IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 11= 11.25 |5o ™^^ H^H ■^ li^ |2.2 us . 1^ 1 20 i4_ 111116 V ivcoujiiizod tlioutniti«^rjipli to the ijjool boen (lone, imcing thr •vi Ilia's, St. . iiioi-eUind, {] the woi'kin '•(^■en mjulo IVlivouii m To Ai-KREi» K. U Ski, WYN, F.K.S., Kd.S., Din dor of tlw Geolocficid Siirrei/ of L'lthnilu. SiK,— Tlio .i,'e()I(»incal mnps- acoompanyini,^ this ivi...!t iiidn,!,. m, Jiira of ahoiit (;,00n s(iiiaro miles, siirvcyed !.y iis in soinlu-iii New IJniiiswick iij) to 1S7H, assisted in IS77 aii.l'lSTS |,y M,.. \V:,l|;„.e I5n»ad, B.A., and in 1877 l)y Mr. Frank Adams, IJ. Ap. Sc Detaile.l reports on various portions of the area have already I.ee [.ul-iished from time to time in the annual Reports of I'ro^-ress, and <• present report may he re,<;arded as a re^^niin- of liiose, \vi(h a j^a-neral atoment (»f the results of the work to date, (speeialiy in relation to the ^cologi- fal strueture of the rei^'ion. The dilliculties presented over a lariic pari ef the area, from the wootled and unsettled eharaeler of the conntiy, liave rendered tlie workinii; out of the detailed strueture in many phues almost an imjiossiliility, and the anl Ik. rs wish it to ho iindi iNto.id, that, while they believe the maps as now presented ari' in the main correct :ts to tjeneral features, some portions may he found, upon I'lMure and more detailed (\\amination, t«» retpijre atnendmcnt. Kspecially iloes this apply to thc^ Silurian helt in western and northern Charlotte and It.'- e;s, where lack of roads and ,i,'0()d o.vposures, toi,'ethor with an'enlirt' ahsi'nec ol' fossils, have ren- ilerctl the assiirnin,i,Mjf this <^rou[) to any definite horizon a verv l rati "graphical relations in most cases clearly made out. In addition to the gcolo<;ical, a lan;e amount of necessary topoifraphical work has been done. Surveys of roads have been made by odometer, chain anil imcinii; throughout the whole of the I'ounties of Sun bury, Queens, Kiiiifs, St. John and Albert, with portions also of Charlotte and West- 'iioreland, as well as many streams and coast sections. In addition to the working l linos have been hiid down from the Adniiraltv chart .rro('U'l(l- "p'"'"'"''''' "f l»i'ool< and Kinili\ i~i"'ri \'n- Ciiiilirii Iti vi-iiiii 2, (111 li'Uil*', llii' roinii'i' iil'icii rliliii'ilic or lalcdx', :iiiil ilocril'f 1 in I'lii'iin'r r(|ii)il> ;i> |tnil(M;iiit>. 'J. All ii|i|K'i' |Mii'tinii t(Hii|iri>iiii; iiUo HVriiilo aixl j^iiciss, vvilli <|\iail/.ili', ti'Uilc and liiiM'^lom'. mica nnil l't'l>ili' seliisis ami liliick _:;ra|»liitif >lalf>. 'I'lic-x' l\v<» (li\ isi ni.s liinii wlial has in carliiT rt'|ii>itN liiH'ii ivtrank'tl as •.•oiistiiiitiii'r llic liaiiiviilian area tit" tlu' mhiiIhtii I' llic iiroviiici' piiil lull (I .'{. I»t'(l. ^Tcy ami lllat•lvi^Il |prti-u>ili'\ and li'Uilc. willi ItiTccia cnii u;l<>m*'raU's, dioiiics. atii\ :;iialli nx'lo and Irlspalliif (•|ialiiic saiid>liiiu's, consiiiutini;" [\>v ('nMlinink divi>ioii ul" llic 1 1 nil III ia 1 1 of jiri'viotis r»')Miris. I. ( 'liloril if, Hl>|>ailiii' ami talcoso x-liisl, ul'tfii a scliistiKc cimi,'!!! iiii'ralc. iiitcr-tralilird willi IhmIs of |»iir|»li' a>li rocjv and amygdaloid, and piirpio coii^loiiK'r.afo and day .>«latf, willi jialu 'J^vvy and jiyiil I iisty Wi-atlu'riiiLC I'ldsito and IrL-^iiatliic (|uarl/.itf. (lU- 'I'l K'X' CO nstitiitc tlif Coastal division of tlic lliiionian of foniiri- rc|»or1s, '). Ucddish ami ^'rc_\ IcUitc, oflcn hard and tlinty, fcl>|>al liif aii'l cliloritic stdii>t. with diorilc, liornhlcndc schist, and i,n'aiiitoiil ami ^'iioissic rocUs, with heavy licds of slate coiiu'loiiu'rate and IcNiic conifloiiicralc mI (iay slate in the ii|i|)t'i' })ortion These constitute the KiiiLi'stoii division o| the lliironiaii of fonncr reports. Oi' the relations of I )i vision L' of the ahove series (mica schist, liiiu'- stoiie and tiiu" ijiu-iss) to the main hody of coarse syenite and syenitir ijiieiss (l>ivisioii 1), nothiiiLi' fwrlher is ivii-^wii than is coiituiiuil in the re|iort ot' 1^70 71 , wher'-iii they ari' descrihed as the " iiii]Hr series of the Laiirt'iitiaii area.' The trreatly hroUeii and distiirhcil character of this sii[»)io>e(l •' iinper " si'ries, the obscure stratiticatinii of milch of the undcrlyiiiLj i^roiip, Lou;elhei' with the fre(|uent ociiir- jvnce of intrusive masses, coiiJiine to make the determination of iis ])ositioii ditlicult. • There can, howi-ver, he no :niesli(Mi that the hulk ^t the calcareous and silieious strata met with in tiiis urea are more ret'cnl than the coarse icranitoid i-ocks with which they are associated, while hotli are at many points seen to pass heiieath tho Cambrian or I'l'lmur dial Silurian. 'I'lieir ])rincii»al mass forms a lon^, irregularly lenticular belt e.xtciidiiiii; from the vicinity of .South Hay on the west side of the St. John ikiver, across this stream and through tlie jtarish of Porthiml through anil beyond Torryburn, while a second but narrower lult ■ 1 skirts the southern euge of the Laiii'entiun urea, aj)pearing on either side of .Musijuash JIarbor, crossing tho peninsula of Pisarinco ami .1 narrow laii ) grpi liiiii'sloiic K iiigs .aiH liy the I'o The I'll • iiliiily Ij iH'rihcrii |M'liosilici .-lrat;i \\| which, ho and possil ^'rrtions o tiiey are i loidal bed." and soiitlu ■'"hii. the 'lial Siliirii side of St. < -Vception "■' the roc "'•served. l!p of vo|( lliickiiess ahsonec, w •i, as wc true succe; The relii |ii'ti-osiIici( running mi es])ecially Upham an 111 ry Mom l)oints, tho 'lip, the hi reapiiearing near the siispeiision bridge of the St. John Jiiver. M ■ angle than I.ily Jiake, near St. John, the limeslcjiies of this latter lielt ])ass beiicalli ■ contact it i ^•'1 TIIKItN NKW Mill NsWKK. .1 iKirntw Imiiil (.(■ >(lii.>|i.>c |M'irnsilicioii> sli'Ml.'i n| I In- ('u;i-l:il illiii'.>ii i:in) i,'nMi|» ( l>ivis; ,i I ), wliicli inli.rvriic hrl w m* 1 liciii ;iiioi'(i(*iM>r tlir iiicl}iiiMir|.|ii.' jir«'ji nllu'i' fnck^. |i|'<'miiii .ilily iv|trcscii(iii;;- llu- iiiiprr |i.ii'liiiii nl hivisjoM '2. mill tiiil.iaiiiij;- lliii(vs|(»iicsan ami All ifi li\' llic furks i»r |)isi>iuii 1 I. ri>riiiiii;; I Wo anticlinal riili^cs, vhirli aii" Mjiaialdl Tl If luc .r I) inlintV lllli' (I I" St. .I..I ivisimi .'5 air niusl cxlciisivi'l' cNiKwcd ainlii;' llii'i>i III am! K lllilS. Tlicir i;,st«'ni liiiii i> III tl> iiHiilirni |»ai-t nf .Mcrliaiiic M'tllciiicnt in Kiii^s comily, wIumc lli.' iM'iro.silii'ii.us ami >lai\ |H»i-tii»ii.s arc I'diihiI a|t|iai'ciit ly I't-stin:^- ii|ii>ii Mrala wliirli \ii'ii L', tVi>iii wliicli, however, lliey are in plaees separaleil liy iiit rii>iiiiis nf ilii.rite ami )»i»ssil.