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^mi^mki'miM^ 
 
^■ 
 
 THE 
 
 EMIGRANTS* GUIDE 
 
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 DUBLIN: 
 
 PRINTED BY G. BULL, 3, REDMONDS-HILL. 
 
 1822. 
 
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" We f whose Xames are hereunto subscribed, 
 '' having earefuUy ea'amined a Mannserifff^ 
 ** writ fen by Mr, Watson, on the subject of 
 " E migration to Canada, declare it to be a per- 
 ^' formance worthy of our highest approbation; 
 ** as the statements, which it contains, are lifer- 
 " ally true, IVe therefore, strenuously recom- 
 " menf the perusal of this work to every one of 
 ** our Countrymen, who are curious, or have a 
 ** disposition to Emigrate to Canada, as they 
 ** wilt, by an impartial reading, clear i'y compre- 
 ^^h end whether they are fin the various views 
 *' whicli tliey may take oftfie Country) likely to 
 *' succeed. Tlie local knowledge we possess of 
 *' this Country, enablesiisunequivociuly to state, 
 *' tliat the ivork above mentioned, contains move 
 '* uspfuf information, wif/t respect to Canada, 
 *' fJian any work of tfie kind whicli we have hi- 
 *' therfo seen ; ana to the Emigrant, on his ar- 
 
 d 
 
 e 
 
 ** he must pay, anit receive no manner of satis- 
 " faction, 
 
 ''RALPH SMYTH, late of Shinrone, 
 
 Kimfs Count u. 
 ** BEN, lVOJ<KMAN,lafeof Lisbum, 
 
 Co. Antrim. 
 ALEX. UORKMAA, Diffo, do. 
 *' IV. H. HUGHES^ Into of Coofc/nV, 
 
 Co. Carau, 
 ** nU. KEM\ Intf of Do/tarrow, Co. 
 
 Ti^tp( rartf. 
 'JOHN CARK, lafc of MountrafU:' 
 
 Monfrtnl, L^nrrr Canada, 
 July 16, 1821. 
 
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' .>>m<^tikMiklim^' 
 
 DEDICA J ION, 
 
 To THOMAS aOlNG, Esq, 3hmher of 
 the Farming Society of Iretand, Traeer$tou 
 Nenagh, 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 Owing to the intimacy subsisting between 
 us, and your very Vcett known character, as a 
 most experienced and a practical Farmer, I am 
 induced to Dedicate this treatise to you. 
 
 Should I be so base and presumptuous as 
 to dedicate a work to you, which should be 
 found to be both partial and incorrect, I am 
 inclined to think, that it so doing, I would be 
 offering to you and the l^eople of Ireland, (he 
 greatest disesteem, indignitg and injustice, 
 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 Tour very obliged and humble Servant, 
 
 WILLIAM WATSON. 
 
 Dublin, I2th Feb. 
 1822. 
 
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 as 
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 lift 
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 IXCMi2l)332ilCC5<i^X. 
 
 SINCE Emigration to the Oanadas from England, Ire- 
 I<ind,and Scotland is becomingso very prevalent, I feel it a duty 
 incumbent on me to lay before my countrymen such a portion 
 of information respecting the Canndas, as may enable them to 
 decide widely and impartially, before they should attempt so 
 serious and important an undertaking. 
 
 Truth shall be the motto of this treatise, and to it I 
 will strictly adhere, particularly as a love for the industriovft 
 Irish is the actuating motive, or principle, upon which 1 am 
 determined to act. Having already spent some time in the 
 Canadas, it is but reasonable to suppose, that I cannot be al- 
 together unacquainted with their Soil, Climate, peculiarities, 
 Inhabitants, Manners, &c. &c. 
 
 Thus, then, do I trust to .iccomplish a Work, which I 
 humbly hope will be found replete with utility, and suscepti- 
 ble of satisfaction and general approbation. I will refrain 
 from every thing superfluous, and confine myself to a simple 
 statement of facts, concise in themselves, and unadorned by 
 any colouring whatsoever. 
 
 Previously to my arrival in Canada, various letters from 
 it to Ireland did come under my notice ; nut I am sorry to 
 state, that since my arrival there, I have f id an opportunity 
 of knowing from experience, that they really abounded wiJh 
 falsehood, errors, and absurdities : nor did I ever see one, that 
 could be relied on as a guide or directory. 
 
 Conformably to the spirit of Philanthropy will I write, and 
 therefore hope that my countrymen will find this to he a 
 Mork, or safrguard sufficient to enable them to detect all false- 
 hood and deception — a standard for them to act by — and a 
 good criterion, so as to form their judgment and fix their wi^e 
 and final determination. 
 
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 ir, happily, fcuch feliould be the result, I will, in soma 
 nicaMire, leel eumpeiit^utcd for both the time and labour ex- 
 jieDded thereon ; and if, hereafter, 1 should discover myself 
 to bo once instrumental in conducting' one of my countrymen 
 urigfht, respecting- Emigration to the Canadas, it will be no 
 trnall gralilication to my mind ; it will, on the contrary, in 
 Diy opinion, be an important seal of tustimony to the merits 
 of thi.s publication. 
 
 If having been myself a practical and experimental agri- 
 fiiUnriit, should be of any signification, I deem it but right 
 to toucli thereon : particularly as it m«y be of bomc weight 
 in the publicity or authenticity of this work. 
 
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 THE CANADA& 
 
 Many Tliousaiuh havo omi^ralod lo tlip 
 Cana«Ias (lurin«5 tho last tour or fiv«j yoars ; (In* 
 niimhor is almost iiicrcMliblt* : and tliosf* that pro>i- 
 p«»red or tlitl not, it would be truly ditliouU to dis- 
 cover. 
 
 It is a common opinion in Ireland, that any 
 person omii^ratin^ to the Canadas',can obtain Land 
 fjratis ; such a report sounds sweetly, especially 
 to those who wish to become Agriculturists, o: 
 may have been labouring under the Agents ot* 
 Absentees, Rack Rents, «fec. «fec. 
 
 Imagination, or rather too hasty and sanguines 
 wishes, lead them to suppose, that any Country 
 must be better than their own : and if they were 
 but once in the Canadas, they would then be in a 
 " promised Inndjlowiiuf with milk and honey,"' 
 an<l where they might be happy, enjoying ev<M-y 
 advantage v»hich they might think unattainable^ 
 in thepDiceof their nativity. 
 
 This is but the sunny side of the Irish Emi- 
 2;rantsclnmeras, who, in their zeal, and air-castle- 
 building fancy smother most things salutary; or in 
 reality contrary thereto. Little are they aware of 
 the picture which, in candour and impartiality, I 
 am hen^embohlened to sketch or draw for th<»m. 
 
 The Tenures of Land in Cannda. 
 
 Land in this Country is held by two sorts of 
 Titles, in Viefs Seigniorial^ and in free and com- 
 mon Soocage. This diflerence of heritable right 
 to landed property has arisen out of the political 
 situation in which the Country has been placed at 
 various periods. Under the French Government 
 the Civil Constitution was established upon the 
 Feudal system ; and their mode of granting Land 
 was conformably thereto. Subsequently to the Act 
 of Charles II., which confirmed the holding of 
 Land in England by free and common soccage, 
 
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8 
 
 and \y lien the Canadas became :i part of the Url- 
 tisli l^^inpi re, the benefit of that Act was extended 
 to them, introducing thereby, the plan of granting 
 Land according to that tenure. 
 
 The Seignorial titles arose in the way already 
 noticed; and owe their existence at present to 
 the act of Cession, by which Canada was resigned 
 to England : for by the articles of said treaty, all 
 holding lands under French Grants, had them 
 confirmed according to the tenure on which they 
 had been granted, naiiod in Hcf seignorial. 
 
 The French Kings granted an amazing tract 
 of territory, extend in<j about eighty-five miles 
 below Quebec, along the banks of the River 8t. 
 liawrence, to about thirty or forty miles above 
 Montreal, beinga distance of aboutthreehundred 
 and sixty miles. It was in large tracts named seig- 
 iiories. Those differ in size in various cases, but 
 are generally from thirty-six to fifty square miles 
 each, and contain, in the entire, about 7,985,400 
 stjuare Acres. 
 
