MKONHA, THE LAST TUTELO.
IN 1870; AGED 106.

March 2, 1883.] l (Hale.

PROCEEDINGS \

OF THE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.

HELD AT PfllLADElPHIl FOR PROMOTING USEFUL DOWLEDIJE. }

VOL. XXr. 1883.

THE TUTELO TRIBE AND LANGUAGE.
By HoKATio IIai.e.

(^Reai before the American Philosophical Society, March 2, ISSS.)

The tribes of the Dakota stock, under various designations — Osagcs,
Quappas, Kansas, Otoes, Oinahas, Minitarees (or Ilidatsas), lowas, Man-
dans, Sioux (or Dakotas proper) and Assiniboins, have always been regarded
as a people of the western prtvirie^, whose proper home was the vast region
lying west of the Mississippi, and stretching from the Arkansas River on
the south to the Saskatcliawan on the north. Asingletribe, theWinnebagoes,
who dwelt cast of the Mississippi, near the western shore of Lake Michi-
gan, were deemed to be intruders into the territory of the Algonkin nations.
Tlie fact, which has baen recently ascertained, that several tribes speaking
languages of the Dakota stock were found by the earliest explorers occu-
pying tlie country east of the AUeghenies, along a line extending through
the soutlicrn part of Virginia and the northern portion of North Carolina,
nearly to the Atlantic ocean, has naturally awakened much interest. This
interest will be heightened if it shall appear that not only must our ethno-
graphical maps of North America be modified, but that a new element has
been introduced Into the theory of Indian migrations. Careful researches
seem to show that while the language of these eastern tribes is closely
allied to that of the western Dakotas, it bears evidence of being older
in form. If this conclusion shall be verified, the supposition, whiciv at first
was natural, that those eastern tribes were merely otfshoots of tln' Dakota
stock, must be deemed at least improbable. Tlie course of migration may
be found to have followed the contrary direction, and the western Dakotas,
like the western Algonkins, may find their parent stock in the oast. As
a means of solving this interesting problem, the study of the liistory and
language of a tribe now virtually extinct assumes a peculiar scientific value.
Philologists will notice, also, that in this study there is presented to them
a remarkable instance of an inflected language closely allied in its vocabu-

PROO. AMEU. PHIL03. BOC. XXI. 114. A. PRINTED MARGH 20, 1883.

Hale.] ^ (March 2,

lary anil in m iny of its forms to cllulects which are mainly agglutinative
in their structure, and bear but sliglit traces of inflection.

In tlio year 1671 an exploring party under Captain BxU, leaving "the
Aporaatocli Town," on tlie James River, penetrated into tlie mountains
of Western Virginia, at a distance, by tlie route they traveled, of two hun-
dred and fifty miles from tlieir starting point. At this point they found
" the Tolera Town in a very rich swamp between a breach [branclj] and
the miin river of tlie Roanolce, circled about by mountains."* Tiiere are
many errata in the printed narrative, and the circumstances leave no
doubt that "Tolera" should be " Totera." On their way to tliis town the
party had passed tlie Sipong [Sapony] town, whicli, according to tlio
journal, was about one hundred and fifty miles west of tlie Apomatock
Town, and about a hundred miles east of the "Toleras." A few years
later wo shall find tlie.se tribes in closer vicinity and connection.

At tliis period tlie Five Nations were at the height of their power, and in
the full flush of tliat career of conquest which extended their empire from
the Georgian Bay on the north to the Roanoke River on tlie south. They
had destroyed the Hurons and tlie Eries, had crushed the .' idastes (or
Conestoga Indians), hvd reduced the Delawares to subjection, and were
now brought into direct collision with the tribes of Virginia and the Caro-
Unas. The Toteras (whom we shall henceforth know as the Tuteloes)
began to feel their power. In 1633 the French missionaries had occasion
to record a projected expedition of tlie Senecas against a people designated
in tlio printed letter the "Tolere," — the same misprint occurring once
more in the same publication.! The traditions of the Tuteloes record long
continued and destructive wars waged against them and their allies by
the Iroquois, and more especially by tlie two western nations, the Cayu-
gas and Senecas. To escape the incursions of tlieir numerous and relent-
less enemies, they retreated further to the south and east. Here they
came under the observation of a skilled explorer, John Lawson, the Sur-
veyor-General of South Carolina. In 1701, Lawson traveled from Char-
leston, S. C, to Pamlicosound. In tliis journey he left the sea-coastat the
mouth of the Santee river, and pursued a northward course into the hilly
country, whence he turned eastward to Pamlico. At the Sapona river,
which was the west brancli of the Cape Fear or Clarendon river, he came
to the Sapona town, where he was well received. $ He there heard of the
Toteros as "a neighboring nation "in the "western mountains." "At
that time," he adds, "these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyawees, three
small nations, were going to live together, by which they thought they
should strengthen themselves and become formidable to their enemies."

*Batt'8 Journal and Relation of a New Discovery, la N. Y. Hist. Col. Vol. ill,
p. 191.

tLiiiiibrevllle to Bruyas, Nov. 4, IB36, In N. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. HI, p. 48*.

X (ittllatln sH'jrgests that Lawaon was here la error, and that the Sapona river
was a branch of the Great Pedee, which he does not mention, and some branches
which he evidently mistook for tributaries of the Cape Fear rlvev.Si/nop$i$ of
the Indian Tribet, p. 85,

1883.1 ■ * [Hale.

They were then at war with the powerful and dreaded Senecas— whom
Lawson styles Sinnagers. While he was at the Sapona town, some of the
Toteras warriors came to visit their allies. Lawson was strucli with their
appearance. He describes them, in his qnaint idiom, as "tall, liltely men,
hiving great plenty of buffaloes, elks and bears, with every sort of deer,
amoiigst them, which strong food makes large, robust bodies." In another
place he adds: "Tliese five nations of the Toteros, Saponas, Keiauwees,
Aconechos and Schoicories arc lately come amongst us, and may contain
in all about 750 men, women and children."* It is known tliat the Tote-
roes (or Tuteloes) and Siponas understood eacli other's speech, and it is
higlily probable that all the five tribes belonged to the same stock. They
had doubtless fled together from southwestern Virginia before their Iro-
quois invaders. Tlie position in which they had taken refuge might well
have seemed to them safe, as it placed between them and their enemies
the strong and warlike Tuscarora nation, which numbered then, accord-
ing to Lawson's estimate, twelve hundred warriors, clustered in fifteen
towns, stretching along tlie Neuse and Tar rivers. Yet, even behind this
living rampart, the feeble confederates were not secure. Lawson was
shown, near the Sapona town, the graves of seven Indians wlio liad been
latel}' killed by the "Sinnegars or Jennitos" — names by which Gallatin
understands the Senecas and Oneidas, though as regards the latter identi-
fication there may be some question.

The noteworthy fact mentioned by Lawson, that buffaloes were found
in "great plenty" in the hilly country on the head waters of the Cape
Fear river, may be thought to afford a clue to the causes which account
for tlie appearance of tribes of Dakota lineage east of the Alleghenies. The
Dakotas are peculiarly a hunting race, and the buffalo is their favorite
game. The fact that the Big Sandy river, wliich flows westward from the
Alleghenies to the Ohio, and wliose head waters approach those of the
Cape Fear river, was anciently known as the Totteroy river, has been
supposed to afford an indication tliat the progress of the Toteros or Tute-
los, and perhaps of the buffaloes which they hunted, may be traced along
its course from the Ohio valley eastward. There are evidences which seem
to show that this valley was at one time the residence, or at least the hunt-
ing-ground, of tribes of the Dakota stock. Gravier (in 1700) affirms that
the Ohio river was called by the Illinois and the Miamis the Akansea
river, because the Akanseaa formerly dwelt along it.f The Akanseas
were identical with the Quappas, and have at a later day given their name
to the river and State of Arkansas. Catlin found reason for believing

* Lawaon's " History of Carolina ;" reprinted by Strother & Marcotn. Raleigh,
1860 ; p. 384.

t"Elle" (the Ohio) " s'appello par les Illiaola et paries Oumlamis la rlvlftre
des Akanseas, parceque les Akanseas I'habltolent autrefois. "—Gravier, Helatlon
du Voyage, p. 10. I am indebted for this and other references to ray esteemed
friend, Dr, J. G. Shea, whose unsurpassed knowledge of Indian history la not
more admirable than the liberality with which its stores are placed at the com-
mand of his friends.

Hiilp.] * [March 2,

that the Mtviidiins, another tribe of the Si)nlhern Dakota stock, formerly
— and at no very distant period — resided in the valley of the Ohio. Tiie
peculiar traces in the soil which marked the foundations of their dwellings
and the p:)sition of their villages were evident, heafllrms, at various points
along that river. It is by no means improbable that when the buffalo
abounded on the Ohio, the Dakota tribes found its valley their natural
liome, and that they receded Avith it to the westward of the Mississippi.
But the inference that the region west of the Mississippi was the original
home of the Dakotas, and that those of that stock who dwe.t on the Ohio
or cast of the Alleghcnics were emigrants from the AVeslern prairies, does
not, by any m';ans, follow. By the same course of reasoning we might
conclude that the Aryans had their original .seat in Western Europe, that
the Portuguese were emigrants from Brazil, and that the English derived
their origin from America. The migrations of races are not to be traced
by such recent and casual vestiges The only evidence which has real
weight in any inquiry respecting migrations in prehistoric times is that
of language ; and where this fails, as it sometimes does, the question must
be pronounced unsoluble.

The protection which the Tuteloes had received from the Tuscaroras
and their allies soon failed ihein. In the year 17il a war broke out between
the Tuscaroras and the Carolina settlers, which ended during the following
year in the complete defeat of the Indians. A^ter their overthrow the
great body of the Tuscaroras retniated northward and joined the Iroquois,
who received them into their league as the sixth nation of the confederacy.
A portion, however, remained near Iheic original home. They merely re-
tired a short distance northward into the Virginian territory, and took up
their abode in the tract which lies between the Roanoke and the Potomac
rivers. Here they were allowed to remain at peace, under the protection of
the Virginian government. And here they were ])resently joined by the
Tuteloes and Saponas, with their confederates. In September, 1T2-J, the
governors of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, held a conference at
Albany with the chiefs of the Iroquois, to endeavor to bring about a peace
between them and the southern tribes. On this occasion Governor Spottes-
wood, of Virginia, enumerated the tribes for which the government of
his Province would undertake to engage. Among them were certain
tribes which were commonly known under the name of the "C'hristanna
Indians," a name derived from that of a fort which had been established
in their neighborhood. These were "the Saponies, Ochineeches, Sten-
kenoaks, Meipontskj's, and Toteroes," all of whom, it appears, the Iro-
quois were accustomed to comprehend under the name of Todirichrones.*

Some confusion and uncertainty, however, arise in consulting the col-
onial records of this time, from the fact that this name of Todirichrones was
applied by the Iroquois to two distinct tribes, or rather confederacies, of
Southern Indians, belonging to different stocks, and speaking languages

•N. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. 055 et seq.

1883.] 5 („„,„_

totally dissimilar. These wore, on the one hiiiid, the Tiitelnes (or Tote-
roes) iiiul their nllies, mid, on the other, the powerful Catii\vl)iv nation.
The Catawhas occupied the eastern portion ol the Carolinas, souih of the
Tuscarora nation. At the beginning of the last century they numbered
several thousand souls. As late as 174;J, according to Adair, tiiey could
still muster four hundred warriors. A bitter animosity existed between
them and the Iroquois, leading to frequent hostilities, which the English
authorities at this conference sought to repress. It was the policy of the
Iroquois, from ancient times, always to yield to overtures of peace from
any Indian nation. On this occasion they responded in their usual spirit.
"Tiiough there is among you," they replied to the Virginians, "a nation,
the Todirichrones, against whom we have had so inveterate an enmity
that we thought it could only be extinguished by their total extirpation,
yet, since you desire it, we are willing to receive them into this peace, and
to forget all the past."*

The Catawba language is a peculiar speech, dilVering wiibly, if not radU
call3^ both from the Dakota and from tiie Iroquois languagcs.f The only
connection between tlie Catawbas and theTuteloes appears to have arisen
from the fact that they were neiglilwring, and •jierhaps politically allied
tribes, and were alike engaged in hostilities with the Irofiuois. The
latter, however, seem to have confounded them all together, under the
name of the tribe which lay nearest to the confederacy and was the best
known to them.

One result of the peace thus established was that the Tuteloes and
Saponas, after a time, determined to follow the course which had been
taken by the major portion of their Tuscarora friends, and place them-
selves directly under the protection of the Six Natitms. Moving north-
ward across Virginia, thoy established themselves at Shamokin (since
named Sunbury) in what is now the centre of Pennsylvania. It was a
region which the Iroquois held by right of conquest, its former occupants,
the Delaware's and Shawanese, having been eitlier expelled or reduced to
subjection. Here, under the shatlow of the great confederacy, many frag-

• X. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. («J0.

t Ualtatln, 111 bis Synopsis classes the Cata\vl)a as a separate stock-, distinct
from tlic Dakota. The vocabulary which he jc'ves seems to warrant this seiia-
ratloii, the i'oseinl)laiices of words heinj^ fnw and of a doubtful eli;iriicler. On
the other hand, In llui llrst annual report ol" the Ituri'jui of Kihnolojiy connected
with tlie SiulllHonlan Institution (Introduction, \), xix) the Kutiiba (or Catawba)
is i'unke<l uiuoii!? the lanfj(niij;es of th(! DiiUotan taniily. My estei'nied corre-
spoiulent, Mr, A. 8. Galschet.whoseextensiveueiiuiilntiincc wilh Indliu Mnj^ulst-
Ics gives great weight to hisoplnlon on any subject connected witli this study,
liifoMUH mo (March HI, IHS'i) that this elassllicatlou was conjectural and provi-
sional, and that his suljsequent researches among the few survivors ot the tribe
have not yet resultedin conllrminglt. Tlieyshow certain tnicesof resemblance,
both In the vocabulary und tli(! syntax, but too slight and distant to make the
ttlUliatioii certain. We sliall have, as tic remai'Us, "to compare nioru material,
or more attentively that wliicli we have, to arrive at a Onal result."

Halc.J • " [Mnrch2,

mcnts of broken tribes were now congregated — Conoys, Nanticokes, Del-
awares, Tuteloes, and oibers.