|y by faults We>t nf hmieu'al -eilleinent tlie inr|ii|» incroase raimlly in Ireadtli, ami nii the Shi'iindy mad. where they are well e.viinsed lielwecn llaiiiinniid K'iver ami LMiiilnmlerry |m»i iith'ce. they have a MUjierlieial hreadth nf ahniii seven miles. Ovei- liorlimi.s of I ills area, however, as in Lmii;- and l"'ilainaro settlements, lliey .'li-e ill |iarl eovi'red and ennceah'd hy the schistose ami aiiiy,i4'"la- loidal beds of Division 4, which also tlank iheiiinpon their nnrtherii and soul hern side; At Ilamlford Brook and thi'iice westward to St. •lohii, the lliironian rocks are s{>j»arated into two belts by the I'rimor- ilial Silurian (C'ainbri n), and tliev are al.so covered over, on the east siileof St. .lohn llarl III', by the Mispeck Devonian. With tbe ]i()ssil)le 'Xccplion of .Mechanic settlement, no instances of Jirect siipei'posilion the rocdvs of l)ivisioi on t! lose o f D ivisioiis - am 1 1 I lave been iil)serve(l. As, however, the rocks <>f that division, beiiin' lari^ely made '!]» of volcanic or .senii-volcanie material, are extremely varial>le in lliickncss and character, but little stress can be jilaeeil upon their iihsenoe, while the distinct sujjcrjiosition of ])ivision 4 upon Division .'!, as well as upon Division 2, leaves no reasonable doubt as to their true .succession. The relations of Division I, tho so-called former f'oastal group, to the Division 4. ]H'trosilicioiis j-ocks of Divisiiui .'> are well seen alopir eitlu'r of tbe roads ninnintf soiitbci'ly or south-easterly across the county of St. John, but ('"Specially alonij the line of the St. >rarlinsand riihani railway, between Upham and (^uaco, or on the Lower (^iiaco roail either side i)f Hlooms- liiiry ^lountain. In jiassing from the one to the other at these several points, there is often, though not always, a somewhat abrupt change of ilip, the higher bods, or those* of Divisio-i 4, dipjiing at a much lower iiiigle than the beds upon which they rest, whiU' along the same line of •'I'litact it is not uncommon to find masses oi' coarse bi-eceia conglomer- I II (iKiiLuuHAL M U\ KV <'K r.VNAP.X. :ilf in uliii h (lie iVMu'int'iils .-ire laii^i'Iy <»i' ju'lnwilrx ih'rivnl iVuni tin iiir»'rii>r ^loiiji. Il i->, linwi'M-r, i|iic>tMiiial>l<' wlifllirr llir iiini>ii(iiriii;i l)ilit\ lliii- iiiilicaiol i.s >iil1i('it'nl In jirovf I Ik- Im-t ol' any ciinMilriaMi la psc (il linii'ii^ lia\ inn" tut iii'r«'il lu'twci'ii llic two, t hoy Ikmiilj vir\ H'l'iicralls liiiMiil loi^t^tlicr. ami fxliiMliiii; many Iraliiri's u|' i Imm' ri'somlilaiiff, inniv t's|K>(ially as rt';;;ar I lie aluindiincr in Imtli ni vitlcanir iinMliicls. Till! I'Xt.riMiic linoin-hs of inan\ »>l tlir roiks hivisjun ;{, iiii;ctlu'r witli the jd't-valfncc ol' lirocciaH anit' sirai ilitaliiin, in ctniliasi willi tin* s^•||i^|l»^' rliarai U'l' uj hivi^inii 4 and tlu> aliiinilaiiio in the laltt-r ol coar^i' nii'loiiU'raU's, may Ik- f.\|ilaiiu'il iijion ihr >ii|)|>(i>itiiin thai tluy rt-iili to |)i\ isioii :' IVoni iliUfi-ciD'o in I he cnndilions (it'ili>])(».Hition. in adtlition to Ihc main Ik'Ii-^ ol' ( 'oaslal locks (I)itision ■() al'ii\> di'sci'ilK'd areas ol more limiti'd extent an* at various points inel willi overlyiiii;' or oeeii|iyini;' low syiieiines of the (,'oldhrook i^roiip ( |)i\i>i(iii H I .">), as in the valley ol' Hiaek Kiver-, near (larnetl settlement, in (Jnldiii (Jrovi- and elsewhere, i. Division 5 ilerives its name from its great development in the Kiiiir- •"^""''^toii |ieiiinsida, whieji is almost entirely com])o»ed of the roeks of ilii> cr group, and whence it may he traeeil westwanl to tlie shores of l!e;(\ Harhoiir. 'I'he age and t'(jui valency of these Kingston roeks. as well as the .-omewhat similar hell (»l' slali- and diorite oeciii)yiiig tlu' •Mascareiie peninsula and ihenci- extending through the ehaii. ot llu' western isles, iiave heeii ^lll))eets ol' nuieh discussion ; the unciTtuiiity a^ III their true ]»osition ari>ing in part from the ditliciilty of ohtaiiiiiiu' "satisfactory stratigraj)hieal data hearing uj)on the suhjeet, and in |p.irt t'lom the elo>e resi'inhlaiiee which many of them hear on the ouy hand to the rocks of the linronian .system, and on the other to iIk^sciiI the .Silurian. The ditJieulty was further increased hy the oeeurreiiii' at a variety of points, as well in Washington county, Me., a.s in this province, of lossils !>.<ri;;inal pntiaii Kfiich, ni'a Harbour. Si John Hi ''a- section t( !>■ extremil pi'ssibly indi 'ii'scribed in The easU'i iiates at the i •t becomes c ui'ciipj- the g ><•( rilKKV NHW )!llt VsWIi'K". il Ii ..ii;,Mii;(l |»Mr.i(inii. aiiiiiiil:ir jilnii lias Imtii uilnpii.l in il,,- , -im. .,1 lin- in. Kn .,| ilir K.iiir |MiiiiiMilii Willi lli.-ir .•\l.'ii>iuii ilnuiii^'li h.-.r ;m.l ( 'hiii|>u liilh. MjiimI> . I'lil il^ til llii'hr iIk' aiilliur> Iffl lf» cniitiflciil, llu\ |>i.M'iiliii^' imiKtr l.'iiil puiiit.s nl'dilK'ri'iici- ill rniiipai'isuii ImiiIi Willi il„. ty|iiral Ijiii i:iii and JIm- l\iiii;>l cciiiiilir-, i.. !.,• |ii-(<.sriillv liiilicfil iiimU'i- llif ilfsiifiial inn el' ( 'amino Sihiiiaii. ('I'liiparttl witli till- lypiral lliiroiiian <>t Si. .lulni iiiil\, tlic I Kiii^>lt)ii n>ck>ap|Mar lo inflmlf hoili I »i\ i-.inii> ;; ami I. ( KVp. 1>77 7S. Hetwccsii llioc ami llic ntvk-^ of lictiic |ii'iiinsiila, rcH-iiiil to altuvt- lliffe is ill Cliailiiilo coiiniy an axis ol" older locks, wliicli, Indii llic 'MciiiTciicr uriiiii»'sloiu!8 in {-"lyt 's Island, ami i'IIhi- lilliuloi^ical li'atiiro, may rcpn'scni a second paralkd ImIi ui loek- i'(|iiivaleiil lo ihe so called l.aiiri'iitiaii of St. .ioliii. It may lie Iraeed lrMi> II V/t'M o| St. .lull Iti K each, near (he mouth ol OIK- recK, >o llarhoiir. The »'\leiision ol'the Kin^^ston i;ioiip ( I )i vision ">) wesi ol'tln' St. .lohii Hiver |nvsi'nts jiircisely the same (diaratur as is seen on the |■a^t, heiiii; <.-ompos«'d principally ol lelsiu-, telsite schisi and diorite. Tlii'se ivsl upon the iioiihern side of the syeniti' and ii,'iieiss axis of the kaiirentiaii (report ot'lSTOTI i, wilha ilipol'N .W. 70", iiiid show nn ixposed lireaillli alonMlho river ofahoiil three miles. The rocks are well ixposed on I Wo roads riinninu wi'st lioiii the river rc»ad to the {•'inlay MltK'iiieiit, about two and a half miles from the river. On Ihc more ii'Mlherly of these two roads a reverse dip S. 55" K. <: 70° is seen, diuwini;- that the Nyiudinal struct are of the centre o| the Kintrstou ln'iiinsiila is inaintaiiRHJ westward; a little further west the dip a,i,'ain cliaiiijce8 to the north-west, iiidicatinn- the extension of the antifdinal which runs aloiii;' the south shore of the Loiii; fteaeh. ik'tween Fiiilay settlenuMit and Lej)reau IJiver the rocks of this i^i'ouj> have not ln'cii ti'ueed, hut on that river they ai.(ain ajipear directly on tlie strike and present precisely similar (diuraclers. West of Llie liCjireau, i^ood ^ection.s are presented alon^ the St. Andrews post-roatl, a.s well as on I tlie roud leadiiiif (h)wn to the mouth of New River, the ift'iieral dip on I'lith thest' I'oads heiiii^ S. ;j {)' K 40''-70'^ Tl ie\' extend in a coiitinu- mis section to IJarnahy's Head on the west side of Lepreau Harbour, near 'lie extremity of which is a revcr.se dip to N. iiO'^ W. ,'. 