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NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY PRATT, WOODFORD & CO. 1847. f'-f #***«:; Entered according to Act of CongrcsH, in the yem 3847. by PRATT, WOODFORD t CO., in the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York. .Of* ■;;i PREFACE. the yeai 3847, by o., rict of New York. Printed hjr \8E, TIFFANY t CO., Hartford, Conn. Among the various branches of education, calculated to in- terest the young, and excite a thirst for knowledge, no one holds a more conspicuous place than Geography. The reason of this is obvious. It treats of visible and familiar objects, and directs the attention of the learner to a subject with which he has been led naturally and inevitably to form some acquaintance. For before he is capable of understanding much, if any thing, of many other branches of education, he has gained most of the elementary ideas of this, and can express them in clear and de- finite language. Near the very spot of his birth, many, and perhaps all the varieties of land and water daily meet his in- quiring eyes. The plain stretches before him, the hill swells upward, the brooks, streams and rivers flow onward, and in the distant horizon, perchance, the mountains mingle with the clouds, and tha mighty ocean with its gulfs, bays, coves and harbors, may not be far removed. And daily for his food, per- haps he uses the products of every various land and clime. Thus do geographical facts early become familiar to his mind. The interest he feels in this study, and tha success that has crowned his labors in this department of learning, stimulate him to engage in others more difficult and abstruse, and to pur- sue them with zeal and assiduity ; and thus the youth is led on to become a scholar and learned man. In preparing the following work and the accompanying Out- line Maps, I have aimed to simplify this branch of study so as to adapt it to the humblest and most youthful capacity. And in the definitions, illustrations and arrangement of questions, I «"■ 1' 4 PREFACE. have endeavored to give the learner a clear knowledge of each step as he advances. I have pursued the true and natura^ method, and commencing with him at h.s home, I have led h.m on from the scenes which wore near, and with which he was already familiar, to those adjoining and more distant, ever pro- .oeding from the known to t ! ,e unknown. The exercises on the ->aps have been prepared with great care They probably will be found more full, practical and sys- tematic in the work of imparting a knowledge of physical geog- raphy than any that have preceded them. The questions are cakula ed to exercise the understanding as well as the memory, he most important object in all education, and thus convey to the learner a thorough knowledge as he advances, of every ^Th"e Outline Maps, it is believed, will meet the approval of all those interested in the instruction of the young. They pre- sent a bold and clear picture, free from al obscurity, of the various portions ol the globe, and contain all that is impor ant for the learner to -now in physical and political geography With mos of the maps that are put into the hands of the young Her. the fault is. they contain too much. They are filled up with t^wns, cities, rivers, islands, &c. to such an exten as to Tonfuse his mind and discourage his endeavors to commit them to memory. But on these maps, only the more important ob- ecuareputdown.andtheaccompanyingexercises are arranged fnlh a manner as to lead him gradually on, and thus prevent nil nernlexity, as well as all weariness. In Irrin preparing the following work. I have aimed to meet thJwanU of parents and teachers by adapting it to the Tpacltiesandrequirementsofthe youthful mind. How well I have succeeded, I leave it for them to decide. SouTHiNGTON, ^uguat, 1847. i*\if^^*v What Is it a 1. AT( divided im city is a la Is the Are th 8. Whe height, it i Mountain. Did yo Is ther 3. A brc All brooka lAoM placf the river, streams. — ; most eltnral run in this lowest t Are thi Does ai 4. A Pot I large body i I out of it. , I age, aixl n How m How m How mi How mi Are all *t- knowledge of each te true and natural ome, I have led him with which he was re distant, ever pro- prepared with great 11, practical and sys- ige of physical geog- The questions are well as the memory, , and thus convey to advances, of every meet the approval of e young. They pre- all obscurity, of the all that is important political geography le hands of the young 1. They are filled up 3 such an extent as to avors to commit them ,e more important ob- exercises are arranged '"='> W»y Are there any ponds in this town 1 Does any thing live in brooks, rivers and ponds ? *. A Pond is a small body of water surrounded by land. A lake is a large body of water surrounded by land, except where streams run into or I out of it. A swamp is low, soft, wet ground, unfit for cultivaUon or puttir- I age, and lomeUmeB covered with stagnant water. How many kinda of Fruit grow in this town .' How many kinds of Grain are raised in this town.' How many kinds of Animals in this town .' How many kinds of Trees in thi| town .' Are all the articles of our food produced in this town ? INTRODITCTORY LE990NS. 6 5. our -ugar, «"»«'<"'««-•-<"'' '«»;/"""'';;^;^, ,« uh from distanl, or Jemon.. pine apples, Iw. "''"* *^„„, „^,i for household furniture, ai Sornrr:^UT..r.tS.rs-' — - "'" •"wlirC'ns lie around thi,.-or border upon U ? How many cities, or town, can you mention . How many churches in this town ? How many public schools .'-Academies ? What is^he^nJincipal occupation of the people of this town? "^:^:rtr;;^rrr:ity.besidethis. What is the name of this county ? Can you tell me the shire or •^''""'y ^^^ ;^ ,„ ^^ ^ 7. The Shire or County To- "^llVoXl a'c^ rt"ou2 - which U» s^i."^r .x^p"-" -'^{— ^^^ T ^°""" Cai. you mention any River in th.s county ? Does any part of this county border on the ocean ? water, m which are boaujbr canym| P-^/^^^JLt L. of iron
veTal towns. What is the name of this State? - .V '< • What is its Capital ? legislature, or «. The capita, of a 9,»^e U the c^y or -- '-f.^CalSi «« assembly meets to make the laws, oum %r:;° part of this State border on the sea or ocean ? Save you ever been in anyjtate beside th.s ?• . toll mp the name of this country ? v s. m.ru ;b".";i.».«f.h. united S,....-W~bi.|!»». In w With Wha This ti world. 01 and seeii posFihle,- see the p the vario moiintaii women, they hav But, a reading, . of its for This« uneven i It is not you, but I ,a Haveiu and Harbora. A uistana, and adjoining Btalea surrounded by land, ly salt. The reaion ia, the "inains, as there is no chan- -aporation. Such lakea are >a. Small lakea ate caUed 1 connects two bodie* | tar. ,L AchannelaoahaBowthatl g, is called a Sound,— •• WW Q, What ia a River. A. A large stream of wuter, — as the Mississippi. 21. The place where a river rises or begins, is called ito Source or Head. The place where it empties, ils Mouth. Small streams are called Brooks, Rivuleu, Rills, and Creeks. The country from which the waters of a river are derived, is called its Basin, or Valley,— as the Valley o' the Mississippi, the Vallpy of the Amazon. The space occupied by the deepest water of a river, is called its Bed or ChanneL The widening of a river at its mouth, is called a Frith or Estuary. Q. What is a Canal .' A. A ditch dug in the ground and filled with wa- ter, for the passage of boats, — as the Erie Canal. EXERCISES ON THE FOREGOING LESSONS. Q. What is the difference between a Cootinent and an Ocean ? A. A continent is a vast extent of land. An ocean is avast body of salt water. Q. What is the difference between an Island and a Lake ? A. An island is a portion of land surrounded by water. A lake is a large body of water surrounded by land. Q. What is the difference between a Peninsula and a Sea ? A. A peninsula is portion of land almost surrounded by wa- ter. A sea is a large body of water mostly surrounded by lind. Q. What is the difference between an Isthmus and a Strait ? A. An isthmus is a narrow neck which connects two bodies of land. A strait is a narrow passage which connects two bo- dies of water. Note. — An isthmus connecte land and divides water, and a strait con- nects water and divides land. Thus, the Isthmus of Darien connects North ond South America, and divides the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean. The Strait of Dover connects the North Sea and British Channel, and di- vides France from England. It is to be regretted that in many instances, geographical terms have been improperly applied to portions of land and water. Hindostan is called a peninsula, also Corea, Florida, Yucatan, Mlc. But strictly speaking these are not peninsulas. No isthmus, or harrow neck connecu them to a larger portion of land. The body of water East of Hin- dostan is called the Bay of Bengal, while that on the West is caHed the Sea of Arabia. If one is a sea, or bay, so is the other. Numerous other* might be mentioned. These names, however, it shouM be remembered, were ap- plied by the fiiM diacoverera, or inhabitants, and although incorrectly, they IXi ti la INTRODUCTORY IEB80N8. have ever been retained. Hence, in ^^^^^JJ^^Zi^^nt 4. MAPS. Q. What is a Map .' . . i r .i— A. It is a picture of a part, or the whole of the earth's surface, representing the form of contments, islands, oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, &c. S3 The uv of the map represenU the North ; the rvkt *a»J, Ea« . tne *"'Ce' Kinn! Nth*"^st''^uth. West, are caBed " CardimlPoinU. of How are the boundarie. of rtates, kingdom. *•=• /«PI«*"'^ ""*" no natural boundary 1 What i. a natural boundary 1 5. THE EARTH. Q. What names are applied to the Earth ? A. The World, the Globe, the Sphere, the Ball we live on. Q What ii the axis of the earth ? . A. It is an imaginary line passing through its cen- tre from North to South. Q. What are the poles of the earth ? ■ ■ * A. The ends of the axi». iwifTfi'in'rii 23. TI Bouthern you will I yet there a. w A. ] cumfei eter, o 34. A sand mile thousand wallc one around it Q. W A. 1 the ear from ei 85. Th pheres. 1 the North the South Q. W A. 1 allel to S6. Th. one south tor to tb3 other t Q. W A. 'J degrees 27. Th( near the i I. ork on geogniphy, >n nanUnd have given to cally, incorrect. le whole of the D of continental .c. a right luaid,lltM; tbe led " Cardinal Polnta of I or chief poinu. he map, are caned Me- from side to aide, are g, denote the degreea of along the aides of mape le equator. The doited kingdoms, ke. When, ocean, sea, lake rive?) fa part or the whole of lurope % Which are the »p in regard to the point! lie right hand East, fcc 1 FaraUels of latitude 1 epresented when there ia ryl h? phere, the Ball W8 g through its oen- INTRODUCTORT LESSONS. 13 S3. The northern extremity of the earth, is caUed Che North Pole the southern exlremily the South Pole. If you examine tlic map of the world you will perceive that the SonU and South poles are on both hemispheres! yet there is hut one North Pole, and one South Pole. Q. What is the size or bulk of the earth i A. It is about twenty-five thousand miles in cir- cumference, or around it, and eight thousand in diam- eter, or through it. 24. A line to extend around the earth, must be about twenty-five thou- sand miles long, and a line to extend through the centre of it, about eight thousand miles long. Suppose the earth wen' all land, and a man could walk one thousand miles a month, how long would it take him to travel around it 1 Q. What is the Equator or Equinoctial Line .' A. It is an imaginary circle or line, drawn round the earth from East to West, at an equal distance from each pole. 95. The equator divides Uie earth Into northern and souUiem hemie- pheres. The northern hemisphere embraces all between the equator and the North pole,— and the southern hemisphere all between the equator and the SouUi pole. The equator is someUmes called simply the Line. Q. What are the Tropics ? A. They are two circles drawn round the earth par- allel to the equator, 23^ degrees north and south of it. 88. TTw circle north of the equator is called the Tropic of Cancer,— the one south of it is called the Tropic of Capricorn. How fer (torn the equa- tor to lb 3 tropics 1 How many degrees, Uien, are the tropics from ewh other T Q. What »re the Polar Circles? A. They are two circles drawn round the earth 2tf^ degrees from the poles. S7. The one near Uie AbrtA Pole is called tbe Arctic Circle, and tbe one near Uie SmtlA Pate, the Antarctic Circle. Q. What are Meridians, or lines of Longitude i A. They are lines extending from pole to poitt through the equator. f INTBObiJCfisilr LBSSONS. 14 S8. Meridian, ate repre«ented on map. by line, extending ftom the top to the bottom. Q What are Parallels of Latitude ? A. They are circles or lines that extend round the earth from East to West. 39 The paiaUeta of latitude are repre«!nted on ">^V»^yJIX J^7it- c '.ii^ in .MP The Eauator, Tropics, Meridian, and Parallels arecir 60 minutes, or geographical mUe., and every minute, or mUt, mto ou MCondR. 6. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Q. What is Latitude ? A. It is distance from the equator, towards the poleS' ™ All ntacei North of the Equator, are in North Latitude. AB place. JSio^S^^uamr are in SouU. latitude. Places under the Equator have no latitude,— as Quito. Q. What is Longitude ? . • j- A. It is distance from any established meridian, either East or West. ^"■^th-eTerhrrfrtr^^^^^^^ lonKitudo is computed both from "»"""'<* ,"''.^„„ Tim atMUIui !w. Rreenwich. and on the bottom from Washington. Ihe auuutMm StovSita level of the ocean, the cUmate will he temperate, ""^"jhlt i. iS2J the Stor. An elevation of SOO yard. P'"*""' ^f ™f jf^ '" S!J[,d to temperature m a distance of 5000 mile, from the Equator. Q. How is Latitude and Longitude reckoned ? A. Ii .13. Sixl gree. A mile, mah Conscquer any two pi At the 1 But a. you lude becoi AttheEqi degreeisit degree of English mi the greate Q. Wl: A. D Tropics 34. The earth. Q. He A. F frigid z< 35. The lie. on bot Tropic of < This i. I ice are ne\ i. noted foi of the Uoi ckitbed in Imngiide I ion, Indole 36. The which lie t TheBon cle i. calk of Capricoi These k .int. The | zone, tliey ever i«d ih< "T'Miriifi'nii ■ itendiog (tom the top ixtend round the 1 mapa by linea drawn ■ and Paralleb are cir- B ■tmight linea. Every and every degree into inute, or milt;, into 60 ;tude. itor, towards the th Utitude. AH placee 8 under the Equator liave blished meridian, capital of their own coun- ' Pari!,— the Engllih from five mile* Eait of LondAn, im Waabington, which i« our mapa however, the 1 Greenwich,— on tli« top hington. The ttUMi»kii ed on the map. Plaeaa ich are aituated Eaat of it, It Longitude. jnaMe u« to determine the :CB from each other. And mine very nearly, the tem- t the Equator, ti.e wanner I. the colder i« ita cUmate. lin. or any elevation maeh ) temperate, although it la irodueea the aame efltet in ea from the Equator. :koned i INTRODOCTORY LKaSONB. U^ A. In degrees, — minutes, — and seconds. 33. Biity sRconda make one minute— and rixty minutM mnke one de- gree. A mmutc is called a geographical mile. Hence 60 geographic milea make a degree; and 69J atatute or English milea moke or* degree. Consequently if you multiply the number of degrees of latitude between any two places by 69 J, you will ascertain the distance in English milea. At the Equator, drgrees of longitude and latitude are of the same length. But as you go from the Equator, either North or South, a degree of longi- tude become* conatanUy less, until at the Poles, it terminates at a point. At the Equator a degree n\ longitude is 69| English miles,— in latituds 40 degrees, it is 46 miles, — in latitude 60, It is 30 miles, and at the Poles, 0. A degree of latitude is as long at the Poles as at the Bqirator— viz. 6BA Engliah mites. The greatest latitude a place can have, is 90 degree*, and the greatest longitude, 180 degrees. 7. ZONES. Q. What are Zones ? A. Divisions of the earth's surface formed by the Tropics and Polar circles. 34. The word Zone means a belt, or girdle, because it paasea round the earth. Q. How many Zones are there .' A. Five, viz. one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid zones. 35. The Torrid Zone embraces that part of the earth's surfhee which Ilea on boUi sides of the Equator, between Uw Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This is called the torrid zone, on account of ita great heat. Snow and Ice are never seen there except on the tops of the highest monntkUia. It la noted for iu productiona, both animal and vegetable. This la the home of Uw Uon, tiger, giraffe, hippopotamua and "ilephant. Tlie fbreata an ckitlMd In perpetual verdure, and otten the ripe fruit and opening bkMWHii hang aide by aide on the same tree. The inhabitants are of a dark com[iiex- lon, indolent, and effluninate. They live usually In ulightly built dweOings. 36. The Temperate Zdnes embrace those parts of the earth's aurftce which lie between the Tropics and Polar Circles. The aone which Ilea between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Cir- cle la called Uie North Temperate Zone. The other, between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle, the South Temperate Zone. These zones are called VrnprnUii, becauae the cUmate is miM and plca»- nnt. The people have fhir complexions, and in the northern temper:ite zone, they are noted for industry, intelligence and energy, and for havmg ever led the wa^ bi,bun«n improvement and civUiiation. i' -:'r m JQ INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 37 Th. Frigi,! Zones embrace those parts of the earth's surface which f"'",;:?," "'•'":;;", < .'^ y . ,..■ hardiest ani.nals, as the reindeer, white recs, shr.ibs anuj.rasst,. u niy ,„,„i„<,„..,3 in tho.e icy regions. "Z'^Z^::::^^^^^^^^^^- of >n.v .at,.re. swarthy completion, and are noted fortlicir ignorano! and stupi dity. ^uesti^n.. How many zones are ^rrJ^::.^^:!^^:^^ ^:i;?-:::.i::h'ie''::::'ri'w.'i^r'rr:^:eV.o..emos.in- dustrious, intcllii-'ont and p'rsevering 1 8. Ni^TURAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. Q. Into how many parts is Geography tli . ided ? A. Into two,-Natural, or Physical Geography, and Political Geography. u j ' O What does Natural or Physical Geography describe ? A The works of nature,-the continents, islands, oceans, seas, rivers, monntains, and the soil, chmate. nroductions, &c. of different countries. proauCUOlls, «-». „,..parthare divided into three clasM^ SS. All the various o.je^ on ;'-;^^;:^„^\„, „„„„, Kingdom. "' rC mi^;.! SmTncladr:" earths, stones, metals, salts, water.. "iTh: «S^o,n includes nil trees, shruln. and planU. 3 The anLal kingdom includes all hving creatures. Q What does Political Geography describe ? A The works and institutions of men.— their gov- ernment, religion, and civilization.-their dress, modes of building and travelling.-their cities, villa- (Tps roads, and various arts. ^ nItI Nlra. and Political Geography are u«»l.y u.ught in connec lion. 9 THE NATIONS OF THE EARTH. Q Do all the nations of the earth resemble each other ? A. They do not. They differ in their complex- ion, in t food, an 39. The ' The Asiatic 40. 1. Tl It includes i tars, Arabia :!. The A Ja[anese, t Ind.ans. 3 The M ants of Male 4. The A of Afri -a. 5. Th:i A the Indiait^ Q. Will may men I A. Ini zed and world. 41. 1. In Their wants dens, and Cii lie America 2. In the / agriculture, with their t Arabs and M 3. In the sciences, ani Chuiese. 