In September, 1745, tbe missionary, David Bniinerd, visited Shamokin.
He describes it in his diary as containing upwards of fifty bouses and
nearly three hundred persons. "They are," he says, "of three different
tribes of Indians, speaking tluee languages wholly unintelligible to each
other. About one half of its inhabitants are Delawares, the others Senekas
and Tutelas."* Three years later, in the summer of 1748, an exploring
party of Moravian missionaries passed through tbe same region. The
celebrated Zeisberger, who was one of them, has left a record of their
travels. From this we gather that the whole of the Tuteloes were not
congregated in Shamokin. Before reaching that town, they pas.sed through
Skogari, in what is now Columbia county. In Zeisberger's biography the
impression formed of this town by the travelers is expressed in brief but
emphatic terms. It was "tlieonly town on the continent inhabited by
Tuteloes, a degenerate remnant of thieves and drunkards."! Tiiis dis-
paraging description was perhai>s not unmerited. Yet some regard must be
paid to a fact of which the good missionary could not be aware, namely,
that the Indians wlio are qliaracterized in these unsavory terms belonged
to a stock distinguished from the other Indians whom be knew by certain
marked trails of character. Those who are familiar with the various
branches of the Indian race are aware that every tribe, and still more
every main stock, or ethnic family, has certain 8i>ecial characteristics, both
physical and mental. The Mohawk differs in look and character decidedly
from the Onondaga, the Delaware from the Sbawanese, the Sioux from
the Mandan ; and between the great divisions to which these tribes belong,
the differences are much more strongly marked. Tlie Iroquois have been
styled "t'ae Romans of the West." Tlie designation is more just than is
usual in such comparisons. Indeed, the resemblance between these great
conquering communities is strikingly marked. The same politic fore-
.thought in council, the same respect for laws and treaties, the same love
of conquest, the same relentless determination in war, the same clemency
to the utterly vanquished, a like readiness to strengthen their power b}'
the admission of strangers to the citizenship, an equal reliance on strong
fortifications, similar customs of forming outlying colonies, and of ruling
subject nations by proconsular deputies, a similar admixture of aristocracy
and democracy in their constitution, a like taste for agriculture, even a
notable similarity in the strong and heavy mould of figure and tbe bold
and massive features, marked the two peoples who, on widely distant
theatres of action, achieved not dissimilar destinies.

Pursuingthesame clas-sical comparison, we might liken the nearest neigh-
bors of tbe Iroquois, the tribes of the Algonkin stock, whose natural tntits
are exem. llfled in their renowned sachems, Powhatan, Philip of Pokano-

* Life of Bralnerd, p. 167, Am. Tract 8oo. edition. Quotod in the " Life of Zeis-
berge-," by De Soliwelnltz, p. 71.
f Life of Zeisberger, by Du Soliweinitz, p, 149.

1 ' [Hnle.

ket, Mlivntanomiih, Pontiac, and Tecumseli, to the ingenious and versatile
Greeks, capable of heroism, but incapable of political union, or of long-sus-
tained ef!ort. A not less notable resemblance might be found bt-twocn the
wild and wandering Scythians of old, and the wild and wandering tribes
of the great Dakotan stock. Reckless and rapacious, untamable and fickle,
fond of the chase and the fight, and no less eager for the dance and the
feast, the modern Dakotas present all the traits which the Greek Iiistorians
and travelers remarked in the barbarous nomads who roamed along their
northern and eastern frontiers.

The Tuteloes, far from the main body of their race, and oncireled by
tribes of Algonkin and Iroquois lineage, showed all the distinctive charac-
teristics of the stock to which they belonged. Tlic tall, robust huntsmen
of Lawson, chasers of the elk and the deer, had apparently degenerated,
half a century later, into a "remnant of thieves and drunkards." at
least as seen in the hurried view of a passing missionary. Hut it
would seem that their red-skinned neighbors saw in them some ciualities
which gained their respect and liking. Five years after Zeisborger's visit,
the Iroquois, who had held them hitherto under a species of tutelage, de-
cided to admit them, together with their fellow-refugees, the Algonkin
Nanticokes from the Eastern Shore of Maryland, to the full honors of the
confederacy. The step received the commendation of so shrewd a judge as
Colonel (afterwards Sir William) Johnson. At a great council of tlie Six
Nations, held at Onondaga in September, 1733, Colonel Johnson congratu-
lated the Cayugas on the resolution they had formed of "strengthening their
castle " by taking in the Tedarighroones.* At about the same time a band
of Delawares was received Into the League. When a great council was to
be convened in 1756, to confer with Colonel Johnson on tlie subject of the
French war, wampum belts were sent to nine "nations" of the
confederacy.t From this time the chiefs of the Tuteloes, as well as o
the Nanticokes and the Delawares, took their seats in the Council of the
League, a position which they still hold in the Canadian branch of the con-
federacy, though the tribs? whom thoy represent Iiave ceased to exist as
such, and have become absorbed in the larger nations.

It would seem, however, that their removal from tlieir lands on the Sus-
quehanna to the proper territory of the Six Nations did not take place im-
mediately after their reception into the Loaguc, and perhaps was never
wholly completed. In an "account of the location of the Indian tribes,"
prepvred by Sir William Johnson in November, 1763, the four small tribes
of "Nanticokes, Conoys, Tutecoas [an evident misprint] and Saponeys,"
are bracketed together in the list as mustering in all two luuulred men, and
are described as "a people removed from the southward, and settled on or
about the Susquehanna, on lands allotted by the Six Nations."|

Though the Tuteloes were thus recognized as one of the nations of the

• N. Y. Hist. Col. Vol. vl, p. 811.

t stone's Life of Sir William Jolinson, Vol. 1, p. 484.

X Ibid., Vol. II, j>. 487.

Ilalc] 8 [March 2,

{•onfedcmrj', iind ns such kept up tlicir distinct triliiil orfjiiniztilioii, tli(>y were
irgiirded us belli)? ir: a special maimer t lie friends and allies of tiie Cay-
iij^as. Tiie latter, atrii)e always noted for their kindly temper, rec((iv(!d tlic
new comers williin Iheir territory, and pav(! them a site for tiieir town,
wliich of c'onrse l»roiiirht witli it llie liuntin^ and llshinjf privilei^es neces-
sary for their existence. Tlic principal C'ayu'^^a villages were (•Justered
al)out the lake to wliieh the nation has fiiven its name. Soutli of them lay
the land assigned to the Tiileloes. Tlieir (■Jdef seltlenu'nt, accoiding to a
careful ol)scrver, was on the east side of Cayuga inlet, about llnce miles
from the soutli end of Cayuga lake, and two miles south of Ithaca. "Tlie
town was on tlic liigh ground soutli of the sciiool-hoiise, nearly oiipositc
IJuttciiiiilk Falls, on the farm of James Fleming. On tlie Guy Johnson's
map of 1771, it figures (by a slight misprint) as Todcvigh-rcmo. It was
called in the Journal of General Dearborn, Corcorgoi"! ; in tlie Journal of
G 'orge Gr.ml (177!)), D.'liiiriss-kanadia ; and on a inaii made alioiit tlio
same date Ivayeghtalagealat."*

The town was destroyed in 1770 by General Sullivan, in the expedition
Miiicli avenged, so disastrously for tin; Six Nations, the ravages coinmitted
liy them upon the settlements of their Avliite neiglibors. The result, as is
well known, was the destruction of the ancient confederacy. Of tlie broken
tribes, some fragiucnls reinaiiKul in their origintil s'jats, siibiuilting to the
compierors. All the Moliawlvs, tlie greater pjirt of the Cayugas, about lialfof
the Onondagas, and many of the Oneidas, witli a few of tlie Scniecas and
Tiiscaroras, followed Brant to Canada. The liritisli government funiislied
tliein with lands, mostly along the Grand River, in the territory wliich in
ancient times had bi.'eii compiered by the Iroipiois from the people who
wore styled the Neutral Nation. Tlio Tuteloes accoini)anied their friends
the Cayuga.s. A place was found for them in a locality wliich seemed at
the time attractive and desirable, but which proved most unl'ortiniate for
them. They built their town on a pleasant elevation, which stretches along
the western bank of the Cfrand lliver, and still bears tlie name «)f Tutelo
Heights. Umler this name it now forms a suburb of tlie city of Hrantford.

Fifty years ago, when the (iresent city was a raero liamlc;, occupied by
a few venturous Indian traders and pioneers, the Tutelo cabins w(!rc scat-
tered over these heights, having in the midst their "long-house " in which
their trilial councils were held, and their festivals celebrated. Tliej- are
said to have numbered then about two hundred souls. Tliej' retained aj)-
parently the reckless habits and love of enjoyment which had distin-
guished them in former times. Old people still remember the uproar of the
ilances which enlivened their council-house. Unhappily, the position of

*'I am iuflcbtcd for this and much ottier valuablo Infonnatloii to my fiieiid
Goiieral .loliii S. Clarlt, of Auburn, X. Y., wlio lias made tlio locatlim and mis^ra-
tlons of the Indian tribes the subject of a special study. Of tins above names
Dchoriss kaimdla is apparent ly a corruption of the Moliawk words TeUolerinh
fraH«(/«, Tutelo town. The other words are probably, like most Indian names
of i)liice8, di'scriptlvo designations, but are too much corrupteil to bo satisfac-
torily deciphered.

lf»3.] .W [Hnlo.

their town brought them into direct fontact witli llie wliitu pellloinenlH.
Tlicir fniincs, eiifoubled by dissipniion, were un easy prey to tlie diseiirtcs
wliicli followed in the track of the now population. In IHiJJ, thtj Asiatic;
cholera foinid many victinis on the Indian Iteserve. The Tl:tell)«i^4, in pro-
portion to their numbers, suH'ered the most. The f^reater part of the tribe
perished. Those who escaped dims t'> tlH-ir habitations a few years longer.
But the second visitation of the dreadfid plagm; in 184S coinidi'ted the
work of the first. The Tutelo nation ceased to exist. The few survivors
fled from the Heights to which they have left their name, and took refuge
among their Cayuga friends. By intermarriage with these allies, the small
remnant was soon absorbed ; and in the year 1870, only one Tutelo of the
full blood was known to bo living, the last survivorof tlie tribe of stalwart
• hunters and daring warriors whom Lawson encountered in Carolina a hun-
dred and seventy years before.

Tliis last surviving Tutelo lived amo ig the Cayugas, f nd was known to
them by the name of Nikonha. (>k( nha in the Cayuga dialetrt signifies
nios(piito. Nikonha was sometimes, in answer to my inquiries, rendered
"mosquito," and sometimes "liitle." perhaps in the sense of mos((uito-
like. His Tutelo name was said to be Waskiteng ; its meaning could not
be ascertained, and it was perhaps merely a corruption of the Knglish word
mosquito. At all events, it was by tlie rattier odd cognomen of "Old
Mosquito," that he was commonly known among the whites ; and he was
even so designated, I believe, in tlu; pension list, in which he had a place
as having served in the war of 1812. AVhat in common repute was deemed
to be the most notable fact in regard to him was his great age. lie was
considered by far the oldest man on the Reserve. His age was said to ex-
ceed a century ; and in confirmation of this opinion it was related that ho
had fought under Bi-ant In the American war of Independence. >Iy friend,
Cliief George Johnson, the government interpreter, accompanied us to the
residence of the old man, a log cabin, built on a small eminence near the
centre of the Reserve. His appearanc^e, as we first saw hiiii, basking in the
sunshine on the slope before his cabin, confirmed the reports which I had
heard, both of his great age and of his marked intelligence. " A wrinkled,
smiling countenance, a high forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a
scanty, stubbly beard, fingei-s bent with age like a bird's claws," is the
description recorded in my note book. Not only in physiognomy, but
also in demeanor and character, he differed strikingly from the gmve and
composed Iroquois among whom he dwelt. The lively, mirlliful disposi-
tion of his race survived in full force in its late;t member. His replies to
our inciuiries were intermingled with many jocose remarks, and much
good-humored laughter.

He was married to a Cayuga wife, and for many years had spoken only
the language of her people. But Ik had not forgotten his proper speech,
and readily gave us the Tutelo renderings of nearly a hundred words. At
that time my only knowledge of the Tuteloes had been derived from the
few notices comprised in Gallatin's Synopsis of the Indi.in Tribes, where

PROC. AMER. PHIL03. SOC. XXI. 114. B. PRINTED MAUCH 20, 1883.

Hale.] ^^ [March 2,

they are classed with tho naUons of the Tluron-Iroquois stock. At the
same time, the distinguished author, with tho scientific caution which
marltcd all his writings, is careful to mention that no vocabulary of tho
language was known. That which was now obtained showed, beyond
question, that the language was totally distinct from the Iluron-Troiiuois
tongues, and that it was closely allied to tho languages of the Dacotan
family.

The discovery of a tribo of Dakota lineage near the Atlantic coast was
so unexpected and surprising that at first it was natural to suspect some
mistake. The idea occurred that the old Tutelo might have been a Sioux
captive, taken in the wars which were anciently waged between the Iro-
quois aiul the tribes of the far West. With the view of determining this
point, I took the first opportunity, on my next visit to the Reserve, in
October, 1870, of questioning the old man about his early history, and
that of his people. His answers soon removed all doubt. lie believed
himself to be a hundred and six years old ; and if so, his earliest recollec-
tions would go back to a time preceding by some years the Rovoliilionary
war. At that time his people, the Tuteloes, were living in the neiglibor-
hood of two other tribes, the Saponies and the Patshenina or Rotshenins.
In the latter we may perhaps recognize the Ochineeches, whom Governor
Spottcswood. in 1703, enumerated with the Saponies, Toteroes, and two
other tribes, under the general name of Christanna Indians. The Sapo-
nies and Tuteloes, old Nikonha said, could undersUind one another's
speech. About the language of the Patshenins, I neglected to inquire, but
they were mentioned with the Saponies as a companion tribe. When
the Tuteloes came to Canada with Brant, they parted with the Sajionies at
Niagara Falls, and he did not know what had become of them. Ilis
father's name was Onusowa ; he was a chief among the Tuteloes. Ilis
mother (who was also a Tutelo), died when he was young, and he was
brought up by an uncle. He had hoard from old men that the Tuteloes
formerly lived on,a great river beyond Wasliington, which city he knew by
that name. In early times the}' were a large tribe, but had w;v<«t('d away
through fighting. Tlieir war parties used to go out frequently against
various enemies. The tribes they most commonly fought with were the
Tuscaroras, Senecas, and Cayugas. Afterwards his4;ribe came to Niagara
(as he expressed it), and joined the Six Nations. He knew of no Tutelo
of the full blood now living, except himself.