 It being the wish of Government to promote 
 the settlement of the Country, a clause was in- 
 started in the Seignorial deeds conveying their 
 hinds, by which they Avere obliged to concede 
 them in farms, under the penalty of forfeiting 
 their Seignories. The Seignors were obliged, as 
 has been told, to concede their lands in small lots, 
 or farms, free of all expence, except the cost 
 of surveying, 15s., and the price of a process 
 verbal, 7s. 6d. Those, to whom concessions were 
 made, are bound to pay them certain sums, ex- 
 presj'i'd l^y the deed of concession, such as annual 
 llent aiul other perquisites. The Rents, in all 
 cases, are very low, though they differ in many 
 Sv'^ignories ; they never exceed 5s. and two bush- 
 els of Wheat per annum, for every Sixty Acres 
 of Land. 3n many cases the Seignors when con- 
 ceding uncleared Land, do not claim this Rent 
 
 nor 
 
 # 
 
 f«>r the first two or three years. Should 
 brius: the whole of his land under c\ 
 
 Seig 
 
 ivation, the 
 

 
 i 
 
 obligation to conC4Mh» if on iho trrnis nioniioniMi 
 fcasi's, in which cast' ho niu} ciliicr sell or \vnsv it 
 ash(^ pleases. 
 
 A ojood farm of such land on<»ht to he very 
 profitable, owin^ to that noble river the St. Law- 
 rence^ being so convenient. Generally speaking, 
 this land is light) and not so good as land in 
 many parts of the Upper Province ; still I must 
 observe, it possesses many great advantages, such 
 as the contiguity of towns and villages, and na- 
 vigable water : enough in the eyes of some to 
 make a good farm here preferable to one in any 
 other part of Canada ; though this tenure ifi at- 
 tended with many restrictions, insignificant and 
 beneath my notice* 
 
 FREE AND COMMON SOCCAGE. 
 
 The advantages attached to this kind of tenure 
 are so well known and esteemed, as to require no 
 comment. I believe that all the lands conccthMl 
 by the British Government in Canada, have, and 
 will be granted under this tenure. The condi- 
 tions are fixed by the authority of the Governor 
 and Council. Every person thus obtaining land 
 is obliged to become a Settler thereon. He must 
 build a house and clear a road in front of his lot, 
 and must clear five acres for every hundred he gets 
 before he can obtain his deed. Such conditions 
 are rigidly observed in Upper Canada. In the 
 lower province, there is no clause obliging the 
 sotller to clear the road, or keep it in re[)air; such 
 being provided for by the lload Act in that pro- 
 vince. The ground to be cleared in the lower 
 province is less than in the upper, being four acres 
 to each grant, be it large or small. Such are the 
 x'on<Utions of the settling duties in Lower Canada, 
 and the Settler is allowed three years for their 
 completion, at the expiration of which time, he 
 van get his deed, and thus become sines fated man. 
 
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 10 
 
 11^ will also have to pay a certain sum, as the 
 l^rice of his lattd» and lees for drawing out the re- 
 c|uisite papers, &c. &c. The whole of which sum 
 differs in various parts of the t^o Provinces, but 
 will not, at the ver^ highest, exceed 3«. ed, per 
 acre, which charge, in the upper Province, (to 
 suit th|e convenience of the Emigrant) is to be paid 
 at diflerent periods. 
 
 A poor Emigrant, proving that he is unable to 
 pay any fees, will gel fifty acres of land free ; but 
 such a grant of uncleared land I deem insignifi- 
 cant, as every Farm ought to have, at least, so 
 much unclear land in reserve, for fuel and various 
 other purposes. 
 
 The Canadas have no Manufactories worth 
 noticing. Emigrants can apply for land in Que- 
 bec, Montreal, Kingston and York, and can pur- 
 chase land reasonably in any part of the Canadas. 
 
 York, a town of Upper Canada, seated on Lake 
 Ontario, is the seat of Government for this pro- 
 vince. This town lies low, consists chiefly of one 
 street, which is more than half an English mile 
 in length, and is rapidly increasing. It has a com-^ 
 pact, new, handsome Assembly House, a large, 
 \vell-cpnstructed building of the Established 
 Jleliglon ; a Methodist Meeting House; Gaol, and 
 Market House, Fever and Ague are no strang- 
 ers to its Inhabitants, perhaps owing to its very 
 low situation and contiguity to Lake Ontario : 
 but very few die of those diseases. Almost all the 
 houses are built of Wood, roofed with Shingles, 
 or Tin. Its streets are not paved, nor is it a place 
 of nuK'h mercantile trade, or any other lively 
 business. Houses and lodging are expensive here, 
 more so than in either England or Ireland. The 
 land about York is wretchedly poor, light and 
 sandy, at least for seven or eight milesdistance, in 
 every direction. 
 
 A Council assembles here once a fortnight, for 
 the purpose of taking Emigrant's petitions for 
 land into consideration : each petition must state 
 
II 
 
 so 
 
 particulars ; the means, &c. which th'^ petitioner 
 possesses, must be accompanied with papers of re- 
 eommendation, and the necessary Oath of Alle- 
 giance — certificate. Should the Petitioner have 
 taken this Oath in his native country, he must re- 
 new it here, or else remain disqualified, without 
 any alternative. At the Land- Accent's Ottice, in 
 York, when taking the Oath of Allegiance, half 
 a Dollar must be paid ; and should the Petition 
 be written by the Clerk of said Office, a similar 
 charge will be made for so doing. The former 
 sum cannot be avoided, but the latter can by a 
 person writing his own petition, or getting a friend 
 to compose it, which is the better way for many 
 reasons. Hastj^, illiterateand inexperienced men 
 pay for their petitions, atid one told me he did 
 Bo without being able to afford it. 
 
 In reply to a Petition, a Location ticket w ill be 
 obtained at the Surveyor-General's OlTice, which 
 will co^t about 3s. 9d» British. This Ticket spe- 
 cifies the number of Acres granted. Township, 
 lot and concession. The Government fees^ agree - 
 ably to a late regulaltion, is to be paid in tliree 
 different portions ; the first on getting the Loca- 
 tion ticket, the second in six months, and the last 
 at the expiration of twelve months. Eighteen 
 months are allowed as the limitted time for com- 
 pleating the settling duties. 
 
 He^ follow a scale of the Government Fefes, 
 tindalso of the Settling Outies, &c, Ac. 
 
 OOVsaMMUBNT FEES, 
 
 JN THE UPPER PROVINCE, 1^21. 
 
 li 
 
 1' 
 
 
 m 
 
 Aor».»8 
 
 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 
 AO . 
 
 
 
 Frefe. 
 
 700 . . . 
 
 £\^>r> 
 
 100 . 
 
 
 
 X*l^. 
 
 800 .. . 
 
 '200 
 
 ♦200 . 
 
 
 
 30. 
 
 t)00 . . . 
 
 I^Ui 
 
 aoo . 
 
 
 
 60. 
 
 1000 . . . 
 
 •2.50 
 
 400 . 
 
 
 
 75. 
 
 1 1 IK> . . . 
 
 V7fl 
 
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 12 
 
 SETTLING DUTIES. ^ 
 
 Five Acres tube cleared to every hundred acres 
 grunted, a Lo^-house, sixteen feet by twenty, roof- 
 ed and iinished. Every lot of two hundred acres* 
 must have a Road cut at each end, tiH feet broad; 
 but a person getting only half u Lot, (a hundred 
 acres) cuts his road only at one end. The Clear 
 Land must be fenced, the Logs and Brushwood 
 burned, and the ground fitted for the harrow. 
 
 Hegidar Land Council Days at York, 
 
 January 10th. 24. May 2d, 6Ui, 30th. Sep. 5th, 19th, 
 
 Feb. 7th, 21st. June 13, 'i?lh Oct. 3d, 7th, 2Isf. 
 
 March 7th, 2 1st. July llth, 2oth. Nov. I4th, 28th. 
 
 April 4th, 18th. Au^. 8lh, 22d. Dec. 12th, 26th. 
 
 Cost of clearing an Acre of Canadian Land, 
 
 Cutting and Chopping intol Men ^ s. d 
 
 Logs, and piling- Branches S 8 at3s9d. each> 1 10 
 and Underwood. J 
 
 Burning Brush 4 at ditto, 16 
 
 Piling Logs. 4 atditto, 15 
 
 Two Yoke of Oxen and Drivers, 2, > , . , w q 
 each man and yoke, 3s. 9d. ^ 
 
 Fencing, ,..«.• 3, atditto, 11 3 
 
 21 ' 4 6 3 
 
 Should the Emigrant purchase Men's wearing 
 apparel^ by Auction, in Montreal, and give them 
 ill part payment to men employed in clearing his 
 laud, il far from a town, the profit thereon will 
 enable him to get his l^tod cleared cheaper. 
 
