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Tschnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliograpliiquas 
 
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 original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of this 
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 I I Covar titia missing/ 
 
 La titra da couvartura manqua 
 
 □ Colourad mapa/ 
 Cartas gAographiquas Bn coulaur 
 
 Colourad init (i-a. othar than blua or black)/ 
 Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) 
 
 I I Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ 
 
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 Bound with othar matarial/ 
 RaliA avac d'autras documants 
 
 r~^ Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion 
 
 along intarior margin/ 
 
 La reliura sarrAe paut causar da I'ombra ou da la 
 
 distortion la long da la marga int^riaura 
 
 Blank laavas addad during rastoration may 
 appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar potsibia, thasa 
 hava baan omittad from filming/ 
 il sa paut qua cartainas pagas blanchas ajout6as 
 iors d'una rastauration apparaissant dans la taxta, 
 mais, lorsqua cala Atait possibla. cas pagas n'ont 
 pas AtA filmAas. 
 
 Additional commants:/ 
 Commantairas suppiAmantairas: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ la maillaur axamplaira 
 qu'il lui a At* possibla da aa procurar. Las details 
 da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-Atra uniquaa du 
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 aont indiquAs ci-daasous. 
 
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 I I Pagas discoiourad. stainad or foxed/ 
 
 I I Pagas detached/ 
 
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 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
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 National Library of Canada 
 
 Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha baat quality 
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 Bibliothiqua nationaia du Canada 
 
 Laa imagaa suivantas ont itA raproduitas avac la 
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 baginning with tha front covar and anding on 
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 Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha 
 shall contain tha symbol — ^- (moaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or tha symbol Y (moaning "END"), 
 whichavar applias. 
 
 Un daa symbolas suivants apparaltra sur la 
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 symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". 
 
 Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba filmad at 
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 mathod: 
 
 Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux. ate, pauvant Atra 
 filmAs A das taux da reduction diff Grants. 
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 WITH SPECIAL MENTION OF THE 
 
 ^anvsts %jett to Wiatnm 
 
 COMPILED KOk THE 
 
 Graduatb Club ok Bryn Mawr Colleob 
 
 BY 
 
 ISABEL MADDISON. B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Bryn Mawr). 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 ^*T 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 1899 
 
 All righta rtawvad. 
 
. V 
 
 Cory RIGHT 1899 
 
 BY 
 
 The Macmillan Company 
 
 Thb Nbw Era Print, 
 Lancastrr, Pa. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The many graduates of Bryn Mawr College who have 
 continued their studies abroad, have strongly felt the need 
 of a handbook defining the position of the different foreign 
 universities in regard to the admission of women to their 
 courses, and giving particulars of the lectures, degrees, 
 entrance requirements, etc., of foreign universities and col- 
 leges. Accordingly, in 1896, the Graduate Club of Bryn 
 Mawr College published a Handbook of Courses Open to 
 Women in British, Continental and Canadian Universities 
 containing all the information on the subject which it was 
 possible, in a necessarily limited space of time, to collect. 
 The funds necessary for the purpose were secured through 
 the interest and assistance of the President of Bryn Mawr 
 College. 
 
 In 1899 it was decided to publish a new edition of the 
 Handbook, and as it was found that practically all European 
 universities and colleges were open to women and that the 
 majority of the facts collected were as valuable to men stu- 
 dents as to women students, the title was slightly modified. 
 The information given in the Handbook has been obtained 
 from the authorities of the different universities and collected 
 from the calendars and other official publications. The facts 
 gathered from these different sources have been put together 
 in a condensed form, and it is hoped that the alphabetical 
 arrangement adopted will be found convenient for reference. 
 
 The attention of women students is called to the work of 
 the Council to Accredit Women for Advanced Work in 
 Foreign Universities, a committee of the Association of Col- 
 legiate Alumnae. 
 
iv 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The Editor wishes to express her gratitude to all those 
 whose kindness in supplying information made the compila- 
 tion of the book possible, and to acknowledge her indebted- 
 ness to the ** Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt."* It is 
 intended to issue a new edition of the Handbook yearly, and 
 the Editor will be grateful for corrections of the errors almost 
 unavoidable in a book of this kind and for suggestions which 
 may tend to make the next issue more serviceable. 
 
 The Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College is glad to 
 allow members of other colleges to make use of its collection 
 of official programs and calendars ; particular books will be 
 lent for a few days to applicants prepaying postage. 
 
 All communications in regard to the Handbook, and all 
 requests for programs and calendars, should be addressed to 
 Miss Isabel Maddison, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 * Published by Karl J. Trilbner, Strassburg. 
 
all those 
 compila- 
 ndebted- 
 "• It is 
 irly, and 
 rs almost 
 IS which 
 
 glad to 
 ollection 
 1 will be 
 
 and all 
 
 essed to 
 
 Mawr, 
 
 Addendum. 
 
 Information has been received that the University Nouvelle 
 de Bruxelles has been closed in consequence of lack of 
 money. 
 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 (See also Hungary.) 
 
 The universities of Austria, like those of Germany, are 
 state institutions. They are supported by the Government 
 and are directly subject to the Austrian Minister of Education. 
 
 With the exception of the university at Czernowitz, which 
 has no Faculty of Medicine, the eight universities of Austria 
 comprise the Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), 
 Law, Medicine and Theology. Courses of lectures, seminary 
 and laboratory work in different subjects are provided by the 
 several faculties, and the degree of Doctor is given to matricu- 
 lated students who have fulfilled certain stated requirements. 
 
 The entrance requirements for men are similar to those of 
 German universities ; the candidate for admission must hold 
 the Maturitdtszcugniss of a gymnasium or a certificate that 
 he has already attended a university. 
 
 In 1878 the admission of women to the Austrian univer- 
 sities was regulated by a decree of the Minister of Education ; 
 while declaring that there could be no question of a general 
 admission of women to academic courses, hfe yet made pro- 
 vision for particular cases. Certain courses might, as an ex- 
 ception and with the express sanction of the Minister, be 
 given especially for women, and advanced women students 
 might in addition be allowed to attend the courses held for 
 men, provided that they could in every case obtain the con- 
 sent of the faculty in question, in conjunction with that of 
 the academic senate and the individual professors, with whom 
 work was desired. In no case were women to be allowed to 
 register as students in the universities, but were to be consid- 
 ered as hearers. 
 
AUSTRIA. 
 
 In March, 1897, these regulatfons were revised, and the 
 following new regulations are now in force : any woman 
 who is a native of Austria and over eighteen years of age is 
 admitted as a regular hearer to the philosophical faculty of 
 an Austrian university, provided she has passed the Rci/e- 
 ■prilfung of an Austrian State gymnasium or of a foreign 
 gymnasium considered equivalent to this by the Minister of 
 Education. The Dean of the Philosophical Faculty decides 
 on the admission of candidates, but in case of refusal further 
 application may be made to the Minister. 
 
 Women hearers are under the same regulations as men in 
 regard to registration, matriculation, payment of fees, dis- 
 cipline, attendance at lectures, the Abgangszeugnis and 
 admittance to the philosophical Rigoroscn (examinations). 
 
 Women who have attended certain schools other than those 
 mentioned above, approved by the Minister of Education, are 
 admitted as ansscrordcntlic/ic Hbrcrinncn to the philosophical 
 faculties but must, except in special cases, register for more 
 than ten hours of lectures weekly. Permission to attend sepa- 
 rate lectures is given to women in exceptional cases only, 
 under the regulation of 1878. 
 
 A noteworthy decree putting Austrian women who have 
 studied medicine at any foreign university on the same foot- 
 ing as men in regard to obtaining Austrian degrees in medi- 
 cine was published on May 19th, 1896. Women who have 
 passed the Rcifcpr iifung of an Austrian gymnasium, are 
 over 24 years of age and have studied for at least ten 
 semesters at a foreign university considered suitable by 
 the Minister of Educ.ition, may proceed to take all the final 
 examinations in medicine, omitting those in Natural Science, 
 and to obtain diplomas on exactly the same conditions as 
 men. 
 
 The university libraries are open to women. 
 
AUSTRIA. 3 
 
 The academic year is divided into two semesters, the first, 
 or winter semester, which begins on October ist, and ends 
 on the Thursday before Palm Sunday, and the second, or 
 summer semester, which begins on the first Thursday after 
 Easter and ends about July 30th. 
 
 The system of university fees is in general the same in 
 Austria as in Germany. (See under Germany.) 
 
 CRACX)W, Galicia, Austria. 
 JAGELLONISCHB UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 UNIWERSYTET JAGIELLONSKI W KRAKOWIE. 
 
 This university, founded in 1364, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria ; see above. In the winter semes- 
 ter of 1898-99, 107 women were attending courses in the university. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Leon Cvfrowicz. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languaoes.— Indo-Iranian : Docmts 
 V. Mankowski, Rozwadowski . 
 Classical: Professors Miodonski, Mo- 
 
 rawski, Sternbach. 
 English : Header Dziewicki. 
 Germanic (Polish, Slavonic): Profes- 
 sors Creizenach, Malinowsjki, Graf 
 Tarnowski, Tretiak ; Docents Stud- 
 zinski, Windakiewiez, v. Zdziechow- 
 ski. 
 Romance: Professor Kawczynski ; 
 Reader Rongier. 
 Cdmi'ARATIVE PiiiLOLOGY : Professor de 
 
 Courtenay. 
 Philosophy : Professors Pawlicki, Stras- 
 
 zewski ; Docent Ziembicki. 
 History : Professors Lewicki, Graf My- 
 cielski, Smolka, Zakrzewski ; Docents 
 Czemiak, Krzyzanowski. 
 Art and Arcil*:ology : Professors 
 Hienkowski, Sokolowski ; Docent 
 Graf Mycielski. 
 Peimgogy : Professor S»raszewski ; Do- 
 cent Kulczynski. 
 
 SCIENCE, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Kepinski, Karlinski, Rudzki, 
 Zorawski. 
 
 Physics : Professors Natanson, Witkow- 
 ski ; Docent Birkenmajer. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Bandrowski, 
 Godlewski, Olszewski, Schramm ; Do- 
 cent Jentys. 
 
 Mineralogy: Professor Krewii. 
 
 (jEOLOGY : Professor Szajnocha. 
 
 Biology : Professors Hoyer, Wierzejski; 
 Docent Garbowski. 
 
 Boianv : Professors Janczewski, Rosta- 
 finski. 
 
 Geography : Professor Szwarcenberg- 
 Czerny. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor v. Lubomeski ; 
 Docents Ajdiikiewicz, Jentys, Klecki. 
 
 Engineering : Docent Ajdukiewicz. 
 
 LAiy AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Brzezinski, Cyfrowicz, Czer- 
 kawski, Fierich, G6rski, Kasparek, 
 Kleczynski, Krzymuski v. Radwan, Leo, 
 
CZERAOIVITZ, GRATZ. 
 
 Madeyski, Milewgki, Piekosinski, Rosen- 
 blatt, Ulanowski, Zoll ; Docents Es- 
 treicher, W. L. Jaworski, Makarewicz, 
 Rostworowski, VVr6blewski. 
 
 MEniCINE. 
 
 Professors Browicz, Bujwid, Cybulski, 
 Domanski, Jakubowski, \V Jaworski, 
 Jordan, Klecki, Korczynski, v. Kotta- 
 necki, I^zarski, Obalinski, Parenski, 
 Pieniaz^k, Poniklo, Reiss, Stopczanski, 
 
 Trzebicky, Wachholz, Wicherkiewicz, 
 Zarewicz ; Docents Baurowicz, Bossow- 
 ski, Braun, Leprowski, Korczynski, 
 Krynski, Raczynski, Rosner, Sroczyn- 
 ski, Zulawski. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Chotkowski, Gabryl, Grom- 
 nicki, Knapinski, Morawski, Pelczar, 
 Spis, Trznadel, Wadolny 
 
 CZERNOWrrz, Buckowtna, Austria. 
 
 K. K. FRANZ-JOSEFS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1875, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Dr. Anton Nuss- 
 
 BAUM. 
 
 Profbssors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languaoes. — Classical : Professors 
 Hilberg, Wrobel. 
 English ; Reader Romanovsky. 
 Germanic (Slavonic, etc.) : Professors 
 Kaluzniacki, Sbiera, Smalstocki, v. 
 Summersberg ; Docent Wolkan. 
 Romance : Professor Gartner. 
 Philosophy : Professor VVahle. 
 History : Professors Herzberg-FrSnkel, 
 Zieglauer v. Blumenthal ; Docents 
 Kaindl, Milkowicz 
 
 SCtE.XCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Puclita. 
 Physics : Professors Ilandl, Tumlirz. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Pribram. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Scharizer. 
 Zoology : Professor Zelinka. 
 Botany : Professor Tangl. 
 Geography : Professor LSwl. 
 
 LAir AND rOLITlCAI. SCIENCE. 
 
 Projessors Ebrlich, v. Halban, Hauke, 
 Ililler, Kleinwachter, v. Ilumiann zu 
 llorbach, Ritter v. Roschmann- 1 Itirburg, 
 Skedl ; Docents Kryspin, v. Wolan. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors C. Popowicz, E. Popowicz, 
 V. Repta, Tarnawski, Wojucki ; Docents 
 Gaina, Stefanelli. 
 
 GRATZ, Styria, Austria. 
 
 K. K. KARL-FRANZBNS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1586, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Josef IICtter. 
 
 Pr<)A>HHurN and Lec-turern. 
 
 AKTs. Classical: Professors Goldbacher, 
 
 Languages. — Oriental: Professor Ritter v. Karajan, Meyer, Picher, 
 
 Kirste Schenkl. 
 
AUSTRIA. 
 
 English : Professor Luick. 
 
 Germanic : Professors SchPnbach, 
 Seuffert ; Docetit Zwierzina. 
 
 Slavonic : Professors Krek, Strekeij. 
 
 Romance: Professors Ive, Schuchardt. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Meyer. 
 PiilLOSoi'HV; Professors Ritter v. Mein- 
 
 ong, Spitzer, Strzjgowski ; Doccnt 
 
 Martinak. 
 History : Professors Bauer, K rones 
 
 Ritter v. Marchland, Ixiserth, v. Zwie- 
 
 dineck-SUdenhorst ; Docents Mayer, 
 
 Mell. 
 Art and AacHiKOLOGY : Professors 
 
 Cuntz, (jurlitt, v. Meinong, Pichler, 
 
 Strzygowski. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Dantscher Ritter v. Kolles- 
 herg, Frischauf, v. I lepjierger ; Do- 
 cent Streissler. 
 
 Physics : Professors Ilann, Pfaundler, 
 Streintz, Subic, Wassmuth ; Docent 
 Ilenrich. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Schrutter,Skraup. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor V)ot\K.tx. 
 
 Geology: Professors Ililber, Iloernes; 
 Docent Penecke. 
 
 Biology : Professors Bohmig, v. 
 Graff; Docent Ritter v. Heider. 
 
 Botany: Professor Haberlandt; Do- 
 cent Pal la. 
 Geography : Professor Richter. 
 
 I.Air AND POLITICAL SCIKNCE. 
 
 Professors Freiherr v. Anders, Freiherr 
 V. Canstein, Gumplowicz, Hanausek, 
 Hildebrand, Lubec, Luschin Ritter v. 
 Ebengreuth, Mischler, Freiherr v. 
 Schwind, Steinlechner, Tewes, Thaner, 
 Vargha ; Docents v. Glanvell, Sperl. 
 
 MnnicisE. 
 Professors Anton, Birnbacher, Bleich- 
 steiner, Borner, Borysiekiewicz, Drasch, 
 Ebner, Eppinger, E^cherich, Ilabermann, 
 Hoffer Edler v. Sulmthal, Hofmann, 
 I loll, Jarisch, Klemensiewicz, Kratter, 
 Kraus, Moller, Muihr, Niroladoni,Praus- 
 nitz, F'reilierr v. Rokitansky, RoUett, 
 V. Rosthorn, Sch'ndler; Docents Eniele, 
 Hammer!, Kossler, Laker, Rossa, Sachs- 
 salber, Steinbilchel v.Rheinwall, Tobeitz, 
 Zoth. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professor: Gutjahr, Klinger, Michel - 
 itsch, Ritter v. Scherer, Schlager, Sta- 
 nonik, A. Weiss, J. Weiss. 
 
 MVSIC. 
 
 Docent 
 
 INNSBRUCK, Tyrol, Austria. 
 
 K. K. LEOPOLD-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1673-4, is under the same regula- 
 tions as all the universities of Austria; sje pp. 1-3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to ihe secretary, Willibald 
 
 Stricker. 
 
 ProlV'ssors and lioctiiri-rs. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Oriental ; 
 
 Professor 
 
 Languages. 
 
 Flimk. 
 Indo- Iranian: Professors-. SchrSder; 
 
 Docent Walde. 
 Classical: Professors Milller, Zin- 
 
 gerlc ; Docent Radinger. 
 English : Professor Fisher. 
 Germanic : Professors SecmiUler, 
 
 WackerncU ; Docent Schatz. 
 
 Romance : Professor Demattio ; Do- 
 cents Farinelli, W. v. Zingerle ; 
 A'e<i(/et CJenelin. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor F. 
 
 Stolz. 
 Philosophy: Professors Hillebrand, 
 
 Ucberhorst. 
 History: Professors Friedrich, Hirn, 
 
 Kttltetibrunner, v. Ottcnthal, Pasior, v. 
 
 Scala ; Docent Mayr. 
 
LEMBERG. 
 
 Art and Archeology: Professors 
 Reisch, Semper. 
 
 scrE^'CE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy; Pro- 
 fessors O. Stolz, VVirtinger; Decent 
 Schober. 
 
 Physics : Professors Czermak, Exner, 
 Klemencic ; Docents Ilaminerl, Rada- 
 kovic, ToUinger. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Senhofer ; Do- 
 cent Hopfgartner. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Cathrcin. 
 
 Geology : Professor Blaas. 
 
 Biology : Professors Heider, v. Dalla- 
 Torre-Thumberg- Stemhof. 
 
 Botany : Professor Heinricher. 
 
 Geograi'HY : Professor Ritter v. Wieser. 
 
 LAlt^ AND POLITICAL SCrEJVCE. 
 
 Professors Carnevale, Dantscher Ritter 
 V. iCollesberg, Demelius, Galante, 
 
 Hruza, John. Lentner, Myrbach v. Rhein- 
 feld, Pacchioni, Puntschart, Ritter v. 
 Sartori-Montecroce, Schiffner, Vinzenz, 
 Wahrmund, Waldner; Docents v. Eccher, 
 Payr, Zanetti. 
 
 MEDICINE, 
 
 Professors Dimmer, Ehrendorfer, 
 Hochstetter, Ipsen, Juffinger, Kerschner, 
 Klotz, Lode, Loebisch, Loewit, Loos, 
 Lukasiewicz, Mayer, Nevinny, Pommer, 
 Rille, Freiherr v. Rokitansky, v. Tschurt- 
 schenthaler Edler v. Helmheim, Victor 
 Ritter v. Hacker, v. Vintschgau, Wild- 
 ner; Docents Lantschner, Malfatti, Pos- 
 selt. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Flunk, Gatterer, Hofmann, 
 Hurter, Michael, Nisius, Noldin, Rinz, 
 Straub ; Docents Lercher, Miiller. 
 
 IjEMBERG, Galicia, Austria. 
 
 K. K. FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 C. K. UNIWERSYTET IMIENIA CESARZA PRANCISZKA I. 
 
 This university, founded in 1784, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Marceli Chlam- 
 
 TACZ. 
 
 ProroNSors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Sar- 
 nicki. 
 Classical : Professors Cwiklinski, 
 
 Kruczkiewicz ; Z>(><v«/ Jezieniecki. 
 English : Instructor Kropiwnicki. 
 Germanic: Professors Co\c!f,sa, Ka- 
 
 lina, Pilat, Werner. 
 Romance : Docent Porebowicz ; In- 
 structor Amborski. 
 PuiLOSdl'HY : Professors Graf Dziedus- 
 
 zycki, Raciborski, Sk6rski. 
 History : Professors Denihinski, Finkel, 
 Gruszewski, Szaraniewicz, Wojcie- 
 chowski ; Docent Hirschberg. 
 ARTand Arch/eology: Professor Boloz- 
 
 Antoniewicz. 
 Pedagogy ; Docent Danysz. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Laska, Puzyna. 
 
 Physics : Professors Fabian, Zakrzew.ski. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Lachowicz, Rad- 
 ziszewski. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Dunikowski ; 
 Docent Niedzwiedzki. 
 
 Geology : Professors Niedzwiedzki, Sie- 
 miradzki, Zuber ; Docent Teisseyre. 
 
 Biology : Professor Dybowski ; Docents 
 Nussbaum, I'iotrow.ski, Wielowiejski. 
 
 Botany : Professor Ciesielski ; Docents 
 Szyszylowicz, Zaiewski. 
 
 Geograi'IIY : Professor Rehmann. 
 
 Hygiene: Z>(^ri7// Szpilman. 
 
 LAir AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Abraham, Balasits, Balzer, 
 
AUSTRIA. 
 
 Bobrzynski, Glabinski, Gryziecki, Jano- 
 wicz, V. Ochenkov/ski, I'ietak, T. Pilat, 
 Roszkowski, Starzynski, Stebelski, 
 Szachowski, Till ; Docents Chlamtacz, 
 Dobrzanski, Uolinski, L. Pilat, Winiarz. 
 
 MEnici.xn, 
 Professors Heck, (Jluziuski, Kadyi, 
 Lukasiewicz, Niemilowicz, Obrzut, Prus, 
 
 Rydygier, v. Sobieranski, Szymonowicz ; 
 Docents Baracz, Gatryszewski, Piotro- 
 wski, Schramm, Wehr, Widmann, Ziem- 
 bicki. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Bartoszewski, Bilczewski, 
 Fijalek, Filarski, Jaszowski, Kloss, Ko- 
 marnicki, Samicki ; Docetit Narajewski ; 
 Instructor Redkiewicz. 
 
 PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. 
 
 K. K. DEUTSCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1348, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1—3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Dr. Anton Kurz. 
 
 ProfcBsors and Ijccturcrs.- 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Langua(;es. — Semitic : Professor Gril- 
 nert. 
 Classical : Professors Holzinger Rit- 
 ter V. Weidich, Keller, Rzach, Schu- 
 bert. 
 En(;lisii : Professor Pogatscher ; 
 
 Header Just. 
 Gkrmamc: Professors Hauffen, Kelle, 
 
 L-ambel, Sauer. 
 Romance : Professors Cornu, Rolin ; 
 Reader Vielmetti. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Ludwig. 
 Philosophy : Professors Freiherr v. 
 Ehrenfels, Marty, Willmann ; Docent 
 Arleth. 
 HisroRY : Professors Bachinann, Four- 
 nier, Jung, Swoboda, Weber, We- 
 runsky. 
 Art and Arch.volocy : Professors 
 
 Klein, Neuwirth, Schultz. 
 Pedagocv : Professor Willmann ; Do- 
 cent Toischer, 
 
 scitiNcn. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Bobek, Pick, Weinek. 
 
 Phvsk s : Professors Jaumann, Lecher, 
 Lippich, Spitaler; Docent v. Geitler 
 Hitter V. Arminijcn. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Brunncr, Garza- 
 rolli Kdler v. Thurnlackh, Gintl, 
 Goldschmiedt ; Docent Mayor. 
 
 Geology : Profssors Laube, Pelikan. 
 Biology : Professors Hatschek, Lendl- 
 
 mayr, Ritter v. Lendenfeld ; Docent 
 
 Cori. 
 Botany : Professors Molisch, Schifther ; 
 
 Docent Nastier. 
 Geography : Professor Lenz. 
 
 L.A\y A.vn rojTicAi. scii-.xci-. 
 Professors Finger, FrankI, Franz, 
 Krasnopolski, Pfersche, Pfaff, Rauch- 
 berg, Schreuer, Schuster, Singer, Ul- 
 brich, UUman, Freiherr v. Wieser, 
 Zuckerkandl ; Docent Spiegel. 
 
 Mt-mc/ME. 
 Professors Bayer, Chiari, Czermak, 
 Dittrich, Kpstein, Gad, Ganghofner, 
 Ilueppe, Huppert, Jaksch, Ritter v. 
 Wartcnhorst, Maver, Petrina, A. Pick, 
 P. J. Pick. Pohf, Pribram, Rabl, Rex, 
 Schenkl, Singer, Steinach, Weil, Wolfler, 
 Ziufal ; Jh'ccnts Boennecken, v. Frey, A. 
 I'ischel, R. Fischel, W I'ischel, llering, 
 Ilerrnhciser, Knapp, Mihizer, G. Pick, 
 Pietrzikowski, Ramnitz, Spietschka, 
 Waelsch, Wiener, Winternitz. 
 
 JVofrssors Eli)l, Ilauer, Kurz, Rieber, 
 Schindler, Schneedorfer, Zaus. 
 
 .1/; '.S7C 
 
 Professor Adler ; Reader Schneider. 
 
i 
 
 PRAGUE, VI ENS A. 
 
 PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. 
 
 K. K. BOHMISCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 C. K. CESKA UNIVERSITA KARLO-FERDINANDOVA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1882-3, is under the same regula- 
 tions as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Professor Reinsberg. 
 Prof'cHsurH and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Lancuaces. — Oriental : 
 Dvorak. 
 Classical : Professors Kvicala, Krul, 
 
 Novak ; Doceitt Vysoky. 
 Enclish : Reader Sladek. 
 Germanic: Professors ij^nwxcx, Kraus, 
 Mourek, I'astrnck, Pollvka ; Doceut 
 Machal ; Readers Itrabek, Kohir, 
 J. Krejci. 
 Romance: Piofssor Jarnik ; Readers 
 Malecek, Mohl. 
 CoMrAKATIVE riiii.oi.O(;Y 
 
 Zubaty ; Doceut Kovar 
 History ok Literature 
 
 Kricla ; Doceut Vlcek. 
 PlliLOSoniY: Professor Durdik, Mas- 
 aryk ; Docents Cada, Drtina, F. Krejci. 
 Political Economy : Professor Braf ; 
 
 IIoH-Docent Itlomnn. 
 History: Professors Kmler, (loll, Kal- 
 ousek ; Docents Novotny, Pekar, Pic, 
 Zibrt. 
 /Esthetics : Professor Hostiiisky. 
 Arch.Eoi,o(;y: Docents C\\y\\\, Malejka. 
 Pedacoiiy : DocentV. Durdik. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Vrba. 
 Professor Geolocy : Professors Pocta, \'elenov.sky, 
 
 Woldrich ; Docent IJarvir. 
 Geocrapiiy : Professor Palacky. 
 Meteorology : Professor Augustin. 
 Hiolo(;y : Professors Celakovsky, Eric, 
 
 Hansgirg, Vejdovsky, Velenovsky ; 
 
 Docent Mrazek. 
 Antiiropolocy : Professor Niederle ; 
 
 Docent Matiegka. 
 
 Professor 
 Profssor 
 
 SCir.NCF.. 
 
 Mathematics AND Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Gruss, Studnicka, Weyr ; Do- 
 cent Sucharda, 
 
 Physics : Professors Kolacek, Strouhal ; 
 Docent Novak. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Pclohoubck, 
 Uraup.cr, Kaynian. 
 
 i.Aif .'i\n poLiricAi. sciKS'cii. 
 Professors Belohradsky, Hraf, Celak- 
 ovsky, Ilanel, Ilenner, Herrmann, Hey- 
 rovsky, Kaizl, Olt, IVazak, Kanda, 
 Rieger, Storch, Stupecky, Talir, Zvicker ; 
 Docents lUotnan, Horiicek, Tilsch, Tra- 
 kal, \'ancura. 
 
 MlUilCIKH. 
 
 Professors Chodounsky, Deyl, Eiselt, 
 Hlava, Horbaczewski, Janosik, Janovsky, 
 v. Jirus, Kal)rhel, Kasparek, Kaufmann, 
 KutVner, Maixner, Maydl, Mares, Michl, 
 Neureutter, Nessel, Pawlik, Reinsberg, 
 Kolion, Rubeska, Scliol)!, Schwing, 
 Spina, 'riiomayor ; Docents Formanek, 
 Fraiikcnberger, Haskovec, Hnatek, Honl, 
 Kimla, Kukula, Mitvalsky, Pccirka, 
 Pcsiiia, Sclierer, Schrutz, Slavik, Svehla, 
 \'elich, N'csely. 
 
 rill oi.oiiv. 
 Professors Kaderiivck, Krystufek, 
 Paclita, Pechacek, SeiUacck, Sykora, 
 'I'umpach, Vrestal ; Dociiit '[\\Mi\im\\. 
 
 VIKNNA, Austria. 
 
 K. K. UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1365, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Austria; sec pp. 1-3. The Medical Fac- 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGAR K 
 
 AT. 
 VA. 
 
 regula- 
 
 S'SBERG. 
 
 elenovsky, 
 
 ■>'■ 
 
 3;ustin. 
 sky, Fric, 
 .•lenovsky ; 
 
 Niederle ; 
 
 HNCE. 
 
 af, Celak- 
 lann, Hey- 
 ;, Randa, 
 r, Zucker ; 
 ilsch, Tra- 
 
 yl, Eiselt, 
 
 Janovsky, 
 
 aufmann, 
 
 es, Michl, 
 
 Reinsberg, 
 
 Schwing, 
 
 •"ormanek, 
 
 tek, Ilonl, 
 
 I'ecirka, 
 
 v, Svehla, 
 
 Krystufek, 
 Sykora, 
 Unnann. 
 
 [Illations 
 cal Fac- 
 
 ulty is large and important, and for this reason the subjects lectured 
 on by the different professors are statetl below. 
 
 A Vere/n of women students has just been instituted, and a sum 
 of money has been bequeathed for the purpose of founding scholar- 
 ships for women students. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 Languages. — Chinkse : Docent Kilh- 
 
 nert. 
 Semitic: Professors Bickell, Ilein- 
 
 rich, Miiller ; Docents Bittner, IIoflF- 
 
 ner, Wahrmund. 
 Ec.YPTlAN : Professor Reinisch. 
 Classical : Professors (Jitlbauer, 
 
 Gomperz, Hauler, Marx, Schenkl, 
 
 Ritter v. Schneider; Doi cuts Jurenka, 
 
 Kalinka, Mekler. 
 English : Professor Schipper ; Docent 
 
 Kellner. 
 Germanic ( Slavonic, etc. ) : Professors 
 
 Ileinzel, Jagic, Jirecek, Minor; />o- 
 
 f^/Ajellinek, Kraus, Much, Murko, 
 
 Resetar, Vondrak, v. 
 
 Professors Meyer-LUbke, 
 Docents Alton, tried- 
 
 Nagl, V. 
 Weilen. 
 Romance : 
 Mussafia ; 
 wagner. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 Meringer ; Docent Sklenar. 
 
 Pmii.osoi'HY : Professors Jodl, Mach, 
 Milliner; Docents llotler, Jerusalem, 
 Kreibig, Reich, Stohr. 
 
 History : Professors Hormann, Rildin- 
 ger, Dopsch, Milhlbacher, Pribram, 
 Redlich, Szanto ; Docents Eellner, 
 Hnrtmann, Kretschmayr, Stcinherz, 
 L'lilirz, Wilhelin, Ritter v. Zitkovszky. 
 
 Oriental History: Professors Kara- 
 bacek, Krall. 
 
 Art and .I^siiietics : Professors Frei- 
 herr V. Ucrger, Riegl, WickhoH"; Do- 
 cents l)ictz, Dollinayr, Ritter v. 
 Hchlosscr, Wallaschek. 
 
 Arcii.Kiilocy : Professors Kul)itschek, 
 Reisch, V. Schneider; Docents Heber- 
 dey, Homes, Reichel. 
 
 Peda(;(I(;y: Professor Vogt ; Docent 
 Hiiller. 
 
 Music: Professor Adler; Docent 
 Rietsch. 
 
 sc/i;ac£. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Ritter v. 
 Escherich, Gegenbauer, Kohn, Mer- 
 tens ; Docents HIaschke, Daublebsky 
 V. Stemeck, Sersawy, Tauber, Zindler, 
 Zsigmondy. 
 
 Astronomy : Professor Wei^s ; Do- 
 cents Hillebrand, Schram. 
 
 Physics : Professors Boltzmann, Exner, 
 JJlger, V. Lang ; Docents Lampa, 
 Moser, Smoluchowski, Tuma. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors llerzxg, Lieben, 
 Lippmann, Weidel ; Docents Rlau 
 Fossek.Natterer, Pomeranz, Schacherl, 
 Vortmann, Wegscheider, Zeisel. 
 
 Mineralogy and Petrography: Pro- 
 fessors Becke, Berwerth, Tschemiak. 
 
 Geolo<;y : Professors Diener, Fuchs, 
 Pernter, Reyer, E. Suess, Waagen ; 
 y)occnts Edler v. Arthaber, E. E. 
 Suess, Wahner. 
 
 Geography : Professors Penck, Tom- 
 aschek ; Docents Paulitschke, Sieger. 
 
 Biol<h;v : Professors Brauer, Groliben, 
 I latschek ; Docents Pinlner, .Schneider, 
 Werner. 
 
 Botany : Professors Beck Ritter v. 
 Mannagetta, Fritsch, Wettstein, Wies- 
 ner ; J)ocenfs Burgcrstein, Krasscr. 
 
 Ethnography: Docent Haberlandt. 
 
 Meteorology : Doi 'nt Trabert. 
 
 i.Air Asn roi.iTic.ir. .sc//:xc/r. 
 I^rofssors AiWcr, v. Baweik, Bernatzik, 
 V. Czyhlarz, Friedinann, Cjross, Griinhut, 
 V. lleinlein, v. Inama Sterncgg, F, 
 Klein, Lamniasch, Lustkandi, A. Mcn- 
 gcr, K. Monger, Menzel, Milteis, PfatV, 
 V. Plii!lipsl)erg, v. Rechtenstamm, v. 
 Schey, v. Scidler, Stooss, L'nger, v. Zal- 
 
lO 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 linger ; Doccnts Brockhausen, Burckhard, 
 Ehrenzweig, Feilbogen, Gross, (Jruber, 
 Griinberg, v. Herrnritt, v. Juraschek, 
 Komorzynski, Landesberger, Lenz, Loff- 
 ler, Meyer, Pineles, Pollak, Schmid, v. 
 Schrattenhofen, Schwiedland, Singer, 
 Strisower, Tezner, Walker, v. Wretschko. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Anatomy : rro/essois Dalla-Rosa, Pal- 
 tauf, Schenk, Toldt, Weichselbaum, 
 Zuckerkandl ; Docent Kretz. 
 
 Physiology : Professors Exner, Fuchs ; 
 Docents Beer, Kreidl, Latschenberger. 
 
 Histology : Professors Ebner Ritter v. 
 Rofenstein, Schaflfer ; Docent Rabl. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Ludwig, Mauth- 
 ner ; Docent S. Frankel. 
 
 Medicine : Professors Chvostek, Oser, 
 Wintemitz ; Docents Biach, Drozda, 
 Hammerschlag, Heitler, Herz, Klein, 
 Kolisch, V. Limbeck, H. Lorenz, Man- 
 naberg, Obermayer, Ortner, Pal, Pick, 
 Schlesinger, Schwarz, Sternberg, 
 Strauss, Weiss, Ritter v. Weismayr. 
 
 Surgery: Professors Albert, Engliscli, 
 Ritter v. Frisch, Gussenbauer, Hoch- 
 enegg, Hofmokl, A. Lorenz, Ritter v. 
 Mosetig-Moorhof, Weinlechner ; Do- 
 cents Biidinger, Ewald, Fieber, Frank, 
 Frankel, Habart, .Schnitzler, E. Ull- 
 mann, Zuckerkandl. 
 
 Obstetrics : Professors Braun, Breus, 
 Chrobak, Lott, Schauta; Docents 
 Braun v. Fernwald, Felsenreich, Herz- 
 feld, Juri6 Edler v. Lavandal, Li- 
 hotzky, Ludwig, Peters, Wertheim, v. 
 Weiss. 
 
 Pharmacy : Professor Vogl ; Docent 
 Paschkis. 
 
 Pathology : Professors Ritter v. Bascb, 
 Gaertner, Knoll, Neusser, Nothnagel, 
 Schrtitter Ritter v. Kristelli, Ritter v. 
 
 Stoffella d'alta Rupe; Docents Biedl, 
 Kovacs, Schiitz. 
 
 Diseases of the Ear: Professors Po- 
 litzer, Urbantschitsch ; Docents Bing, 
 Gomperz, Pollak. 
 
 Diseases of the Eye : Professors Berg- 
 meister, Fuchs, Ritter v. Reuss, Schna- 
 bel ; Docents Bernheimer, Elschnig, 
 R. Gruber, Klein, KSnigstein, Miiller, 
 Salzmann, lopolansky, Wintersteiner. 
 
 Diseases of Children: Professors Frilh- 
 wald, Kassowitz, Monti, Freiherr v. 
 Widerhofer ; Docents Eisenschitz, Fol- 
 tanek, Fronz, Ritter v. Hilttenbrenner. 
 
 Skin Diseases : Professors Finger, Rit- 
 ter V. Hebra, Kaposi, Lang, Mracek, 
 Neumann, Edler v. Zeissl ; Docents 
 Ehrmann, Griinfeld, Ritter ▼. Hebra, 
 Kohn, Riehl, Schiflf, Spiegler, K. Ull- 
 mann, Vajda. 
 
 Nervous Diseases : Professors Bene- 
 dikt, Frankl Ritter v. Hochwart, 
 Fritsch, Freiherr v. Kraffl-Ebing,Ober- 
 steiner, Wagner Ritter v. Jauregg ; Do- 
 cents Freud, Hollander, Redlich, Frei 
 herr Steiner v. Pfungen. 
 
 Diseases of the Throat : Professors 
 Chiari, Stoerk ; Docents Grossmann, 
 Hajek, Koschier, Rethi, Roth. 
 
 Balneology : Professor Clar. 
 
 Hospital Practice : Professor Stern. 
 
 Medical Jurisprudence : Professors 
 Haberda, Kolisko. 
 
 History of Medicine: Professor Pusch- 
 mann ; Docents Neuburger, Ritter v. 
 T6ply. 
 
 Hygii:nk : Professors M. Gruber, 
 Kratschmer ; Docent Schattenfroh. 
 
 THEOLOGY, 
 
 Professors Bauer, Ehrhard, Grimmich, 
 Laurin, Neumann, Polzl, Reinhold, 
 Schafer, Schindler, Swoboda. 
 
BELGIbM. 
 
 II 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 There are in Belgium five universities, the state universi- 
 ties of Ghent and Liege, the free universities of Brussels and 
 Louvain, and the new university of Brussels. In 1883 women 
 were admitted on the same conditions as men to the univer- 
 sities of Brussels, Ghent and Liege and also allowed to take 
 the state examinations. The new University of Brussels has 
 been open to women since its foundation. The Catholic Uni- 
 versity of Louvain, however, does not admit women. 
 
 Each university comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science, 
 Law and Medicine, and each of these Faculties provides in- 
 struction and grants upon examination the degrees of Can- 
 didate and Doctor to students who have fulfilled certain re- 
 quirements. 
 
 Examinations are also held and degrees conferred by state 
 commissions, made up of examiners chosen in equal numbers 
 from among the professors of the state universities and the 
 free university. These commissions are of two kinds, the 
 central commission and special commissions. The central 
 commission is accessible to any student who desires to present 
 himself for examination, the special commissions, instituted 
 for certain separate " faculties " or colleges which do not con- 
 stitute a university, are accessible only to students of the fac- 
 ulties for which they were established. 
 
 No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of 
 Candidate, unless he present a certificate, stating that he has 
 followed certain specified courses of study. Such certificates 
 may be given by, the directors of private schools or even by 
 private teachers. They testify, however, to a prolonged 
 preparation, and since this enactment was passed in 1890 
 the number of women students in the universities has greatly 
 
il" 
 
 12 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 diminished. Students who cannot produce the necessary cer- 
 tificate must pass an entrance examination. 
 
 No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of 
 Doctor unless he has obtained the degree of Candidate or a 
 degree considered equivalent to this. 
 
 To obtain the degree of Candidate in Philosophy and Lit- 
 erature, the student is required to study for four semesters 
 and to pass two examinations. The course of study is defi- 
 nitely prescribed but foreigners are allowed to substitute 
 equivalent work. It is advisable for a foreigner to have his 
 diplomas certified by some member of the Belgian embassy. 
 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy two additional years 
 of study are required, and one or two more examinations 
 must be passed. 
 
 The year is divided into two semesters, beginning respec- 
 tively on the first Thursday in October and on the last Mon- 
 day in Februar}'. 
 
 The fees charged by the state and the free universities are 
 approximately the same. Upon registering at the university 
 each student is required to pay 15 fr. ($3). In addition he 
 must register for the courses that he desires to take ; for such 
 registration a fee of 200 fr. ($40) or 250 fr. ($50) a year is 
 charged for attending all the courses required for the differ- 
 ent decrees. The fee for attendincr one particular course 
 
 is 40 fr. ($8) to 80 fr. ($16) a year 
 
 BRUSSELS, Belgium. 
 UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES. 
 
 This university, founded in 1834, and independent of Churcli 
 and State, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medi- 
 cine and Pharmacy, and a Technical School. 
 
 In 1897 the Special School of Social and Political Science was 
 definitely organised. All the courses are open free to the public, 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 n 
 
 but regular students must hold a Doctor's degree in one of the 
 faculties of a Belgian University or a foreign degree equivalent 
 to this, or must pass a preliminary examination. A two years' 
 course is prescribed for the degree of Licentiate in any branch of 
 Political Science, and an additional year's work is required before 
 the degree of Doctor can be obtained. 
 
 Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. 
 
 The academic year begins in October, the second semester in 
 March. 
 
 For fees, etc., see above; the fee for tuition in the School of 
 Social and Political Science is 50 fr. ($10). 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, M. Lavachery. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Boisacq, De Moor, VoUgraft", Wil- 
 lems. 
 
 Romance : Professors Monseur, Per- 
 gameni. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Monseur, Voll- 
 graflf. 
 Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- 
 
 0(iY : Professor Monseur. 
 Philosophy : Professors Denis, Lecl^re, 
 
 Tiberghien ; MM. IJerthelot, Dwels- 
 
 hauvers. 
 Political Science : Professors Denis, 
 
 P. Errera, Giron, Goblet D'Alviella, 
 
 Lameere, Nys, Vauthier ; A/M. An- 
 
 siaux, Cattier, Hymans, Waxweiler, 
 
 Wodon. 
 History : Professors Goblet d'Alviella, 
 
 Lecldre, Lonchay, Pergameni, Van- 
 
 derkindere. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Lonchay. 
 
 SC/F.NCK. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Anspach, 
 Brand, Charbo, Mineur, Tassel ; M. 
 Stroobant. 
 
 Physics : Professors Reychler, Rousseau. 
 (Jiiemistry : Professors Daimeries, Joly^ 
 
 Reychler, de Wilde. 
 (ii:oi.OGY : Professor Prinz. 
 JJioLOGY : Professors liommer, Errera, 
 
 I'Vancotte, Lameere, Massart, Romme- 
 
 laere, Yseux. 
 Engineering : M. de Keyser. 
 
 I.Air AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Baudour, Behaeghel, Cor- 
 nil, Dallemagne, Duvivier, Giron, Nys, 
 Olin, Prins, Van der Rest, Thomas, M. 
 V^autier, A. Vauthier; MM. Berthelot^ 
 Cattier, de Hoon, Hanssens. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Carpentier, Coppez, Crocq, 
 Desmeth, Destr6e, Hauben, H6ger, 
 Jacques, Kuflerath, Laurent, Romme- 
 laere, Sacr6, de Smet, Spehl, Stiinon, 
 1 hiriar ; MM. Gallet, Wilmart. 
 
 TECHNICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Professors Anspach, Berg6, Van Dru- 
 nen, Horta, Iluberti; M. Ilabets. 
 
 UNIVERSITE NOUVELLE DE BRUXELLES. 
 ai and 28 rue des Minimes ; 28 rue de Ruysbroeck, Brussels, Belgium. 
 
 This university, founded in 1894, consists of the four faculties of 
 Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and has a technical school, a 
 
14 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 school of brewing and an Institut des Hautes Etudes. It has the 
 right to give diplomas to students whether foreign or native, but 
 these diplomas do not yet confer the same privileges in the way of 
 admission to learned professions in Belgium as those obtained from 
 other Belgian universities. 
 
 Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. 
 
 The fee for registration {inscription) in the different faculties 
 is 150 francs ($30) ; the fee for admission to a single course is 30 
 francs ($6). In the Institut a card costing 40 francs ($8) admits 
 to all the courses for a year. There are three scholarships of 500 
 francs ($100) each, giving free admission to all the courses of the 
 university and of the Institut des Hautes Etudes. There are also 
 forty scholarships of 150 francs ($30) each. Candidates for these 
 scholarships should apply, in writing, to M. le Secretaire General^ 
 before the first of October. 
 
 For further information apply to the Secretary, M. Charles De- 
 jongh, 21, rue des Minimes, a Bruxelles; or in England to Mr. 
 Cobden Sanderson, 49, Frognat, Hampstead, London, W. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturer.s. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Collette, Grossmann, Huysmans, 
 Zanardelli. 
 Romance : Professors Demblon, Eek- 
 houd, Huysmans, Lemonnier, Spaak, 
 Zanardelli. 
 
 Phu.osoi'HV : Professors de Greef, Del- 
 vaux, de Roberty, Hennebicq, Meyer, 
 Nordau, Petrucci, SoUier. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Brouez, 
 de Hrouck^re, de Greef, Delbasi^e, 
 Feron, Ferri, Flamingo, Kovalevsky, 
 Lazare, Vandervelde, Van Elewyck, 
 Vinck ; M. Salkin. 
 
 History: Professors De Greef, Furn6- 
 mont, Gedoelst, Gheude, Huysmans, 
 Joseph, Meysmans, Reclus, Robert, 
 Seeliger. 
 
 Geography : Professor Reclus. 
 
 Art and ArciI/EOLOGY : Professors 
 liacha, Destr6e, Joseph, Petrucci, 
 Picard, Van de Velde, Verhaeren. 
 
 Egyitology : M. Galiment. 
 
 Architecture : Professors Defontaine, 
 
 Hankar, Vincent. 
 Pedagogy : Professors Cocq, Robin. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Bernard, 
 Girard, Leb^gue, Mongenast, L. Mo- 
 reau, Picard, Roorda ; M. Bertrand. 
 
 Physics : Professors Blancoff, De Brou- 
 ck^re ; M. Conrardy. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Courtoy, Del- 
 bast6e, Depaepe, Dungelhoeff, Gille 
 Schuyten, Vincent ; M. Bernard. 
 
 Geology : Professors Malaise, Vincent. 
 
 Biology : Professors Chalon, Coremans, 
 Delbast^e, Depaepe, De Rechter, 
 Noel, Nissen, Petrucci ; M. Cherbanoft". 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Adan, Bon, Carlier, De- 
 jongh, Des Cressonni^res, Duchaine, 
 Dumont, D' Union, Franck, Frick, 
 Gedoelst, Ghysbrecht, Hamande, Hege- 
 ner, Hennebicq, Heupgen, Houyoux. P. 
 Janson, P. E. Janson, LaFontaine, 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 15 
 
 Moreau, Octors, Picard, Prayon van Zuy- 
 len, Pr6vinaire, Robert, Koyer, Schoen- 
 feld, Treille, Van der Cruyssen, Van Ister- 
 beek, Van Meenen. 
 
 MED/CIXE, 
 
 Pro/issors Bonmariage, Houlengier, 
 
 Brasseur, Delbastie, Delcourt, De No- 
 bele, De Rechter, F61ix, Gillion, Hen- 
 rotay, Jacobs, Lambotte, Lepine, Mar6- 
 chal, Martha, Michaud, Mineur, C. 
 Moreau, Pirsch, Popelin, Riez, Troost, 
 Van den Bergh, Wodon, MM. Bran- 
 quart, Claessens. 
 
 GHENT, Belgium. 
 UNIVERSITB DE L' ETAT DE GAND. 
 
 This university, founded in 1816, consists of the Faculties of 
 Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The degrees, lectures and ex- 
 aminations are open to women. In 1898-99 two women were at- 
 tending courses in the university and both were registered in tlie 
 Medical Faculty. 
 
 The first semester begins on the first Tuesday in October, the 
 second semester on the last Monday in February. 
 
 For fees, etc., see above. 
 
 Professors and liccturers 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classicai. : Professors 
 de la Valine Poussin, Thomas ; MM. 
 Bidez, Preud' Homme. 
 
 Flemish : Professors Fredericq, Ver- 
 coullie ; M. de Vreese. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Bley. 
 
 English : Professor Logeman. 
 
 Romance : Professor Discailles. 
 
 Chinese : M. Steenackers. 
 
 Russian : M. Taitsch. 
 Comparative Philology and Sans- 
 krit : Professor de la Valine Poussin. 
 Philosoi'hy : Professors Van Biervliet, 
 
 Hoffmann, Hulin. 
 History : Professors de Ceuleneer, Cu- 
 
 mont, Motte, Pirenne ; MM. Van der 
 
 Haeghen, Roersch. 
 
 SCIENCF. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Dusausoy, Foulon, Haerens, 
 Mansion, Massau, Mister, Van Rys- 
 selberghe, Servais ; MM. Demoulin, 
 Fagnart, Wolters. 
 
 Physics : Professors Van Aubel, Boul- 
 vin, Van der Mensbrugge, Schoentjes. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Delacre, Gilson, 
 Nelissen, de la Roydre, Swarts. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professor 
 Renard. 
 
 Physical Geography : Professors Mac- 
 Leod, Van der Mensbrugge, Renard. 
 
 Metallurgy : M. Br6da. 
 
 Biology : Professors Van Bambeke, Van 
 Ermengem, MacLeod, Plateau. 
 
 Engineering : Professors Boulvin, Van 
 der Linden, G. Wolters ; MM. Colard, 
 Flamache. 
 
 Architecture : Professor Cloquet. 
 
 Technology : Professor de Wilde ; M. 
 Foulon. 
 
 Commercial Geography : M. Merten. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors De Brabandere, Dubois, 
 Callier, D'llondt, Montigny, Nossent, 
 Obrie, Pyfferoen, de Ridder, Rolin, 
 Seresia, Van Wetter ; MM. Claeys, 
 Dauge, Ilalleux, Nicolai. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Van Bambeke, Boddaert, 
 Bouqu6, Van Cauwenberghe, de Cock, 
 Deneffe, Van Duyse, Eeman, Van Enn- 
 engem, Gilson, Heymans, Van Imschoot, 
 Lahousse, Leboucq, Verstraeten. 
 
I6 
 
 liAge. 
 
 lilKOE, Belgium. 
 UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE. 
 
 This university, founded in 1817, consists of the Faculties of 
 Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. There is also a Technical 
 School. The degrees, lectures and examinations are open to 
 women. In 1898-99 nine women were attending courses in the 
 university. 
 
 The first semester begins on the third Thursday in October, the 
 second in the beginning of March. 
 
 For fees, etc., see above. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professor 
 Chauvin. 
 
 Classical : Professors Demarteau, 
 Michel, Parmenticr, Waltzing. 
 
 English : MM. Orth, Veerdeghem. 
 
 Flemish : MM. de Block, Veerde- 
 ghem. 
 
 Germanic : MM. BischoflF, Orth. 
 
 Romance : Professors Doutrepont, 
 Wilmotte. 
 History of Literature : Professors 
 
 Francotte, Kurth. 
 Philosophy : Professors Graft, Merten. 
 Political Science : Professors Dejace, 
 
 Francotte; MM. De Craene,Delescluse. 
 History : Professors Hubert, Kurth, Le- 
 
 quarr6. 
 Pai .t;oGRAPHY : Professor Bormans. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor De- 
 marteau ; M. Renard. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Lepaige, 
 Neuberg, de Locht, J. de Ruyts ; 
 MM. Hubert, F. de Ruyts. 
 
 Physics : Professors de Heen, Ronkar. 
 Chemistry : Professors Spring, de Kon- 
 
 inck. 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 
 Cesaro, Dewalque, Lohest ; Af. Firket. 
 Biology : Professors Van Beneden, 
 
 Fraipont, Gravis. 
 Hygiene : M. Kuborn. 
 
 LA IV. 
 
 Professors Dejace, Galopin, Lemaire, 
 Mahaim, Orban, De Senarclens, Van der 
 Smissen, Thiry ; MM. Bellefroid, Cra- 
 hay, Prost, Schneider, Willems. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Firket, Francotte, Fraipont, 
 Fr6dericq, Gilkinet, Jorrisen, Julin, 
 Masius, Nuel, Putzeys, Scheffers, Swaen, 
 V. Winiwarter; MM. Chandelon, Henri- 
 jean, Jorissen, Malvoz, Troisfontaines. 
 
 TECHNICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Professors Br6da, Dechamps, Duguet, 
 V. Dwelshauvers de Ry, Gerard, Gillon 
 Habets, Holzer, Krutwig, Sttvart. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 m 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 There are in Canada the following universities : the Uni- 
 versity of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick ; 
 Dalhousie College and University, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; 
 Queens College and University, Kingston, Ontario ; the Uni- 
 versity of Bishop's College, Lennoxville, Quebec; McGill 
 University, Montreal ; the University of Toronto, University 
 College, Victoria University and Trinity University, To- 
 ronto ; the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 
 The courses and degrees of these universities are in gen- 
 eral open to women. In some cases there are special Med- 
 ical Schools for Women connected with the university and 
 giving preparation for the university degrees. 
 
 The colleges have as a rule no halls of residence ; the stu- 
 dents reside in boarding houses, which must be approved by 
 the college authorities. 
 
 PREDERICTOX. New Brunswick. 
 UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 The University of New Brunswick, founded in iSoo, gives in- 
 struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science and Law. 
 
 Four classes of students are recognised : undergraduates, students 
 in special undergraduate courses, partial students (those who attend 
 two or more courses of lectures and are matriculated), and oc- 
 casional students (those admitted by the Faculty to a jDarticular 
 course of lectures.) 
 
 Women are admitted to the university on the same terms as men, 
 that is, unless they are merely occasional students, they have to pass 
 the ordinary entrance examinations. 
 
 The academic year consists of two terms, the Michaelmas term, 
 beginning on September 28th and ending on December 20th, the 
 Easter term, beginning on January 5th and ending on May 31st. 
 
I8 
 
 HALIFAX. 
 
 The matriculation fee is $2 and the tuition fee $30 annually. In 
 addition every student upon matricuhiting must give to the registrar 
 a bond to the amount of $40 to pay all charges accruing under the 
 regulations of the university. 
 
 The average cost of board and lodging in Fredericton is $3 a 
 week. 
 
 Six scholarships are offered at the University of New Brunswick, 
 but women are excluded from three of these. 
 
 For further information address Prof. Stockley, Fredericton, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Professors aiitl Lecturers, 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Lanouages. — Classical : Professor 
 Ray mond 
 English and French : Professor 
 Stockley. 
 Philosophy and Political Economy : 
 
 Professor John Davidson. 
 History : Professor Raymond. 
 
 SCtE^'CE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Harrison. 
 
 Physics : Professor Downing. 
 
 Chemistry and Natural Science : 
 Professor Bailey. 
 
 Engineering : Professors Dixon, Down- 
 ing. 
 
 HALIFAX, Nova Scotia. 
 DALHOUSIE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Dalhousie College was founded in 1821, and by an act passed in 
 1841 university powers were granted to the college. 
 
 Courses are given and degrees conferred in Arts, Science, Law 
 and Medicine. 
 
 Persons of either sex may become students at the college by fur- 
 nishing satisfactory references, entering their names in the register 
 and paying the annual registration fee. Registered students may, 
 after paying the proper fee, enter any of the ordinary classes of the 
 college. The advanced classes are open to students who have suf- 
 ficient knowledge of the subjects taught in them. 
 
 The college has no hall of residence, but women undergraduates 
 are admitted, under special conditions, as boarders at the Halifax 
 Ladies' College. 
 
 The academic year consists of one session. The session in Arts 
 and Science begins about the middle of September, the School of 
 
CANADA. 
 
 19 
 
 ly. In 
 egistrar 
 ider the 
 
 is $3 a 
 
 nswick, 
 
 lericton, 
 
 mson. 
 Science : 
 on, Down- 
 
 ssed in 
 
 ce, Law 
 
 by fur- 
 register 
 its may, 
 :s o£ the 
 lave suf- 
 
 raduates 
 Halifax 
 
 in Arts 
 chool of 
 
 Law begins about September ist, and that of Medicine about Oc- 
 tober 1st. All the sessions close at the end of April. 
 
