Cameron, (Early), per., 1903. Cameronian. per., 1892-1902, I. P. Captain Jack, per. 1887-1901 G. I. Cardinal, per., 1887-1895-1900, I. P. Cardinal (New), imp., 1905. Carleton, (X 297), imp., 1887. Carrie, (Crescent, 1861), imp., 1897. Carrie, imp., 1897-1904, T S. Carrie Silvers, imp., 1902. Catharine, 1908. Caughell Seedling, per., 1894- 1901. I. P. Chairs, imp., 1894-1900, G. I. Challenge, per., 1903. Champion, per., 1887-1889, G. Champion of England, per , 1896. Charles Downing, per., 1887. Charlie, imp., 1894-1901 G. I. Chellie, per., 1903 . Chesapeake, per., 1907. Child's First Season, per., 1894-1901, I. P. Child's, imp., 1895-1901 G. L Chipman, per., 1908. Cinda, per., 1899-1904, G. I. Clark's Early, per., 1894-1896 I. P. Climax, per., 1904. Cloud, imp., 1889-1901, G. I. Clyde, per., 1896. Cobden Queen, imp., 1899- 1902, G. 1. Cohansick, per., 1888-1901, G. I. Cole's Seedling, per., 1900 Columbian, per., 1895-1901, I. S. Commander, per., 1896-1904. Commonwealth, per.. It 4. Connecticut Queen, per., 1887- 1889, N. A. Cooper, per., 1908. Cornelia, imp., 1888-1889, I. P., I. V. Corsican, per., 1907. Cosette, (X 175), imp., 1887- inoi, G. 1. Covin, per.. 1887-1889, G. I Coxconibe, per.. 1896-1901, I. P., I. F. Crawford, per.. 1887-1901, N. Crescent, imp., 1887. Crimson Cluster, imp., 1888- 1897-1901, I. v., I. F. Crockett's, per., 18991901, N. A. T S Cruse's No. 9, per., 1897-1903, I. P. Cumberland Triumph, per., 1887-1889, T. T. Cyclone, per.. 1896. Daisy, imp., 1887. Daniel Boone, imp.. 1887. Darling, per.. 1899-1002. G. I. Dayton, per., 1892-1901, N. A. T. S Delia," per., 1899-1904, I. P. 48 Devereux, per., 1899-1902, I. P. Dew, per., 1894-1902, I. P. Dewey, per., 1887-1902-1904, I. v., I. S. Dickey, per., 1908. Dollar Junior, per., 1902-1905, I. P. Dora (seedling of Crescent), imp., 1896. Dornan = Uncle Jim. Downer's Prolific, per., 1887- 1889, G. I. Downing's Bride =^Kittie Rice. Dr. Arp, imp., 1897. Earliest, per., 1899-1903, T. S., N. A. Early Beauty, per., 1903. Early Bird, imp., 1906. Early Canada, per., 1887- 1902, I. S. Early Harvest, imp., 1909. Early Hathaway, per., 1904. Early Market, imp., 1909. Early Ozark, per., 1909. Evening Star, per., 1909. Edgar, per., 1899-1902, G. I. Edgar Queen, imp , 1896-1902, G. I. Edward's Favorit,'. per., 1894- 1896, I. P. Elfie May, per., 1897-1902,1. P. E. H. Ekey, per., 1906. Elba, per., 1899-1902, G. I. Eleanor, per., 1895. Elma, imp., 1894. Emerald, per., 1887-1889, I. P., I. V. Emperor, per., 1900-1904, I.P. Empress, per., 1899. Empress of India, per., 1895- 1903, I. P. Enhance, per., 1887. Enormous, imp., 1894. Epicure, 1904. Epping. imp., 1895-1901, G. I. E. P. Roe, per., 1894-1900, G. I. Equinox, per.. 1894-1901, I. P.. N. A. Erie. imp.. 1899-1902, N. A. Ernie, per., 1904. Eureka, imp.. 1889-1902. I. P. Evans, per., 1899-1902, G. I. Evening Star, 1909. Excelsior, per., 1899. Exoelaior, imp., 1887-1889, I Q., T. S. Fairfield, per., 1908. Fairy, imp., 1888-1889, N. A. Farnsworth, per., 1897-1901, I. S. Far Weat, per., 1896-1901, I. S. Fendall, per., 1909. Florella, 1906. Fountain, per., 1896-1901, I. Fremont, per.. 1897-1901, I. S. Fremont Williams, per., 1909. Gandy Belle, per., 