MKONHA, THE LAST TUTELO. IN 1870; AGED 106. March 2, 1883.] l (Hale. PROCEEDINGS \ OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. HELD AT PfllLADElPHIl FOR PROMOTING USEFUL DOWLEDIJE. } VOL. XXr. 1883. THE TUTELO TRIBE AND LANGUAGE. By HoKATio IIai.e. (^Reai before the American Philosophical Society, March 2, ISSS.) The tribes of the Dakota stock, under various designations — Osagcs, Quappas, Kansas, Otoes, Oinahas, Minitarees (or Ilidatsas), lowas, Man- dans, Sioux (or Dakotas proper) and Assiniboins, have always been regarded as a people of the western prtvirie^, whose proper home was the vast region lying west of the Mississippi, and stretching from the Arkansas River on the south to the Saskatcliawan on the north. Asingletribe, theWinnebagoes, who dwelt cast of the Mississippi, near the western shore of Lake Michi- gan, were deemed to be intruders into the territory of the Algonkin nations. Tlie fact, which has baen recently ascertained, that several tribes speaking languages of the Dakota stock were found by the earliest explorers occu- pying tlie country east of the AUeghenies, along a line extending through the soutlicrn part of Virginia and the northern portion of North Carolina, nearly to the Atlantic ocean, has naturally awakened much interest. This interest will be heightened if it shall appear that not only must our ethno- graphical maps of North America be modified, but that a new element has been introduced Into the theory of Indian migrations. Careful researches seem to show that while the language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western Dakotas, it bears evidence of being older in form. If this conclusion shall be verified, the supposition, whiciv at first was natural, that those eastern tribes were merely otfshoots of tln' Dakota stock, must be deemed at least improbable. Tlie course of migration may be found to have followed the contrary direction, and the western Dakotas, like the western Algonkins, may find their parent stock in the oast. As a means of solving this interesting problem, the study of the liistory and language of a tribe now virtually extinct assumes a peculiar scientific value. Philologists will notice, also, that in this study there is presented to them a remarkable instance of an inflected language closely allied in its vocabu- PROO. AMEU. PHIL03. BOC. XXI. 114. A. PRINTED MARGH 20, 1883. / Hale.] ^ (March 2, lary anil in m iny of its forms to cllulects which are mainly agglutinative in their structure, and bear but sliglit traces of inflection. In tlio year 1671 an exploring party under Captain BxU, leaving "the Aporaatocli Town," on tlie James River, penetrated into tlie mountains of Western Virginia, at a distance, by tlie route they traveled, of two hun- dred and fifty miles from tlieir starting point. At this point they found " the Tolera Town in a very rich swamp between a breach [branclj] and the miin river of tlie Roanolce, circled about by mountains."* Tiiere are many errata in the printed narrative, and the circumstances leave no doubt that "Tolera" should be " Totera." On their way to tliis town the party had passed tlie Sipong [Sapony] town, whicli, according to tlio journal, was about one hundred and fifty miles west of tlie Apomatock Town, and about a hundred miles east of the "Toleras." A few years later wo shall find tlie.se tribes in closer vicinity and connection. At tliis period tlie Five Nations were at the height of their power, and in the full flush of tliat career of conquest which extended their empire from the Georgian Bay on the north to the Roanoke River on tlie south. They had destroyed the Hurons and tlie Eries, had crushed the .' idastes (or Conestoga Indians), hvd reduced the Delawares to subjection, and were now brought into direct collision with the tribes of Virginia and the Caro- Unas. The Toteras (whom we shall henceforth know as the Tuteloes) began to feel their power. In 1633 the French missionaries had occasion to record a projected expedition of tlie Senecas against a people designated in tlio printed letter the "Tolere," — the same misprint occurring once more in the same publication.! The traditions of the Tuteloes record long continued and destructive wars waged against them and their allies by the Iroquois, and more especially by tlie two western nations, the Cayu- gas and Senecas. To escape the incursions of tlieir numerous and relent- less enemies, they retreated further to the south and east. Here they came under the observation of a skilled explorer, John Lawson, the Sur- veyor-General of South Carolina. In 1701, Lawson traveled from Char- leston, S. C, to Pamlicosound. In tliis journey he left the sea-coastat the mouth of the Santee river, and pursued a northward course into the hilly country, whence he turned eastward to Pamlico. At the Sapona river, which was the west brancli of the Cape Fear or Clarendon river, he came to the Sapona town, where he was well received. $ He there heard of the Toteros as "a neighboring nation "in the "western mountains." "At that time," he adds, "these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyawees, three small nations, were going to live together, by which they thought they should strengthen themselves and become formidable to their enemies." *Batt'8 Journal and Relation of a New Discovery, la N. Y. Hist. Col. Vol. ill, p. 191. tLiiiiibrevllle to Bruyas, Nov. 4, IB36, In N. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. HI, p. 48*. X (ittllatln sH'jrgests that Lawaon was here la error, and that the Sapona river was a branch of the Great Pedee, which he does not mention, and some branches which he evidently mistook for tributaries of the Cape Fear rlvev.Si/nop$i$ of the Indian Tribet, p. 85, 1883.1 ■ * [Hale. They were then at war with the powerful and dreaded Senecas— whom Lawson styles Sinnagers. While he was at the Sapona town, some of the Toteras warriors came to visit their allies. Lawson was strucli with their appearance. He describes them, in his qnaint idiom, as "tall, liltely men, hiving great plenty of buffaloes, elks and bears, with every sort of deer, amoiigst them, which strong food makes large, robust bodies." In another place he adds: "Tliese five nations of the Toteros, Saponas, Keiauwees, Aconechos and Schoicories arc lately come amongst us, and may contain in all about 750 men, women and children."