50°, which may Ipi'ssibly indicati- the southern liiu- of eoiituct with the syenitie gneiss discrihed in former reports as ext Midiiii;; west Irom St. John to I.epreau. The eastern exti'iision of the :iiuin ridi;e of Kingston rocKs tei-mi- En-^te extensiim <>{ lati's at the road leadiiis;- from Nortt)n station to Helleisle corner, when Kinj'ion Itock it hecomes covered ovir by liower Carboniferous sediments, w hicli W( iipy the greater part ol the Kennebeea.sis valley to the eastward nioiinlaiiis in oastcrn Kind's coiniu am I airaiii al i iidiaii Moiir.lain, in W'-shnoivland, w Ikmt tlu" cliaractiii^ ri'd felsili's (»:' ilic i^Toii)) apix-ar. Prc-Ciininiiin AnolluM' lu'lt of ])i't'-C*ainl>rian I'ocks is round »'Ntoni'(\VLH'n l\in,i;'s and oi' llio usual type )!' t'l'UiU', jH'lr(».-ili'.\', s(dus( ;ind Irlsitatliic asli vovk with coni^loim )• ale, West ot the St. .lolui Ifivci" lli('\- ai'i s(H'n in the ))i'oniiiu'iu known as Ului> Mountain ami Hrok(>-Nofk, as woll as scwral otiici' hi! Iu's«' hills ai'c iti'inc'ipaiiy coniiin^ci t'f III tlu' vicinity ot .loiu's ( i\'ck. of !iii;lily cfystalliiii' folsitt-, tin- arish of Wit kham, felspathie and petrosilitw roeks with Itlaek slate occur, which form ritlges, surrounded hy i C'ambro-Silurian beds of this vicinity. Ill- crv The general strike of all these ridiijes of pre-Cambrian rocks is v nearly X. Oo*^ K. Theii- ])hysical characters and detailed slriictiiri have been i^iven in former reports. (See reports of 1870-71, 187.") il 187(; 77, 1877-78.) (lenoral (listi'ii)Ution. Si.x trough.'". II. Ca.mhhiax, oil Pui.MouDrAL Silurian. The rocks of this ai;'e are developed ])rinci])ally to Die cast of llif St. John Kiver. They occupy basins or troui>;hdike dcpi'cssions anions llic older hills of pre-Caml)rian rocks. The early histoi-y of tliese rocks has been ,:.,n veil in the(ieneral lleport, 1870-71, under the headiii::"! '' St. John, or Acadian (Jroup." Since then their disti'ibution has hccii more carefully studied, principally by Prof. Bailey in 1877. Tluy were found to occur in six j)arallel bands, occupying Itasins, somcliiiics of (!onsiderable but at others of very limited area. The most northerly belt is seen on the St. John i\: Maine railroad, just south of Nercpis station. Here the ntck'S consist jjrincipally <^)f the purple s:iiii|s|i )IH' SOITIIKKN NKW MKI NSWICK, 7 l> the nil'ic- i;'s coiiiiiy, ; ;iltiii^' llir usual ty|u' (•()ii!:;li>iiu r fOlllilH'lUT- lotluM' liill- V comiMisi'il 111 fiosilirci' iho f:i>lfi'ii OIltiniKltinll ) llu' ^oiilli ■yoiid wliii'li I'oail til tlu' Itli of tiller k'oso srliist, uglonierato. ooks, wIktc arc liinitcil ments. In eli-osilicoiiti- iidod l»v till 11(1 (•(>ni,H(unrr;iUi wiiich (•(uislituto (luil.asal l.cds ol ihi^; loinial )oks is vfi'V L'd slnicturi' 0-71, IST.VC. iist of the St. IS urnon.Li' tli'' ' those I'lK'k'- head i 111;' lit ion lias ln'oii 1H77. Tlu'v IS, soini'liiin'^ nst nortlu'ily 1 of Noivjiis lie saudsliiiH- TUc siH'oud arcui, which is also om(! (»!' the lai'ucsi il' ll KM). ill the southern iiarl l>i-tiil)iiti(in I >i 1. . le province, IS well devt'loped jiIoiim- the north shore of the Loni;- hVaeh. It is seen ahoiit the nioitlh of (he Xerepis and alon-- the line 111' railnnid at that jyoint, and can ho traced eastward aloni;- the sIku-c ih far as Caton's Island, when il is covered hy the waters of lln' IJiver St. John, hut reappears ai;ain on the soiifh side at the end of ( Jorhams Jlliilf. A further extension of these heds may pnssiMy oeeui- alioul Toiiant'H Cove, on (he east side of ihe river till" Iniiiijli- ins sMi-'LTcstion was iiientioiK d in tl le report of IS7()-7l, when the lilholoi;-ieal reseiuiil nire ll' the rocks surround ini;- the cove to those of the St. .John i,M-oup was noted, hut as no fossils have yet hcen found in this hand it has ln'en iKrinod best to in(dudo it in the (\'iniliro-Sihirian. Charaeteristie llissiis of this i,n-()Up are tound at several points alouii; the Reach, tahly at C'aton's Island and near Westlleld church, in a small hruok. no Some of these have been determined hy the late Mr. Hillino-, and lii'scriptions have; hcen ]»uhlishe(l in former reports. (ioini>; south and iTossini^ the Kino-ston peninsula, we tind the third and fourth hands on the lu^rih and south shores of Kennchecasis Bay. 'i'lie more north- I'l'Iy of those occurs in small wed_o;e-shaped hasins on the etistern end of lu'iinebecasis Island, Milkish Head and Jjoiii^ Island, overlaid hy Lower Carbonifer(nis sediments ami restin<^ upon syenites of supposeil III I LMiirentian age. At tlie south side of tlic hiy these rocks are found at Sand Point and on the shore west of Torryburn station, 'fhey \ivvc 'lip towards the crystalline limestones, and their contact is ])r(jhalil_> ked by a fault. Crossing the ridge of syenilic gneiss of the Lau- ca. This belt t of the St. John IJiver, mai most important ai wes rontian, we come to the titth and extends from the town of Carletoi eastward to and bo^'ond IIandfo!-d Brook, a distai"^e of over thirty lailes, and with a surface breadth, in places, of from thi-ce to four lailos in its widest portion. It is seen to rest upon the old ridges of llio CoUlbrook division of the Iluronian. Fine sections are afforded at several points, espcjially at llandford Brook, in the eastern area, hvliieh have been given by Prof. Bailey. (See report for lS77-7'^, j)]). IS and 31.) Clvaractcristic fossils of this group maybe collected at M'veral places, notably at Ilandforil Brook, Porters Stream, Katclitfe'.s Millstream, anc :il;'»' is iiol so fciljiiiily known ai'(,' t'oiintl ; one ol'lln r, al rcMily int'MtioncMl jis occurrinic aliotit 'I'cnanl's ( 'ovo, lias lu'cn dcsciilKMl Strati,i;ra|»lii<:tlly. it is apjtai't'ntly sii]M>riin|»oswJ iijion tin' pre (*aMiliiiaii Ih'II, wliicli extends aloiii,' the north sidi' of Mclleisle l>ay, and it is ii^ajn seen in the eastern part of the Scotch settlement, occupyiiii;- a hasjn in the old pi-eCanibrian vo(d\S of that viciinty. The slates and shales ai, dark, and oft<'n oehreoiiN. hut no fossils have yet heen discdVcrcd Fui'lher north in WicUhain, ahoutone mile south of (ioldini;"s liamlJi!;;, Mack slates, which have Ikumi su]>|tosed to hi'loiii;' to this ai;e, are mhii They apparently, in so far as i-xamini'il, contain no fossils, Imii (M(|ii' on the soiithei'ii siile of the pi'c-Camhi'ian rid_i,'e which extends easlwaiJ alorii; the county line. Hlaclc slates, whicdi ap[>arenlly underlie the t^^pper Silurian of Oak Hay, in Charlotte county, are also fouixl near the head of the hay. on the vdad tVom St. St^-phen to St. Andrews, hut, as in the rest of iIum' undetermined cast's, they have all heen included in the general coluni which i-eprc^cnts the Cambro-Silurian. 