 The registration fee is $4 to be paid annually. $6 is paid for 
 attendance in each class which is not practical ; for the practical 
 classes the fees vary from $6 to $14 per class. The average amount 
 of fees per session is $34. 
 
 Seven scholarships are awarded at Dalhousie College. Five of 
 these are of the value of $40 each, while the others entitle the 
 holders to exemption from fees during the entire course. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary, Dalhousie Col- 
 lege, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ^RTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Johnson (Emeritus), Murray; Mr. 
 J. W. Logan. 
 
 English : Professor MacMechan. 
 
 Modern : Professor Licchti. 
 Philosophy : Professor W. C. Murray. 
 Political Science and History : Pro- 
 
 Jessor Forrest. 
 Pedagogy : Professor W. C. Murray ; 
 
 Messrs. Kennedy, McKay, Miller. 
 
 SCIKXCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Macdonald ; 
 
 Mr. Morton. 
 Physics : Professor MacGregor. 
 
 Chemistry and Mineralogy : Pro- 
 fessor Mackay. 
 
 Biology : Mr. Halliday. 
 
 Engineering : Drs. Gilpin, Murphy ; 
 Messrs. Archibald, Dick, Doane, Dod- 
 well, Johnston, E. Gilpin, Jr., McColl. 
 
 Professors Russell, Weldon ; Messrs. 
 Cahan, Harrington, Mclnnes, Ritchie. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Examiners Anderson, Black, Camp- 
 bell, Cowie, Curry, Farrell, Goodwin, 
 Henry, Lindsay, McLaren, Muir, Page, 
 Parker, Reid, Silver, Sinclair, Stewart, 
 Tobin. 
 
 KINGSTON, Ontario. 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This university, which has been open to women on the same 
 conditions as to men since its foundation in 1S30, and has had 
 women students attending its courses since 1S76, gives instruction 
 and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. 
 
 The classes and pass examinations are open to unmatriculated 
 students, but candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation 
 examination. Certain equivalent examinations are accepted. 
 
 Students, when registering, must produce a certificate of char- 
 acter and pay the required fees. 
 
20 
 
 LENNOXVILLE. 
 
 Classes in Arts, Applied Science and Medicine begin about Octo- 
 ber 1st and end about April loth. Classes .in Theology begin on 
 November ist and end on April 14th. 
 
 There is a short summer session in Medicine, beginning on April 
 27th and ending on June 24th, and a summer session in Science, 
 beginning on July 5th and lasting four weeks. 
 
 Class fees in the Faculty of Arts are $25 per session; in the Fac- 
 ulty of Science about $40; in the Faculty of Medicine $75. Fees 
 for single classes are $8 per session. Fees for registration, etc., 
 are $10. 
 
 There are numerous prizes and scholarships. 
 
 For further information apply to the registrar, Mr. George Y. 
 
 Chown. 
 
 Professors and Liecturera. 
 
 Professor Marshall ; Mr. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Glover, Macnaughton, Nicholson ; 
 Messrs. Black, Misner, Wallace. 
 Encjlish : Professor Cappon. 
 Germanic : Professor Macgillivray ; 
 
 Mr. Day. 
 Romance : Professor Macgillivray ; 
 Mr. Mcintosh. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Nicholson. 
 Phii.osoi'HV : Professors Dyde, Wat- 
 son ; Messrs. Kurton, Hall. 
 PoLTTiCAL Science : Professor Shortt ; 
 
 Air. Cannon. 
 History : Professor Ferguson ; Mr. 
 Carmichael. 
 
 sc/nNcn. 
 MATirKMATlcs : Professor l^w\i\\h \ Mr. 
 Metzler. 
 
 Professor Goodwin ; Mr. 
 
 Physics ; 
 
 Baker. 
 Chemistry 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Nicol. 
 Geology : Mr. Miller. 
 Biology : Professors Fowler, Knight ; 
 
 Messrs. Watson, Williamson. 
 
 I. A jr. 
 Lecturers Britton, Macdonnell, 
 Machar, Mclntyre, Rogers, Walkem. 
 
 MI-DICINK. 
 
 Professors Anglin, Campbell, towler, 
 Garrett, Herald, Mundell, Ryan, Sulli- 
 van, Wood ; Drs. Clarke, J. C. Connell, 
 W. T. Connell. 
 
 ■niEOLOGV. 
 
 Professors Grant, Mowat, Ross ; Dr. 
 Thompson. 
 
 liENNOXVIIiLE, Quebec. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF BISHOP'S COLLEGE. 
 
 Bishop's College, founded in 1843, is a small college gi^'ng an 
 academic course in Arts and Divinity, and conferring degrees in 
 Arts, Medicine, Theology and Music, in connection with the 
 Faculty of Medicine in Montreal and the Dominion College of 
 Music. Almost all the students reside in the college buildings, and 
 
CANADA. 
 
 21 
 
 chiefly on this account the college is not open to women, though 
 women have attended the courses in medicine. 
 
 The fees foi* board, lodging and tuition tor the year are $190. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the registrar, Mr. F. 
 W. Frith, Lennoxville, Qiiebec. 
 
 MONTREAL., Canada. 
 McGILL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 McGill College and University, founded in 1831, comprises the 
 Faculties of Arts, Applied Science, Law, Medicine and Compara- 
 tive Medicine and Veterinary Science ; it gives instruction and con- 
 fers degrees in these subjects. The educational work of the 
 University is carried on in McGill College and the Royal Victoria 
 College for women, and in the following affiliated colleges : Mor- 
 rin College, Qiiebec; St. Francis College, Richmond, P. Q. ; Van- 
 couver, College, Vancouver, B. C, and five Theological Colleges. 
 
 Students in the Faculty of Arts are classified as undergraduates 
 and partial students. Undergraduates alone can proceed to the 
 degree of B.A., and must pass the required entrance examinations. 
 Candidates for admission as partial students must satisfy the pro- 
 fessors of the several subjects they select of their fitness to attend 
 the lectures or be examined in these subjects. Students of other 
 universities may be admitted to a like standing in this University 
 on production of certificates and after examination by the Faculty. 
 
 The classes in Arts and Science (except Engineering) are open 
 to women on the same conditions as to men, and in these subjects 
 women take the same examinations as men, under the same regula- 
 tions, and may obtain the same degrees. Separate classes are held 
 for women in McGill College and the Royal Victoria College, but 
 women attend the honours classes, advanced sections, and the 
 laboratories with the men students. 
 
 The session begins on September 15th and ends on April 30th. 
 
 Undergraduates pay $60 per session, including gymnasium, 
 matriculation and graduation fees. Partial students pay $16 per 
 session for one course of lectures in the first or second year, in- 
 
as 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 eluding the use of the library, and $12 for each additional course; 
 in the third or fourth year, $25 for one course, and $20 for each 
 additional course, including laboratories and laboratory materials. 
 
 About thirty exhibitions and scholarships, tenable for one or two 
 years, are offered annually. Women have the same privileges as 
 men with reference to exhibitions, scholarships, honours, prizes and 
 medals. 
 
 The Royal Victoria College, which is situated within the precincts 
 of McGill University, is open to women only. It consists of one 
 large hall of residence, providing accommodation for the mistress, 
 resident tutors, and about one hundred students, and comprises sev- 
 eral lecture halls, theatre and gymnasium. The charge for board, 
 lodging and tuition is from $300 to $450 per session, and this 
 covers all university and college charges. Each student has a bed- 
 room and sitting room or one large sitting room divided. 
 
 For further information apply to Mr. W. Vaughan, Registrar, 
 McGill Universiiv, Montreal. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professor 
 Coussirat. 
 Classical : Professors Carter, Eaton, 
 Peterson ; Messrs. Sanders, Slack. 
 English : Professor Moyse ; Messrs. 
 Archibald, P. T. Lafleur ; Miss 
 Mitchell. 
 
 Messrs. Gregor, L,am- 
 
 Germanic 
 
 bert. 
 Romance : 
 
 Morin. 
 PHILOSOI'HY 
 
 Lafleur. 
 History : Professor Colby 
 Elocution : Mr. Stephen. 
 
 Messrs. Ingres, Lambert, 
 Professor Murray ; Mr. 
 
 SCIENCE, 
 
 MATHT'.iATlcs : Professors Chandler, 
 Johnson ; Messrs. Lea, Tory. 
 
 Physics : Professors Cox, Rutherford ; 
 Messrs. Barnes, King, Pitcher. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Girdwood, Har- 
 rington, Ruttnn, Walker ; A/essrs. 
 Krodie, Evans, Saunders, Wolf. 
 
 Mineralogy: J'rofessor Harrington. 
 
 Geology : Professor Adams ; Mr. Le- 
 roy. 
 
 Biology : Professors MacBride, Mills, 
 Penhallow ; Drs. J. D. Cameron, 
 Elder, Henderson, McCarthy, Morrow, 
 Robertson, Ross, Scane, Springle; Mr. 
 Jackson ; Miss Derick. 
 
 Engineering ; Professors Bovey, Mc- 
 Leod, Nicolson, Owens, Porter ; 
 Messrs. Armstrong, Bell, Durley, 
 Herdt, Jaquays, Kerry, Lea. 
 
 Architecture : Professor Capper. 
 LAir, 
 Professors Davidson, Doherty, Fortin, 
 
 GeofTrion, E. Lafleur, Macmasler, Mar- 
 
 ler, McGoun, Walton ; Messrs. Geoffrion, 
 
 Macdougall, Ryan. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Adami, Armstrong, Baker, 
 Bell, Birkett. Blackader, BuUer, J. C. 
 Cameron, Craik, Finley, Gardner, John- 
 .ston, H. A. Lafleur, C. McEachran, 
 D. McEachran, Roddick, Shepherd, 
 Stewart, Wilkins ; Drs. Anderson, Brad- 
 ley, Burgess, K. Cameron, G. G. Camp- 
 bell, Evans, Gardner, Garrow, Gunn, 
 Hamilton, Hutchison, Kerry, Lockhart, 
 Martin, McKenzie, McTaggart, Nicolls, 
 Orr, Semple, Shaw, Webster. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 23 
 
 TORONTO, Canada. 
 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 The University of Toronto, founded in 1S27, has connected with 
 it University College and Victoria University. 
 
 Instruction is given in different subjects of the Arts course by 
 the Arts Faculties of the University of Toronto, Victoria Univer- 
 sity and University College ; Latin, Greek, Ancient History, Eng- 
 lish, French, German, Oriental Literature and Ethics are taught 
 by the latter two Faculties and the remaining subjects by the Uni- 
 versity of Toronto. Knox College, Wycliffe College and St. 
 Michael's College give instruction in Theology and allied subjects. 
 
 Ail courses, examinations and degrees are open to women on 
 exactly the same conditions as to men. 
 
 No conditions are imposed in regard to residence ; women stu- 
 dents are under the supervision of a lady superintendent whose 
 directions as to conduct are to be observed. Comfortable board 
 and lodging may be had from $3 a week. 
 
 There are two terms in the year : the Michaelmas term, begin- 
 ning October ist and ending December 22nd; the Easter term, 
 beginning January 9th and ending April 21st. 
 
 The annual fee for each course of not more than fifteen hours of 
 lectures is $2. The fees for matriculation are $5 and $15. 
 
 There are numerous scholarships and fellowships varying in value 
 from $50 to $500, full particulars concerning which can be obtained 
 from the calendar, or from the registrar. 
 
 VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This university, founded in 1S30, has the aftiliated Colleges, 
 Albert College, Belleville; the Wesleyan Ladies* College, Hamil- 
 ton ; the Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby ; Alma College, St. 
 Thomas; and Cohunbian Methodist College, New Westminster, 
 B. C. 
 
 The Faculty of Arts in Victoria University provides instruction 
 in all subjects assigned to it by the Federation Act of University 
 College (see above). In other subjects the students of Victoria 
 
H 
 
 TORONTO. 
 
 University attend the lectures and use the laboratories of the Uni- 
 versity of Toronto. 
 
 The general fees are the same as for Toronto University, but there 
 are additional college fees of from $25 to $30 a year. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Orikntai, : Professors 
 McCurdy, McLaughlin ; Mr. Muri- 
 son. 
 Classical : Professors Bell, Fletcher, 
 Hutton, Wallace ; Dr. Johnston ; 
 Messrs. Carruthers, Langford, Mil- 
 ner, J. C. Robertson. 
 Engllsh: /Vv/^jj^tj Alexander, Horn- 
 ing, Reynar ; Mr. Keys. 
 German : Professors Horning, Van der 
 Sinissen ; I>rs. Needier, Toews ; 
 Mr. Lang. 
 Romance : Professors W. H. Fraser, 
 Petch, Squair ; Drs. Edgar, Toews ; 
 Messrs. Cameron, de Champ, Mas- 
 son, Sacco. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Hutton. 
 Phii.osoi'iiv: /'/o/cwrjrj Badgley, Hume; 
 
 Drs. Kirschmann, F. Tracy. 
 PoLi ricAL Science : Professors Bur- 
 wash, Mavor, Hon. David Mills, 
 the Hon. Justice Proudfoot ; Mr 
 Moore. 
 History : Professors Bain, Wrong. 
 
 SCIUNCF.. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor A. Baker ; 
 
 Messrs. de Lury, Rusk. 
 Physics : Professor James I-oudon ; 
 
 Afessrs. Chant, W. J. Loudon, Mc- 
 Lennan. 
 Chemistry : Professor Pike ; Drs. Ellis, 
 
 W. L. Miller, Smale ; Mr. F. B. 
 
 Allan. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professoi 
 
 Coleman ; Mr. W. A. Parks. 
 Biology : Professors A. B. Macallum 
 
 R. Ramsay Wright ; Messrs. B. A. 
 
 Bensley, R. R. Bensley, E. C. Jeffrey. 
 Hygiene : Professor Oldright. 
 
 LAir. 
 Professors the Hon. David Mills, Hon. 
 Justice Proudfoot. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors H. W. Aikins, Bruce, Burn- 
 ham, Cameron, J. Caven, W. P. Caven. 
 Daniel Clark, Ellis, Graham, Heebner, 
 A. B. MaCallum, J. M. MacCallum, Mc- 
 Donagh, McPhedran, Ogden, Peters, 
 Primrose, Reeve, Ross, Spencer, Sweet- 
 11am, A. H. Wright ; Drs. Kendrick, 
 Machell, Spencer, Thistle, Winnett ; 
 Afessrs. Amyot, Bensley, Boyd, Dwyer, 
 Goldie, Gordon, Hon. David Mills, Mc- 
 Collum, Mcllwraith, MacKenzie, Rudolf, 
 Small, Starr, Stenhouse. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Badgley, J. Burwash, N. 
 Burwash, McLaughlin, Reynar, Wallace. 
 
 TRINITY UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This university, founded by a Royal Charter in 1S52, gives in- 
 struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and 
 Theology (Church of England). All candidates for a degree must 
 pass the matriculation examination. 
 
 VVomen are admitted to the arts course on the same conditions as 
 men ; women studying medicine attend the Woman's Medical 
 College. 
 
 'J'he year is divided into three terms, the Michaelmas term be- 
 ginning on October 3rd and ending on December 6th ; the Lent term 
 
CANADA. 
 
 25 
 
 beginning on January 1 2|h and ending on March 26th ; the Easter 
 term beginning on April iSth and ending on June 35th. The 
 tuition fee for each term is $21.66, and is paid to the Bursar. 
 
 Residence in the college buildings is not compulsory, but 
 is strongly recommended. The hall of residence for women is St. 
 Hilda's College. The fees for board are $70 per term, with an 
 entrance fee of $12. Occasional students are admitted at the dis- 
 cretion of the Lady Principal to take partial courses in one or more 
 subjects. For further information apply to Mrs. Rigbv, 337 Shaw 
 
 Street, Toronto. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor 
 Huntingford ; Mr. W. 11. White. 
 Modern : Mr. A. H. Young. 
 Philology : Mr. A. H. Young. 
 Philosophy : Professor W. Clark. 
 History : Professor Rigby. 
 Elocution : Mr. H. N. Shaw. 
 
 scrE^'CE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor M. A. Mac- 
 Kenzie. 
 
 Science : Messrs. Montgomery, Simp- 
 son. 
 
 TIIEOLOGV: 
 
 Professors Cayley, Welch ; Mr. Bed- 
 ford-Jones. 
 
 WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 This college, founded in 18S3, was affiliated with the University 
 of Toronto in 1890. 
 
 It gives instruction in all the subjects required by the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario for admission to a license to 
 practice, and also in all the subjects required for exatnination by 
 the faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto. 
 
 The recently erected building is situated in Sumach Street, To- 
 ronto. 
 
 St. Hilda's College is a hall of residence for women students ; 
 see above. 
 
 For full particulars see the annual announcement of the college, 
 to be obtained from the dean, Du. R. 15. Nevitt. 
 
 Professors and Tiocturers. 
 
 MF.niClNIi. 
 
 Professors Susanna Boyle, Chambers, 
 Cleland, Duncan, Kadie, CuUen, J. Mac- 
 Caliuni, Machell, McMahon, Nevitt, 
 Powell, Pyne, J. F. W. Ross, G. B. 
 Smith, Sweetnam, Thistle, Tyrell, Wis- 
 
 hart ; Lecturers, Drs. Bryans, Creasor, 
 J. Gray, McKenzie, Parsons ; MiiSes 
 Curzon, L. A. Davis, Lyiul ; Messrs. 
 Cane, Cleland, Dwyer, C. B. Shuttle- 
 worth, E. B. Shuttleworth, Stenhouse. 
 
WINNIPEG 
 
 WINNIPEG, Manitoba. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1877, is the only body having power 
 to confer degrees in Arts, Law and Medicine in the Province of 
 Manitoba. It is an examining body, the educational work being 
 carried on in the affiliated colleges, St. Boniface College, St. 
 John's College, Manitoba College, Wesley College and the Mani- 
 toba Medical College. All the courses are open to women on the 
 same conditions as to men. 
 
 Further particulars may be obtained from the registrar, Mr. I. 
 PiTBLADO, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 
FINLAND. 
 
 ar 
 
 FINLAND. 
 
 HEL.S1NGFORS, Finland. 
 KEJSERLIGA ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITETET I FINLAND. 
 
 This university, founded in 1640, resembles the Swedish univer- 
 sities in constitution and consists of the four faculties of Philosophy 
 (Arts and Science) Law, Medicine and Theology. 
 
 Men students, in order to be admitted, must have obtained the 
 Abgangszeugniss of a gymnasium or a lyceum, but although the 
 gymnasia are attended by both sexes, women who wish to enter 
 the university in any faculty except that of medicine must obtain 
 special permission from the Chancellor. At present, over 200 
 women are studying in the university. The recent action of 
 Russia in regard to Finland may to some extent affect the position 
 of women in the university. 
 
 In the Philosophical Faculty the four degrees of Candidate, 
 Master, Licentiate and Doctor are conferred ; in the other faculties 
 only three, the Candidate, Licentiate and Doctor. Before entering 
 for degrees in Law, Medicine or Theology the student must have 
 passed the examination for the degree of Candidate in Philosophy. 
 For the degree of Licentiate in Law, Medicine or Theology, two 
 years' practice is required. The degree of M.A. was conferred on 
 a woman for the first time in 18S2. 
 
 The academic year begins in the middle of September. Many 
 of the lectures are free, for others a fee of 12 francs ($2.40) is 
 charged. The fees for examinations vary from 12 francs ($2.40) 
 to 200 francs ($40). 
 
 For further information see the Programme^ Kataloge^ Fin.' 
 lands Statskalender^ Handbuch des Fi)inldndischen Frauen- 
 vereins ; also statistics concerning the higher education and public 
 position of women in Finland published by Professor Dr. Selling, 
 of the Polytechnic Institute {Polyiekniska Tnstttuiet), Helsingfors. 
 
 ProfesNors and Lictcturers. 
 
 Classical : Professor Heikel. 
 
 Languages. — Oriental : Professor 
 ; Docent Tallqvist. 
 
 English : Reader Florell. 
 
 Finnish, Swedish ; Professors Freu- 
 
^ 
 
 HELSINGFORS. 
 
 denthal, Genetz, SetSla ; Docents 
 Krohn, Paasonen, Vendell, Wich- 
 mann ; Readers Bergroth, Cajander. 
 Russian, Slavonic : Professors Man- 
 delstam; Docent Mikkola; Readers 
 Almberg, Brotherus. 
 Germanic : Docents Karsten, I^ind- 
 elof; Readers ^odi&\^\€ivci, Ohqvist. 
 Romance : Professors Gustafsson, So- 
 derhjelm ; Docent Wallenskold ; 
 Reader Kaltn. 
 Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- 
 ogy : Professor Donner; Docent Reu- 
 ter. 
 Phonetics : Docent Pipping. 
 Philosophy : Professors Rein, Tudeer ; 
 
 Docent A. Grotenfelt. 
 History : Professors Danielson, Pal- 
 m6n, Schybergson ; Docents v. Bons- 
 dorff, Crohns, K. Grotenfelt, Snell- 
 man. 
 Political Science : Docents Tallqvist, 
 
 Westermarck. 
 Modern Literature and ^Esthetics : 
 Professors Aspelin, Estlander, Tik- 
 kanen ; Docents Donner, Him. 
 Arch^eolugy : Docent Nordstrom. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Ruin ; Docent 
 Johnsson. 
 
 SC/ENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Donner, Neovius ; Docents Le- 
 
 vlnen, Lindelof, Stenberg, Tallqvist. 
 Physics : Professors Lemstrcim, Sundell; 
 
 Docents Hom6n, Melander. 
 Chemistry: Professors Aschan, Hjelt ; 
 
 Docents Komppa, af Schult^n. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professoi 
 
 ; Docent Ramsay. 
 
 Zoology : Professors Palm6n, Reuter, 
 
 Sahlberg ; Docents Levander, E. F. 
 
 Reuter. 
 Botany : Professors Elfving, Kihlman, 
 
 Norrlin ; Docent Wainio. 
 Geography : Docent Huh. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Chydenius, Forsman, Her- 
 manson, Lang, St&hlberg, Wrede ; 
 Docent Charpentier ; Reader Favtn. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Asp, Engstrom, Hallst^n, 
 Heinricius, Holsti, Homen, Pipping, 
 Runeherg, v. Schult6n, Sundvik, Wahl- 
 fors ; Docents v. Boiisdorff, Clopatt, af 
 Forselles, Growroos, Hagelstam, Houg- 
 berg, Kolster, Krogius, Lundstrom, 
 Moller, Nordman, Schauman, Sibellius, 
 Sievers, Torngren. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Appelberg, Johansson, Ro- 
 senqvist, Stenij, Totterman. 
 
■g, Tallqvist. 
 
 lotn, Sundell; 
 
 sr. 
 
 ichan, Iljelt; 
 
 iltin. 
 
 ;y : Professoi 
 
 xAn, Reuter, 
 inder, E. F. 
 
 ig, Kihlman, 
 
 orsman, Her- 
 :rg, Wrede ; 
 r Favin. 
 
 im, Hallstin, 
 »en, Pipping, 
 andvik, Wahl- 
 T, Clopatt, af 
 elstam, Houg- 
 I,undstrom, 
 lan, Sibellius, 
 
 ohansson, Ro- 
 
 DENMARK. 29 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 COPENHAGEN, Denmark. 
 
 KJOBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET. 
 
 There is one university in Denmark, that of Copenhagen, Kjo- 
 benhavns Universitet, founded in 1478. It comprises the five Facul- 
 ties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology ; the Faculty 
 of Theology confers the degrees of Doctor and Licentiate, the 
 other Faculties that of Doctor only. 
 
 Women have been admitted on the same conditions as men since 
 1875, and may take examinations and degrees in all the Faculties 
 except that of Theology, in which there is a special examination 
 for women. 
 
 The conditions for entrance are that the candidate must have 
 passed the matriculation examination of a lyceum, or of a private 
 school having the same privileges ; certain other examinations qual- 
 ify for entrance provided that a supplementary examination be 
 taken. Before taking the special examinations of any Faculty the 
 student must have attended a preparatory course in philosophy 
 for two semesters. 
 
 There are two semesters, the first beginning February ist and 
 ending June 9th; the second beginning September ist and ending 
 December 22nd. 
 
 There are no fees for lectures; the matriculation fee is 22 Kr. 
 ($5.94) ; the fee for the Doctor's degree is 160 Kr. ($43.20). Schol- 
 arships founded before 1875 are not open to women. 
 
 Further information may be found in the Apergn stir V Organi- 
 sation de V Universite de Copenhague^ or obtained on applica- 
 tion to the rector. 
 
 Professors and liocturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.— Sp:mitic : Professor '&\M\ 
 
 Docent Ostrup. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor FausboU. 
 Classical : Professors Gertz, Heiberg; 
 
 Docents Drachmann, Siesbye. 
 
 Enc.lish : /'^-(yi'wo;- Jespersen; Docent 
 Hansen. 
 
 Germanic (Norse, Slavonic): Profes- 
 sors Gudmundsson, Johnsson, Mol- 
 ler, Paludan, Verner, Wimmer ; Do- 
 cent Olrik. 
 
3° 
 
 COPENHAGEN. 
 
 Romance : Professor Nyrop. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Thomsen. 
 Philosophy and Psychology : Pro- 
 fessors Hoffding, Kroman, Wilkens ; 
 
 Docent Lehmann. 
 History : Professors Erslev, Holm, 
 
 Steenstrup ; Docent Gudmundsson. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 
 Lange, Paludan, Schmidt, J. L. Us- 
 
 sing. 
 History of Literature : Dr. Vedl. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Petersen, Thiele, Zeuthen. 
 
 Physics : Professor Christiansen. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor loxgen^tn, Thom- 
 sen ; Docent E. Petersen. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor N, V. Ussing. 
 
 Biology: Professor Liitken ; Docents 
 Bergh, Jungersen, Levinson, Meinert. 
 
 Botany : Professors Pedersen, Warming; 
 Docent Rosenvinge. 
 
 Geography : Professor Loffler. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors Bentzon, Deuntzer, Han- 
 sen, Lassen, Matzen, Scharling, Torp, 
 Westergaard. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bjerrum, Bloch, Bohr, Chie- 
 vitz, Faber, Gaedeken, Gram, Grut, Has- 
 lund, Hirschsprung, Lange, Meyer, J. J. 
 Petersen, Plum, Pontoppidan, Reisz, Sal- 
 omonsen, Saxtorph, Sorensen, Stadfeldt, 
 Studsgaard, W'i'.Ii ; Docents Briinniche, 
 Floystrup, Friedenreich, Holm, Mygge, 
 Nielsen, Rosenthal, Tscheming, Wan- 
 scher. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Jacobsen, Madsen, Nielsen, 
 Petersen, Scharling; Instructors PauUi, 
 Schepelem. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Instructors Bielefeldt, Hammerich. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 3« 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Higher education in France is almost entirely under the 
 control of the State. All that remained, up to 1896, of the 
 old universities was certain distinct Faculties, Faculties of 
 Arts (^Lettrcs)^ Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant The- 
 ology, both teaching and examining bodies ; these were 
 united into the University of France. 
 
 By a law passed in 1896 these corps de Factdtis were re- 
 constituted into smaller universities under the control of sepa- 
 rate councils, the conseils de VuniversiUy formed of professors 
 chosen from each Faculty constituting the University, and 
 in 1898 they were allowed to use for their own maintenance 
 a portion of the fees paid them. 
 
 There are Faculties of Arts and Science at Besanqon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, Gren- 
 oble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse; a Faculty of Arts at 
 Aix and a Faculty of Science at Marseilles; Faculties of Law at Aix, Bordeaux, Caen, Dijon, Gren- 
 oble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse ; Faculties of Medi- 
 cine at Bordeaux, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris and Toulouse ; and Faculties of Theology 
 (Protestant) at Montauban and Paris. 
 
 In addition to these there are certain ecoles super ieures, 
 corresponding in some respects to American or English col- 
 leges the most important of which are mentioned below (pp. 
 38-45). These are all controlled by the Ministre de V In- 
 struction publique. The facultds lihres at Angers, Lille, 
 Lyons, Marseilles, Paris, and Toulouse and the ecoles libres 
 at Lille, Nantes and Paris are more independent institutions. 
 
 All the courses in all these Faculties and schools, with the 
 exception of the cotirs fermds^ the conferences and the prac- 
 tical work are public, and open free of charge to persons of 
 either sex as hearers {auditeurs). 
 
 Permission to attend the cours fermcs^ the conferences and 
 the practical work is now granted to matriculated students 
 only, and in order to matriculate, candidates, whether men or 
 
3a 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 women, must present a diplome de Venseigncment secondaire^ 
 or, if foreigners, an equivalent diploma, and must pay a ma- 
 triculation fee of 20 frs. (;^4) and a library fee of 10 frs. ($2). 
 Women may become registered students (Jnscrites)^ i. e.y 
 candidates for degrees, on the same conditions as men, that 
 is, they must be bachcliers * de Venseignement secondaire^ 
 either classique or moderne^ depending on the Faculty in 
 which they wish to graduate ; in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- 
 ence (see p. 34), and Medicine the bachelor's degree of a 
 foreign university in general qualifies for registration. The 
 Faculty in which the student wishes to register enquires into 
 the degree held by the student, and if the degree is accepted 
 as equivalent, the student is allowed to register on payment 
 of a sum equal to the amount that would have been paid in 
 fees, if the student had obtained the degree from the French 
 Faculty. The application for a dispensation from the French 
 baccalaureat must be addressed to the Ministre de V Instruction 
 publique 2in6. must be accompanied by the original diplomas and 
 certificate of birth of the applicant, together with their trans- 
 lations into French made by an official translator. The dis- 
 pensation, if obtained, costs 120 frs. ($24). All registered 
 students must pay a fee of 30 frs. ($6) quarterly ; if at Paris, 
 to the receveur des droits univcrsitaircs, quai des Grands- 
 Augustins, 25 ; if in the provinces, to a receiver appointed 
 by the Faculty. They must at the same time present to this 
 official a bulletin dc versemcnt obtained from the secretary of 
 the Faculty or School they attend. 
 
 ♦The taccalaurMt de Venseignement classique is a preliminary diploma given on the reiult of 
 an examination, partly oral and partly wiitlen, in Latin, Greek, French, either English or German, 
 history, physics, chemistry and biology, geography and elementary mathematics, and a further ex- 
 amination in either philosophy cr elementary mathematics. T\\t haccalawiat tie I'enseignement 
 woderni is given on a similar examination in which modern langtiages are substituted for Greek and 
 Latin. The examinations arc preliminary to the work in the F'aculty and are held by the professors of 
 the Faculties of Arts and Science for candidates leaving the secondary schools. These two diplo- 
 mas have been recently established ani take the place of the ^<ifra/riuri^n/ ^j /^//''m and the ^dcca- 
 lauriat «'* icienca. 
 
 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 33 
 
 yndairey 
 y a ma- 
 
 S. ($2). 
 ■ ) J /• c. ) 
 
 icn, that 
 ondairCy 
 culty in 
 rts, Sci- 
 ree of a 
 n. The 
 ires into 
 accepted 
 payment 
 I paid in 
 e French 
 e French 
 structton 
 mas and 
 ir trans- 
 he dis- 
 egistered 
 at Paris, 
 Grands- 
 ppointed 
 nt to this 
 retary of 
 
 In the reiult of 
 |sh or German, 
 a further ex- 
 X'eHseignemeni 
 1 for Greek and 
 le professor* of 
 lese two diplo- 
 lind the bacca- 
 
 Each state FacuUy confers, in its own subject, the state 
 degrees of Ir :encid and docteur. These degrees give cer- 
 tain privileges in the way of practising professions and 
 are awarded to candidates who have studied for a pre- 
 scribed time and passed a series of examinations. They are 
 seldom obtained by foreigners who are usually unwilling to 
 spend the time necessary to obtain them. The facultes lihres 
 and dcolcs lihres give instruction but have no power to confer 
 degrees. The regulations for degrees differ greatly in the 
 different Faculties. In Arts and Science the licence \^ given 
 one year after the baccalaurdai and the doctoral as soon 
 after the licence as the candidate has written and is prepared 
 to sustain two theses. 
 
 Attestations d' etudes supdrieures or certificats d' etudes are 
 given by certain of the Faculties of Arts and Science to hear- 
 ers who have attended the courses regularly. In the pro- 
 vinces no requirement is made as to age, sex, nationality, 
 etc., but in Paris the hearer, in order to be eligible for this 
 certificate, must hold the degree of hachelier cs lettres or an 
 equivalent degree. 
 
 The dipldmed\^tudes siipdrienres d^ histoire et de geographic 
 of the Faculty of Arts of the Normal School is open without 
 any restrictions as to age, sex, degree, or nationality. 
 
 The new law passed in 1897 gave the conseils de r uni- 
 versity power to grant titres d'ordrc exclusivement scien- 
 tifique. These are distinguished from degrees in being merely 
 titles granting no rights or privileges to the holders. The 
 first of these to be organised is the doctoral de F Univer- 
 sity de Parisy instituted in 1897-98. In the Faculty of 
 Letters candidates for this degree must hold, if French- 
 men, the degree of liccncii^ cs lettres or, if foreigners, certi- 
 ficates showing an equal amount of preparation ; they must 
 study at least four semesters, either in a French or a for- 
 
"^N 
 
 HHI 
 
 I 
 
 ■.*Ji 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 eign university, or in one of the scientific institutions in 
 Paris ; tliey must pass an examination on subjects agreed 
 upon by the Facuhy and defend a thesis written in French 
 or Latin. In the Facuky of Science appHcants must pro- 
 duce certificates of advanced work in two out of seventeen 
 scientific subjects, must study for one year and must pass an 
 examination and defend a thesis. In the Faculty of Medi- 
 cine the degree is conferred on foreign students who have 
 been allowed to study and to take the ordinary examinations 
 without having first obtained the degree of hachelier. The 
 degree is also given in Pharmacy. 
 
 The examinations in the Faculty of Science have recently 
 been reorganised in such a way as to give greater facilities to 
 foreign students. In addition to being free to offer an equiv- 
 alent for the French baccalaureat degree, the student is now 
 allowed to select the subjects in which he desires to be ex- 
 amined. He may take his examinations either simultane- 
 ously or in succession, and obtain for each a certificat d' 
 elude. Three such certificates may be exchanged for the 
 dipldme de liccncic. This gives the student liberty to travel 
 from one university to another and present himself for exami- 
 nation when he wishes. 
 
 Though not quite all the medical courses are open to women 
 it is not difficult for women doctors of medicine to obtain ad- 
 mittance to the different hospitals, of which there are 24 in 
 Paris alone with accommodation for upwards of 17,000 
 patients. 
 
 University libraries are open to students on presentation of 
 their student's card and to all persons authorised by the rec- 
 tor. The reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 
 is open to all persons over 16 years of age. To obtain ad- 
 mission to the sallc dc travail for the study of manuscripts, a 
 special card of admittance from the administrator general is 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 35 
 
 required. Foreigners applying for this card should present a 
 recommendation from their ambassador. 
 
 All courses open in the beginning of November and con- 
 tinue nominally for eight or nine months, in general actually 
 for only six or seven. 
 
 Hearers pay no fees, registered students pay 30 frs. ($6) 
 quarterly. The library fee is 10 frs. ($2) yearly. 
 
 Scholarships (bourses') are as a rule not open to foreigners. 
 The Comitd de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers de Paris 
 has, however, some scholarships of 200 frs. ($40), and 350 
 frs. ($70), to offer to specially recommended students, the 
 whole sum to be devoted to the payment of fees. 
 
 Note. — English-speaking women who wish to reduce their expenses while studying in France 
 may apply to be admitted as assistant teachers of foreign languages in one of the numerous training 
 colleges for primary teachers. These teachers are required to give to the students (girls of from 
 fifteen to twenty years of age\, and to any of the teachers who may desire it, practical instruction 
 in English and practice in English conversation for an hour and a half or two hours daily. For the 
 rest of the time they are free to study privately, to attend lectures or employ themselves as they 
 think fit. They pay into |the college funds the sum of 400 francs, ( j8o) and for this have a room, 
 light, firing and board in the College for the college year, October ist to July 31st, holiday* 
 included. Candidates for these posts should fill out a form of application, to be obtained from 
 M. le Ministre de V Instruction publique. Direction de V Enseigntment primaire, ffi bureau, 
 Paris, and return it to him filled up, together with copies of certificates, etc. It is advisable to have 
 these testified to by one of the American members of the Comiti Franco-Americain. 
 
 President J B. Anc;ell, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 
 
 President Timothy Dwigiit, Yale University, New Haven. 
 
 President Charles W. Eliot, Harvard University, Cambridge. 
 
 President D. C. Oilman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. G. Bkown Goonn, Assistant Secretary U. S. National Museum, Washington (Secretary). 
 
 Professor E. R. L. GoitLi), Secretary, International Statistical Institute, Chicago. 
 
 President G. Stanley Hall, Clark University, Worcester. 
 
 Mr. W, T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington. 
 
 Mr. S. P. Langlry, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 
 
 President SnrH Low, Columbia College, New York. 
 
 Professor Simon Newcomh, U. S. N., Superintendent Nautical Almanac, Washington (Presi- 
 dent). 
 
 President J. C. Schurman, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Hon. Andrkw D. Whitk, former U. S. Minister to Germany, Ithaca, N. Y, 
 
 President 15. L, Whitman, Columbian University, Washington. 
 
 Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, Washington. 
 
 Students from American universities or colleges going to study in France are allowed a reduction of 
 30 per cent, on the rates of the steamers of the Compagnie generale Transatlantiiiue. This reduction it 
 not allowed to first class passengers, and can be obtained only by application to M. Paul Melon 
 Secretary of the Comiti' de ]\itroHage des Atudiants Atran^ers at the Sorbonne. 
 
■WM 
 
 56 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 Further information is to be found in the Annuaire de la 
 Jeunesse by H. Vuibert (Nony et Cie, rue des Ecoles, i7» 
 Paris), price 4 frs. ($.80) ; in the Annuaire de V Instruction 
 Puhlique (Delalain freres, rue des Ecoles, 56, Paris) price 
 5 frs. ($1), and in Le Livret de V Etudiant de Paris (pub- 
 lished by Delalain freres), price 11 frs. ($2.20). 
 
 An amount of interesting and valuable information is given 
 in L^ Enseignement stifdrieur et V Enscignemcnt technique en 
 France, by M. Paul Melon (Librairie Classique Armand 
 Colin et Cie, Paris, 1893). 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the Comitd de Patronage 
 des Etudiants Etrangers, Bureaux a la Sorbonne, rue de la 
 Sorbonne, 15, Paris. This association, which has branches at 
 Aix, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse, 
 in addition to giving advice and help to individual students, 
 devotes itself to furthering the interests of foreign students 
 as a body. In Paris, Aix and one or two other places it has 
 been instrumental in establishing courses in the French lan- 
 guage especially for foreigners. Some of these are summer 
 courses. 
 
 PARIS, France. I 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE PARIS. 
 
 The old University of Paris, fouiided in the Middle Ages, sur- 
 vived till 1896, in the form of the separate Faculties of Arts, 
 Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant Theology, and these have 
 now been reconstituted into the University of Paris. All jiarticu- 
 lars in regard to these have been given above (pp. 31-36). 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES. 
 
 The Sorbonne, Paris. 
 
 Proressors and Lecturers. 
 
 Languages. — Ci.assicai, : Professors 
 Aug. Cartault, Chntelain, Croiset, 
 Decharme, Goelzer, J. Martha ; 
 
 MM. Em. Chatelain, Edet, Hau- 
 velte, Lafaye, Puech. 
 English : MM. Haret, AI. Beljame. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 37 
 
 Germanic : Professor Lichtenberger ; 
 M. Lange. 
 
 Romance: Professors Crousl6,Gebhart, 
 
 Lenient, M6zi6res, Petit de Julle- 
 
 ville ; MM. Dejob, Faguet, Gazier, 
 
 Larroumet, Lichtenberger, Thomas. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Henry ; MM. Brunot, Havet. 
 Philosophy : Professors Boutroux, Bro- 
 
 chard, P. Janet ; MM. Egger, S6ailles- 
 
 Ransan. 
 
 Sociology : Professors Espinas, Michel. 
 
 History : Professors Aulard, Bouch6- 
 Leclercq, Lavisse, Luchaire, Ram- 
 baud ; MM. Denis, Grebaut, Guiraud, 
 Langlois, Seignobos, Zeller. 
 
 Art and Archaeology : Professor Per- 
 rot ; MM. Collignon, Lemonnier. 
 
 Geography: ProfessorsY)\i!QQ\%, Himly, 
 Marcel ; M. Gallois. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor Buisson. 
 
 PACULTE DES SCIENCES. 
 
 The Sorbonne, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 M.'S.THEM.vrics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Darboux, Goursat, Hadamard, 
 Hermite, Picard, H. Poincar6, Wolf; 
 MM. Andoyer, Blutel, Koeuigs, Pui- 
 seux, Rafify. 
 
 Physics : Professors Appell, B6hal, 
 Boussinesq, Bouty; MM. Alph. 
 Combes, Paul Janet, Jannettaz, Joly, 
 Krouchkoll, Leduc, Matignon, Pellat, 
 L. Perrin, Poincar6, Puiseux, Riban, 
 Robin. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Auger, Ditte, 
 
 Friedel, Troost : MM. Chabrie, Etaix, 
 Freundler, Joannis, Pochard, Riban. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professors Hautefeuille, 
 Jannetaz. 
 
 Geology and Geography : Professor 
 Munier-Chalmas ; MM. Bertrand, 
 Kaug, Velain. 
 
 Biology : Professors Bonnier, Dastre, 
 Delage, Duclaux, Giard, de Lacaze- 
 Duthiers ; MM. Chatin, Chauveaud, 
 Daguillon, Fischer, Matruchot, Perrier, 
 V61ain. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT. 
 
 Place du Pantheon, Paris. 
 
 Professors and liocturers. 
 
 LAn\ 
 
 Professors Alglave, Beauregard, Ber- 
 tli61emy, Boistel, Cauw^s, Chavegrin, 
 Colmet de Santerre, Cuq, Deschamps, 
 Ducrocq, Esmein, Estoublon, Faure, 
 
 Garsonnet, G6rardin, Girard, Glasson, 
 Jobb6-Duval, Laiii6, Larnaude, Lefebvre, 
 Le Poittevin, Lyon-Caen, Massigli, Ldon 
 Michel, Planiol, Renault, Saleilles, Thal- 
 ler, Weiss ; MM, Chenon, Jay, Leseur. 
 
 FACULTE DE MEDECINE. 
 
 ' r 
 
 Place de rEcole-de-Medecine, Paris. 
 Professors and licctiirers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors V. Berger,Blanchard, Bouch- 
 ard, Brouardel, Chantemesse, Cornil, 
 Debove, Dieulafoy, Duplay, Mathias 
 Duval, Farabeuf, Alf. Fournier, Gnriel, 
 Armand Gautier, Grancher, Guyon, 
 
 Hayem, Hutinel, Jaccoud, Joflroy, La- 
 boulbtinc, Laiidouzy, Lannelongue, Le 
 Dentu, Pajot, Panas, Pinanl, Potain, 
 I'ouchet, Proust, Raymond, Richet, Sap- 
 pey. Terrier, Tillaux ; AfM. Ach- 
 ard, Albarran, Andrti, Auvray, Bar, 
 
^M* 
 
 38 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 Baraduc, Bellan, Benoit, Bernard, Bon- 
 naire, Bougie, Bourges, Bousquet, Brault, 
 Brin, Broca, Camus, Castex, Charrin, 
 Chassevant, Chatellier, Courtillier, Critz- 
 man, Cun6o, Delahousse, Delbet, Paul 
 Delbet, Deschamps, Dujarier, Fredet, 
 Gaucher, Gilbert, Gilles de la Tourette, 
 Glantenay, <jU .■ Gosset, Guiart, Guib6, 
 Hanriot. ••iW". -i :, Hubert, Herbet, Ju- 
 nien-Lavillauro). i^aborde, Launois, Le- 
 clerc, LeFur, Legry, Leh, Lejars, Letulle, 
 
 Luys, Malbec, Marfan, Marie, Marion, 
 Martin Diirr, Mauclaire, Maugery, Mene- 
 trier, Mergier, Morau, Morin, Mulon, 
 Nekton, Netter, Ombr6danne, Pasteau, 
 Perret, Poirier, Potier, Proust, Rabaut, 
 Remy, Retierer, Raynaud, Ricard, Riche, 
 Roger, Sandoz, Savariaud, Sebileau, 
 Ther^se, Thi^ry, Thoinot, Tuffier, 
 Varnier, Veau, Vincent, Walther, Weber, 
 Weil, Weiss, Widal, Wurtz. 
 
 FACULTE DE THEOLOGIE PROTESTANTE. 
 
 Boulevard Arago, 83, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 rnr :o 
 Professos AHIp' , iiu ■ ji- Mai'ry, Elir- 
 hardt, Lods, Massebieau, Mt-.^gxi, J. 
 
 Rdville, Sabatier, Stapfer, Vaucher; Af. 
 Berger. 
 
 i-A^ULl jMBRES DE PARIS. 
 
 Rue CM V .^l.-'::d, 74, Paris. 
 
 These are Catholic institutions giving instruction similar to that 
 given by the state Faculties, but without the power to confer de- 
 grees. Students who obtain their instruction from the Facultcs 
 libres are examined by and obtain degrees from the state Faculties. 
 The general regulations, fees, etc., are the same as for the state 
 Faculties. (See pp. 31-36.) Women, however, are not admitted 
 to the courses, but special courses for women have lately been ar- 
 ranged in connection with the Factiltes libres. 
 
 The secretary is M.Joseph Chobert, rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Lecturors. 
 
 gent, Pisani, Vigouroux. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Semitic Languages : Professor Graffin. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Bulliot Peil- 
 laube. 
 
 Theology : Professors Auriault, de la 
 Barre, Baudrillart, Boudinhon, Cler- 
 val, Fillion, Gasparri, Gaudeau, Lar- 
 
 LAl^' AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, 
 
 J'rofessors G. Alix, Bureau, Cauvi^re, 
 Ch. Chobert, Clotet, Corret, Guyot, 
 Jamet, de Lamarzelle, Larcher, Laurent, 
 Lescoeur, Merveilleux du Vignaux, Tau- 
 di^re, Terrat. 
 
 ECOLE LIBRE DE HAUTES ETUDES LITTERAIRES ET 
 
 SCIENTIFIQUES. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Semitic : Professor le baron Carra de 
 
 Languages. — Chinese: Professor Va\i\ Vaux. 
 
 Antonini. CLVSilcVL: /' roftssors Bertrin, Beur- 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 39' 
 
 ne, Pasteau, 
 
 Vaucher; M. 
 
 lier, Boxler, Bousquet, Le Cliatel- 
 
 lier, Lejay, Kagon. 
 Romance : Professors Bertrin, Le Bi- 
 
 dois, Jacquet, Klein, Rousselot. 
 rmi.osorHY : Professor Piat. 
 History: Professors Baudrillart,Digard. 
 
 SCIB.\CE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 fessors D'Esclaibes, Nau ; MM. Chai- 
 
 lan, Fouet. 
 Physics : Professor Branly. 
 Chemistry: Professor Hamonet. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 de Lapparent. 
 Geography : Professors de Lapparent, 
 
 Pisani. 
 
 ALLIANCE FRAN9AISE. 
 
 r 
 
 Siege Social, rue de Crenelle, 45, Paris. 
 
 The Alliance Frangaise, a national association for the propagation 
 of the French language in the colonies and abroad, decided in 1893 
 to organise summer courses to be held at Paris in the months of July 
 and August for the purpose of assisting foreigners to obtain a knowl- 
 edge of the French language. Diplomas are granted to the suc- 
 cessful students; the advanced diploma certifies that the student is 
 able to teach French. The courses are open without any distinc- 
 tion of age, sex or nationality. 
 
 The lectures are divided into two series, one lasting from July 
 1st to August 1st, the second from August 1st to September ist. 
 
 Admission to the lectures is i franc (20 cents) each lecture; 
 admission to the conferences, held in the evening, is 50 centimes (10 
 cents). A ticket admitting to the complete course of about 160 
 lectures and 24 conferences is 150 francs f$3o). 
 
 The courses are held in the Ecole Coloniale, Avenue de I'Obser- 
 vatoire, pros le Petit-Luxembourg, and at the College de France. 
 
 I»i-ol'e88ors for IHOM. 
 
 French Langua(;e and Literature: Conferences: Jh-ofessors \^\my Gohxow, 
 
 Professors Berr, Brunot, Carl, Cirot, C;iiy,Hiiguct, Martin, Miiiel, Peyraffite, 
 
 Clement, Debidour, Douniic, Huguet, Tridon, Turman Vermculen, Mile. 
 
 Jacquinet, Raguet, Rousselot, Roy, Dequin and others. 
 Texte, Thalamas, Zund-Burguet. 
 
 COLLEGE DE FRANCE. 
 Place du College de Prance, i, Paris. 
 
 This college, open to women since its foundation in 151S-45, 
 gives instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, but confers no 
 degrees. Students desiring certificates of attendance should register 
 their courses. 
 
'9pva 
 
 40 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 The first semester begins on the first Monday in December; the 
 second semester begins in the week after Easter and ends between 
 the 20th and 30th of July. 
 
 All the courses are free. 
 
 The secretary is M. Abel Lefranc. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ylRTS. 
 
 Languages. — Chinkse and Tartar : 
 
 Professors Chavannes, Courant. 
 
 Semitic : Professors Barbier de Mey- 
 
 nard, Berger, Duval, Houdas, Mas- 
 
 pero, Oppert. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Foucher, 
 
 L6vi. 
 Classical: Professors Boissier.Croiset, 
 
 Havet. 
 Germanic : Professor Chuquet. 
 Slavonic : Professor L6ger. 
 Romance: Professors d'Arboisde Ju- 
 bainville, Deschanel, Meyer, Gaston 
 Paris; M. Morel-Fatio. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Breal. 
 PiiiLosoriiv : Professors 'L^\^(\}xq, Nou- 
 risson, Ribot, Tannery, Thamin ; M. 
 Bergson. 
 History uf Religions : Professor R6- 
 
 ville. 
 Political Science: Professors Fladi, 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu, Izoulet, Levasseur, 
 l.ongnon. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 Cagnat, Clerniont-Ganneau, Foucart, 
 Guillaume, Maspero, Oppert ; AI. La- 
 fenestre. 
 
 SC/ENC/;. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : /';<;- 
 
 ym<j;-j Jordan, Levy; MM. Hadamard, 
 
 Koenigs. 
 Physics : Professors Angot, Bertrand, 
 
 Brillouin, Mascart ; Af. Deprez. 
 Chemistry : Professors Andrd, Berthe- 
 
 lot, Le Chatelier, Schiitzenberger. 
 Geology and Geography : Professors 
 
 Fouqu6, l.ongnon. 
 Biology : Professors Balbiani, Henne- 
 
 guy, Marey ; M. Franck. 
 General History or the Sciences: 
 
 Professor Lafitte. 
 
 MEDlCINn. 
 
 Professors d' Arson val, Ranvier ; Al. 
 Charrin. 
 
 COLLEGE LIBRE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES. 
 Rue de Tournon, 8, Paris. 
 
 The object of this college, founded in 1896, is to provide in- 
 struction in Economic and Social Science. Anyone is admitted 
 on paying the registration fee of 30 fr. ($6). The courses begin 
 in November, and the lectures are held in the afternoon and even- 
 ing. 
 
 A ccrtijicat d'ctudcs socialcs is given by the director to any 
 student who writes a thesis and obtains certificates from three pro- 
 fessors. The professors are well-known men and each is respon- 
 sible frr his own subject. 
 
 For further information apply to the Secretary, rue de Tournon, 
 8, Paris. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 41 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 MM. Andler, Barrat, Bertillon, Brun- 
 hes, Dalle, Dauriac, Delaire, Delbet, Du- 
 fourmantelle, Fontaine, Kelles-Krauz, 
 Kovalevsky, Lichtenberger, Marin, du 
 
 Maroussem, du Mesnil. Metin, de Pascal, 
 Paulalion, Revelin, Saleilles, Seignobos, 
 Strauss, Tarbouriech, Tarde, Turmann, 
 Wahl, Weber. 
 
 ECOLE DU LOUVRE. 
 The Louvre, Cour Lefuel (ancienne Cour Coulaincourt), Paris. 
 
 The object of this school is to give instruction in regard to the 
 collections in the Louvre and to educate librarians and custodians 
 in the history of art and archaeology. The instruction is given in 
 the form of conferences. 
 
 Regular students and hearers are admitted on application to the 
 secretary of the school {pavilion de la Horloge au Louvre')^ from 
 whom cards of admission can be obtained. 
 
 The full course lasts three years, the lectures in each year begin- 
 ning in the first week of December and ending about the 15th of 
 June. 
 
 All the lectures are free. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Archaeology: Professors Bertrand, Heu- 
 zey, Pierret, Pettier, Reinach. 
 
 History of Art: Professors Lafen- 
 
 estre. Michel, Molinier. 
 Inscriptions : MM. Ledrain, Revillout. 
 
 ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES. 
 
 Rue Saint Guillaume, 27, Paris. 
 
 This school is established for the training of diplomatists, con- 
 suls, ambassadors, etc., in administration, finance and kindred sub- 
 jects. 
 
 Students and hearers are admitted without a degree and without 
 undergoing any examination. The number of men students is so 
 great that it has betii found impossible to admit women to the lec- 
 tures or even to the libraries and reading rooms of the school. 
 
 The academic year begins in the second week of November and 
 ends on June 8th. 
 
 The general secretary is M. Cii. Dupuis, rue Saint Guillaume, 
 27, Paris 
 
42 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 Professors and Liccturers. 
 
 Administration : Professors Alix, le 
 Vavasseur de Precourt, Romieu. 
 
 Finance : Professors Arnaun6, Bou- 
 langer, de Colonjon, Courtin, Des 
 Essarts, L6vy, Plaffain, Rend Stourm. 
 
 Commercial and Statistic Geogra- 
 phy : Professors de P"oville, Levasseur, 
 Viallate, Zolla. 
 
 Political and Social Economy : Pro- 
 fessors Cheysson, Dunoyer. 
 
 Legislation : Professors Lyon-Caen, 
 Dietz, Flach, Paulet, Romieu. 
 
 Geography and Ethnography : Pro- 
 fessors Gaidoz, Pelet. 
 
 Geography and Military Organ- 
 isation : MAI. le Commandant Leb- 
 lond, Malleterre. 
 
 International Law : Professors Du- 
 puis, Renault. 
 
 History of Diplomatics and of Pub- 
 lic Opinion : Professors Bourgeois, 
 Funck-Brentano, Levy-Bruhl, Koech- 
 lin, Christian Schefer, Sorel, Vandal. 
 
 Constitutional History : Professors 
 Benoist, Dietz, Andr6 Lebon. 
 
 Modern Europe : Professors Bourgeois, 
 Haldvy, Leroy-Beaulieu. 
 
 Colonial Questions : Professors Chail- 
 ley-Bert, Cordier, Houdas, Pelet, 
 Schefer, Silvestre, Vandal, Wilhelm. 
 
 Modern Languages : Professors Cart, 
 Houdas, Leger, Morel. 
 
 Hygiene : Professor Fleury. 
 
 Law : Professor Tarde. 
 
 ECOLE NATIONALS DES CHARTES. 
 Rue de la Sorbonne, 17, Paris. 
 
 The object of this school is to prepare students for the position of 
 public librarians and keepers of archives. French students are ad- 
 mitted on the results of a competitive examination ; foreigners are 
 admitted on presenting a diploma equivalent to that of the bachelier 
 cs lettres. The number of French students is limited to 20. 
 
 Students who have taken the three years' course and passed each 
 of the two examinations in each year, and presented a satisfactory 
 thesis, obtain a diploma {diplome d' archiviste paUographe). 
 Women are admitted to the school as hearers {aziditrices Ubres) 
 on registering their names at the secretary's office. The use of the 
 library is a privilege reserved for regular students. 
 
 The academic year begins in the first week of November and 
 lasts till the first of July. 
 
 All the courses are public and free. 
 
 For information apply to the secretary, Ecole des Chartes, rue 
 de la Sorbonne, 17, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Professor Paul 
 
 Romance Philology 
 
 Meyer. 
 
 Bibliography : M. Mortet. 
 Diplomatics .- Professor Giry. 
 Political Institutions : Professor'Roy 
 
 History : Professors Molinier, Viollet. 
 Arch.-eology : Professor de Lasteyrie ; 
 
 M. Enlart. 
 Paleography : Professor Berger. 
 Archives : Af. Desjardins. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 43 
 
 .i 
 
 ember and J 
 
 Ihartes, rue 
 
 ECOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ETUDES. 
 
