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This Itwn it filRwcl at the raduction ratio chaclcad balow / C« documant aat film* au taux de rMuetion lndiqu« ci picture presented by Long of the fur-trade and the tra. rg. This was the period of un- licensed and almost ruuious competition between Ihe great company at the North, and the independent mer- chants from Canada — the latter acting each for him- • Long's book is of sUght topographic value to the historical student, because of the apparently uninhabitable nature of the countries through which he passed they are neariy as undeveloped now as they were then. i768-i78a] J. Long's Voyag es and Travels \ 5 self, with slight regard for the interest of the trade, the Indians, or the lesser employees. The fur-trade under the French rdgime had been under strict surveUlance. All traders were required to purchase a government license, and the products of their traffic were closely 'nspected. By the close of the French rule, even the lawless coureurs de bois — trading through the forest at will, and carryhg their peltries to the English at Albany and Hudson Bay — had been quite largely sup- pressed, and brought into the service of the licensed traders. After the conquest of New France, a period of cut- throat competition began. The English traders did not at first dare venture into the wUdemess peopled with Indians faithful to the French; those who did, nearly paid the penalty with their lives (as witness Alexander Henry at Mackinac). But after Pontiac's War, and the gradual subsidence of Indian hostUity. British traders from Montreal and Quebec began reaching out for this lucra- tive traffic, and a class of enterprising entrepreneurs was developed, recruited chiefly from the ranks of Scotchmen. By them the fur-trade was pushed to its highest develop- ment, and the rivers, lakes, and fastnesses of the great Northwest discovered and explored in rapid succession. This work was done by such men as the Henrys, Ponds, Frobishers, Finlays, Camerons, McDonalds — and, great- est of all, Sir Alexander Mackenzie. By 1780, they began to unite their fortunes, and a sixteen-share stock corporation was formed of the princi- pal traders.' A conspiracy of the Indians in the same year, to massacre aU the whites and pillage the posts, was discovered and averted; but by the following season a • For list of partners, see C« -adian Archives, 1888, p. 61. C T '■I r ,,,«•. m < I iff t6 1'/ \i E'ir/y fresfe>-n I raye/t [v„i. j still more terrible scourge had begun. Smallpox ap- peared among the tribes in the Northwest, and spread so rapidly that hunting was but languidly carried on and profits fell to the zero mark. To avert the chaos' into which the trade «eemed falling, the North West Com- pany was established in j 783, for a term of five year« In 1787 its organization was perfected, and the corporate period of the Canadian fur-trade began; competitors were gradually bought out - union with the X Y Company occurring in 1805, and with the Hudson's Bay Company m 1821. ^ •' Long's narrative, therefore, portrays conditions during the period of the free trader, responsible to no authority exploiting the country and the nati\ s for the largest im- mediate returns, without reference to the preservation of the hunting grounds or the protection of the hunters The frightful debauchery of the Indians by means of t-aders' rum, and the necessity for the use of laudanum to control their drunken excesses, are shown in full by Long in his simple narrative of events. The dangers also, to which this system exposed the trader, are onlv too evident from his relation of the case of Mr. Shaw As for the competition with the Hudson's Bay Company, It is plain from Long's narrative that f.he Canadian trad- ers were encroaching on the hunting {Tounds of this great monopoly. The case of M. Jacques Santeron shows the possibUity of dishonest men passing from one employ to the other. ^ As for the rest of the picture. Long presents the usual traits of the trader and interpreter - a certain rude honesty, taking the form of loyalty to his employer, a dis- regard of dangers, and small concern for hardships His knowledge of wilderness life was intimate, but to this 1768-1783) J. Long's Voyages a nd Travels 17 fact he alludes only in an incidental way. In acquaintance with Indian character, and power of influencing them in a crisis, he seems to have been superior to the ordinary trader. His vices were those of his class - slight regard for laws, either moral or military (witness the incident at Fort Mackinac), improvidence and wastefulness, rest- lessness, and dissatisfaction with the routine life of towns His literary style, while discursive, i ; simple, and as clear as running water. What he wishes to say, he says plainly leaving the reader as a rule to draw his own conclusions. There is an unvarnished, unflinching directness in his statements, conveying to the reader the impression that he IS concealing nothing, doing nought for effect, but telimg a straightforward story of travels and adventures The book forms a contribution of note to this important class of literature, and wUI always be readable. In the preparation of the notes, the Editor has had, as m the firit volume of the series, the assistance of Dr Louise Phelps KeUogg, of the Wisconsin Historical LibR'ry. He has also had helpful suggestions from Dr. Jftmes Bam, Jr., of the Toronto Public Library. R- G. T. Madison, Wis., febraary, 1904. .1 V 1 r ■/ 'ittf u .»v k < IN t,^ LoNif's OYAOES AND Travels]— 1 768- :78a Repriitt • 'he original edition: London, 1791 H A I 'I'!' if V I 1^^ ^ LM I 11 i: I ■ I,- / •■'f ) .^i VOYAGES AND TRAVELS INDIAN INTERPRETER AND TRADEI Tbt Mmmtrt and Qutom NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS; WITH ^ft ACCOUNT OF THE POSTS TN. «,y„ ,^,^^ t;o;E*NCE. LAK. ONrA.,0.*.. A VOCABULARY r The Chippcway Language. ym,, ^ run ,M Sim,. ,, l, fi,* „^ ,,^^ A LIST OF WO KDS flV J. LOWC. v'-iajor. Robertson, Captain. Ruspini, J. B. Esq. Rouse, Benjamir, Esq. Ross, G. W. Esq. 2 copies. Ruttcr, Miss. Row, William, Esq. Regail, Alexander, Esq. Reading Society, Hackney. Scott, Thomas, Esq. M. P. [vi] Sncyd, Samuel, Esq. Symons, the Rev. Mr. Sheldon, John, Esq. Pro- fessor of Anatomy in the Royal Academy of Arts, London, and F. R. S. Shamier, , Esq. Stoe, Harry, Esq. Sedgwick, Harry, Esq. Stone, John Hurford, Esq. Surman. William, Esq. Smith, Haskett, Esq. Scafe, Mr. Richard. Scargill, Mr. James. Stable, xMr. William. Smith, Mr. Thomas. M % \ t ' ll fl! I f ' ' 26 Early Western Travels fVol. Smith, Mr. J. Thomas. Turner, Miss. Turner, Miss Jane. Tanner, N. Esq. Toulmin, Wilh'am, Esq. Taylors, Messrs. 6 copies. Vaston, Mrs. Vandricl, Mr. J. C. Wegg, Samuel, Esq. Winter, John, Esq. Walker, John, Esq. Wilson, Stephen, Esq. Wilson, William, Esq. Wilcox, William, Esq. Wilcox, Edward, Esq. Wilcox, Mrs. Anne. W^ickham, Lieut. Woolhead, Major, Esq. Wright, Mr. Thomas. Watson, Mr. William. White, xMessrs. and Son. copies. Young, Mrs. 1 - 1 f PREFACE The reader will naturally expect some account of this work. With regard to the historical part, I have endeavoured to explain the situation of the Posts, which, by Mr. Os- wald's Treaty, were stipulated to be surrendered to the Americans; and pointed out their convenience to Great Britain in a political and commercial point of view:' I have also given a description of the Five and Six Nation Indians; and endeavoured to shew the usefulness, as well as necessity, of a strict alliance with them as long as we retain any possessions in Canada. With respect to the descriptions of lakes, rivers, &c. which lie beyond Lake Superior, from Lake Nipegon to Lake Arbitibis, I have given them as accurately as possi- ble, either from my own knowledge, or the most authentic Indian accounts; and when it is considered that interpre- ters in the commercial line seldom have occasion for any geographical knowledge, the want of better information will be excused. The Vocabulary which is subjoined, and on which I have bestowed some pains, it is hoped will not only afford information to such as may be desirous of attain- ing a knowledge of the Chippeway language, but prove useful to those who are already engaged in traffic with the Indians. ' The Treaty of Paris, drawn up between the envovs of the United States and those of Great Britain (1783), was called "Oswald's Treaty," because Kichard Oswald was chief negotiator for the British ministry. The Northwest posts wee- not surrendered de jacto, until after Jay's Treaty in 1794.— Ed. V i Jl H I'' % 28 Early Western Travels [Vol. Ivni] As the mode of spelling a language which has never been reduced to a grammatical system, must be arbitrary, and principally depend on the ear, I have endeavoured to use such letters as best agree with the English pronuncia- tion; avoiding a multiplicity of consonants, which only perplex: and to enable the reader to speak so as to be understood by the natives, it is necess?ry to observe that a IS generally sounded broad; and e final never pro- nounced but in monosyllables. The following are the motives which induced me to make the Vocabulary in the Chippeway language so copious. In the first place it is, strictly speaking, one of the mother tongues of North America, and universally spoken in council by the chiefs who reside about the great lakes, to the westward of the banks of the Mississippi, as far south as the Ohio, and as far north as Hudson's Bay notwithstanding many of the tribes, within the space of territory I have described, speak in common a different language.— This observation is confirmed by authors of established repute, and further proved by the concurrent testimony of the Indian interpreters. Baron de Lahontan' asserts that the Algonkin is a mother tongue, and that it is in as much estimation in North America, as Greek and Latin in Europe: this being » Louis .\rmand de Lom d'Arre, Baron de Lahontan, was a French officer who served .n Canada, in .6«,k,3. While commanding a small fort on Detroit River he starte.l on a journey to the Western country. Going bv way of Macki- nac, he ascended the Mississij.pi from the mouth of the Wisconsin, and ex- plor.-d part of Minnesota. In ,703 he published an account of his travels, whu-h was largely fabulous, although of some value. The work had, however great vo^.e m the eighteenth century, was translated into several languages' and much studied He also published a French-Alg..n,,uian dictionarv to which Long here refers. — Ed. '79i] J. Longs Voyages and Travels 29 admitted, I am persuaded the Chipfjeway lanRuaRe possesses as much, if not greater merit, as it is in every respect better understood by the north-west Indians. But as the knowledge of both [ix] may not only Ije useful, but necessary, I have given a comparative table of about two hundred and sixty words in Iwth tongues, that the reader may use either as he shall find it best understood by the tribes with whom he may have occasion to trade; though he will find, in a variety of instances, a perfect ac- cordance. The table of words in the Muhhekanecw, or Mohegan. and Shawanee tongues, are extracted from the Rev. Mr. Edwards's publication, and are inserted to shew their analogy with the Chippeway language;* and, as he ob- ser^'es that the language of the Delawares in Pennsylvania, of the Penobscots on the borders of Nova Scotia, of the Indians of St. Francis, in Canada, of the Shawanees on the Ohio, and many other tribes of Savages radically agree, I judged the tables of analogy would not be unac- ceptable. In the course of the historical part, several speeches in the Chippeway language are introduced : and at the end of «\e Vocabulary, a number of familiar phrases, which not only serve to shew the mode of speech, but give a better idea of the language than single words. The numeral payshik, or one, is frequently used to express the articles a and the; and woke is the general word for the plural number, though not always used. * Rev. Jonathan Edwards was much interested in Indian missions; and havmg been brought up among the Stockbridges, published (1788) Observa- tions on the Language of the Mukhekaneew Indians. In a republication with notes by John Pickering, in the Massachusetts Historical Collections, 2nd series, X, pp 81 IT., the added Chippewa vocabulary is that of Long.— Ed. : rf ■/■» 3° Early Western Travels [Vol. a Mr. Can'er's Vocabulary will, in many instances, be found to differ from the Chippeway;' but when it is con- sidered that though he calls it the Chippeway Vocabulary m p. 414 of his work, he says "The Chippeway. or Algon- km," which [x] evidently proves that he believes them the same language :- but with regard to the usefulness of the tongue, there is a perfect corroboration of sentiment- for he remarks that the Chippeway tongue appears to be' the most prevailing of all the Indian languages. It may not be amiss to observe, that the Chippeway tongue, as spoken by the servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, is somewhat different, though not essentially so, and IS called by them the Home-Guard Language. With regard to the Iroquois, or Mohav.k tongue, which IS peculiar to the Five and Six Nation Indians, it is not necessary in the fur trade beyond Michillimakinac ; and if It were, there are not wanting printed authorities suffi- cient to instruct:- this consideration has induced me to give only the numerals, and a few words in the language I have not any thing further to add, but a sincere wish that my labours may prove useful to the world; and that whatever defects may be found in the following work the Public will look on them with candour; and will recollect that they are perusing, not the pages of a pro- fessed Tourist, but such observations as a commercial nian flatters himself may be found acceptable to the mer- chant and the philosopher. •Jonathan Carver, one of the earliest American explorers of the North- west, was born in i;32, and served in the French and Indian War barely escap.ng from the massacre of Fort William Henry. In .766, he i o Macbnac, and thence through Wisconsin and Minnesota, and iLter expbred Lake Superior. H.S Travels were first published in London in .778 and two years later he died there in destitute circumstances. For further details ^.Wncons^n HnU>rical Collections, vi, pp. ..0-.37. Career gives an acco'n of Indian manners and customs; chapter ,7. devoted .0 language, includes a Chippewa vocabulary.— Ed. ""-macs a - n .1 11 Skktch cfOf WESTERN COUNTRIKS of C \^ ADA »79» VOYAGKS AND TRAVHLS Having cngaRCfl myself, at an early period of life, to ro to North America, in the quality of an articled clerk, I left Gravcsend on the loth of April, 1768, on lx)ar(l the "Canada," captain Smith, bound to QueU-c .-nd Montreal. We had a pleasant voyage, till we reached the coast of America, when the weather proving unfavourable, we were obliged to put into Newfoundland, where we stayed fourteen days. Nothing remarkable occurred here, except that a party went on shore to hunt, and one of them, Mr. Jordan, who was a passenger, bound to Montreal, finding himself much fatigued, remained in the woods; the res' d on board in the evening, anxiously expectinj. • ,. ro nanion; but after four days painful solicitude, i ' ble to obtain any intelli- gence of him, we gavc ur lopes of seeing him again; and as the snow was deep on the ground, and the wild animals numerous, we supposed him to be either frozen to death, or devoured by the beasts. Just as the captain proposed setting sail, an Indian came on board, to whom we endeavoured to communicate our distress. On this occasion, he seemed to understand us, and made signs of his intention to go in search of him; and Ijcing furnished with some rum by way of encouragement, he got into his canoe and paddled [2] ashor^^. The captain, with great humanity, deferred prosecuting the voyage for some time: but the Indian not returning, we left Newfoundland, and after a tedious passage of near eleven weeks, arrived at Quebec, the capital of Canada. I M r i.i i "1 t'. < i 34 Early Western Travels [Vol. When the Spaniards (who first discovered this northern dime) sailed past Cape Hosiers at the entrance of the Kiver St. Laurence, the mountains, now called the Moun- tams of Notre Dame, were covered with snow. Such a prospect, in the summer season, gave them a very un- favourable opinion of the country, and they were deterred from gomg up the river, supposing the land to be too barren to recompence their labours at present, or afford any future advantages; and the same impressions induced them to call it Capo di Nada, or Cape Nothing, by which name ,t is described in their charts, and from whence, by corruption of language, it has derived its present name of Canada." The River St. Laurence takes its rise from Lake Nipis- sin, north-east of Lake Superior, about the distance of 2000 miles from Quebec' The breadth of it is 90 miles at the entrance, and it is navigable near 500 miles from the sea. The Isle of Orleans, which is but a small distance from the city, is a beautiful spot of ground, about 20 miles in length, and six in breadth. The fertility of the soil makes it a useful and valuable garden, insomuch that it supplies the capital with vegetables and grain in great abundance. The opposite village of Beauport also charms the eye, and very much heightens the scene, which is rich, romantic, and magnificent. _[3]The Fall of Montmorenci particularly attracted my nril^f^J' ^"' ^""""''"^ ""' ^"""""'y °' f'"»'" Hennepin, who gives this onpn of the name "Canada- in his Ne^ Discovery (London, 1698) The real ong,n o the word is disputed, some deriving it' from an roc^uois tenL nver sun others, from a term for "lakes.- i. ... a country full of lakes.- Ed and tL.T^'' m''-'"""'' "''" ^^' """'" '^ ""■ ^""^^^ "f 'he St. Lawrence, and that Lake N.p.sstng, which empties into Georgian Bay through the^ench River. IS the source of Lake Huron.- Ed. rougn me rrench 'i 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 35 notice, as it is perhaps the most pleasi;;^";;^;;;^^;;;;^ m the world; and though its height and width are not to be compared in point of awful grandeur with the stupen- dous cataract of Niagara, it is sufficiently wonderful to shew the power of the great Architect of the Universe- and Its effects are more pleasing than the latter; for whUe It P'-oduces wonder and pleasure in the highest degree it does not strike the beholder with such tremendous ideas' As our ship was bound to Montreal, as well as Quebec and I was under the captain's care and direction/he did not allow me to go on shore at the latter place; but in a few days, to my great joy, we arrived safe at Montreal, the place of our last destination. Montreal, formerly called Ville Marie, has nothing re- markable in It at present; it was formerly famous for a great fair, which lasted near three months, and was resorted to by the Indians, who came from the distance of many hundreds of mUes, to barter their peltry for En^- ish goods It will give pleasure to the reader to be in- W M 't''7' ''''l''^ ^''^ '^' "S^^^^ble intelligence that Mr. Jordan was found in the woods, two days after our departure from Newfoundland, though with the loss of his feet, occasioned by the severity of the weather- he went afterwards in a vessel to Trois Rivieres, where he settled in an iron foundry. Trois Rivieres,' is so called from the junction of three currents which empty themselves into the River St Laurence About a league from the town there is an iron foundry, which was erected by private [4] persons in theyear 1737, and afterwards ceded to the King At first in Roy,. Socie,, of Canada Procee.^n.TT.o, J.^^^;: ';:J::'^ ^-''-" "t 'i m f Early tVestern Travels [Vol.2 peltry, and was, t'::^^;;;^/"-"'™'''^ '-de i„ cess nf f,-r«^ fu • , . . " <-anada; but in oro- •he residents in TroirSrel ,it T ^h''- "' "■°'"«'' with .he savages, and .he r„Z^^,!ZZ rf bLr"'"" yet the town has lost that ranlc ^nH '^""^^^ formerly maintained; neerthele^.r"?"""' """" " iron foundry makes th!!' »<'™n"'ge of the upon the wh„r as haonv '"""^'' ^"^ ''"y '"', The inhabitants' of ^I Z-^ '^"^^^ ^ ^an-d^- owe. occasioned .tr^-^Snt^r^ the names of everranSe of ro ''""• ' ^" '^^"^^^ and French lanJJsTnH t ''' "^ ^^" ^^°<1°"'^ favour of the Xf.%1 T.^' '*"'^" Prepossessed in the satisfactL o Ty -P W If "" '"''^ ^°"^^' ^° duity, and wishing 2 T^k!^ ' , ° ^PP^-^ving my assi- MohawklCaitoenl ''"^^^''^^y ^^^^^^^ in the in his abs ncf s?m rne^n 7 '° '''^'' ^'*^ ^^^ ^^^dians aosence. sent me to a village called [5] Cahnuaga. or 1 768-1 782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 17 Cocknawaga, situated about nine mUes from Montreal en the south side of the River St. Laurence/ where I li'ved with a chief whose name was Assenegethter, until I was sufficiently instructed in the language, and then returned to my master's store, to improve myself in French, which is not only universally spoken in Canada, but is absolutely necessary in the commercial intercourse with the natives and without which it would be impossible to enjoy the society of the most respectable families, who are in general Ignorant of the English language • A Jesuit mission entitled St. Francois Xavier was fnunH^H f i m.ss,on. The usual orthography is Caughnawaga.- ia " "'""" .1 ir ft'i »i [6] A Description of the Village and Inhabitants of Cahnu- AGA, or CocKNAWAGA, who some years since separated from the Mohawks. The Savages of this nation, who are called the pravine Indians, from the circumstance of their chiefs wea'ring w^htr'' Ca ^u^^. '^'°"^^ '^' ''''''' °f Montreal with their beads beggmg alms, separated long since from he Mohawk and River Indians, and for a considerable time after their separation, carried on an illicit trade be- ween Albany and Montreal. The village contains about two hundred houses, which, though they are chiefly b,.Ut of s.one, have a mean and dirty appearance. The in- habitants amoun. to about eight hundred, and (what is contrary to the general observation on the population of the Indians) are continuaUy increasing. It is considered as the most respectable of all the Indian villages, and the people are m a great degree civUized and industrious. They sow corn, and do not depend like other nations solely upon huntmg for support; but at the same time they are not fond of laborious work, conceiving it onljJ suited to those who are less free, and retaining so much of their primeval valour and independence as to annex the Idea of slavery to every domestic employment. Their hunting grounds are within the United States, at a con- siderable distance from the .JIage, round Fort George, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point, where they kill beave; and deer, but not in such great abundance at present as they did formerly, the country being better inhabited, i I 1768-1783] y. Long's V oyages and Travels 39 and the wild animals, from the present state of popula- tion, being obliged to seek a more distant [7] and secure re- treat. The skins they obtain are generally brought down to Montreal, and either sold for money, or bartered for goods. It is not improbable, that in a few years there wDl not be many good hunters among them, as they are extravagantly fond of dress, and that too of the most expensive kind. Their fondness for this luxury, which the profits arising from the lands they let out to the Canadians enables them to indulge, contributes to make them more idle; and in proportio'i as their vanit> in- creases, ease and indolence are the more eagerly courted and gratified, insomuch that hunting is in danger of being totaUv •:andoned. Their religion is Catholic, and they _ a French priest, or, as the Chippeway Indians term it The Master of Life's Man," who in- structs them, and performs divine service in the Iroquois tongue. Their devotion impressed my mind too power- fully to suffer it to pass unnoticed, and induces me to observe that great praise is due to their pastors, who by unwearied assiduity, and their own exemplary lives and conversation, have converted a savage race of beings from Heathenism to Christianity, and by uniformity of con- duct, continue to preserve both their religion and them- selves in the esteem of their converts: An example worthy of imitation, and amounting to an incontrovertible proof that nature, in her most degenerate state, may be reclaimed by those who are sincere in theu- endea^'ours, gentle in their manners, and consistent in the general tenor of their behaviour. Ant" it is to be expected, and certamly most ardently to be wished, that the savage temper among them may in time be more effectually sub- dued, their natural impetuosity softened and restrained, w ! i .1 ,r k r, V 1 If, •hi ''•1*1 40 Early IVestern Travels [Vol. to the use of strong liquors; their indulgence in whicli is 1 [8] 0} the Indians o} the Five and Six Nations. I SHALL now give a particular account of the Indians of the Five and Six Nations, and the reasons why they are so called, in order to enable the reader to form an idea of their consequence in a political point of view, as well as their importance on account of the fur trade; because ♦he vicinity of the American territories from Georgia to New England, gives the United States . great command and influence from their situation, and renders them more to be dreaded than even the French were in the zenith of their American power, when it was universally known they had such an interest among the savages, as induced them to call the French their fathers, and of which so much yet remains, as to prompt thcrn to retain a predi- lection in favour of the traders of the Gallic race who are settled among them. In 1603, when the French settled in Canada, part of the Five Nations resided on the island of Montreal, and were at war with the Adirondacks (who lived on the Uttawa, or grand river leading to Michillimakinac);" these, considered the Five Nations as very insignificant opponents, and incapable of serious revenge, and they were held in as much derision as the Delawares, who were usually called old women, or the Shawanees (who lived on the Wabach River), who were obliged to wear petti- coats for a considerable time, in contempt of their want of courage, and as a badge of their pusillanimity and '» Long uses as his historical authority the work of Cadwallader Colden (whom he later cites directly), Hislory of the Five Indian Nations (New York, 1727)- Coldcn appears to have taken much of his material from Bacqueville de la Potherie's Histoire de VAm^rique SeptentrionaU (Paris, 1722). But Long docs not bUndly follow Colden, and adds other material — Ed I ^! ;( r.f i ■>> i( li ii 'ill, I I I' h I, m £ 42 E.arly H'estern Travels [Vol. chiefs detcTmined to oui^L ^'^"'''""^' ^''^''^^ter. the Jatc them to retrie e/or"tab 7""' ""' '"' ■'"■""■ spiring them uith he ok no fon ^' ^' reputation; and in- the Satanas, or SharnonT V ^^''" '" ^'^ "^'"'^ great ease. This succe 7,^,,^^^^^ '^'\ ^"^^^ -th and forgetting how of^n th/v . V^"" ^'^'^P'^S spirits, Adirondacks fthevO / ^ ^^"^ ^*^" ^^^^ated by the -ci ava.tg^\iixrrthrmf ^ ^^^'""^^ ^^-= t^nemies entertained of their Li " ""P'"'"" ^^^'f several actions: and at la t Ik ^''"'^ '^' ^''^^^^^ '" against them even in hlTr nT' °" ' ^"^^^'^^f"' ^^'^ Five Nations. The first enV ^^'^°"^^<^ks against the favour of the Adirondlcks oT'"''' ?'°''^ ^^"^'^^ ■" fire arms having^en i^L "f '""'"'^ *° ^'^^ "«^ of new aUies, wj^kh the ^^^"'1 T^"^ ^^^"^ ^y their never l.fore set.^Jf r^Ltetd't'^^''"^^^ ^^^ defeat was far from suhd.nn^ % ? ^ consequent Nations, but ratheT seemeTf ^'^^eartening the Five tional a;dour, !nd X, tf "''P? '^^"^ ^"^ ^^di- skUl and suitable wl ^. ""''"" ''"fi"*^"* ^ niilitary and coura r^th^T^L^Frr^^^^ ^^-^^^- vantages over them in the course of ^''"'^ T''""^ ^^- years, they at length were ^'hTV ""T '^^" ^^^^^^ conclusion, by rlllT,^ X^^^^^' -"^ ^ ^ eas^ tot-:^^^^^^^^^^^ s-.them.L-tS^,-n---.;f^ 17'>8-I782] J. Long's Foyagc's a„J Traieh 4J U expedient, from policy, to keep possession of Canada This being admitted, it is certain that no method will more effectually conduce to that end, than retainingsuc ba ners m our hands as will enable us to afford them pro tec aon and supply them with arms and ammunitbn and other necessaries, in time of danger The Indians who lie to the north of Philadelphia be- hawk and O "! '"'""' "' ^''^'^^ '""^ •^-^'<- Mo- Hawks, and Onondagoes, who are called the father, compose the first; the Oneidoes, Cayugas Tuscoora ' Conoys and Nanticokes, which kre one' trib^ comr' called the Six Mt.ons. The third league is form..] of cons Munseys, and Wapingers, to which may be added the Mmgoes. The Co^etas, or Creek Indians are also united m friendship with them." Mr Colden says, the nations who arc joined together by a league or confederacy, like the United Provinces o Holland, are known by the names of Mohawks, Oney does, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senekas; that each of these nations is again divided into three triis or famLs itZdwT'^V' *'^ "^"^^^ °^ *he Tortos,' Pear, and Wolf; and that the Tuscororas, after the wai^ and with the consent of the S^xnI?^ J H h "'TT °' ^"^''^'^ P"P"''^"°" - Susquehanna. '"°"' ^""^ ^"''^'^ °" '^e upper waters of the (asub-tribeoftheDLwairheW "''\^-''""''^'' ^^^^^^ who were a., s.^^Tl'^J;^^^^^^^^^^ confederacy in Alabama of which ro„, I ^^^^^ """" " P"'^'''^"' Chattahoochee River - ko ^^" '^' ^"""P"' ^'^'''"^ "" the ' 1 jl'if It \ 44 ^frlyJVestern Travels jvol. , they had with the people ^7^^^^^^^^'^^^^.^ Nafons, an.l mcorporatocl with them, so that in fact the, now c..ns.st of six. although they still retain the name of the Five Nations." This union is of such Ion. .Jura t.on as to leave little or no traces of its oriRin I. ij Baron Lahontan observes, that the Iroquois arc in reahty but one nation, divided into five districts and whach he distinguishes in the following manner: -The I-sonontouans the Goyogans. the Onontagues. the eyouts. and the Agnies, who were all settled l.^u thirty leagues from each other, near the great Lake Frontcnac, now called Ontario th JfL' ^^ t-''"'' "■ ^^"''' ""'' '^' "^"^^ "•«'-'''^^- ^'"onK iors Th" ' "tlT'' "^ "^^^ ^^•^•^" hundre.1 war no s. 1 hey are called by the French. Agnies. or Annies and were onginally settled on the French or g and Riv ' eadmg to Michillimakinac. from whence they aft rw rd^ removed to the Mohawk River, near dchenectady Xu sixteen miles from Albany, in the state of New Y^k Since the war in 1757 th have separated, and part of the nation is settled on the grand river, near Nbgara and the rest at the back of the bay of Quenty, or Ke ty about forty-eight miles above Cataraqui, the capit 1 oi theLoyahst settlements on the River St LaurenctJ^^' ..:::^])r:rcts.:rxS;r°;::r^^^ -- see Kew France, mentioning this fact.- Ed. *"" ""■' ^'""""^ °^ went .0. the ^.^crs^uli " ^^roTuL o'^Jtln ^^' ^H^r "V^""'""'^ Canada. General Haldimm,! »■/. i 0""»"<'. and founded Upf«?r . ;84 was the year of iu^;^^!;: T e M H "T"'^,' *"" "" — -'■ -^ of Brant, removed al>,ut t"e same ,im?to the 7 "'""''" '''^ ''"'''"•''■P Long. Descendants of this rf^sti Uve int "r"""""' '"'""'""^'^ ^^ of the land h., been aliena ed - Fd "' '"° '''^'"''"- '"'*'°"8h most ■ 7ft8-i7Sil 7. Long's Voyages and TravcU 45 Cataraqui, or Fort Fronti-nac, is built near to the i)lacc where Lake Ontario clisdiarges itself into the River St. Laurence. It was erecte "-0 eas,om C a i /•'■/:: '';?'"T '"'""'»■ -" l'niu- exertions; lost to this country '' ''' '"■" ^^^^^ ^'^^'^ ^n be baLt!\"rc::^:::i:f?i^r'r .^"' "*"-'*^ «^ ^'^^e to shew the propriew o 1^°' "^ '''^' ^"^ ^"'^^•^^'""•• notwithstand^nTbX^^^^^^^^^^ States, they were PTnrPcd \- , ^'^ '^'' ^">ted auhoughi.^srprXifLr.hiuhrA'^ '5'"™ ""■■ be able to (uMI ,ho treatv „„ rt ■ ""^ ^"'""^'"'s will .f- to ntake a reaSrd ^T-' » ^ ^ ™'"'= da™ as government n^ustabsoluTdyadn,,.""" ""■ " S. L u'rtrlr o "°f :,' °'«^-"^- o" "-^ River MontrearaTthfm ulo r aacTlf''^ "^ *- - about an hundred Sa^' e^'^L'^'-.-^y - ^m-Mfwt ■?■' 47 i768-i78i] J. Long's ro yagt-s an J Travels quent it. and arc calk.l OswcKatchr Indians, aithoud, they btlonK to the triUs of the Imvc Xation '^ To this fort the inhabitants of New En^lanfl may witii ease transport goods, to .supply ,ho Mohawks, Cahnua^as, Conncxxiagas. St. Rcgi.s, and .some straggh-ng Mes.sesaw- ger Indians, who live near the Detroit, •« at a smaller cxpente than thev can pos.sil)lv Ik- obtained imni the merchants at Quelxr or xMontre.d. but j , , ,,rly Rum, which is now become an essential requisite in every transaction with the Savages; for though they iiscl formerly often to complain of the intrrxluction of strong water by the traders (as appears by the language of their chiefs in council) to the prejudice of their young men, yet they have not now the resolution to refrain from the use of it;- on the contrary, it is become so familiar and even neces.sary to them, that a drunken frolic is I14J looked upon as an indispensible requisite in a barter, and anticipated with extreme delight, ^rlton Island is higher up the river, and has greater Ution. Th« Sulpiuan „„.„onary cam. .0 Canada in ,7,4. and aft.r s^-veral years servjce in the colonies fouaded ■!,„ establ^hmcn n .74,, v u'cthe a.y of OKdensbur«, N'ew Yo.k. now stands. He wa., successlu. n r^c. ng loT-T'uf': '".' '"' '" '" ^•"'™""' """■>■ "^^ "^""-"'^ Indians! who espoused the V rench cause in the French and Indian War. In . 760, Picnue reured ,0 New Orleans, and thence „. France. The English, on tak.W 1^. s.on. changed the name of the post to For. Oswegatchie. It wa, garris.'nrdrd main(,,med until after Jays Treaty in 1704. K-^msonea and mi '■?,'' """ f" '"^ **'" purchased by Ogden, an«"» JesuU RelaUons (Thwaitcs's ed . Cleveland, .896-.90.), inHe^.- Ed. H ' i T 'k i i % It ^1% , \ K r i \ I 1 48 Early IVestem Travels ^^ [Vol. 2 soncd. It affords excellent accommodation for shk, pmg and may be considered as the naval storehous^^o; upplymg Niagara and the other posts. xTere are v ' Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, formerly called Lake mands the openmg to the North, or Hudson's mZ protecting the trade with the Indians who H^e on the b«nks of the River St. Laurence, and the whoL ext n ofthe great sheet of water near which it stands tckoni _When the English were in possession of the Colonies " The mouth of the Oswego River was earlv n„. a .nrelauon to the Iroquois coumryanTthe/urtrldeC^ '615. and Frontenac in 1602 In ,,,! r \ Champlam passed here in permission from the In^n^ois to e ect a^-H™" """^' °' ""'^ ^°'^ — <» the protests of the French bu U a f:rt^■^.t"6 ^ th '''' ^'"'' ^""^ ^^^P'"' (so called by the French) was esnedal nhn ^" u" ^'' °^ Choueguen all 'hcmoreso. when(.;4,)sTrEm John r-.'°u'''^ ^'""''' f^-t'-'ders; its walls. Montcalm or^niL an cIIh?, "l" ''' '^""^'"^ P°^' '"^'"^-'h was compelled to retreat when F^-rh!^' ""^ "''•"^'^'^ '' '" '756; but .he rendezvous for Zs:ct^!!rBHtrTf ^T^^'-"'- I' "- also After the fall of New France The Brinl ? ^"^ ^'""'^■"''«- '" '7S8. it was from here that St. W^t J^d on ^r""^'""' "P^'^"' '"^ f""' -<1 i" '777. It was headquane^ forThe Ci^n Tt"'"" "" ''^ ^'"''''^'' Galley '". Brant, and Johnson stTrt^d th nee "n t. '"" 3°^ '^^'P'"« P''"'-^ " But- at the close of the RevoluUon and no.H T""': " *^ '" ^""^h "ands Traces of the BriUsh fort wer to"^ It ^ -Vn^ ^""^"^^"^ ""'" ^^^'^ 1 768-1 782] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 49 I Albany commanded the trade with the Indians; and it is well known that no place in America furnished such a quantity of furs and skins, not even the Hudson's Bay settlements, whose utmost extent of trade is far inferior to the produce collected here. These furs and skins were procured from Canada, and brought to Fort Oswego by the Indians, who disposed of them to the agents sent there by the merchants of Albany. [15] Besides, Indian goods may be conveyed from Albany to Fort Oswego at a cheaper rate than from Montreal to the new settlements at Cataraqui and the head of the Bay of Kenty, and at less risk, because the stream of the Mohawk River is not so strong as that of the Cataraqui River, between the Lake and Montreal, and there arc not so many falls of water. Fort Niagara is on the same lake, where there is also a good garrison." This lake takes its rise from Lake Erie, and after a course of fifteen leagues, empties itself into Lake Ontario. About four leagues before it enters the lake, it is intercepted by the great fall which is men- tioned by various authors, who do not agree in opinion respe cting its height; but from the most authentic ac- " Fort Niagara, one of the chain of posts established by the French, and later maintained by the British to protect Canada, has had a long and interesting history. Hennepin and La Salle were there in 1679, when a small blockhouse was constructed, which was later burned by the Senccas. Denonville erected a fort here in 1687, which was abandoned September 15, 1688. No permanent establishment was made on the spot until 1726, when Governor Beauharnais ordered a fort built to counteract that of the English at Oswego. This was garrisoned and maintained by the French, unUl Sir William Johnson captured It in I7S0. At Niagara, in 1764, Johnson met the Indian naUons in a general treaty of peace. During the Revolution, the post was steadily maintained by the British, and proved an important base of supplies for the Western forts. After the Revolution, it remained in British hands until 1796. In the War of i8i2-is, it was captured by the British, and restored to the Americans at the close of the conflict. For further details see Severance. Old Trails on the Ntagara Frontier (Buffalo, 1899).— Ed. .i \ 11- i fli ■^1 hundred and fortv-<;iy f^«f j \ ^^ '° ^ 0"e and forty, .!^^ ZlX:' i^! f ''''''' '"^^^^^^ Hennepin and La SpIIp I ^''°""*' ^^ father The distance from Forfr ''^^' '^' '^""^^^^ f'^t. two hundred rd^ttr "^ ' t T ' '' ^^"^ country, which I trJu^I .Tt^^l^T^^^^^ days. This post therefore is nfT ^"^ ^'^^^ portance to protect the TnH,- u ""^'^ "''^"^'^^ i"^' Great Britain, and to se'.t^^^^^^ "^ ^" ^"'^^ -t^ advantage of their trade '"^"'^^^ ^"^ ""^^^^'^ed from the Ohfo Ilhnof X' "' """^"'^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Lakes, which po;tst^^^^^^^^ '"^ ^'^^ Upper rons, Miamis,'S, S^^^^^^ ^-- rora Indians, besides ^heSe^Lgi^^^' ^"' ^""°- 3-sTf tw^- rd:t:^ -^^^^^^^^ three aj^at a very small distance from the L:;a1is!TeSm:n;:' cos of S.66,ooo. Here was held the t^a'ty of" S K "T- f "''^' '° '"«' -' ^ of Indun lands was made, and the hoTJs Sn^^^ ^^ ' ^'^""^' P"^^''^" Revolution it fell into American hanr.n^ bo"ndanes settled. Early in the which ^vithstood the siege o"st Le^ ' A^"^ "^-cWstened Fort Schuyler ;'aimed that the Pr.s..Al!, ^^171^:/:'^ '''''' '" '^•"- ^^ raised over the battlements of Fort srhuvtr ./ "^^ '" '^77. was first was rebuilt, and reverted to its Iv 7 ^''" '^^ Revolution, the fort t-atiesw.UtheIro,uoistn ; \:ri rr "^^ ^^ '"-'d ■'"Po«ln ';' •^°^-'' Valley was ceded to the wWts T '" 1 "''^'^ '"-'' '^^ - -smadem t;85, by Connecticut emigrant - En ""''"'"' ^^"' '»>« '"" -rhisto.ofOe.roitseevol.iofthepre3e„tseries.p.,,„otetS.-Eo. f ■a I tl 1768-1782] J. Long's Foyages and Travels SJ_ The last post is Michmimakinac, which is situated be- tween Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, upon an isthmus, about one hundred and thirty leagues long, and twenty- two wide, and is the last fortress towards the north-west. This point of land is on the north of the straits through which the Lake of the Ilinois, or Michigan, three hundred leagues in circumference, empties into Lake Huron which is of equal extent. The strait is about three leagues long, and one broad, and half a league distant from the mouth of the Ilinois." This is perhaps the most material of all the barriers, and of the greatest importance to the commercial interest of this country, as it intercepts all the trade of the Indians of the upper country from Hudson's Bay to Lake Supe- rior, and affords protection to various tribes of Savages who constantly resort to it to receive presents from the commanding officer, and from whence the traders, who go to the north-west, take their departure for the grand portage, or grand carrying place, which is nine miles in length, before they enter on the waters communicatine with the north-west." nl^r """ T""^°l Mackinac, see "Story of Mackinac," in Thwaites's Hcnv George Rogers Clark ^on the Northwest, and Other Essays in Western H../<,ry (Chicago X903). By the -isthmus- the author means the Upper Pemnsula of Michigan; the "point of land" must signify the island of Macki- nac. The mouth of the Ilhnois" is the outlet of Lake Michigan.- Ed. b..,!?' m'^ ^°'"^' "'^' '^" '°"'' ^^' '^' ^'K*^" ^''" ('he present boundary bc^tween Mmne«,ta and Ontario) to the lakes and streams of the NorthwesT The term was first appUed to the carrying place, nine miles long, and later Lt !xnf '" H k'7 T-'"'''f '"""^ °^ ""^ '"°"'*' "f '^'^ "^^^- This route was fi^ explored by La Verendrye in 1731 - (see Wisconsin Historical Collections. xvu, for a map of this region drawn by an Indian for La Verendrye). It became the estabhshed fur-trade route to the Northwest, and a place of p-eat importance eLh/,^ h '""' 'Y^r^-^"-^- ^- ^ 'I'^-riP'i- of the route and the traders gathered here m the latter part of the eighteenth century, see Mackenzie Voyages through North A merica (London, 180. ).- Ed *iacKenae, i M t., it!, .' ' 1: [ P ill. 'll"' m ft* 52 Early Western Travels jvol. 2 Were the Enghsh to remain in possession of every part of Canada, except the posts, numbc-rless doors would be eft open for the Americans [: 7] to smuggle in their goods and m process of time the illicit trade would supersede the necessity of the exportation of British goods from England to Canada, and the commercial benffits arisll," from the consumption of our manufactures would be en So fT'V'* ^^"' ^^"^^^ -"'^ be of little ser- h s worthfl '" ' '^^'""^ercial point of view: How far IS worth the expence of retaining, politically considered, isnot for me to discuss." and^a^r^mttf iL't^Irr"fK''°" T '''"" '*"= ^°"''^"' ^^^ Western posts. the British DebU^'ifllenv'nH-t''^.^''^''^'^"' "^"'^™ ^'^'^ ""I isn ijeots, in Aiaencan Histoncal Association Report, 1894.- Ed. M I [i8] Indian Scouts, and Manner of Scalping. Having endeavoured to explam the nature and im- portance of the Five and Six Nation Indians, and de- scribed the situation of the posts, and the probable con- sequences of complying with the treaty, I shall return to my situation at Montreal. Having stayed with my employer seven years, and not being willing to enter into a new agreement, I determined to pursue the bent of my mclinations; and being naturally of a roving disposition, which was increased by my frequent associations with the Savages, I entered a vol- unteer at the head of a party of Indians, thinking that my country might at some future period derive advantage from my more intimate knowledge of the country and its language. My entrie was in 1775, when a party of about thirty of the Americans, commanded by the famous Ethan Allen, appeared at Long Point, about two miles from Montreal, intending to plunder the town; they were however disap- pointed in their expectations by the good conduct of captain Crawford of the twenty-sixth regiment, who with about forty regulars and some volunteers sallied out and made the enemy retreat to a bam, where an engage- ment took place, in which major Garden, Mr. Paterson, a volunteer, and three privates were killed, and I was wounded in the foot; but on the arrival of a field piece, the enemy surrendered." [19] Being beloved by the Indians, and preferring active service with them to any other mode of life, I accom- "This action took place September 24, 1775, and was the occasion of the capture and imprisonment of Ethan Men. For his own narrative of this event see HaU, Ethan AUen (New York, 1892), pp. 1 10-1 19.— Ed f \ i } m M' ■ It U i 54 Early Western Travels [Vol. a Butler, with a few Mohawks, to attack the Amencans prisoners. During the engagement we lost two volunteers Forr./vM^ ^'^''''^- 'T^^ P"^n-« wre left a; Fort St. Vielle, or Pnson Island, at the foot of the Falls under a proper guard; and the remains of our Ima I army consisting of about one hundred and fiftv rZ cTnl' tT«^^^ '^''^"^ ^° ^"^^^^ -o'her Ldy of AmeH-' ireaied to Pomt Clair, where we stayed tHl we received Th s waf^o'st a^"^,!!!'^ '""J^^ Gordon was killed j^s way .0 St. John's, about two miles from the fort!- Lake Champlain - wrote Sep.emtrif " c """ '"" ""^ ''^'"'^ »' mentioned: "I went down the rivTrVheot'hrrH^' '°"""""^ """ ''''™'^*' »>"- to cut off the communication LTwee„ St ToW T'^ ^ °' 'T '"'^"' '" "^"^^ ment marched off from the boats at nLhf "L ? "^ Montreal. The detach- in the utmost confusion ^1Ca!?i;T nil "^''^^ il/o«/^<««.y (Poughkeepsie, 187S p " ""^"""'* ^'"'"^ ^^*''''' Lieutenant WaUer Butler was' a New York x Butler, who led the Indians to the VVvomTn; V»^. '^' '"" °^ '^°'°"^-' J°''" was v^th St. Leger in .;„, and w^ I'p Zd'sl "iLTr"^" V:"" ^""" ler. Escaping from prison at Albany heTed T. T ^^' °' ^°" ^"''"y massacre (,„8). He seems to havTUen Iptd"^^^^^^ '° "t '^''^"^ '''""^^ own associates. Brant said he was -'mnro . '"""y- "^" ^^^ his selves." He was killed and scalpTd at But'r-r"'; ''T ^'"^ "^^^^^ "«^™- - in r;8r. b. an Oneida. whoU'dr;;;r:r"rX"^.i^^^^ 8th regiZr^nd^cl^^nd otcaTarP 'r^ ^^«"'^" ^"-"^-^ ^^^ '"e auxiliaries led by Brant wShdSei' T" ' '"^'^ ^^^^ "^ ^"^ian - cedars, fo^.three miles 1^:^.:^Z^Z Sot ~ 1l 1768-1783] y. Long's Foyages and Travels SS On this occasion it may not be amiss to observe, that the custom adopted by the Americans, and with so much success, of levelling their pieces at the officers, originated with the Indians, who are possessed with an idea that the men will naturally be thrown into confusion when their leaders are dead. This however is not without excep- tions: the Mattaugwessawacks, whose country lies west- ward of Lake Superior, hold the persons of officers sacred; and Josepsis, one of their tribe, who was taken prisoner, and sold to the Penobscot Indians, says that the Savages they were at war with have adopted the same method. [20] I was immediately ordered on a scout, at the head of ten Connecedaga or Rondaxe Indians, with captain La Motte. a Canadian gentleman," in search of the person who had killed major Gordon, and to reconnoitre the woods, m hopes of gaining information of the real force of the Americans at Isle au Noix. To avoid suspicion, we were all dressed like Savages; and as captain La Motte and myself were well acquainted with the Iroquois language, it was impossible to distinguish us from the natives. We were out six days and nights, with very W ' r' "T^- /°"- f""''" d^'''"^ °f 'Ws, and the folIo,.