This, with some additions to my vocabulary, was tho last information
which I received from old Waakiteng, or Nikonha. He died a few
months later (on the 3l8t of February, 1871), before I had an opp;irtunity
of again visiting the Reserve. There are, however, several half-castes,
children of Tutelo mothers by Iroipiois fathers, who know the lunguage,
and by the native law (which traces descent through the female) are held
to be Tuteloes. One of them, who sat in the council as the representative
of the tribe, and who, with a conservatism worthy of tho days of old Sarum,
was allowv-'d to retain his saat after his constituency had disappeared, was

1883.] 11 [Hftlo.

accustonipd to amuse his grave fellow-senators occasionally l»j' asserting
the right which each councillor possesses of addressintc the council in the
language of his people, — his speech, if necessity rcMiuires, being trim slated
by an interpreter. In the case of the Tiitelo chief the jest, wliicli was duly
appreciated, lay in the fact that the interpreters were dutufomidcd, and
that the elotpience uttered in an unknown tongue had to go without reply.

From tliis chief, and from his aunt, an elderly dame, whose daughter
was the wife of a leading Onondaga chief, T received a sullicicnt nunduT
of words and phrases of the language to give a good idea of its gninnnati-
cal framework. Fortunately, tli(!list of words obtained from the old Tutelo
was extensive enough to atlbrd a test of the correctness of the additional
information thus procured. The vocabulary and the outliiu's of grammar
which have been derived from these sources may, thereft)re, as far as they
extend, be accepted as atfording an authentic representation of (his very
interesting speech.

There is still, it should be added, some uncertainty in regard to the tribal
name. 80 far as can be learned, the word Tutelo or Totero (which in
the Iroquois dialects is variously pronounced Tiuterih or Tebotingh, Te-
hfitili, Tifitei and Tutie) has no meaning either in tlie Tutelo or the Iro-
quois language. It may have been originally a mere local designation,
which has accompanied the tribe, as such names sometimes do, in its sub-
sequent migrations. Both of my semi-Tutelo informants assured me that
the prope'- national name — or the name by which the people were desig-
nated among themselves — was Yesang or Ycsah, the last syllable having
a faint nasal sound, which was sometimes barely audible. In this word
we probably see the origin of the name, Nahyssan, applied by Lcderer to
the tribes of this stock. John Ledercr was a German tnivelcr who in
May, 1070 — a year before Captain Batt's expedition to the Alicghenies —
undertook, at the charge of the colonial government, an exploring jour-
ney in the same direction, though not with ecjual success. He made, how-
ever, some interesting discoveries. Starting from the Falls of the James
river, he came, after twenty days of tnivel, to " 8ai>on, a village of the
Nahyssans," situate on a branch of the Uoanoke river. These were, un-
doubtedly, the Saponas whom Captain Batt visiied in the following year, the
kindred and allies of 'the Tuteloes. Fifty miles beyond Saixtn lie arrived
at Akenatzy, an island in the same river. "Ti»e island," he .says, " though
small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fixed in great security, being
naturally fortified with fastnesses of mountains and water on every
side."* In these Akenatzies we midoubtedly see the Acouechos of
Lawson, and the Ochineeches mentioned by Governor Spotteswood. Dr.
Brinton, in his well-known work on the "Myths of the New World." has
pointed out, also, theiridentity with the Occaneeches mentioneil by Bever-
ley in his " History of Virginia," and in doing so has drawn attention to

»9,ov)"Th<' Dincovories of John Lederer," roprlntoil by O. 11. Iliirpol. Cincin-
nati, lH7it, p. 17.

lfi83.1 -l- [March 2,

the very Interesting facts recorded by Beverley respecting tlieir lan-
guai^e.*

According to tliis liisiorian, tlic tribes of Virginia spolvc languages differ-
ing so widely tliat natives "at a nii»dorate distance" apart did not under-
stand one another. Tiiey had, however, a "general language," wiiich
people of didercnt tribes used in tlieir intercourse with one anotlier, pre-
cisely as the Indians of the north, according to La Ilontan, used the "Al-
gonliine, " and as Latin was employed in most parts of Europi;, and the
Lingua Franca in tiie Levant, These are Beverley's illustrations. He
tlien adds the remarkable statement: "The general language here used is
that of the Occanecches, though they have been but a small nation ever
since these parts were known to tiie English ; but in what their language
may dilfer from tliat of the Algonkins I am not able to determine."!
Further on he gives us tiie slill more surprising information thai lliis "gen-
eral language" was used by the "priests and conjurors" of tlie ditlerent
Virginia!' nations in performing their religious ceremonies, in the same
manner (lie observes) "as tlie Catholics of all nations do their Mass in
the Latin. "t

Tlie Akenatzies or Occanecches would seem to have been, in some
respects, the chief or leading community among the tribes of Dakotan
stock who formerly inhaliited Virginia. That these tribes bad at one
time a large and widespread population may be inferred from the simple
fact that their language, like that of the widely scattered Algonkins (or
Ojibways) in the nortiiwest, became the general medium of conimuniea-
tion for the people of different nationalities in their neighborhood. Tliat
they had some ceremonial observances (or, as Beverley terms them, "ado-
rations and conjurations") of a peculiar and im|)ressive cast, like those of
the western Dakotas, seems evident from the circumstance that the intru-
sive tribes adopted this language, and probably with it some of these ol)-
servances, in performing their own religious rites. We thus have a strong
and une.vpected conflrmation of the tradition iirevailing among liie tribes
both of the Algonkin and of the Iro(piois stocks, whicli represents them
as coming originally from the fir north, and gradually overspreading the
country on both sides of the Alleghanies, from the Great Lakes to tlu; moun-
tain fastnesses of the Clierokees. They found, it would seem, Virginia, and
possibly the whole country east of (he Alleghenies, from the Great Lakes to
South Carolina, occupied by tribes speaking languages of the Dakotan
stock. Tliat the displacement of tliese tribes was a very gradual process,
and that the relatio is between the natives and the encroaching tribes were
not alwaj's hostile, may be inferred not only from the adoption of the ab-
original speech as the general means of intercourse, but also from the
terms of amity on which these tribes of diverse origin, native and iutru-
give, were found by the English to be living together.

♦ See tho note on puRe M'i of I)r Hrlnton's voliiinc, 2(1 edition,
t History of Virginia (1st eilillon), p. lUl.
i Ibid., p. 171.

188.1] 13 [Tlnle.

That the Tiilelo tongue represenls this "gcneml hmguage" of which
Beverley speaks— this aboriginal Latin of Virginia— cannot be doubted.
It may, tlierefore be deemed a hinguagc of no small historical impor-
lance. The fact tha!; this language, which was first obscurely heard of in
Virginia two hundred years ago, has been brought to liglit in our day on
a far-ofi" lleservation in Canada, and there learned from the li|)s of the
latest surviving member of this ancient community, must certainlj' be
considered one of the moat singular occurrences in the history of science.

Apart from the mere historical interest of the language, its scientific
value '\n American ethnology entitles it to a careful study. As has been
already said, a comparison of its grammar and vocabulary with those of
the western Dakota tongues has led to tiie inference that the Tutelo
l;inguage was the older form of this common sjieech. This conclusion
was briefi)' set forth in some n-marks wliich I had the honor of addressing
to this Society at the meeting of December 19, 1879, and is recorded in
the published minutes of the meeting. Sonic years afterwards, and after
the earlier portion of tliis essay was written, I had the pleasure, at the
meetingof the American Association for the Advancement of Science, lield
in Montreal, in September, 1SS3, of learning from n\y friend, the Rev. .T.
Owen Dorsey, of the Smithsonian Institution, who has resided for several
years as a missionary among the western Dakotas, and has made careful
researches into their languages and historj^ that they have a distinct tra-
dition that their ancestors tormcrly dwelt east of the Mississippi. In fact,
the more southern Dakotas declare their tribes to i)e olVshoots of the Win-
nebagoes, who till recently resided near the western shore of Lake Michi-
gan. A comparison of their dialects, made with ]Mr. Dorsey's aid, fully
sustains this assertion. 3Iere traditionary evidence, as is well known,
cannot always be relied on; but when it corresponds with conclusions
previously drawn from linguistic evidence, it has a weight which renders
it a valuable confirmation.

The portrait of old Nikonha, an accurate photograph, will serve to show,
better than any description could do, the characteristics of race whieli dis-
tinguished his people. The full oval outline office, and the large features
of almost Euro[)ean cast, were evidently not individual or family traits,
as they reappear in the Tutelo half-breeds on the Reserve, who do not
claim a near relationship to Nikonha. Tliose who are familiar Mith the
Dakotan physiognomy will probably discover a resemblance of type be-
tween this last representative of the Virginian Tatelosand their congeners,
the Sioux and Mandans of the western plains.

TIIE TUTELO LANGUAGE.

In the following outline of Tutelo grammar, it has been deemed advis-
able to bring its forms into comparison with those of the western lan-
guages of the same stock. For this purjiose the Dakota and Ilidatsa (or
Minnetarce) languages were necessarily selected, being the only tongues
of this family of which any complete account has yet been publislied.

Hale.] 14 [March 2,

For the information respecting these languages I am indebted to the Da-
kota Grammar and Dictionar}- of tlie Rev. S. R. Riggs (published in the
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge) and the Ilidatsa Grammar and
Dictionary of Dr. Washington Matthews (published in Dr. Shea'p Library
of Amoriran Linguistics), both of them excellent works, of the highest
scientific value.

The Alphabet.

The alphabetical method which has been followed by me in writing this
language, as well as the Iroquois dialects, is based on the well-known system
proposed by the Hon. John Pickering, and generally followed by Ameri-
can missionaries, whose experience has attested its value. The modifica-
tions suggested for the Indian languages by Professor Whitney and Major
Powell have been adopted, with a few exceptions, which are due chiefly
to a desire to employ no characters that are not found in any well-fur-
nished printing-ofilce.

The letters 6, d, h, k, I, m, n, p, s, t, w, y, z are sounded as in English,
the 8 having always its sharp sound, as in mason. The vowels are sounded
generally as in Italian or German, with some modifications expressed by
diacritical marks, thus :

a, as \n father ; in accented syllables written a.

6, like the German a in Mann.

a, like a in mat.

a, like a in fall.

e, like a in fate ; in accented syllables e.

e, like e in met.

i, like i in machine ; in accented syllables i.

i, like i in pin.

0, as in ?iote ; in accented syllables o.

0, like the French o in bonne.

0, like in not.

4, as in rale, or like oo in pool ; in accented syllables u,
a, like u in pull,

ii, like u in but ; in an accented syllable written A.
«, like the French u in dur.

The diphthongs are, ai, like our long i in pine ; au, like ou in loud; &i,
like oi in boil ; iu, like u in j^are.

The consonants requiring special notice are:

5, like sh in shine,

g, BAways h&rA, as lu go, get, give.

j, like t in ature.

h, like the French nasal n in an, bon, un.

q, like the German ch iu Loch, or the Spanish j in joveth

1883.] 15 [Hale.

The sound of the English ch in cheat is represented by trj the j and dg
in judge by dj.

The apostrophe (') indicates a sliglit hiatus in the pronounciation of a
word, whicli is often, tliough not always, caused by the dropping of a con-
sonantal sound.

In general, the diacritical marks over the vowels are omitted, except in the
accented syllable — that is, the syllable on which the stress of voice falls.
It is understood that when a vowel (other than the it) has a mark of any
kind over it, the syllable in which it occurs is the accented or emphatic
syllable of the word. Experience shows that the variations in tlie sound
of a vowel in unaccented syllables, within the limits represented by the
foregoing alphabet, are rarely of sufficient importance to require to be
noted in taking down a new language. The only exception is in the
sound marked u, which occasionally has to be indicated in unaccented
syllables, to distinguish it from the u, with which it has no similarity of
sound. It is, in fact, more frequently a variation of the a than of any
other vowel sound.

Occasionally the accented syllable is indicated by an acute accent over
the vowel. This method is adopted principally when the vowel has a brief
or obscure sound, as in iniaani, I alone, which is pronounced in a manner
midway between msaai and mmmi.

Phonology,

Tlie Tutelo has the ordinary vowel sounds, but the distinction between
e and i, and between o and u is not always clear. Tlie word for " mother"
was at one time written hena, and at anotlier ina ; tlie word for "he
steals" was heard as manbma and manumn. In general, however, the
ditference of these vowels was sufflclently apparent. Tlie obscure sound
of u (or in accented syllables u) was often heard, but when the word
la which it occurred was more distinctly uttered, this sound was frequently
developed into a clearer vowel. Thus hustoi, arm, became histo ; muate,
spring (tlie season), became maate ; aaiini, white, became anfiTii, or (losing
the nasal sound) aadi, and so on. The use of the character ii (or u) in this
language could probably be dispensed with.

Tlie consonantal sounds which were heard were: p (or 6), i (ord), k{org),
h (and q), I, m, n, s, w and y, and the nasal n. Neither/, v, nor r was heard,
and q (ah) only as a variant of a. Harsh combinations of consonants were
rare. Tlie harshest was that oftak, as in wagntaka, child, and this was not
frequent.* Words usually end in a vowel or a liquid. A double con-

• In wagtUska (Dakota, ko^ka), suntka, younger brother (Dak., stinka) ; l<;ongo
or t<;unki, dog (Dak., cuflka) and many similar words, the t la apparently an ad-
scitltlous sound, inserted by a mere trick of pronunciation. Tlie Hldatsa caiTles
this practice further, and constantly Introduces the sound of < before the sharp
«. The Tutelo i<i, foot, beoomea i<si in Hldataa; «anT, oold, becomes t«inia, Ao.

Hale.] 1^ [March 2.

Bonant at the onmmencomont of a ^vnrd is rare. It perhaps onlr occurs
in tlie comb'm itiou tr (d't) an I i.i ca:itr.ictioa^, as ksiiTi'cii, nine, for
htHrtnkai.

It is donbtful if the sonants h, d and g occur, except as variants of the
surd consonants p, t and /;; yet in certain words sonants v-ere pretty con-
stantly used. Tlius in tlie pronouns mii I'oitc, mine, yiiifiiowe, tliine,
tH/ttoire, his, tlie .7 was almost always sounded.

The I and n were occasionally interchanged, as in lani&nd nfini, three,
It'fri ant] iicfr', tongue. In general, however, the two elements seemed to
he distinct. The aspirate was somewhat stronger than the English h,
and frequently assumed the force of the German ch or the Spanish j (rep-
resented in our alphabet by 7). "Wiiether there were really two distinct
sounds or not, could not be positively ascertained. The same word was
writ'en at one time with h, and at another with q.