 The object of this institution, which was founded in 1868, is to 
 provide opportunities for practical work in connection with the 
 lectures given at the College de France, the Sorbonne, the Museum 
 d'histoire naturelle, the Faculty of Medicine, etc. The courses of 
 the school are held at these various institutions, and the laboratories 
 for the purposes of instruction and research are situated in various 
 parts of Paris and at different places on the coast (Villefranche, 
 Wimereux, Marseilles, Cette, Roscoff, Banyuls-sur-Mer). 
 
 The courses are open free without any restrictions as to age, de- 
 gree, or nationality ; but a year's probation is necessary before the 
 title of 6leve titulaire is conferred. Certain professors resei*ve the 
 right of refusing to admit women to their classes, but with the ex- 
 ception of a few hospital courses, practically all are open to women. 
 
 There are five independently organised sections, the second and 
 third of which (those of Physics, Chemistry and Natural Science), 
 consist entirely of laboratory courses. 
 
 It is intended that students should attend the courses for three 
 years. The academic year begins on the ist of November and 
 ends on the 30th of June. 
 
 Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretariat de la Factdte 
 des Sciences^ a la Sorbonne. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 FIRST SECTION : MATHEMATICAL 
 SCIENCES. 
 
 Professors Hennite, Koenigs, Puiseux, 
 Raffy. 
 
 SECOND SECTION : PHYSICO-CHEMICAL 
 
 SCIENCES. 
 
 (The courses in this and the following section 
 
 are all laboratory courses.) 
 
 Physical Laboratories : Directors 
 MM. Bouty, Brillouin, Lippmann, 
 Maneuvrier, Violle ; Assistants MM. 
 Abraham, Guillard, Guillet. 
 
 Chemical Laboratories : Directors 
 MM. Berthelot, Didier, Duclaux, Frie- 
 del, Gernez, Moissan, Pochard, Troost; 
 Assistants ALU. Brion, Burais, Cham- 
 berland, Charon, Job, Martin, Mesnil, 
 Mourlot, Pottevin, Roux, Valeur. 
 
 MiNERALOGiCAL LABORATORIES : Direc- 
 tors MM. Hautefeuille, Lacroix, Per- 
 rey. 
 
 THIRD section: NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 Botanical Laboratories : Directors 
 MM. Bonnier (Paris and Fountaine- 
 bleau), Bureau, Chauveaud, Uufour, 
 Van-Tieghem; Assistants MM. Fran- 
 cet, Hua, Jolly, Poisson. 
 
 Laboratory ok Biological Physics : 
 Directors MAI. d'Arsonval, II6nocque; 
 Assistants MM. Guyon, Roussy. 
 
 Ana'Iomical Laboratory : Directors 
 MM. Beauregard, Filhol ; Assistant 
 M. Saint-Loup. 
 
 Physiological Laboratories : Direc- 
 tors AIM. Dastre, Frangois-Franck, 
 
44 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 Clr6hant, Marey ; Assistants MM. 
 Arthaud, liallion, Lamy. 
 
 Zoological Laboratorijs : Directors 
 MM. d'Arsonval (Concameau), Bar- 
 rois (Villefranche), Delage, Girard 
 (Wimereux), Lacaze-Duthiers (Paris, 
 Roscoff and Banyuls-Sur-Mer), Mar- 
 ion (Marseilles), Milne-Edwards, 
 Oustalet, Perrier, Sabatier (Cette); 
 Assistants MM. Bernard, Bordas, 
 Brumpt, I.6pine, Roch^. 
 
 Medical Laboratories : Directors 
 MM. Charrin, de la Chavanne, Javal, 
 Laborde, Tscheming ; Assistants 
 MM. Manouvrier, Papillant. 
 
 Histological Laboratory : Directors 
 MM. Malassez, Ranvier ; Assistant 
 M. Jolly. 
 
 Psychological Laboratory: Direc- 
 tors MM. Binet, Henry ; Assistants 
 MM. Courtier, Philippe. 
 
 Geological LABORATORI^:s : Directors 
 MM. Fouqu6, Gosselet (Lille), Mu- 
 nier-Chalmas, Riviere ; Assistant M. 
 Glangeaud. 
 
 FOURTH SECTION: HISTORICAL AND PHIL- 
 OLOGICAL SCIENCES. 
 
 (Office and Lecture Room at the University 
 Library, The Sorbonne.) 
 
 Languages. — Ethiopian and Himy- 
 arite: M. Halev}-. 
 
 Arabic : M. Derenbourg. 
 
 Semitic : M. Carriere. 
 
 Sanskrit, Zend : MM. Blochet, 
 Finot, S. L6vi, Meillet, Specht. 
 
 Modern Greek : M. Psichari. 
 
 Romance v MM. Gardoz, Gillidron, 
 Morel-Fatio, Thomas, Paris. 
 Comparative Philology : MM. Du- 
 
 vau, Meillet. 
 Classical Philology and Archae- 
 ology : MM. Chatelain, Desrous- 
 
 seaux, Haussoulier, Jacob, Lebdgue, 
 
 de Nolhac, de Villefosse. 
 Assyrian, Egyptian and Oriental 
 
 Philology and Archaeology : MM. 
 
 Clermont-Ganneau, Guieysse, Mas- 
 
 pero, Scheil. 
 Philosophy : M. Soury. 
 History : MM. B6mont, Giry, Monod, 
 
 Reuss, Roy. 
 
 FIFTH SECTION: RELIGIOUS SCIENCES. 
 
 (Office and Lecture Room at the University 
 Library, The Sorbonne.) 
 
 Theology: M3f. Am61ineau, Berthe- 
 lot, Deramey, Derenbourg, Esmein, de 
 Faye, Foucher, L L6vi, Marillier, Pi- 
 cavet, A. Quentin, G. Raynaud, Al- 
 bert R6ville, Jean R6ville, de Rosny, 
 Sabatier, Vernes. 
 
 ECOLE SPECIALE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES VIVANTES. 
 
 Rue de Lille, 2, Paris. 
 
 The object of this school, founded in 1795, is to give instruction 
 in modern oriental languages for political and commercial purposes. 
 
 Regular students must be bacheliers es sciences or cs lettres, be- 
 tween 16 and 24 years of age, and of French nationality. Excep- 
 tions are sometimes made in respect to age and nationality. 
 
 The courses and diploma {diplome d" cleve brevetc) are open to 
 women. 
 
 The lectures begin early in November and the course lasts three 
 years. , 
 
 All the lectures are public; the fees are 50 fr. ($10) a semester. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary, rue de Lille, 2, 
 Paris. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 4S 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 /. Blochet, 
 Specht. 
 sicnari. 
 z, Gilli^ron, 
 ?aris. 
 
 MM. Du- 
 
 <D Arch^e- 
 n, Desrous- 
 b, Leb^gue, 
 
 3 Orikntal 
 iLOGY : MM. 
 
 eysse, 
 
 Mas- 
 
 Giry, Monod, 
 
 'S SCIENCES. 
 
 the University 
 ine.) 
 
 neau, Berthe- 
 g, Esmein, de 
 I Marillier, Pi- 
 R.aynaud, Al- 
 le, de Rosny, 
 
 IV ANTES. 
 
 I instruction 
 1 pui'poses. 
 \lettres^ be- 
 Excep- 
 
 •y- 
 
 re open to 
 
 llasts three 
 
 semester. 
 Lille, 2, 
 
 Oriental Languages : Professors Bo- 
 net, Boyer, Carri^re, Cordier, Deren- 
 bourg, Dev^ria, Houdas, Huart, 
 Legrand, Barbier de Meynard, I'icot, 
 Leon de Rosny, Vinson ; MM. Dur- 
 
 nid, Kalpakdjian, Lorgeou, Marre 
 Mondon-Vidailhet, Aboul Nasr, Oda, 
 Pernot, Ramisiray, Ravaisse, Lien 
 Young. 
 
 MUSEUM D' HISTOIRE NATURELLE. 
 Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. 
 
 The Musdum </' histoire naturelle was founded in 1626 for the 
 purpose of making scientific collections and for research. Each 
 department is in the charge of a professor, and each professor is 
 obliged to give forty public lectures yearly on the subject with 
 which his department deals. 
 
 The courses are unconditionally open to the public. Regular 
 hearers, by producing certificates of attendance from the professors, 
 may obtain cards which give them access for a year to the galleries 
 and collections. For the conferences and practical work, registra- 
 tion is required, but diplomas are not necessary. Botanical and 
 entomological excursions into the country art arranged weekly dur- 
 ing the summer months. Lectures begin on April 27th. 
 
 Secretary, M. H. Chatelain, Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, 
 Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. 
 
 Professors and Assistants. 
 
 Physics : Professor Becquerel ; M. Ber- 
 thelot. 
 
 CiiKMisiRV : Professor AtcomA', M. Bour- 
 geois. 
 
 MiNKRAi.OGY : Professor Lacroix ; M. 
 Jannettaz. 
 
 Gkoi.ogy and Geography : Professors 
 Gaudry, Meunier ; MM, Boule, Ra- 
 mond. 
 
 l>i'»i,i)GY: Professors Bouvier, Bureau, 
 Deh^rain, Filhol, Grehant, Hamy, 
 ^Liquenne, Milne- Edwards, Perrier, 
 
 Vaillant, Van-Tieghem; MM. Bernard, 
 Beauregard, Brongniart, Gervais, Gley, 
 Kiinckel d'Herculais, Mocquard, Mo- 
 rot, Oustalet, Poisson, Renault, Roux, 
 Sauvinet, Tr6meau de Rochebrune, 
 Verneau. 
 
 AoRicin/iURE : Professor Comu ; M. 
 Bois. 
 
 Pathology: Professor Chauveau ; M. 
 Phisalix. 
 
 Drawing : M. Fremiet, Mme. Lemaire. 
 
 THE FRENCH PROVINCES. 
 
 The following is a list of the professors in the different Facultes 
 of the French provinces. The organisation of these Facultds is 
 exactly the same as at Paris, and is described on pp. 31-36. 
 
 ii; 
 
s 
 
 46 
 
 AIX. 
 
 AIX, France. 
 UNIVERSITE D'AIX-MARSEILLE. 
 
 This university, dating from the 13th century, comprises the Fac- 
 ulties of Arts and Law, situated at Aix, and the Faculties of Sci- 
 ence, Law and Medicine at Marseilles. 
 
 There is a branch of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants 
 Strangers at Aix, and by its means courses in French language 
 and literature especially for foreigners have been arranged. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES D'AIX. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Literature : Professor Joret. 
 Philosophy : Professor Blondel. 
 Political Economy : MM. Masson, C. 
 
 Perreau. 
 History : Professors Clerc, Guibal. 
 ARCH.iiOLOGY : M. de Ridder. 
 Geography : M. Girbal. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : M. Duranti de 
 
 La Calade. 
 Classical : Professor Constans ; MM. 
 
 Brenous, de Ridder. 
 Romance : Professors Constans, Du- 
 
 cros ; M. Bonafous. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT D'AIX. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor lawx^^cix ; 
 AI. C. Perreau. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Bry, Jourdan, Lacoste, Moreau, Pison, 
 Vermond ; MM. Cesar-Bru, C. Perreau, 
 E. Perreau, de Pitti-Ferrandi, Th61ohan. 
 
 Professors Audinet, Bouvier-Bangillon, 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MARSEILLE. 
 
 Connected with this Faculty is the Marine Zoological Laboratory 
 at Endoume and a large astronomical observatory. Supplementary 
 courses are given by the professors of the Factdtc dcs Lettrcs 
 d'Alx. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 sctf.Nci;. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Charve, Sauvage, Stephan ; M. 
 Jamet. 
 
 Physics : Professors Maci^ de L^pinay, 
 P6rot ; MM. Fabry, Repelin, \'ays- 
 sidre. 
 
 Chemistry : J'nfessors Duvillier, Re- 
 boul ; A/M. Berg, PerJrix. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Vasseur. 
 Geology : Professor N'as.seur. 
 Biology: Professors Meckel, Marion; 
 
 MM. CJourret, Jourdan, Jumelle, L6- 
 
 ger, Vayssitire. 
 Agriculture : Professor Pauchon. 
 LAtr, 
 
 Professors Bouvier-Bangillon, de Pitti- 
 Ferrandi. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 47 
 
 s the Fac- 
 ;s of Sci- 
 
 ^tudiants 
 language 
 d. 
 
 ret. 
 
 ondel. 
 
 f. Masson, C. 
 
 , Guibal. 
 der. 
 
 ECOLE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN 
 EXERCICE DE MARSEILLE. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Arnaud, Boinet, Bouisson, Queirel, Rietsch, Vigneron, Villard, Vil- 
 
 Caillol de Poncy, Chapplain, Combalat, leneuve ; MM. Alezais, Berg, Carri^re, 
 
 Domergue, Fallot, Gourret, Meckel, Delanglade, Gerber, Laplane, Roux fils. 
 Jourdan, Laget, Livon, Magon, Nepveu, 
 
 FACULTE MARSEILLAISE LIBRE DE DROIT. 
 
 This Faculty was founded in 1881. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Peyron ; enger, de Bevotte, Berlier de Vauplane, 
 M. Henrion. David, Emile Fabre, Eugene Fabre, 
 
 Martin, Peyron, P. RoUand, Rolland- 
 ^'^"- Chevillon, Tassy, Thumin, Vial; MM. 
 
 Professors Aicard, Alphand^ry, Au- Charlois, Gravier. 
 tran, Bally, Barr^me, Bedarride, Ber- 
 
 BESANCON, France. 
 
 oreau, Pison, 
 1, C. Perreau, 
 di, Th^lohan. 
 
 laboratory 
 
 ilementary 
 
 \cs Lett res 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE BESANCJON. 
 
 This is a small university, founded in 1433, comprising Faculties 
 of Arts and Science and a Preparatory School of Medicine. Total 
 number of students, 197. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BESAN9ON. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languac.es : — Classical: Professor Na- 
 geotte ; MM. Charrot, Vernier. 
 Germanic : M. Kontz. 
 Romance : Professor Droz. 
 
 Literature : Professors Boucher. Nag- 
 
 eotte. 
 Philosophy : Professor Colsenet. 
 History and Geograi'UV ; J'rofessors 
 
 Guiraud, Pingaud. 
 
 fasseur. 
 lur. 
 
 |kel, Marion; 
 Jumelle, L6- 
 
 ?auchon. 
 lUon, de Pitti- 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BESANCJON. 
 Professors and Lecturers, 
 
 SC/ENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 /■ssors Gruey, Saint-Loup, Stouft'. 
 
 Pmysks : Professor Joubin. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Boutroux ; M. 
 Genvresse. 
 
 MlNKRAl.or.Y AND Geoi.ocy: Professo) 
 
 I'ournier. 
 Bioi.dCY: Professors Charbonnel-Salle, 
 
 Magnin. 
 
h?^ 
 
 48 
 
 BORDEAUX. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIB 
 
 DE BESANCON. 
 
 Professors and liecturcrs. 
 
 MFDICINF. 
 
 Professors Boisson, Bolot, Chapoy, 
 Gauderon, Heitz, Magnin, Mandereau, 
 
 Prieur, Roland, Saillard, Thouvenin ; 
 MM. Bruchon, Coll6atte, Morin. 
 
 BOIIDEAUX, France. 
 UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX. 
 
 This university, founded in 1441, comprises Faculties of Arts» 
 Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. In addition to the usual 
 laboratories and museums, there is a School of Chemistry AjDpHed 
 to Manufacturers and Agriculture, a School of Industrial Electricity, 
 an Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory at Florae, and a 
 Zoological Laboratory at Arcachon. 
 
 There is a branch of the Comitc dc Patronage des ^tudlants 
 /itrarigers in Bordeaux, secretary. Professor Duguit. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BORDEAUX. 
 
 Professors and liectiirers. 
 
 Plin.osoi'iiv : Professor Espinas ; MM. 
 
 Hamelin, Rodier. 
 Socioi.DCV : /^rofessor Dwx\ihe\va. 
 History: J'rofssoi-s Denis, Imbart de 
 
 la Tour, Jullian, Radet ; JMM. Bouvy, 
 
 Marion. 
 AuT AND Arcii.v.oiakjv : Professor 
 
 Paris ; M. J?ouvy. 
 Gk()(;kai'HV : Professor Gebelin ; M. 
 
 Lorin. 
 Pkdaccxjy : M. Durkheim. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Ci.assicai, : Professors 
 Ouvr6, Waltz; MM. Cirot, de la 
 Ville de Mirniont, Masqueray, Zy- 
 roniski. 
 English : M. Biard. 
 Gkrmanic : M. Rouge. 
 Romance : Professors Bourcier, Stap- 
 fer ; A/. I>e Breton. 
 LiTERATURK : Profess<'r de Tr6verret. 
 Ck.mi'ARATIVK Piui.oi.o(;v : M. Mas- 
 queray. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BORDEAUX. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 sc/EJVcir. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Brunei, Rayet ; MA/. Brunei, 
 Giraud, Picart, de Tannenberg. 
 
 Physics: J^rofessors Ihihcm, Morisot ; 
 MM. (iossart, Marchis. 
 
 Chemistry : J^rofessors Viayon, Joannis ; 
 
 Mx^/. Dubourg, Gravel, V^zes, Vig- 
 
 ouroux. 
 Mineralogy: Professor Fallot; M. 
 
 Goguel. 
 (Jeology : Professor Fallot. 
 BioL(>o;y : Professors Millardet, P6rez ^ 
 
 MM. Devaux, Kunstler. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 49 
 
 RMACIE 
 
 rhouvenin ; 
 )rin. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE BORDEAUX. 
 Professors and Liectnrers. 
 
 Political Science : MM. Benzacar, 
 
 Sauvaire-Jourdan. 
 Law : Professors Barckhausen, Baudry- 
 
 Lacantinerie, de Boeck, Despagnet, 
 
 Didier, Duguit, Le Coq, L-evillain, de 
 Loynes, Marandout, Monnier, Saignat, 
 Vigneaux. 
 
 of Arts, 
 the usual 
 y Applied 
 ilectricity, 
 lac, and a 
 
 ^tudiants 
 
 )inas ; MM. 
 
 kheim. 
 
 Iml^art de 
 MM. Bouvy, 
 
 Professor 
 lebelin ; M. 
 
 FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE 
 
 BORDEAUX. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Arnozan, Badal, Bergenia, 
 
 Blarez, Boursier, Bouchard, Coyne, De- 
 mons, Ferre, Figuier, Guillaud, Jolyet, 
 Lanelongue, Layet, Masse, Morache, 
 
 Moussons p6re, de Nabias, Picot, Pie- 
 chaud, Pilres, Vergely, Viault ; MM. 
 Denig^s, Denuce, Dubreuilh, Moure, 
 Moussous fils, Pousson, Regis, Riviere. 
 
 CAEN, France. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE CAEN. 
 
 This university, founded in 1437, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science, Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- 
 macy. There is a Marine Laboratory at Luc-sur-Mer, open all the 
 year. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CAEN. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Pmi.osoi'HY : /V^yf'wtJr Mabilleau ; J/. 
 
 Couturat. 
 HisioRY : /'/v/^-wor Tessier ; M. Tou- 
 
 tain. 
 Art : Professor Gast6. 
 SciKNCE AND Geocjrai'HY : M. Camcna 
 
 d'Alineida. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical: Professors Le- 
 hanneur, Lemercier ; AI. Renel. 
 Enc'.lish : M. Barbcau. 
 Romance : Professor Gaste ; M. 
 Souriau. 
 CoMi'AKA'iiVE Philology : M. Iluguet. 
 
 V6z€s, Vig- 
 Fallot ; M. 
 
 trdet, P6rez-, 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CAEN. 
 Profijssors and Lectiir^'rs. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Chemistry: /'/•(j/iwcr LouYse ; M. 13cs- 
 
 fessors Riijuier, de Saint-CJcrmain ; J/. son. 
 
 Lclieuvre. Geoi.(h;y : Professor h'lQot. 
 
 Physics: Professor Neyrencuf; M. Bioi,<h.Y: /^/v'/twc/M' loyeux-LafTuie, Lig- 
 
 Guinchant. nier ; J/J/. Iluet, L6ger. 
 
CLERMONT-FERRAND. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE CAEN. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Villey ; 
 M. Rene Worms. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Biville, Bouvier, Cabouat, 
 
 Carel, Colin, Danjon, Debray, Gauckler, 
 Guillouard, Laisne-Deshayes, Lebret, 
 Le Fur, Marie, Toutain, Villey; M. 
 Ambroise Colin. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE CAEN. 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 MFDiciNE. rais, Gidon, Guillet, Louise, Moutier, 
 
 Professors Auvray, Barette, Catois, 
 
 Charbonnier, Demerliac, Fayel-Deslong- 
 
 Noury, Pihier ; MM. Besson, Chevrel, 
 Gosselin, Osmont, Vigot. 
 
 i CLERMONT-FERRAND, France. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE CLERMONT. 
 
 This is a small university, founded in iSoS, comprising Faculties 
 of Arts and Science, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and 
 Pharmacy. Total number of students, 179. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CLERMONT. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Classical : 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professor 
 Baron ; M. Audollent. 
 English : M. Mahieu. 
 Romance: Professor AG?,Y.ss&xi?,\ M. 
 Leclerc. 
 Literature ; Professor Ehrhard. 
 Comparative Philology : M. Colar- 
 deau. 
 
 Philosoi'HY : Professor Joyau. 
 History : Professors Desdevises du D6- 
 
 zert, Hauser ; M. Rouchon. 
 Paleography • M. Rouchon. 
 Geography : Professor Desdevises du 
 
 Dezert. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CLERMONT. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 scrnxcii. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessor Pellet ; M. Le Cordier. 
 
 Physics : Professors Guichard, Hurian ; 
 M. Lugol. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor VMmtni\ex ; M. 
 
 Duboin. 
 Mineralogy and C;eolo(;y : Professor 
 
 Julien. 
 Biology : Professors Girod, Poirier. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE CLERMONT. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bardier, Bousquet, Dourif, 
 Fouriaux, Gagnon, Girod, Iluguet, Le- 
 
 petit, Planchard, Rocher, Tixier, Tru- 
 chot ; MM. Bide, Bruyant, Gros, La- 
 font, Maurin, Mosnier. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 5* 
 
 Gauckler, 
 
 Lebret, 
 
 Hey; M. 
 
 IMACIE 
 
 , Moutier, 
 ,, Chevrel, 
 
 Faculties 
 icine and 
 
 •U. 
 
 Ivises du D6- 
 |n. 
 n. 
 isdevises du 
 
 [iientier ; M. 
 : Professor 
 Poirier. 
 lRMACIE 
 
 [lixier, Tru- 
 [, Gros, La- 
 
 DIJOX, France. 
 UNIVERSITE DE DIJON. 
 
 This university, founded in 1722, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Pliar- 
 macy. Total number of students, 594. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE DIJON. 
 Professors and Liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. Comparative Philoi.ocv: M. Lambert. 
 
 LANGUAr.ES. — Classical: Professors Do- 
 rison, Royer. 
 Romance : A/Af. Lame, Roy. 
 I . I iKR ATU R E : Professor Legras. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Hoirac. 
 History : Professor GaFfarel ; MM. 
 
 Kleinclausz, Stouff. 
 Geography : Professor Gaftarel. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE DIJON. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 sc/i;aci-. Physics : MM. Bagard, Brunhes. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Mineraloi;y and Geology : J'rofessor 
 
 f-ssors Duport, M6ray. Collot. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Recoura ; Af. Biology: Professors i,mery,]obert; A/. 
 
 Pigeon. Bitaillon. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE DIJON. 
 Professoi'S anil Ijecturers. 
 
 Political Science : j . .fessor Moiigin ; 
 
 M. Trucliy. 
 Law : Professors Bailly, Bonneville, 
 
 Deslandres, Desserteaux, iJuverdier- 
 
 de-Suze, Gaudemet, G6ny, Louis- 
 Lucas, Renardet, Roux, Tissier ; MAf. 
 Mongin, Moulin, Stouff. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE DIJON. 
 Professors and lioctiirers. 
 
 .viiDic/.xi:. 
 Professors Broussolle, Brunhes, Col- 
 lege, Deroye, Gautrelet, Laguesse, Mis- 
 
 set, Parizot, Paufilard, Pigeon, Tarnier, 
 Viallanes ; MM. Bellier, Bonnabeaud, 
 Cuttin, iJubard, Lagoutte, Vincent. 
 
 GUIilXOniiE, France. 
 UNIVERSITE DE GRENOBLE. 
 
 This university, founded in 1339, comprises the Faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- 
 macy. The number of students is 499. 
 
 The Coniiti dc Pat}'o>iagc dcs Htudiants Strangers organised 
 
■■ 
 
 52 
 
 LILLE. 
 
 in 1898 a holiday course in French language, literature and history, 
 especially for foreigners. The course consists of daily lectures and 
 conferences and lasts from July ist to October 31st, but students 
 may attend for one month only. The fees for lectures for foiu- 
 weeks are 20 fr. ($4), for the four months 50 fr. ($10). For further 
 particulars apply to M. Marcel Reymond, place de la Constitu- 
 tion, 4, Grenoble. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE GRENOBLE. 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classics: Professors Ber- 
 trand, Dugit; MM. Bardot, Chabert. 
 English : M. Mathias. 
 Romance : Professor Morillot ; M. 
 Hauvette. 
 
 Literature : Professor Besson. 
 Philosophy : Professor Dumesnil. 
 History and Geography : Professor 
 de Crozals. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE GRENOBLE. 
 Professors and liCcturers. 
 
 SCFFNCF.. 
 
 Mathkmatics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Astor, Collet ; AI. Cousin. 
 
 Physics : Professor Pionchon ; M. Beau- 
 lard. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Raoult ; M. Cha- 
 
 vastelon. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Kilian. 
 Biology : Professors Laclimann, Pruvot. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE GRENOBLE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : M. Reboud. 
 Law: Professors Balleydier, Beaudouin, 
 Beudant, Capitant, Fournier, Gu6tat, 
 
 Gueymard, de Lapradelle, Michoud, 
 Pillet, Tartar!, Te.«toud ; MM. Cuche, 
 Hitier. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE GRENOBLE. 
 Professors and Liocturers. 
 
 Mi-nrciNi;. 
 Professors Allard, Ikrlioz, Bordier, 
 Douillet, Flandrin, Gallois, Girard, La- 
 
 batul, Nicolas, Pegoud, Pionchon, Porte, 
 Turel, Verne ; MM. Baboin, Cibert, Des- 
 chanips, G. Dodero, D. Dodero, Salva. 
 
 lilliliE, France. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE LILLE. 
 This is a large university, founded in 1808, and comprises Facul- 
 ties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine; there arc also free or 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 53 
 
 history, 
 
 lives and 
 
 students 
 
 for foin- 
 
 >r further 
 
 Constitu- 
 
 ison. 
 mesnil. 
 
 i \ professor 
 
 )uU ; M. Cha- 
 pY : Professor 
 mann, Pruvot. 
 
 le, Michoud, 
 MM. Cuche, 
 
 [ARMACIE 
 
 finchon, Torte, 
 1, Cibert, Des- 
 bodero, Salva. 
 
 rises Facul- 
 llso free or 
 
 Catholic Faculties in the same subjects, and a Faculty of Catholic 
 Theology. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 
 Dufour, Thomas ; MM. Chainard, 
 
 Couvreur, Daulremer, Fougeres. 
 English : Professor Angellier ; MM. 
 
 Chevrillon, Derocquigny. 
 Germanic : Professor Pinloche. 
 Romance : Professors Dupont, Lang- 
 
 lois, Moy. 
 
 Af. Haumant. 
 Professor Penjon ; M. 
 
 Slavonic : 
 Philosophy 
 
 Lefdvre. 
 History : Professors Fabre, Flammer- 
 
 mont; Af. Petit-Dutaillis. 
 ArcH/EOLOGY : J/. Fougeres. 
 Geograi'HV : Professor Ardaillon. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Licet urers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Demartres, Petot, Souillart ; 
 AfM. I'ade, Thybaut. 
 
 Physics : Professor Damien ; AIAf. Ca- 
 michel, Swyngedauw. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Buisine, Willm ; 
 M. Pelabon. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Gosselet. 
 Geology : Professor Gosselet ; AI. Bar- 
 
 rois. 
 Biology: Professors Betrand, Hallez ; 
 
 A/A/. Prouho, (^ueva. 
 Agriculture : Professor Buisine. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Ijccturers. 
 
 Political Sch^nce: ProfessorTiowxgxxm. 
 
 Law : Professors Bourguin, Collinet, 
 
 Drumel, F6der, de FoUeville, Garden, 
 
 Jac(]uey, Lacour, Mouchet, Vallas, 
 Wahl ; J/J/. Jacquelin, Margat, Pel- 
 tier. 
 
 FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE LILLE. 
 Professors and licetnrers. 
 
 MEDICIXE. 
 
 Professors Barrois, Baudry, Calinette, 
 (astiaux, Channeil, Combemale, Curtis, 
 Debierre, Doumer, Dubar, Folet, Gaul- 
 
 ard, Laguesse, Lambling, de Lapersonne, 
 Lomoinc, Leroy, Lcscoeur, Lotar, 
 Monicz, Morelle, Suimont, Wertlioimer ; 
 A/A/. Ausset, .Carlier, ( )ui, Phocas. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. 
 Professors and lieetnrers. 
 
 Professors 
 
 Languages. — Classical 
 Ilerengt, Rambure. 
 Romance : Professor Charaux. 
 LriERATURE: Professors (^a\w\c, Looten 
 KiiEioRic: Professor Baunard. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professo/ 
 
 Ciiquennois. 
 Philosophy: Professor de Margerie. 
 History and Geociraphy : /'rofessot 
 
 Canet. 
 
jam 
 
 54 
 
 z yoj\^s. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors de Salvert, Villi6 ; M. Stoffaes. 
 Physics : Professors Delenser, Witz. 
 Chemistry : Professor Schmitt. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Bourgeat. 
 Biology : Professors Boulay, Maurice, 
 
 Van-Oye. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LILLE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor B6chaux. 
 
 Law : Professors Arthaud, de Corbie, 
 Delachenal, Duthoit, Gand, Groussau, 
 Lamache, Moureau, Ory, Pillet, Rothe, 
 
 Selosse, Trolley de Prevaux, Van- 
 laer, de Vareilles-Sommieres ; MAI. 
 Boissard, Cavrois, Duquesne, Maurice 
 Vanlaer. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE LILLE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. Faucon, Guermonprez, Lemi^re, Le- 
 
 Professors Augier, Baltus, Bernard, noble, Lienhart, Monnet, R^dier, Rogie, 
 
 Bouchaud, Boulay, Carrez, Delassus, Schmitt, Thilliez, Toison, Voituriez, 
 
 Desplats, Dujardin, Duret, Eustache, Witz. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LILLE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Theology : Professors Baunard, Chollet, Didiot, Moureau, Pannier, Pillet, Quilliet, 
 Rohart, Salembier. 
 
 LYONS, France. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE LYON. 
 
 This university, founded in iSoS, is large and important, com- 
 prising state faculties of Arts, Science, Law, and a Faculty of Medi- 
 cine, founded in 1S76, which, with its large hospitals and excellent 
 laboratories, is second only to that of Paris. There are also Catho- 
 lic Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Theology, situated at 
 Lyons. 
 
 A branch of the Comitd de Patronage des Etudiants iitrangers 
 has been formed at Lyons: secretary, Professor Thallers. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 55 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LYON. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Lndo-Iranian: Professor 
 Regnaud. 
 
 Classical : Professors All^gre, Fabia, 
 Jullien ; M. Legrand. 
 
 English : M. Legouis. 
 
 Germanic : M. Gruber, 
 
 Romance : Professors Cledat, Fon- 
 taine ; M. Texte. 
 Literature : ProfessorsY'\va\t.xy, Texte; 
 
 M. Maigron. 
 
 M. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Regnaud ; M. Durand. 
 Philosophy : Professor Bertrand ; 
 
 Hannequin. 
 History : MM. Mari6jol, Waddington. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 
 Bloch, Coville; MM. Cledat, Hol- 
 
 leaux, Legrand, Loret. 
 Egyptology : M. Moret. 
 Geography : MM. Dep6ret, Schirmer. 
 Ethnology : M. Chantre. 
 Pedagogy : M. Chabot. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Andr6, Flamme, Lafon, Ves- 
 siot ; MM. Autonne, Cartan, Gonnes- 
 siat. 
 
 Physics: Professor Gouy; MM. Busquet, 
 Houllevigue, Li6nard. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors 'B&rhier, Vignon ; 
 
 MA/. Bouveault, Couturier. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Offret. 
 Geology : Professor Dep6ret ; A/. 
 
 Douxami. 
 Biology : Professors Dubois, G6rard, 
 
 Koehler ; A/A/. CauUery, Sauvageau. 
 Agriculture : Professor Vignon. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE LYON. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 Poi.n\CAi. Economy. Professors Rougier, bendy, Flurer, Garraud, Mabire, Pic; 
 
 Souchon. A/A/. Jean Appleton, Bonnecarr^re, 
 
 Law: /'r(5/t'«(>;-.f Ch. Appleton, Audibert, Bouvier, Galland, Lacassogne, Lam- 
 
 Bartin, Berth61emy, Caillemer, Co- bert, Lameire, Souchon. 
 
 FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE LYON. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDfC/JVE. 
 
 Professors Arloing, Augagneur, Bard, 
 
 Bondet, Cazeneuve, Crolas, Florence, 
 Fochier, Gailleton, Gayet, Hugounenq, 
 Lacassagne, Lupine, Lortet, Mayet, 
 Monoyer, Morat, Oilier, Pierret, M. Pol- 
 losson, Poncet, Renaut, Soulier, Teissier, 
 
 Testut, Tripier; ul/A/ Barral, Beauvi- 
 sage, Bordier, Boyer, Causse, Chandelux, 
 Collet, Condamin, Courmont, Devic, 
 Doyon, Durand, Gangolphe, Laroyenne, 
 Moreau, Aug. Pollosson, Rochet, Rollet, 
 Roque, Roux, Siraud, Vallas, Weill. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRES DES LETTRES DE LYON 
 Professors and I^ecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 
 Devaux, Forest, Gonnet. 
 Romance : Professors Condamin, Del- 
 
 mont. 
 Literature : Professor Frintz. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Lepitre. 
 Philosophy: Professor Reme, 
 History and Arch/Eolugy : Professor 
 
 Leotard. 
 
56 
 
 MONTPELLIER. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. 
 Professors and Iiecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Berloty, Magnus de Sparre, 
 Onofrio, Valson. 
 
 Physics : Professor Chassy. 
 Chemistry : Professor Lepercq. 
 CJeology : Professor Morin. 
 Biology : Professors Donnadieu, Morin. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LYON. 
 Professors and Liectnrers. 
 
 PotlTiCAL Science: Professor Rambaud. 
 
 Law : Professors Beaune, Boucaud, Gai- 
 
 ral, Hostache, Jacquier, de Lajudie, 
 
 Mouterde, Perrin, Poidebard, Richard, 
 Roux, Wies ; MM. Brun, Rivet, Roux, 
 Voron, Wies. 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LYON. 
 Professors and Iiecturers. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Belon, Blanc, Bourchany, 
 
 Chambost, Chevallier, Dumas, Jacquier, 
 L6mann, Vernet. 
 
 MONTPELLIER, France. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER. 
 
 This univercity, founded in the twelfth century, comprises Fac- 
 ulties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and is large and im- 
 portant. There are good laboratories and hospitals and some 
 scientific institutes. 
 
 The branch of the Comitc de Patronage des Etudiants 
 Etrangers has arranged free practical courses for the benefit of 
 foreigners. The secretary of the Comlte is Professor Flahaut. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE MONTPELLIER. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Bonnet, Maury ; M. Raynaud. 
 Germanic : J\/. F6camp. 
 Romance : Professor Rigal ; MM. 
 Cliabaneau, Vianey. 
 Literature : Professor Castets. 
 
 Comparative Philology : M. Gram- 
 
 mont. 
 PiiU.osoriiY : Professor Milhaud ; M. 
 
 Bougl6. 
 HisroRY: Professor Gachon ; M. Pe- 
 
 lissier. 
 ArcH/Eology : MM. Berthel6, Lechat. 
 Geography : M. Malavialle. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 57 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MONTPELLIER, 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Dautheville, Fabry ; J/. Le 
 Rr ux , 
 
 riiYSics : Professors Crova, Meslin. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors de Forcrand, 
 Oechsner, de Coninck ; M. Giran. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Delage ; J/. 
 
 Curie. 
 CJeology : Professor Delage. 
 Bk)LO<;y : Prnh^^ors Flahault, Sabatior ; 
 
 MM. Pavillard, Soulier. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE MONTPELLIER. 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Gide ; 
 
 MM. Urouilhet, Chauvin. 
 Law : Professors Br6inond, Charmont, 
 
 Chausse, Glaize, Laborde, I.aurens, 
 Meynial, Valabregue, V'igie ; MM. 
 Barde, Declareuil, Valery. 
 
 FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MONTPELLIER. 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 MEDic/yn. 
 
 Professors Bertin-Sans, Bosc, Carrieu, 
 Ducamp, F!stor, Forgue, Gilis, Grand, 
 Grasset, Grynfeltt, Hamelin, Hedon, Im- 
 bert, Mairet, Kauzier, Rodet,Sarda,Tede- 
 
 nat, TruCjVialleton, Ville; MM. Baumel, 
 Brousse, Delezenne, E.spagne, Estor, 
 Francois, Galavielle, Itie, Lapeyre, l.e- 
 cercle, Moitessier, Mouret, I'uech, de 
 Rouville, Vallois. 
 
 NANCY, France. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE NANCY. 
 
 This university, founded in 1572, comprises the Faculties of 
 Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, a School of Pharmacy, and a 
 Professional School. There is an influential branch of the Cotnitc 
 de Patronage des iitudiants Strangers at Xancy, which h.as 
 done much for the benefit of foreign students. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE NANCY. 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Thiaucourt, Martin; MM. Collignon, 
 Couve 
 Germanic : M. Lichtenberger. 
 Romance, : Professor Krantz ; M. 
 fetienne. 
 
 Liteuati-re : Professor Grucker. 
 Comparative Piuioi.dgv : M. Cousin. 
 Philosophy: M. Souriau. 
 History : Profssors Diehl, Pfister ; M. 
 
 Pariset. 
 ArcH/EOLOGy : Professor Diehl. 
 Geography : Professor Auerbach. 
 
58 
 
 POITIERS. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE NANCY. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 SCIENCK. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Floquet, Molk ; MM. Lacour, 
 
 Vogt. 
 Physics : Professors Bichat, Blondlot ; 
 
 M. Perreau. 
 Chemistry : Professors Arth, Haller, 
 
 Petit ; MM. Guntz, MUller. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Thoulet. 
 
 Geology and Geography : MM. Mil- 
 lot, Nicklds. 
 
 Biology: Professors Friant, LeMonnier; 
 MM. Cu^not, Gain, Saint-Remy. 
 
 AoRiciTLTURE : Professor Petit. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE NANCY. 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Garnier ; 
 
 M Li^geois. 
 Law : Professors Beauchet, Binet, Blon- 
 
 del, Bourcart, Chretien, Gardeil, 
 Gavet, Lombard, Lederlin, Li6geois, 
 Carre de Malberg, May ; AI. Melin. 
 
 FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE NANCY. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Baraban, Bernheim, Char- Spjllmann, Vuillemin, Weiss ; MM. 
 
 pentier, Chretien, Demange, Garnier, Etienne, Fevrier, Froelich, Gu6rin, Guil- 
 
 Gross, Herrgott, Heydenreich, Mace, loz, Haushalter, Jacques, Parisot, Rohm- 
 
 Meyer, Nicolas, Prenant, Schmitt, Simon, er, Schuhl, Zilgien. 
 
 POITIERS, France. 
 UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS. 
 
 This university, founded in 143 1, compiises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a Preparatoxy School of Medicine and 
 Pharmacy. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE POITIERS. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. Comparative Philology: ^/. Audouin 
 
 Languages. — Classical: Professors Philosophy: Professor Luguet; M. 
 
 Ernault, Hild. Mau:don. 
 
 English : M. Castelain. History : Professor Carr6 ; M. Boisson- 
 
 ROMANCE : MM. Arnould, Laumonier. ade. 
 
 Literature : Professor Parmentier. Archaeology : M. Li^vre. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 59 
 
 FACULTi: DES SCIENCES DE POITIERS. 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Durrande, Maillard. 
 
 Physics: Professor Q^ixhit; ^f, Delvalez. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Roux ; M. Guit- 
 teau. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Wclsch. 
 Bkh.ogy : Professors Dangeard, Scbuei- 
 
 der. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE POITIERS. 
 Professors and Uectarers. 
 
 Political Science : MM. Ch^neaux, 
 
 Girault. 
 Law : Professors Arthuys, Arnault de la 
 
 M6nardi6re, Barrilleau, Bonnet, Le 
 
 Courtois, Normand, Parenteau-Du- 
 beugnon. Petit, Prevot-Leygonie, Sur- 
 ville, Thezard ; MM. Cheneaux, 
 Michon. 
 
 ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
 
 DE POITIERS. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Alban de la Garde, Brossard, 
 Buffet-Delmas, Chedevergne, Chretien, 
 
 Delaunay, Guitteau, Jouteau, Poirault, 
 Poisson, Roland ; MM. Faivre, Garbe, 
 Latrille, L6ger, Llaguet, Malapert. 
 
 < <' 
 
 BEVNES, France. 
 
 UNIVERSITE DE RENNES. 
 
 This university, founded in 1808, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
 Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE RENNES. 
 
 Professors nd Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 \NGi'AGES. — Classical: Professors De^ 
 
 launay. Loth ; M. Mac^. 
 l',Nc;i.isH : M. Thomas. 
 Germanic : M. Basch. 
 
 Romance : Professor AUais; M. Loth. 
 Comparative Philolocy : M. Uottin. 
 Pilii.osoi'HY : M. Bourdon. 
 lilsroRY : MM. Jordan, Sde. 
 Geography : MM. Rainaud, Seunes. 
 
 Math EM ATI 
 fessors V 
 
 Physics ; 
 
 Chemistr\ 
 Cavalier. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE RENNES. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 \M) Astronomy: Pro- 
 ■■. Pujet; M. Andrade. 
 ' Morcau, Weiss. 
 
 'rofessor Lechartier ; M. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 Seunes. 
 Biology : Professors Cri6, Joubin ; MM. 
 
 Guitel, Lesage. 
 
 V:^ 
 
\^* 
 
 60 
 
 TOULOUSE. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE RENNES. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science: Professor Worms ; 
 
 At. Turgeon. 
 Law : Professors Artur, Aubry, Bloiidel, 
 
 de Caqueray, Chatel, Chauveau, Fettu, 
 Jarno, Turgeon, Vignerte ; MM. Bo- 
 din, Grandmoulin, Pi6deli6vre. 
 
 ECOLE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN 
 EXERCICE DE RENNES. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 MED/crxi:. 
 
 Professors Aubree, Bellamy, Bertheux, 
 Blin, Bodin, BnU6, Dayot, Delacour, 
 r'leury, Lefeuvre, Lhuissier, Mace,, Fer- 
 
 ret, Perrin de la Touche ; MM. Castex, 
 Cri6, Dayot fils. Faint, Follet, Laurent, 
 Lautier, Le Moniet, Topsent. 
 
 TOULOUSE, France. 
 UNIVERSITE DE TOULOUSE. 
 
 This university, founded in 1229, is large and important, and 
 comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine; there 
 are also Catholic Faculties of Arts and Theology. There are good 
 scientific laboratories and institutes and an astronomical observa- 
 tory. Dr. Maurel is President of the Comite dc Patronage des 
 Etudiants Etrangers, which has procured for foreign students re- 
 duced rates at the hotels and all other pecuniary advantages enjoyed 
 by French students. 
 
 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Lanc.uackh. — Classical : Professors 
 Antoine, Beaudouin ; J/. Navarre. 
 Fn(;lisii : M. Dumiiril. 
 Romance : Professors Benolst, Jcan- 
 roy, Mcrini6e ; M. Ciuy. 
 Literature: J'rofssor Hallberg. 
 
 PiMLosoi'iiY: Professor \<a.y\\\; M. Thou- 
 
 verez. 
 lIlsioKY : Professors Dumas, L6crivain, 
 
 Molinier ; M. Marion. 
 Aucn.i;oL(i(;Y : Professor Dihrbach. 
 ( j I'.oc ; R A 1' 1 1 Y : M. Dognon . 
 Peda(;ik;y : Professor Rauh. 
 
 FACULTE DES SCIENCE? DE TOULOUSE. 
 I'rol'essorH and Lect;?". rs. 
 
 sc/i:.\'ci;. 
 MATllEMAriCS AND ASTRONOMY: Pro- 
 fessors Jiaillaud, Cosserat, Legoux ; 
 Mm. Delassus, I'araf. 
 
 Physics : Professors Bouasse, Mathias ; 
 
 Af. Cotton. 
 Chemistry : J'nfessors Destrem, Haba- 
 
 tier ; J/. Fabre. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology 
 
 Lartet ; M. Caralp. 
 Biology : Professors Leclerc du Sablon, 
 
 6i 
 
 Professor 
 
 Moquiii-Tandon, Roule ; MM Tarn- 
 mes, Trunet. ^ 
 
 Agriculture : M. P'abre. 
 
 FACULTE DE DROIT DE TOULOUSE. 
 Professors and Ijectnrers. 
 
 PoLiTicvL Science : Professor Hoques- 
 rourcace. ' 
 
 Law: Professors Bonfils, Bressolles, 
 iirissaud, Campistron, Deloume, Des- 
 
 piau, Hauriou, Merignhac, rncet 
 Rouard de Card, Timbal, Vidal, Ual! 
 Ion; M. Praissaingea. 
 
 FACULTY MIXTE DE M^DECINE ET DE PHARMAC.E DE 
 
 TOULOUSE. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 MKDICINE. 
 
 P'-ofi^son Abdlous, Andre, Braemer, 
 Mosse, Pen.eres, Remond, Saint-Ange 
 
 Tapie Tourneux ; MM. Aldibert, Aud.v 
 i^ezy, Biarnes, Garrigou, G6rard, Guil- 
 
 M ', t"'''''"^ ^^'""'^' ^^"•"'^' Maurel, 
 Morel, Rispal, becheyron, Soulie, Suis 
 Vieusse. ' 
 
 FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. 
 
 Languages. - ClassIcal : Professors 
 Gimazanes, Montaut, MorKais ; A! 
 Valentin. 
 Romance : Professor Arnaud. 
 Modern : Professor de Suplicy. 
 Literature: Professor Couture 
 C.MPARATIVE riULOLOGY: Professors 
 Couture, Samouilhan. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Piin.osoi'HY : Professor Montagne 
 Arcileology : Professor Saint-Ray- 
 niond. ^ 
 
 Mathematics 
 
 Thomas. 
 I'liYSKs AND Chemistry 
 
 Senderens. 
 
 scriuxci;. 
 
 ■■ Professors Doinec, 
 
 Professor 
 
62 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 The universities of Germany are state institutions, sup- 
 ported by the Government and subject to the Ministers of 
 Education of the several States in which they are situated. 
 They have, however, an independent legal personality, and 
 are to a great extent self-governing. At most of the univer- 
 sities the Minister of Education is represented by the Curator, 
 Chancellor, or Vice-Chancellor, whose duty it is to look after 
 the state interests and to manage the finances of the univer- 
 sity. When this official is wanting the universities are directly 
 under the Ministers. 
 
 Each university comprises four Faculties, namely, the Fac- 
 ulties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine, 
 and Theology ; by each of these Faculties courses of lec- 
 tures, seminary, and laboratory work are provided, and the 
 degree of Doctor is given to matriculated students who have 
 passed the final examination and fulfilled certain require- 
 ments, which vary slightly with the different universities. 
 It is the custom for students to go from one university to 
 another, returning for their degrees to the university of their 
 choice. 
 
 There are in Germany twenty universities, the largest and 
 most important being the universities of Berlin, Leipzig and 
 Munich. A German student when applying for permission 
 to matriculate at a university is expected to hold the Gymna- 
 sialabiturtcntcn Zcui(niss^ the certificate that he has attended 
 the specified course in a Gymnasiiun and passed the final 
 examination. Foreign students must give proof of an equal 
 degree of preparation. 
 
 Women are as a rule admitted only as hearers to courses in 
 the Philosophical Faculty of the several universities, al- 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 63 
 
 ;, sup- 
 ters of 
 tuated. 
 ty, and 
 univer- 
 lurator, 
 )k after 
 univer- 
 directly 
 
 he Fac- 
 edicine, 
 
 of lec- 
 and the 
 lio have 
 require- 
 
 ersities. 
 
 rsity to 
 
 of their 
 
 rest and 
 Izig and 
 l-mission 
 \Gymna- 
 l\ttended 
 Ihe final 
 In equal 
 
 lurses in 
 lies, al- 
 
 though in some cases they have also attended lectures in the 
 Faculties of Law and Medicine.* 
 
 The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been granted to 
 women by the Universities of Berlin, Freiburg, Gottingen, 
 Heidelberg and Tubingen, and at these universities women 
 have a certain recognised position as hearers, although they 
 are not allowed to matriculate. At most of the universities 
 in Prussia properly qualified women are permitted to attend 
 courses in the Philosophical Faculty if they obtain the per- 
 mission of the Rector of the university and of the indi- 
 vidual professors whose courses they desire to hear. They 
 have, however, no rights, and are not counted as students. 
 Any particular application for admission may be refused. 
 The other universities of Germany vary in regard to the 
 admission of women. 
 
 The reading-rooms of the university libraries are as a rule 
 open to women as part of the general public on the same con- 
 ditions as to men. Women who are studying at the various 
 universities are in every case permitted to take books cut of 
 the libraries upon the same conditions as men. 
 
 The academic year begins in October and is divided into 
 two semesters, the winter semester which extends from the 
 middle of October to the middle of March, and the summer 
 semester which extends from the middle of April to the mid- 
 dle of August. The lectures do not, however, generally 
 l)egin until a week or ten days after the date officially 
 announced as the beginning of the semester. 
 
 The list of courses to be given in one semester is not pub- 
 lished until the end of the preceding semester. Official lists 
 of lectures ( Vorlcsungsvcrzcichnhscii) of the universities are 
 sold at the bookshops, they are are not distributed by the uni- 
 
 * Wherever courses in Law and Medicine liave l)cen opened to women, special mention is made 
 of the fact under the head of the separate universities. 
 
 ) t 
 
"HW 
 
 64 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 versities themselves. The Deutscher Universitdts-Kalender ^ 
 published each semester in Berlin, gives the courses offered 
 during the semester at all the German universities. 
 
 The fees paid at German universities are of two kinds, 
 those paid to the universities themselves and those paid to the 
 individual professors. Each university charges students a 
 small fee on entering for matriculation; 18 M. ($4.50) for 
 first matriculation, 9 M. ($2.25) for students coming from 
 another university ; on leaving, for a certificate of work done 
 14 M. ($3.50), in addition to a fee each semester for the 
 right to hear lectures (5 M., $1.25). For each course at- 
 tended a fee is also paid to the professor giving the course, 
 except in those cases where the course is expressly stated to 
 be free (3-5 M., $.75-^1.25, for one hour a week during 
 one semester) . A much larger fee ir paid to the university 
 for a Doctor's degree (300-400 M., $75-$ioo).* 
 
 The fees paid by women vary in the different universities. 
 Where women are officially admitted they may pay the uni- 
 versity fee for those privileges which they enjoy. Where 
 they attend lectures by the permission of the individual pro- 
 fessors without the sanction of the Ministry, they pay the fees 
 to the professors. 
 
 The whole question of the a<lmission of women to the universities has given rise to much dis- 
 cussion in Germany and is still far from being settled. Many Germans regard the higher education 
 of women as undesirable and there is a strong objection manifested by a large number of the pro- 
 fessors and students alike to the admission of women to the universities. In the last few years, how- 
 ever, great advances have been made and the foundation of several gymnasia for girls on exactly the 
 same plan as those for boys has made it possible for German women to obtain adequate preparation 
 for the universities. 
 
 The seriousness of purpose and the ability of lividual women who have studied in Germany 
 has, it is believed, done much towards destroying ti prejudice against women students in the minds 
 of the professors under whom they have worked. Each woman who applies for permission to attend 
 lectures should bear in mind the great rc'-i.onsibility she incurs in thus becoming, as it were, a test 
 case, by which other similar cases in the future wdl be judged. If she is insulhciently prepared or 
 lacking in seriousness of purpose in her work she cannot fail to do harm to the cause of women's 
 education in Germany. Women students should also bear in mind that the conditions of German 
 
 * The above figures are approximate. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 6y 
 
 lender, 
 offered 
 
 kinds, 
 d to the 
 dents a 
 .50) for 
 ig from 
 »rk done 
 
 for the 
 )urse at- 
 t course, 
 stated to 
 t during 
 iniversity 
 
 iversities. 
 
 the uni- 
 
 Where 
 
 lual pro- 
 
 the fees 
 
 le to much dis- 
 Igher education 
 |ber of the pro- 
 ;w years, how- 
 Ion exactly the 
 lite preparation 
 
 Id in Germany 
 Its in the minds 
 Ission to attend 
 it were, n test 
 lly prepared or 
 Ise of women's 
 tns of German 
 
 life are very different from the conditions of American life, and that any failure to observe the estab- 
 lished customs of the people among whom they are living and whose hospitality they are enjoying, is 
 likely to bring women students as a class into discredit. 
 
 BERLIN, Prussia. 
 KONIGL. FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 Until within the last few years the University of Berlin, which 
 was founded in 1S09, was entirely closed to women, and no de- 
 grees had ever been granted by it to women. At present individual 
 women are in general permitted by the University to attend lec- 
 tures as gastzuhorcrinnen^ provided that they can prove that they 
 are properly prepared. 
 
 The application to be allowed to attend lectures, accompanied 
 by the passport and testimonials of the applicant, should be left at 
 the Kuratorium. After the applicant receives notice from the 
 authorities that she is admitted she should go to the Universitdts- 
 Sekretariat for the Rektorats-Erlaubniss-Schein. After the in- 
 dividual professors have given the applicant permission to attend 
 their lectures the Qiiaestor of the University registers and regu- 
 larly admits the student. 
 
 Women students are sometimes admitted to lectures when, on 
 account of lack of space, entrance to the seminaries and laboratories 
 is refused them, but some professors have opened both their semi- 
 naries and their laboratories to individual women. 
 
 Practically all the courses offered by the Philosophical Faculty 
 are now open to women, and courses in Law and Physiology have 
 been attended by women, but in Anatomy and Medicine the classes 
 are in general closed. 
 
 In 1S9S-99 two hundred and forty-one women were studying at 
 the University of Berlin ; a room in the University building has 
 been set apart for their use. One woman has recently obtained the 
 degree of Doctor in the Philosophical Faculty. 
 
 For information as to dates of semesters, fees, etc., see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Professors and liCctiirers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors 
 liarth, Dieterici, Sachaii, Schrader ; 
 Docenls Erman, Sethe, Winckler. 
 
 Indo-I RAMAN : Professors Geldner, 
 Weber ; Docents Oppert, Sieg. 
 
 Ci,assk:ai. : Professors Diels, IlUbner, 
 Kirchhoft", Vahlen, v. Wilanio- 
 
66 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 witz Mollendorff, Winter ; Docents 
 
 KUbler, Rothstein, Schone, Thomas. 
 
 English : Professor Brandl ; Reader 
 
 Harsley. 
 Germanic : Professors Bruckner, 
 Heusler, Hoffory, Roediger, E. 
 Schmidt, Weinhold ; Docents Cor- 
 nicelius, Herrmann, Meyer. 
 Romance : Professors Geiger, Tob- 
 ler ; Docent Schultz-Gora ; Readers 
 Hecker, Pariselle. 
 Chinese: Professor Qrv\tt. 
 Mongolian and History of Bud- 
 dhism : Docent Huth. 
 
 Oriental Languages Seminar : Pro- 
 fessors Arendt, Berneker, Hassan 
 Djelaled-din P'ischer, Foy, Giissfeldt, 
 Hartmann, Lange, Amin Maarbes, 
 Mitsotakis, de Mugica Neuhaus, Sen- 
 ga. Sid Giiani Schirkawi, Hsiieh Shen, 
 Steinbach Vacha, Velten, Warburg, 
 Abder-rahman Zaghlul. 
 