 
 /'■ 
 
 Produce of an Acre of good cleared Land 
 (English measure) generally. 
 
 One Acre Wheat 20 stone Irish to the barrel, 4 bis 10 st. 
 
 One Acre Oats, 12 stone, ditto, ditto 8 
 
 One Acre of potatoes, 24 ditto, ditto AO 
 
 Indian Corn, 20 ditto, ditto 6 8st. 81b. 
 
 It must be observed that the stumps occupy a 
 part of this Acre. 
 
13 
 
 
 Price of Produce in York Market, 1820. 
 
 £0 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Wheat, one Bushel of 60 lbs. — 
 Barley, One Bushel, ditto, — 
 
 Oats, One Bushel, 3<llbs. — 
 
 Potatoes, One Bushel, 60 lbs. — 
 
 Indian Com, One Bushel, 60 lbs. — 
 The Best Flour One Barrel, lOtt lbs. 
 Pork, One Barrel, 204 lbs. — 
 
 Prime Beef, Sd. per lb. 
 Prime Mutton, 4d. per lb. '^ • .'. 
 
 The Government in Upper Canada often in- 
 dulge poor Emigrants, by giving them six months 
 longer than the limitted time for compleating the 
 settling duties. 
 
 Two-sevenths of Upper Canada are Crown 
 and Clergy Reserves, each lot consisting of two 
 hundred acres, which will be leased for 21 Years, 
 with a Renewal power ; for the iirst Seven years 
 must be paid Seven Dollars, the next Seven years 
 Fourteen Dollars, and the last Seven Years, 
 Twenty-one Dollars. . - 
 
 No person Emigrating should burden himself 
 with any Articles from the Old Countries, as he 
 can purchase by Auction, in Montreal, every ar- 
 ticle cheaper than he could in Europe. Money 
 is the only thing he should take, and that is what 
 will enable him best to succeed in his pursuits. — 
 Could he take a quantity of old halfpence, such 
 as are not current here, they will pass for their in- 
 trinsic value in Canada. Dollars, for ^\e shillings, 
 and Guineas for One Pound three shillings and 
 eight pence, if weight. Quills, Paper and Fea- 
 thers, in many parts of the Wilderness, sell well. 
 
 In Montreal a Carpenter's wages from 4s. to 6s. 
 a-4ay ; he must diet himself, nor will he get con- 
 stant work . Plaisterer's, for the best work, 1 s. 3d. 
 a yard, Hnding all materials ; w ithout finding 
 materials, ed. a yard. The best Laths 2s. a thou- 
 sand, and Nails, 3s. a thousand. Cut and Cast 
 Nails us(m1 here. Lath cut Nails 1 Id, a thousand. 
 Irish journeymen Nailers no use, as all the Nails 
 arecut and imported. . ?; 'iiv/- ^ ' 
 
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 Candlo«, by the box, lOd.alb.and iSoap, by 
 the box, 5 id. and by the single lb. 7 id. Best 
 Tallow 7d. a Ib^ There is no Duty on any thing 
 made ; Ashes, &c. very cheap. 
 
 As there is but little Mason- work doing in the 
 Canadas, except in towns already well supplied 
 with Masons, and as they must be unemployed 
 during the Winter, I will not advise such to Emi- 
 grate unless they intend to follow some otherpur- 
 suit during that season. 
 
 When the Settling Duties are accomplished^ 
 and an Atfidavit made to that effect by two Wit- 
 nesses before a Magistrate^ the Settler can obtain 
 his Deed. 
 
 Should an Emigrant be located on a very bad 
 Lot, he must prove it unworthy his attention, or 
 he cannot get it exchanged. It is seldom such 
 Lots are given to any one, as the Surveyors almost 
 invariably (according to their judgment) distiu- 
 iruMi them in their Books, and thus return theiii 
 tj the Government Office, . 
 
 If a man iind out an unoccupied Lot in any 
 township, supposing one near a particular friend's, 
 and should petition for it the first, he will obtain 
 it. By paying a small sum he can discover in eve- 
 ry townMiip all the unlocated Lot», and has the 
 liberty of petitioning for any of them with every 
 probability of success. Butitisvery seldom that 
 a good Lot ever remains unoccupied in any well- 
 inhabited fertile Township ; in which case, to ac- 
 complish kis desire,he must either lease a Reserve 
 or Plirchasej and always has the alternative to go 
 back into the newly surveyed and wild Townships, 
 which will be locating on his arrival. 
 
 Whilst the Emigrant is going through the ne- 
 cessary petitionary proceedings,%ie will be necess- 
 itated to live in the Town, at a weighty ex,pence, 
 where he p<»titions, and, perhaps, may spend a 
 month or more in this way, before he can finally 
 adjust'all the requisite particulars* '„.,.:..: 
 
 In procefeding to Land thus obtained, the 
 Emigrants will iiuH'er every inconveiiiieiice, priva- 
 
r; I 
 
 U 
 
 iion and hardi^ip ; as they advance through the 
 Wilderness, they are obliged to prepare a passage 
 by cutting any trees which migiit be in the way 
 to impede their sledge or waggon, drawn either 
 by horses or oxen, the usual way of conveying 
 their Children, Furniture, Provisions, &c. &c. — • 
 Should their lands be far from a town, village, or 
 inhabited place, great must be the ditlicultics 
 which they will have to encounter. Families, in 
 the Summer time, will be often obliged to sleep 
 unhoused during the journey ; and, indeed, they 
 are often so painfully circumstanced, that none but 
 those who experience such trials, can attempt to 
 tell, or even form of them the most distant idea. 
 Forlorn and strange will the Emigrant feel, until 
 he becomes accustomed to such new and solitary 
 scenery ! and often, and often will he visit ideally 
 the hills and valleys of Erin go Bragh I 
 
 Until he can procure from his own land the 
 provisions necessary for his house, he will find it 
 very expensive and laborious, if not difficult to 
 obtain them, unless he should happen to have 
 some settlers of at least two or three years standi 
 ing somewhat convenient. 
 
 The nearest Land of any signification in quan- 
 tity to York, which will be next locating, is fifty 
 miles, and it undoubted must become farther 
 every year. 
 
 As to clearing Land in the Canadas, either an 
 American or Canadian, who is expert with the 
 Axe, will in Eight days cut the Timber of m\ 
 Acre — chop it into Logs fourteen feet long — pile 
 the Branches with the underbrush tor burniujj:; 
 and throe men with a Yoke of Oxen will collect 
 the Logs of said Acre into heaps for the same pur- 
 pose in the space of two days. 
 
 Underbrush consists of Young trees from half 
 an Inch to six in diameter. Between the large 
 trees neither Briers, Furze or Bushes of any kind 
 appear, and stones are scarcely found. 
 
 Pine Land is not generally esteemed, owing to 
 its being principally light and sandy; and many 
 
 iSII 
 
 [ill 
 
 .-i 
 
 n 
 
 I': 
 I: 
 
 I 
 
16 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 lli 
 
 t , 
 
 >ear!i may elapse, before tlic pine roots anti 
 stumps will vanish. They are even said to con- 
 tinue a nuisance for forty or llfty years. 
 
 Land is enclosed with a rail fence, it beino: 
 Ihe cheapest and most convenient. A man may 
 in eight days make Rails, and fence therewith k 
 live Acre field. Pine is i.he mt>st valuable timber 
 for building or boards^ and makes goml Charcoal, 
 which is commonly used by Blacksmidis, Coalr 
 mines being as yet undiscovered. 
 