The nasal n is properly a modification of the preceding vowel, and would
have been more adequately rendered by a mark above or below the vowel
itself; but it has seemed desirable to avoid the multiplication of such di;i-
critical marks. This nasal is not to be confounded with the sound of hij
in riiif/, which is a distinct consonantal element, and in the Polynesian
dialects often commences a word. In the Tutelo this latter sound only
occurs ))efore a k or hard .7, and is then represented by li. It is, in fact,
in this position, merely the French nasal sound, 1 lified by the palatal
consonant. The nasal n is also modified by the labials b and p, liefore
which it assumes the sound of ?«. Thus the Tutelo word for day, nnlunnhi,
or (in the construct form) nithdmp, is properly a modification of nnhilTibi
or nahfnip. In all words in which it occurs, the nasal sound was at times
very faintly heard, and was occasionally so little audible that it was not
noted, while at e ' er times an n was heard in its place. Tlie word for knife
was written at difierent times moseTiiAw\ masdi; that for sky, mutoTii, mntoi,
nianfiii, and m'~itoi; that for daj', nnhdmhi, nahdmp, nahdTip, and »<i/inp ;
that for winte Ine, icdnehl, and wnnei; that for one, nds and nons, and
soon. Wliellu his indistinctness of the nasal sound belongs to the lan-
guage, or was a peculiarity of the individuals from whom the speecli was
learned, could not be satisfactorily determined.

The tendency of tlie language, as has been said, is to terminate every
■word with a vowel sound. When a monosj-llablc or dissyllable ends with
a consonant, it is usually in a construct form, and is followed by another
word grammatically related to it. Thus, hinfpi, axe, hixi'.p miiiyilowe, my
axe ; monti, a bear, mont nosd, one bear ; l^bTijo (or tt^oiiki), dog, tr^oiik
eplul, good dog ; nuhdinbi, day, iinhdinp Idnt, three days.

The following brief comparative list, extracted from the more extensive
vocabulary hereafter given, will show the forms which similar words take
in the allied dialects, Tutelo, Dakota (or Sioux proper) and Ilidatsa (or
Minnetaree) :

18S3.]

[llnle.

Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hldatsa.

ilti

ate

ati

fiither

tita, hend, Jieniin

ilia

Jiinu, hu, i'cui

motlier

tujutc^kui

takor^ku, ti^iiikqi

idiqi

sou

suntkci

811 nka

tmk%

younger brother

ih, ihi

lUOUtll

netqi, netsi, Utiii

tr,eji

■ •^ji

tongue

ihi

i, isa, hi

tooth

loti , .

dote

doti, loti

throat

»■«»

aiha

itsi

foot

tcasut

nasii

tsuata

brain

icdy'i, way'ii

idi

blood

nil

tipi

ati

house

masehi, masdi

imtn, minaa

maetsi

knife

midi

sun (or moon)

nihiimpi, nihdnpi

' anpetu

mape

day-

mani

mini

water

anidni, amdb

maka,

amn

land

tcunki, ti^onjo

(glinka,

m(i(;uka

dog

tcdiieni, icdnei

wani

mana

winter

tani

ptan

mata,

autunm

asdnl, asdi, asei

snn

atiiki, ohuki

white

asepi

" 'pa

<;ipi

black

sli, tcdai

tsi, tsidi

yellow

t'e

dead

sani

sni

tsinia

cold

xosdi, nonr^

wanti^a, want<^i

nuels, luetsa

one

nombdi

nonpa

nopa

two

ndni, Idni

yamni

ddmi, lawi

"tiree •

topai

topa

four

kindhai

zaptan

kihii

flv»

akdspe

qakpc

akama, akawa

K*-.'l

sdgomink

qakowin

mpua

L, en

luta

yuta, wota

duti

to eat

howa

u, uwa

hu,

to come

kitci

trafr^i

kidir^i

to dance

mahananka

yaTika, nanka

naka

to sit, remain

ktewa, kitesel

kte

kitahS

to kill

It must be borne in mind that the sounds of m, b, and w are inter-
changeable in the Ilidatsa, and that d, I, n, and r are also interchangeable.
A similar confusion or intercliange of these elements is to some extent ap-
parent in the Dakota and the Tutelo languages. Taking this fact into
consideration, the similarity or r.ither identity of such words as tni in Tu-
telo an ' m in Dakota, meaning "sun," and loti in Tutelo, dote in Dakota,
and do or lote in Hidatsa, meaning "brain," becomes apparent.

FROC. AMEIl. THILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. C. PRINTED MARCU 31, 1883L

Hale.] lo [March 2,

The Tiftsal sounds, which arc so common in tho Dakota anu the Tiik'lo,
are wanting in the llidatsa, wliiie the s of tiie two fonuer liingim;4es fre-
quently becomes In in llidatsa. Tliese dialectic.il oeculiarities explain tlie
dilfc rencc between the words for younger brotlier, siinfji'ii, T i., snnkii, Da.,
Uukn, Hi., between Ui, foot, Tu., and itd, Hi., between mitMnl, knife,
Tn., and inaetHi, Hi. It will bo noticed that the words in Tutelo are fre-
quently longer and fuller in sound than the corresponding words in tlie
other languages, as though they were nearer th(! original forms from
which tho words in the various Dakota tongues wore derived.

*a'

Grammaticat. Fokms.

As is nsually the case with allied tongues, the grammatical resemblances
of the languages of this stock are much more striking and instructive than
those which appear iu the mere comparison of isolated words.

Siibstantioes and Adjectiees.

The Tutelo, like the Dakota and the Hidatsa, has no inflection of the
substantive to indicate the plural number; but in both tho Tutelo and tlie
Dakota, the plural of adjectives is frequently expressed by what may bo
termed a natural inflection, namely, by a reduplication. In the Dakota,
according to Mr. Riggs, the initial syllable is sometimes reduplicated, as
ksnpa, wise, pi. ksak.<nipn; tanbi, great, pi. tan'ctan'ca ; sometimes it is the
last syllable, as warte. good, pi. wnr^'erje ; and occasionally it is a middle
syllable, as, tankihffan, great, pi. t(inkinkin;/(in.

Sometimes the adjective in Dakota takes the sufllx pi, which makes the
plural form of the verb, as waqte, good icitr^'ista icaq'eji,, good men, i. e.,
they are good men.

Similar forms exist in the Tutelo. The adjective, or some part of it, is
reduplicated in the plural, and at the same time a verbal sufTix is fre-
quently if not always added, thus ; ati api, good house, pi. ati apipisd,
good houses (those are good houses) ; ati Hani, large house, pi. <di ifuh-
tdnsel; ati okayeke, bad house, pi. atiokayeye'cesel ; ati asan, white house,
pi. ati asansdh^el. Occasionally the reduplication takes a peculiar form,
as In ati kutaka, small house, pi. ati kotskutskaisel. In one instance the
plural differs totally from the singular ; atisui, long house, pi. ati yinipah-
katskaisel.

The plural verbal termination is frequently used without the reduplica-
tion ; as, wahtake bi (or pi), good man, toahtake biwa (or bite), he is a good
man ; pi. wahtake bihla (or bihlese),\\iey are good men. So tr^onje bise, good
dog (or, it is a good dog), pi. tconjc bihlese.

The plural form by reduplication does not appear to exist in the lli-
datsa.

Tlie Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, who has made a special study of the western
Dakota languages, finds in the Omaha (or Dhegiha) dialect a peculiar
meaning giveu to this reduplicate plural of adjectives. The following ex-

1883.1 19 [Hnle,

amples will illustrate this signification. Jin'ja, small, becomes in the re-
duplicate (ornijinjinf/a, which refers to small objects of (liflorent l\inils or
sizes. Siiyi, firm, fast, hard, makes m^mji or soijiji, Avhich is ciiiployod
as in the following example ; irelhihule HnfiijihiKin, kuTibdhc . I wisii tools
that are hard, and of diirerenl kinds, them only. Here the sufllx hniiii ex-
presses the meaning of "only;" the reduplication of the adjective gives
the sense expressed by the words "of different kinds." <S7V', black,
makes mmbe, black here and there. (Mhje, spotted, becomes (/dheji'ija
spotted in many places. Pl'iji, bad, makes jitplnji, as in iK^/ctih pipi'dji,
different bad deeds. Nujinja (apparently a compound or derivative form,
from jm/rt, small), means "boy," i. e„ small man; nujiiijlTijn, boys of
difft'rent sizes and ages.* It would seem from these examples that in this
language tlie reduplication expresses primarily the idea of variety, from
which tliat of plurality in many cases follows. This meaning is not indi-
cated by Mr. Riggs in his Dakota grammar, and it was not detected by
I11C in the Tutelo, but it is not impossible that it actually exists in botli
languages. It is deserving of notice that while no inflection of the noun is
found in the Iroquois to express plurality, this meaning is indicated in the
adjective by l!<e addition of s, or hohs, affixed to the adjective when it is
combined with the ntmn. Thus from kanomo, house, and uiyo, hand-
some, we have konomiyo, handsome house, pi. kdtiomiyos, handsome
houses. So k trcnnaksen, bad song, pi. knrennitkscns,'bi\d songs ; kaitdka-
ri's, long poll?, pi. kanaknrenhohn, long poles.

It is also remarkable that the peculiar mode of forming the plural, both
of substantives and of adjectives, by reduplication of the first syllable or
portion of the word, is found in several Indian languages spoken west of
the Rocky Mountains, and belonging to families entirely distinct from one
another, and from the Dakota. Thus in the Selish language we have
Iniins, father, pi. liiludus; tdiia, ear, j)l. tun tana ; skultamiqo, man, pi.
skulhiiltamiqo ; quest, good, pi. qusqacxt. In the Sahaptin, jfitin, girl, pi. pi-
2,ili)i ; tn'tit, good, pi. titdhs. In the Kizh language, tcoroit, man, pi. worordt ;
it^inni, small, pi. frjtrinni.\ This has been termed, and certainly seems, a
natural mode of forming the plural. It is therefore somewhat surprising
to find it restricted in America to a comparatively small group of linguistic
families. It is still more noteworthy that in the Polynesian dialects, which
in their general characteristics differ so widely from the Indian languages,
this same method of forming the plural is found, but confined, as in the
Dakota tongues, to the adjective ; thus we have laaii tele, large tree, pi.
laau tetele, large trees; taata maitai, good man, pi. tu,ata maitatui, good
men; mahaki, sick, pi. mahamahaki, sick (persons). J This is a subject
in linguistic science which merits farther investigation.

* I am Indebted to Mr. Dorsey's letters for this and muoli other Informal Ion ot
great interest respecting the western languages ot the Dakota stock, forming
part of his extensive work, which we may hope will soon be published.

t Ethnogiuphy and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Chas.
Wilkes, pp. 534, et seq.

t /bid., p. 34t.

Uale.]

[Marcli 2,

Numerals.

The ntmr resemblance of the first seven numernla in the Tutclo, Dakota,
and Ilidiitsa is sufflciently shown in the vocabulary. Tlie manner in wliich
llie compound numbers are formed is also kjimilar in tlic tlirce languages.
In the Dakota ake, again, is prefixed to the simple numerals to form the
numbers al)0ve ten, as oke vanjiJt.n, eleven ; ake nonpa, twelve. In the
Tulelo the same word (usually softened to age) is used, aa agcjtosai, eleven;
agenombai, twelve. In the llidatsa nqpi (or ahpt), signifying a part or
division, is employed, as aqpi-duiisa, eleven; agpi-dopa, twelve.

In Dakota, wikiqeitma, ten, and nonpa, two, form icikfr/mna nonpa,
twenty. In Tutelo the fonn is the same; putqka nomba, tens-two. In
Hidatsa it is similar, but the position of the words is reversed, twenty
being dopa-pitika, two tens.

The ordinal numbers, after the first, are formed in all three languages
by i)refixing i or ei to the cardinal numbers, as in Dakota, inonpa, second ;
iyamni, third ; itopa, fourth. In llidatsa, idopa, second ; idaiii, third ;
itopa, fourth. In Tutelo I received einombai, twice; eindtii, thrice; cintdpai,
four times. This rendering was given by the interpreter, but the true
meaning was probably the same as in the Dakota and Hidatsa. The word for
" first " is peculiar in all three languages; in Dakota, tokaheya, in llidatsa,
itsika, in Tutelo, etdhni.

In the Tutelo the numerals appear to have different forms; or perhaps,
more accurately speaking, different terminations, according to the context
in which they are used. The following are examples of these forms, the
first or abridged form being apparently used in ordinary counting, and
the others when the numerals are employed in conjunction with other
words. The various pronunciations of my different informants— and some-
times of the same informant at different times — are also shown in these ex-
amples.

Separate.

1 noiis, not

2 nomp

Construct.
nosdi, nonsdi

nomldi

8 Idt, nan nani

4 top topdi

6 kise, kUan kisdhai

6 agds or akds.^^j^^-

akdsp i

7 sdgom sagomei

8 j;aid/i paldni

9 sd OT sdn, ksank ksdhkat

10 put<;k, lut<;k' putskai

11 dgermai

Variations.
/ nosSn, nusen, nonsai,nonsa,
I ndsdn, nosdh, nonsah
f numbdi, nomba, numba,
J nonmbai, nonpa, nbmbdh,
\ nombaq

Idni, Idnih, Idniq

toba, topah

kisdhdni

akaspe, akdspei, agespeq

sagbmi, sdgomiq, sagomink
paldniq

katankai, ksdkai
butt^kai, putskdni, putskdTi
aginotai, akinoaai

1S88.] ** [Hnle

Bcpnriito.

Construct Forms and Varlati

ngenomba

aginombdi, nkinonibai

agelani

agiUVi, nkildni

ayetoha

ukitupa

afjifixf^ai

akikiaahni

nrji'dditpe

akikiifipei

afjimydmi

aklmgomei

agt'pniani

akipalali

agi'kt'itdnkn

' akikasfinkni

putsha nomba, y
putr^kn nombai i

putska nombai

pnUka niim

put^kd lani

putska tohni

100

ukfiii iioxii

okeni

1000

ukent putskai

The numeral follows the noun which it qualifies. If the noun termi-
nates in a vowel not accented, the vowel is usually dropped, while the
numeral assumes its constuctor or lengthened form, and is sometimes
closed with a strong aspirate. Tims, from mihdhi, woman, we have mihaii
noi-ii or miluiri nomai, one woman ; mihnn nomhaq, two women ; mihaii laniq,
three women, &c. From t<'oTi;/o or t^mki, dog, tconk nosdh, one dog ;
iconk nomhaq, two dogs. From monti, hoar, mont 7idKdh, one bear; mont
nombah, two bears. From nahnmbi, day, nahdmp nosdh, one day, nahamp
nombai, two days ; nahamp Idiiq, three days, &c. It will be seen that the
dropping of the final vowel of the noun has the effect of giving a sharper
sound to the preceding consonant. When the final vowel is accented, no
change takes place in the noun ; thus all, liouse; ati nohsai, one house; ad
nonbai, two houses; atx laniq, three houses, &c.

No such difference between the simple and the construct forms of the
numerals appears to exist eitlier in the Daliota or in the Hidatsa. This is
one evidence, among others, of the greater wealth of inflections which
characterizes tlie Tutelo language.