-ing movements see Jones, Can,pa,gn for the Conquest of Canada (Philadelphia, .88.), pp c!!' Major Gordon, who had recently been made brigadi^r-generar waT shot ^ ;^^:"s-)t- 1^;:^ ^ ^--- ^^-- --- s^- "This was probably Captain Guillaume Lamothe, who during this period i thatXV" LrmTh''"' "^"^^ ^r ^^'"^' ^•'"^ Hamilton'^mand a Vinrenn ^^ accompamed Hamilton on the Otter's expedition to Wennes, and was captured there by George Rogers Clark (Februfry 1) r ;Lzrt.^ '":;r.XTei:;e:ter '° ?^"^; ^^ Canada.- Ed. accepted a parole, and returned to I A m A ^' N'' i J '!"; Mi I 56 Early Western Travels [Vol. a Dark of trees and wild roots, particularly onions which palate. Hunger reconciles us to every thing that will cTtirTror" """" r "--^ -<"■»-:' c Th.^ r. . "■>' °™ "'•'''' rapTionce I can assert that what at any other tirae would have been unpS and e,en nauseous, under the pressure of hunger H" only greed,ly eaten, but relished as a luxury. ThosI Z ttoe^m "'"■ T "'""^ °' "™« '" '- "^" n lime of war, know the necessity of travelling i;„Kf a particularly on an Indian scout! a .rs^fs^^^jl' U^ke any thing but a small quantity of Indian com tid stones, they mix with water, and on this Ihev subsist Durmg this expedition, as the business was u^m a^d .^enemy near at hand, we depended on adSntiti^^s ,.11"^ '"" "^''^ ""'"'''• """™'"8 "ithout bein- able to obtain any intelligence, one of the Indians heart a noise resemblmg the breaking of a stick; the chiefs the ^„d sent out a scout, who soon returned with a p iler .^ the handsT^ '""'' 'f'''^"^' i-gining^rs^ , -igb-L^Kirtofr^^^^^^^^^^^^ ..atio-:-trrhe^T-r'^-^;.j , onversation. When he heard me'talk his owT antat h. was agreeably su^irised, and his fears in some d^^S fTrv"'ofT 1 i""'' "-^ '"«««' » '<> -ve "rf olThe fiUrf his mi.H T'.:""^ «™™' ^o-l'-ct in war Z ™ur^ hr r. ,"L' '"°'' ''"^^'^ apprehensions. I assured hun, that if he would faithfuUy satisfy .-!1 my s i I i 1768.178a] J. Long's yoyages and Travels 'i $2 inquiries his life should be spared. Me cheerfully com- plied with the requisition, and directed me to a place from whence we might have a cleai view of the Ameri- cans, who were encamped on the opposite shore Having left him bound, wc proceeded about two miles through swamps, till we came in sight of the enemy. The Indians immediately panted for action, but captain La Motte thought it prudent to restrain their ardour, and ordered them to retreat into the woods, still keeping our object in view. Soon after, a boat full of men crossed the river, and landed without perceiving us The Indians instantly kindled a fire, and each man filled his blanket with rotten wood and leaves, till it was extended to the size of a man; then placing them near the fire, to appear like Indians asleep, they retired to a small distance to give the Americans an opportunity of coming up un- molested not doubting but they would immediately fire at the bhnkets. The manoeuvre succeeded to our expectation; for the Americans discovering th. smoke advanced towards the fire, and perceiving the blankets, dis- charged their muskets. The Savages immediately rushed from their ambush, and setting up the war-hoop, fell upon the enemy, scalped seven of them, and took five prisoners whom we painted like ourselves. We then returned' released the prisoner from the tree, and conducted them all to St John s, [22] where they were examined by colonel ii-ngland, who ordered me to take them to Sir Guy Carle- ton without delay. ^ Having executed this commission to the satisfaction of the commander in chief, I remained some time with my old friends, till I received a message from Sir Guy Carle- ton to attend him; when he ordered me to join brigadier general Nesbit, with the twenty-ninth and forty-seventh )! J. * !«,;, V f h v S8 ^''"-b l^fstem Trav els fVol. , rcRfments; in the latter of which I senx-d as a volunteer a cons^derable t.me; but findinR no vacancy, and having no allowance for my services, to enable me to live and appear as I wished. I quitted the regiment to enjoy my avounte nd>an life; and as I knew their manner of hymg and could accommodate myself to their diet, I thought I might probably continue serviceable to mv T^Z of T""'"^ P'^'^ '"^ ^^^""''"«'y accompaniJ a party of Savages to the Lake of the two Mountains fifteen leagues above Montreal, a village belonging to the Connecedagas, carrying a scalp as a trophy of my ser- Scalping is a mode of torture peculiar to the Indians. If a blow is given with the tomahawk previous to the ^a^ bemg taken off. it is followed by instant death; but where scalpmg only is inflicted, it puts the person to excrucmtmg pam. though death does not always ensue. There are mstances of persons of both sexes, now living in America, and no doubt in other countries, who, after havmg been scalped, by wearing a plate of silver or tin " The Lake of Two Mountains is an enlarecmenlnf.h^n., «s mouth, above Montreal. On ,hi. lake rSted th. S, "' "!^" town of Oka. This is a uni.m „f . ■ " '"*'^'^ "" Sulp.uan mission .677 on Montreal land for Tr " ' -"'-'»"«- one. founded about the Lake of Two Mountlin's au'u 7. he tt ''or ZnkT"' '"'''"' "" first railed La Pr&entation an.] situated on Mnn.r.V^f!" """"""■ '"^ the site was abandoned in .68c nml T -^^"n'/^al Island near Lachine; CanS :t' '7 """r '"'''""^ '"' "'" - '"•^ -rv at t lake 'C Canadian Department of Indian Affairs Reporl, 190. n .0 Thl . Tz tiz::"! :str "«' • °' '^ ^-^^^^^^-^^^^ ^z villages a Caughnawat andTT"'' ,T" ''^ """^"^ °' "«= °"^" --'- semi civilised hSUr Eo '"' ""' ^"'^'""'■°" "' '»''' -"' -'"^ ^^"r 1768-1782) J. Long's Voyages and Travels 59 rn the crown of the head, to keep it from cold, enjoy a good state of health, and are seldom afllicted with pains. When an Indian strikes a ,')erson on the temple with a tomahawk, the victim instantly drops; he then seizes his hair with one hand, [23] twisting it very tight together, to separate the skin from the head, and {)lacing his knee on the breast, with the other he draws the scalping knife from the sheath, and cuts the skin round the forehead, pulling it off with his teeth. As he is very dexterous, the operation is generally performed in two minutes. The scalp is then extended on three hoops, dried in the sun, and rubbed over with vermilion. Some of the Indians in time of war, when scalps are well paid for, divide one into five or six parts, and carry them to the nearest post, in hopes of receiving a reward proportionate to the num- ber. When the scalp is taken from the head of one of their own people, they frequently make the dead body of ad- vantage to them, by dressing it up and painting it with vermilion; they then place it against a tree, with weapons in its hand, to induce the Indians to suppose it an enemy on the watch; and round the body they set spears in the ground, so as scarcely to be discernible. The Indians, on seeing the person against the tree, and anxious to make him a prisoner, in the eagerness of running fall on the points of the spears, and being disabled from pro- ceeding, are easily made prisoners. Before I close this subject I .shall relate an anecdote of two Savages of different nations, in the time of Sir Wil- liam Johnson. A Mohawk, of the name of Scunnionsa, or The Elk, and a Chippeway Indian of the name of Cark Cark, or the crow, having met at a council of war near Crown Point, ;r 1 u' Jl It 6o Early H^stim TraveU jn the yrar ,757, wore cxfollinK their own m.rW ^ boa.t.n« of their su,>eriority in takinJ scZ Th"' vT^ hawk contendefl that he rn.,U 7l T ' ^^"^ ^^"^ theChipnewaywar ior r,. t ' ' "'^'' ^''^^^ "'^" parted, each pursuing a different rX afte^h '• /''^ agreed to meet at a certain nh • ^'''"« ^""'^ when a coun< il was to ll .f";,''" " T"^^ '^>'- they returned, and appear, at ti! T' "Z^!" "^'^ hawk laid doun his scarwhi.hr".'.''- ^^^' ^^" and neck of a man sTuff!:i k 7"' '^' "'''" ^^ '^' ^^ wahdeers.s-:::::^:;t:;:::^rir'Vr^;;T expressed their annr„l™„„„ ' '""'"ea in. I he chiefs a Krea. and brave'^^aSj' Th "JT""""^ '' " '" •» -■; i..kln„ earnes.,Tarhe M at 'T:;^',^'^ • prcter to tell him that it wis .n «i . '^^ '"*'''' « con^Wer^ as a t:. r^ca relrh T'^^."''' one of his sons to hrin» f„~.. j u- "^ ' ' ' '^''"'■<' 'o he exhibited to "he ^Ji °™ ' "" ?'P' "' '' instantly «ufr«l with down oathTrs anr"? ''"" "' ^ ■"""■ deers' sinews. The chiefs l™Hi, J"" "^"^ '^ "'"> -a„i„o„.s,v ac^nttl tit l:™ior ^^JT' ^ hawk warrior fired uMffT, . "t^^^nontj j he Mo- council mcdit;tt^.:;trarS''s:''''''": '™™ '"' Chip|,cway come forth T'f n , f " "' '"= '^«' ""= tomahawk, rejokr ha t ^^ '"''" "■'■"• •"' -.ner.g^rirra-vL'toL rival'"" " ""'^ "'^'"''"^ 'f ♦ .^' [35J Same Account oj the Character i ml Pisposilio,, of the CoNNECEDAaA, or RoNDAM: Indfans; with Kinutrks on the iKfMjuois and Chkrokee \ Uions The Savages of this nation are of the Chipiitway tribe, and speak a mixture of the IrrKjuois and rhi{)pe- way tongues: the v were dr vcn fn.m the upfx-r muntry at the time of the great Indian war. aJK>ut the year 1720, and settled on the Lake of the two Mountains. There are al)out tw.. nundrttl inhabitants, who arc very indus- trious, and cuhivate the la id in the manner of 1 le C dmu- »J?as; ihey ilso breed cattle, ami li c in a decrir of rivili- zation unknown to most of the Chi; >ewa\ triU's. There is Jso a town near Lake Erie, in tli limits of the Unit«J States, which i innabited by alxmt T teen hu. ,lred of th^ nation, of whom the Reverend Mr. Chades tattie gives a very f; ourable accout.t. Since the settlement of the Conrecedaga.s they have intermarr -d with the Cahnuaga, Si Regi.s. and Mohawk Indians, which is the reasor why their language is less pure, though some of them peak the original tongue, which in my frequent communications with the Chip- peways U-yond Michillimakinac, I found in every respect perfectly understood. It was among the.se Indians that I first acqu.ied the rudiments of a language which, from long habit, is become more familiar to me than my own; and I hope I shall not be accused of vanity, in assert ng that the vocabulary and familiar phrases, sub- joineu to this [26] work, arc more copious than will be found in any former publication. In spelling the;n I have been particularly careful in using such lette;., ;.rd accents as be«t express the Indian words, according' to our pronunciation. To lay down general rules for ! 'le oriiiog- I 4 < IT M 1 IVOI. 2 .ssis. .hose who arta.t 1™^^ ""'^ ""'^P^ universal grammar. ™^ '" "" P™"Pl« of -d braver;, coinc.l't/S'^Sr tu r^' repor, only, entertain of them. No naUof of S ' " were ever more true to the Rri.l.k ° . ^"""^'^ the Mohawks whose (irfl-,- u. '"""■'^'' "<" "™ During the ^ntuanee'VtSrT:^"'"' •'"""•"^■ ncgleeted their families and d^^et'"" """■ '*^ for the English whfch the f-t """"= '° %>« ants Of tht Mot:L'and^"::rstta"'r''- to the Delawares tef^IT 'j"/"'.""""'*'? of the latter by way of dISn ufjtfcall tr"' ^"""^ "■' '""'-^ the fear of ourTovlrmenTJtr '"* -™- '» Savages in our interest oT^hl ."'<'/=«^"tment of .he considerable rewarfTon 2 Ih k""* "'' ""^ '"'P« »' .-■ay be far from the i™,!,,' "' ^ ""^ ""'«"0"= •o comment sev^rl 0^,^ '^T T"^ "">■ PU^Pose to know they were ou"uL ""h""^ f" " '' ""S*" continue friendly o, he sSh "a/" "" T^"""'^ '"'" dueonthisaecoLttomaTo rctr K °"'"' P™=^ '^ e-o«eer,whom.he"red^:;r;Kr:SlS;': J ^ i 1 768-1 782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 63 they flew to his standard with alacrity, obeyed him with cheerfulness, and never deserted him: no instance of friendship or attachment, either ancient or modern, could surpass it. It requires good natural sense, and a thorough knowl- edge of the dispositions of the Indians, to persuade them to place unlimited confidence in their European or American leaders; to which must always be added, a seeming approbation of their advice, and an endeavour to conform to their wishes, never obstinately pursuing a design either offensive or defensive, contrary to their opinion. How fatal a different line of conduct may prove, the destruction of general Braddock is a melancholy mstance: by his haughty demeanour, and strict adherence to his own plan, in direct opposition to the counsel of ex- perienced chiefs, he lost their friendship, and died unla- mented, confirming them in an opinion they had before often hinted, "that he wanted both skill and prudence in war." Even the great Washington incurred their cen- sure by his conduct, and gave occasion to an Indian chief, the name of Thanachrishon, of the Seneka tribes^ judging him by their own rules, to say, "that he was a good natured man, but had no experience." An impartial mind will require but little to be persuaded that the Indiana are superior to us in the woods: it is their natural element (if I may be allowed the expression), and a tree or river, of which their [28] recollection never fails, guide them to the secret recesses of a deep wood, either for safety, or the purpose of ambush. As they pay little attention to the rising or setting sun, it at first sur- prised me, by what method they traveled from place to place, without any material aberration; but this they soon explained, by assuring me, that they had not the least lO ,t" I I fj' pi: ■1' i.y 64 the north side but nn tZ 1' ^^"^^^^ '"^'"^'"s on nor ™o. a«e„.,Ve ,„ Z Zas S XT'^' "' '""""'■ capable of receivincr irv,/ abi],t,es, and are even which .he old mai ^Z^ 1^"^ * ''"''"■°"' 'o was .he firs. drcumcS ? ,1^, J^ ™' """ ''*^' "'«• fa.her Abraham:- ^ dtc,t "t TS"'''^ "P"^' "howasthefirstquaker?Hf. -/-f "" 8™"™"". Ihat people differed^,,,.- '^"' " ™' ""y ""«"»!", Indian p rcAfaf .^e tTr"'™™'"'''^''^''''"?'^- The question rhTsfi„t^°'T """"^ '" "^»'ve the surprUe; L"d t'^WaT'^rd 7"^"'^ Mordecai was thp fire* f ^ , ^^^"y' told him, that his hat to Hamll; .'"* '"''"' '" '^ ^^^^ -^ P"" off _Mr Adair^. says, the Cherokees are ve^^ apt at giving wWch attempts .„ prove .hSt^ult foXT '^1"^ ^'""'^°"' '^")' standing, much valuable information n/,t , ^ '^ ^' '°'"^"^' "°''^'h- tribes.- Ed. '"tormauon, particularly in regard to the Southern ? \ » ' 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and T ravels 65 people nicknames. A dull stalking fellow, they call a turkey buzzard- a. ^11 tempered man, a wasp; a talkative person, a grass .„Dcr- a hoarse v.ico, they say resembles a bull; and an .. .orpreter whosf -r^anncrs and conversa- tion are obscene, iJiey call a smo •. ucrpreter. The disposition of the Indir i: is naturally proud and self-suiBcient: they think themsd .er, tne wisest of the sons of men, and arc extremely otfendcrl when their advice is rejected. The feats of valo-ir a Aeir ancestors, con- tinually repeated and impres ed r.pon their minds, inspire them with the most exalted nu.ionsof their own prowess and bravery; hence arises the firmest reliance on their own courage and power; and though but a handful of men comparatively speaking, they are vain enough to think they can overthrow both French and English whenever th, . please. They say, the latter are fools, for they hold their guns half man high, and let them snap; but that they themselves take sight, and seldom faU of doing execution which, they add, is the true intention of going to war These exalted notions of self-consequence are more peculiar to the Five Nations, and for which they are more eminently distinguished than other tribes of Savages although none of them are deficient in this respect. Such sentiments as these have made the Iroquois dreaded and revered by others, for their superior understanding and valour, and likewise has a tendency to increase their fame. Although they [30] decrease in numbers daily, the thirst of glory will never be extinguished among them Wi:,i3t mere is a breast to n-.urish it: they wiU never shrink from danger when honour is at stake. The Iroquois laugh when you talk to them of obedience to kings; for they cannot reconcile the idea of submission With the dignity of man. Each individual is a sovereign *l 1' i,' I-' w i \ * ^-^MMl .i4:a4. 66 Early Western Travels [Vol. , in his own mind; and as he conceives he derives his free- dom from the great Spirit alone, he cannot be induced to acknowledge any other power. They are extremely jealous, and easily ofifended, and when hey have been once induced to suspect, it is very difficult to remove the impression. They carry their resentments with them to the grave, and bequeath them to the rismg generation. Those who have associated with them, though they may admire their heroism in war, their resolution in sup- portmg the most excruciating tortures, and the stabDity of their friendships, cannot but lament the dreadful effects of their displeasure, which has no bounds. It is this violence of temper, which is generally in the extreme, hat makes them so difficult to subdue, and so dangerous to encourage; too much indulgence they attribute to fear and too much severity brings on resentment. To remove these strong prejudices (which, however prone human nature may be to encourage them, would never prove so prejudicial to society, unless continually promoted by the advice and example of the aged), has been the constant endeavour of those nations who have been [31] m alliance with them, and some attempts have been made to soften their manners by the introduction of the Christian religion, whose precepts are so wonder- fully calculated to destroy .-very blood-thirsty sentiment, and make mankind hap. r in themselves, and better members of the community. In this laudable pursuit our neighbours the French have been most successful, at least so far as an alteration in external behaviour may be considered as an indication of the amendment of the heart. The good conduct of the inhabitants of several Indian viUages in Canada bears testimony to this obser- ■ i 1768^82] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 67 vation. Nevertheless, in contradiction to this remark, Mr. James Adair observes, that the French Canadians are highly censurable for debauching our peaceable Northern Indians with their "infernal catechism." Though I am not an advocate for creeds inimical to the peace of society, I believe the censure is too severe, for however formerly they might have been influenced by bigotted priests instilling into their minds sentiments unfavourable to the subjects of Great Britain, I am clearly of opinion, that they have for many years used their best endeavours to inculcate the principles of the Gospel: indeed, it is always to be lamented when either politics or religion are made subservient to each other: this being properly considered, perhaps the French are not more blameable than other nations. We are too apt to involve others in our disputes, and religion is too frequently introduced by bigots to assist the cause they wish to support. With regard to those Indians who have been accus- tomed to the society of English traders, and even preach- ers (sorry am I to observe it), their sentiments, manners, and practices are very different. The [32] alteration is manifestly for the worse; they have become more degene- rate, and added to the turbulence of passions unsubdued by reason the vices of lying and swearing, which unfor- tunately they have learned from us. The testimony of Mr. Sargeant, a gentleman of New England, supports this assertion; who relates, that in a journey to the Shawanese Indians (the allies and depend- ants of the Six Nations)," and some other tribes, when he offered to instruct them in the Christian religion, they " This was Rev. John Sargent, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in Western Massachusetts. — Ed. 'I: I I 68 Early Western Travels [Vo!. J rejected it with disdain; they even reDroachoH r7~ taanity, told hi. the traders wo'uld lie ZrandleLuTh ^eir young women and even their wives, when the hus bands were from home. They further added that the Senekas had given them their country, but chared h' never to receive Christianity from the^EnglLh ' 1 shall subjom one more proof to thi< r« «""'"• \ "'O- »f Queen A„L rj^.^. .nf S" -v.lh cloalhs, and other things of which they were S str:^;r.:»r.hrri^ r.' i ' ?"' " ■^"' '» ">e ministers, thev had already some of them, who, instead of preacS .h. Gospel ,0 them, taught them ,o drinlc to ex'^ ,„ i^! n" rl^r r,"« "''"'"'™=' ^"X entreat:^"i,fg:t tfj^T'l H ° '""' ""°"« «'™' "" Wore Their p^; bS: nrmostT. rrx:"tC7r To extenuate as much as possible this charge against th comn. ' S ^'^ °'""'^^' ^^^^ ^'^^ -- and iC ; complained of is to be attributed in a great mersure tl the traders, who used to purchase convicl, anrhi^e men of .famous character to carry up their go;ds amo'g'h 1768-1783] J L ing's Voyages a nd Travels 69 Indians, many cf whom ran away from their masters to jom the Savages: the iniquitous conduct of those people essentially injured the English in the opinion of the Indians and fixed an odium which will not be soon or easily removed. •f .|i f ! '■ Jf'l M iii ? vis If '.1) '111 I s [34] Descnption of the Indian Dances, b'c. Having finished this long digression, I shall con- muc n,y hjstory from the time of going lo the v^ge "f the Connecedagas, where I stayed some months, makinJ several excursions in scouting parties, and f equeml? brmgmg .n prisoners, which did not escape the Se o^ Sir Guy Carieton, who at the next intemew approv^ °^ onduet, and wished me to serve again in hfs'rSem Leful ^o" J"' ''^'""'^'^ ''PP^' ' '^^^ rendered'my" f useful to my country, and considered myself hiehlv honoured by so flattering a mark of his approbaL \ul that the life of a volunteer, though ver^ honour;ble would not entitle me to pay, and there was^^ot a vacan y m any of the British regiments: he then appointrme a mdshapman on teard the ship Fell, commanded byTap am Bamsfer lymg in the river St. Laurence, in wS semce I continued till she was ordered for Engla.^^ th. t'^'I.'' ^ "^"'"'^ '^' ""^y- 1 ^^t"™<^d to the Lake of the Two Mountains, and continued doing my utmost ^ ^he Ime of an interpreter, and at intervals perfect ng^ in the Indian languages, particularly in the ChippewTv ongue as I purposed engaging in the service ofTm" tunUv T^ ^"r' ""* *'^ ^''' ^°---nt oppor- T^\ I also applied myself sedulously to obtain a com- ple^ knowledge of their manners and customs, and wSi that view partook of their amu-ements, and was C addS tre'/e:r'.'"^"- 7° '""''^'^ qualificatln iX added the perfect notes of the different war hoops as naturally as a Savage; and by conforming to thdr wlvs and takmg pleasure in their diversions, ! was s^^en deared to them, and left them with regre \^\ I -3 1768-1782] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 7» The dances among the Indians are many and various and to each of them there is a particular hoop." I. The calumet dance, a. The war dance. 3. The chief's dance. 4- The set out dance. 5. The scalp dance. 6. The dead dance. 7. The prisoner's dance. 8. The return dance. 9. The spear dance. 10. The marriage dance. 1 1 ■ The sacrifice dance. All these 1 was perfect master of, frequently leading the sett^ If accidentally a stranger came among us, (unless I chose to be noticed) no one could distinguish me from the Indians. Presuming on my appearing exactly like a Savage I occasionally went down in a canoe to Montreal, and fre- quently passed the posts as an Indian. Sometimes I would distmguish myself at a charivari, which is a custom that prevails in different parts of Canada, of assembling with old pots, kettles, &c. and beating them at the doors of new married people; but generaUy, either when the man IS older than the woman, or the parties have been twice married: m those cases they beat a charivari, hallooing out very vociferously, until the man is obliged to obtain their silence by pecuniary contribution, or submit to be [36] abused with the vUest language. Charivari, in French, means a paltry kind of music, which I suppose is the origm of the custom. Not content with being a proficient in their sports, I leamt to make a canoe, bark a tree for the purpose, and perform the whole business as regular as the natives I also made makissins, or Indian shoes, of deer skins drest and smoked to make the leather soft and pliable,' » On the subject of Indian dances see JeiuU Relations, index AL« r «n» ■n Masson. Bourgeois or- un,ty o er^tcjmg into that .ay of life. ,roni which uZ, expected profit at leas,, if not pleasure; but alas! I h!d oitytnro^r '' --^ ''' '— -^ ^ On the fourth of May. ,777. i |,fj m„„,,,„ ^.j^j, large brch canoes, called by the French, maf r. canol havmg ten Canadian, in each, as the numkr of pXS andXsT^?' h'"'^ 'V""^P^" ^^^ ^^'^ --the Aslhl V ''" '"'^ ^ ^""^" "" "^^"'^ shoulders. As th..r ^oyage ks so essentially different from the Eng- l.^h ..arner of travelling, I shall raate it particularly^ ^ The cunocs are made at Trois Rivieres; they are in g-eral, eight fathoms long, and one and a half ^^e cot -d wuh the bark of the birch tree, and sewed very dole w.th fibrous roots; and of this size they will carZ four tons weight each. As earlv i, s^ • , . npr,v,;f ^u \ ^^ ^^"y "' -'''• spring as the ce will pemut, they are brought u;. to : .. CVne, a village nine mdes above Montreal. ^ [39] La Chine takes it , n.,„. ,„.„ ., f„„^^j Le Sieur La Salle, who '»/ iO ,, j "'*j ^''"'^y- ^""»-» w"t' > J^ uk- ...... Ti-urdered by two of his own party, in C ^, • ai ,■,... .^oa • »„„. J. •" . ■ " '■= ' . - T080, was very intent on discovering a sh .;-c' •• ■ m - no ♦», then known, ^thisUct.;4K:,ac^e^S happened to him at this place, he was obliged to po^ pone his journey to the east, which induced the Canadian by way of derision, to call it La Chine, or China; and by that name it has ever since been known » ^ J± this place the Indian goods are put on board very N; l^ t7ft«-i7«j) 7- Long's Voyages ami Travds 75 %. 3 1 3 carefully; tlu .Iry mcrchandiM' in bak-s alx>ut eighty pounds w eight! . the rum, powder, and shot, in small kegs. Thr vojape from Trois Rivieres to La Chine is tedious ant! rroaiblcsomc, as there is a strong current to combat; and without a fair wind, and 'xcasionally a brisk gale to assist or relieve the constant use of the paddlfs, it would l)e imprissible to make any way. Where the water is shallow, the canoes must be forced fonvard with long set- ting {X)les, while the men wade knee deep, and pull against the current with ropes; this is a labour and fatigue beyond what will be easily imagined. Custom has however made the Canadians very expert, and I must do them the justice to say they encounter these difTiculties with uncommon chearfulness, though they somctimvs exclaim, "C ist la misere, mon bourgeois."" From La Chine to Michillimakinac, there arc thirty six portages; the distance by land and water is about nine hundred miles: in favourable weather the journey is fre- quently performed in abo ;t a month. Great care is necessary to steer the canoes up the strong rapids; to labour and care must also be added experience to keep them upright, and prevent their striking or rubbing against the stones, as they are very slight, and [40] easily damaged. Whenever by accident they receive an injury, as they frequently do, the hole is stopped with gum, melted with a piece of charcoal; the gum by wetting im- mediately becomes hard, and is capable of resisting the impression of the water. When the hole is too large to be stopp ed by gum only, the inner bnch River, leading to Lake Huron, and proceeded with very favourable weather to Michillimakinac, where we arrived on the 17th of June." [4 1] The country every where abounds with wild animals particu arly bears, moose and other deer, beavers, beaver eaters, lynx, foxes, squirrels, fishers, otters, martins, minx, " For a (le.rription of the trade route by way of Ottawa River Lake Vini, sing, Cu.,rK>an Bay, and Lake Huron to "^rkinac see H H n,n f. » iory ol M, Nor.Hu.s. Coas, (San FrancLsco. ,8«6 ', p "a. 56^ aI^' for"" \^A h^ 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 77 wood cats, racoons, wolves, musquashes, &c. There are scarce any but savage inhabitants to be found, who rove from place to place for subsistance, fecdinj^ on the animals they kill, except the skunk, or pole cat, which they never eat, unless pressed by the most extreme hunger. Monsieur La Salle relates, that in his voyage on the banks of the Mississippi, among the nation of the Oumas, who live on a river of the same name, he saw a most ex- traordinary animal between the wolf and the lion; the head and shape resembling the former, and the tail and claws like those of the latter: he asserts it would attack all other animals, but was never known to hurt a man; that sometimes it would carry its prey on its back, and when it had eaten till satisfied, it concealed the rest under the leaves, or other cover; that every animal dreaded it to such a degree, that they would not touch any part of the prey it had left; and that the Indians called it Michi- bichi, which is an animal of the species of the tiger, but smaller and less speckled, and is now known to lx» the panther. The beaver is a curious animal, but it has Ix'cn described by so many authors, that I shall only observe what I believe they have not yet mentioned.- - It is seldom seen in the day time: After sun set it leaves its habitation, and ventures abroad either to work, or procure food. It also takes this opportunity to wash itself. But the most remarkable singularity of this animal, is, that it lies with its tail constantly in the water, to prevent its getting stiff. The flesh of it is very goo-^' "^^--^'-^ a.tU"t:.^:',t,"'rr«re:'aT"-r'-- gun, and accide„,a,.y kOled anEngL^n'^Lt'' "' advancmg, he discovered the bov le»nr„ • ™ and not beinir of fl,. . • '^ leaning against a tree, boys mtent^it :e"rrio h,r "h rrr •" "■» am; the boy v^rv artful vHr! K ', '' '°°'' ''™ ''>' '*" .hrough .he'chin'^th ':^ „ ^d^^^^ '"^ 'n"'"" Ws hand ,0 tomahawk h m „he„ alol^r T.'™*^ stantly coming UD ast^ I,,- """.ano'her Indian m- ed him ? he rLw tf ^ '"T"'"" "'"' ''^<' """'"' mediately take l^if;calD-^^; t "«' """ ""^ «""'''' ™- -IndiL^ho^h^-rnTeStrX-hir"' i^/'J^^f/ff UiiMUkfXV^ [43] Description of Lake Superior, -^t/A the Ceremony of Indian Adoption. Having taken in Indian com, and hard grease, (the food all traders carry to the upper country) and ex- changed my large canoes, or maitre canots, for smaller ones, the latter being more convenient to transport across the carrying places, and better calculated to run into small creeks, we proceeded to the Falls of St. Mary, (a strait so called) which is formed by two branches that separate from each other at the furthest point of the lake. Here is a small picketted fort built by the Indians, and about ten log houses for the residence of English and French traders. The nation of the Sauteurs formerly were set- tled at the foot of the Falls, and the Jesuits had a house near them." At this place there is abundance of fine fish, particularly pickerill, trout, and white fish of an uncommon size. From this place we continued our " The normal food of those who wintered in the woods was Indian corn and ullow. See Turner. ' ' Fur Trade in Wisconsin,' ' pp. 78, 79 The Falls of St. Mary, or Sauh Ste. Marie, were visited by traders as early as 1616. The Jesuit Relation of .640 gives a partial description of this place. Kadisson and Groseilliers were here between 1658 and 1660; and here (,660) a Jesuit mission was established by Allouez and Dablon. After i6Sg the mb- sion and tra.ling post were abandoned in favor of Mackin,,c; b,.: Sauh Ste Mane continued to be a station on the Northwestern fur-tru.ie ro..e and in 1750 the land thereabout was granted to De Repentignv <,n t„n,lition that he erect a fort at that place. After the English occupation, a Fre „ h Canadian. J. B. Cadot, haost and Indian agency of the United States at Sault Ste Marie was established in 1822. The Saulteurs were a Chippewa tribe, so called by the French from having been first encountered at the Sault. The name afterwards was employed to designate all the Chippewa n.ition. A pretty Indian legend of the origin of these falls, is found in Jesuit Relations, liv, p. 201.— Ed. V Hi '' f ., ' i^Hsi*' ^•flTfiBfevar:. AHE'irsit. 5»?:ii' 8o Early Western Travels r [Vol. 2 yoyage to Lake Superior, formerly called Lake Tracv m honour of Mons. de Tracy, who was appointed vicero'; of Amenca by the French king in June, ,665 It's reckoned s,x hundred leagues in circumference, and on t are a great number of large and small islands At h entrance of this lake is a high rock, somewhat n the ' K^he M "?' "'"' ''' ^^'PP-^y Indians cal K tehee Mamtoo," or the Master of Life. Here they tobacco, and other thmgs, into the water: by this thcv .ntend to make an acknowledgment to the rock as the representative of the Supreme Being, for the blesin' ments, and those thmgs which they hold most dear '• An example worthy of imitation, so far as respects the gc^ ^ Cl M.' ""^"" '' ^^^ Creator,'exhibit,^|t o he Ifi '' T^ '" ""'' "^'"^^^ ^'ate, without any of the refinements of civilization, is sensible of his depend ance on an mvisible power, however ignorantly or un- Thea^; IT-PT '" ^"^^- ^'^ alone'knoUh t^he^heart. and will judge every man by the knowledge he Superstition is a noxious plant, but it hath flourished in every chmate from the torrid to the frigid zone Hits ti:vZrt " P^"'^'°"^ ^'"""^ '-'^-^ nation as we know they have, is ,t to be wondered that barbarians have suffered by it? The poor untutored Indian wH not mcur a great degree of censure for obeying the dTctaTe c stom^of':'""^' "^^"^' ^"^ ^°"-'"« ^^^^t given to all, and ,t is a melancholy reflection that those 1768-1782] J. Long's Voyages and Traiels 81 .1 who have been enlightened by it, are not so superior to the Savages as one should naturally expect to find them. In this rock there are several cavities near a mile in length, and about twenty feet in width, arched at the top. The lake freezes only close to the shore, the water being constantly in a swell, and the waves frequently mountains high, which is easily accounted for, when we consider its immense extent. On a calm day, a little distance from shore, sturgeon may be seen in very deep water. The surrounding land is high and rocky, and the woods ex- tremely thick. The palm, birch, ash, spruce, and cedar, grow large, and in great abundance. The North-west Company, established at Montreal, keep a vessel on [45] the lake to transport their goods from Michillimakinac to the grand portage on the north-west side, and return with the peltry collected in the inlands." On the 4th of July we arrived at Pays Plat," on the north east side of the Lake, where we unpacked our goods, and made the bales smaller, having, by the Indian accounts, one hundred and eighty carrying places to the part where I intended to winter. On our landing wc discovered at some distance a number of Indians, which induced us to accelerate the arrangement of the cargo, in case of barter, and be prepared to embark when the business was finished. Every thing being properly secured, I made up to the Savages, and calculated their number at one hundred and "Probably the "Athabasca," one of the first schooners of the North West Com[)any on Lake Superior. Sec Masson, Bourgeois, ii, p. 149. The French had a sailing vessel on Lake Superior as early as . 735. See Wisconsin Histori- cal CoUeclions, xvii. — Ed. •' Pays Plat was the fur-trade station near the Nipigon River, about one hundred miles east of Grand Portage. It was situated on one of the islands of Nipigon Bay, and so named because of the low land and shoal water in the vicinity. See Bigsby, Shoe and Canoe (London, 1850), p. aaj.— Ed. I \y\mA il- >' 11 ;*ipes and smoking habits, see U. S. National Museum Report, 1897, pp. 351 ff. The material for the red calumets is called "cathnite," from George Catlin, who described it in 1836. It is found in the Pipestone quarries of Pi[)estone County, in Southwestern Minnesota. See Jesuit Relations, lix, p. 310.— Ed. *|: fore dark I asked the Indian where she was gone; he smiled, and told me, he supposed into the woods to set a collar f„r a partridge. In about an hour she returned with a new- Ch.ppeway, «Ot.«;, Sa^^omsh Payshik Shontaf^onish," Z' . ^^"""1 ?"«''''''"^"' •■« a young warrior." It is said hat the Indian women bring forth children with very httle pam, but I believe it is merely an opinion. It is rue they are strong and hardy, and will support fatigue o the moment of their delivery; but this does not prove they are exempt from the common feelings of the sex on such trying occasions. A young woman of the Rat Nation has been known to be in labour a day and a night without a groan. The force of example acting upon thei^ pride, will not allow these f-oor creatures to betray a weakness, or express the pain they feel, probably lest the husband should think her unworthy of his future atten- tion and despise both mother and child: at any rnte, he would tell her the infant, [60] if a boy, would never io a warrior; and if a girl, would have a dastardly spirit, and of course neither of them be fit for a Savage life 1 ^ ^^'"'^'JMr'" ""^ ^ ^''P"^'^ ^hat the Indian women love their chUdren with as much affection as parents in the most cmhzed states can boast; many proofs might be adduced to suppo- this assert:-on. A mother suckles her child till It attains the age of .'our or five years, and some- 17^8 178 j) y. Long's Foyagi's and Tntvels 97 times till it is six or seven. From their infant state tluj endeavour to promote an in >ung Savage, to keep off the mus- quitoes, whivii aw 't-ry troublesome [61] in the woods. the child is placed, is slung to the h a broad worsted belt, and rests The board, on whi< mother's forehca 1 ' against her back. When the Fren- had neither linen, •'This is a citation frui. first account of the tribe, apfv,, weeping he so fully describes in Indians. — Ed. -cssion of Canada, the cmen 'dling cloaths; a)! their child- V - li/ Discn'try of Ui-rtnepin, who giv' , the fitly a branch of the Siouic whose custom of nnection with his captivity among the Issati '1; I X 9S l„i il', ■1: 1 I I 1 'Ml Ktirfy tVestern Tr avels fVoi. , \^\ furniture consisted of a kind of trough, filled with dry rotten woo'er, in his chart, points cut a village leading to Rividre St. Croi.x, which he .says belongs to the roving Chippcways; but I believe all the nation, with very few exceptions, may be called rovers in the stricte.st sense of the worii. •' The first day of our encampment we kilUd a hare, made fish ho(jks of the thigh bones, and liaited them -viih the flesh. The lines vere made of the Ijark of th. willow tree cut into sli;.s, and twisted hard together. Success crowned our endeavours, for we not only caught sufficient for present u^( . hut enough for the remainder of the journey to Lake Manontoye. The day before our arrival we killed two otters, which I intended as a present to Mr. Shaw, not doubting but any animal food would be acceptable from llie .severity of the season, concluding that his situation was as bad as our own, except in the article of wild oats. When arrived within about six miles of the lake, we met a smaU party of Indians, who alarmed us by an account of a dreadful confusion among their tribe, occasioned by the Hudson's Bay Savages having killed three of their [63] band; and they said they believed Mr. Shaw had fallen ^ sacrifice to their fury, as they had heard them consult " TJ-is » true not only of the St. Croix River (Wisconsin) Chippewas. hut of nearly all the tribe up to the present time. The "woods Indian" north of Lake SufK-rior is usually a Chippewa (Ojibwa), and a large portion o' those under the care of the Canadian government are still huntere. The C- .adian Department of Indian .Affairs, in iu Report for tooo, represents the modem Ojibwa as httle changed, except from general inability to obuin liquor as freely as in the olden days of the fur-trade.— Ed. rli' I 11 '!' •.' w u ■ f r, (1 ft t> •(if, ■',!'./ I I I HI f r M I lOO Ear/jf H^estem Travels [Vol. together to plunder the trader. They lamented exceed- ingly their inabUity to assist him, not being even strong enough to resent their own personal injury; however, they promised to accompany me on the way, as near to Mr Shaw's house as their safety would admit. Having taken refreshment, we pursued our journey till withm two miles of the house, when they thought it prudent to leave me, and wishing me success, retired into the woods, out of the track, to avoid being seen where they promised to stay tUl my return. My Indian and his wife did not choose to proceed any farther, being also afraid of the Hudson's Bay Savages. I confess my situation was very unpleasant, and I debated in my mind what steps to take to attempt the relief of a brother trader, and at the same time avoid injury myself. Rely- ing on my usual success in suppressing these kind of tumults occasioned by intoxication, and conscious that I knew as well as any man the nature of the Indians when under.its pernicious influence, I did not doubt, however unsuccessful my endeavours might prove as to rescuing Mr. Shaw from his perilous situation, but that I should certamly be able to efifect an escape myself in case of an attack; and as one favourable suggestion frequently gives birth to another, and establishes by degrees a confidence in the mmd, I anticipated Mr. Shaw's delivery to my entire satisfaction. Fortified by these flattering hopes, I deter- mmed to exert my best and speediest endeavours in his behalf, and pursued my journey without delay. When I arrived within a quarter of a mile of the scene of discord, 1 heard the war-hoop in a manner very loud and clam- orous; and though I had been accustomed [64] to such sounds, I was very much alarmed, and felt my resolution rather staggered ; sensible that the rage of drunken Indians 1i' lit i i .i 1768-178^] y. Long's Voyages and Travels lOI when It has risen to a certain pitch, knows no bounds, and of the extreme difficulty of reconciling them to any person to whom they had unfortunately taken a dislike. Ani- mated, however, with the idea of behaving like a warrior and recurring to the time when I was adopted at Pays Plat, I conceived it unmanly to shrink from danger, and pushing through the woods, had soon a full view of the infernal spirits, for I could give them no better name. I lay some minutes in ambush, listening with great at- tention, till I heard one of them cry out in the Chippeway language, " Hagmrmissey mornooch gunnisar Cushec- ance-r or, "I do not mean to kill the Cat-^ which was a name given to Mr. Shaw by the Indians, from his speakmg in a feeble voice. This convinced me he was alive, though in imminent danger. I made all possible haste up to the house, and found the Savages, both men and women, completely drunk. The huts had been knocked down, the canoes adrift, and the whole formed the most dreadful scene of confusion I had ever beheld. There were also an old Indian and a woman, who I after- wards learned was his mother, lying dead upon the snow by the lake side. I made several efforts to get into the house, but was prevented by the Savages, who kept me back, kissing me, and telling me they loved me, but that I must not attempt to relieve the Cat. At last, with in- conceivable difficulty, I persuaded them to attend to me and felt the most extreme satisfaction in having succeeded' at least so far, in an attempt which would have been dan- gerous to any one to have undertaken who was not fully master of the language and character of the Savages, and [65] at the same time cool and dispassionate enough to hear their nonsense with patience and temper, I then addressed myself to the most sober of the chiefs. 