 Beech, Maple, Elm, Basswood, Hiccory and 
 other sorts grow m land most esteemed for its 
 quality, the Stumps and Koots of which shortly 
 decay. Beech, Maple and Hiccory are mucJi 
 prized for fueL 
 
 The Maple affords a Sap, of which is made 
 passable Sugar. Marchand April are the Montln-; 
 ibr making it. I have seen some of it, which ap- 
 peared to me as fair as any Jamaica Sugar; but in 
 flavour, taste and smell it is found inferior. When 
 making this Sugar, the trees are tapped three fee t 
 from the ground with an incision made with an 
 axe two inches deep, from which the Sap runs 
 into wooden troughs. A healthy tree will yield in 
 a day four gallons of Sap. By a process of boil- 
 ing it becomes Sugar, and is purified by milk^ 
 flour or an egg, which brings all its impure quali- 
 ties to the surface. An hundred trees ought to 
 yield a sufficiency of Sap in one day to make six- 
 teen pounds of sugar. It is only on particular days 
 that the Sap will run, the Nights of which muat 
 be frosty> and the days thereof warmly influenced 
 by the Sun. During a good Sugar season people 
 generally make from three to four hundred weight. 
 The quantity depends on the season, indefatiga- 
 bility and help of the Maker. It may be worth 
 the expence attending it, as little other work can 
 be done in its season. I heard of a man, who 
 made last season Eleven hundred weight oK this 
 Sugar. The trees thus tapped will answer for a 
 Reries of years by making new incisions, and,|hougli 
 the liquor must decrease, its strength will progress- 
 
 b< 
 
17 
 
 )rth 
 
 ively improYe. This Sugar will sell in the month 
 ©f December for 5tl. British, per lb. ami tor less 
 in the beginning of the season. There is rarely 
 to be found a good lot of Land but has some Ma- 
 ple. Stranger's, at first, do not alto"c?ther relish 
 Maple Sugar, particularly/#ite and delicate Emi- 
 grants. Excellent vinegar, and an indilfeient 
 sort of Cider, with very good Molasses, are pro- 
 duced from the Maple sap. 
 
 If an EiiNgrant should settle on his land in 
 time to have a portion cleared against September, 
 he can sow Wheat therein, and cover it with the 
 harrow, which is the only way to sow it, otherwise 
 he must be satisfied with Spring Crops; for if the 
 Wheat be not sown early enough, so as to be well 
 over ground and strong, before any severe snow 
 or frost should visit it, a good crop must be very 
 uncertain therefrom. 
 
 The Spring crops consist of Potatoes, Indian 
 Corn, Oats, Peas, Turnips, Barley and sometimes 
 Wheat. In April or May Oats are harrowed in. 
 The latter end of May Potatoes and Indian Corn 
 are sown, both of which are liable to sufferat times 
 from the late and early frosts. Potatoes are de- 
 posited in Hills by a Hoe, four feet from each 
 other, and while the roots continue in the land in 
 a stubborn way, it is the only method to plant 
 them. 
 
 Indian Corn is deposited by putting two or 
 three grains in each hole, equally distant as 
 the potatoes. Potatoes are taken out with a Hoe. 
 In the month of September the Indian Corn is cut 
 with a Sickle, and made into Shocks, c^e. 
 when properly saved and seasoned; and the stalks, 
 which are good fodder, are accordingly stacked. 
 Pumpkins are to be sown at the same time with 
 Indian Corn, by depositing one or two grains in 
 ovcry fourth hole. This mode is very oecono- 
 mical,in asmuch as the same land answers f<)r 
 both; and pumpkins are good food for pii^s arid 
 horned cattle, many of which fatten upon tliem. 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 i I 
 
 fc" 
 
 nu 
 
 t 
 
 !li 
 
t.. 
 
 I 
 
 JS 
 
 Indian Corn is most excollent to fatten pigs, 
 liorMfs and oxen, uhen ground and boiled it 
 rf'.seniblesiitirabout, and is pleasant food. It will 
 also make coarse close bread, and is a grain very 
 beneiicial to the Agriculturist, being prized as 
 much here, as Potatoes are in Ireland. Potatoes 
 are sometimes pitted during the Winter in Upper 
 Cannada, but cannot be touched, owing to the 
 intense frost, until Spring. They are generally 
 kept in cellars, particularly what may be required 
 for daily use. They are inferior in quality to the 
 Irish potatoes, which in a great measure may be 
 accounted for by the little covering they have in 
 such new land, and so many planting them, who 
 w ere never farmer's until they settled there. I 
 often ate with a friend as sweet and as good po- 
 tatoes as I could wish for in my native land. 
 
 Horses are not much used by the inhabitants 
 of newly located settlements. Oxen being consi- 
 dered more easily fed and managed. A yoke of 
 Oxen can be purchased for £'12 10s. ; a draft 
 Horse for £10. ; a good milch Cow for £6, ; a 
 a Sheep for 10s. Od,, and a Sow, with young, for 
 £1 10s. The horses in Upper Canada somewhat 
 resemble those of Ireland. The Cows are small 
 like mongrel Kerries, very kind for milk, and 
 often calve at the singular age of ninteen 
 months. They are not well made, are and very nar- 
 row over the kidneys. The Oxen are sizable and 
 made like the kine ; they are trained to the yoke 
 from yearlings, and draw with kindness and faci- 
 lity coupled with a wooden yoke, having a bow 
 at each end. They are uncommonly tractable and 
 useful in the Wilderness, especially where the 
 roads and footing are bad and miry. Without any 
 instance of inflexibility they are completely mas- 
 tered by the driver's voice and whip. Thus may 
 the Irish learn a very wise lesson by adopting the 
 same method of training heif<ers and oxen at the 
 same young age, and by yoking them exactly the 
 same way. They will find that one yoke of oxen 
 thus managed, will be more useful than two yoke 
 
19 
 
 
 
 Sheep are not large, and in wool and shape 
 resemble the Spanish breed. Pigs, generally, are 
 interior to the Irish. Tame Geese, Ducks an<l 
 Hens, are large and good ; Turkeys are scarce. — 
 Abundance of birds like the Irish Partridge, but 
 larger and better, are found every day in the year 
 in the Wilderness, and may be easily shot. Deer 
 are often noticed, but seldom killed, except by 
 the Indians, who trace them in the winter. 
 
 New township-settlers are often wonderfully 
 inconvenienced, not having the advantage or ac- 
 commodation of good Roads, Mills, or Market- 
 towns convenient, which would enable them to 
 dispose of their various commodities both com- 
 fortably and advantageously. To Emigrants 
 they must principally look for the sale oithose 
 articles. Little Money is obtainable for any arti- 
 cle here, business being chiefly carried on by bar- 
 ter. This custom of traffic exists, I suppose, 
 chiefly from the country being new, and the great 
 scarcity of money, little of which can be obtained, 
 except from Emigrants arriving ; few of whom 
 have any to signify by the time they arrive on 
 their respective lands. A long time will elapse 
 before good roads will be seen in this country ; in- 
 deed few places can aflbrd the proper materials, 
 limestone being so scarce in the Canadas. There 
 is a public clay road from Kingston to York, but 
 a very bad one, without any stones thereon. 
 Other roads run in difl*erent directions, such as 
 Quebec, Montreal, Niagara, Queenstown, Tal- 
 bot's Settlement, &c. &c. ; but wretchedly situ- 
 ated are those Settlers, who live thirty miles more 
 or less from those public roads. 
 
 Feather Beds are dear in many parts of Canada, 
 and are frequently sold for 2s. 6d. per lb. 
 
 Tradesmen and labourers, of all descriptions, 
 need not expect the high wages which were cus- 
 tomary in this country lour or five years ago : the 
 scarcity of them thW made high wages unavoid- 
 able ; but now, iq a country, 1 may say, overrun 
 by such people, they will iSnd hire decreasing 
 
 
 
 |, 
 
 f 1 
 
20- 
 
 i 
 
 «very year. AH lliost*, ^viiose profesnion oblige* 
 them to be employ eel in out-door work, must con- 
 sider, that during du; Winter they cannot follow 
 their accustomed hiljours. It is a common prac- 
 tice for Women (ovveavoand make men's clothes; 
 and mostly ev^ry man residing in the Wilderness, 
 is, generally speaking, Jack of all Trades ! 
 
 I find Emigrants of every profession returning 
 yearly to their Native Country; still I cannot 
 wonderat such being the case when they emigrate 
 to such a country as Canada, flushed with the most 
 unreasonable and whimsical expectations, and 
 perfectly ignorant of the great exertions, sobriety 
 and judgment, which are so essentially requisite 
 to enable them to succeed. The climate, and wild 
 appearance of the Canadas, at first sight intimi- 
 date many, exciting in them a desponcency and 
 regret, which cannot be overcome but by great 
 labour,mental strength , cou rage and perseverance. 
 Inactiveand timid men siiould never emigrate; they 
 will never prosperat home or abroad, but particu- 
 larly in Canada. Instances occur of very poor 
 Emigrants arriving' too late in the season, with 
 large families to support, and before they can 
 make any successful exertion in any pursuit, sick- 
 ness overtakes tlicin, intense and chilling cold 
 benumbs them ; tiius, in poverty and want, tliey 
 may languish without friends or relief, save the 
 scanty boon which, if in towns, they may chance 
 to get from the benevolent Societies thereof. 
 