Pronouns,

There are in the Tutelo, as in the Dakota, two classes of pronouns, the
separate pronouns, and the affixed or incorporated pronouns. Tlie former,
however, are rarely used, except for the purpose of emphasis. In the
Dakota the separate pronouns are miye or mit;. I, niye, or niq, thou or ye,
iye, or /^, he or they, and un^ciye or unkie, we. In the Tutelo, mlm sig-
nifies I or we, y%in, thou or ye, im, he or they, w^hich was sometimes
lengthened to imaheu. A still more emphr^.tic form is made with the ter-
mination sdi or sdni, giving the sense of "alone," or rather perhaps

'iln\c.] 22 [Mnrch2,

"self," for which meiinin!; tho Dakota employs tho separate pronouns
already given, while tho Ilidatsa has a special form ; thus :

Tiiti'lo.

Pukdtii.

ilMiitmi.

mtKdi or i/iinniii

miyi' (tnir)

niiffki

I myself (or I alone)

yinfii, or yindhi

iiiye (7iirj

niqki

thou

ffdi, ifdioxht'iTti

il/c (ir)

i</ki

viitcKdi or maexi'nii

vnkii/e (uukii

viiduki

da ()ut)

ihou

di (/u")

thee

him

The Dakota uhkiyc is naid to he properly a dual form. The Tulelo appa-
rcnil}', lik(! tlie Ilidatsa, has no dual.

Tho afll.xed or incorporated pronouns have in the Tutelo, as in the
Dakota and Ilidatsa, two forms, nomlniitivc and objective. These forms
in the three languages are very similar :

Tutolo. Diiknta. Hklatsa.

Nominative.

ma, wa via, we

ya ye ya. ye

mac, mat, icae, wai, man, mank, vii.

Objective,
mi, iri ma, mi

yi, hi ni

e, ei, i

mae, mni, war, irai vn

The objective forms are also used in all these languages as possessive
pronouns, and theyare affixed as nominatives to neuter oradjeclivo verbs,
in the first and second persons. The third personal pronoun is not ex-
pressed in tho verb, at least in the singular number. In the plural the
Tutelo indicates this pronoun by an inflection, both in the nominative and
tho objective. Thus fia/iewa, he says, hahehla, they say ; mineioa, I set
liim, miuehla, I see them.

The Ilidatsa makes no distinction between the singular and the plural
of the possessive pronouns. Mi signifies both my and our, di, they and
your, and t, his and their. The Dakota distinguishes the plural by adding
the particle pi to the noun. Tlie Tutelo adds pui to the noun in the
second person, and sometimes lei or kai to the third. With nouns signify-
ing relationship, the Dakota Indicates tlio possessive pronoun of the third
person by adding ku to the noun. The Tutelo sometimes adds ka or kai not
only in this person, but in the first and third persons, as shown in the fol-.
lowing example :

Dakota. Tutelo.

suiika suiifka younger bro'.hcr

misunka wimntk my " "

yisunka yimintk thy " "

sunkaku esuntka or esuntkai his " "

unkisunkapi maisuntkai our " "

iiisunkapi yimhtkapui yoxir " "

suhkapi einuhtkai their " "

liead

iny hc'ivd

thy

( (

his

our

heads

your

tlicir

188.1.] 2d (Hiilo.

Ill tlio Tutelo an e h aouiathnos proflxc.l to the possessive pronouns, ns
in (iti, house, which nialtes

firuli luy house evumti our house

ejia'i tliy " ei/ntipui your "

<('iU his " (uH-ki their "

In lliis ease the final vowel of the pronouns wt and yi is elided i)L'fi)re the
initial «of the noun. So in mineicd, I seoliini, tlie vowel of the prefixed pro-
noun m(t, I, is elided before the vowel of tlic verb iiulind, to see. Some
other euphonic clianjics of the possessive pronoun in the Tutelo are shown
in the following exanii>le :

Dakota. Tutelo,

^ pa paKfii,

mnpa inhnpnuui,

nipa yiiiixm'ii,

]}(( epam i,

vnpojii emdnkpasn',

nipapi eyinkpifsupni

pnpi epami-hi

In Tutelo, tat\ my father, is an anomalous form, used instead of mat',
or emat\ With the other afllxes the word becomes yilt' (or itdti), thy father,
cat', his father (or their father), einaat', our father, eyiitpui, your father.

A good example of the use of the prefixed personal pronouns in the Tu-
telo is shown in the word for son. There were slight dilTerences la the
forms received from two of my informants, as here given -.

witeka uitekai my son

yitekii yitekai thy son

deka etekai his son

mahkteka emoTiktekai our son

yitekabui yitekai ui your son

eteka etekahlei their son

Miiiek\ my uncle (in Dakota mideki^i) is thus varied : YineV, thy uncle
(Dak. nitlekrj), einek', his uncle (Diik. di rjtku), emaiiiek, our uncle, einek-
pui, your uncle, einek' or etnek'-lei, their uncle.

In the word for brother, ihjinumbdi (or iiikinumbai), the possessive pro-
nouns are inserted after the first syllable, and in this instance they are
used in the nominative form :
inica(/iiiumbdi my brother maiinginnmldi our brother

iTvjiignumhdi thy brother ihyaginumhaljui your brother

ingigiimmbdi his brother ingiginumbdi their brotlier

The Dakota and Hidatsa have lengthened forms of the personal pro-
nouns to indicate property in things, or "transferable possession." These
are in the former, mita, my, nita, thy, and ta, his, as mita-oTiitpe, my axe,
nita-qunke, thy dog. These pronouns are also used with koda, friend, and
kite^imn, comrade. In Hidatsa matn, dita (for nita), and ita, are used in a
similar manner. In the Tutelo the pronouns of this form occurred in a

Hale.] ^4: [March 2,

few examples, but only with certain words of personal connection or rela-
tions, in which their use seems to resemble that of the Dakota pronouns
with the words meaning "comrade" and "friend." Tims we heard
icifdin/inil, my husband, yiiauuinki, thy husband, ctamanki, lier hus-
band. So witamilun, my wife (i. e. my woman), yiiamihcn, thy
wife; and iritucjuli^hai, my son, i. e. "my boy," from VKKjvtr-
lixl, boy (evidently the same word as the Dakota 7tOt;k(t, young
man). In the latter example icitogiitr^ldi, apparently expresses a lower
bond or sense of relationship than w<Vc/.((i,— not " mj* child," but "my
boy," or "my youth," who may leave me and go elsewhere at any time.
In Tutelo the pronouns indicating property or "transferable pos-
session" were commonly found in a separate and ajiparenlly compound
form, following the noun, which was tlien sometimes (though not always)
heard in the shortened or "construct" form. Thus with hinepi, axe, we
have :

Iiitep' migVowi (or mi/izfowi) zny axG Jd»ep' maJufitowi our axe
Jiixc.p' yiTi/fitoici thy axe Jiinep' in'jVomhui your axe

hisep' (jitowi his axe Jiisep' f/ito/mel their axe

So sda, bed, has sds miujltowi, mj' bed, aas yinr/ttowi, thy bed, sas gi-
toxci, his bed.
With tt^onjo, dog, we find a different form :

tq^ongo imhhiinpi my dog (qongo maoliinjn (or mnhkiiupi) our dog
tqtmgo yahkimpi thy dog tqongo yahkimpiii your dog

tqiirijo eo/ikiinpi his dog tt^ongo kimpena their dog

The first of tlu'se forms, miglfowi, itc, is evidently the same that ap-
pears in the Dakota mitawo, mine, witdWd, thine, tawa, his, unkitaim, ours.
The Ilidatsa has similar forms, matamae, ditamne, and itamae, often pro-
nounced mntawde, nitawue, and iUtwde. Dr. jMatthews regards them as
compounds formed by prefixing the pronouns utatif, ditn (nit<i) and ita to
the noun mai' (or wae) signifying personal property, which seems a very
probable explanation.

Tlie form tmhkiinpi may l)e similarly explained. In Dakota kipn signi-
fies, to keep for me, and kipi, to hold or contain. Tlie sense of property or
possession is apparently implied, and (i^ongo wnhkiinpi in Tutelo probably
means "the dog my property," or "the dog I have."

Tlie possessive pronouns are used by themselves in Tutelo in the follow-
ing alllrmative and negative forms :

mimigVbwi (or mimig'ttowe, or mihttotci) mine, or, it is mine

yingitowi (yingltowe, yinhltom) thine, or, it is thine

injlfowi (iiigltowe, inkitowi) liis, or, it is his

muqgitowi (or tnahglfoirc, or mahkitowt) ours, or, it is ours

yingitoDifn'ii (or yih'iitombui) yours, or, it is yours

gitonnesel (or kiUhiesd) theirs, or it is theirs

1883.1

IHale.

kimi(jitonan (kiinilitonan)

kinifiyitonctn

kUjitoiM Ti

kinaqfjitonnu

kinyiijltombdiKtn

ki(jltoqneiian

Negative Form.

it is not mine
it is not thine
it is not liis
it is not ours
it is not yours
it is not tliuirs

The proper form of the first personal affirmative is doubtless mujitowi
(or mikttowc). In miinujttowi tlio first syUablc is evidently froui the sepa-
rate pronoun mlin, I, used for emphasis. In the Dakota the forms ntii/e
mitawa, me, mine, niye nitawa, thee, thine, &c., are used for the same pur-
pose!

The negative form is not found in either the Dakota or the Ilidatsa, and
may be regarded as another instance of the greater wcaltli of inflections
possessed by the Tutelo.

Tlie foUowing are the interrogative demonstrative and indefinite pro-
nouns in the Tutelo, so far as they were ascertained. The Dakota and
Hidatsa are added for comparison :

Tutolo.

Dakota.

Hldiitsa.

efoirn, or hetda

ttiwe

tape

■who?

a'i'en., kaka

taku

tapa

what ?

etuk

tiikte

to ; tua

which ?

t ike.ma

tona; tonnka

tuami

how many?

tewahltumm

tmcetawa

tapeitamrie

wliose (is it) ?

neke, or veikin; heiki

Jiidi ; kiiii

this

yuknn ; Jiewa; end

lie; ka

hido ; Juno

that

ohon, or o?io

ota

ahii

many

Jiok, huk, bkahok

owasin ; iyuqpa

; ctsa ; qahtheta

all

Tlie general resemblance of most of tliese forms is apparent. In tlie Tu-
telo for "whose?" which might have been written tewnf/iiiiTiwa, we see
tlie afiix of the possessive pronoun ((/Ifome) inflectedto make an interroga-
tive form. The Dakota and Hidatsa use the ath.v (tawa and tamac) witli-
out the inflection.

The Verb.

There are two very striking peculiarities in whicli the Dakota and Ilidatsa
dialects difler from most, if not all, Indian languages of other stocks.
These are: firstly, the manner in which the personal pronoun is incorpo-
rated with the verb; and, sei lly, the extreme i)aucity or almost total
absence of inflections of mood and tense. In the first of tlioso peculiarities
tlie Tutelo resembles its western congeners ; in the second it diflers from
them in a marked degree — more widely even than the Latin verb dilTers
from the English. These two characteristics recjuire to be sei)iirately noted.

In most Indian languages the personal pronouns, both of the sul)ject
and of tlic object, are in some measure either united with the verb or iu-

PUOC. AMKR. IMIILOS. 80C. XXI. 114. D. rillNTKD MAKCII 81, 1883.

9fi

Hale.] '-^ [March 2,

clicated by an inflection. Tlie peculiarity whicli distinguishes the hmguagis
of tlie Daliotan stoclv is found in the variable position of tliese incorporated
pronouns. They may be placed at the beginning, at the end, or between
any two syllables of the verb. The position of the pronoun is not, how-
ever, arbitrary and dependent on the pleasure of tho speaker. It ai)pears
to be fixed for each verb, according to certain rules. These rules, how-
ever, seem not yet to have been fully determined, and thus it happens that
a Dakota dictionary must give the place of the pronoun in every verb,
precisely as a Latin dictionary must give the perfect tense of every verb
of the third conjug.ition. Thus, for example, in the Dakota proper, kiir.kn,
to bind (or rather "he binds"), makes wakaqka, I bind, yAkakqi, tliou
bindest; maiioii, he steals, mukes maw a >um, I steal, maja.'(ort, thou stealest;
and ef<;iii, he thinks, makes etrdii:\\], I think, efr.nJia'i, thou thinkest, tlie suf-
fixed pronouns receiving a peculiar form. In the Ilidatsa, kidcrj, lie loves,
makes wvAkUlcr^i, I love, dakkler^i, thou lovest ; eke, he knows, becomes
emake, I know, and edafe, thou knowest ; and kitsahikc, he makes good,
becomes kitsdhikema, I make good, and kitsaJukixla,, thou makest good. The
Tutelo has the pronouns sometimes prefixed, and sometimes inserted ; no
instances have been found in which they are sufiixed, but it is by no
means improbable that such cases may occur, as verbs of this class are not
common in either of the former binguages, and our examples of conjugated
verbs in Tutelo are not very numerous. Among them are the following :

1. Verbs with prefixed pronouns:

lakpese, he drinks
yalakphe, thou drinkest
vralakpefie, I drink
hinntkapeicd, he sleeps
yahiantkapeim, thou sleepest
wahiantkapeica, I sleep

teicd, he is dead
yitewa, thou art dead
wUeica, I am dead

2. The verbs in which the pronouns are inserted seem to be the most
numerous class. The following are examples:

hahcica, he says
hny'ihewa, thou sayest
havfahewa, I say

malianankft, he sits down
tiKthny'xnanka, thou sittest down
mahamvinn^M, I sit down

iiiksehn, he laughs
inyakseha, thou laughcst
ihwakseha, I laugh
ohdta, he sees
oyahnta, thou seest
ovva/((i.'a, I see

1883.] 27 [Ilftle.

The pronouns may be thus uiserted in a noun, used with a verbal sense.
Thus wuhla'ca or wahtakni, man or Indian, may be conjugated:

wahtdkai, be is an Indian
wnyMtlahai, thou art an Indian
wam'ihiakai, I am an Indiaa

It is remarkable, however, that the pronoun of the first person plural
is usually (though not always) prefixed. Tims from iiKiJuiiumha, he sits
down, Avo have (as above) nialuimiDaTika, I sit down, and m&fikinahnitanka,
we sit down. So, \w<\.inkseha {or sometimes wa/«/.-.'<^//(0> we laugh, and
maoJidta, we see. On the other band, we find hunvAwkhcwa, wo say, from
hiJiewa,^\\Q says, making (as above) hdWAhnca, I say.