'H h^ I li' \ I 1 I1 ti ,^!if; )J in [ I ill ; I ' !i hi ■v: il I02 Ear/y fTestem Travels [V ol. 2 and inquired of him the cause of the dispute; he told me Mr. Shaw was a dog instead of a cat, for that he had re- fused them rum; and that though he and the rest of the tribe were happy to see me, because they had heard I always had a good heart towards the Savages, I should not go in to assist the trader, for they were the masters of he wigwaum, and not he, and that they were resolved to have all the rum in his possession before break of day Mr. Shaw's house might very properly be styled a fort being secured by high pickets, which made it difficult fo^ he Indians to approach it, and he had taken the precau- tion to asten the outer gate as weU as the door. I told the chief It was not my intention to interfere, that I passed accidentally in my way to Lac le Rouge, and should only stay to refresh myself. This information pleased him exceedingly, as he knew Mr. Shaw had only one man in the house, the rest, with the interpreter, being out in search of provisions, so that at my departure there would not remam force sufficient to obstruct their proceedings I perceived them so fully bent on accomplishing their purpose, that had I betrayed the least intention or incli- nation to relieve the unhappy man, I should most probably have been dispatched without much ceremony. The effects of the rum they had already drank, had so elevated their spirits, that nothing less than the full possession of the whole stock would satisfy them; and I am persuaded that If half of them had perished, the rest would without hesitation have risked their lives in the attempt. To avoid all suspicion, [66] which would probably have been fatal both to Mr. Shaw and myself, I left the chief, and watched an opportunity of returning undiscovered. Fortunately the Indians had not drank all the rum Mr. Shaw had given them, and the chief as soon as I had left J f ; 1768-1782] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 103 him went back to his hut to increase his intoxication, and communicate the conversation which passed between us, the rest of the band having retired soon after the confer- ence began. Observing the coast clear, I walked unobserved to the fort, and spoke loud both in French and English: Mr. Shaw and his man heard me, and recollecting my voice, were transported beyond measure. The man, who was a Canadian, was most delighted, as his fears were very strong, it being the first year he had wintered among the Savages. On my approach, I heard him cry out with the greatest vehemence, ''Mon Dieu! que je suis cmtenti Ndtre ami est arrive, aulrement nous serions joutu. Je conte assurement, que nous serons bientot litre, moti cher bourgeoisr He instantly opened the gave; I entered precipitately, and congratulated him on the prospect of counteracting the designs of the Indians, being resolved to exert my best endeavours, and to l-^e or die with them. Mr. Shaw thanked me for my profc.=ions of friendship, and immediately gave me a concise account of the dis- turbance. He said the Hudson's Bay Indians had come to him with very little peltry, and after trading for it, he had given them more rum than they had any right to expect; that instead of being content with this, they in- sisted on more; that in a fit of intoxication they had kiUed an Indian and his mother; and had attempted to set fire to his house with punk wood, which they shot at it lighted, fixed to the points of arrows. Having heard his story,' I encouraged him to keep up his spiiits, and advised [67] him, when the Indians returned to execute their purpose, to appear indifferent to theu- menaces. Whilst we were in deep discourse, I discovered three chiefs at a small distance from the house, in very earnest \ \ I 11 1i •r\ \ii ■I I'll ! .ill i 'I t 104 ^arlyWestem Travels [Vol. conversation and was convinced they were devising some 1^Z\ V^""' ^^ ^'^^' ^^ ^^^y approached, I caUed to them, and desired them to come into the house- they immediately advanced, and walked in one by one" with looks of treachery, which the earnestness of the business to be executed would not aUow them to conceal. I talked to them without the least reserve, and in appar- en good temper: I asked them if they were sober ; but before they could give me an answer, the rest of the band came to the door, but did not enter; the head chief then told me they were very sober, and expressed great con- cern or then- conduct, but that now the strong water had bst Its mfluence they saw their folly, and were sure the bad spirit had left their hearts. and that they did not deser^•e success in hunting, for their bad behaviour to the trader, who had been a kind father to them, and supplied aU their wants. I then presented them with «)me tobacco to smoke in council, which was weU received, and looking earnestly at the chief, addressed the band to the following effect. ''Keennerwind Ojemar woke, kee wahindan inden- endum kee kee noneydone Kitchee Mannitoo, oiey candan opin weene aighter cjey petoone nowwetting guyack debarchemon kaygaU nin oathty hapadgey nee woke keennerwind equoy kee janis gayer metach nogome gudderbarchemon [68] hw- ' O, nishshishshin artaw- ■way -mnntn kaygait nee .. .oone artamvay winnin metach kakaygo arwayyor Matchee Mannitoo, guyyack neennerwind oathty mornooch kee appay omar neegee '' "You chiefs, and others of the tribe whose eyes are open I hope you will give ear to the words of my mouth. The Master of Life has opened my brain, and made my dl 1768-1782] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 101 breath blow <,'ood words. My heart feels for you, your wives, hi-A children; and what I now speak proceeds fr'-m the root of my friend's sentiments, who owns this '• ouse, and who has told me that his heart was opened to you on your arrival; but notwithstanding his kindness, the bad spirit got possession of you, which made him very unhappy, though he hoped the Master of Life would change your dispositions, and make you good Indians, as you used to be." To this speech one of the chiefs made answer: ''Kay gait Amik, kee aighter annaboycassey omar hapadgey; O, nishshishshin kee deharchemon nogome neennermnd ojey stootewar cockinnor nee doskeenner- waymug kee debwoye neecarnis hapadgey sannegat neenner- wind ha nishinnorbay kaygwotch annaboycassey ozome Scuttaywabo ojey minniquy neennerwind angaymer Amik, shashyyea suggermarsh cockinnor nogome mornooch toworch payshik mticcuk Scuttaywabo ojey bockettynan Cushshecance warbunk keejayp neennermnd ojey boossin; — haw, haw, haw.^' "It is true, Beaver, you have strong sense, it sweetens your words to us, and we all understand you. We know, friend, your lips open with truth. It is very hard for us Indians, who have not the sense of the white people to know when we have had enough of the strong [69] fiery water; but we hope the Cat will throw off the film from his heart, as ours are clear: we also hope he will open his heart once more, and give us a small keg of the strong water, to drink to the health of our brother and sister, whom we have sent to the far country, and tomorrow at break of day we will depart.' ' Mr. Shaw, by my advice, promised to comply with their request, on condition of their being true to their en- ik»ll^ ^jl H hi Hi t i Pi fji^ I >^ 1 06 Ear/y fVeslet-n Travels [Vol. gagements, and that they should forbear even tastincr fK rum while they remained on the prouTd ThUH ?^ nation I acquainted them with, a^th^ ret' ^dtT ' huts leaving us in quiet possession of the fort. to hon tT '""''"'^ ^"'^^ ^" ^-^S-^^ ^hich induced me o hope that my promise of rum to them, on their depart ure, had accomplished the desired effec : butlfla te^^^^^^^ myself too much, as the storm was not yet e4n a th^ th?l ^^ '' ''' '"f^ assembled.^nr:L" ^ot i^f^'.j, ""^^ •'"mediately given them; and they dead This bemg very uncustomary, alarmed me as no people are more particular in payin^the gTe ate" ;e ;ec o the remains of the deceased. Suspecting the S short 71 •'''' " ^'^"' ^"^ *^^^ ^^^y --e only gon^f short distance to drink the rum, we prepared fo^an a tack loadmg twenty eight north-west g^ns and a brace of pistols, and sat down by the fire exDert.W f h • I to comnlMt fi,« ^ • r expecting theu- return prevented n .t f "^^ ^'^'^""^^e arrival had hitherto prevented In about an hour they returned very much mtoxicated, singing their dead war songs an7 Tverv warrior naked, painted black from head to Lt as the^ approached the house in Indian file, each o^e repe^el 1 ^^ev^rtheless we do not mean to kill the Cat, we only own this fort, and all that is in it " ^ Whilst they were singing, we were preparing our guns and placmg them so as to be ready for immediate u^^W necessaiy; being determined to make a vto ous res'i selt, the Canadian havmg fled to the woods. I assumed the character of commander in chief, and i768-i78a] J. Long's Foyages and Travels 107 i-^ I desired Mr. Shaw to obey my orders implicitly, and by no means to fire till I gave the signal; well knowing that the death of one of the Savages, even in our own defence would so exasperate the rest that there would not be a possibility of escaping their fury. As our situation was truly critical, we acted with as much coolness as men devoted to destruction could. A fortunate thought came into my head, which I instantly put in practice: I went into the store, and roUing a barrel of gunpowder into the outer room, knocked out the head. I had scarcely finished It, before the Savages arrived, and advancing to the door, armed with spears and tomahawks, said to each other, ^^keen etamr or, "you go first." We stood ready to receive them, and gave them to understand we were not afraid of them. One of the band entered the house and I said to him sternly, "//a wa neyoe shemaf^onish equoy kee iertennin marmo?'^ or, "Who now among you old ^^omen is a brave soldier ?" and immediately pointing my pistol cocked to the barrel of gurpowder, cried out with great emphasis, "Cockinnor marmo neepoo nogame-' ' or, "We will all die this day." On hearing these words they ran from the door, crying, ''Kiichee Mannitoo ojey petoone Amtk O mushkowar hagmrmissey yang:" [71] or, "The Master of Life has given the Beaver great strength and courage." The women fled with the utmost precipitation, pushed their canoes into the water, and got off as fast as they could: the men, who before were intoxicated, became sober, and making as much haste as possible, paddled to an island opposite the house. Soon after a canoe came on shore with six women, to endeavour to make up the breach; but I refused aU reconcUiation, tellmg them that they might have known me before- that my name was Beaver; that all the Indians knew me to be r 1 :i.^-'>: f' io8 Early Western Travels fVoi. f.'i • a wamor; and that my heart was not easily melted The women immediately returned, carrying with them us agl!n ^ ""' '^'^ ^^ "°* '"^^"^ '° *^«"bl^ froII"lt *'^'" ^'P^j; P'"'""'" '^^ '"'"d' ^^ ^^'■e saved from almos mevitablc destruction, and probably from '-•ndmg our hves under the most excruciating torture It may not be improper to observe the necessity there is for a trader to be cool, firm, and, in case of erne gency brave, but not rash or hasty. The Indians arc jus oT senders of the human mind, and easUy discover true from affeced courage by that apparent tranquillity whSS clearly d.stmgu.shes the former from the latter. It I well known that no people in the world put courage to so severeatnaUnd watch at the executions of their fnemi" with such savage cunos.ty, the effects of the tortures they mfl ct; even the women exult in proportion to the agony betrayed by he unhappy sufferer; though it frequently thaM^h" . ''' ""': ^P"'^ "P^^^^'"g - both parties! that the most excruciating torments cannot extort a sigh An examp e or two from Mr. Adair's History of the American Indians, will shew the firmness of an Indian I72j mind, and prove beyond a doubt that such anecdotes a e not exaggerated Truth should be the standard of repution ^'" "^ ""'"^ ''''^'' ^^° ^^'"^^ ^is Some years ago the Shawano Indians being obliged to remove from their habitations, in their way took a Mu kchge warrior, known by the name of old Scrany, prisoner- hey bastmadoed him severely, and condemned him to he fiery torture. He underwent a great deal without shewmg any concern; his countenance and behaviour were as if he sufiFered not the least pain. He told his 1768-1783] J. Long's Voyages and Traiels 1 09 persecutors with a bold voice, that he was a warrior; that he had gained most of his martial reputation at the cx- pence of their nation, and was desirous of shewing them, in the act of dying, that lie was still as much their supe- rior, as when he headed lis gallant countrymen against them: that although he hud fallen into their hands, and forfeited the protection of the divine power by some im- puiity or other, when carying the holy ark of war against his devoted enemies, yet he had so much remaining virtue as would enable him to punish himself more exquisitely than all their despicable ignorant crowd possibly could; and that he would do so, if they gave him liberty by unty- ing him, and handing him one of the red hot gun-barrels out of the fire. The proposal, and his method of address, appeared so exceedingly bold and uncommon, that his request was granted. Then suddenly seizing one end of the red hot barrel, and brandishing it from side to side he forced his way through the armed and lurprised multi- tude, lea -d down a prodigious steep and high bank into a branch of the river, dived through it, ran over a small island, and passed the other branch, amidst a shower of bullets; and though numbers of his enemies were in close pursuit of him, he got into a bramble swamp, [73] through which, though naked and in a mangled condition, he reached his own country. The Shawano Indians also captured a warrior of the Anantoocah nation, and put him to the stake, according to their usual cruel .solemnities: having unconcernedly suffered much torture, he told them, with scorn, they did not know how to punish a noted enemy; therefore he was wUHng to teach tliem, an-l would confirm the truth of his assertion if they allowed him the opportunity. Accord- ingly he requested of them a pipe and some tobacco, which I 1 = It II, i; ^■|f^ l:|' l>!: I ,- '^l !■ I liJl 'l :l I h P^i ' ''# > J I no ______^f^^fyjfj^rn Travels [Vol. a Zl^r'^'^r' '' '^'V' ''^ ^^^ ''«^'^^ ''' he sat down. were whhin hr'-^l "''^ ?'"'"'' ^"""'"« ^^^chcs, tha were w.thm his circle, and continued smoking his Dine w thout the least discomposure: on this a head \^^S leaped up, and said, the _w plain enough that he wa a v.amor, and not afraid of dying, nor should he Lve d ^ only hat he was both siK,iled by the fire, and devoted to U by their laws; however, though he was a very dtn gerous enemy, and his nation a treacherous pele^t should be seen that they paid a regard to brlerjf e;en m one who was marked with war streaks at the cost o" many of the hves of their beloved kindred; and hen by pu an end to all his pams. Though the merciful but t^rblow'^r '"' "" "^'^ -'"^ -^"^- b^fo" gav r^L r ^. ^ ""^^ "''"^^' '^' 'P'^'^'ors could no per ceive the sufferer to change either his posture or his^ead ness of countenance in the least cou'JS'lhardfeldll"''."' " "^"^ ^^^"^«°- >« -ther courted than dreaded, and particularly at an advanced period o life when they [74] have not strength or activi^ o hunt: the father then solicits to change hifclima'e and the son cheerfully acts the nart nf a« 1- "'"^'^' ^"^ a npr.-^ * u- P °^ ^" executioner, puttine a period to his parent's existence P""ing fa^r"^ '^' T^'"^ Chippeways, when the father of a InH V T.'"i:'^"^^^"t t° comply with the usual cu tom and 5-' ^t-i^^"'"' burdensome to himself and friend^' kt Av.'^^'l" ''' °^^'«"^ ^° '"^i^tain him v^i h the dtt/. £"' ^'"^'' ^'^^ P^°P°^^ ^° hi'" the alternative either to be put on shore on some island, with a smiu' canoe and paddles, bows and arrows, a^d a iwHo dnnk out of. and there run the risk of starvL I to suffer death according to the laws of the nation, mtf^ 1 1 1 lov.ited, (\ hunt wy then sm. e the thc\ also z the 'oo ko citu coi Hn- dgfy ktf : urgeKume 1 768- 1 78?] y. Long's l^oya^fs and Tra-x As there arc few instances where the latter is not preferred I shall relate the ceremony practised on such -n occasion' A sweating house is prepared in the sam. form as at the ceremony of adoption, and whilst the j,ers.jn is under this preparatory trial, the family are rejoicing that the Master of Life has communicated to them the knowledRe of disposing of the aged and infir- .nd scndin- them to a better country, where they wi' again with all the vigour of youi pipe of peace, and have their doj grand medicine song, as follov/s "IFo haguamissey Kitchee .h nornishmnorbay ojey kee candan h „^.^ «, , ...rgewone ntshmnorbay mornooch kee tarp, « noo v k^-en aifkf r O, u'Pendan nishinnorbay, m-rwch t -.-u-a^th -weem ojey mtshcoot pockcan tunnockay. — x ist, r of Life gives courage. It is true *I1 India r- kno that he loves us, and [75] we now give ■ ur father .. him. that he may find himself young in am^ijier cmnxry. ami Vje able The songs and dances ar. newt. '. »^ J eldest son gives his father the death-st, -ke with a omuhaw. they then take the body, which they paint . t manner and bury it with the war weapons, m- , bark hut to cover the grave, to prevent the wiM &,,., , from dis- turbing it. Thus do the unenlightened part of m. iikind as^^^ me a privilege of depriving each other of life, when it c .n no longer bt supported by the labour of their own han and think It a duty to put a period to the exiMonce of those to whom thej are mdcbted for their own, and employ those arms to give the fatal stroke, which, in n ore civilized coun- tries, would ijave been exerted for their support. .m 'I > f I iia Ear/y IVestem Traveis jvol. a I remamed w|th Mr. Shaw untU the return of his men. and took an Indian slay, loaded with wild rice and dried meat and two of his Canadians to a^ist me. In my wav I called at the place where I left the Indians who com municated to m. the first account of the tumult at Mr Shaw s but they were gone. My Indian and his wife waited for me, and were rejoiced to see me again On my return to Lac la Mort, I found all my men in good health and r .nts, having been well supplied with pro- visions by ,e Savages, during my absence, and had in- creased my stock of peltry by barter. Mr. Shaw's men rested at my house one night, and the next morning set of! for Manontoye. n t [76] Indian Manner of ^oinn to War, Ss'c. Lake Manontoyc, where Mr. Shaw wintered, is not so larKL- as Lac Eturneon: it abounds with excellent fish and wild fowl; and oats, ri, .-, and cranlx-rries, grow spontaneously in the swamps. There arc very few i-slands on it. There are about three hundred of the Chippcway nation who resort to it; they arc very wild, and delight in war, which they sometimes wage against the Sioux, on the Mi.ssissippi; and they are frequently absent from their famUies fifteen months, scarce ever re- turning without a prisoner or a scalp.'' It is very strange that the thirst of blood should stimu- late the human mind to traverse such an amazing extent of country, suffering inexpressible hardships, and uncer- tam of success, to gratify a passion, which none but an mfernal spirit could suggest; and when success has crowned his labours, that he should return wiih incon- ceivable satisfaction, and relate the transactions of his journey, with the greatest exultation, smUing at the rela- tion of agonies which he alone occasioned. The most dreadful acts of a maniac cannot exceed such cruelty: happy those, who enjoy the benefits of society, whose civUization, and whose laws protect them from such detestable outrages. Previoi to their going to war, the head chief calls a councU, and each chief has a belt of wampum, and a war pipe: the belt to remind [77] them of former transactions relative to the nation they intend to commence hostUities agamst, and the pipe to smo. e at the council fire. When " For the hereditary enmity between the Chippewas and the Sioux, and the part.cukrly fierce encounters of this period, see Warren, "History of the Oiib- ways, inJI/.n«rwto/rwtorj I !i 1 1 Ml ii6 iStfr/y IVestern Travels [Vol. 2 diately granted his request, and added a bottle of rum with which he seemed well pleased, and I heard no more of It. But to return to the subject of going to war The women and children sometimes go forward in their canoes smging the war songs, and encamp every evenin un- set, having a great dislike to travelling in x Forty-eight young warriors are placed, in four isions to keep guard at night, armed with guns, bows and arrows' and some scott^ wigwas, or fire bark, to light in case of sudden surprise. This bark is taken from the birch tree, and being prop- erly dried is used by the Indians to light them to spear fish: It is fixed on a stick about seven feet long, and either put at the head of the canoe, or carried by the person who attends upon the man that spears, and whose business it is also to steer the canoe. At day break the Indians depart, and pursue their journey regardless of the weather, tUl they arrive in the enemy's country, when the utmost precaution is adopted that It is possible for human invention to suggest. [80] When war is made against the Mississij^i- Indians they endeavour to kiU the men and women, and bring away the children to dispose of to the traders, who send them down to Montreal for serva. ts. The boys are not so much to be depended upon as the girls, being more stubborn, and naturally disdaining the idea of slavery they are also full of pride and resentment, and wUl not hesitate to kUl their masters in order to gratify their revenge for a supposed injury. The girls are more docUe, and assimilate much sooner with the manners of civili- zation. Being unaccustomed to domestic life, they are at first sick and unhealthy; but the change soon becomes ^f I i u 1 768-1 782] ^r. /,Q;y^'j Toygg fj and Travels 1 1 7 familiar to them, and they then prefer it to the unculti- vated manner of living in which they were brought up." A few days after my return to Lac la Mort, a band of Savages arrived from the Red Lake, called by the In- dians, Misqui Sakiegan, and some from Lake Shabee- chevan, or the Weed Lake, about five days march beyond Lake Manontoye. Red Lake is so called on account of a remarkable circumstance which happened to two famous warriors of the Chippeway nation, who were hunting by the lake side, and as they were looking out for game, perceived at some distance an enormous beast, that appeared much larger than any animal they had ever seen; his pace was slow and heavy, and he kept constanUy by the water side. They followed him as close as they thought prudent, determined at all hazards to use their best endeavours to kill him. As they approached, they had a clearer view, and discovered that his body was covered with something like moss; this increased their surprise, and after consulting together, they continued advancing towards the beast, and fired large shot, with- out appearing to make any impression. They [81] fired again with as little effect as before; then retreated some distance, sat down and sung their war songs, ad- dressing themselves to the Master of Life, and desiring his assistance to enable them to conquer it, as they be- lieved it to be the Matchee Mannitoo, or bad spirit, in the shape of this monster. They then got up and pursued him^both firing at the same time: the shot proved suc- " Indian slavery among the French was first practiced in the IlUnois country, and (,709) was authorized by edict for Canada. Slavery was aboUshed for Upper Canada in 1793; and by 1800 had ceased in Lower Canada. See Lafon- Tl' I'^'^^'^^T '" Canada." Montreal Historical Society Proceedings. 1858; Canadian Institute Transactions. 1889-90 (Toronto, ,89.); and Pro- ceedtngs. 1897, p. 19.— Ed. n I i 11 0»' 'i J "i /Ij I. M I I 1; V: , ii8 Earfy IVestem Travels [Vol. 2 cessful, and caused the animal to turn round, which in- duced them to keep up their fire tUl the beast jumped into the water, and they lost sight of him. From the circum- stance of his blood dyeing the water red, this lake has ever since been called the Red Lake. Fish is caught here in great abundance, and wild rice grows in very great plenty in the swamps. The country likewise abounds with all sorts of animals for hunting. There are several rivers and falls of water on the north- west part. The Indians are very fond of fishing and hunting here during the winter season, as they are gene- rally very successful even in the most severe weather. From Red Lake to Lake le Sel, or Salt Lake, by the In- dian accounts, there are fourteen short portages, and twenty-two creeks. Lake le Sel is very small, and the water shallow and muddy. It does not exceed three mUes iri length. There are few fish except eels, cat fish, and pike; but it abounds with musquashes and wild fowl. From this lake to Lake Caribou, or Rein-deer Lake, is eight days march across five creeks and three portages. Lake Caribou, or, in the Indian language, Ateeque, is about thirty miles long, with several small islands, resem- bling the Mille Isles, in the River St. Laurence, above Mon- treal. The water is deep and clear, [82] and the bottom hard. It abounds with large trout, white fish, pickerill, pike, and sturgeon. It is surrounded by a chain of high mountains. Some years ago a French trader settled here, but of late it has been deserted. The Indians reckon it ten days march to Lake Schabeechevan, across thirteen portages, and as many creeks; but as I wintered here the following year, though I went to it by a different t-ack, I shall not describe it 1 11 I give an account of the occur- rences of that time. From Lake Schabeechevan to 'a ■a 1768-1782] y. Z,o«^*j Voyages and Travels 1 19 Lake Arbitibis are three small lakes, eight creeks, and five portages. Lake Arbitibis is very large, and the sur- rounding land rocky and mountainous. This Lake fur- nishes the Indians with fish and wild fowl. The aquatic race abound in this part of the world, doubtless so ap- pointed for the support of the numerous tribes of Savages, who are obliged to resort to the lakes for food. At the northern extremity of this Lake is a large fall of water, which flows from a river whose current is rapid for about twenty miles. On this river there are also dangerous rapids; the land upon its banks is low, and the beach sandy. From Lake Arbitibis to Crow's-nest Lake, called by the Indians, Cark Cark Sakiegan, is a short dis- tance. The utmost circumference of Crow's-nest Lake -arcely exceeds two leagues, and is only remarkable for a mall island in the middle, with about forty high palm trees, where the crows build their nests, which is called Cark Cark Minnesey. The fish in this Lake are very in- different, being mostly of the sword-fish kind, which the Indians seldom eat. From this Lake is a long portage, and about half way a high mountain. At the end of the carrying place is a river called Cark Cark Seepi, or Crows' River, which runs with a strong current for about thirty mUes, from Neeshshemaince Sakiegan, or the Lake of the Two Sisters; so called from the meeting of two cur- rents, which form one grand discharge into [83] the lake. The Hudson's Bay Indians hunt here with great success. At the end is a carrying place about a quarter of a mile long, that leads to a remarkably narrow river, which runs with a strong currei t for about fifty leagues': the land on each side being very high, makes the naviga- tion dark. The Indians in going up this river travel as light as possible, to enable them to combat the srong cur- V: y r 14 if) ■A J 1 if: /I \-i:h \\^i V 1 k ( 1 ,^ .: I'M! 'I I'll r ;i \ Mi' I20 £<7r/v tVestern Travels [Vol. a rent. The Hudson's Bay Company are supplied with a considerable quantity of peltry from this river. As the description of this country, hitherto so little ex- plored, is a principal part of what I intended in this pub- lication, I have descril)cd it either from my own knowl- edge, or the most authentic information I was able to pro- cure from the Savages. In this respect I have followed Carver, who on his arrival at the grand portage, met a large party of Killistinoe and Assinipoil Indians, from whom he received accounts of several lakes and rivers, which he describes agreeable to the information he obtained. It is necessary to observe, that though the Indians are very expert in delineating countries upon bark, with wood coal mixed with bears' grease, and which even the women do with great precision, the length of a day's march is very uncertain, and consequently cannot afford any geographical information. This remark, I trust, will be found to want no farther proof than the considera- tion that their drafts consist principally of lakes and rivers, as they seldom travel much by land; and when their track over land is described, it is perhaps only a short portage which they cross, in order again to pursue their journey on their favourite element. But as few persons will probably read this account [84] with a view of going into this country, the description I have been able to give will be sufficient for the generality of my readers. I lament exceedingly my inability to make this work more perfect, but trust that it will be found highly useful to those whose avocations may induce them to have recourse to it for information and guidance in commercial pursuits. If an Indian goes with the stream, or against it, from sun- rise to sun-set, it is called a day's march. This uncertain- ty makes it very difficult for any one who travels as a cS 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels \ 2 1 trader to ascertain any thing more than the Indian dis- tance from one lake to another. * As Mr. Carver, in his map, says that the branches which run from Riviere St. Louis, at the end of West Bay, in Lake Superior, are but little known, I can with equal propriety observe that those from Lake Alemipigon, or Nipegon, both east and west, are very difficult to describe geographically. The known candour of my countrymen, will, I am persuaded, pardon any errors of this sort, as I can assure them I have exerted my best endeavours to render the description of places, with respect to distances and situation, as clear as possible, w' ich the chart I hope will more fully ex- plain." "In the language of James Bain, Jr., Ubrarian of the Toronto Public Li- brary, "Long is the most indefinite of travellers, and EngUsh names of lakes and rivers unstable." It seems an almost hopelt^ task to localize several of his geographical names by the aid of modem maps. As a matter of fact this part of Northwestern OnUrio from Lake Nipigon to Lake Abittibi is still almost terra incognita. For the best current maps and descriptions, see Cana- dian Department of the Interior Report, 1890, part v; also Onurio Bureau of Mines Report, 1900. — Ed. m^i 1 ^ ? is. 1 i 1 i,t \ I ''U '\)\ I I ' : i [85] Further Transactions with the Indians; their Super- stition, Jealousy, firr. Having given an account of the different lakes, rivers, &c. from Lac la Mort, I shall continue the narra- tive from my return from Lake Manontoye, where I relieved Mr. Shaw. A few days after, another band of Savages arrived with skins, furs, and some provisions; they stayed with me two days, making merry with what rum I could spare them, without doing any mischief, and departed at last very peaceally. On the twenty-third of February another band came in, consisting of about eighty, men, women, and children, who brought dried meats, oats, bears' grease, and eight packs of beaver, which I purchased, giving them rum, as usual, with which they got intoxi- cated. In this frolic one woman was killed, and a boy terribly burnt. On the third day they departed, well pleased with their reception, leaving us plenty of pro- visions. The weather being more moderate, I sent my men to the lake to look after the nets, which had been under the ice a considerable time, the severity of the season not having allowed us to examine them for near a month, when, to our great mortification they were found almost rotten, and not a single fish; k as one of the Canadians could make nets as well as myself, we repaired the damage; and caught plenty of fish to support us tUl April. The severity of the season was sensibly felt by Mr. James Clark, belonging to the same company, who had five men starved at Lake Savan, [86] a bad lake for fish, about three hundred and fifty miles from my wintering 3 1768-1782] J. Long's Voyages and Travels \ 23 ground;" the Indians bcinR obliged to hunt so far hack in the Aoods that they could not give him any assistance; and from the concurrent accounts of the traders in the north-west, as well as from the Savages who resorted to my house, it was the hardest winter they ever remem- bered. About this time a large band of Chippeways arrived, traded with me for their hunt, and finished their frolic in a peaceable manner. While this band was with me, a curious circumstance occurred, which I shall relate. One part of the religious superstition of the Savages, consists in each of them having his totam, or favorite spirit, which he believes watches over him. This totam they conceive assumes the shape of some beast or other, and therefore they never kill, hunt, or eat the animal whose form they think this toium hears. The evening previous to the departure of the band, one of them, whose totam was a bear, dreamed that if he would go to a piece of swampy g'-ound, at the foot of a high mountain, about five days march from my wigwaum, he would see a large herd of elks, moose, and other ani- mals; but that he must be accompanied by at least ten good hunters. When he awoke he acquamted the band with his dream, and desired them to go with him: they all refused, saying it was out of their way, and that their hunting grounds were nearer. The Indian having a super- stitious reverence for his dream (which ignorance, and the prevalence of example among the Savages, carries to a great height), thinking himself [87] obliged to do so, as his c ompanions had refused to go with him, went alone, " Lake Savanne lies northwe^ ' » ,ake Nipigon, on a tributary of the Albany River. A brief account of a voyage hither is given by Duncan Cameron, in Masson, Bourgeais, ii, p. 271. Cameron a!so says that four out of eight traders starved there in one year (ibid., p. 342). — Ed. u i ?^l ^ s 1 lii'iH .' ii , 1' 1".'!; 1.l ' It H I ! )i 124 Early f^'f stern Travels (Vol. a and coming near the spot, saw the animals he dreamed of; he instantly fired, and killed a bear. Shocked at the transaction, and dreading tiie displcnsure of the Master of Life, whom he conceived he had highly offended, he fell down, and lay senseless for some time: recovering from his state of insensibility, he got up, and was making the best of his way to my house, when he was met in the road by another large bear, who pulled him down, and scratched his face. The Indian relating this event at his return, added, in the simplicity of his nature, that the bear asked him what could induce him to kill his totam; to which he replied, that he did not know he was among the animals when he fired at the herd; that he was very sorry for the misfortune, and hoped he would have pity on him: that the bear suffered him to depart, told him to be more cautious in future, and acquaint all the Indians with the circumstance, that Iheir totams might be safe, and the Master of Life not angry with them. As he en- tered my house, he looked at me very earnestly, and pronounced these words; ''Amik, hunjey /a Kitchee Annascartissey nin, O Tolarr., cavmicka nee wee geossay sannegat debwoye:"- or, "Beaver, my faith is lost, my totam is angry, I shall never be able to hunt any more." This idea of destiny, or, if I may be allowed the phrase, "tolamismr'* however strange, is not confined to the Savages; many instances might be adduced from history, •• Long was the first to apply the word ' ' totamism ' ' to that system of beUefs and family relationships, now recognized as the basis of primitive sodetv The theory of clan relationships, as expressed by totems, was first developed by M'Lennan in a series of articles publi .hed in the FortnighUy Review, 1869-71 On the general theory, see Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion (London, 1887), 1, pp. 58-81. On the totemism of the American Indian there is a large litera- ture. The following are useful: Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United Stales (Philadelphia, 1851-57); Brinton, Myths of New World (Philadelphia, :id ed., 1896).— Ed. ^ ' »L 1 768- 1 78 j] y. Long's Voyages ami Travels i 25 to prove how strong these impressions have Ixrn on minds above the vulgar and unlearned. To instance one, in the history of the private life of Louis the X\'. translated by Justamond, among some particulars of the life of the famous Samuel Bernard, the Jew banker, of the court of France, he says, that he was suiK-rslitious 188] as the people of his nation arc, and had a black hen, to which he thought his destiny was attached; he had the greatest care taken of her, and the loss of this fowl was, in fact, the period of his own existence, in January, 1 739. Dreams are particularly attended to by the Indians, and sometimes they make an artful use of the veneration that is paid to them, by which they carry a point they have in view: I shall relate an instance for the satisfac- tion of the reader. Sir William Johnson, sitting in council with a party of Mohawks, the head chief told him, he had dreamed last night, that he had given him a fine laced coat, and he believed it was the same he then wore; Sir William smiled, and asked the chief if he really dreamed it; the Indian immediately answered in the aflfirmative: Well then, says Sir William, you must have it; and instantly pulled it off, and desiring the chief to strip himself, put on him the fine coat. The Indian was highly delighted, and when the council broke up, departed in great good humour, crying out, who-ah! which is an expression of great satisfaction among them. The next council which was held, Sir Willia"i told the chief that he was not accustomed to dream, bi .-^t since he met him at the council, he had dreamed a very sur prising dream; the Indian wished to know it; Sir William, with some hesitation, told him he hdd dreamed that he had given him a tract of land on the Mohawk River to tli • I. "iA I*- 4 it I : :. t ■ I I 1 f II" II.' I h V ! ! 1 126 Ear/y H'estem Travels [Vol. 1 build a house on, and mako a settlement, extending about nine miles in length along the banks: the chief smiled, and looking very cheerfuliy at Sir William, [8y j told him, if he really drcatrcd it he should have it; but that he would never dream again with him, for he had only got a laced coat, whereas Sir William was now entitled to a large bed, m which his ancestors had frequently slept. Sir U'il- liam took possession of the land by virtue of an Indian deed signed by the chiefs, and gave them some rum to finish the business."' It is now a considerable estate, but since the war the Americans have deprived him of it, with all the buildings, &c. which arc very valuable. It lies on the opposite shore to the German Flats, but the land is by no means equal in goodness with the soil there. Perhaps no part of America produces land better cal- culated for cultivation than the German Flats. During the American war, the best Loyalist troops were collected from the Mohawk River, and it was agreed on all hands that for steadiness, bravery and allegiance, they were not to be excelled. Government has done its utmost to reward many of them for their services, by giving them land in Canada and Nova Scotia; and to those whom poverty obliged to solicit them, implements of husbandry. They are now in a very flourishing state, and there is no doubt but they will prove valuable friends and supporters of Great Britain on any future emergency. During the severe weather, I had a narrow escape from a contrivance of the Indian who was occasionally with me, and whom I employed in hunting, and making marten "This was the grant made to Sir WilUara Johnson in 1760, of sixty-six thousand acres, now within Little Falls Township on the Mohawk River. The grant was confirmed by the crown in 1769, and Johnson Hall, a large portion of which is still standing, was built thereupon. Sec vol. i of this series, p. 88, note 48. — Ed. i76S-i78a] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 127 traps: this was occasioned by jealousy, on accourt of his wife, who was a pretty youn^ Squaw, of the Rat nation, and whom he suspected of infidelity. [go] Being short of provisions, and having only one faithful Canadian in the house, except the Indian and his wife, I desired him to malce a number of marten traps, and set them in two different roads, called a fork. Hav- ing finished about two hundred, and set them in the wooi he was jealous of me; and that his reason for not going to examine the mi^rten traps, was to prevent any communi- cation between me and his wife, which, had he been far distant fro-^ huiv.e,, mJ-ht have been easily effected; and for this n ison. be kcp- ,,ear the house to watch her knowing ti at ,- he was fo; d of me; but that if I would give him some xun., tv, Jrive away the bad spirit from his heart, he would endeavour to forget the injury I had done him. [91] Judging it prudent to remove his suspicions I gave him two gallons of rum, a carrot of tobacco, a shirt a pair of leggons, a scalping knife, &c. and several arti- cles to his wife. Having received the presents, he called her to drmk with him, and thank the trader with a cheer- ful heart for his great kindness. When they were a little merry he began to sing, and I heard him repeat these words: ' ' Mornooch Amik kee zargetoone mentimoyamish;" or, "I do not care though the Beaver loves my wife" This did not please me, as I knew his jealousy would in- crease m proportion to the quantity of liquor he drank. However, I used the utmost precaution, securing his weapons to prevent his doing me any injury. His wife hearmg him repeat the words so frequently, began to be angry, and puUed his hair and scratched his face I thought this a favourable opportunity to express my dis- like, and told him he was a fool to be jealous; that I gave him the rum to drive away the bad spirit, but it had a contrary effect; that I never wanted any thing of his wife but to make or mend snow shoes, and always paid her for her trouble Yes, cries the wife, he is a fool, Beaver, and 1 will beat him; which she instantly did, and cut his head widi a glass bottle. I then interfered, and parted them The moment I was gone, he began the old song, and .. 1 768-1 782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 129 continued singing till he was sober; when getting up, he came to me and said, ' ' Beaver, I have seen the bad spirit in my dream, who told me that the trader had robbed me." Irritated at the expression, I told him his lips never spoke truth, and that he had no sense; and thinking it right to suppress this humour, beat him very severely. When he had recovered his reason, he said to mc "Beaver, you have sense, though you have spotted my carcase." I then remonstrated with him on the great [92] folly of being jealous; but he was sullen, and made no reply. He then called his wife, but she being asleep did not hear him ; he called a second time, and asked for his gun, toma- hawk, and scalping knife; but not receiving any answer, he was very angry, and said to me, "Beaver, I will throw away my body;" to which I did not think it prudent to make any reply. He then laid himself down on the ground, and called his wife a third time. She came to him, and observing displeasure in his countenance, told him not to be angry with the Beaver, for he was a great warrior, and always opened his heart to them. He ordered her to bring him a bark bowl full of water, and set it down carefully between the Beaver's legs. Whilst she was gone for the water, he said to me, ' ' Come here, Beaver, and I will shew you that I have nothing sweet on my lips, but will speak the truth.' ' The wife returned and placed the bowl of water as her husband directed; when it had stood some time he said, ' ' Beaver, put your finger in the water, and let it remain till I tell you to take it out." I obeyed him with the utmost cheerfulness, and in a few minutes, by his desire, withdrew it. He then said, ' ' Beaver, you know that a husband is so called because he is the master of weakness, and for that reason he should protect his wife; and at the same time, you, as a trader, ^•M ' . >•(.., % ij'i' 130 Early Western Travels ■\i \ ,V [Vol. Should not injure me: but that I may not accuse you un- just y, I will try you by my own thoughts. Beaver, look at my wife, and look at the water, and tell me where you put your finger; if you cannot tell, you have certainly robbed me." I then put in my finger again, and pointed out the place "No;" said he, looking earnestly at me and his wife, "as you cannot be certain t it is the exact place where you first put in your fingei, Jther can I be certam that you have robbed me; though I as much be- lieve It, as you do that the place you pointed out was the exact spot.' ' I [93] confessed myself surprised at his dis- belief; but not willing to incense him, I told him I was sorry he should imagine me capable of such wickedness as to be guilty of injuring him, for my mind was as calm as the water m an undisturbed state; and after giving him a few presents, sent them away, injoining him to use his wife well, as she was perfectly innocent. As they de- parted, he said to me smiling, "Beaver, you must get somebody else to look after your marten traps ' ' Adultery among the northern Savages is generally pun- ished in a cn-nmary way by the husbanc, who either beats his wift . ^everely, or bites off her nose. It is ex- rT^u"" . . "' ^°' ^ ^'^^^"^ *° ^ suspected, for when the husband is intoxicated, his jealousy rises into mad- ness; and revenge, whether the party suspected be inno- cent or guilty, is continually to be expected. When the mmd of an Indian is once affected, his passion increases m proportion to the quantity of rum which he drinks, though he has the art to conceal it when he is sober It is the baneful effects of rum which puts every jealous thought in motion, and then it knows no bounds tiU intoxication completely overpowers him, or r-tumine sobriety restores his lost reason. 