 Comparative Philology: Professor 
 John Schmidt. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Dilthey, Pau'- 
 sen, Runze, Stumpf, Zeller ; Docents 
 Dessoir, Doring, Hoppe, Lasson, Sim- 
 mel, Schumann, Thiele. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Boeckh, 
 Lass, V. Martitz, Meitzen Reinhold, 
 Schmoller. Sering, Wagner ; Docents 
 V. Hale, Hoeniger, Jastrow, v. Kauf- 
 niann, v. Wenckstern. 
 
 Hist iRY : Piofessors Breysig, Delbriick, 
 Hirschfeld, Kohler, Lenz, Mommsen, 
 SchefFer-Boichorst, Schieniann ; Do- 
 cents Dessau, Hintze, Honiger, Klebs, 
 Koepp, Koser, Kiibler, Lehmann, 
 Liesegang, Meinecke, Naudt^, Oncken, 
 Roloff, Seler, Spahn, Sternfeld, Tangl. 
 
 Art and ArcH/KOLOGY : Professors Er- 
 man, Frey, Grimm, Kekul6, Winne- 
 feld, Winter ; Docents Dessau, Gold- 
 schmidt, Graef, Hehiiert, Kalkmann, 
 Kern, Pernice, Schmid, Sethe. 
 
 PEOA<xir.Y : Professor Miiiicii. 
 
 Geography: Professors \. Drygalski, v. 
 Richthofen ; Docents Dove, Kretsch- 
 nier. 
 
 scri-.NCJi. 
 
 M.\thematics and' Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Bauschinger. Foerster. Fro- 
 benius, Fuchs, HenscI, Hettner, 
 
 Knoblauch, Lehmann-Fi h6s Planck, 
 Scheiner, Schwarz ; Docents Batter- 
 mann. Hoppe, Marcuse. 
 
 Physics : Professors v. Bezold, Blasius, 
 Neesen, P.anck, Warburg ; Docents 
 Arons, Assmann, du Bois, Krigar- 
 Menzel, Pringsheim. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Biedermann, 
 Fischer, Fock. Gabrie', Landolt, 
 Liebermann, Pinner, Rammelsberg, 
 Schneider, Sell, Tiemann, Van t' Hoff, 
 Wichelhaus, Will ; Docents v. Buchka, 
 Harries, Hayduck, Jacobson, Jahn, 
 Marckwald, Meyerhoffer, Reissert, 
 Rosenheim, Schopff, Schotten, Thoms, 
 W. Traube, Windisch, Wohl. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Klein ; Docents 
 Fock, Tenne, H. Traube. 
 
 Geology : Professors Berendt, Dames ; 
 Docent Jaeke'. 
 
 Biology : Professors Ascherson, Engler, 
 Garcke, Kny, Magnus, v. Martens, 
 Moebius, Schulze, Schwendener, Witt- 
 mack ; Docents Gilg, Heymons, Hoi- 
 termann, Karsch, Kolkwitz, Lindau, 
 von Luschan, Plate, Reinhardt, Schau- 
 dinn, Schumann, Volkens, Warburg, 
 Zimmermann. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor Orth. 
 
 LAir. 
 Professors Aegidi, Berner, Bornhak, 
 Brunner, Dambach, Dernburg, Eck, 
 Gierke, HUbler, Kahl, Kohler, Oert- 
 mann, Pernice, Rehme, Secke', Zeumer ; 
 Docents Burchard, Heilborn, Jacobi, 
 Kaufmann, Preuss, Schwartz, Stolzel. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors A. Baginsky, v. Bergmann, 
 Bernhardt, Brieger, Busch, von Coler, 
 Ehr'ich, Engelmann, Eulenburg, EwaUl, 
 Fasbender, B. FrJlnke', Fritsch,Gerhardt, 
 Go'dscheider, Gurlt, Gusserow, Henoch, 
 Hertwig, Heubner, Hildebrand, Hirsch- 
 berg, Horstmann, Israel, Jolly, Koch, 
 Konig, Koppen, Lesser, Lewin, Leyden, 
 Liebreich, I-ucae, Mende', Mi' er, Moeli, 
 H. Munk L Munk, Nage', Olshausen, 
 Kose, Rubner, Salkowski, Schoe'er, 
 Schweiggcr, Schweninger, Senator, 
 Silex, Skrzeczka, Sonnenburg, Strass- 
 mann, Thierfelder, Trautmann, H. Vir- 
 chow, R. Virchow, Wa'deyer, J. Wo fif. 
 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 67 
 
 M. Wolff; Docents B. Baginsky, Behr- 
 end, Benda, Boedeker, C. du Bois-Rey- 
 mond, R. du Bois-Reymond, Bonhoff, 
 Casper, Diihrssen, A. Fraenkel, Geb- 
 hard, G!uck, Grawitz, Greeff, Grunmach, 
 Giinther, Guttstadt, Hansemann, Herter, 
 Heymann, Hirschfeld, Jacobson, Jansen, 
 Joachimstahl, Katz, Klemperer, Ko- 
 b anck, Konig, R. Krause, W. Krause, 
 Kriinig, Laehr, Landau, Langerhans, 
 Langgaard, Lassar, Lewinski, Lexer, 
 Litten, Loewy, Martin, Mendelsohn, 
 Meyer, Michaelis, Mitscherlich, L Munk, 
 Nagel, Neumann, Nitze, Oestreich, Ohl- 
 mii ler, Oppenheim, Pagel, Perl, Pfeiffer, 
 
 Posner, Puppe, Rabl-Rilckhard, Rawitz, 
 Remak, Riess, Rosenheim, Rosin, Ruge, 
 de Ruyter, Salomon, Schelske, SchuUer, 
 Schultz,Stadelmann, Strassmann, vStrauss, 
 Tobold, Westphal, Wolpert, Zinn. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Benzinger, Deutsch,Gunkel, 
 Harnack, Kaftan, Kleinert, Muller, 
 Pfleiderer, Seeberg, von Soden, Strack, 
 Weiss, W^obbermin ; Docents Gennrich, 
 Holl, Plath. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professors Bel'ermann, Fleischer ; Do- 
 cent FriedlSnder. 
 
 BONN, Prussia. 
 RHEINISCHE FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The university was founded in iSiS and is under the same general 
 regulations as all the universities of Germany ; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Twenty-six women were attending courses in the university as 
 hearers in the winter semester of 1S9S-99. 
 
 Holiday courses for women teachers are given in August by the 
 university professors. The subjects are chiefly philosophical and 
 philological. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : ProfessorYxyxar, 
 Docent Nix. 
 Classical : Professors Buecheler, El- 
 ter, Usener ; Docents Brinkmann, 
 Radermacher, Solmsen. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor]2x.o\y\. ; Do- 
 cent Solmsen. 
 English : Professor Trautmann. 
 Germanic : Professors Franck, Litz- 
 niann, Wilmanns ; Docent Drescher. 
 Romance: ProfessorYo<tx?X^x\ Reader 
 Gaufinez. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Jacobi. 
 pHiiosorHV: Professors Bender, Elter, 
 Meyer, Neuhaeuser ; Docents Erd- 
 niann, Wentscher. 
 Political Science : Professors Dietzel, 
 
 Gothein. 
 History: Professois\. Bezold, Meister, 
 
 Nissen, Ritter, Schmitt, Wiedemann ; 
 
 Docents Meister, Strack. 
 Art and ArcH/EOLOGY: Professors Justi, 
 
 Kiippers, Loeschke ; Docents Clemen, 
 
 Firmenich-Richartz. 
 Geography : Professor Rein ; Docents 
 
 Philippson, Reinhertz. 
 Music : Professor L. Wolff. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Deichmiiller, 
 Lipschitz, KUstner, Kortum, Study ; 
 Docents Heffter, Monnichmeyer. 
 
 Physics : Professors Kayser, Lorberg ; 
 Docent Ptliiger. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors AnschUtz, 
 Partheil, Rimbach ; Docents Binz, 
 Heusler, LCb, Schroeter. 
 
 Mineralogy: /'/■()/t'W()^' Laspeyres j Do- 
 cent Kaiser. 
 
 i \ 
 
 \ li 
 
*p 
 
 68 
 
 BRESLAU. 
 
 Geology : Professors Pohlig, Schluter ; 
 
 Decent Rauff. 
 Biology : Professors Borgert, Ludwig, 
 
 Strasburger ; Docents Fischer, Konig, 
 
 Noll, Strubell, Voigt. 
 Agriculture : Docent won der Goltz. 
 
 Professors Bergbohtn, Cosack, Crome, 
 Hiibner, Hufifer, Kruger, Landsberg, 
 Loersch, Pfluger, v. Schulte, Seuffert, 
 Zitelmann. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Binz, Doutrelepont, Finkeln- 
 burg, Finkler, Fritsch, Fuchs, Geppert, 
 la Valette St. George, Koester, Leo, v. 
 Mosengeil, Nussbaum, Pelmann, Peters, 
 Pfluger, Saemisch, Schede, Schiefter- 
 
 decker, Schultze, Ungar, Walb, Witzel ; 
 Docents Bleibtreu, Boennecken, Bohland, 
 Burger, Dreser, Eschweiler, Graff, Hum- 
 melsheim, Jores, J. Kocks, W. Kecks, 
 Krukenberg, Kruse, Petersen, Pletzer, 
 Rieder, Schmidt, Schondorff, SchrSder, 
 Schultze, Thoinsen,Wendelstadt,Wolters. 
 
 THEOLOGY, PROTESTANT. 
 
 Professors Bratke, Goebel, Grafe, 
 Kamphausen, Meinhold,Ritschl, Sachsse, 
 Sell, Sieffert ; Docents Meyer, Simons. 
 
 THEOLOGY, CATHOLIC. 
 
 Professors Englert, Esser, Felten, 
 Kellner, Kaulen, Kirschkamp, I.angen, 
 Schrors ; Docent Rauschen. 
 
 BRESL.au, Prussia. 
 
 KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Breslau, founded in 1506, admits women 
 under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees 
 have as yet been granted by women by this University. Women 
 who hold the Gymnasialabiturientenzeugnlss are allowed to at- 
 tend all the medical courses, including those in anatomy, but no 
 one is admitted who does not hold the certificate in question. 
 Thirty-one women were attending courses in the University in the 
 winter semester of 1898-99. The general regulations are same as 
 those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors De- 
 
 litzsch, Fraenkel. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Hillebrandt, 
 Hoffmann ; Docents Brockelmann, 
 Liebich. 
 
 Classical : Professors Forster, MUl- 
 ler, Norden, Skutsch, Zacher ; Do- 
 cents Cohn, Kroll, Wiinsch. 
 
 English : Professor Kolbing ; Lec- 
 turer Pughe. 
 
 Germanic: Professors Nehring, Vogt; 
 Docents Bobertag, Jiriczek, Koch. 
 
 Romance : Professor Appel ; Lecturer 
 Pillet. 
 
 Russian : Lecturer Abicht. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Flck, Hillebrandt 
 History of Literature : Professor 
 
 Koch. 
 Philosophy : Professors Baeumker, Eb- 
 
 binghaus, F"reudenthal, Stern. 
 Political Science : Professors Au- 
 
 hagen, Sombart, Wolf. 
 History : Professors C'aro, GrUnhagen, 
 
 Kaufmann, Schulte, Wilcken. 
 Art and Archaeology : Professor Mu- 
 
 ther ; Docent Semrau. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
GERMANY . 
 
 69 
 
 Witzel ; 
 ohland, 
 f, Hum- 
 Kocks, 
 Pletzer, 
 chrSder, 
 Wolters. 
 
 Grafe, 
 Sachsse, 
 Simons. 
 
 Felten, 
 l.angen. 
 
 women 
 
 degrees 
 
 Women 
 
 a to at- 
 
 but no 
 
 Liestion. 
 
 y in the 
 
 same as 
 
 Jessors Franz, Rosanes, Sturm ; Docent 
 London. 
 
 Physics : Professors Heydweiller, O. E. 
 Meyer. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Ahrens, Laden- 
 burg, Poleck, Weiske ; Docenfs Kus- 
 ter, Scholtz. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Hintze ; Do- 
 cent Milch. 
 
 Geology : Professor Freeh ; Docents 
 Gurich, Milch. 
 
 Geography : Professor Partsch; Docent 
 Leonhard. 
 
 Biology : Professors Brefeld, Chun, Fer- 
 dinand, Kiikenthal, Pax, Stutzer ; Do- 
 cents Braem, Mez, Rohde, Rosen, 
 Weberbauer. 
 
 Engineering : Docent Beyer. 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Ahrens, Hol- 
 defleiss, Luedecke, von Kumker, Stut- 
 zer ; Docents Beyer, von Nathusius, 
 Strauch. 
 
 Forestry : Docent Kayser. 
 
 Veterinary Surgery : Professor Melz- 
 dorf ; Docent Strauch. 
 
 LAu: 
 Professors Beling, Brie, Brack, Dahn, 
 
 Fischer, Jors, Leonhard, Schott ; Docent 
 Heymann. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Born, Cohn, Czerny, Fil- 
 ehne, Flugge, Hasse, Hirt, Kast, Kolac 
 zek, Kustner, Lesser, Magnus, Mikulicz 
 Neisser, Partsch, Ponfick, Richter, Roh 
 mann, UhthoflF, Wernicke ; Docents Alex 
 ander, Bonhoeffer, Bruck, Buchwald 
 FrSnkel, Groenouw, Henke, Henle 
 Hiller, Hurthle, Jacobi, v. Kader 
 Kaiser, Keilmann, Kionka, Krienes 
 Kiihnau, Kiimmel, Mann, Peter, Pfann 
 ensteil, Reichel, Riegner, Sachs, Schlfer 
 Stern, Tietze. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Protestant : Professors Arnold, Cor- 
 nill, Halin, Kawerau, Lohr, Miiller, 
 Schmidt, Wrede ; Docents Juncker, 
 Schulze. 
 
 Catholic : Professors Commer, Konig, 
 Krawutzcky, LJlmmer, Miiller, Nikel, 
 Niirnberger, Pohle, Probst, Schaefer, 
 Scholz, Sdralek ; Docents von Tessen- 
 Wesierski. 
 
 ERL.ANGEN, Bavaria. 
 KGL. FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university was founded in i743» ^wd the general regulations 
 are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Women are in general allowed to attend lectures at the three 
 Bavarian Universities and also to take degrees in their philological 
 and scientific departments. Nevertheless, a woman, who, after 
 passing the final examinations of a gymnasium, wished to study 
 medicine at this university has been refused permission to attend 
 lectures in anatomy. 
 
 Five women were attending courses at the university during the 
 winter semester of 189S-99. 
 
 Pi'ol'essors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Iy : Pro- 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Abel. 
 Classical : Professors Heerdegen, 
 RGmer. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Geiger, 8tein- 
 
 nieyer. 
 Romance : Professor Schneegans. 
 Modern : Professor Varnhagen. 
 
10 
 
 FREIBURG IM BREISGAU. 
 
 Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- 
 ogy : Professor Geiger, 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Class, Falcken- 
 berg. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Ehe- 
 berg, Neuburg. 
 
 History : Professors Fester, von Hegel, 
 Pohlmann. 
 
 Geography: Professor Pechuel-Loesche; 
 Decent Blanckenhorn. 
 
 Art and Archeology : Professor 
 Flasch. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor Romer. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Gordan, Nother. 
 
 Physics : /'/-(y^wc?/- Wiedemann ; Docent 
 Schmidt. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Busch, Fischer, 
 Paal. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Lenk ; Docents 
 
 Blanckenhorn, v. Elterlein. 
 Geology : Professor Lenk. 
 Biology: /'/-^w^j^j Fleischmann, Reess; 
 
 Docent Schmidt. 
 
 LAH'. 
 
 Professors Allfeld, Gengler, Hellwig, 
 jager, Kipp, Rehm, Sehling. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Eversbush, Fleischer, From- 
 mel, LeoGerlach, Graser,Hauser, Heim, 
 von Heineke, Hermann, Kiesselbach, 
 Penzoldt, Rosenthal, Specht, v. Striim- 
 pell ; Docents Gessner, Heinz, v. Kryger, 
 Miiller, Schneider, Spuler. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Caspari, Ewald, Ihmels, 
 Kolde, Lotz, MuUer, Zahn ; Docent Wie- 
 gand. 
 
 FREIBURG IM BREISGAU, Baden. 
 
 GROSHERZ. BAD. ALBERT-LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Freiburg, founded in 1457, is one of the three 
 universities of Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to 
 women. Women are admitted to university lectures under the 
 same restrictions as at the University of Heidelberg. (See p. 
 75.) For the general regulations see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS, 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Reck- 
 
 endorf. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Holtz- 
 
 mann. Thumb. 
 Classical : Professors Hense, Kalb- 
 
 fleisch, Schmidt, Steup, Thurney- 
 
 sen. 
 English : Professor Schroer. 
 Germanic : Professors Kluge, Meyer, 
 
 Panzer, Weissenfels. 
 Romance : Professors Baist, Green, 
 
 Levy, Paufler. 
 Comparative Philology : Professors 
 
 Thumb, Thurneysen. 
 Philosophy : Professors Cohn, Grosse, 
 Rickert, Riehl. 
 
 Political Economy : Professors Fuchs, 
 
 V. Schulze-Gaevemitz. 
 History : Professors Bienemann, Dove, 
 
 Fabricius, Finke, Michael, v. Simson. 
 Art and Arch.eology : Professor 
 
 Puchstein, Studniczka, Sutter ; Docent 
 
 Cornelius. 
 Geography : Professor Neumann. 
 Pedagogy : Docent Ziirn. 
 Music : Docent Hoppe. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Loewy, Liiroth, Rebman, Stick- 
 el berger. 
 
 Physics : Professors Himstedt, Meyer. 
 
1l!f 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 71 
 
 Chkmistry : Professors Claus, Willger- 
 
 odt; Doccnts Edinger, Fronim. 
 Mineralogy : Professors Graefif, Stein- 
 
 mann. 
 Geoi.ocy : Professor Boehm 
 Dioi.OGY : Professors Gmber, Hacker, 
 
 Oltmanns, Weismann ; Doccnt Fritze. 
 Agriculture: Professor v. Schulze-Gae- 
 
 vernitz. 
 
 Professors Eisele, Merkel, von Roh- 
 land, Rosin, Riimelin, Schmidt, Stutz ; 
 Docents Schmezer, Sieveking. 
 
 MEDICLWE. 
 
 Professors Bartels, Bass, Bloch, BSum- 
 
 ler, Emminghaus, Goldmann, Kegar, 
 Hildebrand, v. Kahlden, Keibel, Killian, 
 Kiliani, Kirn, Knies, Korn^ Kraske, von 
 Kries, Jacobi, Manz, Miiller, Schinzinger, 
 Schottelius, Sonntag, Wiedersheim, 
 Wiedow, Ziegler ; Docents Autenrietli, 
 I'ulius, Clemens, v. Dungern, Gaupp, 
 Nagel, Reerink, Ritschl, Roos, Schiile, 
 Sellheim, Treupel. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Baunigartner, Braig, Heiner, 
 Hoberg, Keppler, Kraus, Krieg, Kiins- 
 tle, Ruckert, Trenkle, Weber. 
 
 « \^- 
 
 GIESSEN, Hesse. 
 GROSSHERZOGL. HESSISCHE LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This University was founded in 1607, and the general reguhitions 
 are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 It is the first university in Germany to take action in regard 
 to admitting women on the same footing as men. In January, 1899, 
 the Senate decided by a large majority to admit women who have 
 obtained the Reifezeiigniss of a gymnasium or of a RealscJmle of 
 the first order as matriculated students in the Faculties of Phil- 
 osophy and Law. Up to the present no women have been ad- 
 mitted to the university. 
 
 Professors and Liectnrers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian: Professor 
 Bartholomae. 
 Classical : Professors A. Dieterich, 
 
 Gundermann. 
 English : Professors Pichler, Wetz. 
 Germanic: Professor Behagel; Docents 
 
 Collin, Pichler, Strack. 
 Romance: Professors Behrens, Pichler. 
 Philosophy : Professor Siebeck ; Do- 
 cent Kinkel. 
 Political Science: Professor Laspeyres. 
 History: Professors Hohlbaum, Oncken; 
 Docents J. R. Dieterich, Kernemann. 
 
 Art and Arch.eology: Professor 
 
 Sauer. 
 Geography : Professor Sievers. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Schiller. 
 
 SCIEXCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Fromme, Netto, Pascli ; Docent 
 Haussner. 
 
 Physics : Professors Fromme, Scholl, 
 Wiener. 
 
 Chemistry : ProfessorsYMo%, Naumann; 
 Docents Eidmann, Rhode, Schcin, 
 Schwarzmann. 
 
7a 
 
 GOT TING EX. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Brauns. 
 IJloi.ocY : Professors Hansen, Spengel, 
 
 V. Wagner. 
 AoRicui.TURR : Professors ^Hess, v. 
 
 Minden, Thaer, Wimmenauer. 
 
 LAir, 
 
 Professors Biennann, Braun, Frank, 
 GUnther, Heimburger, Jung, Leist, 
 Schmidt. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bose, Bostroem, Eckhard, 
 Fuhr, Gaehtgens, Gafi'ky, Geppert, Loh- 
 lein, Poppert, Riegel, Sonnner. Stein- 
 briigge, Sticker, Strahl, Vossius, Walther; 
 Docents Baur, Ilenneljerg, Koppe. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Protks TANT : Professors Baldensperger, 
 Holtzmann, Kattenbusch, Kostlin, 
 KrUger, Stade. 
 
 GOTTIXGEN, Prussia. 
 GEORG-AUGUSTS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Gottingen, founded in 1737, is one of the four 
 universities in Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to 
 women. In 1893 its doors were first opened to women students, 
 and from the beginning a certain official position has been given to 
 them, although they are not allowed to matriculate, and the appli- 
 cation of any individual candidate for admission may be refused at 
 the option of the university authorities. 
 
 The university library, reading rooms and the special reading 
 rooms for separate subjects are open to women students as freely 
 as to men students and upon the same conditions. Four women 
 have obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in this university 
 within the last few years. Twenty-one women were attending 
 courses in the University as hearers during the summer seinester of 
 1S98. 
 
 The mathematical seminary has issued a programme of study to 
 aid students in choosing^theiiiost profitable arrangement of lectures, 
 etc. 
 
 Fees are paid to the Qiiaestor of the University. The general 
 
 regulations are the same as for other German Universities ; sec 
 
 pp. 62-64. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors 
 Pietschmann, Rahlfs, Smend, Well- 
 hausen ; Docents Liiders, Schulthess. 
 Inuo-Iranian : Professor Kielhorn. 
 
 Classical : Professors Diltliey, Kai- 
 bel, Leo, Meyer; Z)('r<7/A Schulten, 
 Schulze, Wentzel. 
 
 English : Professor Morsbach ; Lectot 
 Tamson. 
 
GERMAAY. 
 
 73 
 
 khard, 
 
 t, Loh- 
 
 Stein- 
 
 ('alther; 
 
 iperger, 
 K.6stUn, 
 
 iie four 
 ctor to 
 udents, 
 ;iven to 
 t appli- 
 used at 
 
 i-eading 
 freely 
 women 
 iversity 
 tending 
 ester of 
 
 itudy to 
 ectures, 
 
 ueneral 
 es ; see 
 
 Germanic: Professors Ileyne, Roethe; 
 Docent Meissner. 
 
 RoMANCK : Professor Slimming ; Lec- 
 tor Sechehaye. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Schulze. 
 Philosophy : Professors Baumann, 
 
 MUller, Peipers, Rehnisch. 
 Political Science : Professors Cohn, 
 
 Ehrenberg, Lexis. 
 History : Professors Kehr, Krauske, 
 
 Lehmann, Willrich ; Docent Busold. 
 Art and ArcH/^ology : Professor 
 
 Vischer. 
 Geography : Professor Wagner. 
 Music : Professor Freiberg. 
 
 SCIliNCK. 
 
 Mathematics ano Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Hilbert, Klein, Schur, Voigt ; 
 Docents Ambronn, Bolilir.ann, Bren- 
 del, Sommer. 
 
 Physics: Professors Des Coudres, Nernst, 
 Riecke, Voigt ; Docents Simon, 
 Wiechert. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Fischer, Nernst, 
 Polstorff, Wallach ; Docents Abegg, 
 Coehn, Koetz, Lorenz. 
 
 MiNERALOCiY : Profcssor Liebisch. 
 
 Geology : Professor von Koenen. 
 
 Biology : Professors Bertliold, Fhlers, 
 Peter ; Docents Henking, Rhumbler. 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Burger, 
 P'leischmann, Griepenkerl, Lehmann, 
 E. Meyer, v. Seelhorst, Tollens. 
 
 LAii: 
 
 Professors Andr6, von Bar, Detmold, 
 Dove, Fhrenberg, Frensdorff, v. Hippel, 
 Merkel, Planck, Regelsberger, v. Sa- 
 vigny. 
 
 MHDICrNl-. 
 
 Professors Aschoff, Beneke, Borattam, 
 Braun, liiirkner, Cramer, Damsch, Droy- 
 sen, Ebstein, Esmarch, Esser, lieitmuller, 
 Hildebrand, Husemann, Jacobi, Kallius, 
 Konig, Lohmeyer, Marm6, Meissner, 
 Merkel, Meyer, Nicolaier, Orth, Rosen - 
 bach, Runge, Schrnidt-Rimpler, Sultan ; 
 Docents v. Reichenbach, Schreiber. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors PMnWi%, Bonwetsch, Knoke, 
 Schader, Schultz, Schiirer, Smenri, 
 Tschackerf, Wiesinger, Zorn ; Docents 
 Achelis, Bousset, Hackmann, Otto, 
 Rahlfs, Wellhausen. 
 
 GRKIFSAVALD, Prussia. 
 KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Greifsvvald, founded in 1456, admits women 
 under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees 
 have as yet been granted to women by this university. A summer 
 course in literature, philosophy, etc., is held from July loth to July 
 28th. It is open to foreigners, both men and women and is largely 
 attended. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities ; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 ' i 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ley, Kai- 
 Schulten, 
 
 Ih ; Lectoi 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Langu.vges. — Semitic : Professor Kess- 
 
 ler. 
 Oriental : Professors Ahlwardt, Zim- 
 
 nier ; Docent Heller. 
 Classical : Professors Gercke, Korte. 
 Englisit : Professor Quiggin. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Brainier, Reif- 
 ferscheid, Siebs ; Docent Stengel ; 
 Reader Conlet. 
 
 Romance : Professor Brandin. 
 CoMi'ARAri\'E Philology : Professoi 
 
 Zimmer. 
 
i»ia| 
 
 74 
 
 HALLE. 
 
 Pmi.dSOPHY : Professors Rclinike, 
 
 Schmekel, Schuppe. 
 Political Sciknxk. : Professors Bier- 
 
 mer, Stock, Struck, Waentig ; Doceiit 
 
 Schmoele. 
 Hlsiory : Professors Bernheim, Pyl, 
 
 Seeck, Ulmann ; Docetits Altmann. 
 Art andArcil'Eology: Professor Preu- 
 
 ner. 
 Geography : Professors Crcdner. 
 
 sc/nxcE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Study, Thoni^. 
 
 Physics : Professors Holtz, Richarz ; 
 Docent Schreber. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Lirti'- ,nt, 
 Schwanert ; Docents Posner, Semmler. 
 
 MiNKRALOCY ; Professor Cohen. 
 
 Geology : Professor Deecke. 
 
 Biology : Professor Schiitt ; Docents 
 Moeller, MiilJer. 
 
 l^rofessors Bierling, Frommhold, 
 Kviickmann, Pescatore, Stampe, Stoerk, 
 Weismann ; Docents v. Marck, Medem. 
 
 MliniCl^'K. 
 
 Professors Anult, Ballowitz, Beumer, 
 Bier, Bonnet, (Jrawitz, Krabler, Landois, 
 Lortler, Mosler, Peiper, Pernice, Rose- 
 mann, O. Schirmer, Schulz, Solger, 
 Striibing, Tilmann, Triepel ; Docents 
 Busse, (jeruianos, Ilelferich, Hoffmann, 
 Leick, Stoewer, v. Preuschen. 
 
 T/rrOLOGV. 
 
 Professors Bosse, Cremer, Haussleiter, 
 I.iitgert, v. Nathusius, Oettli, Schultze, 
 Zockler ; Docents Lezius, Vo' c. 
 
 HAIiLE, Prussia. 
 
 VEREINIGTE FRIEDRICHS-UNIVERSITAT HALLE-WITTEN- 
 BERG. 
 
 In order to attend lectures at the Un'versity of Halle women stu- 
 dents must obtain permission from the Prussian Mini.ier of Educa- 
 tion and from the individual professors whose courses they desire 
 to hear. 
 
 In making application to the Minister the candidate must state 
 the course of study to be pursued and, in so far as is possible, the 
 names of the professors under whom she wishes to work. Fifteen 
 women were attending courses as hearers during the winter semester 
 of iSyS-99; six of these attended the courses in medicine and were 
 admitted to the lectures on anatomy. 
 
 The doctors and students .ittached to the hospitals in Ilalle have 
 protested against the action of the medical faculty in admitting 
 women to courses in medicine. 
 
 T',e general regulations are the same as for other German uni- 
 versities ; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 l*i'o(V'HS()rs and liCcJurerH. 
 
 .IRTS. 
 
 Languages. — Skmitic : Professor Pr!l- Indo-Iranian : Professors Pischel, 
 
 tt)riu.s ; Docents Fischer, Jacob. Zachnriae ; Docent Schmidt. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 7$ 
 
 Doccnts 
 
 immhokl, 
 ;, Stoerk, 
 , Medem. 
 
 Beumer, 
 , Landois, 
 ce, Rose- 
 ;, Solger, 
 Doccnts 
 Hoffmann, 
 
 laussleiter, 
 . SchuUze, 
 
 i/lTTEN- 
 
 3men stu- 
 )f Educa- 
 ley desire 
 
 nust state 
 
 isible, the 
 
 Fifteen 
 
 semester 
 
 and were 
 
 Classical : Pro/cssors Eechtel, Blass, 
 Dittenberger, Wissowa ; Doccnts 
 Ihm, Maurenbreclier. 
 Enclisii : Professor X^agncr; Reader 
 
 Thistltthwaite. 
 Gkkmanic: Professors T)ur(lach,ITaym, 
 Riehl, Strauch ; Ducents Bremer, 
 Collitz, Meier, Saran, SchuUze. 
 Romance : Professor Suchler ; Do- 
 cents lleuckenkanip, Simon, Wechs- 
 sler, Wiese. 
 Comparative PHiLOLOGy : Professors 
 
 Bechte!, Zachariae. 
 Phii.osoi'IIY : Professors Erdmann, 
 Haym, Uphues, Vaihinger; Docents 
 Ilusserl, Schwarz. 
 Political Science: Professors Conrad, 
 
 Friedberg, Kahler. 
 History : Professors Droysen, Ewald, 
 Hertzberg, Lindner, Meyer, Rachfahl; 
 Docents B-ode, von Ileinemann, von 
 Ruvillc, ? nmerlad. 
 Geoc.raphv . Professor K\xch\\oi( ', Do- 
 cents Schenck, Ule. 
 Art and Arcii^.oloc.y : Professor 
 Robert ; Docents Kautzsch, Wernicke. 
 Pedagocy : Docent Fries. 
 Music : Professor Reubke. 
 
 scms'CE. 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Cantor, Eberhard, Gutzmer, 
 Wangerin. 
 Physics: Professor Schmidt; Docent 
 
 Rolofif. 
 Chemistry: Professors DQuhnex, Vol- 
 hard ; Do ents Baumert, Chess, I'.'rd- 
 
 Mineralocy : Professor Luedecke; Do- 
 cents V. Kraatz-Koschlau. 
 
 Geology : Professor v. Fritsch. 
 
 Biology : Professors Grenacher, Klcbs, 
 O. Taschenberg ; Docents Brandes, 
 Schulz. 
 
 Agriculture: Professors PsXhtH, Kuehn, 
 Maercker, Wust ; Docents CUiss, 
 Disselhorst, I'^alke, Fischer, Freytag, 
 Hoklefleiss, Knoch, Lorenz, v. Men- 
 del-Steinfels, Miiller. 
 
 L.iir. 
 Professors Arndt, Boretius, v. Bruen- 
 neck, van Calker, Endemann, Fitting, 
 Ileck, V. Hollander, Lastig, Liepmann, 
 V. Liszt, Loening, Rietschel, Rosenfeld, 
 Schulte, Stammler, Stein. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bernstein, v. Bramann, 
 Bunge, Eberth, Fehling, Frinkel, Genz- 
 mer, Harnack, v. Hippel, Hitzig, Kohl- 
 schiitter, v. Mering, Oberst, Pott, Roir., 
 Schwarz, Schwartze, Seeligmiiller, 
 Weber; Doccnts, Braunschweig, Eisler, 
 Endres, Gruneit, Haasler, Heilbronner, 
 V. Herff, Hessen, Hessler, Jensen, Koer- 
 ner, Kromayer, Leser, Mehnert, Reinc- 
 both, Sobernheim, Vahlen. 
 
 niEOLOCY. 
 
 Prof'ssors Beyschlag, Eichhorn, 
 Haupt, Hering, Kaehler, Kautzsch, 
 Koestlin, Loofs, Reischle, Rothstein, 
 Wameck ; Docents l?eer, Clemen, 
 Ficker, Scheibe, Stange, Steuernagel. 
 
 mann, VorlSnder. 
 
 HEIDEIiliilORC, Baden. 
 
 Ilalle have 
 admitting 
 
 Irman uni- 
 
 \prs Pischel, 
 Viidt. 
 
 GROSSHERZOGLICHE RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Heidelberg, fotmded in 13S6, has granted 
 the degree of Doctor to several womtn. Women %vho olitain the 
 permission of tlie Dekan of the Faculty in ([uestion and of the indi- 
 vidual professors may attend lectures at the imiversity. The semi- 
 naries and laboratories of certain professors have been opened to 
 individual women. Twelve women were attending courses in the 
 university as hearers during the winter semester of 1898-99. 
 
76 
 
 JENA. 
 
 Permission to take the Doctor's examination is granted by the 
 Philosophical Faculty, each case being considered separately by the 
 Faculty. 
 
 Fees are paid to the Qiiaestor of the University. The general 
 
 regulations are the same as for other German universities ; see pp. 
 
 62-64. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- 
 sors Bezold, Ilrilnnow, Lefman, 
 Osthoff, Siitterlin. 
 Classical: J^rofessors Cxnsin?,, Osthoff, 
 
 SchSll ; Docent Haumstark. 
 English : Professors Hoops, Ihne. 
 Gkrmanic : ProfcssorsV>r^Vi\\t., Kahle, 
 Meyer, von Waldberg, Wunderlich ; 
 Docents Elirismann, Waag. 
 Romance : Professor Neumann ; Do- 
 cents Schnecgans, Vossler. 
 CoMrAKATiVK PHILOLOGY: Professors 
 
 Brandt, Lefman. 
 Pi[iLOS()i>iiY : Professors K. Fischer, 
 
 Hensel ; Decent Arnsperger. 
 I'liLiTicAl. Science: Professors Leser, 
 
 Wel)er ; Docent Kindemiann. 
 
 r,EO(.KAi'HY : Professors Ilettner, Wolf. 
 
 nisr(,)RY : Professors v. Domaszewski, 
 
 Erdmannsdorffcr, Kleinsclimidt, Koch, 
 
 Neumann, ScIiSfer, Scherrer ; Docent 
 
 Cartel lieri. 
 
 Art and Arcii.voi.ogy : von Duhn, 
 
 Eisenlohr, Thode, Zangemeister. 
 I'l.DAi-.odY : Prtfssor Uhlig. 
 Music : Professor Wolfriim. 
 
 sc//:.yc/:. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Cantor, EisenUjhr, Koeliler, 
 Konigsherger, Landsberg, Valentiner, 
 Wolf. 
 
 Physics: P/v/'essor ( )uincke : Docent 
 
 trSger, Briihl, Bunsen, Curtius, Gatter- 
 mann, II. Goldschmidt, Horstmann, 
 Jannasch, Knovenagel, Krafft ; Docent 
 DiUrich. 
 Mineralogy: Professors v. Goldschmidt, 
 
 Osann, Rosenbusch. 
 Geology : Professors Rosenbusch, Salo- 
 mon, Sauer, Schmidt. 
 Biology : Professors K^(iXi^vj, Biitschli, 
 Haller, Koch, Pfitzer, Schuberg ; Do- 
 cent Lauterhorn. 
 Agriculture : Professor Stengel. 
 LAtr, 
 Professors Bekker, Buhl, Jellinek, 
 Karlowa, von Kirchenheim, v. Lilienthal, 
 Meyer, Schroder, Seng, Strauch; Docents 
 Affolter, Ilatschek, I lis, Mittermaier, 
 Schmidt. 
 
 Mi:n/ci\i-. 
 Professors Arnold, v. Beck, Cramer, 
 Czerny, Dinkier, Erb, Ernst, Ewald, 
 Kleiner, Gegenl)aur, Gottlieb, Bessel- 
 Hagen, Hoffmann, Jordan, Jurasz, Kai- 
 ser, Kehrer, Klaatsch, Knaufi", Kraepelin, 
 Kilhne, Leber, Lessen, Maurer, Oppeii 
 heimer, Passow, Schottlander, V'ierordt, 
 Weiss; /)(;(•(•;//.»• Aschaffenberg. Bettmaiin, 
 iirauer, Cohniieini, i'ischer, (ioppert, 
 Hammer, v. Hippel, Marwedel, Nissl, 
 Petersen, vSchaelfer, Schmidt, N'ulpius. 
 
 Precht. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Auwers, Born- /), 
 
 TUl-OLOGV. 
 
 Piofessors P>assermann, 
 CJriitzmachcr, I lausratli, 
 Lemine, Morx, Roh 
 t Schmilthennct 
 
 Deissmann, 
 
 Kntucker, 
 
 St, Troeltsch ; 
 
 i'oLi 
 
 D 
 
 ilis-i 
 Lc 
 Stc 
 
 Cf'X)! 
 
 Art 
 
 J'KI), 
 
 -Mati 
 
 .lilXA, Saxe- Weimar. 
 
 GROSSHERZOGL. UND HERZOGL. SACHSISCHE 
 
 GESAMT-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 This university, fouudcd in 155S, is under the .same ocncral 
 regulations as other German universities; see pp. 62-64. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 17 
 
 I the 
 ly the 
 
 jneral 
 ;e pp. 
 
 Gatter- 
 •stmann, 
 ; Docent 
 
 Schmidt, 
 
 cli, Salo- 
 
 Butschli, 
 erg; ^^- 
 
 ;el. 
 
 Jellinek, 
 Lilienthal, 
 Iv, Doceuts 
 littermaier, 
 
 Cramer, 
 EwaUl, 
 Bessel- 
 ,rasz, Kai- 
 Kraepelin, 
 er, Oppen- 
 Vierordt, 
 I'.etimann, 
 C'.opperl, 
 ;lel, Nissl, 
 Vulpius. 
 
 Deissmann, 
 Ktieucker, 
 TroeUsch ; 
 
 Women are not allowed to attend lectures at the university, but 
 are admitted as candidates for the Doctor's degree provided the}- 
 have attended a university as matriculated students for at least six 
 semesters and have had the required previous training. 
 
 Holiday courses for women teachers and others are held by the 
 university professors in August. The subjects are philosophy, 
 philology, the natural sciences, pedagogy, history of religion, and 
 there are courses in the German language and literature for for- 
 eigners. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 fessors Abbe, Frege, Schaffer, Thomae ; 
 
 Docent Knopf. 
 Physics: Professors Anexhach, Schaffer, 
 
 Winkelmann; Z>(;c<'«/j I)uden,Straubel. 
 Cukmistry : Professors Knorr, Wolff; 
 
 Docent Gaenge. 
 Gi:c)i,OGY : Professors Linck, Walther ; 
 
 Docent Steuer. 
 Biology : Professors Detmer, Haeckel, 
 
 Pick, Stahl, Ziegler. 
 Agriculture: Professors 'EdXtx, Pfeiffer, 
 
 Settegast. 
 
 I. A ir. 
 
 Professors Danz, Kniep, I-angenbeck, 
 Leist, I.oning, Rosenthal, Schoen, 
 Schultze, Thon. 
 
 Professors v. Bardeleben, Biedermann, 
 Binswanger, Engelhardt, Fiirbringer, 
 Gartner, Kessel, Krehl, Matthes, Milller, 
 Riedel, Schillbach, Schultze, Seidel, 
 Skutsch, Stintzing, Verworn, Wagen- 
 mann, Ziehen ; Docents Braus, Guni- 
 precht, Hertel, Schulz, Witzel. 
 r///;o/.oc.r. 
 
 Professors Drews^ Hilgenfeld, Nip- 
 pold, Seyerlen, Siegf;ied, W'endt ; Do- 
 cents 15aeiitsch, von Dobschiitz. 
 
 yin rs. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Wil- 
 
 helni ; Docent Hilgenfeld. 
 
 Indo-Iranman : Professors Cappeller, 
 
 Delbriick, Schrader, VoUers, Wil- 
 
 helm. 
 
 '^' s'CAL: Professors Gelzer, Gotz, 
 
 .!iiv'; Docent Schloaser. 
 G:'R.\' ■;ic : Professors Leitzmann, 
 
 y- ■ As. 
 English : Reader Keller. 
 Romance : Professer Cloetta. 
 Comparative Philology Professors 
 
 Uelbriick, Schrader. 
 I'liiLOsoi'llY: Professors Eutken, Lieb- 
 
 niann ; Docent Dinger. 
 Political Science : Professor Vitrsiox^ ; 
 
 Docent Anton. 
 History: Professors Gzlr-tx, Liebenam, 
 Lorenz ; Docents Keutgen, Mentz, S. 
 Stoy. 
 t'iKor.RAi'ilY : Professor Dove. 
 Arp AND ArcH/EOI.ogy : Professors 
 Ciaedechens, Noack ; Docent Weber. 
 Pedagogy: Professor l<^\n\ Docent Sioy. 
 
 SC/J:XCJ:. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 general 
 
 KIKL, Prussia. 
 KONIGLICHE CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Kiel was foundeil in 1665. The general 
 regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see 
 pp. 62-64. 
 
 Eleven women were attending courses in the university as hearers 
 during the winter semester of 1S9S-99. 
 
HI 
 
 78 
 
 kOnigsberg. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Hoff- 
 mann ; Docent Lidzbarski. 
 Indo-Iraxian : Professor Oldenberg. 
 Classical : Professors liruns, Schone. 
 English : Professor Sarrazin ; Reader 
 
 Cough. 
 Germanic : Professors Gering, Kauff- 
 mann ; Docents Groth, Stcsch, Uhl, 
 Wolff. 
 Romanck : Professor Korting ; Reader 
 Schenk. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Oldenberg ; Docent Cauer. 
 Fhilosoi'HY: Professors Deussen, Mar- 
 tins ; Docents Adickes. 
 Political Science : Professors Has- 
 
 bach, Seelig ; Docent Tonnies. 
 Geograi'HY : Professor Kriimmel. 
 History : Professors Rodenberg, Schir- 
 
 ren, Volquardsen ; Docent Unzer. 
 Art and Arch.kology : Professors 
 Milchhoefer, Matthaei ; Docents Ehr- 
 enberg. 
 Music : Docent Stange. 
 
 SC/E\CE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Harzer, Kreutz, Pochhammer, 
 Stackel. 
 
 Physics : Professors Ebert, Karsten, 
 Lenard, Weber. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Claisen, Riig- 
 
 lieimer ; Docents Berend, Biltz, Em- 
 
 merling, Stoehr. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Lehmann. 
 Geology : Professors Haas, Lehmann ; 
 
 Docent Stolley. 
 Biology : Professors Brandt, Reink° ; 
 
 Docents Apstein, Karsten, Lehmann, 
 
 Schneideniuhl, Vanhoffen. 
 /uiRicULTURi : Profes or Rodewald. 
 
 LAir. 
 
 Professors Frantz, HJlnel, Kleinfeller, 
 Niemeyer, Pappenh«'"i; Schlossmann, 
 Weyl ; Docents Leidig, Thomsen. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bier, Bockendahl, Falck, 
 P'ischer, Flemming, Heller, Hensen, 
 Hoppe-Seyler, Petersen, Quincke, %'. Spec, 
 V. Starck, Volckers, Werth ; Docents 
 Doehle, Fricke, Glaevecke, Heermann, 
 Ilochhaus, Holscher, Jessen, Kirch- 
 hoff, Klein, Meves, Nicolai, Paulsen, 
 Seeger. 
 
 TlfEOLOCy. 
 
 Professors Baumgarten, Bosse, Klos- 
 termann, Miihlau, v. Schubert, Titius ; 
 Docent Riedel. 
 
 KOXIGSBERG, Prussia. 
 KONIGLICHE ALBERTUS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Konigsbcrg was founded in 1544. The gen- 
 eral regulations are the same as those of othe/ German universities; 
 see pp. 62-64. Thirty-four women were attending courses in the 
 university as hearers in the winter semester, 1S9S-99. 
 
 pel 
 
 sta 
 
 .sioi 
 
 cati( 
 
 liavi 
 
 l*rol'cssors and Ijocmrors. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 LANGirAGES. — Semitic : Professor ]^.\x\\ 
 
 Docents Peiser, Rost. 
 Indo-IraniaN : Prof'sso) I'ranke. 
 Classical : Profcsson liriukinann, 
 
 FiiedlJlnder, Jerp, Ludwicli, Ros^- 
 
 bach ; Docent 'I'olkiclm. 
 
 English : Professors Kaluza, K issuer. 
 Germanic: Professors Baunigart, 
 
 Schade ; Docent Uhl. 
 PxOMANCK : Professor Kissner ; Reader 
 
 Sihairi'. 
 "Mi'XRAiiVE Philology: Professor 
 Bczzenberger. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 79 
 
 RUg- 
 Em- 
 
 tnann ; 
 imann, 
 
 aid. 
 
 infeller, 
 ssniann, 
 
 , Falck, 
 Hensen, 
 
 ;,v. Spec, 
 
 Doceiits 
 
 eermann, 
 
 , Kircb- 
 
 Paulsen, 
 
 ise, Wos- 
 Titius ; 
 
 rhe gen- 
 I'cvsities ; 
 Ls in the 
 
 |,x. K issuer. 
 15ainnguvt, 
 
 Professor 
 
 rmi.OSOPHY : Professors Busse, Walter. 
 roi.iTiCAL Science : Professors Diehl, 
 
 Clerlach, Umpfenbach. 
 IlisT()RY: Professors Erler, Lohmeyer, 
 
 IVutz, Riibl, Scbubert ; Docent Im- 
 
 micb. 
 Gkography : Professor Habn. 
 Art and Arcii.eoi/)GY : Professor 
 
 liandcke ; Docent Ebrenberg. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Franz Meyer, Saalschiitz, 
 Scboenfiies, Struve, Volkmann ; Do- 
 cents Cohn, Rabts, Vahlen. 
 
 I'livsics : Professors Pape, Volkmann ; 
 Docent Wiecbert. 
 
 Ciikmistry : Professors Blocbmann, 
 Klinger, Lossen ; Docents Gutzeit, 
 Lowenberg, L(3\venberz. 
 
 ]\Iin'ERALO(;y: ProfessorW^^gQ; Docents 
 Jentzscb, Scbellwien. 
 
 (iKOl.ociY: Docents Jentzscb, Scbellwien. 
 
 liidLOGY; 
 Docent Liibe. 
 
 Agricultlire : Professors 
 Gisevius ; Docent Rorig. 
 
 Backbaus, 
 
 LAU: 
 
 Professors Braun, Luerssen 
 
 Professors Gareis, Gradenwitz, Giiter- 
 bock, Salkowski, Scbimier, Zorn; Docent 
 Hubrich. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bertbold, Braun, Caspary, 
 V. Eiselsberg, v. Esmarch, Falkenheim, 
 Griinbagen, Hermann, Jaffe, Kuhnt, 
 Llcbtbeim, Meschede, Miinster, Nau- 
 werck, Neumann, Samuel, Schneider, 
 Scbreiber, Seydel, Stieda, Winter, 
 Zander ; Docents M. Askanazy, S. Ask- 
 anazy, Braatz, Cohn, DolDbelin, Gerber, 
 Hallervorden, Heisratb, Hilbert, JSlger, 
 Kafemann, Lange, Leutert, Miinster, 
 Prutz, Rosinski, Stamer, Stetter, Valen- 
 tini, Weiss. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Benratb, Dahner, Dorner, 
 Giesebrecbt, Jacoby, Sommer, \'oigt ; 
 Readers HotTmann, Lackner, Pelka. 
 
 LEIPZIG, Saxony. 
 UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Leipzig, founded in 1409, is not ofHcially 
 oi^en to women, although women have for a numljer of years been 
 permitted to attend certain courses at the university. They have no 
 standing as students and are in no cases granted degrees. Permis- 
 .sion to attend lectures must be obtained from the Minister of Edu- 
 cation in Saxony. In many cases the seminaries and laljoratories 
 have been opened to women students. 
 
 In the ^Medical Faculty nearly all the courses except clinical 
 courses and all laboratories except the anatomical la'X)ratorv have 
 itccn attended by women. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see j^p. 62-64. 
 
 Pi-oroMfjors and Let'tiii-ci's. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 1 .anguai;ks. — I Ni )( )• I r ani an : /'rofcs:ors 
 l.indaer, Socin, Windiscb ; Docent 
 ^uuunie. 
 
 Ouir.NiAl. : Professors Conmdy, Ziiu- 
 
 Pi'jrn; Docents Blocb, Schw.n/. 
 Classical ; Professors Cichonus, Im- 
 
8o 
 
 MARBURG. 
 
 misch, I.ipsius, Marx, vSchmitt, 
 Wachsmuth, Zarncke. 
 Encmsh : Professor Wulker ; Reader 
 
 Lake. 
 Gkrmanic and Slavonic : Professors 
 V. Bahder, Elster, Ilirt, IIolz, 
 Koster, Leskien, Mogk, Scholvin, 
 Sievers, Witkowski, Wollner. 
 Romance: Profe sors Birch- Hirsch- 
 feld, F. Settegast, Weigand ; Reader 
 Duchesne. 
 Comparative Piiii.oloc.v : Professor 
 
 Brugmann ; Docent Hirt. 
 Philosophy: Professors }i^x\!n^ Ileinze, 
 Striimpell, Wundt ; Docents Mentz, 
 Richter, Storring, li. Wolff. 
 Political Scienck : Professors Biicher, 
 Fricker, Hasse, Stieda ; Doeents Lam- 
 bert, Pohle, Richter, Walcker. 
 History : Projessors IJiederniann, Buch- 
 holz, Cichorius, Gardthausen, Lam- 
 precht, Marcks, Seeliger ; Doeents 
 Brandenburg, Daeiiell, Gotz, Kaerst, 
 Salomon, Sorensen, Weissbach. 
 Art and Arcilkolocv : Professors 
 Brockhaus, Schmarsow, Schneider, 
 Schreiber, Steindorff, Studniczka; Do- 
 cent Kautzsch. 
 Geography : Professors Ralzel, Sieglin; 
 
 Docents Fischer, Ilassert. 
 Pedacjogy : Professors Barth, Richter, 
 Volkelt. 
 
 SCIENCF. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 fessors Bruns, Fngel, Holder, Karl 
 Mayer, Neumann, n Oettingen, 
 Scheibner ; Docents Ilausdorff, Nieper. 
 
 Physics : Professors Drude, Wiedeburg, 
 Wiener ; Doeents O. Fischer, Knob- 
 lauch, Mentz. 
 
 Chemisiry : Professors Beckmann, Le 
 Blanc, Gstwald, Weddige, Wisli- 
 cenus; Docents Euler, Rassow, Stobbe, 
 Wagner. 
 
 Geology : Professors Credner, Felix. 
 Biology : Professors Ambronn, Chun, 
 
 A. Fischer, Fraisse, Looss, Marshall,. 
 
 Pfeffer, Schmidt, Simroth ; Docent 
 
 zur Strassen. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Zirkel. 
 Agriculture: Professors F2ber, Fischer, 
 
 Howard, Kirchner, Strecker. 
 
 :..Aiy. 
 Professors Binding, Burchard, v. De- 
 genkolb, Friedberg, Goetz, Haepe, 
 Holder, Rieker, Schmidt, Sohm, Stein, 
 Strohal, Voigt, Wach ; Docents Engel- 
 mann, Kloeppel, Slintzing, Triepel. 
 
 MnoiciNH. 
 Professors Altmann, Barth, Birch- 
 Hirschfeld, Boehm, Carus, Curschmann, 
 Eigenbrodt, Fick, Fischer, Flechsig, 
 Friedrich, Hagen, Held, Hennig, 
 Hering, Hesse, Wilhelm His, Fried- 
 rich Albin Hoffmann, Franz Hofmann, 
 Kockel, Kolliker, Romberg, Riehl, 
 Sanger, Sattler, Schmidt, Schoen, 
 Schroeter, Schwarz, Siegfried, Solt- 
 mann, Tillmanns, Trendelenburg, Win- 
 ter, Zweifel ; Docents Dolega, Ficker, 
 Friedheim, Friedlilnder, E. P. Friedrich, 
 Garten, Haake, Heymann, Wilhelm His, 
 Jr., F. B. Hofmann, Kaestner, Koll- 
 mann, Kroenig, Kriickmann, Kiister, 
 Lange, von Lesser, Menge, Naumann, 
 Pilssler, Perthes, Schlltz, Tschermak, 
 Wagner, Wilms, Windscheid. 
 
 riii-oLOGy, 
 Professors Brieger Dalman, Fricke, 
 Gregory, (juthe, Hauck, Heinrici, Hof- 
 mann, Kirn, Kittel, Luthardt, Rietschel, 
 Schnedermann,Thieme; Docents Bohmer, 
 Hol.scher, Kunze, Seesemann. 
 
 Ml src. 
 Professor Kretzschmar; Docents Priifcr, 
 Riemann. 
 
 MARBl RG, Prussia. 
 UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Marburg, founded in 1527, is open to women 
 under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin : see p. 65. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 8i 
 
 Twenty-three women were attending courses in the university 
 as hearers during the summer semester, 1898, and ten during the 
 winter semester, 1S98-99. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities ; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Fricke, 
 
 ci, llof- 
 
 Lietschel, 
 
 iBohmer, 
 
 k Pruferj 
 
 Ivomen 
 p. 65. 
 
 /'^ 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Jen- 
 sen. 
 Classical : Professors Birt, Maass ; 
 
 Docent Thiele. 
 English ; Professor Victor ; Reader 
 
 Tilley. 
 Germanic : Professor Schroeder ; Do- 
 cent Wrede. 
 Romance : Professor Koschwitz ; 
 Reader Doutrepont. 
 Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- 
 ogy : Professors Justi, Kretschmer, 
 Docent Finck. 
 Philosophy : Professors Bergmann, Co- 
 hen, Natorp ; Docent Kiihnemann. 
 Political Science : Professors Olden- 
 berg, Rathgen ; Docent Waentig. 
 History : Professors v. Below, Brandi, 
 Konnecke, Niese, von der Ropp ; Do- 
 cents Diemar, Judeich, Wenck. 
 Geography : Professor Fischer. 
 Art and AR':H/1£ology : Professors von 
 Drach, von Sybel. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Feussncr, Hess, Schottky ; Do- 
 cent V. Dahvigk. 
 
 Physics : Professors Feussner, Melde. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Fittica, Rathke, 
 Schmidt, Zincke ; Docents Fritsch, 
 Gadaraer, Schaum, Schenck. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Bauer. 
 
 Geology : Professor Kayser. 
 
 Biology : Professors Kohl, Korschelt, 
 Meyer ; Docent Brauer. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Enneccerus, Lehmann, 
 Leonhard, Sartorius, Trager, Wochen- 
 feld, Westerkamp ; Docent Meyer. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Ahlfeld, Behring, Disse, 
 Enderlen, Gasser, Hess, v. Heusinger, 
 Kossel, KUster, Lahs, Mannkopff, Mar- 
 chand, Meyer, Muller, Nebelthau, Ost- 
 mann, Tuczek, Wernicke; Docents Al- 
 brecht, Buchholz, Heine, KUhne, Saxer, 
 Zumstein. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Achelis, von Baudissin, 
 Cremer, Herrmann, Jiilicher, Mirbt, 
 Weiss, Werner; Docents Bauer, Kraetzsch- 
 mar. 
 