1897-1904, I. P.. N. A. Gandy (Prize), per., 1887- 1893. Gardner, per., 1895-1902, I. P., N. A. Garibaldi, imp., 1888-1901, T. P. Garretson, 1888-1889, G. I. Geisler, per., 1902. Gem, imp.. 1894-1901. G. I. Genl. De Wet, per., 1905. Gen. Putman, imp., 1895 1902, G. I. Gertrude, per., 1894-1901, I. P. G. H. Caughell. per., 1896. Giant, per., 1895. Gibson, per., 1900. Gill, per., 1907. Gillespie, per., 1892-1901. I.V. Gladstone, per., 1899-1904, I. P. Glenfield, per., 1897-1900, I.S. Glen Mary, per.. 1896. Gold, imp., 1887-1889, I. V., T. T. Golden Defiance, 1888-1889, G. I. Golden Gate, per., 1908. Golden Prolific, imp., 1888- 1889, I. P. Goldsboro, per., 1908. Good Luck, per., 1907. Goree, 1909. Gov. Fifer, per., 1896-1901, 0. T. Gov. Hoard, per., 1892-1901, G. I. Governor Rollins, imp., 1906. Grand Duke, imp.. 1887-1889, 1. P., I. V. Granville, per., 1903. 40 Great American, 1888-1899- 1904, N. A., I .F. Great Prolific, imp., 1896- 1901, G. I. . Great Ruby, imp., 1904. Great Scott, imp., 1909. Green Prolific, imp., 1887- 1901, G. I. Greenville, imp., 1893. Grosse Lombardt, 1896-1900. I. S., I. F. Gunton Park, per., 1895-1900, I. P. Hall's Favorite, per., 1899- 1901, N. A. Ham, per., 1905. Hampden, imp., 1888-1889, I. Hatch E.Tperiment Station, No. 24, imp., 1897. Hathaway, 1887-1889. Hattie Warfield, imp., (493). 1897. Haverland, imp . 1894. Hawaii, per., IGOl. Hayden, per., 1899-1901, N.S. Hazel, imp., 1905. Heflin, per., 1905. Helen Gould, imp., 1907. Henderson, per., 1887-1889 I. P., I. V. Henry= Marshall, 1899. Heritage, per., 1908. Hero, per., 1902. Hersey, per., 1899-1902, I. S., Hiawatha, per., 1899-1902, T. S. Highland, imp.. 1909. Hill's Manchester, per., 1897. H. and H., imp., 1899. Hoffman's Seer., 1909 King of the North, per., 1888- 1901, I. P. N. A. King Worthy, per., 1899-1902, N. A. Kittle Rice, imp.. 1904. 80 Kliekita, imp., 1895-1902, N. A. Klondike, per., 1899. Kossuth, per., 1897-1901, I. V. Kyle, per., 1899. Lacon, per., 1887-1889 G. I. Lady Rusk, imp., 1897-1901. I. F. Lady Thompson, per., 1896- lyoi, I. F., T. P. Lauah, per., 1897-1901, G. ! Latest, imp., 1903. Luston's No. 1, per.. 1894- 1901, I. P. Laxton's Noble, per., 189;>- 1004. I. P. Leader, per.. 1892-1902. I. V. Leader, per., 1899-1902. I. V Leamington. 1900-1902. I. V. Legal Tender, per., 1888-1889, I. S. Leroy, imp.. 1901-1903. I. P. Lester Lovett. per., 1902. Leviathan, per., 1897-1902. N. A. Lida, imp.. 1887-1889. G. L Liddle, per., 1899-1902. I. P Little's No. 7, per.. 1899-1902 G. I. Little's No. 30, imp.. 1899. Lincoln, per., 1899. Livingston, per., 1900-190'J. G. I. Lloyd, imr-, 1899-1904, G. I Lloyd's Favorite, imp., 1899 Seaford. Logan, imp., 1889. Long Dark Seedling ,per.. (A Gla.s.s) ,1807-1902, I. P. Longfellow, per., 1887-1888, 1 P., I. V. Longfield, imp., 1899-1902, 1 S., N. A. Lord Suffield. per., 1894-1901. r. p. Louis, per., 1897-1901. I. 1 Louis Gauthier, per., 1899. Louis Hubach, imp., 1904. Lovett, per.. 1894. Lucas, per., 1904. Luxury, per.. 1002. Lyon, imp., 1902. Maggie, per., 1887. Magoon, per., 1899-1905, I. 1' Mammoth, per.. 1887-1901, 1 P. Manchester, imp., 1887-1890, T. T. Manwell, per., 1899-1902, G.I. Maple Bank, imp., 