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels }V_ Early in the month of April, I received a letter from Monsieur Jaques Santeron at Lake Schabeechevan in the same employ as myself, to inform me that he was tired of being a servant, and thinking his labours not sufficiently rewarded, had determined to make a grand coup, havmg a number of fine packs which he purposed seUing to the Hudson's Bay Company: that he should leave his wintering ground next morning with four birch canoes and would write fu' ther particulars on bark which he should naU against one of the crooked trees at the foot of [94] the Grand Rapid, in case I should be dis- posed to come that way, and concluded with great miete de c(eur, wishing me and all my friends very well I was greatly surprised on receiving this unpleasant in- telligence, and particularly as I had never heard of his integrity bemg impeached in the smallest degree- and I was disappointed, as I expected him to pass my wintering ground on his return to Pays Plat. Conceiving it my duty to exert my best endeavours to prevent the loss of so much property to mv employers, I engaged Kescmieek the chief, and twenty Savages, under promise of being satisfied for their trouble, to conduct m' to the crooked trees. We went ofif with the utmost expe- dition, and m a few days arrived at the spot, where I saw the piece of bark, as he described, and the following words written with charcoal, ^< Adieu, man cher ami, je prends man depart avec courage, et f attends une bonne vente pour ma pelleterie. De ban cceur je vous souhaite la prosperity- fattes mes complimens a tons mes amis - au revoir molt Cher companion y Having perused it, and explained it to the chief- he said he was a bad spirit, and that as he had been gone six days before our arrival, it would be impossible to over- ■| . ■( ; ' •.I' 1; 1.32 t '■; .M ,. . 1; Early Western Travels )i __^^ [Vol. 2 take him, as he could not be far from the entrance of the Aorth River, leading to Hudson's Bay, and if I pursued him, I should not get back in time to trade with the Indians for their great hunt. VVe therefore returned, after a fruitless expedition, extremely mortified at the disap- pointment, as I was very sensible he would never return to Canada, to make satisfaction to his employers [95] Soon after my return the grand band came in with all their wmter's hunt, which they call Kilchee Artau-way They consisted of about thirty families, of twenty in -ach He who has most wives is considered the best hunter bemg obliged to provide for their maintenance by his own industry. The Indians laugh at the Europeans for having only one wife, and that for life, as they conceive he good spirit formed them to be happy, and not to con- tmue together unless their tempers and dispositions were congenial. Having bartered for their skins and fur „ they asked for rum; I told them I had only one small keg left whic ■ T would give them at their departure, which satisfied them- and when they were ready to embark, I ordered a Cana- dian to put it into the chief's canoe. Having disposed of all my merchandise except a few articles, and a small quantity of rum, to barter ;vith any Indians I might happen to meet with in my return to Pays Plat we baled up our peltry, and on the 23d of May eft Lac la Mort, with four small birch canoes richly aden with the skins of beavers, otters, martens, minx, loup serviers, beaver eaters, foxes, bears, &c '» __Before I proceed to relate the particulars of my voyage, r.J'T''' 'T""*'""" '■" ''^^ ^^^^^^^^ lynx; the beaver-eater, the wolverine r ti- i768-i;82j y. Long's Voyages and Travels '33 I shall mention the Indian manner of killing' the white bear and the bufTalo. The large white bc-ar, comn.only called the gnsly bc-ar,- is a very dangerous animal; when the ndmns hunt .t they generally go six or eight in a band; the mstant they see one, they endeavour to sur- round It, by forming a large circle: if it is on .he march they fire at it;- but it is most frequently discovered in the wmtcr season sucking its paws; in [96] 'that case they ap- proach nearer, and form a double row for the animal to run between. One of the party is then sent out, who fires at the bear and generally wounds it: this rou/.es it to pursue the Indian, who runs between the ranks, and the rest of the band fire and soon dispatch it. The bufTalo I need not describe: it is well known to be a remarkably strong animal; the Indians say its hra^ "s bullet proof, and therefore they always fire at t' v endeavouring to hit the heart. When they are in purs, of this animal they make up small huts of snow in differ- ent places, for near a mile in length on each side of the road; ,n each of these huts an Indian stands with a bow and arrow, to shoot at it as it passes, preferring that mode to powder and ball, as it does not alarm the rest of the herd. The snow prevents the buffalo from smelling the Indians, though their scent is very strong and quick 1 he mstant the animal drops they tomahawk it On the 2d of July we arrived at Portage Plain, so called on account of its being a barren rock, near a mile long jommg to Lake Alemipigon: it was sun-set when we en- camped Besides the sixteen Canadians, our party was increased considerably by about twenty of the Sturgeon J ri ; ^ ^ l\ \\> I r ''4 I \K •.''?.f^ '34 Ear/y IVestern Travels [Vol. a and NipcRon Indians, who accompanied us according to the usual custom of following the trader to assist at the carrymg places. The day previous to our departure some traders overtook us, and encamped also. They informed us of a band of Indians who were enemies to the Nipogons bemg near at hand, and desired me to acquaint the Sav;-cs witn it. Before their arrival the Sturgeon Indians left us, and the other band would fain have quitted the ground; but upon telling them I wanted [97] their assistance on my journey, they agreed to stay, though I thought very reluctantly. We soon discovered several canoes, and in about half an hour the Indians landed. They were of the nation of the Wasses, and always at war with our Savages." Being a select people, they seldom associate with other tribes and are continually on the hunt, only making their ap- pearance m spring and autumn. We received them very cordially, and after the usual forms of salutation, made mutual presents to each other: they told me they had heard of me by some Indians at Lac la Mort, and were desirous of seeing me before my return to Michillimak- inac, or in their language Tecodondoraghie. I soon perceived the uneasiness of my Indians, and was careful to keep them at some distance from each other- but all my precaution was ineffectual, and before my de- parture a most dreadful catastrophe was the consequence of the ir mutual hatred. •■ Dobbs, Account of the Countries adjoining Hudson's Bay (London, 1744) gives a map of the., regions "as described by Joseph La France, a French Canadese Indian, who Traveled thro those Countries and Lakes for , years from!i739 to 1742.- on which he places -Ouassi Indians" between the Michipi- coten and Ntp.gon nvers on the north shore of Lake Superior. He also says (p. 3V, There are two Indian Nations upon this North Coast, the Epinette . . . anc the Ouass., both tribes of the Sauteurs." The tribe designated by this term seems to have disappeared in the nineteenth century - Ed W ' ' 1768-1782] y. Long's Foyages and Travels si i •35 Our Indians having made up huts, began to sing their medicine songs to induce the Wasses to partaiie of a feast which they said they intended to make, with a view of preventing any dispute with them; but knowing that the Nipegons had no provisions but what I found them I suspected their intentions were not so pacific as they pretended: this induced me to ask a lx)v belonging to the band, why they pretended to make a feast, without having any provision to do it; he reph'ed, that the Wasses had made them a present of dried meat, and with this and some huckle berries they had saved, they intended to make their visitants merry. This answer confirmed my suspicions, as no feast is [98] ever made, where friendship is mtended, without inviting the trader; and as no notice was sent me, I dreaded the evil consequence of their meet- ing. Deliberating with myself on the unpleasant prospect and considering how to act to prevent mischief, I was intemipted in my meditations by a Savage {Ayarhee, or the big man), who came to give me intelligence of an in- tended plan to destroy the Nipegon Indians, and which was communicated to him by an old woman who be- longed to the band of Wasses. In about an hour the Nipegon huts were in order to receive their intended guests, who were encamped in a hollow, surrounded with cedar trees and bushes, close to the lake side. The Nipegons being determined to counteract the designs of their deceitful visitors, and punish their intended perfidy, made holes in the bark of theu- huts, in which they placed their guns, loaded with swan shot. Each man taking his station; the Wasses, to the number of eighteen, ascended the hOI, and were coming prepared to partake of the feast, with knives and 1'i ; -.■* s .j..;r i \ "A !i: n '■}u f ii. ii 136 Early IVesWni Tnnrls [Vol. I tV ' n wfKHlon lx)\vls, intending to overpower the Xipegons on a given signal; but they were fatally disappointed, for when they got within thirty yards of the Xipegon huts they were fired at, and all the band, except a girl about fourteen years of age, killed on the spot; she was danger- ously wounded, but advanced with a gun, which she snatched from an Indian who was preparing to dispatch her, and shot Ayarbcc through the head, and was herself soon aft T ton ahawked and scalped by a Nipegon boy about the same age, who at such an early period of life displayed all that ferocity which marks the most deter- mined chief. [99]l'hus was treachery rewarded: and though in my heart I could not but approve of tl;e conduct of the Xipe- gon Indians. I was afraid of trusting to them, and had resolved on taking my leave of them, when the chief came up and informed me, he was very sorry that his band could not accompany me any farther, for being afraid of the resentment of the nation of the Wasses, when they came to hear of the transaction, notwithstanding they had done it in their own defence, they had determined to depart; and soon after pushed ofT their canoes, and left me, a circumstance which pleased me exceedingly. The next day a party of Indians met us. to whom I related the disaster. Tht>y were very much shocked, and said the Nipegon Savages might repent their rash conduct, though at the same time they acknowledged them right in guard- ing against the designs of the Wasses. They asked me if I had got their packs, as they as.surcd me they had made a good hunt, and had rich peltry. This information vexed me exceedingly, as I should certainly have increased my cargo had not the aflfair happened, and likewise have 1 768-1 7S2] J. Longs voyages and Travc/s \ ^7 Riven more satisfaction to my i-mployiTs. thoufjh 1 liarl already a larRc quantity of goods, and had iviry reason to be pleased with my success. 'F'he Nipegons made up fourteen bales of dried meat, which they took with them; but the furs and skins were hidden in the woods, and never afterwards found that I heard of. We continued our j(>urney to Lac p:turgeon. where soon after our landing, we killed a great many wild fowl, and caught plenty of fish. Here we met alx)ut fifty of the Hawoyzask or Rat Nation Indians," with whom I made a small barter, chiefly with rum. having disposed of all my Indian goods. [100] Our journey was retarded for some time in order to gratify my curiosity. A young Indian girl fell sick, and the chief desired me to stay to see the wonderful efTccts of their medicines, as she was very bad, and without immediate assistance, he .said, must soon change her climate. The physician who attended her .said, that the Matchcc Manniloo, or bad spirit, had put the Ix-ar's claws into her, and his medicines would remove them. A hut was prepared, and the girl stripped to her matchee- coaty or under petticoat; she was then painted with ver- milion, and daubed over with soot and bears' grease, and profusely sweated, which soon relieved her pain. During the operation, the physician addressed himself to the Master of Life, Ijegging his assistance, and thanking him for giving knowledge to restore health: then giving her a decoction of roots, he made a perfect cure. I could "ot h elp admiring his skill and manner of proceeding, « The Rat Indians are those of Rat Portage, on the Lake of the Woods, apparently a branch of the Chippewas. Their name is taken from the muskrat (ondatra zibelhicus). See Coucs, Henry-Thompson Journals (New York, '897), ■, p. 26.— Ed. 1 !* •II 1),^ I, "i ^' i •38 m -■! U i| ;t I :\ Early tVestem Travels m; (Vol. 2 though I attributed her recoveiT^y to the ^\cnM pcrsjjiration she unde-^ent." Previous to our departure, one of their women was de- mother tenderness, as the infant sucked the milk, which m their anguage ,s called tootooshomrbo, or the sap of the human breast, an expression which struck me forcibly. The husband was also very attentive, and performeJ J. Longs royngfs ami Traiets '39 return as soon as possible with plenty of rcmkIs for thdr families; that my heart was niehed by his regard for me and giving him and his wife each a parting glass of the- strong water, took my leave, and pursued my journey We arrived at Pays Plat on the loth of August, where I met some brother traders, who had iK-en in dilTerent parts of the mlands, particularly the North west. Here we waited for fresh goods from our emi)I()yers. and enjoyed ourselves with the remains of our dilTerent provisions which we threw into a common stock, and made ourselves merry with the scanty pittance, recounting our several adventures: but none of then had sufTered the dinkulties I had experienced, except Mr. Shaw, whom I happily relieved at Lake Manontoye; the rest of the traders having wmtercd very remote from me, by the way of the Grand Portage. Soon after our arrival, our employers sent their agents with a fresh assortment of merchandize and provisions which rejoiced us exceedingly, [102] having been a con- siderable time without corn or grease, and absent from Michilhrnakmac about fourteen months. I delivered my cargo of furs, consisting of about one hundred and forty packs, in good condition," and loaded the canoes with the fresh goods; then taking leave of my companions, pre- pared for my departure for the Inlands, to winter another year among the x\ egon Savages. But before I begin to relate my second adventure, I cannot forbear making some observations on the hardships attending an Indian life, particularly as an interpreter and trader. _My salary was about one hundred and fifty pounds per "According to Count Andrani of Milan, who was at Grand Portage in I79t. each pack was valued at £40 sterling, making the total value of Long's TZZZ'l!;^^. °" '''^ "^"- °' -•> - -'fit. - Cana^L \u I > • I ti K m m''\ 140 ^^'tf^/y ff^*'ift'rn Travels [Vol. J annum which I certainly cicsc-rvcd. considcrinK the ki^- ed«e I had .,f the C'hippeway languaKe. I was sent into the Inlands with only corn and hard grease without any other provisions I couM rely o„- for as to fish and other animal f(Kxl, the former in a Rrcat measure depends on the season, he latter on the arrival of Savages; and though in general I was successful in aquatic pursuits, and received frer,uent supplies from the ndians ,t was a precarious mo^s full of an.xiety, and rejoiced when the spring re- turned to .set me free. The constant attention necessary in taking care of the goods to prevent depredations, the continual fears and apprehensions of being plundered by a set of intoxicated beings; always liable to insults, without daring to resent them; and when I had bartered all my merchandize, and made a successful trip - feeling a painful solicitude till the fruits of my labours were safely delivered to my em- ployers. Upon the whole, perhaps no situation can be more distressing, and it has often filled my mind with surprise when I reflected on the engagement I entered into which consumed the prime of my days in a traffic the dangers and fatigues of which scarce any salary could compensate. I believe nothing but the flattering idea tj6s-f;S2] y. Long's f^oyagi's tinJ /'nnrh 141 of thinking mynM supirior to others as an intiTprttir. |>rom(>ted mc ?o tontinut- in a station so fatiKuin^ to sup- port, and s»> (iiflicult to execute; .inU I cannot hut con- clude with this <'jservat ion:— That how.ver censurable a man may Ik ror indulging rvcn this degree ot pridr the lilx-ral mind w'" easily 1 ,iruon the presumption, as they know he alone is the sufferer; and as s,lf opinion governs the pursuits of niankind, the individual who is most induenced by it. must stand or fall by the conse quences. ■•h t i| I'' r *.. M M .%^4.iJC:»mr m 'I i M SECOND EXPEDITION [104] Proceed to winter again among the Nipegon Indians ■ -Destgn 0} an Indian to plunder us;- un}ortunate Accident happens to an Indian Chief;- narrowly escape betng assassinated by an Indian Straggler; Murder of Joseph la Forme, a Trader. On the 15th of August I left Pays Plat, with four birch canoes, and the same men who wintered with me at Lac la Mort, and arrived at Rividre la Pique, which runs mto Lake Superior: this river is very crooked for about seven miles, and extremely deep; it abounds with fish, particularly pike, from which it takes its name." On our landing, we found a large band of Chippeways, and some of the Rat nation, who immediately prepared a Indian named Ogashy, or the horse; he was reckoned, even by his own tribe, a bad Indian, which put me on my guard durmg my encampment there. I traded for their skins and furs, and gave them some rum, with which they had a frolic, which lasted for three days and nights; on this occasion five men were killed, and one woman dreadfully burnt. When the fumes of the liquor had evaporated, they began, as usual, to reflect on the foUy of theu- conduct, and all except Ogashy expressed great TTJ 5' '""""^ '^^^'' *° be pleased at the mischief which had happened, and before my departure, I was informed that he intended to destroy me, and plunder the property. To frustrate his viUainous intention, I kept himm good humour, and made [105] him sleep in my hut, hut'aZ^! I'V^' "'" ""'^ ''""^ ^ P'= K"'^"' ^hich is east of Pays fJ > ii ,\i ■, :768-i78a] J. LoTig's Foyag es and Travels 143 a compliment he seemed highly pleased with, and which I believe for the time diverted him from his purpose; and though by no means fond of his company, I judged it most prudent to have my enemy in sight. In the morning I gave him a glass of rum, and promised him a two-gallon keg to carry off the ground, which, as the Indians ex- press themselves, drove the bad spirit from his heart. When my men had prepared every thing for embarkation, I gave the chief of the band the liquor, and a single bottle of rum more than I promised to Ogashy, unknown to the rest, in which I had infused a considerable quantity of laudanum. Unsuspicious of what I had done, he put the bottle to his mouth, and shaking me by the hand, said to me, ''Kee talinimanco negee," or, "your health, friend," and immediately took a hearty draught which soon stupi- fied and lulled him into a profound sleep, in which, I was afterwards informed, he remained twelve hours, depriving him of the power of doing harm, and that soon after, an Indian who had an antipathy against him, and only sought an opportunity of gratifying his resentment, tomahawked him. His eldest son burnt him, and fixed his bones on a high pole, as he was the head chief of the tribe. We proceeded on our voyage, and arrived at a short carrying place, caUed Portage la Rame, where we en- camped for nine days, being wind bound; here we found a number of Indians in the same situation. As soon as Lake Superior was passable with safety, we continued our journey through strong and dangerous rapids, which kept us continuaUy in the water, and very sensibly affected our limbs; on these occasions, [106] where great exertion is necessary, all distinction is laid aside, and it is tel maitre, tel valet, the bourgeois must m |»-r| 1 f ♦ \^ r •urlt' iV. n. 1.1 u .I'll 1 1 ' V ¥ t 'J 'in p 144 Ear/y JVestern Travels [Vol. work as hard as the engages, to encourage them to do their duty with more alacrity, and avoid all cause of com- plaint. The wind proving favourable, we proceeded to Cran- berry Lake, so called from the great quantity of cran- berries growing in the swamps. We stopped here f days to refresh ourselves after the great fatigue we hau undergone in struggling against the rapids. Being sufficiently recovered, and having nothing to detain us, we proceeded to a short carrying place called La grande Cote de la Roche, near the entrance of the Nipegon River, which is a high ridge of rocks that must be passed to avoid the great cataract which I mentioned in my former voyage. At this time we had very little animal food, but fortunately killed three large bears in the middle of the portage, which supported us several days, besides which, we reserved some of the meat we had smoked and dried to carry with us." From La grande Cote de la Roche we proceeded to Lac le Nid au Corbeau, or Crow's Nest Lake, which is about two hundred mDes in circumference, and supplied by a number of small rivers; there are also several islands on it which furnish the Indians with great plenty of wOd fowl: bears are also found here in abundance, and a sur- prising number of beaver dams, running in a crooked direction about ten miles. The Chippeways hunt here, and find a great deal of game. The reader wUl observe that in the first voyage I gave an account of another Crow's Nest Lake, which is very small, with an island in the [107] middle with high palm •• For the difficulties of this passage from Pays Plat to Nipigon, see the account of the building of this section of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, in IngersoU, Canadian Guide-Book (New York, iSqj), ii, pp. 29, 30 — Ed 1768-1782] J, Long's V oyages and Travels 145 trees: in such an extent of country it is not surprising that there should be two places of the same name." During our stay a band of Indians arrived from Lake Arbitibis, who probably were dissatisfied with the trader they dealt with, and intended to go to Michillimakinac, but finding that I understood their language, they bar- tered with me, and made me a present of meat and fish. An accident happened here which had nearly proved fatal, and wliich was of infinite service to me ever after, by put- ting me more on my guard in all transactions with the Savages. Some of the chiefs being desirous of seeing my North- west guns, I was obliged to open a case for their inspec- tion; this I did unwillingly, as the weather was fine, and I was extremely anxious to get to the wintering ground before a heavy fall of snow: having shewn them the guns, they loaded four, and laid them down by the cases, in- tending to t ^ them; during the time they were thus em- ployed I was busy in arranging the goods that had been displaced in getting at them; but as soon as I was at leisure, I took up one of the guns in a careless manner, not knowing it was charged, and snapped the lock, which most unfortunately shot off the ear of one of the chiefs, and I also received some injury by the powder flying in my face, and almost depriving me of sight. The dis- charge was so instantaneous, and appeared so premedi- tated that the chief reproached me in very severe terms for the injury I had done him, and threatened revenge; however, I soon convinced him it was an accident, and giving him some presents, he consoled himself for the lossof his ear, which was very large and handsome, and "For this lake, see Cameron, "Nipigon Country," Masson, Bourgeois u, pp. 242, J44.— Ed. w t I ^i'^/1 I i n III, w *•! 146 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 «.. ( V: . .!■ M', without a single break, which made it very valuable in his estimation. It was fortunate [108] I did not kill him as m all probability we should have been sacrificed to the resentment of the band. The Indians pride themselves in having large ears and extended as wide as possible, which renders them liable to be pulled off. It is very common in drunken frolics to lose them; but when they are only torn, they cut them smooth with a knife, and sew the parts together with a needle and deers' sinews, and after sweating in a stove resume their usual cheerfulness. ' The next day we took our leave, and pursued our journey to Shecarke Sakiegan, or the Skunk's Lake which runs with a strong current. In the fall it abounds with geese and ducks: here we hunted one day, and with good success. The next morning at break of day we embarked, and had favourable weather till we arrived at Lake Schabeechevan, or the Weed Lake. This lake is about one hundred and eighty mDes in circumference and full of small islands; it abounds with fish, and the swamps are full of wild rice and cranberries; it is about six days march from Lac la Mort. This lake was an unfortunate situation to my em- ployers last year, w^ n one of their servants, Jaques San- teron, went off with a v, able cargo. On my arrival, I looked out for the house he had erected, but could not discern the least trace of it; probably he was so elated that he made a feu de joye on the prospect of being his own master. At the extremity of this lake is a fall of water, which runs from a river of the same name, and has a direct communication with the waters leading from Fort Albany, within the boundaries of the Hudson's Bay territories: [109] it is about thirty days march across 1 768-1 782] J. Long's Foyages and Travels •47 nineteen portages and creeks, besides fourteen rapids, which are a great hindrance to the journey. The In- dians run down the strong currents without the least fear, and seldom meet with any accident, performing the voy- age in one third part of the time they take in ascending, and without any damage to their canoes, which in going against the stream are frequently rendered useless, and they are obliged to make new ones, before they can pursue their voyage; but it is a most convenient circumstance that they are no where at a loss for birch bark, and being also very expert, they will make a canoe in txaee days sufficiently large to carry three people with necessaries for their support, and room to stow their furs and skins." On this lake there are about one hundred and fifty good hunters, who make a great many packs of beaver, &c. and this was one inducement for setding here, which was increased by the prospect of a plentiful supply of fish, rice, and cranberries, which are winter comforts of too great consequence to be slighted. Having secured the canoes, and refreshed my men with good soup, I left them in charge of the goods, and took two Indians to shew me a convenient place to build a house, which having fixed on, a building was erected, fifty feet long, and twenty feet wide, divided into two separate apartments, one for merchandise, and the other for common use. The rum being concealed in the woods, and every thing properly arranged, we put the fishing tackle in order; and as the lakes began to freeze very fast, I divided my men into two parties, one half to be em- ployed in fishing, the remainder (except one man whom JUlways kept in the house) in providing fuel for winter. "For a brief descripUon of the process of making a birch bark canoe, see McKinney, Tour of the Lakes (Baltimore, 1827), p. 3,9.— Ed. H 148 Early Western Travels (^ '// »1 > [Vol.2 In about three weeks a sufficient quantity of wood was piled near the house, and the wood [no] cutters joined the fishing party: they prove^' very successful, so that our minds were more at ease than in the preceding year not having the dread of famine. ' In about ten days a numerous band of Indians arrived with their fall hunt, none of whom I had ever seen, not having wintered so far inland before. They seemed well pleased to find a trader settled among them, and particu- arly as I spoke the language; but when I informed them that I was a brother warrior, and shewed the marks of adoption ,n my flesh, they were highly delighted. The women were immediately ordered to make up huts, and prepare a feast; whilst this was doing the Indians came into my house, one by one, and seating themselves on the floor, began to smoke, and looked very cheerful When I had given them tobacco and other Indian goods, the old chief w-hose name was Mattoyash, or the Earth, took me round the neck, and kissed my cheek, then addressed me in ttie following words. ''Meegwoitch kUchee mannitoo, kaygait kee zargetoone an Ntshmnorbay nogame, shashyyar payshik artawway mnnm tercushenan, caumren kitchee morgusscy, an Ntshmnorbay nogovie cawunckar indenendum. Kaygait kitchee mushkouii'ay ^eosay haguarmissey wayhenan matchee oathty nee zargetoone Saggonash artaunvay ■mnmn kaygait hapadgey kitchee morgussey an Nishin- norbay; kaygu'otch annaboycassey neenneninnd mornooch towu'arch nee zargey debu'oye kee appay mnar, cuppar bebane nepewar appiminiqui omar.' '-' ' I thank the Master of Life for loving us Indians, and sending us this day an English trader, who will open his heart to me and my young men. Take courage, young men, suffer not your il i ■ i 3 1768-1 78a] y. Long's Voyages ami Travels '49 hearts to be bound [in] up, and throw away the bad spirit from you: we all love the English traders, for we have heard of their pity to Savages; we believe that they have an open heart, that their veins run clear like the sun. It is true we Indians have but little sense when drunk, but we hope you wUl not think of this, and if you will stay with us, we wUl hunt with spirit for you." When he had finished his speech they all got up, and taking me by the right hand, conducted me to their hut; immediately on entering, one of the warriors placed me on a large beaver robe which was prepared for me, and put a wampum belt round my neck, singing all the time to the Master of Life, while myself and the chief were eatmg. When the feast was over, I took two of the Indians to my house, and gave them two kegs of rum, and ten carrots of tobacco, with other articles, for which they gave me al! thur peltry. They then began to frolic, which continued three days and nights: the only acci- dent which happened was to a little child, whose back ^^'as broke by the mother. When they had rested a day after intoxication, I supplied them with plenty of ammu- ' nition for their winter's hunt, and they departed per- fectly satisfied with their reception. I cannot help relatmg the method I was obliged to adopt to quiet an old Indian woman, who was more troublesome than the rest, and continually importuned me for liquor. I infused forty d-ops of the tincture of cantharides, and the same quantity of laudanum, inlo a glass of rum, and when she came to me soliciting very earnestly for the strong water, I gave her the dose which was prepared for her: she drank it without hesitation, and being already much intoxicated, it made her stagger. But this did not satisfy her, and [112] she still asked for more; I then re- h ■j \xh n <. ISO Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 U\ '■ l( I ! It t ■. ■ i II . t .• » fi »v y pcated the dose, which she also drank, and then fell on the floor. I ordered my Canadian to carry her out of the house, and lay her carefully near her own wig\vaum, where she remained twelve hours in a deep sleep, to my entire satisfaction. I have always found laudanum extremely useful; in general it may be considered an essential article in the commerce with the Indians, as it proves the only method of overcoming their intoxicated senses, and making the life of a trader more tolerable, by putting a stop to their impertinence. On the 19th of November a band of about forty Indians came in with a few skins and a great quantity of dried meat, with some bears' grease, which I purchased for a little rum, and advised them to carry it along with them of! the ground; they complied with my wishes and em- barked perfectly sober. It was always my custom to endeavour to persuade them fo take away the rum, though I seldom succeeded. The fatigue of watching them when the liquor begins to operate is inconceivable, besides the risk of our lives and property. After their departure I was left for near a month with only one man, the rest being employed in fishing and watching the marten traps: in both pursuits they were suc- cessful, but particularly in the . ...., naving brought home near eight thousand, trout, pike, pickerill, and white fish, which we hung up as usu-l to freeze. When the severe weather sets in every man has his allowance served out twice a day, and this rule is constantly adhered to even though the stock be very considerable. [113] In the beginning of December a new married couple arrived, and having given them a little rum, they got very merry: and perceiving the woman was in great t V •5' 1768- 1 78a] J. Long's V oyages and Travels good humour, I desired her to sing a lovc-sonp, which she consented to with cheerfulness. THE SONG "Debu'oye, nee zargay ween aighter, payshik oathty, setzeebockquoit shenargussey me tarhiscoach nepeech cassa- uncka nepoo, moszack pemartus, seizeebockqmit mcteekr "It is true I love him only whose heart is like the sweet sap that .-uns from the sugar-tree, and is brother to the aspin leaf, that always lives and shivers.' ' I thanked her for her song, and giving the husband a botde of scuttaywabor left them together to enjoy their hearts' delight; and as there was not sufficient to intoxi- cate them, I was not afraid of a jealous fit. I always bore in mind the circumstance at Lac la Mort, and my fortunate escape. In the morning they departed, paying me well for my presents with some beaver, bear, .-^nd otter skins. A few days after an Indian arrived, with his two wives and three chUdren; they immediately came into my house, and sat down by the fire. I thought I discovered deceit in his countenance, and watched him very nar- rowly. I asked him what success he had met with in his hunt ? He told me he believed the Master of Life was angry with him, for he had fired at several animals, and expended all his ammunition, without doing execution. This was a figurative mode of expression, [114] and convinced me that he was lazy, and could not get credit for what he wanted: he added, that his family had been without provisions some days, and hoped I would cheer their hearts, and be a friend to them. I then ordered a » Scuttay«-ai^ i, , .m or brandy. See Long's Chippewa vocabulary, af the end of the f Mt vi '-n-e. — Ed. n ' . ,i: « If' \ i>ii mv i: »5- Early Western Travels > I * ' ! r: ' t [Vol. 3 large kettle to be put on the fire, and boiled some fish, which they ate of very heartily, particularly the women and children. I questioned him concerning his hunting grounds: he told me he was from Hudson's Bay, and had come so far, hearing some traders were settled at Skunk's Lake, and as he knew there were plenty of animals, he expected to get a great many skins. This I was convinced was false, and I immediately considered him as a straggler, or he certainly would not have travelled so far, unless he had done something to displease the servants at the Com- pany's forts, and could not obtain credit. Looking at me very earnestly, he asked me to trust him a gun, blanket, and ammunition; but I refused him: this dis- pleased him; and going out of the house, one of them called him, the other followed him out, and .said something 'to him in a low tone of voice: this appeared to me like a confederacy, and put me on my guard. In a few minutes he returned, and renewed his solicitations; saying, "Are you afraid to trust me forty skins ? I will pay you in the spring."— I told him I never gave credit to any but good hunters, and I was sure he was an idle strag- gler, who lived without industry, and advised him tore- turn to his own tribe, and solicit their assistance who knew him better than I did. So severe a check to his application (and which I was afterwards sorry for) seemed to rouze the bad spirit in his heart, and he left me under the influence of the Malchee Manni'oo, and went dovm to his canoe, seeming to be in deep discourse with his wives. [115] My man observing them, watched them very nar- rowly, and saw the Indian endeavouring to file off the end of his gun, to make it convenient to conceal under his 1 768- 1 78-.] J. Long's Foyugt's ami Travels 53 blanket; having shortened and loaded i*. he returned with it hid under his dress. This transaction king a con- vincing proof of his diabolical intention, I directed my man to stand on one side of the door, and I took my post on the other, waiting his entrance into the house. Just as he passed the threshold, I knocked him down with a billet of wood, and taking his short gun from him, Ixat him so much that we were obliged to carry him down to his canoe, where his family were waiting for him, and ordered them all off the ground, threatening that in case of refusal his canoe should be instantly broken to pieces, and his family turned adrift. The .st^uaws and children appeared very much distressed, and with great reluctance obeyed my orders. Thus I got rid of an un- principled set; and, as will soon appear, escaped a dan- ger which was certainly intended to involve me and my men in utter ruin. A few days after their departure, an Indian arrived and informed me that Mr. Joseph la Forme, a brother trader who was settled at Lac Ic Sel, was killed by a Savage, and described his person. I had no doubt but he was the same man who attempted to destroy me. I commu- nicated every circumstance of his conduct, and the re- venge I took on the occasion. The Indian congratulated me on my happy escape, as he was known to be a bad man by all the tribe, having killed his brother and one of his wives last fall, which was the reason that the band he belonged to would not suffer him to stay among them. As I was anxiou to know the particulars, I desired him tc relate them. He told me that he was informed by a Savage whom he accidentally met, and [ii6] to whom the murderer had revealed the particulars, that the Indian being disappointed in his design against me, pur- I f . ki ♦F 'I I / »l 1' -, 1.. .1 i If' '■ !| \' % "M ^ » 54 Early Western Travels [Vol. w iv I f /' sued his journey with Ihc had spirit in his heart, and arrived at Joseph La Forme's house, which he entered, and asked for rum and tobacco, which was given him; but obser\inK he had not any thing to trade with. La Forme was suspicious of him: whilst he was smoking he asked for credit, but was refused, and toKi that he was not only a bad hunter, but that he had a heart of lead. This imprudef't reproach incensed him, and observing no one in the house but the trader, (the men being fish- ing) he watched a convenient opjiortunity, and when La Formi- sIoojxhJ to light his pipe, shot him through the head, plundered the house of a few things, and went off. On this information I dispatched six Indians, with a trusty Canadian, to endeavour to secure the property, in which they fortunately succeeded, and brought away' all the peltry, merchandise, &c. and the deceased trader's men, whom I engaged in my service. About six weeks after, one of the tribe whom he had formerly ofTcnded. and who had heard of this recent act of villainy, after repeated reproaches for his baseness, tomahawked him. cut ofT his head, and brought it to my house to shew my Indians. The unhappy fate of Joseph La Forme affords a melancholy example of the f^recarious situation of all Indian traders; and furnishes a useful lesson of in.struc- tion to these who may in future be en<;aged in commerce with the Savages — that it is frequently more prudent to conceal resentment than to gratify it. [ii;] HV are nduced to gnat llar'hhips jor want oj Pro visions: rrtinrd hy I In- fort unite Arrival of some In diati^.- Xarnjtive oj a most slu>ckiMf> Transaction p,r petraled hy ont Janvier, belonging to ,i Mr. fulton, a Trader - .\fr. Fulton takes Means to induee a Conjes- sielo)i,i^in^ to the Hudson's Hay Comf>any — some Ob rrvations concerning that Trade, and the CVw duct .»/ ///,' Company towards their Senant.s. The latter end of January. I77^, a Ijanrl of the Rut Xati' i arrived, Ixjlongiiu' to Shekar/c/'trgoan or the Skunk iuiw! Lake whict. is between I kc Nipi-jjon and Lake Manontoye. They liroupht mi provisions and furs, which I bartered for; giving them rum. a^ usual, of wr h they drank freely without doing an mischief. Aficr their departure we were short of provisi- s having a larger household to provide for, by taking I. I'orme's men into my scr\'ice. We were reduced to u few fish and some wild rice, or menomon (which are kojjt in muc- cuc''s, or l)ark boxes), to support myself and .seventeen men, the allowance to eaci being only a hanc'ful of rice and a small fish, about 2lb. weight, which is lx)iled togetht-r and makes pleasant soup. I have often l>. .n sur- prised that fish-broth is not more generally used, as it is certainly very palatable; but I am not suilicientl . informed in medical knowledge to speak either of its w hoiesomeness or nutritive qualities. Sturgeon broth is .a-licious, and leaves a pleasing taste on the tongue; but as it rather in- creases the appetite for food, [ii8] as I have experienced, it should not be taken but when there is plenty of meat to be got. This fish is very common in Albany, and is >■ .Id at id. per lb. York currency. The flesh is called Albany beef. ^'( ■1/ 4 ^ m 156 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 Vti''i I *•'• i! '!l! J, I ., The frost continuing very severe, and no appearance of Indians to supply our wants, we were obliged to take ofif the hair from the bear skins, and roast the hide, which tastes like pork. This, with some tripe de roche boiled, was all our nourishment.'" Tripe de roche, or hawercoon, is a weed that grows to the rocks, of a spongy nature, and very unwholesome, causing violent pains in the bowels, and frequently occasions a flux. I am informed the traders in the North- west, have often experienced this disorder; and some of them, in very severe weather, have been compelled to eat it for fourteen days successively, which weakened them exceedingly. When the disorder does not terminate in a flux, it occasions a violent vomiting, and sometimes spitting of blood, with acute spasms in the bowels. After suffering great hardships, I advised my men to make marten traps, and set them in the woods as they did last winter at ^,ac la Mort, which supplied us occa- sionally, but very siiort of our real wants. At last a band of Indians arrived with ten slay I ad of meat and furs, which relieved us, and gave us fresh spirits. My men dis- covered them at a distance, and, though much enfeebled by severe hunger, put on their snow-shoes to meet them. It is surprising what efforts nature makes to support distress, and how cheerfully she struggles when the pros- pect of relief is near at [119] h-.io; every painful recol- lection of past sufferings quickly ^vanishes, and new life seems to breathe through every vein. Those who live in constant luxury, and are ignorant of the meaning of the bread of carefulness, are strangers to the joy arising from an unexpected supply, and sitting down to a table " Tripe de roche is a lichen, which Henry calls wane in Chippewa. See Henry, Travels (Bain ed.), pp. 214, 215. — Ed. if'- 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels ^S7 in the wilderness. Hunger needs not the borroweil aid of sauce; and, in the language of Pope, "To enjoy, is to obey.' ' — How delightful is such obedience! The Indians seeing our distress by our looks, which were very meagre, gave us all their provisions, consisting of bear, racoon, and moose. The kettle was soon put on the fire, and we made a comfortable repast, with cheerful hearts; the Indians during the time enjoying the happiness of relieving our wants. Notwithstanding the cruelty of Savages, they possess virtues which do honour to human nature, and exhibit instances of generosity and kindness which the most philanthropic soul cannot exceed. They are ignorant of those mean sordid sentiments which disgrace many more enlightened, and more wealthy; and fiom the knowledge I have of their disposition, I am sure they would blush at the parsimonious conduct of those whom Providence hath blessed with affluence. After the repast, the chief (not willing to disturb us be- fore) asked for some tobacco, and living smoked some time, said he had bad news to tell me, which some Indians had informed him of, concerning Mr. Fulton, then at Shekarkistergoan, and which he was sorry to relate, as it affected him exceedingly. I desired him to finish his pipe, and drink a glass of rum before he began the .story; and at the same [120] time mentioned my surprise at not hearing of any remarkable circumstance, having traded with a band of the Rat nation within a few days, who came from that Lake. He told me he had met the band, and related the affair to them, who were much astonished; but as Mr. Fulton's men were not returned from fishing when they left the place, the transaction was not known till after their departure. H J i' fl.