111. C'AMimo-Sll,l KIAN. iJurlx :irgiiiitcs The rocks included under tiiis head comprise the dark aruilliit' grou]) which i.s largely developed in western and noithern ('harloiii' county, as well as in southern (Queens, west of the Uiver St. .lolin : al-n a large body of what was in 1870-71 described under the head of h.iii rentian. and which was then considered an upper series or the e(|iiiva- lent of the Montalbjin group of Dr. Hunt, and which occupies iIk- south-western area of C'harlotte, in the jKirishes of St. Stcjihen ami .Si. David. The greater j)art of the latter group is highly melaniDrpliic, an I) Kast oi llioSl. .lolin Kivor, ill Kini;s ronnty, we have iinjliukul in Hcd> of ihis ,i,n'oiip a variety of beds whose relations are not yet rlearly made ""'^''""" "*'''* out. AnionjLj these, in addition to the beds desei-ihcd on ))a<^e t! d under the head of Caml)rlan, are rocks, between Tenant's and Jones' ('oves, a portion of which j)i'escnt marked Unronian characters, but wiiich ai-e so intimately associated with other slaty rocks that their M'paration is almost im])ossil)le. These rocks are described in the roport of 1S70-71, ]»ago 70. Associated beds of bright silvery slate, lihick carbonaceous slate, chloritic and petrosilicious rocks are also mCU, but the country, in places, is so wooded, and the exposures so WW fi'om this cause and from the covering of drift, that their rela- lidiis are doubtful. Kor the present, therefore, it has been deemed iiilvisable to include all those various rocks whose stratigraphical rcla- lions ai-e uncertain in our general group of Cambro-Silurian. In our .laminations of this region fossils, of undeterminable forms, were dis- l.overed, ordy at one point, on the back road near where it is crossed by Itho I'ascobac, about three miles noi-th-west of ('allina corner. The liods here appear to occupy a narrow trough betwe(ui ridges of pre- (ambrian roidcs. IV. Sn.URlAN. ( ('p))er Siluriaii of former reports.) The rocks belonging to this foi-mation have not. with one exception, sj^.^^ppiy 'icn recognised with certainty east of the St. .lolin River. < Nulain p''/j.'[^;"iP",'j,,h^ liivas in Wickbam were formerly jtrovisionally assigned to tliis hori- ''''^^'■• ]/. hut as no tossils have ever been found among them, und their llilhological characters ditler markedly from those of tlie fossiliferous s. which are so largely developed west of this river, they have liiow been assigiu'd t(t the Cambro-Silurian formation. It is possible liul limited areas or ])atches may exist among the older rocks in that li'icality, but owing to the extensive covering of Lowi'r Carboniferous Ikils that are superiniposed upon the CJambro-Silurian and pre-Cambrian, laiiy rocks of this age that may have l)een deposited have been concealed. Ivi'st of the St. .fohn Kiver, however, several Silurian areas ocr-ur in lliu'ons, Kings and ('hai-lotte counties. Of these, the most prominent Lthut extending west from the Mistake, on the St. .lohn llivcr, ''il^".'-\^;;%=;b^;;«JIi;:^,. |ln' northern flank of the jire-Cambrian ridge north of the Long Reach,' " liitil it is terminated by the granites. These Silurian beds sweep LoiukI the eastern end of the granitic axis, and ai-e seen occupying Ihallow basins in the vicinity of .lones' Creek, in Queens county, where liey surround the bosses of liuronian felsite known as Blue .Mountain lif rocks of thi^ Kititi'stoii peninsula, and tiieir uneonformahility is well markiMJ. Thi'V i)rohal)ly rest uj)on the Camitrian lieds which are (leveiope of tlie river, the anticlinal l»ei!ii;- well marked on Caton's Island, on whicii the Silurian heds rest uncontonii- ahly. Tho discovery ol' tiie Silui'ian a^o of these beds is dxw to Mi- Matthew, who first found fossils in them at Whel[»ley's Point, m Klmsdale. The character of the rocks, howi'vei-, dilVci- from the usual slaty as|(Oct of the Silurian, in beiui; more of tiie natui'c of ash hods, resembling in many respects some of tho i-ocks of pre-Cambrian a^o in the coast ranj^e. The characters of the Silurian rocks west of the St. John have been already described in tho rejjort of 1870-71. They cojitain abundance ()t' fossils throUi^hout their whole extent from tin.' mouth of Jones" Creek, aloni; the ba(dv road and tho line of the St. John it Maine (forniei-|y Westoi'u Kxtonsioii) railway. These beds are seen to chani^o tlieir character as they approach the jfranite, and to become juore siliceous and flinty, but the Ibssils can lie easily distini-'uished even in llitir altered ])ortions. North of the i^i-anite the extension of these beds has been determined in so far as the wooded character of the country would permit. The sti'atiicraphical relations of the fossiliferoiis Silu- i'ian to the Siluro Cambrian, iiududini!; the dark argillites, indicalt^ that tho fornu-r bolon,i;"s to a hii;hei' hoi'izon, and it. ])robably lies in basins! uncoidbrmably u])on the latter. In Charlotte county the ])rincipal areas of Silurian are. about the head of Oak Bay, ai'ound the eastern and northern shores of Passaina quoddy Hay, and about the islands and peninsula of L'Ktanu; llarbotu'. The .Mascarene series, described in tho r((p(»rt of 1870-71 us of unccitaiii age, has been assigned to this ibrmation on tho evidence of Ibssilsl found at Pembroke, in tho State of Maine. (See "report of 1874-75.) j In former reports (1875-77) a portion of tho Kingston group was I assigned to this horizon, but subsequent examinations have referred it back to the Iluronian, both on lithological and sti'atigraphical evi- dence. In so fai- ai-our examinations have extended in this pi'ovinco,] Prp-siiuriiin tho metumorphic rocks are generally found to belong to horizons older rwks." ''''''^ than Silurian, and when motamorphism has occurred among beds <>t' Silurian age its cause is generally local and the areas limited. Mon- over> the Silurian beds, av herever met with in the southern and nortliciii j portions of the Province, are plainly distinguished by abundance nt'j Siliiri:iri 1)1' ChiirlotU" POITIIKKN NEW IIIUNSWICK. 11 h oxtt'iid (l.iwii ; <»!' (his ;ii;c, :'s Mr(ti)|< Id ! (»l(loi' rocks well marked, .'olopcd aldiii:- 111 u syiK'liiKil I lic'iiii;' well it um-ontdnii- s diu' t(» Ml- y's I'oiiit, II) •om llu- usual of nsli liods, Tilti'iaii ai;o. in i|in liuvo ln'on uhuudaiici' of Jones" Crerk, ine (formerly (diuii<:;e their iiore siliceniis .'Veil ill iheir )f these heds the ((Uintry tilifei-ous Silii- iiidieate that ies ill ha'>iiis | ivc. llhoiit the of Pas>aiiia- iiisi; llarlHiur. of uiieertaiii nee of ibssils of IST-I-T;').) M t^rou]) wiis V'o referred it rapliieal evi- liis province, loi'izoiis older nouif In'ds i>t lited. Moro- aiid iiorthei'ii uhiuidanee <» Inssils aii.l a Generally iiiialtere.l eharacter, and in nearly every ease ihi-y re.sl iiiKM.iiforniahly iii»oii more or less metamorphie nx ks. may V. DiiVOMAN. The areas of Devonian oecurrinif in soutlicrn .\e\v IJi'iiiiswic k lie slated as follows: — 1. A lar_i;-e hasin, or donMe synclinal, east of Si. .lolm Harbour, oeeii- \ pyiiii^ the valley of the Misp(>e, with a .soulhern area exleiidini;- north- ""^ easierly across the Black lliver, near ihe forks of the East Eraiudi. 