1895-1901, G. I. Marie, imp., 1901. Mark Hanna, imp., 1904. Margaret, per., 1896-1901, L V. Marshall, per., 1895. Martha, imp.. 1890-1901 I. P. Mary, imp., 1894-1901. I. P. Mary Fletcher, per., 1887- 1889, T. T. Ma.scot, per., 1909. Matilda, 1905. Matthew Crawford, per., 1908 Mattie Warfield. imp., 1897. Masimus, per., 1899. Mayflower, per., 1899. May King, per.. 1887-1889. T S., I. P. McKinley, per., 1899-1004 I. P. McNeil, per., 1908. Mead, per., 1905. Meek's Early, per., 1894-1901, I. S. Mele, imp., 1899. Melton, per., 1909. Mexican, per., 1895-1901 ,N. A. Miami, imp.. 1888-1890, G. I. .Michel's Early, per., 1897. .Michigan, per., 1896-1901, I. P.. N. A. Middlefield, imp., 1890-1901. G. I. Midnight, per., 1903. Miller, per., 1902. Miller's Seedling. No. 2, per.. 1887-1901, I. F. Miller's Seedling. No. 11, imp., 1887-1901. G. I. Mineola, per.. 1894-1901, I. P. Miner's Prolific, per., 1887- 1888, G. I. Minnie's Early, per., 1908. Minute Man. imp., 1902. Missouri, per., 1904. Molinc (Stono'.s No. 65), imp., 1895-1901, I. P. Monarch of the West, per., 180,5-1901, G. I. Monitor, per.. 1902. Monmouth, per., 1887-1888, G. I. 31 Montreuil, per., 1887-1889. I. 9. Moore's Prolific, per., 1889- 1890, T. T. ' *" ' Morgan's Favorite, per., 1897. Morning Star, per., 1904. Mount Vernon, per., 1887- Mrs. Cleveland, imp., 1888. Mrs. Fisher, imp., 1907. Mrs. Garfield, per., 1887-1889, Mrs. McDowell, per., 1900- 1904, I. P., I. F. Mrs. Miller, imp., 1905. Murray, 1906. .Murray's Extra Early, imp., 1.S97-1901, I. F . Muskingum, per., 1890-1901, Myer's No. 1, imp., 1909. Mytrot, per.. 1899-1902. I. S. Nehring's Gem, imp., 1897- 1903. I. P., I. F. ^ Nettie, imp., 1901. New Dominion, per., 1887. New Globe, per., 1902. New Home, per., 1907. Newnan Improved, per., 1899- New York, per., 1901. Nicanor, per., 1887-1900, I. P. Niehol's Granville, per., 1904. Nick Ohmer. per., 1899. Nimrod, per., 1905. Ninety Six., per., 1904. Noble, per.. 1894-1904. I. P. No Name. per.. 1897. Norman, per.. 1887-1001. G. I. Northern, per., 1897-1902, I. North Shore, per., 1906. Norwood, per., 1909. <)ak'.s Early, per., 1908. Obcrholtzer. No. 1, per., 1897- 1901. a. T. Oberholtzer, No. 2, imp.. 1897- 1904. (i. I. ' Obcrholtzpr, No. 4, imp.. 1897- 1901, N. A. Ocean City, per., 1897-1901. I I. P., I. F. I Ohio. imp. 1887-1889. O. I. ! Ohio Centennial, per., 1897- 1902, I. P. *^ I Ohl Iron Clad, imp., 1887- 1890, LP. , Olive's Pride, per.. 1904. Olympia, per., 1905. Ona., imp.. 1897. Ontario, per., 1887= Sharpless Onward (No. 61), imp., 1895- 1901, N. A. Oom Paul, per., 1903. Orange County, imp., 1894. Oregon Everbearing, imp.. 1896. *^ ' Oregon Iron Clad, per., 1903. Osceola, per., 1889=Micher» Early. Oswego, per., 1908. Otsego, imp., 1894-1901, G. I. Palmer, per., 1902. Pan American, per., 1909. Parker Earle Improved, per., 1899-1901, I. S. ^ ' Paris King, per.. 1894-1901, Parker Earle, per., 1890. Parry, per., 1887-1889. T. T., I. P. Parson's Beauty, per.. 1901 Patrick, per., 1897-1901, I. S. Paul Jones, 1909. Pearl, per., 1887-1901, G. I. Peeriess, per., 1907. Pennell, per., 19(K). Perfection, per., 1897-1904. T. S. Perpetual, i«»r., 1905. Pet, per., 18iy9-1901, G. I. Phenomenal, per., 