 MUNICH, Bavaria. 
 KONIGL. LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The university was founded in 1472, and is under the same gen- 
 eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Advanced women students are allowed to attend certain lectures 
 at the university as hearers provided that they can prove that they 
 are sufficiently prepared. Application for admission should he 
 made to the Minister of Education in Munich. 
 
8a 
 
 MUNICH. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Hom- 
 mel ; Decent Dyroff. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors Kuhn, von 
 der Schulenberg ; Docents Scher- 
 mann, Simon. 
 Chinese: Docent von der Schulenberg. 
 Classical : Professors v. Christ, v. 
 Miiller, v.Woelfflin; Docents\>xe.x\x^, 
 Oehmichen, von der Pfordten, 
 Traube, Weyman. 
 Byzantine and Modern Greek : 
 
 Professor Krumbacher. 
 English : Professor Schick ; Docent 
 
 Sieper ; Reader Blinkhorn. 
 Germanic: Professors Muncker, Paul; 
 
 Docents Borinski, Woemer. 
 Romance : Professor Breymann ; Do- 
 cent Hartmann ; Reader Pirson. 
 History of Modern Literature : 
 
 Professor Woemer. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Kuhn. 
 Philosophy : Professors Guttler, von 
 
 Hertling, Lipps ; Docent Cornelius. 
 Political Science : Professors Bren- 
 tano, Gayer, Lotz, v. Mayr ; Docent 
 Wasserrab. 
 History : Professors Friedrich, Grauert, 
 v. Heigel, Oberhummer, Riezler, Si- 
 monsfeld ; Docents Doeberl, Mayr, 
 Traube. 
 Geography : Professor Oberhummer. 
 Art and Archaeology : Professors 
 FurtwSngler, Riehl, Riggauer ; Do- 
 cents BuUe, Weese. 
 
 SCIENCE, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Bauer, Ebermayer, Lindemann, 
 Pringsheim, Seeliger; Docents Anding, 
 Brunn, Doehlemann, Erk, Kom, v. 
 Weber. 
 
 Physics : Professors Graetz, von Lom- 
 mel ; Docent Donle. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors v. Baeyer, Hof- 
 mann, Hilger, Koenigs, Muthmann, 
 Thiele ; Docents Bergeat, Dieckmann, 
 Roihmund, Willstatter. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Groth. 
 Geology : Professors Rothpletz, von 
 
 Zittel ; Docents Pompeckj, Wein- 
 
 schenk. 
 Biology : Professors Goebel, Hartig, 
 
 Hertwig, Radlkofer, Ranke, Selenka ; 
 
 Docents Giesenhagen, Hefele, Hofer, 
 
 Maas, Pauly, Solereder, v. Tubeuf. 
 Agriculture : Professors Ebermayer, 
 
 Endres, Mayer, Pauly, Weber. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors v. Amira, v. Bechmann, 
 Birkmeyer, Grueber, Harburger, Hell- 
 mann, Loewenfeld, v. Maurer, v. Planck, 
 Seuffert, v. Seuffert, v. Seydel, v. Sich- 
 erer, v. Stengel, Ullmann. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors J. Amann, Angerer, Bauer, 
 Bezold, Bollinger, Hans Buchner, L. A. 
 Buchner, Bumm, Emmerich, Herzog, 
 Klausner, v. Kupffer, Messerer, Moritz, 
 Oeller, Oertel, v. Pettenkofer, Posselt, v. 
 Ranke, Rieder, v. Rothmund, RUckert, 
 Schech, Seitz, v. Striimpell, Tappeiner, 
 V. Voit, V. Winckel, v. Ziemssen ; Do- 
 cents J. A. Amann, Barlow, Brandl, 
 Cremer, Diirck, Fessler, Frank, Gudden, 
 Hahn, Haug, Hecker, Hofer, Klein, 
 Kopp, Krummacher, Lange, v. Liebig, 
 May, Mollier, Neumayer, Passet, Port, 
 Salzer, Schloesser, Schmauss, Schmitt, 
 Schonwerth, Seydel, v. Sicherer, Sitt- 
 manu, v. Stubenrauch, Stumpf, Trumpp, 
 Voit, Wolfsteiner, Ziegenspeck, Ziegler. 
 
 THEOLOGY, 
 
 Professors Atzberger, Bach, Barden- 
 hewer, Knoepfler, Andreas Schmid, 
 Alois Ritter v. Schmid, Schoenfelder, 
 Silbernagl, Wirthmiiller; Docents Dausch, 
 Holzhey. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Docents Sandberger, v. d. Pfordteu. 
 
 P 
 C 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 83 
 
 , von 
 Wein- 
 
 lartig, 
 lenka ; 
 Hofer, 
 euf. 
 rmayer, 
 
 :hmann, 
 -, Hell- 
 Planck, 
 V. Sicb- 
 
 r, Bauer, 
 er, L. A. 
 Herzog, 
 , Moritz, 
 'osselt, V. 
 Ruckert, 
 appeiner, 
 en ; Do- 
 BrancU, 
 Gudden, 
 Klein, 
 Liebig, 
 et. Port, 
 Scbmitt, 
 rer, Sitt- 
 Trumpp, 
 Ziegler. 
 
 Barden- 
 
 Scbmid, 
 
 Dcnfelder, 
 
 \s Dauscb, 
 
 fordteu. 
 
 ROSTOCK, Mecklenberg. 
 GROSSHERZOGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Rostock has in individual cases permitted 
 women who make teaching a profession to attend certain lec- 
 tures of the Philosophical Faculty. Permission must be obtained 
 from the Rector, the Vice-Chancellor and the professor concerned. 
 The Ministry has asked for information in regard to these women 
 students, and for the present the question of the admission of 
 women to the university remains in abeyance. 
 
 The university was foun-lcd in 1419 and is under the same gen- 
 eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 62-64. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor 
 Philippi. 
 Classical: Professors \. Arnim, Kern. 
 Germanic : Professor Golther. 
 Romance: ProfessorsUixiAntr, Zenker; 
 Docent Robert. 
 
 Philosophy: Professor Ehrhardt. 
 
 Political Science: Professor Waentig. 
 
 History : Professor Schirrmacher ; Do- 
 cent Schafer. 
 
 Art and ARCHyEOLOGV : Professor 
 Korte. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Pro- 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy 
 fessor Staude. 
 
 Physics : Professors Matthiessen,\Vachs- 
 muth. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Michaelis ; Do- 
 cent Stoemier. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Geinitz. 
 
 Geology : Professor Geinitz. 
 
 Biology : Professors Falkenberg, See- 
 
 liger, Will ; Docent Hegler 
 Agriculture : Professor Heinrich. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Bernhoft, v. Blume, 
 Geffcken, Lehmann, Mattbiass, Sachsse. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Axenfeld, Barfurth, Garr6, 
 Gies, Kobert, Korner, Langendorff, Lu- 
 barsch, Martius, Pfeiffer, Schatz, Schu- 
 chardt, Albert Tbierfelder, Theodor 
 Thierfelder ; Docents Reinke, Ricker. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Hashagen, Koenig, Nosgen, 
 Schulze, Walther. 
 
 STRAS8BURG, Alsace. 
 KAISER-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Strassburg, founded in 1567, is not officially 
 open to women. By the special permission of certain professors 
 and without the sanction of the Ministry one or two advanced 
 women students have been admitted, as a great exception, to cer- 
 tain of the university courses. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 62-64. 
 
84 
 
 TUBINGEN. 
 
 Professors and Liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors Eut- 
 ing, Keil, Landauer, Noldtke ; Do- 
 cent Schwally. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Leumann. 
 Classical : Professors Friedlander, 
 Keil, Michaelis, Reitzenstein, 
 Schwartz, ThrSmer; DocentsYitmze, 
 Miller. 
 English: ProfessorYi.otY>]>t\; Reader 
 
 Robertson. 
 Germanic : Professors Henning, Mar- 
 tin ; Docents Joseph, Rohrig. 
 Romance : Professor Grober ; Reader 
 Lopez. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Hubschmann. 
 Philosophy : Professors Windelband, 
 
 Ziegler. 
 Political Science : See Law and Pol- 
 itical Science. 
 History: ProfessorsV,xe.%?\z.VL, Neumann, 
 Varrentrapp, Wiegand; Docents Bloch, 
 Kromayer, Ludwig, Sackur. 
 Geography : Professor Gerland ; Do- 
 cent Hergesell. 
 Art and ArcH/Eology : Professor 
 Dehio, Michaelis ; Docents Heinze, 
 Leitschuh, Spiegelberg. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Becker, Krazer, Reye, Roth, 
 Timerding, Weber, Wellstein, Wisli- 
 cenus ; Docents Kobold. 
 
 Physics : Professors Braun, Cohn ; Do- 
 cent Cantor. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Erlenmeyer, Fit- 
 tig, Rose, Schaer ; Docent Cantor. 
 
 Mineralogy : Docent Bruhns. 
 
 Geology : Professors Benecke, Bucking; 
 Docent Tornquist. 
 
 Biology : Professors Doderlein, Goette, 
 Jost, Solms-Laubach. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 Law : Professors van Calker, Heimber- 
 ger, Laband, Lenel, Mayer, Merkel, 
 Schultze, Sickel, v. Tuhr, Wlassak, 
 Zimmermann. 
 
 Political Science : Professors Knapp, 
 von Mayr, von Waltershausen ; Docent 
 Wittich. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bayer, Cahn, Ewald, F. E. 
 Fischer, F. Fischer, Forster, W. A. 
 Freund, P'iirstner, Goltz, Hofmeister, 
 Kohts, Kuhn, Laqueur^ Ledderhose, 
 Levy, Madelung, Minkowski, Naunyn, 
 Pfitzner, v. Recklinghausen, Schmiede- 
 berg, Schwalbe, Stilling, Ulrich, WoliT; 
 Docents Dreyfuss, Ehret, H. Freund, 
 Gerhardt, Hoche, Jacobj, Jessen, Klein, 
 Manasse, Schmidt, Siegert. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Budde, Ficker, Holtzmann, 
 Lobstein, Lucius, Mayer, Nowack, 
 Smend, Spitta ; Docent Anrich. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professor Jacobsthal. 
 
 TUBINGEN, Wurttemberg. 
 KONIGLICHE EBERHARD-KARLS UNIVERSITAT- 
 
 The University of Tubingen was founded in I477' The general 
 regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see 
 pp. 62-64. 
 
 Permission to attend lectures at the university is, in exceptional 
 cases, granted to women by the Minister of Education in Stuttgart 
 on application from the Academic Senate. As regards granting 
 
 r 
 a 
 
 ti 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 85 
 
 the Doctor's degree to women, the faculty and Chancellor decide in 
 special cases. One woman has obtained the degree of Doctor in 
 the department of Natural Science. 
 
 Professors and Ijccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 feneral 
 see 
 
 )tional 
 
 ittgart 
 
 [anting 
 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Docent9itfoo\<S.. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Garbe. 
 
 Classical : Professors von Herzog, 
 Schmid. 
 
 English : Professor Franz. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Fischer, Lange; 
 Docent Bohnenberger. 
 
 Romance : Professors Pfau, Voretzsch. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Garbe. 
 Philosophy : Professors v. Pfleiderer, v. 
 
 Sigwart, Spitta ; Docent Maier. 
 Political Science : Professors An- 
 
 schiitz, von Jolly, Leemann, Lorey, v. 
 
 Neumann, von Schonberg, Speidel, 
 
 Troltsch. 
 History : Professors Busch, v. Heine- 
 
 mann ; Docents Ernst, Giinter, Mar- 
 quart. 
 Art and ArcH/Eology : Professors 
 
 Lange, von Schwabe. 
 Pedagogy : Docent Treuber. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors v. Brill, Maurer, Stahl, Waitz. 
 
 Physics : Professors Oberbeck, Waltz. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors v. Hiifner, Paul, 
 V. Pechmann; Docents Biilow, Kiister, 
 Mayer. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Koken ; Docent 
 Wulfing. 
 
 Geology : Professor Koken. 
 
 Biology: ProfessorsVXoziwixxcm, Hegel- 
 maier, Vochting ; Docents Correns, 
 Hesse, Mayer, Schmid, 
 
 Agriculture : Professors Buhler, Lee- 
 mann. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors v. Franklin, Gaupp, Geib, 
 V. Mandry, v. Meyer, RUmelin, v. Seeger, 
 V. Thudichum, Wendt. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors v. Baumgarten, v. Bruns, 
 Dennig, Doderlein, Froriep, Griitzner, 
 von Jurgensen, v. Liebermeister, v. Len- 
 hossek, Oesterlen, Schleich, Siemerling, 
 Vierordt, Winternitz, Wagenhaeuser ; 
 Docents I3urker, Dietrich, Grunert,Henke, 
 Hofmeister, Kiittner, Qurin, Sarway, 
 Walz, Wickel. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Protestant: Professors von Buder,Gott- 
 schick. Grill, Haring, Hegler, Schlat- 
 ter, v. Weizsilcker; Docent Metzger. 
 
 Roman Catholic : Professors Belser, 
 von Funk, Koch, Sagmuller, Schanz, 
 Vetter ; Docent Mohler. 
 
 WURZBURG, Bavaria. 
 KONIGLICHE JULIUS-MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University of Wiirzburg was founded in 1402. Women are 
 not generally admitted to the university, but in special cases may 
 attend lectures if they obtain the consent of the Minister of Educa- 
 tion and of the professor whose courses they wish to hear. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
 universities; see pp. 62-64. 
 

 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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86 
 
 WORZBURG. 
 
 ProfbMors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS, 
 
 m\ 
 
 Lanouages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor 
 
 Jolly. 
 
 Classical : Professors Grasberger, 
 Schanz, Sittl. 
 
 English : Professor Forster. 
 
 Germanic: Professor Vtxtnncf, Docent 
 KOtteken. 
 
 Rf)MANCE : Professor StUrzinger ; Do- 
 cent Harttnann ; Reader Soisky. 
 CoMi'ARATivE Philology : Professor 
 
 Jolly. 
 PniLosoniY : Professors Ktllpe, StSlzle ; 
 
 Docents Marbe, Neudecker. 
 Political Science: (See Law and 
 
 Political Science). 
 History: Professors Cbroust, Henner, 
 
 Unger. 
 Geography : Professor Kegel ; Docent 
 
 Ehrenburg. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Grasberger. 
 
 SC/EXC£. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Pryin, Selling, Voss ; Docent 
 Haussner. 
 
 Physics : Professors Medicus, ROntgen, 
 Zehnder ; Docent Wien. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Hantzsch, Me- 
 dicus, Tafel, Wislicenus ; Docent 
 Reitzenstein. 
 
 Geology : Professor Beckenkamp. 
 
 Biology : Professors Boveri, Kraus ; 
 Docents Hauptfleisch, Spemann. 
 
 LA If' AND POLITICAL SCIFNCE. 
 
 Law : Professors v. Burckhard, Mayer, 
 Meurer, Piloty, Oetker, SchoUmeyer ; 
 Docents Binder, Knapp. 
 
 Political Science: Professor Schanz. 
 
 UEDICtNE. 
 
 Professors Fick, Geigel, Helfreich, 
 Hoffa, Hofineier, Kirchner, v. K5lliker, 
 Lebmann, v. Leije, Matterstock, v. 
 Michel, Riedingei, Rieger, v. Rind- 
 fleisch, Rosenberger,Schdnbom,Schultze, 
 Seifert, StShr ; Docents Arens, Bach, 
 Borst, Dieudonni, v. Franqu6, Heiden- 
 hain, Michel, Miiller, Nieberding, 
 Schenck, Sobotta, Stubcnrath. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Abert, Braun, GSpfert, 
 Kihn, Merkle, Schell, Scholz, Stahl, 
 Weber. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 87 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 There are six universities in England and Wales : Cam- 
 bridge, Durham, London, Oxford, Victoria and the Univer- 
 sity of Wales. These are in the main examining bodies and 
 confer degrees on the results of examinations held by the ex- 
 aminers on their staff. Candidates are prepared for these 
 examinations by colleges affiliated with the different univer- 
 sities. In British universities the candidate for the Bachelor's 
 and Master's degrees may usually choose whether he will take 
 the ' pass ' or * honours ' examinations. The honours ex- 
 aminations vary greatly from the pass examinations both 
 in standard and in the amount of specialisation required. 
 At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge the honours ex- 
 aminations for the degree of B.A. are entirely special, the 
 candidate being examined in mathematics, or in classics, or in 
 natural science or in whatever branch he may select. There 
 seems to be a tendency, at any rate at Cambridge, to reduce 
 the amount of specialisation ; a few years ago the mathe- 
 matical ' Tripos ' or honours examination was widened by the 
 addition of some physical subjects. A proposal to require 
 some knowledge of art and literature in the classical tripos 
 has, however, just been defeated. At Oxford and Cambridge 
 the universities appoint professors and lecturers who give lec- 
 tures open to all students, but the greater part of the teaching 
 is arranged for by the college authorities. London is at pres- 
 ent merely an examining university, but after long discussion 
 it has been decided to make it also a teaching university. 
 
w 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 \ li' 
 
 GAMBRIDOE, England. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDOE. 
 
 The University of Cambridge, founded in the 12th century, is a 
 corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of 
 knowledge and confers degrees in arts, science, law, medicine, 
 theology and music on candidates who have fulfilled certain condi- 
 tions in regard to residence at specified colleges and passed certain 
 examinations. There are in Cambridge seventeen colleges and two 
 public hostels for men students and there are a few non-collegiate 
 students. Each college and hostel has its own staff of lecturers 
 and tutors, and though university lectures given by university 
 professors and lecturers are open to members of all the colleges, 
 college lectures are in some cases open to students of specified col- 
 leges only. Preparation for the degree of B.A. occupies, in gen- 
 eral, three years, only half of each year being spent in residence. 
 A student who has obtained the B.A. degree undergoes no further 
 examination for the degree of M.A. Persons over twenty-one 
 years of age who present a diploma or certificate of graduation at a 
 university are admitted as "Advanced Students" and permitted to 
 pursue courses of advanced study or research under the guidance of 
 the Degree Committee. They are allowed to take Tripos examina- 
 tions after a shorter period of residence than is required of ordinary 
 undergraduate students and may proceed to obtain a degree or a 
 " certificate of research." They must apply to the registrary before 
 the first of October for permission to become advanced students, 
 and must be members of a college or hostel or of the body of non- 
 collegiate students. 
 
 Women who desire to attend lectures in Cambridge must enter 
 as students one of the two colleges for women in Cambridge, 
 Girton College or Newnham College, residence at which confers 
 certain privileges. 
 
 Women students who reside at Girton College (see p. 91), 
 Newnham College (see pp. 92-93), or in Cambridge, as "out- 
 students" of one of these colleges, are admitted, with a few 
 exceptions, to all the university lectures, to certain of the college 
 
 'A \i 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. % 
 
 lectures and to most of the (laboratories and museums. Women are, 
 by special permission, allowed to read in the university library. 
 
 Women who have fulfilled, in connection with one of the above 
 mentic'ied colleges, the conditions respecting length of residence 
 and standing which men students are required to fulfil have been 
 admitted, since 1881, to the Previous and Tripos (/. ^., honours) 
 examinations of the university. 
 
 After each examination the examiners publish a list of the suc- 
 cessful candidates, arranged either in classes and divisions or num- 
 bered in order of merit. The names of the men and women stu- 
 dents are on separate lists, but the position taken by the women 
 with reference to the men is shown and the standard is the same 
 for each. 
 
 The question of granting degrees to women who have passed 
 these examinations was brought before the Senate in 1S96, and after 
 a long discussion of the evidence collected by a syndicate appointed 
 by the Senate it was proposed that women who had fulfilled the 
 ordinary requirements for the B. A- and M. A. and higher 
 degrees should be granted the titles of these degrees. This pro- 
 posal was voted on on May 21st, 1897, and rejected by 1707 votes 
 to 661. 
 
 The regulations regarding advanced students do not technically 
 include women students, but there is a hall of residence for women 
 graduate students (see pp. 94-95). 
 
 All applications for admission to the university lectures, etc., are 
 made by the authorities of Girton and Newnham colleges on behalf 
 of the students, and all fees are paid and arrangements made by 
 these authorities. 
 
 There are three terms in each year : the Michaelmas term, begin- 
 ning in the middle of October and lasting nine weeks ; the Lent 
 term, beginning in the middle of January, lasting eight weeks; and 
 the Easter term, beginning in the middle of April, lasting eight 
 weeks. 
 
90 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 University Professors and Ijecturers and Collese Liocturera. 
 
 m 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Ira- 
 NIAN : Professors Bevan, Cowell, 
 Giles, Kiricpatrick, Rieu; Drs. 
 Barnes, Schechter; Messrs. Aldridge, 
 Browne, Chapman, Frost, Kennett, 
 McLean, Neil, Sherlock, Strong, 
 Towers, Wyatt. 
 Classical : Professors Jebb, Mayor ; 
 Drs. Jackson, Peile, Postgate, Reid, 
 Sandys ; Messrs. Abbott, Adam, 
 Archer-Hind, Cooke, Davies, Dims- 
 dale, Edwards, Giles, Gill, Graves, 
 A. Gray, J. H.Gray, Hadley, Hicks, 
 Leaf, Lendrum, Levin, Miles, Neil, 
 Rackbam, Roberts, Shuckburgb, 
 Sikes, Thompson, Tottenham, War- 
 dale, Wedd, Whibley, Wyse. 
 English : Professors Dowden, Skeat ; 
 Messers. Comber, Giles, Gollancz, 
 Morier Hinde, MagnAsson, Wyatt. 
 Germanic : Dr. Breul ; Mr. Wolsten- 
 
 holme. 
 Russian : Mr. Schnurmann. 
 Romance : Messrs. Boquel, Braun- 
 holtz, Comber, Morier Hinde, Kast- 
 ner, Oelsner, Tilley, Wyatt. 
 Comparative Philology : Dr. Post- 
 gate ; Messrs. Breul, Cbadwick, Giles. 
 Philosophy : Professors Sidgwick, 
 Ward ; Dr. Keynes ; Messrs. Johnson, 
 Levin, McTaggart, Rivers, Russell, 
 Stout. 
 Political Science: Professors Marshall, 
 Sidgwick ; Messrs. Berry, Browning, 
 Foxwell, Green, Levin. 
 History : Professors Lord Acton, Gwal- 
 kin, Maitland, Westlake ; Drs. Cun- 
 ningham, Walker; Messrs. Archbold, 
 Browning, Corbett, Dickinson, Evans, 
 Figgis, Hammond, Heitland, I^eathes, 
 Miles, Moriarty, Mullinger, Oldham, 
 Reddaway, Shuckburgh, Tanner, 
 Thornely, Tilley, Whitney. 
 Art and ARCH>iiOLOGY : Professors 
 Ridgeway, Waldslein ; Messrs. E. A. 
 Gardner, Haddon, Roberts. 
 
 SCIBNCB, 
 
 Mathematics and AsTRONt)MY : Pro- 
 fessors Sir R. S. Ball, Darwin, For- 
 
 syth; Drs. Glaisher, Hobson, Lachlan; 
 Messrs. Baker, Bennett, Berry, Coatei, 
 Herman, Hinks, Lamb, Love, Munro, 
 Pendlebury, Richmond, Webb, White- 
 head. 
 Physics : Professors Ewing, Sir G. G. 
 Stokes, lliomson ; Messrs. Bryan, 
 Capstick, W. E. Dalby, D'Arcy, Fitz- 
 
 Katrick, Glazebrook, Griffiths, Larmor, 
 lunro. Peace, Shaw, Skinner, Walker, 
 Whetham, Wilberforce. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Dewar, Liveing; 
 Messrs. Adie, Dickson, Easterfield, 
 Fenton, Heycock, R. M. Lewis, Mor- 
 rell, Neville, Pattison Muir, Ruhe- 
 mann, Scott, Sell, Spivey. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Lewis ; Mr. 
 Hutchinson. 
 
 Geology: Profetsor Hughes; Messrs. 
 Harker,Marr,01dham, Seward, Woods. 
 
 Biology, Physiology, etc. : Professor- 
 Foster, Macalister, Newton, Ward; 
 Drs. Barclay-Smith, Gaskell, Hill, 
 Langley, Melsome, Rivers, Shore ; 
 Messrs. Blackman, Burkill, Cunning- 
 ham, Darwin, Duckworth, Eichholz, 
 Ellis, Gadow, Gardiner, Hardy, Har- 
 mer, Higgins, Hopkins, Kempson, Lis- 
 ter, Sedgwick, Seward, Shipley, War- 
 burton, Woods. 
 
 Engineering : Professor Ewing; Messrs. 
 Hartree, Lamb, Peace, Peel. 
 
 Agriculture : Messrs. Easterfield, 
 Wood. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors Clark, Maitland, Sir R. 
 West, Westlake ; Drs. Anningson, Bate, 
 Bond, Gordon Campbell, Kenny, Law- 
 rence, Walker, Waraker ; Messrs. Bar- 
 low, Buckland, Harris, Higgins, Monro, 
 Whittaker, Wright. 
 
 Ml-DlClNli. 
 
 Professors Allbutt, Bradbury, Kan- 
 thock ; Drs. Anningson, Barlow, Cory, 
 Macalister; Messrs. Douty, Griffiths, 
 Marshall, Pigg, Stabb, Wheny. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Gwatkin, Kirkpatrick, Ma- 
 son, Robinson, Ryle, Stanton, Swete; 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 «i 
 
 Drs. Barnes, Chase, Watson ; Messrs. 
 Barlow, Bethune- Baker, Blenkin, 
 Boughey, Brooke, Chapman, Foakes- 
 Jackson, Fulford, Gore, Gray, Harris, 
 Headlam, Jackson, Knight, McLean, 
 
 McNeile, Murray, Parry, Forbes Robin- 
 son, Srawley. 
 
 .VLSIC. 
 
 Professor Stanford ; Drs. Garrett, 
 Wood. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Sir R. 
 on, Bate, 
 Law- 
 rs. Bar- 
 
 Monro, 
 
 ick. Ma- 
 Swete ; 
 
 GIRTOX COLLEGE, CASIBRIDGE. 
 
 This college, which took its origin in a home for women students 
 opened in 1869 by Miss Emily Davies at Hitchin, about eighteen 
 miles from Cambridge, is open to women only, and provides in- 
 struction for the Previous and Tripos examinations of the University 
 of Cambridge. (See pp. 8S-S9.) There is one large hall of resi- 
 dence, situated about one and a half miles from Cambridge, pro- 
 viding accommodation for the mistress, Miss Welsh, seven resident 
 lecturers and about one hundred students. 
 
 Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, and before 
 entering they are required to pass the Girton College entrance ex- 
 amination or an equivalent examination. 
 
 Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, 
 duly qualified American women have been occasionally admitted, 
 when space permitted, without examination and without undertak- 
 ing the whole three years' course. 
 
 Some Tripos examinations may be taken after two ; others only 
 after three years of residence, but students are expected to reside 
 in the college for three years. There are three terms in each year 
 corresponding to the university terms (see p. 89). 
 
 The charge for board, lodging and tuition is £35 ($175) a term, 
 and this covers all university and college charges. Each student 
 has a bedroom and sitting room, or one large room divided. Stu- 
 dents who desire to reside at the college during the long vacation 
 may do so during July and August at a charge of £14 ($70), for 
 four weeks or Xao ($100) for six weeks. 
 
 There are numerous scholarships varying in value from £17 12s. 
 ($88) to £80 ($400) a year for three or four years. These are 
 awarded on the results of special examinations. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary, Miss Shore 
 Nightingale, i i Queensborough Terrace, Bayswater, London, W. 
 
92 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Lecturer*. 
 
 In addition to the univeniity lectures attended by student* of Ginon Collegt in Cambridgfe (tee 
 p. 90), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1B97-98 at the college ,by the following 
 lecturers : 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Dr. Postgate; 
 Messrs. Adam, Conway, Cooke, 
 Dickinson, DufT, Earp, Graves, 
 Hicks, I^af, Lendrum, Miles, Moul- 
 ton, Pretor, Sikes ; Mrs. Adam ; 
 Misses Alford, Jex-HIake, Taylor. 
 Medi/EVAl and Modern : Drs. 
 Braunholtz, Breul, Boriuel ; Misses 
 Ilensley, Kennedy, Steele Smith. 
 Philosophy and Political Science: 
 Mr. Johnson ; Miss Constance Jones. 
 History : Miss McArthur ; Messrs. 
 Clapham, Dickinson, Green. 
 
 SCIESCB. 
 
 Mathematics : Messrs. Dodds, Love, 
 
 Munro, VVliitehead, Young; Misses 
 
 Hardcastle, Meyer. 
 Biology, Chemistry, Etc.: Misses 
 
 Dale, Greenwood, Marshall, Saunders, 
 
 Sedgwick. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Miss Taylor, Air. Graves. 
 
 MVSIC. 
 
 Dr. Wood. 
 
 NEWNHAM COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 This college, which took its origin in a home for women stu- 
 dents opened by Miss Clough in 1871, is open to women only and 
 provides instruction for the Previous and Tripos examinations of 
 the University of Cambridge (see pp. 88-89). ^^ consists of three 
 halls of residence, situated about five minutes' walk from the 
 centre of Cambridge, and acco.nmodating about 150 students in 
 addition to the principal, vice-principals and resident lecturers. 
 The principal is Mrs. Henry Sidgwick; the vice-principals and 
 heads of the different halls are Miss Katharine Stephen, Miss 
 Mary E. Rickett and Miss B. A. Clough. 
 
 Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, except in 
 special cases ; they are required to give satisfactory references and 
 to pass, before entering, the Newnham College entrance examina- 
 tion or an equivalent examination. In exceptional cases women 
 who do not reside in the college are admitted as out-students. 
 
 Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, 
 duly qualified American women are admitted, when space permits, 
 without examination and without undertaking the whole three years' 
 course. 
 
 The year is divided into three terms, corresponding to the uni- 
 versity terms (see p. 89). 
 
 .J. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The fees for board, lodging and tuition vary from twenty-five 
 guineas ($131.25) to thirty-two guineas ($168) a term. These do 
 not include fees for laboratories or for universitv examinations. 
 
 Students residing in the college, by the advice of the principal, 
 during the long vacation, pay a guinea ($5.25) a week for board 
 and lodging. This does not include tuition. 
 
 Various scholarships of £35 ($175), £40 ($200) and £50 ($250) 
 a year for one, two or three years are awarded under special condi- 
 tions and in general on the results of examinations. There are two 
 studentships of £75 ($375) and £80 ($400) a year awarded, one to 
 a student who has passed the Natural Science Tripos with credit, 
 the other to a student who has finished her college course and shows 
 ability to carry on advanced independent work. There is also a 
 research fellowship, the Geoffrey Fellowship, of £100 ($500) a 
 year for three years, open to women who have obtained honours in a 
 Cambridge Tripos examination or in the Oxford Final Schools. 
 
 For further information apply to the hon. secretary, Miss M. G. 
 Kennedy, Shenstone, Cambridge, from whom a pamphlet giving 
 a detailed account of the Tripos examinations may be obtained. 
 
 % 
 
 P 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 In addition to the university lectures attended 
 (see p. 90), lectures and individual instruction were 
 the following lecturers : 
 
 ARTS. 
 Lanouaces. — Classical : Mr. Archer- 
 Hind, Aln. Archer-Hind, Messrs. 
 A. 13. Cook, Davies, Moulton, 
 Rackham, Misset Sharpley, White, 
 Mr. Willson, Mrs. Verrall, Mr. 
 Wedd. 
 
 MEDM-nAL AND MODERN : Mi'Ssrs. Bo- 
 quel, BraunholU, lireul, Chadwick, 
 Misst's J. E. Kennedy, Macleod 
 Smith, Mr. Magniisson ; Misses 
 Steele Smith, Tuke, Mr. Wyatt. 
 
 PlIILOSDi'HY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE: 
 
 by students of Newnham College in Cambridge 
 given during 1897-98 at Newnham College by 
 
 Mr. Johnson, Miss Jones ; Mrs. Mar- 
 shall, Mrs. Ward. 
 History : A/iss Bateson ; Mr. Clapham, 
 Miss Gardner ; Mr. Reddaway. 
 
 sc/t;.\ci:. 
 
 Mathematics : A/r. Carson, Misses Col- 
 lier, r'awcett, Messrs. Godfrey, Gun- 
 ston, Misses Johnson, Rickelt. 
 
 Natiral Sciences : Misses Alcock, 
 Durham, Freund, Gostling, Grecn- 
 wooil, J/r. Kerr, Misses Klaassen, 
 Marshall, Philipps, Saunders, Sheldon, 
 Skeat, Mr. Wade. 
 
f 
 
 94 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 WOMEN'S HALL OP RESIDENCE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 [For Students Engaged in Post-Oraduate Work.] 
 
 The Women's Hall of Residence was opened in October, 1897, 
 under the direction of Miss E. A. McArthur, with a view to meet- 
 ing the desire felt by an increasing number of students engaged in 
 post-graduate work to secure the advantages of association with 
 other students and of assistance, if required, in the pursuit of their 
 studies. During the academic year, 1896-7, a private experiment 
 of this kind was undertaken by Miss E. A. McArthur with suffi- 
 ciently satisfactory results to warrant a trial on a more formal basis. 
 
 Students are, in general, required to have taken a degree of some 
 university, or to have passed an examination qualifying for such a 
 degree, and must present testimonials satisfactory to the Committee. 
 They must also furnish a statement both of their previous course of 
 study and of the line of work which they propose to pursue. 
 
 The inclusive charge for board and residence during the aca- 
 demic year (three terms of nine weeks each) is from £50 ($250) 
 to JC60 ($300), according to the rooms chosen, and is payable in 
 advance. This does not include fees for lectures or any other form 
 of tuition. In exceptional cases students will be received for one 
 or two terms upon payment at a slightly higher rate. Provision 
 may also be made, when necessary, for residence during the 
 vacations. 
 
 A Studentship of the value of £50 ($250) to be held at the Hall 
 will, it is hoped, be awarded by the Committee yearly, provided that, 
 in the opinion of the Committee, a candidate of sufficient merit 
 present herself. 
 
 Any woman who has taken a university degree, or has passed an 
 examination qualifying for such a degree, or who submits satisfac- 
 tory testimonials of fitness to profit by the work is eligible for the 
 Studentship. Each candidate is required to describe the course of 
 study or research which she intends to pursue, and to give two ref- 
 erences as to ability and character. 
 
 The student will be elected in the first instance for one year, and 
 will be required to report to the Committee upon the work in 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 n 
 
 which she has been engaged It is understood that the student will 
 not undertake paid work during the tenure of the Studentship 
 without the special permission of the Committee. The tenure of 
 the Studentship will be from October ist, and it will be paid 
 terminally in advance. 
 
 Applications for the Studentship should be sent before July loth 
 to Miss Ellen A. McArthur, Girton College, Cambridge, from 
 whom further particulars in regard to the Hall may be obtained. 
 
 Committee. 
 
 Rev. W. Cunningham, D. D., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity 
 College ; Hon. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College ( Chairman) . 
 
 Arthur Berry, M. A., Fellow and Assistant Tutor of King's 
 College. 
 
 Miss E. C. Jones, Vice-Mistress and Lecturer of Girton College. 
 
 Miss M. G. Kennedy, Hon. Secretary of Newnham College. 
 
 Miss Ellen A. McArthur, late Vice-Mistress of Girton College ; 
 Head Lecturer in History, Girton College. 
 
 R. D. Roberts, M. A., late Fellow of Clare College; Secretary 
 for Lectures to the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate. 
 
 DURHAM, England. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. 
 
 This university, opened in 1833, is situated in Durham, and is 
 an examining body, conferring degrees in Arts, Science, Law, 
 Medicine, Theology and Music. In 1895 a supplementary charter 
 was granted enabling the university to grant degrees to women in 
 all the faculties except that of Theology. 
 
 The colleges and halls in Durham are colleges for men to which 
 women are not admitted. Men students are expected to reside in 
 one of the halls or colleges or to reside in some house approved 
 by the Warden and Proctors. Attendance at the classes of the 
 Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle and at the classes of the 
 Durham College of Science in Newcastle is allowed, with certain 
 restrictions, to count as residence at Durham, and to qualify stu- 
 dents to enter for the degrees of the university. The degree of 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 I 
 

 96 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 B.Litt. was instituted recently and may be obtained after two years' 
 residence. The degree of B.A. is not generally taken in less 
 than three years, though residence for more than six terms is not re- 
 quired. 
 
 Arrangements have now been made for admitting women to lec- 
 tures at the University of Durham. A hostel was opened in Oc- 
 tober, 1896, and women were enabled to go into residence at once. 
 All students wishing to qualify for a degree must reside for at least 
 two years in Durham or Newcastle and attend lectures either at the 
 University of Durham, the Durham College of Science in New- 
 castle or the Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle. Up to the 
 present women are working in Durham for the degrees of B.A. and 
 M.A. only. Women are admitted as students in music at the 
 University of Durham. Those working for degrees in Science, 
 Literature and Medicine (B.Sc, B.Litt., M.B., M.D., etc.) are 
 studying at Newcastle. The Durham College of Science in New- 
 castle (see under Local Colleges, pp. 105-106) is open to women. 
 
 The year is divided into three terms of eight or nine weeks' dur- 
 ation, beginning in October, January and the end of April. 
 
 The fees are very low; entrance fee £2 ($10), tuition fees £7 
 ($35) per term, fees for examination from £i ($5) to £10.10 
 ($52.50). A composition fee of £70 ($350) is charged for the 
 complete five years* course in Medicine. 
 
 The terms for board and residence at one of the women's hostels 
 are from £1.1 ($5.25) to £1.5 ($6.25) a week. There is a hall 
 of residence for women medical students, Eslington Tower, New- 
 castle-on-Tyne ; Principal, Miss Perry. The charge for board 
 and residence is from £42 ($210) for the session. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the Rev. J. R. 
 Shortt, M.A., the University, Durham, or from the registrar. 
 
 LONDON, England. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. 
 
 Burlington House, Vigo Street, London, W. 
 
 London University, founded in 1826, is an examining body, con- 
 ferring degrees in Arts (B. A., M. A., D. Lit.) ; Science (B. Sc, 
 
 WW 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 97 
 
 J. R. 
 
 rar. 
 
 D. Sc.) ; Law (LL. B., LL. D.) ; Medicine (M. B., B. S., M. S.» 
 M. D.) ; Music (B. Miis., D. Miis.). The university also gives a 
 certificate, called the '* Teacher's Diploma," to each candidate who 
 has passed the examination in teaching. 
 
 A proposal to found a teaching university in connection with the 
 University rf London has been under consideration for some years 
 and a scheme has at last been adopted. 
 
 In 1867 the university offered certain special certificates to 
 women; in 1878 it opened all degrees, honours and prizes to 
 students of both sexes on equal terms, and in 1SS2 it was resolved 
 by the governing body. Convocation, "that female graduates be 
 admitted to Convocation." 
 
 The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- 
 scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the 
 university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order 
 and, in general, an interval of at least one academic year must 
 elapse between two consecutive examinations. For the Bachelors' 
 degrees in Arts, Science, Medicine and Law two examinations of 
 widely different standards, " pass" and " honours," are held in each 
 subject, and candidates are at liberty to choose which they will take. 
 
 Prizes, exhibitions and scholarships, varying in value from £5 
 ($25) to £50 ($250) a year for two years, are awarded to the cjin- 
 didates that most distinguish themselves in the different honours ex- 
 aminations. 
 
 The fees for the examinations are from £2 ($10) to £10 ($50). 
 
 Candidates for degrees are free to reside and study where they 
 please, but preparation for the examinations may be obtained at the 
 numerous colleges affiliated with the Universit}-. See University 
 College, London (pp. 98-99); King's College, London (p. 100) ; 
 Bedford College for Women, London (pp. 103-104) ; Royal Hollo- 
 way College, Egham (p. 104) ami pp. 105-106. 
 
 All particulars may be obtained from the " London L^niversity 
 Calendar," which is published yearly and contains the examination 
 papers for the preceding year. 
 
 Communications should be addressed to the registrar of the Uni- 
 versity of London, Burlington Gardens, London, W. 
 
ff 
 
 98 LONDON. 
 
 DAVY-FARADAY RESEARCH LABORATORY OP THE 
 ROYAL INSTITUTION. 
 
 21 Albemarle Street, London, West. 
 
 This laboratory was endowed and given to the Royal Institution 
 in 1S97 by Dr. Ludwig Mond. It is open, at the discretion of the 
 committee, to all persons, irrespective of sex or nationality, who 
 have done scientific research work, or are judged capable of under- 
 taking it. 
 
 Any person who obtains permission to attend the laboratory for 
 a certain term may do so free of charge and will, in general, be 
 supplied with all materials, chemicals, gas, electricity, etc., neces- 
 sary for his work, but these may in special cases be refused. The 
 worker will be eligible for readmission after the expiration of the 
 term for which he has been admitted. 
 
 The year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas term from the 
 first Monday in October to the Saturday nearest the i8th of De- 
 cember; Lent term from the Monday nearest to the 15th of Janu- 
 ary to the second Saturday in April ; Easter term from the first 
 Monday in May to the fourth Saturday in July. 
 
 For further information apply to the Secretary of the Royal In- 
 stitution. 
 
 Directors of the Laboratory: Lord Rayleigh, Professor 
 Dewar. 
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 Gower Street, London, W. C. 
 
 University College, London, separated from the University of 
 London in 1836 and given a charter in 1869, prepares for the 
 examinations of London University in Arts, Science, Medicine and 
 Law. Students do not reside in the college (for hall of residence 
 for women, see p. 99). All classes in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- 
 ence and Law are open to women as to men, except classes in engi- 
 neering, histology and physiology. (For courses for women in med- 
 icine, see under the School of Medicine for Women, pp. 102-103.) 
 
 Women wishing to enter as students must present satisfactory 
 references and should call on the lady superintendent, Miss Mori- 
 
GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 99 
 
 itution 
 of the 
 yr, who 
 under- 
 
 ory for 
 ;ral, be 
 , neces- 
 . The 
 I of the 
 
 •om the 
 
 of De- 
 
 f Janu- 
 
 the first 
 
 )yal In- 
 
 >FESSOR 
 
 Irsity of 
 Ifor the 
 line and 
 Uidence 
 ks, Sci- 
 jn engi- 
 fn med- 
 2-103.) 
 jifactory 
 Mori- 
 
 son, whose recommendation is required for admittance. Miss 
 Morison may be seen at her office in the college during the first 
 week of the term. 
 
 The session is divided into three terms, dates for 1898-99 : October 
 4th till December i6th, January loth till March 24th, April iSth 
 till June 30th. 
 
 The fees vary from £1.1 ($5.25) to £7.7 ($36.75) per class for 
 the session. 
 
 There are numerous prizes and scholarships open, with few ex- 
 ceptions, to women as to men. They vary in value from £10 ($50) 
 to £150 ($750) a year. 
 
 For further information, see "University College, London, Cal- 
 endar." Communications should be addressed to the secretary. 
 
 Hall of Residence. — College Hall, Byng Place, Gordon Square, 
 is a hall of residence for women students attending University Col- 
 lege and the London School of Medicine for Women. No student 
 is admitted under 1 7 years of age. The expenses for board and 
 residence vary from £51 ($255) to £80 ($400) for the University 
 College session of 33 weeks, and from £58 ($290) to £90 ($450) 
 for the session of the London School of Medicine of 37 weeks. 
 Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss 
 
 Grove. 
 
 Proflessors. 
 
 ARTS, 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors 
 Marks, Ross, Schechter, Strong. 
 
 Indo-Iranian * : Professors Bendall, 
 Blumhardt, Rhys Davids. 
 
 Classical: Professors Housman, Piatt. 
 
 English : Professor Ker. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Priebsch. 
 
 Romance: Profeisors Butler, Lalle- 
 mand. 
 Comi'Arative Philology^ Professor 
 
 Postgate. 
 Philosophy : Professor Sully. 
 Political Economy: Professor tox- 
 
 well. 
 History: /V<>/Jfw<jr Montague. 
 Art and Archeology : Professors 
 
 Brown, E. A. Gardner, Petrie. 
 
 Architecture : Professor Roger Smith. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors M. J. M. Hill, Karl Pearson. 
 
 Physics : Professsor Callendar. 
 
 Chsmistry : Professor Vaughan Harley, 
 Ramsay. 
 
 Geology : Professor Bonney. 
 
 Biology, Physiology, Etc.: Professors 
 Martin, Oliver, Schafer, Weldon. 
 
 Engineering : Professors Hudson Beare, 
 Chadwick, Eleming, Vemon-Harcourt. 
 
 LAtr. 
 Professors Bate, Birrell, Carter, Muri- 
 son, Neil, Raleigh. 
 
 * There is a school of Modern Oriental studies established by the Imperial Institute in connection 
 with University College and King's College. For particulars see " University College Calendar." 
 
i.f 
 
 too 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 KING'S COLLEGE. 
 Strand, London, S. W. 
 
 This college is for men only and prepares for the examinations of 
 the University of London ; it is similar in its organisation to Uni- 
 versity College and its medical school is important. 
 
 There is a separate "Department for Ladies" at 13 Kensington 
 Square, London, W., giving instruction in Arts, Science, Law, 
 Theology and Music. The professors and lecturers are, with some 
 exceptions, professors at King's College. The classes organised 
 are of a very elementary nature, but more advanced classes can in 
 some cases be arranged when desired. Students do not reside in 
 the college ; a hall of residence for women. King's Hall, has recently 
 been opened, fees for board and residence 2^^ guineas ($13.12) 
 and 2 guineas ($10.50) a week. For further information apply to 
 Miss E. Faithfull, 28 Kensington Square. 
 
 The academic year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas 
 term, beginning Monday, October 14th, and ending Friday, Decem- 
 ber 20th ; Lent term, beginning January 20th and ending March 
 27th; Easter term, beginning April 17th and ending July 3rd. 
 
 The fees are one or two guineas ($5.25 to $10.50) per term for 
 each class. 
 
 Further information can be obtained from Miss Lilian M. 
 Faithfull, vice-principnl and secretary, 13 Kensington Square, 
 
 London, W. 
 
 ProfesHors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Lanc.UAC.es. — Classics: Professor Warr; 
 
 Miss Pater. 
 
 English: Professors Heath, Knight, 
 
 Shuttleworth ; Miss Faithfull, Mr. 
 
 de Selincourt. 
 
 Germanic : /'/•^e-worBuchheim ; Miss 
 
 Buchheim, Mr. Menken. 
 Romance : Professors Perini, Rami- 
 rez, Spiers ; Mr. Esclangon. 
 Philosophy : Professors Caldecott, 
 
 Mayor, Knight ; Miss Meyer. 
 Political Economy : Professors Cun- 
 ningham, Hewins, Shuttleworth. 
 History: Profestorsl AM^ion, Shuttle- 
 worth, Warr. 
 Art and Arch^.olooy : Messrs. Vicat 
 Cole, Holden, Pownall, Speight. 
 
 SC/ENCF., 
 
 Mathematics : Mr. Dale ; Miss Bar- 
 well. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor J. M. Thomson ; 
 Mr. Jackson ; Mrs. McKillop. 
 
 Geology : Professor Seeley. 
 
 Biology : Professors Beale, Bottomley|; 
 Miss Lulbam. 
 
 LA IV. 
 
 Professor John Cutler. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Knowling, Robertson. 
 
 Ml 'SIC. 
 
 Professor Vernham ; Dr. Hamilton 
 Robinson. 
 
 ii 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 101 
 
 THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 10 Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. 
 
 This school was founded in 1S95, its object being to organise 
 economic and political studies in England. During the first year 
 300 students, of whom 75 were women, joined the school. The 
 students are chiefly graduates of British and foreign universities, 
 government officials, railway officials, bank managers and clerks, 
 and persons engaged in public work who require the guidance of 
 experts on particular subjects. The school is also a centre of 
 information for foreigners visiting England for purposes of investi- 
 gation, and guidance and advice has been given to students from 
 Belgium, France, Germany, the United States and other countries. 
 
 Research studentships varying in value from £'25 ($125) to 
 <£ioo ($500) for the encouragement of special investigations are 
 given on the result of examinations. A Studentship of the value 
 of £100 (S500) a year for two years was awarded in July, 1897, 
 and others will be awarded in July, 1899. The selected candidate 
 is expected to give a short course of lectures on the result of his in- 
 vestigations. 
 
 An excellent special library has been collected, and the publica- 
 tion of a series of studies on Political Science commenced. 
 
 The academic year, which begins at the end of October and ends 
 about June 22nd, is divided into three terms. The fee for full mem- 
 bership of the school, admitting to all lectures and classes is £3 
 ($15) a year or £\ ($5) a term. The fee for one course of 20 
 lectures is 15s. ($3.75). 
 
 Further information may bo obtained from the Director, Mr. 
 W. A. S. Hewins, 10 Adelphi Terrace, London, VV. C. 
 
 liocturers in IHOH-OO. 
 
 FxoNOMlcs : Dr. Cunningham ; Messrs. 
 
 Cannan, von Halle, Hewins, Hobson, 
 
 Mackinder, Sargent, Sydney Webb. 
 Statistics: Messrs. Bowley, Edgeworth, 
 
 Hewins, Sanger. 
 I.ocAi, Government: Messrs. Cllen, 
 
 Gomme, Hirst, Hobhouse, Kemp. 
 
 rAL<€OGRAI'HY AND Dll'LOMATIC : Mr. 
 Hubert Hall, Sir E. Maunde Thomp- 
 son. 
 
 Railways: Mr. Ac worth. 
 15ankiN(; t Messrs. Foxwell, I'aljjrave. 
 CoMMKRCIAl, Law : Mr. Harlow. 
 CuNSTlir rioNAl. Law : Professor Dicey; 
 
 Dr. Schuster ; Mr. Wliittuck. 
 Political Sciknce: Messrs. Dickinson, 
 
 Gomme; Dr. von Halle, SirCourtenay 
 
 Ilbert; Miss McArthur; Mr. Graham 
 
 Wallas. 
 
lOft 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 Wk\ 
 
 LONDON SCHOOL OP MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 
 8 Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, W. C. 
 
 This school, opened about 1875, provides, in association with the 
 Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, instruction for women in 
 all medical subjects. Students do not reside in the school ; for a 
 hall of residence in connection with it see p. 99. 
 
 The courses of the London School of Medicine for Women in- 
 clude all the medical subjects required for the degrees and diplomas 
 of the University of London, the Royal University of Ireland, the 
 Irish and Scotch colleges, and the Society of Apothecaries, London. 
 
 Before entering on medical studies students are required to have 
 passed a qualifying examination in Arts. After passing this they 
 should register as soon as possible at the office of the General Med- 
 ical Council, which requires all medical practitioners to have taken 
 a five years' course, dating from the time of registration. The 
 course comprises five years of study at the school and attendance 
 for four years on the courses of clinical instruction at the Royal 
 Free Hos^/ital. Women may however, by permission of the Ex- 
 ecutive Council, attend certain of the classes without having passed 
 the examination in Arts and without entering on the complete 
 course of study. Graduates of foreign and colonial universities 
 can occasionally be admitted to the hospital practice when the 
 accommodation permits. 
 
 Besides the Royal Free Hospital, the Brompton Consumption 
 Hospital, the New Hospital for Women, the Clapham Maternity 
 Hospital, the London Fever Hospital, the Hospital for Sick Chil- 
 dren, Great Ormond Street, the National Dental Hospital, and sev- 
 eral other hospitals, are open to students of the school. There are 
 two sessions: winter session, October ist to April ist; summer 
 session. May ist to August ist. 
 
 The fees for the separate classes vary from one to eight guineas 
 ($5.25 to $42) for the session. The cost of a medical education 
 varies considerably according to the requirements of the different 
 examining boards. The '* compounder's fee" for the school and 
 hospital courses for four years is, if paid in one sum, £125 ($625). 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 103 
 
 There are several prizes and scholarships varying in value from 
 £5 to jCioo ($25 to $500) a year for three or four years. 
 
 Further information and a prospectus can be obtained from the 
 secretary, Miss Douie, 8 Hunter street, Brunswick Square, W. C. 
 
 liectnrcrs and Demonstratora. 
 
 Drs. ( Mri. ) Garrett Anderson, F. W. 
 Andrewes, (yl/m) Cock, Dupr6, {Miss) 
 P>ans, Manson, {Miss) McCall, Sains- 
 bury, {Mrs.) Scharlieb, Starling; Miss 
 Appel ; Messrs. Harrow, Berry, liodmer. 
 
 Stanley Uoyd; Mrs. Dowson,7I/rj. Evans; 
 Misses Forrest, I looper ; Mrs. Keer, 
 Macdonald; Messrs. Mackinlay, Mercier ; 
 Misses Poole, Smith, Turner, Webb, 
 Welby. 
 
 Medical OflUccrs. 
 
 Drs. {Miss) Aldrich-Blake, Carr, 
 Cockle, Crawfurd, Evans, Fawcett, 
 Hayes, Marsden, Roughton, Sainsbury, 
 West ; Miss Appel ; Messrs. Barrow, 
 
 Battle, Berry, Dodd, Gant, Legg, Mack- 
 inlay, Rose ; Miss Rowse ; Messrs. Todd, 
 Wakley. 
 
 BEDFORD COLLEGE (for Women). 
 8 and g York Place, Baker Street, London, W. 
 
 Bedford College, founded in 1849, is open to women only, and 
 provides instruction in Arts and Science. Students are prepared 
 for all the examinations of the University of London in these sub- 
 jects ; there is also a training department and an art school in con- 
 nection with the college. A course of scientific instruction in 
 liygiene, bacteriology, etc., preparing women for posts as Sanitary 
 Inspectors, is a special feature of the college. 
 
 The session is divided into three terms, the first beginning on Oc- 
 tober 6th and ending on December 20th ; the second beginning on 
 January 19th and ending on March iSth ; the third beginning on 
 April 20th and ending on June 2Sth. 
 
 The fees for the separate classes vary from one to three guineas 
 ($5.25 to $15.75) a term. 
 
 Students may reside in the college, the charge for board being 
 from 58 to 68 guineas ($304.50 to $357.00) a year. The inclusive 
 average fees for residence and tuition are $472.50 to $565.75. 
 Inhere are several scholarships varying in value from 30 guineas to 
 £48 ($157.50 to $240.00). 
 
 For further information apply to Miss Ethel IIuhlbatt, prin- 
 cipal of the college, Bedford College, 8 and 9 York Place, Baker 
 street, London, W. 
 
r 
 
 10* 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 Lectupcrs. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — <Ji,assicai. : Messrs. A. 
 Bernard Cook, Piatt ; Misses Fitz- 
 gerald, Weir. 
 English : Dr. G. Foster ; Miss G, A. 
 
 Howell. 
 Germanic : Mr. W. F. Bentinck 
 
 Smith. 
 Romance : Mr. Victor Oger. 
 rHiLosoi'HY: il/«j Edgell. 
 History: Messrs. Allen, Cook. 
 
 Art: Mr. Thompson. 
 I'KDAGociV : Miss H. Robertson. 
 
 sc^E^^CR. 
 M.vniEMATlcs : Mr. Harding; Miss A. 
 
 E. Lee. 
 Physics: Mr. VVomack, Miss A. E. Lee. 
 Chemistry : Mr. Crompton. 
 Geology : Miss Raisin. 
 Biology : Drs. Drysdale, Tims ; Mr. 
 
 Edkins ; Afiss Raisin. 
 Hygiene : Mr. W. C. C. Pakes. 
 
 ROYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE (for Women). 
 Egham, Surrey (near London). 
 
 Royal HoUoway College, opened in 1886, has beautiful build- 
 ings and grounds situated about twenty miles from London, is 
 open to women only and provides the instruction necessary for 
 London University degrees in Arts and Science, for the London 
 preliminary M. B., and for pass and honours examination of the 
 L^niversity of Oxford. Candidates for admission must be over 17 
 years of age and are required to pass an entrance examination or to 
 have passed its equivalent. 
 
 The college session extends from the beginning of October to 
 the beginning of July, and is divided into three terms of about 
 eleven weeks each. 
 
 The fees for board, residence and instruction are JE30 ($150) 
 per term, or £90 ($450) a year. Numerous scholarships of £30 
 ($150) to £75 ($375) H year are awarded on the results of exami- 
 nations. For information apply to the secretary. Miss Margaret 
 
 Sim. 
 
 PrurcHsurs and Lecturcra. 
 
 AR TS. 
 
 LanguagI':s. — Classics : Professor Don- 
 kin ; Miss ; Mr. Allen. 
 
 English : Misses Guinness, Kimpster, 
 
 Bentinck Smith, Mr. Boas. 
 Germanic : Misses Cotty, Skeat, Bent- 
 inck Smith. 
 Romance : Misses P6chinet, Skeat, M. 
 Berthon. 
 