4. In the I industry, t and all the ai United State Q. Wha A. Th t\>- INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. IT earth's surface which h prevails there tor the 1 mosses, a few stunted f. aa the reindeer, white oe in these icy regions. , swarthy complexions, pnrt of the earth's sur- th Temperate 1 North are tlie people most in- ■ - ■ ■- .■•■■'*' lEOGRAPHY. .ided? 3ical Geography, raphy describe ? )ntinents, islands, the soil, climate, ies. vidcd into three classes, the animal kingdom, nes, metals, salts, waters, rubs and plants. ures. ribe ? • men,— their gov- on,— their dress, -their cities, viila- isuBlly taught in connec- ion, in the language they speak, in their dress, their food, and in their manners and customs. 39. The various nations are divided into five races, viz. The European,— The Asiatic, — The Malay, — The African, — anii The American. 40. 1. The European race has regular features and a fair complexion. It includes the Europeans and their descendants in America, Turks, Tar- tars, Arabians, Persians, Hindoos, Abyssinians, Egyptians and Moors. :!. The Asiatic race has a yellow complexion, and includes the Chinese, Jaiancse, the Siberian tribes, Laplanders, Greenlanders, and Esquimaux Ijidans. 3 The Malay race has a brown complexion, and includes the inhabit- ants of Malay, the Asiatic islands and New Zealand. 4. The African race has a black complexion and includes the Negroes of Afri -a. 5. Th.^ American race has a copper colored complexion, and includes all the Indiaitf of America, except the Esquunaux. 10. STATE OF SOCIETY. i ■■ ■■nr Q. With respect to their social state, into how many classes may men be divided .' A. Into four, viz. the savage, half-civilized, civili- zed and enlightened. See symbols on the map of the world. 41. 1. In the savage state, men usually live by bunting and fishing. Tbeir wants are few, and they live almost like beasts, in miserable huts, dens, and caverns. They are generally blood-thirsty and revengeful, — as the American Indians. 2. In the half-emUited state, men subsist by pasturage and a rude kind of agriculture, itome, however, live in tents, and wander from place to place with their flocks and herds ; oihers live by piracy and robbery as— the Arabs and Malays. 3. In the civiliied state, men are acquainted with many of the arts and sciences, and subsist by agriculture, manuliictuies and commerce, as — the Chinese. 4. In the enlightened state, men arc noted for intelligence, enterprise and industry. The arts and sciences are carried tu a high degree of perfection, and all the arrangements of society are in a highly improved form, — as io the United States, France, &.c. S EARTH, able each other .' in their complex- 11. GOVERNMENT. Q. What is meant by Government ? A. The power that makes and executes the laws. ft8!^,(i(5^if^*i^^!^S^sP^(KSf«^nt?v»s^ 18 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. An.onR different nations there are various formB of government, wn.e or "^...^^ c„i..^in. i. . ca,,e.i a ^^^^J^^ ^^^^^^ Zt caufd'an ataoTu.e .nonarchy, like that of Russia or Turkey. S« >rnl,oU on '* ^''When'rgmernn.cnt is conducted by persons chosen by the pec. pie a. th.irugents'or representatives, it is called a repuM.c, hke that of the •''"i'i^'s'r^^rKOvernn.ents conducted by dukc^ princes, tc. are called duchies, principalities, tc. 12. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. Q. What is a village? A. A small collection of houses and inhabitants. a. What is a city ? , ■ . u- . A. A large collection of houses and inhabitants, governed by a mayor, aldermen, &.c. ' ^' •^• Q. What is a town ? A. A tract of country usually several miles m ex- tent, and not so thickly inhabited as a village or city. Q. Of what does a county consist? . ,< A. Of sf-eral towns. Q. Of what dops a state consist? A. Of several counties united under one govern- ment. „ . 45. In South Carolina, instead of counties, these div«ions are called dirtricts, and in I.fluisi»na, parishes. Q Of what does the republic of the United States consist ? A. Of several states united under one general gov ernment, at the head of which is a president. Q. What is a kingdom ? A. A country ruled by a king,— as France. Q Ofu A. Ol Russia- 4fi, Politi contain mei to tlie same of dilfereut Q. In H A. In sessed ol 47. Th.- i artor of the Hsiice the v uH the map oj 4H. The Malioniedan I. TlieJe .New, and c: and found it a. Chri«ti einn as tauK Konian Caib into various diBts, Friend 3. Tile M of Arabia, ' Koran." 4. Pagans sun. tc. Pi and of sava^ What is What is What pa Whaf. p In what Do all li and South What 111 1 N8. ms of government, lonie ! man, as a king, empeiot, f the power of the «)ve- fil or constitutional mon- er is not tlins limited, it in Turkey. See aymbolt m sons chosen by the peo- a repulilic, like that of the princes, tc. are called IONS. and inhabitants. IS and inhabitants, .c. ■'■' ^'^ y- several miles in ex- as a village or city. I under one govern- tbese divisions are called Jnited States consist ? ler one general gov- a president. as France. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. f^ Q. Of wh.U does an empire consist .' "' '»■'■■ A. Of several countries ruled by an emperor, as Russia. 4fi. Political divisions are porUons of the earth's surface which usually contain men of one nation, who speiik the same lannuaRii and are subject to Itie same laws. Kmpires. howuvur, frequently comprise various nations of different languages and inatitutio:ig. 13. RULIGfON. 1 ,*, ■ Q. In what do all races of men believe .' A. In the existence of some invisible being, pos- sessed of superior power. 47. Thi- idoa» of mankind are. however, much diversified as to the char- artcr of the invisible being, or Deity, and the modes of worshipping him. Hsrice the vast number of religious denominations, or sects. See symbota an the map of the world. 48. Tlie four prevailing systems of religion, are the Jewish, Christian, Mahoniedan and Pagan. I. Tlie Jews are those who believe in the Old Testament, and riyect the .New, and expect a i»aviour yet to come. They are numerous in Poland, and found in most of the principal cities of the world. a. Christians are those who believe in the principles of morality and reli- Bion as taught by Christ. There are three great ilivisions of Christians, viz.. Koman Catholics, the Greek Church and Protestants. The latter arc divided Inio various sectit, called Congregationalists, Presbytfrians, Baptists, Metho- dists, Friends, &c. 3. The Mahomedans, or Mussulmans, are those who believe in Mahomet, of Arabia, who professed to bring a revelation from heaven called " the Koran." 4. Pagans are those who worship various objects, idols, animals, the sun, tc. Paganism is the religion of the countries of south-eastern Asia, and of savages in all [>arts of the world. 14. QUESTION:^ ON THE MAPS. '^Y What is the map of the World a picture of 1 What is the map of the United States a picture of? What parts of a map represent North, East, South and West .> Whaf. p,irt3 are represented by the four corners of a map .> In what directions are lines drawn on maps ? Do all lines appear to run either East and West, or North and South % What lines or circles run East and West? ..-r - ua ai, I and Sou What ^^^Km ]?^WV>^W*^^ ^^ EXERCISES ON THE What lines or circles run North and South! ■• How does the map of the world represent the whole of th earth's surface ? It represents the earth as .f cut .n halves om North to South, and each circle or part, represents one half of the earth's surface. These halves are called the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. ^ with a hinne. Then, hy oponing ".'"f"'« "V" P','J''"j",^ „" , „e world at one dientwiU be found more useful than a costly globe. -R. O. i*«k«k. MAP OF THE WORLD. ' How many Continents are there ? On which Hemisphere is the Eastern continent ? On which Hemisphere is the Western continent? How is the Eastern continent divided ? How is the Western continent divided ? In what part of the Eastern continent is Europe ? _ . . . • * r_: a a «r ^ ., w. w. In what part is Africa ? s. w. In what part is Asia .> e. , . • j In what part .i the Western continent is North America . n. In what part is South America ? ». . » , What are the five Grand Divisions of the two continents ? £■ A. A.— N.-A. & *.-A. ^ Which is the largest of the Grand Divisions ? Asia. Which is the second largest .' Africa. Which is the third .' North America. Which is the fourth ? South America. Which is the smallest .' Europe. Which is the largest, the Eastern or Western continent i 1. 1 Which extends farthest south ? w. v ,r- r^^ ^.- Which Which Is ther( On whi JVhats What s What ii Whato Wiiat o( Whato Whato What o What 01 What o: What o What 01 What 01 How mi Which Which Which Which Which : What h Betweei What la What is What ii Islands. * America, conUnentof "The New > World," w»f hi ent the whole of th^ if cut in halves from epresents one half of ailed the Eastern and her, to prnoiire a wooden to connect the two halves In. he can show them how sides of the world nt one in easily eiplain the »itua- the North-enntern part of \e wrti which appear to ■ether. This simple expe- ,e."_E. G. PiRMR. LD. :ontinent ? continent ? is Europe ? n. w. : ia North America ? n. the two continents ? t- risions ? Asia. 1, I. «■ y " ■ :a. Western continent i MAP OP THF, WORLD. Which is the longest from East to West .' Which is the lonf,'cst from North to South I Is there more land North, or South of the Equator * On which side of the Ecjuntor is there more water ? What sea between Europe and Africa ? m. What sea between Africa and Asia? r. What is the only sea in the Western hemisphere ? c. What ocean separates America* from Europe and Africa? Wiiat ocean North of Europe and Asia ? * What ocean East of Asia ? ' '. ^ What ocean South of Asia ? .- - ' '' What ocean East of Africa ? What ocean West of Europe and Africa ! ' ' »i What ocean East of America ? What ocean West of America ? - ' . . ,,.• What ocean surrounds the South Pole .' ;,..!. What ocean surrounds the North Pole ? How many oceans are there ? Which is the largest ocean ? Pacific. Which is the second largest ? Atlantic. Which is the third .' Indian. Which is the fourth .' Southern. Which is the smallest .' Arctic. What large island South-east of Asia ? A. Between what two oceans is Aiutralia f What large island North of Australia .' What island South of Australia ? v.-d,-l. What islands between Asia and Australia? Islands. East India * America, the general name applied to the western conUnent The whole continent of America, after Its discovery by Guropeans, in Utt, wu called "The New World," because it was new to Its dlscovererii uid the term " Old World," war applied to the eastern continent 3* «2 EXERC'5lSB O*. THE What islands between No-»ti snJ Si;..;h America ? w. i. What large island South-eiiSt of Africa? m. What fcnd near the South Pole .' a. c ' ' Note— The Antarctic Continent wa« discovered by the I'nited Btatca' Exploring Expedition, under the command of Charles VVilkei, Esq., Jaa 19, 1840. What Grand DiTisions does the Equator cross .' « -.v f. a What Grand Divisions does the Tropic of Cancp- tc;.* .».- a. A. A. What Grand Divisions and large island, il. "^ropir- of ta^)!.- corn ? What Grand Divisions does the Arctic Circle cilms? n.-a. K. A. What Grand Divisions, the Anlaivtic Circle .' Why none? In what Zones is the Western Continent ? «-t. r. n-t. N-r. In what Zones is tie Eastern Continent? s-t. t. w-t. w-f. In what Zones is North America ? Sotith America ? In what Zones is Europe ? Asia ? Africa ? How many Grand Divisions extend into the N. Frigid Zone ? How many into the South Temperate Zone ? How many into the South Frigid Zone ? Why none ? In what Zone is the greater part of Europe ? Asia? Africa? North America ? South America ? Australia? Which two Grand Divisions has the warmest climate ? NoTi.— Countries, or places are the hottest or have the warmest cUmate, where the sun at IS o'clock, shines most direcUy over-head. See Note 30. Is Europe in North, or South latitude ? Why is Europe in North latitude ? See 30. Is Africa in North, or South latitude ? Why if Africa in both North and South latitude ? b AiU in North, or South latitude ? South America i .%.'■■. ■■-,»"• .n' . ■iaL '-.TiiiiiiiiiMftjj. In wha In whi In wh; In wh: In whi In wh: In whs In whs How I ocean ? Which oceans ? In wha Whato Whatc Which Which Which Which Which Which Which Which What i! What 01 What ii What s( What si What t\ If we di * The lear centre ot otu it may be bei other. merica ? w. i. M. i by the I'nited Btatcn' > VVilkei, Esq., Jan. 19, cross ? t.-A. ft A Cancf TtiS. .*.-\. thf. Tropir- of Ca|)i.- Circle c:t.:>^? w.-A. ircle ? Why none? t? B-T. i\ N-T. N-r. ; ? 8-T. T. N-T. N-F. jth America ? rica ? 1 the N. Frigid Zone ? one ? ? Why none ? rope ? Asia ? Africa ? tralia ? irmest climate ? have the wannest eUmate, over-bead. See Note 30. !e 30. h latitude } South America ? In what In what In what In what In what In what In what In what MAP or THE WORLD. | direction fr«m North Amci ji South America ?* direction Irom .South America la Europ» direction from Europe is Africa? direction from Africa is Asia .' direction from Asia is Australia.' • - direction from Australia is Africa .> direction from Africa is South Americd direction from South America is North /. »rica ? How many of the Grand Divisions border on the Atlantic ocean .' Pacific .' Indian .' Arctic ocean .' Which Grand Division borders on the greatest number of oceans .' Which on the least ? In what ocean is the Antarctic continent .' . > > What oceans border on the Eastern continent .' i. r. i. a. What oceans border on the Western continent ? a. a. f. s. Which extends farthest South, North America or Europe ? Which extends farthest South, Europe or Asia? Which e-xtends farthest South, Asia or Africa ? Which extends farthest North, Africa or South America? Which extends farthest East, S. America or N. America ? Which extends farthest West, Europe or Africa ? Whifh extends farthest East, Africa or Europe ? Which extends farthest South, North America or Asia ? What isthmus unites North and South An.erica? What ocean and sea are divided by the isthmus of Darien ? What isthmus unites Africa and Asia? What seas are divided by the isthmus of Suez ? b. M. " What strait divides Asia from North America ? What two oceans does Behring's strait connect ? If we divide the map of the world into two hemicpheres, by 'The learner will bear In mind that be must elve the direction ttam thu esTUre of one division, or country, to the emire oMhe other p£Ii?.n.2?iiil? U may be beneficial toextend. J^e fhSfST^StwSroM io ST^Si.'ofthe' i:' 24 EXERCISES ON THE the line called the Equator, what are these hemispheres called ? See small map. In which of these hemispheres is North America .' In which is Europe ? Asia ? Australia ? WWeii Grand Divisions lie in both Northern and Southern hemispheres ? Why is S. America and Africa in both ! What ocean lies wholly in the Northern hemisphere ? a. What ocean lies wholly in the Southern hemisphere ? ». What oceans lies partly in both hemispheres? a. i. p. In which Grand Division of the globe are we ? In which division of North America ? If you were going from the United States to Europe, wha ocean would you cross? Would you go East or West ? Why? If you were going from the United States to Cape Horn, woa d you go North or South? Why? In what zones would you sail ? Ingoing to the Red sea by water, what oceans would you pass ? How many times cross the equator? In what zones would you sail ? I • MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. In what hemisphere is North America ? In what part of the Western hemisphere is it ? In what direction is North America longest ? Which is widest, the Northern or Southern part ? With what is North America connected ? Does North America lie in North or South latitude ? Why is it in North latitude ? 30. What ocean bounds North America on the North ? What ocean bounds it on the East ? a. What gulf on the South ? m. Wh»t ocean bounds it on the West ? p. How t What What What In whi Whicl What America 49. Riis savages, w of Russian Chinese in settlement. What: B. -A. 50. Drit comprises the adjacei the extendi formerly sc they were because it same name What 1 ica ? u. What I What I Which Wiiat I What L What I What i ti.-A. 49. What is •All of B] poaiiB, IS ca • The cap! MONTnEAL. '-^v^Mvi&\«i«d^llri«4MJ%«f««d««.< 1 ..^., .r^-ajti'^v^w*. emispheres called ? merica ? Iiern and Southern ica in both I lemisphere ? a. hemisphere ? ». res ! A. I. P. I we ? Les to Europe, what ist or West ? Why ? to Cape Horn, would ;ones would you sail ? ; oceans would you or? In what zones IICA. e is it ? ;est ? t.ern part ? I ? jth latitude ? the North? a. MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 How many oceans border on North America ? a. a. p. What ocean borders most on North America .' p. What divides North America from Asia ? b. What does Bchring's Strait connect ? a. p. 21. In what Zones is North America? t. n-t. n-p. Which part is warmest ? Which part is coldest ? 32. What Division comprises the North-western part of North America? r.-p. 49. Russian Possessions, is a cold and dreary country, inhabited by a few savages, wlio subsist by hunting and fishing, and by son.e snmll conipanic. of Russian settlers, whoso object is to collect furs of the Indians for the spaZenT'^f • ^"■'^ ■\^'="-'"'e«'' on <"<-■ island of Sitka, is the principal settlement. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. What Division comprises the Northern part of N. America? B. -A. 50. British America is a vast territory, nearly as large as Europe. It comprises West Canada, East Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scofa, with he adjacent islands. Prince Jklward's.Cape Breton and Newfoundland, and the extensive region of New Britain.* East and West Canada, were formerly separate provmces, called Upper and Lower Canada. In 1841 they were united under one government. British America is so called, because it belongs to (ireat Britain. Montreal, situated on an island of the same name, in the river St. Lawrence, is the capital. What Division comprises the middle portion of North Amer- ica ? u. s. , -.* What Division in the South-western part ? What Division in the Southern part? g. Which of those Divisions do you think is largest .' What Divisions border on British America ? r.-p. and u.-s. What Divisions border on the United States ? On Mexico ? What Divisions and bodies of water border on Guatimala ? -* 4* ■ M, What is the chief settlement of the Russian Possessions ? n.-a, 49. What is the capitalf of British America ? m. mu" is?alleu N^^'^BniJk.N."''' '^'""^'^ *"" """" P"'"""' ">'"^ "^ »"o- MONrnBAll!'""' '"'™' °' government, it in small capitals on the map, at § ,-j|,C,«v« 26 EXERCISES ON THE What is the capital of the United States ? w. What is the capital of Mexico ? m. What is the capital of Guatimala ? st.-s. What country North-east of British America ? o. 51. Greenland is one of the colrlc^t countries on the globe a '"Bi"" «f '« andtnow It ha, but two »ea»ons,-« winter of nine inonthH and a 8um- S.eroft*ree Nothing grows there, but a few mo..e». stunted Bhrubn and n^i The principal aniniata are white bears, reindeer, and do^. The g^Lde!a ar'e sim.'L.r to the Esquimaux Indian, They are of a dwarfish size good nature.!, but dull, imlolent and extremely filthy. The hunting m iN^JTolitutestheirchief business and amusement. Greenland is prob ably a vast iaiand. It belong* to Ueninatk. Between what bodies of water is Greenland .' a. b. d. What large island East of Greenland ? i. 52. Iceland U a cold, rough and barren island, noted for its volcano and hoimrnes called Geysers. The people are moral, indusuious, able to read S^ wri -S contented and I'lappy. They prefer their ow,, co.