The word manon. he steals, has in Dakota the pronouns inserted, as is
shown in tlie examples previously given. The similar word in Tutelo,
maiioma or maiiuitiii, lias them prefixed, as y'vnniioma, thou stealest, ma-
mnnoina, I steal. But on one occasion this word was given in a different
form, as manuiuUnit, be steals; and in this example the pronouns were in-
serted, the form of the first personal pronoun, and of the verb itself in tliat
person, being at the same time varied, as mayinundrlai, thou stealest, VKt-
m'lnundaine, I steal. In Dakota the place of the pronoun is similarly varied
by a change in the form of the verb. Thus bdki^a, to cut off witli a knife,
makes hnwaksa, I cut off (with the j^ronoun inserted), while k((kxf/, to cut
oil with an axe, makes wii/.dksd, I cut off (.with the pronoun prefixed), and
so in otlier like instances.

The other peculiarity of the Dakota and Ilidatsa languages, which has
been referred to, viz., the paucity, or rather absence, of all changes of
mood and tense which can properly be called inflections, is in strilving
contrast with the abundance of these changes which mark the Tutelo verb.
The difference is important, especially as indicating that the Tutelo is
the older form of speech. It is an established law in the science of imguistics
that, in any family of languages, those which are of tlie oldest formation,
or, in other words, which approach nearest to the mother siteech, are the
most highly inflected. The derivative or more recent tongU(>s are distin-
guished by the compai-.ilive fewness of the grammatical elianges in the
vocables. The difference in this respect between the Tutelo and the west-
ern branchas of this stock is so great that they seem to belong to diflerent
categories or genera in the classification of languages. Tlie Tutelo niay
properly be styled an inflected language, while the Dakota, the Ilidatsa,
and apparently all the other western dialects of the stock, nuist be classed
among agglutinated langu.iges, llie variations of person, numher, mood
and tense being denoted by afllxed or inserted particles.

Thus in the Ilidatsa there is no difference, in the present tense, between
llie singular and the plural of a verb. /I'W^'^^J signifies both "lie loves"
and "they love ;" mnkidcrj, "I love," and "we love." In the future a
distinction is made in the first and second persons. DdkUlecidi signifies

Hale.] -^O [March ■!,

"thou wilt love," of which daMdeddiha is the plural, "yo will lovo." In
this language there is no mark of any kind, even by aflixecl particles, to
distinguish the present tense from the past, nor even, in the third person,
to distinguish the future from the other tenses. A7(f«"(;t signifies he loves, lie
loved, and he will love. The Dakota is a little better furnished in tliis
way. The plural is distinguished from the singular by the addition of tlie
particle 7)t, and in the first person by prefixinsr the pronoun iin, they, in
lieu of itii or ire, L Thus hirj.d, he binds, mes k(irj.ain, they l)ind.

Wnkii<;',a, I bind, becomes uriZv/(;7,'rtpi, wi uind. No distinction is made
between the jiresent and the past tense. Kac^la is both he binds and lie
bound. The particle Ma, which is not printed and apparently not pro-
nounced as an afllx, indicates the future. It sometimes produces a slight
euphonic change in the final vowel of the verb. Thus h'x^ke kta, he will
bind, kti(^ka\Vi kta, they will bind. All other distinctions of number and
tease are indicated in these two languages by adverbs, or bj' the general
context of the sentence.

In lieu of these scant and imperfect modes of expression, the Tutelo
gives us a surprising wealth of verbal forms. The distinction of singular
and plural is clearly shown in all the persons, thus:

opewa, he goes opeltehla, they go

oyapewa, thou goest oyapepua, ye go

owapewa, I go maopeica, we go

Of tenses there are many forms. The termination in ewa appears to be
of an aorist, or rather of an inciefinite sense. Opeica (from opa, to go) may
signify both he goes and he went. A distinctive present is indicated by
the termination oma; a distinctive past by oka; and a future by ta or elu.
Thus from kte, to kill, we have tcaklewa, I kill him, or killed him, 7riik-
tibnia; I am killing him, and wakteta, I will kill him. So o/iutu, he fiees
if, becomes ohatioka, he saw it formerly, and ohateta, he will see it. 0[etca,
he goes (or went), becomes opeta, he will go, inflected as follows :

opetn, he will go opehehla, they will go

oyapeta, thou wilt go oyapefepa, ye will go

owapeta, I will go maopeta, we will go

The inflections for person and number in the distinctively present tense,
endhig in omi, are shown in the following example :

icaginoma, he is sick waginonhiia, they are sick

teaylnjinoma, thou art sick wayinyinSinpo, ye are sick

wameginoinn, I am sick manjtDigiiwma, we are sick

Ohata, he sees it, is thus varied :

ohata, he sees it ohntehla, they see It

oyahatn, thou seest it oyahathna, ye see it

owahata, I see it maohnta, we see it

1S831

[llalc.

oludibka, he saw it
oyahatiohi, thou sawest it
oicafiatiokn, I saw it

ohntetii, he Avill see it
oyahdteta, thou wilt sec it
oicalmteta, I shall see it

ohatiokelda, they saw it
oyahutiokewa, ye saw it
mnohatioka, we saw it
oMtetehht, they will see it
oyahatethua, ye will see it
maohateta, we shall see it

The following examples will show the variations of person in the aorist
tense :

huheien, he says
h(iyi/ie>ra, thou sayest
hairahfica, I say

ki/inindcira, he is hungry
yikihniiidewa, thou art hungry
mikVuiiniUwa, I hungry

haliehln, they say
hayihepua, ye say
Jutmnnk^ieica, we say
IViniiiucae, they are hungry
klhnindepua, ye are hungry
mahkihnindewa, we are hungry.

WakiJ^iewa, I remember it, an aorist form, becomes in the preterite
wakonapcdka, and, in the future, wakoiispela. It is thus varied in the aorist
and past tenses :

wakompewa, I remember it
pakonspeica, thou rememberest it
kikompexca, he remembers it

makikompewa, we remember it
yakonspepui , ye remember it
kikuhspehela, they remember it

xmkon<<pedka, I remembered it makikonspeokn, we remembered it

yakompebka, thou remembcredst it yakuTispepuyoka, ye remembered it
kikoTupeoka, he remembered it kikonspelebka, they remembered it

In several instances verbs were heard only in the inflected forms. For
tlie simple or root-form, which doubtless exists in the language, we are
obliged to have recourse to the better known Dakota language. Thus
opeitia, he went, and opeta, he will go, indicate a root opa, he goes, which
is actually found in the Dakota.

So manoma (wliich is probably a distinctively present tense), and man-
ondani, both meaning lie steals, indicate a briefer root-form which we find
in the Dakota 7«a;i07i, having the same meaning. Manoma, which is proba-
bly a contraction of manonoma, is thus varied :

mamma, he steals manonnese, they steal

yimanoma, thou stealest yimanompua, ye steal

mamanbma, I steal mankmanbma, we steal

From these examples it is evident that there arc variations of inflection,
wiiich, if the language were better understood, might probably be classi-
fied in distinct conjugations. Other instances of these variations will be
given hereafter.

It is well known that in the Iroquois, Algonquin, Cherokee, and other In-
dian languages, of different stocks, there are many forms of the verb, negu-

Hale.] «^v lMarch2,

tive, interrogative, desiderative, and tlie like, which are among tlie most
notable characteristics of tliese languages, and add miicli to their power of
expression. The Tutelo has several of these forms, but none of them are
found in the Dakota or Ilidatsa, both of which express the meaning of
these forms by adverbial phrases or other circumlocutions. The negative
form in Tutelo is made (in a manner which reminds us of the French ne-
pas) by prefixing k or ki to the afBrmative and suffixing na. The tense ter-
minations o)na, owa, and ewa, become ona and ena in this form :

inkseha, he laughs ktnkse\nn, he does not laugh

inwakseha, I laugh kinicafiaehiia, I do not laugli

unmcginoinn, I am sick kiwamegindna, I am not sick

uaktewa, I killed him kiwaktena, I did not kill him

owakldkn, I spealc koicakldkna, I do not speak

waklfdinn, I am killing him kmakteona, lam not killing him

yaJiowa, he is coming kiahona, he is not coming

Kin\-Hehna, he is not laughing, is thus varied in the present tense :

kinknehna, he is not laughing' kinksehnnenn, thcj'arenot laughing

kihyakxeh/M, thou art not laughing kih;/nkite.'ipuna, ye are not laugliing
kinuoaksehna, I am not laughing kimatnksehna, we are not laughing

The interrogative form terminates in o, as :

yaktewa, thou killedst him yakiewo, didst thou kill him?

yakteoma, thou art killing him yakteohmo, art thou kiling hira?

yatetd, thou wilt kill him yakte'.o, wilt thou kill him?

yafiwa, thou dwellest toka yntiwo, where dost thou dwell ?

aleica, he is going toka alewo, where is he going?

It is evident that this form is an inflection, pure and simple. It is a vowel
change, and not in any manner an agglutinated particle. It takes tlie place
of that elevation of tone with which we conclude an interrogative sentence,
and which, strange to say, is not heard among the Dakotas. Mr. Riggs re-
marks that "unlike the English, the voice falls at the close of all inter-
rogative sentences."

The desiderative form appears to be expreireed by the affixed particle hi
or be, but the examples which were obtained happened to be all in the
negative, thus :

owapewa, I go koienpebina, I do not wish to go

opetene, he is going, or will go kopeheriiae, he does not wish to go

hawilewa, I come kiwUebiim, I do not wish to come

waktewa, I kill him kiwaktebina, I do not wish to kill him

The imperative mood is distinguished apparently hy a sharp accent on
the final syllable of the verb, which loses the sign ot ,'ense. Thus from the
njo, to give (in Dakota and Hidatsa, ku), which appears in maingoica, I

1883.] "^ [Hale.

givo to you, we have, in the imperative, masa mingo, give me a linlfe.
kifene or kitesel, he kills him, gives kite tqon'd, or iqonic' kite, kill the dog.

In the western languages of the Dakota stock, certain particles prefixed
to the verb play an important part in modifying the meaning. Thus in
Dakota and Hidatsa the prefix pa signifies that the action is done with the
hand. J'rom ksa, Dak., meaning separate, we have pakm, to break with the
hand ; from qu, Hid., to spill, paqti, to pour out with the hand. The Da-
kota nn, Ilidatsa ada (for ana) are prefixes showing that the action is done
with the foot. The Dakota ya, Hidatsa da (often pronoimced ra or la)
show that the act is done with the mouth. Ka (Dak.) and dak (Hid.) in-
dicate an act done by a sudden, forcible impulse, &c. Attempts wore made
to ascertain whether similar prefixes were employed in the Tutelo speech.
It was found that in many cases the latter liad distinct words to express
acts which in the western languages were indicated by these compound
forms. Still, a sufficient number of examples wore obtained to show tjiat
the use of modifying prefixes was not unknown to the language. Tims
the root kusa, which evidently corresponds with the Dakota ksa, signifying
separation, occurs in the following forms :

nantkusisel, he breaks it ofi with the foot
latkuaisel, .he bites it off
tikusisel, he breaks it off by pushing
lakatkusisel, he cuts it off with an axe

The Dakota na, signifying action with the foot, is evidently found, with
some modification, in the Tutelo nantkusisel above quoted, and also in naii-
kbkisek, to stamp with the foot, and in konaqlotisd, to scratch witli the
foot. So the cutting, pushing, or impulsive prefix, lak or laka, which ap-
pears in lakatkusisel, is found also in lakatkusisel, he cuts open, lakaspeta,
to cut oflf in pieces, lakasase, to chop, lakapleh, to sweep the fioor. La,
which in latkusisel indicates action with the mouth, is found also in lak-
pese, to drink, and perhaps in yilanaha, to count or read, which has the
corresponding prefix ya in the Dakota word yct'ca, of like meaning

The afllxcd or incorporated pronouns are used with transitive verbs to
form what are called by the Spanish writers on Indian grammar transitions,
that is, to express the passage of tlie action from the agent or subject to
the object. Tliis usage is governed by very simnle rules. In the Dakota and
Hidatsa the rule prevails, that when tAVo <irtixed pronouns come together,
the one being in the nominative case anl the other in the objective, the
objective always precedes the nominativt as in mnyaki:r^\-a (Dak.) me-
thou-bindest, dimakideci (Hid.) thee-I-love. In the Dakota the third per-
sonal pronoun is in general not expressed ; kar^l-d signifies both he binds,
and he binds him, her, or it ; wakd(;'ca is I bind, and I bind him, «fcc. In
the Hidatsa, this pronoun Is not expressed in the nominative, but in the
objective it is indicated by the pronoun i prefixed to the verb, as kide<;i, he
loves ; ikidcqi, he loves him, her or it.

The Tutelo, as far as could be ascertained, follows the usage of the Dakota

Hale.] *^^ 1 March :2,

in regard to the third personal pronoun (which ia not expressed) but differs
from botli tlie otlicr languages, at least in some instances, in the order of
the pronouns. Tlie nominative affl.K occasionally precedes the olyective,
as in siwinewa, I-thee-see. Yet in kohinah'ivntxheua, me-tliou-strucliest
(where the pronouns are inserted), this order is reversed. The rule on
■which these variations depend was not ascertained. Owing to tlie difli-
colties of an inquiry carried on through the medium of a double translation
(from English into Cayuga or Onondaga, and from the latter into Tutelo),
it was not easy to gain a clear idea of the precise meaning of many of the
e.Tamples which were obtained. An Indian when asked to translate " I
love thee," or "thou lovest me," unless he is an educated man, or per-
fectly familiar with the language in which he is addressed, is apt to become
perplexed, and to reverse the meaning of the pronouns. The following
examples, however, will sufllce to show that the system of transitions exists
in the Tutelo, though they do not enable us to analyze and reconstruct it
completely. Many other examples were obtained, but are omitted from
u doubt of their correctness.

waktcoma, I am killing him

icaiktcdma (for icayiktebma) I am killing thee

mikteoma he is killing me

yakteoma, thou art killing him

kiteonscl, he is killing them

ineiea, he sees him (or he saw him)

mincwa, I see him (qu. m'ineica, for ma-iuiiea)

mayinewa, I see thee

miinewa, he sees me

yiinewa, he sees thee

miinehla, they see me

yandosteka, he loves him
yandomisteka, he loves me
yandoyisteka, he loves thee '
yandowasieka, I love him
yandoyasteka, thou lovest him
yandoyisteka, he loves thee

niankiandosieka (qu. maikiandoyisteka), we love thee
maihiandostekanese, we love them
, icaiyandosteka, he loves us

tcaiyandoyasteka, thou loved us

yandostekanese, he loves them (or they love him)

yandomistekana, they love me

kohinanhtwa, he struck (or strikes) him
kohinankyiliiwa, he struck thee
kohinahmilAwa, he struck me

J883.J 33 [Hftlo.

koJiinanwalilvDa, I struck him
kohinunyahiiea, thou struckcst liim
kohinan'aciynhtica, thou struckcst me
kohinunnankiliiica, we struck him

gikoha (or kikoha), he calls to him
wigikoha, I call to him
ioaiiigikoha, {ior wayingikoha), I call to thee
injiko/ttse (for yingikohhe), he calls to thee
injikopolese, he calls to you
minjikoha, he culls to rai
yigikoha, thou callest to him
iaijLopwi, they call to you
• gikohanese, they call to Ihem

From the foregoing examples it is evident that the system of transitions
in the Tutelo is as complete as in the Dakota and llldatsa. But there are
apparently some peculiar euphonic changes, and s<mie of the pronouns are
indicated by terminal inflections, particularly in the second person plural
and in the third person singular and ])lural.