* It is known tliat the Tote- roes (or Tuteloes) and Siponas understood eacli other's speech, and it is higlily probable that all the five tribes belonged to the same stock. They had doubtless fled together from southwestern Virginia before their Iro- quois invaders. Tlie position in which they had taken refuge might well have seemed to them safe, as it placed between them and their enemies the strong and warlike Tuscarora nation, which numbered then, accord- ing to Lawson's estimate, twelve hundred warriors, clustered in fifteen towns, stretching along tlie Neuse and Tar rivers. Yet, even behind this living rampart, the feeble confederates were not secure. Lawson was shown, near the Sapona town, the graves of seven Indians wlio liad been latel}' killed by the "Sinnegars or Jennitos" — names by which Gallatin understands the Senecas and Oneidas, though as regards the latter identi- fication there may be some question. The noteworthy fact mentioned by Lawson, that buffaloes were found in "great plenty" in the hilly country on the head waters of the Cape Fear river, may be thought to afford a clue to the causes which account for tlie appearance of tribes of Dakota lineage east of the Alleghenies. The Dakotas are peculiarly a hunting race, and the buffalo is their favorite game. The fact that the Big Sandy river, wliich flows westward from the Alleghenies to the Ohio, and wliose head waters approach those of the Cape Fear river, was anciently known as the Totteroy river, has been supposed to afford an indication tliat the progress of the Toteros or Tute- los, and perhaps of the buffaloes which they hunted, may be traced along its course from the Ohio valley eastward. There are evidences which seem to show that this valley was at one time the residence, or at least the hunt- ing-ground, of tribes of the Dakota stock. Gravier (in 1700) affirms that the Ohio river was called by the Illinois and the Miamis the Akansea river, because the Akanseaa formerly dwelt along it.f The Akanseas were identical with the Quappas, and have at a later day given their name to the river and State of Arkansas. Catlin found reason for believing * Lawaon's " History of Carolina ;" reprinted by Strother & Marcotn. Raleigh, 1860 ; p. 384. t"Elle" (the Ohio) " s'appello par les Illiaola et paries Oumlamis la rlvlftre des Akanseas, parceque les Akanseas I'habltolent autrefois. "—Gravier, Helatlon du Voyage, p. 10. I am indebted for this and other references to ray esteemed friend, Dr, J. G. Shea, whose unsurpassed knowledge of Indian history la not more admirable than the liberality with which its stores are placed at the com- mand of his friends. Hiilp.] * [March 2, that the Mtviidiins, another tribe of the Si)nlhern Dakota stock, formerly — and at no very distant period — resided in the valley of the Ohio. Tiie peculiar traces in the soil which marked the foundations of their dwellings and the p:)sition of their villages were evident, heafllrms, at various points along that river. It is by no means improbable that when the buffalo abounded on the Ohio, the Dakota tribes found its valley their natural liome, and that they receded Avith it to the westward of the Mississippi. But the inference that the region west of the Mississippi was the original home of the Dakotas, and that those of that stock who dwe.t on the Ohio or cast of the Alleghcnics were emigrants from the AVeslern prairies, does not, by any m';ans, follow. By the same course of reasoning we might conclude that the Aryans had their original .seat in Western Europe, that the Portuguese were emigrants from Brazil, and that the English derived their origin from America. The migrations of races are not to be traced by such recent and casual vestiges The only evidence which has real weight in any inquiry respecting migrations in prehistoric times is that of language ; and where this fails, as it sometimes does, the question must be pronounced unsoluble. The protection which the Tuteloes had received from the Tuscaroras and their allies soon failed ihein. In the year 17il a war broke out between the Tuscaroras and the Carolina settlers, which ended during the following year in the complete defeat of the Indians. A^ter their overthrow the great body of the Tuscaroras retniated northward and joined the Iroquois, who received them into their league as the sixth nation of the confederacy. A portion, however, remained near Iheic original home. They merely re- tired a short distance northward into the Virginian territory, and took up their abode in the tract which lies between the Roanoke and the Potomac rivers. Here they were allowed to remain at peace, under the protection of the Virginian government. And here they were ])resently joined by the Tuteloes and Saponas, with their confederates. In September, 1T2-J, the governors of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, held a conference at Albany with the chiefs of the Iroquois, to endeavor to bring about a peace between them and the southern tribes. On this occasion Governor Spottes- wood, of Virginia, enumerated the tribes for which the government of his Province would undertake to engage. Among them were certain tribes which were commonly known under the name of the "C'hristanna Indians," a name derived from that of a fort which had been established in their neighborhood. These were "the Saponies, Ochineeches, Sten- kenoaks, Meipontskj's, and Toteroes," all of whom, it appears, the Iro- quois were accustomed to comprehend under the name of Todirichrones.* Some confusion and uncertainty, however, arise in consulting the col- onial records of this time, from the fact that this name of Todirichrones was applied by the Iroquois to two distinct tribes, or rather confederacies, of Southern Indians, belonging to different stocks, and speaking languages •N. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. 055 et seq. 1883.] 5 („„,„_ totally dissimilar. These wore, on the one hiiiid, the Tiitelnes (or Tote- roes) iiiul their nllies, mid, on the other, the powerful Catii\vl)iv nation. The Catawhas occupied the eastern portion ol the Carolinas, souih of the Tuscarora nation. At the beginning of the last century they numbered several thousand souls. As late as 174;J, according to Adair, tiiey could still muster four hundred warriors. A bitter animosity existed between them and the Iroquois, leading to frequent hostilities, which the English authorities at this conference sought to repress. It was the policy of the Iroquois, from ancient times, always to yield to overtures of peace from any Indian nation. On this occasion they responded in their usual spirit. "Tiiough there is among you," they replied to the Virginians, "a nation, the Todirichrones, against whom we have had so inveterate an enmity that we thought it could only be extinguished by their total extirpation, yet, since you desire it, we are willing to receive them into this peace, and to forget all the past."* The Catawba language is a peculiar speech, dilVering wiibly, if not radU call3^ both from the Dakota and from tiie Iroquois languagcs.f The only connection between tlie Catawbas and theTuteloes appears to have arisen from the fact that they were neiglilwring, and •jierhaps politically allied tribes, and were alike engaged in hostilities with the Irofiuois. The latter, however, seem to have confounded them all together, under the name of the tribe which lay nearest to the confederacy and was the best known to them. One result of the peace thus established was that the Tuteloes and Saponas, after a time, determined to follow the course which had been taken by the major portion of their Tuscarora friends, and place them- selves directly under the protection of the Six Natitms. Moving north- ward across Virginia, thoy established themselves at Shamokin (since named Sunbury) in what is now the centre of Pennsylvania. It was a region which the Iroquois held by right of conquest, its former occupants, the Delaware's and Shawanese, having been eitlier expelled or reduced to subjection. Here, under the shatlow of the great confederacy, many frag- • X. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. («J0. t Ualtatln, 111 bis Synopsis classes the Cata\vl)a as a separate stock-, distinct from tlic Dakota. The vocabulary which he jc'ves seems to warrant this seiia- ratloii, the i'oseinl)laiices of words heinj^ fnw and of a doubtful eli;iriicler. On the other hand, In llui llrst annual report ol" the Ituri'jui of Kihnolojiy connected with tlie SiulllHonlan Institution (Introduction, \), xix) the Kutiiba (or Catawba) is i'unkes not unmerited. Yet some regard must be paid to a fact of which the good missionary could not be aware, namely, that the Indians wlio are qliaracterized in these unsavory terms belonged to a stock distinguished from the other Indians whom be knew by certain marked trails of character. Those who are familiar with the various branches of the Indian race are aware that every tribe, and still more every main stock, or ethnic family, has certain 8i>ecial characteristics, both physical and mental. The Mohawk differs in look and character decidedly from the Onondaga, the Delaware from the Sbawanese, the Sioux from the Mandan ; and between the great divisions to which these tribes belong, the differences are much more strongly marked. Tlie Iroquois have been styled "t'ae Romans of the West." Tlie designation is more just than is usual in such comparisons. Indeed, the resemblance between these great conquering communities is strikingly marked. The same politic fore- .thought in council, the same respect for laws and treaties, the same love of conquest, the same relentless determination in war, the same clemency to the utterly vanquished, a like readiness to strengthen their power b}' the admission of strangers to the citizenship, an equal reliance on strong fortifications, similar customs of forming outlying colonies, and of ruling subject nations by proconsular deputies, a similar admixture of aristocracy and democracy in their constitution, a like taste for agriculture, even a notable similarity in the strong and heavy mould of figure and tbe bold and massive features, marked the two peoples who, on widely distant theatres of action, achieved not dissimilar destinies. Pursuingthesame clas-sical comparison, we might liken the nearest neigh- bors of tbe Iroquois, the tribes of the Algonkin stock, whose natural tntits are exem. llfled in their renowned sachems, Powhatan, Philip of Pokano- * Life of Bralnerd, p. 167, Am. Tract 8oo. edition. Quotod in the " Life of Zeis- berge-," by De Soliwelnltz, p. 71. f Life of Zeisberger, by Du Soliweinitz, p, 149. 1 ' [Hnle. ket, Mlivntanomiih, Pontiac, and Tecumseli, to the ingenious and versatile Greeks, capable of heroism, but incapable of political union, or of long-sus- tained ef!ort. A not less notable resemblance might be found bt-twocn the wild and wandering Scythians of old, and the wild and wandering tribes of the great Dakotan stock. Reckless and rapacious, untamable and fickle, fond of the chase and the fight, and no less eager for the dance and the feast, the modern Dakotas present all the traits which the Greek Iiistorians and travelers remarked in the barbarous nomads who roamed along their northern and eastern frontiers. The Tuteloes, far from the main body of their race, and oncireled by tribes of Algonkin and Iroquois lineage, showed all the distinctive charac- teristics of the stock to which they belonged. Tlic tall, robust huntsmen of Lawson, chasers of the elk and the deer, had apparently degenerated, half a century later, into a "remnant of thieves and drunkards." at least as seen in the hurried view of a passing missionary. Hut it would seem that their red-skinned neighbors saw in them some ciualities which gained their respect and liking. Five years after Zeisborger's visit, the Iroquois, who had held them hitherto under a species of tutelage, de- cided to admit them, together with their fellow-refugees, the Algonkin Nanticokes from the Eastern Shore of Maryland, to the full honors of the confederacy. The step received the commendation of so shrewd a judge as Colonel (afterwards Sir William) Johnson. At a great council of tlie Six Nations, held at Onondaga in September, 1733, Colonel Johnson congratu- lated the Cayugas on the resolution they had formed of "strengthening their castle " by taking in the Tedarighroones.* At about the same time a band of Delawares was received Into the League. When a great council was to be convened in 1756, to confer with Colonel Johnson on tlie subject of the French war, wampum belts were sent to nine "nations" of the confederacy.t From this time the chiefs of the Tuteloes, as well as o the Nanticokes and the Delawares, took their seats in the Council of the League, a position which they still hold in the Canadian branch of the con- federacy, though the tribs? whom thoy represent Iiave ceased to exist as such, and have become absorbed in the larger nations. It would seem, however, that their removal from tlieir lands on the Sus- quehanna to the proper territory of the Six Nations did not take place im- mediately after their reception into the Loaguc, and perhaps was never wholly completed. In an "account of the location of the Indian tribes," prepvred by Sir William Johnson in November, 1763, the four small tribes of "Nanticokes, Conoys, Tutecoas [an evident misprint] and Saponeys," are bracketed together in the list as mustering in all two luuulred men, and are described as "a people removed from the southward, and settled on or about the Susquehanna, on lands allotted by the Six Nations."| Though the Tuteloes were thus recognized as one of the nations of the • N. Y. Hist. Col. Vol. vl, p. 811. t stone's Life of Sir William Jolinson, Vol. 1, p. 484. X Ibid., Vol. II, j>. 487. Ilalc] 8 [March 2, {•onfedcmrj', iind ns such kept up tlicir distinct triliiil orfjiiniztilioii, tli(>y were irgiirded us belli)? ir: a special maimer t lie friends and allies of tiie Cay- iij^as. Tiie latter, atrii)e always noted for their kindly temper, rec((iv(!d tlic new comers williin Iheir territory, and pav(! them a site for tiieir town, wliich of c'onrse l»roiiirht witli it llie liuntin^ and llshinjf privilei^es neces- sary for their existence. Tlic principal C'ayu'^^a villages were (•Justered al)out the lake to wliieh the nation has fiiven its name. Soutli of them lay the land assigned to the Tiileloes. Tlieir (■Jdef seltlenu'nt, accoiding to a careful ol)scrver, was on the east side of Cayuga inlet, about llnce miles from the soutli end of Cayuga lake, and two miles south of Ithaca. "Tlie town was on tlic liigh ground soutli of the sciiool-hoiise, nearly oiipositc IJuttciiiiilk Falls, on the farm of James Fleming. On tlie Guy Johnson's map of 1771, it figures (by a slight misprint) as Todcvigh-rcmo. It was called in the Journal of General Dearborn, Corcorgoi"! ; in tlie Journal of G 'orge Gr.ml (177!)), D.'liiiriss-kanadia ; and on a inaii made alioiit tlio same date Ivayeghtalagealat."