-:-' 1 i'-' .1 li? E^rly Western Tr avels [Voi. 2 Mr. Fulton being obliged to divide his men into two parties, which is called the cawway, or casting lots, which party shall hunt and fish, and which shall stay with the master, did so accordingly. The fishing party consisted of Charles Janvier, Franfois St. Ange, and Lewis Du- fresne, all natives of Canada, who, being provided with axes, ice-cutters, and fishing materials, set off, and at the expiration of eight days arrived at a convenient place where they buUt a hut, in which they lived for some time tolerably weU; but fish failing them, and having no suc- cess in huntmg, they were almost starved. In this situation, said the chief, the bad spirit had entered into the heart of Janvier, and he being the strongest man supported hunger better than his companions, by which he was enabled soon after to effect a diabolical purpose he had formed, of kiUing the first Indian who should come m his way, and which he had declared he would do. In the height of their distress Janvier perceived a Savage at some distance, with a load at his back, and instantly returning to the hut, told his poor dispirited partners of their approaching relief. They instanUy got up, though very weak, and came out of the hut as fast as their feeble limbs would allow them. The Indian arrived, took off his load, which was only two otters, and two hares, and gave them to Janvier, who received them with great satisfaction; and when he had skinned them boUed [121] them in the kettle without cleansing them, so extreme was their hunger. This seasonable relief was soon devoured, and from the eagerness with which Janvier eat, and the satisfaction which appeared in his counte- nance when he looked at the Savage, the men were in hopes he had forgot the rash determination he had formed, and flattered themselves his mind was not so 1 768- 1 782] J. Long's Voyages and Travels i CQ depraved as to entertain a thought of doing an ii i-'- to the man whose timely assistance had saved their livos. The next morning the Indian told them he was sorr>' he could not assist them further, having no ammunition, but that he was going to Mr. Fulton for a supply. Janvier's heart being inexorable even to the kindness he had received, desired the Savage to assist him in plac- ing a large log of wood on the fire, as his companions were unable to do it. The Indian cheerfully complied, and stooping to take it up, Janvier knocked him down with an axe and dragged him to the door of the hut, cut him up, and with the most unfeeling barbarity put as much of the flesh of his deliverer into the ke'^'e as he thought sufficient for a meal. When it was drcscd, he compelled Frangois St. Ange, and Louis Dufresne, to partake of it, and obliged them to kiss the cross which hung at his breast, and swear by all the saints never to reveal the transaction; threatening, at the same time, that if they did they should share the same fate. Intimidated by his threats, and the certainty that he would fulfil them, they solemnly promised perfect compliance with his in- junctions. Having overcome their first aversion, which extreme hunger had occasioned, they ate immoderately of the horrid meal, and soon after fell sick, with violent Teachings. During their indisposition they complained to each other softly, that it was eatin" the Indian's flesh [122] which had occasioned their sicknes.. Janvier over- hearing them, called them fools and rascals, and asked them if they were afraid the Savage would come to life again; and with an insolent sneer desired them to tell him which they thought the be-t part of a man ? The poor fellows only replied they were v.ry sick and could not tell the cause. In a few days (having no other pro- If. . « r >im 'i" i6o iW ii ' I i Early PTestem Travels [Vol. M vision) the Indian was eaten up, and Janvier determined to have human flesh if no other could be obtained To this end he sought an opportunity to quarrel with St. Ange-Dufresnc not daring to interfere in the dispute Janvier willing, however, to appear as plausible in the eyes of Dufresne as possible, widened the breach very artfully, till pretenuing he was no longer able to contain his anger, asked Dufresne if he did not think St. Ange deserved the Indian's fate, for daring to say he would reveal the cu-cumstance he had so solemnly sworn to con- ceal. Dufresne dreading the consequences of differing with him in sentiment, said he thought St. Ange was to blame; upon which reply, Janvier immediately struck him with an axe, and kUled him: he then cut him up, and boiled a part, of which he obliged Dufresne to partake he not darmg to shew any reluctance. Fortunately for Dufresne the weather became more moderate, and having caught plenty of fish, they proposed to return to the^ master. Janvier, intoxicated with ideas of his supe- riority, obliged Dufresne to drag him in an Indian slay to Mr. Fulton's house -a cruel imposition upon him, and a dreadful service to a weak emaciated man! but knowmg he was unable to resist, he made a virtue of necessity, and obeyed the tyrant with seeming cheerful- ness. On the journey he was frequently reminded of his oath, and the fatal consequences that would attend him If he should ever divulge the secret, which Janvier assured him would produce instant death. [123] Mr. Fulton was much rejoiced at their return, bemg m want of his men, as the Indians were daily coming in with their winter hunt. Soon after their arrival he made enquiry after St. Ange - but no answer was given He then addressed Janvier directly upon the subject, who t\' ^ 1 768- 1 783] J. Lof ig's Voyages and Travels 1 6 1 said he was gone on the hunt with a chief of the name of Onnemay, or the Sturgeon, whom Mr. FuUon knew, and that he would soon return. One of the Canadians con- tradicted him by saying that could not be true, as Onne- may left Mr. Fulton's house the day before their return. Janvier then said he might be mistaken in the chief's name, as he was not well acquainted with the Indian language, and Dufresne, for fear of a discovery at that time, changed the conversation in hopes of pleasing Janvier. Several days elapsed, and St. Ange not ictuming, Jan- vier was again questioned, who told them as before, and appealed to Dufresne for the truth of his assertions, which he was obliged to confirm. Mr. Fulton not being perfectly satisfied, examined them apart; from Janvier he could not get any information, but Dufresne hesitated, and at last said he had sworn not to reveal — but that St. Ange would never return.— Mr. Fulton endeavoured to convince him that the breach of an oath, so imposed, was no crime; and in the end he convinced the Canadian that it was so far from being obligatory in the sight of God, that it would be a sin of the most heinous nature in him to conceal the truth; art- fully adding, as an additional argument to induce him to reveal the transaction, that if he had no doubt he was himself perfectly innocent, he could not have any honest motive for secrecy, and that he had no occasion to dread the resentment of Janvier, as he would engage to [124] protect him from all hazard by the discovery. Thus persuaded and encouraged, Dufresne disclosed the whole affair, but requested Mr. Fulton's secrecy, which he promised until the conversation should be renewed, when it was agreed that he should relate every particu- ',!i : ' I **- ' 1 Vi> t • t m' m p \i^ JT* 162 Early Western Travels [Vol.2 % lar in Janvier's presence. Janvier was repeatedly urged by the rest of the men to give them some information respecting the absence of St. Ange, but he remained ob- stinately silent: some of them went so far as to accuse him in pretty plain terms of knowing too much about him, but he treated their insinuations with indifference. Mr. Fulton having disposed of all his goods, prepared to leave his wintering ground, and every thing being properly arranged they departed. The first night after their departure Mr. Fulton loaded a brace of pistols, and having previously acquainted his men with the dis- covery Dufresne had made, and the punishment he in- tended for the villain, came out of his tent and stood by the fire round which the Canadians were seated. The conversation about St. Ange being purposely renewed, Mr. Fulton remarked it was cruel to leave him in the woods with the Indians, and blamed Janvier particularly, as he was the foreman of the party, and therefore the more responsible. Janvier nettled at the repetition of the subject, (for guilt is soon angry) replied that St. Ange was able to take care of himself, and that he had not any controul over him. Dufresne was then censured; upon which, agreeably to the plan settled with Mr. Fulton, he divulged the whole transaction, and gave a full account of every particular of Janvier's conduct. Janvier attempted to take instant revenge for the aspersion, as he called it, and denied the charge with the most hardened effrontery and solemn asseverations. Mr. Fulton then thought It a proper time [125] to interfere; and to cover him if possible with confusion, asked him "which was the best part of a man ?" Janvier replied, with ready inso- lence, that those who had eaten human flesh could easDy tell: but being repeatedly urged, and at length thrown . 1768-1782] J. Long's Foyages and Travels 1 6 3 oflf his guard, he reph'cd in great wrath, the feet The party encouraged by this confession, pressed the charge till at last he confessed the facts he was accused of, and declared that in a similar situation he would kill his brother. Mr. Fulton could no longer suppress his resentment and going up to Janvier, told him he was an abandoned villain, first for killing a harmless Indian who had gen- erously relieved his wants, and afterwards eating him like a cannibal; that not content with these atrocious acts he had encreased his guilt by another deliberate murder on a defenceless man, his companion, his fellow- labourer, and friend; that he was a disgrace to human nature, and ought not to be suffered to live a moment longer; and without allowing him time to reply, shot him through the head. The men were ordered to bury him and in the morning Mr. Fulton continued his journey to Mtchtlhmakinac, where on his arrival he surrendered himself to the commanding officer, who on a close exami- nation of the men, honourably acquitted him; b-.t recom- mended him not to venture again into those parts, where the Indian was kQled, lest the Savages should hear of the transaction, and resent the death of one of their tribe whereby the innocent might suffer for the acts of the guilty." In the month of February I had a visit from a trader dressed in a smr'.,^ leather shirt; who was accompanied by three Ind us, ; ud had been absent five days from Fort Albany.' Hr- said he was induced to come [126] " On the subject of justice in the forest, as exercised by the British com- panies, see Bancroft. Norlhwesl Coast, i, pp. 538-542.- Ed. centu,^°"lt'i'" • """.'f' ^/.":' ""'^"'^ ^^y ^""P-y '" 'he seventeenth ten ury. It was m a sheltered inlet, forty yards fron. ,he borders of James Bay on the south stde of Albany River. In ,686 it was attacked and capt" d by ■m 164 Early Western Travels [Vol. ■'i from a motive of curiosity to see me, not having heard of any person wintering so far inland before, except the servants belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. At that time I had very little provisions, and eight men to maintain, besides Mr. Joseph La Forme's Canadians; our chief food was tripe de roche\ on his arrival the kettle was on the fire with the leaves: he asked what food I had; I ordered some to be taken out of the pot, and put into a bark dish, which he tasted, but could not swallow. I informed him that it had been a principal part of our diet for many days, and in the best of times we had nothing but wild animal food, and seldom any flour, as the quantity of Indian com we were able to bring along with us from Pays Plat was not sufficient to last the winter. When I had given him a description of my mode of liv- ing, which he confessed was very different from the com- forts he enjoyed, I took him into my store, and shewed him the packs of beaver I had collected: this increased his surprise, as he could not conceive how it was possible to transport a sufficient quantity of goods to barter for the value I seemed to be in possession of. He asked me to return with him, and promised to supply me with pro- visions; but I told him I was engaged in an employ, and had supported the same disagreeable situation the pre- ceding winter at Lac la Mort; and as I could not expect to pass my life among the Indians with so much ease as in England, my duty obliged me to remain till the season was over, when I should return and endeavour to make myself some amends for the hardships I had endured, by Troyes's expedition; and Ibenille re-christened the post, Fort Stc. Anne. It remained in French hands until 16Q3, when retaken by the English, who never again lost it, although besieged by the French in 1704. The later fort was built on Factory Island, in the mouth of the river, about two and one-half miles from the old fort on the mainland — Ed. 1768-1783] J. Long's Voyag es and Travels 165 Riving a good account of the merchandise intrusted to my care, and receiving a reward for my labours. In the morning he took his leave, wishing me the speedy arrival of some Indians who might be able to relieve me from such pressing necessity by supplying me with plenty of more nourishing and palatable food. [127] This civUity from one of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany's scr\ants leads me to make some few observations in vindication of that respectable body, whose character has been so severely, and I think so unjustly, censured. Mr. Joseph Robson, one of the company's servants, who resided in their factory six years as surveyor and supervisor of the buildings, in a work published by him some years since," animadverts in very strong terms on the mode in which the governors of forts exert what he calls their uncontroulable authority, and asserts that their extreme tyranny is a perpetual source of personal disgust. He also says, that "the overplus trade is big with iniquity, and no less inconsistent with the company's true interest! than it is injurious to the natives, who by means of it are become more and more alienated, and are either dis- couraged from hunting at all, or induced to carry all their furs to the French." It may be necessary here to observe, that the overplus trade arises from the peltry wWch the company's servants obtain in barter with the "Joseph Robson went out to Hudson Bay in ,733, as a stone-mason, and was employed m the construction of Fort Churchill. He appears to have had disagreemenu with the governor, and returned to England in 1736. In 1744 he was again sent out as surveyor and superintendent of buildings at York factory and explored the Nelson River. Returning to England in ,747, he testified on behalf of the Company in ,749, before the House of Commons committee; but some years later published a work. An Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay (U>ndon, ,75,), in which he animadverts against the treatment of servants and Indians by the Company's governors. Long attempts to controvert him in this paragraph; but on p. ,70 he uses his testi- mony in favor of the management of the Company.— Ed. /I m 'k i ( I^Si I li 1 66 Early Ifislem Tmtlt '\ I : . .1, W ' \\[ ' I *1 [Vol. 1 natives beyond the ratio stipulated by the company, and which belongs to themselves. This is a heavy charge, and, if true, a very proper cause of complaint; but it should seem there is not sufficient ground for the accusation, for Mr. Robson aiterwards says that this overplus trade is of little advantage to them, for "that part of it, they always add to the comi)any's stock, for the sake of enhancing the merit of their ser- vices, and apply the remainder to their own use, which is often e.xpended in bribes to skreen their faults, and con- tinue them in their command." What a strange degree of folly, as Will as of guilt! that the governors are so [128] weak and so wicked as to commit enormities only to make a temporary advantage, and are obliged to distrib ute the wages of iniquity in order to skreen themselves from its consequences among the company, and their confederates in vice; whereas by a contrary conduct they would be equally rich, more respected, and also feel an inward satisfaction of mind from the consciousness of having discharged their trust with integrity; ideas too absurd to be admitted. With regard to the company, it cannot be supposed they are ignorant of this "overplus trade," or the means by which their servants obtain the advantages arising from it; if they are not, and no impar- tial person wUl suppose they are, they not only allow but approve of the conduct of their governors, from a con- viction of its being beneficial to the interests of the com- pany; a proper reward for the labours of their servants, or from some other motive, which because it is adopted by men so respectable, and so much above reproach must be allowed to be wise and prudent. In the next place, I believe it will be very difficult to prove that the conduct of the governors has "alienated J- >768-i78a] / . Long's royag»j a„ J Travels 167 the natives from the company's interest, and distou raced them from hunting." The former is at |,res<.>nt by no means clear, as I am credibly informed the New North- west Company, '« whose trade extends to the boundaries of the settlements of the Hudson's Bay Company, find very little encouragement from the Indians; if therefore the natives were disgusted, they would embrace the first opportunity of shewing their dish'ke, by carrying their peltry to the new traders; nothing can be more natural than to expect that this would be the consequence; but as they have not done so, the inference is fair that they are not disgusted. [129] Another observation is, "that the cruel and op- pressive behaviour of the governors and captains towards the inferior servants, not only deters useful people from engaging in the company's service (a circumstance they should attend to for their own interest), but furnishes one pretext for the bad character that is given of the com- pany." Though in the particular department in which I have been many years engaged as an Indian interpreter and trader, I have had few opportunities of a personal and mtimate acquaintance with many of the company's ser- vants (having been in a commerce in direct opposition to their mterest), yet I can speak with confidence in re- gard to some of them whom I have conversed with- that m every point of view I believe them to be useful ser- vants, and well skilled in the language of the natives — So far in answer to the assertion "that useful people are deterred from entering into the service." And by way of_refuting the charge of "cruelty and oppression," T '1 ' i/ i . I I' ' f-i 'I If M J i **^ i68 Early Western Travels [Vol. , rK I 1 *'' need only add, what none I think will deny, that they have been so well satisfied with the conduct of their superiors, that many of them have continued in the ser- vice more than twenty years. I believe, upon the whole, it will appear that the con- duct of the governors at home and abroad, is perfectly consistent with the true interests of the company, and that any other mode of bf haviour would tend to anarchy and confusion; and I must declare for my own part th- 1 I never heard of that personal disgust which Mr. Robson so much complains of, but have rather found an anxious solicitude to be employf d in their service. [130] Mr. Carver, in hi.'^ liistory of North America, oh serves, "that on the wators v. hie!. fJl into Lake Winne- peek, the neighbouring nation^^ mke a great many furs, some of them they cart)' to the iJudson's Bay Company's factories, situated at the entrance of the Bourbon River, but this they do with reluctance on several accounts; for some of the Amnipoils and Killistinoe Indians," who usually traded with the company's servants, told him that if they could be sure of a constant supply of goods from Michillimakinac, they would not trade any where else; that they shewed him some cloth, and other articles purchased at Hudson's Bay, with which they were much dissatisfied, thinking they had been greatly imposed on in the barter." '• The CrisUnaux (Kiristinou, KilUstinoe) Indians, now known as Crecs, arc Algonquian tribes who have alwa)-5 been associated with the Asfiniboins (Assi- mpoils), a Siouan tribe derived early from the Yankton Dakotas. Their habitat has been the wildeme-a between Lake Superior and Hudson Bay, and the land to the west as far as the Assiniboin and Saskatchewan rivets. They were well known to the early French explorers (see Wiuonsin Hisloricai Collections, XVI), and were the chief Indians with whom the Hudson's Bay Company traded. They stiU number over twelve thousand. Sec Henry, Travels (Bain ed ), p »49. — Ed. 1768 i7«a) y. Long's Foyages and Travels 69 .!i . To this Mr. Carver adds, ' ' that allowing their accounts true, he could not help joininj;; in their opinion;' but afterwards he admits that this dissatisfacticm might probably proceed, in a great measure, from the i^trijcues of the Canadiiin traders: and that the method th. v UryV to withdraw the Indian- from tin- - attachmi-nt 10 the Hudson's Bay Company, and t(, engage their good opiniitr in behalf of their new employers, was by de- ^ reciating, on all occasion^, the company's goods, and magnifying the advantages that would arise to them from trafficking entirely with the Canadian traders; in this they too well succeeded; and from this, doubtless, did the dissatisfaction which the Assinipoils and A'j7/w- tinoes proceed." But, says he, further, another reason augmented it, the length of the journey to the Hudson's Bay Factories, which they informed him look up three mouths during the summer heats to go and return, and from the smallness of their canoes they could not carry more than one-third of the beaver they [131] killed, so that it is not to be wondered at that the Indians should wish to have traders come to reside among them." As Mr. Carver did not travel in the interior parts as a trader, he could not have any interested commercial motives; on fhat account he is certainly entitled to credit as an impar- u. 1 observer; the public will judge of his remarks, and how far they tend to censure, or approve, the conduct of the Hudson's Bay Company. I am induced to indulge this digression in consequence of a new publication on the present state of Hudson's Bay by Mr. Umfrevillc." " This was the work of Edward Umfreville, Present State of Hudson'' Bay (London, 1790), written with a view of opposing the continuance of the Com- pany's charter, and exposing the practices of the ..iTucrs. Umfreville had been in the service of the Company from 1771 to 1783 — Ed. I '4 . 'li < , \V 1' fi 'IS ^ i Mf; i 170 Early Western Travels [Vol. a ! ir-t 1 r i It has unfortunately happened that the company's enemies have been frequently of their own household, per- sons in whom they placed confidence and to whom they entrusted the mysteries of their commerce. Diflferences wUl naturally arise, and doubdess have arisen between the governors and their servants, in which case no man IS, or ought to be, obliged to stay in a service that is disagreeable to him; but then it is certainly sufficient to leave the employ, and highly improper to endeavour to prejudice the interest he once thought and felt it his duty to promote; and I am of opinion that not a single tran- saction, or circumstance, should be revealed that has not an immediate reference to the cause of the disagree- ment, or is necessary to support or vindicate a reputation. The present governors are men of great probity, and probably may not condescend to take notice of these heavy charges against them; but as the most exalted virtue may be injured by groundless assertions, I trust the public will not be displeased with any endeavours, however feeble, to vindicate the character of so respecta- ble a body. As I do not intend to enter on the subject more fully, I shall only entreat the reader, if [132] he wishes further satisfaction on this head, to peruse the publication of Mr. Robson, who was one of the company's servants, and who, Mr. UmfrcvUle acknowledges to be a true and impartial writer. From his account the reader will judge of the propriety of Mr. Umfreville's censures on the conduct of the governors of the Hudson's Bay Company. A more copious examination of Mr. Umfre- vUle's publication would exceed the limits I have pre- scribed to myself; and I cannot but think that those who peruse it will readily perceive how much injustice he has done to the governors and the company. fi33] Arrival of more Indians.— Rum gets short; adopt the usual Mode to encrease the Stock, -which enables us to conclude our Traffic for the Season.— Take leave of the Indians, and proceed on our Journey homewards.— Account of an Indian Courtship.— Servile State of the Women after Marriage.— Observations an the Confi- dence which the Indians put in the Master of Life,— &'c.— Arrive safe at Pays Plat. Soon after the departure of the trader, a large band, consisting of about loo, came in; my stock of rum was very small, which was a misfortune, as rum is too important in treaties with the Indians to be easily dis- pensed with. On their arrival they wished to drink, but I continued to barter for all their furs before I gave them any rum: having finished the business, they grew clamor- ous, when I gave them as much rum as I could spare, upon receipt of which they embarked in tolerable good humour. In the month of April the last band came in, and I was extremely perplexed how to act, having a very small por- tion of rum, and no prospect of encreasing my stock; I was therefore obliged to dilute it so as to make it about one-fifth part weaker than usual, which made twenty gallons of very passable Indian rum. Having supplied them [134] with wearing apparel, &c. and received their peltry, I gave them a taste of the scuttaywabo, and just before my embarkation made the following speech : "Haguarmissey cockinnor an Nishinnorbay kee wa- bindan cawwickcar nin serpargussey nee zargetoone, keen- nerwind kaygo kee cushkendum webatch neennerwind tercushenan nepewar annacotchigon nin ojey petoone. Wa haguarmissey cockinnor meenwendesay bazam Ebeck- •• f I j. iv if'' ) J, i ill you give her to me, that the small roots of her heart may entangle with mine, so that the strongest wind that blows shall never separate them." If the father approves, an interview is appointed, for which the lover prepares by a perspiration; he then comes into her presence, sits down on the ground, and smokes his pipe: during the time of smoking, he keeps throwing small pieces of wood, of about an inch in length at her one by one to the number of one hundred. As many as she c an catch in a bark lx)wl, so many presents her lover "On this subject of courtship and marriage, see also Grant, "Sauteux Indians," in .Masson, Bourgeois, ii, pp. jiy-jji. — Ed. I* ! .^■■ If I 174 ** J r I" m. i\ I ) Earfy fVestem Travels rVol. must make to her father, which he considers as pay- ment for his daughter. The young warrior then gives a feast, to which he invites all the famUy - when the feast is done, they dance and sing their war songs.— The merriment being over, and mutual pres- cs exchanged between the lover and her relations, the father covers them with a beaver robe, and gives them likewise a new gun and a birch canoe, with which the ceremony ends. When the French became masters of Canada, the ceremony of marriage between the Savages was very fantastical. When a lover wished his mistress to be informed of his affection, he procured an interview with her, which was always at night, and in [137] the presence of some of her friends; this was conducted in the following manner: He entered the wigwam, the door of which was com- monly a skin, and went up to the hearth on which .some hot coals were burning; he then lighted a stick of wood and approaching his mistress, pulled her three times by the nose, to awaken her; this was done with decency, and bemg the custom, the squaw did not feel alarmed at the liberty. This ceremony, ridiculous as it may appear, was continued occasionally for two months, both parties behaving during the time in all other respects, with the greatest circumspection. The moment she becomes a wife, she loses her liberty, and is an obsequious slave to her husband, who never loses sight of his prerogative. Wherever he goes she must follow, and durs* not venture to incense him by a refusal, knowing that if she neglects him, extreme punish- ment, if not death, ensues. The chief liberty he allows her IS to dance and sing in his company, and is seldom known to take any more notice of her than of the most 1768-178J] J. Long's Foyages and Travels 175 indifferent person: while she is obh'ged to perform the drudgery of life, which custom or insensibility enables her to do with the utmost cheerfulness. A circumstance of this kind I recollect reading which happened at Beaver Creek, about twenty-five miles from Fort Pitt. An Indian woman observing some white men to carry fire- wood on their shoulders, took up her hatchet, and brought them in a short time a great burden on her back; and throwing it down by the fire, said, she not only pitied [138] thorn, but thought it was a great scandal to see men doing that which was properly the work of women. The men consider women as of no other use but to produce them children, and to perform the drudgeries of life; as to the ofTspring, he prefers the sons to the daugh- ter, because he expects they will all prove warriors. The daughters they do not value for the same reason that they subjugate their wives, deeming them worthy only to wait on warriors and do those things which would dis- grace the male sex. We pursued our journey to Lac le Nid au Corbcau, where we killed some wild geese and ducks, which at this season of the year have a fishy taste. Here we rested two days to enable us to pursue the remainder of our voyage with greater vigour. The third morning, at day- break, we embarked, and arrived at La grande Cote de la Roche, where we were fortunate enough to kill two bears, which eat remarkably fine, and having some leisure time to spare in the cookery, we enjoyed them with as high a relish as in better situations we had done more luxuriant meals. We proceeded to Cranberry Lake, where we caught some fish, and picked as many cranberries as we could «!' ** f\ \i ) It ^ :«AiMi«erw 176 Early Western Travels u* • 1 / 1^' if ,11 1 IV Ih! 1 I [Vol. a conveniently carry; from thence we continued our route to Portage la Rame, where we were again wind-bound for some days; but during our stay we had not a single visitor to disturb us. At length the wind proving favour- able, we proceeded to Riviere la Pique; on my arrival I was immediately struck with the remembrance of the escape I had from Payshik Ogashey [139] last year; but my mind was almost as instantly relieved by the recol- lection of his being kUled, and no longer a terror to traders. This was one among many instances in which I found that when the heart is oppressed with unpleasant recol- lections, or forebodings, the Author of our Being conveys relief to the mind very unexpectedly. This sudden transi- tion we are too apt to impute to our own wisdom, and to attribute the escape from dangers we have experienced, or the hopes of deliverance which we form, entirely to our own sagacity, and foresight. The Indians, on the contrary, think more properly; they say it is the Master of Life from whom we derive that presence of mind which has extricated or procured us relief. To the Master of Life the Indian addresses himself even for his daUy support.— To him he imputes his victories and his suc- cess; and when subdued, and fastened to the stake, he thanks him for giving him courage to open his veins.— It is this confidence which enables him to bear the severest tortures with composure, and in the height of anguish, to defy the utmost malice of his enemies. Notwithstanding the Chippeways, as well as the greater part of the Indian nations, of North America, think so justly, it is to be lamented that it is not universally so The Mattaugwessawauks, it is said, do not worship a Supreme Being, and that when success attends them in 1768-1782] J. Long's Voyages and Traiels 177 war, they attribute the merit of the victory to their own valour and skill. But notwithstanding their disWicf of a Master of Life, in some respects, they arc not less superstitious than other Savages, for they think that cer- tain places are haunted by evil spirits, whose power they dread, and impressed with these ideas cautiously avoid them. Another proof [140] of their superstition is, if one of their people is killed by accident, they preserve a hand or a foot, which they salt, and dry, and keep as a charm to avert calamities; by which it appears, that although they do not acknowledge a dependance on a good spirit, they entertain fears and apprehensions of a bad one; which induces one to hope that such a deviation from the common belief of mankind may never be confirmed, as it would stamp human nature with an odium too horrid to think of. But to conclude this digression — we con- tinued our voyage to Pays Plat, where we stayed some days in the society of traders, who had also wintered in the inlands, and others who arrived with goods to supply those who were engaged to return; but as my time was expired, I returned to Mkhillimakinac. After waiting on the commanding officer, and giving an account of my stewardship to my employers, I retired to Chippcway Point, a spot of ground out of the Fort, where I lived with an Indian family, who occasionally made me mackis- sins, and other parts of Indian dress." " The British fort at Mackinac was still upon the south shore of the strait, where Mackinaw City now stands; but the governor, Patrick Sinclair, had al- ready begun the erection of a new tort on the island, to which the establish- ment moved in the spring of 1781. Sec "Story of Mackinac," in Thwaites' Hcrw George Rogers Clark won the Xorlhue.U.— Ed. li i w Hi > , 1 i I t.l msaa mmmm Hi m "■^t } 1 TFIIRD EXPEDITION [141] Remain some Time at Chippeuay Point.— Account of a whimsical Circumstance, whereby I had nearly incurred the Displeasure oj the Commanding Officer.— Narra- tive of the fortunate Escape of a Mr. Ramsay, a Trader. - Undertake to escort a Quantity of Merchandise from the Mississippi to Michillimakinac, which I perform :.'ith Success.— Return to Montreal; from thence to Quebec, where I engage with a new Employer. During the time I remained at Chippeway Point, I had frequent offers from the ofTiccrs to sleep at their quarters within the fort; but being accustomed to lie in the woods, I generally preferred that situation. A cir- cumstance happened soon after my arrival, which I shall relate. In consequence of Indian treachery in the year 1764, (when the Savages, commanded by Pantiac the chief,' under the pretence of a game at ball, formed a plan to destroy the inhabitants, and take possession of the fort, and in which they unfortunately succeeded, to the extreme mortification of the English), there was a standing order that no Indian should be permitted to enter the fort with fire-arms; nor any squaw, or Indian woman, allowed to sleep within the walls of the garrison on any pretence whatever; and for the better security of the inhabitants, when a council is held with the chiefs, double sentries are always placed." [142] Having a .strong desire to introduce a great '• For a contemporary account of this wdl-known incident, see Henry, Traitls, chaps. 8, q. and lo.— Ed. ,1 i;68-i78a] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 179 chief's daughter and her sister, (notwithstanding the governor's orders) I communicated my intentions to an officer, and desired his assistance to complete the plan. He very politely told mc that he could not aju^car to countenance my scheme, but would give me every possi blc assistance consistent with his station. I assured him that they were a great chief's daughters, and that I would be answerable for their conduct. With his consent I applied to two soldiers, and asked them if they could spare time to roll a large hogshead of bottled porter from Chippeway Point to the Fort; they told me whenever it suited me they would be ready to assist. Having purchased the hogshead, and got it rolled down the hill whilst the officers were at dinner, I told the squaws of my plan, and having knocked out the head and bung, and bored several holes to admit as much air as possible, desired them to get in, which with sfi' ic difficulty I persuaded them to do. I then replaced the head, and ran immediately to the soldiers to acquaint them that the porter was ready, and desired their assis- tance without delay, as I was afraid some of the bottles were broken, and it would be proper to examine them as soon as possible. T^^e soldiers immediately returned with mc, and apply- nv^, Uit' • shoulders to the cask, rolled it up the hill with ;ncar Ir-'jour and fatigue, continually observing that it was very hea 7. Just as they arrived at the gate, the cominandin< officer and the commissary were coming i-rou^;*^, a .;' -eeing the hogshead, asked the soldiers uhat thcv ••■'l ^oi a>cre? they replied it was bottled porter for :t trader, v ,^<^ bad desired them to roll it from the loiru. .'-s a vessel bad just then arrived from the Detroit, [143] the commanding officer was so satisfied with ■• i\ f. 1 1. I 1' I k\ i < ', ;s h i8o Early Western Travels [Vol. 3 > ) M t I ', \v \ the account the soldiers gave, that he observed it was ver>' fortunate, for they now should have plenty of good beer to drink. The soldiers had scarcely rolled another turn, wh( n unluckily one of them kicked his foot against a stone, who with the extreme pain he .suflfercd, fell down. Tho other, not being able to sustain the whole weight, let go his hold, and the hogshead rolled down the hill with great velocity. Just as it came to the bottom the head fell out, and the squaws exhibited the deception. Unfortunately the commanding officer was near at hand when the accident happened, and though it was a mani- fest breach of his orders, he could not help smiling at the conceit; and looking at the imprisoned females, said to them, "pretty bottled porter indeed!" The squaws were so confused that they ran with the utmost precipi- tation into the woods, and did not make their appearance for several days. On the ( ommanding officer's return to the fort, en- quiry was made for me, and I was under the necessity c i obeying his summons, although I confess my situation was very unpleasant. As soon as I came into his prcs ence, assuming a look of displeasure, he asked me how I could dare to disobey the orders of the garrison, which I knew were issued to prevent the most serious conse- quences; that I was more culpable than another person, knowing the nature and disposition of the Indian women, and the impropriety and danger of confiding in them, adding that for the sake of example, and to prevent others from acting so inprudently, he believed he should send me down to Montreal in irons. Alarmed at my situation, I made the best apology in my power, and assured him I was extremely sorry for my conduct, but hoped he would [144] pardon it. This t- ■, 1 4 176*1782] y. Long's Voydgei and Travels 181 acknowledgment of the offence induced him to forgive me, and as he said he considered it a frolic of youth, he would pass it over, but cautioned me against playing such tricks again. 1 felt myself extremely obliged by his lenity, and promised to conduct myself with more propriety in future, which promise I faithfully kept: for though the experiment to admit the squaws would not have been attended with any bad consequences, I did not chuse agam to risk the commanding officer's displeasure. On the nth of August, the traders arrived from the Mississippi, and brought an account of an extraordinary escape which a Mr. Ramsay and his brother had from a tribe of the nation of the Poes, in their way to St. Joseph. The Poes are a very wUd savage people, have an aver- sion to Englishmen, and generally give them as much trouble as possible in passing or repassing the Fort of St. Joseph's, where some French traders are settled by their permission." It seems the Canadians w» rc invited by the Savages to land, and Mr. Ramsay supposing they had some furs to dispose of, ordered his men to go on shore; when standing up in his canoe just before his debarkation, three of the warriors waded through the water neck-high, dragged him out of his canoe, and carried him on shore. Mr. Ramsay's men immediately landed, and were preparing to follow their master, but observing eleven Indians near at hand, and perceiving the bad intention of the chiefs, got again into their canoes, leaving the one in which Mr. Ramsay and his son were, on the beach, and "The "Poes" were the Potawatomi Indians (called Poux by the French). For their history and that of Furt St. Joseph, sec vol. i of this series, pp. 115, 117. — Ed. / 'h ' MICTOCOfY RESOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ /APPLIED IM/^GE In '65S East M-^r> stf«?et f^ochesler, Nf.« ¥o*k U609 "SA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fo» l82 Early Western Travels Vf |i i I ' \V I [Vol. 2 paddled to an adjacent [145] island, waiting the event of a circumstance which threatened death to their masters. Mr. Ramsay being tied to the stump of a tree, and his son narrowly watched, the Indians rummaged the canoe, and brought up as much rum as they thought they could drink; they then began to sing their war songs; and making a large fire near the stump to which Mr. Ramsay was tied, they sat dowr on the ground, and began to insult him, telling him he was an old woman, and obliged his brother to join in the derision. The usual mode of execution among the Savages, is as follows: When a warrior is taken, he is brought into a hut, and tied with small cords made of the bark of trees, about the size of a cod-line: he is then fastened to a stump, and a small rattle put into his hand, called chessaquoy, which he shakes while he sings the dead war song: "Wabindan payshik shemagonish kitchee mannitoo; nee wee waybenan nee yoe Matchee Mannitoo.' ' "Master of Life, view me well as a warrior; I have thrown away my body against the bad spirit.' ' When the song is finished, the prisoner is untied, and made to run the gauntlet through two ranks of women, who are provided with small sticks to beat him. After this punishment a dog-feast is prepared with bear's grease and huckleberries, of which he is obliged to eat. He [146] is then brought again to the stake, when wood is placed round him. He now sings his war-song, and the women set fire to the pile, the prisoner singing as it bums. The lx)nes are then collected and fixed to the war-standard, which is a high pole painted with vermillion. It is said that the nation of the Followens, or Wild 1768-1782] J. Longs Voyag es and Travels \ 8 3 Oats," kill their wives and children before they go to battle, that in case of a defeat the enemy shall not have any prisoners of their nation. The Poes, beginning to feel the effects of the rum, examined the cords, which were made of the bark of the willow-tree, and ordered some wood to be put round the stump, to be ready when they should find themselves disposed to burn him. Soon after they untied him, and brought him to the war-kettle to make his death-feast; which consisted of dog, tyger-cat, and bear's grease,' mixed with wUd oats, of which he was compelled to eat. Mr. Ramsay, knowing the nature of Indians, complied with seeming cheerfulness, and said he was satisfied. He was taken back to the intended place of execution, and tied again to the stump, from which, with great com- posure, he desired permission to make his speech before he changed his climate, which being granted, he imme- diately spoke to them to the following effect: ' 'It is true the Master of Life has sent me here to those Indians whose hearts are full of poisoned blood, and as they mean me to change my climate, I shaU go with courage to a better trading ground, where I shall find good Indians. They have always known me to have had pity on them, their wives, and children, since I have been " The Menominee Indians were called FoUes-Avoines by the French a name by which the latter designated both the grain {zizania aquatiea), and his tnbe of Indians whom they first found using it. They are Algonnuian in Unguage, and were originally encountered by Nicolet (.634J on the shores of Oreen Bay. This remained their habitat until they were removed to their present reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin. For history of this tribe ^e Wisconsin Historical ColUdions (especially vob. xvi and xvii); Hoffman' Menonum Indians.- U. S. Bureau of Ethnology Report, ,892^3; Jenks. Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes,' ' »Wrf., 1897-98. No mention of such a barbarous custom as this is made by other writers Long may have been misinformed.