1899-1901, I. S. Phillip's Seedling, per., 1895- 1902. I. F. Phipen, per., 1899-1902, I. S. Phoenix, per.. 1899-1901, I. S. Photo, imp., 1887-1890, I. V. Pineapple, per., 1887-1901. I. F. Pipers, per., 1887-1888, I. S. Plover, per., 1887. Plow City, per., 1894-1900. Pocomoke, per., 1903. Pondero.sa. per.. 1809-1902, I. V. Porto Rico, imp., 1901-1904, I. V. Premium, imp.. 1890-1900, I. President, imp.. 1904. President Carnot. per.. 1896- 1900. I. S. President Victor Meurin, per., 18!)9. Pride of Cumberland, per., 1809.1902, N. A. Pride of Michiffau, per., 1907. Prince of Derries. per., 1887- I!)01, I. P. Princess, imp.. 1892. Princeton Chief, imp., 1893- 1901, N. A. Prize, imp.. 1897-1901 I. S., I. F., I. Q. Prof. Fisher, per., 1906. Quality, per., 1896-1901, I. P. llalph H. Nyer, Sand Beach, N. .S., seedling from 1909. Hay's Prolific, per. 1887-1888, I. V. Rfba, imp., 1902-1906. I. P. Keffina, imp., 1897-1901, I. S., I. P. Iteliance, per., 1904. Kepeater, per., 1900. Ridgeway, per., 1897. llio, per., 1894-1901, I. S. Robbie, per., 1902. Robinson, per., 1894-1901, I. P. Rough Rider, per., 1900. Royal Hautbois, per., 1887- 1901, I. S., I. P. Royal Sovereign, per., 1896- 1900, I. P., I. V. Ruby, per., 1887-1900, I. S., I. P. Ruby (new), per. Ryckman, per., 1904. Sadie, imp., 189.3-1904, I. P., I. S. Sample, imp.. 1899. Sampson, per.. 1902. Sam Sperry, per., 1897. Sandoval, per., 1894-1903. G.I. Saratoga, per., 1908. Satisfaction, per., 1896. .Saunders, per., 1896-1904, I. P., I. V. Sanlog, imp.. 1899-1901. I. S. Scarlet IJall, imp., 1895. Scarlet Queen per., 1894-1901, T. S., I. P. Schoene Anhaltinerin. per., 1899-1900, I. S. Schoene .Meissnerin, per., 1899-1901, I. S. Soofield Seedling, 1908. Seaford, imp., 1896 (Lloyd). Seedling from Hrookings, S. D., per., 1907. Seedling from Livingstone, Frankville, «Jnt., 1907. Senator Dunlap, per., 1900. Seneca Queen, per., 1887-1901, G. I. Sensation, per., 1894-1902, I. P. Sharpless, per., 1887-1903, I. P. Sharpless Seedling, (A. Glasu) per., 1897. Sherman, per., 1896. Shirts, per.. 1887-1901. I. F. Shuckless, per., 1893-1901, I. v., N. A. Shuster's Gem, imp., 189.'- 1901, I. F. Silver Coin, per., 1909. SmeltBer, per., 1896-1901, I. S., T. S. Smith's Seedling, per., 1893- 1901, 1. P. C. W. Smith, Yarmouth, N. S., Seedling No. 5, 1906. C. W. Smith, Yarmouth, N. S., Seedling No. 12, 1906. Snowball, per., 1896. Snow Flake, per., 1887-1889, G. I. Snow's Perfection, lOOC -^Gib- son. Southard, per., 1896-1901, I. P. Sparta, per.. 1896-1901. N. A. Splendid, per.. 1895-1902. Springdale Beauty, per., 1901- 1903, I. P. Standard per., 1892-1901, G.I. Staples, per.. 1895-1902, G. I. Star, per., 1897-1902, I. P. Stayman's No. 1, imp., 1889- 1901. N. A. Stella, imp., 1902-1904, G. I. Sterling, imp., 1887-1889. I. P., I. V. Stevens Early, imp., 1897. Steven's Late Champion, per., 1905. Stone 8 Early, imp., 1897. Stone's No. 7, per., 1897-1901, I. P. St. Joseph, per., 1899-1904, I. P. SH St. Louw, per., 1908. Success, per., 1903. Sucker State, per., 1887-1889, Summit, imp., 1887-1889, O.I. Sunapee, per., 1887-1889, Q. I. Sunnyside, imp., 189G. Sunrise, imp.. 1894-1902, I. F. Sunshine, imp., 1902. Superior, per., 