|n.ry to 8U oJherB. Iceland is considered as belonging to Europe, and to .u«ect to Denmark. What Gulf South of the United States .' m. What Gulf in the Western part of Mexico .' c. Whrt Gulf between Canada and Newfoundland ? »t.-v. Which Galf do you think is largest.' M. Sttiallest ? c. 53. The difference between a gulf and bay is this-A bay « widest at the opening between the capes, or headlands-^n. grnduahy narrow, a i extends into the land-as the bay of Honduras, Bengal, tc; while a a«i.r to ~™uvely narrow at it, opening between the capes, and wider a. it extSnIanili, the gulf of Mexico, Venice. Baffin', bay. Cheiapeake bay, fcc, are more properly fulf: 81. What Bay West of Greenland? b. What Bay in the Northern part of British America ? h What Bay South of Hudson's bay ? J. What Bay East of Yucatan ? h. What Bay West of Yucatan .' c. What Bay in the Western part of Upper California.' st.-r. What Bay in the Southern part of Russian Possessions ? b. What Bay South of Hudson's strait ? u. What of Fnndj 54. Thi liieh tides, nel," they animals h What What I Whatl What! Isle. Whatl What! 55. The Georgia, of Georgia WhatS What I How m What li What 1; Whatl What li WhatL Whatl WhatH WhatR ted States What t* WhatR * The nni ,«frt««««(i*f* w. rica i [he globe, a region of ice line inonthH, and a sum- SBC8, stunted BhrubH and eindeer, and dogs. The They are of a dwarfish ■ filthy. The hunting of Bnt. Greenland is prob ind? A. B. D. loted for its volcano and induntrious, able to read :*r their own country to Europe, and is luWect to M. ■ **'■" CO ? c. mdland ? »t.-i.. I, Smallest ? c. is — A BAY is widest at the gradually narrows as it engal, tc; while a avhr Ihe capes, and wider as it liamn's bay, Chesapeake sh America? k >r California.' st.-r. sian Foasessions ? b. ^m *■ MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 27 What Bay between New Brunswick and Nova vScotia ? Bay of Fnndy. l,i.^h*,il^' "M'.?*' ^"f i' ."''""*' ^"'' """=' '""S- n is remarkable for it« high t des. At the hea.l of the North-eastern arm, called "(Jhignecto Chan- nel, they rise from sixty to seventy feet, and are so rapid, as to overtake animals feeding on the shore. "venaKe What Strait is the entrance to Baffin's Bay ? d. ' What Strait is the entrance to Hudson's Bay .> h. What Strait leads from Baffln'j Bay into the Arctic ocean ? b. What Strait between Newfoundland and Labrador ? Belle Isle, What Strait between North America and Asia ? b. What Strait South of Vancouver's Isle.' j.-d.-f. Geo™ J"' XlsLrT, "»'' "f y'«"<:,''"ver-s :,land is called the Gulf of Georgia. ^The Strait of Juan de Fuca is the Southern entrance to On guff of Georgia. What Sound in the Western part of Russian Possessions .' What Inlet in the Southern part of Russian Possessions! How many Lakes between the U. States and B, America?' What large Lake South-west of Hudsoirs Bay ? w. What large Lake North-west of lake Winnipeg ? a. What large Lake North-west of Athabaska lake ? a. What large lake North-west of Slave lake ? Great Bear Lake. What Lake in the Northern part of Upper California ? o. ». ' What Lake in Guatimila ? Lake Nicaragua. What River runs from Slave lake into the Arctic ocean ? m What River, in the Western part of the territory of the Uni- ted States, empties into the Pacific ? c. What two Rivers empty into the Columbia ? c. h. What River empties into the bay of St. Francisco i s. • The names of the lakes will be found on the Map of (he United States. *;,rt««»^*'*-' -mm I 28 EXERCISES ON THE What two Rivers unite and empty into the guU of California ? *^' What River forms the boundary line between Mexico and the United States ? r.-g. . What large river runs through the United States into the gulf of Mexico ? M. What large branches bus the Mississippi! o. on the east side, and m. a. r. on the west side. . What River carries the waterS of the lakes between the Uni- ted States and British America! into the Atlantic ? st.-i.. What river runs from lake Winnipeg into Hudson's Bay ? s. What River empties into lake Winnipeg ? s. What two Rivers empty into James' Bay ? m. r. What Peninsula forms the Southern extremity of Russian Possessions? a. , „ ,., j »i,„ t>. What Peninsula between the Gulf of California and the Pa- *" What*'peniusula between the Bays of Honduras and Cam- ''"what" Pe'ninsuia South-east of New Brunswick, between the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic 1 n. s. ,...,, What Peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlan- tic i Florida. What large Island in the"A^c ocean, West of Barrows' §tr&it "i M What large Islund West of Baffin's bay and Davis' strait ? p. w. L. What large Island East of Greenland? i. What large island in the Northern part of Hudson s bay 1 •• What large Island East of the gulf of St. Lawrence ? w. RA Newfoundland ii a torg=, cold and barren island, buH' noted for the cr.rc:ugrrv^n:&Tu^ KVwof the i.tand, caUed tUe Banks of Newfoundland. Wliat c What Ii Which Wliich Which Thcsi' fni (iroat AiiiJII What g South An: \Vhi( h What c] What tl What r America ? What Hi What tv .\mei'ica a Which ( How lilt Wiiat tw cm part ol .>7. These iliroiiuh wlii Wliat ca What ca Which i Whai ca What ca Wiiat ca On wliic ;ind Now S What is SP. Thp H 'ivers that m Krjlain. wlier powder, beat ™s«-**^*^*'^' ; 5 gulf of California ? feen Mexico and the 1 States into the gulf )pi1 o. on the east [es between the Uni- lantic ? st.-i.. o Hudson's Bay ? s. ? s. • ? M. R. " i Bxtremity of Russian California and the Pa- Honduras and Cam- unswick, between the VIexico and the Atlan- m, West of Barrows' and Davis' strait ? p. :t of Hudson's bay 1 •• St. Lawrence ? w. n island, but is noted for the [ore than 3000 vesseU. and are employed in the fishery, tin ihallow places in tlie set r Newfouudland. MAP OP NORTH AMERICA. 2§ What cluster of Islands East of the United States ? b. What Islands between North and South America? w. i, Which is the largest of the West India Islands ? c. Wliich IS the next lurgest : h. Which is next to Hayti > j. Which is the fourth in size, or next to Jamaica ? p. r. Thcsi' four islands, Cuba, IlavU, .laiiinica and Porto Rico are called the (iroat Aniillos. What group or chain of islands extend from Porto Rico to South America ? »< Whi( h is the most sonthrrn of tlie West India islands ? t. What cliistpr of islands north-east of Cnba? b. What three islands West of British America ? v. w. p. What mountains extend tlirough the western part of N. America .' What name is given to the Rocky mountains in Mexico ■" c. What two nioiiiitains ne- n. s. .i*. Tlie«e pas.sos are nap.s in tlie Itocky mountains, several miles wide, iliroii({li wliich emigrants travi-l to Urcyon. *.»■ What cape forms the southern extremity of Greenland .' r. U'hat cape South of Nova Scoiia .' s. Which is the most southern cape of the United States? k. What cape South of California? st -l. What cape West of Upper California ? m. What capes on the eastern coast of the United States? On which side of Hudson's and James' bays are New North ;ind New South Wales ? What is the eastern coast ol Hudson's bay called ? e. m. .18. Tlio British have tradinc smtiona ni the mouths of all the principal 'ivers that ompty into Hudson's liny, rIbo in various other parts of New llriiain, where the Indians come and exchange their furs for blanketi, gum, I'owder, beads, trinkets, tc 4 ' fS!«!«*" -=*»>~^ ao EXERCISES ON THE What is the country called between Hudson's Bay and the Atlantic .' h. 59. Labrador is an extensive region. It ia, however, but little known, for it is so colit ami barren, that no foreigner has ever attcinpteil to explore the interior. (Jreat numhors of fish of various kinds, particularly cod and Falmon, are found on the shores and small rivers. The coasts arc bordered by innumerable islands, and these are covered with flocks of sea fowl, especially eider ducks. Bears, wolves, fo.xcs, marten, hares, to. are nu- merous. The population is small. The Esquimaux inhabit all the coast The tribes of the interior are but little known. The Labrador fishery is m great importance, and is extensively carried on by the United States and Great Britain. Some years nearly a thousand tons of codfish, and twenty tliousand hogsheads of oil are obtained. What singular race of people inhabit the whole northern coast of America, from the gulf of St. Lawrence to Behring'i strait ? The H-iquimaux Indians. 60. The Esquimaux in appearance, character and habits, resemble the Greenlanders. They are small, ignorant, filthy and stupid, but are a harm- less, gentle and cheerful race. They live on fish, seals and sea fowl, and any thing else the;' can obtain for food. They are by no means partic- ular in regard to their diet. They have a fine kind of dogs which are trained to draw their sledges, or sleds, over the snow. See the picture on the map. In winter they live in hi s made of cakes of ice, or frozen snow. These are of a circular form, and are not only coinniodious, but even com- fortable. When we look at the regions inhabited by the Esquimaux, the climate, the productions, &c. we feel that their condition would b3 Im- proved by a removal to almost any other country on the globe, and yet. when any of them have been carried to England, or France, and treated with the greatest kindness, they have pined to go back. In what direction from Newfoundland is the Grand Bank, remarkable for the cod fishery .' How are the codfish taken .' With a hook and line. Throtigh what must the waters ol the Saskatchawan river pass to reach the ocean ? A. Lake Winnipeg, Hudson's bay, and Hudson's strait. Through what must the waters of the Platte river pan to reach the ocean .' What part of North America is crossed by the Tropic of Cancer I What division does it cross .> m. What part of North America does the Arctic Circle crost? What divisions i r-p. b-a. and c. m (O0».Aia]klj.^.4t%fti^.^«£4^llil««lktltt. In what In wliat In what What d G. M. What d; B-A. What di Whatd Whatp What d( 61. An i found floatii accumulatio been piling i launched in abound in I half a mile li to 300 feet. times greate Baffin's bay Whatdf How mi What d( What d( Where i lake Erie 63. Niage called Goat American F Bide. This Falls surpas body of wat petuosity ai around, and peat. • If the wh< InthlsnuestI (iuatim:ila, tl the Biihiimns ,S5» f ■f^^fyy^f^.f! 'i^ idson's Bay and the wcver, but little known, i-er attcmpteil to explore mlH, particularly cod and The coastM arc bordered with flocks of sea fowl, irten, harea, &e. are nu- u inhabit all the coast he Labrador fishery is oi )y the United States and 18 of codliah, and twenty the whole northern wrence to Behring't and habits, resemble the d stupid, but a;e a harm- li, seals and sea fowl, and ' are by no means partic- kind of dogs which are mow. See the picture on kpsofice, or frozen snow. )Uiniodious, but even corn- ed by the Esquimaux, the r condition would bs im- itry on the globe, and yet, d, or France, and treated back. i is the Grand Bank, look and line. le Saskatchawan river nnipeg, Hudson's bay, lie Platte river pass to )ssed by the Tropic of he Arctic Circle crost? MAP op NORTH AMERICA- 31 In what zone is the southern part of North America .' t. In wliat zone is the northern part .' n. t. In what zone is the largest part of North America ? n. t. What divisions of North America are in the Torrid Zone.* G. M. What divisions are in the Nortli Temperate Zone .' m. u-s. B-A. What divisions are in the North Frigid Zone.' r-p. b-.*.. o. What does the picture at the lop of the map represent ? What parU are occupied by the Es(|uimaux Indians .' What does the next picture represent .' An icebertf. 61. An iceberg is a largo mass of ice rescmlilinR a mountain, often found floating in the polar seas. Some are foriiied in tlip sea itself, by the accumulation of ice and snow, others suuui to be placiors, which have been piling up on shore, till quite overgrown, and at last are broken olfand launched into the ocean by their own weight. icebergs of this sort abound in Daflin's bay, where they are eonietunes two miles long and half a mile broad, and which rise above the surface from the height of 100 10 300 feet, while their depth below th') level of the water is about eight times greater than that above. Icebergs have been known to drift from Baflln's bay to the Azores, or Western islands. What does the third picture represent .' How many of these animals have you ever seen ? What docs the fourth picture represent .' What does the bottom picture represent .' Where are Niagara Falls .' In the river Niagara, between lake Erie and lake Ontario. 62. Niagara river at the Falls is three-fourths of a mile wide. An island, called Goat island, t'lvides the cataract into two principal portions,— the American Fall on the East, and the Il.-irse Shoe on the West, or Canada side. This picture represents a view of the Morse Shoe Fall. .Niagara Falls surpass all others of the kno\:n world in grandeur. 'Ihe immense body of water phmges over a precipice 160 feet high. The weight. Im- petuosity and descent of the waters, occasion a ircmiiloiis motion all around, and cause a sound louder than tliat of the ocean in a miglity tem- pest. • If the whole division Is not cmhncoil, let the learner specify what K,ire. As Inthl8(]uesllnn, ' wh.it divisions of N.irlh Ameriia are in the torrlil 7.nml A (Jualimiila, the southern part of Mexico, and all the Wast India t^liUiUs except the Biihiunas, "^ ,,„^ -.„..>,: ^;T(«^J-'is 32 EXF.RC1SE8 ON THE In whiit direction from Hiulsnn's hay is tiie Gulf of St. Law- rence ? (lulf of Mexico? Gulf of California? In what direction from us are the Bermudas ? Hayti? New- foundland? Melville island ? Vancouver's island ? Isthmus of Darien ? I!elirini;'s strait ? Which is farthest North, or has the highest latitude, Cape Cod or the mouth of Columbia river ? Cape Farewell or Cape Prince of Wales ? Cape Sable or Cape St. Lucas ? Newfoundland or Vancouver's island ? From what meridian is the longitude reckoned on the top of the map ? Where is Greenwich ? See 20. From what meridian is the longitude reckoned on the bottom of the map**! What is the longitude of Washington from Greenwich ? 93 Tracp to the m What two states touch the Mississippi and Missouri rivers .' M. I. What state touchej tho Ohio and the Atlantic ? v. What state border'? -i the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico ? r. What state bordars o. lake Erie and the Atlantic? What state borders en tive lakes ? Which state appeals. longest from East to West? ^ What are the names of the four territories ? Indian, Minnisota, Nebraska and Oregon. Which territory extends farthest East ? m. Which extends farthest South ? i. Which extends farthest West ? o. In ,vhat territory does the Mississippi rise ? m. , n. ivhat territory does the Missouri rise ? n. How^ many states are there ? Hov/ many territories ? What four states border on lake Erie ." n-v. p. o. m. What four border on lako Michigan? m. w. i. i. On what lakes, rivers, sound and ocean does New York bor- der ? E. o. and c— N. st.-i,. and h. — l.-i-s. and a. o. 68. Long Island forms a part of the state of New York. The North river, or Hudson, before it reaches the Atlantic separates New York from New ' Jersey. Which extends farthest North, Maine or New Hampshire ? New Hampshire or Vermont ? Vermo New V Connc( Which Louisia North ' Virgin! Maryla Which Illinois Ohio or Virgin! New Hi Which FromC From \ From P From ^ From I< From W From V From W From S( FromT Througl line from From 01 From F From M FromN From T * In answe ttomtbacen, ■^h.-««(«»*M* *UW»**< . ^J^^fff^^y lest North ? m. le Mississippi river ! aissippi ? i.. dc of the Mississippi nd Mississippi river ? and Missouri rivers ? tlantic? V. Gulf of Mexico ? r. i Atlantic ? ;o West ? , i.s? M. ■ise ? M. ? N. ly territories ? N-V. V. 0. M. [. w. 1. I. 1 does New York bor- 8. and A. o. Vork. The North river, or C9 New York from New or New Hampshire i MAP OP THE UNITED STATES. t| Vermont or New York ? . New YorkorMichij^an? Conncctir\it or Ohio ? Which extends farthest South, Florida or Texas ? Louisiana or Georgia ? North Carolina or Arkansas .' Virginia or Missouri .' Maryland or Indiana ? Which extends farthest East, Texas or Iowa ? Illinois or Mississippi? Ohio or Georgia ? Virginia or Pennsylvania? New Hampshire or Rhode Island ? Which way is it from Maine to Connecticut ?• From Connecticut to Vermont ? ^ From Vermont to Pennsylvania ? From Pennsylvania to Michigan ? » ■ . From Michigan to Iowa? From Iowa to Massachusetts ? . ' '^'^ From Massachusetts to Virginia ? ' '• • „ From Virginia to Missouri ? , ," From Missouri to South Carolina ? ' ^ ,♦ • From South Carolina to Texas ? '^ , From Texas to Miine ? ' ' Through what states would you pass in travelling in a straight line from Maine to Ohio ? From Ohio to Florida ? >' ' " •'. ' • From Florida to Missouri? • ■- ^ ' ' From Missouri to New Jersey? From New Jersey to Texas ? ,' V { ' '^ From Texas to Maine ? * In answering these quesUons, the learner will give the direction or way from the centre of mm stxte to the cenirt of the otlier. ».*rt4.?«S!^*WS*i^- Sii 36 EXERCISES OM THB Through what states would you pass in travelling on the coast from Mexico to New Brunswick. What mountains extend through the western part of the United States ? r. What mountains extend through the eastern part of the Uni- ted Stages ? A. 07. The Allt'ifhanv mountains extend from Alabama to the rtateof New York. Their course i.s nearly parallel with the Atlam-c. varying from M to 130 miles from it. They connint of Bevera;pataUel ritlgeo, called «•"»'"* ridge, Cumlmrland mnuntiin, laurel mountain in Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia, and Caatskill mountain in New York. Into liow many great natural sections or divisions do the Rocky and Alleghany m'.untains divide the territory of the United States ? Into three sections, 68 1st The Atl.intip Slopk, which extends from the Alleghany moun- tains to the Atlantic. 2d. Thk Mississippi Valliv. which lies between the Alleghany and Rocky moiintains, watered by the Mississippi and its nu- merous branches. 3d. Thk Pacific Slope which comprises the region be- tween the Rocky mountains and the Pacific ocean. Hence it wiU be seen that the general feature of the country, is that of an Immense plain, travers- ed or crossed by two great chains of mountains. Into what ocean do the rivers that ri=.e on the eastern side of the Alleghany mountains, or in the Atlantic slope, empty ? A. Into what ocean do the rivers that rise on the western side of the Rocky mountains, or in the Pacific slope, empty ? p. Into what gulf do the rivers between the Alleghany and Rocky mountains, or in the Mississippi valley, empty i m. What is the general course of the rivers in the Atlantic slope ? 8. E. - What is the general course of the rivers in the Pacific slope? w. .... What is the general course of the rivers in the Mississippi valley ? The general course of those West of the Mississippi river, is south-east ; the course of those East of the Mississippi is generally south-west. What large river in Oregon empties into the Pacific ? c. What 1 c. I., w. W tiat I H.-G. What i the Gulf Whatt r.ouisian! Where What a souther Which sippi .' 1 Which p. K. O. What h The T The Mobi What t' What li What is What ri (Jeorgia ? What t\ What ti What a empty inti What r Maryland 09. The ! n-an into Al What tv What ri Indiana an What tv form the C ) travelling on tbe western part of the ern part of the Uni- ima to the rtate of New m-c. varying from 50 to >\ ridgec, called the Blue Pennsylvania and Vir- or divisions do the the territory of the om the Alleghany moun- ,EY. which lies between ic MlmiMippi and iti nu- compriseg the region be- . Hence it will be wen n lmmen»e plain, tr»vei»- n the eastern side of ic slope, empty ? A. )n the western side of )pe, empty ? p. n the Alleghany and illey, empty i m. in the Atlantic slope ? I in the Pacific slope i rs in the Mississippi 3St of the Mississippi Sast of the Mississippi to the Pacific ? c. MAP OF THE INITED STATES. fVf What are the three principal branches of the Columbia river ' C. L. W. Mtiat river forms tlie boundary between Texis and Mexico ? B.