— Ed. I J '* f\ lit- • ' '( h I i' i\ il'ik 1 84 Early IVestem Travels [Vol. •li i 1 4 » 1 ;4 v.t I . a trader, and to have opened my heart to them on all occasions; but now the [147] bad spirit has joined his heart with theirs, to make me change my climate, which I am glad of, for T am better known in the country I am going to, and by greater warriors than ever these were. I now lock on all the chicx's as old women ; and as I am the Peshshekey (or buffalo), I shall drink my last with them, and carry the news to the warriors in the other climate." Having attentively heard his speech, they prepared for his death; which he perceiving, immediately told his brother not to be disheartened, as he had hopes of over- coming their fury, and desired him to ply them with rum, and keep their kettles constantly filled. His brother followed the instructions he gave him, and distributed the rum among them very plentifully. When Mr. Ram- say discovered that they were sufficiently intoxicated to be incapable of doing mischief, he desired his brother to cut his cords; and being released, assisted in pouring rum down their throats till they were quite insensible. Fired with resentment at their intended barbarity, he and his brother cut all their throats, loaded his canoe with the articles they had taken out, and paddled from shore as fast as they could. The men hailed him at some dis- tance, and were rejoiced to see him safe; and after ar- ranging their cargo, pursued their journey into the Indian country, by a different course. I was informed Mr. Ramsay returned afterwards to Michillimakinac, where he was congratulated by the commanding officer on his fortunate escape; but he never thought it prudent to go that route again. About this time the Indian traders formed a company of militia, which I joined with the rank of adjutant and 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels .85 lieutenant, under Captain [148] John Macnamara. In the month of June 1780, news was brought from the Mississippi, that the Indian traders had deposited their furs at La Prairie des Chiens, or Dogs' Field, (where there is a town of considerable note, built after the Indian manner) under the care of Mons. Longlad, the king's interpreter;" and that the Americans were in great force at the Ilimois, a town inhabited by different nations, at the back of the Kentuckey State, under the Spanish government, who have a fort on the opposite shore, com- manded by an officer and about twelve men, to prevent illicit trade." The commanding officer at Michtllimakinac^* asked me to accompany a party of Indians and Canadians to the Mississippi, which I consented to with the utmost cheer- fulness. We left the post with thirty-six Southern Indians, of the Otligaumies and Sioux nations, and twenty" Canadians, in nine large birch canoes, laden " On the cause of this action of the Indian traders, alarmed at the reprisals being made by Spanish and Americans for the unsuccessful attack on St. Louis by the British party from Mackinac, see Wtsconsin Historical Collections, vii, p. 176, note. For biography of Charles Langlade, first Wisconsin settler, see Tass^'s "Memoir," iWd., pp. 123-185. — Ed. " This is a somewhat confused reference to George Rogers Clark's occu- pation of the Illinois country, and alliance \vith the Spaniards who controlled Louisiana. The fort here mentioned is St. Louis, for whose early history see vol. iii of this series, Andr^ Michaux's Journal, note 138. Spaniards were incensed at the British traders' methods in Upper Louisiana during this period. — Ed. " The commandant at Mackinac was Patrick Sinclair, for whose biography see Wisconsin Histor '(ect,ons, xi, p. 141, note. For documents dealing with the Revolution in thi.s 1 ,o.on, see ibid., xi, pp. 97-212; and xii, pp. 49-55. — Ed. " The Outagamies, or Fox Indians (French, Renards), were first encoun- tered by the French on Fox River, Wisconsin. A proud and warlike nation, they refused to yield to the French yoke. The long series of wars waged by them with the French was a great source of weakness to the colony of Canada, and prepared the way for its downfall. For the documents on these wars, see f I. ' i1 . ■ 1 86 Early Western Travels [Vol. with Indian presents. After a march of three days I was taken ill, which I attributed to hard living in the Nipegor. Country; considering, however, the urgency of the business, and that there was not any one of the party capable of acting as interpreter, I struggled with my indis- position; apprehending, also, that if I could not pursue the journey, I should be exposed to great inconveniences; and therefore I encreased my endeavours, determined to risk my life at all hazards. The fourth day we encamped at Lac les Puans, so called, I apprehend, from the Indians who reside on the banks being naturally filthy"— here we got plenty lI Wtsconsin Historical Collections, xvi and xvii. Driven from their habitat in Eastern Wbconsin, about 1740, the Foxes joined with their kindred, the Sauks, and settled on the Mississippi, siding alternately with the British and Americans during the wars of the Revolution and of 1812-15. One band of the Sauks participated in the Black Hawk War (1832). At present the combined popu- lation of the Sauks and Foxes is about fou "lundred, located on a reservation in Iowa. The Sioux were the Minnesota branch of this nation, under their chief Wabasha, q. v., post, note 87. — Ed. " Lac les Puans (Stinking Lake) was a name used by the French for Gieen Bay. The origin of this term was long supposed to be either in the ill-smcUing shores or the filthy character of the native Puants (j. c, Winnebagoes). In Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 360, however, an early writer testifies to the cleanliness of the Puants. It appears that the original Algonquian name for these people, who are an offshoot from the Sioux, was Ouinepeg, a word which has come down to us in two forms — Winnipeg and Winnebago. The meaning of Ouinepeg was, ' ' men of (or from) the fetid Cor bad-smelling) water.' ' It is probable that these people may at one time have lived near a sulphur spring or on the she- of a salt lake. The earliest French inferred that the allusion was to the ocean; hence Nicolet's appearance among the Winnebagoes on Green Bay (1634) attired as a mandarin, under the apprehension that these "Men of the Sea" — as they were called in some of the earlier French accounts — were Chinamen. Herein we have an illustration of the tenacity of the old theory that Ameri- ca was but an outlying portion of Asia. La Salle's post at La Chine, near Montreal, which was so nicknamed because some thought it to be on the road to China, is another case in point. When the "Men of the Sea" were discov- ered to be ordinary Indians, their .\lgonquian appellation Ouinepeg was trans- ■^■l 1768-1782] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 187 deer and bears, Indian corn, melons and other fruit. The Southern Indians have more villages, and are better civilized than the Northern, the climate being warm, and nature more prolific, which [149] enables them to raise the fruits of the earth without much labour. Their hou.ses are covered with birch bark, and decorated with bows and arrows, and weapons of war. Their beds are bark and matts made of rushes. We pursued our voyage to Ouisconsin, a fine River, with a strong current for about sixty leagues, which our canoes ran down in a day and a half; and upon which we saw an immense quantity of ducks, geese, and other fowl. On this river we were obliged to unload our canoes, in order to transport our goods across the portage, about two miles in length. We encamped on the banks, and intended setting off at break of day, but one of the Indians was bitten by a rattlesnake, which Mr. Adair calls the bright inhabitant of the woods, and which had fourteen rattles. Mr. Beatty relates that as he was preaching to the Indians and others, at a small house near Juniata River, a rattle-snake crept into the room, but was happily dis- covered and killed; and before the people could well re- cover themselves, a snake of another kind was discovered among the assembly, which was also killed without any other detriment than disturbing the congregation, which surprised him very much, as it was a matter of astonish- ment how the^e reptiles could crawl into the house without lated by the French into a less complimentary term, "Puants" (Stinkards). Given the name, the reputation of uncleanliness soon followed. The Jesuit Relations frequently i.ientioned the matter; but by the time of the missionaries the old term of "Men of the Sea" appears to have been forgotten. See Wis- consin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 3, fiole, for citations; also Thwaites, Stories oj the Badger State (New York, 1900), p. 30, for brief recital of the case.— Ed. i f 1 1 •' 'I I I' I: .11 '\ ■i-^i i88 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 \ r being offended by some one, and which also excites them to bite. The Indians say that when a woman is in labour, hold- ing the tail of a rattle-snake in her hand, and shaking the rattles, assists her delivery. It is always observable that the Indians take out the bag which contains [150] the poison of this venomous reptile, and carry it alive in their medicine box when they go to war. This unfortunate accident retarded our journey till the unhappy sufferer relieved himself by cutting out the wounded part from the calf of his leg, and applying salt and gunpowder, and binding it up with the leaves of the red willow tree; he was soon able to proceed, bearing the pain with that fortitude for which the Savages are so eminently distinguished. At the close of the next day we encamped near the river, and it rained very hard: the Indians made some bark huts. One of them walking some distance in the woods, discovered a small loghouse, in which he found a white man, with his arms cut off, lying on his back. We conjectured he had been settled at the spot, and killed by a bad Indian, which must have happened very recently, as he was not putrid. Before our departure we buried him. The next day we arrived at the Forks of the Mississippi, where were two hundred Indians of the nation of the Renards, or Foxes, on horseback, armed with spears, bows and arrows. They did not seem pleased with our appearance, which Warbishar, the chief of our band, told me." Just before we landed they dismounted, and sur- " The Foxes had been largely won to the .\raerican interest by the efforts of Godefroy Linctot, Sr., their trader at Prairie du Chien, and the emissaries of George Rogers Clark from the Illinois country. Wabasha was a famous Sioux chief, first mentioned by the French com- 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 1R9 ! I veyed us. The Sioux asked me if I was afraid; 1 told them I had seen a greater number of Savages before, and more wild than any of the Southern Indians. Warbisliar gave orders to strike ashore. As soon as we landed, the Renards took our Indians by the hand, and invited them into their camp. Ir the space of an hour they prepared a feast, which consisted of five [151 J Indian dogs, bear, beaver, deer, mountain cat, and racoon, boiled in bear's grease, and mixed with huckleberries. After the repast, the Indians danced and sung. A council was then held, when the chief of the Renards addressed Warbishar to this effect. "Brothers, we are happy to see you; we have no bad heart against you; although we are not the same nation by language, our hearts are the same: we are all Indians, and are happy to hear our great Father has pity on us, and sends us wherewithal to cover us, and enable us to hunt." To which Warbishar made answer. — "It is true, my children, our great Father has sent me this way to take the skins and fu^s that are in the Dog's Field, under captain Longlad's charge, least the Great Knives (mean- ing the Americans)" should plunder them. I am come with the white man (meaning me) t» ^ive you where- withal to cover you, and ammunition to hunt.' ' When the speech was finished, we immediately lis- mandant in 1740. Being devoted to the British side, he was dignified with the title of "general," and was received with honors of war at Mackinac. He also visited Quebec several times, and was decorated by the British officials. His village was near the present site of Winona, Minnesota. A son of the same name participated in the War of 1812-15. The French callcu both th^'se chiefs, ' ' La Feuille." ' — Ed. " On the origin of this term for Americans (Great Knives, Long Knives, or Big Knives, indifferently) see Thwaites, Daniel Boone (New York, 1902), p. Ill, note. — Ed. I i h ft 1 1 1. I I is \ • Vi 'I,' «il k i) > 190 Early fVestem Travels [Vol. tributcd the presents, got our canoes into the water, and left the Renards in the most friendly manner. After seven days journey wc arrived at La Prairie dcs Chiens," where we found the merchants' peltry, in packs, in a loghouse guarded by captain Longlad and some Indians, who were rejoiced ti .see us. After resting some time, we took out about three hundred packs of the best skins, and filled the canoes. Sixty more which re- mained, we burnt, to prevent the enemy from taking them, having ourselves no [152] room to stow any more, and proceeded on our journey back to Michillimakinac About five days after our departure, we were informed that the Americans came to attack us, but tj their ex- treme mortification we were out of "'eir reach. Seven- teen days after leaving La Pi sirie des Chiens, we arrived at Lac les Puans. where we found a party of Indians en- camped. The next day wc embarked, and arrived at Michillimakinac, after an absence of eighty days. Soon after my return, I waited on the commanding' officer, expecting payment for my services; but was referred for satisfaction to the Indian traders, from whom I never received any compensation. By this means I was left destitute even of the necessaries of life; but I did not remain long in this uncomfortable situation, for I soon found protection and support among the Indians; but as their assistance would not afford the means to appear in civil society, I was under the necessity of soliciting friendship from the merchi.nts, to enable ne to return to Montreal, which I fortunately obtained. I " This must mean seven days' journey either from Mackinac or Green Bay, for Prairie du Chien is situated at the ( onfluence of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi. On the early settlement of Prairie du Chien, wliirh was named for a chief of the Fox tribe called ' ' Chien,' ' see Wisconsin Historical ColUc- lions, ix, pp. 282-30J. — Ed. I M 1768 1782] y. Long's Voyages and Tro'cels 191 left Michillimakinat in the beginning of Septcmlxr. and arrived at Montreal on the 27th of the same month. I embraced the first opportunity to call on my old master, expecting to find him in gfXKl health, bat alis! he had paid the debt of nature, and was 'succeeded by his nephew, who had been cotemporary clcik with me. He permitted me to lodge at his house for a fortnight, but a few days after my abode with him, my situation Ix-ing different from what I had experienced during the life of my old master, I asked him to fit me out with an assort - n: ;nt of goods for the Indian trade, and promised to remit him payment in furs. He told me I was welcome to any [153] goods he had in his store that would suit me, but on examining the stock, all the merchandise proper for the Savages was disposed of, and nothing left that would an- swer any profitable purpose. I then left his house, returning him thanks for his civility; and having procured pecuniary assistance from a friend, took lodgings in the town, where I stayed some time. I then went to Quebec, where a gentleman acci- dentally hearing that ^ was out of employ, and knowing that I could speak the Indian languages, sent for me and ngaged me in his service, to go among the Indians at Lake Temiscaming," or any other situation I might think most eligible for commerce. •• Lake Ttmistaming lies near the sounc o{ th? Ottawa River, on the boundary between Queber and Ontario. The savag?s near here were wander- ing tribes of rude Algonkins, "vho traded indifferently vith Canada or Hudson Bay.— Ed. \ ' ■»» 'I I ii il (', f f It ^i'i „ . l .i»^i| i [154] Leave Quebec — Desert ptiott of the Lorelto Indians; same Remarks relative to an Assertion, that the American Indians have no Beards— Mistake the Mercury Packet 0} Quebec for an American Privateer.— Proceed on our Journey, and arrive at our Winter Residence.— De- scription of several Sorts of Snakes.— Meet with greet Success, and soon complete our Traffic. — Return to Quebec. Bkino furnished with a proper assortment of merchan- dise, I left Quebec, and proceeded to Tadousac," which is at the end of the Saguenay River, near the River St. Laurence. About nine miles from Quebec there is a VLlage inhabited by the Loretto Indians, who are prop- erly of the nation of ihe Hurons." They embraced Christianity, through the means of the Jesuits, and follow the Catholic religion. The women have remark- able good voices, and sing hymns in their own language most charmingly. They cultivate the ground, and bring the produce to market; and in their manners they are the most innocent and harmless of all the Savages in North America. Their houses are decent, and built after the Canadian fashion; they are fin exception to the generality of Indians, seldom drinking any spirituous liquors; they are for the most part tall, robust people, and well shaped; have short black hair, which is shaved off the forehead from ear to ear, and wear neither caps nor hats. With " Tadoussac, at the entrance of the Saguenay River, is one of the oldest trading stations on the St. Lawrence, having been founded before Quebec. It was the site of an early Jesuit mission begun before 164J. A r*-- ,ch built for the mission (1747-50), is still standing. — Ed. " The mission colony of the Hurons at Lorette was established by the Jesuits on their seigniory in 1673. There is still a settlement of these Indians near this place. — Ed. i7h« i7«3) y. Longs Voy.igfi and Travels '9.^ rcj,'ar(l to their Ixards, thouKh they arc scarcely visible, they have them in common with all the Irilxs of Savages; bui havinp an aversion to excresirnces. they cai>iully pluck [155] out every hair f.om the upper j >v and chin with brass wire, which they twist tcRether in the form of pincers; and it is well known that all trade, s carry out that article of commerce f(»r this express purpose. Baron de la Ifontan seems to have Ixon much mistaken when, in speaking of the Savages, he says that thev ' ive no beards. Lord Kaims was also in the .same error, when he asserted there is not a single hair on an Indian's Ixxly, excepting the eyelashes, eyebrows, end hair of the head, and that there is no appearance of a b« 1. This observation Mr. James Adair remarks is utterly void of foundation, as can be attested by all who have had any communication with them; and major Robert Rogers," who certainly knew the Indians as well as any man, says that they iolally destroy their beards; which proves beyond a doubt that they arc not naturally imbarbes- I have been led into these observations from the perusal of Lord Kaims's Sketches of the History of Man," who not only insists that the Indians have no beards, but builds on the hypothesis to prove a local creation. Tadousac is on the sea side, north of the River St. Laurence, and inhabited by a few Indians called moun- taineers, who live chiefly on fish;" and one trader, clerk to the gentleman in whose service I was engaged. " For biographical sketch of Robert Rogers, see vol. i, Croghan's Journals, note 61. Long here refers to his work. Concise Account oj North America (London, 1765). — Ed. "Henry Home, Lord Karnes, a famous Scotch jurist, publiihed Sketches oj History oJ Man (Edinburgh, 1774).— Ed. •• The Montagnais Indians — so cal'ed from their habitat, the mountainous country north and east of Quebec — were an Algonquian tribe, much in con- J * .'<,'■ I,' ^!;k li 194 Eariy Western Travels [Vol. 2 \ *V There is a French clergyman and a church for the Indians, who are all Catholics. At this village I remained a fortnight, during which [156] time the American priva- teers were continually cruizing about. One morning there was a great fog, but we could just discern at a small distance a vessel : this alarmed the priest and the Indians. My brother Englishman (the trader who was settled here) joined with me in soliciting the Indians to stand their ground, which the priest strongly opposed, though paid by the British government. This incensed me, and I insisted on taking some of his flock with me to reconnoitre, and endeavour to discover what vessel she was, though I had strong suspicions she was an American privateer. We went towards the shore, but could not discover the number of guns she mounted; we returned to our camp, and all the Indians at my request accompanied me to attack her. We embarked in canoes, dressed alike, and as we approached perceived she lay at anchor, and was a vessel of inconsiderable force, mounting only eight small swivels. I immediately went on one side of her, and directed the Indians to the other, to inclose her as much as we could. Having reached the vessel, I took hold of a rope and went on board; the captain was alarmed, and his fears were increased when he saw himself surrounded with canoes, filled with Savages armed with guns and tomahawks; however, he advanced towards me, and clapping me on the shoulder, asked what I wanted ? I was too politic to make any reply at that time. He then asked me, if I would have some biscuit? I replied, caween, or no. He shook his head, as much as to say, I tact with the French colonists. They still roam through their ancient territory, hunting and fishing, and acting as guides ta scientific and sporting parties. They have a reservation on Lake St. John. — Ed. V f ; <• 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels •95 wish I could know what you want. The Indians then came on board, and the captain having only seven men, and our number being upwards of forty, well armed, did not know how to act, but, probably willing to please me, ordered his men to get some biscuit and rum. Whilst the sailors were gone, I perceived she was an English ves- sel, and then asked the captain in English to whom she belonged; he was very agreeably surprised, [157] told me his name was Allcrow, and that he commanded the Mercury Packet of Quebec. This information gave me occasion to rejoice we did not take rough means; and when I communicated the intelligence to the Indians they were highly pleased, and shook hands with the captain. The captain then accompanied us to shore in our canoes, and we landed at our encampment. We after- wards went to the priest's hou.se, where we dined. Mr. Martin, the priest, and myself were invited on board the iir.xt day, when we had an excellent repast, with plenty of wine and other liquors. Unfortunately we drank too freely, and returning in the evening, the priest began to be very angry with me for encouraging the Savages; this reprehension, with his former conduct, incensed me ex- ceedingly, and in the heat of passion I threw him over- board, but by the assistance of the sailors he was saved. On our landing, our contest led us to blows, but we were soon parted. When we were recovered from intoxica- tion, we shook hands, and afterwards remained good friends. The next day the Indians were seized with an < pidemic fever, which deprived them of the use of their limbs, and occasioned a delirium. The disorder attacked me very severely, but by the friendly assistance of Mr. Martin, who had a medicine chest, in about three weeks I recovered. It I'' • 'j'iil '.'. Mm ) ^ A' 'J Uh J I'll m 196 Early Western Travels [Vol. :.r yt The winter now advancing very rapidly, and the un- avoidable delay at this post, obliged me to proceed on my journey on snow shoes, carrying all my goods on Ind'an slays, through the woods, and over [158] high moun- tains. We travelled twenty-one days, on a deep snow, about one hundred leagues through the Saguenay country, which was very fatiguing, till we arrived at a place called Checootimy;" about half way up the river on which it stands the salt water ebbs and (lows. Only a few Indians reside here, and one Indian trader, with whom I wintered, and hunted, killing a great many animals. Early in the spring I took my leave of him, and being furnished with canoes, pursued my journey to St. John's Lake; from thence to Panebacash River, to Lake Shaboomoochoine, which lies north-east of Lake Arbitibis about the distance of seven days Indian march." Near the Falls of Panebacash River I landed, and ascended a high mountain, to survey a large cave, about two hundred yards deep, and three yards wide at the mouth. Here I picked up a piece of ore, about three inches square; the exterior crust was black and very thin, and when broke, appeared yellow. I brought it to Quebec, but by some accident lost it, which I lamented exceedingly, •• Chicoutimi, at the head of navigation of Saguenay River, was early set- tled, a mission church being built there in 1726. It has but recently become a place of importance, being not only the chief trading station for the entire Saguenay region, where settlement has commenced to be permanent, but the seat of large salmon fisheries and of extensive wood-pulp mills; small ocean vessels are now laden with pulp at Chicoutimi docks, carrying the product to English, French, and American ports. — Ed. " After leaving Lake St. John, Long followed its sources westward, and portaged over the Height of Land into the present Northeast Territory — a region now neariy as unknown and unexplored as it was then. Modern maps are not helpful regarding Long's route. — Ed. :'* 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 197 as some of my friends to whom I shewed it were of opinion that it was very valuable. This journey was farther inland, by near eighty leagues, than any trader had ever been, the only settlement in that part of Canada being at St. Peter's Lake, where a French house was formerly established, and where an English trader, who was employed by the merchants in whose service I was engaged, resided. I arrived at Lake Shaboomoochoine on the 26th of May, 1 781, where I intended only to stay a few days; but some Indians arrived who assured me that it would answer my purpose to winter, and promised [159] to sup- ply me with fish, furs, and skins. This induced me to re- main here; and I built a house suitable for my business, and kept two Indians with their wives to hunt for me. On the 29th we set our nets, and in about four hours caught abundance of large trout, pike, maskenonjey, pickerill, and white fish, and as the country abounded with wild fowl, we were never without two courses at table, with roots for garden stuff. On the 17th of June a band of Indians arrived, who were agreeably surprised to see a trader at a place where no one had settled before, and they were par- ticularly delighted when they heard me speak their own language. During my residence here I saw a great many snakes; and one day in particular as I was walking in the woods, I discovered one of those reptiles in the grass; the instant I perceived it, I cut a long stick and dropt it gently on the snake's head ; it immediately moved, and I could hear the rattles very distinctly. Whilst I was surveying the brightness of its colours, which were inexpressibly beauti- ful, it was coiling itself round like a rope to dart at me; .'1 Vi) i " * ' ' ! ? v.i ■'I I M'4 Early Western Travels [Vol. ';'i r 198 this warned me of my danger, and I took the taper end of the stick, and let the heavy end fall on its head; the weight of the blow stunned it, and seizing this opportunity, I striuk it again, which kUled it. I measured it, and judged the length to be at least five feet and an half, and the thickest part about four inches in circumference, with nine rattles on the tail, which agreeable to \^t general observation, made his age nine years; but I be- lieve this is not an established fact, as it is uncertam at what time the rattle begins to appear. [160] The flesh of this reptUe is delicious, and I have frequently eaten of it with great goftt. I have seen the Indians poison it with the juice of tobacco. WhUst I am on the subject, though not quite con- nected with it, T shall make some observations on the turkey and black water snake. The turkey snake is longer than the rattle snake, with stripes on the back, and a spear a^ the end of its tail like an anchor, and a double row of teeth in each jaw. It takes its name from its voice, which resembles the note of a wUd turkey. In the Mississippi it feeds on wild rice, which grows among long grass, bearing its head fre- quently erect, and makes a noise like a turkey to decoy it; as the bird approaches, the snake darts its tail into it, and makes it an easy prey. The black water snake is used by the Indians when they go to war; they pull out the teeth, tie the head and tail together, and fasten it round their bodies, which soon kills it. They take it of! every night, and put it on every morning. , „• c* In travelling from Toniata Creek, on the River bt. Laurence to Pimetiscotyan Landing, on Lake Ontario. I saw one of these snakes swimming with a flat fish in its I' 1 768- 1 782] J. Long's Voyages ind Travels 199 mouth, which I had the good fortune to shoot, and re- leased the prisoner from the jaws of death."' I kept a flag constantly flying at my little fort, which the Indians paid respect to by a salute from their guns. The band who were at this time with me held a council, and made me a present of two very large [161] beaver robes, and several valuable skins, with plenty of provi- sions, for which I supplied them with tobacco, rum, trinkets, and ammunition. Two days after they left me, and desired me to wait their return, which I promised, provided they would bring me furs and skins to load the canoes, and they should be repaid with Indian goods. As I depended on their punctuality, I remained perfectly satisfied. I was then left with two white men, and two Indians and their wives. We passed our time in hunting and fishing; and as there were a great many small islands near us, we made frequent trips to shoot wild fowl, which enabled us to keep a good table. On one of the islands we discovered two Indian huts, bu^ from their appear- ance no person had visited them for a length of time. About half a mile from the place we saw a high pole, daubed over with vermilion paint ; on the top were placed three human skulls, and the bones hung round: the Indians supposed it had been erected many years. About an hour before sim setVe returned to our wigwam. The next morning, in the absence of the Indians, the Cana- dians assisted me in mixing the rum, and assorting the goods, to be prepared against the arrival of the " The true rattlesnake (crotatus horridus) is not found in L The one here alluded to is the caudisona tergemina. The age is not indica y the number of the rattles. The black water-snake was probably the tropidonatus sipedon, which feeds on fish, and is an expert swimmer, although not a true water-snake. The "turkey snake" cannot be identified. - Ed. I 'I' '•♦ .1!' I' I I I*! ;r. *-*J 200 Early IVestem Travels [Vol. Savages, and to fill up the time, which hung heavy on our hands. On the 24th of June, a band of Indians arrived from Lake Arbitibis, who brought a considerable quantity of excellent furs and skins, with dried meat, which I bartered for. When the bargain was made, I gave them some rum, as usual upon such occasions, which, after their long march, highly delighted them. They drank very plentifully, as I had exceeded the common donation, but their cargo deserved it; and I always found it my interest to be generous to them upon a barter. [162/ On their departure, taking an Indian for my guide, I made a visit to a brother trader, one hundred and fifty miles from my settlement. I stayed with him about a fortnight, and was on the point of returning, when two Indians came to inform me, by the desire of my Cana- dians, that a band of Savages waited for me. In about five days we returned, and I bartered for all their furs. On the 1 6th of July, ab- at fifty Savages came with their spiiiig hunt, -vhich I also bartered for, though the peltry was very inferior to what is collected in winter; but as I was determined to make as good a season as possible, I was eager to avail myself of every opportunity to increase my stock. The latter end of the month, the band who had prom- ised to return came in, and fulfilled their promise, bring- ing a large quantity of furs, which, with the stock I had collected during their absence, was as much as my canoes would hold. They also brought intelligence that the Hudson's Bay Company had been pillaged of their furs by the French." "This was the expedition of La P^rouse, who in the summer of 1782 captured Fort Prince of Wales and York factory. See Wilson, The Great Company (Toronto, 1899), pp. 320-326. — Ed. \. 1768-178J] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 201 Early in the month of August I made up my packs, and embarked for Quebec, where I arrived in about six weeks, to the great joy of my employers, who, from my long ab- sence, were very uneasy; however, the cargo fully satisfied them, and convinced them of my industry and integrity in their service. Being persuaded I had undergone great fatigue, they made me a handsome present above my salary, and I quitted their service, and the Indian life, with a resolution to endeavour to procure an employ less hazardous, and where I could partake [163] of the pleas- ures of society with less fatigue both of body and mind. I remained some time at Quebec, and intended to pass my winter there, but my money being nearly exhausted, and my mind not reconciled to another Indian voyage, I returned to Montreal, where I found friends to supply my wants till the spring following. »fii; ) ^ [164] Visit Fort George. — Remarkable Instance 0} Cour- age in a Mohawk Indian. — Return to England. — En- ter into a new Engagement, and return to Canada, with Merchandise for the Indian Commerce. In May I took a trip to Fort George, situated on a lake of the same name, called by the French, Saint Sacrement. where I stayed with some of the Mohawks, who wer* encamped there.'"" In the beginning of the French and Indian war in 1757, there was a remarkable instance of resolution and cool deliberate courage in one of these Savages, occasioned by a sentence being passed upon a soldier to receive five hundred lashes for intoxication. An Indian known by the name of Silver Heels, from his superior agility, as well as his admirable finesse in the art of war, and who had killed more of the enemy than any one of the tribes in alliance with Great Britain, acci- dentally came into the fort just before the soldier was to receive his ^junishment, and expressed his displeasure that a man should be so shamefully disgraced. He went up to the commanding officer, and asked him what crime the soldier had committed: the officer not chusing to be questioned, ordered one of his men to send Silver Heels away, and to inform him that the company of Indians "**' Lake George was originally named Lac du St Sacrement, by the Jesuit missionary and martyr Isaac Jogues, who was there in 1646. On his expedi- tion of 1755, Sir William Johnson changed the name in honor of his king. Lakes George and Champlain were of strategic importance in all the French wars, and that of the Revolution. Fort George was a small post on an eminence a half mile southeast of Fort William Henry, built in 1759 after the destruction of the latter. Abandoned temporarily during Bvrgoync's invasion, the gamson were surprised and captured by Carlet . (October, 1780), and the fortification destroyed. Nev York State has appropriated the land around the ruins of this fort for Fort George Battle Park. — Ed. I' 1 768- 1 782] y. Long' J Voyages and Travels 203 was not agreeable on such occasions; \Va! wa! or, Oh! oh! replied the Savage, hut what is the warrior tied up for? Fot getting drunk, answered [165] the soldier: — Is that all ? said Silver Heels, then provide another set of halberts, and tie up your chief, for he gets drunk *wire a day. Having said so, he instantly left the fort, telling the soldier he should quickly return, to endeavour to prevent the punishment being inflicted. Soon after the delinquent was tied up, and the drummers in waiting to obey orders, Silver Heels returned; and going up to the officer, with a tomahawk and .scalping knife, .said to him, Father, are you a warrior, or do you only think yourself so? If you are brave, you will not suffer your men to strik this soldier whilst I am in this fort. Let me advise you not to spill the good English blood which to-morrow may be wanted to oppose an enemy. — The officer, turning upon his heel, answered with an indignant look, that the soldier had transgressed, and must be flogged. — Well! replied Silver Heels, then flog him, and we shall soon see whether you are as brave a warrior as an Indian. About two days after the officer was riding some dis- tance from the fort, and Silver Heels was lying flat on his stomach, according to his usual custom when he watched to surprize an enemy. The officer passed without per- ceiving him, when he instantly sprung up. and laying hold of the horse's bridle, told the officer to dismount and fight him. The officer judging it improper to risk his life against a Savage, refused to dismount, and endeavoured to spur his horse. Silver Heels perceiving his intention, tomahawked the horse, who fell down suddenly, and the officer rolled on the ground without being hurt. Now, says Silver Heels, we are on equal terms, and, as you have a brace of pistols and a sword, you cannot have any ob- ' - .7 ■» f I it 1 ^ ' 'I ^ h M ; • iH\ t--i jcction to fight me. The officer still refusing, Silver Heels told him, that he thought himself a warrior when he ordered one of his white slaves to be flogged for a [i66] breach of martial law, but that he had now forgot the character he then assumed, or he certainly would have fought him: and looking very sternly, added, that he had a great mind to make hin- jhangc his climate; but as that mode of proceeding would not answer his purpose, and sufficiently expose him among his brother warriors, he might walk home as soon as he pleased ; and that to-mor- row morning he would come to the fort with the horse's scalp, and relate the circumstance. The officer was rejoiced to escape so well, though he was obliged to walk a distance of three miles. The next morning Silver Heels arrived, and asked to see the officer, but was denied admission into his presence. Some of his brother officers came out, and enquired his business; he related to them the circumstance between the officer and himself, and exhibited the trophy; adding, that to-morrow he intended going to war, and should make a point of taking an old ■ voman prisoner, whom he should send to take the command of the fort, as the great chief was only fit to fight 'A'I^h his dog, or cat, when he was eating, lest they should have more than him. Then asking for some rum (which was given him), he left the fort to fulfil his promise, but was soon after killed in an engagement, fighting manfully at the head of a party of Mohawks, near the Bloody Pond, joining to Lord Lou- don's road, in the way to Albany. Just before the frost set in, I returned to Montreal, and visited my old Cahnuaga friends, where I amused myself in the Indian way, as I always preferred their society to the Canadians; notwithstanding, I occasionally mixed in V 1768-1783] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 205 more civilized amusements, and as I danced tolerably well, my company was generally sought after. [167] The Canadians are particular'v fond of dancing, from the seigneur to the habitant; and though the meaner sort of people do not excel in it, there is a peculiar case, and careless indifference, which, though it appears too rustic, is far from being disagreeable. The beverage -.. these occasions is sour Spanish red wine, calhd black strap; and this, homely as it would be thought in more refined assemblies, is there considered as a very hand- some manner of treating their friends. The winter being passed, I determined to go to Quebec, and endeavour to get a pi :>sage to England, not having any prospect of a permanent settlement in Canada. On my arrival I put up at a tavern, and lived as moderi^iely as possible, ."rom necessity more than inclination; for every one knows that Indian traders, like sailors, are seldom sufficiently prudent to save much money. For- tunately for me, I met with an old school-fellow at Que- bec, a captain of a ship, whom I had not seen for sixteen years. To him I communicated my distressed situation, and by him was generously relieved. In addition to this act of kindness, he promised me a free passage to England on board his vessel, which offer I accepted with pleasure and gratitude. Having fixed the time of his departure, I took the post, and went to Montreal to settle my affairs: I then returned to Quebec, from whence we sailed the nth day of Octo- ber, 1783, and put into Newfoundland. When we came in sight of harbour, several of us requested permission to take the long boat, and row on shore, which was granted ; but it being a dead calm, wc made very little way. We had not left the ship more than a league, when a south- •» 1 1 t I t 'I i1 ill h '* i1 206 Early tVestem Travels (Vol. west wind sprang up, ind retarded us considerably. In the evening the wind abated, and with hard rowing [i68j we reached the shore about midnight, both fatigued and hungry. Early in the morning the ship came into har- bour, anb 1 768-1781) 7. Long's Foytiges and Tntvi'ls 207 ing to retrieve, if possible, the loss I had sustained, 1 soon [i6g] increased my difTiculties, S4» that in a few months after my arrival, all my schemes failing, I was left totally destitute. In February, 1785, I (juitted Montreal, and walked from La Prairie to St. John's,"" whcri« I accidentally found a friend who supplied me with money to ^o to New York. I proceeded to Stony Point, where 1 stayed two days with some loyalist oflkers, some of whom accompanied me to Crown Point, '•'.KTe wo also stayed three days."" We then parted c rnpany. and I hired a slay, which carried mc safely to New York, where I took a lodging, and lived as moderately as I could. During my residence there, 1 met a Loretto Savage, called Indian John, who had been in the American ser- vice all the war, and who waited to receive a reward for his fidelity, as the Congress were then sitting. He told mc he had been at war for them nine years, had killed a great many of their enemies, and had only re- ceived a gun, two blankets, three pieces of Indian gar- tering, and one hundred dollars in paper money, which he could not make use of; and as I understood his language he desired me to render him service by inteqireting for '"' For a dcs( ription of the road frcrn St. Jrlh Amrriea (Ix>ndon, jnd ed., 1772), ii, pp. 21Q-IJ3. — Ed. "" Oown Point, railed liy the Krenih Pointc au Chevalure (scalp (Kiint), wa.s fortified by the latter naliuu in 1731. as their aiivanred post (Fort St. Frederic) on the northern frontier I)urin(? the F'rem h and Indian \Var it was twice attacked by the English; but the French retained po.ssessi.)n until Amherst's expedition (1759), when Fort St. Frederic was abandoiied and destroyed. Amherst began here extensive fortifications, the ruins of which still exist. Crown Point was captured by the .\mericans in 1775, and rejtori'fl to the British in 1776. After 1780 it was dismantled and fell into decay, so that Long could have found but deserted quarters at this place.- Eu. I. I I !i " '/ .1 , . ii Ml /|l i '!'■ f\ ir' iii\ 208 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 him to the governor. I desired him to call at my lodg- ings, and in the mean time I wrote down the circumstances he had related to me, that I might be prepared, in case I was sent for at a short notice. A few days after he explained to me more fully the nature of his claim, and how he had been trifled with by Congress. I asked him his reasons for engaging in the American service; he told me that at the commencement of the war, the Big Knives (meaning the Americans), had advised him to turn his heart from the English, and prom- ised to supply all his [170] wants; and, as an additional inducement, that they would pay a better price for a scalp than had been usually given, and at the close of the war he should have land and stock sufficient to maintain himself and family: but he was now convinced they only meant to serve themselves, as he had frequently applied for a performance of their promises without success; and that he was determined to get satisfaction some way or other. I told him I was not sorry for his disappointments; that he was a bad Indian for deserting his good father, who lived on the other side the great water, and who was universally beloved by all who knew him, particu- larly by the Loretto nation; and as the subjects of this great and good father lived near his village, and gave every proof of their love and friendship to his nation, which he could not be ignorant of, I was surprized that he should suffer his heart to be moved by the changeable winds, and was sorry to add, that I believed he was the only Loretto Indian with two minds, and therefore I was unwilling to say any thing in his behalf before Congress. These remarkb on his conduct seemed to affect him. 1 768-1782] y. Long's Voya ges and Travels 209 and he replied, that he hoped, notwithstanding he had deserted the cause of his great father, he should find me his friend to attend him when his affair should be taken under consideration by Congress, as he had not any one in New York who could serve him so essentially. I told him, that in spite of my just displeasure, his situation had melted my heart, and I would not refuse his request. In about four days he came to acquaint me that Con- gress were then sitting, and he believed they would pay his demand if I would go [171] with him, and interpret to the governor; but having taken an active part against the Americans during the war, I would willingly have been excused. On his urging my promise to him, I could not resist, and immediately accompanied him to the council, where Governor Franklin was president, who asked me if I knew Indian John; I told him, only by seeing him at New York, and that I came at his particular request to speak in his behalf. He desired me to assure the Indian that he might depend on having his demand satisfied in a few days, and to make his mind easy: this I com- municated to him, with which he seemed perfectly satisfied. Soon after he was sent for, and he received an order on a merchant for one hundred dollars, which being presented for payment, was not honoured: this incensed John, and he desired me to tell the merchant, that the Congress and their agents were all thieves. The mer- chant excused himself by saying that the treasury was very poor, and could not immediately satisfy every de- mand. The next day John went again to the governor, and having acquainted him with the refusal of the draft, re- ceived an order on another merchant, which was duly 1 , I. V «* f I '■ '(I i -I . % / u f ' u h 'i^ (/ i. r^' 2IO Early Western Travels (Vol. 2 h' / 1 1 1 H honoured.'" John's heart was quite elated, and in less than ten days he had disposed of all the money, like a true Indian, principally in drink. My interference in favour of the Indian made me well known, and procured me an introduction to a respectable mercantile house, from which I got credit for the Indian trade. Having arranged my cargo, I proceeded in a vessel to Albany, where I arrived on the i8th of June. [172] At this place I unloaded my goods, and got them conveyed in a waggon to Schenectady, where I purchased two boats. On the 6th of July I proceeded up the Mo- hawk River, to the German Flats, where I stayed three days; during which time a 1:)and of Oneida Indian j came and solicited me to winter at their village, which was about ten days march from Fort Stanwix. I complied with their request, and set off with twenty-eight horses to carry my baggage, being obliged to travel through the woods, and sold my boats to satisfy those from whom I hired the horses. I arrived safe at the village with all my goods, but finding the plan was not likely to turn out advantageous, after a residence with them three weeks, I bartered for the few skins they had, and having re-pur- chased my boats, I left my Indian friends, proceeding immediately to the Jenesee Lake, where I arrived on the 14th of September. Having landed and secured my goods, I ordered my men_to prepare a house. The chiefs, on hearing of my "* This incident indicates the low state of the ( redit of the United States. Congress passed the act for the rehef of this Tr in, April 8, 1785, as follows: "On report of a committee, consisting of Mr Howell. Mr. Long, and Mr. Holton, to whom was referred a petition of John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, Resolved, That in consideration of the faithful services of John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, in the course of the late war, he be allowed and paid by the commissioners of the treasury, the sum 100 dollars." — Journals oj Congress (Philadelphia, 1801), x, p. 82.