 Unmarried Women, who have no fortunes, and 
 iireaofive/indi*idniifrinns,u'tfIwuhnnchprideor 
 vunify, and who cann lish a«^'W7'(?/and retired Wfey 
 should emigrate to the Canadas, in any of the 
 country parts of which they will not reside long, 
 V)efore they can have aii opportunity of being 
 ivell married, such being very scarce, and consi- 
 dered, in that country, a fortune in themselves; — 
 Marriage portionsindeedarenot customary there. 
 In the months of June, July and August espe- 
 cially, morning's and evening'^, Emigrants are li- 
 able to be stung and tintulized by the Mosehet- 
 
 
 
 70 
 
21 
 
 icy 
 he 
 
 ife, 
 the 
 
 mg 
 
 li- 
 
 toes; but those pests are scarcely noticed by hardy, 
 rough and laborious residents : delicate strangei*» 
 are chiefly annoyed by them. On the other hand, 
 the Emigrant is exposed to a scorchingsun, which 
 preys upon and enervates his bodily frame. — 
 Squirrels, and a small bird, called the Blue Jay, 
 damage greatly the Emigrants corn lor the lir&t 
 or second year. 
 
 About three years or upwards, after any land is 
 cleared, it may be ploughed between the stumps; 
 and the ploughs are so constructed as to cut and 
 loosen the roots. The clear land is frequently 
 laid down with the first crop of Wheat. The 
 large stumps of most Trees, except Pine and 
 White Oak, will be rotten in ten years ; smaller 
 in five or six : they may be taken out at any time ; 
 but to avoid unnecessary expence it is better leave 
 them to a natural decay, particularly as labourers 
 are scarce and w^ages high. 
 
 The soil varies much in the Canadas, and it is 
 very difficult to ascertain the exact qualities of a 
 Wilderness ; some parts run sandy and light, 
 others consist of a stubborn and costive clayish 
 loam, while limestone is but rarely found. I sup- 
 pose from the grass which grows in Canada, that 
 its richest parts cannot vie with the rich land in 
 Ireland. The severity and length of the winter, 
 added to the scorching and intense heat of the 
 summer, are very good reasons why the gi*ass 
 cannot be as verdant, thick, soft and luxuriant as 
 in Ireland. On the whole, Ireland, though old 
 and exhausted, is superior in quality ; it possesses 
 a fertility, rich veins, hiilsaiKl vallics, whilst such 
 are not as vet discovered in the Canadas. 
 
 Most parts are well watered by Lakes, streams, 
 and rivers. 8aw Mills, worked by water, are 
 erected in many places, and there is one of those 
 Mills within eight miles of Quebec', M'here 360 
 saws are kept in motion. Boards are very cheap ; 
 half-inch Boards, by the hundred square feet, 2s. 
 British ; three-quarters, ditto, ditto, 2s. 6d. ; one 
 liic'i ditto, ditto, 3s. 4d. ; Hth, ditto, 4s. Od.and so 
 Ao\i in proportion. ^____.^___ 
 
 I 
 
 '5 
 
 ;i: 
 
 I ; 
 
22 
 
 I 
 
 
 The majority of Emigrants on their arrival at 
 Quebec have scarcely any money. Quebec is 
 about A40 miles distant from York in Upper Ca- 
 nada^ which journey may be performed by water, 
 end will take, at lea^t a fortnight to accomplish 
 this tedious voyage, owing totlie amazing rapidtt 
 or currents, in some parts of the river St. Law- 
 rence, which oppose the Boats drawn by men and 
 horses with astonishing force, and when in their 
 favourcarry them forward with incredible velocity. 
 
 m 
 
 Distance and Cost of going from Quebec to 
 
 York^ 
 
 In a Steam Boat from Quebec^to Montreal, 180 
 miles, 2d cabin, 10s. Od. ; — from Montreal to La 
 Chine, by land 9 miles, 6s. Od. ; — from La Chine 
 to Kuigston, in a Batteau, 170 miles, 7s. 6d. and 
 ^s. Od. a hundred for Luggage; — from Kingston 
 to York, 180 miles, in a Steam Boat, 2d cabin 15h. 
 There is no charge for Luggage in the Steam boats. 
 
 A man, with a large family, wishing to embark 
 prosperously and extensively in land, would re- 
 quire <jC300. though many have but very little and 
 struggle to acquire properties. A man can do 
 more with i:300 in this country, than he can with 
 1700 ill Ireland. 
 
 Society in the Wilderness is by no means good, 
 as very few polite people are there to be found. 
 Tliose who enjoyed tlic politeness and advantages 
 of Irish hospitality, its intercourse and convivi- 
 ality, nuLst feel very solitary; no matter what me- 
 rits or good condut't distinguished them hereto- 
 fore, they are little valued or respected, but are 
 obliged to associate with the most illiterate, un- 
 poli3ied and worthless sort. Itis acoromon prac- 
 tice with tradesmen and workmen of every des- 
 cription, to eat at the same table with master's 
 and families, aad should this custom be violated, 
 it would give great thence, perhaps induce th< 
 to withdraw from your employment; and they 
 
 
ter's 
 
 Ir] 
 
 
 23 
 
 diet. In manners, both parents and children ge- 
 nerally degenerate; should the advantage and 
 education of the latter in such respects be takea 
 into consideration, I would not advise them to 
 emigrate, unless they cannot procure a sutricieut 
 jiroperty, comfortable maintenance, &c. &c. in 
 their native country. Delicate men, who wish 
 to live without labouring or wielding the axo, ex- 
 cept they have n command of Money to save 
 them therefrom, should not think of living in a 
 Canadian Wilderness. 
 
 In the old settlements there are Schools esta- 
 blished, and partly supported by Government, 
 the scholars of which are instructed in English, 
 Writing and Arithmetic. Those Schools are 
 somewhat like poor country Schools in Ireland, 
 but are better conducted, having, I believe, gram- 
 matical teachers. It is not very easy for School- 
 masters to obtain those schools, as none except 
 such as understand the English Language gram- 
 matically, and can spell and pronounce th(? letters 
 of the Alphabet, not Irish but English like, are 
 esteemed ; some even thus qualitied may not be 
 constantly employed, while the Trustees, whose 
 duty is to engage them, are sometimes so ignorant, 
 as to be scarcely able to write their own names; 
 such trustees may often dismiss a teacher from 
 prejudice or caprice. Agreeably to a late regu- 
 lation a teacher cannot be dismissed for six months 
 at least, from the time of his engagement ; and 
 then, unless he get a favourable certiticate from 
 the Trustees, he cannot obtain the Government 
 money. The best educated men are generally 
 appointed Trustees, but it often happens that a 
 Settlement cannot atibrd the like. Fifty Pounds 
 British, is, for the most part the Teacher's Yearly 
 allowance ; ten Pounds of which the Government 
 pays, and the Parents of the Scholars the r(»niain- 
 der. The Teacher, if a single man, can be board- 
 ed and lodged in the houses of the Parents alter- 
 nately, but not without payment. 
 
 The Indians, except in War time, seldom visit 
 
 
 \r. 
 
 •Pil 
 
 I 
 
 ( ■ 
 
 ■ V 
 
 t ! 
 
 '1' 
 
24 
 
 any of the Settlements. They arc quiet and 
 harmless, except irritated ; and if so, will recol- 
 lect it and the person so provoking them during 
 life. In both provinces there are a few Indian 
 villages and settlements, and many Indiajis speak 
 English very well. 
 
 Wild Beasts retire fwm or shun inhabitted pla- 
 ces. Wolves sometimes attack Sheep ; and Foxes 
 are larger here than in Ireland. The Rivers arc 
 all well supplied with Salmon, Ell, Pike, and 
 Trout. A Salmon of I21b. weight can be pur- 
 chased for 3s. British, but sometimes cheaper or 
 dearer according to circumstances. 
 
 In Upper Canada there are many American 
 8ettlers,whofavoured theEnglish during the Wars. 
 They areashrewd, crafty people,and not much es- 
 teemed by their European neighbours. They 
 are unsociable, and, as to hospitality and manners, 
 are very dill'erenl from the Irish. Accustomed 
 to the Axe from their infancy,makes them excel- 
 lent Choppers, while an Irishman, for a year after 
 his arrival uses it in an awkward and unproHt- 
 able manner. No one emigrating should take 
 Workmen wita him, as the ex pence ^attending 
 them is enormous ; and moreover, they generally 
 desert before they can be useful, or without one 
 honest exertion to work out the debts of money 
 and gratitude which they invariably contract on 
 the waj'. 
 