-G. What are tlie four prin.ip;,! rivers in Texas that emptv into the Oiiif of Mexico? v. c. a. v. What liver forms most of the boundary between Texas and F.ouisiana ? fi. Where does the Siibi lie empty ? What large river rises in Itasca lake in Minnisota, and runs a southerly course into the Gulf of iMexico r m. Which are the three largest western branches of the Missis- sippi ? M. A. R. Which are the four principal branches of the Missouri ? y. p. K. O. What boundary does the Pearl form .' Between i.. and m. Tbe Tombigby and Alabama rivers unite and form what ? The Mobile river, which empties into Mobile Bay. What two rivers unite and form the Apalachicola ? ' ' What large river in Florida empties into the Atlantic ? What is the course of the St. Johns .' What river forms part of the boundary between Florida and (Jeorgia? st.-M. What two rivers unite and form the Alatamaha? o. o. What two States does the Savannah separate .' What are the two principal rivers in South Carolina that empty into the Atlantic ? s. and g.-p. What rivers can you mention between South Carolina and Maryland .' c. f. n. r. c. j. y. r. p. ""; J'^l^"'"'^ "'"''^'0^ '"to Pamlico Sound, and the Hoanoke and Cho- BTin into Albemarle Sound, What two States does the Potomac sepnrate .' v. m. What river separates Virginia and Kentucky from Illinois, Indiana and Ohio .' What two rivers unite at Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania and form the Ohio .' a. m. Ve EXERCISES ON THE What river rises in New York and rurs through the central part of Pennsylvania into the head of Chesapeake Bay ? s. 70. The body of water in tlie eastern part of Virginia and Maryland in called rhesapeake Hay. The body of water between Delaw^are and New Jersey is Delaware Bay. What river separates Pennsylvania from New York and New Jersey, and empties into Delaware Bay .' d. What river in the eastern part of New York ? n. 71. This river is sometimes called the North River, and eometiine» the Hudson. What river separates Vermont from New Hampshire, and passes through Mas.sachusett8 and Connecticut into Long Island Sound .' c. 72. The body of water between Long Island and Connecticut, ii caDed Long Island Sound. What are tlie three principal rivers in Maine .' a. k. r. What river rises in the northern part of Maine, and passea through New Brunswick into the Bay of Fundy ? st.-J. What river flows from Lake Ontario into the Gulf of St. Law- rence ? What river forms most of the boundary between Canada East and Canada West .' o. Which of the lakes between the United States and British America is largest ? s. Which is smallest ? rt.-c. Which is the most eastern ? o. Which most western ? w. How many of these lakes are longest from East to West ? s. E. o. What two lakes lie wholly in the United States ? m. c. With what is Lake Champlain connected.' »t.-L. by s. «. What four lakes arc longest from North to South ? w. M. H. C. What five lakes border on Michigan, s, h. c. e. h. What three lakes border on New York, e, o. c. Which of the lakes do you think is highest above the level of the ocean .' Why is Lake Superior highest .' 73. The great chain of lakes bolwoen the United States and BritUh ^-^^^^^iiaaMrf.^.Vtvi«Ma^ii h. l. and Fear. Wliat cape south of Kloriila ? p. What cape on the western coast of Florida ! R. What two islands southeast of MassachusctU ? Nantucket and Martha's ViuLvard. What larite island south of Connect icut ? What mountains in Virginia ? What mounljiiis l)ctwccn Kentucky and Virginia? What mountains in Missouri ? ■What toountains extend throutjli the western part of Texas? What moiHitains separate Nebraska territory from Oregon? To what doKrce of North latitude docs the southern point of Florida extend ? Through what States does the noth parallel of North latitude pass? ThcHotli? TheJoth? The ir.th ? In what zone are tlie United States ? Which is the laruest State ? How many scjuare miles has Texas ? Wliat is the next largest state ? Population uf Virginia ? What is the extent of Michigan in square miles ? Missouri ? Georgia? Arkansas? Wisconsin? Iowa? Illinois? Ala- bama? , Which is the smallest State ? How many square miles has Ri\ode Island ? What is t'.c popuhti.m <.f Hl.ode Island ? P.'lawarc ? Con- necticut ? Massachusetts ? New York ? Ohio? How many of the United States are longer from East to West than from North to South ? -/i*'t^^-*^«^'*^t^-'i> t^^S.^JVl,i ■^dBB" ^are Bay ? m. h. ipeakeBay? c. h. I ? H. L. and Fear. da J H. husctts .' Nantucket Virginia ? istern part of Texas ? itory from Oregon ? ;he southern point of llel of North latitude ilion uf Virginia .' re miles? Missouri? va ? Illinois ? Ala- any square miles has 1 ; Pi'Uwviuc ? Con- Ohio ? ger from East to West MAP OP SOUTH AMERICA. 4ft Which State has the largest extent of sea-coast ? How many States have any sea-coast ? Have all the States access to the ocean by means of naviga- ble rivers ? What city In the United States has the longest line of com- munication with the interior of the country by means of naviga- ble rivers ? New Orleans. 78. By means of the Missisaippi anil its ntimeroiis branches, New Or- leans has about twenty tliousami miles of steamboat navigation. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. In what direction from us is South Amnrica ? ' ,' In which hemisphere is South America ? , . . ; In which part of the western hemisphere ? " With what grand division is South America connected ? What isthmus connects North and South America ? In what direction is South America longest ? Does South America lie in North or South latitude ? Why in both? What sea on the North of South America ? What ocean on the East of it ? a. What strait on t;ie South ? m. What ocean on the West ? p. c. Which is the most northern division of South America ? Which is thu most eastern division ? Which is the most southern division ? Which is the most western division ? '. . i What divisions border on the Carribbean Sea ? What divisions border on the Atlantic ? /': What divisions border on the Pacific 1 Which division borders both on the Atlantic and Pacific ? Which division borders on the Pacific and Caribbean Sea/ e -. , .. " ■P HWWl'.i"--^ v'^Jitas«iai^(iAiCiSWiaiJM«»'^ 43 EXERCISES ON THE m -Ill Which division has the greatest extent of sea-coast .' Which division has no sea-coast ? What divisions does the equator cross ? What divisions does the Tropic of Capricorn cross ? What divisions border on New Grenada ? e. b. v. What divisions border on Equador ? On Peru ? What divisions border on Bolivia ? On Chili ? What divisions border on Buenos Ayres ? On Brazil 1 What divisions and bodies of water border on Patagonia? Which is the largest division of South America ? b. Which is the smallest division ? p. Which is the most northern cape of South America ? o. Which is the most eastern cape ? st. r. Which is the most southern cape ? h. Which is the most western cape ? b. Between what capes is South America longest ? g. h. Between what capes is it widest 1 st.-R. b. What island on the coast of Venezuela near the mouth of the Orinoco ? t. What island at the mouth of the Amazon ? J. What two islands southeast of Patagonia 1 r. What island southeast of the Falkland islands ? ». o. What islands South of Patagonia 1 t. d. f.* What island South of Chili ? c. What islands Wcs' of Chili ' 7!) The lar'">»t of thcie islands, Mas-a-tiena, is remarkable for iiaTinf teen tlic residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, who passed sev- eral years alone on the isliu.d, and whose life and adventures furnished th« ground work of thai interesting story of Robinson Crusoe. What islands northwest of Chili ? st.-A. and st.-r. What strait separates Tierra Bel Fuego from Patagonia ? m. ' Land of Fire." These islands were «o named • TIerm Di'I Fiiepomrans " Land of Fire." These isianas were """Kmeu froii the flrex smi alona Ihelr Hhoros t.y the dlscoyorers, who suppojed Ih"'" viVkaiiic. Til-.' inh;il,llaiits arefrleiidly and |i».iicc:U.1p, but rudo aiid Igno- rant, like tho ImUuo tribes uf Pnta^onla. rW llvi. by llsUlua. What I to the ist Throui Which Where 80. The by dividinf five miles Where What! What I Mts.' What I Whatt 81. Cot( lg,S08 feel Andes — pr covering o the sun wii of its erupt ler, and iti feet high. its sides, is neither smi Into wl Which at its moi In wha and A. Which Whatt Which In wha Whatr What r What r Betwee Whatr w i^^_^Jb 5■--■■■ of sea-coast ? icorn cross ? ? E. B. V. ti Peru ? Chili ? , ? On Brazil 1 3er on Patagonia f America ? b. uth America ? o. R. longest ? Q. H. -R. B. near the mouth of the on ? 3. iai F. islands ? >. o. D. F.* a. 18 remarkable Tor bavinf lish sailor, who passed sev- nd adventures furnished tiM m Crusoe. .. and et.-F. ;o from Patagonia ? m. 'heae islands wore so named discoverers, who suppoied IK'iiucalilo. but rudo and tgno- vo by llsklu^j. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 48 What mountains extend from the straits of Tierra Del Fuego to the isthmus of Darien t Through which part of South America do the Andes extend } Which is the highest peak of the Andes > a. Where, and how many feet high, is Mount Sorata ? 80. The learner will remember there are 5,280 feet in a mile : and hence by dividing 25,380 feet by 5,280, he will see that Mount Sorata is nearly Ave miles high. Where is Mt. Chimborazo 1 It is 21, 240 feet high. What mountains in the western part of Brazil ? g. What mountains in the eastern part of Brazil .' Prazillian Mts.' What mountains separate Guiana from Brazil 1 a. What two volcanoes in Equador .' c. p. 13. 81. Cotopaxi is one of the most tremendous volcanoes in the world. ,It is 18,508 feet high, and is the most beautiful of nil the colossal summits of the Andes — presenting the form of a regular and smooth cone, wrapped in a covering of snow and ice of the purest while, which shines in the rays of the sun with dazzling splendor. It is in a constant state of activity. Many of iU eruptions have been terrible, the flames rising 3000 feet above the cra- ter, and its roarings heard 000 miles. I'inchinca, or Picliincha, is 15,000 feet high. It was formerly a volcano ; but the mouth or crater, on one of its sides, is now covered with sand or calcined matter, so that at present, neither smoke nor aslies issue from it. Into what do the rivers of .South America principally empty .> Which is the largest river.' The Amazon is l.'iu miles wide at its mouth. In what division and mountains does the Amazon rise ? p. and A. Which is next in size to the Amazon .' d. l. p. , . What two rivers form the Rio De La Plata i p. u. Which is next in size to the Rio Do La Plata 1 o. In what division is the Orinoco .' v. What river empties into the Caribbean sea ? m. What river empties into the Magdalena .' c. What river in the eastern part of Brazil ! s. r. .' Between what two rivers is Paragu.iy 1 p. p. What river Irora Bolivia puiptius into the Paraguay ? p. #■■ ,jm^iiii^m^*iis»!^itit^'^ 44 SXBRCl^ES ON THE What gulf in the northwestern part of New Grenada ? d. What gulf South of the istliinus of Darien ? p. What gulf northwest of Peru 1 g. What gulf Ease of Patagonia ■? s. a. What gulf West of Patagonia ? c. What bay in the eastern part of Brazil ? a. s. What bay in the southern part of Buenos Ayres 7 ^V'llat bay East of Patagonia ? st. g. What lake in the northern part of Venezuela ? m. What lake in the southern part of Brazil 1 What lake in Buenos Ayres : ». What lake in the southeastern part of Peru ? T. 82. Titicacn is tlic largest lake in Couth America. It is about 250 miles In circuit ami 400 fet-t di'i'p. . Thu \vat»!r thnugli neither wilt nor brackish, is muddy and nauseous to the taste. To the reruvian Indians, this lake is a sacred object ; since, according to their most sacred traditions, it was on an island in its centre, that Manco fajiac anil Mama Oella, his wife, the founder of the great Peruvian enipira, first apiieared to give laws and arts to the inhabitants, lie declared himself and wife to be children of the sun, sent down to civilize and instruct them. Manco taught the men agricul- ture and other useful arts, w hilst his wife instructed Hit nomen to spin and weave. He ordend sacrifices to be otiered to the sun, as the l)cnefhctot of men. Probably, he and his wife came from some civilized country, and cniploye Near what city are they ? p. 34. The accidentall Huaka. ( been coine amount of In wha of the Tn In wha Capricon What d temperati What d Whatd Is the r Why > Is the t Why.' Whatgi 85. The lantic to tbi comprising ; Which em or the central .' Which Paraguay V^hy.' "3, What is Ouiana ? maribo of Equador } Buenos A; Brazil ? r What d( 86. The li walking abri which ia wr i^ -,-'-rj.'3S»,f«u;y*!ift»»jij "1W(W^*^ evv Grenada ? d. lU ? P. A. s. )3 Ay res 7 zucla ? M. I! 'eru I T. ca. It is about 250 miles neither wilt nor brarkisli, iivian IndianH, this lake is icred traditions, it was on lania Oella, his wife, the ircd to give law« and arts to be ciiildren of the sun, 1 taught the men agricul- ted lilt women to spin and e sun, as the bcnefiictor )mo civili/.ed country, and :r th(^ Indians, and by this nment. In 1043, Manco ^aptal of the empire until "i34. The history of Peru, iresting and instructive. sive plains ? : plains ? ■nsivp, stretching (Vom the cpR and covered with high iumerous herds of cattl";, le liuncos, or inhabitanU ch tlii'se animals by skill- r leather rope. il.' G. ines? ity are they ? p. MAP OP BOUTH AMERICA. 45 84. The silver mines of Potosi, so celebrated throughout the world, were accidentally discovered by a Peruviim Indian, in 154.5, named llualpa, or Hualca. Since their discovery, accordii.'j to the best estimates, there have been coined more Uian a,000,000,000 of dollars of sUver, besides a large amount of gold. In what zone is that part of South America which lies North of the Tropic of Capricon ■? In what zone is that part which lies South of the Tropic of Capricon .' What divisions lie partly in the torrid and partly in the South temperate zone 1 What divisions lie wholly in the torrid zone? What divisions lie wholly in the South temperate zone ■? Is the northern or southern part of South America warmest ' Why.' 30, Is the northern or southern part of North America warmest ' Why.' .32. What fjreat valley in the northern part of Brazil 1 20. 85. The Valley of the Amazon is of great extent, reaching from the At- lantic to the Andes, and aliout 1700 miles in breadth from North to South, comprising an area of about two million square miles. Which part of the valley of the Ama'on is lowest, the east- ern or the western part 1 The northern and southern, or the central .' Why > 3. Which country do you think is most elevated, or highest. Paraguay or Uraguay .' Why? 3. Bolivia or Buenos Ayresl V^hy.' 3. What is the capital of New Grenada .' b. Of Venezuela ? c. Of Guiana? George,fown is the capital of English Guiana, Para- maribo of Dutch G liana, and Cayenne of French Guiana. Of Equador?«i. Of Peru ? l. Of Bolivia? c. Of Chili ?g. Of Buenoi Ayres ? b. Of Paraguay ? a. Of Uruguay > m. v. Of Brazil ? r. j. Of Patagonia ? Why no capital in Patagonia ? What does the picture on the top of the map represent ? 86. The ladiei of Lima are celebrated for their vivacity and beauty In walking abroad they wear a manto, a large loose cloak of black silk gauze which is wrapped round even the fiice. Dnder this disgui«e they amuse' ■•-*i*£*ii*sjs:s:i4*5Bjj5fes»«:»E!«s i*#- .JK**?*^*! 46 EXERCISES ON THE thctiwolvea hy minRliiiR witli ilin crowds in the siroete, to see whatever la going on, and by adilrcssing tliiiir t'rii.'nd» without bcin? Itnown by them. What does the next picture represent .' What does the third picture represent ? Have you ever seen any of these animal ? What does the fourth picture represent ? What does the picture on the bottom of the map represent .' 87. The Patngoniana nri! of !argc size, bravo, and excellent hoisenien. They consiHt of a nil nhcr of Indian trilxw. and wander from tlw straits of Ma- gellan to the paniiuis in Bnunos .Vyns. They are often engaged in war with the Spaniards, and are formidable by their ooiirage and numbers. The (iuacoisof Hpanisli origin, inb.ibils the pampas, ae;' teuUa hfeofwild inde- pendence. Ilia chief employment is catching wild cattle with the lasso. Between him and tlie Inlians therl^ is a perpetual war. What is the extent of South America in square mihs ? Whit is the probable population of South America ? From wliat meridian is the longitude reckoned on the top of the map ? Where is Greenwich ? From what merid'an is longitude reckoned on the bottom of the map ? Where i;i Washington .' What is the difference of longitude between Greenwitih and Washington .' Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does South America lie .' Between 12 North and 56 degrees South lati- tude, and between 35 and 82 degrees West longitude from Greenwich. Can you go from .^outh America to Europe by land ? Why not .> In what direction must you sail, and what ocean cross in going from South America to Europe ? MAP OF EUROPE. In what direction from us is Europe .' In which hemisphere is Europe .' ,i . In which part of the eastern hemisphere ? With what grand division is Europe connected .' Does Europe lie in North or South latitude ? Why ? What What What What Is Kui What In wh Wliicl What What . What I What What ( What ( What ( What ( What ( What T. E. S. What t Wliat « What c What c ocean .' What I sea? w. What ( What c Whatd nean .' t. Whatd tic .' r. B, — ■ ^'.Sr^^'-'i^;^J^tmW'- -ifmr' recto, to tee whatnvpr 19 beinii known by tbein. I ? t? the map represent ? nnd oxcfllent hoispiiien. udiT from the straitnof Mn- (iftpn ingiiKfii in war with mgf niij nuinbors. The •d lc;»il:. What division extends from the Baltic to the Black sea? r. What division extends from the Black sea to the Mediterra- nean ? T. What divisions extend from the Mediterranean to the Atlan- tic ? r. B. %»»*« !t«»**i'''e-ii''"-- '■^Dimf^^p 48 BXEItCISCa ON THE Which is the largest islaml in Europe .' Great Britain. 88. The istand coiiipriniii)! Knuland, Scotland, nud Wales, ii caUed Great Britain. (;r«at Britain and Ireland are called the British Ules. In what part of Great Britain is England ? In what pari is Scotland .' In what part is Wales ? What large island West of Great Britain .' i. What large island West of Norway ? i. ^ What four clusters of islands North and West of Scotland- r. a. o. H. What islands southeast of Spain ? i. m m. 89. Ivica. Majorca and Minorca are called the Balearic islandi. They were so calljd by the Greeks, because the inhabitants were eiiMjrt archers and ■lingers. What two large islands West of Italy .> c. s. What large island near the southern point of Italy ? s. What ishnd South of Sicily ? Malta belongs to Great Britain. What island South of the Archipelago ? What island in the eastern part of the Mediterranean .' c. What two islands at the entrance of the Baltic ? Zealand and Funen. 