* The town was destroyed in 1770 by General Sullivan, in the expedition Miiicli avenged, so disastrously for tin; Six Nations, the ravages coinmitted liy them upon the settlements of their Avliite neiglibors. The result, as is well known, was the destruction of the ancient confederacy. Of tlie broken tribes, some fragiucnls reinaiiKul in their origintil s'jats, siibiuilting to the compierors. All the Moliawlvs, tlie greater pjirt of the Cayugas, about lialfof the Onondagas, and many of the Oneidas, witli a few of tlie Scniecas and Tiiscaroras, followed Brant to Canada. The liritisli government funiislied tliein with lands, mostly along the Grand River, in the territory wliich in ancient times had bi.'eii compiered by the Iroipiois from the people who wore styled the Neutral Nation. Tlio Tuteloes accoini)anied their friends the Cayuga.s. A place was found for them in a locality wliich seemed at the time attractive and desirable, but which proved most unl'ortiniate for them. They built their town on a pleasant elevation, which stretches along the western bank of the Cfrand lliver, and still bears tlie name «)f Tutelo Heights. Umler this name it now forms a suburb of tlie city of Hrantford. Fifty years ago, when the (iresent city was a raero liamlc;, occupied by a few venturous Indian traders and pioneers, the Tutelo cabins w(!rc scat- tered over these heights, having in the midst their "long-house " in which their trilial councils were held, and their festivals celebrated. Tliej- are said to have numbered then about two hundred souls. Tliej' retained aj)- parently the reckless habits and love of enjoyment which had distin- guished them in former times. Old people still remember the uproar of the ilances which enlivened their council-house. Unhappily, the position of *'I am iuflcbtcd for this and much ottier valuablo Infonnatloii to my fiieiid Goiieral .loliii S. Clarlt, of Auburn, X. Y., wlio lias made tlio locatlim and mis^ra- tlons of the Indian tribes the subject of a special study. Of tins above names Dchoriss kaimdla is apparent ly a corruption of the Moliawk words TeUolerinh fraH«(/«, Tutelo town. The other words are probably, like most Indian names of i)liice8, di'scriptlvo designations, but are too much corrupteil to bo satisfac- torily deciphered. lf»3.] .W [Hnlo. their town brought them into direct fontact witli llie wliitu pellloinenlH. Tlicir fniincs, eiifoubled by dissipniion, were un easy prey to tlie diseiirtcs wliicli followed in the track of the now population. In IHiJJ, thtj Asiatic; cholera foinid many victinis on the Indian Iteserve. The Tl:tell)«i^4, in pro- portion to their numbers, suH'ered the most. The f^reater part of the tribe perished. Those who escaped dims t'> tlH-ir habitations a few years longer. But the second visitation of the dreadfid plagm; in 184S coinidi'ted the work of the first. The Tutelo nation ceased to exist. The few survivors fled from the Heights to which they have left their name, and took refuge among their Cayuga friends. By intermarriage with these allies, the small remnant was soon absorbed ; and in the year 1870, only one Tutelo of the full blood was known to bo living, the last survivorof tlie tribe of stalwart • hunters and daring warriors whom Lawson encountered in Carolina a hun- dred and seventy years before. Tliis last surviving Tutelo lived amo ig the Cayugas, f nd was known to them by the name of Nikonha. (>k( nha in the Cayuga dialetrt signifies nios(piito. Nikonha was sometimes, in answer to my inquiries, rendered "mosquito," and sometimes "liitle." perhaps in the sense of mos((uito- like. His Tutelo name was said to be Waskiteng ; its meaning could not be ascertained, and it was perhaps merely a corruption of the Knglish word mosquito. At all events, it was by tlie rattier odd cognomen of "Old Mosquito," that he was commonly known among the whites ; and he was even so designated, I believe, in tlu; pension list, in which he had a place as having served in the war of 1812. AVhat in common repute was deemed to be the most notable fact in regard to him was his great age. lie was considered by far the oldest man on the Reserve. His age was said to ex- ceed a century ; and in confirmation of this opinion it was related that ho had fought under Bi-ant In the American war of Independence. >Iy friend, Cliief George Johnson, the government interpreter, accompanied us to the residence of the old man, a log cabin, built on a small eminence near the centre of the Reserve. His appearanc^e, as we first saw hiiii, basking in the sunshine on the slope before his cabin, confirmed the reports which I had heard, both of his great age and of his marked intelligence. " A wrinkled, smiling countenance, a high forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a scanty, stubbly beard, fingei-s bent with age like a bird's claws," is the description recorded in my note book. Not only in physiognomy, but also in demeanor and character, he differed strikingly from the gmve and composed Iroquois among whom he dwelt. The lively, mirlliful disposi- tion of his race survived in full force in its late;t member. His replies to our inciuiries were intermingled with many jocose remarks, and much good-humored laughter. He was married to a Cayuga wife, and for many years had spoken only the language of her people. But Ik had not forgotten his proper speech, and readily gave us the Tutelo renderings of nearly a hundred words. At that time my only knowledge of the Tuteloes had been derived from the few notices comprised in Gallatin's Synopsis of the Indi.in Tribes, where PROC. AMER. PHIL03. SOC. XXI. 114. B. PRINTED MAUCH 20, 1883. Hale.] ^^ [March 2, they are classed with tho naUons of the Tluron-Iroquois stock. At the same time, the distinguished author, with tho scientific caution which marltcd all his writings, is careful to mention that no vocabulary of tho language was known. That which was now obtained showed, beyond question, that the language was totally distinct from the Iluron-Troiiuois tongues, and that it was closely allied to tho languages of the Dacotan family. The discovery of a tribo of Dakota lineage near the Atlantic coast was so unexpected and surprising that at first it was natural to suspect some mistake. The idea occurred that the old Tutelo might have been a Sioux captive, taken in the wars which were anciently waged between the Iro- quois aiul the tribes of the far West. With the view of determining this point, I took the first opportunity, on my next visit to the Reserve, in October, 1870, of questioning the old man about his early history, and that of his people. His answers soon removed all doubt. lie believed himself to be a hundred and six years old ; and if so, his earliest recollec- tions would go back to a time preceding by some years the Rovoliilionary war. At that time his people, the Tuteloes, were living in the neiglibor- hood of two other tribes, the Saponies and the Patshenina or Rotshenins. In the latter we may perhaps recognize the Ochineeches, whom Governor Spottcswood. in 1703, enumerated with the Saponies, Toteroes, and two other tribes, under the general name of Christanna Indians. The Sapo- nies and Tuteloes, old Nikonha said, could undersUind one another's speech. About the language of the Patshenins, I neglected to inquire, but they were mentioned with the Saponies as a companion tribe. When the Tuteloes came to Canada with Brant, they parted with the Sajionies at Niagara Falls, and he did not know what had become of them. Ilis father's name was Onusowa ; he was a chief among the Tuteloes. Ilis mother (who was also a Tutelo), died when he was young, and he was brought up by an uncle. He had hoard from old men that the Tuteloes formerly lived on,a great river beyond Wasliington, which city he knew by that name. In early times the}' were a large tribe, but had w;v<«t('d away through fighting. Tlieir war parties used to go out frequently against various enemies. The tribes they most commonly fought with were the Tuscaroras, Senecas, and Cayugas. Afterwards his4;ribe came to Niagara (as he expressed it), and joined the Six Nations. He knew of no Tutelo of the full blood now living, except himself. This, with some additions to my vocabulary, was tho last information which I received from old Waakiteng, or Nikonha. He died a few months later (on the 3l8t of February, 1871), before I had an opp;irtunity of again visiting the Reserve. There are, however, several half-castes, children of Tutelo mothers by Iroipiois fathers, who know the lunguage, and by the native law (which traces descent through the female) are held to be Tuteloes. One of them, who sat in the council as the representative of the tribe, and who, with a conservatism worthy of tho days of old Sarum, was allowv-'d to retain his saat after his constituency had disappeared, was 1883.] 