In the Tutelo, as in the Dakota and Hidatsa, substantives and adjectives
are readily converted into neuter verbs by the addition or insertion of the
pronouns and the verbal suffixes. It is in this manner that those languages,^
like other Indian tongues, are generally enabled to dispense with the use
of the substantive verb. Thus in the Dakota witr^tr^'a, man, by inserting
the pronoun ma, I, becomes tcimair^ir^ta or icitqimarja, I am a man, and by
inserting vn (we) and adding the plural atHx pi, becomes wiun'r^ir^tnpi, we
are men. So also waqte, good, becomes inuwai^te, I am good, iinuoat^tepi, we
are good.

In the Tutelo the word wahtdka, or wahldkai, man, is inflected as follows :

wamihidkai. I am a man.
wayihidkni, thou art a man.
wahidkni, he is a man.
miwamihtdkdi, Ave are men.
inwuhtdkni, ye are men.
hukwahidkai, they are men.

The last two forms appear not to be regular, and may have been given
by mistake. i/M*w«/t?afcai probably means "all are men."
This verb may take the aorist form, as :

wamihtakduoa, I am (or was) a man.
wayihtakdioii, thou art (or wast) a man.
wahtakduoa, he is (or was) a man, &c.

So the adjective ti, good, becomes, with the aorist affix wa, liwa, lie is
(or was) good ; yimhtuoa, thou art good ; miinl%u>a, I am good. In the

PKOC. AMER. PUILOS. BOC. XXI. 114. E. PKINTED MAY 8, 1883.

Hale.] 9m |.Maroh2.

prcsonl lonso wo Imvo ebt^c, lie is good ; ehilfiin, they uro, i^oixl j iind in lln!
preterit,, ebikoii, lit) was good.

Adoerbs.

Til luiiii}' cases, as lias been already sliown, tlie Englisli advttri) is iiidi-
oalod in tlie Tiitelo by a modifleation of tlie verb. Tlie negative adverb,
for example, is usually e\|)rcssed in lliis manner, as \\\ in'ae.hH', he is laugh-
ing, kiiiksehnd; he is not laugliing ; ini;jttowr, it is mine, kuni'jitonttn, it is
not miiu'.

Sometimes the meaning which in PjUglish would be expressed by an
adverb accompanying a verb, is expressed in Tutelo by two veri)s. Thus
we have ihoha, she is sewing, apparently from a root iho or yeliii, to s(!w ;
and kompewn yeho, she is sewing well, i. e., she is careful in sewing (lit.,
she thinks, or remembers, in sewing) ; kcliiui yeho, she is sewing badly,
i. e. she does not well in sewing (or is not good at sewing). lien! keJi'ina is
tlie negative form ofbiwa, he (or she) Is good.

Prepositions.

Many phrases were obtained witha view of ascertaining the prepositions
of the Tutelo, but without success. Sometimes an expression which in
English requires a preposition would in the Tutelo appear as a distinct
word. Thus, while ati signifies a house, tnkai was given as equivalent to
"in the liouse." It may perhaps simply mean "at home." Prairie is
latahkoi, but onu" signifies "at the prairie."

Other examples would seem to show that the prepositions in the Tutelo,
as In the Ilidatsa, and to a large extent in the Dakota, are incorporated
with the verb. Thus ^a/ttet signifies "woods, "and tdhkai njineic, he is in
tlie woods. So swi, hill, and sui a'jineie, he is on the hill. The phrase
"I am going to the house" was rendered wileta iaft, and the phrase " I
am coming from the house," by wakleta iatt. The practice of combining
tlie preposition with the verb is very common in the Indian languages,
which merely carry to a greater extent a familiar usage of the Aryan speech.
Tlie expressions, to ascend or descend a hill, to circumnavigate a lake, to
overhang a fence, to undermine a wall, are examples of an idiom so pre-
valent in the Indian tongues as to supersede not merely the cases of nouns,
but to a large extent the separable prepositions.

Conjunctions.

In the Tutelo, conjunctions appear to be less frequently used than in
English. An elliptical form of speech is employed, but with no loss of
clearness. The phrase "when I came, he was asleep," is expressed briefly
wihlok, hianka, I came, he was asleep. So, "I called the dog, but he did
not come," becomes wageldkiok t(;onk, kihuna, I called the dog, he came
not. When it is considered necessary or proper, liowever, the conjunction
is expressed, as kuminena, mi Jan hinika, I did not see him, but John snw
him. Here "but" is expressed by mi.

1S«3.] '^5 [Hale.

Nindi signities "and," or "iilso." Wakbtmiha liifmn iiifjfh maneh, I
bouglit II hut ami ii knife. Ouxdioka waktaka ni</di mihin nomba lek, I
met II umn and two women.

Li, which expresses "if," appears to be combined with the verb, at least
in iironunciation ; tliiis: Li/iluk, wage'djita, Iflio comes, I will tell him;
mhuta, Jan Uhiok, I will come if John comes. It is noticeable in the last
two examples that the accent or stress of voice in the word Uhiok, if he
comes, appears to vary with the position of the word in the sentence.

, Syntax.

The only points of interest which were ascertained in regard to the
synta.v of the language related to the position of words in a sentence.

The adjeclive follows the noun which it qualifies, as loahUike It, good
man, aft amn. white house. The rule applies to the numerals, as mi/idn
noTim, one woman, ait nohbul, two houses. In this respect the Tutelo
conforms to the rule which i)revail3in the Dakota and Ilidatsv languages,
as well as in the dialects of the Iroquois stock. In the Algonkin lan-
guages, on the other hand, the adjective precedes the noun.

The position of the verb appears to be a matter of indiflerence. It
sometimes precedes the noun e.\prcssing either the subject or the object,
and sometimes follows it, the meaning being determined apparently, as in
Latin, by the inflection. Tims "I see a man," is minewn WMicdj (I see
him a man) ; and "the man sees me " is miineioa waited] (he sees me the
man). I'r.onko miiijo, give me a dog ; kitelr^'in'd, kill the dog. In the last
example the change [nn\\t(^mko to (r.ni'd is apparently not a grammatical
inflection, but Is merely euphonic. The verb in the imperative mood sufll-
ciently shows the speaker's meaning, and the position of ihe noun is a
matter of emphasis. "A dog give me," not a knife ; " kill the dog," don't
let him escape.

A verb is placed after another verb to which it bears the relation ex-
pressed by our infinitive ; as miiiyiloqkd loakteta, let mo kill him (allow
me, I will kill him). Wakonta opeta, I will make him go (I cause him he
will go).

The euphonic changes which words undergo in construction with other
words are as marked in this language as they are in the proper Dakota
tongue, and seem to be often of a similar, if not identical, character in the
t'.vo languages. Thus in Dakota the word qun'cii, dog, becomes qun'ce
when a possessive pronoun is prefi.xed. In the Tutelo a similar change
takes place when the position of the noun Is altered ; thus we have iqonko
mingo, give me a dog ; kite tqmki, kill the dog. The terminal vowel is
frequently dropped, and the consonant preceding it undergoes a chmge ;
tlius in Dakota yma, to hold, becomes yus in the phrase yus majiii, to
stand holding. In Tutelo nahdmbi (properly nahdn'ii) or nahdbi, day,
becomes nahdmp (or nahdp), in nahdmp Idli (or nahdp lali), three days.
In such instances the two words which are thus in construction are pro-
uouuced OS though they formed a single word.

Hale.]

[March 2,

VOCABULARY.

Particular care was taken to obtain, as correctly as possible, all the words
compriHccl In tiie comparative vocabulary adopted by Qallatin for his Syn-
opsis of the Indian languages. Many other words, expressive of the most
common objects or actions, have been added. Tlie alphabetical arningc-
mcnt is adopted for convenience of reference, in lieu of tlie different order
which Gallatin preferred for tlie purposes of his work. The Dakota and
Hidatstt words are derived from tlie dictionaries of Mr. lliggs and Dr.
Mattliews, willi the necessary changes of ortijography wliieh are required
for the direct comparison of tlie three languages.

When several words arc given in tlic Tulelo list, they are sometimes, as
will be seen, mere variations of pronunciation or of grammatical form, and
Bomctimcs entirely distinct expressions. Tho Tutelo has no less than four
words for "man," inahtaka,waiyuioa {or wuitraq) yu'ihm, and /<»««, which
have doubtless ditiiirent sliadcs of meaning, tliougli these were not ascer-
tained. Tliere are also two distinct words meaning "to sec," iueioa, and
ohata, and two for "go." opeioaa,ni\q(da{ar, rather opa and la, answering
to opa and ya in Dakota). A more complete knowledge of the language
would doubtless afford tho means of discriminating between these appa-
rently synonymous terms.

The words marked n in the vocabulary are those which were received
from Nikonlia himself. The pronunciation of these words may be accepted
as that of a Tutelo of the full blood, and as affording a test of the correct-
ness of the others.

Tutolo.

Dakota. '

Hldatsa.

Alive

ini, eni, inina

hiwakatsa

All

huk, hok, okahok

iyuipa

qukaheta ; ctsa

And

nigas

klia: tQ'i; ufikafi ;

nakufi

Arm

h:<;'o (n) histo

isto

ara

Arrow

mafiksil; maiikol (n

) wafihlnkpo

ita, maita

Ashes

alapok

tqiqota

midutsapi

Aunt

watemai ; tomin

tufivvin

iqami; ika

Autumn

tariyi, ta'i

ptiifiyetu

mata

Awake

kiklese

kikta

itsi ; hidamitats

Axe

niscp (n), hiscpi,

hi&<Jp

onspe

maiptsa

Bad

okayek (n) okayik,

ukayik

«5itQa

icia

Bag

mafiksui

ojuha

i<ji

Ball

tapi

tapa

m&ot&pi

Berk (n)

qapi ; yohifik

Qjnba

midaigi ; qtlpi (v)

Bear

munti (n) monti,

mcfiJi

mato

daqpitsi

Beads

watai

totodaS

akutohi

IfWi.]

[Hals.

Tulelo.

Dakota.

HlduiHik

liianer

yaip (n) muiiiKika

t<; ipa

inirapa

Beard

ytllii ; istihioi

pulinliin (l\;n. hair,

i<;'i, undorlip)

iki (hi, hair)

Jted

fiasi

owinja

aduqiipi

lieg

oyandise

da; kida

kadi

Bird

may ink

zitka ; wakinyan

tsakaka

Bird's nest

mayc'fig!6qta,

hoqpi

iklQl

Bite off (to)

latkfisiscl,

yaks4

adudatflft

Black

ttsdpi, asup (n)

sapa

dpi

Blood

wayi (N)

Blue

asoti

to ; sola

tohl

Jiody

tosl ; yuqf^kl

tafiQifl ; (tezi, belly;

I iqo (titsi, thick,
stout)

Boil (to)

liiolia

ohau ; Ipiqya

miduo

Bone

walioi, wahui

liidu

Book

minagl

wowapl

Boy

wakasik (n); guts-

kai ; waitiwa

hok(j'dafi ; koQk&

makadistamatse

Bow (n)

ino.-ik, inosek (n)

itazipa; tinazipe

itanuqa ; niinuqa

Brain

wasoti, wasut

nasu

tsuula

Bread

Tvagcsakwai, wak-

sakpai

aguyapi

madahapi

Break (Jto) with •

foot

lakatkfisisel

naksa

anaqoqi

Brother

niwagenumpai (n]

iQginumbai

tcifiye

iaka;itanu;itaiue-

Brother, elder

tsa

(my)

witatSsk ; wital ; wa

hiik

tcifiye ; timdo

itametAa ; iaka

Brother,

younger (my) wisufitk, minon

misufika

matsuka

Buffilo

iap; mampafiilahkai

tatafika ; pte

kcdapi ; mite

Bum (v. a.)

inausfnga

ghu ; aghu

anaqa

Bury

suntese

ga ; huaka

But

tuka

Buy

kilomiha ; waglu-

mibiata

opetofi

maihu

Gall (c. a.)

kikolia; gelaki

kit<;a

kikuba (invito)

Vanoe

minkolhapi, men-

kolaliapi

wata ; canwata

midaluetna; mina-

' '

luetsa

Gat

pus (N) (i. e. puss)

inrauQunka (dog-
panther)

Cause (v)

konta

etQonkiya

Rale.1

[March 2.

' ■

Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hldatsa.

Cheek

tikstdh

tapon, iyoqa

Cherry

yosankrota

tcanpa, kakanpidan

matsu

Child

wakasik; wagots-

kai (see swa^O

liokQiyopa

daka; makidiijta

CJiop (o)

lakasase

kaksa

naktbuki

Churn (y)

mampamasawohoka bot(jo

Claw

oluskese

tsake

tsakaka itsi

Cloud

maqosi (n)

maqpiya

Club

yelieli

tqan otoza

mulakaza titsi

Cold

sani

sni

tsinie

Come

yaliua.'howa, hi

uwa

Copper

pcnihei

maza

netsahigi<ji

Count (»)

yilanaha

yawa

Cranberry

liohnu3k

potkaiika, potpanka

Crane

kainstakai

pehafi

opitsa

Crow in)

kahi

untQ'Qitqadan

pedetska .

Cry (c)

qaqise

tQeya

iraia

Cut {v) with

kntfe

lakatkosa

baksd

nakts^ki

Dance (v)

wagitQi (n), ketQl

watgi

kidiiji

Darkness

usvliaa, ohsilia

okptiza (hail, night)

oktsi; tatsi

Daughter {my) whUkiX (n), wi-

ohafike, miohaiik

mitcunk;;i

maka

Day

nahambe, nahamp,

.»,-_' . . -■. .'■>.

nalianpe

aSpetu, anp^

mape ^ "

Dead

te, teka

Deer

witai

taqifitga

tQitat&ki

Devil (evil

•'.1 .' ;

spirit)

mampa isi

wakan<jit(ja

•

Die

te (n), teolaha

Dog

tQofig (n) iQongo

t<;;mki, tqonk

Qunka

maquka

Drink (c)

lakpe, lapeta

yatkan

hi ; minhi

Duck

i<}tai (n), heistaS

maneasei (see

Ooose)

maghaksitQa ; skisk

I miqaka

Ea¥

naqoq (n), naliuh

noghe ; nakpa

akuql

Earth

amani, amai

inaka

ama

Bai

IQti

yutrt

duti (nuti)

Egg

mayink pos (sec

Bird)

witka

tsakakadaki

Eight

p&I&n (N) palani,

pal all

(jadoghan

nopapi

1883.]