2. isolated oiiterojis on Coal Creek and on Canaan River and North l"(«rk, pi-esiirnahly of this age, hiit laekin;;- evidence of fossils. rr.'iH III SlTli ill areas ahoiit Si. John and Carleton, with po.s.sihly i'artridi and 4. A small ari'a ahoiit the eaNlerii e\lreniit_>- of Spruce Lake, on tl 10 St. Andrews raili-oad. 5. A hcdt strotehinir west from M ns(| [uasli llariiour to Li'])i'eaii llarhour, in wliifdi is contained the so-called anthracite mine of Helas liasin, with a smallei- detached area alonii; the shore from Bv Chance llarhour to hipper Harhoiii", .'». A !ari;-o area in the n<»rtliern j»art ol' Charlotte count}', e-mhraciiii^'c the former )>ale ar,i;illite series ami extendiiii^ into (Queens county. Of these (he first, or area cast of St. John liarltoiir, may lu^ stvled the typical hevonian of the ]ii'ovinee. Its (livisi()() feel. This formadoii has a |)ai'(ieu- Itirly rich fauna and flora, w host; °, and resting iiiiconforinably upon the crystalline limestones, s3-enite and (elsito of the pro-Cambrian. From this point iliey occupy the shore as far as the west side of Little I)i[)per Harbour, I'H I'ehig well developed about Chance Harbour. On the west side of list wost (if MlJSi|lM.'V CANADA. I.ittK' hipitiT llarlmiir tli«'y iirt- soi>ii 1(» tiilliiH' nTfcnisli and |iiii-j»l»' ]M-i'|i|iyritic lolsitos n\ |ifo-( 'amiiriaii ay,\', wliieli ot'i-iipy tlic exlroiiiity o\' tlu' wcstci-n siiK- cit till' liai'lioiir. and which oxtond thence alnnj;- the slioio lo the nortlniu >i(K' <»f l)ip])Oi' llarlioiir, whoi'c the I)cv(M\ian ntcks ai^ain touch tlir shi'i'c. These Devonian i-ocks are seen to (xciMiy ii >huli()\v synclinal, tlieir northern ediLCe restini^ upon tlie )>ro-('ainhrian (LauriMitiun) ridiijc that extends from St. Jolm to Lc|)rcau, and dippini; southward at ;i h)w ani;U'. The surface hroa southern or coast area terminates just at the tele^'ruph roud to Point Lepreau. The noi'thern or hir,i;H'r area has a maximum hreailth pear on the sloj»e of the liill overlooking the harbour, tin- ci'cstof the ridge having been removed ly denudation. This belt may be traced westward without interi'Uption to the waters of Lepreau Harbour, where it has an exposed breadth ut about one mile, extending from the south side of Jielas Jiasin to the north side of Uoyle's Beacli, on the north side of lagged Head. .\l ■luse bedH a this place, as well as on the Little Lepreau, the broken character and J™'' proper, faulted structure of these beds is well Khewn. At the point where the I.t'iTcaii. road from Lepreau village to Hanson's coal mine eros.ses the Little Lepreau Eiver, the grey beds ((^uartzites) which form the base of the ' !)0°, nesting Uii'uinst lo formation in this area are seen to dip S. 15° K. the Laurentian syenitic gneiss, (ioing south, the dip (hange: S. 10° E. < 75°, and at Little Lepreau Basin the contact of the grey and purple beds is ob.sei-ved with the same dij>— 8. 10° K :, I'i' SOUTHERN NEW lUU'NHWlCK. i;{ I) fVossing the narrow poniriHulu l.otwet'i. MttU- Loproaii .'uid Bclas Rooks in Kasin, in which the coiiI mino is situato■ "^ .,.,,, II,. ^ - ''>'^'"" Lepreuu mine. in contuct With the |)iiri)Io, but this lime aiiparcnlly overlying' them. This would indicate a sli^'ht ovorturn of the bods at this point, the dip iK'ini,' nearly vertical, or S. 10° E. < 80°, by which the lower grey iH'ds are broiiirht into an a|)i)arently hi-,'her position. Crossini,' the lirid^'e over the IJelas Hasin, the |tnri)le beds ai-e ai^ain seen, in their ivi^nilar position above the grey beds of the Diido.Kvlon division, and Mpparently dip towards the syenites and limestones <»i" the ju'e- Cambrian axis of Mace's Bay. At the south side of Boyle's Beach the i:ivy l)eds of the Devonian are seen to bo uncontormably overlaid by the red conglomerates and sandstones of the IVrry gi-oup at the base it the Lower Carboniferous, the dip of the former being to S. 10° W. v: 40°, and of the overlying beds N. 70° W. < ;{0°, .hist at the water line, at the contact of the gro}- and purple beds on the north M(le of Belas Basin, the irregular deposit of carbonaceous shale and graphitic anthracite is found, U])on which work hay been carried mi tor the last four years. During this time several shafts have been Mink, the deepest of which in 1878 hjul reached UO leet. The thick- ness of the seam is stated by the miners to be in places twenty feet, hi by far the greater portion of this is carbonaceous shale of no value whatever. The western extension of this seam can be seen in a small chiiriR-HT of lOve just beyond the entrance to the basin and just south of McPher-'-""'"^*"""' ^on's house, where a fault is observed between the grey and purple iiods, and a seam of black carbonaceous shale six inches thick is exposed. .Viiother exposure occurs on the south side of the basin, and about one- tmirth of a mile inside the head of tiie sea-wall, where a thin .seam of liliu'k carbonaceous clay or shale of no value is seen at the contact of ihe jiorph^'ritic felsites and the red conglomerates of Point Lepreau. .\t the mine, two of the shafts were sunk on the main seam ; one of Lcprcau mine. those followed the inclination of the beds, in the first 110 feet the inclination was to the north at an angle of eighty degrees, when it l«nt round to the southward and continued at the same angle. This voiild tend to contirm the supposed overturn which was noticed in 'hose beds at the surface. The harder portions of this seam, or the ul proper, burn readily with a good draught until the carbonaceous iiiilter is consumed, leaving a large <|uantity of reddish ash. Ana- H'8 of samples from its outcrop, by Dr. Harrington, gave 86.88 i,vi' cent, of ash, and the (quality in going down does not appear to inprove. From its position in the Devonian, in connection with its [.'raphitic character and irregular occurrence, it is exceedingly doubtful Ui)a! of sutJicient purity for marketable purposes Avill be obtained. Ms locality was first noted by Dr. (Jesnor in his reports to the New 14 D (lEOLOUICAL SIRVEY OV CANADA. Brunswick j^'ovornmoiit, and atti'iition was drawn by him to tlio occurrcnco of the coal in what he then consitlorod to bo rocks of tlio age of the New Heil Saiulstone. From the roofs ut Jlaggeil Head beautifully preserved specimons of Devonian plants arc obtained, many of \»hich are graphiti/.ed. Some of these have boon described. (See report of 1S70-71.) ^.. ., , . A similar case of the occurrence of anthracite in rocks of iircsunu'd Siiiiilnr I'onl in * Maf'Kchusutts Devonian ago may be mentioned as existing in the states of Massacliu- mill Khodti e> J r^ Island. setts and J^hode Islai (1, and is described in the report of Dr. Edward Hitchcock oi\ the (Jcology of Mas>achusotts for 1841. In this ho den- eribos tho occurrence of coal of precisely similar character to that of Lepreau, glazed with plumbago, and occasionally converted into that mineral; very irregular in its tlistribution, and in rocks lithologirally resembling those in which the Lc]ireau mine is situated. These rocks which probably correspoiul with the grey tjuartzites of tho New Bruns- wick Devonian, he caractorizcs as greywacke and greywacke slates, while the other