11 [Hftlo. accustonipd to amuse his grave fellow-senators occasionally l»j' asserting the right which each councillor possesses of addressintc the council in the language of his people, — his speech, if necessity rcMiuires, being trim slated by an interpreter. In the case of the Tiitelo chief the jest, wliicli was duly appreciated, lay in the fact that the interpreters were dutufomidcd, and that the elotpience uttered in an unknown tongue had to go without reply. From tliis chief, and from his aunt, an elderly dame, whose daughter was the wife of a leading Onondaga chief, T received a sullicicnt nunduT of words and phrases of the language to give a good idea of its gninnnati- cal framework. Fortunately, tli(!list of words obtained from the old Tutelo was extensive enough to atlbrd a test of the correctness of the additional information thus procured. The vocabulary and the outliiu's of grammar which have been derived from these sources may, thereft)re, as far as they extend, be accepted as atfording an authentic representation of (his very interesting speech. There is still, it should be added, some uncertainty in regard to the tribal name. 80 far as can be learned, the word Tutelo or Totero (which in the Iroquois dialects is variously pronounced Tiuterih or Tebotingh, Te- hfitili, Tifitei and Tutie) has no meaning either in tlie Tutelo or the Iro- quois language. It may have been originally a mere local designation, which has accompanied the tribe, as such names sometimes do, in its sub- sequent migrations. Both of my semi-Tutelo informants assured me that the prope'- national name — or the name by which the people were desig- nated among themselves — was Yesang or Ycsah, the last syllable having a faint nasal sound, which was sometimes barely audible. In this word we probably see the origin of the name, Nahyssan, applied by Lcderer to the tribes of this stock. John Ledercr was a German tnivelcr who in May, 1070 — a year before Captain Batt's expedition to the Alicghenies — undertook, at the charge of the colonial government, an exploring jour- ney in the same direction, though not with ecjual success. He made, how- ever, some interesting discoveries. Starting from the Falls of the James river, he came, after twenty days of tnivel, to " 8ai>on, a village of the Nahyssans," situate on a branch of the Uoanoke river. These were, un- doubtedly, the Saponas whom Captain Batt visiied in the following year, the kindred and allies of 'the Tuteloes. Fifty miles beyond Saixtn lie arrived at Akenatzy, an island in the same river. "Ti»e island," he .says, " though small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fixed in great security, being naturally fortified with fastnesses of mountains and water on every side."* In these Akenatzies we midoubtedly see the Acouechos of Lawson, and the Ochineeches mentioned by Governor Spotteswood. Dr. Brinton, in his well-known work on the "Myths of the New World." has pointed out, also, theiridentity with the Occaneeches mentioneil by Bever- ley in his " History of Virginia," and in doing so has drawn attention to »9,ov)"Th<' Dincovories of John Lederer," roprlntoil by O. 11. Iliirpol. Cincin- nati, lH7it, p. 17. lfi83.1 -l- [March 2, the very Interesting facts recorded by Beverley respecting tlieir lan- guai^e.* According to tliis liisiorian, tlic tribes of Virginia spolvc languages differ- ing so widely tliat natives "at a nii»dorate distance" apart did not under- stand one another. Tiiey had, however, a "general language," wiiich people of didercnt tribes used in tlieir intercourse with one anotlier, pre- cisely as the Indians of the north, according to La Ilontan, used the "Al- gonliine, " and as Latin was employed in most parts of Europi;, and the Lingua Franca in tiie Levant, These are Beverley's illustrations. He tlien adds the remarkable statement: "The general language here used is that of the Occanecches, though they have been but a small nation ever since these parts were known to tiie English ; but in what their language may dilfer from tliat of the Algonkins I am not able to determine."! Further on he gives us tiie slill more surprising information thai lliis "gen- eral language" was used by the "priests and conjurors" of tlie ditlerent Virginia!' nations in performing their religious ceremonies, in the same manner (lie observes) "as tlie Catholics of all nations do their Mass in the Latin. "t Tlie Akenatzies or Occanecches would seem to have been, in some respects, the chief or leading community among the tribes of Dakotan stock who formerly inhaliited Virginia. That these tribes bad at one time a large and widespread population may be inferred from the simple fact that their language, like that of the widely scattered Algonkins (or Ojibways) in the nortiiwest, became the general medium of conimuniea- tion for the people of different nationalities in their neighborhood. Tliat they had some ceremonial observances (or, as Beverley terms them, "ado- rations and conjurations") of a peculiar and im|)ressive cast, like those of the western Dakotas, seems evident from the circumstance that the intru- sive tribes adopted this language, and probably with it some of these ol)- servances, in performing their own religious rites. We thus have a strong and une.vpected conflrmation of the tradition iirevailing among liie tribes both of the Algonkin and of the Iro(piois stocks, whicli represents them as coming originally from the fir north, and gradually overspreading the country on both sides of the Alleghanies, from the Great Lakes to tlu; moun- tain fastnesses of the Clierokees. They found, it would seem, Virginia, and possibly the whole country east of (he Alleghenies, from the Great Lakes to South Carolina, occupied by tribes speaking languages of the Dakotan stock. Tliat the displacement of tliese tribes was a very gradual process, and that the relatio is between the natives and the encroaching tribes were not alwaj's hostile, may be inferred not only from the adoption of the ab- original speech as the general means of intercourse, but also from the terms of amity on which these tribes of diverse origin, native and iutru- give, were found by the English to be living together. ♦ See tho note on puRe M'i of I)r Hrlnton's voliiinc, 2(1 edition, t History of Virginia (1st eilillon), p. lUl. i Ibid., p. 171. 