1903. Surprise, per., 1887. Su»herlunil, imp., 1902. hwindle, per., 1894-1904 I 1" Taft, 1909. Tennessee Prolific, per., 1894. Tennyson, per., 1899-1901, G. I. Teutonia, per., 1895-1900 I.P Texas, per., 1903-1904, I. S. Three Ws., per.. 1908. Thompson's No. 2, per.. 1909. Timbrell imp., 1893-1897- 1904. I. P. Thompson's Earliest, 1906. Thompson's Late, imp., 1894. Thompson's No. 2, per. 1906. Triumph de Gand, per., 1887- lo89, G. I. Tubbs, per., 1896-1901, T. S JJ{[ner'8 Beauty, per., 1889- Twentieth Century, per., 190G Twilight, per., 1899. Uncle Jim (Dornan), per.. 1902. ' ' Uncle Joe. per., 1906. Uncle Sam, imp., 1896-1901, I- P., I. S. Up-to-Date, per., 1899-190], Van Deman, per., 1892. Velvet, imp., 1905. Vera, imp., 1892-1901, G. I Victor, per., 1905. Vicktor. 1907. Victor Hupro. per., 1894-189C, Vineland, per., 188T-1888, G. Vories, per., 1899-1904 G. I. Virginia, per., 1907. Wantiel, per., 1897-1901 G.I. Warfleld (No. 2). imp.. 1888. Warren's Seedling, 1907. W. H. Taft, per., 1909. WaUon, imp., 1897-1901. G.I. Welch, Forace G., seedling from 1905. Wesley, per.. 1896-1901. I. S. Wes'irook Improved, imp.. 1899-1902, I. S. West Brook, imp., 1892-1901, WMtlawn. imp., 1892-1900, Weston, imp. 1895-1901, G. I. White Alpine, per., 1900-1901 mti. p°l'%. •"^•' ''^- • Wicomico, imp., 1897-1901, N. A. Williams, per., 1890-1893. WiU Warfield. (147), per., 1897 .902, N. A. Wilson, per.. 1887. Windsor Chief, imp., 1887- Winnie Warfield, (142), imp., W. J. Bryan, per., 1900-1904, Wm. Belt, per., 1894. Wonder, per., 1904. Wonderful, imp., 1887 Wind- •sor Chief. Woodhouse, imp., 1887-1890, Woodruff, per., 1887-1890, T. \Voolvert(.n, per., 1890-189a. Woolverton Seedling, No. 60. imp., 1894-1901. G. I. World's Champion, per., 1899. World's Wonder, per., 1908 Yale, per., 1890-1896, I P Yant. per.. 1902. Yiiung's Seedling, per.. 1896- TABLK OF CONTENTS. History of the Improvement of the Strawberry Strawberry Culture in Canada Propagating Strawberries from Seed Propagating Strawberries from Runners Everbearing Strawberries Pollination and Character of the Flowers Culture : Soil and its Preparation. Fertilizers , Plants and Their Treatment Planting Cultivation Forming the Matted How Single and Double Hedge Kow Systems Hill System Winter Protection Renewing the Plantation Renovating an Old Bed Irrigation Varieties Description of an Ideal Variety of Strawberry Varieties Recommended Most Productive Varieties Early V^arieties Late Varieties Varieties Which Keep their Size Beat 1 ring the Picking Season Varieties Having the Firmest Fruit Varieties Having the Largest Fruit Varieties Having the Most AttraotiTe Fruit Varieties Having the Best Quality I'AOK. s « 7 7 8 9 10 II II 12 13 14 14 14 IT) 15 15 If) 17 17 18 18 20 20 21 21 22 22 ■)•) Varietiea M.nt Free from Hunt ''*""• Varieties Beit for Preserving ' Hardiest Varietieg ,^, Varieties WithnUndiiiK l>r«>u>{lit beat English Varieties _ , 24 Strawberries in Cold Storage ■ 34 Causes of Poorly Shapetl Berries jjj Description* of Varieties Insects and Diseases Affecting the Strawberry 42 Cost of Growing One Acre of Strawberries 45 Varieties "f Strawberries Te.t«l at the iJentral ExperimenUl Farm. Ot- tawa, 1887-1909 .» 46