 Land can be purchased very reasonably in every 
 ToAvnship. Wild land, and partly cleared, are 
 daily advertised for Sale, prime land with orwith- 
 out the Settling Duties having been donethercon, 
 can be commonly purchased for ten shillings the 
 Acre. I have seen land advertised to be sold 
 cheaper than the Fees charged for Government 
 Iand,butlsusspect that neitherthequality or situ? - 
 i ion was good. It is sometimes bettor to purcha; e 
 than to draw Government land. I am sure there 
 i^ no country where a man can purchase a Farm, 
 (iwoUing-house, c^'c. A:c. so cheaply as in Canada. 
 
 The Cauadas consist of good and bad land : — 
 
ery 
 are 
 ith- 
 ^on, 
 the 
 K>ld 
 leiit 
 
 la: e 
 lere 
 
 vm, 
 id a. 
 
 2i5 
 
 were tke best of it tried, old and impoverished 
 from bearing a repetition of white crops, such as 
 the Irish land, 1 think it would exhibit greater 
 poverty. In Canada the Farmer pays no rent ; 
 which ought to be his greatest glory and boast. — 
 Should his crops fail, or any other misfortune be^ 
 fal him, he need not feai that his cattle will be 
 impounded, or sold for nonpayment of Rent, &c. 
 As one-seventh of the | and conceded by Govern- 
 ment in the Upper Province, is reserved for the 
 Clergy, Tythes cannot exist there : and as to Taxes, 
 tbe Inhabitants, I am sure, will scarcely feel 
 ^em. 
 
 The Winter, in Upper Canada, commences in 
 November, and continues till April; during which 
 time the ground remains covered with snow from 
 one to three feet deep, accompanied with an ex- 
 traordinary and continual frost ; the cold at times 
 ip so intense as to penetrate the warmest clothes, 
 or chill the hardiest man or tame beast. Water, 
 after remaining in a cold house near an unextin- 
 guished but feeble fire, will be frequently fro- 
 zen nearly an inch thick during the night. Milk 
 bread, meat, &c. all frozen. Sometimes a person 
 outsidedoor,washinghisfaceat acreek, may have 
 icicles hanging from his whiskers before he could 
 get inside to apply a towel, and by touching 
 iron with the bare hand, it will adhere slight- 
 ly tb the skin thereof. In various place?* 
 Saw and Grist mills cannot work for months, 
 owing to the intensity of the frost. Cattle and 
 Men are sometimes inconvenienced for water, an 
 Creeks and streams in some few places are entire- 
 ly converted iato ice : this only occurs to shallow 
 and lazily running waters. Such a winter must 
 be very severe to cattle which are not generally 
 foddered so well as they are in the old countries. 
 
 Of all descriptions of men the Cauadas answer 
 best a poor hardy labourer, who is either single or 
 can be assisted by able and dutiful sons. Such 
 will not feel the loss of society, and can well bear 
 aslateof equality. A labourer's hire is from 100 
 
 D 
 
 r 
 
 If!'! 
 
 Vi I 
 
 % 
 
 ,h 
 
 :l^ 
 
 
36 
 
 ii^ 
 
 1 
 
 to lao Dollars a-year, with excellent Board and 
 iiodo iau^ ; Tea and flesh meat once every day.— 
 By the month, in Spring and Harvest, from 12 to 
 1.3 Dollars, ditto, ditto ; in Winter, from 7 to 10 
 Dollars a month, ditto, ditto. Payment is given 
 in caaJi, clothing and produce. Though well 
 tliey live in this country, their labour is astonish- 
 ingly great ; in fact without the best of diet they 
 could iiot work as they do; and sometimes they 
 are badly paid. 
 
 Lower Canada has a longerand a severer winter 
 than the Upper Province, the snow being fre- 
 quently four feet deep, and varies in both provin- 
 ces, as parts of them lie northerly or otherwise. 
 The severity of the winter in this province is very 
 great ; every house here is supplied with a stove, 
 and this custom prevails in most houses in the 
 Upper Province, which is very economical and 
 necessary, to keep houses and people comfortable, 
 particularly in towns, where hre-wood may be 
 costly. A Cord of wood, consisting of two loads, 
 each drawn by a pair of hoi-ses, will cost in York, 
 Upper Canada, 1 2s. 6d. X Cord of wood is 8 feet 
 long, 4 feet high, and the proper length of each 
 stick is 30 inches. 
 
 There is some difference between both Provin- 
 ces ; — the Summer in the lower is oppressively 
 hot, whilst the cold of its Winter is in the oppo- 
 site extreme. The upper province is somewhat 
 more temperate both in winter and summer. The 
 w inter in this province I consider more pleasant 
 and wholesome than that of Ireland ; no mists» 
 rain or exhalations, which are so very ]|reva]ent in 
 Ireland, appear here ; every day, snowy one's ex- 
 cepted, being almost cloudless, pure and serene. 
 Last winter Idid not feel it very cold in this province 
 with the exception of three or four days, and 
 during that period I did not wear flannel shirts or 
 a second coat. I have been told that EmigrantV 
 i\o not feel the first Winter's cold as much as any 
 subsequent one, owing probably to the temperate 
 Summer of Ireland, &c. which they experienced 
 
27 
 
 m 
 
 before emigration. Not so here, a^ a parclvjoff 
 jsuiuiner atlects a person so much that he cannot 
 but feel theeflfectsof the winter, in consequence 
 of the former being in the opposite extreme. 
 
 The wisdom and goodness of God are remark- 
 ably conspicuous, but particularly in the snow of 
 Canada, which by covering the earth, plants, 
 wheat, &c. &c. preventsthe frost from committing; 
 such ravages as might, otherwise, eventually hap- 
 pen. As man, beast, fish and bird have their res- 
 pective shelter, so Canada has its snow to shield 
 it from a severe and penetrating frost. Such snow 
 may excite regret in the bosom of some, but, if 
 properly considered, it ought to produce a sense 
 of gratitude and admiration for " fhe giver of 
 every good and perfect gift<-^^ 
 
 A countrv so well wooded lias an invnlual^lc 
 supply of fuel, which is easily and cheaply ob- 
 tained, except by the inhabitants of towns ; wero 
 it not for the facilitv of obtaining and enjoying 
 good fires, the inhabitants of the Canadas could 
 not exist during the winter. At the same tinif that 
 a man is clearing his land he is also preparing 
 fuel. 
 
 Cows, horses, and oxen have a finer and thick- 
 er hair than those in Ireland. They are hardy 
 and well inured to the severity of the winter. — 
 During the first winter after an Emigrant's arri- 
 val, his cattle cannot be well foddered unless he 
 canafibrdto'nurchase hay. In the winter of 1820, 
 hay sold in York, Upper'Canada, from 40s. to 50s. 
 British, theton. Some people are necessitated 
 to Itrouze their cattleevery dayduringthewiiiier, 
 by cutting down trees, on the tops of which they 
 fiied. By this plan land is cleared and cattle part- 
 ly supported, as little hay, Indian corn, stalks or 
 ftraw will them sulfice. In the summer, cattle 
 range the woods indiscriminately, where they feed 
 and thrive (without cost) remarkably well. A 
 bell is ejcrapped to the neck of a sober one, or two, 
 by the Well-known sound of which caiih onntr 
 can trace his cattl*. They never ran^je far, »« 
 
28 
 
 i 
 
 mstinc t bring* them home night and morning to 
 their calves; they get a little salt once or twice a 
 ueek, which they t at with avidity, and lick the 
 glA er's hand. 8alt is also given to horses, sheep 
 and pigs, and is deemed requisite to keep them 
 lieahhy, strong and in condition ; the sea being 
 ?^o far distant is the reason assigned for using salt 
 ill this way. Horses are not allowed to range thro' 
 the woods. Hay in Canada is generally good, 
 but must be scarce, and vary in price, in so new a 
 country. Sledges, or Waggons, drawn by horses 
 or oxen, are the vehicles in which people travel 
 expeditioi sly in winter, and by which they can 
 convey any burden easier than in Summer, every 
 road being then good and passable, whilst in the 
 spring and summer some are extremely bad. 
 