— Ed. t i 1 768-1 782] y. Long's Foyages and Travels 21 1 arrival, assembled, and came up to me, accompanied by their young men, expecting presents, which I was obliged to make; and I asked permission to stay on their ground. Some consented, and others disapproved; at the last, after consulting each other, they told me I might go on with the building. The men immediately proceeded with cheerfulness and dispatch, in hopes of finishing the business before their return; but how transitory are all human events! whilst the men were at work, some Indians came in great haste to desire my attendance at the council fire, which was at a small distance from my intended place of residence. I obeyed the summons, and sat down by the chiefs, when one of ther rose up, and addressed me to the following effect. [173] "You . the Sugar, for so you are called in our tongue, but yo- must not have too much sweetness on your lips. All the Oneida Indians say they have heard that you are only come under a pretence to get our lands from us; but this must not be, my young warriors will not sufiFer any Englishman to settle here. You are like the great chief. General Johnson, who asked for a spot of ground, or large bed, to lie on; and when Hendrick, the chief of the Mohawks, had granted his request, he got possession of a great quantity of our hunting grounds; and we have reason to think that you intend to dream us out of our natural rights.'"* We loved Sir William, and therefore consented to all his requests; but you are a stranger, and must not take these liberties: therefore, '"Hendrick was the well-known Mohawk chief, liorn about 1680, whose friendship for the English and especially for Sir William Johnson kept his tribe firm in the Knglish all-" ice during the French wars. Hendrick lived at Cana- joharie in the Mohawk Valley. .■\t the Albany Conference (1754), he was one of the most prominent negotiators; but was killed in the battle of Lake George the following year. — Ed. \ I \\ f ,1 I u. life. He followed the officer's advice, and left me at the fort, which I soon afterwards quitted, and went down to Montreal; from thence I got a conveyance to Quebec; and being greatly distressed, applied to Lord Dorchester for relief, who generously directed his aid de camp to accom- pany me to Lieut. General Hope,'"' and strongly recom- mended mc to his notice, to be employed in an Indian capacity. Being in some measure relieved, and supplied with a few dollars and other necessaries, I was sent up to Cataraqui. I left Quebec, and arrived at Montreal on the 14th of July: the next day I pursued my journey on foot, but seeing two Indians of my acquaintance in a canoe, and having some money in my pocket to buy rum, I hired them to convey me to Cataraqui, and in our way we killed plenty of game. On the igth of August I delivered my credentials to the proper officer, but he could not render me any ser- vice; however, he recommended me, by letter, to his friend at Carlton Island, where Sir John Johnson'"' was "" Guy Carlcton, Lord Dorchester, served with Amherst at Ix)uisburg, in 1758. The next year he was wounded at the siege of Quebec. In 1766 he v»as made governor of Quebec, and was governor of Canada, 1767-70. In 1775, he was again made governor of Quebec, and defended Canada against the American forces until reUeved by Haldimand in 1778. In 1782, he suc- ceeded Clinton as commander-in-chief of the forces in America, and having evacuated New York in 1783, returned with tnc troops to England. He was created Baron Dorchester in 1786, and appointed governor-general of Canada, whither he arrived in October, serving as the ruler of this province until 1796, when he retired to England, where he died in 1808. Henry Hope, lieutenant-colonel of the 44th regiment, came to America in 1776, and served throughout the war. In Novemljer, 1785, he was made lieu- tenant-governor of Canada, and served as acting governor until the arrival of Dorchester, under whom he continued as lieutenant-governor until his death at Quebec, April 13, 178Q. — Ed. "" Sir John Johnson was the son and heir of Sir William Johnsf-n, the New York Indian agent. Bom in the Mohawk Valley in 1742, he received part of ll 1768-1782] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 217 waiting for a vessel to convey him to Niaj^ara, to hold a council with the Indians: fortunately I procured an in- terview with him, and communicating to him my situa- tion, he oidered me to be in readiness to assist as inter- preter at his return. On the i8th of Septcniber, Sir John Johnson met us at the head of the bay of Kenty; the instant the Indians heard of his arrival, they saluted him with a discharge of small arms, and having received some rum, they danced and sung all night [178] their war songs; one of them I particularly noticed, which was to the following effect : — "At last our good father is arrived, he has broken the small branches, and cleared his way to meet us. He has given us presents in abundance, and only demands this large bed (meaning a considerable tract of land which was described on a map)." At twelve o'clock the next day a council was held, and Sir John laid his map before them, desiring a tract of land from Toronto to Lake Huron. This the Indians agreed to grant him, and the deed of gilt being shewn them, it was signed by the chiefs' affixing the emblem, or figure of their respective totams, as their signatures. Sir John Johnson then left them, and embarked for Cataraqui, the capital of the loyalist settlements. Previous to his departure, I made him more fully ac- quainted with my distressed situation, and procured from him a temporary supply, which enabled me to go down his education in England, and vvas knighted there in 1765. He succeeded to his father's position and estates in 1774, and on the outbreak of the Revolution escaped to Canada, where he was made colonel in the British army. His ser- vices during the war, leading Iroquois against the border settlements in the Mohawk and Cherry V'alley, are well known. His estates were confiscated by the State of New York, and he retired to Canada, where he was made super- intendent general of Indian affairs in British North America. His death occurred at Montreal in 1830. — Ed. i^ 2l8 Early fVestem Travels [Vol. i y, I - ' . i to the third Township in the Bay of Ktnty,"* where I stayed with my loyalist friends till the spring of 1787; during which time I had frequent opportunities of making observations on the flourishing state of the new settle- ments. The settlements of loyalists in Canada, bid fair to be a valuable acquisition to Great Britain ; and in case of a war with the United States, will Ix; able to furnish not only some thousands of veteran troops, hut a rising genera- tion of a hardy race of men, whose principles during [179] the last war stimulated them to every exertion, even at the expence of their property, families, and friends, in support of the cause they so warmly espoused. There was, howc' -T, when I resided in the country, one cause of complaint, which, though it may not immediately affect the welfare and prosperity of the present inhabi- tants, or prevent an encrease of population, in proportion to the unlocated lands, is big with impending danger, and which, for the satisfaction of the public, I shall endeav- our to explain. All the land from Point au Baudet (the beginning of the loyalist settlements on the River St. Laurence), to the head of the bay of Kenty, which at this period I am informed, contains at least ten thousand souls, is said to be liable to the old feudal system of the French seigneu- ries; the lords of which claim title to receive some rent, or exercise some paramount right, which, though it may >^" at present very insignificant, and which perhaps may never be insisted on, renders every man dependent on ""In the surveys mafic in 1783-84, preliminary to the Loyalists' settlement, ten townships were set off in Quinti? Bay, which were long known by their respective numbers. The third township was that now called Fredericks- burgh, and was chiefly settled by Johnson's disbanded soldiers. — Ed. m I If li \i 1 768- 1 78 J ] y. Long's Foyages ami Travels 219 the lord of the manor, anfl, in process of time, as land becomes more valuable, the raising; these rents, or the exercise of these rights, may occasion frcfjucnt (iisi»utes: I think therefore, with submission to our j^overnment, that as many hundreds of Americans are now settled there, and doubtless many more may occasionnlly miprate from the United States, either from Ix-inj? disgusted with the jK)lity of the country, or from an idea of reaping greater benefits as subjects of Great Britain, it iK'hoves us to remove every obstacle of subserviency, and either by purchase, or any other mcxle Administration shall think fit to adopt, render all the lands in Canada, granted to loyalist subjects, or others who have, or may voluntarily take the oaths of allegiance, as free as those in Nova Scotia.'" [180] Men who ha'c been engaged in ti'eir country's cause from the best of principles, should have every possible indulgence; and in proportion as they have Ix'en deprived of comforts by the desolation of war, they should be recompensed without any partial restrictions, and the remainder of their days rendered as happy as the government they live under can make them. The population of these new settlements, and their parallel situation with Fort Oswegatche, Carleton Island, Oswego, and Niagara, evince, perhaps, more forcibly than ever, the propriety of retaining those barriers in our possession, which, in the former part of this work, I have fully explained; and as the third Township alone (which is nine miles square) contained, in the year 1787, "" On the land system of Canada, see CannifT, History oj SelUemtnl oj I'pper Canada; and Kingsfurd, History oj Canada (London and Toronto, i8<)4), vii, pp. 300-31.V The feudal tenure was not abolished in Qucfx'C until 1854; but the Act of i7gi, separating l'p|K'r from Lower Canada, decreed a modern system for the Loyalist settlements, — Ed. A •' 1 1 h 'I IV I". 220 Early IVestem Travels [Vol. i • about seventeen hundred inhabitants, it is difficult to say what number of valuable subjects that country may hereafter produce; certain it is, that it is capable of sup- porting multitudes, as the land is in general fertile, and on an average produces about thirty bushels of wheat per acre, even in the imperfect manner in which it is cleared, leaving all the stumps about three feet high, and from five to ten trees on an acre. This mode of clearing is in fact absolutely necessary, because new cultivated lands in hot climater require shelter, to prevent the scorching heat of the sun, which, in its full power, would burn up the seed. It has also been found ex|)edient in stony ground to let the stones remain, as they retain a moisture favorable to vegetation. In the month of May I left the new settlements, and went down to Montreal, and from thence to Quebec, where I wait'^d on Lord Dorchester, but could not gain admiitance. I was afterwards informed [i8i] that his lords,'!!.' was indisposed. I then went to Lieut General Hope's, but he had embarked for England. So many mortifying disappointments affected me very sensibly, but as discouragements generally encreased my exertions, I was more assiduous in my endeavours to live, and whilst I was contriving schemes for future sup- port, I received a supply from a friend: so seasonable a relief braced up al! my nerves, and I felt a pleasure that can scarce be conceived by any but such as have experi- enced hardships and difficulties similar to mine. My heart being cheered, and every gloomy thought dispersed, I determined to leave the country whilst I had money in my pocket. Having found another friend to sign a pass, I went on board a ship then lying in the River St. Laurence, on the 25th of October, and arrived in 't.1 1 768- 1 78 j] J. Long's Voyages and Travels ?.2i London the beginning of December following, rejoiced at again setting foot on my native shore. Having finished the historical part of my work, I have only to solicit the candid indulgence of the public for any literary errors I may have been guilty of; and with great respect to convey to them an humble hope t'lat the Voyages and Travels, together with the Vocabulary subjoined, may not be found totally unworthy their attention. 4 ! . A w ^'(( K \{ ', 'f 1 M ^'1 r ' !i VOCABULARY English Esquimea x Arrow Katso Bow Petiksick Boat Kagak Dog Micke, or Timitok Eye Killick, or Shik Egg Manneguk Ear Tehiu Four (number) Missilagat Foot Itikak Hair Nutshad Heaven Taktuck, or Nabugdkshe Head Niakock Knife Shavie Moon Tdkock Oar Pacotick One (number) Kombuc Sun Shikonac, or Sak^knuc Two (number) Tigal Three (number) Ke Rain Killaluck Tooth Ukak Water Sillakakto n 1^ K 1 i \i\ N. B. Esquimeau, in the singular Number, means an Eater of raw Flesh. 224 Early Western Travels [Vol.2 t * [184] English Iroquois One Uskat Two Tekkeny Three Agnsey Four Kayeery Five Wisk Six Y^yak Seven Tsykdak Eight Sadego Nine Tyoughtow Ten Oy^ry Eleven Oyery uskat yawkrey Twelve Oy^ry tekkeny yawkrey Thirteen Oy^ry aghsey yawkrey Fourteen Oy^ry kayeery yawarey Fifteen Oy^ry wisk yawkrey Sixteen Oy^ry ykyak yawkrey Seventeen Oy^ry tsykdak yawkrey Eighteen Oyery sadego yawkrey Nineteen Oy^ry tyoughtow yawkrey Twenty Towwaghsey Twenty one Towwaghsey uskat yawkrey Twenty two Towwaghsey tekkeny .yawk- rey Twenty three Towwaghsey aghsey yawkrey Twciity four Towwaghsey kayeery yawk- rey Twenty five Towwaghsey wisk yawkrey }\[*\> a: 1791] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 225 [185] Algonkin Chippeway Payjik Payshik Ninch Ncesh Nissoo Neesswoy Neoo Neon Naran Narnan Ningor ■ v assoo Negutwosswoy Ninchowassoo Neeshswosswoy Nissowassoo Swosswoy Shongassoo Shangosswoy Metassoo Metosswoy Metassoo ashy payjik Metosswoy asshca payshik Metassoo ashy ninch Metosswoy asshea neesh Metassoo ashy nissoo Metosswoy asshea neesswoy Metassoo ashy neoo Metosswoy asshea neon Metassoo ashy naran Metosswoy asshea narnan Metassoo ashy ningootwas- Metosswoy asshea negutwos- soo swoy Metassoo ashy ninchowas- Metosswoy asshea neesh- soo swosswoy Metassoo ashy nissowassoo Metosswoy ;. ^wosswoy Metassoo ashy shongassoo Metosswoy a^ ihangos- swoy Ninchtana Neesh tanner Ninchtkna ashy payjik Neesh tanner asshea payshik Ninchtkn^ ashy ninch Neesh tanner asshea neesh Ninchtknk ashy nissoo Neesh tanner asshea neesswoy Ninch I ink ashy neoo Neesh tanner asshea neon f\ > ri 1" r i I' Ninchtank ashy na'-an Neesh tanner asshea narnan ^'m pp I'i I '■i 226 Early IVestern Travels [Vol. 2 [186] English Twenty six Iroquois Towwaghsey ykyak yawkrey Twenty seven Towwaghsey tsykdak yawk- Twenty eight Towwaghsey sad<5go yawk- Twenty nine rey Towwaghsey tyoughtow yawarey Thirty Thirty one Thirty two Thirty three Aghsey newaghsey Af^'isey newaghsey uskat yawkrey Aghsey newaghsey tekkeny yavv&.rey Aghsey newaghsey aghsey Thirty four yawarey Aghsey newaghsey kayeery Thirty five Thirty six yawarey Aghsey newaghsey wisk ya- warey Aghsey newaghsey yayak Thirty seven yawarey Aghsey newaghsey tsyh.dak Thirty eight yawarey Aghsey newaghsey sadcigo Thirty nine yawarey Aghsey newaghsey tyough tow yawarey Forty Forty one Kayeery newaghsey Kayeery newaghsey uskat yawkrcy [79'] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 227 [187] Algonkin Chippeway Ninchtank ashy ningootwas- Neesh tanner asshea negut- soo wosswoy Ninchtkni ashy ninchowas- Neesh tanner asshea neesh- soo swosswoy Ninchtank. ashy nissowassoo Neesh tanner asshea swos- swoy Ninchtank ashy shongassoo Neesh tanner asshea shan- gosiiwoy ' I ■ it ' Nisso metkna Neess semmettenner Nissoo metknk ashy payjik Neess semmettenner asshea payshik Nissoo metank ashy ninch Neess semmettenner asshea neesh Nissoo metana ashy nissoo Neess semmettenner asshea neesswoy Nissoo metank ashy neoo Neess semmettenner asshea neon Nissoo metkna ashy naran Neess semmettenner asshea naman Nissoo metana ashy ningoot- Neess semmettenner asshea wassoo negutwosswoy Nissoo metknk ashy nincho- Neess semmettenner asshea wassoo neeshswosswoy Nissoo metknk ashy nisso- Neess semmettenner asshea swosswoy Neess semmettenner asshea shangosswoy wassoo Nissoo metknk ashy shon- gassoo Neoo met&,na Neoo metknk ashy payjik Neon mettenner Neon mettenner asshea pay- shik '1! ii I / n : !' \^ » I *'' ^ i I I 228 Early Western Travels [Vol. ( I English Iroquois Forty two Kayeery newaghsey tekkeny yawkrey Forty three Kayeery newaghsey aghsey yawkrey Forty four Kayeery newaghsey kayeery yawkrey Forty five Kayeery newaghsey wisk yawarey Forty six Kayeery newaghsey ykyak yaw£irey [i88] Forty seven Kayeery newaghsey tsykdak yawarey Forty eight Kayeery newaghsey sad6go yawarey Forty nine Kayeery newaghsey tyough- tow yawarey Fifty Wisk newaghsey Fifty one Wisk newaghsey uskat ya- warey Fifty two Wisk newaghsey tekkeny yawarey Fifty three Wisk newaghsey aghsey ya- warey Fifty four Wisk newaghsey kayeery yawarey Fifty five Wisk newaghsey wisk yawa- rey Fifty six Wisk newaghsey ykyak ya wkrey i79i] J- Long's Voyages and Travels 229 Algonkin Chippeway Neoo met^ni ashy ninch Neon mettenner asshea neesh Neoo metknk ashy nissoo Neon mettenner asshea nees- swoy Neoo met^nk ashy neoo Neon mettenner asshea neon Neoo met^na ashy naran Neon mettenner asshea nar- nan Neoo met^n^ ashy ningoot- Neon mettenner asshea ne- wassoo gutwosswoy [189] Neoo metkna ashy nincho- Neon mettenner asshea wassoo neeshswosswoy Neoo met^na ashy nisso- Neon mettenner asshea swos- wassoo swoy Neoo metkni ashy shongas- Neon mettenner asshea shan- soo gosswoy Naran metkna Nar mettenner Naran metknk ashy payjik Nar mettenner asshea pay- shik Naran metknk ashy ninch Nar mettenner asdhea neesh Naran metknk ashy nis- Nar mettenner asshea nees- soo swoy Naran metkn^ ashy neoo Nar mettenner asshea neon Naran met^nk ashy naran Nar mettenner asshea nar- nan Naran metknk ashy ningoot- Nar mettenner asshea negut- wassoo wosswoy i U » '•/i !' ' 'I I' t .h h I ii m 230 Early IVestem Travels [Vol. 2 r \ English Iroquois Fifty seven Wisk newaghsey tsy^dak yaw^rcy Fifty eight Wisk newaghsey sadego ya- wkrcy Fifty nine Wisk newaghsey tyoughtow yawkrey Sixty Ykyak newaghsey Sixty one YJiyak newaghsey uskat ya- wkrey Sixty two Ykyak newaghsey tekkeny yawkrey Sixty three Yiyak newaghsey aghsey yawJircy Sixty four Ykyak newaghsey kayeery yawkrey Sixty five Ykyak newaghsey wisk ya- wkrey [190] Sixty six Ykyak newaghsey ykyak yawkrey Sixty seven Ykyak newaghsey tsy,\dak yawkrey Sixty eight Ykyak newaghsey saddgo yawarey Sixty nine Ykyak newaghsey tyoughtow yawarey Seventy Tsykdak newaghsey Seventy one Tsykdak newaghsey uskat yawkrey p I79t] y. Longs Voyages and Travels 1 3 1 A Igon kin Chippeuay Naran mct^nJi a§hy nincho- Nar mcttenncr asshea neesh- wassoo swosswoy Naran metJinJi ashj nisso- Nar mcttenncr asshea swos- wassoo swoy Naran met^nk ashy shon- Nar mcttenncr asshea shan- gassoo gosswoy Ningootwassoo mctJlnk Ningootwassoo mctknk payjik Ningootwassoo met^ni ninch Ningootwassoo metknjl nissoo Ningootwassoo meting ncoo Ningootwassoo mctJlnk naran [191] Ningootwassoo metknk ningootwassoo Ningootwassoo metknk ninchowassoo Ningootwassoo metkn^, nissowassoo Ningootwassoo metan^ shongassoo Negutwoss semrr'^ticnn'^r ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea payshik ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea neesh ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea neesswoy ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea neon ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea naman ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea negutwosswoy ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea neeshswosswoy ashy Negutwoss semmett' nner as- shea swosswoy ashy Negutwoss semmettenner as- shea shangosswoy Ninchowassoo metknk Neeshswoss semmettenner Ninchowassoo metan^ ashy Neeshswoss semmettenner payjik asshea payshik I.. 'hi ■\ ' ' I li'i ! :4 f ?32 pMrly IVestem Travels (Vol. a English Iroquois Seventy two Tsysldak newaghscy tekkeny yaw^rey Seventy three Tsyidak ncwaghsey aghsey yaw^rcy Seventy four Tsykdak ncwaghsey kayeery yawkrey Seventy five Tsykdak newa^hjscy wisk yawkrey Seventy six Tsyidak newaghsey ykyak yawJirey Seventy seven Tsykdak newaghscy tsykdak yawkrey Seventy eight Tsykdak newaghsey sad^go yawkrey Seventy nine Tsykdak newaghsey tyough- tow yawkrey [192] Eighty Sad^go newaghsey Eighty one Sad^go newaghsey uskat yawkrey Eighty two Sad6go newaghsey tekkeny yawkrey Eighty three Sad^go newaghsey aghsey yawkrey Eighty four Sad^go newaghsey i-ayeery yaw^rey Eighty five Sad^po newaghsey wisk yawSirey Eighty six Sad^go newaghsey ykyak yaw&.rey m I79>] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 233 Algonkin Ninchowassoo metkn^ ashy ninch Ninchowass mcUlink ashy nissoo Ninchowassoo metknk ashy ncoo Ninchowcssoo mctanh ashy naran Ninchowassoo met^nJi ashy ningootwassoo Ninchowassoo metink ashy ninchowassoo Ninchowassoo mcUlnk ashy nissowassoo Ninchowassoo metink ashy shongassoo Chippeway Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea mesh Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea nces? >y Nceshswoss semmettcnner usshea neon Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea naman Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea negutwosswoy Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea neeshswosswoy Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea swosswoy Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea shangosswoy [193] Nissowassoo metJink Nissowassoo metknk ashy payjik Nissowassoo metkni ashy ninch Nissowassoo metink '• nissoo Nissowassoo metknk ashy neoo Nissowassoo metknk ashy naran Nissowassoo metknk ashy ningootwassoo Swoss semmettcnner Swoss semmettcnner asshea payshik Swoss semmettcnner asshea neesh Swoss semmettcnner asshea neesswoy Swoss semmettcnner as[s]hca neon Swoss semmettcnner asshea naman Swoss semmettcnner asshea negatwosswoy i i ' •■'ii 234 Early IVestern Travels [\ol. 2 English Iroquois Eighty seven Sndtgj ncwaghsey tsyidak yawircy Eighty eight Sad^-go ncwaghsey sad^go yawilrcy Eighty nine Sad^go ncwaghsey tyough- tow yawJircy Ninety Tyoughtow ncwaghsey Ninety one Tyoughtow ncwaghsey uskat yaw^rcy Ninety two Tyoughtow ncwaghsey tek- kcny yawsirey Ninety three Tyoughtow ncwaghsey agh- scy yawkrey Ninety four Tyoughtow ncwaghsey ka- yeery yawirey Ninety five Tyoughtow ncwaghsey wisk yawkrey Ninety six Tyoughtow ncwaghsey ykyak yaw^rcy [194] Ninety seven Tyoughtow ncwaghsey tsyk- dak yawkrey Ninety eight Tyoughtow ncwaghsey sad6- go yawarey Ninety nine Tyoughtow ncwaghsey tyoughtow yawirey One hundred Uskat towaneyow Two hundred 1 "ckkeny towaneyow Three hundred Aghsey towaneyow Four hundred Kayeery towaneyow i79«] J- Leung's f^oyaga and Travels 235 Algonkin Chippfuay Nissowassoo mctinJl ashy Swoss sfmmt'ttcnncr asshea ninchowassoo ncTshswosswoy Nissowassoo mt-tiinJi ashy Swoss svmmcttenncr asshea nissowassoo swosswoy Nissowassoo meting ashy Swoss semmettcnncr asshea shongassoo shangosswoy Shongassoo mct4n4 Shangoss semmettenner Shongassoo metini ashy Shangoss semniettenncr as- payjik shea payshik Shongassoo meUink ashy Shangoss semmettcnncr as- ninch shea ncesh Shongassoo metini ashy Shangoss semmettcnncr as- nissoo shea neesswoy Shongassoo mcUlni ashy Shangoss semmettcnncr as- neoo shea neon Shongassoo met^nJi ashy Shangoss semmettenner as- naran shea naman Shongassoo metknJl ashy Shangoss semmettenner as- ningootwassoo shea negutwosswoy [195] Shongassoo metini ashy Shangoss semmettcnncr as- ninchowassoo shea neeshswosswoy Shongassoo m ^ni ashy Shangoss semmettenner as- nissowassoo shea swosswoy Shongassoo metknk ashy Shangoss semmettenner as- shongassoo shea shangosswoy Metassoo metina Negut wauk Metassoo ninchtknk metknk Neesh wauk Metassoo nissoo met^nJi Neesswoy wauk Metassoo neoo met^nk Neon wauk If > 'I •*< I i \i lit ; Vi' •' 'V 1 1,'t 'I \\\S' ^ I) I 236 Early Western Travels [Vol.3 English Five hundred Six hundred Seven hundred Eight hundred Nine hundred One thousand Iroquois Wisk towaneyow Ykyak towaneyow Tsy&dak towanqrow Sad^o towaneyow Tyoughtow towaneyow Oy6ry towaneyow 1^!r «79»1 J' Long's Feyages and Travels 237 Algonkin Metassoo naran metiLnil Metassoo ningootwassoo met&nlL Metassoo ninchowasso Metassoo nissowassoo met&n^ Metassoo shongassoo met&nit Chippeway Nar wauk Negutwoss wauk Neeshswoss wauk Swoss wauk Shangoss wauk Metassoo metassoo metjin^ Metosswoy kitchee wauk ' \\ 4\l a I . « I ■■ » A TABLE OF WORDS [196] Shewing, in a variety 0} Instances, the Difference as well as Analogy between the Algonkin and Chippeway Languages, with the English Explanation. English Algonkin Chippeway To abandon, or forsake Packiton Packitan To arrive at a place Takouchin Takooshin To assist Mawinewah Mawinewah To alter, or change Miscoush Mishcoot To amuse, or play Packeguay Athtergam To beat, or bruise Packit6 Packettywaun To believe Tilerimah, or tike- Indenendum gwo- — — ^ yack Cannar, or cunner J — To believe To be willing rimah Wisch To call To carry Tychintkaw Petou, or peta To dance Nemeh To do, or make Toshiton [197] To dwell, or stay Tapia To drink Minikwah To eat Wissin Nandootum Keemarjemet Nemeh Ojeytoon, or Tojey- toon Appay Minniquah Wissinnin ( i i79i] J- Long's Voyages and Travels 239 English Algonkin Chippeu'ay To freeze Kissim Mushcowwartin To fall Ponkisin Ponkissin To find Nantounewaw Warbermeco To go by water Pimmiscaw Pamiskian, or pe- miskar To go by land Teja Papamotay To give Millaw Darmissey To govern Tibarimaw Tibarimaw To have Tindala Arwayyor To hunt Keousscy Geosay To hate Shinguerimaw Nesharquish To keep Ganawerimaw Gannewainnemar To km Nesa Gunnesar To know Kekerindan Keecannawendan To love, or love Sakiar Zargay, or zargey- toon To lose Packilague Winnetoon To laugh Kapy Pawpy To lie down Weepemaw Neperhan To meet Nantoonewar Neewatch [198] To marry Weewin Tuckunnumkewish To make water Minsy Meesesay To make fire, & Pootawee Pooterway che- cook bockwoy To pay Tipaham Guddyparhan I I r I** ■'•/ if If 6 -I 'I ni « 240 Early JVestem Travels [Vol.2 1,1 J i English Algonkin Chippeway To please Mirowerrindan Mirrowerrindan To perspire Matootoo Matootoo To run Pitcheba Squamich To row Pimisca Pemishkar To sit down Mantippy Mantetappy To seek Nantawerima Warcharch To sing Sheshin Najemoon To steal Kemootin Keemotyan To sleep Nepa Nepan To smoke a pipe Saggasoy Suggersoy To speak Galoola Debarchim, or de- barchemon To see Wabemo Wabemat, or wabe- mor To take Takoonan Tarpenan To think Tilelindan Indenendum, or in- denind To tell Teta Gudjey To throw away, or repudiate Webenan Waybenan [199] To understand Nistotawa Neesstootewar To vex Iskatissey Annascartissey, or nishcartissey To walk, or go Pemousse Pamosay To win Packitan Warmatt l-i i !.■ ' t ,) i79i] J- Long's Voyages and Travels 241 English Algonkin Chippeway Axe Ajackwet Ajackquoit Above, or high Spimink Ishpemeg After, or after- wards Mipidach Ningoot And Gaye, or mipigaye ' Ashea Another Coutak Ningootch Again, or yet Menawatch Meenewatch All Kakina Cockinnor Always, wherever Kakeli Cargoneek, or me- marmo Breech clout Kepokitty kousah Oncean Beard Mischiton Opeewyesky Barrel Ayoentagvin Owentagun Ball, or large shot Alwin Kitchee anwin Bottle Sheshegouay Motay Beaver Amik Amik Beaver skin Appiminiquy Appiminiquy Body Yao Yoe [200] Blankets Wabiwyan Waperwoyan Breech Miskousah Peckqueen dorsow Bear Mackquah Mackquah Bear cub Makons Mackconce, or Mackquacon Bread, or flour Paboushikan Pockquoisigan Broth, or soup Wabou Shoanarboop Bag Maskimout Muchcomat Blood Miskoo Misquy Bark bowl, or cup Oulagan Onagun Belly Mishemout Ishquamach Brother Necanish Shemayn I '. '/I I'; '/! :J 'I' i\ .tii ') ' n i'l ^ 242 Ear/y fVestern Travels [Vol. 2 English Algonkin Chippeway Bowels Olakick Onuggesh Birds, or towl Pil6 Pinneyshis Because Mewinch Mewinch Black Negao Mackcutty Big Mentitoo Menditoo Coats Capotewian Piskawagan Canoe Cheeman Cheeman Companion, or Neechee Neejee, or Neecar- friend nis Captain, or chief Okemaw Okemaw, or Oje- maw Captain, or head Kitchee okemaw Kitchee Okemaw warrior semauganish Child, or ch'ldren Bobeloshin Queebesince Courage Taquamissi Taguamissy, or [201] Haguamissy Covetous Sasakissy Sazargesay Cold Kekatch Geessennar Duck, wild Sheeship Sheeshib Dust Pingway Pingo Deer Awaskesh Awaskesh Dog Alim Anim Dog, puppy Alimons Animonce Day, or days Okonogat Ogunnegat Dart Sheshikwee Aysquish Dish Mackoan Mackoan Dead Neepoo Neepoo Devil, or Bad Matchee Manni- Matchee Manni- Spirit too too Dance of Savages Sheshequoy Shessaquoy n 1791] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 24; English Drunk Algonkin Ousquibby Done, it is done, or past Sheyar Elk Eye English Equal Each Enough Fire steel Fire [202] Fort French Fish Fish, white Fox Flesh of animals Fork or prong stick Father Fat, or he is fat Female, or woman Full Free, generous Formerly Far off Mens Ouskinshik Outsakamink da- chereni Tabiscooch Paypayjik Mimilic Scoutykan Scoute Wackaygan Mittigoush Kickons Attikamek Outagamy Weass Nassawokwot Nooskay Pimete Ickwer Mooshquenay Walatissy Peraweego Watso Chippeway Squibby, or Os- quibby Shyyar Moouse Wiskinky Saggonash Tabiscoach Papayjit Mee, or mimilic Squittycan, or Sco- taycan Scotay or squitty Wakaygan Waymistergoash Kegonce Artikkameg Assinbo Weass Cawmeek meteek Nocey Pimmethy Equoy Mooshquenay Ajackquoy Maywisher Awassa, or Awassa woyta Vfi I 1! • li \i • 244 Early Western Travels [Vol. J \\ ' English Algonkin Chippeway Girl Ickwessens Equoysincc Gun Paskeysegan Baskeyzegan Grass Myask Nepish, or mejask Grapes Shoamin Minneshish God, or Great Spirit Kitchee Mannitoo Kitchee Mannitoo Gunpowder Pingo Mackate Mackcutty, or Pin- go Mackcutty Good Quelatch Nishshishshin House, or hut Wikiwam Wigwaum Hair, human Lissy Lissy [203] Hair, of beasts Pewall Opeeway Heaven, or the Spiminkaquin Pockcan worrock- other world ey,orpockantun- nockey Hare Wapoos Wapoos Husband, or mas- ter of weakness Napema Nabaim Head Ousteooan Eshtergoan Heart Mishewah Oathty Half Nabal Arbittar Handsome Sasayga Sasayga Home, or dwell- ing Entayank Ashemich Hot Akeeshattay Geeshartay Hungry Packatay Bocketty Here Akonda, or ako- manda Ashemich How Tany Tawny ^\ 1 !■ 1791] J- Long's Voyages and Travels 245 English Algonkin Chippeway How much, or Tantasot; or tar- Tawnymiljk? how many ? nimilik ? Indian com Metamin Medarmin Iron P vaby Pewabick Island Minis Minnesey Indians Ishinawbah Nishinnorbay Immediately Webatch Webatch Idle, or lazy Kittimy Kittim Knife Mockoman Mokoman Knife, crooked Coutagan Wakeckuman [204] Kettle, or pot Akikkons Akeek Land Oustikan Onjee Looking glasses Wabemo Warbemoon Lake Kitchee Gammink Sakiegan Letter Marseynaygan Marpcynaygan Leggons, or stock- ings Metass Mittasse Light (clear) Vendao Meesharquoit Long since Shashayay Sharshyyar Little, small, few Wabeloosheins Pongay, or hagu shenonce Man Alisinape Ninnee Moon, or night light Debikat Ikisy Geezus Mistress, or wife Neremoossin Mentimoye Merchandise Alokatchigan Huncushigon, or Annacotchigon '/' m !(•! \i. f' u 'U 246 Early IVestem Travels [\0\. 2 English Algonkin Chtppeway Medicine Maskikik Maskikkec Male Nape Ayarbey Male deer, or stag Mechcway Ayarbcy awaskesh Much Nebela Nepcwar, or gvvotch Needle to sew with Shabounekan Shaboonegun Nose Yatch Yotch News Taypatchimoo, kan Mergumntegat Night Debbikat Debbikat Near, or nigh Pechoowetch Payshew [205] Now Nongom Nogome Never Kawicka Cawwickca, or cas- sawickca No Ka Cawween, or ka Nothing Kakaygoo Kakaygo Not yet Kamasshy Kamarchy Otter Nekeek Nekeek Old, he was old Kewesheins Keewaency Portage, or carry- ing place Cappatagan Onuggemeg People, or nation Irenee Nondajewot Paddle, or small oar Apway Abboy Pike (a fish) Kenonjay Kenonjay Peninsula Minnissin Minnissin Peace Pekah leecho ♦ i 1791 ] y. Long's Voyages ami Travels 247 Knglhh Algnukin Chippnt'ay PartridRe Pilesiwec Peenay Pipe Poygan Opoygan Quick VVelibik Annatcw)k Ring, for the fin- ger Debclincheebesor I Zenzcebisson i'icc, wild Malomin Menomon Road Meekan Meekan Rum, or brandy Scoutiwaboy SquittyvvalK), or [206] scotaywabo Rain Kemewan Kimmcovan River Roots of trees Sepim Oustikwees Seepec VVatappy Robe of peltry Ockola Woygan, or oako- nus Red Misquy Misquoy, or mis- quitty Shirt Spoon Papakewean Mickvjran Parbockerwoyan Tamickquoin Sw. or great '. le St »e, to have Semagan Kitchee mokoman sense Star Nebwacka Alan Annaboycassey Annunk Sturgeon Sea, or unbound- ed lake Laniek Agankitchce gam- mink Onnemay Kitchee ganimink Stone Assin Assin Spirit Mannitoo Mannitoo ■ n ,W \Vk i-". /' I I :\\ i : 248 Early Western Traveh [Vol. I I • \ t )■ I English Sun, or great light Shoes (Indian) Ship, or great ca- noe Soldier, or war- rior Smoke, or fire fog Summer, or spring Sick Algonkin Keesis Mackisin Kitchee cheeman Chi^peway Ge. es-ey Mai.kis 1.1 Kitchf 1 \aber- IIOI!. Il Sad Strong [207] Teeth To-morrow Tomahawk Tongue, human Tobacco Tobacco pouch Trees There Too much Too little Thank you Truly That Together Vermillion Village Water Scmaganis Pentakoe Merockamink Outineous Talissimy Mashkawa Tebit Wabank Agackwetons Ooton vSayma Kaspetagun Meteek Mandadiby Ozam Ozame mangis Meegwatch Keket Manda Mamawee Oulamar Oudenank Nepee Kvtp. sr' it ay Aq'Sdisev Ml slicow .. Wecbit Warbunk Warcockquoite Ooton Assaymer Kispetawgun Meteek VVoity, or awoity Ozome Ozome pangay Meegwotch Kaygait Maunder Marmo Ozonnemon Narpoon Nippee kJ ^:f M '79»1 y. Long's Voyages ami Travfis 249 English Algonkin Chippeway Winter Pei)oon Bebone Wolf Mahingan Mahingan Wine, or blocni Shoemin aboo Mishquoy shoa red broth narboop Wind Loutin Nottting Woods Nopcmenk Menopemcg War Nontobily Mecartay Weary, or tired Takoosy Nowwendayshon [2081 Why Tanicntien Cannatof) Where Ta Aunday Where is he ? or where does he dwell ? Tani-py appy Tannepy Appay What is that ? what? or what now? Waneweenay ? Whygonin ? Who is that ? Waneweenay ma bo? Hawaneeyau ? Whence Tannepy Tannepy White Waby W^arbishcar Yellow Wazzo J6nia Yes Mi, or Minkooty Angaymer, or Nan- gaymer Yesterday Pitchylago Pitchynargo f'. ^^l '/. n n. " ij Ix J 'I » ,s I il il^n '\i 250 Ear/y fVestern Travels [Vol. [209] English Mohegan Shawanee A bear Mquoh Mauquah A beaver Amisque Amaquah Eye Hkeesque Skesacoo Ear Towohque Towacah Fetch Pautoh Peatoloo My grandfather Nemoghhome Nemasompethau My grandmother Nohhum Nocumthau My grandchild Naughees Noosthethau He goes Pumissoo Pomthalo A girl Peesquausoo Sqauthauthau House Weekumuhm Weecuah He (that man) Uwoh Welah His head vVeinsis Weenseh His heart Utoh Otaheh Hair Weghaukun Welathoh Her husband Waughecheh Wasecheh His teeth Wepeeton Wepeetalee I thank you Wneeweh Neauweh My uncle Nsees Neeseethau I Neah Nelah Thou Keah Kelah We Neaunuh Nelauweh Ye Keauwuh Kelauweh Water Nbey Nippee Elder sister Nmees Nemeethau River Sepoo Thepee i V I It 1» I' ' I \ \l t 'L 252 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 ;' I . [210] English Mohegan Bear Mquoh Beaver Amisque Dead, he is dead Nboo, or Neepoo Devil, or Bad Spirit Mtandou Dress the kettle, (make a fire) Pootouwah Eyes Ukeesquan Fire Stauw Give it him Meenuh How Tuneh House Weekumuhm Go, or walk Pumisseh Marry Weeween River Sepoo Shoes Mkissin The sun Keesogh Sit down Mattipeh Water Nbey Where Tehah Wmter Hpoon Wood Metooque N. B. The e final is not sounded except in monosylla- bles. 1790 J. Long's Voyages ana Travels 253 [211] Algonkin Chippeway Mackquah Mackquah Amik Amik Nepoo Neepoo Matchee Mannitoo Matchee Mannitoo Poutwah Pooterway Chebockwoy Ouskinshik Wiskinky Scoute Scotay or Squitty Millaw Darmissey Tany Tawny Wikiwam Wigwaum Pemousse Pamos4y Wewin Tuckunnumkewish Sepim Seepee Mackisin Maukissin Keesis Geessessey Mantippy Mantetappy Nepee Nippee Ta Aunday Pepoon Bebone Meteek Meteek w •'i / il ^■1 r it H m I t I .? \i m W 254 £tfr/)' tVestem Travels [212] English Above Absent Abuse, to Accept, to Account, to Accuse, to Add to Admire, to Advice Adultery Afraid Afternoon Again Agree, to Alike All Ally Alone Always Amuse, to Another Answer, to And A, an, or the Bread Black [213] Dear English Father Iroquois Aynegun Y<1ckta ohdrlogh Hcnryotaxa layner Sastdyricey Ctittergun Cay^ntuck Sannagatcdcktone Sattay^ntack Sdchequar Sdquoy Nowwdtone S^go Curywyydrley Saddyyouth Agudgo Lan6ha Ydckta oya Chetko Susqueeselon Oya Sattr61y Noke Ne, ne Kanddaro Agohoonsay Camolelow Cherrihunsdgat Luggoney rvoi. 2 i79i] J' Longs Voyages and Travels 255 English Gunpowder Give me Iroquois Ogdnra Cassar How much, or how many Toneego Jacob Yarwek King, or great chief Sachem Money Montreal Wisstar Chocktyhargo Or Neteas Partridge Peter Plenty Perhaps Oquesses Gwider Cushcowait Togatt Rose (a flower) Rum [214] Shot Sugar Silver works Easel Skarat Ondya Chekayter Wisstar noolone Thank you There is Yaown Honerer Understand, to Cockharonckar Wise Wind Satoakha Yowwettv ( v> 256 Early fVestem Travels [Vol.2 • i .» '■\ English Iroquois Win, to Rowwenn^hoo WiUing Senooncy wad Ydckta satolkha Wife Sannatella White Cardrger War Satterleyhone Who Unghka Was Ne Water Oghn^ga Wine, or blood red soup On^ahhdradischhotihtserd- keri Who was Ungka ne What was Oghnihayadbtea Where Caha Virgin Handghgwdyenden [215] Young Agtintelo You Ecee Yesterday Tyoticktdrlow Yes Etho YeUow Ajeenegwar Year Atoori Your health Honoroquennyee m 1 791] J' Long's Voyages and Travels 257 [216] Names of Furs and Skins in English and French English Fat winter beaver Fat summer beaver Dry winter beaver Dry summer beaver Old winter beaver Old summer beaver Raw stag skins Prepared stag skins Rein deer skins Raw hind skins Prepared hind skins Mush rats Prepared roebuck skins Unprepared roebuck skins Tanned roebuck skins Southern, or Virginia foxes White, from Tadousac, foxes Wolves Beaver eaters Martens Squirrels, black Squirrels, grey [217] Fishers Bears Bears, Cub Otters Cats Lynx French Castor gras d'hiver Castor gras d'6t6 Castor sees d'hiver Castor sees d'6t6 Castor vieux d'hiver Castor vieux d'^t^ Cerfs verts Cerfs passes Caribous Biches vertes Biches pass^es Rats musques Chevreuils passes Chevreuils verts Chevreuils tan6s Renards du sud ou Virginie Renards blancs de Tadousac Loups de bois Carcajous Martres Ecureuils, noirs Ecureuils, argent^s Peccans Ours Oursons Loutres Chats Loups cerviers It I i };', » .< 258 Early Western Travels English Foxes, red Foxes, cross Foxes, black Foxts, grey Minks North Case Cat Soutn Case Cat [Vol. 2 French Renards, rouges Renards crois^s Renards noirs Renards argent^s Visons, ou Fourtreaux Pichoux du nord Pichoux du sud \i \4 m 1 791] y. Long's yoyages and Travels 259 [a 18] Parts oj the Human Body English Chippeway Ankle VVarwich Arm Anik Arm, broken K^sconeek Back Onlckquick Beard Opeewy^sky Belly Is'quamach Blood Misqiiy Body Yoe Bones Oakcan Bowels Onuggesh Brain Opin Breath Nowwfi ing, or nowwetty- wich Breech Peckqueen dorsow Breast Wheyde Cheeks Warbim Chin Utchwar Eye Wiskfnky Eye that squints Annooch Ear Ndndawar [219] Eyelid P^wyar Eyebrow Gw^tso Face Meechaw Fundament Meeds^ywort Fingers Argatso Foot, or feet 0/-ett Gall March^w Hand Arradche Heart Oathty Hair Lissy ••'(J ] y. Long' J Voyages and Travels 263 English Chippeway Sturgeon Onnenuiy Snakes Keenaypfckneeshey Skin of aninuils Nink Squirrel Opickquoy Swan Kitchee meework Tongue of animals Saww^tch Tail of animals Warmeech Turkey Weenecobbo Trout Narmdyguiss Wing cf birds Gwimbltch Wolf Mawhfngon I-'f « M It. 264 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 • i \\ M l\ [224] Merchandise English Chippeway Arm hands Kitchee wdybesun Axe Aj^ckquoit Ball, or large shot Kitchee dnwin Brass wire Pewarbickcdnce Beads Mannetoo mendnce Broaches Paun^a Breech clout Oncean Blanket Waperw6yan Comb Pendrquan Coat Piskawdgan Canoe awl Meecdose Fire steel Squlttycan Finger ring Zenzdebisson Gun flint Powwabickc6on Gum Pickk^w Gun Bask^yzegan [225] Gartering Arcoqu6shergan Gunpowder, or black dust Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo Gun worms Teaklagun Hair plates Saggobdnwan Hawk bells Pewarbeneech Horn Pendycutty Hats Oweoathcoan Kettle, or pot Akeek , i V'! i79i] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 265 English Chippeway Knife, or knives Knife, crooked M6koman Wakdckuman Lines for a net Leggons, or stockings Looking glasses Shenowantdgan Mittasse Warbermoone Needles Net for fishing Shaboonegun Assubbub Ribbons, or silk Rum, or brandy S^nnebar Scdtaywdbo, or Squittaywdbo Spear Shot Stroud, blue [226] Stroud, red Shirt Eshcan Sheesheebanwin Mannetoo woygdn MIshwoygdn Parb6ckerwoydn Tomahawk Tobacco Thread Warcdckquoite, or Warcdck- quoite Opoygan Assdymer Asstib V^ermilion Ozonnemon Wristbands Anndn ■ i# r :> \ 'A I h ■) TABLE OF WORDS « ,1 W. li 'il i il , ''' [227] English Chippeway Army, or number of people assembled together Barthtidrje Adultery Keemdtegun Air Shaquoit Ashes Pamdtay wdybegun Arch (part of a circle) Nonddrgay Aunt Ergflshemin Absent Cdwween dppay All Cockinn6r Abuse, to abuse Mecirtay All together Cockinndr marm6 Alive Pemdrtus Ashamed, to be ashamed Newemo Any Apdckcan, or han Alike, or equal Tabiscoach Again, or yet M^enewatch Alone, at, or only Aighter or unter Always, or wherever Cargon^ek, or memdrmo After, or afterwards Ningoot And Ashea [228] A and The Pdyshik Another Ningootch Alone, or I myself Nin aighter Above, or high I'shpemeg Also, too Guyyea Book, letter, paper Marseynaygan Bread, or flour Pockquofsigan M I ( i.V i7Qi] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 267 English Chippeway Broth, or soup Shoanarboop Branches of a tree Meetec<5nce Brother Shemayn Bark of a tree Wigwass Bark, fire bark Scdtay wigwass Boy Oskendygay Battle Shamishcavt Bag Mushcorriat Barrel Owent^gun Bridge Warn-.eek Basket, or hand bowl Wandtch Bed P^shshemo Bottle Motay Bay, or road for vessels Ass^njey Box of wood, or bark, o' Meteek mushcomat, or muc- rum keg cuck Blue Taldnjay Bald Parmin Bad, or wicked Matchee [229] Bitter Matooch Bright, or light Meeshdrquoit Barren, not bearing fruit Matchee wdybegun Big, or great Menditoo Black Mackcdtty Blind Warbermendech Broad Hamatchey Bottom Haundwatchey Busy U'ngwoitch Because Mewinch But Moszack By and by Panimdr V r '■t I' i •'I ' > 1' h L I 7 \ 268 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 '•\ • I ^v English Chippeway Below Opdrmey Beyond, or far off Awassa, or awassa woy'ta Before Awdshshemon Behind Ning6ochum Between Icktum guichum Besides Metdch, or menoche Canoe Cheeman Country Tunnockdy Chief, or captain Oj^maw, or O'kemaw Cup, or bark bowl Ondgun Cloud, or grand cover Kendrbo Cable, or big rope Kitchee assubbub Copper, iron, or brass Pewdrbick Crowd Nepewdmoonddjewort [230] Cabin, hut, or house Wigwaum Current of water Sedgwin Companion, or friend Neejee, or Neecamis Courage Hagudmissey or Tagudmis- sey Child, or children Queebesince Com, Indian Meddrmin Covetous, or greedy Sazdrgesay Calm Annywattin Cunning Matchee weeb^zesay Coarse (not fine) Matchee arpeech Cold Geessennar Come here Ondass Can it, is it, was it Nar Carrj'ing place, or portage Onuggemeg l> i I )' 1" J >79i] y- Long's Voyages and Travels 269 English Chippeway Devil, or Bad Spirit Matchee Mannitoo Daughter Indongway, or Damiss Dust, or powder Pingo Day, fine Meeno geesshegat Day, bad Matchee geesshegat Day, or days Ogiinnegat Day, dawn of Thur^nsera Dart Aysquish Dew Misquoitch Debt, or trust Marsennahatch, or Marsen- ndygan Door, shut the door Squendum Dish Mackcdan [231] Down (on the ground) Doutch Dear, or too much Ozdme Done, gone, or past Shyydr, or shdrshyyar Dark Ondrgushey Drunk. Squibby, or Osquibby Dressed, or ripe Keejetty Drowsy, (I am drowsy) Neparhar Dry, or thirsty Sparchtay Deaf Chartch Dead Nepoo Deep Anneycheewoatch Edge Gatsotes Enemy, or bad heart Matchee Oathty English Saggonash Earth Mattoyash Easy Meenw^ndesay Enough Mee i' 'I ♦.1 :fl i' 1 h \ I 2/0 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 '^I ' UK l< p ■ ) • V '« III 1^ i •Ik \\ 1 ,'■( IM English Chippeway Empty Cawwcen mooshkenay Equal, or alike Tabiscoach Each Papay'jit Flour, or bread Pockquofsigan Fat, oil, or grease Pimmethy Food Mejimmim Fever Mishquoishdrtay Fear, to fear, he is afraid Keezdycus [232] Fruit Pinneesh Feast Wisseneet Friend, or companion Neejee, or Necdmis Fool, he is a fool Keepdrtesee Flood of water Chingwim FamUy Nepewoajdnis Father N«5cey French, or builders of ves- sels Waymistergoash Fathom (a measure) Eunick Female, or woman E'quoy Fork, or prong stick Cdwmeek meeteek Fire Scdtay, or squitty Flint stone Pewarmickcoon Fort, or tower Wakdygon Fond, I am fond Nezdrgea Free, or generous Ajdckquoy Fine (not coarse) Arpeech Few Memdrjis Fresh (not stale) Meecheeweass Full Mooshquenay Formerly, long time ago Maywisher ♦ 'f 1791] y. Long's Foyages ami Travels 271 English Grease, fat, or oil Grapes Girl God, or Great Spirit Chippeway Pimmethy Minnishish E'quoysince Kitchee Mannitoo Gold, or fine yellow metal Kitchee j6nia [233] Great, good Green Great, or big Globe, the earth Gone, past, or done Harbour Health Herb, or grass Kitchee, or nishshishshin Achib Menditoo Warbegun Shyyar, or sharshyyar Pejarcan Pemdrtus Nepish, or mejdsk Hell, or place of bad spirits Kitchee squlttyung Half, or part Home, or dwelling Hill Husband, or master of weakness Hole Huckleberries Hard, cruel; it is hard or cruel Handsome Heavy Hot, or warm Hungry, thin, lean He, him, she, or her Here How, or how do you do ? Arbittdr A'shemich Anneech Nabaim March Shdamin Sdnnegat Sasay'ga Pest^rquan Geeshdrtay Bdcketty Ween Omdr, or owdy Waygush, or way way \' t i \ !