90 The large island on which Copenhagen is situated, it Zealand ; the one West of it, 18 Funen. The portion of land between the Atlantic on the West, and the Catte^t and Baltic on the East, is called the Peninsula of JutUnd. Denmark consists principally of the peninsula of Jutland and the islands of Zealand and Kun^n. The Asiatic coast of the Mediterranean and Archipelago, from Constan- tinople to Alexandria in Egypt, is often called "the Levant." Levant prop- erly signifies "the FJist." The Mediterranean east of Candia, u usually called by seamen, " the Levant sea." What sea East of Great Britain .' n. What sea between England and Ireland .' i. What sea between Sweden and Russia and Prussia .' b. What sea in the northern part of Russia ? w. What three seas South of Russia ? c. a. b. What three seas East of Turkey .' b. m. a.' ■ Archipelago, i term often applied to a large group or cluster of Islands See IT The most niteJ Is the Grecian Archipelago, between °«f« «"^J'"JJH 0,; ,1« wrtand AslaMlnor on the ^st It conWns nmnero^s U'^ TM I ■• noted are Nogropont, 8clo, Samos, Rhoues, myiiiem, rauum, »<• «rof ^r w«a formerly called " the JEgean Be»." What What B. W. Wiiat What What What , What I What I What I Which Where The bii What c What c What c What c What c Whatc What 8 What 8 What s What s What 8 91. The I r.i The Bo and Blacks What b wliatcouii of Otrantn •ThecHlf jiart nf Oree |>f Morea, »i . is Wales .' i West of Scotland • luaric islands. They were vere ex|H!rt archen and c. a. int of Italy ? 8. ongs to Great Britain. fediterranean ? c. he Baltic ? Zealand lated, it Zealand ; the nne vevn the Atlantic on the is called tliu I'eninsulaof liiiHUla of Jutland and the rchipelago, from Constan- e Levant." Levant prop- east of Candia, ii usuaily 1? I. ind Prussia ? n. I? w. B. ... ,, ... t. A.* ' ID 01 Cluster of Islands. See slween Greece and Tuiltejr Ins numerous islands. The es, Mytlleni, Patnioa, *o. n Sea." w HAP OF EUROPE. 4B What larste sea South of Europe .' m. What ten seas in ami around Europe.' c. A. b. m. a m. i. n. B. w. Wliat Cfulf East .f Italy ? v. What triilf aouthc'iist of Italy ? t. What tjulf in the northwestern part of Italy > a. What gulf Soulh of France ? l. What culf North of tlic liaUic ? b. What two gulfs East of the Haltic ? r. R. What gulf in Greece 1 The gulf of Lepanto.* Which is the only large bay in Europe .' b. Wlicre is the bay of Biscay situated .' The bay or gulf in Holland is called " The Zfyder Zee." What channel between France and England .' a. What channtl South of Wales .' b. What channel between Wales and Ireland .' st. o. ' ' What channel between Ireland and Scotland .' N. What channel between Denmark and Norway ? «. What channel between Denmark and Sweden .' c. What strait between Engl' and Fraiice .' d. What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean ? a. What strait between Corsica and Sardinia ? b. What strait between Sicily and Italy .' m. What strait at the entrance of the gulf of Venice .' o. 91. The stni:tofl>ardnni!llclnKn and xcn nf Mamio- r.i The llosphorus, or strait of Constantinople, connects the sea of Marmora and niacksca. What bodies of water does the strait of Dover connect and wliat countries separate ? The strait of Gibraltar .' The strait ofOtranto.' Strait of Dardanelles .' Strait of Constantinople ? •TheBMirin ihpcenlrdpart of Greece Is calleil the Gulf of I/!panln. That lijirt of Greece whi.Ji lies .Soiiih of the Gulfnf Lepantn. is called the peninsula or.Morea, or '' the Morea." The narrow neck of laud which counecU theso ■Uvislons of Ore«ce u called the Isthmus of Corinth. # 50 EXERCISES ON THE St. George's channel ? North channel ? The Skager Rack ? The Cattegat ? What cape North of Norway ? w. What cape South of Norway .' N. What cape southwest of England? l.. e. What cape South of Ireland? c. What cape North of France ? I.. H. What cape northwest of Spain ? o. What cape West of Spain ? r. What cape southwest of Portugal ? st. v. ., What cape South of Italy ? Cape Spartivento. >- What cape South of Greece ? M. '• Which is the most northern cape of Europe ? n. - Which is the most southern cape ? Cape Trafalgar, near the strait of Gibraltar. Which is farthest East, cape Matapan or cape North ? Cape Clear or cape St. Vincent? Land's End or cape Ortegal? Cape Naze or cape Bon, in Africa ? What peninsula between the Black seaand sea of Azoff? c. What peninsula in the southern part of Greece ? The Morea. What peninsula between the Atlantic and Baltic ? Jutland. What mountains between Norway and Sweden ? d. What mountains between France and Spain ? p. What mountains in Switzerland? A. What mountains in Italy ? a. What mountains in Turkey ? b. What mountains between Europe and Asia ? v. What mountains between the Black and Caspian sea? c. Which is the highest mountain in Europe ' Mnnt Blanc. 92. Mont Blanc, the bigliest iuminit of the Alps. In 1. 1,766 feet high. Blanc in a French word, signifying lehite. It i» called Mont llliinc, " the White mountain," on account of its while appearance, being always covered with snow and ice. The next highest peak of the Alps i» Mount Rosa, 15,380 feet high, and the next highest summit is the Great St. Bernard, 10,780 feet high. On the Noith side of Mont Blanc, is the celebrated vale of C river Arv vale is uni va. and X snow and are iiniiie. the mount What What What 1 What I Caspian ! What! What I Caspian s What f Whatl Whatl What r Atlantic > What I G. L. What r What t Where Where Where Dwina ? of Europe VVhattl What U Whs. -I W?>at^ Vt. Mm * wasoonq in? fSlJ. th The Skager Rack ? V. ,• , ,.,; ■tivento. ' -■ ■■ rope ? N. pe Trafalgar, near the )r cape North ? Cape ircape Ortegal? Cape and sea of Azoff? c. ' Greece ? The Morea. ind Baltic ? Jutland. Sweden ? d. pain p. Asia? u. d Caspian sea? c. opp ' Mimt Blanc. Al|i». In l.l,T«6 feet high. !eil Mont m;\nc, " the White nee, being always covered )f the Alps i» Mount Rosa, t ia the Oreat St. Bernard, It Blanc, is the celebrated MAP OF ECROPE. 51 vale of Chamouni, eightefn miles lone, and one and a half broad. The river Arve flows Ihroufh the cntre of it. The »cenery siirroundins the vale '""nriv-nll,.,! in b..anly and gran.leur. It is forty l»o mile!. from •.•.-ne- va. and Xm feet above the level of the sea. The Riaciers are fields of *now and ice, extendine sometimes fifteen or twenty miles. Avalanches are immense masses of snow and ice, which sometimes fall or slide from the mountams. What volcano in Sicily ? e. What volcano near Naples ? v. What volcano in Iceland ? h. What river rises in the Ural mountains and runs into the Caspian sea ? u. What boundary does the Ural river form ? What river in Russia, the largest in Europe, empties into the Caspian sea ? v. What river empties into the sea of Azoff? d. What large river in Russia empties into the Black sea? ». What large river from Germany empties into the Black sea ? d. What river rises in Spain and runs through Portugal into the Atlantic ? t. What two rivers in France empty into the bay of Biscay ? G, L. What river in F'rance runs into the British channel ? s. What two rivers rise in Switzerland ? r. r. Where does the Rhone empty ? Where does the Rhine empty ? •, ' Where does the Elbe empty ? Oder ? Vistula ? Niemen ? Dwina ? Tornea ? Which are the three most important rivers of Europe I The Volga, Danube, and Rhine. v- What thr i .xes in Kussia ? o. l. i. What Uvo uikes in Switzerland? Geneva and Constance. Whfl. im lakes in Sweden ? Wenner, Wetter, and Malar. W*Bt c(w«ntry in the western part of Russia ? p. «. PWttBd was fonnerly one of the most powerful kingdoms in Europe » WM conquered and in 1795 divided between Russia. Prussia and Austria Ji> i^lo. the cenlml part of Poland was erected Into a kingdom by tbe mm ■ WBMS^nW' 52 EXERCISES ON THE congress of Vienna, subject to the emperor of Russia. In 1830, the Poles attempted to free themselves from the tyranny of the Russians, but were Boon overpowered and forced to submit. I'oland is now merged m Russia, and no longer exists as an independent state. What name is given to the northern part of Norway, Sweden • and Russia .' l. What country between the sea of Azoff and the Caspian sea ? c. What name is given to the southern part of Caucasus .' c. What singular people in the northeastern part of Russia .> s. 94 The Samoyedes are a wandering people, traversing the immense frozen deserts bordering on the A.ctic ocean. They extend from the VVhite sea to the river Lena, in Siberia, upwards of 2000 miles, and from 300 to 600 miles in breadth. They are of small stature, froui four to five feet high. They have a flat, round and broad face, thick lips, and black hair, in smaU quantities. They are peaceable, extremely superstitious, and live by hunt- ing. Their principal wealth consists in herds of reimleer, which supply them with food, clotliing, tents, utensils, &c. What tribes inhabit the southern parts of Russia .' The Cos- sacks and Kalmucks. What remarkable whirlpool on the coast of Norway ? m. Is the maelstrom North or South of the Arctic circle ? What is there remarkable in Iceland besides mount Hecla.' 95. The famous boiling springs called Geysers, which spout up hot water into the air to thehelghtof 100 feet, with a noise like Uiat of cannon. What is the capital of England ? l. Of Scotland ? e. Of Ireland.' d. Of Portugal ? L. Of Spain .' m. Of France ? v. Of Belgium .' fl. Of Holland? h. Of Denmark .' c. At what place in Germany does the Federative Diet hold its sessions .' At Frankfort, on the river Mayne. What is the capital of Switzerland ? B. Of Italy ?R.* Of Greece ? a. Of Prussia ? b den > s. Of Norway .' c. Of Austria ? v. Of Turkey ? c. Of Russia.' ST. p. OfSwe- . Rome is usually called the cjplti.1 ofltaly. Strlctlv s,,eaklng. It I' 'he capi- tal of timt division :f Italy ca led " the States of the Cliurch. 'wiy 's "lyj" ' imo a imml'er of .separate governments. The principal are the kmK'l""'" "f ffiniriiombardy and Venice, Naples, States of the Church, Tte Otaiid Duchy of Tuscany. ,, ,., Which East .' V Which extends f; Which ej What h land .' D In whai Arctic cir In what circle .' In what Whatc( frigid zoni Which 1 What di itude cross The 60th .' In what mostly lie What pa Between lie .' Betw 10 West an What is What is Suppose Atltntic, ai Suppose across the j would you r, i»ii.i ,. '(SfJfTPf'flW 8Bta. In 1830, the Poles ' the Russians, but were i now merged in Russia, tof Norway, Sweden and the Caspian sea ? rt of Caucasus ? c. rn part of Russia ? s. crsing the immense frozen tend from the White sea liles, and from 3U0 to 600 m four to five feet high. 8, and blacit hair, in small stitioua, and live by hunt- ' reindeer, which supply of Russia ? The Cos- ,st of Norway ? m. 3 Arctic circle ? sides mount Hecla ? which spout up hot water ! like tliat of caimon. Of Scotland ? e. Of ? M. Of France ? p. lenmark? c. At what >iet hold its sessions.' hat is the capital of •ia isiai 1 ? V. Of Turkey ? c. i' ST. p. Of Svve- ictly speaking, It Is the capl- 3 Cfiurch." Italy Is rtlvLlod iiclpal are the klnK.ii>iii» of of the Church, Tliu Grand r MAP OP EUROPE. 63 Which of these capitals is fartliest North .' Which is farthest East .' Which is farthest South .' Which is farthest West .' Which country of Europe extends farthest North .' n Which extends farthest East.' r. Which extends farthest South ' s Which extends farthest West .' i. What bodies of water border on England .' Scotland ? Ire- land.' Denmark.' Italy.' Turkey.' Greece.' Russia.' In what zone is that part of Europe which lies North of the Arctic circle .' In what zone is that part which lies South of the Arctic circle .' In what zone does most of Europe lie ? i . ' » What countries lie partly ia the North temperate and North frigid zones .' Which part of Europe is coldest.' Which part warmest? • What divisions of Europe does the 40th parallel of North lat- itude cross ? The .13th.' The 50th.' The 55th .' The 00th ' The 80th .' The Arctic circle ? In what longitude, reckoning from Greenwich, does Europe mostly lie .' Why in East longitude .' What parts in West longitude .' Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does Europe lie .' Between 30 and 72 degrees North latitude, and between 10 West and 63 degrees East longitude. What is the extent of Europe in square miles ? i ' What is the probable population of Europe .' ,>-*'A > Suppose you should sail from New York due East, across the Atl'intic, at what point of Europe would you first arrive f Suppose you should sail from Bristol, England, due West, across the Atlantic, what part of the coast of the Uni d States would you arrive at ? Why not ? i^^_-JKB & H».i.4„,.^ tmm^f m EXERCISES ON THE MAP OF ASIA. ■ . In what direction from us is Asia? In which hemisphere is Asia ? In what part of the eastern hemisphere ? With what grand divisions is Asia connected ? e. a. Does Asia lie in North or South latitude ? Why ? What ocean on the North of Asia ? a. ' What ocean on the East of it ? p. >^ . ■" What ocean on the South of it ? i. What two grand divisions on the Vest of it ? a. e. What division comprises the northern part of Asia ? ». 96 Siberia belongs to the KuBsian empire, and is sometimes eaUed Euwia in Asia. What two divisions South of Siberia ? i. t. and c. e. 97 The Cliinese is the most wealthy and pnpuloiu empire on ti It comprises China Proper, Thibet, forea, and the vast country v.^l- nese Tnrtary, consisting of Soongaria, Mongolia, Manichoorla, B V tc. F. I. bOU H. What two divisions South of the Chinese empire ? What two divisions West of Hindostan ? b. a. What division West of Afghanistan .' p. What two divisions North of Persia i i-t. and c. What division West of Persia > r. What division South of Turkey ? a. What small populous empire comprising Nipaon and the ad- jacent islands East of the sea of Japan ? Which division of Asia extends farthest North? t. Which division extends fu.thest East ? s. Which division extends farthest South ? f. i. Which division extends farthest West ? t. What division extends from the Arctic ocean to the Pacific 1 1. What division extends from the Persian gulf to the Archipel- ago ? T. X'-. lected? E. A. 3? Why? , ; of it ? A. E. jartofAsK? s. 1 is sometimes called Bunia i.T. and C. E. puloiu empire an ;; '" the vast country V- Ma olia, Manichooria, fi. .sis •. ;se empire ? f. i. hou h. p. i-T. and c. ling Nip'aon and the ad- 33t North ? 1. t? B. th ? F. I. It ? T. c ocean to the Pacific ? t. lian gulf to the Arcbipel- MAP OF ASIA. «s F What division extends from the sea of Arabia to the Mediter- ranean ? A. Which division of Asia is longest from East to West ? What divisions and bodies of water border on Turkey ? On Arabia ? On Persia ? On Beloochistan ; On Hindostan ? On Farther India ? On China? On Core;. .' . . Which is the most northern cape of Asia ? n. e. Which is the most eastern cape ? e. . , a; What cape South of Kamtchatka? l. ~ ■ What cape South of Farther India ? Cape Romania. - ..„ What cape Sout*- of Hindostan ? c, ' Which is the most southern cape of Asia ? Cape Romania, the southern extremity of Farther India. What What What What What What What What mora? What What What What What What What What What What What strait separates Asia from America ? a. does Behring's strait connect ? a. p. strait is the entrance to the Red sea ? b. does the strait of Babelmandel separate ? ■a sea between Asia and Africa? r. sea North of the Red sea ? m. sea West of Turkey ? a. small sea northeast of the Archipelago? Sea of Mai- sea North of Turkey ? b. " ' /j- , sea northeast of the Black Sea ? Sea of Azoff. sea between Caucasus and Independent Tartary ? o. sea in Independent Tartary ? a. sea East of Kamtchatka ? k. ^s ;-,.*•> '.<"'■ sea West of Kamtchatka ? o. • " sea between Corea and Niphon ? j, sea between China and Corea ? y. sea East of Farther India ? c. sea or bay East of Hindostan ? b. sea West of Hindostan ? a. tllPW*^ M EXERCISES ON THE It Whatgulf between Arabia and Persia? p. "' ' What gulf between Arabia and Boloochistan ? o. flS. The ?ulf of Ormufl in srimetimt!S called the Rulf nf Oman. The Per- sian gulf and gulf of drums are connected by ilie istrait of Ornius. What gulf in Farther Lidia? What gulf in the nort'.ern part of Australia ? c. What lake in the southern part of Siberia ? b. , What mountains between Chinese empire rnd Siberia ? a. What mountains between Chinese empire a d Hindostan, the highest mountains on the globe .' h. What mountains between Europe and Asia ! v. 99. A chain of mountains, nauiod Taurus in Turkey, Ell)urz in Perfia, Hindoo Kosh in AfRlianistan, and IlimnLiya bof.veeii llimloston and the Chi- nese empire, extendiJ from Uie Mediterranean nearly to the Pacific. What peninsula between the sea of Kamtchatka and sea of OkhoUk .' K. What peninsula between the Japan sea and Yellow sea ? c. What peninsula comprises the soutliern part of Farther In- dia .' Malay, or the peninsula of Malacca. What two rivers unite and flow into the Persian gulf ? k. t. What river rises in the Chinese empire, and runs southwest into the sea of Arabia ? The Indus river. In what country is the Nerbuddah, and where docs it empty.' Ganges .' Canton river .' Kiang Ku ? Amour .'♦ Lena ? Ye- nisei ? Obi .' What island South of Hindostan ? c. What island South of Farther India, or Malay ? s. What island southeast of Sumatra ? j. What island, the largest on the globe, southeast of Asia ? a. What island South of Australia? What island North of Australia ? n. a. What large island East of Sumatra ? b. * The Amour rlvor runs Into thi) ckauuel of Taitaiy, Whati What § What i Whati What 1 What t How m What 8 Wliat s- 100. Cat mountiins rope and ni What it 101. Th« Turkey in I empire, is b What ii tan ? c. p. Indep J. Farth 102. Far map of the kok of Sian mostly pirai Malacca, is all the conn applied to t India on th What tl What c I. c. What C( In what tic circle In what cle and tfa -.mk^^:- E P. Stan ? o. Kulf nf Oman. The Per- jtrait of Ornius. alia ? c. 'ia ? B. ,q re rnd Siberia ? a. re a d Hindostan, the Isia ! V. Turkey, Elhurz in Veirm, ten llindoHtin nnd thcChi- rly to the Pacific. mtchatka and sea of and Yellow sea ? c. n part of Farther In- e Persian gnlf ? k. t. '6, and runs southwest where does it empty.' .mour .'♦ Lena ? Ye- Malay ? b. southeast of Asia .' a. a. B. QiieloCTar(M]r> MAP OF ASIA. S^ What island East of Borneo .» c. ^ ■-■^.■^ What group of islands East of Farther India .' p. What islands East of Corea ? Japan islands. •> ' What island northwest of Siberia? n. z. ' ' .; « What large island near the coast of Africa ? What two islands East of Madagascar .' m. a. ■-■■■* .. ■' How many oceans border on Asia ? a. p. i. What seas East of Asia .' k. o. j. y. c. Wiiat seas West of Asia .' r. m. a. Marmora, b. and c. 100. Caucasas lies partly in Europe and partly in Agia. The Caucasian mountains form tlie boundary between Europe and Asia. See map of Eu- rope and map of the world. What is the capital of Turkey .' c. 101. The Turkish or Ottoman empire comprises two great divisions, Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia. Constantinople, the capital of the empire, is situated on the strait of Constantinople in Turkey in Europe. What is the capital of Arabia .' m. Persia ? t. Afghanis- tan ? c. Beloochistan .' K. Hindostan? c. Chinese empire? p. Independent Tartary ? B. Siberia? t. Empire of Japan ? J. Farther India ? 