 The Land in Lower Canada is not so good as in 
 the Upper province, and the French, who chieHy 
 inliabit it, are the worst agriculturists 1 have seen. 
 In many places the land runs sandy and light, 
 particularly along the banks of the St. Lawrence, 
 between the gulpTi and Quebec. At both sides of 
 this magnificent river the scenery is pleasingly 
 picturesque. The clear land is old, and forms 
 *;entle declivities along its irregular and well in* 
 habitted verges. There are no such Flour mills 
 in this country as are in Ireland, nor any Millers 
 who purchase Wheat. The Mills are toll mills, 
 where the farmer getshisgraingroundand bolted, 
 puts it into barrels, and thustakes it away for sale, 
 Each barrel will cost Is. 8d. British ; and Wheat 
 is so naturally dry that it is never kiln-dried. — 
 There aremany good Flour-Mill sites in thiscoun- 
 try, and were there such Millers here asare in Eu- 
 rope, great would be the advantages derived there- 
 from. Wheat is small, well-coloured and shaped. 
 I have seen as prime Wheat here as in Ireland, 
 but I allude only to its quality. It is generally 
 sown in September or October and cut in August. 
 Oats by no means a good grain, neither mekly, 
 round or full. I suspect that the great heat of 
 the Summer ripens all grahi so quickly, that it 
 
29 
 
 cannot fill or be so productive as in Ireland. A 
 change of seed> and, perhaps, not to sow in siicb 
 rich, new land, might improve this grain. 
 
 Houses and Mills are chiefly built of wood, 
 which is cheaper and more convenient than stone, 
 the latter of which I consider, in most cleared pla- 
 ces as yet, to be very scarce. The most common 
 stone appears to be a kind of very hard grit. 
 
 Land is not to be obtained for nothing in the 
 Canadas. Let the ex pence of going so far. Go- 
 vernment Fees, Settling Duties, clearing the land, 
 &c. &c. be considered, and then count the cost, 
 the justice of my observauon will be amply pro- 
 ved, I kiiew an Emigrant who got cleared, in 9 
 months, 30 English Acres. All the Settlers that 
 I visited are very comfortable, having Estates, 
 Cows, Pigs, &c. &c. 
 
 No half-pay Otticer is entitled to Land in tjiis 
 country, unless he become a resident thereon. 
 
 Esquising, Taranto, and part of Erin, &c. (the 
 new townships,) SOmilesand upwards from York, 
 are, 1 suppose as good land as there is in any part 
 of the Canadas. 
 
 Clerkship's are not easily obtained, nor do 
 Clerks get high salaries. Seventy or £S0. may, 
 perhaps, be esteemed the very highest, yearly. 
 
 Abstract of the Population of those parts of 
 the Province of Upper Canada, which are actually 
 organized into Counties and Districts, wherein 
 some New Townships are included. 
 
 Counties tSfc, Inhabitants, 
 (ilenjrarry, 57S2 
 
 >Storinont, 
 
 Dundass, 
 
 Uus«^e\ 
 
 Prescott 
 
 Grenville, « 
 
 Leeds, .~ 
 
 Carleton, 
 
 Frontcnac, exclusive ofl 
 the town of Kin]B^8ton. J 
 Town of Kingston, . . . 
 Lennox and /Vddington, 
 
 Hasting", 
 
 Prince Edward, 
 NorthumberUiH, . . . 
 
 4571 
 2195 
 107 
 15rt7 
 4373 
 6722 
 3699 
 
 2901 
 1880 
 5724 
 2520 
 6079 
 4322 
 
 Counties, S^c. 
 
 Durham, 
 
 Sincoe, 
 
 • > 
 
 • « 
 
 of 
 
 • 
 
 Inhabitants. 
 .... 17H3 
 .... 148 
 
 York, exclusive 
 town of York, 
 Town of York, 
 Lincoln, 
 
 the\ 
 
 • • • 
 
 9593 
 
 1240 
 
 13787 
 
 Wentwoath, . 
 
 
 
 4959 
 
 Halton, 
 
 
 
 479<> 
 
 Norfolk, 
 
 
 
 4178 
 
 Oxford, .. 
 
 
 
 2455 
 
 Middlesex. ■ . 
 
 
 
 5243 
 
 Kent, 
 
 ital, 
 
 1 • • « 
 
 1624 
 3732 
 
 T< 
 
 109J^»0 
 
 i 
 
30 
 
 J 
 
 Every County has its Militia, and no Settler in 
 exempted therefrom ; each regiment assemble 
 twice a-year, without armsor unitorm. In case of 
 war, what an army of militia will the Canadas ex- 
 hibit ! Men, who ought to fight bravely for the 
 protection of their families and properties. The 
 best recommended and fittest people are appoint- 
 ed Commissioned and Non-commissioned Ofiicers. 
 
 Hops grow very well in the Canadas, and sell 
 from 6d. to lOd. per lb. There is a Hop-Yard 
 near Montreal, which, for the last ten year^, did 
 not experience any failure. 
 
 Notwithstanding the many advantages peculiar 
 to the Canadas, they are only fit for hardy, indus- 
 triousjand experienced men, who can be contented 
 with every society, and whose future expectations 
 are very moderate. Very few acquire large sums 
 of money, such as 15 or £20j00(). Upper and 
 Lower Canada have each their respective Legis- 
 lative Council and House of Assembly. Articles 
 of every kind were never known to be so cheap as 
 at present, and will, in all probability^ continue 
 so during the present peace. Money is uncom- 
 monly scarce, and, with a little, a prudent man 
 can prosper and acquire a ^ood property. Tin- 
 kers are very scarce in both provinces, particu- 
 larly in the country Settlements. Should there 
 beany sober one's in Ireland, I strongly advise 
 them to emigrate, as in a very short time they will 
 become both happy and wealthy. Able Black- 
 smiths, if they can carry on business for them selves, 
 by getting into^a new Settlement, ought to suc- 
 ceed ; Iron is nearly the same price as in Ireland, 
 but Smith's work is remarkably high in many pla- 
 ces; 7s. 6d. and more, br^ing often charged for a 
 set of Shoes. An Axe half-a-guinea. Axe.« niaJe 
 in Ireland are of no use, as the Irish Smiths do 
 not know how to make them, so as to answer the 
 various purposes of this country. In Summer the 
 Peasants' seldom get their horees shod. Taylorii* 
 and Shoc'makerh' will, perhaps, do better in their 
 native country-; their wages m Canada are higcr, 
 
31 
 
 but they are often badly paid, and cannot obtafn 
 constant employment. Making a Coat £1 5 0; 
 Trowsers, 7s. 6d. Waistcoat, 5s. Od. 
 
 I have no doubt but that Bogs and all sort of 
 Mines exist in the Canadas. 
 
 LONG POINT, TALBOTS SETTLEMENT, 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 That part of Upper Canada generally known 
 by the appellation of the Long Point and Talbot's 
 Settlement, is situated on the north shore of Lake 
 Erie, between 42d. 15m. and 42d. 50m. N. L. and 
 between 79d. 30m. and 82d. 20m. W. L. and in- 
 cludes a rising of twenty townships, extending 
 along the Lake through the greater part of Lon- 
 don and Western districts : from the mouth of 
 Nanticoke creek, or the Biver Wareny, to within 
 about 25 miles of Amhertsburg. It is between 25 
 and 30 years since the commencement of the Hci^ 
 tlement in the vicinity of Long Point, in which 
 time it has become populous and wealthy. The 
 soil is well adapted to the culture of Wheat, 
 which is the principal article of exportation from 
 the Upper countries bordering upon the waters of 
 the St. Lawrence. This country abounds much 
 in Prairies, or natural plains, which induced the 
 early settlers to giro it the preference, from the 
 ease with which a farm is quickly put under cul- 
 tivation, and many of them have made improve- 
 ments commensurate with such advantages. It i;* 
 well watered, healthful and pleasant. Although 
 the soil of the plains is not so durable as Timber 
 land, yet nature seems to have made ample pro- 
 vision for such deficiency, in the inexhaustible 
 beds of Gypsum, that have lately been discovered 
 and opened on the Grand Biver, and in the im- 
 mediate vicinity of thoaie plains, which experience 
 proves to be a wonderful renov-ator of exhausted 
 soils, particularly Plains. 
 
 In the Townsbip of Charlotteville rich beds of 
 Iron Ore have lately been found ; to manufacture 
 
 ri 
 
32 
 
 irhich irtto Castings And Bar-Iron Works are now 
 erecting and nearly ready for genial and exten- 
 sive use. This country has pleasant roads: its 
 surface is gently undulating, a^nd presenting to 
 the eye of the Traveller extensive farms in a 
 pleasing variety of succession. It is entirely free 
 from mud, that pest of all new countries. Al- 
 though this Settlement be so old and wealthy, 
 there is not a town, or scarcely a village in it. In 
 the township of Charlotteville is Vittoria, the 
 County town for the London District, in which 
 there is a large Court-House building, that when 
 finished will be convenient and respectable. 
 