members of tho Devonian are represented by soft black, brown and grey shales, slates and sandstones. Although reports on this coal at the time of its discovery were (juito favourable, it does not seem to have been over worked with any degree of success, and its large j)crccntage of ash, as with tho Lej)reau anthracite, was probably fatal to its succ- ssful devol()])ment. The largest area of rocks of this age is that occurring in the northern part of Charlotte lounty, and extt'iiding eastward into Queens county. These I'ocks have been described in the report of 1870-71, and are also briefly mentioned in the report of 187G-77. They comprise tho former so-callcil jialo argillite group. They are superimposed upon Cainbro- Silurian rocks, and extend from the St. Croix Bivor, near Spraguc's Falls, to the Charlotte county line, and thonce into York. At tlie Hue of contact the dips are nearly vertical, but there is in places an appar- ent conformability between the dark argillitc portion of tho Cajnbro- Silurian and the series under discussion. It is probable, however, that faults occur at tho line of contact, as tho bods of fossiliforous Silurian >o well developed about Oak Bay, on the south side of tho Cambro-Siluriaii belt, are entirely wanting along the northern margin. The Devonian age of these rocks has been based by Mr. Matthew upon the occurrencu of remains of Lepidodendron found in Cox's Brook, a small branch of tho Magaguadavic Eivcr, as well as from certain graphitic tilms, su})- posed to bo tho impression of fern loaves, found in the eastern extension of these beds into (Queens county. They also possess many points of resemblance, lithologically, to tho typical Devonian of Mispoc, and hence they have been provisionally assigned to this horizon. Their exact relations have not as yet been determined, tho unfavourable Devonian of northern piirt of Charlotte. SOlITlItRN NKW IIUI NSWICK. 1.') I> nut tiro of tlio country roiitU'riii;,' tlioir oxuiiiiiiatiun^/i'Xi ejit ;il «li>taiil iiitorvals, very dirtiriilt, siml llu-y may l>o tlu ivt't>re statod asi ri'>liii^' lUK'onl'ormably upon rocks prosunialjly of Cunibro-Silurian ago, and underlying tho Lower Carltonifi-rous si'dimcnts wliieh hurround the central Carboniforoiis basin. prosuniod Massachu- )r. Edward thit* bo dos- r to thai III' y\ inH) that thologieally riiese roek^ Now Bruns- acko blatctt, y noft bUnk, I reports on able, it does ;eess, and lis vas probahly the northoni leens county. and arc als-o (C the fornioi Ipon C'anihru- ;ir Sprague's At the lino pes an appur- tho Cainbro- lowever, that LIS Silurian >o [nbro-Siluriau 'ho Devonian iC occurrence [all branch of lie film!?, sui> irn extension tny points of Mispec, and izon. Their unfavourablo VI. LowEK Caruomferois. Tho general distribution (jf tho Lower ('arhoidferous of (^»uien^ and Sunbury counties ha.s been stated in the rej)ort of lS72-7:{. The forma- tion, as seen in these counties, ditVers largely in the charactiT of its sediments from its rocogrusod development in the southern and eastern areas, in the ju'csenco of large areas of trappean ami uther vuU-anic rocks, soft fel spathic ashes oi elaystone, as well a> hardei l'el>pathic bods. These are found not only along the southern hnnler of the cen- tral Carboniferous basin, but are scon ohtriuling through the grey sandy bods around the head of Grand Lake, forming hills antl ridges often td" considerable elevation, which fui-nish cons])icuous landmarks in the otherwise generally level .surface. In the counties of (Queens and .Sun- liury tho rocks of this age form generally a margin of no great iireadth around the southern edge of the coal hasin, but in Kings they spread luit and occupy the greater part (»f the valley of the Keimebecasis Bay ;i' d Hiver, having an exposed breadth in some phues of twenty miles. Kast of Penobsquis station, on the Intercolonial railway, they are covered by the grey beds of the Millstone (Jrit, but to the westward they extend beyond the St. John Kiver. The hasin-shaiied character uf this formation is well-marked; the rocks lying uneoid'ormaMy upon the pre-Cambrian, Cambrian ant' Devonian beds. Areas of less extent t.xist among the pre-Cambrian hills of Kings and Albert, and in the latter county they sweep around the eastern extremity of the ju'e- Cambrian ridge at the Albert Mine, and thence extend down the valley 'f Domoisello Creek and westward along the shore to the mouth of 1 Point Wolf River. Smaller patches are likewise found at the mouth of (ioose Creek and Martin's Head, in St. John county, and at the latter of these places there is a deposit of fibrous gypsum of considerable extent. In Charlotte county this formation is but sparingly 'leveloped. The deposits of Lepreau and St. Aadrews, with outliers about the shores of Passamaquoddy Bay, are the principal. These are interesting as con- pining in their lower portions fossils of Devonian type, while the U^tls themselves are unconformably superimposed upon the true Devo- nian, and otherwise possess the characters of the Lower Carboniferous rocks, the several members of which, as developed in southern New iBmnswick, may be described in descending order as follows: llriirriil di?ti'il>utiMn. h; I) OKOl.nOM'M- SIHVKV n|.' cANAHA. Siihdivision. Ilori/.dn of Albert shttk'i'. 1. KV'd and tiroyicoiiijlomoratos, with thin rcMdiHh shaU-s and hcds ol gypsum, and Ma<,';;y. often hi tu mi nous, linu'stone. '2. Rod and ixtvy cak-an'ous and artrillaci'oiis IkhIh in fr(»(|iionl nllcr- iiations, with thin cniii^lonHM-att's. and hoavy hods ot'nihl.ly hrownisli- rcd and lino-^rairu'tl whales towards the top. 3. (ii'oy an|iU.iiu'rit in vwy inton'stiii,-,', iiinl (Kciirs on what is known as (lu- llalcy Ihini. Urvc liownr (!ai'- honiiv-nns so.linicnls ji|ij)(.!ir in a |>iv.ssi(.n anion-r tIici;roon cliluritii-, slatosoltlu' j.iv-Cainl.riansi-rics. TIicm- slaU'sdip N. Cf) ' \V. ."iir'.and disclose a narrow troui^h-liko liasin ninety j.acos in wiilili. tilk>(l in with ^'i-c'onisli-«i:ri'y i'onnli.ni'Tatfs, ilii; |.cl.i.kvs of ili,. oM slutrs and (.tlier niotaniorpliic rocks l.oini,^ corncnlcd loi^'cihrr with a line dark pasto. full of particles (»f albcrlitc, and intersected hy very tine seams of the same. An ii-rei^iihir vein ilih'. hiil the deposit i> very limited, ami may lie styled a local |>ockeL rather than a rei^iiiar vein. A crack in the older slates, however, which imdeilie the hiliiminA. I'lllllKllliert'. iScsidts llii; iillu'i'lih', lliis t'Mriiintioii I'MnlaiiiM^ypHiini nixl iniiM^idicsn riii> ilistrilMitioii uikI iiiimU' o|' ucoiin'riici' of tlit^ toniuM' iniiivnil arc ;,'ivt'ii in tlu" r«'inirl ol' IS71; 77. Ol" nmiii^iiiu'sc, sin'oi-ul tlo|i»>MitK oxisl. Ol'lliosc, that ill Mai'UliiUMviIlc is, . si » Car an Unowii, tlir tnnst iiu|tortaiit. It lias loiiix luMMi uorUcil with vary i 11;^ success, ami tniniii^ nii it is still in |H*(»iXi'css. Its jio^itiuh is near tluM-ontact of the liowor Carhonilcroiis ci)ii<;|onu»ra(t's ami liniostoni's with llu' fclsitoH nnd shitos of llio pn-- Caniliriaii riil-,'!'. At (^iiacu Head also n small (lc|iosil occurs in rucUs ol llu' Lowi'r ('arhoniH'i't)iis a;4c, )ti*«'|tarations for workin;^ ^vhich arc ulrcailv liciiii:; made on «|uile a lar^e scale. On the east side of Salis- liiiry iJay, in Alherl ccmnly, tlier*- is also a sjuall deposit near llie contact of the liower ("arhoniferoiis and Triassio sandstones, and at Jlillsdalc. ahoiil livi; miles soiith-wi'st of Kl^in corner, lar^o pieces of line oro are piclve(| up, luit the vein has not yet l»een discovered. Hni,' manganese also occurs at various poinis, hut no deposits of any j)arli('iilai' valiu' have l)een found. T»iiiU'd. violent ■.-loiip was iIkmi siii»(li\ Jdcd into Mill- stono(Jril, Middli' ("arlxMiiloroiis and Upper Coa! Measures, lliou,i,'Ii on no very «,'oo(l ^n-ounds, ns no distinct line of di'inarealion hetween any of tiie 1,'roiips can l»e drawn, and it now s. i-ms lii<,ddy prol.aMe. I'rom investi^'jitions made siiici' that re|)ort, liofli Inun the cliai'aeter .>!' the rocks as eonipared witli those of Ciipi- Mictoii and Xovjv Seotia. as well as from tlio Millstont? (Jrit a^'e of many of the fossils from the (Irand Lake and elsowiiere, that the ^Mvat hulk of tho sediments composing till) central (Jarlxmiferoiis hasin ot the province, as well as those aIoii;c the southern shore, are of Millstone (Jrit ai,'e, and that the lii,y:her mtMubors of the formation, if ever dc| >sitod, have heeii since denuded. The general hori/.ontality of the measures would indicate an almost c.ncriiiisi.Lvt. entirely unilisturhod condition of things since the deposition of the hods in the ceiitnil area, and would lead one to infer that the (.'arbonif erous r()ck.s of central and eastern New Brunswick, although spreading over a great area, are not only very thin hut probably constitute simply tlio western shallow border of the great Carboniferous basin which underlies the waters of the Gulf < f ,St. Lawrence, and which is bounded by the southern shore of the Gaspc peninsula on the north, and by the high ridge of the Cobequid Hills ami the coast ranges of western Cape JJreton on tlic south and east, and upon which tho Trias- sic sandstones of the Island of Prince Kdward were subse([uently depos- ited. One might, on this hypothesis, reasonably expect to find more favourable conditions for the occurrence of thicker seams of coal along the eastern coast of the province, whore those rocks are more closely associated with the ])roductive measures of Nova Scotia, but this area has never been proved, and only very general surface examinations made at one or two points. The area, as contained in tho counties of (Queens and Sunbury, has Explonuions boon pretty tlioroughly explored. Horings with the diamond drill were carried on at a number of points from 1872 to 1870. The local- ities tested by this means were Newcastle bridge; Newcastle Creek, on the shore of Grand Lake, about one mile below the steamboat land- L'O n OEO" OUICAf, SUIIVKV OK (WNADA. The ' Surl Quantity Cuili, iiii^; Oliialtoi^ liridujo; (JIoiujs, on thv lioiidwiitei'H of'tlio Noropis liivcr, Tlwcc-Troo Creek, and Ti-acy. Tlie doe))est c*' these boi'in^.s (istribution . . •!» 1 rr I iiiul 'rhiinit'ter. areas oiuy occurrnig in St. John county al ilod Jrlead, Quaco and Martin's Head, while in Albert county there is a small patch on the east side of Salisbury Bay. In Charlotte county also, the western pm-t of the island of Grand Manan is occupied principally by traps of this age, with a few exposures of red sandstone. The characters of the rocks at these various localities are described in the report of 1870-71, and tlie only additional information on this subjo(,t since then has been • lerived from the dej)osit which 0( ci 's at .Vfartin's Head. The deposit at this place was discovered in 1877, and is especially interesting as containing lignite. The rocks are soft dull-rod sandstones, succeeded l>3' soft greyish-yellow beds and soft brown shales with thin bands of tine brownish conglomerate, which tbrm a synclinal trough, resting upon Lower Carboniferous sediments. The lignite is found JH'incipally Lignitg. in the soft bi-own shales, and has bi'on examined b}' Principal Dawson. He says: — " The specimens are of coniferous wood, with one large row of disks in the cells, ;uid of the same type with si licitied wood from oints in southern New Brunswick. The laiT^est area is occurs in the county of Charlotte, and has been described in the report ((i. S. C.) lor 1870-71 undei- the head of Nerepis Ciranite. It has been considered as of })robably intriusive character, and its ago as probably about the close of the Devonian. Scattered or iletacliotl bo.sses also occur at ])oints throui^hout the western portion of the country. In i)laces, as it approaches the slaty rocks on either side, it is seen to shade otf or to merge into a body of felsite or granulitc, which, in turn, ap])eai's to graduate through petrosiliceous rocks into fossiiiferous Silui-ian or other rocks. Near the contact of the Silurian beds also, the slates have been metamor])hosed and crystals of andalusite and staurolite produced. This bolt extends eastwai-d into (Queens county. Its prevailing colour is pink or reddish, but at the St. John Eiver, below Ilampstcad village, where a considerable area of syenite rocks, probably a sjnir of the large mass to the west, is found, the colour is generally grey, though j)ink shades also occur. This granite is extensively quar- ried for building i)urposes ; while in the main area, in the vicinity of St. George, in Charlotte county, extensive quarries are carried on, — a large qinintity of the stone being jjolished. The St. George works have been described in the report of iMr. G. F. Matthew, 1876-77. Granite. Throughout the great belt of melamorphic rocks of pre-Cambriiiii age, syenites, granites and diorites are found. Of the syenites many are evidently of metamorphic origin, the gi-iulual passage from chlor- itic slates, through schists and felsites, being plainly visible. They are often chloritic or talco.se, and have been described in former reports under the head ol' pi-otogine, but pinkish and grey granites and syenites are also common. These ditl'er from the former in charac- ter, and often occuj- as dykes or veins. In the limestone, oi- upper ])ortion of the so-called J^aurentian, in the vicinity of the llennebecasis Jiay, these syenites are fi'e(|uently seen cutting the limestcnes as well SOHTIlRllN N1.;W IJIllNSWICK, L>3 I. :is the i)\'ov\y\uii; Cambrian slalos. No attcmpL has, lioucvor, hcoti made lo soparutc Hiein on (lie map IVom tlie otlior pro-('anil>riaii locks, as they are in many places so intimately associated as to ivndei- their distitict deiinoation on so small a scale an impossibility. Diorites are found at various jioints throu.irh(mt all the formations T>iorite. from the Laurontian to the Triassic inclusive. They are abundant in the pre-Cambrian, especially in Division 5, the former Kingston, a liir^o portion of which is made up ol' ajiparently interbedded felsite and tine-f^rained diorite. In some places the diorites ai-e very coai-selv i^ramilar and contain much ma|;'netic iron in grains, as at the Scotch settlement, in northern Kings county, and on the Pollet River, south of HIgin cornel-, in Albert county, ty|)ical diorites some of which are almost black from the abundance of hornblende, are found at Mechanic settlement ])ost office and westward, while thi'oughout the pre-Cam- brian belt north of Quaco and elsowhci-e diorite and dioritic ash-rocU, with amygdaloid, are very fre(^uent. It has, however, been thought better not to attempt the separation of all the area's of these inti-usive rocks on so small a scale, as their exact limits cannot be determined definitely from the unfavourable nature of the country. In the Lower Carboniferous also, rocks presumably of intrusive ^ft';b"nK"?"