188.1] 13 [Tlnle. That the Tiilelo tongue represenls this "gcneml hmguage" of which Beverley speaks— this aboriginal Latin of Virginia— cannot be doubted. It may, tlierefore be deemed a hinguagc of no small historical impor- lance. The fact tha!; this language, which was first obscurely heard of in Virginia two hundred years ago, has been brought to liglit in our day on a far-ofi" lleservation in Canada, and there learned from the li|)s of the latest surviving member of this ancient community, must certainlj' be considered one of the moat singular occurrences in the history of science. Apart from the mere historical interest of the language, its scientific value '\n American ethnology entitles it to a careful study. As has been already said, a comparison of its grammar and vocabulary with those of the western Dakota tongues has led to tiie inference that the Tutelo l;inguage was the older form of this common sjieech. This conclusion was briefi)' set forth in some n-marks wliich I had the honor of addressing to this Society at the meeting of December 19, 1879, and is recorded in the published minutes of the meeting. Sonic years afterwards, and after the earlier portion of tliis essay was written, I had the pleasure, at the meetingof the American Association for the Advancement of Science, lield in Montreal, in September, 1SS3, of learning from n\y friend, the Rev. .T. Owen Dorsey, of the Smithsonian Institution, who has resided for several years as a missionary among the western Dakotas, and has made careful researches into their languages and historj^ that they have a distinct tra- dition that their ancestors tormcrly dwelt east of the Mississippi. In fact, the more southern Dakotas declare their tribes to i)e olVshoots of the Win- nebagoes, who till recently resided near the western shore of Lake Michi- gan. A comparison of their dialects, made with ]Mr. Dorsey's aid, fully sustains this assertion. 3Iere traditionary evidence, as is well known, cannot always be relied on; but when it corresponds with conclusions previously drawn from linguistic evidence, it has a weight which renders it a valuable confirmation. The portrait of old Nikonha, an accurate photograph, will serve to show, better than any description could do, the characteristics of race whieli dis- tinguished his people. The full oval outline office, and the large features of almost Euro[)ean cast, were evidently not individual or family traits, as they reappear in the Tutelo half-breeds on the Reserve, who do not claim a near relationship to Nikonha. Tliose who are familiar Mith the Dakotan physiognomy will probably discover a resemblance of type be- tween this last representative of the Virginian Tatelosand their congeners, the Sioux and Mandans of the western plains. TIIE TUTELO LANGUAGE. In the following outline of Tutelo grammar, it has been deemed advis- able to bring its forms into comparison with those of the western lan- guages of the same stock. For this purjiose the Dakota and Ilidatsa (or Minnetarce) languages were necessarily selected, being the only tongues of this family of which any complete account has yet been publislied. Hale.] 14 [March 2, For the information respecting these languages I am indebted to the Da- kota Grammar and Dictionar}- of tlie Rev. S. R. Riggs (published in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge) and the Ilidatsa Grammar and Dictionary of Dr. Washington Matthews (published in Dr. Shea'p Library of Amoriran Linguistics), both of them excellent works, of the highest scientific value. The Alphabet. The alphabetical method which has been followed by me in writing this language, as well as the Iroquois dialects, is based on the well-known system proposed by the Hon. John Pickering, and generally followed by Ameri- can missionaries, whose experience has attested its value. The modifica- tions suggested for the Indian languages by Professor Whitney and Major Powell have been adopted, with a few exceptions, which are due chiefly to a desire to employ no characters that are not found in any well-fur- nished printing-ofilce. The letters 6, d, h, k, I, m, n, p, s, t, w, y, z are sounded as in English, the 8 having always its sharp sound, as in mason. The vowels are sounded generally as in Italian or German, with some modifications expressed by diacritical marks, thus : a, as \n father ; in accented syllables written a. 6, like the German a in Mann. a, like a in mat. a, like a in fall. e, like a in fate ; in accented syllables e. e, like e in met. i, like i in machine ; in accented syllables i. i, like i in pin. 0, as in ?iote ; in accented syllables o. 0, like the French o in bonne. 0, like in not. 4, as in rale, or like oo in pool ; in accented syllables u, a, like u in pull, ii, like u in but ; in an accented syllable written A. «, like the French u in dur. The diphthongs are, ai, like our long i in pine ; au, like ou in loud; &i, like oi in boil ; iu, like u in j^are. The consonants requiring special notice are: 5, like sh in shine, g, BAways h&rA, as lu go, get, give. j, like t in ature. h, like the French nasal n in an, bon, un. q, like the German ch iu Loch, or the Spanish j in joveth 1883.] 15 [Hale. The sound of the English ch in cheat is represented by trj the j and dg in judge by dj. The apostrophe (') indicates a sliglit hiatus in the pronounciation of a word, whicli is often, tliough not always, caused by the dropping of a con- sonantal sound. In general, the diacritical marks over the vowels are omitted, except in the accented syllable — that is, the syllable on which the stress of voice falls. It is understood that when a vowel (other than the it) has a mark of any kind over it, the syllable in which it occurs is the accented or emphatic syllable of the word. Experience shows that the variations in tlie sound of a vowel in unaccented syllables, within the limits represented by the foregoing alphabet, are rarely of sufficient importance to require to be noted in taking down a new language. The only exception is in the sound marked u, which occasionally has to be indicated in unaccented syllables, to distinguish it from the u, with which it has no similarity of sound. It is, in fact, more frequently a variation of the a than of any other vowel sound. Occasionally the accented syllable is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel. This method is adopted principally when the vowel has a brief or obscure sound, as in iniaani, I alone, which is pronounced in a manner midway between msaai and mmmi. Phonology, Tlie Tutelo has the ordinary vowel sounds, but the distinction between e and i, and between o and u is not always clear. Tlie word for " mother" was at one time written hena, and at anotlier ina ; tlie word for "he steals" was heard as manbma and manumn. In general, however, the ditference of these vowels was sufflclently apparent. Tlie obscure sound of u (or in accented syllables u) was often heard, but when the word la which it occurred was more distinctly uttered, this sound was frequently developed into a clearer vowel. Thus hustoi, arm, became histo ; muate, spring (tlie season), became maate ; aaiini, white, became anfiTii, or (losing the nasal sound) aadi, and so on. The use of the character ii (or u) in this language could probably be dispensed with. Tlie consonantal sounds which were heard were: p (or 6), i (ord), k{org), h (and q), I, m, n, s, w and y, and the nasal n. Neither/, v, nor r was heard, and q (ah) only as a variant of a. Harsh combinations of consonants were rare. Tlie harshest was that oftak, as in wagntaka, child, and this was not frequent.