102. Farther India isdivided into Rirmah, Anam, Biam, and Malaya. See map of the workl. Ava is the capital of Birmah, — Hue of Anam. — Ban- kok of Siam. Malaya is inh;ibited by small independent tribes, who are mostly pirates and robbers. Malacca, in the southern part, on the strait of Malacca, is the principal place. It belongs to the British. In ancient times, all the country Ea^t of the river Indus, wan called India. The term ia now applied to the two great peninsulas, Hindostan on the West, and FRrther India on the East. What three islands does the equator cross ? s. b. c. What countries dees the tropic of Cancer cross ? a. h. r. I. c. What country does the Arctic circle cross ? In what zone is that part of Asia which lies north of the Arc- tic circle ? In what zone is that part which lies V 'een the Arctic cir- cle and the tropic of Cancer i 1 ♦♦ ■^ "WB :tiiiXe^fi^aic'- ;Aetuli'i»4>i,^'it«X>UiN^Mi6!;iii4^ What ancient city of the Philistines in the southwestern part of Judea ? What events took place in Gaza ? See Judges xvi. 2-21, What city in the northwestern part of Judea .' j. 105. Joppa, or Jaffa, is one of the oldest seaports in the world. See Jo- nah i. 3. Acts z. 5. What city in the western part of Samaria .' a. 108. There were two cities, it is supposed, of this name. See Judgea il. 1. Joshua xii. 23. What was the capital of Samaria ? See 1 Kings, xvi. 2'> XX. What city southeast of Samaria 1 What events took place at Shechem, Sychar or Sychem .' John iv. 5. What places in Galilee ? r|ki<><^lto3uS«««(!rt and Mediterranean ? d the " Barbary States." d Red Sea I k. A. D. P- MAP OF AFRICA. f^ What divisions border on the Atlantic between the Desert and cape of Good Hope ? What divisions border on the Indian ocean between cape of Good Hope and cape Guardafui .' What name is given to the interior of the southern part of Alrica .' e. What large division south of the desert .' i. , 108. Soudan is eomelinios called Nigritia, or Takrour. « What two divisions between Soudan and Nubia .' What division in the northern part (jf the Desert .' r. ' What divisions border on the Desert .' In what direction is the Desert longest .' 109. Sahara, Zaara, or the Great Desert, is about 3,000 miles long and 1000 broad— containing 1.800,000 square miles. It is the targest desert nrj the globe. A great part of tli« surface is level and composed of moving Kind, which when blown by the wind, sometimes produces the most terri- ble effects, and whole caravans have been found buried beneath it. Bee the picture—" Sand wind in the Desert." In some parts the Desert is cov- ered with small sharp stones. A few fertile spoU. called Oases, where springs burst forth and diffuse fertility, are scattered over this immense expanse, like islands in the ocean, and serve as resting places for caravans, and afford support to a number of inhabitanU, The largest Oasis is Fez- Jan. Darzaleh and Darfur are also Oases, fertile and populous. Also Wadi or Wadai. Which is the most northern cape of Africa 1 C. Bon, north of Tunis.* • : ^ • - Which is the most eastern cape .> o. , ,. , Which is the most southern cape .' g. h. ' '-.-i^ ^-, Which is the most western cape .' v. Between which capes is Africa longest ' b. and o. h. Between what capes is Africa widest .' o. v. ;:• In what direction from cape Bon is cape Guardafui .' In what direction from cape Guardafui is cape of Good Hope? In what direction from the cape of Good Hope is cape Verde ? In what direction from cape Verde is cape Bon ? What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean ? o. * aw Map of Europe. _-_ij^assii***«^vime^^-tyu&'-s*ii'fs^»!^->^i^ #>"'. 62 EXEHCtSES ON THE What countries are separated, and what waters connected, by the strait of Gibraltar .' .'•> - « •" What strait at the entrance of the Red Sea ? What waters connected, and what countries separated by the straiiii of Babelmandel ? What channel between Afrca and Madagascar ? What waters are separated, and what countries connected, by the Isthmus of Suez 1 __— -; Which is the lonpcst,ithe Mediterranean or Red nea? How could these two seas be united ? At what place does Africa approach nearest to Europe ? Which part of Europe extends farthest South ? What mountains in Morocco and Algiers ? a. What mountains separate Guinea from Soudan ? k. What mountains North of Ethiopia ? m. What mountains in the northern part of Cape Colony 1 Snow mountains. What desert in Nubia ? n. What desert west of Egypt ? l. What tribes are found in the Great Desert .' t. t. How is the Great Desert crossed ? 110. By companies mounted on camels, called caravans. Can yo>i describe the usual route of caravans from Egypt to Kouka, on lake Tchad ? What is the usual route of caravans from Tripoli to Timbuc- too ? From Timbuctoo to Morocco ? Ill The caravans convey from northern Africa, salt, cloths, and vari- ous kinds of European Roods.-receiving in return, gold, ivory and slaves. A caravan sometimes cons Jts of 2,000 persons. What colony in the southern part of South Africa ? c. What tribes in South Africa ? h. z. n. and b. 118 The Zoulahs, Namaquas. &c., are tribes of Hottentots. They area quiet ignorant, inoffensive, and filthy race. The ^^'^""^'l^'^^^ZT^i "Wild Hottentots." They dweU in the immense plams of South Aftica and are loM in of huts o: 111!' hot sa Their «ea Bbont Witt What North, t What Guinea ? What What What What What What Whicl the sea, '. If you would y« WhicI What I Whati What 113. Or for it< sum a volcano, What What What What 114, St I Hi iiapartc Helena, ar 1840, b'K (lital of In What dfi«»lfc?BiS.a«fe-- w m mt^'m-- hat waters connected, Sea? itries separated by the agascar .' ountrics connected, by an or Red sea ? arest to Europe ? : South ? >rs ? A. Soudan ? k. M. of Cape Colony 1 Snow ;sert ? T. T. d caravaiH. aravans from Egypt to rom Tripoli to Timbuc- ifrica, salt, cloths, and vari- turn, gold, ivory and slaves. I. South Africa .' c. N, and B. a of Hottentots. They are a he Bushmen are often called e plains of South Africa and MAP OF AFRICA- 'Q* ari3 lost in the unknown regions of tliP interior. They are entirely destitute of hilts or hnu-wliold turniiiire. The HCorching hravcn is their lent, and ihi' hot sand their bttl. They are a wild. rude, cruel, and iniserable people. Their weapons consist n( a small Imw and poisoned arrows, which they tboot with astonishing .iccuracy to a great didtancu. What river rises in the mountains of the Moon, and runs North, through Nubia and Egypt, into the Mediterranean .' w. Wiiat great river from Soudan empties into the gulf of Guinea .' What river in Sene Gambia runs into the Atlantic ? What river separates Biafra from Loango .' g. What river between Benguela and Cimbebas .' w. What river in South Africa runs West into the Atlantic .' o. What river empties into Mozambique channel .' z. What river in the northern part of Zanzibar .' h. Which country in highest, or most elevated above the level of the sea, Egypt or Nubia ? Why .' 3. If you were at Cairo and should sail to the ruins of Thebes, would you sail tip, or dovm, the river Nile .' Why .' 3. Which country is highest, Abyssinia or Egypt ? Why ? 3. What cluster of islands northwest of Morocco .'a. What islands West of Morocco .' m. What islands southwest of Morocco .' c. 113. One of the most noted of the Canary islands. isTenerifTe. remarkable for its summit called the Peak of TenerilTe, 13,330 feet high. It was formerly a volcano, but lias ceased to Lum. What islands West of Sene Gambia .' c. v. What islands in the gulf of Guinea under the equator ? What island West of Congo .'a. What island West of Benguela.' st. h. "■ 114 St Helena belongs to Great llritnin. After the ba«le of Waterloo, 1815, Ili.iiapartc surrendered himself to the F.nglish. who transported him to St. Ilt'lena, and there detained hiui a prisoner of war until his death, 1831. In 1840, b-s body was removed to Paris, and buried in the church of the Has (iital of Invalids. What large island East of Mozambique .'v. .^ijrtjiJMtilSwiaStjiSW-^JJiM^SMJMifet* •f*t=- 64 EXERCISES OF THE What cape North of Madagascar ? a, " - What cape South 01 i.ladagascar ? 8T. m. ',, What two islands East of Madagascar ? m. b. 115. Mauritas, or laic of France, bfloiigs to Enslincl, and is noted for a lofly yiountain crowii«d by a rocky peak, callod " Pctur Botte's mountain." Bour- bon belon)iB to Prance, and ia fainouH tnr its volcano, wliich is continually burning, and servea at nigbt as a lighthouse to mariners. What islands northwest of Madagascar ? c. What is the capital of Egypt .' c. Of Barca .' d. Of Trip- oli .' T. Of Tunis .' T. Of Algiers ? a. Of Morocco > m. Of Sene Gambia .' bt. i. Of Sierra Leone .' r. Of Liberia ? m. Of Guinea r a. b. Of Loango .' u guela ? B. Of Cape Colony ? c. Zanzibar ? m. Of Abyssinia .' g. dan .' T. Of Fezzan ? m. Of Congo ? ST. ». Of Ben- Of Mozambique.' m. Of Of Nubia ? n. d. Of Sou- What gulf East of Tunis ? Gulf of Cabes. What gulf West of Barca ? Gulf of Sidra. What gulf at the northern extremity of the Red Sea ? Gulf of Suez. What gulf South of Guinea ? g. What bay near cape of Good Hope .' t. How is Egypt divided ? Into Upper and Lower Egypt. 116 .Upper Egypt comprises the part Souvh of Cairo, and Lower Egypt the part between Cairo and the Mediterranean, Are the pyramids in Upper or Lower Egypt ? In what In what In what In what In what In what In what direction from direction from direction from direction from direction from direction from direction from Egypt is Algiers .' Algiers is Senegambia ? Senegambia is Nubia i Nubia is Congo ? Congo is Zanzibar ? Zanzibar is Cape Colony ? Cape Colony is Tripoli ? Throu Throu Throu In whi tropic of In wh Cancer a In wh Capricoi In wh In wh Which Suppo would tl: 117. Th On the 3 le Cancer on tor, which of Caprici the equate South at I will see th 2]et of Se than twel iMarch, th< hours long Is the Good H( South fa Is the buctoo .' When son is it What] What i Whati M. , - ■ M. B. hnd, and ia noted for a lofly ll(nte'!* ni'iuiuain." Boiir- ;ano, wliich is continually lariners. Barca ? d. Of Trip- Of Morocco ? M. Of ! ? F. Of Liberia ? m. 'ongo ? ST. s. Of Ben- Mozambique? M. Of ubia ? N. D. Of Sou- ibes. idra. of the Red Sea > Gulf »nd Lower Egypt. of Cairo, and Lower £gfpt Egypt? rs? egambia ? I Nubia ? !o? ;ibar ? ipe Colony ? .8 Tripoli ? HAP OF AFRICA. ' Through what divisions does the equator pass ? Through what divisions the tropic of Capricorn ? Through what divisions the tropic of Cancer ? 6S In what zone is that part of Africa which lies North of the tropic of Cancer ? In what zone is tliat part which lies between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn ? In what zone is that part which lies South of the tropic of Capricorn ? In what zones docs Africa lie ? In what zone does the greater part of Africa lie ? Which part of Africa do you think is warmest ? Suppose you were at Cape Town to-day at twelve o'clock, would the sun be North or South of you ? 117. The tropics show the sun's limits North and South of t' v equator. On the 31st of March the sun crosses the equator and reaches th. tropic of Cancer on the Slst of June. It then returns gradually towards the equa- tor, which it again crosses on the 21st of September, and reaches the tropic of Capricorn on the 21st of December, when it again turns back towards the equator. All places North of the tropic of Cancer will see the sun South at twelve o'clock, and all places South of the tropic of Capricorn will see the sun North at twelve o'clock. From the 3Ist of March to thr 21st of September, the sun is North of the equator, and our days are marii than twelve hours long, and from the 21st of September to the 2lBt c ' March, the sun is South of the equator, and our days are less than twelve hours long. Is the sun North or South of the equator to-day 1 Is the sun ever vertical, directly over -head, at the Cape of Good Hope ? Why not ? Because it never goes North or South farther than 234 degrees from the equator. Is the sun ever vertical at St. Helena ? Monrovia ? Tim- buctoo ? Cairo ? Algiers ? Gondar ? When it is summer in the northern part of Africa, what sea- son is it in the southern part ? What prevents Africa from being a continent by itself? What is the extent of Africa in square miles ? What is the probable population of AGrica ? 7 # riSW- '^S^t^iaftJ.^tt^ »*»f= tmrn^it^''-- h^ ^Ql ' EXERCISES ON THE What is the latitude and longitude of Africa ? ^~ " Between 34° South and 37° North latitude, and between 18° West and 51° East longitude. British America? United States ? Mexico ? Guatimala ? Russian Possessions ? MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. How is North America bounded ?* Capital .'t Chief Towns ?\ Capital? Chief Towns? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? New Archangel is the Chief Town ? RIVERS. ' "•- Where does Mackenzie's river rise, in what direction does it run, and where does it empty ? Coppermine ? Saslcatchawan ? Severn ? Moose ? Rupert ? St. Lawrence ? See map of the United States. Ottowa ? Grand ? Thames ? St. Francis ? Sorelle? Columbia? Clark's? Lewis? Mississippi? Mis- souri? Arkansas? Red? Ohio? Rio Grande del Norte ?§ Gila? Colorado? Sacramento? « In giving the bountlHry of a country, the leamor should ^mmence at the most wesrern part and menllonall the countries, Dodi.-s of water, f <=• '^at tor- derunon li on the North, then. In the Siune miinner on the Rasl, then, on the SoulTmdthlln, on the WeM. As forex,»nnle, North America Is hounded on the North by the Arctic Ocean and Baffin's bay ; East by «•>«"'' sJ-'/'lJiy'. Strait, the Atlantic Ocerin, Gulf of Mexico, Carlbhoan Sea i'l«^„f™'^ *'""!, '^^2; south by the Atlantic, (iulf of Mexico and the Pad Ic j »"'' West by II e 1 aclflc and Bhcrln!.''s strait. British America Is '•"'"i""',,'*"' ''k'"^»,*^L^!. Homh^KS and Baffin's Bay : East hy Baffin's ftiy, Davis Slmltand he *''«"""' «"""', ^^ the Atlantic, United States, Pacific 'nd Russian Possessions i and Wejt by he Pacmcand Russian Possessions, The capital s Montrea , sim.iled on the island of Montreal, In the river St. Lawrence. The Unltwl S';'tc» "re hounded North by British America ; East l.y British Amerlcaand the Atlantic •,. South hy the Atlantic, Oulf of Mexico and Mexico i and West by Mexico and e 'choUr shmild fAoroiw*!' learn the boundary of a country, for by no "lhefm«»"» "»"!;,•??: qulr.Mrcorrect knowledge of it. relative situation with regard to the countries around it. . . , j , t What Is the capital and how situated) ».i.» ii„i...i at.i». I What are the chief towns ,ind how situated j Bee map "f 'he ''" if„ ,.^Si°i1 for the sltuathm of Uiielinc, Klnsslon and Toronto. Frederlckton Is the capital of New Brunswick, and Halifax of Nova Scolla. /i_,„,K,iv.rnf the I K io In Spanish, Blgulllos river. Rio Grande del Norte, OranO^rlver of the Nurlh. .... ,. ,,. f When When When When Wher 118. F< map of xh Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where When Where Where Where Where Where 119. Th m- frica? i ude, and between 18° RICA. nded ?• Chief Towns ?t Chief Towns? Chief Towns ? Chief Towns ? is the Chief Town? what direction does it line ? Saskatchawan ? nee ? See map of the lames ? St. Francis ? ? Mississippi ? Mis- Grande del Norte ?§ ler shoulil commence at the oilii!« of water, *c, that bor- er on the K»sl, then, on the iirlh America Is hounded on last by Hafflln's Bay, Davis' an Sea and South Amnrli-a i flc ; and West by the Pacific I North by the Arctic Ocean ItanJ «no Atlantic; South by osscsslons 1 and WeJt by the s Montreal, situated on Iho e l)nlt«1 States are hounded a and the Atlantic ; South by St by Mexico and the Pacific. iMiar river, In the Dlatrlctof ice that the schol.ir shotild y no other means can he «c- wlth regard to the countries lee map of the United States Frederlckion Is the capital el Norte, Orand-rlver of the MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 '-- ■ ■'■■ - --. LAKES. '..,-- Where is Great Bear Lake ? Where is Slave Lake? > - Where is Athabaska Lake ? , . Where is Lake Winnipeg? Where is Great .Salt Lake ? 118. For the l^akes between the United States and British America, see map of the United States. GULFS. ,' Where is the Gulf of Mexico? ~ Where is the Gulf of California ? •, Where is the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? ' " BAYS. Where is Baflin's Bay ? Where is Hudson's Bay ? Where is James' Bay ? ' Where is Ungava Bay ? Where is the Bay of Honduras ? Where is the Bay of Campcachy ? Where is Bristol Bay ? Where is the Bay of St. Francisco ? INLETS. Where is Chesterfield Inlet ? Where is Cook's Inlet ? Where is Norton's Sound ? STRAITS. Where is Barrow's Strait ? Where is Duvis' Strait ? Where is Hudson's Strait ? Where is Behring's Strait ? Where is the Strait of j uan do Fuca ? 1 1 S. The strait of BuUeiile Is between Newfoundland and Labrador. m „ EXEH : .£& ON TUB 1^ ISLANDS. Where is Melville Island ? Prince William's Land ? South- ampton .' Disco? Iceland? Newfoundland? Bermudas? Bahamas ? Cuba ? Hayti ? Jamaica ? Porto Rico ? Caribbe- an Islands ? Vancouver's ? Washington ? Prince of Wales lale .' PENINSULAS. Where is the Peninsula of Greenland ? Where is the Peninsula of Nova Scotia ? Where is the Peninsula of Florida ?* Where is the Peninsula of Yucatan ? Where is the Peninsula of California ? Where is the Peninsula of Alaska ? *■• CAFES. Where is Cape Farewell ? ' ' ' ' Where is Cape Sable ? Where is Cape St. Lucas ? Where is Cape Mendocino ? MOUNTAINS. Where are the Alleghany Mountains ?t Where are the Rocky Mountains ? Where are the Cordilleras Mountains ? Where is Mount Elias ? Mount P'airweather ? Where is Long's Peak? James' Peak ? Where is the Volcano of Popocatapetl ? Wher Wher: Wher Wher To wl New Gr Betwe Througl from the what zoi In wh In wh Whicl Whicl From 120. Fi 1610, he I men, for I vast body iiioit snut unable to Kliip, with ni«n, and in the mil and tlirea entered h put him V crew into After end next year Where is Labrador ? Where is East Main ? Where is New North Wales ? • Between Uie Gulf of Mexico and llio Atlantic. 8ce nvip of United States. t The AlloKhanyraounUilns consist of several ranpis under diflerent names. See map of United Statei. Those mountams are sumotlmes called Uie Appa- lachian mountalnB. How < 1. Ma ♦ Two In some ci map, the li Iliam's Land ? South - ndland ? Bermudas .' ?ovto Rico ? Caribbe- 1 ? Prince of Wales ? weather ? 8ce iivip of Unlteil States. npti uiiiler illlferentiinmes. sumutlines culled Uie Appa- MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. Where is New South Wales ? ,.: , '• Where is Lord Selkirk's settlement ? ■'■ Where is the Grand Bank of Newfoundland ? » i Where is tlie Balize, an English settlement .' -, > To what government does the Isthmus of Darien belong .' New Grenada. See map of South America. To Between what two bodies of water is the Isthmus of Darien ? Through what countries must you pass in traveling on the roast f]om the Isthmus of Darien to Bhering's strait .' and through what zones .' In what zones does North America lie ? . .■ In what zone does the greater part of it lie ? Which is the largest gulf in North America ? m. Which is the largest bay in North America .' h. From whom does Hudson's bay take its name ? 120. From Henry Hudson, a distinguished English naval discoverer. In 1610, he sailed in a vessel named the Discovery, with a crew of twenty-three men, for the purpose of finding a passage to the Pacific. He entered this vast body of water which is named afler him, and spent the winter in the most southern part of it. Findmg no communication with the Pacific, and unable to establish any intercourse with the natives, or to rcvictual his ship, with tears in his eyes he distributed his little remaining bread to his men, and prepared to return. His crew were disorderly and mutinous, and in the midst of his vexation and despair ; he used some harsh expressions, and threatened to set some of them ashore ; upon which, a body of them entered his cabin, seized him, and having tied his arms behind him, they put him with his son, John Hudson, and seven of the most sickly of the crow into a boat, and set tliein tu\xi{i. They were never more heard of. After enduring incredible hardships, a small part of the crew arrived the next year in England. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. How are the United States bounded? What is the capital? EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 1. Maine ? Capital ? "Portland, Bangor. * Two of (he principal towns l)eslilus the capital, are given in this column. In some cnscB, for w,iiUorsp.ic«, they are not found on tlie map. If on the map, tl>e learner will tell iheir situation. i ..„ -Hittt— /4,*iAKTij'<.«' ■^=4 70 EXERCISES ON THE 2. New Hampshire ? Capital ? 3. Venannt? Capital? 4. Massachusetts ? Capital ? 5. Rhode Island ? Capitals ?♦ 6. Connecticut ? Capitals ?• Portsmouth, Dover. Bu-lington, Windsor. Lowell, Salem. Bristol, Pawtucket. New Lonr'on, Middletown- MIDDLE STATES. 1. New York ? Capital .' 2. New Jersey ? Capital .' 3. Pennsylvania ? Capital ? 4. Delaware ? Capital ? SOUTHERN SI 1. Maryland? Capital ? 2. Virginia? Capital ? 3. North Carolina ? Capital ? 4. South Carolina? Capital ? 5. Georgia? Capital ? 6. Florida? Capital ? 7. Alabama? Capital ■? 8. Mississippi! Capital % 9. Louisiana? Capital ? 10. Texas ? Capital 1 New York, Brooklyn, TTlica. Newark, N^w Brunswick. Philadelph. ., Pittsburg. Wilmington, New Castle ? Baltimore, Fredericktown, Norfolk, Portsmouth. Wilmington, Newbern. Charleston, Hamburg. Savannah, Augusta. St. Augustine, Pensacola. Mobile, Macon. Natchez, Vicksburg. Baton Rouge, Natchitoches. Galveston, Houston. WESTERN STATES. 1. Tennessee? 2. Kentucky ? 3. Arkansas ? 4. Missouri ? 5. Illinois t 6. Indiana 1 Capital 1 Capital ? Capital ? Capital 7 Capital ? Capital ? Memphis, Knoxville. Louisville, Lexington. Helena, Arkansas. St. Louis, St. Charles. Chicago, Alton. Madison, Vincennea. •The capital of astato !• the city or town In which the legislature meets. The legislature of Rhode Island meets at four lUfterent places, and hence, RhodelHland, strictly speaking, has fbur capitals, vte. Providence, Newport, East Greenwich and South Kingston, I'rovfrtence Is usually cal ed the capital. The legislature of Connecticut meets alternately at Hartford and New Haven, .' .Id therefore ConnecUcut has two capitals. The other states neve but one capital. 7. Oh S. Mi 9. Wi 10. lev Where run, am Androsc Mohawk Rappaha Cape F( Satilla? Alabama Tennessi Big Sane Wabash Chippew Sioux ? cis 1 Ar Neuces ? Lewis ? Where Where Who'f Where Where Where Where •at. Joi erly coursi ■m- tfj,'' »mouth, Dover, ington, Windsor, ell, Salem, ol, Pawtucket. London, Middletown- ork, Brooklyn, TTlica. i, N^w Brunswick, ilph. ., Pittsburg, igton, New Castle .' more, Fredericktown, jlk, Portsmouth, lington, Newborn, leston, Hamburg, nnah, Augusta, ugustine, Pensacola. lie, Macon, hez, Vicksburg. ti Rouge, Natchitoches, eston, Houston. tphis, Knoxville. sville, Lexington, ma, Arkansas, .ouis, St. Charles, ago, Alton, ison, Vincennea. rhich the leglsLiture meets. Ift'erent places, and heace, viz. Providence, Newport, Is usually cnllod the capital. ; Hartford and New Haven, 9 oUwr sutea IwTe but om MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. Ohio .' Capital 1 Cincinnati, Cleveland. S. Michigan ? Capital ? Ann Arbor, Monroe. 9. Wisconsin 1 CapiUl .' Milwaukie. Green Bay 0. Iowa ? Capital 1 Burlington, Dubuque. TERRITORIES- Minnisota .' Indian ? Nebraska .' Oregon ? tr ' ■■:. RIVERS. -' ■' ' V Rappahannoc I York ? James ? Chowan .' Roanoke ? Neuse 1 Cape Fear ? G. Pedee .' Santee .' Savannah ,' Altamaha 1 Satilla? St. Mary's? St. John's .' Appalachicola .' Escambia 7 Alabama.' Toinbigby .' PearH Mississippi.' Yazoo.' Ohio? Tennessee 1 Cumberland .' Green .' Kentucky t lacking ? Big Sandy f Monongahela .' Alleghany .' Scioto ? Miami ? Wabash? White? Kaskaskia ? Illinois? Rock? Wisconsin? Chippewa? St. Croix ? St. P^'ers? Des Moines ? Missouri? Sioux ? Yellowstone ? Nebraska ;" Kansas ? Osage ? St. Fran- cis 1 Arkansas ? Red ? Sabine ? Trii.Hy 1 Brasos ? Colorado ? Neuces? Rio Grand del Norte ? Columbia? Willamette? Lewis ? Clarke's ? LAKES. Where is Lake 'f the Woods ? W here is Lake Superior l Whore >» Lake Huron ? Where is Lake Michigan ? Where is Lake St, Clair ? Where is Lake Erie ? Where is Lake Ontario ? erly^ibjSVintotto fiS^'of rilSy"""''''" '^" " "■""" ""* """" * *""""«"'- .if m i 'I w JIXKHCiSBS ON TUB ire' Wher*^ is Lake Ohanipla;!.' .' Where is M-l ")■; Lake :' Where i i Lalfu Simcoe ? Where i" Jmarle Sound ? • Where is i'amlico Sof.ud ^ BAVS.t Wj'ore is Mobile Ba r Where is Chcivneake isav ? 7U. Where is Delaware Bay ? 70. Wliere ie Georgian Bay ? Where is Green Bay ? CAPES. Wfif re is Cape Ann ? Cape Cod ? Cape Malabar ? Where is Montauk Point ? The East end of Long Island. Wh«ire is Sandy Hook ? Where are Cape May and Cape Henlopen ? Where are Cape Charles and Cape Henry ? Where ,ue Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout and Cape Fear ? Where is Cape Sable ? Where is Cape Roman ? ISLANDS. Where are Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket ? Where is Long Island ? To what state does Long Island beloag I To New York. • Boundi. Long Island Sound H South of Connecticut. Albemarle and PamllcoSounds, fn the eMlernimrt of North Carollntt. ,^„ ,„ tBa«. Mobile Bay In the southern part of AWiama. Chesapeake Bay In VlrpSa and Mary uSd. Delaware Bay between Delaware and New Jersey. Whei Whei Whei Whei Whei Whei Whei Whet Whei Whei Whei Is the Can ] sylvanis 122. T Erie and burthen < U broken . Rideau ( ' rio, sufflc Canal ex North ri' and the i How through 122. T river into into the I canal inti St. Clair, gnn to CI the tllinol •The C TheAnilc bilns furn Uie wcste « The II tends ftroi ^R ■WIWW?*'- ape Malabar ? end of Long Island. pen ? enry ? out and Cape Fear ? intucket i g ? To New York. yonnectlout. Albemarle and olinn, klaliama. Chesapeake Bay In Delaware ana Ne w Jeraey. r HAP OF TUB UNITED STATES. 73 ■■'■'"'■"-'■""■ MOUNTAINS. * •^ -:■-'•■■- -.•-• Where are the Alleghany Mountains ? Blue Ridge ? Where are the Cumberland Mountains ? ' ' ■ , Where are the Ozark Mountains .' . . ■ - . .t Where are the Guadalupe Mountains ? . ' ' Where are LonR's, James', and Pike's Peaks ? Where are the Rocky Mountains .' ,„■■ Where are Mount Baker and Mount St Helen's .' 'y Where are the Wahsatch Mountains ? Where are the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Raage ? Where is the Coaat Range ? Where are the Cordilleras Mountains 1* *' ' " -' i Is there any State that has no access to the ocean by water ? Can you sail from Ohio to the ocean ? How ? From Penn- sylvania .' Vermont ? Michigan ? 122. The Welland Canal, a few miles West of Niagara river, connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. It is largo enough to iiUow vessels of 125 tons burthen to pass through. The St. Lawrence, from Ijake Ontario to Montreal, is broken by a succession of rocks and rapids. These are obviated by the _ Rideau Canal, extending from the Ottowa river to Kingston, on lake Onta- rio, sufficiently large to admit sloops and other small vessels. The Western Canal extends from Buffalo, on lake Erie, to Albany, on the Hudson, or North river, thus forming a water communication between the great lakes and the Atlantic. How will you travel from Hartford to New Orleans by water through the United States .' 122. There are two or three routes. One is, — " 3ail down the Connecticut river into Long Island sound, down Long Island snimd through East river into the Hudson, up the Hudson to Albany, tlience tlirough the Western canal into lake Erie, up lake &ie through Detroit river, lake Bt. Clair, river St. Clair, lake Huron, strait of Mackinaw, into lake Michigan, up lake Michi- gan to Chicago, thence through tlie Illinois cnnalf into Illinois river, down the Ulinoie into the Mississippi, down the Mississippi to New Orleans, " The Cordilleras mountains arc a continuation of the Hocky mountains. The Andes of South Aiiiorlui, the OordlMcnia of Mexico, iiml llie Rocky moun- Ijilns form onerontlniious chahi of mountains extending the whole length of the western continent. t The Illinois canal connects lake. Michigan with the Illinois river. It ex- tendi from Chicago to Peru, lOO miles long. n ■f^-,* fi EXERCISES ON THE How will you sail from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh by way of the Atlantic ? How will you Hail from FitUburgh to Montgomery m Ala- bama ? How will you sail from Montgomery to Washington ? How will you sail from Washington to Portland, Maine ? How will you sail from Portland to New Orleans ? How will you sail from New Orleans to Hartford by way of the great lakes I 123. There arc railroadg in most of the State*. By means of these and the waters navigable for steamboats, a person can travel with the greatest fa- cility and speed through all parts of the United States, See school atlas. Which are the six most populous cities in the United States? 184. New I ork, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, Boston, Cincinnati. Which is the largest SUte .' lU extent in square miles .' Which is the smallest State .' Ita extent .> Which is the most northern and eastern State ? Which extends farthest South ? Which is the most western State ? Which is the oldest settled State ? 125. Florida is the oldest settled State. St. Augustine was founded by the Spaniards in 1565. The first English settlement In the United States was made at Jamestown in Virginia, in 1607. In 1613, the Dutch made a sct- Uement at Albany in New York, under the name of Fort Orange. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. How is South America bounded ? New Grenada ?• Capital? Popayan, Carthagena. Venezucln ?* apital ? La Guayra, Maracaybo. Equador : ' Capital ? Guayaquil, Cuenca. • New Grenada, Venezuela, and Equador were fonuerly united under one government, called Colombia. w Guiati Brazil Peru; Bolivi Parag Buenc Urugt Chili Patagi Wher run, wl na? Ui tins ? A azon .' , When Wher( When Wher( When Wher When When When When * Gulanii Iml of Eng Guiana. t Baenoi jCrugui 9SI&S^f^^^ to Pittsburgh by way Montgomery in Ala- ( Washington ? Portland, Maine .' w Orleans ? to Hartford by way of By means of the«e and the ;ravel with the greatest fa- lates, See school atlas. ) in the United States ? )rleaoB, Boston, Cincinnati. t in square miles ? int? n State? iguBtine was founded by the t In the United States was 113, the Dutch made a set- ! of Fort Orange. :mcA. inded ? Cartbagena. a, Maracaybo. 1, Cuenca. fonueily united under one MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 75 Guiana ?* Brazil .' Peru? Bolivia ? Paraguay ? Buenos Ayres Uruguay >X Chili ? Patagonia ? ?t Capital? Paramaribo, Cayenne. Capital ? Pernambuco, San Salvador. Capital ? Cuzr , Arequipa. Capital? Pot I, Cochabamba. Capital ? Conception, Villa Rica. Capital ? Mendoza, Tucuman. Capital ? Maldonadc Colonia. Capital ? Valparaiso, Valdivia. Inhabited by Indians. KIVERS. Where does the Rio Negro frise, in what direction does it run, where does it empty? Paraguay? Pilcomayo? Para- na ? Uruguay ? Rio De La Plata ? San Francisco ? Tocan- tins? Art aay ? Madeira? Puras? Javary ? Yucayle? Ajn- azon ? Nfcgro ? Caqueta ? Orinoco ? Magdalena ? Cauca ? % LAKES. Where is lake Maracaybo ? Where is lake Titicaca ? Where is lake De Los Palos ? Where is lake Oberava ? Where is Salt Lake ? GULFS. Where is the gulf of Darien ? Where is the gulf of Panama ? Where is the gulf of Guayaquill ? Where is the gulf of Chonos ? Where is the gulf of San Antonic ? * Gulann belongs to the English, Dutch, and French. Georgetown Is the cap- ital of English Quianai Paramaribo of Dutch Guiana i and Cayenne of Frsucb Guiana. \ t Buenos Ayres was formerly called the Argentine Republic. ] Uruguay was ibnnerly called the Banda Oriental. m EXESCISSS ON THE W BAYS. Where is the bay of All Saints .' Where is Blanco bay ? Where is St. George's bay ? CAPES. Where is cape Gallinaa ? Where is cape St. Roque ? Where is cape Hcirn ? Where is cape Blanco ? Where is cape Frio .' Where is cape Corientes ? ISLANDS. Where is the island of Trinidad ? Tobago ? Grenada ? Where is the island of Joannes, or Marajo ? Where are the Falkland islands .' South Georgia ? Where is Terra Del Fuego ? The island of Chiloe ? Where are the islands of Juan Fernandez? Where is the island of St. Felix .' St. Ambrose ? MOUNTAINS. How far do the Andes extend ? Where is mount Sorata, the highest peak of the Andes ? WTiere is mount Chimborazo ? Where is the volcano of Cotopaxi .' Where is the volcano of Pinch inca ? Where are the Acaray mountains .' Where are the Geral mountains ? Where are the Brazilian movmtains ? What prevents South America from being a continent by itself? Why do no large rivers enter the Pacific from S. America? 1£6 The Andes form au unbroken barrier along the whole western coa«t, varying ftom 30 to 100 miles. - What 127. T nieridowg They are How How Wlidt How ' If you tion w(n Why Aretl Whicl America Potugi Spain lt4y ? GreeC( Turke Austri Switzi Franci Belgii HoUai GermE Prussi Denmi •lftbes( rago ? Grenada ! rajo? ith Georgia ? ind of Chiloe ? dez? , Ambrose ? eak of the Andes ? 1 being a continent by ific from S.America? ong tho whole weitem coaK, MAP OF EUROPE. What plains in Brazil ? (n Buenos .\vres ? 77 127. Thi-iie pltiins, c:illi;il I.lnncw or Pariiiian, am Iikii llip great natural meadowa of our Wi'stcrii Smi.s. calli'd Prairies, or thi? Sii'ppi'n of Asia They arc covered with grass, on which vast herds of cattle roam and feed. How will you sail from Chatjres to Assumption ? How will you sail from .Assumption to Cu/.cu .' VVliat w;is Cu/.co anciently .' How will you sail from Cu/.co to Callao, the seaport of Lima? If you V ere at cape Florn to-day nt 12 o'clock, in what direc- tion would your shadow fall > Why would it fall to the Soitth there, and to the North here? Are the seasons in South AmtTi t the s.iine as ours .' AVhich is most indented by gulfs, ba>s, and sounds, North America or South America ? MAP OF EUROPE. Potugal ? Spain ? Italy .' Greece .' Turkey ? Austria ? Switzerland .' France ? Belgium .' Holland ? Germany > Prussia .' Denmark ? How is Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital .' Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital .'' Capital i Europe bounded ? 0|)orto, Coiinbia, St. Ubes.* Cadi/, Barcelona, Grenada. Naples, Florence, Turin. Tripolitza, Napoli, Navavino. Adrianoplc, Salonica, Belgrade. Prague, Milan, Venice. Geneva, Zurich, Constance. Lyons, Marseilles, Bordeaux. Antwerp, Ghent, Tourney. Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Leyden. Hamburg, Dresden, Hanover ? Dantzic, Konigsburg, Stettin. Elsinore, Altona, Kiel. • If ttaeu towns are on tb« mtg, teil U>«li iltuatloD. 7 9» EXERCISES ON THE Norway .'* Sweden .'* Russia ? England f Scotland .' Ireland ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital .' Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Bergen, Drontheim. Gottenburg, Carlescrona, Upsal. Moscow, Warsaw, Odessa Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol. Glasgow, Paisley, Aberdeen. Cork, Belfa»t, Limerick. Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher RIVERS. Where does the river Tiigus rise, in what direction does it run, and where does it empty ? Garonne ? Loire .' Seine ! Saone? Po .' Danube? Save? Pruth ? Dnieper? Don? Volga? Ural? Petchora? Dwina? Tornea? Niemeu ? Vi»- tula? Oder? Elbe? Rhine? Rhone? , ....»„,. LAKES. W^here are lakes Ladaga, Onega, and lUmen .' Where are lakes Constance and Geneva i SEAS. Where is the Caspian sea ? Where is the sea of Azoff ? Where is the Black sea ? Where is the sea of Marmora ? Where is the Archipelago ? Where is the Mediterranean sea ? Where is the Irish sea ? Where is the North sea ? Where is the Baltic sea ? Where is the White sea? GULPS. Where is the gulf of Venice ? Where ie the gulf of Toronto ? '»^,i * Norway and Sweden now Ibrm but one klnt^om. Each State, howcTer, has lU own constitution, Its own laws, and national legitlaturo, but both are under the control or the »amc sovereign. Whei Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Wher Whei Whei Wher Wher Wher Whei Wher Wher< Wher a- .■.«3^R«W»*"l :heim. ^arlescrona, Upsal. saw, Odessa inchester, Bristol. Ity, Aberdeen. , Limerick. dat direction doea it ne ? Loire .' Seine > ? Dnieper .' Don ,' nea ? Niemeu i Vi»- iam. Each State, howcrer, Hal legiilaturo, but both are MAP OF EUROPE. Where is the gulf of Genoa ? Where is the i(ulf of Lyons ? Where is the gulf of Bothnia ? Where is the gulf of Finland ? Where is the gulf of Riga ? Where is the bay of Biscay ? CHANNELS. Where ii the British channel ? Where is th«! Bristol channel? Where is St. George's channel .' Where is North channel ? Where is the Skager rack ? Where is the Oattegat 1 STRAITS. Where is the strait of Dover ? Where is the strait of Gibraltar ? Where is the strait of Bonefacio .' Where is the strait of Messina.' Where is the strait of Otranto .' Where are the Dardanelles 1 Where is the strait of Constantinople t ISLANDS. Where is Iceland .' Where are the Faro*- Islands ? Where are the Shetland and Orkney isles 1 Where aie the Hebrides or Western isles? Where are Ivica, Majorca, and Minorca 1 Where are Sardinia and Corsica 1 Where is the island of Scily ? Where is Malta ? Candia 1 Cyprus ? 79 CAPES. Where is cape North ? I "^ i Bt«.--y!5(5WS«*«*'' 80 EXERCISES OH THE Where is cape Naze 1 Where is Land's End ? Lizard Point ? Where is cape Clear .' Where is cape Ortegal ? Where is cape Finisterre ? Where is cape St. Vincent 1 Where is dape Spartivento ? Where is cape Matapan ? PENINSULAS. Where is the peninsula of Crimea ? Where is the peninsula of Morea ? Where Where Which Where Where Where Where Where are the are the is the h are the are the are the are the are the MOUNTAINS. Dofrafield mountains ? Pyrenees ? The Alps ? ighest peak of the Alps ? Appenine'' ? Cafpath ■ 'nountainsi B'.ilkan tt -antains? Caucasian mountains? Ural mountains 1 VOLCANOfiS. Where is mount Etna ? Where is mount Vesuvius ? Where is mount Hecla 1 Through what must the waters of lake Onega pass to reach the ocean"! 188. Lake Onega is connected to lake Ladogo by the ri»er Svir. And ake Ladogo is connected to the gulf of Finland by the river Neva. Through what must the waters of the Don river pass to reach the ocean t How will you sail from London to Trieste 1 ■tt' "T JL. HAP OF ASIA. m nega pass to reach the by the ri»er Svir. And ' the river Neva. >on river pass to retwsh itel 139. London ia situated on the river Thames, 60 wiles from itupouth. Through what countries would you pass in traveling ia a straight line from Trieste to St. Petersburg 1 How will you sail from St. Petersburg to Odessa t Through what countries would yo\» pass in traveling in a straight line from Odessa to Bordeaux ? How will you sail from Bordeaux to Dresden 1 How will you sail from Dresden to London t What country in Europe has no sea-coast.' Which country of Europe, do you think, is most elevated, or highest above the level of the sea ? 3. Which country of Europe, do you think, is best situated for commercial pursuits ! For what is Europe remarkable ? 