 Philology : Afi s . 
 
 Philosophy: Mr. Solomon. 
 
 History : Mi^s Penrose. 
 Art : Mr. Carey. 
 
 SCrES'CK. 
 
 Mathematics: Professors Cai%^\e, Loney; 
 
 Miss C. Frost. 
 Physics : Professor Cassie. 
 Chemistry : Miss Field. 
 Biology : Misses Benson, Durham. 
 
 MUSIC, 
 
 Miss Daymond, Mr. Burnett, Miss 
 Glazebrook. 
 
GREAT BRITAIS\ 
 
 105 
 
 !* 
 
 LOCAL COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 LONDON AND OTHER UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 OP 
 
 In addition to University College, King's College and Bedford 
 College (see pp. 98-104), there are numerous local colleges affiliated 
 to the different universities in England and Wales. These colleges 
 prepare principally for the degrees of B.A. and B.Sc. given by these 
 universities ; the courses they offer are arranged to prepare students 
 for the degree examinations, and are on the same general plan as 
 those offered by University College, London ; many distinguished 
 professors are on their faculties, but no lists are given here on 
 account of lack of space. They offer few courses which may 
 properly be called graduate. They admit women, as a rule, to the 
 Arts and Science classes on the same terms as men. No students 
 are admitted under 16 years of age. No requirements are made as 
 to residence, but there are halls of residence for women in connec- 
 tion with most of the colleges. 
 
 The college session, beginning in October, is usually divided into 
 three terms, each of about eleven weeks' duration. 
 
 The fees for the different classes vary from i to 3 guineas ($5.25 
 to $15.75) P^*" term, the cost of one of the ordinary degree courses 
 for the year being about £20 ($100). The cost of board and resi- 
 dence in the halls for women students is usually from £40 to £50 
 ($200 to $250) a session. 
 
 Numerous prizes and scholarships of considerable value are open 
 to students of the different colleges. 
 
 For further information about any particular college application 
 should be made to the registrar. The following is a list of the 
 most important : 
 
 •Aberystwyth, University College of Wales ; * Bangor, Univer- 
 sity College of North Wales; Birmingham, The Mason College; 
 Bristol, University College; * Cardiff, University College of South 
 Wales and Monmouthshire ; f Leeds, The Yorkshire College ; 
 t Liverpool, University College; f Manchester, The Owens Col- 
 
 ♦ Affiliated to the University of Wales. 
 t Affiliated to Victoria University 
 
r 
 
 t€d 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 lege ; % Ne\vcastle-on-Tyne, Durham College of Science ; Notting- 
 ham, University College ; Sheffield, Firth College. 
 
 MANCHESTKR, England. 
 
 VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The Owens College, Manchester. 
 
 This university, founded in 1880, and having its seat at the Owens 
 College, Manchester, is an examining body with power to confer 
 degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Music. The general 
 scheme of the examinations is similar to th.it of London Univer- 
 sity and they are open to women on the same conditions as to men. 
 
 All candidates must have been regular students of one of the 
 colleges of the university. These colleges are : The Owens Col- 
 lege, Manchester ; University College, Liverpool ; The Yorkshire 
 College, Leeds (see p. 105). Graduates of other colleges and uni- 
 versities are also allowed to take the examinations under special con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Enquiries should be addressed to the registrar of the Victoria 
 University, Manchester, and information may be obtained from the 
 calendar of the university, price, is ($0.25). 
 
 OXFORD, England. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 
 
 The University of Oxford, founded in the twelfth century, is a 
 corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of 
 knowledge and confers degrees in Arts, Law, Medicine, Theology 
 and Music on men who have since matriculation fulfilled certain 
 conditions as to residence and passed certain examinations. Re- 
 search degrees are also granted under somewhat different arrange- 
 ments. There are in Oxford twenty-one colleges, one public and 
 three private halls. Members of the university must be members 
 of one of these or of the body of non-collegiate students. Each 
 college has its own staff of teachers and its affairs are administered 
 by its Head and Body of Fellows. University lectures given by 
 
 \ Affiliated to the Univeriity of Durham. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Wl 
 
 professors and readers are open to all members of the university ; 
 college lectures, which supply a great part of the teaching, are, by 
 arrangement, generally open to the members of colleges other than 
 that in which they are given. 
 
 Women are not admitted to matriculation or graduation, but are 
 allowed to enter for all the public examinations for the degrees in 
 Arts and Music without being required to fulfil precisely the same 
 conditions as men. Names of candidates must be sent in through 
 the Secretary tojthe Delegates of Local Examinations, H. T. Ger- 
 RANS, 8 Clarendon Building, Oxford, from whom the special regula- 
 tions affecting women students can be obtained. The requirements 
 of the university for the degree course can be ascertained from the 
 Student's Hand-book (price 2s. 8d. ($0.66)), or from the Examina- 
 tion Statutes (price is. 2d. ($0.29)), to be obtained at the Claren- 
 don Press Depot, 1 16 High street, Oxford. The names of successful 
 women candidates are officially published in supplementary lists and 
 they receive a certificate signed by the examiners. No preliminary 
 residence or study in Oxford is required, but an examination in two 
 languages and elementary mathematics must be passed before admis- 
 sion to any of the higher examinations. Graduates of colleges in- 
 cluded in the Association of Collegiate Alumnaj are excused from 
 this examination. Certain examinations are arranged by the Dele- 
 gates of Local Examinations for women only. 
 
 The year is divided into three terms, each of eight weeks' dura- 
 tion, beginning respectively about the middle of October, middle 
 of January and middle of April. 
 
 Women who desire to attend lectures in Oxford should put them- 
 selves in communication with the " Association for Promoting the 
 Education of Women in Oxford" (see pp. 109-111), and should 
 apply for intormation to the hon. secretary, Miss Rogers, Claren- 
 don Building, Oxford. 
 
 Professors and liecttirers. 
 
 The list of lecturers for each year is published in the " (Jxford University Gazette." 
 ing list is compiled from the Gazette for January, 1899 ; 
 
 The foUow- 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Lancuaces. — Semitic: Professors Dri- 
 ver, Margoliouth, NicboU, Sayce ; 
 
 Messrs. Allen, Burney, G, A. Cooke, 
 Neubauer, Stenning. 
 
m 
 
 '^ ■! 
 
 soi 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 Tndo-Tranian : Pro/esson I^gge, 
 Macdonnell, Mills ; Masrs. liellairs, 
 Blumhardt, Platts, Pope, St. John, 
 Wells. 
 Classical : Professors Bywater, Ellis; 
 Messrs. Abbott, Bailey, Baker, Bar- 
 ton, Blakiston, Burge, Clark, Cook- 
 son, Cooper, Ellis, Famell, Ferard, 
 Fox, Godley, Greene, Haigh, Hall, 
 Inge, Jackson, Lindsay, Lys, Math- 
 eson, Moore, Owen, de I'aravicini, 
 Phelps, Phillimore, Phillips, Pick- 
 ard-Cambridge, Pope, Poynton, 
 Prickard, Raper, Richards, Rush- 
 forth, Scott, Sidgwick, Smith, Snow. 
 Enclish : Professors Napier, Earle ; 
 
 Messrs. Firth, de Selincourt. 
 Gkrmanic : Professor Rhys ; Mr. 
 
 Macdonell. 
 CuiNKSE : Professor Bullock. 
 Russian : Mr. Morfill. 
 Celtic : Professor Rhys. 
 Romance : Messrs. de Arteaga, Ber- 
 thon, Bui, Coscia, Moore. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 Max Miiller, Deputy Professor'Vix'ighX.. 
 Philosophy: Professors Case, Stewart, 
 Cook Wiison ; Messrs. Ball, Bate, 
 Benecke, Blunt, Caird, Fairbrother, 
 Hadow, Wright Henderson, Hobhouse, 
 Joachim, Joseph, Prichard, Rashdall, 
 Richards, Sfchiller, Smith, Spooner, 
 Storr, Underbill, Walker, Warner, 
 Wood, Wylie. 
 Political Science: Professor Edge- 
 worth; Messrs. Carlyle, Hughes, Mar- 
 riott, Phelps, Smith, Pogson Smith, 
 Williams. 
 Diplomatic: Mr. R. Lane Poole. 
 History: Professors Montagu Burrows, 
 Pelham, York Powell; Messrs. Abbott, 
 Case, Strachan- Davidson, Davis, Ed- 
 wards, Fisher, Fletcher, Fowler, 
 Greenidge, Grundy, Hall, Hardy, 
 Hassall, Haverfield, Henderson, How, 
 Hutton, Johnson, Stuart Jones, Leigh, 
 Macan, Marriott, Medley, Mee, Mon- 
 tague, Myres, Munro, Oman, Owen, 
 Poole, Robertson, Smith, Tracey, Un- 
 derbill, Urquhart, Wakeling, Walker, 
 Ward, Wells, Wood. 
 
 ARCHil!OLO(;Y : Professors Gardner ; 
 
 Messrs. Farnell, Myres. 
 Poetry : Professor Courthope. 
 Mirsic : Professor Stainer ; Drs. Mee, 
 
 Parry. 
 
 SCIE.VCE. 
 
 Mathematics: Professors Elliott, Esson, 
 Love, Turner ; Messrs. Campbell, Dix- 
 on, Gerrans, Haselfoot, Hayes, Leu- 
 desdorf, Pedder, Russell, Sampson, 
 Thompson. 
 
 Physics : Professors Clifton ; Messrs. 
 Alsop, Baynes, Craig, Hudson, Plum- 
 mer, Smith, Walker. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Odling ; Messrs. 
 Elford, Fisher, Vernon Harcourt, 
 Marsh, Nagel, Veley, Watts, Wilder- 
 man. 
 
 Geology : Professor Sollas. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Miers ; Mr. 
 Bowman. 
 
 Geography : Mr. Mackinder. 
 
 Biology: Professors Go{.ch, Tylor, Vines; 
 Messrs. Bourne, Burch, Goodrich, Hal- 
 dane, Jenkinson, Mann, Ramsden, 
 Thompson. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor . 
 
 LA IV, 
 
 Professors Dicey, Goudy, Holland, 
 Sir F. Pollock, Sir W, R. Anson ; Messrs. 
 Burnham, Carter, Davis, Hazel, Holds- 
 worth, Jenks, Sir W. Markby, Montague, 
 Moyle, Pottinger, Prankerd, Smith, 
 Wakeling, Williams, Wilson. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Burdon-Sanderson, Clifton, 
 Gotch, Odling, Thomson, Vines ; Messrs. 
 Brooks, Farmer, Haldane, Jerome, Mann, 
 Ritchie, Winkfield 
 
 THEOLOGY. , 
 
 Professors Bright, Cheyne, Driver, 
 I nee. Lock, Moberly, Sanday ; Messrs. 
 Allen, Bate, Bebb, Bennett, Burney, 
 Bussell, Carlyle, Clayton, Henderson, de 
 la Hey, Kidd, Lake, Lovell, Maude, 
 Moore, Pullan, Spooner, Stenning, 
 Strong, Turner, White, Wild, Wilson, 
 Wright. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 109 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Driver, 
 fessrs. 
 
 Burney, 
 
 pn, de 
 laude, 
 
 fnning, 
 f^ilson, 
 
 THE ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING THE EDUCATION OF 
 
 WOMEN IN OXFORD. 
 
 The teaching of women is organised and directed by the Coun- 
 cil of the Association for promoting the education of Women 
 in Oxford, founded in 1879; President, the Master of Balliol Col- 
 lege; Secretaries, Mr. A. Sidgwick, Miss Rogers. Lectures 
 are provided and arrangements made for the admission of 
 women to lectures given in the University, names being sent 
 in through the Secretary and the fees paid through the Treas- 
 urer. About one hundred and fifty professors and lecturers admit 
 women thus recommended to their lectures, and facilities are also 
 granted to them for work in the University Laboratories. Students, 
 whether men or women, find little difficulty in obtaining permission 
 to read in the Bodleian and other University Libraries. Further 
 information can be obtained from Miss Rogers, Clarendon Build- 
 ing, Broad Street, Oxford. Women coming to Oxford for regular 
 study are requested to put themselves in communication with her 
 rather than to apply direct to the lecturers and will find it to their 
 advantage to do so. As a rule they are expected to register as 
 students of the Association the fee for which is for students of a 
 Hall or College 5s. ($1.25), for Home Students los. ($2.50). 
 Private tuition which forms an important part of the Oxford system 
 of education is arranged through Miss Rogers. Professors' lectures 
 are usually free, the fees for other lectures vary from 1 2s. ($3) to two 
 guineas ($10.50), the course. Private teaching from is £2 ($10) 
 to JE4 ($20) for a course of eight lessons. The Association has a 
 small library, kept in a room in one of the University Buildings 
 which is used as an office. Students taking the full degree course 
 with Honours receive a special diploma from the Council of the 
 Association, other certificates are given for other courses of stud}'. 
 For all these residence is required. These may be looked upon as 
 temporary substitutes for degrees. A movement for opening the 
 B. A. degree to women made in 1896 was unsuccessful, but it is 
 probable that a further attempt will be made, as there is a strong 
 party in Oxford in favour of it. 
 
It 
 
 no 
 
 OXFORD, 
 
 *1 
 
 1 
 
 The lists of lectures are not published till the beginning of the 
 term in which they are given but earlier information can be ob- 
 tained from the Secretary to the Association, or from one of the 
 special tutors appointed in each subject. 
 
 Residence. — There are three Halls and one College for women 
 students each governed by its own Council and having its own staff 
 represented on the Council of ^he Association by its Principal and 
 one member of its Council. Details of the students' education are 
 arranged by a Committee of the Association Council of which the 
 Principals are members. Registered students not belonging to any 
 of these Societies are called Home Students, are under the charge of 
 a Committee and a Principal, and enjoy the same privileges of ad- 
 mission to lectures, use of libraries, etc., as students of the Halls and 
 College. 
 
 Lady Margaret Hall. — Oxford, opened in 1879, has accom- 
 modation at present for about rifty students. Students who desire 
 to enter must have passed an examination in two languages and 
 elementary mathematics, and must give satisfactory references to 
 the principal. Students coming from another college or univer- 
 sity must present a letter of recommendation from its authorities. 
 
 Fees for board and residence are £75 ($375) a year. Fees for 
 tuition are paid to the association; (see p. 109). 
 
 Several scholarships, varying in value from £25 to JE50 ($125 to 
 $250) a year for three or four years, are given annually on the 
 results of an examination held in June. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the lady principal. 
 Miss Wordsworth, or from the secretary. Miss Lodge, Lad_y Mar- 
 garet Hall, Oxford. Tutors : Miss Sellar, Miss Pearson. 
 
 Somerville College. — Woodstock Road, Oxford, opened in 1879, 
 provides accommodation for seventy-two students; no student is 
 admitted under the age of seventeen, and students are required to 
 give satisfactory references to the principal and to satisfy her that 
 they are qualified to profit by the course of study at Oxford. 
 
 The inclusive charges for board, lodging and tuition are JC30 15s. 
 4d. ($i53-83)» -£28 13s. 4d. ($143-33) or £26 ($130) per term, 
 to be paid in'advance. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 A research studentship of £50 ($250) a year for two years has 
 recently been founded. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss 
 Maitland, or the vice-principal, the Hex. Alice Bruce, Somer- 
 ville College, Oxford. Resident tutors : Miss Lees, Miss Lorimer, 
 Miss M. Pope, Miss Sheavyn. 
 
 St. Hugh's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 18S6, is intended for 
 members of the Church of England. It provides accommodation 
 for only a few students. Charges for board and residence, £45 to 
 £66 ($225 to $330) a year. 
 
 St. Hilda's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 1893, is conducted ac- 
 cording to the principles of the Church of England, with liberty 
 for members of other denominations. Further particulars may be 
 obtained from the principal, Mrs. Burrows. 
 
 Home Students. — Students who do not reside in a hall are called 
 *' Home Students" and are under the care of a principal, Mrs. A. 
 H. Johnson, 8 Merton street, Oxford, from whom particulars may 
 be obtained. Students may be received as boarders in a private 
 family at a charge of from £1 5s. to £2 12s. 6d. ($6.25 to $13.12) 
 a week. The cost of lodging in Oxford is from 12s. ($3.00) a 
 week upwards, and board may be reckoned at 12s. ($3.00) a week. 
 
 The "Calendar" of the Association may be obtained from the 
 office, Clarendon Building, Oxford; price, 6d. ($0.12). 
 
 liecturers and Tutors. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.-Classical: Messrs. Haigh, 
 Lys; Misses Lorimer, Rogers, Sellar; 
 Mr. Sidgwick. 
 English : Messrs. Edwards, Firth, 
 de S61incourt; Misses Lee, Sheavyn, 
 Wardale. 
 Modern : Mr. Carlyle ; Misses Pope, 
 A. M. Todd, Wardale ; Mr. Wright. 
 Phii.osophv: Mr. Hadow. 
 
 Modern History : Mr. Armstrong ; 
 
 Miises Burrows, Lees, Lodge ; Messrs. 
 
 Hutton, Marriott, Mrs. Marriott, 
 
 Messrs. Smith, Wakeling. 
 Law : Mr. Burnham. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Physics : Mr. Ger- 
 rans ; Miss Pearson ; Mr. Russell. 
 
 Natural Science : Aliss Kirkaldy ; Mr. 
 Nagel. 
 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. 
 
 In recent years much attention has been paid to the develop- 
 ment of the system of university extension lectures. A university 
 
fir 
 
 112 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 extension college has been founded in Reading, Berkshire, and will, 
 when fully organised, be similar to one of the university colleges 
 affiliated to London University (see pp. 105-106). 
 
 The annual summer meeting will be held in Oxford from July 
 29th to August 23rd, 1899 » ^* *s divided into two parts, the first last- 
 ing from July 29th to August 9th and the second from August 9th 
 to August 23rd. The subject of this year's course is the history, 
 literature, art, etc., of the period 1837-1871. There are also 
 classes in architecture, education, economics, languages and science. 
 In the latter there are classes for practical work. 
 
 The fee for a ticket admitting to all the courses, concerts, con- 
 versaziones, etc., for the whole meeting is £\ los. ($7.50), a ticket 
 for either part costs £\ ($5). There are extra fees of los. ($2.50) 
 for some of the special classes. 
 
 Full information may be obtained from Mr. J. A. R. Marriott, 
 M.A., University Extension Office, Oxford. 
 
 Iiecturcrs in 1800. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Mr. H. G. 
 Gibson. 
 English : Dr. Henry Sweet. 
 
 Literature : Professor York Powell ; 
 Mesii •^. Bailey, Bayne, Boas, Boding- 
 ton, de Burgh, Churton Collins, Cot- 
 terill, Ashe King, Lumrais, Myers, 
 Oldershaw, Paul, de S61incourt, Hud- 
 son Shaw, Shaw-Jeffrey, Arthur Sidg- 
 wick. 
 
 Political Science: Lord Farrer, Messrs. 
 Birchenough, Geoffrey Drage, Master- 
 man, Owen, Sargent. 
 
 History ; Lords Farrer, Strathcona and 
 Mount Royal, Sir Alfred Lyall, the 
 
 Hon. G. C. Brodrick, the Hon. W. P. 
 
 Reeves ; Professor Dicey ; Messrs. IL 
 
 Belloc, Horsburgh, Jenks, Johnson, 
 
 Marriott, Phillips, Russell, F. E. Smith, 
 
 Souttar, Stride. 
 Hellenic Studies : Professors Jebb, 
 
 Ernest Gardner, Percy Gardner; Messrs. 
 
 Sayce, Wells. 
 Architecture : Messrs. Francis Bond, 
 
 Marshall. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Barnes ; Messrs. 
 
 Hassall, Keatinge, Sadler. 
 Science: /V(y"c.W(*;-j Miers, vSollas ; Drs. 
 
 Farrar, Ransonie ; Messrs. Bourne,. 
 
 Brown, Burch, Dickson. 
 
^VALES. 
 
 113 
 
 VRRIOTT, 
 
 WALES. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES 
 
 ^^^::^I:^:^^ ''^- i-PubHcCorpo. 
 the three University Coller ' , m ^^7'' """"""^'^^'^ ^' ^^^es, 
 confers degrees ^o^lj^^^^^^ j'-Horities. It 
 course of study in one or otlier of the . ' • T^ '" '''^'P'"^^'^^' 
 passed the university examination ^''°^'^^^^^ ^^^^^ges, and have 
 
 ereesinTi. 1 ,"''^'°"^ corresponding thereto Fnr . 
 
 grees ni Theology a further course of studv in . Ti , • ^' 
 lege IS necessary; the deP-ree nf n . - Theological Col- 
 
 The three colleges of the Universitv ire- Tl rr • 
 
 H. R. H. The Prince of Wales is H.^ ni 
 sity. '^'^'"^' '' "ic Chancellor of the Univer- 
 
WW 
 
 " ' :< 
 
 114 
 
 DbBLlN. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 There are two universities in Ireland, both situated in 
 Dublin : the Royal University of Ireland, which is merely 
 an examining body ; and the University of Dublin (Trinity 
 College), which is a college for men, conferring its own 
 degrees, to which women are not admitted. Affiliated to 
 the University of Ireland are three small local colleges : 
 Queen's College, Belfast ; Queen's College, Cork ; and 
 Queen's College, Galway. These colleges are undenomina- 
 tional ; the question of founding a Catholic university in Ire- 
 land is being agitated. 
 
 DUBIilN, Ireland. 
 THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. 
 
 The Royal University of Ireland, founded in 1S50, is an examin- 
 ing body conferring degrees in Arts (B.A., M.A., D. Lit.) ; Phil- 
 osophy (D.Ph.); Science (B.Sc, D.Sc); Engineering (B.E., 
 M.E.); Law (LL.B., LL.D.); Medicine (M.B., M.D., B.Ch., 
 M.Ch., B.A.O., M.A.O.); Music (B. Mus., D. Mus.). 
 
 All degrees, honours, exhibitions, prizes, scholarships, student- 
 ships and junior fellowships in the university are open to students 
 of either sex. 
 
 The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- 
 scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the 
 university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order, 
 and in general an interval of at least one academic year must elapse 
 between two consecutive examinations. 
 
 The B.Sc. degree differs from that of the University of London 
 in being conferred on the result of an examination taken after an 
 interval of at least one academic year from the time of graduating 
 in any faculty of the university. 
 
IRELAND. 
 
 "5 
 
 d in 
 erely 
 rinity 
 own 
 2d to 
 eges : 
 and 
 mina- 
 n Ire- 
 
 xamin- 
 Phil- 
 (B.E., 
 Ch., 
 
 tudent- 
 tudents 
 
 a pve- 
 |by the 
 order, 
 elapse 
 
 uondon 
 (fter an 
 
 luatin 
 
 cr 
 
 Prii;es, exhibitions, scholarships, and fellowships, varying in value 
 from £\2 ($60) to £200 ($1,000) a year, for four years are open 
 to competition. 
 
 No conditions as to residence are imposed, and candidates for de- 
 grees may obtain their education where they please. 
 
 Colleges affiliated with the Royal University are the Qiieen's 
 Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway; (see below). 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the Calendar of the 
 Royal University of Ireland or from the registrar. The Royal 
 University of Ireland, Dublin. 
 
 COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF IRELAND. 
 
 Belfast, Cork, Galway. 
 
 The three colleges. Queen's College, Belfast; Queen's College, 
 Cork; and Qiieen's College, Galway, prepare for the examinations 
 of the Royal University of Ireland; they provide lectures, but do 
 not provide for residence. Women are admitted on the same con- 
 ditions as men to all the lectures, and by a recent decree all scholar- 
 ships and prizes have been opened to them, so that women have 
 now equal facilities with men. 
 
 The college session, beginning in October, is divided into three 
 terms, each of about ten weeks' duration. 
 
 The fee for each course is £2 ($10) or £3 ($15) for the session. 
 Further information may be obtained from the registrar of the par- 
 ticular college. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN. 
 Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 The University of Dublin consists of only one college, Trinity 
 College, founded in 1591. It confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, 
 Medicine, Theology and Music. 
 
 No degrees are granted to women, and women are admitted only 
 to those lectures that are open to the public and free. Public lec- 
 tures are given in German, Hebrew, Irish, Biblical Greek, Ancient 
 

 TT- 
 
 ii6 
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 History, Astronomy, Geology and Mineralogy, Law, Divinity and 
 Oratory. 
 
 In 1895, with a view to testing the probable numbers and the 
 ability of the women students who wished to be admitted to the 
 honour examinations, the university framed the following new regu- 
 lations applying to the years 1896, 1897 and 1898 only: 
 
 1 . Women who have obtained at any of the Trinity College ex- 
 aminations either a junior or a senior certificate* may be examined 
 in the same honour courses as the senior freshmen. 
 
 2. Those who have obtained a senior certificate may, under the 
 same conditions, if they prefer it, be examined in any of the courses 
 for moderatorships. 
 
 The university then decided that the rules were to remain in force 
 for the years 1899 and 1900. 
 
 Women are permitted to use the university library for purposes 
 of research on the same conditions as men. 
 
 There are three terms in the year : Michaelmas term, beginning 
 October loth and ending December 20th ; Hilary term, beginning 
 January loth and ending March 25th ; Trinity term, beginning April 
 15th and ending June 30th. 
 
 Full information is given in the Dublin University Calendar 
 (Dublin), Hodges, Figgis & Co.; price, 4s. ($1.00). Enquiries 
 may be addressed to the registrar. Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 Professors and Juecturcrs. 
 
 ARTS, 
 
 Languages. — SEMrric : Profesor Ab- 
 boU J Mcs rs. Beare, White, Wilkins. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Lane Poole. 
 
 Classical: Professors Bury, Purser, 
 Tyrrell ; Mr. Smyly. 
 
 English : Profeswr Edward Dowden. 
 
 Germanic: Professo* Selss. 
 
 Romance : Professor Atkinson. 
 
 Irish : Pr0fessor Murphy. 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 Atkinson. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Beare, John- 
 ston. 
 
 Political Economy : Professor Bas- 
 table. 
 
 History : Professors Bury, Mahaffy. 
 
 Oratory (Rhetoric) : Professor Dow- 
 den. 
 
 * The university arranges special "examinations for women" and successful cardidates receive 
 the junior certificate, the senior certificate, or a certificate of honour, according to the examination 
 taken. These examinations cover the same range of subjects and are of about the same grade as- 
 ordinary English college entrance examinations. 
 
 \h 
 
IRELAND. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro 
 
 Pirn's Tf'' -^^fc ^"^"^ P^«t°"- 
 ton -./^^^^^''^'^ Fitzgerald, Tarle- 
 
 ?^uton''""- J°'^' '^^"f^' Traill. 
 
 MmE^RALOGY AND Geoi.ogy : Professor 
 ^T Wx^T"""'^ Mackintosh, Wright; 
 
 '^^rv^XrE.sr'-^'--^-' 
 
 "7 
 
 /•^^/.'W^r. Hart. Leech, Thompson. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 cSj^^'i"''' ^^""^^^ Bent Ball, Bennett 
 Cunningham, Little, O' Sullivan. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 J'-oMors Bernard, Charles, Dickin- 
 son, Gwynn, Lawlor; Dr. Kennedy 
 
 e1S''w.1^K"^.^"'^'°"' Graham, Rob-' 
 erts, Walsh, White, Wiikins. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professor Ebenezer Prout. 
 
ii8 
 
 ABERDEEN. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 There are four universities in Scotland — Aberdeen, St. 
 Andrews, Edinburgh and Glasgow. These are all teaching 
 as well as examining bodies and confer degrees. Women 
 are in every case admitted to the degrees in Arts, Science 
 and Medicine, and at Aberdeen to the degrees in Law. The 
 university lectures are as a rule open to women, but in some 
 cases separate instruction is provided for them, and separate 
 lectures are given by the university professors and lecturei's. 
 
 University College, Dundee, affiliated to St. Andrews Uni- 
 versity, admits women to all its classes and prepares for the 
 examinations of Edinburgh, Glasgow and London Universi- 
 ties. There are special medical schools for women at Edin- 
 burgh and Glasgow. 
 
 m 
 
 ABERDEEN, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. 
 
 The University of Aberdeen gives instruction and confers de- 
 grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. Women 
 are admitted to graduation in all these subjects with the exception 
 of Theology, and all classes in Arts and Science are open to women, 
 as are also, with some exceptions, the classes in Medicine. 
 
 The academic year is divided, in the Faculties of Arts, Science 
 and Medicine, into two sessions, the winter session beginning in 
 the middle of October and ending in the middle of March, and 
 the sum;^^* session beginning in the end of April and ending about 
 the mtfi V - ■" July. 
 
 '^ ; e Ui .i <; I. .'.ion fee is one guinea ($5.25) and the class fees 
 V. V i'.irfi .:;e to three guineas ($5.25 to $15.75). There are 
 nu^^iCouF p^'- ?'^ and bursaries, the majority of which are open to 
 women. 
 
SCOTLAND. 
 
 119 
 
 Women are permitted to use the same libraries and reading rooms 
 as the men students. 
 
 A hall of residence for women students, Castleton House, Chan- 
 onry. Old Aberdeen, was opened in October, 1898, under the 
 charge of a lady warden. Terms for board and lodging are £\ is. 
 ($5.25) a week. 
 
 For further information apply to the secretary, Mr. Donaldson 
 Rose Thom. 
 
 The Aberdeen University Calendar is published by A. King & 
 Co., Aberdeen; price, 2s. 6d. ($0.62). 
 
 Professors 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — SEMrric : Professor Gil- 
 roy. 
 
 Classical : Professors Ilarrower, 
 Ramsay. 
 
 Germanic : Mr. Hein. 
 
 English : Professor Grierson. 
 
 Romance : Dr. Scholle. 
 Philosophy : Professors Davidson, 
 
 Royce, Sorley ; Air. Stout. 
 History ; Mr. Terry. 
 Elocution : Mr. Macleod. 
 Pedagogy : Mr. Clarke. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Pirie ; Mr. 
 Clark. 
 
 and Ijccturcrs. 
 
 Physics : Professor Niven 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Japp. 
 
 Biology : Professors MacWilllam, Nich- 
 olson ; Mr. Rrown. 
 
 Botany : Professor Trail. 
 
 Agriculture: Messrs. Ilendrick, Wil- 
 son. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professor J. D. Wilson fMr. Duguid. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Cash, Finlay, Hamilton, 
 Hay, Ogston, Reid, Stephenson. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Cowan, Johnston, Paterson. 
 
 DUNDEE, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
 
 This college provides instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, 
 and prepares students for graduation in these subjects at the Uni- 
 versities of St. Andrews, London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. 
 
 The classes are open to all persons without restrictions as to age 
 or sex, but all candidates for graduation must take the preliminary 
 examination or must have taken an equivalent examination. The 
 entrance examinations of most American or European universities 
 are considered equivalent. 
 
 The academic year is divided into a winter session, beginning on 
 
it 
 
 1 20 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 October 12th and ending on March 22nd, and a summer session, 
 beginning on April 25th and ending on June 30th. 
 
 The fees for each class are from one guinea ($5.25) to three 
 guineas ($15.75). The matriculation fee is los. 6d. ($2.62). 
 
 Students do not reside in the college. 
 
 For further information see the college calendar, or apply to the 
 secretary, Mr. R. N. Kerr. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classicai- : Mr. Hannay. 
 English : Professor M'Connick. 
 German and P'rench : Mr. Durlac. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Steggall ; Dr. 
 
 M' Cowan. 
 Physics: Professor Kuenen; Dr. M'- 
 
 Cowan. 
 Chemistry: Professor Walker; Dr. 
 
 Lumsden ; Mr. Wood. 
 
 Biology : Professors Geddes, Mackay, 
 Waymouth Reid, D'Arcy W. Thomp- 
 son ; Mr. Waite. 
 
 Engineering : Professor Claxton Fidler; 
 Mr. . 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors MacEwan, Stalker ; Drs. 
 M'Gillivray, Rorle, Templeman, \Vhyte; 
 Mr. Greig. 
 
 EDINBURGH, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 This university, founded in 1582, is a teaching and examining 
 body, giving instruction and conferring degrees in Arts, Science, 
 Law, Medicine and Theology. 
 
 Students desiring to attend the classes must obtain a matricula- 
 tion card and pay the matriculation fee of one guinea ($5.25). 
 The matriculation fees, class fees, etc., amount to about ten 
 guineas ($52.50) yearly. Fees for the separate classes are from 
 one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15.75) ^o^' ^^ session. 
 
 All the Arts classes and some of the Science classes have been 
 open to women since 1892, but some of the instruction in Science 
 is given for women at the Edinburgh School of Medicine for 
 Women, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, and at the Medical College 
 for Women, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. 
 
 All the degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine are open to women ; 
 women are, moreover, allowed to graduate in subjects in which the 
 university has not provided for their teaching if they obtain instruc- 
 tion of a kind specified by the university. 
 
SCOTLAND. 
 
 121 
 
 A section of the university library is set apart for women and 
 they have access to all the books. 
 
 The university scholarships are not generally open to women, but 
 there are several scholarships open to women only. 
 
 The academic year is divided into two sessions — a winter session, 
 beginning early in October and ending early in April ; a summer 
 session, beginning early in May and ending early in July. 
 
 There are no requirements as to residence, but there are three halls 
 of residence for women students : Crudelius House, 6 Archibald 
 Place, Edinburgh; terms for board and lodging from i8s. ($4.50) 
 per week, including the use of a common sitting room, light, 
 service, etc. ; for particulars apply to the hon. secretary. Miss H. 
 McLean, 35 Howe Street, Edinburgh; — Masson Hall, 31 George 
 Square, Edinburgh; terms may be had on application to the 
 warden, Miss F. H. Simpson; — Muir Hall, 12 George Square, 
 Edinburgh, for students of medicine ; terms for board and lodging 
 from 1 6s. 6d. ($4.12) per week; apply to the lady superinten- 
 dent. Miss Robertson. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity Calendar, published by James Thin, 55 South Bridge, 
 Edinburgh, price, 3s. ($0.75) ; or from Miss Louisa Stevenson, 
 hon. secretary of the Edinburgh Association for the University 
 Education of Women, 13 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Ken- 
 nedy. 
 
 Classical : Professors Butcher, Ilar- 
 die ; Messrs. Mill, Thomson. 
 
 English : Professor Saintsbury ; Mr. 
 Smith. 
 
 Germanic : Dr. Schlapp. 
 
 Romance : Dr. Sarolea. 
 
 Celtic : Professor Mackinnon. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Eggeling. 
 Philosophy : Professors Pattison, Seth ; 
 
 Mr. Hardie. 
 Political Economy : Professor Nichol- 
 son. 
 History: Profssors Kirkpatrick, Pro- 
 
 thero. 
 
 Pedagogy : Professor Laurie. 
 Art and Arch.i^.ology : Professor 
 Brown ; Mr. Kern. 
 
 SCIliXCU. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : /'w- 
 
 y^-worj Chrystal, Copeland; Dr. Knott; 
 
 Mr. Tweedie. 
 Physics : Professor Tait ; Dr. Peddie. 
 Chemistry : Professor Crum Brown ; 
 
 Dr. Dobbin. 
 Mineralogy : Dr. Marshall. 
 Geology : Professor Geikie ; Mr. Flett. 
 Biology: Professors L B. Balfour, 
 
 Ewart ; Mr. Burrage. 
 Engineering : Professor Armstrong. 
 Agriculture: Professor \i^\\&QQ\ Drs. 
 
 Aitken, Fream ; Colonel Bailey. 
 
122 
 
 EDINBLRGh. 
 
 i.Aiy. 
 Professors Sir Ludovic Grant, Kirk- 
 patrick, Sir H. D. Littlejohn, Mackin- 
 tosh, Nicholson, Rankine, Wood ; 
 Messrs. Burnet, Cook. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Annandale, IJalfour, Brown, 
 Cliiene, Ewart, Greenfield, Fraser, Ruth- 
 erford, Simpson, Sir T. Stewart, Sir Wm. 
 
 Turner; Drs. Beard, Carlier, Camiichaci, 
 Clouston, Dobbin, Hepburn, M' Bride, 
 Muir, Playfair ; Messrs. Berry, Sillar. 
 
 TIIEOLOGV, 
 
 Professors Flint, Kennedy, Taylor, 
 Thicle, 
 
 .xns/c. 
 Professors Niecks, Kirkpatrick. 
 
 EDINBURGH SUMMER SCHOOL OP MODERN LANGUAGES. 
 
 The object of this school is to extend the knowledge and advance 
 the teaching of Modern Languages. In 1899 courses in French 
 and English Language, Literature, History, Geography, etc., for 
 Vioth French and English students will be given in Edinburgh from 
 August ist to August 26th. 
 
 The inclusive fee is £2 2s. ($10.50) and students can board in 
 
 one of the houses of University Hall for £1 5s. ($6.25) weekly. 
 
 For further particulars apply to the secretary. Outlook Tower, 
 
 Castlehill, Edinburgh. 
 
 Lecturers, 
 
 English : Professors Geddes, Kirkpat- 
 rick ; Messrs. Cran, Eyre-Todd, Kel- 
 man, Jr , Marr, Wyld. 
 
 French : Professors Seignobos ; MM. 
 Bazalgette, Delvolve, Guyou, Mansion, 
 Marillier. 
 
 EDINBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 
 Surgeon Square, Edinburgh. 
 
 This school, in connection with the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, 
 in which eighty beds are set apart for the clinical instruction of 
 women, prepares for the medical exaininations of the University of 
 Edinburgh. The two years' residence required by the university 
 can be kept at this school. 
 
 The year is divided into the winter session, beginning about 
 October loth and ending about April ist, and the summer session, 
 beginning about May 1st and ending about August ist. The full 
 course of study is five years. The school and hospital fees vary 
 from £20 ($100) to £30 ($150) a year; the total expense of the 
 five years' course is estimated to be about £160 ($Soo). 
 
 There are several scholarships and bursaries, varying in value 
 from £25 ($125) to £50 ($250) a year. 
 
SCOTLAND. 
 
 I2J 
 
 licctupers. 
 
 MIWICIXE A\D SURGERY 
 
 ]]r:ii'n Z'"*^"' , I^'-amwell. Graham 
 Lrown Bruce, Clouston, Crooni, Hus- 
 and Janueson, Sophia Jex-Blake, J.it- 
 tlejohn, McBride, Muir, Noel I>aton 
 
 Stockman ; Masn. Berry, Cathcart, Got- 
 ten 1, Hard.e, Leith ; Miss [essie M 
 McGregor; Mr. McLaren ; Miss Marion 
 Newb,gm; Messrs. Thomson, Tunibuil. 
 
 MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 
 20 Chambers Street, Edinburgh. 
 
 ta; nt M.^::'^^^^^ ^°^ ^""'■" ""°™-- -^PP'y 'o the secre- 
 
 liecturors. 
 
 miS;^QSn?Tliar^^^^ ^^-y. Brewis, Cadell, Littlejohn, Ma- 
 
 pherson, Noel Paton, Phi fp Russdl' ^'nl^'^'"' ^^"^^^^^^ ^^"^Newbigin, ^W;-,. 
 Thomson, Tuke,Tumer,Wa£ ; S!.' '"'°"' ^"'■"''""' ^^'^''^l^^r- 
 
 GLASGOAV, Scotland. 
 UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. 
 
 This university, founded in 145 1, is a teaching and examining 
 boc^g.v.ng instruction and conferring degrees in^the five F cZe! 
 of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and TheoIo<.y 
 
 The requirements for admission to the university are the prelimi 
 nary examtnattons, which are different for Arts, Science and M d 
 
 :^;eT' r: t ''''-' '^ -' ''- ^^-^-^^ -■- ---^^ ^'^^ 
 
 degrees. The classes are also open, without any prelimimrv ev 
 am.„„t,o„s, to students not .lesiring to take the degrees "^ 
 
 In .S92 the University Commissioners en.powered the Scotch 
 Un,ver„t.v Courts to provide instruction for women, and accord- 
 
i 
 
 124 
 
 GLASGOW. 
 
 ingly Queen Margaret College, a college for women only, was 
 taken over by the university and formed into a women's department. 
 
 In Queen Margaret College lectures in Arts, Science, Mental 
 Philosophy and Medicine are given for women only by the uni- 
 versity professors, and these lectures qualify for the degrees of tlie 
 university. 
 
 All degrees of the university are open to women on the same 
 conditions as to men. After graduation women become members 
 of the University Council. 
 
 In addition to the classes for women held in Queen Margaret 
 College, women have been allowed to attend a few of the honours 
 classes in the university in Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, 
 History, Education, and Insanity. 
 
 In Medicine a complete course of five years' instruction is 
 aiTanged by Qiieen Margaret College, and in the Royal in- 
 firmary 200 beds are appropriated to the exclusive instruction of 
 women students. Women also study at the Royal Hospital for 
 Sick Children, the Glasgow Maternity Hospital, the Royal Lunatic 
 Asylum, Gartnavel ; the Eye Hospital, Charlotte Street ; and the 
 City of Glasgow Fever Hospital. 
 
 The number of women students in 1897-98 was 257, of whom 
 67 took the courses in Medicine. Permission to attend courses in 
 Law and Divinity has not yet been applied for by women. 
 
 Women students are allowed to borrow books from the university 
 library, and there is a reading room in Queen Margaret College. 
 
 Qiieen Margaret College has in connection with it a hall of resi- 
 <lence for women students, information in regard to which may be 
 obtained from Mrs. Riddoch, honorary secretary, 34 Lawrence 
 Place, Dowanhill, Glasgow. The terms for board and lodging are 
 from £1 ($5) a week. 
 
 The college year is divided into two sessions: the winter session, 
 beginning October 20th and ending March 23rd ; the spring session, 
 beginning, in Medicine and Science, on April 25th, and in Arts on 
 May 2nd, lasting in each case ten weeks. 
 
 The fees are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($i5.75) 
 
SCOTLAND. 
 
 125 
 
 was 
 
 rersity 
 ;ge. 
 
 resi- 
 jay be 
 rrence 
 ig are 
 
 [ssion, 
 [ssion, 
 Irts on 
 
 5-75) 
 
 for each class for the session, and should be paid at the secretary's 
 office, Queen Margaret College. 
 
 The majority of scholarships and fellowships are not open to 
 women, but the university has been empowered to open to women 
 any scholarships or fellowships that have been founded not more 
 than twenty-five years. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the Glasgow Univer- 
 sity Calendar, published by James Maclehose & Sons, 61 St. Vin- 
 cent Street, Glasgow; price, 3s. ($0.75). 
 
 Professors and liccturers 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic: Professor Rob- 
 ertson. 
 Classical : Professors Murray, Ram- 
 say ; Messsrs. Balgamie, Brown, 
 Macdonald. 
 En(;lish : Professot Bradley ; Mr. 
 
 Jack. 
 Germanic : Dr. Tille. 
 Romance : Mr. Mercier. 
 Philosophy : Professors Adamson, 
 
 Jones ; Messrs. Duflf, Smith 
 Political Science : Professor Smart. 
 History : Professor Lodge. 
 Pedagogy : Dr. Ross. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Becker, Jack ; Messrs. Carslaw, 
 Lindsay. 
 
 Physics : Professor Lord Kelvin; Messrs. 
 Blyth, Maclean. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor i'^xgixson; Messrs. 
 
 Gray, Lang. 
 Botany : Professor Bower. 
 Biology : Profssor Young. 
 Engineering : Professors Barr, Biles ; 
 
 Mr. Coimack. 
 
 Professors Moir, Moody Stuart; Messrs. 
 Irvine, Mackenzie, M'Kechnie, Miller. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Anderson, Buchanan, Cam- 
 eron, Cleland, Coats, Gairdner, Glaister, 
 Macewen, M'Kendrick, Stockman; Drs. 
 Anderson, Barr, Ramsay, Reid, Yellow- 
 les, Young, Workman ; Messrs. Bryce, 
 Downie, Geramill, Pringle. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Hastie, Stewart, Story ; Dr. 
 Foster. 
 
 ST. ANDREWS, Fife, Scotland. 
 THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE OF ST. ANDREWS. 
 
 The LFniversity of St. Andrews gives instruction and confers de- 
 grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. In it are 
 incorporated the United Colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, 
 restricted to the teaching of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and 
 the College of St. Mary, which is restricted to the teaching of The- 
 ology. Degrees are conferred on candidates who have attended 
 certain classes for specified times and passed certain examinations. 
 
m 
 
 imr^'^ 
 
 126 
 
 ST. ANDREWS. 
 
 I; ^ 
 
 ''m 
 
 All classes are open, without restrictions, to women, as are also 
 degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine. In special cases graduates 
 of foreign universities are excused from the preliminary examina- 
 tions for the degrees. 
 
 The University of St. Andrews holds a special examination for 
 women only and grants to all who pass this examination a diploma 
 and the title of L.L.A. 
 
 The academic year is divided into two sessions : a winter session 
 of twenty weeks, beginning early in October, and a summer session 
 of ten weeks, beginning in the fourth week of April. 
 
 The fees are £3 3s. ($15.75) ^^'^ each class for the winter session 
 and £2 2s. ($10.50) for the summer session. The matriculation 
 fee is £\ is. ($5.25). 
 
 Several bursaries (scholarships) varying in value from JE15 to 
 £30 ($75 to $150) yearly are open for competition to women stu- 
 dents only. The question of opening more of the bursaries and 
 fellowships to women is under consideration. 
 
 There is a hall of residence for women students (University Hall, 
 St. Andrews). The charge for board and residence is from £30 
 ($150) for the winter session and from £15 ($75) for the summer 
 sesr.on. Enquiries should be addressed to the warden of the hall, 
 Miss Louisa Innes Lumsden. 
 
 Further particulars in regard to the university may be found in 
 the St. Andrews University Calendar, and further information may 
 be obtained from the registrar, the University of St. Andrews, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers, 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professor Bir- 
 rell. 
 Classical : Professors Burnet, Rob- 
 erts. 
 English : Professor Lawson. 
 Modern Greek : Dr. Jannaris. 
 PiiiLosoi'iiY: /'rtj/t'wcrj Knight, Ritchie. 
 History : Dr. Mackinnon. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Meiklejohn. 
 
 SCII-NCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor Lang. 
 
 Physics : Professor Butler. 
 Chemistry : Professor Purdie. 
 Biology : Professor William M'Intosh ; 
 Mr. Robertson. 
 
 MHDICIM-.. 
 
 Professor Pettigrew ; Dr. Musgrove ; 
 Mr. Wytt ; Miss Uniplierston. 
 
 THKOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Ilerkless, Menzies, Stewart. 
 
are also 
 raduates 
 xamina- 
 
 ation for 
 diploma 
 
 r session 
 ;r session 
 
 ir session 
 iculation 
 
 1 £15 to 
 )men stu- 
 aries and 
 
 sity Hall, 
 
 rom JE30 
 
 summer 
 
 the hall, 
 
 found in 
 ition may 
 ndrews, 
 
 M'Intosh; 
 I Musgrove ; 
 bs, Stewart. 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 ii7 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 The only educational institutions of any importance in 
 Greece are the National University in Athens, and the Amer- 
 ican, English, French and German Schools of Archaeology, 
 also situated in Athens. The University of Athens was 
 opened to women in December, 1895. The other schools, 
 which give no degrees, are founded principally for the pur- 
 poses of research and exploration, and in general admit 
 women. 
 
 ATHENS, Greece. 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS. 
 
 This university was founded in 1837 on the same general plan as 
 that of the German universities. It was opened to women, in spite 
 of great opposition, in December, 1895, and there have been a num- 
 ber of women students at the university several of whom have ob- 
 tained the Doctor's degree. All the libraries, reading rooms and 
 laboratories are open to women students and a library and reading 
 room have been established specially for women students. The 
 university consists of the four Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and 
 Science) , Law, Medicine and Theology, and confers the degree of 
 Doctor in each of these faculties. 
 
 The academic year is divided into the winter semester, beginninsr 
 on September 15th and ending on February ist, and the summer 
 semester, lasting from February 1st till June 15th. 
 
 The tuition fees for the year are i6odr. ($19.20), and there is a 
 fee of loodr. ($12) for the Diploma of Doctor. 
 
 The number of professors is very large, and on tills accoinit the 
 list is omitted. It may be found in tlie Minerva Jahrbuch dor 
 Celelirten Welt. For further information apply to the secretary, 
 Mr. Pktuos Brvzakis. 
 
m 
 
 128 
 
 ATHENS. 
 
 THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES. 
 
 This school was founded by the Archaeological Institute of 
 America in 1881 and is supported by the cooperation of leading 
 American universities and colleges. Its object is to furnish an 
 opportunity to study classical Literature, Art and Antiquities and to 
 aid in conducting the exploration and excavation of classical sites. 
 
 All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women 
 as to men. Bachelors of Arts of cooperating colleges, and Bache- 
 lors of Arts who have been graduate students at cooperating col- 
 leges, are admitted to membership on presenting a certificate from 
 the classical department of the college in which they last studied. 
 American students, resident or travelling in Greece, may be enrolled 
 as special students at the discretion of the director. 
 
 The applicant for admission to the school should fill out a regis- 
 tration blank (which may be obtained from the chairman of the 
 managing committee or from the director), and send this with his 
 credentials to the chairman. Prof. Thomas Day Seymour, Yale Uni- 
 versity, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Two fellowships, of the value of $600, are awarded yearly, 
 mainly on the result of a written examination, held in March, but 
 other evidences of ability and Jittainments will be considered. A 
 third fellowship, the "Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship," of the 
 value of $1,000, is available for the years 1899 and 1900, and will 
 be awarded to a woman who, in the opinion of the committee, shall 
 seem to be worthy of receiving it. Particulars may be obtained 
 from the chairman of the co'nmittee on fellowships. Prof. Ben- 
 jamin I. Wheeler, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 The director and professors reside in Athens during the school 
 year, from October i st to June i st. 
 
 Members pay no fees; other persons admitted to the school pay 
 $25 a year for tuition. At large hotels in Athens board and lodg- 
 ing can be obtained for $14 per week ; at small hotels and in pri- 
 vate families for $5.50. 
 
 Director, Rufus Byam Richardson; Professor of the Greek Lan- 
 guage and Literature for 1 899-1 900, Herbert Weir Smyth, Professor 
 
GREECE. 
 
 129 
 
 of Greek, Bryn Mawr College; for 1900-1901, Edward Delavan 
 Perry, Professor of Greek, Columbia University. 
 
 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS. 
 
 This school, founded in 18S6 by the University of Oxford and 
 the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, has for its ob- 
 ject the study of Greek Art, Archaeology, Language and Literature. 
 
 Students holding fellowships or scholarships from any British 
 university, or belonging to the Royal Academy of Art or the Royal 
 Institute of British Architects, and other persons of British nation- 
 ality who can give satisfactory proof of their ability to profit by 
 the courses of the school, are admitted as students. Every student 
 must stay at least three months. Women are admitted on the same 
 conditions as men. 
 
 The director resides in Athens from the beginning of November 
 until the end of June. 
 
 There are no fees for tuition or for the use of the library. Men 
 students are expected to reside in the hostel, paying I5dr. ($i.So) 
 a week for their rooms. 
 
 Director, David George Hogarth, Esq., The British School at 
 Athens. Hon. secretary, William Loring, Esq., 2 Hare Court, 
 Temple, London, E. C. 
 
 KAISERLICH DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOQISCHES INSTITUT. 
 
 The German schools at Athens and Rome were founded in 1S29 
 and are under the control of the Central- Dircktion in Berlin. 
 They have for their object the furthering of archaeological studies. 
 
 Women are allowed on the same conditions as men to attend the 
 lectures, libraries and reading-rooms, and to take part in the excur- 
 sions. 
 
 Secretaries in Athens: Professor Dr. Wiliielm D()rpfeld, 
 Dr. Paul Wolters. 
 
% 
 
 ■S'i 
 
 vm 
 
 130 
 
 ATHENS. 
 
 ECOLB FRAN9AISE D'ATHENES. 
 
 The school was founded in 1S47, and has for its object archaeo- 
 logical research and exploration. 
 
 Members must hold the degree of Docteur cs Lettres or Agregc 
 dcs Lettres., de Grammairc, de Philosop/iie, d'Histoire or des 
 Sciences. 
 
 The number of members of the school is fixed at six, and ad- 
 mission depends on the results of a competitive examination, both 
 oral and written. 
 
 Women are allowed to attend the public lectures given in the 
 school and to use the library on application to the Director. 
 
 Director, M. Homolle; honorary directors, MM. Burnouf and 
 
 FOUCART. 
 
HUNGARY, IRELAND. 
 
 131 
 
 des 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 The universities of Hungary are similar to those of Ger- 
 many and Austria in general plan; see pp. 1-3, 62-64. 
 They are three in number, namely, the universities of Agram, 
 Budapest and Klausenberg. Of these the University of 
 Budapest is the oldest and the most important ; it comprises 
 the four Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine and Philos- 
 ophy (Arts and Science), while the University of Agram has 
 no Faculty of Medicine and that of Klausenberg no Faculty 
 of Theology. It has not been thought necessary to give the 
 list of professors at these universities ; it may be found in the 
 Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. 
 
 In December, 1895, the philosophical, medical and phar- 
 maceutical departments in the universities of Hungary were 
 formally opened to women by a decree of the Hungarian 
 Minister of Education. In his decree to the universities the 
 Minister gave in detail the reasons which induced him to take 
 the step. Briefly summarised they are : that the conditions 
 of society have so changed that women are now more often 
 obliged to undertake remunerative labor ; that they are well- 
 fitted for scientific and educational work, and that, therefore, 
 facilities for study should be offered to them. 
 
 In order to enter the universities women have, however, to 
 fill the same requirements as men, that is, to pass the Maturi- 
 tdtsprii/ungi and the severity of the test shall, the decree 
 states, be in no case relaxed. They are also obliged to take 
 part in the dissecting, practical work, etc. 
 
 The fee charged for admission to all lectures for one semes- 
 ter is 30 florins ($15). 
 
 For dates of semesters and general particulars, see under 
 Germany and Austria. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 See pp. T 1 4-1 17. 
 

 132 
 
 JTALY. 
 
 MX 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 There are in Italy seventeen state universities, four free 
 universities .^r. ] ..wo institutions similar to universities, the 7?. 
 Istituto Superiore di sttidi practict e di ■perfezionamento at 
 Florence, and the R. Accademia Scienti-fico-Utteraria at Milan, 
 the first giving courses in Arts, Science and Medicine, and 
 the latter courses *n Philosophy and Philology. There are 
 American, Iiracn did German schools of Archaeology in 
 Rome similar to tiiO. ., in Athens, and there is a zoological 
 station a* Naples at wiii>".h many Americans study. 
 
 The un?versil..;i 11 a . (provide instruction and confer 
 degrees in Arts, Sciencr, La ' "id Medicine. The candi- 
 date for the degree of Doctor {Jaurca) must attend a definitely 
 specified series of courses for a specified number of years 
 (from three to six years, according to the faculty). 
 
 The courses, degrees, laboratories and libraries at these 
 universities are all open to women on the same conditions as 
 to men. Two classes of students are admitted, regular stu- 
 dents and hearers {tiditori). 
 
 Regular students must have obtained, before entering, the 
 certificate of a secondary school {licenza liccale or tecnicd) or, 
 if foreigners, must satisfy the Faculties of Arts and Science 
 that the education they have received would have enabled 
 them to obtain this licenza. In the case of students who have 
 studied at a foreign university the faculty in which the student 
 desires to attend courses decides on the admittance of the stu- 
 dent. Such students should present certificates or diplomas 
 from their former college or university, and also their certifi- 
 cate of birth. 
 
 Hearers have to fulfil no special requirements beyond pre- 
 senting a certificate of birth. They are not admitted to de- 
 
^m 
 
 ITAL Y. 
 
 ij^ 
 
 grees, but if they take the examinations they may in some 
 cases receive certificates to the effect that they have studied in 
 the university. 
 
 Students and hearers must matriculate and pay the matricu- 
 lation fees for the ensuing year between August ist and Oc- 
 tober 30th. The academic year is not divided into semesters ; 
 it begins on October 15th and ends on July 30th. Lectures 
 begin in the first week of November and end on June iSth. 
 
 Regular students pay their fees {tassa d* imatricolazione^ 
 tassa cV iscrizoni and tassa di diploma) to the state treasury 
 through the ufficio demaniale. The matriculation fee varies 
 from 20 lire ($3.90) to 40 lire ($7.80), according to the faculty ; 
 the inscription fees cover all the courses which have to be 
 taken for a degree and amount to from 50 lire ($9.75) to 165 
 lire ($32.18) yearly. Fees for examinations, from 10 lire 
 ($1.95) to 25 lire ($4.88) yearly, and laboratory fees are paid 
 to the cconomato of the university. Hearers pay a matricula- 
 tion fee of 40 lire ($7.80) and a fee of 8 lire ($1.56) for each 
 hour per week of lecture in the courses which they enter. 
 They pay these fees to the same officials as the regular stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Scholarships are open to women as to men and take the 
 form, in general, of an exemption from fees. There are also 
 fellowships open for competition to students that have obtained 
 the dejriee of Doctor. 
 
 Information concerning the general university regulations 
 is given in a pamphlet entitled Regolamento Universitario ; 
 information concerning a particular university, in the Annu- 
 ario Accademico of the university in question, which, with 
 the Regolamento Universitario may be obtained from the sec- 
 retary of the university. 
 
 Ipre- 
 de- 
 

 1 
 
 y 
 
 (v ii 
 
 ■ }: 
 
 fill 
 
 in 
 
 ' ft 
 
 ^UM 
 
 .1 
 
 134 
 
 CAGLIARI. 
 
 BOLOGNA, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI BOLOGNA. 
 
 This university, founded in the 12th century, was renowned in 
 the past for the number of celebrated women counted among its 
 students and professors. 
 
 The regulations are similar to those of all Italian universities ; 
 see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria^ 
 SiGNOR LuiGi Bona. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 I; 
 
 ARTS, 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Albini, Gandino, Puntoni ; Signers 
 Levi, Michelangeli, Olivieri. 
 
 Romance : Professor Carducci ; Sig- 
 nors Ferrari, Morpurgo, Restori, 
 Solerti. 
 Comparative Piiilologv : Professor 
 
 Turrini. 
 Philosophy : Professors Acri, Bar- 
 
 bera, Valdamini ; Signors Ambrosini, 
 
 DeNardi, Pilo. 
 Political Economy : Professor Mar- 
 
 tello ; Signors Barbieri, D'Apel, 
 
 Gemma, Rossi. 
 History : Professors Bertolini, Fal- 
 
 letti ; Signors Vittorio Fiorini, Rossi. 
 Archaeology : Professor Brizio ; Sig- 
 
 nor Szedlo. 
 Architecture: Professors Benetti, 
 
 Canevazzi, Stabilini, Venturi, Zan- 
 
 noni ; Signors Ballarini, Berti, Bom- 
 
 bicci, Muggia. 
 Engineering : Professors Cavani, Ca- 
 
 vazzi, Donati, Masi ; Signors Gemelli, 
 
 Gorrieri, Maganzini, Regnoli, Silvani. 
 
 SCIENCE, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Arzeli, Donati, Enriquez, Mat- 
 
 teo Fiorini, Pincherle, Saporetti ; Sig- 
 nors Razzaboni, Vivanti. 
 
 Physics : Professors Righi, Ruffini ; 
 Signer Dessau. 
 
 Chemistry: Professor Q\^m\.c\zx^\ Sig- 
 nors Angeli, Magnanini, Zanetti. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Bombicci. 
 
 Geology : Professor Capellini ; Signer 
 Simonelli. 
 
 Geography : Professor Peroglio ; Sig- 
 nor Sensini. 
 
 Biology : Professors Ciaccio, Emery, 
 Mattirolo ; Signer Coggi. 
 
 LA IF. 
 
 Professors Brini, Costa, Gaudenzi, 
 Giusti, Manfredini, Mantovani-Orsetti, 
 Regnoli, Rossi, Salvioni, Vanni, Vi- 
 vante ; Signors Ballarini, Berardi, Conti, 
 Diena, Lanza, Malagola, Ramponi, 
 Trovanelli. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Albertoni, Calderini, Calori, 
 Fusari, Maiocchi, Martinotti, Murri, 
 Novaro, Novi, Pellacani, Poggi, Roncati, 
 Rovighi, Tartuferi, Tizzoni ; Signers Bel- 
 mondo, Bord6, Bozzi, Cattani, Gurrieri, 
 Monti, Panzeri, Pinto, Pinzani, Respighi, 
 Righi, Ruggi, Sabbatani, Salaghi, Testi. 
 
 CAGLIARI, Sardinia, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAGLIARI. 
 
 This university, founded in 1596, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
ITAL Y. 
 
 135 
 
 Lo^Xla' ""'^ ^' '-addressed to the secretary, SiGxou Giuseppe 
 
 Professors and Liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 L.liy, 
 
 Poi.iTFCAL Economy : Professor Masd- 
 Dari. 
 
 Architecture : Signor Fais. 
 
 SCIUNCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors P'ais, Usai, Vivanet. 
 
 Physics : Professors Cuglielmo, Odde. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology: Professor 
 
 Lovisato. . ,. 
 
 B,o.oav, ^./„„, Lovisa.o; 5^,,.. "^iJSi.^^S. 
 
 Projessors Angioni-Contini, Barcared- 
 cla, Borgna, Careddu, Lanza, Loy-Isola. 
 1 orcu-Giua, Orru, Soro ; Signor, Atzeri, 
 Uuzzoni, ricinelli. 
 
 MliDlChXP.. 
 
 Professors Biondi, Carbone, Fasola, 
 Penogho, Gonella, Guzzoni degli An- 
 carani, Legge, Marfori, Mazza, Sabba- 
 
 CAMERIJfO, Italy. 
 
 LIBERA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAMERINO. 
 
 This university founded in 1727, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Mario 
 Mannucci. 
 
 Professors ami Lecturers. 
 
 LAIV. 
 
 CATAMA, Sicily. 
 
 UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1444, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the dircttorc\u scgrctaria. Pro- 
 FEssoR Maris Mandalari. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 ProlV'ssors and liCCturcrs. 
 
 Marietta. ^ 
 
 IIlstory : Professor Casagrandi. 
 Arcilkology : Signors Bruno, Orsi. 
 Architixture : :!iignor Fichera. 
 
 Romance : Professors Rapisardi, Sab- 
 badini. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Marino ; Sh-, 
 'laverni. 
 
 nor 
 
136 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 Pedaciociy : Professor Tavemi ; Signer 
 Catalano. 
 
 SCIHNCE. 
 
 Mathematics anu Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Chizzoni, Lauricella, Mollame, 
 Pennacchietti, Ricc6, Zurria ; Signer 
 Catania. 
 
 Physics : Professor Grimaldi. 
 
 Chemistry : Signer Grassi-Cristaldi. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 Bucca. 
 
 Geography : Signer Giardina. 
 
 Biology : Professors Baccarini, Mingaz- 
 zini ; Signers Aloi, Calandruccio. 
 
 Professors AbateLongo, Carnazza- 
 Aniari, Carnazza-Puglisi, Ciccaglione, 
 Coviello, Delogu, De Luca-Carnazza, De 
 
 Mauro, La Rosa, Angelo Maiorana, Gui- 
 seppe Maioranna, Vadal^ Papale, Zocco- 
 Rosa ; Signers Amabile, Blandini, Aprile 
 di Cimia, Carnazza, Camevale, Cavallaro, 
 Cimbali, F'iorentino, La Monaca, Maj- 
 orana, Mangano, Marino, Marietta, 
 Pantano, Paternd-Castello, Peratoner, 
 Politi, Rapisardi, Wrzi. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Berretta, Capparelli, de- 
 menti, Cosentino, Curci, D'Abundo, Di 
 Mattei, Feletti, Francaviglia, Petrone, 
 Tomaselli, Ughetti, Valenti ; Signers 
 Addario, Alonzo, Ardini, Condorelli, 
 Coniglione, De Luca, Galvagno, Gri- 
 maldi, Guzzardi, Marchese, Maugeri, 
 Misuraca, Pennine, Ronsisvalle, San- 
 filippo. 
 
 FERRARA, Italy. 
 LIBERA UNIVERSITA DI FERRARA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1391, is under the same regulations 
 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Enrico 
 
 Bassani. 
 
 Professors and Ijocturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Political Economy : Professor Sitta. 
 Architecture : Signer Dupr^. 
 Art : Signer Ravegnani. 
 
 Biology : Professors Cavazzani, Massa- 
 longo, Sala ; Signor Zuffi. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors \iorga.\.\\,V\g- 
 
 nocchi ; Signor Roccella. 
 Physics : Professor Bongiovanni. 
 Chemistry : Professors Costa, Garelli. 
 Mineralogy : Signor Costa. 
 
 Professors Bennati, Giura, Martinelli, 
 Pasqualini, Carabelli, Sitta, Turbiglio, 
 Weiss De-Welden, Zeni ; Signer Mar- 
 chesini, Ruffoni. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Piofessers Bongiovanni, Cavazzani, 
 Garelli, Ludovisi, Marfori, Massalongo, 
 Morpurgo, Sail, Trambusti, Zuffi. 
 
 FLORENCE, Italy. 
 
 REGIA ISTITUTO DI STUDI SUPERIORI PRACTICI E DI 
 
 PERFEZIONAMENTO. 
 
 This school, founded in 132 1, is under the same regulations as 
 all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
ITAL Y. 
 
 m 
 
 F,rscT,!"" "■■''' '' '■"''■"'"'' '° "" ^'"^""■^■' S'""" T.TO 
 
 Professors and Leet 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.-Skmitic : Professors Cas- 
 telli, Lasinio ; Sii^nor Scerbo 
 INDO-IRANIAN : Professors Pavolini, 
 
 beverini; Signor Tionaii. 
 Cl-ASSICAL: Professors Festa, Paoli 
 
 Ramorino, Vitelli ; ^z^r^^y-jNencini! 
 Kasi. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Parodi; Shmors 
 Fasola, Weile. 
 
 Romance: Professors Mazzoni, Rajna- 
 Stgnors Bacci, Barbi, Parodi, Volpi 
 Philosophy : Professors Conti, Tocco 
 History : Professors Coen, Puini, Del 
 
 Vecchio, Villari ; Signer Franchetti. 
 Archeology : Professors Fesri, Milani, 
 
 i^oh; Signors Bertolotto, Schiaparelli, 
 
 leloni. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Astronomy : Professor Abetti. 
 Physics : Professor Roiti ; Signors Mar- 
 angoni, Salvioni. 
 
 iirers. 
 
 Chemistry .- Professor Schiff 
 Mineralogy: Professor Grattarola; A>- 
 
 «»'■ D'Achiardi. ■* 
 
 GmLOGY AND Geography: Professors 
 Ue Stefani, Marinelli ; Si\mor Ristori 
 Biology: Z'^,,/,,,^;^, Fano, Giglioli; 
 Mantegazza, Mattirolo, Taigioni-Toz- 
 zetti; Signors Baroni, Batelli, Bottazzi, 
 Danielli, Marchi, Oddi, Regalia. 
 
 MunicrNE. 
 Professors Bajardi, Banti, Bufalini, 
 Chiarug. Colz. Filippi, Grocco, Lustig 
 Mya. Paoh, Pelhzzari, Pestalozza, Roster, 
 lanzi; Signors Acconci, Agostini, Ba- 
 quis, Barbacci, Bargellini, Bonardi, Borri, 
 Celoni, Centanni, Coronedi, Ferruta, 
 I:^lora Gabbi, Galeotti, Giarr^, Grazzi 
 Del Greco, Grilli, Lumbroso, Man- 
 tegazza, Profeta. Rossi, Silvestri, Silve- 
 stnni Simi, Staderini, Tedeschi, Toti. 
 Trambusti. ' 
 
 GENOA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA 
 
 This university founded in 1813, is under the same reguhitions 
 as all the universities of Italy ; see pp. 132, 133 ^ 
 
 C3IGNOR CjIOVANNI OxiLIA. 
 
 Professors and Letturers. 
 
 Signor Dall'- 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 La Nc;uAGEs.— Semitic ; 
 Orto. 
 
 Classical : Professors Cerrato, Euse- 
 
 bio, I<umi; Signor Vox^. 
 Germanic : Signer Dall'Orto. 
 Romance : Professors Barrili, De Lol- 
 
 us; 3'/f«<7;-j Guarnerio, Mango, No- 
 
 vara. 
 
 Comparative Philology: Professor 
 Barioia. 
 
 Philosophy : Professors Asturaro, Ben- 
 zoni, 1-errari; Signors Cecchi, Chi- 
 nazzi. 
 
 Political Science: Professors Asturaro, 
 
 iJrago, Ponsiglioni. 
 Histoky: /V<;/,.wManfroni; Signors 
 
 Lecchi, Oberziner, Rosi. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Benzoni. 
 ARCH.-Et)i.O(;Y : Signor Eusebio. 
 Architecture : Professor Resasco 
 

 «38 
 
 MESSINA. 
 
 ... J 
 
 MaTIIKMA TICS AND ASTRONOMY : Pro- 
 
 fessors Garbieri, Loria, Monteverde, 
 Piuma, Pizzetti ; Signers Giudice, 
 Morera, Perroni. 
 
 PnY.sics : Professors Pietro Maria Gari- 
 baldi, Morera. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Pellizzari. 
 
 MiNERALOCY : Professor Negri. 
 
 Geolo(;y and Geography : Prfe sor 
 Issel ; Signer Scjuinabol. 
 
 Biology : Professors Cattaneo, Grossi, 
 Parona, Penzig. 
 
 Engineering: Professors Morera, Piz- 
 zetti ; Signors Garbieri, Pellizzari, 
 Rombo. 
 
 LAtK 
 
 Professors Paolo Emilio Bensa, Big- 
 liati, Castellari, Cogliolo, Del Vecchio, 
 De Murta.s-Zichina, Drago, Grasso, 
 
 Manara, Manenti, Mecacci, Roncali, 
 Kossell;>, Ruffini, Severi, Traverso, 
 Wautraii.-Cavagnari ; Signers Enrico 
 Bensa, Berlingieri, Antonio Castellari, 
 Cereseto, Civoli, Flora, Grego, Martinelli, 
 Pipia, Porrini, Restano. 
 
 MliDIClNK. 
 
 Professors Acconci, Brigidi, Canali.s, 
 Caselli, Pietro Maria Garibaldi, Gio- 
 vanni Garibaldi, Griffini, Lachi, Livi- 
 erato, Maragliano, Giulio Masini, Mori- 
 sani, Morselli, Mosso, Oddi, Parona, 
 Pellizzari, Profeta, Second!, Severi ; .94'- 
 nors Basso, Bossi, Cantu, Capranica, 
 Casini, Cioja, Devoto, Ferrari, Giuria, 
 Jemma, Levi, I.ivierato, Lucatello, Ar- 
 turo Masini, Andrea Mazza, Giuseppe 
 Mazza, Motta, Perrando, Poli, Polimanti, 
 vSacchi, Staderini, Verdese. 
 
 MESSINA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MESSINA. 
 
 This university, founded in 183S, is under the same regulations 
 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppe 
 
 Caracciolo. 
 
 Professors and Liecturcrs. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Michelangeli, Pascoli ; Signers Con- 
 soli, Crivellari. 
 
 Romance : Professors Cian, Restori ; 
 Signer Cesareo. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Michelangeli. 
 Philosophy : Professors Cesca, Fisi- 
 
 chella. 
 Political Science : Professor Supino ; 
 
 Signer Fleres. 
 History: Professors Romano, Tropea ; 
 
 Signor Porena. 
 Arch/Eology : Professor Tropea. 
 Architecture : Signers Di Bella, 
 
 Qu^riau. 
 
 SC/EjVCI:. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors De Berardinis, Marcolongo> 
 Martinetti, V^ivanti ; Signers Caco- 
 pardo, Visalli. 
 
 Physics : Professor Salvioni. 
 Chemistry : Professor Errera ; Signor 
 
 Giannetto. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 La Valle. 
 Geography : Professor Bertacchi. 
 Biology : Professor Ficalbi ; Signor 
 
 Lessona. 
 
 Professors Ascoli, Buscemi, Cesareo, 
 De Cola-Proto, Faranda, Lilla, Macri, 
 Manenti, Oliva, Srafifa, Ugo, Venezian ; 
 Signers Carnazza, Fulci, Puglia, Sciacca, 
 Segrd. 
 
 MKDICINn. 
 
 Professors Colella, Crisafulli, Ferraro, 
 Gabbi, Gaglio, Giuseppe, G. Pugliatti, 
 R. Pugliatti, Rosario Salomoni, Scimemi, 
 Trombetta, Weiss, Ziino, Zincone ; Sig- 
 nors Cambria, Cammareri, Fusari, Melle, 
 Terni, Testa, Tornatola. 
 
JTAL Y. 
 
 139 
 
 MILAN, Italy. 
 REGIA ACADEMIA SCIENTIFICO-LITTERARIA DI MILANO 
 
 This school founded in 1859, is under the same rej^ulntions as 
 all the universities of Italy : see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, S.gnok E.mimo De 
 
 IMARCIII. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 .■tRTS. 
 
 LANGUAr.Ks.-Ci.ASS.CAL: Professor de 
 
 Inama, Giussani. 
 Germanic: Professor Friedmann ; 
 
 Stgnora Schifif. 
 Rc.MANCK : Professors Dupuy, Novati, 
 
 bchenllo; Signors Emilio, De 
 
 March], Ferrieri. 
 
 COMI'ARATIVE PHILOLOGY : Professor 
 Ascoli. ■' 
 
 Philosophy: Professors Jandelli, Lu- 
 ciano, Zuccante ; Siqnor X'ignoli 
 
 History : Professor Rolando, 
 
 Pki)A(;ogy : Signer Martinazzoli. 
 
 Arch.eoi.ogy : Signors Ambrosoli, Co- 
 riani, Auilio De Marchi, Serafino 
 
 Geography: Professor Savio ; Si^rnor 
 Ricchieri. 
 
 MODEXA, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MODENA. 
 
 This university, founded in 16S3, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy ; see pp. . 32, 133. 
 
 Camp^ole'' ""''^ ^^ "^Jd'-essed to the secretary, Signor Achille 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ylRTS. 
 
 Political Science: Professor \a\cni\; 
 
 6tgnor Franchi. 
 Architecture : Signor Cavazzuti. 
 
 SC/EA'CE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professor x\icoletti, Del 
 
 Re ; Signors Nicoli, Valeri. 
 Physics : Professor Chistoni. 
 Chemistry : Professor Magnanini ; Sii-- 
 
 nor Maissen. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professor 
 
 Pantanelli. 
 Biology : Professors Monticelli, Mori ; 
 
 Signors Macchiati, Roncaglia. 
 
 Professors Borri, Brandoli, Franchi 
 Melucci, Morelli, Olivi, Petrone, Sabba- 
 tini, Serafini, Strani, Triani ; Sig,iors 
 iiorciani, Conigliani, Ferrarini, Mar- 
 chetti, Pacchioni. 
 
 MliDIClXE. 
 
 Professors Albertotti, Berti, Borri, 
 Casanni, Cesari, Fabbri, Fusari, Gal- 
 vagni, Maggiora, P«glia, Tamburini, 
 Kuggi, Vanni, Vassale ; Signors Belmon- 
 do, Bertacchini, Casciani, Govi, Guic- 
 ciardi, Levi, Monari, Nasi, Petrazzani, 
 Kavagha, Riccardi, Roncaglia, Saltini 
 
 NAPLES, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI. 
 
 This university, founded in 1224, is under the same regulations- 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
I40 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 •m\i 
 
 For the zoological station at Naples see p. 149. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Odoardo 
 
 Santoro. 
 
 Professors and fjccturcrs. 
 
 Languages.- 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 -Semitic ; 
 
 Professor Buo- 
 
 na^ia. 
 Indo-Iranian 
 
 Professor Kerbaker. 
 Classical: Professors Cocchia, Flores, 
 Kerbaker ; Signors De Gennaro, 
 D'Ovidio, Pascal. 
 Romance : Professors D'Ovidio, Zum- 
 bini ; Signors Agresti, P^rcopo, Pru- 
 denzano, Zingarelli. 
 Philosophy : Professors Chiappelli, 
 Masci ; Signors Bosurgi, Fimiani, 
 Maturi, Memola, Tarantino. 
 Political Science : Signors Betocchi, 
 Colaianni, D'Ippolito, Lioy, Mazzola, 
 Miraglia, Nitti, Tammeo. 
 History: Professors De Blasiis, Holm, 
 Mariano ; Signors Biamonte, Correra, 
 Faraglia, Schipa. 
 ArcH/KOLOGY : Professors De Petra, 
 
 Sogliatio ; Signor Patroni. 
 Architecture: Professor C^toccv, Sig- 
 nors Bellini, Curri, Fischetti, Folinea, 
 Giuliani, Laneri, Tango. 
 Pkda(;<)(;y : Professor Fomelli ; Signor 
 Vecchia. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : /';■<?- 
 fessors(Za.^G\\\, Cesiiro, Cua, Del Pezzo, 
 ••"ergola, Montesano, Nobile, Pinto, 
 Raucci, Salvatore-Dino, Siacci ; Sig- 
 nors Amanzio, Amodeo, Angelitti, 
 Avena, Bellini, Brambilla, Campanile, 
 Is6, Masoni, Nicodemi, Rinonapoli. 
 
 Physics: ProfessorsV3.\n\\Gx'\,W\\a.x\\ Sig- 
 nors Campanile, Ciccone, Del Gaizo, 
 Guiliani, Mercalli, Palazzo, Semmola. 
 
 ■Chemisiry: Professor Oglialoro-Todaro; 
 Signors Forte, Januario, Napolitano, 
 Sardo, Zinno. 
 
 Mineralogy: Professor iica.cc)x\\ Signor 
 Franco. 
 
 Geology : Professor Bassani ; Signors 
 De Loreflzo, Johnston-Lavis, Matteuci. 
 
 Geogravhy : Professor Porena. 
 
 Biology : Professor Costa, Delia Valle, 
 Delpino, Nicolucci, Paladino, Trin- 
 
 chese ; Signors Balsamo, Berlese, 
 Colosi, Comes, Geremicca, Lucarelli, 
 Mazzarelli, Monticelli, Palma, Pas- 
 quale, Raffaele. 
 
 LA IV, 
 
 Professors Arcoleo, Bovio, Fade 
 Fiore, Emmanuele Gianturco, Lomo- 
 naco, Marghieri, Milone, Miraglia, Na- 
 podano, Pepere, Persico, Pessina, Sca- 
 duto, Viti ; Signors Abignente, Alimena, 
 Amellino, Arangio Ruiz, Betocchi, 
 Biondi, Campese, Cannada-Bartoli, Car- 
 nevale, Ciccaglione, Ciccarelli, Contuzzi, 
 Coviello, De Cillis, Di Maio, De Marinis, 
 Di Martino, De Roberto, Gagliardi, 
 Gargiulo, Girardi, Grippo, Guariglia, 
 Guarracino, Lanza, Lombardi, F. Longo, 
 M. Longo, Manenti, Marino, Masucci, 
 Minutillo, Napodano, Perrone, Petroni, 
 Pisapia, Rubino, Salvia, Scalamandr^, 
 Schiappoli, Semmola, Sorgente, Squitti, 
 Summonte, Tuozzi, Varcasia, Vigliarolo. 
 
 MFDtClNn. 
 
 Professors Albini, Antonelli, Armanni, 
 Bianchi, Boccardi, Cardarelli, Chirone, 
 Corrado, Cozzolino, D'Ambrosio, D'An- 
 tona, De Amicis, De Giaxa, De Martini, 
 De Renzi, De Vincentiis, Frusci, Gal- 
 lozzi, Malerba, Massei,Morisani, Ruramo, 
 Sclnon, Semmola, Vizioli ; Signors 
 Aiello, Ajevoli, Amoroso, Antonelli, 
 Arena, Baculo, Bernabei, Biondi, Bran- 
 caccio, Breglia, Buonomo, Cacriapuoti, 
 Caccioppoli, Cagnelta, Calabrese, Cam- 
 pione, Cantarano, Capozzi, Caruso, Ciar- 
 amelli, Ciccone, Cirincione, Colella, 
 Conca, Costabile, Cotronei, D'Amore, 
 D'Evant, De Bisogno, De Bonis, De 
 Dominicis, De Grazia, De Luca, De 
 Michele, De Paolis, De Sanctis, 
 De Simone, Del Gaizo, Del Vecchio, 
 Di Giacomo, Di Lorenzo, Ducrey, Fal- 
 cone, Fasano, Eugenio Fazio, Ferdi- 
 nando Fa?io, Fede, Ferrajolo, Ferran- 
 nini, Ferrara, Folinea, Fornario, Franco, 
 (iauthier, Gianturco, GiofTredi, Greco, 
 
ITAL Y. 
 
 141 
 
 Gregoraci, Guariiio, Jacontini, Jappelli, 
 Jennaco, Laccetti, Lauro, Leocata, Lo- 
 bello, Lup6, Magnarapa, Manfredi, Mar- 
 siglia, Masucci, Maturi, Mazziotti, Melle, 
 ISIeola, Miranda, Moauro, Montefusco, 
 Morano, Morelli, Morra, Ninni, Novi, 
 Oro, Pane, Pianese, Pansini, Paolucci, 
 Parascandolo, Alessandro Pascale, Gio- 
 vanni Pasquale, Patroni, Pecoraro, Pedi- 
 cini, Pellecchia, Penta, Petteruti, Pic- 
 
 cinino, Piretti, Polignani, Radice, Raf- 
 faele, Reale, Renzone, Ria, Romanelli, 
 Romano, Rubino, Salvati, Salvi, Salvia, 
 Scalese, Scervini, Scibelli, Scotti, Senise, 
 Sgobbo, Sgrosso, Spatuzzi, Spinelli, 
 Squillante, Stanziale, Tamburrini, Te- 
 deschi, Tortora, Traversa, Tria, Vetere, 
 Virgilio, Vitone, \izioli, Volpe, Zagari, 
 Zuccarelli. 
 
 PADUA, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PADUA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1222, is under the same regulations 
 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di scgrctaria^ SiG- 
 
 NOR . 
 
 Prol'cssoi's and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages — Semitic : Signor Lolli. 
 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Teza. 
 
 Classical : Professors Cortese, E. 
 
 Ferrai, Gnesotto, Setti ; Signor 
 
 Ercole. 
 
 Germanic : Professor Baragiola ; 
 
 Signor Weigelsperg. 
 Romance : Professors Crescini, Flani- 
 ini, Galanti, Medin. 
 PHlLOSdPHY : Professors Ardig6, Bona- 
 telli, Ferrari, Ragnisco ; Signors l)an- 
 dolo, Morando. 
 History : Professors L. A. Ferrai, 
 Gloria, De Leva, Pinton ; Signors 
 Callegari, Musatti, Raulich. 
 Geography : Professor Pennesi ; Sig- 
 nor Biasiutti. 
 Architecture : Professor Hesse. 
 
 SCIKNCE, 
 
 Mai'HEMATICS and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors D'Arcais, Bordiga, Favaro, 
 Gazzaniga, Legnazzi, Levi-Civita, 
 Lorenzoni, Padova, Ricci, Salvotti, 
 Veronese ; Signor Chiri. 
 
 Physics : I^rofessor Vicentini ; Signor 
 Lussana. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Nasini ; Signors 
 Anderlini, Carrara, Spica-Marcataio. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 Omboni, Panebianco. 
 
 Geodesy : Signor Miari-Fulcis. 
 
 Biology : Professors Berlese, Canes- 
 trini, Saccardo ; Signors Arrigoni, 
 Crevatin, Fiori, Tedesch, deToni. 
 
 J. Air AND POLITICAL SCIV.S'CH. 
 
 Professors Bnigi, Cavagnari, Ferraris, 
 Franceschini, Landucci, Levi-Catellani, 
 Loria, Polacco, Sacerdoti, Ciiov. Tamas- 
 sia, Tiiozzi ; Signors Armanni, Besta, 
 Castor!, Conigliani, ConteiUo, Fedozzi, 
 Leoni, Luzzatti, Monte-Martin!, Norsa, 
 Sitta, Dalhi Volta. 
 
 mi-.diclm:. 
 Professors Hassini, Bclninndo, Bo- 
 noine, lireda, Castellino, Cervesato, 
 Chirone, De Giovanni, Gradenigo, In- 
 verardi, Marfori, Salvioli, Schwarz, Sera 
 lini, Stefani, A. Tamassia, Tricomi, Vla- 
 covich ; Signors Ales.'^io, Holzoni, 
 Moiuizzi, l!f)rgherini, liosnia, Catterina, 
 Cavazzani, Ceconi, Cordaro, Dalle Ore, 
 Ferrari, Lussana, Maggia, Maiica, Mas- 
 salongo, Ovio, Penzo, (^)ueronglii, Kiglii, 
 Stefani, Tedeschi, Zaniboni. 
 
Ml 
 m 
 
 mi I 
 
 142 
 
 PAJiMA. 
 
 ■fi.ii 
 
 PALERMO, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO. 
 
 Tliis university, founded in i779» is under the same regulations 
 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 133, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria^ SiG- 
 
 NOR B. Bruno. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Signor Lagu- 
 mina. 
 Classical : Professor Giri ; Signor 
 
 Cosentino. 
 Romanck : Signors Amico, Di Gre- 
 gorio, Mango, Pipitone. 
 Philosophy: Professors Di Giovanni, 
 
 History: Professors Columba, Sira- 
 
 gusa. 
 Arch.kolocjy : Professor Salinas. 
 Arcihtecture : Professors Almeyda, 
 
 Basile, Salemi-Pace ; Signors Gem- 
 mellaro, Romano. 
 
 SC/£XCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Angelitti, Gerbaldi, Guccia, 
 Maisano, Torelli, Venturi ; Signors 
 Albeggiani, Patern6, .Soler, Zona. 
 
 Physics : Professors Caldarera, Maca- 
 luso, Pagliani ; Signors Cantoni, 
 Gebbia. 
 
 Chemistry: Professot Peratoner; Sig- 
 nofs Leone, Minunni, Oddo. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geolocy : Professor 
 Gemmellaro. 
 
 Gkograi'HY: Professor Richieri ; Sig- 
 nors Battista, Siragusa, Zona. 
 
 niOLOGY : Professors IJorzi, Kleinen- 
 l)erg ; Signors Lo Jacono, Ross, Ter- 
 racciano 
 
 Agriculture : Signor Ziino. 
 
 Hygiene : Signor Leone. 
 
 Engineering : Professors Caldarera, 
 Capitd, Pagliani, Pintacuda, Venturi ; 
 Signors Albeggiani, Cusumano, Geb- 
 bia, Rotigliano. 
 
 lah^ and political science. 
 
 Prifess irs Agnetta di Gentile, Cu- 
 sumano, Guarneri, Gugino, Impallomeni, 
 Orlando, Maggiore-Perni, Papa D 'Ami- 
 co, Paternostro, Ricca-Salerno, Ricco- 
 bono, Salvioli, Sampolo, Schiattarella ; 
 Signers G. D'Aguanno, De Cola Proto, 
 Di Bernardo, Leto-Silvestri, Li Donni, 
 Longo, Merenda, Pagano, Scherma, Si- 
 ciliano, Alfonso Siragusa, Todaro. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Angelucci, Argento, Cer- 
 vello, Chiarleoni, Giuffr6, Manfredi, 
 Marcacci, Marchesano, Mondino, Mon- 
 talti, Monti, Randacio, Rummo, Sirena, 
 Tansini, Tommasoli ; Signors Acquisto, 
 Ajello, Alessi, Brancaleone, Carini, 
 Caruso-Pecoraro, A. D'Aguanno, De 
 Bono, De Grazia, Di Blasi, Dotto, Faraci, 
 Ferrannini, Ficano, Foderi, Giglio, 
 Giliberti, Lazzaro, Lipari, Lo Jacono, 
 Mannino, Mirto, Misuraca, Piazza-Mar- 
 tini, Pernice, Bernardo Salemi-Pace, 
 Salomone- Marino, Scardulla, Spallitta, 
 Rosolino Tusa, Salvatore Tusa. 
 
 PARMA, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1423, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria^ Sig- 
 nor Antonio Pigorini. 
 
ITAL Y. 
 
 143 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 SClllKCE. 
 
 Mathematics: Professors Lavaggi, Ras- 
 
 chi, Vecchi. 
 Physics : Professor Cardani, 
 Chemistry : Professoi- Mazzara. 
 Geology : Professor Uzielli. 
 Mineralogy : Signor Simonelli. 
 Biology : Professor Avetta ; Siptors 
 
 Binna, Coggi, Negrini. 
 Architecti'RE: Siguors Bartoli, Marini. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SClLNCli. 
 
 Professors Arduini, Bolaffio, Bonfante, 
 
 Brandileone, Laghi, Laviosa, Malgarini, 
 Berozzi, De Pirro, Redenti, Tommasini, 
 Zanzucchi ; Signors Berenini, Costa, For- 
 nasari, Riccobono, Tartufari. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Profissors Ceccherelli, Corona, Cugini, 
 Ferrari, Gallenga, Inzani, Mibelli, Mo- 
 lina, Rattone, Riva, Tenchini, Truzzi, 
 Ughi ; Signors Baistrocchi, Bocchi, Ca- 
 prara, Colucci, Coulliaux, Crosti, Guiz- 
 zetti, Monguidi, Pozzoli, Sacchi, Verdelli, 
 Zoja. 
 
 to, Cer- 
 anfredi, 
 , Mon- 
 
 Sirena, 
 cquisto, 
 
 Carini, 
 |no, De 
 
 Faraci, 
 
 Giglio, 
 Jacono, 
 ;za-Mar- 
 ni-Pace, 
 Ipallitta, 
 
 lations 
 I, SlG- 
 
 PA VIA, Italy. 
 REGIA UKIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1361, is under the same reguhitions 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries inay be addressed to the direttore di segretaria^ Sig- 
 nor Carlo Felice Restagno. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Canna, Rasi. 
 Germanic : Signor Schiff. 
 Romance : Professors Gorra, Rossi ; 
 
 Professor 
 
 Signor Restori. 
 Comparative Philology 
 
 Salvioni. 
 PlllLOSOriiY : Professors Cantoni, Cre- 
 
 daro ; Signors De Domenicis, luvalta, 
 
 Mantovani. 
 Political Economy : Professor Benini ; 
 
 Signo'- Gobbi. 
 HisTORY : Professors Lazzarini, Merkel ; 
 
 Signc r Romano. 
 Pedag nv : Professor De Dominicis. 
 Arch.ix.logy : Professor Mariani. 
 ArchitEvJTURE : Professor Brusotti. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessor Aschieri, Belcredi, Pascal, 
 Platner, Somigliana ; Signors Berzo- 
 lari, Fornienti, Pnnnelli, Vivanti. 
 
 Physics : Profssors Bartoli, Cantone, 
 Formenti; Signors Gerosa, De Marchi. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Tullio Brugna- 
 
 telli ; Signor Purgotti. 
 Mineralogy : Signors Artini, Luigi 
 
 Brugnatelli. 
 Geology: Professor TarameWi ; Signors 
 
 Mariani, Salomon, Tommasi. 
 Geograi'HY : Professor Bellio. 
 Biology: Professors Briosi, Maggi, Pa- 
 
 vesi. 
 
 lah: 
 
 Piofessors Buzzatti, Cattaneo, Civoli, 
 
 Del (iiudice, Ferrini, Longo, Mariani, 
 
 Mazzola, Minguzzi, SinionccUi, Vidari ; 
 
 Signors Eliseo, Majno, NuUi, Vacclielli. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Profissors Baldi, Bottini, Falchi, Fiio- 
 musi GiK^lti, Golgi, Maggi, Mangiagalli, 
 Mazzuccheili, Mouti, Oehl, Orsi, Pavesi, 
 Raggi, Sangalli, Scarenzio, .Silva, Sor- 
 mani, Zoia ; Signors Canlu, Clivio, 
 Ferrari, Gorini, Jemoli, Levi, Maggi, 
 Mazza, Pestalozza, Platscliik, Ranipoldi, 
 ResineHi, Staurenghi, Stcfanini, Zain- 
 bianchi. 
 
il 
 
 I 
 
 
 144 
 
 F/SA. 
 
 ■^1 
 
 
 I 
 
 PERUGIA, Italy. 
 UNIVERSITA LIBERA DEGLI STUDI DI PERUGIA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1266, is under the same regulations 
 
 as all the universities of Italy ; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Vittorio 
 
 Marini. 
 
 ProlV'saors and Liccturers. 
 
 Political Science : Professor Benini. 
 
 i.yiir. 
 
 Professors Brunamonti, Carusi, Cuturi, 
 Innamorati, Miceli, Puviani, Scalvanti, 
 Tarducci ; Signors Giannantoni, Tancetti. 
 
 MED/C/NE. 
 
 Professors Adriani, Axenfeld, Batelli, 
 Bellucci, Coggi, De Paoli, Madruzza, 
 Patella, Pisenti, Rossi, Ruata, Salvioni, 
 Va!enti ; Signors Agostini, Badaloni, 
 Cecchini, Kruch, Zanetti. 
 
 PISA, Italy. 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PISA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1343, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretariay 
 Signor Giacomo Enrico Rossetti. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor 
 Pull6. 
 
 Classical : Professor Tartara, Zam- 
 baldi ; Signor Nencini. 
 
 Romance : Professors Biadene, D' An- 
 conn, Flsimini. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Pull6. 
 History of Literaiure : Signor 
 
 Barbi. 
 Philosophy : Professors Jaja, Paoli, 
 
 Rossi. 
 History: Professors Crivellucci, Pais; 
 
 Signor Lupi. 
 Poi.nicAL Science : Professor Toniolo. 
 Arcii.eology ; Professor Ghirardini ; 
 
 Signor Lupi. 
 Agriculture : Professor Calderini ; 
 
 Signor Kistori. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Matiiemai'ICS : Professors Bertiiii, L. 
 Bianchi, Dini, Fin/.i, Nardi-Dei ; Sig- 
 nors Bettazzi, Biagivi, Ciani, Knriqviez, 
 Lazzeri. 
 
 Physics : Professors Battelli, Maggi, 
 
 Pacinotti ; Signors Fa6, Lauricella, 
 Stefanini. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Tassiiiari ; Sig- 
 nors Antony, Garbasso. 
 
 Geology and Miner \lugy : Professors 
 D'Achiardi, Canavari, Zaccagna. 
 
 Geography : Projessor Sottini ; Signor 
 Zaccagna. 
 
 Biology : Professors Arcangeli, Richi- 
 ardi ; Signors Bonardi, Bottini. 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors E. Bianchi, Buonamici^ 
 Calis~e, Codacci-Pisanelli, Corsi, Gabba, 
 Mortara, Napodano, Pampaloni, Sadun, 
 Supino, Vacchelli ; Signors Anzilotti, 
 Baisini, Brunetti, Giannini, Lessona, 
 Magri, Petrone, Sighele, Tiranti, Zer- 
 boglio. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Aducco, Ceci, Ducrey, 
 Fedeli, Fubini, Grazzi, Guarnieri, Maf- 
 fucci, Manfredi, Paci, Pinzani, (^ueirolo, 
 Romiti, Sadun, Di Vestea ; Signors Bat- 
 telli, Bertelli, lUirci, D'Abundo, Fra- 
 scani, Marchionneschi, Minati, Sonsino. 
 
ITAL K 
 
 I4S 
 
 f. 
 
 amicv 
 labba, 
 ladun, 
 tilotti, 
 ssona, 
 , Zer- 
 
 ROME, Italy. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA. 
 
 This university, founded in 1303, is under the same regulations 
 as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Teles- 
 FORO Daretti. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors Gui- 
 di, Schiaparelli. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professors De Guber- 
 
 natis, Valenziani. 
 Classical : Professors Cugnoni, Halb- 
 herr, Monaci, Piccolomini, De Rug- 
 giero ; Signors Albini, Levi, Vag- 
 lieri. 
 English : Signor Garlanda. 
 Romance: Processors Ceci, DeGuber- 
 natis, Monaci ; Signors Castagnola, 
 Cesareo, Martini, Salvadori. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Ceci ; Signor Cima. 
 History ok Literature: Signor 
 
 Zannoni. 
 Philosophy : Professors Barzellotti, La- 
 briola, Turbiglio ; Signors D' Alfonso, 
 Gizzi, Tarozzi. 
 History: Professors Beloch, Labanca, 
 Monticolo, Pigorini ; Signors Can- 
 tarelli, De Sanctis, Tomassetli, Zan- 
 noni. 
 Art and Arcii/EOLOgy : Professors 
 Lanciani, Loewy, Pigorini, de Rug- 
 gero ; Signets Vaglieri, Venturi. 
 Architecture : Professors Calderini, 
 Gui, Rosso ; Signor Manfredi. 
 
 SC/ENCIS, 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Beltrami, 
 Biolchini, Castelnuovo, Ceradini, Cer- 
 ruti, Cremona, Nagy, Pittarelli, Reina, 
 Tonelli ; Signors Bortolotti, Fano, Di 
 Legge, Sella. 
 
 Physics : Professors Ascoli, Beltrami, 
 Blaserna, Saviotti ; Signor Banti. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Cannizzaro, 
 Giorgis, Paterno di Sessa ; Signors 
 Miohti, Montemartini. 
 
 Mineralogy : Processor Striiver. 
 
 (Jeology : Professors Meli, Portis ; 
 Signors De Angelis, Viola. 
 
 Geography : Professor Dalla Vedova 
 
 Biology : Professors Carruccio, Grassi, 
 Magini, Marro, Pirotta, Sergi ; Sig- 
 nors Brizi, Buscalioni, Carruccio, 
 Colini, Grossi, Kruch, Lanzi, Magini, 
 Marchesini, Mingazzini, Moschen, Te- 
 deschi, Todaro, Vinciguerra. 
 
 Engineering : Professors Ceradini, Fa- 
 vero, Giorgis, Nazzani, Savrotti. 
 
 LAW AND POLITICAL SCIKXCE. 
 
 Professors Galluppi, Galluzzi, Filomusi 
 Guelfi, De Marco, Messedaglia, Meucci, 
 Nocito, Pierantoni, vSchupfer, Scialoja, 
 Semeraro ; Signors Brunialti, Caporali, 
 Car\isi, Facelli, Ferri, Lessona, Lorini, 
 Manna, Mari, Martini, Orano, Petrone, 
 Racioppi, Salandra, Schanzer, Tangorra, 
 Trincheri, Valenti. 
 
 MKD/CLVJ:. 
 
 Professors Baccelii, Businelli, Cam- 
 pana, Celli, Colasanti, Durante, d'Urso, 
 Luciani, Marchiafava, Mingazzini, Oc- 
 chini, Pasquali, De Rossi, Rossoni, 
 Sciamanna, Todaro, Toscani, Tommasi- 
 Crudeli, Valenti, Versari ; Si^i;nors Alba- 
 nese, Arcangeli, Ascoli, Bastianelli, 
 Bignami, Concetti, Curatulo, D'Anna, 
 De Sanctis, De Semo, Dutto, Faraci, 
 Fermi, Ferraresi, Ferrer!, Fortunati, La 
 Torre, Leoni, Lonionaco, Manara, Ma- 
 rocco, Mazzoni, Mingazzini, Padula, 
 Parisotti, Pensuti, Postempski, Rho, 
 Rossi, Scaizi, Scellingo, Tarulli, Tassi, 
 Versari. 
 
^h 
 
 [46 
 
 ROME. 
 
 y''- 
 
 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME. 
 
 This school, which was opened in 1894, has the same general 
 objects as the American School of Classical studies at Athens ; see 
 p. 128. 
 
 All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women 
 on the same conditions as to men. Bachelors of Arts of American 
 colleges of good standing and persons who are able to submit satis- 
 factory proof that their studies have been such as to enable them 
 to pursue advanced courses of work at the school may become 
 members. Americans residing or travelling in Italy who are not 
 members of the school may, at the discretion of the directors, be 
 admitted to its privileges. 
 
 Application for admission should be addressed to Casino dell' 
 Aurora, via Lombardia, Rome, or to Professor Minton War- 
 ren, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 The academic year begins on October 15th and ends on June ist. 
 
 No charges are made for tuition. 
 
 Two fellowships of the value of $600 and one of the value of 
 $500, for the study of Christian Archasology, are usually awarded 
 in each year on the result of an examination held about the middle 
 of March. They are open to all Bachelors of Arts of universities 
 and colleges in the United States and to other American students of 
 similar attainments. 
 
 All particulars may be obtained from Professor Minton War- 
 ren, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Director of the school in 1898-99, Professor Tracy Peck, 
 Professor of Latin Language and Literature, Yale University ; 
 Director of the School from 1899 to 1904, Mr. Richard Norton. 
 
 KAISERLICHE DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. 
 
 For particulars see p. 129. 
 
 ECOLE FRANCAISE DE ROME. 
 
 I 
 
 Similar in organisation to the ficole Fran9aise d' Athcnes; see p. 
 1,^0. Director, M. l'Abbe Duchesne; honorary director, M. Le 
 Blant. 
 
 ■« 
 
HT 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 SASSARi, Sardinia. 
 
 REGIA UNIVERSITA DEOLI STUDI DI SASSARI 
 
 This university, founded in i«rc6 ;« , a .u 
 «s all the universities of Italv IJ ^^ '"'"" regulations 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed o .h^' '^'' '^^• 
 Cossu. '"'"^ ^^ ^^^ secretary, Sigxor Michele 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ■Professor Pinna- 
 
 PoLiTicAL Science 
 Ferra. 
 
 ^hnca, Mario.;;: kL7s^^ K:ruat: 
 
 pS" CasUglia, Manca Leoni, mS,' 
 
 lifEDlClNE. 
 
 ,S''''^t!r°''' ^'""^' Conti, Fiori. Ma? 
 RoS' ^r^^'^^trizi. Titzorno 'Rav, 
 
 SIEXA, Italy. 
 REOIA UN,VERS,TA DEOL, STUD. D, SIENA 
 
 This university, founded in the r^th . . • 
 regulation, as all the univer "tie oC, '"■^' " """"^ "'^ '-"^ 
 Enquiries inay be addiJ:d:Vh ^tLr s''- ''%'^-'- 
 
 MOZZANI. ^^^* ^^'^'^y* SiGNOR TemiSTOCLE 
 
 LAW. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Professors Barbacci. Barduzzi, Berna- ' ^^'^"^''^"i. Scarlini, T;ssi ' 
 
 TURIX, Italy. 
 REOIA UmVERSITA OEOL, STUD, D, TORmo, 
 
m 
 
 148 
 
 URBINO. 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Iran- 
 lAN : Professor Pizzi ; Signor Na- 
 zari. 
 Classical : Professors Fraccaroli, 
 Stampini ; Signers Garizio, Val- 
 maggi, Zuretti. 
 Romance: Professors Graf, Renier; 
 Signers Camus, Cian, Gabotto, 
 Gorra. 
 Comparative Philology : Profes\or 
 
 Pezzi. 
 Philosophy: Professors Bobba, D'Er- 
 
 cole ; Signers Billia, Zuccante. 
 PoLiTiCALEcoNOMY:/'/'<?/^jjf/-.fCognetti, 
 De Martiis ; Si^nors Einaudi, lannac- 
 cone, Mas6-Dari. 
 History : Professor Cipolla ; Signers 
 
 Garizio, Manfroni, Merkel. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Allievo. 
 Arch/EOLOGY: Professors Fctp'-o, Rossi; 
 
 Signer Schiaparelli. 
 Architecture : Professor Ceppi. 
 
 SCIENCE, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Berzolari, D'Ovidio, Jadanza 
 Peano, Segre ; Signers Bettazzi, Guar- 
 ducci, Pieri, Porro, Zanotti-Bianco. 
 
 Physics : Professors Naccari, Volterra ; 
 Signers Campetti, Garbasso, Rizzo. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Filed ; Signer 
 Ponzio. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Spezia. 
 
 Geology : Professor Parona ; Signers 
 
 Sacco, Piolti. 
 Biology : Professors Camerano, Mosso ; 
 
 Signers Belli, Buscalioni, Giglio-Tos, 
 
 Rosa, Voglino. 
 
 LA IV. 
 
 Professors Bertolini, Brondi, Brusa, 
 Carle, Castellari, Chironi, Ferroglio, 
 Fusinato, Germane, Mattirolo, Mosca, 
 Nani, Ronga ; Signers Amar, Arno, Bal- 
 lerini- Velio, Brezzo, Cattaneo, Dusi, 
 Frassati, Garelli, Gariazzo, Lombroso, 
 Pasquali, Righini, Tedeschi. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bizzozero, Bozzolo, Bruno, 
 Carle, Foi, Fusari, Giacosa, Giovannini, 
 Gradenigo, Lombroso, Angelo Mosso, 
 Pagliani, Perroncito, Reymond, Silva, 
 Tibone ; Signers Bajardi, Belfanti, Bene- 
 dicenti, Bergesio, Bono, Bordoni-Uffre- 
 du7zi, Caponotto, Carbone, Carbonelli, 
 Carrara, Cavallero, Cesaris-Demel, Ciar- 
 toso, Cognetti De-Martiis, Corradi, 
 Dionisio, Ferri, Feiria, Filed, Gosio, 
 Grandis, Martinotti, Marro, Mo, Motta, 
 Muscatello, Monari, Musso, Naccari, 
 Negro, Oliva, Ottolenghi, Patrizi, Pel- 
 lizzi, Peroni, Pescarolo, Peschel, Rain- 
 eri, Resegotti, Riva-Rocci, Roncoroni, 
 Sacerdotd, Salvioli, Sansoni, Sclavo, 
 Scofone, Secondi, Sperino, Varaglia, 
 Vicarelli, Vinay. 
 
 URBINO, Italy. 
 
 LIBERA UNIVERSITA PROVINCIALE. 
 
 This university, founded in 1671, is under the same regulations 
 
 as all the universities of Italy, see pp. 132, 133. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Camillo 
 
 Bardovagni. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Political Science : Signer Vecchiotti- Vanni ; Signers Valend, Vecchiotti- An- 
 
 Antaldi. taldi. 
 
 LAir, 
 
 Professors Budassi, Dasi, Meriggioli, 
 Mircoli, Fiocchi-Nicolai, Siotto-Pintor, Professor Bedeschi. 
 
niiotti-An- 
 
 ITAL V. 149 
 
 NAPLES, Italy. 
 STAZIONE ZO'dLOGICA. 
 
 This morphological and physiological laboratory, founded in 
 1872 and arranged for independent research in zoology, botany and 
 physiology, is open to women on the same conditions as to men. 
 Permission to use a table in the laboratory may be obtained, accord- 
 ing to the nationality of the applicant, from the Ministers of Edu- 
 cation of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Holland, Belgium, 
 Italy, Switzerland; from the Universities of Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge, England; or in the United States from the authorities of 
 the Smithsonian Institute, from the Association for Maintaining an 
 American Women's Table, or from Columbia University. For the 
 student who thus obtains permission the laboratory is open for the 
 whole year free of charge ; private persons who take a table for 
 their own use pay 2,500 francs ($500) per year or fraction of a year. 
 
 In 1898 an association was formed for maintaining an American 
 Women's table at the station. Permission to use this table is 
 granted by the executive board of the association and preference is 
 given to well qualified women applicants, but if no suitable women 
 present themselves men are eligible in their stead. The appoint- 
 ments are made for a longer or shorter period as may seem expe- 
 dient, and the scholars may be given financial aid if necessary. As 
 many as three scholars may be elected at one time. The applica- 
 tion should be addressed to the Secretary of the Executive Board, 
 Miss Ida H. Hyde, i Berkeley Street, Cambridge, Mass., from 
 whom all particulars may be obtained. The remaining members 
 of the Executive Board are : President M. Carey Thomas, chair- 
 man, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mavvr, Pa. ; Mrs. Alice Freeman 
 Palmer, treasurer, 1 1 Qiiincy Street, Cambridge, Mass. ; Miss 
 Florence Cushing, 8 Walnut Street, Boston, Mass. ; Miss Laura 
 D. Gill, 26 Prospect Street, Northampton, Mass. ; Miss Agnes 
 Irwin, Dean of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.; Mrs. John 
 H. Westcott, Princeton, N. J. 
 
 Director, Professor Anton Dohrn ; Assistant Director, Pro- 
 fessor Karl Schonlein. 
 
'f 
 
 p. 
 
 ■( 
 
 
 if 
 ■' y 
 
 ! 
 
 
 ISO 
 
 TI/£ NETHERLANDS. 
 
 THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 There are in the Netherlands, in addition to the municipal 
 university of the city of Amsterdam, three state universities 
 - -Ley den, Utrecht and Groningen. The state universities 
 are under the supervision of the Minister of the Interior of 
 the Netherlands and the affairs of each are regulated by a 
 Curatorium of five members ; the University of Amsterdam 
 is under the authority of the Common Council {Gemecnte- 
 raad) of the city of Amsterdam. There is also a small free 
 university in Amsterdam with only six professors. The 
 universities provide instruction in Arts, Science, Law, Med- 
 icine and Theology, and give in each of these departments 
 the degree of Doctor. 
 
 No distinction is made between women and men, women 
 being allowed to matriculate and to take degrees on exactly 
 the same conditions as men. 
 
 The academic year usually begins in the middle of Sep- 
 tember and extends to the first week of July though the lec- 
 tures close about the middle of June ; 200 fl. ($80) a year 
 is charged by the universities for instruction, and whoever 
 pays this sum may matriculate as a regular student. Stu- 
 dents who do not desire to attend more than two courses are 
 exempt from the regular fee, but must pay 30 fl. ($12) a 
 year for each course they attend. 
 
 In order to be admitted to a university examination the 
 candidate is required to produce a certificate stating that he 
 has passed either the final examination of a gymnasium or an 
 equivalent examination held every year by the state.* Any 
 
 * In the case of foreigners certain examinations of other countries are considered by law equiva 
 lent to these examinations and are accepted as a sufficient substitute by the universities, as, for in. 
 stance, the final examination of a German gymnasium. 
 
THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 151 
 
 Student who produces such a certificate has a right to take 
 the university examinations whether he has attended the uni- 
 versity or not. The fee to be paid upon taking any exami- 
 nation, except the final one for the degree of doctor, whicli 
 is free, is 50 fl. ($20). 
 
 AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands. 
 UNIVERSITEIT TE AMSTERDAM. 
 
 This university, founded in 1632, is under the same regulations 
 as the other universities of the Netherlands ; see pp. 150, 151. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor Hector 
 Treub. 
 
 Professors and Ijecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.— Semitic : Professor Mat. 
 thes. 
 
 Classical: ProfessorsY^2iX%x.tn, Uhlen- 
 beck ; Decent Beck. 
 
 Germanic : Professors Uhlenbeck, te 
 Winkel ; Decent Frantzen. 
 
 Malayan : Decent Forker. 
 Philosophy: Professors ?>Y>m\\.i; Decent 
 
 Jelgersma. 
 History : Professors Rogge, Valeton. 
 Art and Arch/eolouy: Professors Van 
 
 den Es, Six. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics .and Astronomy : Pro- 
 ^ fessers D. J. Korteweg, Van Pesch. 
 
 Physics : Professors Sissingh, van der 
 Waals; Reader Zeeman. 
 
 Chemistry : Profssors de Bruyn, Gun- 
 ning, Roozeboom, van 't Iloff; Do- 
 cents Boldingh, Cohen, Reicher. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology: Professor 
 Molengraaff. 
 
 Biology: Professors Bos, De Vries, 
 
 Weber ; Reader Sluiter. 
 Geography : Professor Kan. 
 Pharmacy : Professor Stoeder. 
 
 LAiy AND POLITICAL SC/NCE. 
 
 Professors Conrat, Van Ilaniel, De 
 Hartog, I-Iouwing, Jitta, M.W. F. Treub; 
 Docents Lioni, Miseroy, Cohen Stuart. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bolk, Da Costa, Guye, J. A 
 Korteweg, Kuhn, Pel, Place, Rotgans, 
 Ruge, Saltet, Stokvis, Straub, H. Treub, 
 Van Rees, Winkler; Docents Bruin, 
 Burger, De Leon, van Deventer, Graan- 
 boom, Grevers, van Hoorn, Jelgersma, 
 Meyjes, Rijnberk, Salomonson, Tilanus. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Brandt, de Bussy, Chante- 
 pie de la Saussaye, Cramer, Volter ; 
 Reader Westhoff. 
 
 GROXINGEV, Holland. 
 
 RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN. 
 
 This university, founded in 1614, is under the same re-uhitions 
 as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 150, 151. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor P. G 
 
 WiLDEBOER. 
 
hi 
 
 i 1; 
 
 IJ8 
 
 LEYDEN. 
 
 Professors and Liceturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors van 
 den Ham, Wildeboer. 
 Classical : Professors Polak, Speijer. 
 English : Professor Biilbring 
 Germanic : Professors Symons, van 
 
 Helten ; Docent Boer. 
 Romance : Professor van Hamel. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor huis, Pet, Reiger ; Docent van der Tuuk. 
 Symons. 
 
 Physics : Professor Haga ; Pea</er Wind. 
 Chemistry : Professors Eijkman, HoUe- 
 
 man. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 
 van Calker. 
 Biology : Professors Moll, van Ankum. 
 
 LAIK 
 
 Professors Krabbe, Land, Nieuwen- 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Heymans. 
 History : Professors Boissevain, Busse- 
 
 maker. 
 Archaeology : Professors Boissevain, 
 
 I'olak. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors de Boer, Kapteijn, Schoute. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Fokker, Pluizinga, Koch, 
 Kooyker, Middendorp, Mulder, NijhoflT, 
 Reddingius, van Wijhe ; Docents Raii- 
 neft, Schutter, Wiersma; Reader Kooij. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors van Dijk, Kruyf, Meyboom, 
 Reitsma, van Rhijn, Valeton, Wildeboer, 
 
 liEYDEN, Holland. 
 RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1575, is under the same regulations 
 as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 150, 151. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor P. J. 
 
 COSTJN. 
 
 Professors and liecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic : Professors De 
 Goeje, Oort, Tiele. 
 
 Classical : Professors Bolland, Hart- 
 man, van Leeuwen ; Docent Hesse- 
 ling. 
 
 Modern Greek : Docent Hesseling. 
 
 Germanic : Professors ten Brink, 
 Cosijn, Verdam. 
 
 Romance : Docent de Grave. 
 
 Japanese : Reader Serrurier. 
 
 Malayan: Professor A^QrooX.; Reader 
 Klinkert. 
 
 Javanese : Professor Vreede. 
 
 Sudanese : Reader Gra.shuis. 
 
 Turkish : Reader van Gelder, 
 
 Chinese : Professor Schlegel. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Kern. 
 
 Philosophy : Professor Bolland. 
 History : Professors Blok, Muller. 
 Arch^ilology : Professor Holwerda. 
 Ethnography : Professor de Groot ; 
 
 Reader Serrurier. 
 History or Mohammedanism : Reader 
 
 Van Gelder. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors H. G. van de S. Bakhuy/,«)i, 
 Kluyver, Van Geer ; Docen 
 van de S. Bakhuyzen. 
 
 Physics : Professors Lorentz, les ; 
 
 Docents Molenbroek, Siertsema 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Franchimont, 
 Van Bemmelen, Wijsman ; Reader 
 Schreinemakers; Docent Stortenbecker. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
 Martin. 
 
THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 IS' 
 
 Biology: Professors Hoffmann, Surin- 
 gar. 
 
 Pharmacy : Professor Wijsman. 
 
 /.-4/F AND POL/T/CAL SC/fXCE. 
 
 Professors Andreae, Asser, Drucker 
 Oreven, Oppenheim, Tichelaar, Van der 
 Iloeven, Van der Lith, Van der Vlugt 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Einthoveii, Koster, Mac- 
 Gillavry, Nolen, Rosenstein, Treul), Van 
 Heukelom, Van Iterson, Veit, Zaaijer ; 
 Docents Dekhuyzen, Nijkamj). 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Eerdmans, Gooszen, Gun- 
 ning, van Manen, Offerhaus, Pijper, Tiele. 
 
 UTRECHT, Holland. 
 RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 
 
 This university, founded in 1636, is under the same reguhitions 
 as the other Dutch universities ; see pp. 150, 151. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor H. W 
 Bettink. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.— Semitic: Professorl\o\x\.%- 
 ma. 
 
 Classical : Professors Van der Vliet, 
 
 Van Ilerwerden. 
 Germanic : Professors Gallee, Kalff ; 
 Docents Hettema, Wirth. 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Gallic. 
 Philosophy: Professor Freiherr Van 
 
 der Wyck. 
 History: Professor Kramer; Docent 
 
 Van Gelder. 
 Art and Archeology : Professor \&n 
 
 Herwerden ; Docent Morell. 
 Ethnology : Docent Steinmetz. 
 
 SCIENCE, 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors V. A. Julius, Kapteijn, \yland, 
 de Vries ; Docents Mounier, Snellen 
 
 Physics : Professor W. H. Julius. 
 
 Chemistry : Professors Bettink, Dibbits, 
 
 Mulder; Docent Co\x\ke. 
 Mineralogy : Professor Wichmann. 
 Geoloc ^ : Docent Lori6. 
 BiOLOGv : Professors Hubrecht, Went ; 
 
 Reader Vosmaer. 
 
 LAir AND rOl.lTtCAI. SCIENCE. 
 
 Professors De Bourouill, De Louter, 
 Hamaker, Molengraaff, Naber, Pols 
 Simons ; Docents Kooiman, Rijke. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Narath, Pekelharing, Rosen- 
 berg, Snellen, Spronck, Talma, Zraarde- 
 maker ; Readers Brondgeest, Dentz, Van 
 der Meulen ; Docents Boekelman, Gutte- 
 Iing. Huysman, Weltering. 
 
 THEOLOCy. 
 
 Professors Baljon, Cannegieter, Kleyn, 
 Lamers, Valeton, Van Leeuwen, Van 
 v^een. 
 
 lies; 
 
154 
 
 x\ OR IV AY. 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 r 
 
 ■\ 
 
 'i 
 
 CHRISTIANIA, Norway. 
 KONGELIGE FREDERIKS UNIVERSITET. 
 
 There is only one university in Norway, that of Christiania, 
 founded in iSii. Women have been admitted since 1884 to all 
 the courses, degrees, and, where there is no special regulation to the 
 contrary, to the scholarships and prizes. 
 
 Instruction is given and degrees are conferred in Arts, Science, 
 Law, Medicine and Theology. The highest degree conferred is 
 that of Doctor. 
 
 Students that have matriculated at a foreign university are ad- 
 mitted on presenting a certificate of having passed an examination 
 equal in difficulty to that required from candidates from a Norwe- 
 gian gymnasium. 
 
 Women are admitted to the libraries and laboratories on the same 
 conditions as men. 
 
 The first semester begins in the middle of January, the second 
 in the beginning of September. 
 
 All lectures are free. Foreigners pay a matriculation fee of 
 20 kr. ($5.40) and there are laboratory fees of 12 to 32 kr. ($3.24 
 to $8.64). 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 -Se-NUTIC : Professors Blix, 
 
 Professors Bugge, 
 
 Languagf.s. 
 
 Seippel. 
 Indo-Iranian 
 
 Torp. 
 Classicai, : Prof cssors Sch]o\.\., Stener- 
 
 sen. 
 English : Professor Joh. Storm. 
 Slavonic : Docent Broch. 
 Germanic : Professors Falk, Friis, 
 
 Moe. 
 Romance : Professor Joh. Storm ; 
 
 Docent Loseth. 
 
 History of Literature : Docent Col- 
 lin. 
 
 PiiiLOSOrilY ! Professor Mourly Void. 
 
 History : Professors Daae, J. E. Sars, 
 Gustav Storm. 
 
 Geography : Professor Nielsen. 
 
 Art and Arcilkology ; Professors 
 Dietrichson, Lieblein, Rygh. 
 
 SC/I-NCE. 
 
 Mathematics : Professors Bjcvnes, 
 
 (iuldberg, Sylow ; Docent Moist. 
 Astronomy and Meteorology : Pro- 
 
NORWAY. 
 
 155 
 
 fesson Geelmuyden, Moun. 
 Physics : Professors Birkeland, Schiotz. 
 Chemistry : Professors Hiortdahl, 
 
 Waage. 
 Mineralogy and Geology : Professors 
 
 Brogger, Helland, Vogt. 
 Biology: Professors Collett, Nansen, 
 
 G. O. Sars, Wille. 
 
 Professors Aschehoug, Hagerup, Ing- 
 
 stad, Morgenstierne, Platou, Stang, Tar- 
 anger ; Docent Gjelsvik. 
 
 MEDICINE, 
 
 Professors Boeck, Guldberg, Hjort, 
 Hoist, Johannessen, Laache, Leegaard, 
 Nicolaysen, Poulsson, Schonberg, Strom, 
 Torup, Uchermann ; Docent WolsX. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Brandrud, Brun, Micbelet,. 
 Odland, Petersen. 
 
156 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 No account is given here of the numerous Russian univer- 
 sities. Full particulars of the courses and professors may be 
 found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. 
 
 All the universities in Russia are now closed to women ; a 
 few grant diplomas to women in Dentistry and Pharmacy. 
 
 In St. Petersburg there are classes in History, Languages, 
 Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics for the higher educa- 
 tion of women, distinct from the university, but under the 
 supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction. These are 
 attended by large numbers of women. Foreign subjects who 
 have attended certain courses at a gymnasium for women are 
 admitted as special students with the permission of the Cu- 
 rator. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 See pp. 118-126. 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 157 
 
 iver- 
 y be 
 
 n ; a 
 
 y- 
 
 Lges, 
 iuca- 
 • the 
 e are 
 who 
 1 are 
 Cu- 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 The universities in Spain have since 1857 been under the 
 control of the General Director of Public Education. 
 
 The country is divided, for the purpose of university in- 
 struction, into ten departments : Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, 
 Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid 
 and Saragossa. The universities consist as a rule of the five 
 faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 They have always been open to women on the same condi- 
 tions as to men, but women have availed themselves in very 
 few cases of the opportunity 01 studying at the universities. 
 
 The courses of lectures were arranged in 1857 and have 
 not since been changed. Students have no liberty of choice 
 as to the lectures they attend. The degrees of Bachelor, Li- 
 centiate and Doctor are conferred by each of the faculties. 
 
 The academic year begins in October. There are no fees 
 for lectures. The matriculation fee is 16 milreis ($17.20). 
 
 On account of the small number of foreigners attending 
 the Spanish universities, the lists of professors are not given 
 here. They may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der 
 Gelehrten Welt. 
 
158' 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 There are in Sweden two State universities, the universi- 
 ties of Lund and Upsala, each comprising faculties of Philos- 
 ophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology ; the 
 high schools of Gothenburg and Stockholm, the first of which 
 devotes itself to Arts only and the second to Science, and the 
 Medical and Surgical Institute of Stockholm, which is a state 
 institution. 
 
 In 1870 a royal decree was issued giving to women the 
 right to become regular students and to take degrees in the 
 medical faculties of the State universities on the same condi- 
 tions as men, and in 1873 this right was extended to the 
 faculties of Law and Philosophy. The high schools of 
 Gothenburg and Stockholm were not founded until after 1870, 
 and have from the first been open to women. 
 
 The faculty of Theology is not yet open to women. 
 
 In order to be admitted as a student to one of the univer- 
 sities or high schools the candidate must have passed the 
 final examination or mogenhets examen of an elementary 
 school. Candidates who have not passed this examination 
 may in some cases become *♦ hearers" in the university 
 courses by special permission ot the faculty and the individ- 
 ual professor, but are not permitted to take degrees. 
 
 The academic year is divided into the autumn semester, be- 
 ginning on September ist and endi^ on December 15th; 
 and the spring semester, beginning on January 15th and end- 
 ing on June 15th. 
 
 The matriculation or registration fee varies from 10 to 12 
 crowns ($2.70 to $3.24) and a fee of 10 or 20 crowns ($2.70 
 or $5.40) is paid each semester. All public courses are open 
 
 ■'■». i 
 
SWEDEN. 
 
 159 
 
 free of charge ; these are sometimes supplemented by private 
 lectures costing from 20 to 40 crowns ($5.40 to $10.80) a 
 semester. 
 
 There are numerous scholarships and prizes, which^ 
 though no special statement is made to the effect, are not in 
 general open to women. 
 
 The Fredrika-Bremer-Forbundet at Stockholm is an asso- 
 ciation whose object is to be a medium for collecting infor- 
 mation of interest to educated women. The secretary, 54 
 Drottninggattan, Stockholm, has kindly offered to answer 
 questions in regard to Swedish universities that may be ad- 
 dressed to her by readers of the Handbook. 
 
 GOTHENBURG, Sweden. 
 GOTEBORGS HOGSKOLA, 
 
 This school, founded in 1887, consists as yet of the faculty of 
 Arts only, but has power to confer degrees. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of tlie Swedish 
 universities; see pp. 158, 159. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr Eric Bokm an. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.— SEMrric : Professor IXn^- 
 berg. 
 
 Classical : ProfessorVz.\A%on; Docmts 
 
 Janzon, Wah'in. 
 English: Reader \s'&%x.2\\. 
 Germanic : Professors CederschiaM, 
 
 Ho'thausen ; Decent Biath. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Romance : Professor Vising ; Docent 
 Mortensen ; Reader Avenard. 
 Philosophy : Professor NorstrSm ; Do- 
 
 cent Liljeqvist. 
 Political Science: Professor Stavenow; 
 
 Docent Kjelldn. 
 History : Docent Stavenow. 
 Art : Professor Warburg. 
 
 LUXD, Sweden. 
 KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITETET. 
 
 This university, founded in 1666, comprises faculties of Arts 
 Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same gen- 
 eral regulations as all Swedish universities; see pp. 15S, 159. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Professor Quenner- 
 
 STKDT. 
 
h 
 
 i6o 
 
 STOCKHOLM. 
 
 ProfcNSors and Lecturers. 
 
 ylRTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors M- 
 exanderson, Wide, Zander ; Docents 
 Linde, Lindskog. 
 English : Docents Kock, Rodhe ; 
 
 Reader Harvey. 
 Gkrmanic : Professors Lidforss, So- 
 derwall ; Docents Beckman, Hjelm- 
 qvist, Kjederqvist, SSderberg; Reader 
 Freund. 
 Romance: Professor Wulfif; Reader 
 
 Philipot. 
 Oriental: Professors Flensburg, Teg- 
 nkx ; Docent Zetterst6en. 
 Philosophy : Professors Borelius, Le- 
 ander; Docents Bostrom, Herrlin, 
 Larsson, Stromberg. 
 Political Science: /Vo/^wcr Fahlbeck ; 
 
 Docent Andersson. 
 History : Professors Fahlbeck, Freiherr 
 V. Schwerin, Weibull ; Docents Stille, 
 Wimarson. 
 Art and ARCHiEOLOGY : Docent 
 
 Soderberg. 
 ^Esthetics and History of Litera- 
 ture : Docents Mortensen, Sylwan, 
 Wrangel. 
 
 SClllNCF.. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 
 fessois Bjorling, Charlier, Engstrom j 
 
 Docents Brod6n, Delin, Moller, Psi- 
 
 lander, StrSmgren, Wiman. 
 Physics : Professor Backlund ; Docents 
 
 Granqvist, Rydberg. 
 Chemistry : Professor Loven ; Docents 
 
 Londahl, Wallin. 
 GICOLOGY : Professor Torell ; Docents 
 
 Hennig, Moberg, Tomqvist. 
 Biology : Professors Bergendal, Berg- 
 
 gren, Quennerstedt, Thomson, Torell ; 
 
 Docents ]ox\%%on, Lidforss, Ljungstroni, 
 
 Murbeck, Ohlin, Wallengren. 
 
 Professors J. A. Ask, Bjorling, Graf 
 Hamilton, Kallenberg, Thyr6n, Winroth; 
 Docents Antell, Broom6, Hellner, Li- 
 vijn. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bendz, Blix, FUrst, Hilde- 
 brand, Lang, Lindgren, Lowegren, Od- 
 man, Ribbing ; Docents Forssman, Gade- 
 lius, Hedin, Petren, Wadstein, 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Ahnfelt, Eklund, Holm- 
 strom, Johansson, Rosenius ; Docents 
 Hammar, Lundborg, Pfannenstill. 
 
 STOCKHOIiM, Sweden. 
 STOCKHOLMS HOGSKOLA. 
 
 This school, founded in 1878, consists as yet of a Mathematical 
 and Scientific section only, but it is hoped that it will shortly be en- 
 larged by the addition of a faculty of Law and Political Science. 
 
 The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish 
 universities; see pp. 159, 159. 
 
 The matriculation fee is 25 crowns ($6.75) and the fee for lec- 
 tures (which is remitted in the semester in which the matriculation 
 fee is paid) is the same. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. 
 
 Professors and Liccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Swedish : Professor Ljungstedt. 
 
 History ok Literature : Professor 
 
 Levertin. 
 Political Science : Professor Leffler. 
 
SWEDEN. 
 
 I6l 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors IJendixson, Bohlin, Gvld^n 
 
 ivobb, V. Koch, 
 ^''ner' '' ^''°^''''^' Arrhenius, Bjerk- 
 
 CuEMiSTRY : Professor Pettersson. 
 Mineralogy AND Geology: P.ofessor 
 
 Ue Geer ; Doccnts Backstrom, Ham- 
 
 berp. 
 
 Biology; /'r</m^;-,Lagerheim, Leche • 
 Docents Anderson, Carlgren, af 
 Klercker, klinckowstrom. 
 
 UPSALA, Sweden. 
 KONGL. UNIVERSITETET I UPSALA. 
 
 This imiversity, founded in 1477, comprises faculties of Arts 
 
 lations as all the Swedish universities; see pp. 158, icg 
 
 Enquines may be addressed to the secretary, ul^^ j'',,, b,„,^^ 
 Professors anrl liecturers. 
 
 Docen/s Berger, Ericsson, Holmgren 
 Malmborg, Soderberg, Westman. 
 
 quist ; Demonstrator Granqvist ; Do- 
 cents Josephson, Petrini 
 ClEMiSTRY . Professors Q\^^^, Widman ; 
 
 vrfr ' ^'''•^""' ^^"g'^'' Valmaer. 
 
 Mineralogy AND GEoi.ofJY: Professor 
 Hogboni; Z)„r«//. Holmquist, Muntlic 
 Nordenskjold, Wiman. ' 
 
 Biology: Professors Fries, Kjellman 
 I-undstrom, Tullberg, Wir^n ; DoceJs 
 Aunvilluis, Hedlund, Jagerskiold 
 
 Johansson.Juel,L6nnbWgstrnande' 
 Geocjraphy : Docent Lonborg. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages.-Semitic: Z^/'^/,,,^;. Aim- 
 kvist. 
 
 Slavonic : Professor LundelJ. 
 Classical : yv^y?.,,^;-, Danielsson, 
 I ersson ; Z?^mz/.Kn6s, Lagercrantz 
 Lundstrom, Odv°lberg 
 English : vP.w«- Harlock. 
 Germanic: /'/-^/m^rj Erdmann, Laf- 
 fler, Noreen ; Docents v. Friesen 
 Lange, Tamm, Wadstein, Wiklund \ 
 Aeader Meyer. 
 ^o^iK^C^. Professor P. A. Geijer ; 
 w u,"'",^'""'^^''' Ryclberg, Staaff 
 Wahlund ; ^W.v-livy-uLann ' 
 Sanskrit and Comi-arative Phii 
 
 LklS' ^''''>^'"' Johansson; Z?.,,,., 
 Philosophy: T';-^/^,,^,- k. R. GeiiVr- 
 ZJ>..«J. Bager-Sjogren, Burman, VA- 
 leldt, Hagerstrom, von Sciieele 
 Political Science: Professor Alin ; 
 
 /^<^f^«/.f Nystrom, Vareniiis 
 Wx^OKy. Professor Boethius, Hjarne ; 
 5ndrra^f"'"-^'^'--'"-^"-dorft; 
 
 iMJYPTOLOGY : ProfcssorYi€i\\ 
 History ,,f Liierature: Docents 
 Levertm, Meyer, Staffen. 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : /v^. 
 fessors Dun^r, Falk, Hii.iebrandsson ; 
 
 LAty AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 ^'-e/J^J^«BIoniberg,Dahlberg, David- 
 son, Hag.str6mer, Sjogren, Trygge • 
 stSr Alm^i, Esche\so'n. R^eTr-' 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Clason, Elfstmnd, GuII- 
 strand, Ilammar, Hammar.sten, II" - 
 
 Nerander, Nordhmd,..Petersson, S nc 1 
 berg ; Demonstrators Ohrwail, V^stberT- 
 ^vj^^^Bolin, Dah.gren.'F,oclSS: 
 
 Tni;oi.oi;y, 
 Professors Derggren, Danell, Ekman 
 I;«ndstrum Martin, (juensel S ' 
 i.m,e; Dosents Kkhuul, KolmZll 
 
lu 
 
 BASLE. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 There are in Switzerland seven universities — Basle, Berne, 
 Fribourg, Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchatel and Zurich. These 
 are all open to women. At Basle, Berne and Zurich the lan- 
 guage used is German, and the only degree given is that of 
 Doctor, as in German universities. In Geneva, Lausanne and 
 Neuchatel, on the other hand, the language used is French 
 and the degrees are similar to those of French universities, 
 the baccalaureate licence and doctoral. In Fribourg both 
 languages are used, but the university organisation is 
 German. 
 
 BASLE, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITAT BASEL. 
 
 The university of Basle, consisting of the four faculties of Phil- 
 osophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology, was 
 
 founded in 1460. 
 
 Every one wishing to become a regular student must present a 
 
 certificate of good character and satisfactory testimonials in regard 
 to his previous education and must register (matriculate) both w-th 
 the rector of the university and with the dean of the faculty in which 
 he is to study. This must be done before the end of the . first fort- 
 night of the semester. The fees for matriculation amount to 14 
 francs ($3.80) and are paid to the pedell. 
 
 Before the end of the first three weeks of the semester the student 
 must present himself to the quaestor and pay the fees for lectures, 
 and finally must obtain the signatures of the different lecturers in his 
 course book. When leaving the university the student must again 
 present himself to the rector and obtain the Abgangszetigniss. 
 
 Hearers must be over seventeen years of age and are permitted to 
 attend lectures on paying the fees. 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties except that 
 of Theology, which grants the degree of Licentiate only. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 t% 
 
 Women have been allowed to studv in fho , • • • 
 under certain conditions. In ord r to be ad T^'' "'"' ^'^o, 
 dent a woman must be of S^isT ttill t^ o7^ f^ ' •''''''' '^^"- 
 hav. received her education in the t^ ^^ B^ e"^^^^^^^^ 
 m.tted as a hearer to the lectures of fh/p^M , ^^ '*''■ 
 
 must hold a certificate entUlh; . t^teachr l"' '""'' ^'^ 
 -condary schools of the canton" wl n th \XT1 "' 
 requirements have all the privileges of m. . T ^ ^^^''^ 
 
 the holding of scholarships'^.nd the use of 'b '^ '' "^"'^^ 
 
 museums, etc. °^ libraries, laboratories, 
 
 The winter semester extends from October icth m .u . 
 March; the summer semester from April i ctltl^H ^' '"^ ^^ 
 
 The lecture fees for all lectures wMH ^ '"'^ °^ J"'^'- 
 
 Theological Faculty, 3 frait ^ l'; "/^ --/" ^he 
 
 weekly, and in the other faculties 5 f ancs $ oo/"tT' ''"' 
 
 fees are in general 5 francs r$i 00^^ T ^ ^' ^''^'''^^ory 
 
 semester. ^ ^*'"°°^ P^'" ^o"r weekly for the 
 
 Further information and the Verzeichni,, rJ.. r- / 
 be obtained from the pedell, Hkkk Y^Z^^l^::^^^^^^^^ ""^ 
 
 ARTS, 
 
 Languages—Semitic: /',-<,>,^;. Me7 
 INDO-IRANIAN : Professor Misteli " 
 Classical: /';V«w. Bethe, Groos, 
 ^^g^"bach, Misteli. Wackernagel 
 Docent MUnzer. 
 
 English: />r./..w Soldan ; /)...«/ 
 iJinz. 
 
 Romance: /'^'^/m^;- Soldan. 
 Comparative Philology: Professor 
 oocin. •' 
 
 ^"er°}oe'f"' '' ^''''-^'^^'"'^"^"^''^"' ^euss- 
 
 Political Science: /'^./,„,^ Ko^ak ; 
 Docent Geering ' 
 
 " a'Z^ P ^7-f ^T' Baumgartner. Boos, 
 
 Professors and Lecturers 
 
 Art and Arch^ologv : Professors T 
 J. Bernoulli, D. BurckhirHf n ^ 
 dorff. M«„^ ' A, .f^,^"^''"!'^^'' Dragen 
 
 dorff, Mever' Wnl^-"*'"^''''' ^'^g^"' 
 BurckharT.' ^'" ' ^--^«^ Daniel 
 
 SCn-NCE. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: />;-,- 
 mS K^kelin, Riggenbach, Von der 
 
 Ka Idhn, '"^''Z;'"'' "^genbach-Bischoff, 
 Kahlbaum ; Z)^,^„^ Veillon 
 
 Ski'V ^'/^''''"'' Kahlbaum, 
 
 ^^K^'Nils^'os^:-^ ^^^^-' 
 
 :SS:^Satf^^--^-'«^^-'d^ = 
 Biology: T'^^,/,,,,;-, r^j^, , j 
 Bu'ckhardi!'''-^""" ^''^^"^^ ^^"-^ 
 
II. II 
 
 1 64 
 
 BERNE. 
 
 LAiy, 
 
 Professors Karl Chr. Burckhardt, 
 Heiner, Heusler, Speiser, Teichmann, 
 Wieland ; Docents Peter, Stehlin. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Bumm, Bunge, A. Burck- 
 hardt, E. Burckhardt, Coming, Cour- 
 voisier, Dubler, G5nner, Hagenbach- 
 liurckhardt, HSglor, Hosch, Iminer- 
 mann, Jaquet, KaufTman, Kollmann, 
 
 Massini, Mellinger, Metzner, Schiess, 
 Siebenmann, August Socin, Wille ; Do- 
 cents Buri, Egger, Peer, Hosch, Leopold 
 Rutimeyer, Schwendt, Streckeisen,Wolff. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Bohringer, BoUiger, Borne- 
 mann, Duhm, von Orelli, Overbeck, W. 
 Schmidt, Stahelin ; Docents Bertholet, 
 Bruckner, Goetz, Handmann, Megger, 
 Riggenbach, Vischer, Wemle. 
 
 BERNE, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITAT BERN. 
 
 The University (^Hochschule) of Berne, consisting of the facul- 
 ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and The- 
 ology (Catholic and Protestant), was founded in 1834 and opened 
 to women in 1874. In 1898-99 the number of women matricu- 
 lated students was 117 and the number of hearers 55. A women 
 docent lectures on Drama in the 19th Century. 
 
 Every one wishing to enter as a student must be over eighteen 
 years of age, must present a certificate of good character to the 
 rector, and must pay the matriculation fee of 15 francs ($3.00). 
 A woman, in addition, is required to prove that she is independent, 
 or to present a certificate signed by her guardian giving her per- 
 mission to attend the university. A fee of 5 francs ($1.00) paid 
 to the rector at the time of matriculation gives the student permis- 
 sion to use the library. 
 
 Any one is permitted to attend the lectures as a hearer on buying 
 from the pedell an Auskultanten Karte, costing 20 cents. 
 
 Regular students and hearers must register with the professors 
 and lecturers whose course they wish to attend, and show their 
 matriculation or auskultanten cards. 
 
 They are also obliged, under penalty of a fine, to register their 
 addresses with the pedell within the first fortnight of the semester, 
 and to inform him of any subsequent change of address. 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties under 
 slightly varying conditions. The candidate for the degree of Doctor 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 The winter ^^^..^rZ^ZTol^^l i" three subjects, 
 semester on Apr,, .jtl, ,asLg .i„ A^'ctf " """"" 
 
 l^ists of lecturers and other official Dim,^M«f 
 at an, bookshop and en.niHes ,na, t ^^^^l^l^l^r'' 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 Baltzer, Bruckner; /?...«/ Kissing. 
 
 Ludwig Fischer, Studer. 
 Hygiene : Professor Girard. 
 
 ^'^^O-^IRANIAN : Professor MUller- 
 
 Classical: y/'^/.w^;-, Haag, Praech- 
 
 ter J JJocent Jahn. 
 English: /'r^/.,,^^ Mailer-Hess; 
 
 JJocent Kiinzler. 
 Germanic: Professors Hirzel. Singer, 
 
 Sutermeister, Vetter, Walzel. 
 
 xri:''^^' /''•e/^m./-. Freymond, 
 
 Michaud; Doce«fs Bessire. Gau! 
 
 chat, Niggli, Thormann. 
 Piiilosophy: Professor Si^m; Docent 
 Tumarkin. 
 
 SsTORv^ p'T''^-" ^'-"/--^"'-Oncken. 
 H STORY Professors yon Mulinen, Tob- 
 
 ler, Woker ; ZJ^^^m^ Geiser. 
 Art : Professors Auer, Volmar. 
 Architecture : Professor Auer 
 Pedagogy : Professor Haag. 
 
 5'C/ffA'Cf. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
 ^Tntek^^ltr''"'^^' ^"' ^^^^ 
 
 Chemistry : /'r./^..^/-^ Friedheim, Kos- 
 taneck. Rossel; DocentsU^^, Schaffer, 
 Schmidt, Tambor. 
 
 LAir 
 
 Professors Gretener, Hilty, Huber 
 RdchelT -"^^T' ^"^^"^^" Oncken; 
 
 btooss Zeerleder; Docents Kebedev 
 Opet, Schmidt, Sieber. ^oeagy, 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors C. Emmert, Girard, Heffter 
 Jadassohn Kocher. Kronecker, Sng-' 
 hans, MUller PflUger, Sahli, Stooss 
 Strasser, Tavel, Tschirch, Valentin Zim 
 
 merniann;Z>...«.Msher,'Bueler,Conon" 
 Conrad, Deucher, Dubois, DumontrD;: 
 
 Sha^nrW^Uh^^r '' ^'"^^ LUscher, 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Barth, Blosch, Herzotr 
 Lau erburg, Ludemann, Marti, Michaud' 
 Muller, Steck, ThUrlings, Woker ' 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Docent Hess-Ruetschi. 
 
 FRIBOURG, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITE DE FRIBOURG. 
 
 The University of Fribourg, founded in 1889, consists of fh. 
 three f^uities of Philosophy (Arts and Science)!^ td Theol 
 ogy. Won.en are not admitted as regular stud nts, b t th^y at 
 
1 66 
 
 FRIBOURG. 
 
 I 
 
 allowed to attend the courses as hearers, and in the faculty of Phil- 
 osophy they may take the same examinations and obtain the same 
 diplomas as men students on the same conditions. 
 
 The French and German languages are both used, but the uni- 
 versity organisation resembles that of German universities in all 
 essential points. Foreigners are as a general rule admitted, pro- 
 vided they possess the qualifications which would admit them to 
 universities in their own countries. The rector decides all doubtful 
 and exceptional cases. 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred by the Philosophical faculty 
 on candidates who, having studied for three years at a university 
 and having satisfactory testimonials as to character and education, 
 present a dissertation that is approved by the faculty and pass an 
 oral examination in three subjects. 
 
 The winter semester begins in the middle of October and the 
 summer semester in the middle of April. 
 
 The fee for the first matriculation is 30 francs ($6.00) and for 
 the second 20 francs ($4.00). 
 
 Professors and liccturers. 
 
 % 
 
 ■% 
 
 "1 
 
 J 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Semitic ; 
 me. 
 
 Classical ; 
 chaut. 
 
 Germanic ; 
 
 Slavonic : 
 
 Romance : 
 chot. 
 Philosophy: 
 Political Science ; 
 
 Jaccoud, Ruhland. 
 History : Professors Biichi, Schniirer, 
 
 Reinhardt, Steffens ; Docent Holder. 
 Art and ArcH/Eologv : Professors 
 
 Hess, Steffens, Zemp. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Homer. 
 
 Professor Grim- 
 
 ; Professors Jiithner, Mi- 
 
 : Professor Better. 
 Professor Kallenbach. 
 Professors Giraud, Mar- 
 
 Professors Bartijn, Michel. 
 Professors Biichel, 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 Mathematics ; 
 Lerch. 
 
 Professors Daniels, 
 
 Physics : Professor von Kowalski. 
 Chemistry : Professors Baumhauer, 
 
 Bistrzycki, Thomas- Mamert. 
 Geology : Professor de Girard. 
 Geography : Professor Brunhes. 
 Biology : Professor s Axdwx?,, Kathariner, 
 
 Westermaier. 
 
 LAiy. 
 Professors Bise, BUchel, Clerc, Favre, 
 Fietta, Gottofrey, Hauptmann, Jaccoud, 
 Koschembahr-Lyskowski,Lampert,Lenz, 
 Oser, Pedrazzini, Perrier, Zycha. 
 
 THEOLOGY, 
 
 Professors Beck, Berthier, Coconnier, 
 Fei, Frankenstein, Kirsch, Mandonnet, 
 del Prado. Rose, Speiser,\Veiss, Zapletal. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Professor Wagner. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Wf 
 
 GEXKVA, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE. 
 
 The University of Geneva, founded in 1559, consists of the five 
 faculties of Arts {Lcttrcs), Science, Law, Medicine and Tlieolocn-. 
 Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. There are 
 now about 170 women students, the majority attending courses in 
 sociology, medicine and natural science. The French lancua-e is 
 used and the organisation of the university is similar to tha't of 
 rrench universities. 
 
 Any person over eighteen years of age is admitted as a hearer to 
 all lectures, but not to the hospitals or the practical courses of the 
 Medical faculty. 
 
 Persons who have obtained the certijicat de maturite in one of 
 the sections of the gymnasium of Geneva or who can prove l)v 
 certificates or diplomas that they have received an education ecnud 
 in standard to that implied by the certijicat de maturite are.l- 
 lowed to matriculate as regular students. The faculty in which the 
 student desires to study decides upon the equivalence of the certifi- 
 cates, and the entrance requirements vary considerably in the differ- 
 ent faculties. In some (the department of Social Science, for 
 instance), a knowledge of Greek and Latin is not considered neces- 
 sary; in others it is essential. 
 
 The university confers the following degrees : Bachelier es let- 
 tres, es sciences, es sciences medicates, en theologie ; Licencie Is 
 lettres, es sciences sociales, en droit, en theologie, Docteur es let- 
 ires, en sociologie, en philosophie, es sciences, en droit, en mede- 
 cine, en theologie; Dipldme de chimiste, Dipiome de pharmacien. 
 For the degrees of Bachelier and Licencid the candidate must 
 pass an oral and a written examination, for the degree of Docteur 
 he must in general pass an oral examination and sustain a thesis! 
 The requirements as to time, etc., vary in the different faculties. 
 In Arts the candidate can enter for the degree of Bachelier on be- 
 ginning his work in the university. To enter for the degree of 
 Licencie he must already hold the baccalaureat and have studied 
 in a university for four semesters after obtaining it. Equivalent 
 
::r 
 
 1> 
 
 1 68 
 
 GENEVA. 
 
 degrees are in general accepted in place of the baccalaurcat or 
 licence of Geneva. 
 
 Persons desiring to matriculate as sti'-' nts should apply to M. h 
 secretaire-caissicr de F Universitc and present their certificates and 
 testimonials to him for the consideration of the faculty. Students 
 and hearers must i-egister during the first fortnight of the semester 
 for each course they desire to attend, and must procure a course 
 book and present it for signature each semester to the rector, the 
 dean of the faculty and the professors whose courses they attend. 
 
 Women are admitted to all the libraries, reading-rooms and lab- 
 oratories. The laboratories are of two kinds, those in which the 
 students work ever}' day more or less independently, and those 
 known as rcpctiioires, in which the work is merely complementary 
 to the courses, and which are attended only once weekly for about 
 three hours. 
 
 The first semester begins on October 15th. The lectures begin 
 on October 33nd and end on March 22nd ; the second semester begins 
 on April 8th and ends on July 15th. A summer course in French 
 language and literature, consisting of about eleven lectinxs a week, 
 is given from the middle of July to the end of August an '. a shorter 
 course is given in the first three weeks of October. 
 
 The fees are : for matriculation, 20 francs ($4.00) ; for course 
 book, I franc ($0.30) ; for each hour per week of lecture for the 
 semester, 5 francs ($1.00) ; for exmatriculation, 10 francs ($2.00). 
 There are fees of from 50 francs to 200 francs ($10 to $40) for the 
 different diplomas. 
 
 Further information may be found in the Reglement de I'Uni- 
 versite de Geneve, and in the Programme des Cours de I'Universite 
 de Geneve, which may be obtained from the secrctairc-caiss/er. 
 
 Enquiries may be addressed to M. Ic Sccrctairc-caissicr deV Uni- 
 versitc. 
 
 There is an association of women stiulents — the Socictc Intcr- 
 nationo 'e des iitiidiantes de V [/nix<crsii6 dc Geneve. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 Prolessors and liecturers. 
 
 169 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages — Semitic : Professor Mon- 
 tet. ^ 
 
 Indo-Iranian: Professor de Saussure. 
 Classical : Professors Paul Oltra- 
 mare, Micole, de Saussure ; Docents 
 Courvoisier, Vulliety. 
 English : Docent Roget. 
 Germanic : Professor Emile Redard ; 
 
 Doeenc Vogel. 
 Romance: Professors Bouvier, Du- 
 proix, Muret, Ritter ; Docents Hally, 
 Mercier, Paris, Schneegans, Thudi- 
 chum, Vulliety, Zbinden. 
 Comparative Philology: Professors 
 
 Muret, Wertheimer. 
 Philosophy : Professors Flournoy, 
 Gourd, Adrien Naville ; Docent Bri- 
 quet. 
 Political Science: Professors Favon, 
 Pantaleoni, Wuarin ; Docents de Gi- 
 rard Wiede,Winiarski. 
 Hi.-,Tf v: Professors IJorgeaud, Fazy, 
 
 Ldouard Naville ; Doceiit Dunant. 
 I edagogy : Professor Duproix. 
 Art and Archaeology : Professors de 
 Crue, Montet, Nicole; Docent Vul- 
 liety. 
 
 scfi-Nci;. 
 
 Mathem.vIIcs and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Caillier, Galopin, R. Gautier 
 G. Oltramare ; Docents Fehr, Lyon ' 
 
 Physics : Professors Rilliet, Soret ; Do- 
 cent Dutoit. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Graebe, Guye 
 Monnier, Pictet ; Docents Honna, Cre- 
 pieux, Kehrmann, Lauch, Riist, UU- 
 mann. Welt. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor Duparc. 
 
 Geology and Geography: Profe.sors 
 Duparc, Sarasin ; Docent Ritter. 
 
 Biolo(;y: Professors Bedot, Chodat, 
 Laskowski, Monnier, Thury, V ung • 
 Docents Briquet, Fuhrmann, Hoch- 
 reutiner, Rodrigue. 
 
 Hygiene : Professor Vincent. 
 
 LAIV. 
 
 Professors Bridel, Brocher, Alfred Gau- 
 tier, Gentet, Gosse, Martin, Moriaud, 
 Rehfous, Roguln ; Docents Combothecra, 
 Dunant, Odier, Sacopoulo. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Professors Brun, Chodat, d'Kspine, 
 Eternod, ' Haltenhoff, Julliard, Martin, 
 Mayor, H. Oltramare, Prevost, Auguste 
 Reverdin, J. Reverdin, Revilliod, Vau- 
 cher, Vincent, Zahn ; Docents Aud6oud, 
 Betnx, lieuttner, Bourcart, Braun, Bus 
 carlet, Cordos, Christiani, Dupraz, Froe- 
 lich, Kcser, Kuinnier, Ladame, Ed 
 Martin, M6gevand, Patru, Ruel, Seig- 
 neux, Thomas, Wyss. 
 
 rrfEor.oc,}'. 
 Professors Balavoine, ( antre, Doret 
 I'ronunel, Martin, Montet, Nicole. 
 
 MVS/C. 
 
 Docent Roehrich. 
 
 liAUSANNE. Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNE. 
 
 ^ In 1890 the Academy of Lausanne, founded in 1^37, was formed 
 mto a university. 
 
 V/omen are admitted to this universitv on exactlv the same con- 
 ditions as men. All sttidents who have been matricnhited stndenls 
 ot any other university and have not been expelled from it are 
 elig'ible for admission. 
 
 The degrees given in the different faculties are the iiccnce and 
 doctorat and only matriculated students may obtain degrees. In 
 
!li 
 
 170 
 
 LAUSANNE. 
 
 the engineering school the dipldme (Vingcnicur is given. The time 
 required to obtain the licence is, in general, four years in theology, 
 three in law and two in science or arts. 
 
 The student is free to arrange his courses as he chooses and is not 
 obliged to complete his work in a specific^' time. 
 
 Three kinds of lectures are given: — the cours publics which are 
 free of charge; the cours universitaircs for which the fee is five 
 francs ($1.00) a semester for each hour weekly; and the cours 
 particuliers which are specially arranged for. 
 
 There is a special fee for laboratory courses. 
 
 The matriculation fee is 20 francs ($4.00). 
 
 The winter semester lasts from October 15th to March 25th, the 
 summer semester from April 8th to July 25th. 
 
 Holiday courses in French and German language and literature 
 are held from July 17th to August 26th. 
 
 Further information may be obtained from the secretary, M. J. 
 
 BONZEN. 
 
 Professors and Ijccturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Language s — Orucntal : Professors 
 
 Goergens, Spiro. 
 
 Classical: Professor sWtLwA^X., Besan- 
 
 Von, Vallette ; Docents Chatelanat, 
 
 Delhurbe. 
 
 En(;lish : Professor Maurer ; Reader 
 
 Neilson. 
 Germanic : Professor Maurer ; Do- 
 
 cetits Stilgebauer, Toverney. 
 r.oMANCK : /"/vyJxvorj Ronnard, Muret, 
 Renard ; Readers Andr6, Parander. 
 rillLdSoi'ilY : Profes:jr Millioud. 
 Hlstory : Professors Maillefer, Renard, 
 
 Rossi er. 
 Art and ARCUi^iOLOGY : Doceu/de Mo- 
 
 lin. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Guex. 
 Hy(;iene : Professor Galli- Valeric. 
 
 SC/EJVCE, 
 
 Ma rnEMA'i'ics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Amsteiii, Charles Dufour, Joly. 
 
 Physics : Professors Dajiplcs, Henri Du- 
 four, Mayor, Pnlaz ; Docents Aniann, 
 Gross. 
 
 CiiKMisruY : Professors I'.r^laz, Hrunner, 
 Cluiard; /A'<r;/A Dutoit, Kunz-Kiausc, 
 
 Pelet, Seller. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 Golliez, Lugeon, Renevier. 
 
 Biology : Professors Blanc, Jean Du- 
 four, Wilczck; Docents Bieler, Jaccard. 
 
 Engineering : Professors Chenaud,^ 
 Gaudard, Grenier, Mayor, Melley. 
 
 Agriculture : Professor Chuard ; Do- 
 cent Martinet. 
 
 LAir A.\D POLITICAL SCIENCE, 
 
 Professors Burckhardt, Erman, Favey, 
 de Felice, Broclier de la Fl^ch^re, Gre- 
 nier, Larguicr, Pareto, Roguin, Spiro ; 
 Docents Ilcrzen, Jaquemot, Soldr.... 
 
 MEDICINE, 
 
 Professors Bourget, Bugnion, de Ceren- 
 villc, Conibc, I)emi6ville, Dind, Dufour, 
 Herzen, Larguier, I.owenthal, Mahaiin, 
 Nicolas, Rabow, Rapin, Roux, Secretan, 
 Stilling, Valerio ; Docents lierdez, Du- 
 four, Eperon, de la Ilarpe, Muret, Perret, 
 Rossier, Verrey, \ulliet. 
 
 TIIEOLOCV. 
 
 Professors Chapuis, Combe, Dandiran,, 
 l'"iner}', l'"ornero(!, Paschoud, Vuilleu- 
 inier ; Doeent Rapin, 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 171 
 
 XEUCHATKIi, Switzerland. 
 ACADEMIE DE NEUCHATEL. 
 
 This university, founded in 1S66, consists of the four faculties 
 of Arts, Science, Law and Theology. Women are admitted as 
 students and hearers on the same conditions as men, and at present 
 about twenty are attending the university courses. The constitu- 
 tion of the university is similar to that of the University of Geneva, 
 and all the details given above (pp. 167, 168) apply, with a few ex- 
 ceptions, to Neuchatel. 
 
 Students and hearers must be over eighteen years of age. Hearers 
 are not allowed to attend more than ten hours of lectures weekly, 
 and they are not granted any certificate. Entrance examinations 
 are held by all the faculties, but any student holding a certificate 
 equivalent to the certificate of a Swiss or German gymnasium is 
 admitted as a regular student without examination. 
 
 '^he first semester begins on October 14th and ends in the middle 
 o'. March. The second semester begins on April 4th and ends in 
 the middle of July. Students must register on the first djiy of the 
 semester. 
 
 From July lotl to September 2nd a holiday course in modern 
 French is held for foreigners. 
 
 The fees are: for matriculation, 10 francs ($3.00); for each 
 hour per week of lectures for the winter semester 2.50 francs 
 ($0.50), and for the summer semester 2 francs ($0.40) ; (liearers 
 pay double this sum) ; for the different laboratories, 5 francs to 30 
 francs ($1.00 to $6.00) for the semester. 
 
 Prizes of 100 francs ($20) are open for competition to registered 
 students. 
 
 Further information may be found in the rrogrammc dcs Cours 
 which can be obtained from the Rccteiir de /' Acadi'mic dc Neu- 
 chatel. 
 
 Professors ami Ijct'turcrs. 
 
 AKTS. 
 
 Languagks. — Classical : Professors 
 
 Dessoulavy, I.e Coultre. 
 ENtii.isH : Professor Nippcl ; 
 Swallow. 
 
 .)/. 
 
 (iKRMANic: Professor Domeitr. 
 RoMANi 1". : J'rof'essors \mW.\, Dessou- 
 
 lavy, I.e C'ouUie, I'in^jct, Wanu'iy ; 
 
 J/J/. Diil)ie(l, riagft, K.nfjonod. 
 
172 
 
 ZURICH, 
 
 Comparative Philology : Professor 
 
 Perrochet. 
 Philosophy : Professor Murisier. 
 Political Science : Professor Junod. 
 History: /V^e'jjor de Chambrier ; MM. 
 
 Diacon, Farny. 
 Art and ArcH/EOLOgy : Professor 
 
 Wavre ; M. Dessoulavy. 
 
 SCIBNCF.. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Arndt, Ilirsch, Isely, Weber. 
 
 Physics : Professor Weber. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Billeter ; MM. 
 Berthoud, Rivier. 
 
 Mineralogy : Professor de Tribolet. 
 Geology and Geography : Professor 
 
 Du Pasquier, Kiiapp, Schardt. 
 Biology : Professors Beraneck, Chate- 
 
 lain, Tripet. 
 Hygiene : Professor Chatelain. 
 
 i.An\ 
 Professors B6guelin, Courvoisier, Jean- 
 henry, Meckenstock, Mentha. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors DuBois, Dumont, Ladanie, 
 Morel, Perrochet, Quartier-la-Tente. 
 
 ZURICH, Switzerland. 
 UNIVERSITAT. 
 
 The University (Hochschule) of Zurich, founded in 1832, was 
 formally opened to women in 1872 on precisely the same conditions 
 as to men, and women are even permitted to hold professorial 
 chairs. In 1898-99 there were 169 women students, 126 of whom 
 were studying medicine. The universit\ consists of the four facul- 
 ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law and Political Science, 
 Medicine and Theology ; the language used is German and the gen- 
 eral organisation is similar to that of a German university. 
 
 Inhabitants of Zurich desiring to enter the university must hold 
 the Maturitiif:szeugniss of a school in the canton ; foreigners must 
 hold certificates equivalent to this, or pass an entrance examination, 
 and must prove that they possess an adequate knowledge of the 
 German language. Students must register in the week before the 
 beginning of the semester, and no student is admitted under eighteen 
 years of age. These regulations apply to hearers as well as to regu- 
 lar students. 
 
 The degree of Doctor is conferred by each of the faculties under 
 slightly different conditions ; in general the candidate must pass an 
 oral examination and present a satisfactory thesis. 
 
 There are six libraries open to regulai" stuilents; hearers are 
 allowed to use these libraries when introduced by a professor. 
 
 The semesters begin in the middle of October and the middle of 
 April, and end in March and August respectively. 
 
SWITZERLAND. ,7^ 
 
 The fees are: for matriculation 12 francs ($2.40), witli otlier 
 fees amounting to 7 francs ($1.40); for lectures, 5 francs ($1.00) 
 a semester for each hour weekly; for the Doctor's degree, 310 to 
 420 francs ($62 to $84). 
 
 For further information see the Verzeichniss der Vorlesimgen 
 and the different Promotions-Ordnungen. Enquiries may be "ad- 
 dressed to the pedell of the university, Herr Ruegger. 
 
 Professors and Lecturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Languages. — Classical : Professors 
 Bliimner, Hitzig, Ktcgi ; Docents 
 Bloch, SchuUhess. 
 Indo-Iranian : Professor Ryssel. 
 English : Professor Vetter ; Docent 
 
 Schirmer. 
 Germanic : Professors Bachmann, 
 Frey, Stiefel ; Docents Betz, Hoff- 
 mann. 
 Romance: Professors Morf, Ulrich ; 
 Docents Gauchat, Morel. 
 Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- 
 ogy : Professor Kaegi. 
 Philosophy: Professors Kym, Meu- 
 mann ; Docents Eleutheropulos, Krev- 
 enbuhl, Willy. 
 History : Professors Dandliker, v. Kno- 
 nau, Oechsli, Schweizer ; Docents 
 Caro, Hane, Heierli. 
 Art and Arcilkology : Professors 
 Bliimner, Rahn ; Docents Bloch, 
 Brun, Stiickelberg. 
 Pedagogy : Professor Hunziker. 
 
 sc/E^'cl•. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Burkhardt, Meyer, Wolfer; 
 Docents Gubler, Kraft, Weiler. 
 
 Physics: Professor Kleiner; Docent 
 von Wyss. 
 
 Chemistry : Professor Abeljanz, Wer- 
 
 ner; Docents Bischler, Feist, Schall 
 Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
 
 Mayer-Eymar, Grubenmann, Heim. 
 Geography: Professors Stoll ; Docent 
 
 Friih. 
 Biology: Professors Dodel, Lang, 
 
 vSchinz ; Docents Hescheler, Heuscher' 
 
 Kiindig, Martin, Overton, Standfuss.' 
 
 LAIV AND POLITICAL SCIKMCE. 
 
 Professors Cohn, Herkner, Hitzig, F. 
 Meili, Schneider, Schollenberger, Treich- 
 ler, Vogt, ZUrcher; Docents Goldstein. 
 Wachter. 
 
 MIIDICINE. 
 
 Professors Billeter, Bleuler, Eich- 
 horst, Felix, v. Frey, Gaule, Goll, 
 Ilaab, Huguenin, Kronlein, von Mon- 
 akow, Mailer, Ribbert, Ruge, Wyder, 
 Oskar Wyss, Hans von Wy.ss ; Docents 
 Bernheim, Gustav Brunner, Buhler, 
 Cloetta, Fick, Hitzig, Hober, Huber, 
 Kaufmann, Kreis, Liining, Hans Meyer 
 Rohrer, Schlatter, SchuUhess, Seitz, Sill 
 berschmidt, Suchannek. 
 
 THEOLOGY. 
 
 Professors Christ, Fgli, Furrer, Kessel- 
 ring, Ryssel, Schmiedel, von Schulthess- 
 Rechberg; /^^'trw^j KappeJer, E. Meili, 
 Riiegg. 
 
 EIDGENOSSISCHE POLYTECHNISCHE SCHULE. 
 
 This school, founded in 1S55, though under different adminis- 
 tration from the Hochschulc, has its classes in the same building, 
 and students of one school are at liberty to attend the lectures of 
 
t74 
 
 ZURICH. 
 
 the other. The polytechnic school gives instruction in technical 
 work and the applied sciences, engineering, pharmacy, etc. 
 
 The requirements for entrance, fees, etc., are similar to those of 
 the Hochschule^ and women arc admitted on the same conditions 
 as men. Application for admission to the courses should be sent 
 in about three weeks before the beginning of the semester. Candi- 
 dates for admission either as regular students or hearers must satisfy 
 the authorities that they have had the necessary preparation, or 
 must pass a preliminary examination in the subjects they desire 
 to study. 
 
 Enquiries should be addressed to the Dircktlon des Eidgetws- 
 sischcn Polytechnikums in Zurich and should be written in German, 
 French or Italian. 
 
 There is an association of women students, the Studentinnen 
 Verein. 
 
 Professors and liocturers. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 -English 
 
 Professor Vet- 
 
 Languages. 
 ter. 
 Germanic : Professors Baumgartner, 
 
 Stiefel ; Docent Saitschick. 
 Romance : Professors Pizzo, Seippel. 
 
 Phii.usophv : Professor Stadler. 
 
 r(.)LiTiCAL Science : Professors Charton, 
 Platter, Roelli ; Docent 
 
 History: /V<7/t'wt)rj Guilland, Oechsli, 
 Stern. 
 
 History or War and '1 nttics: Pro- 
 fessors Affolter, Hecker, Rothpletz, 
 Schweizer ; Doceut V,.Y'^ Her. 
 
 Art : Professors Hluiitschl , Ijraf, Ralin. 
 
 Literati RE : Docent Saitschik. 
 
 Pedagogy: Professors Stadler, Zurcki ; 
 Docent Hunziker. 
 
 scmxcF. 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
 fessors Decher, W. Fiedler, Franel, 
 Geiser, Hirsch, llurwit^, I.acombe, 
 Minkowski, Rudio, Wollfr ; Docents 
 neycl, K. Fiedler, J. Keller, Kraft, 
 Rebstein, Weilenmanii, Weiler. 
 
 Physics : Professors I'eniet, H. F. 
 Weber ; Docents Guye, Kawalki, 
 
 Kopp, V. Wys.s. 
 
 Chemistry: Professors Bamberger, Bar- 
 bieri, Gnehm, Hartwich, Lorenz, 
 Lunge, Schulze, Treadwell ; Docents 
 Bosshard, Constain, Feist, Grete, 
 Winterstein. 
 
 MiNER.'Vl.OGY : Professor Grubenmann. 
 
 Geology : Professor Heim. 
 
 Bloi.oGV : Professors C. Keller, Lang, 
 Rotb ; Z>c?tv«?jHeuscher,Martin, Stand- 
 fuss. 
 
 Botany : Professors Cramer, Schroter. 
 
 Geogk \I'HY : Professor Guilland ; Do- 
 jHt Frilh. 
 
 H \(;i I'.NE : Professor Roth. 
 
 En(;ineeringand Architectcrk : Pro- 
 fessors Becker, Derher, Escher, Flieg- 
 ner, Gerlich, Herzoj;, Lasius, Lohle, 
 \\. Meyer, Prasil, Recordon, Ritter, 
 Stodula, Tetmajer, Tobler, A Weber, 
 Wyssling, K. Zschokke, Zwicky ; Do 
 cents Denzler, Gcntilli, Kraft, Messer- 
 schnitt, Nachtweh. 
 
 Ar.Ricul.Ti'RK ; Professors Bourgeois, 
 r.iibler Fngler, Felbor, Kr.1mer, 
 Nowacki ; Docents Baechlcr, Bns,liard, 
 Burri, Grete, Krauer, Mertens, 
 Stebler. 
 
THE MEANING OF EDUCATION 
 
 WITH OTHER ESSA YS AND ADDRESSES 
 
 BY 
 
 NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER 
 
 Columbia University 
 
 Oloth. 12mo. si. OO 
 
 ^ HAMILTON W. MABIE 
 
 REVIEW OF REVIEWS 
 
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 ..Ti u , • HARTFORD POST 
 
 PAUSANIAS' 
 DESCRIPTION OF GREECE 
 
 TRANSLATED WITH A COMMENTARY 
 
 BY 
 
 J. G. FRAZER, M.A., LLD. (Glasgow) 
 
 Felloxo of Trinity College, Cambridge 
 
 Prigs, in set only. S30.00 net 
 
 W. I. Introduction. Translation. Critical Notes on the Greek Text. 
 
 \oi. n. Commentary on Book I. (Attica.) 
 
 Vol. III. Commentary on Books ll.-V. (Argolis, Laconi. Messenia, Elis I.) 
 
 .IV. Commentary on Books VI.-VIII. (Elis II.. Achaia. Arcadia.) 
 
 vll vV ^°7^"^-^-«-^='X..X. (B.otia,Phocis.) Addenda. 
 >oi. \ I. Indices. Maps. 
 
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 THEIR CHARACTER AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 
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 " A book which will be found extremely useful by all Americans who are inter- 
 ested in the higher education." — The Sun, New York. 
 
 •' An instructive and entertaining review of the character and development of the 
 German universities written by a professor of the University of Berlin. It will be 
 found of great value to educators and all those interested in educational matters." — 
 Troy Times. 
 
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