* Words usually end in a vowel or a liquid. A double con- • In wagtUska (Dakota, ko^ka), suntka, younger brother (Dak., stinka) ; l<;ongo or t<;unki, dog (Dak., cuflka) and many similar words, the t la apparently an ad- scitltlous sound, inserted by a mere trick of pronunciation. Tlie Hldatsa caiTles this practice further, and constantly Introduces the sound of < before the sharp «. The Tutelo ile : Dakota. Tutelo, ^ pa paKfii, mnpa inhnpnuui, nipa yiiiixm'ii, ]}(( epam i, vnpojii emdnkpasn', nipapi eyinkpifsupni pnpi epami-hi In Tutelo, tat\ my father, is an anomalous form, used instead of mat', or emat\ With the other afllxes the word becomes yilt' (or itdti), thy father, cat', his father (or their father), einaat', our father, eyiitpui, your father. A good example of the use of the prefixed personal pronouns in the Tu- telo is shown in the word for son. There were slight dilTerences la the forms received from two of my informants, as here given -. witeka uitekai my son yitekii yitekai thy son deka etekai his son mahkteka emoTiktekai our son yitekabui yitekai ui your son eteka etekahlei their son Miiiek\ my uncle (in Dakota mideki^i) is thus varied : YineV, thy uncle (Dak. nitlekrj), einek', his uncle (Diik. di rjtku), emaiiiek, our uncle, einek- pui, your uncle, einek' or etnek'-lei, their uncle. In the word for brother, ihjinumbdi (or iiikinumbai), the possessive pro- nouns are inserted after the first syllable, and in this instance they are used in the nominative form : inica(/iiiumbdi my brother maiinginnmldi our brother iTvjiignumhdi thy brother ihyaginumhaljui your brother ingigiimmbdi his brother ingiginumbdi their brotlier The Dakota and Hidatsa have lengthened forms of the personal pro- nouns to indicate property in things, or "transferable possession." These are in the former, mita, my, nita, thy, and ta, his, as mita-oTiitpe, my axe, nita-qunke, thy dog. These pronouns are also used with koda, friend, and kite^imn, comrade. In Hidatsa matn, dita (for nita), and ita, are used in a similar manner. In the Tutelo the pronouns of this form occurred in a Hale.] ^4: [March 2, few examples, but only with certain words of personal connection or rela- tions, in which their use seems to resemble that of the Dakota pronouns with the words meaning "comrade" and "friend." Tims we heard icifdin/inil, my husband, yiiauuinki, thy husband, ctamanki, lier hus- band. So witamilun, my wife (i. e. my woman), yiiamihcn, thy wife; and iritucjuli^hai, my son, i. e. "my boy," from VKKjvtr- lixl, boy (evidently the same word as the Dakota 7tOt;k(t, young man). In the latter example icitogiitr^ldi, apparently expresses a lower bond or sense of relationship than wum, I steal, maja.'(ort, thou stealest; and ef<;iii, he thinks, makes etrdii:\\], I think, efr.nJia'i, thou thinkest, tlie suf- fixed pronouns receiving a peculiar form. In the Ilidatsa, kidcrj, lie loves, makes wvAkUlcr^i, I love, dakkler^i, thou lovest ; eke, he knows, becomes emake, I know, and edafe, thou knowest ; and kitsahikc, he makes good, becomes kitsdhikema, I make good, and kitsaJukixla,, thou makest good. The Tutelo has the pronouns sometimes prefixed, and sometimes inserted ; no instances have been found in which they are sufiixed, but it is by no means improbable that such cases may occur, as verbs of this class are not common in either of the former binguages, and our examples of conjugated verbs in Tutelo are not very numerous. Among them are the following : 1. Verbs with prefixed pronouns: lakpese, he drinks yalakphe, thou drinkest vralakpefie, I drink hinntkapeicd, he sleeps yahiantkapeim, thou sleepest wahiantkapeica, I sleep teicd, he is dead yitewa, thou art dead wUeica, I am dead 2. The verbs in which the pronouns are inserted seem to be the most numerous class. The following are examples: hahcica, he says hny'ihewa, thou sayest havfahewa, I say malianankft, he sits down tiKthny'xnanka, thou sittest down mahamvinn^M, I sit down iiiksehn, he laughs inyakseha, thou laughcst ihwakseha, I laugh ohdta, he sees oyahnta, thou seest ovva/((i.'a, I see 1883.] 27 [Ilftle. The pronouns may be thus uiserted in a noun, used with a verbal sense. Thus wuhla'ca or wahtakni, man or Indian, may be conjugated: wahtdkai, be is an Indian wnyMtlahai, thou art an Indian wam'ihiakai, I am an Indiaa It is remarkable, however, that the pronoun of the first person plural is usually (though not always) prefixed. Tims from iiKiJuiiumha, he sits down, Avo have (as above) nialuimiDaTika, I sit down, and m&fikinahnitanka, we sit down. So, \w<\.inkseha {or sometimes wa/«/.-.'<^//(0> we laugh, and maoJidta, we see. On the other band, we find hunvAwkhcwa, wo say, from hiJiewa,^\\Q says, making (as above) hdWAhnca, I say. The word manon. he steals, has in Dakota the pronouns inserted, as is shown in tlie examples previously given. The similar word in Tutelo, maiioma or maiiuitiii, lias them prefixed, as y'vnniioma, thou stealest, ma- mnnoina, I steal. But on one occasion this word was given in a different form, as manuiuUnit, be steals; and in this example the pronouns were in- serted, the form of the first personal pronoun, and of the verb itself in tliat person, being at the same time varied, as mayinundrlai, thou stealest, VKt- m'lnundaine, I steal. In Dakota the place of the pronoun is similarly varied by a change in the form of the verb. Thus bdki^a, to cut off witli a knife, makes hnwaksa, I cut off (with the j^ronoun inserted), while k((kxf/, to cut oil with an axe, makes wii/.dksd, I cut off (.with the pronoun prefixed), and so in otlier like instances. The other peculiarity of the Dakota and Ilidatsa languages, which has been referred to, viz., the paucity, or rather absence, of all changes of mood and tense which can properly be called inflections, is in strilving contrast with the abundance of these changes which mark the Tutelo verb. The difference is important, especially as indicating that the Tutelo is the older form of speech. It is an established law in the science of imguistics that, in any family of languages, those which are of tlie oldest formation, or, in other words, which approach nearest to the mother siteech, are the most highly inflected. The derivative or more recent tongU(>s are distin- guished by the compai-.ilive fewness of the grammatical elianges in the vocables. The difference in this respect between the Tutelo and the west- ern branchas of this stock is so great that they seem to belong to diflerent categories or genera in the classification of languages. Tlie Tutelo niay properly be styled an inflected language, while the Dakota, the Ilidatsa, and apparently all the other western dialects of the stock, nuist be classed among agglutinated langu.iges, llie variations of person, numher, mood and tense being denoted by afllxed or inserted particles. Thus in the Ilidatsa there is no difference, in the present tense, between llie singular and the plural of a verb. /I'W^'^^J signifies both "lie loves" and "they love ;" mnkidcrj, "I love," and "we love." In the future a distinction is made in the first and second persons. DdkUlecidi signifies Hale.] -^O [March ■!, t "thou wilt love," of which daMdeddiha is the plural, "yo will lovo." In this language there is no mark of any kind, even by aflixecl particles, to distinguish the present tense from the past, nor even, in the third person, to distinguish the future from the other tenses. A7(f«"(;t signifies he loves, lie loved, and he