[Hale.

Tutelo.

Dakota.

llldatsu.

Eighteen

ugepalali, akipalani

ake Q'ldoghan

aqpidopapi

Eleven

agcnosai, akinosai

ake wanjidan

aqpiduetsa

Evening

osihltcwa (sec Dark-

ness, Mght)

qayetu

oktsiade

Eye

tasui, tasuyo (n)

(mentasui, my e.)

iqta

iQta

Face

talukna ; taiubna

• -

(meniiilokcn.my f.

)ite ; itolinake

ite

Father

eati; tat (n); yat (n)

1 ate

ate ; tatiQ

Fifteen

agegisai, akekisai

akc-zaptan)

aqpikiqu

Finger

liak (see Hand)

nape

<;akiadutsainihe

Finger-nails

tsuttaki, tQut(;ag

qalve

<;akii(;pu

Fire

pi:Q (n) peti, pet<;

pet a

Msh

wilioi (n)

hogliaii

mua

Five

kaf a (n) kise, kisau,

kisahi, kij-ahilni

zaptaii

kiqu

mesh

■wayu(il6ki, wayuq-

•

• tik

tQeqpi ; tqonitga

idukqiti

Fog

manotihua

opo

pue

Food

•walfiti

woyute

maduti

Foot

i(}i (N) isi

si ha

itii

Forehead

tikoi ; pania niinte

Iqi

Forest

tahkai

tQofitaiika

Four

lop (N), topa, topai,

toba

topa

Fourteen

agetoba, akitopa

ake -topa

aqpitopa

Fox

tohkai

(jungidaii

Iqoka

Friend

witaho, witaqa

koda ; kitQuwa

idakoc ; iko'pa

Ghost

wanuntQi

wauaghi

nokidaqi

Girl

•Hagat<;(N) ^vaka!^ik

komqaii (n)

witQ'fiyaSna

makadiQtamia ;
miakaza

opewa ; qala ; la

ya ; opa

nakon ; ne ; kaua

God

eingycn, einga

wakantaiiku

daqi, naqi (spirit)

Good

ebi (N), bi, pi, ipi,

biwa

waQte ; pi (obsolete) tsuki

Goose

manuuFau

magha

mina

Grandfather

ekufii, higuii

tuiikaiiQidaii

adutaka

Grandmother

higuii

kuiisitku ; unt<;i

iku

Grass

(^unktaki (n), muk-

tagi ; otoi

peji

^raMi" •-*>..,.,^^

Great

i(&iii (N), ilaii

taSku

/^ iqtia ^ll;7>^
tohi(;a H/^

Green

oto (^), otolakoi

t<.

%,^

Hale.]

Gun

Hail
Hair

Hand

JIandaome

Have

Hat

Ilatcfiet

Head

Ileart

Hers

Him

Himself

House

How many

Hundred

Hunger («)

Husband

I alone or I my

self

let

If
Indian

Iron
Island

Kettle

KiU

Knife

Lake
Land
Laugh
Leaf

Tutelo.
niinkto (n)

Dakota,
niazakan

[March 2,
Midatsa.

uia'kuqpitami
ana ; hi

UQll wasu

na(6nwe(N), nim'.6i,

nat6i natu ; Iiin

hag (n), haki, ak napo (<jake, claw,

linger- nail) giiki

pire (n), ipi, ipikani

(see ij'>od) owanyag waste

taliontanoki tin-maQLinlQa itfiki

lubus ; kotub63 (n) wapaha apoka

(see axe)

im, i iQ, iye i, <;e

pasuye (n), pasui pa atu

yiiiiti (n), yanti; lapl tcante (tapi, liver) na'ta (apiQa.liver)

den, detu

iye, i<j

iye, ig

tipi

tnna, toiiaka

opawinghc

wotoktehda (hun-

g>y)

hihna
m:q, miye

nei

e, el, i
e^ai, i^&ni
ati (N)
tokenun
ukeni, okeni
kihnindewa

mauki

ma, mi, mim

misaiii, misai

nonhi ; mmgiratqah tQtgha
li kinlinfi

wahlakai (man) iklqewitijasta
mn«3, mm, ma-

si:;[oiak nia/asapa

histek, stok, stes-

teki wita

yesifik t<jegha

kite (n), kte, kiteae kte, kaU
raastni, masel, taia-

sai (n) masa i»an

(see Sea)

(see Earth)

inkseha. inkqe (n) iqa

oloi, oloii (n) ape; wapa

iqki

ati

luami, tuaka

pitikiqtia

aniiti (hungry)
kida, kina

ma, mi

niiye, niig, mignana miqki, mitsaki
manuqi

amakanoqpaka

uetsa

miduqa
ta, kitivhe

maetsi

ka'
midapa

1883.1

[Hal*.

Tiitelo.

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

Ltg

yeksa (n), ickea,
yeksai; mini {my

'■ , .■ ' '

leg)

idiki or iniki

Long

yardske (n) sui;

yumpafikatska

hanska

hat8ki;(taua, nor-
roto)

Lot4

yandowasteka

waQtedaka

kide<;i

Maiee

mandaqei, malaqe

(N)

wamnabeza

kobati

'Make

aoma, non

ufi

be, bin!

Man

walilahka, waiyua
(n), waiyuwa,
waiwaq; yuhkan,

nona

witQaQta

matse, itaka, ^i-
kaka

M".TTy

ohon, olidteha

Ota

abu

M»

mi, wi

ma, mi

Meet

oaki

akipa

uzia

Mine

migltowe

mitawa

matawae . »

Moon

minosa' (n), mi-

maliei (see Sun)

banyetu-wi

makumidi

Morning

kanaliampiiaj.kana-

babnen {see Day) lianhauna

ata

Mother

ica (n). liena.lieniin ina

bidu

Mountain

(;uqe, sulii; obeki

qe; paba

amaqami

Mouth

ilii, ill (N)

Mytelf

(see •' I alone")

■ ■-•

Near
Neck

Night
Nine

Nineteen

Non*

inktei, askai kiyedan atsa

tasei, mintasei (my

n.) tabu ; dote

usi, osi ban ; bafiyetu

tsaen or tQa (n), ta,

saS, ksank ; kea-

kai, ka^ankai napt^inwanka
agekisauka uiima-DaptQinwanka agpi-nuetsapi

yaban, ibao biya desa ; nesa

paqte, paqti poglie apa

ampa
oktsi

nuetsapi

Oak

Old
Om

taskahdi, taskabiii

(n)
boakai, bobka
nonq (k)i noiis,

nosat, nousa

kaS

wanji, sanni

midakamiqka
qe, qie

nuetsa

pnOC. AMEU. PHIL08. HOC. XXI. 114. F. PHINTED MAY 8, 1883.

Hale.]

[Marchl2,

Ours

Ourselves

Partridge
Pigeon
Pine-tree
Pipe

Pound (t))

Prairie

Rain

Raspberry
Red

Remember
Rioer
Run (o)

Say (b)
Sea

8ee(v)

Seven

Seventeen
Sew (o)
Shoes

Shoot ojf (p)
Sick
Sing (d)
Sister

Sit
Six

Sixteen
Sky

Tutelo.
maqgitowe
maesai, macs&ni

Dakota,
uiikitawa

Hidatsa.
matawae
midohi

wustetkai zltqa

mayutkai, wayotkai wakiyedaii

wasti, waste (n) wazi matai

yelilfistik (n), ililr-

tik, ihenstek (qu,

"mouth-stone") tqotanka ; tQandu-

hupa ikipi

pahe apa pa

latahkoi tiuta amaadatsa, teduti

qawoi (n), qawoqa,

hawolia, qawo maghaju qade

hasisiai takaulietqa

atsuti, atQuti, atQut data (scarlet), (ja

(red) hiQi

koSapewa kiksuya

taksita, taksitai wakpa ; watpa azi

hinda, hanta (n) inyaiika tioie

hahewa (see Speak) eya XM

yetani, yetal, ietafi mdo (lake); mini-

wan:(}.i(o/iewa<6r)minIiqtia (great
water)
ohata, inewa, wa- touwan ; wauyaka ;

qeta wanlidaka ika ; atsi^a

sag6m (n), sagomei,

sagomink <;akowin gapua

agesagomi ake-(j ikowin aqpigapua

ilioha kaghcghc ; ipasisa kikaki

handisonoi (n), an-

golilei, agore,

agode tcaShanpa hupa; itapa

opatansel bopota

waginoma ' yazan iqoade

yamuiiiyo (n) dowafi ; ahiyaya

minek (n), tahank tawinoqtin ; tanka,

tanku iuu, itaku, i(;am{

mahananka iyotanka amaki

agii3 (n). ak&sp,

akaspei qakpe akama

agegaspo ake^ikpe aqpiakama

mantoi, matofii,

matoi maqpiya to apaqi

1883.1

[Hale.

Tutelo. Dakota. Hidatsa.

Sleep (c) hlyun (n); Iiianta,

liiivntkapcwa i^tiutna hami, binami

Small kutQkai (s), kutskai,

kotskai f<;istinna ; tqikadan ;

ni<jkodan karigta

Snake wageni wan; waradugka mapokqa

Son wileka (n), tekai;

qut<5kal(see|SmaZ0 tqinklQi (ko(;k&,

young man) idiqi

Speak niqa (n), sali^Bta,

saliita, hahewa,
oakUvka ia;yaotafiin id^, m6

Spring (n)

wchaliempei, weba-

^liimpe; maste

wetu (inaQtd, warm)

Squirrel

nistaqkai

laqaahetQi; Iietk-
adun;ziQa

Stamp («)

with foot

nankokisek

natata, natautan

Star

tabunilQkai (N),tap

ninskai

wifQanqpi

iQka

Stay (v)

nnfika (see SU)

yaiika

daka

Steal

manoii, nianonia

manofi

a<;adi

Stone

hist<5ki, nistek (n)

inynn

mi'

Strawberry

liaspalilnuk

waju(;tet<ja

amu&qoka

Strike

kohinunhiwa

apa, kaQtaka

Strong

ilai; soli; wayupiiki suta; waq'aka

itsii

Summer

welie piwa (see

Spring)

radoketu

ade, mande

mic or min (n), mi

(see Moon)

midi

Sweep (c)

lakapl6k

kahinta

2»»

potsk (n), putsk,
but<}k, putrkai,

putsktini

wiktijerana

pilika

That

yuk&n; neikin

ka, kon

Tliee

lii. yi

Tfieir

gitonnesel

tawapi

itamae

Tliert

kowai

hetgi; hen; ka; kauki hidikoa; kuadi;

Qckoa

They

imalicse

lyepi

Thine

yiSgitowe

nitawa

nitawae

Thirteen

agclali

ftke-yamni

aqpinami

Tliirty

put(;ka nani

vrikt^emna yamni

damia-pitika

Hale.]

[March 2,

Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

ThU

u^ko, neikin

de ; detQedan

hidi ; hint

Think

opemilia ; konspewa

eg S ; epQa

idie ; inle

Tlum

yim, ya, ye

nig, ya, ye

na, ni

Thoutand

okcni butskai, ukcn

mbutskai

kektopawinghe

pitikiqtia akakodl

Three

nan(N)nani,1at,Iaiii

yamni

nami, nawi

Thunder

tui ; tuhangrua

otin

tahu

Thyself

yisai, yes&ni

niye, ni(j

niqki

Tie it)

olohi

lyakaQka ; paqta

dutskiti

Tobacco

ydhni, yihnu

tQandi

ope

lo-day

nah&mbleken (see

Day)

etQin ; nakaha ; an^

petu kin de

hini-mape

Toet

atkasusai

siyukaja ; sipinkpa

itsiadutsamihe

To-morrow

nahampk (see To-

day)

heyaketcinkan

ataduk, ataruk

Tongue

netQi, nctsi, letci

tQCJi

dezi (nczi)

Tooth

ilii (N)

i, hi

Town

mampi, matnbl

otonwe

ati, ati ahu

Tree

oni ; widu (n) mi<5ii

(see Wood)

tijan

mina (wood)

Turkey

mandahkai, tnan-

duhkat

zitQa tanka

Twelve

agenomba

ake-nonpa

aqpidopa (agpi-
nopa)

Twenty

putska nomba

wiktcemna nonpa

nopapitika

Two

nomp (n) nomba

aoupa

nopa, dopa

Ugly

ukayik (see Bad)

ownnyaq sitqa

icia

Uncle (rny)

minok'

midekqi; ate (father) ate ; itadu

mae, wae

¥&

mido, wiro

VaUey

onc[yay^fi

kaksiza ; t<;okan

amaqaktupi

Walk (c)

yalewa (see Oo)

mani

dide

Warm

akateka, akatia

kata ; tgoza ; maQte

ade

Wairior

eruiaoiie

akitQita ; mdeta

huiika

akimakikua

Water

mani (n)

mini

mini, midi

mim, mae, wae

man, maesau

Weav4

anktaka

yanka ; kazonta

Weep

qaka

t<;3ya

imia

Which

etuk

tukte

tapa

What it that.

' kakanwa

taku (what)

tapa

1883.1

[Hale.

When

Where
White

Whose
Wtfe

.Wind

Winter
Wolf

Woman

Tutelo.
tokenaq

Dakota,
toliinni ; kehan

toki, toklya

toka

asuiii (n), asani,

asai, asci san ; ska

ketoa, heloa tuwe

tewaki.u.iwa tuwetawa

(same as Woman")

raihani tawitQu

maniukiti (n), niam-

unkloi, inamiakre,

omaklewa tate

wancfii, Avanei wani, waniyetu

munktagia (n),

muaktokai, mak-

tukai Qufiktoketqa

miliafii, mihaa (x),

niahci wlnohintQa, wiQyan mia

Hidntsa.
tuakaduk ; tuaka-

<;edu
torn, toka

atuki ; oqati

tape

tapeitamae

itadamia ; ua

hutsl
mana;tsinic(co2(0

motsa ; t^CQa

Wood
Work (e)

mlycni, mien, miyci
oknaho

i tQin
qtani

mina

dahc ; kikqa

Telloto

yim (see Thou)
Eli

niyepi
zi

dido; niro
tsi

Tes
Testerday

&\\&, ahail, awaqa
silo

liau ; ho
qtanihan

budiqcdu; huri

Toung
Tour (pi)

y4nki
yifijiilambui

askatudan wota
nitawapi

<5cru

Hale.]

[March 2,

1S83.]

[Hale.