130. A. For its bays, gulfs, and inland seas, and for its great natural ad- vantages for commercial pursuits. Which is most indented by gulfs, bays, and seas, Europe or North America ? MAP OF ASIA. How Arabia ? Turkey t Caucasas t Persia ? Beloochistan i Afghanistan ? Hindostan 1 Farther India t Chinese Empire i Siberia t Independtnt Tartary 1 7» is Asia bounded .' Capital ? Chief towns i Capital? Chief towns? -, Capital? Tiflis, Derbent. Capital ? Chief towns ? Capital ? Kedje, Bunpoor. Capital? Peshawur, Candahar. Capital ? Chief towns i Capitals? Chief towns? Capital? Chi 'f towns? «, Capital i Chief towns ? i Capitall Cfakftownal EXERCISES ON THE # RIVERS. Where does the Euphrates "-ise, what course does it run, and where does it empty? Tigrish Indus! Nerbuddahl Ganges'! Canton 1 KiangKul HoangHo? Amour 1 Ana- dir? Lena? Yenisei 1 Obi'? Irtish "S UVal ? Jordan? SEAS. Where is the sea of Kamtchatkal Where is the sea of Okhotsk 1 Where is the sea of Japan 1 Where is the Yellow sea 1 Where is the China sea'? Where is the Sea or Bay of Bengal ? Where is the Sea of Arabia ? Where is the Red Sea ? Where is the Mediterranean ? Where is the sea of Marmora ? . Where is the Black Sea ? Where is the Caspian Sea ? * Where is the Aral Sea ? Where is the Dead Sea ? [See map of Palestine.] OtLFS. Where is the Persian Gulf ? Where is the Gulf of Ormus ? • -r Where is the Gulf of Siam ? Where is the Gulf of Carpentaria ? ^>. STRAITS. Where is Bhering's Strait ? .' , s A Wherp iS the Strait of Babelmandal i Where is the Strait of Sunda ? Between Sumatra and Jara. Where is the Strait of Macaasar ? Between Borneo and Ce- lebea. Whe Whe Whe Whe Whe Whe men's I Islands Nova 2 Whe Whe Whei Whe; Wha 13S. . moat fer trioui ni Arabian t course does it run, Indus 1 Nerbuddahl Ho ? Amour 1 Ana- Ui'al ? Jordan ? Paleitine.] en Sumatra and Jara. itween Borneo and Ce^ MAP OF ASIA. 83 CAPES. ^ Where is North East Cape ? Where is East Cape ? Where is Cape Lapatka ? Where is Cape Romania ! South of Farther India. Where is Cape Comorin .' ISLANDS. Where is Ceylon ? Sumatra ? Java ? Australia ? Van Die- men's Land 1 New Guinea ? Borneo ? Celebes .' Philippine Islands ? Japan Islands, Niphon, Sikoke, Kiusof and Jesso ? Nova Zembla ? Madagascar ? Mauritius ? Bourbon ? DESERTS. Where is Arabia Deserta .' Where is Salt Desert ? Where ia the Desert of Cobi or Shamo ? Where ia the Steppe of Issim ? ; PENINSULAS. Where is the Peninsula of Kamtchatka ? Where is the Peninsula of Corea ? Where is the Peninsula of Malaya ? 131. The southern part of Farther India. [See map ofthe worliLt What can you say of the countries and nations of Asia ? 13S. A S'heria is the latgegt. China the most popiiloun Hlndoatao tte moat fertile, and Arabia the most barren. The Chineiw ar >he most indu»- trioua nation, the Hindoos the most mild, the Tnrtara the amm warlike, the Anbiani the most barbarous, and the Persians '.lie mor* ' nul MAP OF AFRICA. How is Africa bounded ? Egypt .' What is the capital .' Barca.' What is "■• ■lapital? Tripoli ? What is the capital f ifr EXEaCISES ON THE Tunis? Algiers ? Morocco ? What is the capital ? What is the capital ? What is the capital ? Where is Senegambia ? Where is Sierra Leoae ? Where is Liberia ? Where is Soudan ? Where is Nubia ? Where is Abyssinia ? Its chief towns ? Its chief town ? Its chief town ? Its chief towns ? Its chief towns ? Its chief town ? What countries border on the coast between Abyssinia and Guinea ? What country or oasis in the northern part of the Desert ? What is tiie capital of Fezzan ? What countries in the southeastern part of the Desert, be- tween Soudan and Nubia .' RIVERS- Where does the Nile rise, in what direction does it rua, and where does it empty ? Niger ? Senegal ? Gaboon ? Nourse ? Orange ? Zambezi ? Haines ? STRAITS. Where is the strait of Gibraltar ? Wher"! is the strait of Babelmandel ? Where is the channel of Mozambique ? ,., GULFS. Where is the Gulf of Guinea ? Where is the Gulf of Cabes ? East of Tripoli. Where is the Gulf of Sidra ? West «' Suca. Where is Table Bay ? ■'v'iviK.- CAPES. Where is Cape Bon ? North of Tuni». Where is Capo GuanWui i w :apital ? apital ? capital ? hief towns ? ;hief town ? ihief town ? hief towns ? hief towns ? hief town ? ween Abyssinia and part of the Desert ? rt of the Desert, be- ;tion does it run, and Gaboon ? Nourie i 'ripoli. ItrCB. * f ; 1 n i J" MAP OP THE WORLD. Where is Cape of Good riope .' V/here is Cape '"orde ? Where is Cape Palmas 1 Where is Cape Ambro .' Where is Cape St. Mary . MOUNTAINS. Where are the Atlas Mountains ? Where are the Mountains of the Moon ? Wliero are the Knns Mountains ? Where are the Snow Mountains ? ISLANDS. Where are the Azores or Western Islands ? Where are the Madeira Isles ? Caiuiry Isles ? Where are the Cape de Verde Islands ? Where is St. Thomas ? Ascension .' St. Helena ? For what is St. Helena remarkable ? Where is Madagascar .' Mauritius ? Bourbon ? Where are the Comoro Isles .' „: j How is Africa situated for commercial pursuits .' 133. A. It is more fHvornbly situated than any other grand division of the globe. Placed almost in the fjentre of the world, it enjoy8 an easy communication with Europe, .\t,ia and America. It in snrroundec? on all Bides by navipible w.atBra. of e:i8y acctss, and almnnds in all the necessa- ries and lin\.ries of life. Us coasts have lici i Bailed round for cenlurioi and even surveyed, and yet we know but little more of the interior than did the ancients three thousand years a(£o. It is the lea.st known, the least civ- ilized, and the least important of the five grjind divisions of the globe. MAP OF THE WORLD. Which in the most northern country of Asia ? Which is the most northern country of Euro;ie ? Which is the most northern country of Norih America.' Which extends farthest North, Siberia, La^ land, or British America .' m Wr de EXERCISES ON THE Which is the most southern country of Asia ? Which is the most southern country of Europe ? Which is the most southern country of North America? Which extends farthest South, Malaya, Spain or Guatimalaf Which extends farthest South, South America, Africa, or Australia ? What countries and islands does the Equator cross ? 134. A. Equador, Brazil, Loango, Ethiopia, and Zanzibar, and Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes. What countries does the tropic of Cancer cross ? What countries and islands does the tropic of Capricorn croas ? "IV'hat countries does the Arctic circle cross ? What countries does the Antarctic circle cross ? What countries does th!> 10° N. latitude cross ? 135. A. Guitim.iia, New Grenada, Venezuela, Sierra Leone, Soudan, Donga, Abyssiitia, Ajan, Hindostan, Malaya, and Anam. Whatf-ountiies does the 2U° N. latitude cross ? The 30°.' What countries does the 40° N. latitude cross ? The 50° ? What countries does the 60° N. latitude cross .' The 700 > &c. What countries are South of the 90° North latitude ? Why .' Which hemisphere is North of the South Pole .' Why so ? What five seas does the 40° N. latitude cross.' m. a. c. y. j. What sea in the western hemisphere West of China sea ? What tropic crosses nearly the centre of one of the conti- nents .' Which appears to be the most northern island on the globe .' !.;'(. Spitzbergcn Ib a large island, a nit 300 i s from North to South, nnd 2 " from Enat to West. It ia cold, lirrary aim iinproductive, but on its coasl re found whuleH, sea dogs, sea con's, and sea -lions, with other ma- fine id amphibious animals. The sun does not set for three months, June, July, and Aufciist, and for the rest of the year it is hardly seen, light being cliicdy produred by the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights The island is uninhabilcd. Eight English sailors accidcnlally left there by a whale fishing sliip, spent tlie winter and were taken home the next season They had great trouble from the foxes on the island. Wherever the men went, a troop of these were sure to follow them. If they shot a hear, or a bird, and hid it ever so secretly, in tlw snow, in the ground, or upon a pole in the air. the foxes would lie sure to find and get it, even if they had to clluib the polo for it. If at any tini* the sailors were Ured, and stt do wn on the snow, like kitteni they at las In vs'hi What I lying sou 137. Tl Australasii What 1 What What Whati 138. Tl Cook, the Which 13P. Hi It containi able for m cano, whc and one tti 1830, a n eign Mi . the inhiiiii niissionari have beei school bo( Took havi shore witi the boat V init to thii escape fro In wh Isles .' ' In wh Isles:' : In wh What 140. It mer, di.'r cross ? ic of Capricorn cross ? TOSS ? e cross ? 3 cross ? 1, Sierra Leone, Soudan, Anam. I cross? The 30°.' (cross? The 50°? i cross ? The 70<» ' &c. )rth latitude ? Why ? th Pole ? Why so ? cross? M. A. c. Y. J. ^est of China sea ? ! of one of the conti- island on the globe ? ^i from North to Bouth, II iiniiroductive, but nn its . sen -lions, with other ma- lot set for three mnnthi, 'ear it is hardly seen, light r>r Northern Lights. The xidonially left there by a ken home the next seaaon. Innd. Wliurever the men If they shot a hear, or a the ground, or upon a pole jet it, even if they had to rare tired, and sat down on MAP OF THE WORLD. 87 the snow, or frozen ground to rest, the foxes would gambol round them like kittens, come up to them, and begin to gnaw tlieir shoes. Happy were they at last to leave these roguish, troublesome creatures. In what direction from Cape North is Spitzbergen ? What name is given to the numerous islands of the Pacific lying southeast of Asia ? A. Oceanica. 137. These islands are divided into Malaysia, or the East India islands, Australasia, and Polynesia. See School (ieography and Atlas. What islands East of the Philippine islands ? What islands southeast of the Ladrones ? What islands northeast of the Carolines ? What islands northeast of Mulgrave's Isles ? 138. The Sandwich islands wore discovered in 1778, by Capt. Jamei Cook, the celebrated t'ngiifh navigator. Which is the most important of the Sandwich Isles ? 13P. Hawaii is a Iarp3 and Important island, formerly called Owhyhee. It contains about 4000 square miles and 100,000 inhabitants. It is remark- able for mount Roa, 16,000 feet high, and for mount Kirane.i, a terrific vol- cano, whose crater is estimated at seven ami ii half miles in circumference, and one thousand feet deep. T.>'e inhabitauis were formerly pngans, but in 1820, a mifii^tcn nas established at ll;i«aii by the American Hoard of For- eign Mi ns. w Inch has been attended with very great succss. Many of the inh. itants have been taught reading, writmg and arithmetic, by the missionaries, and numbers have embraced the Christian religion. Churches have been built, the p.-ss established, and the Scriptures, newspapers, school books, tc. printed in the language of the country. In 1779, Capt. Cook having had a boat stolen by one of the n.atives f Hawaii, went on shore with a few men to seize the king and retain him as a hostage until the boat was restored. 'I'he islanders, however, were not disposed to sub- mit to this insult. They fiercely attacked Cook, and before he wits able to escape from the shore, he was killed .tiuI several of his men. In what direction from Hawaii are Anson's Isles ? Galapagos Isles ? Washington Isles ? In what direction from Washington Isles are the Marquesas Isks? Friendly Isles ? Socii>ty Isles? In what direction from the Society Isles is New Zealand ? &c. What is said of the clin.a.e of C . anica ? H«. It is deiight'id. Perpetual spring, combined with perpetual sum- mer, di.'ut when they put out their hodie« ; whole rock sc Jiiis alive 'criti such a npghty mass, ic their additions until it ;c|i able to explain. The at when the worms die, tie they were forming, so II ar, their life. building to the Burface id labor only in tils tenter. nk, or low island, without hed upon it by the waves, rards it, sea birds viiiit it, J up, then the great ta|| I can steer by. Often 'he r of volcanoes, which are le ground unequally, and worms had left on a line " a coral reef," like an surface, extending for a er. a coral reef ie one of The water being deep to ing, the ship dashes upon ock, and perhaps sinks to the story. How wonder- i; ! Islands are constantly a ship may strike and be 'eparing for multitude* of PRODUCTIONS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 145. The productions of diin^rcnt countries are very various. Many Brticle., of our food arc hr > i„'lit from forcitrn countries. Our tea comes I'roinC'liinii, our siiaar Inuu ilie West Indira, and our spices Irnm the Eiist Indies, Slc. Some of the articles of our dress come from dilfVrem coun- tries; also, of our riiriiilure. and thiii|.'3 w« daily u.sc m our busini'ss. No one nation or country prmluces every thing, or surtkienf to supply all the wani~ of the people. It may produce an abundance of some things, which is called their surplus products. Tlie..it they exchange for others that they need. The exchanging of the surplus products of dilfero'it coimtries ii- an important business. It is called coiiuncrce. The following t; i •• exhihita the chief exports, or surplus products, of the various countries oJ -he globe. NoTi. Manufactured goods, hs cloth.i, iron ware, porcelain and cutlery, are.madein thickly seitled countrns, ns France, England, Holland, China, Japan, New England. &c. Countries that are thinly settled, export raw materials, as lumber, hides, tallow, furs, &c. The best furs arc evported from cold climates, principally from the north of Amcica, Europe and Asia. EXPORTS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. .A.SABU, — Coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense, gum Arabic. Asiatic Islands,— Pepper, cloves, nutmegs, ginger, camphor, coflee, &c. Barbaky 8tat«s,* — Liather, gums, hides, fruits, wax, ostrich feathers. Bkloiuh, — Grain, flax. ' ips, woolens, linens, laces, various manufactures. Bbazil, — Cotton, sugar, cotfee, tobacco, gold, diamonds, wheat, dye-woods. Cahada, Nova Hcotia, and New Bri'.vswick, — Flour, furs, lumber, fish. Capb Colony, — Brandy, wine, «i.slTich feathers, hides, tallow. CHiti,— Silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp, hides, sugar, cotton, fruits. China, — Tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain, articles of ivory and Pearl. Denmark, — Grain, horses, cattle, beef, [jork, butter and cheese. Eastern Htates,— Lumber, beef, pork, fish, cottons, woolens, ic, Eastern, Western and Central Africa, — (iold, ivory, ostrich feathers. Egypt,— Rice, grain, linseed, fruits, indigo, cotton, sugar. Equador, — (7oirec, cotton, indigo, fruits, France, — Silks, woolens, linens, cotf/ns, vine, brandy, porcelain, toys. Germany, — Linens, grain, varioi'2 inanufaitures of silver, copper, &c. ; • Barbiiry Slales.-M'.rocco, A:;''.rs, Tunl',, Tripoli, and Barca. 8 90 EXPORTS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. Oricat R,r.*i»--VV.w.Icns, cottons, Unnnfl, hinlware, r'rcoliin, tc. G»«i>LAi«D,— Whale oil whnle t>ore. wnl skins. fiirATiMM.A,— LoKwnod, ma!i<>i!aiiy. indipn, cocoa. GnAMA.— fugur, oo(Ti!P. cotton, fruits. &,c. HWDOCTAK,— ('ottnn'., Mlks, rile, 8U(^Hr. coffee, opium, indigo. HoLiANn.-Finfi lin-ins, woolen., l.uttiT, cb«e.e, various manufactures. Italy, — .'^ilks, wines. n. oil, friiita. IR.LASD.-Linen, bee tter. tallow, hides, potatoes, barley, kc. jArAS,— Silk and cottr kkIs, Japan ware, porcelain. Mixieo,— Gold, silver, u'wood. cochineal, friiiti, , MiDDi-r Statis,— Flour, wheat, salt, coais. cottons, woolens, &c. , Mapeira nii.l the Casariks,— Wine, fruits, N«w England,— l-umiier. flah, cottons, woloens, various manufactures. NE(VFofSDLANn, — Codfish. Nkw Grenada,- Indip,. sufmr, coffee, cocoa, cotton, ftuits, ic. PERSiA.-^'arpeU., bha«ls, wine, s,lk. cotton, rice, rhubarb, guns. swords, tc. Pkrii.— Silver, K'>ld. Peruvian b,-rk, m. -niry, sugar, cotton, fruits. RcssiA,-Hemp, iron, linen, pra.n. tin.lM.r. furs, talLuv, platina. So,:tiiern States,-* ntton, rice, tobacco com, lumber, pitch, fruiU. Spain and PoRTioAL.-Silks, wool, wine, oil, fruits, salt, &c. Sweden and NoRWAV.-lron, rteel, copper, timber, fish. TuRKEV,-Graln. fruiU, cotton, " il, wine, carpets, muslins, swords. West lMD.Es,-Sugar. rum, .nolasses, coffee, spice, cotton, indigo, frmte. Western BT*TEs,-Corn. wheat, lead, coal, iron, salt, lime, tecf.pork. Are any article, produced or made in this town, that are «nt away for Balei What are these articles calW 7 KxporU. Do we make use of any articles that are brought iVom foreign countries 7 What are these articles caUedl Imports. Prom what country i.s tea ituported 1 From what coun- tries k colfee imported 1 What are the exporu of Arabia! Belgiumi Peru 7 &c. *.»»«i«m*!*S*w*^s* STRIES. are. p.ircfilnin, tc. um, indiifo. various tnanufictiires. ries. Uarley, tc. I.iin. a, woolen.", fee. various manufactures. ton, ftuite, be. rhubarb, guns, sworfls, tc. ir, cotton, fruits. ill.uv, iilalin.i. lumber, pitch, fruiU. Its. salt, tc. ^r, lish. 1. muflins, swords. :e, cotton, iniiigo, fruit?, 1, salt, lime, beef, pork. m, that are wnt away for . Do we make use of any What are these articles jorted 1 From what coun- u of Arabia! Belgium 1 PRONOUNCING DICTIONABY. 91 PRONOUNCING DICTrON.^RY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. WRITTIS. Art, Abysshita, Ac'ipuico, Afvhaiiistnn, Aix la (Jhapulle, AjHccio, Amiens, Anglesey, Annapolis, Aiitibes, .^ntlKua, Aquila, ArchipplagOj Arkiinsiis, Artois, Asia, Avignon, Balize, Biiliimore, B:isle, Basse Terre, B.'iton Rouge, Belli'lbe-kaii'-go She-wa'w-wau. ''Iw' If. hiim'-Ie. Iiuke-sa' kah. ii-eem'brn. Ko-lone'. Ko niue'n. Kmi-aei'-i-cut. Ko-kee'm-bo. Kres' c. Ki-ho'-ga. D. Dal-ma'-she-a. l)a re-en' Da-ina'w-en. Du-|H)nta'. Ne' per. Nees' ler. Dno'-ro. Dro'n-tim. nu'l-lj. Del. E. Ed-in-bu'r-ro. Ku''-eiiah. Elb. Ing'-land. An'-gean. E re. Er -ze-room. Es-ke-mo. U-rup. riaw. F. Fa'-lun. Fill is-tare'. Fon-ten-blo'. i I Mi J jA MMiKW WOi^BSK'W MIMM r 92 PBONOUNCINO DICTIONARY. %f WHITTIH. Galllpolis, (iaii|!fii, Garoiiiifi, . Gul li po'liii. Gaii'-ji.e8. Ga-roiie'. Jo'r ge-B. Gent. Glbrau'l'tar. Glo'a ler. Gre'-iilj. GuB dal klv-u'r. Gar'-Uaf-we. Gwi-B keel'. Ge-Bli'-na. Giu'-ne,' H. Ha(ue, Haig. Harwich, Har-rlj. Havre, Hall' ver. Hawaii, Ha-wi'e. HnuBlon, Hoo'8-ton. Hyderabad, Hid'-ra-bad. I. Il-llno'y. niinoii, India, In'-je-a. Indiana, Ill je an'-a. Iiidlen, In'-jiz. Iowa, I'o-wa. Ipawicb. Ip'Bij. K. Kamtchatka, Kam-ka't-ka. Kenawlia, Ke-iia'w wa. Kniateneauz, Nis'-te-uo. L. L«lpsie. Llpe'-alc. Liege, Leej. Lille, Leel. Lima, Le'-mah. Limoiea, L' Orient, Liio ozli'. Lo're ong. Louisiana, Loo-e zean'-nali Louiiville, Loo'-e vil. M. Mad e'-rali, Ma'li-dreed. WRITTBN. Maelstrom, Malta, Marnirlllea, Minnii, Michixan, MiWiilHJUC, Mid«oiirl, Mobile, Montreal, Monterey, Mozaniblque, Nacnpdoclies, Nairliitocbea, Nicaragua, Niemeu, Okhotsk, Omida, Opelouaaa, PaFcagoula. Persia, Plaqurmines, Popocatnpeil, Porto Kico, Poiiglikeepsie, Prussia, Fuebia, Quiberoo, Quito, Raleigh, Rhelins, Rhine, Khcine, Kideau, Kio Grande, Rio Janeiro, Rouen, Russia, PRONOl'MrKD, Ma wlciruni. Mil I ta. Miir sailz'. Mi a'lii o. WIsli'-e (fan. Mis »ls' ke. Mis Hon'- re. Mnb,.fr. ftlorit re-aul'i Moll te-ra'. Mo-zBiu beek'< N. Na-cog-do'»h*5'-' r rAttY. 1 CH. PRoNorMriDi Ma'wl ciriim, M.> 1 ta. Miir vailz'. Mi a'lii e. WIsli'-e gan. Mis M ke. Mis Hoo' re. M(i.b,.M'. Mom re-aul'i Moil te-rn'. ue, Mo-zani beek'> N. 68, Nn-rog-do'»h-'a. les, Nnk-e touli'. Nik-er-a'li-gu», Ne'-men. 0. O'-kotsk. Onl' da. Ope-luo'zaa. F. L Pas.ca-goo'-la. Pe'rsliea. es, Plak-mw.n'. eil. Pii po knt'-a-pel. , Por'-lore'-ko. »ie, Po.ktpi.e. Proo' she-a. Pooa'b'bla. a. Kib-rong'. Ke'-to. R. le, Ra'w-Ic. KKenis. Rine. Rone. Ki do'. Re-o gra'iid. Ri MBMHi ^%€ifta^'^^s^8^feaaKa.»a'6fe^jaife-iMafaaaaMta^ti^'.:i^^^:- :i«U£artt-iaj &..uiija.::l. 8.^ «>. V^."'-^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t ^ // // ,Mi.-- ^"^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, 03 WRITTEN. St. Augustine, St. Brinuz, 8t. Croix, Ban Luuis de Po- tml, Santiaxo, Bclieneclady, Schuyildll, Seine, PRONOUNCID, Sent-au-gua-teen', Senl'bru', Sent-croy'. San-loo-is-de-po- to'-8e. San te-a'li iro. BIten-e'C'lade. Skool'-liill. Seen. Tehuan tepee, Toulon, Toalouae, Ta-wa'n-ta-pak. Too'-long. Too'-looz. WRITT«N. Valenciennes, Venezuela, Vera Urui!, VeisaUlei, V. PRONotrNriD. Valan-8e-en'. Venez-we'-la. Verali kroos'. Ver-Bailz'. Wabaali, Warsaw, Wasbita, Weser, VVieliczka. Winiiipiseogee, Worcester, w. Wa'w-boih. Wo'r-saw. WoBh-e taw'. We'-zur. We-llc»i'-ka. Wln-e-pe-sa'w-ke. Woo'a-ter. y