will love. The Dakota is a little better furnished in tliis way. The plural is distinguished from the singular by the addition of tlie particle 7)t, and in the first person by prefixinsr the pronoun iin, they, in lieu of itii or ire, L Thus hirj.d, he binds, mes k(irj.ain, they l)ind. Wnkii<;',a, I bind, becomes uriZv/(;7,'rtpi, wi uind. No distinction is made between the jiresent and the past tense. Kac^la is both he binds and lie bound. The particle Ma, which is not printed and apparently not pro- nounced as an afllx, indicates the future. It sometimes produces a slight euphonic change in the final vowel of the verb. Thus h'x^ke kta, he will bind, kti(^ka\Vi kta, they will bind. All other distinctions of number and tease are indicated in these two languages by adverbs, or bj' the general context of the sentence. In lieu of these scant and imperfect modes of expression, the Tutelo gives us a surprising wealth of verbal forms. The distinction of singular and plural is clearly shown in all the persons, thus: opewa, he goes opeltehla, they go oyapewa, thou goest oyapepua, ye go owapewa, I go maopeica, we go Of tenses there are many forms. The termination in ewa appears to be of an aorist, or rather of an inciefinite sense. Opeica (from opa, to go) may signify both he goes and he went. A distinctive present is indicated by the termination oma; a distinctive past by oka; and a future by ta or elu. Thus from kte, to kill, we have tcaklewa, I kill him, or killed him, 7riik- tibnia; I am killing him, and wakteta, I will kill him. So o/iutu, he fiees if, becomes ohatioka, he saw it formerly, and ohateta, he will see it. 0[etca, he goes (or went), becomes opeta, he will go, inflected as follows : opetn, he will go opehehla, they will go oyapeta, thou wilt go oyapefepa, ye will go owapeta, I will go maopeta, we will go The inflections for person and number in the distinctively present tense, endhig in omi, are shown in the following example : icaginoma, he is sick waginonhiia, they are sick teaylnjinoma, thou art sick wayinyinSinpo, ye are sick wameginoinn, I am sick manjtDigiiwma, we are sick Ohata, he sees it, is thus varied : ohata, he sees it ohntehla, they see It oyahatn, thou seest it oyahathna, ye see it owahata, I see it maohnta, we see it 1S831 29 [llalc. oludibka, he saw it oyahatiohi, thou sawest it oicafiatiokn, I saw it ohntetii, he Avill see it oyahdteta, thou wilt sec it oicalmteta, I shall see it ohatiokelda, they saw it oyahutiokewa, ye saw it mnohatioka, we saw it oMtetehht, they will see it oyahatethua, ye will see it maohateta, we shall see it The following examples will show the variations of person in the aorist tense : huheien, he says h(iyi/ie>ra, thou sayest hairahfica, I say ki/inindcira, he is hungry yikihniiidewa, thou art hungry mikVuiiniUwa, I hungry haliehln, they say hayihepua, ye say Jutmnnk^ieica, we say IViniiiucae, they are hungry klhnindepua, ye are hungry mahkihnindewa, we are hungry. WakiJ^iewa, I remember it, an aorist form, becomes in the preterite wakonapcdka, and, in the future, wakoiispela. It is thus varied in the aorist and past tenses : wakompewa, I remember it pakonspeica, thou rememberest it kikompexca, he remembers it makikompewa, we remember it yakonspepui , ye remember it kikuhspehela, they remember it xmkon<a, I am good. In the PKOC. AMER. PUILOS. BOC. XXI. 114. E. PKINTED MAY 8, 1883. Hale.] 9m |.Maroh2. prcsonl lonso wo Imvo ebt^c, lie is good ; ehilfiin, they uro, i^oixl j iind in lln! preterit,, ebikoii, lit) was good. Adoerbs. Til luiiii}' cases, as lias been already sliown, tlie Englisli advttri) is iiidi- oalod in tlie Tiitelo by a modifleation of tlie verb. Tlie negative adverb, for example, is usually e\|)rcssed in lliis manner, as \\\ in'ae.hH', he is laugh- ing, kiiiksehnd; he is not laugliing ; ini;jttowr, it is mine, kuni'jitonttn, it is not miiu'. Sometimes the meaning which in PjUglish would be expressed by an adverb accompanying a verb, is expressed in Tutelo by two veri)s. Thus we have ihoha, she is sewing, apparently from a root iho or yeliii, to s(!w ; and kompewn yeho, she is sewing well, i. e., she is careful in sewing (lit., she thinks, or remembers, in sewing) ; kcliiui yeho, she is sewing badly, i. e. she does not well in sewing (or is not good at sewing). lien! keJi'ina is tlie negative form ofbiwa, he (or she) Is good. Prepositions. Many phrases were obtained witha view of ascertaining the prepositions of the Tutelo, but without success. Sometimes an expression which in English requires a preposition would in the Tutelo appear as a distinct word. Thus, while ati signifies a house, tnkai was given as equivalent to "in the liouse." It may perhaps simply mean "at home." Prairie is latahkoi, but onu" signifies "at the prairie." Other examples would seem to show that the prepositions in the Tutelo, as In the Ilidatsa, and to a large extent in the Dakota, are incorporated with the verb. Thus ^a/ttet signifies "woods, "and tdhkai njineic, he is in tlie woods. So swi, hill, and sui a'jineie, he is on the hill. The phrase "I am going to the house" was rendered wileta iaft, and the phrase " I am coming from the house," by wakleta iatt. The practice of combining tlie preposition with the verb is very common in the Indian languages, which merely carry to a greater extent a familiar usage of the Aryan speech. Tlie expressions, to ascend or descend a hill, to circumnavigate a lake, to overhang a fence, to undermine a wall, are examples of an idiom so pre- valent in the Indian tongues as to supersede not merely the cases of nouns, but to a large extent the separable prepositions. Conjunctions. In the Tutelo, conjunctions appear to be less frequently used than in English. An elliptical form of speech is employed, but with no loss of clearness. The phrase "when I came, he was asleep," is expressed briefly wihlok, hianka, I came, he was asleep. So, "I called the dog, but he did not come," becomes wageldkiok t(;onk, kihuna, I called the dog, he came not. When it is considered necessary or proper, liowever, the conjunction is expressed, as kuminena, mi Jan hinika, I did not see him, but John snw him. Here "but" is expressed by mi. 1S«3.] '^5 [Hale. Nindi signities "and," or "iilso." Wakbtmiha liifmn iiifjfh maneh, I bouglit II hut ami ii knife. Ouxdioka waktaka ni. nalianpe aSpetu, anp^ mape ^ " Dead te, teka ta te Deer witai taqifitga tQitat&ki Devil (evil •'.1 .' ; spirit) mampa isi wakan..,.,^^ Great i(&iii (N), ilaii taSku /^ iqtia ^ll;7>^ tohi(;a H/^ Green oto (^), otolakoi t<. 1 \ %,^ Hale.] Gun Hail Hair Hand JIandaome Have Hat Ilatcfiet He Head Ileart Hers Him Himself House How many Hundred Hunger («) Husband I alone or I my self let If Indian Iron Island Kettle KiU Knife Lake Land Laugh Leaf Tutelo. niinkto (n) Dakota, niazakan [March 2, Midatsa. uia'kuqpitami ana ; hi UQll wasu na(6nwe(N), nim'.6i, nat6i natu ; Iiin hag (n), haki, ak napo (od) owanyag waste taliontanoki tin-maQLinlQa itfiki lubus ; kotub63 (n) wapaha apoka (see axe) im, i iQ, iye i, <;e pasuye (n), pasui pa atu yiiiiti (n), yanti; lapl tcante (tapi, liver) na'ta (apiQa.liver) den, detu iye, iy) hihna m:q, miye nei e, el, i e^ai, i^&ni ati (N) tokenun ukeni, okeni kihnindewa mauki ma, mi, mim misaiii, misai nonhi ; mmgiratqah tQtgha li kinlinfi wahlakai (man) iklqewitijasta mn«3, mm, ma- si:;[oiak nia/asapa histek, stok, stes- teki wita yesifik t