^ ' ^ •' and Trlansio charactei- are found not only around the southern edge of the central intru^iotw. Carboniferous basin, but at various scattered points of the basin itself They often obtrude through the generally flat beds of the Carbonifer- ous in dome-shaped hills or ridges of dolerite, while felsitic ashes and hard crystalline felsite also occur; the most prominent area of those latter rocks is seen in the northern portions of Charlotte county, whence they extend across into Sunbury. These intrusions were probably not later than the middle of the Lower Carboniferous period. In the Ti'iassic also, as at Quaco, intrusions of trap similar to that of the North Mountain range of Nova Scotia are seen breaking through the Lower Carboniferous limestones of the Head. The area is, however, but small. A general description of the dioritic rocks of the Lower Carboniferous is given in the report of 1872-73. ECONOMIC MINERALS. A full account of the economic minerals of the southern part of the province was given in the report of 1870-71, in so far as they were known at that time. Since then discoveries of more or less importance have been made, but notliing of any special value has been met with. 24 n flKuMxilcAl, sirUVKV nv (\\NAI)A. Jkon. Tho only luiw lociilily wIkmc lliis minoral li:is boon found is on l>ecr Island, iu>:ir Lord's Cove. Tlie ore is a nearly i)Ui'o inai.';notito dl' superior (|uali(y, and oceurs in a vein Ironi two to three feet tliitli in •elates and eoni:;lonierates of ju-e-Canilu'ian ago. It is exposed eros>iii!;- a narrow promontory, and is only a few feet above tide level. Col'I'KU. Tiu' i)riiu'ipal deposits of copper have been already doseril)ed in the rejK)i-ts of 1S70-71, and nothing has been dono of lato towards thu and conglomerates with pre-Cambrian. Location long worked. MoM extensive deposit as yet known in the Maritime Provinces. Quaco Head. — Deposit in Lower Carboniferous rocks. Not yet dov eloped, but jji'cparations are now being made for mining at this locality. Henry's Lake. — Surface indication? reported, but deposit not located, SOUTIIEllN NEW RRUNSWirK. 2;! r) oi"l, Kiiiics ami AROENTFPEROrs GaLENA. Sovoral localities are mentioned in the report of 1870-71 as art'ordinic ^Mlena in small quantity. Of these, the only one that has been exam- ined foi- silver is that on Hammond River, at Wanamake's, which has been found to yield a fair proportion. A new locality, which was opened in 1878, is on the west side of Musquash Harhor, in Laurentian syenites. Here veins, of eight inches to one foot, of white quartz carry yellow suiphuret of copper and iralena. The latter has been assayed by Dr. Harrington, and found to yield a little over $14 to the ton. (See report of 1877-78, p. 529.) The extreme liardness of the country i-ock and the snuillness of the vein are against the profitable working of this location. Bituminous Coal. No new developments have been made in this department since the report of 1872-73. The amount annually raised varies but little, and IK) attempts have yet been made to carry on tlie mining in any more systematic manner. irner. Deposit Anthracite. Within the last four years considerable money has been spent in ilevelojiing the seam of juithracite which occurs in the Devonian rocks of lielas Hasin, Lepreau. Foui' shafts had been sunk uj» to 1878, the i,n'eatest depth then reached l)eing 140 I'eet, but the character of the coal did not seem to imj)rove sufficiently to warrant the investment of any further capital. A similar ile])osit occurs at Clinch's post office, Musquash, in rocks of the same age and character, hut this is of no \a\\H\ The large percentage of ash — IW |»er cent. — is strongly against the reported good (juality of the mineral as a (iEOLOdlCAL SURVEY OK CANADA. without Hiuling any trace ot'tlio mineral sought. The most oxtonsivc operations have, however, been carried on by tlio Beliveau Mining Company. At Beliveau a shaft has been ])ut down to the depth of 200 feet, and tunnels driven north and south across the measures, without tinding anything of importance. Borings were then begun at Taylor- ville, about one mile to the east, since which we have not visited tho scone of operations. lieports, however, do not indicate any grout measure of success. Gypsum. CTyj)sum occiu's at various points both in Albert, Westmorland and St. John counties ; tho deposits of Hillsborough have been described in the report of 1870'-77, since which new openings have been made ut Hopewell Hill, where a splendid deposit of the fibrous variety occurs. At Fawcett's Brook, about two and a half miles north-west of Petit- codiac station, a largo deposit of the fibrous variety is found, which has been locally worked for agricultural purposes for some years. The quality is excellent, and the deposit should bo of considerable value. Granite. The granites of Charlotte county, at many points, att'ord abundance of excellent stone for building and polishing, but tho quarries near St. George, on the Magaguadavic Kiver, are as yet the only localities which are worked. Full descriptions of these, with the polishing works, arc given in the report of 1876-77, page 346. Infusorial Earth. Deposits of this substance are found occupying tho bottoms of lakes in several places. Among these were specially noted two in eastern Kings county — Pollot Eiver Lake, in Mechanic settlement, and Pleas- ant Lake, about six miles to the south-west. The deposit in Pollot River Lake is said to be about four feet deep, and the earth is exceed- ingly fine, of a greyish-white colour when dry, and admirably suited for polishing tho finest substances. The lake can be easily drained, or the substance can be removed with a shovel or small dredge, most extonwivc ilivoau Mining I e depth of 200 i.suroH, without gun at Taylor- lot visitod tho ito any groat itmorland and II dcHcribed in been made at u-iety occurs, west of Petit- found, which years. The rable value. rd abundance iri'ies near St. calities which ng works, are toms of lakes ivo in eastern it, and Pleas- >sit in Pollot [•th is excecd- irably suited y drained, or