■' / if ^\'\ 272 Early IVestem Travels [Vol. » i English Chippeway How many, or how much Tawnimilik Here and there Pay payshik [234] Have, had Arthty High, or above I'shpemeg Island Min'nesi:/ Ice Mequdrme Indians Nishinnorbay Journey, to go a journey Marchidn Justice, or truth Gwoyack Idle, or lazy Klttim Jealous Pejdrmoach I, me, or my Nin, nee, or nee, nee I, myself, or alone Nin aighter If K^shpin Indeed Hapddgey Immediately, or very soon Weebdtch In Pendeek It is true, or right, or very Kaygait, kay, or meeg- well woyack I have Kaygo I have not Ka, kaygo Is it, was it, can it Nar Knot of wood Mushqueew6rmeteek King, or great chief G<5senan Lake Sakiegan Lightning, or quick fire Squitty annacook [235] I-oss, to lose Winnetoon if m^:^!!MS»: i79'l y. Long's Voyages and Travels 273 English Leaves Life Love, to love Land Lean, hungry, or thin Little, small Light (not heavy) Light, or bright Lazy, or idle Last ong Lame Low Long since Lately, or now Lewd, or unwise Male Middle Music Merchandize Milk, or the sap of the breast Medicine Mistress, or wife My wife, or mistress Mouth [236] Moon Mat made of rushes Mother Chippeu'ay Ncpcech Noochimmoin Zdrgay, or zargeytoon Onjee R6cketty Pongay Cdwween pestdrquan Meeshdrquoit Kittim Ingwitch, or awass Keendnje Armooch Appywick Sharshyyar Nog6me Cdwwcen annobdycassey Ayarb^y Amang Agummeweech Huncushigon, or annacdt- chigon Tootooshonarbo Maskikkec Mentimdyey Mentimdyamish War bun Geezus Woyzdskquish Ningay I.. ■I'j H ' f] 1 ^'t Id 274 Early IVfstem Travels [Vol 2 1 ft ii English Man Montreal (a town in Cana- da) Morning Mountain Mud Many Much, or a great deal Mine, belonging to me Make haste Me, my, or I News, or intelligence Name Night Nest, bird's nest Noise Nothing, no, or not New, or strange Narrow Near, or nigh Not yet Now, or lately Never [237] Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat Old, he is old Out, or without Of Oh! oh! Chippeuay N in nee Monyny'yank Keejay'p Espeo'ckay Onjecrh Mdmay N^pewar, or gwotch VVeechdpc Weebittin, or ha weebittdn Nin, nee, or nee, nee Mcrgummegat Shcnecazeau Dcbbikat VVcsshepitchta Tonbingesay Cdwween, or Ka Nobeetch, or pockcan Agussin Paysh^w Kdmarchey Nogdme Cdwwickcd, or cdssawick- Pfmrnethy Kcewaency Accochink An Taw! waw! ' \i '7'JiI J, Long's royagt-s and Travfh 275 English Only, at, or alone Our, us, or wc One, the, a, > >r an Pity, or sorrow Part, or half Pain Plenty Paint I'eace Pipe Portage, or carrying place Peninsula Poison, or the taste of the bad swelling Paddle, or small oar Priest, or Master of Life's man Pack, or bundle of skins Present, or gift Pledge Price, what price, how many, or how much [238] Pleasure People, or nation Permission Patient l'r(X)f Poor Proud Pregnant Chippeway Aighter or unter Necnncrwind Pdyshik Cushkendum Arbittiir Daggow'vvemeech Cushcowait Zawniim Meecho Op<5ygan Onuggemeg Minncsin Matchee pattso A'bboy Kitchee > .annitoo Ninnee Meekintargan Achimmey Assinjdgo Anderso) Armeetso Nonddjewot Gar Arddtch Charno Kitchee Mdrgussey Ish'pemeech Mooshkey :fl '\ ) MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 21 _J /APPLIED INA^IGE In y,^ Rocnesler, Ne* Tq^u 14609 USA '■as (:"6) *82 - 0300 - Phone ^S (^'6) ^88 - 5969 - Fa. 2/6 Early Western Travels [Vol.2 . :^)v fi j< English Chippeway Past, gone, done Shyydr, or shdshyydr Perhaps Cdnnebatch Plural Woke Quiet, all is quiet Stiggermarsh Quick Annacook Rock weed, or tripe de rfiche Haw'wercoon Rice, Indian Men6mon River Seepee Robe made of peltry Woygdn, or oakdnus Read Meekan Raft of wood Nepewameteek Rain Kimmeewan Rocks Essfngo Rushes Woyzdsk Roots of trees Watippy Roots, a figurative expres- sion for the affections , of the heart which en- twine about each other Waterwawaddoossin [239] Rapid, or strong current of water Pdwwetmk Ready Guy'oxim Rotten Dadge Round Omich Red Misquitty, or misquy Rough Guachootch Raw, or unripe Kakeejetty Ripe, or dressed Keejetty ^791] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 277 English Stone Soup, or broth Sense, or understanding Sap of the breast, or milk Star Shame Stranger Shade SheU Sky Sleep Sugar, or sweet Salt Soldier, warrior, or brave man Sister Strong, or strength Summer, or spring Stumps of trees [240] Storm Slay, an Indian carriage Spoon Son Sand Ship, or great canoe Shoes (Indian) Sword, or great knife Sea, or great unbounded lake Smoke, or fire fog Chippeway Assin Shoandrboop Annab<5ycassey Tootooshomarbo Anndnk Acheek P^withay Angwoitch Atch Esh'pea Nep^n Seezeebdckquoit, or seeze- quar Sheotigan Shemdgonish Shemay'nce Mdshkowar Men<5kemeg Mdtwort Matchee geeshegar Tarbinndck Tdmmickquoin Jdnis Ddrjey Kitchee ndberquoin Maukissin Kitchee m<5koman Kitchee gammink Ktcndrbittay J ' i 278 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 % English Chippeway Sail of a ship Kitchee n^berquoin partxSck- erwoyan Snow C jing Sun, or great light Geessessey Soft Charbeech Sad Cushkendummerman Sorrow, or pity Cushkendum Savage, or wild Matcheewa Small, or little Hagtishenonce, or pongay Sharp Weemdtch Smooth Namin Sour Nebltch Sudden I'shmick Slow Kittermish Surprising Towwdcktowar Short Ddckquoy Strange, or new Nobeetch, or pockan [241] Such Shendrgussey Sick Aquoisee She, her, he, or him Ween Tower or fort Wakaygon Truth, or justice Gwoyack Trade Artawway Trader Artawway v Innin Thunder Tarbishdr Tobacco pouch Kispetawgan Thief; he is a thief Keemotay Trees, or wood Meteek Thoughts Waybissay, or waybeezezay Thing, or things Kaygoshish /ol. 2 <5ck- 1791] J. Longs Voyages and Travels 279 ^y zay English To-morrow Tame Thin, hungry, or lean True; to be true This, or that They, them, or ye There, at that place The, a, an, or one To Thou, or you Too little Too, or also Too much [242] Together Thank you Urine Valley Virgin Voice, or the echo of the breath Village Unripe, or raw Unwise, or lewd Unlucky, or unfortunate Unjust, or wrong Under Unto Upon Very well, or it is true, or right Chippeway Warbunk Jimmenin Bocketty Deb'woy Mor, or momdar Weenewar Woity, or awoity Pdyshik Ojey Keen, kee, or kee kee Oz<5me pongay Guyyea Oz<5me Marmo Meegwoitch Meessay Amarcheep Qu^wescence Tarpoach Narpoon Kakeejetty Cdwween annaboycassey Basqueenewar Cdwween gwoyack Otdrpeet Un'towarch Ish'carmooch Meegwoyyack, kay, or kay- gait t I '1 V 'I f I! ■' I il :>/ ■' 28o Early Western Travels [Vol 2 I t V" English Chippeway Very soon, or immediately Weebatch Us, we, our, all of us Neenncrwinu Wife, or mistress Water Wind Wound War, to go to war, to fight, or quarrel Woods Wine, or blood red broth [243] Whore, or bad woman Winter, or year Well of water Word Wing Witness, you are a witness World, the other world Wide Weary, or tired Wild, or savage Warm, or hot Wet Willing, to be willing White Weak WUd We, us, or oar Who, or who is that ? Mentimoy'ey Nippee Noetting Aquish Mecartay Mendpemeg Misquoyshoanarboop Matchee mdyamee Beb<5ne Sagoyb Caza Gwimbitch Ken'dersay Pockcan worroc'kay, or pock- can tunnoc'kay Packquolm Nowwenday'shon Matcheewa Geeshar'tay Neepeeweenoon Can'nar, or cun'ner Warbishcdr Cdwween mush'kowar Camaboycus Neennerwind Way'nin i79i] J. Long's Voyages ami Travels 28 i English What, or what now ? Where When, or whence Why Wherever, or always Was it, is it, can it [244] Young (offspring) Yesterday Young man, or men Ye, they, or them Ye, your Yes Yellow Yet, or again Chippeway Hawwaneeyaw, tar'nin, tar'- neyau, or way'gonin Aiinday Tan'nepy Cannatoo Cargoneek, or memar'mo Nar Wiskon'kissey Pitchynar'go Doskeennerway'mug Weennewar K6ennei-wind Angay'mer, or Nan'gaymer Jonia Meenewatch To amuse, or play To account To approve; I approve To assist To alter, or change To affront To answer, or attend to To ask, I ask To ascend To abandon, or forsake To arrive at a place To arrive by land To arrive by water Athtergain Metashwdrbermy Momooch nezar'gay Mawwinnewah Mishcoot Nishcar'teyan Noneydone Nindooton, or nindootimond Negddeja Pack'itan Takooshin Keekeepejar'can Sharshyyar' new'ebens s if \ K... u ' ] I 282 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 V ■' English Chippeway To avoid Yaquoy To attack Jimmim To be vexed ; I am vexed Nischcdrteseyyan [245] To believe Inden^ndum gwoyack To bawl Tonbingus To be told Ecdrto To begin Ethetum war'march To bend Maichlm To be willing Can'nar, or cun'ner To betray all Matchee arp^^ech chickwar'- woke To beat, or bruise Packettywaum To bring, or fetch Nartin, or Petoon To bind, or tie Tackan'nin To break, or tear Bowwiskar To bite Quoyjim To build Gowwedjetoon To barter Gudgymdrdat To boil Zepeeooch To borrow Carmatch'ey To bum Squitty drbach To beg (you beg) Keenanddton To bathe Nepewoy'awat To be unconcerned, or in- different about a thing Mornooch towwdrch To cut Kiskejune To call Nandootum To choose Tucku'nnin To cure Zarsquoy • I 179'] J. Long's Fo ygres and Travels 283 [246] English Chippeway To catch Keeasquin To clean Warbermeech To chew VVis'semeg To come on Ondash'in To carry Kccmarjemet To close Dusquin To converse Debdrchim, or debdrchemon To conquer Ninnowatchim To dance Nem^h To drown Nepewooch To divide Arbitdrch To dig Achim To dwell, or stay Appay To defend Mushkdwesay To dream Charmeech To drop Char'quoy To depart Gamar'char To drink Minniquah To dip Marchtooch To elect Keetdrpeech To embark Boossin To experience Candan To expect Indenendumsee To eat Wissinnin [247] To freeze Mushcow'wartin To find Warbermecd To fast Bockettyneech To fish Bockettywaun To feel Tarpin, or peach i' I I j t; ft 284 Early IVestern Travels [Vol. 1 i\ I i 1§A English Chippeway To faU Ponkissin To float Amooch To follow Weegewach'in Tc. forget;! forgot Newinnemeecoossay To foretell; I foretell Newdrbemoach To fetch, or bring Nartin, or petoon To fly Zeewltch To grow Amecchet To grind Ojit To give Ddrmissey To gi I will go Es'zar, or Guddeszar To go by water Pamiskian, or pemfskar To go by land Papamotay To get up, or rise Gonisbcar To govern Tibarimaw To hide Cannawdndan To hold Jingwim To hate Neshdrquish To hear Stootewar, or nonc^ '-^aitch To hurt Naw'wameetch [248] To hang Peechuganub To hunt G^osay To hit Mdtwoit To have Arwayyor To interpret Kitchee uiigwoitch undarje- wort To jump Abooch To join, I join Neewo ^ .1 " t 179'] y. Long's Voyages an J Tnnrls 285 English Chippt'^-ay To keep Gannewainncmar To km Gunnesar To know, you k ow KeccannawC'tidan To kick Achip To lend Mishcow'wom ?ech To love; love Zargay, or zdrgeytoon To long to see, or wish Bad.1sh To lose; loss Winnctoon To lift Es'termecch To learn E'shpermcech To lead Acheech To lie down Neparhan To lie, a falsity Cdwween deb'woy To laugh Pawpy' To meet Neewatch To make fire and cook Pooterway chebdckwoy [249] To make, or do Ojeytoon, or tojeytoon To measure A pin To melt Acheemeech To mend Packquoy mowacbin To mix Packquoltso To marry Tuckunnu'mkewish To make water Meesesay To neglect VVInnemawatch To own Guddypen'dan, or dependan To open Pameech, or hapitch To p'ace, or put Acktone, or neech i I ;f ! h i" i a 286 Early IVestem Travels [Vol. , J! I t ' English To pull To pay To please To push To pass To pierce To pinch To promise To perspire To return To raise To receive [250] To row To rejoice To run To read To revolt To ride To release To rise or get up Chippeway Ajilrmc Guddypa'rhan Mirrowcrrindan Mcetso Pisquitch Chagworm Chlmmcney Nebebecwoy Matootoo Tercus'henan, or guabeeche- way Ishpin AjJmmoach Pemlshkar Papyan Squamlch Daguoltso Etummecdrtey Annyscoop Pejdrkemet Gonfshcar ■f tl To repudiate, to throw away Waybendn M ' r\ To shake To stand up To sail To ..pit To seek To stand To seize Pisquemeetch Pdsserquoin Pemishcarmooch Warmar'ch Warchar'ch Anddtch Ajimmenin i79i] y. Long's F(yages and Travels 28"' English To stab To split To shew To shut To sing To sink To satisfy To sit down, or sit you down To send To smoke a > e To swim To see To speak To smell To say; what did you say? when spoke angrily To stink; you stink, or your sentiments are offen- sive To strike To steal To sleep To tie, or bind To touch To tell To think To throw away; to repudi- ate To take Chippeway BatchcyjHjhonc Chippauk Serpdrgusscy Cu ,)crharne Ndjemoon Nonddgat Xcminwaindcsce Mantetdppy Marchetoon Suggcrsoy Squabccch Wabemdt, or wabemdr Debdrchim, or debdrchemon laqultch Ickeet<5yan KeemC'chawic. Keebdrcham Keemdtyan Nepdn Tackannin Chewwar Gudjey In'denind, or indenendum Waybendn Tarpendn r I I' \s ' } k 288 ,'i Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 English Chippeway To understand Neesstootewar To view, or examine well mj' mind Wabinddn To vex Annascar'tissey, or nishcar'- tissey To win To watch To wash [252] To work To want To weep To walk, or go To weigh To wish, or long to see Warmatt Warbennis, or warbenn^t Zaqu^benan Tojeytoon, or gtisketoon Guy'yossey Marmy' Pamdsay Quois'ciquen Baddsh 1 1 i . Si , ■ . k' .'1 TABLE OF WORDS [253] Chippeway Abboy Ajack'quoit Annaboy'cassey Anik Appimlniquy Ayarb^y awashk^sh Amik Ass^njey Anim Animdnce Aysquish Awashk6sh Annooch Argdtso Asslnbo Artik'kameg Arcoquosh'ergan Armoche Arbittdr Anneech A'shemich Akeek [254] Ayarb^y Annacdtchigon, or huncti- shigon Amdng Agummeweech Asstibub English Paddle, or small oar Axe Sense, or understanding Arm Beaver skin Buck, or male deer Beaver Bay, (harbour for canoes) Dog Dog, puppy Dart Deer Eye that squints Fingers Fox White fish Gartering Hand Half, or part HUl Home, or dwellmg Kettle, or pot Male Merchandise Middle Music Net for fishing 1 > :i i 290 Early Western Travels [Vol.2 ' «, H' I : > 1 'i '.' Chippeway English Assub Achimmey Thread Present, or gift Assinj^go Pledge An'dersoy, or tawnymUik Price; what price? how many ? how much ? Armeetso Pleasure Ashin'go Ribs Asseeban Racoon Amikwoygdn , or amik oak- 6nus Beaver robe Aquish Wound Attees Sinews Annunk ' Star Assin Stone Acheek Shame Angwoitch Shade Atch Shell Artawway Trade Artawway winnin Trader Assay'mer Tobacco Amarcheep VaUey Anndnk Wrist Anndn Wristbands [255] Annywattin Calm Anneycheewoatch Deep Achib Green Armooch Lame Ajack'quoy Free, or generous Appywick Low Agiissin Narrow Arddtch Patient 1791] y. Long's Voyages and Travels 291 Chippeway Arpeech Annacook Ac'quoisee Apackhan, or han Awoity, or woity Aighter, or unter Aunday Angdymer, or ndngaymer Awashemon An Awa'ss, or ingwitch Awa'ssa, or awa'ssa woy'ta Accochink Arthty Ashea Athtergain Arbitdrch Arwayyor Achim An'yscoop [256] Appay Amooch Acheech Ameechet Achfp Abooch Apin Ajdrme Ajfmmoach Ajimmenin Andatch English Fine, not coarse Quick Sick Any There; at a place Only, at, alone Where Yes Before Of Last Beyond, or far oil Out, or without Have, had And To amuse, or play To divide To have To dig To ride To dwell, or stay To float To lead To grow To kick To jump To measure To pull To receive To seize To stand \- I ^>.i iW \f 1 \)\ !'' «l M 4.| '■rs !(!^ ': 'i; 292 Earfy Western Travels [Vol. 2 Chippeway English Ac'ktone, or neech To place, or put Annascar'tissey, or nlshcar- tisscy To vex Acheemeech To melt Baskey'zegan Gun Bebo'ne Winter, or year Barthtiar'je Army, or number of people assembled together Bdcketty Hungry, thin, lean Basqueenewar Unlucky, or unfortunate Bowwis'kar To break, or tear Bdckettyneech To fast Batcheypehone To stab Bad^.sh To long to see, or wish B(5ckettywaun To fish Boossin To embark [257] Cushk6ndum Sorrow, or pity Cheeman Canoe Cushecance Tame cat Cark cark Crow Chingwim Flood of water Cawmeek meteek Fork, or prong stick Coocooshe Hog Cushccwait Plenty Cawween, or ka Nothing, no, not Cdza Word Cdwween dppay Absent Cockinndr All Cockinn6r marm6 All together Chartch Deaf J79I] J. Long's Voyages and Travels •93 Chippeway Cdwween mooshkenay Cdwween pest^rquan Cdwween annaboy'cassey Charbeech Cushkendummerman Ciwween gwoyack Cdwween mush'kowar Cainayboy'cus Cargoneek, or memirmo Cdwwickd, or cdssawick- cd Cannatoo Can'nebatch Charno [258] Can'ner, or cun'ner Candan Charmeech Char'quoy Cannaw^ndan Cawween deb'woy Chagworm Chlmmeney Chippauk Cupperhame Chewwar Carmdtchey Deb'bikat Doskeennerway'mug Daggow'wemeech Dar'jey English Empty Light (not heavy) Lewd, or unwise Soft Sad Unjust, or wrong Weak Wild Always, wherever Never Why Perhaps Proof WUling, to be willing To experience To dream To drop To hide To lie (a falsity) To pierce To pinch To split To shut To touch To borrow Night Young man, or men Pain Sand t 1 294 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 h»' 1^ Chippeivay English Dar'niss, or indong'way Daughter Dadge Rotten Ddckquoy Short Doutch Down, on the ground Deb'woy True, to be true Dus'quin To close Debar'chim, or debar'che- mon To converse Daguoit'so To read Depen'dan, or gtiddypendan To own Dar'missey To give [259] Eunick Fathom (a measure) Ergush'shemin Aunt E'quoy Woman, or female E'quoysince Girl Eshtergdan Head Espeoc'kay Mountain Esslngo Rocks Eshteroath'can Skull E'shcan Spears Esh'pea Sky Es'zar, or giiddeszar To go; I will go Ethetum war'march To begin Es'termeech To lift Esh'permeech To learn Etummecar'tey To revolt Fcar'to To be told Gdsenan King, or great chief Gwat'so Eyebrow 179'] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 295 Chippeway Gatsoatcs Gwoyack Geczus Gu^veshew Going Geessessey Gwimbltch Geecsennar [260] Geeshar'tay Guy'oxim Guachootch Gar Guyyea Gwotch, or n^pewar Guuggymdrdat Guabeecheway, or tercd shenan Gowwe^jetoon Gamar'char Guy'yossey G^osay Gannewain'nemar Gun'nesar Guddypar'han Guddypen'dan, or ddp English Edge Justice, or truth Moon Plover Snow Sun, or great light Wing, of birds Cold Hot, or warm; to make hot or warm Ready Rough Permission Also, too Much, or a great deal To barter To return To build To depart To want To hunt To keep To kill To pay Gudjey 'kar Gonish Gusketoon !an To own To tell To rise, or get up or tdjeytoon To work i! \, Guddeszar, or Es'zar To go, I will^go 296 Early Western Travels [Vol. Chippeway English Huncush'igon, or annacotch' - igon Merchandise Hagua'missey, or tagud- missey Courage Hdwoyzask Musquash, or musk rat Haw'wercoon Tripe de rdche, or rock wee< Hamdtchey Broad [261] Haundwdtchey Bottom Hagiishenonce Sn.Jl Hawwaneeyaw, tamin, tar- neyau, or way'gonin What, or what now ? Han, or apackcan Any Hapadjey Indeed Hapitch, or pameech To open Ha weebittan, or weebittan Make haste Indong'way, or dar'niss Daughter Jdnis Son Jdnia Yellow Ish'pemeg High, or above Ingwitch, or awdss Last Ish'pemeech Proud I'shmick Sudden Jimmenin Tame Is'quamach Belly Icktum guichum Between I'shcarrnooch Upon In'denind, or indenen'dum To think Indenen'dumsee To expect Jlmmim To attack Jingwim To hold [Vol. J ^79') J. Long's r^jyagi's and Tmich 297 Chippeway English Ishpin To raise Jaqultch To smell Indenen'dum ff./oyack To believe a thing true [262] Ickkectoyan To say; what dia you say ? when spoken angrily Kes'coneek Keemdtcgun Kitchee anwin Kitchee carbo Keenar'bo Kitchee assubbub Keegdnce Keepartesee Kitchee mannitoo Kitchen jdnia Kitchee squittyung Kcejayp Keenonjey Kitcl .'e mannitoo ninnee Kimmeewan Keenaypick'neeshey Kitchee meework Kitchee mdkoman Kitchee gammink Keendrbittay Kitchee ndberquoin par- bock'erwoyan Kitchee ndberquoin Keemotay Broken arm Adultery Ball, or large shot Crane (a bird) Cloud, or grand cover Cable, o- big rope Fish Fool ; he is a fool God, or Great Spirit Gold, or fine yellow metal Hell, or place of bad spirits Morning Pike, a fish Priest, or Master of Life's man Rain Snakes Swan Sword, or great knife Sea, or great unbounded lake Smoke, or fire fog Sail of a ship Ship, or great canoe Thief;heisathiv^f '( 298 Early fVestem Travels [Vol. J . 1' [363] Chippeway Kispctaw'gan Keezay'cus Ken'dcrsay Kitchee, or nishshishshin Ki tehee way'besun Kittim Keen6nge Keewdency Kitchee mor'guss'iy Kakcejetty Keejetty KIttermish Keen, kee, or kee kee Ka, or ca'v/ween K^shpin Kaygoshish Kaygait, kay, or meegwoy- ack Kamar'chey Keennenvind Kaygo Kakaygo Keenanddton Keeas'quin Keekeepejar'can Kiskejune Keemar'jemet Keetar'peech [264] Kitchee ungwoitch, undar'- jewort Keemdtyan Erglish Tobacco pouch Fear; to icar; he is afraid Witness; you are a witness Great, or good Armbands Idle, or lazy Long Old, he is old Poor Raw, or unripe Ripe, or dressed Slow Thou, or you No, not ; nothing If Thing, or things It is true, or truly Not yet Ye, your I have I have no' To beg; you beg To catch To arrive by land To cut To carry To elect To interpret To steal '79'1 J. Long's Voyages and Travels 299 Chippeway Ktvmcechawich Kcebar'chaui Kcccannawen'dan Lissy Mejisk, or neplsh Marchiin Mushqueewor'meteek Mannetdncc Misquy' Mannetoo menan'ce Mackquih Mackquacon'ce, or mack- on'ce Meetecdnse Marseynay'gan English To stink; you stink, or your sentiments arr offensive To strike To know; you know Human hair Herb, or grass Journey; to go a journey Knot of wood Ants, and all small insects Blood Beads Bear Cub bear Branches of a tree Book, letter, or paper Meteek mfishcomat, or muc- Box of wood, or bark, or rum cuck M6tay Mushcomat Meecoose Medar'min Mendmon Matchee Mannitoo Misquoitch [265] Mackcdan Mcekintar'gan Marsennahatch, or marsen nay'gan keg Bottle Bag Canoe awls Indian com Indian rice Devil, or bad spirit Dew Dish Pack, or bundle of skins Debt, or trust 300 Early IVestern Travels {Vol. l\ Chippeway English Mecno gccsshcgat Fine day Matchee gecshegat Dad day Mt»ousc Elk Meegeczes Eagle Matchcc oathty Enemy, or bad heart Matt-^yash Earth Mccchaw Face Meed sdy wort Fundament Muckkikee Frog Mcjimmim Food Mishquoishdrtay Fever Marchew' Gall Min'nishish Grapes March Hole Min'nesey Island Min'nesin Peninsula Mecquorm Ice Mdkoman Knife, or knives Meemoche Lips Mittasse Leggons, or stockings Maunk Loon, (a bird) Maskikkee Medicine Mentimoy'ey Wife, or mistress Mentimoy'amish My wife, or mistress [266] Mfesey Mouth Mergummegat News Mackcutty, or mackcutty fingo Gunpowder, or black dust Meecho Peace Matchee pattso Poison, or the taste of tb bad swelling '^^'^ 7- ^""g'^ yoyages and Travih Chippeway Mcekan Mannctoo woygan' Mishwoygan' Mcndkemeg i«lai'\ ort Mtisnkowar Matchee gcesshegar Monyny'yank Maukissin Mcl'iek Mitchea Meessay Mawhin'gon Mecar'tay Mcndpemeg Misquoyshoanar'boop Matchee mdyamee Matchee Matooch Matchee way'begun [267] Menditoo Matchee arpeech Matchee weebeezesay Meenwen'desay Mee Meermdrjis Meecheweass Mooshquenay Mackcutty Meeshar'quoit 30 ' English Road Blue Stroud Red Stroud Summer, or sprin^ Stumps of trees Strength, or strong Storm Montreal, a town in Canada Indian shoes Trees, or wood Thumbs Urine Wolf War; to gc to war; to f:ght, or quarrel Woods Wine, or blood red broth Whore, o- bad woman I> id, or wicked Bitter Barren, or not bearing fruit Big, or great Coarse, not fine Cunning Easy Enough Few- Fresh, not stale Full Black Light, or bright 302 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 1 t \ • I I r i^ ' \ . Chippeway Marnay Mooshkey Misquy, or misquitiy Matcheewa Marmo Maunder, or mor Metdch, or menoch Mewinch Meenewatch Memar'mo, or cargoneek Maywisher Moszack Meegwoyack, kay, or kay- gait Meewgotch Mishcoot Marchetoorj [268] Mantetappy Meetso Mirrowerrindan Metashwar'bermy Momooch nezar'gay Mawwinnewah Marchim Matchee arpeech chickwar Matchee arpeech chickwar' woke Marmy' Momooch towwdrch English Many Pregnant Red Savage, or wild Together This, or that Besides Because Again, or yet Always, wherever Long time ago, formerly, or is it long since ? But It is true, or right, or very well Thank you To alter, or change To send To sit down, or sit you down To push To please To account To approve; I approve To assist To bend To betray To betray a number of peo- ple To weep To be unconcerned, or in- different about a thing I79I] y. Long's Voyages ami Travels Chippeway Mushkiwesay Mat'woit Min'niquah Mishcow'womeech Marchtooch Mushcow'wartin Matootoo Nondar'gay Nowettywich, or nowwetting Narmay'bin Nepewamoonddjewort Non'dawar Neejee, or neecamis Ncpewoaj^nis Ndcey [269] Nepish, or mejdsk Nabaim' I'^l English To defend To hit To drink To lend To dip To freeze To perspire Arch, part of a circle Breath Carp, a fish Crowd Ear Friend, or companion Family Father Nishinnorbay Noochimmoin Nin'gay Ninnee Narb Neecark Ncpeech Nekcek Neatissum, or weebor'so Nondajewot Nepewameteek Nink Herb, or grass Husband, or master of weak- ness Indians Life Mother Man Nails of fingers and toes Wild goose Leaves Otter Veins of the body People, or nation Raft of wood Skin of animals ii 304 Early Western Travels [Vol.a '.'i 11*;. 1 f f I Chippeway Nepan' Narmay'guiss Narpoon Nippec Noetting Newemo Ningootch Nezar'gea Nepewar, or gwotch Nif hshishshin', or kitchee Nobeetch, or pockcan Namin Nebitch [270] Nepeeweenoon Nowwenday'shon Neepoo Neparhar Nin, nee, or nee nee Nin aighter Neennerwind Nangay'mer,or angay'mer Nogom Ningoot Ningoochum Ningootch Nar Nishcar'teyan Neeshar'quish Nishcarteseyan Nishcartissay, or annascar tissey English Sleep Trout Village Water Wind Ashamed ; to be ashamed Another Fond, I am fond Much, or a great deal Good, or great New, or strange Smooth Sour Wet Weary, or tired Dead Drowsy; I am drowsy I, me, my I myself, or alone We, us, or our; all of us Yes Now, or lately Afterwards, or after Behind Another Is it, was it, can it To affront To hate To be vexed ; I am vexed To vex ■X- [Vol.a 179O J. Long's Foyages and Travels 305 ned us exed Chippeway Ndneydone Nindooton, or nindooti- mond Negddeja Nepewoy'awat Neesstootewar Ninnowatchim Nemeh Nepewooch Nartin, or petoon Naw'wameetch [271] Neewo Neparhan Newinnemecoossay Newdrbemoach Nondagaitch, or stootewar Neewatch Necch, or acktone Nebebeewoy Najemoon Nonddgat Neminwain'desee Nepa'n Nandootum '»■ English To answer, or attend to To ask; I ask To ascend To bathe To undc To conquL. To dance To drown To fetch, or bring To hurt To join To lie down To forget; I forget To foretell; I foretell To hear To meet To put, or place To promise To sir.',' To sink To satisfy To sleep To call *t 0"agun Bark bowl, or cup Oakdnus, or amik woygan' Beaver robe Opeewyesky Beard Onick'quick Back Oakcan Bones Opin Brain 3o6 Early Western Travels [Vol. I i' 't>'t\ i^ Chippeway Oncean Oskenay'gay Owentagun Ojemaw, or O'kemaw Ogunnegat Ozett Oyan [272] Ochick' Onuggesh Oathty Opeeway Oweoathcoan Onuggemeg Ogashy Ocdrt Onjee Onjeech Opoy'gan Ogdnce Onnemay Opickquoy Oquarme Outon Ozonnemon Oz6me Oz6me pongay Onar'gushey Omich Opar'mey Omar, or owdy Otarpeet English Breech clout Boy Barrel Chief Day, or days Foot, or feet Fur of animals Fisher, an animal Bowels Heart Hair of animals Hats Portage, or carrying place Horse Leg Land Mud Pipe Pickerill, a fish Sturgeon, a fish Squirrel Thighs Tongue Vermillion Too much, or dear Too little Dark Round Below Here Under 179'] J' Long's Voyages and Travels 307 Chippcicay English Ojey To Ondass Come here Osquibby, or squibby Drunk [273] Ojit To grind Ojeytoon, or ogubbetoon To make, or do Ondashin' To come on Pennyshance All small birds Pamdtay way'begun Ashes Peckqueen dorsow Breech Pewarbickc6nce Brass wire Paunea Broaches Peshshekey Buffalo Pesh'shemo Bed Penar'quan Combs Piskaw^gan Coats Peshshew Wood cat Pewar'bick Copper, iron, or brass Pingo Dust, or powder Pewyar Eyelid Pennyshis Fowl, or birds Pockquoisigan Flour, or bread Pinneesh Fruit Pcquim Feathers of birds Pewarmickcoon Flint stone Pow'wabickcoon Gun flints Pickkew Gum Powwetink Rapid or strong current of water P^withay Stranger Pewarbcneec i Hawk bells 'd I 3o8 Early Western Travels [Vol. 2 h i, 4 [274] Chippeway Peja'rcan Pemartus Pendycutty Puttwar Pecktdpe Pinneck Pimmethy Peenay Pockkikkin Parbock'erwoyan' Pockcan worrockay, or pockcan tunnockay Pitchynar'go Pester'quan Parmln Pejar'moach Pongay, or hagush'enonce Pdyshik Pockcan, or nobeetch Packquoim Payshdw Papay'jit Panlmdr Pendeek Pay, pdyshik Pack'itan Peach, or tarpln [275] Pon'kissin Pamiskian, or pemiskar Papamotay English Harbour Health Horn Knee Nostrills Navel Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat Partridge Skin (human) Shirts The other world or country Yesterday Heavy Bald Jealous Little, small One, the, a, or an Strange, or new Wide Near, or nigh Each By and by In Here, and there To abandon, or forsake To feel To fall To go by water To go by land i79i] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 309 Chippeway Peechliganub Packettywaun Pawpy' Packquoy mowachin Packquoltso Petoon, or nartin Pameech, or hapltch Pisquitch Pemlshkar Papyan Pejar'kemet Pas'serquoin Pemlshcarmooch Pis quemeetch Pamdsay Pooterway chebock'woy Quickwahay Queebesince Quinch Qu6wescence Quoyjim Quois'ciquen [276] Shaquoit Shemayn Shoanar'boop Shemay'nce Shamishcart Sedgwin Squendum Sheshib English To hang To beat To laugh To mend To mix To fetch, or bring To open To pass To row To rejoice To release To stand up To sail To shake To walk To make a fire and cook Beaver eater Child, or children Liver Virgin To bite To weigh Air Brother Broth, or soup Sister Battle Current of water Door; shut the door WUd duck 3'o Early IVestem Travels [Vol. \ > i.( Chippeway Saggonash Squittycan Squitty, or scotay Scotay wigwass Saggoban'wan Sh6amin Seegwa Squitty annacook Saklegan Shenowantigan Shan'gwoitch Shem'mor Shaboonegun Sheneciizeau Sen'nebar Scdtaywa'bo, or squittywa' bo Seepee Sheesheebanwin Sheecark [277] Seezeebockquoit, or seeze- quar Sagoyb Sheotdgan Shemdgonish Squissow Sawwetch Sazdrgesay Sannegat English English Fire steels Fire Fire bark Hair plates Huckleberries Lungs Lightning, or quick fire Lake Lines for a net Mink Neck Needles Name Ribbands, or silk Rum, or brandy River Shot Skunk, or pole cat Sugar, or sweet Well of water Salt Soldier, warrior, or b ave man Throat Tongue of animals Greedy, or covetous Hard, cruel; it is hard, or cruel 179'] J. Long's Voyages and Travels 3 1 i Chippeu'ay Sasay'j^a Shenargusscy Sug'gcrmarsh Shy yd r, or shar'shyyar Squibby, or Osquibby Sparchtay Sharshyar' newcbcns Squittyar'l)ach Sug'gersoy Squabcech Serpar'gussey Stootewar, or nondagaitch Squamlch Sharshyydr Tagudmissey, or haguamis sey Tonbin'gesay Tunnoc'kay Teakiagun [278] Tarbatch Tootooshonarbo Tam'mikquoin Tarbinndck • Tarbishar Talon'jay Tarwar'chewort Thurensera Tarpoach Tabiscoach English Handsome Such Quiet; all !;> quiet Past, or gone, or done Drunk Thirsty, or dry I'o arrive by water To burn To smoke a pipe I'o swim To shev I'o hear To run Long since Courage Noise Country Gun worms Hips Milk, or sap of the breast Spoon Indian slay Thunder Blue Toes Dawn of day Voice, or the echo of the breath Equal, or alike 'd !• ♦ IK Fit ' 'm » I !' I f|f in f I t: i'» 312 Earfy fVestem Travels [Vol. 3 Chippeway English Towwacktowar Surprising Tannepy When, or whence Tar'nin, tar'neyau, way'go- nin.orhawwaneeyaw What, or what now ? TawnimUik, or andersoy How many, what price, how much? Taw ! waw ! Oh! oh! Tarpendn To take Takooshin To arrive at a place Tackannin To bind, or tie Tuckunnin To choose TiMrimaw To govern Tuckunnum'kewish To marry Tonbin'gus To bawl Tercush'enan, or guabee- cheway To return Tarpin, or peach To feel T6jeytoon, or gusketoon To work Utchwar Chin [279] Un'gwoitch Busy Unter, or aighter Only, at, or dione Untowarch Unto Way'bissay, or waybeezesay Thoughts Warbunk To-morrow Warwich AnUe Warcockquoit, or warcock- quoit opoygan Tomahawk YVabatch An animal between a dog and a wolf '79«) J. Long's y.yages and Travels 3' Chippeway Whecy6c Wapcrwoyan' VVapdtth Warmeek Wigwass Warbim' Wiskin'ky Wark Warbcgum' Weass Wissenect Way.nlstergoash Wakay'gon VVematishtcrg6an Woygdn, or oakdnus Wapoos [280] Weeyan Wigwaum VVakeck'uman Warbermoon Winnetoon Warbun' Woyzdskquish Warbeshan'ce Wesshepdtchta Woyzdsk Watappy Warmeech Weenecobbo Weebitt Weebor'so, or neatissum Rnj^Ush Breast lilankets Basket, or hand bowl Bridge Bark of a tree Cheeks Eyes Kggs Glolx-, the earth Flesh of animals Feast French, or builders of vessels Fort, or tower Bald head Robe made of peltry Hare Hide of animals House, cabin, or hut Crooked knife Looking glasses Loss Month Rush mat Marten, an animal Bird's nest Rushes Roots of trees Tail of animals Turkey Teeth Veins 3»4 Early Westtm Travels [Vol. ^^^1 Chipprway VViscon'kisscy Warbtrmcnccch Wccmatch Warbishclr Watcrwawadoossin Ween Weennewar Way'nin Way'gonin, hawwanecyaw tar'nin Tar'neyau [281] Waygush, or way way Woity, or awoity Weebdtch Weech6pc Woke Weebittan', or ha, wcebit- tan' W'arbermecch Wlssemeg Wissinnin Weegewach'in Warbermec6 Winnemawatch Warmarch Wabindan Wabemdt, or wabem6r F.nglish Young, offspring Blind Sharp White Roots; a figurative expression for the affections of the heart, which entwine alx)Ut each other He. him, she or her Ye, they, or them Who, or who is that ? \ What, or what now ? How, or how do you do ? There, at that place Inmf r-itcly, or very soon Mine, belonging to me Plural number Make haste To clean To chew To eat To follow To find To neglect To spit To view, or examine well my mind To see i79«l 7* I^ftg'i yoynges tinii Tnivf/j '5 Chipprway English Ward arch To strk VVarnjatt To win VVarl)cnnfs, or warlxnnet To watcli Wayljcndn To throw away, t. rrpudiatc Yoc H(xly Yotch Nost- Yaquoy To avoid Zcnzcebisson Finger rings Zdrgay, or zarg^ytoon Love; to love [282] Zawnum' Paint; to paint Zeepeeooch To boil Zar'squoy To cure Zeewitc'h To fly Zayqu^benan To wash w »(' FAMILIAR PHRASES IN THE ENGLISH AND CHIPPE\\AY LANGUAGES ^ J ill FAMILIAR PHRASES IN THE ENGLISH [284J English How do you do, friend ? In good health, I thank you. What news ? I have none. Have you had a good hunt this winter ? Yes, a very good hunt. What lake did you hunt at last winter ? At the Skunk Lake. What is there at that lake ? Beaver, but not much. How long were you there ? Only one month. They say there are no fish in that lake; That is hard. There has been a great deal of snow lately; We have all found it hard this winter. Did you see any strange Indians on the way ? Yes, I met five going to Lake Sturgeon. Had they any thing with them? No, I did not see any thing but slays. I long to see spring, that we may go a fishing. What lake will you fish at ? The Red Lake. [286] Our canoes are broken; We must make new in the spring. There is great quantity of birch bark at the Red Lake; Yes, but the trees are small. AND CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES [285] Chippcway Way, way, nee neejce ? Meegwotch n6bum pemartus. Ta'rnin mergummegat ? Caw'ween a'rwayyor. Nlshshishshin geosay ndgone bebdme ? Anga'ymer, O, nlshshishshin. Hawwaneeyaw sakiegan kee geosay awa'ss bclwnc ? Sheecark Sakiegan. Way'gonin woity ha sakiegan ? Amik, cawween gvvotch. May\visher kee appay ? Payshik geezus aighter. Eca'rto ca'wween ka'ygo keegonce woity sakiegan; Sannegat. Nepewar going nogdme; ^kinndr marmd ojey candan sannegat nogdme bebdne. xan nishinnorbay kee warbema't nar ? Anga'ymer, na'rnan nee warbemdr onncmay sakiegan ojey eszar. Ka'ygoshish arthty weenewar nar ? Ca'wween, nin ojey warbcrma't a'nvayyor tarbinna'ck. Ba'dash mendkemeg bdckettwaun neennerwind. Ta'rneyau sakiegan keen bdckettywaun ? Misquittyyang sakiegan. [287] Cdckinnor neennerwind, O, chema'n ojey bowwiskar; Pdckcan in gar ojeytoon mendkemeg. Nepewdr wigwass woity Misquittyyang Sakiegan; Anga'ymer, hagushenonce mcteck. p « 320 Early fVestern Travels [Vol. 3 i , English How many fal jm long will you make your canoe ? Perhaps three fathom. There tie many rapids at the Red Lake; Are they hard rapids ? Here and there. How long are you going up them ? Fifteen days. That is long. Bring me some tobacco; Here is some for you. This is English; Yes, it is. Sit down. I want to smoke a pipe. I am tired. I will lie down. I will get up. I want to eat. I want to drink. We will make fire and cook our kettle; It is ready; Let us eat ; It is very good. [288] I will go. \re you going, friend ? Yes, but I shall return soon. Have you any good guns ? Yes. Let us see them ? This is broke. Here is another; 179'] J- Long's Voyages and Travels 321 Chippeway Ta'wnimillk eu nick kee ojeytdon chcma'n ? Ca'nnebatch neesswoy eunik. Nepewar powwetink Misquittyyang Sakiegan ; Sannegat nar powwetink ? Pay, pa'yshik. Maywisher nar shy'yar cockinndr ? Metdsswoy ogflnnegat asshea na'rnan. D^bwoy maywisher. Assa'ymer petoon ; Oway. Maunder Sa'ggonash ; Anga'ymer d^dwoy. Manteta'ppy. Nee, wee, sijggersoy. Nowwenda'yshon nin. Nepa'rhan, nin. Goyey nin gonlshcar. Nee, nee, wissinnin. Nee, nee, minniquah. Pooterway chebdckwoy neennerwind ; Shashy'yar keejetty; Haw wissinnin ; Htinjeyta O, nishshishshin. [289] Nin gamarcha. Shashy'yar kee txSossin nar negee ? Angdymer, pdnimar tercushin nin. O, nishshishshin bask^yzegan drthty nar ? Angdymer. Gar warbemdr ? Maunder bowwiskar. Oway pdckcan payshik; 322 Early fVestern Travels [Vol. a ri f English This, I thjnk, is a good one. I want a paddle ; Here is one for you. Thank you, friend. Where is your wife ? She is dead. Is it long since ? Last winter. Have you any children alive ? Only one boy. Can he hunt ? Not yet. Where is your brother ? I saw him last winter at the Skunk's Lake; He was killed there by an Indian when he was drunk. He was a bad Indian, and they should have killed him too; An Indian just now told me he is killed. That's right. [290] Was he old ? No. He had three packs of beaver skins, and ten bags of dried meat, besides fish, when he was killed : :<* Oh! that was hard. Who is that coming ? A strange Indian : I will go and see him. Are you come from far, friend ? No, a little way from hence. i79i] J. Longs Voyages and Travels t^z-^^ Chippcway Maunder p>ayshik O, nishshishshin indtncndurri. Ab'boy nee guyyossa}'; Oway pdyshik. Mecgwotch, neccarnis. Aunday keen O, mentimdyey ? Sharshy'ya'- nepoo. Maywisher nar ? Pa'yshik bebdne shy'yar. Ar'thty O, janis nogdme pcmartus ? Pdyshik oskenaygay aighter: Gdosay ween nar ? Kamarchy. Aunday chemayn ? Nee warbemdr awass bebdnc woity Shcecark Sakicgan ; Piiyshik nishinnorbay ojey gunnissar ween osquibby. Ween O, matchee nishinnorbay, mcegwoyack O, gun- niesar ween giiyyea ; Shashy'yar ojey gunncsar, ween nogdme mc ccarto nishinnorbay; Meegwoyack. [291] Keewdency nar ? Cdwween. Ween arthty neesswoy meckintargan appiminiquy metds- swoy mushcomat weass spiirchtay mctach kccgdnce guyyea: Taw' waw! sannegat. Hawwanceyaw terciishin ? Pdckan Nishinno'rbay: Nin eszar gar warbem'or Awdssa nar kee tcrcushin, neegee ? Cawween, payshew omar. 324 Early tVestern Travels [Vol. 2 English What have you brought ? A small pack of beaver. What will you want ? Blankets. I have none but small for your children. What is your trader's name at the Red Lake ? The Good Heart. Has he many goods there ? Five large canoes full. Have you any bears' grease ? One box only. I will trade with you for it ; Very well, friend. How many beaver skins did you give for that blanket ? Eleven. I want to buy such; [292] You wUl get such at the English trader's. How many beaver skins will you take for this ? Twenty: Take them, friend. Will you trade for those otter skins ? No, not now; T must pay my credit to the Good Heart. What did you take from him ? Some small things. Fetch me some water. Make haste. Do you hear me ? '79ij J. Longs Voyages and Travels 325 Chippeway Wa'ygonin kcc ogubbetoon ? Hagtjshenoncc meekinta'rgan appiminiquy. Wa'ygonin kce guyyossay ? VVa'pcrwoyan. Ca'wween kaygo wa'rpewoyan hagushcnoncc kce j^nis shena'rgussey. Ta'min sheneca'zcau keennerwind arta'wwaywinnin Mis- qulttyyang Saklcgan ? Nishshishshin oa'thty. Nepewar huncushigon a'rthty nar ? Na'man kitchce cheeman mo'oshquenay. Mackqua'h pimmcthy a'rthty nar ? Pa'yshik muccuck a'ighter. Nee wee arta'wway; Medgwoyack, n^gee. An'dersoy appiminiquy kee, kee, arta'wway, wa'per woyan ? Meto'sswoy asshea pa'yshik. Nee wee arta'wway shenargussey; [293] So'ajgonash a'rthty shena'rgussey. An'dersoy appiminiquy keetarpena'n mor ? Neesh tanner: Tarpena'n neeca'mis. Clinner kee wee arta'wway maunder nekeek woygan ? Cdwween, nogdme; nee wee guddcrpa'rhan nee marsey- na'ygan nishshishshin o'athty. Wa'ygonin kee tarpena'n ? Pdngay ka'ygoshish. Nippee nartin. Ha, webitta'n. Cunner kee sto'otewar ? 326 Early tVestem Travels [Vol. 2 English I hear you. Come here; I am coming. What kind of a hunt had the /'"v last winter ? The winter was bad indeed. What did he hunt for ? Bear. I wish this was spring, and all the Indians would come and trade their winter's hunt; They will come soon : I think they will have a great many packs. What will you ask to take me by water from Montreal to Michillimakinac ? One large keg of rum, one gun, one blanket, one kettle, and one kniT^; that is alll want: [294] That is too much, as you wUl eat and drink the same as us, and will not work, but only shew the way. Will you go directly ? No, I shall stay till to-morrow, and then embark. I left my wife and children at a place four days march fron^ hence. I want to see them. To-morrow, at the dawn of day, we will embark. Take courage; farewell, friend. Very well, I will be true to my word. All is quiet. I will go to bed. Get up, friend. I am lazy. «7'J'] y. Lof/g'j yoyages and Travels .127 Chipp4-,i'htcr unter wabindan'. Weebatch guddeszar keen ? Ca'wween, omar ojcy appay; warbunk boossin. Mee woity ojey appay, mentimdyamish, ja'nis woke, guyyea neon ogunnegat Nee, nee, warbema't weennewar. Warbunk thurenscra boossin. Hagua'rmisscy, way, way, negec. Meegwoyack, nee gar debwoy. Suggermarch. P^shshemo nin gama'rchar. Gonishcar, neegee. Kittim nin. 328 Ear/y fVestem Travels [Vol. 2 I am sick. I am vexed. I am old. I am hot. I am hungry. I am dry. I am well. I love you. Your health, friend. I do liot understand you. English v: i7<)il y. Long J Foyj^es anJ T are Is .^29 Chippcway Acquoiscc nin. Nishcar'tcscyan. Gecss and has been of the first importance in our social and political history. Mr. H ulbert has shown himself abundantly able to investigate the subject and putin good form thettsults of his labors. — Professor William M. Sloani, Princeion Unfucntiy. " Mr. Hulbert has evidently mastered his subject, and has treated it very ably and enthusi- astically. History is too fiequently a mere collection of dry bones, but here we have a book which, when once begun, will be trad eagerly to the end, so vividly does the author bring scenes and personages before us. " — Current Littraturi. " As in the prior volumes, the gener i ' 'feet is that of a most entertaining series. The charm of the style is evident. " yjmeriian Hiiiorical Review. " His style is effective ... an invaluable contribution to the makings of American His- tory." — New York Evening Pott. "Should fill an important and jnoccupied place in American historical literature. " — Tbt Dial. "The mo.t importint projeft ever undertaken in the line of Philippine history^n .nTl^gJ.gC .bove dl the Eni)l.h."-N.«> r.rk Ev...>,g P.r. The Philippine Islands 1 493-1898 Being the history of the Philippines from their dis covery to the present time EXPLORATIONS by early Navigators, descriptions of the Islands and their Peoples, their History, and records of the Catholic Missions, as related in contempo- raneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial, and religious conditions of those Islands from their earliest relations with European Na- tions to the end of the nineteenth century. ^translated, and edited and annotated h^^-}^,- ^^^iR and J. A. Robertson, with introduction and addtttona! notes by E. G. Bourne. With Analytical Index and Illustrations. Limited edition, 55 volumes, large 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt top. Price ?4.oo net per volume. "The work is second in importance only to the onpnal documents ; to the student it is even of greater value, since it places before h.m translanons of these historical data which would otherw.se be totally inaccessible, and without which no work on the Philippines could be definitive. " — American Anthropologic. "At the present time few subjects are discussed .0 widely and so igno- rantly a. matters relating to the Philippines."- Chicago Chronicle. "In addition to its value as accurate history, the work is full of interest and of suggestions of thrilling medieval romanw and adventure among trange ,cen« and wild ^^o^^^." -Philadelfhia Telegraph. >pme Pest. Is les me dons , and npo- tical, :hose Na- i and 'es by !tion, JS4.00 nts; to sladons le, and tologiit. o igno- interest among