 A man's religion cannot be any impediment to 
 him in the obtaining of Land, though, in Ireland, 
 a contrary opinion may exist. All religious sects 
 are tolerated in the Canadas. 
 
 Many Emigrants who went to the United States 
 have left that country and settled in the Canadas, 
 where they enjoy superior health, and have ob- 
 tained cheaper and better land in the latter than 
 they could m the former. 
 
 Saddlers' will not find the Canadas, generally 
 speaking, a country where they might succeed ; 
 some who emigrated know this from experience. 
 Men should marry before they emigrate, particu- 
 larly if they intend to be agriculturists. The 
 Emigrants of Upper and Lower Canada make no. 
 complaints. The government is warmly interest-, 
 ed for their advantage and prosperity ; and per- 
 haps there is no part of the British dominions 
 where the people enjoy greater ease, or seem to be 
 more loyal or more attached to their Sovereign. 
 May they always continue so, and all well disposed 
 and industrious subjects. 
 
 Shoes, commonly called brogues, will sell in 
 many parts of the Wilderness for more than double 
 their price in Ireland. 
 
33 
 
 |ign. 
 )sed 
 
 ilin 
 ible 
 
 
 4/1' 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 Montreal stands on an island in the River St. 
 Lawrence, 180 miles from Quebec. In extent of 
 population and trade it may be justly termed the 
 Capital of the Canadas, though the seat of Go- 
 vernment is in Quebec. It is about 9 miles from 
 La Chine, 9 from La Prairie, 23 from St. John's, 
 45 from Sorrell, or William Henry, and 90 from 
 Three Rivers. It extends in length northerly and 
 southerly more than two miles, running back in a 
 westerly direction about a mile from the river St. 
 Lawrence to the foot of the insulated mountain 
 from which it takes its name. 
 
 The old town, the boundaries of which are 
 known by the remains of the former town gates* 
 and of the fortifications which protected it, was 
 in form an oblong square, but, as what were used 
 to be called the suburbs, are now considered part 
 of the town. Its present site is very irregular* — • 
 Many new streets have been lately laid out, and 
 judging from its amazing increase of population, 
 and the rapidity with which improvements are 
 progressing, it is likely that in a few years it will 
 be nearly double the size it was ten years ago. It 
 is said to contain about 25,000 inhabitants. The 
 soil in the neighbourhood of Montreal Ls for the 
 most part composed of clay, without stones, ex- 
 cept here and there maybe found globular masses 
 of granite lying on the surface. Ne^r the moun- 
 tain, however, there are some quarries of granite 
 and strata of lime, and there the soil runs gene- 
 rally light and loamy. The mountain of Mon- 
 lre:il affords an excellent protection to the town 
 and harbour against the north-west winds, which 
 at certain periods of the year blow with a violence 
 seldom surpassed. The most prevalent winds 
 that are experienced here are from the northward 
 of East and north of north-west, the former pre- 
 vailing during the Spring months, and the latter 
 
 E 
 
34^ 
 
 
 li 
 
 a 
 
 in ilio Fall and Winter. From various parts of 
 iliLS mountain a beautiful proNpect opens to the 
 view. TLerc is a delightful view of Chambly 
 mountain, Belo^al mountain, on the top of which 
 there is a considerable lake; the St. John's moun- 
 tain, and of the Blue mountains, in the State of 
 Vermont, Avhich the eye can trace the course of 
 until it is entirely lost in tlie distant perspective. 
 TheYillaines Longue^ille and La Prairie, with 
 various Farm-houses, and the Islands in the river, 
 &c. &:c. form aphasing part of the general pros- 
 pect. I Sere, scarcely out of the buz of business 
 in the town, which appears to lie immediately be- 
 neath, you perceive the shipping in the harbour, 
 the mechanic on his building, and the agricul- 
 turist in his Held, with innumerable line gardens 
 and orchards surrouniiing the various elegant 
 seats belonging; to the Gentlemen of Moitreal. 
 The clear and extensive prospect of the Civer 
 St. Lawrence, deemed one of the finest Rivers in 
 the world, with the Shipping, Steam Boats, and 
 other small craft navigating it ; the extensive 
 Prairie on the opposite side of the river, the roads 
 of which are constantly covered with vehicles of 
 commerce passing to and from the Uniti'd States, 
 utiord a most pleasing subject for contemplation. 
 
 The temperature of Montreal is remarkably 
 variable, and is operated upon by almost every 
 change of wind, yet, notwithstanding the quick 
 transition fr.'n extreme heats to cold weather, that 
 are frequently experienced here, Montreal is con- 
 sidered a very healthy place; the heat in the 
 Summer is often known as highasGG" in theshade, 
 and for weeks together it will average CO" at or 
 shortly after meridian. 
 
 The houses in Montreal, which at first sight are 
 mostly of a forbidden aspect to a Stranger, are 
 generally built of Limestone of a most excellent 
 quality found near the town. The old houses are 
 of the fashion of those found in ancient towns of 
 
9it 
 
 k . 
 
 S?>p}iiii and France. Suchbuildiiii^ r^s Lave bci^ii 
 lately erected, are mostly of cut ki iie. ;ind Kuilt 
 in the modern style. There is at j es* iit *> jout 
 one hundred streets in Montreal ; tl.t» numl. r of 
 houses in the town is about t>vo thousand six »iun- 
 dred ; the streets in general are narrow, some 
 of them paved with flag stones, lighted at night ; 
 and there is a kind of Watch, or Foot patrole. 
 
 The principle Markets in Montreal are the old 
 and new, in which Meat, Vegetables, Poultry. 
 Eggs, Butter, &c. ^c* '*^f^ cheaply vended ; there 
 1% also a Fish and Hay Market. An Agricultu- 
 rist Society is establishc*. here, w ho among other 
 I'r^igs od'er premiums for the improvement of 
 cattle.' , Two Associations for Banking purposes 
 have been lately founded, called the Montreal 
 Bank, and the Bank of Canada; the former with 
 a capital of £26,0i)0, and the latter with (hat of 
 X*3({0,000. EacJi of them are managed by a Pre- 
 sident and Directors, chosen vearlv. 'i'he prin- 
 <'ip<.l public Library here belongs to a number' of 
 publicly spiriited men, who subscribed for shart:? 
 to form a capital to purchase it. It contains 7 or 
 S,0(K) volumes. Five or six Newspapers are pul)- 
 lished here. The Champs-de-Mars of Monnc.il 
 is a handsome piece of Ground, perfectly Unii, 
 consisting of about six English acres, with slupirig 
 banks of grass on each side, and Poplar \yws. 
 around its hedi^es. 
 
 Beer in Montreal Is. per gallon, Irish Wlii>ko> 
 »5s. a i-allon ; Canadian ditto, 2s. 6d. ditto ; Itum 
 from 2s. 6d. to 3.«. :]d. ; Brandy 8s. Od. dittr. - 
 Best Green Tea 6s. Od. per lb. ilt^st Jamaica S..- 
 j^ar, (Id. per lb. 
 
 Tobacco, in the Canadas, i:i very fiheap, and 
 w ill grow well there. 
 
 I will not sav anv thing; to eiicourafro the 'Mn^i- 
 gration of a Counsellor, an Attorney, Apoiluicu- 
 ry, Medical Doctor, Watchmaker, or Mercantiio 
 speculator. People should not enn'grrde biter 
 than the Month of May. Experienced Pjinte;'.* 
 are Ukely to succeed. 
 
 I 
 
Emigrants' who may wish to go to Kingston, or" 
 who will have to encounter any of the Rapids 
 lihould not go in Durham Boats, but should al- 
 ways prefer the Hataux: a.s the latter being small 
 and light, can be worked by pale men in every 
 weather; while the former being much larger, 
 cannot in some places make way aa:ainst a foul 
 wind, and moreover are very tediously worked. 
 
 I will not say any thin^ in favour of Newfound- 
 land, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, &e. 
 
 Montreal and its neighbourhood 1 would pre- 
 fer to any other parts : for many reasons which 
 the Emigrant will kiio^.' experimentally on h'us 
 arrival. 
 
 Most of the settlers in the New Townships of 
 Taranto and Trafalgar, near York, are Irishmen, 
 who lived in the United States for many years. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 1^ 
 
 , \ 
 
 Errata. Iri tij? ISthpaffe, for " undoubteJ," road " undoubtedly." 
 24th page, for " EU," read " Eel." 
 
 /v. 
 
f: