T . ' 'I •»l"-.J...i /'■^ r(» ^ ^,. u it^ «. O ■H , ■ . , •17 X .•^ :'':: 4:;;:, »/ (9 •>•>■ THE TRAVELER'S GUIDE TO TIIE HUDSON RIVER, SARATOGA SPRINGS, LAKE GEORGE, FALLS OF NIAGARA AND THOUSAND ISLANDS; MONTREAL, QUEBEC, AND THE SAGUENAY RIVER; ALSO, TO THE GREEN AND WHITE MOUNTAINS, AND OTUEll PARTS OP NEW ENGLAND; FORMING THE FASHIONABLE NORTREKN TOUR THROUGH TIIB UNITED STATES AND CANADA. WITH MAP AND EMBELLISHMENTS. 1. » » , • • ^ ♦ «i * 9 ■ COMPILED BY X MSTURSELL. • - • » % n %, t I * " ' * • , • .0 ■ u . . » • I » I. » . » # ♦ * • • y* B. 3. R. NO^ I ■■■» n •*>MB TO THE READER. The arrangement of the Picturesque Tourist will be fouud to differ, in some respects, from works of the same class. The general object of this book is to furnish a convenient and faithful guide for strangers, whether traveling on busi- ness, or for pleasure, or health, through the northern section of the United States and the Ganadas. The city of New York, as being the principal commercial emporium in the country, and the chief center of resort, in the first instance, for distant travelers, whether native or foreign, is chosen as the point from which the tourist is sup- posed to commence his excursion. Starting thence, this Guide will conduct him along the principal lines of travel North and West. Northward he will proceed up the Hudson River, through the flourishing cities at the head of navigation, to the famous Springs at Ballston and Saratoga — thence to Lake George, and by the- way of Lake Champlain into Canada. Westward, over the line of the JVew York Central Railroad, through the rich midland and western counties of the State of New York, to Niagara Falls and Buffalo — thence northerly 37330 iv TO THE READER. through Cana(Ja, pasRing over Lake Ontario and down the flt. Lawrence to Montreal, Quebec, and the Saguenay River,-— returning by the way of the White Mountains of New Hiimp- shire, Portland, Boston, etc. ; or by the more direct route via Lake Charaplain, Lake George, and Saratoga Springs to Troy and Albany — noticing, on each route, the places and scenery most worthy of the attention of the tourist, either for mem- orable events or for local attractions, and aiming, in the ac- counts of them, more at simple accuracy than at embellished deHcription. Such are the scope and design of this Traveler's Guide. J. D. New Tobk, June, 1861 / ./ ^ ) ■iih ^■•« • f ■ » r ■' » rl . . . -i MX ' •I ■ CONTENTS. Pag« Table of Distances, etc., from the city of New York to the principal Cities in the Northern Htates and Canada. 13 New York and Harlem Railroad Route 15 Hudson River Railroad Route 17 Tour from New York to Albany, Troy, etc., via Hud- son River 19 Jersey City — Hoboken — Weehawken — Manhattan ville. . . 20 Fort Washington — Fort Leo— Palisades— Spuy ten Duyvel Creek 21 Yonkers — Hastings — Dobbs* Ferry — Piermont 22 Tappan Bay — Irvington — Tarry town 23 Nyack — Rockland Lake — Sing-Sing 24 Croton, or Teller's, Point — Haverstraw — Verplanck's Point 26 Caldwell's Landing — Peekskill 27 Mahopac Lake — Fort Independence— Highlands 28 West Point— U. 8. Military Academy 29 Coldspring — Beacon Hill • • • * 31 Crow's Nest — Cornwall — New burgh 32 Fishkill— Matteawan — Glenham 33 New Hamburgh — Milton — Poughkeepsie 34 New Paltz— Hyde Park 86 Esopus Meadows — Rondout — Kingston 36 Rhinebeck — Barry town 87 Tivoli — Saugerties — Catskill 38 Catskill Mountain Houge — Pine Orchard 39 City of Hudson 40 Columbia Springs 41 New Lebanon Springs — Co&sackie 42 Btuy vesant — Coeymans — Overslaugh 43 City of Albany 44 New York Ceutrtd BaUroad 47 Vi CONTENTS. Albany Ninety Years Since 49 City of Troy— West Troy 60 Lansingburgh — Waterford — Cohoes Falls 58, 64 HiTOBON ill VER Steamboats 56 Clermont, or Experiment Boat 67 Tour to Saratoga Springs, Lake George, etc, : Railroad Routes — Ballaton Spa 69 Saratoga Springs 60 Analysis of the Principal Springs 01-^9 Route to Lake George, Lake Champlain, etc 70 Western Tour : City of Schenectady 71 Amsterdam — Fonda — Johnstown — Palatine Bridge 78 Sharon Springs 74 Cooperstown — Richfield Springs 76 Fort Plain— St. Johnsville— Little Falls 76 West Canada Creek — Herkimer — Mohawk 77 City of Utica 78 Trenton Falls 79 Whitesborough — Oriskany 81 Rome — Oneida Depot— Canastota 82 Chittenango — Cazenovia — Syracuse 83 Geddes — Liverpool — Onondaga Salt Springs 84 Caraillus — Jordan — Skaneateles — Auburn 86 Weedsport— Port Byron — Montezuma 87 Cayuga Lake 88 Cayuga Village — Springport 89 Levanna — Aurora 90 Sheldrake Point — Ithaca 91 Lakes OF Western New York : Oneida Lake — Onondaga Lake 92 Otisco Lake — Cayuga Lake — Seneca Lake 93 Canandaigua Lake 94 Crooked Lake — Chautauque Lake 96 Seneca Falls 96 Waterloo —Geneva 97 Clyde— Lyons 98 Newark — Palmyra — Clifton Springs 99 Canandaigua — Rochester 100 Avon Springs 103 Batavia — Attica — Brockport 104 Albion — Medina — Lockport 105 Niagara Falls .* 106 City of Buflfalo 107 CONTENTS. irtf ••'' . ^ Pag« Buffalo to Niagara Falls, Toronto, etc. : ' • . Fort Erie— Grand Island— Navy Island — Chippewa — Falls of Niagara — Clifton— Queenston — Brock's Monu- ment—Niagara — Fort George 109-113 Niagara River : Its Rapids, Falls, Islands, and Romantic Scenery — Qrand Irfland — Tonawanda — Iris, or Goat Isiand... .114-118 Cataract of Niagara : American Fall — Canadian, or Horse Shoe, Fall — ?'i8pen- gion Bridge— Whirlpool and Rapids— Maid of the Mist — Niagara Falls Village— Lewiston—Youngstown 119-126 Lake Ontario : Beautiful Mirage, Route, etc 127, 128 Steamboat Routes : Lake Ontario and River St. Lawrence Steamers 129, 130 Trip from Lewiston to Obwego, Kingston, and Og- densburgh : Fort Niagara — Charlotte, or Port Genesee — Genesee River— Great Sodus Bay — Little Sodus Bay — Oswego. 131-138 Railroad and Steamboat Route from Syracuse to Niagara Falls, via Oswego 189 Oswego to Kingston, Ogdensburgh, etc. : Port Ontario — Salmon River — Sacket's Harbor — Black River — Chaumont Bay — Cape Vincent — Clayton, or French, Creek — Alexandria Bay — Well's Island — Mor- ristown — Ogdensburgh 140-144 Trip from Niagara and Hamilton to Toronto and Kingston, Canada : Port Dalhousie — Welland Canal — St. Catherine's — Ham- ilton — Oakville — Port Credit — Toronto — Oshawa — Port Hope — Cobourg — Duck Island— Amherst Island — Kingston 145-164 Kingston to Belleville and Port Trenton : Bay of Quint6 — Fredericksburg — Picton — Belleville — Port Trenton— River Trent — Rice Lake *. .165-167 List 'of American and British Steamers 158-161 Canals of Canada — ^Trade and Navigation 160-102 Trip from Kingston to Montreal: Thousand islands — Wolfe, or Grand, Island — Gage Isl- ' and — Howe Island — Carlton Island — Grindstone Island — I Admiralty Islands — Amateur Islands— Brock ville — Pr'js- cott- Ogdensburgh— Windmill Point— Gallop Rapids — Matilda — Waddington — Williamsburg — Louiaville — ' .••• ▼ill CONTENTS. Long Saut Rapids — Cornwall — St. Regis — Lake St. Fran- cis - Coteau du Lac — Cedar Rapids — Beauharnois — Caughnawaga — La Chine Rapids — St. Lawrence River and Rapids 163-176 Railroad Route from Montreal to Toronto, via Grand Trunk Railway : f St. Anne's—Isle Perot — Vaudreuil — Cornwall, etc. . . 177-179 Montreal : Grand Trunk Railway, etc 180-186 Trip from Montreal to Ottawa City, etc.: St. Anise's — Lake of the Two Mountains — Carillon — Point Fortune— Grenville — Rideau Falls — Chaudiere Falls — City of Ottawa — Aylmer — Arnprior — Pembroke 186-190 Chaudiere Falis, etc 191-196 Laj^k Gkorge : Caldwell— Falls of Ticonderoga, etc : 197-200 Lake Champlain: Mississquoi Bay, etc 201-203 List of Steamers running on Lake Champlain — Table of Distances— Whitehall, etc 204-206 Trip from Whitehall to Rouse's Point, etc. : Ticonderoga — Crown Point — Port Henry — Westport — * Fort Cassin — Split Rock — Essex — Burlington— Port Kent — Keeseville — Au Sable River — Port Jaclcson— pLATTfBUhGH — Battle of Plattsburgh — Cumberland Head — Chazy — Isle au Motte — Alburgh — Highgate Springs— Nississquoi Bay — Rouse's Point -St. John's, Canada— Chambly Canal 207-230 Table of Distances : Montreal to Albany, Portland, Quebec, Toronto, etc. 231, 282 Trip from Montreal to Quebec : Longueuil— Rapids of St. Mary — Varennes— Sorel, or .. William Henry — Lake St. Peter — Three Rivers — Riche- lieu Rapids— Cape Rouge— Wolfe's Cove 233*237 QuKBEC : The Citadel — Plains of Abraham — ^Wolfe's Monument — Gen. Montgomery 237-246 Vicinity of Quebec : Cape Rouge— Falls of Lorette— Falls of Montmorenci — Falls of St, Anne— Lake St. Charles — Point Levi — Chaudiere Falls 247-250 CONTENTS. \X » Page Trip from Quebec to thr Saourxay River, etc. : • Island of Orleans — St. Patrick's Hole — Madam fsland — Cape Tourment — Grosse Island — St. Thomas— Crane Island — Isle aux Coudres— Murray Bay — Kamouraska — Red Island — Ilivcrdu Loup — Kakouna — Tadousac. . 251 -259 Saouenay Rivkr : Tote du Boule — St. Louis Island — Eternity Point and Cape Trinity— Tableau— Ha-Ha, or Great Bay — Chicon- ■ timi— Lake St. John 260-265 Trip to Murray Bay, Tadousac, Ha-Ha Bay, etc. .260-208 A.NTIPOSTI * Gulf of St. Lawrence, etc 269-271 Railroad and Steamijoat Routes 272 Grand Pleasure Excursion : New York to Niagara Falls, Toronto, Montreal, etc. 273-276 Trip from Msijjtreal to Quebec and Return 276-279 Montreal to Boston and New York 280, 281 RouTF^ OF Travel from Montreal to Boston and New York 281 Route from Montreal and Quebec to the White Mountains, and Portland, Me. 282 White Mountains of New Hampshire 283-286 Height of the Principal Mountains 287 Routes to Lake Winnipisiogee and the White Mountains . 288 Portland, City of 288-289 Railway Stations in Boston 290 Railroad Routes Diverging from Boston . . .' 291-293 Steamboat and Railroad Routes from Nqw York to the White Mountains 294 Advertisements . . > 296 •'*. LIST OF ADVERTISEMENTS. Pagu New York and Albany Steamers (People's) Evening Line. 295 New York and Troy Steamers, Evening Line 296 New York and Albany Steamers, Morning Line 297 New York, Stonington, and Boston Line Steamers 298 Lake George Steamer 299 Lake Champlain Steamers 300 Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence Steamers 301 Lake Huron and Superior Line Steamers 302 Ottawa Kiver Mail Steamers 303 Montreal and Quebec Steamers — Saguenay River 304 New York Central Railroad Lines to Butfalo, Niagara Falls, etc 305 Albany and Troy to Saratoga Springs, Montreal, etc 306 Albany and Troy to Rutland, Burlington, Montreal, etc. 307 Great Western Railway of Canada 308 Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, etc 309 Sea- Bathing Pleasure Excursions 811 Boston to Portland via Eastern Railroad 312 Boston to Portland via Boston and Maine Railroad 313 Boston to the Green and White Mountains, Montreal, etc., via Vermont Central Railroad 314 Boston to Portland, Eastport, and St. Johns, N. B., via International Line Steamers 315 Hotels in the City of New York 11 ' • Saratoga Springs, etc 318 *♦ Lake George 319 *♦ Montreal, Quebec, Ottawa City, etc 320 ** Boston 322 Congress Spring Water, Saratoga Springs 323 Empire Spring Water, ♦♦ ** 324 PRINCIPAL HOTELS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK. Name. I'l'opili^tiit'H. Locution. "Abtoe Housb Stetson & Co Broadway, cor. V<'8ey St. Bancroft House M. L. «fc A. W. Bordwell.Broadway, cor. 20lh St. Bond Stkket Housb. ..Clmrlea Fl'mta 665 Broadway. Bbandrktii House*.... J. Curtis & Co Broadway, cor. Canal St Brbvoort House* Albert Clark 11 Fifth Avenue. Clarendon Kerner & Birch 62 Union Place. Commercial Hotel .... 78 Cortlandt St. Cortlandt St. Hotel. . 28 Corilandt St. Dky Street House* . . .Charles W. Clickenor. . .54, 56, and 58 Dey St Earl's Hotel Canal St. cor. Centre. Everett House 4th Avenue, cor. 17th St Fifth Avenue HoTEL..Hitchcock,I)arling&Co.l92 Fifth Avenue. Frbncu'b Hotel* Chatham St., op. C. HalL GiRARu HousK* Smith & Willard 129 Chambers St. Howard Hotel Lyndi* & Lamb B'way, cor. Maiden Lane International HoTEL*William H. Gilson Broadway, cor. Franl;lin Lafaroe House Henry Wheeler 673 Broadway. [SU LiBBY House M.Martin 58 Warren St. Lovejoy's Hotel* 84 Parlt Row. Manhattax Hotel N. Huggins Murray St., near B'way. MerciiantvS' Hotel Cla'ke ASchenck 87, 89, & 41 Cortlandt St Metropolitan Hotel. S. Leland & Co 680 Broadway. National Hotel Jesse Foster 8, 5, & 7 Cortlandt St New York Hotel Hiram Cranston 721 Broadway. Pacific Hotel. 172 Greenwich St Park Hotel Cor. Beekman& Nassau. Powers' Hotel 17 and 19 Park Row. Prescott Housb Fre«*.erick Diez B'dway, cor Spring St fipiNGLER House E. E, Balcom 5 and 7 Union Squara St. Nicnoi as Hotel. . .SpoMs «fe Hawk Broadway. Stevens' House* Lyman Fisk 25 Broadway. United Statks ... Cor. Fulton & Water Bt& Washington Hotel*.. 1 Broadway. Western Hotel D. D. Winchester. 9 Cortlandt St. * Kept on the European Flan. KAILROAD DEPOTS IN THE CITY OF NEW TOM. vi»New York, N^w Haven, and Boston ll.R i^epot, Fourth Ave- ; nue, corner 27th Street. New York and Harlom, to Albany, etc., Fourth Avenue, cor- ner 26th Street. Hudson River Raih'oad Depot, Wiirren Street, and 30th Street. Ev\e Railroad, to Dunkirk, etc., foot Chambers Street. Atlantic and Great Western, " •' '* New Jersey R,ailway, to Philadelphia, etc., foot of Cortlandt Street. New Jersey Central, to Easton, etc., foot of Cortlandt Street. Pennsylvania Central Railroad, " " ** ]\l<)rris & Essex Railroad, loot of Barclay Street. Fhishing and New York Raihoad, James Slip and Hunter's Point, L. I. Long Island Railroad, James Slip and Hunter's Point, L. I. bifls^-aiW '"■^ -yjiwriw tei Lines of Steamers connect In^ with llallroads* Fall River Line Steamers, Pier No. 3, North River. Stonington Line Steamers, foot of Cortlandt Street. Norwich Line Steamers, Pier No. 39, North River. New Haven & Hartford Line, Peck Slip, East River. Albany Morning Line, foot of Desbrosses Street, North River Albany Evening Line (People's), foot Cortlandt St., " " Troy Evening Line, foot of Liberty Street, . ♦' '♦ Newburgh and Poughkeepsie Line, foot of Jay Street, North River. . •;-:'i ...... Camden & Amhoy Line, foot of Barclay Street, North River. If r. j'v -I , t ^ t TABLE OF DISTANCES, ETC., FROM THE CITY OP NEW YORK TO THE PRINCIPAL CITIBa IN THE MIDDLE, NORTHERN, AND EASTERN STATES, AND CANADA. RovTKS. Miles. H. H. Nkw Yoek to Newark, N. J., via New Jersey Railroad. . . 9 80 - . Elizabeth town, " "... 15 46 New Brunswick, " "... 81 1 15 Teenton, " "... 68 2 80 Philadelphia, via Phil, and Trenton R. R. . 88 4 8<^ Wilmington, Del., cia Phil, and Bait. R. R. 116 6 8a Havre de Grace, Md., " " "160 8 00 Baltimore. •' '• ♦• " 186 9 80 Wabiiinqton, D. C, via Bait, and Ohio R. R. 225 11 80 New Yoek to Haekisburg, Pa., via Philadelphia 194 9 00 Altoona, Pa., via Pennsylvania K. R 824 15 00 Pittsburgh, Pa., " " 441 20 80 Cleveland, C, via Pittsburgh 580 26 00 N«w Yoek to Goshen, via New York and Erie R. R 60 8 16 PortJervis, " " •' 89 4 00 Deposit, " " « 178 7 SOT Great Bend, Pa., " " " 201 8 80 BiNGHAMTON, " « " 216 9 00 Owego, " " " 288 9 46 Elmiba, « " « 274 11 00 Corning. " " " 293 11 46 HornellsvlUe, " " " 833 13 30 BvFFALO, via Buffalo Division 424 18 00 Dunkirk, via New York and Erie R. R 460 19 00 Cleveland, O., via Dunkirk 602 25 00 Cincinnati, O., via Cleveland 867 84 00 Chicago,' 111., via Cleveland and Toledo 957 87 00 Nsw Yoek to Poughkeepsie, via Hudson River R. K 75 2 46 Hudson, " " " 116 4 00 Albany, " " '' 144 5 00 Schenectady, via New York Central R. R. . . 161 6 80 Utioa, " " " .. 239 9 80 Rome, " « " .. 268 10 20 Syracuse, « •*• " .. 292 12 00 Oswego, «* . «• « .. 827 13 80 RocHKSTEB, •* •♦ " .. 873 15 16 Batavia, «« «• « .. 406 16 20 Buffalo, »« " " .. 442 17 80 Lockport, « " " .. 429 17 OO .. ;! - Niagara Falls, « " " .. 447 18 00 Hamilton. Ca., via Great Western R. R 490 21 00 ; Toronto, " " " " . . . . 628 28 00 Dkthoit, Mich., " " " .... 677 28 00 Chicago, 111., via Michigan Central E. R. . . . 960 87 00 KB'W Yoek to Albany, via Hudson River R. R 144 6 00 Troy, 150 5 15 . u- Saratoga Springs, rtrt Albany and Troy 182 7 30 >:t«">:r ' a Laka George, vta Saratoga Springs 211 10 oa 2 14 TABLE OP DISTANCES, KTO. Rotrrcfl. MIlMt. K»w YoBK to Whitehall, via Saratoga A Whitehall R. R. 228 BuKLiNGTON, viu Lake (jhamplain 800 Platt»burgh, " •' 825 Rouse's Point. " •' 850 Montreal, Ca., via Cham, and St. Law. R.R. 895 TSmw YoBK to Chatham Four Comers, N. Y. ^^ ;, HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD ROUTE. Dep6t, cor. Warrrut St. and Collegb Place, New York. This important Railroad extends through Hudson Street, Canal Street, and West Street, to the outer depdt at Thirty-first Street ; from thence it runs along the west shore of the island of New York to Manhattanville, 8 miles. Here is a village surrounded by high and picturesque grountls, where are located many handsome private edifices. FoKT Washington, about 9 miles from the city, stands on elevated ground, commanding a ne view of the Hudson and East rivers, and the surrounding country. In this vicinity the rock excavation is over a quarter of a mile in length, on the line of the railroad, the cutting being between 40 and 60 feet deep for a considerable distance. Here, also, at Fort Washing- ton Point, is erected a telegraph pole, from which extends sev- eral wires across the Hudson River, to the Palisades on the Jersey shore, above Fort Lee. Spuytkn Duyvel Creek, 13 miles from Chambers Street; is a continuation or branch of Harlem River, dividing the island of New York from Westchester County. Here is a draw-bridge for the convenience o^i^avigation — this stream being susceptible of improvement so as to allow vessels to pass through into the East River or Long Island Sound, going through Hell- Gate. YoNKKRS, 17 miles from New York, is delightfully situated on the east bank of the Hudson, here doubly interesting from its romantic and picturesque beauties. The bold and abrupt eminence called the " Palisades" stands on the Jersey side, while the hilly and rolling country of the opposite side, where runs the line of the railroad, gives a great charm to this local- ity The village contains many fine residences, several churches, hotels, and stores. It may be regarded as a suburb, as most of its inhabitants are connected with business in the city of New York. Hastings, 20 miles; Dobbs' Ferry, 22 miles; Irvington, 25 miles, and Tarrytown, 27 miles from New York, may all be justly considered as suburban villages, most of their inhab- itants being closely connected in business pursuits with the city Of New York. 18 HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD ROUTS. SiNo Smo, 82 miles, is another handnomelv situated and healthy location, being closely connected with the city of New York, both by water and railroad communication. The Sinf^ Sing Staff Prison, locattnl here, contains iibout 1,000 inmatoa. Pkkkskim., 44 miles, is another romantic and thriving vil- lage, lying in the immediate vicinity of the Hudson River and " Highlandny The latter here assumes a mountain-like ap- pearance, running northward for several miles, through which the river finds a tortuous passage, ptissing West Point, 52 miles; Coi.d Spring, 52 miles, to Fishkill Landing, 60 miles north of New York. Hore is a steam ferry, connecting Fishkill with Newburgh on the opposite shore. On winding through the " Highlands," several tunnels are entered and passed in quick succession, giving the traveler a vivid idea of the uneven and rocky section through which the track of the railroad passes. At one time water may be seen on both sides the track, ^hen the next moment the fierce locomotive plunges out of sight under a mountain brow — with the majestic Hudson on the one side, and the frowning hills or mountains on the op- posite side, rising from 1,000 to 1,500 feet above the water's edge. The longest tunnel on the route occurs a short distance above Fishkill. The City of Poughkeepsie, 75 miles above New York and 70 miles below Albany, situated on east side of the Hudson, is a large and growing place, where the passenger trains of cars usujtlly stop for a few minutes, aflfording an opportunity to partake of a hasty meal. Hyde Park, 81 miles; Rhinebkck, 91 miles; Tivoli, 100 miles; Oak Hill, opposite Catskill, 110 miles, are speedily reached and passed by the ascending train of cars, affording the traveler a grand view of the Catskill MoVntains on the oppo- site side of the river. The City of Hudson, 116 miles from New York and 29 from Albany, is an old and interesting locality, being favorably situated at the head of ship navigation on the river. The Htid- son and Boston Railroad extciuds eastward from this place to the New York State Line, connecting with the Western Railroad of Massachusetts. CoxsACKiE Station, 123 miles; Stuyvesant, 126 miles; ScHODACK, 183 miles; Castleton, 136 miles, and East Al- bany, 144 miles, are the next stations reached. At the latter passengers alight for Albany— crossing the Hudson River in a steam ferry — while those going to Tkoy, 6 miles farther, or are bound northward, remain in the cars, soon amving at the lat- ter city. ' For further information, see Albany and Tsoy, described in fthocher part of this Work. ■ -r .< ^ .- h,.. TOUR FROM NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC., VIA HUDSON RIVER. During the season of navigation on the Hudson, which nsu- ally extends from about the 20th of March to the fore part of December, numerous steamboats leave the city of New York every morning and evening, for various places on both shon^a of the river. The boats of the largest class, nowhere excelled for comfort and speed, run through to Albany and Troy, about 150 miles, in ten to twelve hours running time ; others touch at the principal villages on the way, to land and receive passen- gers. Usual fare through, $2 00, including berths in the night boats. To the traveler for pleasure and health, the day boats are the most desirable, particularly in hot weather, when a night's confinement in a crowded cabin is very oppressive ; and they furnish a fine opportunity to enjoy the varied and beautiful scenery of this noble river. The panoramic view on leaving the city is extensive and grand. Seaward it embraces parts of Long Island and Staten Island, with the " Narrows ;** the spacious Bay of New York, studded with Governor's, Bedlow's, and Ellis's islands : the Jersey shore on the west, with its settlements and cultivated fields ; and on the east the city itself, with its long ranges of wharves and shipping, its spires, and its masses of architecture ; and as the boat rounds out upon the bosom of th« mcyestio 20 NKW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, KTO. rirer, and springs forward on her upward course, the Tiew, crowded with striking contrasts and full of life and action, is one of rare beauty and interest. * Jersey City, opposite the lower part of New York, and Ho- BOKKN, a mile north, are seen to great advantage as tlie steam- boat leaves the wharf. At the former place commences the J\ew Jersey Railroad and the JVrw York and Erie Railroad, The latter place is a delightful and favorite resort of the oiti- ions of New York during the warm summer season, when the commodious steam ferry-boats are crowded every afternoon with parties of both sexes, seeking refresliment from the heated and thronged streets of the city, in that charming retreat. Weehawken, on the Jersey shore, nortli of Hoboken, and 8 miles from New York, a high, wooded cliff, with its bold, fttcky bluffs partly vailed with trees and partly bare, and a handsome villa on its summit, is one of the finast points in the scene as you move up the river. At the foot of this cliflF, and on the margin of the river, a small obelisk of white marble for many years marked the spot where Alexander Hamilton fell in liis fatal duel with Aaron Burr, on the 12th July, 1804. The monument, however, has long since been removed. Bull's Fkrry, 2 to 3 miles farther north, on the same shore, is a place of considerable resort, being connected with the city by a steam ferry. Bloomingdale, on York Island, 6 miles from the City Hall, is a scattered settlement, in which the most prominent object is the Orphan Jlsylumy which, as seen from the river, with its green lawn extending to the water's edge, and surrounded by a fine grove, presents a pleasing aspect. About 3 miles farther up the island, or 8 miles from the City Hall, is the Lunatic Asylunit a stately pile standing on elevated ground. ' ^"^ "**- The next conspicuous object on the island, and visible from the Hudson, is Manhattanville, about a mile and a half east of which, toward the East Elver and near Hell-Qate, is the village of Hablkm. . . ' ' :': f^ WMi? NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, BTO. Fort Wabhinotow, 2 miles north of Manhattanville, is ele- vated 238 feet above the river, being the highest point on the island of New York. The old fort was captured by the British and Hessians, in the disastrous campaign of 177G, when some two or three thousand Americans were either killed or taken captive, and thrown into the prison-ships at the Wallabout Bay, Brooklyn, where the United States now have an extensive Navy Yard. Fort Lke, on the Jersey shore, 10 nicies from New York, is a place of considerable interest, and between it and that city a steam ferry-boat plies daily. The site of the old fort is on the brow of the Palisades, a short distance from the river, and ele- vated about 300 feet above it. It was surrendered to the British in 177C, immediately after the capture of Fort Wash- ington. The Palisades, the most striking and peculiar feature of the scenery on either side of the Hudson, commence a little north of VVeehawken, and on the same shore. This descriptive designation has been given to a mnjestio range of columnar rock, varying in height from 100 feet to 350 feet, and walling in the Hudson as far as Piermont, a distance of 20 miles. Just above Fort Lee, they rise almost perpendicularly from the water's odge ; and as the channel of the river, for the whole 20 miles, runs near the west side and along the base of these ma- jestic clififs, they are seen to great advantage from the deck of the passing steamboat. Spuyten Duyvel. Creek flows into the Hudson 13 milen north of the City Hall of New York, and connects with the Harlem River on the east, thus separating the island of New York from Westchester County. It is crossed by the track of the Hudson River Railroad, where is a draw-bridge. Kings- bridge, on the great post-road from New York to Albany, crosses this creek about a mile from its mouth, near which, on the north bank, is the site of old Fort Independence. Here commences a succession of beautifully situated country resi- dences, looking out upon the riyer, and across it to the Pali* 22 HEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. sades ; the shore itself being marked by a succession of narrow Talleys and ridges running back with a gradual ascent to the north and south range of highland, which separates the waters flowing into the Hudson from those which pass off to the East River and Long Island Sound. As you advance up through Westchester, this north and south ridge becomes more elevated and rocky. It is, in fact, the commencement of that extensive and lofty range which soon enlarges itself into the " Highlands," or Fishkill Mountains, farther north swells into the still loftier Taghkanic group, and finally attains its highest grandeur in the Green Mountains of Vermont. YoNKERs, 17 miles north of New York, is a thriving village in Westchester County, at the mouth of Sawmill River. It con- tains many fine dwelling-houses, about 12,000 inhabitants, and is the summer resort of many citizens of New York, being easily reached by railroad, or the steamboats which ply daily between that city, Sing Sing, and Peekskill. It is surrounded by very pleasant scenery, and commands a fine view of the Hudson and the Palisades. Hastings, 3 miles north of Yonkers, is a convenient landing- place, at which the smaller steamboats touch to receive and dis- charge passengars. DoBBs' Ferry, 22 miles north of New York, is the name of ft village, where is a convenient steamboat wharf. This was an important point in the military operations of the Revolutionary war. A ferry communicates with the opposite shore at the foot of the Palisades, a little north of the boundary line between the States of New York and New Jersey ; and from this point northward both sides of the Hudson are in New York. PiERMoNT, formerly known as Tuppan Landings or the *' Sloat," is on the west shor j of the Hudson, 24 miles from the city of New York. It has become a place of importance as the terminus of a branch of the New York and Erie Railroad. The line of this great work, from New York to Dunkirk, on the shore of Lake Erie, is 460 miles long. At Piermont a substan- tial pier, more than a mile long, has been coD.structed, extend- NEW YORK TO ALB ANT, TROT, ETC. 23 Ing from the shore to the channel of the Hudson. A steamboat plica daily between this place and New York, and connects with the cars running on the railroad. At this point, also, the Pali- sades term.nate on the north by an abrupt hill. This hill and the extensive pier already mentioned, being the two most dis- tinguishing features of the place, they have been appropriately combined to form the name of Piermont. Two or three miles west from the river is the old village of Tappan, memorable as having been for a time the head-quarters of Washington and the American army during the Revolution, and the place where Major Andre was executed, on the 2d of October, 1780. Tappan Bat — or, as it was usually called in earlier times, Tappan Sea — being an expansion of the river, commences at JPiermont and extends northward to Croton, or Teller's Point, a distance of 10 miles, with an average width of about 3 miles. On the eastern shore of this bay, in the midst of a beautiful landscape, is the favorite country residence of Washington Ir- ving. Nowhere on either shore of the Hudson is the scenery more distinguished for its picturesque beauty, having the Pali- sades in full view at the southwest ; at the west and north a fine range of hills stretching away to the grand mountain masses of the " Highlands," with the broad river between. Irvington, 26 miles, is the name given to a small settle- ment about 3 miles north of Dobbs* Ferry. The village of Tarrytown is beautifully situated on the east bank of the river, overlooking Tappan Bay, 27 miles north of the city of New York. It contains about 450 dwelling-houses and 3,000 inhabitants. Steamboats running to New York touch daily at this place. Immediately north is Beekmantown, where is the Irving Institute^ a school of much celebrity, and a venerable Dutch Reformed Church, erected about the middle of the seventeenth century. Tarrytown is famed as being the place where Major Andre was captured, while watering his horse, on his return from West Point, and from a personal in- terview with the traitor, General Arnold. Immediately north *Q .f NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. 25 of this vilhge, also, is the fair.ons Slerpy Hollotv, where Wo.sb- iugtou Irv.ng laid the sco:io of his entertuiniug legend of that n.'ime Nyack, on the westeri). side of the hay or river, is a pleasant and thr-ving place, bel-wcen which and New York :i .steamboat plies daily. Here Tapprui Bay spreads to its greatest width, presenting a noble expaav of water. Rockland Lake, 2 or i> miles northwest of Nyack, is a pic- turesque sheet of the purest water, from which large quantities of ice are annually sent to the New York maiket. Sing Sing, 32 miles from New York, is handsomely situated on the east bank of the Hudson River. It has four Lindings, from which steamboats and vessels ply daily to and from the city, affording a pleasant excursion. The main part of the vil- lage is situated on high and uneven ground, rising 180 feet above tide- water, and overlooking Tappan and Haverstraw bays, the Hudson and Croton rivers, and the surrounding country, including a distant view of the Palisades and the Highlands. Sing Sing was incorporated in 1813, and now contains about 3,500 inhabitants. This village derives its name from the In- dian words " Ossin-Si/ig," meaning in their language the p/ace of stone. It is nuw celebrated for its marble quarries, whicl; are worked to a great extent by the State Prison con- victs, who have here orjcted two large prisons, a keeper's house, and several ranges of workshops, from materials found on the State farm : where is also located a silver mine, which was worked to some extent previous to the Revolution, and a copper mine which has been more recently worked. The mar- ble found in this vicinity is of a medium quality, and almost inexhaustible ; large quantities are annually quarried and sent to the city of New York and other places. Here is to be seen a beautiful viaduct, over which is conveyed the acqueduct for supplying the city of New York with pure and wholesome water. The Mount Pleasant State Prison is situated about half % x&ile south of the village of Sing Sing. The prison grounds 26 NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, KTC. consist of 130 acres of land, lying between the villages of Sing Sing and Sparta, being bounded on the east by the Highland turnpike, and on the vvest by the Hudson River, which here affords a d^th of twelve feet of water at the landing. The main prison building is 484 feet in length, north and south, and 44 feet in width, fronting westerly on the Hudson, being five Btories in height, and containing 1 ,000 cells ; in front and rear are located workshops of different kinds, which, together with the keeper's house, are all built of rough dress marble. At- tached to the prison building, on the south, is a chapel, hospi- tal, kitchen, storehouses, etc. A new prison for female convicts stands on elevated ground, and is built of marble in the lonio order. CROTor or Teller's Point, about a mile north of Sing Sing, separates Tappan from Haverstraw Bay. It projects southerly into the river more than a mile, immediately above the confluence of the Croton River with the TTudson. On the opposite side of the river rises Verdreitje^s Houk, a bold head- land 668 feet high, forming a beautiful feature in the land- scape. Haverstraw Bay is another expansion of the Hudson Kiver, 2 to 3 miles wide and 6 miles long, terminating on the north at Verplank's and Stony Points. Haverstraw, or Warren, lies on the west side of the bay or river, 35 miles from New York, to which city a steamboat runs daily. Grassy Point, 2 miles above, on the same side of the river, is a convenient steamboat landing. Verplank's Point, on the east side of the river, 40 miles north of the city of New York, is an excellent landing-place, and memorable from its connection, in the Revolutionary war, with Stony Point, on the opposite side. On the latter point is now a light-house, erected on the site of the old fortification, which completely commanded the channel of the river. These points, where the river contracts to about half a mile in width, l?ere the first important positions north of the city of New a NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. 27 York at which the American forces attampted to defend the passage of the Hudson against the British, in the struggle for independence. {See Engraving.) Caldwell's Landing, on the west side of the riyer, 44 miles from New York and 101 miles from Albany, is the first place at which steam passage-boats of the large class touch on their upward trip, to land and receive passengers. This land- ing is situated at the south entrance of the '' Highlands," and is connected by a steam ferry with The village of Peekskill, 43 miles from New York, a large and thriving village, from which two or three steamboats run directly to the city of New York, carrying large quantities of produce, manufactured articles, and passengers. It was incor- porated in 1827, and now contains 4,500 inhabitants, 8 churches, 6 public houses, 30 stores, and about 600 dwellings, besides many large manufacturing establishments. On Oak Hilly where is now situated the Peekskill Academy, is a venerable oak tree, on which was hung, during the Revo- lutionary war, two noted spies, Strang and Palmer. Peekskili was then the head- quarters of the American army under Gene- ral Putnam, who here dated his laconic reply to Sir Henry Clinton, commander of the British forces in the city of New York, who sent up a flag of truce, demanding the release of Ed- mund Palmer, a lieutenant of a Tory regiment, who had been detected in the American camp. The following was the reply sent back by Putnam : " Head-Quarters, 7th Aug., 17T7. • Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy's service, was taken as a spy, lurking within the American lines ; he has been tried as a spy condemned as a spy, and shall be executed as a spy, and the flag is ordered tb depart immediately. Israel Putnam. '• P. 8. He has been accordingly executed." During summer, a stage leaves Peekskill every day for Ma- hopac Lake, and in the hottest of the season, when the lake is most visited, twice a day, leaving Peekskill morning and evening.. :.,, ;, -•.-, .y ,. '.. ^-,. . 28 NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. Mahopac Lake is a beautiful sheet of •water in the town of Carmel, Putnam County, aud is one of the cliief sources ol the Croton River. It is o.bout one mile in diaii.jL:M*, and emboaoma two or three small islands. The waters abound with varicjus kinds of fish of a fine flavor. It is a place of * considerable re- sort, with good accommodations for visitors. Here is » good public house for the accommodation of strangers. Old Fort Indp:pkndi;nck lies opposite Caldwell's Landing, on the northeast, near the mouth of the Peekskill. The situa- tion is delightful, facing down the river, with an unobstructed view for many miles, while immediately in the rear rise the *♦ Highlands" in majestic grandeur. On leaving Caldwell's Landing, the river takes a sudden turn to the west for about a mile, this reach having the local desig- nation of the *' Horse Race" and then resumes its northern course, passing between the bold, wooded, and overshadowing hills known as the " Highlands,'' or " Matteawan Mountains." This latter name, meaning " the country for good fur," was given by the aborigines, and is a fine, distinctive, and appro- priate name for the whole group. The " Highlands," the grandest, and, next to the Palisades, the most remarkable feature of the scenery of the Hudson, are about 16 miles in width, and extend in a southwest and north- east direction for some 20 or 30 miles, covering a part of the counties of Rockland and Orange on the west side of the river, and Putnam and Dutchess on the east. Several of their sum- mits reach an elevation of 1,000 to 1,685 feet. This may be considered classic groimd, as many of the points or eminences in view from the river are celebrated in history for being the scene of stirring events during the struggle for American Inde- pendence, 1776 to 1783. The sites of old Fort Clinton and Montgomery^ of Revolu- tionary memory, are on the west side of the river, opposite the lower Anthony's JVose^ 6 miles below West Point. These forts, deemed almost impregnable, were erected at this point for the defense of the river, which was also obstructed by chevaux-de- KKW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, KTO. frise, boom, and chains. On the 6th of October, 1777, they were attacked by a superior British force under Sir Henry Clinton, and captured after a sharp resistance, the garrison of 600 men being overpowered by a disciplined army of 3,000 strong. The works were^resoiutely defended until dark, when the enemy effected an entrance at several places, there not being a sufficient number of soldiers in the fort to man the lines. West Point is romantically situated on the west bank of the Hudson River, 52 miles from New York and 93 miles from Al- bany. It is the seat of the United States Military Academy, established by an act of Congress in March, 1802, and the land ceded to the United States Government by the State of New York, 1826. Here are now erected two stone barracks, one of three and the other four stories in height, occupied by 250 cadets, which is the number authorized by law ; an academic hall, a large three-story stone building, 275 feet in length, by 76 feet in width, used for military exercises in winter, and as a depository of the chemical apparatus, models of fortification, artillery, architecture, and machines, and as recitation and drawing rooms ; a new and beautiful o- story stone building, to be used for the library and philosophical apparatus, con- structed in the Elizabethan style of architecture, and is 150 feet in length by 60 feet in width ; the north front- has three towers suited for the astronomical apparatus ; the center tower is sur- mounted by a dome of 28 feet 10 inches in diameter, the whole of which revolves on its vertical axis, adapting it to the use of a large equatorial telescope ; a chapel, an hospital, a mess hall, two cavalry stables:' several workshops and store-rooms, and seventeen separate dweilmgs occupied by the officers of the insti- tution. In addition to the above, here are located a magazine, a laboratory, soldiers' barracks, a store, and about 25 dwelling- houses, occupied by families connected with the military school — in all containing a population of about 1,000 souls. Here, also, is a well-kept hotel, calculated to accommodate about 150 Tisitors. NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. . No place in the Union, probably, exceeds West Point in beauty of location and the stirring incidents connected with its early history, being " hallowed by the footsteps of Washington and Kosciusko," during the Revolutionary struggle, the interest in which is continued to the present time by its being the resi- dence and school of the future defenders of the Union. In 1777, immediately after the capture of Forts Clinton and Montgom- ery by the British army, West Point was first occupied by the American army, and fortified at the instance of Gov. George Clinton, of Revolutionary memory. At the present time are to be seen the remains of Forts Putnam and Arnold (after the treason of the latter, called Fort Clinton), which is situated on the extreme eastern point of this military position, 160 feet above tide- water, while Fort Putnam is situated on Mount Inde- pendence, 1,000 yards southwest, elevated about 500 feet above the river ; there are also numerous other redoubts and batteries crowning the various eminences in the vicinity, built under the direction of the celebrated Kosciusko as engineer. In August, 1780, General Arnold was assigned to the command of this im- portant military station, extending from Fishkill to Verplank's Point. On the 25th of September he precipitately made his escape from his head-quarters, the Robinson House, situated two miles below West Point, on the opposite side of the river, his treason having been discovered by the fortunate capture of Major Andre. From this period to the close of the Revolution- ary war in 1783, West Point was garrisoned by a strong division of the American army ; after which the garrison was reduced, and this location made a depot for the Revolutionary armament and other military stores. In 1794, at the recommendation of General Washington, a military school was commenced in a building which was burned down two years thereafter, and the school suspended until 1802. ' ■ There are now connected with the West Point Academy thirty- four ofl&cers and professors, a company of artillery, and a de- tachment of dragoons, besides the cadets, who gi nerally re- xoaiu here for a period of four years, in which time they are NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. 81 qualified to become subaltern officers of the several corpa of the army. No stranger should leave this place without visiting the pub- lic buildings, Kosciusko's Monument, and a wild and romantic retreat near the water's edge called " Kosciusko's Garden," the ruins of old Fort Putnam, which commands a view of West Point, the Hudson River, and the surrounding mountain scenery. The Cemetery, about half a mile north of the hotel, is also well worthy of a visit. On the south, lowaia Buttermilk Falls, about a mile distant, there is a pleasant road running near the river, and most of the way through a beautiful grove of trees. In this vicinity, and most agreeably located, is situated Cozzens' Hotel, under the superintendence of a favorite publican. If the visitor tarries through the day at this attractive place, any time during the summer months, when the hotels are usu- ally thronged with fashionable people from every section of the Union, he will have an opportunity to view West Point in all its loveliness The village of Cold Spring, 64 miles from New York, a mile or more above West Point, on the opposite side of the river, is a thriving manufacturing village. Here are situated the exten- sive iron works commonly known as the *' West Point Foundry," and supposed to be on as broad a scale as any in the Union, and a machine shop, giving constant employment to about 500 workmen. The largest kind of machinery, for steamboat and other purposes, and warlike implements, are here constructed. The ore on which the works depend is found in the immediate vicinity ; and there is also a quarry of granite of a very superior quality, easy of access, and inexhaustible. Be.^con Hili. and Breakneck, both on the east side of the river, are situated immediately above Cold Spring. The for- mer, sometimes called the " Grand Sachem," is the highest peak of the Highlands, being elevated 1,686 feet above the river. The latter presents the rocky projection called the ** Upper Anthony's JVbse.** - 32 WBW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ITO. Crow'b Nest and Butter Hill are situated on the west side of the river. They rise ^bruptly from the water's edge. The latter, which is the more northerly peak, lifts its summit 1,620 feet above tlie Hudson, and the other is nearly as high. Pollopkl'b Inland is a mass of rock lying in the Hudson River, neai its east shore, at the northern entrance into th« Highlands, G miles above West Point. Here the river begins to widen and expand to the width of more than a mile for some 5 or 6 miles, for which distance it is sometimes called JVewburgh Bay. Cornwall, Canterbury, and New Windsor are small Tillages situated on the west side of the river, immediately above the Highlands, the last-named village being distinguished as the birth-place of De Witt Clinton. New burgh, 61 miles north of New York and 84 south of Albany, is pleasantly situated on rising ground, on the west bank of the river. It was incorporated in 1800, and now con- tains about 12000 inhabitants, 1,500 dwelling-houses, a court- house, and jail, this being a half-shire of Orange County ; a Theological Seminary under the direction of the Associate Re- formed Presbyterian denomii 'on ; an incorporated academy ; a high school, two female seminaries, and a number of select schools, all in a flourishing condition ; two large public libra- ries ; eleven churches of different denominations ; three bank- ing-houses ; fourteen hotels and taverns ; 150 stores of different kinds; nine storehouses; five freighting establishments; four steamboats and two barges, running to and from the city of New York, besides a number of sloops trading to different places on the Hudson River, and schooners and other craft running to Southern and Eastern ports, altogether transport- ing an immense amount of lumber, coal, plaster, and agricul- tural and manufactured products ; two good steamboats, also, are attached to the ferry between this place and Fishkill, on the opposite side of the river, which is here about one mile in width. The location of Newburgh, in addition to its romantic beauty and healthiness, is peculiarly favorable as a place of NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, KTO. 88 bnniDeAS, boinj^f surrounded by a rich grazing and agricultural reftion, celebrated for butter and livestock:. The j\\wbur and jaxi and county poor-house; a splendid collegiate building ; the Dutchess Academy ; two fe* male seminaries, besides several select schools ; a lyceum and reading-room; two public markets; one Presbyterian, one Congregational, two Episcopal, one Baptist, two Methodist, one Dutch Reformed, one Universalist, one Roman Catholic, and one African Church, and two Friends' meeting-houses ; three banking-houses, and a savings' institution. Poughkeepsie con* tains several well-kept hotels and taverns ; 30 dry good stores* 60 groceries, besides a large number of other different kinds of stores and shops ; also two breweries, one of which is very ex- tensive, perhaps the largest in the State, being capable of making 80,000 barrels of beer annually, and an extensive pin manufactory. Here are owned three steamboats, three freight KEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ITO. 35 barges, and eight sloops, engaged in transporting produce and merobandizo to and from the New York market, and other places on the river. No place on the Hudson exceeds this city for beauty of location; it is surrounded by one of the richest agricultural districts in the Union, and may justly be ranked as the queen of cities in the Empire State. Population in 1856, 12,763. The Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, situated on Coliege Hillf about half a mile northeast of the compact part of the Tillage, is unrivaled in its location, commanding an extensive prospect of the river and surrounding country, which can not foil to excite the admiration of every lover of picturesque scenery; in addition to the collegiate building, which is * splendid edifice, here has been erected an extensive gymnasium. This is a well-established and flourishing institution, conducted on phiiodophical principles. Ponghkeepsie is a corruption of the Indian word Apokeep- siriff^ signifying safe harbor. It was early settled, and in 1788 the State convention met here to ratify the federal Con- stitution of the United States ; previous to that date the State legislature frequently convened in this city, which has long been considered a favorite place of residence. The Hudson River Railroad aflFords a speedy communication with the city of New York on the south, and Albany on the north. Cars arrive and depart almost hourly. The Landing opposite Poughkeepsie is in the town of New PA1.TZ, by which name it is called. A ferry here crosses the Hudson ; a short distance from the river is a scattered settle* ment. Three or four miles above Poughkeepsie, is a turn in ,the river called Crum^ Elbow. Hyde Park, 80 miles from New Y'ork and 65 from Albany, is pleasantly situated on the east side of the Hudson. The principal settlement is about half a mile from the landing. It contains three churohes, two public houses, several stores and shops, about 140 dwelling-houses, and 900 inhabitants. No «ectioa of the country between New York and Albany excelf M K£W YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, KTO. Ais pare of Dutchess County for the beauty of its country reei- dences. • At Staatsdurgh, 5 miles north of the village of Hyde Park, •re situated several fine country residences. Esopus Meadows, as they are called, 6 or 7 miles above Hyde Park, are extensive marshes, covered with water during high tide ; they lie opposite the town of Esopus, on the west side oi the river. Pelham is a small landing on the same side, a Kttle south of the meadows. RoNDouT, 89 miles north of the city of New York, is situated •t the mouth of a large stream of the same name, where there i» a light-house built by the United States government. This is aa important place of considerable trade, containing an active population of about 8,000 inhabitants; many of whom are en- gaged in navigation, and others are furnished employment by the Delaware and Hudson Canal, which terminates at Eddy viLLE, 2 miles above Rondout. The canal is 108 miles in length, extending in connection with a railroad of 16 miles, to the coal mines of Pennsylvania. From the mouth of Kondout Creek a number of steamboats, freight barges, and sloops are regularly employed in carrying an immense quantity of Lack- awaxen coal, lumber, lime, and produce of different kinds. Stages run from this place to the village of Kingston, and to the Landing opposite Rhinebeck, where the line boats land and receive passengers several times daily. Kingston Landing is situated on the west side of the Hud- son River, 90 miles north of the city of New York ; this Land- ing was formerly called Columbus Point. A steam ferry-boat here plies across the river. The village of Kingston is handsomely situated on a plain, through which flows the Esopus Creek, 3 miles west of the lauding on the river. It was incorporated in 1805, and now •ontains about 7,000 inhabitants, 800 dwelling-houses, a court- house and jail ; six churches ; two banking-houses, an incorpo- i*ated academy in a flourishing condition, and a female semin- mej \ also several well-kept public houses. Stages leave tfaid NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. 87'. place tbree times a week for Dehli, Delaware County ; a tri- weekly line also leaves for Ellenville, and accommodation stagee arc in constant attendance, and run to the several steamboats that land and receive passengers at Rondout and Kingston Landing. Hingston, anciently called Esopusy was e-.-ly set- tled by the Dutch, many of whose descendants now reside in this vicinity. lu April, 1777, the first convention of the Representatives of the State of New York met in the village of Kingston, and formed the Old Constitution of the State; and on the 16th day of October following it was taken and burnt by the British army, under the command of Gen. Vaughan, while marching to the relief of Gen. Burgoyne, who was obliged to surrender to the American army on the following day at Schuylerville. Im- mediately after destroying the village, the British troops pre- cipitately retreated to their vessels lying in the Hudson River, and returned to the city of New York. Some of the ruins of the stone buildings were standing as late as 1836, when the last of the walls were taken down , and the Kingston banking- house erected on the same spot. Rhinebfck Landing, 90 miles from New York and 55 from Albany, is situated on the east side cf the river. In this vicinity are located a number of beautiful country residencea overlooking the Hudson. The village of Rhinebeck is handsomely situated on a plain, 2 miles east of the landing. It is incorporated, and now contains about 1,600 inhabitants. This vicinity was early settled by Dutch families, many of whose descendants stLM re- tain the habits and language of their forefathers, and are a frugal and prosperous class of citizens. Barrytown, or Eedhook Lower Landing., also on the east Bide of the Hudson, is 97 miles from New York, and is sur- rounded by several delightful country residences. The CatS' kill Mountains., in the west, at a distance of some 12 or 15 miles, may now be seen from the river to great advantage; may be found talent and learning, accomplishment and beauty. The towns of Europe of the same size and relative importance, can in this respect bear no sort of comparison with it. Then, too, its situation, the prospect from its higher grounds and streets, abound in scenes meet for romantic fiction. Albany is rich also in more sober but equally interesting recollections of our national his- tory. There (to use the once familiar personification in which Indian oratory delighted to speak of the French and English governments), Corlaer and Ononthio were wont to meet and plant the tree of peace, or else extinguish their council fire and part in wrath. There, about the middle of the last century (1751), tlie governors of the several proyiuoes met the chiefs of NEW YORK TO ALDANT, TROY, ETC, 49 tho Six Nations, and the ambassadors of the Catawbas and other Southern tribes, and buried the hatchet between tho whole Indian race on thi» continent, and planted tho tree of peace in Fort Orange.* There, three years after, was held that fiist General Congress, in which the earliest arrangements for national defense were made, and wliore, by one of those remark- able coincidences with which the hand of Providence has legi- bly inscribed tho evidence of his own workings in every part of our national history, upon the 4th of July, 1764, Benjamin Franklin, and other patriots destined to the highest honors of tlieir country, signed the first plan of American Union, and proclaime. . Rip Van Winkle . . 6 1 . . D. Haywood New York to Troy. h845. Oregon 1000.. Capt. St. John 8unk in 1868. 1845 Hendrik Hudson.. lUO.. Curtis Peck N. York to Albany. 18»<5..lHuac Newton 1750 .Wni. H. Peck Burnt Dec. 6, 1868. 1848..A'ida 700. .Capt. Roe Tow-boat. 1848. Commodore 985. .CW. Farnhum New York to Troy. 1850.. Armenia I. P. Smith N. York to Albany. 1850 . . Henry Clay* Capt. Talliuan Burnt, July 27, 1852, 185 ..Reindeert C. W. Farnham Burnt, Sept., 1852. 1850. . Metamora J. F. Tallman 1851 .. Francis Skiddy.. ..1100. .Levi Smitli New York to Troy. Vanderbilt Geo. H. Tupper New York to Troy. 1851 . . New World 1750 . . A. P. St. Jolin Used as a hospital. 1859 . . Daniel Drew John F. Tallman . . . . N. York to Albany. 1864 Chauncey Vibbard . .Captain Hltclicock.. .N. York to Albany. 1864.. St. John 2800.. Wm. H. Peck, N. York to Albany. * Burnt to the water's edge near Yonkers, by which dreadful calamity about "0 lives were lost. t Exploded her boiler at Bristol Landing, killing 36 persons ; after- irard destroyed by lire. Copy of an Advertisement taken from the Albany Gazette^ dated September, 1807. **The North River Steamboat will leave Pauler's Hook Ferry [now Jersey City] on Friday, the 4th of September, at 9 in the morning, and arrive at Albany on Saturday, at 9 in the afternoon. Provisions, good berths, and accommodations are provided. '" The charge to each passenger is as follows : To Newburgh dols. 3. Time, 14 hourflt " Poughkeepsie " 4. " 17 " «* Esopus « 6. «* 20 <* . «' Hudson «* 5J. " 30 «« *' Albany " 7. ^« 36 " '* For places, apply to Wm. Vandervoort, No. 48 Courtlaiidt Street, on the corner of Greenwich Street. ♦*&5j><.2,1807." . . NEW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. 51 1 THE CLERMONT. " The above is a correct drawing of Fulton's first American Steamboat, called the ' Clkrmont.' She was built at the shipyard of Charles Brown, at the Dry Dock, New York city, in the year 1807. Omitting every thing in regard to the diffi- culties with which Fulton had to contend, and the utter in- credulity of almost every person until the boat left the wharf moved by steam, we will give a short account of her trial trip. " Mr. Livingston and Mr. Fulton had invited many of their friends to witness the first trial, among whom were those learned men, Dr. Mitchell and Dr. McNeven, to whom we are indebted !or some account of what passed on this occasion. Nothing could exceed the surprise and admiration of all who witnessed the experiment. The minds of the most incredulous were changed in a few minutes. Before the boat had made the distance of a quarter of a mile, the greatest unbeliever must have been converted. The man who, while he looked on the expensive machine, thanked his stars that he had more wisdom than to waste his money on such idle schemes, changed the ex- pression of his features as the boat moved from the wharf and gained her speed, and his complacent expression gradually stiffened into wonder. The jeers of the ignorant, who had noither sense nor feeling enough to suppress their contemptuous ridicule and rude jokes, were silenced for a moment by a vul- gar astonishment which deprived them of the power of utter- ance, till the triumph of genius extorted from the increduious multitude which crowded the shore, shouts and acclamations of congratulations and applause. By reference to the engraving it will be seen that she labored under a great disadvantage in having the wheels hung on the shaft Avithout any outwnrd support. This is now supplied by what are called the wheel-guards."— iS'ci. Jim 58 »KW YORK TO ALBANY, TROY, ETC. HUDSON RIVER. This beautiful and celebrated stream was first discovered by Hknky Hudson, in 1609, while in the employ of the Dutch East India Company. It rises from numerous sources on the Adirondack Mountain region of Essex and Hamilton counties, west of Lakes George and Champlain. Its principal head branches are known as the Adirondack River, Boreas River, Indian River, Schroon River, and the Sacandaga River, while the Mohawk, rising in Oneida County, and flowing eastward, is its principal affluent. Its whole length is estimated at 320 miles ; the tide flowing up for nearly half that distance, to the city of Troy. On the upper part of this river, justly celebrated for its varied and romantic beauties, are several picturesque falls, of which Baker's Falls, Glen's Falls, and Hadley, or Great Falls, are the most noted. In the head waters of the Hudson, surrounded by mountain peaks of Al- pine grandeur, are to be found trout, and other tish of a fine flavor, in great abundance, and in its tide waters are taken annually large quantities of shad, herring, bass, sturgeon, and many other kinds of fish. From its mouth to the city of Hudson, a distance of 116 miles, it is navigable for ships of a large burthen, and to Albany and Troy, 150 miles, for steam- boats of a large class. By means of a lock and dam, vessels can ascend 4 miles farther to the village of Waterford. When we reflect that this important river receives the tributary waters of the great western and northern lakes, by means of ,the Erie and Champlain canals, and then commingles with the Atlantic Ocean, after passing the "Highlands," the Pali- sades, and through the secure and spacious bay of New York, well may we give it the appellation of the Noble Hudson. The Adirondack Group of Mountains, rising in Essex County to an altitude of 6,467 feet above the ocean, are much fre- quented by tourists fond of hunting and fishing. TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, LAKE GEORGE, ETC. Thkre are now two or three Railroad Routes from Albany and Troy to Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springs. Ist. From Albany via Schenectady, 17 miles ; from thence by the Saratoga and Schenectady liailroady terminating at the village of Saratoga Springs ; total distance, 39 miles. 2d. From Albany via Albany JSTorthern Railroady connecting with the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad at the Junction^ 2 miles above Waterford ; from thence proceeding northward a farther distance of 26 miles to Saratoga Springs; making a total distance from Albany, 38 miles. 3d. From Troy via Saratoga and Rens.'telaer Railroad, ter- minating at Ballston Spa, 25 miles, there uniting with the rail- road extending from Schenectady to Saratoga Springs, a farther distance of 7 miles. The above railroads afford the traveler a choice of several interesting routes. There being little difference of time or ex- pense, it is well for the tourist to go by one route and return by another, thus changing the scenery. Mechamcsville, 12 miles north of Troy, is the station where the cars running on the Rensselaer and Saratoga Rail- road leave the valley of the Hudson, diverging westward to Ballston Spa, a farther distanrss of 13 miles. Ballston Spa, the county seat for Saratoga County, is an old and somewhat celebrated watering-place. It is situated in a valley near the Kayaderosseras Creek, 31 miles north of the city of Albany, and 7 mile3 south of Saratoga Springs, by rail- road route. It was incorporated in 1807, and now contains about, 2,500 inhabitants ; a court-house and jail, one Presbyte- rian, one Episcopal, one Baptist, one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic church ; one banking-'house, five hotels and taverns. The Sans Souci Hotel at this place, erected by the late Nicho- las Low, Esq., in 1803, is an old and popular boarding-house, delightfully situated near the center of the Tillage. 60 SARATOGA. SPRINGS. The oldest and still the most osteeracd mineral fountain is known as the " Public Well/' on the flat west of the center of the village. It is said to have been first discovered by the whites in 1709, during the survey and partition of the Kaya- dcrosseras Patent. It issues from a bed of stiflf blue clay and ■gravel. Besides the above there arc several other springs of less note, possessing medicinal properties of a similar character. The JS'ew Spring, also on the flat, is of similar properties, and evidently belongs to the same class with those of Saratoga Springs, now so justly celeboated. Within a few miles of Ballston Spa are situated two or three lakes, the largest of which are Ballston, or Long Lake, on the south, and Saratoga Lake on the east; the latter abounds with fish of different kinds. I'he village of Sara-toga Springs, 88 miles north of Albany and 40 miles south of Whitehall, by railroad route, is pleasantly situated on a plain, surrounded in part by a beautiful grove of pine trees. This is the most noted watering-place in the Union, or on the continent of America ; the mineral springs, possessing great medicinal properties, vary somewhat in thc^r an.alyses. although all lying in a valley contiguous to each other within one mile. The village is built chiefly on one broad street, intersected by cross streets: and the numerous large hotels and boarding-houses for the accommodation of visitors give it a lively and imposing appearance, particularly when thronged with fashionable company, as it usually is during the summer months Population about 0,000. The principal hotels are the United States Hotel, Union Hall, Congress Hall, Columbian Hotel, American Hotel, and Marvin House, all being situated on the main street or avenue running north and south. Other hotels and private boarding-houses are to be found in every direction. There are also several pub- lic bathing-houses near the Springs, where cold and warm water and shower baths can at all times be obtained. The railroads aftbrd a speedy communication between the Springs and the cities of Albany Schenectady, and Troy on the SARATOGA SPRINGS. 61 ionth, while the Sarafoira and Whitehall Railroad affords a direct an I speedy route to Wliitohall, Lake George, and Lake CUamplain on the north. Sara I oG A Minkral Springs. — These are so well known to tourists, and so thoroughly described in our guides for travel- ers, that it is almost a work of supererogation to repeat what is said of them. They are, without doubt, the most remarkable ohalybeates in the world ; grateful and refreshing to the palate, and remedial to invalids beyond all others. In Germany alone have they any rivals They become every year the resort of the most wealthy, edu- cated, and refined Americans and foreigners; and, unfortu- nately, as a consequence, attract also those chevaliers who prey upon society, wherever it is accessible, lavish in its expendi- ture, and free in its amusements. The accommodations at Saratoga are very extensive and very elegant. Thousands of people are entertained at the same time, without inconvenience. The drives in the vicinity are beautiful, extending on the east to Saratoga Lake and the Hudson River. The following Histo?'i/ and Analyses of the principal springs arc mostly copied from " Allen's Analyses of the Mineral Fountains at Saratoga Springs." " High Rock Spring. — This spring was, beyond a question, the primeval fountain, and the one mainly used by the abori- gines. The other springs, if they existed during the early savage settlements about them, would have been less pure, have contained more fresh water, have been more incorporated with the vegetable mold and decaying foliage of the forest than this ; for it is SO admirably secured by Nature against every thing foreign to it. This fountain receives its name from the peculiar stone which incloses its mouth. '♦ To this fountain the Indian resorted for relief, when labor- ing under disease. Here he brought his sick friends, and by the i^e of the water relieved them from u'sease. 6 62 SARATOGA SPRINGS. ** For many years aftor iia introduotion to the white man, it was the great source of health to the afflicted among thorn, even au much as it had before been to their savage neighbors ; and it still retains its strength and early purity. " Perhaps there is no mineral fountain, either here or at Ballston Spa, which has been so uniform in every particular as this. Nature did for it what man from necessity has been com- pelled to do for the other fountains here, viz., carefully to tube it. And while the artificial tubes, and various other improve- ments which from time to time have been made about the other fountains, have uniformly been subject to decay, and were almost annually to bo renovated, or the several springs would have been lo.st, this spring, having had Nature for its architect, has needed no repairs. ♦• It is an excellent tonic water, and as an alterative, to be taken during the day in small quantities, it is a very valuable spring ; and many invalids every year since it was first visited by Sir William Johnson, can bear testimony to its remedial powers. *• The temperature of this spring was 48°, the surrounding atmosphere at 0, and its specific gravity 1.007 ; and one cubio gallon of the water, in January, 1844, gave the following in- gredients on analysis : Chloride of Sodium 190.233 grs Carbonate of Magnesia 62.100 Carbonate of Lime 71.633 Carbonate of Soda 18.421 Carbonate of Iron 4.233 Hydriodate of Soda 2.177 Silex and Alumina 2.500 Hydro-Bromate of Potash ** ** Solid contents in one cubic gallon . 361. 197 Carbonic Acid 831.666 Aimospheric Air 2. ** Gaseous contents in a gallon 833.666 . ; BARATOOA BPRINQS. 68 ** Tlie oiroumforcnce of the High Rock at the surface of Una ground is twenty-five feet. ** Circumference at the top, two feet eight inches. ** Diameter of tUa opening in its top, ten inches. " Distance from the top of the rock to the water within., if two feet eleven inches. *< Height of the column of water within the rock above the surface of the ground, one foot. '• Depth of the fountain, ten feet. " One hundred grains furnished the following on analysis : Carbonate of Lime 41.000 grs. Carbonate of Magnesia 80.106 Carbonate of Iron 13.501 Silex and Alumina 15.333 100.000 " These substances vary very materially in diflferent parts of the rock. " Congress Spring. — This fountain was first discovered by a hunting party, in the summer of 1792. One of this party was John Taylor Gilmaiiy who then was or had been a member of the United States Congress. Oilman had a brother who was also one of the party at the time of the discovery ; and the credit of first discovering this valuable spring has been award- ed to them. But which of the brothers noticed it first can not be decided at the present time, neither is it important. It was then issuing from an aperture in a calcareous rock, which faced the small stream of fresh water passing by it to the main brook of the valley. This little rivulet receives the surplus water of cur Saratoga mineral springs, and passes via Owl Pond, Sara- toga Lake, and Fish Creek, to the Hudson River. " The novel appearance of the spring, as it flowed from the rock, attracted their attention, and induced them to apply such tests of its qualities as were within their reach. After their exaiAination, they came to the conclusion that it was a very ex- 64 SARATOGA SPRtNOS. traordinary fbuntain, containing all the constituents of the other mineral springs here, and perhaps other qualities be- sides ; or at least the same of the otlier fouu tains in larger or different proportions; and in cither case, i* was in all probabil- ity a very extraordinary fountain. And as they believed it possessed more or less of every constituent which enters into the composition of the other mineral fountains here, they ve:y appropriately made selection of that name which it now bears, viz., CoivGRESs Spring. '* The temperature of the water of this spring, as shown by Fahrenheit's thermometer, when immersed at the bottom of the well, is 50 degrees, and it does not appear to suflFer any sensible variation either during the summer or winter months. *' The specific gravity of the woter at the temperature of 60 deg., the barometer ranging at ti9.5 inches, is 1009.7, pure water being one thousand. Excessively wet, or long seasons of dry weather, seem to produce a slight variation from this re- sult ; but repeated experiments, made at different periods, and under various circumstances of season, etc., for the space of more than twenty years, have in no instance produced a devia- tion of more than the 0.5 of a grain." One gallon, or 231 cubic inches, of the water of the Congress Spring contains the following substances, viz. : Chloride of Sodium 385.000 grs. Hydriodate of Soda 3.500 Bi-carbonate of Soda 8.982 Bi-carbonate of Magnesia 95.788 Carbonate of Lime 98.098 Carbonate of Iron 6.075 Silex 1.500 Hydro-bromate of Potash, a trace 000 Solid contents m a gallon 597.943 grg. Carbonic Acid Gas 311 , , Atmospheric Air 7 Gaseous contents in a gallon 818 cubic inches. SARATOGA SPRINGS. 65 The Empire Spawo, situated in the north part of the vil- lage, a few rods above the High Rock Spring, is a highly val- uable fountain, possessing all the curative qualities of theso most celebrated mineral waters. The grounds in the vicinity of the Empire Spring are sus- ceptible of great improvement, which is about being effected "by the Saratoga Empire Spring Company. (Sec Advertisement.) It was analyzed by Prof. E. Emmons in 1846, and found to be highly medicinal in its properties. The analysis of the Empire Water, by Prof. E. Enmions, ia as follows : Chloride of Sodium 269.696 grs. Bi-carbonate of Lime 141.824 Bi-carbonate of Magnesia 41 .984 Bi-carbonate of Soda 30.848 Hydriodate of Sodp> jr Iodine 12 000 Bi-carbonate of Iron, a trace 000 Solid contents in a gallon 496 352 Specific gravity 1.039 The following remarks are copied from the American Journot of Agriculture and Science^ and the facts as stated in 1846 have been fully corroborated by observation and experience : " The most remarkable fact brought out by this analysis is the presence of a large quantity of Iodine. We were able to detect it in one ounce of the water. This water, too, is mainly free from iron, as tincture of nutgalls, after standing twenty- four hours, produced merely a green tinge or color, and the salt, when evaporated, is white, or slightly yellowish white The spring, it seems to us, is quite an accession to the waters of Saratoga. It has a remarkably pleasant saline taste, with a pungency and liveliness which makes it agreeable as a bever* age. tJ6 SARATOGA SPRINGS. pAViiiioif PouKTAiif. — This tnily beautiful fountain is s'ltn- ate in the rear of the Columbian Hotel, and a few rods south- east of the Flat Rock Spring. It was long since discovered, and experiments made upon the water by the late Dr. J. H. Steed. Its remoteness, however, from the bank which gave egress to the other mineral fountains in the valley, places it in the midst of a deep morass, where it makes its appearance through an alluvial deposit of some forty feet in depth. This water has been much used, both at home and abroad, since 1840. The free acid of the spring is most abundant, and passes off in great quantities* from the moutli of the fountain. Its water is not so heavy as that of the Congress Spring ; but the liberal quantities of free gas which is present impart to it, when drank, a very smart, pungent taste, and induce many to think it the strongest water of the valley. They form their opinion from the effects it produces on the palate while drinking it. This smart, pungent, and grateful taste, which is so char- acteristic of all our mineral waters here, would be enhanced by drinking them from metallic cups, instead of the glass tum- blers so generally used. The reason is obvious to those who have studied the principles of galvanism. . Analysis of the Pavilion Fotmiain. Chloride of Sodium 226.58 grs. Carbonate of Magnesia . 62.50 Carbonate of Lime 60.24 Carbonate of Soda 4.70 Oxide of Iron 3.10 Iodine of Sodium > _ __ Bromide of Potassium 5 Silica 62 Alumina ...,.,, .25 *' ' ^ 861.74 Carbonic Acid Gas, cubic inches .... 480.01 Atmosphenc air o.O^ SARATOGA SPRINGS. 67 Putnam's Congress. — This fountain is situated midway be- tween Broadway and Putnam Street, and nearly opposite the United States Hotel. It was discovered a long time since by Mr. Lewis Putnam, who, in 1835, excavated, tubed, and care- fully secured it from the fresh water, and all other foreign sub- stances about it. It is justly a popular fountain, and is much used by both citizens and strangers, many of whom are particularly attached to it, and use it instead of the Congress, for cathartic purposes, with good success. The water has been vended in considerable quantities every year since it has been in complete operation. In connection with the spring is a bathing establishment, second to no other in the place tor commodious baths, large rooms, and proper attendants. This, as well as the spring, ia owned by Messrs. Putnam & Son, and always subject to their personal superintendence. Temperature of this spring, 48°. Analysis. One gallon of the water furnished the following constituents, on analysis : Chloride of Sodium 220.000 gra. Carbonate of Soda 15.431 Carbonate of Magnesia 45.500 Carbonate of Lime 70.483 Carbonate of Iron 7.833 Hydriodate of Soda 2.500 Bromide of Potash ** Silex and Alumina 1.500 Solid contents in one gallon 362.697 Carbonic Acid 817.753 Atmospheric Air 3.080 Gaseous contents in a gallon 820.833 68 THE SARATOGA SPRING. • This new mineral fountain is situated a few rods north of the curious High Rock Spring. It was dug down to, and tubed from, the rock in April, 1862. The water is composed of five distinct veins or jets, issuing out of five separate crev- ices in the rock ; one of these veins undoubtedly formed the old and well-known Iodine Spring — the other veins being new. The quality of the water as a beverage, and its virtues of a medicinal character, are conceded by all who have tested its merits. The verdict of the thousands of visitors and cit- izens who have used it has been so uniform in its favor, that the proprietors feel not the least h(;sitat:on in claiming, that as a Cathartic, a Diuretic, and a Tonic, it is unequaled ; while in other respects it is not excelled by the most popular and celebrated mineral waters of the world. Southern Depot for the sale of the above mineral water, 68 Barclay Street, New York. Saratoga Lake^ four miles east of Saratoga Springs, is a place of great resort during the summer months. A large public house is situated at the north end of the lake, from whence a small steamer runs to the White Sulphur Spring, some seven or eight miles, affording a delightful excursion. Boating and fishing parties are also accommodated with facil- ities for aquatic sports. PRINCIPAL HOTELS IN SARATOGA SPRINGS. American Hotel Richard McMichael .... Broadway. Clahendon Hotel Samuel L. White Broadway. Columbian Hotel U. N. Benedict Broadway. Congress Hall Hathorn & McOmber . ..Broadway. Continental Hotel. . . Washington St. Marvin House A. & D. Snyder Broadway. Union Hall W. W. Leland & Co. . . .Broadway. United States Hotel.J. M. Marvin & Co Broadway. SARATOGA SPRINGS. • M Tent Springs. — About a mile from the High Rock Spring, in an eastern direction, are situated the Ten Springs^ so called from the circumstance of there being that number located near together. They never have acquired much celebrity, and it ifl probable, from their proximity to others so distinguished, that they Avill never ris into much consequence. White Sulphur Spring. — This spring is situated on the east side of Saratoga Lake, about half a mile south of Snake Hill. Its location is in a beautiful ravine, in the middle of which runs a tine little stream of fresh water, and a few roda east of the fountain it falls into the lake. As the ravine ap- proximates the shore of the lake it widens a little, and the south bank particularly rises very abruptly to the height of some 35 or 40 feet above the surface of the brook. Within some twenty rods of the lake shore a deep niche is formed in the south bank, somewhat in the form of a horse- shoe. The bank here is almost perpendicular with its base, but a little elevated above the brook, which is within a few feet of the main bank of the ravine. At the base of this high bank, and at the center of the horse- shoe, passes out this sulphur spring, and its course to the brook is marked by the white sul- phur which is deposited. « The temperature of this spring is 48°, barometer at 30**, and the temperature of the atmosphere at zero. Its specific gravity is 1000.6. Sulphureted Hydrogen 0.6 Atmospheric Air 4.0 Silex and Alumina, three grains to the gallon. The Quaker Springs, situated about 10 miles in a southeast direction from Saratoga Springs, in the town of Saratoga, are of some celebrity. They contain lime, magnesia, and iron, held in solution by carbonic acid, and, like the others in the county they likewise contain a portion of common salt and soda. I'he other springs of less note are the Flat Rock^ Hamilton^ Columbian y and Washington Spring. 70 , SARATOGA SPRINGS. On leaying Saratoga Springs for Whitehall, 40 miles, or Lake George, 29 miles, the northern route is continued by Sara- toga and Whitehall Railroad. If the traveler is destined for Lake George, the cars are left at Moreau Station » 15 miles above Saratoga Springs, where stages will be found in readi- ness to transport passengers over a good plank road to Glen's FallSy 6 miles, and from thence to Caldwell y 9 miles farther. Here are situated two large and popular hotels, affording every accommodation that may be desired ; also, other luxuries that money alone can not purchase, viz., good mountain air, pure, wholesome water, and delicious fish of diflferent kinds, such as ought to satisfy any ** gourmand or faster" who has long been waiting to enjoy the luxury of partaking of the finely-flavored trout of Lake Horicon or its tributaries. Passengers bound for Whitehall, Rutland, Burlington, Platts- burgh, or Montreal, proceed north from Moreau Station or Fort Edward, situated on the Hudson River, direct to the former place. At Whitehall the railroad route diverges east toward Rutland and Boston, while steamers of a large class run twice daily on Lake Champlain, leaving Whitehall morning and evening. For a further description of Lake George and Lake Cham- plaih, see pages 197 and 201. « • *« WESTERN TOUR, ROUTES FEOM ALBANY AND TROY TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA FALLS, ETa The first link of the great chain of railroads connecting the navigable waters of the Hudson with Lake Erie is the Albany and Schenectady Railroad^ now forming a part of the great JVVm» York Central Railroad. It was one of the first constructed railroads in this State, the company having been chartered in 1826. It extends from Albany to Schenectady, 17 miles, and passes over a tract of sandy land, covered nearly the whole dis- tance with a thick growth of stunted pines. Tlie Schtnectady and Troif Railroad, alsf ''orming part of tho New York Central, extends from the city of Ti'oy to the city of Schenectady, on a line of 20 miles in length, and making, with the other road, two lines of travel diverging from the tide waters of the Hudson, in addition to the Erie Canal, This road fi'om Troy inclines to the north, running parallel with the Mohawk River, and is remarkable for the variety and beauty of its scenery. This road also now forms a part of the J\ew York Central Railroad. The City of Schenectady, 16 miles west of Albany, is handsomely situated on the south bank of the Mohawk, at the true commencement of the celebrated valley of that river. This is an ancient place, having been settled as early as 1620, by the Dutch, ma ay of whose living descendants reside in the dwellings of their ancestors, and retain many of their primitive habits. This place was called by the Indians Schagh-nactaa- da, signifying, in their language, ** beyond the pine plainsj" During the old French and Indian wars, Feb. 9, 1690, it waa taken by surprise in the dead of night, was sacked and burnod by the Indians ; a great number of its inhabitants were massa- ored, and others carried away into captivity It was chartere• '1"! • l>. WESTERN TOUR, 73 roate is on the north side of the Mohawk, and your first halt if at the village of Amsterdam, 15 miles from Schenectady, and connected by a toll-bridge with Port Jackson, on the opposite side of the river. Amsterdam contains about 2,500 inhabitants, and in the immediate vicinity are annually quarried large quautitiea of a fine quality of limestone, much used for the construction of looks and other public works. Stages leave Amsterdam daily for the Fish House, on the Sacondaga River, and for other places to the north in Fulton County. One or two miles west of Amsterdam, on the line of the railroad, are situated two of the old stone mansions of the Johnson family, who figured largely in the early history of thb part of the country. Fonda, a pleasant village of recent date, and the county seat of Montgomery County, is 42 miles by railroad from Albany. It stands on the north side of the Mohawk, and opposite the village of Fultonville, on the Erie Canal. Johnstown, the county seat of Fulton County, lies 4 miles north of the Mohawk River, and 45 miles from Albany. This is an old and interesting place, containing about J ,700 inhabit- ants. It was originally founded by Sir William Johnson, whose residence, built of limestone, is still standing about one mile west of the village. A daily line of stages runs from Johns- town to Fonda, connecting with the cars on the New York Cen- tral Railroad. Spraker's Basin, on the line of the Erie Canal, is 36 miles from Schenectady. Here is located a thriving settlement, con- taining a church and some 30 or 40 dwellings. ^ Palatine Bridge, 54 miles from Albany, connects with the village of Canajoharie, on the south bank of the Mohawk River. Canajoharie was incorporated in 1829, and now con- tains about 1 ,500 inhabitants. The Erie Canal passes through the center of the village. Stages leave this place daily, during the summer season, for Sharon Sulphur Springs and Coopers- town. f 74 WESTERN TOUR. Sharon Springs, some 8 or 10 miles south of Canajoharie, and 45 miles west of Albany, via the Cherry Valley turnpike, being 55 miles by railroad, via Palatine Bridge, has become a place of great resort for health and pleasure. The rides in the Ticinity ; the numerous villages ; extensive views ; neighboring caves, and romantic scenery, together with the delightful fish- ing in Otsego Lake, are among the many attractions offered to those seeking in the heat of summer either health or pleasure. Her* are 6 or 6 first-class Hotels for the accommodation of visitors, being usually thronged with guests during the summer ^months. These healthful fountains possess powerful attractions for the seekers of health, of pure air, and of splendid natural scenery. The springs are highly medicinal, and exceedingly pleasant and grateful, because the water is very cold when first taken from the fountain. Magnesia is the prevailing medicinal in- gredient in one spring, and sulphur in the other. The country around the Springs, and the Springs themselves, are elevated 900 feet above the Mohawk River, from which they are distant about eight miles. The elevation is achieved by a gradual ascent throughout the whole of this distance. A traveler who leaves the city of New York in the evening boat for Albany, may take breakfast in that city the next morning, and then place himself in a railroad car, which will convey him to Schenectady, and up the romantic valley of the Mohawk, to Palatine Bridge. There he takes a post-coach, and, availing himself of a plank road most of the way, is set down at the Springs before 1 o'clock, p.m. Fare from Albany, $1 10 in car, and $1 in post-coach. Arrived •at the Springs, he vt^ill find a number of houses for the temporary, and always very agreeable, accommodation of travelers or boarders. The oldest and most conspicuous of these is the ** Pavilion*' kept by Mr. Gardiner. This house being very large, will accommodate some three hundred persons, and it is kept in a style of elegance and luxury unsurpassed at any watering'place in the country. The site of the house, and WESTERN TOUR. 75 piozsa in front, command a most extensive and rariegated prospect of the country for many miles around in the vicinity. Tlie house next in importance is kept by Mr. S. Eldridgo, and called the " Eldridge House." It is nearer to the Springs than the •' Pavilion," and the charges for board are more moderate, although the house is extremely well provided. The pure, clear waters of these springs, greatly resembling those of the "White Sulphur Springs of Virginia, have been proved to be highly efficacious in rheun^atic, cutaneous, and dyspeptic complaints, and, in some respects, possess medicinal and healing properties unsurpassed, and believed to be im- equaled, in the United States or Canada. CooPERSTOWN, although oflF from the great line of travel, east and west, is well worthy of a visit. It is 66 miles west of the city of Albany, by stage route, and most delightfully situated on a plain at the outlet of Otsego Lake, this being the c^ief source of the Susquehanna River. No inland village in the Union probably excels Cooperstown in elegance of situation and beauty of surrounding scenery. Qtsego Lake, in the immediate vicinity, is a most beautiful sheet of water, abound- ing in trout and bass, celebrated for their peculiar flavor. Richfield Springs, 69 miles from Albany, is situated near the head of Canaderaga Lake. There are also three or four well-kept hotels for the accommodation of visitors. Richfield Sulphur Springs are some 1,800 feet above tide water, in a valley south of the Mohawk, amidst surrounding mountains, about 70 miles west of Albany, 13 south of Her- kimer, in the immediate vicinity of the beautiful lakes of Otsego and Schuyler ; in fact, there are five lakes, abounding with fish, within one hour's ride of the American Hotel, kepi by Wm. P. Johnson. Visitors will always find private conveyances at Herkimer Station, on the line of the N. Y. Central Railroad, or they can ftvail themselves of the daily stages which convey the mail to 76 WESTERN TOUR. Richfield Springs, so that parties visiting the Springs can leare the city of New York in the eyening bouts, and rea.ch the Springs on the afternoon of the next day, and those leaviog il by morning oars reach it on the same day. Fort Plain, 57 miles from Albany by railroad route, on the south side of the Mohawk Hiver, is situated on the line of the Erie Canal. It was incorporated in 1834, and now con- tains about 1,500 inhabitants. A daily line of stages runs from this place to Cherry Valley, Cooperstown, and Sharon Springs, in Schoharie County. Saint Johnsville, 63 miles from Albany, and 31 from Utica. is situated on the north side of the Mohawk, on the line of the New York Central Railroad ; it contains about 300 inhabitants. The railroad cars usually stop hero a suflBcient time to enable passengers to obtain refreshments. * East Canada Creek enters the Mohawk River 3 miles west of St. Johnsville. This stream, for a considerable distance, forms the boundary line between the counties of Montgomery and Herkimer ' Little Falls, Ilerlumcr County, is situated on both sides of the Mohawk, 73 miles west of the city of Albany. It was first incorporated in 1811, and amended in 1827; it now con- tains about 4,000 inhabitants and 400 dwelling-houses. The Mohawk River here falls, in the distance of half a mile, about 42 feet, affording hydraulic power to a large extent, only a small portion of which is at present occupied for manufacturing purposes. * This place and vicinity is justly celebrated for its wild and romantic scenery, and is much resorted to by the admirers of nature and art. The gap between the mountains, through which the river has apparently worn for itself a passo.^e, though confined, is still of breadth sufficient to afford room for A large town. The rock at the river bed is primitive granitic gneiss, very bard, bat is readily quarried and broken into WESTERN TOUR. 77 baild)n(c ntone. Abore this, on the mountain sides, lies the Band nxjk, and still higher, at the top, are extensive bods of blue limestone, great quantities of which have been used in constructing the locks, and for building, for coping, and for flagging. Through this gorge passes the Erie Canal, on the soutli side of the river, nnd the Utica and Schenectady Hail- road and the Mohawk turnpike on the north. It is the gateway tlj rough which the product and travel of the vast West must, of necessity, pass to tide water. An aqueduct crosses the Mohawk, at this place, communicating with a feeder on the north side of tlie river, and is a fine specimen of masonry. A daily line of stages runs between Little Falls and Trenton Falls, and several mail routes north and south branch off at this place. West Canada Creek enters the Mohawk River 6 milea west of Little Falls. Its whole length is about GO miles from its sources, in the wilds of Hamilton County. It is a romantic and lovely stream, and abounds with fine trout. About 20 miles from its mouth are situated Trenton Falls, being on the border of the town of the same name in Oneida County. The village of Herkimer, 79 miles from Albany, is hand- somely situated in the valley of the Mohawk, on the north side of the river. It was iixcorporated in 1807, and now contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 150 dwelling-houses, a new brick court-house, and stone jail, built on an improved model, com- bining security and comfort to the prisoners. Here is a flour- ing mill, containing four run of stone, situated on a hydraulic canal, which is fed by the waters of the West Canada Creek. It is about three miles in length, and has two fulls, one of 22 feet, and another of 16 feet, affording water-power sufiicient to propel upward of 100 run of stone, most of which is unoccupied. The village of Mohawk, situated on the 8( ith side of the river, one mile west of Herkimer, is a thriving place of busi- ness, through which passes the Erie Canal. The village of Frankfort, 9 miles east of Utica, is also situated on the line of the Erie Canal, and contains about 500 ioliabitants. 7* 78 WESTERN TOUR. The City of TTtica, situated on the south side of the Mohawk River, is on the site of old J^hrt Schuyler, 96 miles west of the city of Albany. It was chartered in 1832, and ie now divided into seven wards, and governed by a common council, consisting of a mayor and 14 aldermen. In 1860 it contained 22,529 inhabitants, about 2,500 dwelling-houses, 4 Presbyterian churches, 1 Reformed Dutch, 4 Episcopal. 4 Bap- tist, 3 Methodist, 2 Roman Catholic, and 1 African church, and 1 Friends' meeting-house; 1 Protestant and 1 Catholic orphan asylum; 5 banking houses and 2 savings* banks; 1 mutual insurance company ; 2 incorporated academies, one for males and the other for females; a museum located in the Exchange building; 10 hotels and taverns, besides several private boarding-houses ; 2 extensive steam woolen factories ; 1 large steam cotton factory, and 1 screw factory -all recently erected. The JVew York State Lunatic Asylum, situated on some- what elevated ground, about one mile west of the center of Utica, is a noble and imposing structure. The finished build- ing can accommodate upward of 600 patients This humane establishment is calculatid for the reception of all insane per- sons in the State, whose friends or county authorities may apply in their behalf. In addition to the Erie Canal, which passes through the cen- ter of the city, the Chenango Canal commences at this place, and terminates at Binghamton, in Broome County. Utica and Black River Railroad. — This road is now fin- ished from the city of Utica to Boone ville, 35 miles. When completed it will extend to Philadelphia, Jefferson Co., a dis- tance of H6 miles, connecting at the latter place with the Rmne, Watertown, and Ogdemburgh Railroad. Passenger cars leave Utica twice daily for Booneville, passing near Trenton Falls, situated 1 6 miles north of Utica. Stages run from Boone- ville to Carthage and Watertown on the arrival of the trains. The Utica and Clinton Railroad extends from Utica to Clinton, 9 miles southward. ,: ,, WESTERN TOUR. 79 The principal hotels in Utica are chiefly situated on Genesee Street, of which tlie following are the most noted : Baggs' Hotel or Bleecker House, American Hotel, and Central Hotel. Trexton Fat,l8, 15 miles northeast from Utica by railroad and stage, situated on the West Canada Creek, in the town of Trenton, are among the most remarkable scenes in our coun try. The wild, secluded, and primeval aspect of the place serves greatly to heighten the eifect of the striking spectacle presented by the stream; and the whole is so deeply embosom- ed in the primitive forest that no token of the long and deep gorge through which the waters rush is visible till you are on its very brink. Within a distance of about two miles there are no less than six distinct cascades, interchanging with rapids as picturesque as the falls themselves. The first fall, beginning up stream, is called the Upper Falls, and has a descent of about feet. The river tlien dashes along its rocky bed about a mile, with a descent, in that distance, of about 20 feet more, to the second falls, called The Cascades. A little farther down you come to the third fall, called the Mill-dam, from the regularity and smoothness of the ledge of rock, about 20 feet h:gh, over which the waters 'p'*ur. About 40 rods more bring you to the High Falls. At this place the volume of the stream is separated, by rifts iu the rock, into three distinct cataracts, having a perpenlicular pitch of more than 100 feet. Here the chasm has become very deepi, and the high wooded banks and cliflFs of bare rock on each side combine with the cataracts to make a spectacle of wild and savage grandeur. About 70 rods farther down yok come to the fifth, or Sherman's Falls, having a descent of nearly 40 feet, from the foot of which the stream pours along a less rapidly descending bed to the sixth, or Conrad's Falls, a pitch of some 15 or 20 feet, and soon after the river, escaping from the deep and dark ravine, flows onward between mor© Bunny buuks and through a softer landscape. I WESTERN TOUR. . ,81 The chasm, for the whole distance, is cut through a vast • mass of lime-rock, which abounds with organic remains ; and the path which the tourist must take, if he would obtain any adequate conceptions of the scene, is along a narrow shelf of rock near the foot of the high and in some places overhanging precipice, and on the immediate verge of rushing waters. This shelf is so narrow in several places, and so perilous, that it has been found necessary to guard it with a chain supported by iron standard^ let into the rock; though, sad to say, this safe-guard was not furnished till two interesting young females had been lost in the terrible flood. The entire descent of the stream, from the top of the Upper Falls to the foot of Conrad's Falls, is stated at 312 feet. Trenton Falls Hotel, kept by Mr. Moore, is a place of great and fashionable resort. The village of Whitesborough, 4 miles west of Utica, is situated on the south side of the Mohawk JRiver. This is one of the oldest white settlements in this section of country, and has long been celebrated as a pleasant and attractive place of residence, being surrounded by fertile lands settled by an in- telligent and wealthy community. It was incorporated in 1813, and now contains about 1,200 inhabitants, many of whom are engaged in manufacturing pursuits. Oriskany, 7 miles west of Utica, is a large manufacturing place, situated on the Oriskany Creek, near its junction with the Mohawk River. It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 200 dwelling-houses, 2 churches, 4 public houses, 4 stores, and 2 large factory buildings, belonging to the " Oriskany Manufac- turing Company," which annually manufacture into broad cloths and cassimeres about 200,000 pounds of wool, giving employment to about 150 n 3n, women, and children. The buildings, grounds, and machinery of this establishment cost about $200,000. 82 WESTEUN TOUR. It was here that the battie of Oriskany was fought, one of the bloodiest, in proportion to the numbcra engaged, during the whole war of our Revolution, and in whicli Gen. Herkimer, of German Flats, lost his life. He was on liis way, with about 800 of the militia of the Mohawk Valley, to the relief of the garrison at Fort Stanwix, when at Oriskany a deadly fire was opened on him and his corps, by a body of British regulars, tories, and Indians, from an ambuscade ^n a narrow ravine. The Americans were completely surrounded, but the gallant Herkimer and his brave compatriots maintained the fight for near six hours. Herkimer received his mortal wounds early in the fight, but he kept the field, seated on his saddle placed on a hillock, which gave him a view of the contest, and from which he calmly issued his orders to the last. This was on the 6th of August, 1777. The village of Rome, 14 miles west of Utica, is situated near the head waters of the Mohawk, and on the line of the Erie Canal, where it is intersvicted by the Black River Canal. Here commences the Watertoum and Rome Railroad, extend- ing to Cape Vincent, 97 miles. The village was incorporated in 1819, and is a half-shire town with Whitesborough for Oneida County; it contains about 8,000 inhabitants, 800 dwell- ing-houses, a court-house and jail, and other public buildings. This place stands on the site of old Fort Stanwix, which wag an important military post during the K evolutionary and French wars. Owing to its natural and artificial advantages, this village is fast increasing in wealth and numbers. Oneida Depoi', 27 miles west of Utica, and 26 from Syra- cuse, is a new and thriving settlement, where the train of pas- senger cars usually stops some 10 or 15 minutes. One or two miles south of the depot is the incorporated village of Onkida Castle, near which resides a remnant of the Oneida tribe of Indians, numbering about 300 souls. VVampsville, 3 miles farther west, is a small settlement, through which passes the Syracuse and Utica Railroad. Canastota, 32^ miles west of Utica, by railroad, and 00 inhabitants. The lake, 15 miles long, and from half a mile to a mile wide, is a beautiful sheet of water, sur- rounded by well-cultivated farms and country residences, and celebrated for its fine trout, Avhich are taken in great abund- ance, weighing from 5 to 10 pounds. The City of Auburn is situated on the outlet of Owasco Lake, 20 miles west of Syracuse and 8 miles south of the Erie Canal. It was chartered in 1848, and contained in 1860 10,086 inhabitants, 1,200 dwelling-houses, a court-house, jail, and county clerk's office. The Auburn State Prison, on the nortTi Bide of the Owasco outlet, a splendi( edifice of the kind, was founded in 181G, and cost over half a million of dollars. Here are inclosed 10 acres of land, surrounded by a solid stone wall, from 16 to 40 feet in height and 3 feet thick. The main building, facing the east, is 8 stories high, besides the base- ment, surmounted by a turreted cupola, in wliich is an alarm bell. The wings are of two stories, the whole front being 276 feet long, and the wings 242 deep by 45 feet wide, inclosing on three sides a court in the rear, about 190 feet square. The cells in the interior are built within the exterior front, are 6 Btories high, surrounded by galleries. There are 770 of these WE8TRRN TOUR. 87 Beparato colla, ench cell being 7 feet long, ?>.J feet wide, 7.1 feet high and calcultited to acconimodate one prisoner during his relixution from labor. In addition to the cells, the main buildng contains a chapel, a hospital, dining-room for the prisoners, cooking apartmimts. and store rooms; besides apart- ments in the main front building, used as offices for the clerk »nd agent, and for the residence of the principal kecpor. Hv.'re are now about 700 convicts, mostly engaged in different kinds of mechanical pursuits, carried on in workshops and unler large sheds within the outside prison walls. The ^liibiirn Theolo0 dwelling-bouHos, 1 church, 2 taverns, and 3 stores. Here the celebrated "Cayuga liridge" crosses tb« lake, which is upward of a mile wide; a new bridge has aino been here erected for the New York Central Railroad, still longer. A steamboat runs from this place to Ithaca, a dis- tance of 40 miles. Tourists traveling for plc;tsure are recommended to ujviate Boutii on their arrival at the foot of Cayuga Lake, and make the pleasant TOIIli OF THE CAYUGA LAKE. Cayuga Lake, which constitutes one of the Central Lakes of New York, is 40 miles long and from 1 to 4 miles wide. It lies between the counties of Cayuga and Seneca, extending some 10 or 12 miles into Tompkins County. This lake, which is very depp, is navigated by steamboats from Cayuga Bridge to the village of Ithaca, stopping at the intermediate landings. It is a most beautiful sheet of water, surrounded by well-culti- vated farms and thriving villages, and abounds with salmon trout, white fish, pike, pickerel, perch, and catfish. On sev- eral of the inlets to this lake, toward the south, are most beautiful and picturesque water-falls^ well worthy the atten- tion of the lovers of natural scenery. The outlet flows north into Seneca River, and thence into Lake Ontario. The traveler has now one of the pleasantest paths of jour- neying before him. He finds at the wharf, at East Cayuga — or, as tlie station is known on all the routes, Cayuga Brids:c— a beautiful steamboat, the " Kate Morgan," and in this his WESTERN TOUR. 89 transit over the clear and healthful waters of this lake is to be made. The old l)ridge, coteiiiporancous with the century, is almost among the relics of another day; and yet it was a famous ilioroughfare in its time. It was niemorahlo as a dividing barrier in old political times, opposing majorities fre- quently testing the strength of numbers on these linos. Cayuga village is mostly upon the hill. Tlie station-house has clustered a group of buildings around it, but the tratiic of the country around tinlaniug and flooring mills. Within the limits o^ 10!J WESTERN TOUR. the city, a distance of 3 miles, the total fall of water in tlie river is about 250 feet, affording during most of the year an almost inexhaustible supply of water-power, which is as yet but partly used for manufacturing purposes. Here are about 20 forwarding establishments connected with the trade of the Erie and Genesoe Valley canals, the latter running south through the rich valley of the Genef?ee River. There is also a limite'I shipping interest on the Genesee River and Lake Ontario. A great number of canal boats have been built at Rochester, there being no less than 11 boat-yarda for their construction. Railroad cars and carriage-making are also extensively carried on here to advantage. American and British steamboats arrive and depart daily, during the season of navigation, from the landing on the north of the city, and from Charlotte, at the mouth of the river, 7 Bflfiles distant, to where a plank road is now constructed, aflFord- ing a most delightful ride during pleasant weather. Railroad cars and canal packets arrive and depart almost hourly. No traveler for pleasure should pass through Rochester without stopping over at least one day to see the city and visit the objects of interest in its vicinity, the natural and artificial curiosities being well worthy of notice. The most important of them are the Genesee Falls^ which are seen to great advan- tage from the east side of the river, a short distance below the railroad bridge, where is a perpendicular descent of 90 feet ; 2 miles below is another fall of 75 feet. The noble aqueduct for the enlarged Erie Canal is a splendid specimen of mason work, well worthy of examination. The above, together with MoiDit Hope Cemetery, most beautifully situated on the east side of the River, about 2 miles south of the city, afford many points of attraction, well worthy the attention of the traveler. The Genesee Valley Ca?ial commences at Rochester, and ascends the rich valley of the Genesee, being now completed a distance of 88 miles, with a branch to Dansville, of 12 miles. The Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad is now com- pleted to Mount Morris, 36 miles, passing through the village WESTERN TOUR. 103 of ATon, connecting with a line of travel to Buffalo on the west and the oity of New York on the east. The most noted place of resort in the valley of the Genesee is Avon Springs, 18 miles south of Rochester. The village is delightfi^Uy situated about half a mile east of the right bank of the Genesee Kiver, and 2 miles from the Genesee Valley Canal, on an elevated terrace, about one hundred feet above the river, commanding an extensive prospect of the rich Genesee Valley and surrounding country. Connected with the village, on the southwest, are the justly famed medicinal springs, giving celebrity to the place. The two principal springs are distinguished as the Upper and Lower Springs, distant from each other about 80 rods. They possesf similar properties, differing only in the relative quantities of the same mineral ingredients. Analysis and experience have fully tested the sanative properties of these waters. They are found peculiarly efficacious in disorders of the digestive organs, rheumatic complaints, and gout, in all sorts of cutaneous affections, and in every kind of obstructions. There are several well-kept hotels, both at the village and near the Springs. The most noted are the Avon Eagle Hotel, the Avon Hotel or Hosmer House, the Knickerbocker Hall, and the Spring Hotel. The two latter are situated near the Springs, the two former in the village. The accommodations for bathing are also extensive and handsomely arranged, there being three establishments, altogether affording great attrac- tipns not only for the invalid but for the seeker of pleasure. '-ri %V.' > /'- ... 1,04. WESTERN TOUR. RAILROAD ROUTE FIIOK ROi]HESTER TO BUFFALO. The jYew York Central JRai/roiid extends west from Roch- ester, through the villages of Churchville end Bergen, forming the great eastern and western thoroughfare from the .\tlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes of America. B ATA VI A, 32 miles west of Rochester, 30 east from Buffalo, and 202 from Albany, by railroad route, is pleasantly situated on a plain, through which floAvs the Tonawanda Creek. It was incorporated in 1823, and now contains about 3,000 inhabi- tants, 400 dwelling-houses, a court-house, jail, and county clerk's office, a State arsnnal, and the general land office of the Holland Land Company. In addition to the New York Central Railroad, the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, and the Butfalo, New York, and Erie Railroad, also pass through Batavia, affording great facilities to reach Albany, New York, Philadelphia, etc. Stages run from Batavia south to Warsaw j and north to Albion and Lockport. The village of Attica, 11 miles from Batavia, and on the Tonawanda Creek, is pleasantly situated. It is an active place of business, containing about 1,000 inhabitants. The Buffalo audJK'tw York City Railroad passes through this villnge, con- necting with the New York and Erie Railroad at Hornellsville. RAILROAD ROUTE FROM ROCHESTER TO NIAGARA - . FALLS Brockport, 17 miles west of Rochester, and 246by railroai from Albany, is handsomely situated on the Erie Canal. It was incorporated in 1829, and now contains about 2,200 inhabi- tants and 300 dwelling-houses. . ' The village of Holley, 5 miles west of Brockport, contains about 700 inhabitants. Sandy Creek flows through this place, •Ter which the canal passes by means of an embankment, 75 WE8TKRF TCUR. 105* feet fthove the bed of the stream, which is conveyed under it by a culvert. Albion, on the Erie Canal, 80 miles from Rochester, and 2^0 miles from Albany, by railroad route, \7as incorporated in 1829, and now contains about 3,800 inhabitants, 600 dwelling- houses, a court-house, jail, and county clerk's office ; 2 banking houses; an incorporated academy, and Phipps' Female Semi- nary, both in a flourisL'ng condition, to each of which are attached large brick edifices. The village of Gaiptks, 1 or 2 miles north of Albion, and on tjie Riiige Road, was incorporated in 1832, and now containa 60U or 700 inhabitants. The AlI'Uvial. Way, or Ridge Road, is a work of nature, extending from the Genesee River, near Rochester, to the Nia- gara River, near Lewiston. It is a gently curving ridge, com- ppsed of beach-sand and gravel- stones, apparently worn smooth by the action of water. Its general width is from 6 to 8 rods, raised in the middle, and the top presents an excellent road, called the " Ridge Road," extending upward of 80 miles, being from 6 to 10 miles south of the present aliore of Lake Ontario, of which it once no doubt formed the beach. This same re- markable feature extends west to Hamilton, C. W,, situated at the head of Lake Ontario. Knowlesville, 7 miles west of Albion, is an incorporated village on the line of the Erie Canal, and contains about 600 inhabitants. Medina, 4 miles farther west, on the Erie Canal, was incor- porated in 1832, and now contains about 2,800 inhabitants, 250 dwelling-houses, and several mills and manufacturing establishments. MiddliEport, 17 inile§ west of Albion, contains about 400 inhabitants. Gasport, 5 miles farther west, takes its name from several mineral burning springs of some celebrity, situated near the line of the canal. The gas is used for domestic purposes. Ihe village of Lockfort is on the Erie Canal, 25 milei 106. WESTERN TOUH. 7/ northeast of Buffalo, and ficm Albany, by railroad route, 286 miles. It was incorporated in 1827, and now contains about llOOO inhabitants, 1,200 dwelling-houses, a court-house, jail, and county clerk's office. Tl.e hydraulic po^ver derived from the sui'plus waters of the Ere Canal at tlr's place is sufficient to propel at least 800 run of mill-stones, and is admirably located for au extensive manu- facturing town. In addition to the Erie Canal, which passes through the center of the village, the Rochester ^ Loci> party and JVia^ara Falls Hailroad passes through this place, and runs to Niagara Falls, 20 miles ; the Loc.kport and Buffalo Railroad extends a distance of 25 miles to the city of Buffalo, affording a speedy communication ibr travelers visiting the Falls and Buffalo. Here are ten combined locks, constracted of lime- rock, in the most finished style of masonry, to accommodate the enlarged Erie Canal. On leaving Lockport for the West, passengers can proceed by railroad, direct to Buffalo, 25 miles, passing through Tona- wanda, or continue on by direct route to the Suspension Bridge, 20 miles. At the Suspension Bridge, or Niagara City, the New York Central Railroad cars connect with the trains running on the Buffalo, JViagara Falls, and Lewiston Railroad, forming a through line of travel from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, on the American side of the Niagara River, length 28 miles, connect- ing with steamers running on Lake Ontario. The Erie and Ontario Railroad, on the Canada side of the river, extends from Chippewa to Niagara, C. W., length 17 miles ; also connecting with steamers running to Toronto and other ports on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The Great Western Railway, of Canada, commencing at the Suspension Bridge, also connects with the New York Central Railroad, forming the great line of travel to Hamilton, Toronto^ Detroit, the Upper Lakes, and the Far West ■■■' t. WESTERN TOUR. 107 BUFFALO. This city possesses commanding advantages, being 22 miles above Niagara Falls, is distant from Albany 298 miles by rail- road, and about 360 miles by the line of the Erie Canal ; la N lat. 4:lo 53', w. long. 78^ 65' from Greenwich. It is favor- ably situated for commerce at the head of Niagara River, the outlet of Lake Erie, and at the foot of the great chain of Upper L'lkcs, and is the point where the vast trade of thc^^e Inland seas is concentrated. Tlie harbor, formed of Buffalo Creek, lies ncirly cast and west across the southern part of the city, and is separated from the waters of Lake Erie by a peninsula between the creek and lake. This harbor is a very secure one, and is of such capacity, that although steamboats, ships, and other lake craft, and canal-boats, to the number, in all, of from three to four hundred, have sometimes been as- sembled there for the transaction of the business of the lakes, yet not one-half part of the water accommodations has ever yet been occupied by the vast business of the great and grow- ing West. This is a great center for railroads running east, west, and south. Buffalo was first settled by the whites in 1801. In 1832 it was chartered as a city, being now governed by a mayor, re- corder, and board of twenty-six aldermen. Its population in 1830, according to the United States Census, was 8,668; in 1840, 12,213 ; and in 1850, 42,201. Since the latter period the limits of the city have been enlarged by taking in the town of Black Rock ; it is now divided into thirteen wards, and, according to the census of 1860, contained 81,130 in- habitants, hc'i^g now the third city in point of size in the State of New York. The principal public buildings are a U. States custom-house and post-office ; city hall ; court-house and jail ; two theaters, and fifty churches of different denominations. Here are also eight banking-houses, four savings banks, and several fire and marine insurance companies. The principal Hotels are the Amerimn, and St. James Hotely and the Mansion House, on Main Street. y RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTES FROM BUF- FALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, TORONTO, ETC. The most usual mode of conveyance from Buffalo to the Falla of Niagara, and thence to Lake Ontario, or into Canada, is by the Buffalo, JV'iagara Falls and Lewiston Railroad, 28 milea in length. It runs through Tonawanda, 11 miles; Niagara Falls, 22 miles ; Suspension Bridge, 24 miles, connecting with the Great Western Railway of Canada, and terminates at Lewis- ton, the head of navigation on Niagara River, 28 miles. American and Canadian steamers of a large class leave Lewis- ton several times daily, for different ports on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. There is also another very desirable mode of conveyance, by Steamboat, descending the Niagara River, from Buffalo to Chippewa, C. W., thence by the Erie and Ontario Railroad, 17 miles in length ; passing in full view of the Falls, to the Clifton House, three miles below Chippewa; Suspension Bridge, five miles ; Queenston, eleven miles, terminating at Niagara, C. W., thirty -five miles from Buffalo. A.8 the Steamboat leaves Buffalo on the latter route, a fine view may be obiuined of Lake Erie and both shores of Niagara River. On the Canada side, the first object of interest are t!ie ruins of old Fort Erie, captured by the Americans July 3d, 1814. It is situated at the foot of the lake, opposite the site of a 10 110 BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. Strong fortress ■«^ hich the United States government have recent- ly erected for the protectic n of the river and the city of Buffalo. Waterloo, C. W., three mil.is below Buffalo and opposite Black Hock (now a part of Buffalo), with which.it is connected by a steam-ferry, is handsomely situated on the west side of Niagara River, which is here about half a mile wide. The Buffalo and lAiUe Huron Railroad runs from Fort Erie. n«Hr Waterloo, to Paris, C. W., where it connects with the Great Western Railway of Canada. It is now completed to Stratford, 116 miles, will soon be finished to Goderich, lying on L. Huron. Grand Island, belonging to the United States, is passed on the right in descending the river. It is a large and valuable tract of good land, abounding with white oak of a superior quality Navy Island, belonging to the British, is next passed, lying within gunshot of the mainland. This island obtained great notoriety in the fall and winter of 1 837-8, when it was occupied by the " Patriots," as they were styled, during the troubles in Canada. The steamer Caroline was destroyed on the night of December 29th. 1837, while lying at Schlosser's Landing, on the American shore, liaving been engaged in transporting persons to and fi'om the island, which was soon after evacuated. Opposite Navy Island, on the Canada side,4iear Chippewa bat- tle-ground, is the house in which Capt. Usher resided wlien mur- dered in 1838. It is supposed he fell by the hands of some of the deluded patriots, having been shot by a secret foe, while in his own house. Chippewa, 20 miles below Buffalo and two miles above the Falls, is on the west side of Niagara River, at the mouth of a creek of the same name, which is navigable to Port Robinson, some eight or ten miles west ; the latter place being on the line of the Welland Canal. The village of Chippewa contains a popu- lation of about 1 ,000 souls. Steamboats and lake craft of a largo size are built at this place for the trade of Lake Erie and the Upper Lakes. It has obtained a place in history on account of the bloody battle which was fought near it in the war of 1812, between the United States and Great Britain. The battle was fought on the 6th of July, 1814, on the plains a short distance south of the steamboat landing. The American forces were commanded by Major Gen. Jacob Brown, and the British, by Major General Riall, who, after an obstinate and sanguinary fight, was defeated with wnsiderable loss. BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. Ill AtChipTf»;7a commcTicos the railroad extending to Niagara, at the moi.th of the r-vcr, a distance of 17 miles. Stoamhoata oontiiiuo the lino of travel from l)oth ends of this road, thuH fur- n'sthing an interesting anJ speedy conveyance between Lakea Erie and Ontario. On arriving in the vicinity of the Fai.t.s of Niaoara, the oars stop near the Clifton Ifotise, situated near the ferry, load- ing to the American side. The site of this house was chosen as giving the best view of both the Amoricnn and Canadian or Horse-Shoe Falls, which are seen from the piazzas and front- windows. In addition to the Falls, there are other points of attraction on the Canada side of the river. The collection of curiosities at the Museum, and the Camera Obscura, which gives an exact and beautiful, though miniature image of the Falls, are well worthy of a visit. The Burning Spring, two miles above the Falls, is also much frequented ; and the rides to the battle-grounds in this vicinity make an exhilarating and very pleasant ex- cursion. For further description of Falls, see page 211. Drummondsville, one mile west of the Falls, and situated on Lundy^s Lane, is celebrated as the scene of another sanguin- ary engagement between the American and British forces, July 25, IF 14. The following is a brief, though correct account of the engage- ment. *' On the afternoon of the above day, while the American army was on their march from Furt George toward Fort FJrir, ascending the west bank of the river, their rear guard, under the immediate command of Gen. Scott, was attacked by the advanced guard of the British army under Gen. Kiall, the British having been reinforced after their defeat at Chippewa, on the 5th of the same month. This brought on a general con- flict of the most obstinate and deadly character. As soon as attacked, Gen. Scott advanced with his division, amov:.nting to t bout 3,000 men, to the open ground facing the heights occupied by the main British army, where were planted several heavy pieces of camion. Between eight and nine o'clock in the evening, on the arrival of reinforcements to both armies, the battle be- came general and raged for several hours, with alternate success on both sides ; each army evincing the most determined bravery and resistance. The command of the respective forces was now assumed by M.aj. Gen. Brown and«Lieut. Gen. Drummond, each having under his command a well-disciplined army. The bravo (American) Col. Miller was ordered to advance and seize the artillery of the British, which he effected at the point of the bayonet in the most gallant manner. Gen. Kiall, of the English army, was captured, and the possession of the battle-ground con- tested until near midnight, when 1,700 men being either killed 112 BUFFAIO TO NIAOARi FALLS. KTC. or woun^-^«- Bbook'b Mowumbnx — Queenaton Heights. BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, BTC. 113 Ticinity. A raasaivo stone wall, 80 foet square, adorned with niilitiiry figures and tropliies at the corners, U7 feet in height, surrounds the monument, leaving space for a grass-plot and walk invadinu; enemy tie fell in notion, near the IIelj{overnetl, and deplored by the Hoverelgn to whose service his life had been devoted. Tiie last words of Major General Brock, when he fell mortally wounded by a musket-shot through the left breast, wore, '* Never mind, my boys, the death of one man — I have not long to live *' Thus departed one of the many noble spirits that were sacrificed on this frontier during the war of 1812. The village of Niagara is advantageously situated on the Canada side, at the entrance of the river into Lake Ontario, directly opposite Fort J\^ia^ara, on the American side. It con- tains about 3,tX)0 inhabitants; a court-house and jail; one Episcopal, one Presbyterian, one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic church ; ten hotels and taverns, and twenty stores of different kinds ; also, an extensive locomotive and car factory. This is the most noted place in Canada West for building steam- boats and other craft navigating Lake Ontario. Here is a dock- yard with a marine railway and foundry attached, capable of making machinery of the largest description, and giving employ- nient to a great number of men. It is owned by the " Niagara Dock Company.'* Steamers leave daily for Toronto, etc. Fort George, situated a short distance south or up-stream from the mouth of the river, is now in ruins. This was the scene of a severe contest in 1813, in which the Americans were victorious. A new fort has been erected on the point of land at the mouth of the river, directly opposite old Fort JVingnra on tho American side. The new fortification is called Fort Massa- 8aue;a, The whole frontier ou the Canada side, from Fort George to Port Erie, opposite Buffalo, was occupied by the American army in 1814. when occurred a succession of battles of the most de- termined and. brilliant character. NIAGARA RIVER, ITS RAPIDS, FALLS, ISLANDS, AND ROMANTIC SCENERT. " Majestic stream ! what river rivals thee, Thou child of many lakes, and sire of one — Lakes that claim kindred with the all-circling sea- Large at thy birth as when thy race is run ! Against what great obstructions hast thou won Thine august way— the rock-formed mouutain-plain Has opened at thy bidding, and the steep Bars not thy passage, for the ledge in vain Stretches across the channel — thou dost leap Sublimely down the height, and urge again Thy rock-embattled course on to the distant main.'* This most remarkable and romantic stream, the outlet of Lake Erie, through which flows all the accumulated waters of the Upper Lakes of North America, very appropriately forma the boundary between two great countries, the British province of Upper Canada on the one side, and the State of New York, the " Empire State" of the Union, on the opposite side. In its whole course, its peculiar character is quite in keeping with the stupendous Cataract from which its principal interest is derived. The amount of water passing through this channel is im- mense ; from a computation which has been made at the outlet of Lake Erie, the quantity thus discharged is about twenty millions of cubic feet, or upward of 600,000 tons per minute, all of which great volume of water, 20 miles below, plunges over the Falls of Niagara. The Niagara River commences at Bird Island, nearly opposite the mouth of Buffalo harbor, and passes by the site of old Fort Erie and Waterloo on the Canada side. At the latter place a steam ferry-boat plies across the river to Black Rock, now foi*m- ing a part of tue city of Buffalo. It is here proposed to con* NIAGARA RIVER, 115 Btruct a railroad bridge across the stream, about 1,800 feet in width. Squaw Island and Strawberry Island are both small islands lying on the American side of the stream, near the head of Grand Island The river is here used in part for the Erie Canal, a pier extending from Squaw Island to Bird Island, forming a large basin called Black Rock Harbor. Gkand Island, attached to Erie Co., N. Y., is a large and important body of land, about ten miles long from north to south, and seven miles wide. This island is partly cleared and cultivated, while the larger portion is covered with a large growth of oaks and other forest trees. The ship or steamboat channel runs along the bank of Grand Island to nearly opposite Chippewa, where the whole stream unites before plunging over the Falls of Niagara, being again separated at the head of Goat Island. From this point the awe-struck traveler can scan the quiet waters above, and the raging rapids below, preparing to plunge over the cataract. Cayuga Island and Buckhorn Island are small bodies of land belonging to the United States, situated immediately below Grand Island. Navy Island, lying opposite the village of Chippewa, 18 miles belpw the head of the river, is a celebrated island belong- ing to the Canadians, having been taken possession of by the sympathizing patriots in 1837, when a partial rebellion occurred in Upper and Lower Canada. ToNAWANDA, 11 miles below Buffalo, is situated at the mouth of Tonawanda Creek, opposite Grand Island. The Erie Canal here enters the creek, which it follows for several miles on its course toward Lockport. A railroad also runs to Lockport, connecting with the JVew York Central Railroady extending to Albany. A ship canal is proposed to be constructed from Tonawanda to some eligible point on Lake Ontario, thus form- ing a rival to the Welland Canal of Canada. Schlosser's Landing, two miles above Niagara Falls village, is a noted steamboat landing, opposite Chippewa, from whence 116 KIAGARA RIVER. the steamer Caroline was cut adrift by the British and de« stroyed, by being precipitated over the Falls duriojg the Ca- nadian rebellion, December 29th, 1837. Thk Rapids. — Below Navy Island, between Chippewa and Schlosser, the rirer is nearly three miles in width, but soon nairows to one mile, when the Rapids commence, and continue for about one mile before reaching the edge of the precipice at the ITorse-Shoe Fall. At the commencement of the Rapids " the bed of the river declines, the channel contracts, numerous large rocks heave up the rolling surges, and dispute the passage of the now raging and foaming floods. The mighty torrent leaping down succes- sive ledges, dashing over opposing elevations, hurled back by ridges, and repelled from shores and islands — plunging, boiling, roaring — seems a mad wilderness of waters striving against its better fate, and hurried on to destruction by its own blind and reckless impetuosity. Were there no cataract, these Rapids would y^t make Niagara the wonder of the world." Ikis, or Goat Island, commences near the head of the Rapids, and extends to the precipice, of which it forms a part, sepnrating the American Fall from the Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall. It is about half a mile in length, eighty rods wide, and contains over sixty acres of arable land, being for the most part covered with a heavy growth of forest trees of a variety of species, and native plants and flowers. A portion of the island, however, has been cleared off, and a garden inclosed, in which are some excellent fruit trees, and a variety of native and foreign planes and flowers, and a fish-pond. The island is re- markably cool, shady, and pleasant, and is an object of unceas- ing admiration from year to year. Comfortable seats and arbors are placed at the most interesting points, where the visitor can sit at ease and enjoy the beautiful and sublime views presented to his sight— often entranced by a deafening roar of mighty waters in their descent, often accompanied by changing rainbows of tV.e most gorgeous description. NIAGARA RIVER. 117 NIAGARA. WRITTElf BY L.YDIA H. SIGOURNEY. Flow on forever, in thy glorious robe Of tferror and of beauty ; God hath set His rainbow on thy forehead, and the cloud Mantles around thy feet, and He doth give Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him Eternally; bidding the lip of man Keep silence, and upon tliy rocky altar Pour incense of awe-struck praise. Goat Island Bridge. — The Niagara Falls Gazette gives the following description of this new structure : *' This bridge across the east branch of the Niagara River is situated in the Rapids, about sixty rods above the Cataract, on the site of the old wooden bridge. It is 3G0 feet long, and con- sists of four arches of ninety feet span each, supported between the abutments of three piers. The piers above water are built of heavy cut stone, and are twenty two feet long and six feet wide, tapering one foot in the eight. The foundations are formed of foot-square oak timber, strongly framed and bolted together in cribs, filled with stone, and covered with timber at the surface of the water. These timber-foundations are pro- tected against wear and injury from ice by heavy plates of iron, and being always covered with water, will be as durable as the stone. " The superstructure is of iron, on the plan of Whipple's iron-arched bridge. The whole width is twenty-seven feet, affording a double carriage-way of sixteen and a half feet, and two foot-ways of five and a fourth feet each, with iron railings. The arches are of cast iron, and the chords, suspenders, and braces of wrought iron. All the materials used in the construc- tion are of the best quality, and the size and strength of all the parts far beyond what are deemed necessary in bridges exposed to the severest tests. *' This substantial and beautiful structure, spanning a branch of this majestic river in the midst of the rapids, and overlook- ing the cataract, is worthy of the site it occupies, and affords another instance of the triumph of human ingenuity over the obstacles of nature. " The islands connected by this bridge with the American shore are the property of Messrs. Porter, and constitute the most interesting features in the scenery surrounding the cata- ract. This bridge has been erected by them tu facilitate com- 118 NIAGARA RIVER. munication with these interesting localities not otherwise ac- cessible." This is a toll-bridge, every foot pasnonger being charged 25 cents for the season, or single crossing. There are upward of thirty islands and islets in the Niagara River or Strait, above the cataract. Most of those not described are small, and scarcely worthy of enumeration, although those immediately contiguous to Goat Island form beautiful objects in connection with the rushing and mighty waters by which they are surrounded, Bath Island, Brig Island, ampin's Island, and Bird Island, all situated immediately above the American Fall, are reached by bridges. When on Goat Island, turning to the right toward the Falls, the first object of interest is Hogg's Back, a point of land fac- ing the American Fall, — Bridge to Adington Island immediately above the Cave of tlie Winds, 160 feet below. Sam. Patch's Point is next passed on the right, from which he took a fearful leap some years ince. IBiddle's Stairs descend to the water's edge below and the Cave of the Winds, which are annually visited by thousands of visitors. Terrapin Bridge and Terrapin Tower aiford a grand view of the Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall and Rapids above the Falls. Three Sister Islands are contiguous to Goat Island, on the American side. Passing around Goat Island toward the south, a grand view is afforded of the rivei and rapids above the Canadian and American Falls. CATARACT OF NIAGARA. " Shrine of Omnipotence ! how vast, how grand, How awful, yet how beautiful thou art ! Pillar'd around thy everlasting hills, Robed in the drapery of descending floods, Crowned by the rainbow, canopied by clouds That roll in incense up from thy dread base, Hid by their mantling o'er the vast abyss Upon whoae verge thou standest, whence aacenda The mighty anthem of thy Maker's praise, Hyu.n'd in eternal thundera /" CATARACT OF NIAGARA. 119 ^TAGARA is a word of Indian origin — the orthography, accentuation and meaning of which are variously given by different authors It is highly proba])le that this diversity might be accounted for and explained by tracing the appellation through the dialects of the several tribes of aborigines wlio formerly inhabited the neighboring country. There is reason to believo, iiovvever, that the etymon belongs to the language of the Iroquois, and signifies the '* Thunder of Waters.'''' " When the traveler first arrives at the cataract, he stands and gazes, and is lost in admiration. The mighty volunio of ■water Avhich forms the outlet of the great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, is here precipitated over a preci- pice 100 feet high, with a roar like that of thunder, which may be heard, in favorable circumstances, to the distance of fifteen miles, though, at times, the Falls may be nearly approached without perceiving much to indicate a tremendous cataract in the vicinity. In consequence of l>end in the river, the princi- pal weight of water is thrown on the Canadian side, down what is called the Horse- Shoe Fall, which name has become inappro- priate, as the edges of the precipice have ceased to be a curve, and forms a moderately acute angle. Near the middle of the fall, Goat Island, containing 75 acres, extends to the brow of the precipice, dividing the river into two parts ; and a small projecting mass of rock at a little distance from it, toward the American shore, again divides the cataract on that side. Goat Island, at the lower end, presents a perpendicular mass of rocks, extending from the bottom to the top of the precipice. A bridge has been constructed from the American shore to Bath Island, and another connects the latter with Goat Island, and a tower is erected on the brow of the Horse- Shoe Fall, approached from Goat Island by a short bridge, on which the spectator seems to stand over the edge of the mighty cataract, and which afl^brds a fine view of this part of it. The distance at the fall from the American shore to Goat Island is 65 rods ; across the front of Goat Island is 78 rods ; around the Horse-Shoe Fall, on the Canadian side, 144 rods ; directly across the Horse-Shoe, 74 rods. The height of the fall near the American shore is 163 feet; near Goat Island, on the same side, 158 feet; near Goat Island, on the Canada side, 154 feet. Table Rock, a shelving 120 CATARACT OF NIAGARA. projection on the Canadian side, at the o^V i:!!-;'!' vrr .'V^3. x/:, ' 'i'i! -.; 'l;V .•'^J- nu: AMKuiCAN lAt » iJY >:o)M,'<;nr. OARARAOT OF NIAGARA. 121 ecrtain seasons of the year, aport among the rapids, the sea-ffiill pl.iys aroumi the precipice, aiitl the eagle — the banner hiriTof Ireedoni— hovers above the cataract, pliuiics his gray pinions in its curling mists, and makes his home among the gtaut tirs of its inaccuisiblo islands ** No place on the civilized earth offers such attractions and inducements to visitors as Niagara, au«i they can never be lully known except to those who see and study them, from the utter impossibility of describing such a scene as this wonderl'ul cataract presents. When motion can be expressed by color, there will be some hope of imparting a faint idea of it ; but until that can b^done, Niagara must reuiaiu uudescribcd." Below the Falls, the first objects of interest are the Ferry Stairs and Point View on the American side ; while on the opposite side is a ferry and steamboat landing, where carriages are usually to be found to convey passengers to the Clifton House, Table Hock, and other places. About JjO rods below the ferry stairs is the spot where the hermit Abbot was drowned. Half a mile below t)»e latter point is Catlin's Cave, formei ly much frequented. The steamboat landing for the Maid of the Mist is situated on the American shore two miles below the Falls and about half a mile above the Suspension Bridge. This steamer, the second boat of the same name, first commenced running as an experi- ment boat in 1848; since then she has run annually without an accident of any kind. The first trip was made on September 18th, 184G, by Capt. II. Filkins, who with his small crew were the only persons on board, except an intrepid Canadian who was desirous of crossing the river with a horse, they both being safely landed on the Canadian shore. The Suspension Bhidgk, the greatest artificial curiosity in America, is situated two miles and a half below the Falls, where has recently sprung into existence JMagara City^ or better known as the Snspensio7i Bri(/fj;e, on the American side, and Clifton on the Canadian side of the river, here being about 800 feet in width, with perpendicular banks of 325 feet. The Whirlpool and RapidSy one mile below the Bridge, are terrific sights of great interest, and well worthy a vis^": 122 CATARACT OF NIAGARA. The Devil's Hole, one mile farther dowiiyis also a point of great attraction, together with the 'Bloody Run, a small stream ■where a detachment of English soldiers were precipitated in their flight from an attack by Indiana during the old French war in 1759. An amphitheater of high ground spreads around and perfectly incloses the valley of the Devirs Hole, with the exception of a narrow ravine formed by Bloody Run — from wliich, against a large force, there is no escape, except over the precipice. The Ice Cave is another object of interesit con- nected with the Devil's Hole. The Rapids below the Whirlpool are the next object of attrac- tion ; then Queenston Heights and Brock's Monument on the Ca- nadian side, and the Suspension Bridge at Lewlston; altogether forming objects of interest sufficient to fill a well-sized volume. The Niagara Kiv" is navigable from Lewiaton to its mouth at Fort Niagara, a farther distance of seven miles, or fourteen below the Palls of Niagara. MONT-EAGLE HOUSE, AT THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE, NIAGARA, NEW YORK. This Hotel, now open for the reception of guests, has been thoroughly refitted and improved, and will be found unequal- ed as a summer resort, for coolness, health, and comfort. Every window and piazza in the front and west side of the Hotel commands a fall view of the great " Horse-Shoe" and ♦'American Falls," "Goat Island," "Table Rock," and the **. Railroad Suspension Bridge." On the Tower, 170 feet high, ' the scenery is most imposing, and from a grove in the garden you overlook the ' * Whirlpool' ' and the wildest portion of the lower " Rapids." CATARACT OF NIAGARA. 123 THE PROPOSl^D NIAGARA FALLS GUNBOAT CANAL. Gen. Stuaut, in his report on the Gunboat Canal between tide water aiul the Lakes, estimates the cost of a Ship Canal around the Falls of Niagara, 105 wide on the surface, and 95 fict wide on the bottom, with twelve feet depth of water, having locks 275 feet long by 45 feet wide in the chamber, caj)al)le of ])assing a gunboat of 1,250 tons burden, at $5,958,947 25 with single locks, and $7,538,529 with double locks. This is the average cost of five lines surveyed lawt year. The average length of lines is 8 miles and 3,070 feet. The village of Niagara Falls, Niagara Co., N. Y. , is sit- uated on the east side of Niagara Riyer, in the immediate vi- cinity of the grand Cataract, 22 miles from Buifalo and 303 miles from Albany by railroad route. No place in the Union exceeds this favored spot as a fashionable place of resort dur- ing the summer and fall months, when hundreds of visitors may be seen every day flocking to Goat Island, or points con- tiguous to the Rapids and Falls. The village contains several large hotels for the accommodation of visitors, the most noted of which are the Cataract House and the International Hotel ; the Monteagle Hotel, situated two miles below the Falls, near the Suspension Bridge, and the Clifton House, on the Canada side, are all alike popular and well-kept hotels ; there are five churches of different denominations ; 15 stores, in many of which are kapt for sale Indian curiosities and fancy work of different kinds. The water-power here afforded by the descending stream, east of Goat Island, is illimitable. A paper-mill, a flouring-mill, two saw-mills, a woolen factory, a furnace and machine shop, together with other manufacturing establish- ments, here use the water-power so bountifully supplied. The population is about 3,000. The railroads centering at the Falls are the BuffalOy JViagara Falls and Lewiston Railroad^ the JVew York Central Rail- roadi and the Canandaigua and JViagara Falls Railroad , the latter road connecting with the JVew York and Erie Rail- road, and forming with other roads a direct route to Phila delphia, Baltimore, and Washington 124 CATARACT OF NIAGARA. An omnibus line runs hourly from the •^llnge of Niagara Falls to Niagara City, or Suspension Bridge, during the sum- mer months, and thence to tlie Clifton House and Table Kock )n the Canada side, affording a cheap mode of visiting both eides of Niagara River. Niagara City, situated two miles below the Falls, at the Svspension Bridge^ is a new and flourisliing place. Here is lo- cated the Monteagle Hotel, and other public houses, together with several stores and manufactui-ing establishments. DIMENSIONS OF SUSPENSION BKIDGE. Length of span from center to center of towers . 822 feet. Height of railroad track above water 250 " Height of towers above rock on American side. . 88 '* Height of towers above rock on Canada side. .. . 78 *'• Height of towers above floor of railway 60 '* Number of wire cables 4 Diameter of each cable 10 inches. Number of wires in each cable 3,659 Weight of superstructure 750 tons. Base of towers 16 feet sq Top of towers 8 " Depth of anchor pits below surface of rocks . 80 feet. WEIGHT OF THE MATERIALS IN THE BRIDGE. Timber of different kinds 919,130 lbs Wrouglit iron and suspenders 113,120 " Castings 44,322 «* Iron rails 66.740 " Cable between towers 535,400 " Total 1,678,722 « The Great Western Raihvay of Canada y which unites with ih(^ New York Central Railroad, terminating on the American side of the river, here commences and extends westward through Hamilton, London, and Chatham to Windsor, opposite Detroit, Mich., forming one of the great through lines of travel fron) Boston and New York to Chicago and the Far West. This road also furnishes a speedy route of travel to Toronto, Collingwood, etc. NIAGARA FALLS. 125 BATE OP CHARGES AT NIAGARA FALLS. The following are the rate of charges usually exacted from persons visiting Niagara Falls — but, unfortunately, impositiona are often practiced by unprincipled individuals, at this, as well as other fashionable resorts : AMERICAN SIDE. Board, from one to two and a half dollars per day. For services of guide, from one to three dollars For guide behind the Central Fall, and visiting the Cave of the Winds, one dollar. For crossing bridge to Goat Island, 25 cents. Fare to and from Suspension Bridge, 12| cents. Fare for crossing Suspension Bridge, 25 cents. Fare to the Whirlpool, 50 cents. For use of steps or cars on Inclined Plane, 10 cents. Ferriage to Canada side, 18| cents. Omnibus fare and steam ferriage to Canada side, 25 cents. CANADA SIDE. Board, from one to two and a half dollars per day. Visiting Barnett's Museum, Camera Obscura, and Pleasure Grounds, 25 cents. For guide and use of dress to pass behind the Fall at Table Rock, one dollar. Carriage fare from ferry to Clifton House, 6^ cents. Carriage fare to Whirlpool, Lundy's Lane Battle Ground, Burning Spring, and back to Ferry, 50 to 75 cents. Guide to Brittle Ground and visiting Monument, 25 cents. Carriage fare to Brock's Monument on Queenston Heights, one dollar. Carriage fare per day, four dollars. The drives in the vicinity of the Falls, on both sides of the river, are unrivaled, and no visitor should lose the opportunity to visit all the objects of attraction above and below the mighty Cataract 126 BUFFALO TO LEWI8T0N, ETC. Lewiston, Niagara Co., N. Y., is delightfully situated on the east bank of the Niagara River, seven miles below the Fulls, and seven miles above the mouth of the river where it falls into Lake Ontario. It is an incorporated village and contains about 1,000 inhabitants, four churches, an incorporated academy; a custom-house, it being the port of entry for the district of Niagara ; three hotels, nine stores, and three storehouses. Here is a very convenient steamboat landing, from which steamers depart daily for Oswego, Ogdensburgh, etc., on the American side, and for Toronto, Kingston, etc., on the Canadian side. The Buffalo, Niagara Falls and Lewiston Railroad ter- minates at this place, where is a magnificent Suspension Bridge thrown across the Niagara connecting Lewiston with Queenston, Canada. The mountain ridge here rises about 300 feet above the river, forming many picturesque and romantic points of great interest. On the American side of the river stands the site of old Fort Gray, erected during the war of 1812, while on the Canadian side are situated Queenston Heights, surmounted by a beautiful monument erected to the memory of Gen. Brock, of the British army, who was here killed in a sanguinary con- flict, October 13th, 1812. From this^ height a most extensive and grand view is obtained of Lake Ontario and the surround- ing country. YouNGSTowN, six miles below Lewiston, and one mile above old Fort Niagara at the mouth of the river, is a regular steam- boat landing. The village contains about 800 inhabitants; three churches, two public houses, five stores, and two flouring- mills, besides other manufacturing establishments. A railroad is nearly completed, extending from this place to Niagara Falls, being a continuation of the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls B .".ilroad, now completed to the Suspension Bridge. A terry plies from Youngstown to the village of Niagara on the Canada side of the river, here about half a mile in width. This is the first landing, on the American side of the river, after leaving the broad waters of Lake Ontario LAKE ONTARIO. Tms Lake, the most eastern of the great chain of Lakes of North America, receives the surplus waters of Niagara River; it is 190 miles in length, and GO miles in extreme breadth; being aliout 480 miles in circumference. The boundary line between the British Possessions and the United States runs through the middle of the lake, and so continues down the St. Lawrence to the 45th degree of north latitude, where the river enters Canada. The lake is navigable throughout its whole extent for vessels of the largest size ; and it is said to be in some places upward of 600 feet in depth. Its surface is elevated 234 feet above the Atlantic, and lies 330 feet lower than Lake Erie, with which it is connected by the Niagara River and by the Welland Canal in Canada. It has also been proposed to construct a ship canal on the American side. The trade of Lake Ontario, from the great extent of inhabited country surrounding it, is very con- siderable, and is rapidly increasing. Many sail vessels and splendid steamers are employed in navigating its waters, which, owing to its great depth, never freezes, except at the sides, where the water is shallow ; so that its navigation is not so ef- fectually interrupted by ice as some of the other large lakes. The most important places on the Canadian or British side of Lake Ontario are Kingston, Coburg, Port Hope, Toronto, Ham- ilton, and Niagara; on the American shore, Cape Vincent, Sacket's Harbor, Oswego, Charlotte or Port Genesee, and Lew- iston on Niagara River. This lake is connected with the navi- gable waters of the Hudson River by means of the Oswego and Erie canals. It receives numerous streams, both from the Canadian and the American sides, and abounds with a great variety of fish of an excellent flavor. The bass and salmon, in particular, have a high reputation, and are tai?:en in large quantities The principal Bays are Burlington, Irondequoit, Great and Little Sodus, Mexico, Black River, Chaumont, and the picturesque watjw of the Bay of Quinte. 128 LAKE ONTARIO The passage across Lake Ontario in calm weather is most agreeable. At times both shores are hidden from view, when nothing can be seen from the deck of the vessel but an abyss of waters. The refractions which sometimes take place in Bummer, are exceedingly beautiful. Islands and trees appear turned upside down ; and the white surf of the beach,, trans- lated aloft, seems like the smoke of artillery blazing away from a fort.* * Bbatttifxtl Mirage.— That grand phenomenon occasionally witnessed on the Laltes— mirage— was seen from the steamer Bay State, on a recent trip from Niagara to Genesee Kiver (August, 1S56), with more than or dinary splendor. The Lockport Journal says it occurred just as the sun was setting, at which time some twelve vessels were seen reflected on the horizon, in an inverted position, with a distinctness and vividness truly surprising. The atmosphere was overcast with a thick haze such as pre cedes a storm, and of a color favorable to represent upon the darkened background, vividly, the full outlines of the rigging, sails, etc., as perfect m if the ships themselves were actually transformed to the aerial canvas. The unusual phenomenon lasted until darkness put an end to the scene. EOUTE ABOUND LAKE ONTARIO. Miles. Kingston, C. W., to Toronto, via Grand Trunk Railway. 160 Toronto to Hamilton, C. W., Toronto and Hamilton R.R. 38 Hamilton to Suspension Bridge, via Great Western R.R. . 43 Suspension Bridge to Rochester, N. Y., via JV. V. Central Railway 76 Rochester to Oswego, N. Y., by stage 70 Oswego to Richland, N. Y., " , 35 Richland to Cape Vincent, via Watertown and Rome R.R. 55 Cape Vincent to Kingston, C. W., via Wolfe Island 12 Total Miles 489 Note. — The extreme length of L. Ontario is 190 miles, from Cape Vincent to Hamilton, C. W. ; being about four times as long as its greatest width. The circuit of the water is esti- mated at 480 miles. Sis Lake ErtCx page 163. STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 129 AMERICAN STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM LEWISTON TO 03WEQ0, KINGSTON, AND OQDENSBURGII. Ports, etc. Miles. Lkwiston Youngstown 6 Aias^ara, Can 1-7 Charlotte i or Port Genesee 80-87 Pvltneyville 20-107 Sodus Point 10-117 OSWEGO 30-147 SLoney Point and Island 33-180 Snc.kcVs Harbor 12-192 Porta, etc. Miles OcDENSnURGH Morristown II Broc/fville, Can 1-12 Thousand Islands. . . Alexandria Bay 22-34 Clayton, or French Creel: 12-46 Grand, or Wolfe Island Kingston, Can 24-70 SackeVs Harbor 38-108 Grand, or Wolfe Island 28-220 Stoney Point and Island 12-1 20 Kingston, Can 10-230 Tliousand Islands. . . Clay tony or French Creek 24-254 Alexandria Bay. .... 12-266 Brockville, Can 22-288 Morristown 1-289 Ogdensburgh 11-300 Oswego 33-153 Sodus Point 30-183 Pultneyuille 10-193 Charlotte, or Port Genesee 20-213 JViagara, Can 80-293 Youngstown . . 1-294 Lewiston 6-300 UsTTAL Time from Lewiston to Ogdensburgh, via Oswego and Kingston, 28 hours. Usual Time, via Toronto and Cape Vincent, 22 hours. Cabin Fare, $5 50 (including meals). Deck Faro, $2 50. STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM LEWISTON TO TORONTO AND OGDENSBURGH, via EXPRESS LINE. Porta, etc. Miles. Ports, etc. Miles. Lkvviston Ogdensburgh Niagara 7 Brockville, Caix, 11 Toronto, Can 42-49 Clayton^ or French Point Peter and Light 1 28-177 Creek 84-45 Duck Island 30-207 Cape Vinc knt 13 -^8 Tibbets Poia : and L. 19-226 Tibbet's Point 8-61 130 STEAMBOAT R0UTF8. Port«, etc. Miles. Cape Vincent 3-229 C ' lay ton t or French ' Creek 13-242 hroc/cviUe, Can 34-276 Ogdensburgh 11-297 Ports, etc. Milei. Duck Islanfl V;>-SO Point Peter :. nd Light 80-1 1 Toronto 128-2;J8 Niagara 42-280 Lkwiston 7-287 Usual Fare, from Ogdensburgh to Montreal, $3 50 Through Fare, from Lewiston to Montreal, 9 00 •• " from Buffalo to Montreal, 10 00 Jki^- -..;u> .t ^ Ci,'.' ..: "k I tmm '■■■':t*"^ 1 'JJL, ■'!' ■• lU ' !«• Kf iliSiii iiii'ft,'.* !ii|iil'ii;::'''^'i|'''''' mmMl I: ■'■! ' ..^'' it ■, ..i!'?!.L ■li'SJW,?'^!'!^' 'Ill- III ..t' 'i. .■■■I'llitCU 111 u (D p5 Ti 00 •3 o I C9 o mmr 4 111 il I ': I' . I 11 m m\' mMm'€0 I ii )] <; U TRIP FROM LEWISTON TO OSWEGO, KINGSTON, AND OGDKNSBURGIl. DuRiNo the season of navigation, steamers of a large class, belonging to the Ontario and St. Lnwrctice Steamboat Com- jtani/, leave Lcwiston daily, following the south or American shore to the foot of Lake Ontario, and thenco to Ogdensburgh, on the St Lawrence Uivei On leaving ths wharf at Lewiston, a most beautiful and ex- tensive view is afforded of Niagara Uiver, the lower Suspension Bridge, Brook's Monument on Queenston Heights, and the vil- lages of Lewiston and Queenston, with the Mountain Ridge in the background. When are associated the stirring historical events connected with this vicinity, no spot exceeds it in interest. The banks of the river are hero elevated from 40 to 50 feet, with l>old shores, while the water rushes onward into Lake Ontario, the receptacle of all the waters of the Upper Lakes. FoKT Niagara, seven miles below Lewiston, lying on the American shore at the mouth of the Niagara River, is well worchy of a visit in connection with the ruins of Fort (Jeor^Cy on the Canadian shore, near the village of Niagara. In 1679, M. De Salle, the explorer of the Mississippi, in the service of Finance, inclosed the spot on which the fort was here built in 1725, by palisades. In 1759 it was taken by the British, under Sir William Johnson, in whose hands it remained until 1796, when it was evacuated and given up to the United States. On the 19th of December, V 13, it was again taken by the British by surprise; and in March, 1815, again surrendererl to the Americans. This old fort is as much noted for being the theater of tyranny and crime as for the scenes of military exploits. While in the hands of the French, there is no doubt of its hav- ing been at times used as a prison. In its close and impreg- nable dungeons, where li^t was not admitted, for many years 134 LEWI8T0N TO OSWEGO AND OODENSDUROn. there remained clear traces of the ready instrnments for exe- cution or for murder. During the war of the Revolution it was the head-quarters of all that was barbarous and unrelenting and cruel ; this being the chief rendezrous of a savago horde that carried death and destruction into the remote American settlements. Of late years, the abduction of William Morgan, who was taken from the jail in Canandaigua, and conveyed more than 100 miles through a populous country, and lodged in the magazine at Fort Niagara, where he was kept tlireo or four dayg, and then inhumanly drowned — has justly tended to continue its reputation for being the scene of tyranny and murder. . On passing out of the mouth of the Niagara River, and reach- ing the broad waters of Lake Ontario, a deeply interesting view is afforded of the town of Niagara and Fort Niagara, situated on opposite sides of the river, while in the distance may be seen Brock's Monument, rising nearly 500 feet above the waters of the lake, being eight or ten miles distant. The steamer now pursues an easterly course in running for Charlotte, or Port Genesee, 80 miles from the mouth of Niagara River. The shores of the lake of a clear day are generally in eight, presenting an elevated and bold appearance for many iriles. Eighteen Mile Creek, Thirty Mile Creek, and Oak Orchard River are passed in succession; at the mouth of each there are harbors and small settlements. Braddock's Point is a bold headland ten miles west of the mouth of the Genesee River. Charlotte, or Port Genesee, 80 miles from the mouth of Niagara River, and 60 miles west from Oswego, is situated at the mouth of Genesee River, seven miles by railroad below the city of Rochejricr, it being the outport for that place. It is a port of entry possessing a safe harbor, being protected by two long government piers, on one of which is located a light ; there is also a light-house on the mainland. The village contains about 400 inhabitants, two churches, three hotels, four stores, four warehouses, one steam elevator, on! steam saw-mill, and LKWI8T0N TO 08WE00 AND OODKNSDUIlOlf . 135 an extensive brick-ynrd. American and British stoamors mn direct from Charlotte to Cobourg, Port Hope, Toronto, etc., on the Canada side of the lake ; also to Oswego, Sac>ket*s Harbor, etc., on the American side, all conneoling at Charlutto with railroad cars for Kochcstor. The Falls of 'he Qencsce, near Rochester, are well worthy attention. The banks of the river iraraodiately above Charlotte rise from 50 to 150 foet in height, presenting a fina appoirjince. The river is navigable for five or six miles to the first full at Carthage, within the city bounds of Ilochostcr ; thon other falls occur, the principal and most interesting being near the center of the city, it extending on both sides of the stream. The water-power here aflFordod is very great, being used to a great extent in propelling flour-mills, saw-mills, eto. Genesee River, a deeply interesting anl romantic stream, rises in Potter Co., Pa., on the great table- land of Western Pennsylvania, interlocking with some of the head sources of the Alleghany and west branch of the Susquohmna R'.vcr; it then pursues a north course to the New York State line, thence through the county of Allegany ; then by many short turnings through the rich and fertile valley of the Oeno33e, which ex- tends through Monroe County, where it falls into Lake Ontario, six miles below the city of Rochester. Its whole course is about 145 miles. Near its mouth, within the present city limits of Rochester, are two or three important falls, known as the Genesee Falls ; within the distance of three miles there being an estimated descent of 22G feet ; the great falls at Rochester are 1)6 feet, at Carthage 76, an intermediate one of 20, and the rest, rapids or small falls; altogether aifordlng an immense amount of hydraulic power, which is used to a great extent, particularly at the Upper Falls, in propelling flouring-milla, and different kinds of manufacturing establishments. From the landing at Carthage, which constitutes a part of the city of Rochester, there is a steamboat navigation to Charlotte, or Port Genesee, a distance of four miles, where is a good harbor communicating with Luke Ontario. From the head of tho 13*6 LKWISTON TO OSWROO AND 0GDENS13URGH. rapids above Rochester it is navigable daring high water fcr a considerable distance, passing through a rich ;ind interesting , region of country, celebrated for its fertility. This stream now «>uni»iiutes the main feeder of the Genesee Valley CanaL which runs parallel to it for the greater part of its length through the State. There are also important falls on this river, both in Allegany and Livingston counties, where are to be found some of its most interesting features. In the town of Portage, Alle- gany Co., " there are three distinct falls on the river, respec- tively GO, 90, and 110 feet, within the space of two miles, each diiFering in character, and each having peculiar beauties. Although the cascades are highly admirable, they are almost disregarded in the wonder and fear caused by the stupendous, perpendicular walls of the river, rising to 400 feet in height* and extending along the stream for three miles, with almost as much regularity as if constructed by art. To this great depth the river has worn its bed in the solid rock, in turns as short and graceful as if winding through the softest meadow." After leaving Charlotte for Oswego the steamer passes Pult- ; neyoille (occasionally i^topping), Great Sodus Bay and Little Sodus Bay, running within sight of the south shore ; the lake here presenting an irregular coast-line. Grkat Sodus B\y is a fine sheet of water, affording a secure harbor for lake craft, being from one to three miles \fide and five miles long. The fishing is here good, as well as in all the bays along the south shore of the lake. Sodus Point, Wayne Co., N. Y., situated at the entrance of Great Sodus Bay, is a port of entry, with a good harbor, and , contains a church, a public house, two stores, a steam saw-mill, and about 300 inhabitants. Lit I'LE Sodus Bay, 14 miles east of Great Sodus, is another important body of water. " At Little Sodus, in high winds, ' vessels can often come within the protection of Long Point on one side, and the protecting shores west, between it and Big Sodus, and ride out the storm in the indented shore of the lake, ' and can, when the itQp^oveiQaLents to LiUle Sodu» harbor bx% LEWI8T0N TO OSWEGO AND OGDENSBUROH. 137 completed, enter the bay with ease, and take refuge thera. This fact gives great advantages to Little Sodus Bay, as it makes It accessible at all times.'* The City of Oswego, 36 miles north of Syracuse by railroad, is advantageously situated on both sides of Oswego River, at its entrance into Lake Ontario. It is a port of entry, was char- tered in 1848, being divided into four wards. In 1855 it con- tained 16,000 inhabitants, 1,500 dwelling-houses, two Presby- terian, two Episcopal, two Baptist, two Methodist, two Roman Catholic, one Universalist, and one African church, besides a Bethel congregation ; a court-house and jail, a custom-house, four banking houses, two savings' banks; a gas company, a female seminary, and orphan asylum. There are several well- kept hotels ; the Munger House and the Hamilton House on the east side of the river, and the Niagara House on the west side, are the most frequented by pleasure travelers. The Pardee House is a new and commodious hotel which is nearly com- pleted, situated on the west side of the river, near the steamboat landing. The Oswego and Syracuse Railroad^ 36 miles in length, con- nects this place with the Central Railroad of New York, while another railroad is being constructed on the east aide of the Oswego River, to run to Syracuse and connect with the Syra- cuse and Binghamtou Railroad, thus forming another direct route to the cities of New York and Philadelphia, and the coal region of Pennsylvania. The Oswego Canal alao connects with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, altogether aflfordi ng great facilities for trade and commerce, in connection with the lake naviga- tion and water privilege. Here are now in operation 15 flour- ing-mills, with 84 run of stones, making 8,400 barrels of flour per day when in full operation ; ten elevators capable of eleva- ting 88,000 bushels of grain per hour, with storage room for 2,000,000 bushels. These huge edifices are so arranged as tj vinload and load vessels with great dispatch. The Oswego Starch Factory ^ owned by an incorporated., body, was erected in 1848, since which large additions 138 LEWISTON TO OSWEGO AND OGDENRBl ROH. made. The entire front of the building is no"^ 510 feet, five Btories high, extending back over the river 250 feet ; it is capa- ble of manufacturing twelve millions pounds of corn starch per year, consuming some 600,000 bushels of corn for the purpose, and giving employment to 300 persons. In addition to the above are two steam-engine and machine works, two iron and brass foundries, one cotton-mill, besides several other mills and factories. - The quantity of water flowing in the Oswego River at ordin- ary high water is 700,000 cubic feet per minute, at low water 200,000. Fall at the two lower dams in the city, 86 feet, affording altogether an immense and reliable water-power. The number of vessels which arrive and depart annually from this port is very large; t.iere being here owned eight steamers and propellers and about 100 schooners, averaging over 100 tons burden, besides a large number of canal boats. The harbor is capacious and safe, being well protected by two large stone piers, constructed by the United States government. On the end of' the west pier is situated a light-house ; about half a mile above are two bridges extending across the river, 600 feet in length. An extensive forwarding business is done at this place by means of lake, river, and canal navigation ; goods passing through from New York to Oswego, and thence over the CoUingwood route, or through the Welland Canal to the Upper Lakes. Oswego now ranks as one of the gi oatest grain markets in the world, and will no doubt continue to increase with the growth and production of the Western States and Canada The lumber trade is also very great, immense quantities being shipped from Canada to this port, and re-shipped to Eastern markets. The impulse imparted to the commerce of Oswego by the late Reciprocity Treaty, which went into force October. 1854, is very great, as will be seen by the following returns made from official figures : LEWISTON TO OSWEGO AND OGDENSBUROH. 139 1854. 1605. Value of Foreign Imports $2.8<)0,918 $6.1 39,74^ «* Exports 3,734,168 5,870,020 Total $6,695,086 $12,010,663 Here it will be seen that the trade with Canada nearly dbubled in the first year under the operation of the above treaty. The domestic or coastwise trade is also constantly and rapidly increasing. One of the Steamers of the Ontario and St. Lawrence Steam- boat Company leaves Oswego diiily for Sacket's Harbor, Kings* ton, C. W., and Ogdensburgh, connecting with steamers running. to Montreal, and Rouse's Point, via the Northera Railroad of New York. A steamer also leaves Oswego daily, for Rochester, Niagara, C. W., and Lewiston, connecting with steamers for Toronto, etc. RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM SYRACUSE Ta NIAGARA FALLS, via OSWEGO AND LEWISTON. Thi.s route, during the season of navigation on Lake Ontario, is a most interesting line of travel, affording the tourist a fin6> opportunity of viewing the scenery pe uliar to Lake Ontaria and Niagara River. The Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, 35 miles in length, run» along the west side of Onondaga Lake to the Seneca River, which is passed near Baldwinsville, the first stopping-place after leaving Syracuse. From thence the road runs north on the west side of Oswego River, passing opposite to the village of FuLTOi*, 11 miles from the city of Oswego. Passenger cars nBuali;^ leave Syracuse and Oswego three times daily. Ameiican steamers leave Oswego daily for Sacket's Harbor, Kingston, Canada, Ogdensburgh, etc., in the morning, on tha AErivai of the cars from Syracuse; while in the afternoon 9 140 LEWISTON TO OSWEGO AND OODENSBURGH. steamer leaves for Rochester, Levriaton, etc., running up tlie lake. Passengers passing through Oswego are afforded a hasty glance of the city, the harbor, and Fort Ontario, the letter being located on the east shore of the river at its entrance into Lake Ontario. DISTANCES AND FARE BETWEEN SYRACUSE AND NI>.a/EA FALLS, via OSWEGO AND LEWISTON. Stopping Places. Miles. Fare. Slopping Places. Miles. ? are. Syracuse Niagara Falls. . OswKGo 35 $1 00 Lewiston 6 $0 50 PultneyviUe.' 75 — Niagara, C.W. .. . 14 — CuARLOTTKjOrPort Charlotte, or Port Genesee 100 — Genesee 88 — Niagara, C.W... 174 — PultneyviUe 113 — Lkwistont 182 — Oswego 153 — Niagara Falls. .188 4 00 Syracuse 188 4 00 On resuming the trip from Oswego to Sacket's Harbor, the steamer runs in a northerly direction oflf Mexico Bay, being a large expanse of water at the east end of Lake Ontario, where lies Port Ontario, at the mouth of Salmon River. On thia Stream is situated one of the most romantic falls in the country. Salmon River rises in Lewis Co., and flows west through Oswego Co. into Lake Ontario; discharging its waters into Mexico Bay, at the village of Port Ontario. This is a fine and durable stream, having a tolerably good harbor at its mouth, and is boatable during high water to the Falls in Orwell, a dis- tance of 14 miles. " The Falls of Salmon River may be classed among the principal natural curiosities of the country. The current is gentle above for six or more miles, then two miles of rnpids, and at the falls drops almost perpendicular 107 feet. At high water the sheet is 250 feet in width, but at low water it is narrowed down to about half that extent. The rookv strata seem to be composed of slate stone and granite, or gneiss, and the height of the banks immediately above the fall is variously estimated at from 70 to 90 feet ; below it is said LEWISTON TO OSWEGO AND OODENSBUROH. 141* that tlie walls, perpendicular rock, are about 200 feet. At th# foot of the cataract there is very deep water, abounding in fina^ fiah, such as salmon, trout, etc." , i.i Grkat Stoney Island and other islands are passed as ther Btearaer approaches Black River Bay, which affords the most capacious and snfe harbor on Lake Ontario. Here enters Black River, an important stream, which rises many jnilea to the east- ward, interlocking with the waters of the Mohawk and other tributaries of the Hudson River. Sackkt's Harbor, 45 miles north of Oswego, and distant 38 miles from Kingston, Canada, possesses one of the best and- most secure harbors on Lake Ontario, being situated on Black Biver Bay, ten miles below Watertown, with which place it iS' 80on to be connected by a railroad. It was an important naval. and military station during the war of 1812, with Great Britain; it being the rendezvous of the American fleet on Lake- Ontario. Here now lies a large war vessel under cover, which was commenced at the above period, Madison Barracks, gar- risoned by United States troops, is handsomely situated near the steamboat landing, being in full view from the water. This place is an important pott of entry, and no doubt destined^ to increase in wealth and numbers on the opening of railroad, facilities. The village now' contains four churches, two hotels,; twenty stores, four storehouses, a ship-yard and rope-walk, three- saw-mills, two furnaces, an iron foundry and machine-shop. The Sacket^s Harbor and Ellisburgh Railroad, 18 miles ilk length, connects with the Watertown and Rome Railroad. Black River, so called from the color of its water, is the third in magnitude that has its whole course in the State of New York. Its whole course is about 120 miles, and ia navigable from the High Falls in Leyden, where it has a fall of 63 feet, to the Long Falls at Carthage, a distance of 40 miles; thence, by a succession of rapids and falls, it continues a cir- cuitous route, until it empties into Black River Bay, near the foot of Lake Ontario. It is a deep, sluggish stream, but tha navigation is muoh ob^ructed by falls ; affording, however, foi^ 142 LSWISTON TO OSWEGO AND 0GDEN8BUR0R. water-power. The land on the borders of the lower part of the river is very fertile and thickly settled ; Jefferson County — and the vicinity of Watertown in particular, where is a good water power — is justly celebrated for its agricultural products. Chaumont Bay, situated north of Sacket's Harbor at Black River Bay, is a large body of water abounding in fish of several kinds and fine flavor ; here being extensive fisheries, where are annually taken large quantities of fish. The trip across the foot of Lake Ontario from Sacket's Harbor to Kingston, Can. , 38 miles, is a very interesting excursion during pleasant weather. Here may be seen beautiful headlands and eeveral picturesque islands ; the Fox and Grenadier islands are passed before reaching Grand or Wolfe Islnndy attached to Canada. This latter island, situated in the St. Lawrence River, at the foot of Lake Ontario, is a large and fertile body of land, being settled by Canadians. Capk Vincent, Jefiferson Co., N. Y., is situated at the head of the St. Lawrence River, where ternunates the Watertown and Borne Railroad, and is a port of entry. It contains about 1,100 inhabitants, four churches, five hotels and taverns, ten stores, and an extensive storehouse connected with the railroad ; one steam grist-mill, one foundry and machine-shop, one steam planing-mill, and a ship-yard. Steamers arrive and depart daily for different ports on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. A steamer also leaves Cape Vincent twice daily for Kingston, Canada, during navigation ; while in winter, stages run across the ice to Grand or Wolfe Island, and thence to Kingston, distant 12 miles by direct route. Cape Vincent is a healthy and pleasant location, being much resorted to in warm weather by fishing and pleasure parties, being contigu- ous to the •* Thousand Islands.*' Clayton, or French Creek, 18 miles below Cape Vincent, lies opposite Grindstone Island, attached to the State of New York. The village contains three churches, two public houses.ten stores, and a foundry and machine-shop. Here is an extensive ship> yard for the construction of steamers and other lake craft. LEWISTON TO OSWEQO AND OJDENSBUROH. 143 The Black River and Utica Railroad^ when completed, will extend to Clayton, a distance of 100 miles from Utica. Alrxandria Bay, 12 miles below Clayton, is favorably situated on the southeast shore of the St. Lawrence, in the im- mediate vicinity of the greatest cluster of the Thousand Islands, The village contains one Presbyterian church, two good hotels for the accommodation of summer visitors, three stores, a steam saw-mill, a ship-yard, and about 360 inhabitants. No place on the St. Lawrence River exceeds this vicinity for its salubrity of climate and picturesque water scenery. The islands here, almost innumerable, are an ^n ally resorted to by visitors from almost c^/ery section of the counny for health, and to enjoy thd pleasure of fishing and hunting. Well's Island is settled by some 20 or 30 families, and is, no doubt, destined to become a favorite resort, as a hotel is pro- jected, to be located near the foot of this lovely 7:jland. . MoRRisTowN, N. Y., 11 miles above Ogdensburgh, lies nearly opposite Brockville, C. W., with which it is connected by a ferry. This is a regular landing-place for the American steamers. The village contains two churches, two taverns, three stores, and about 850 inhabitants. i Oguknsburgh, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.^ia advantageously situated at the mouth of the Oswegatchie River where it empties into the St. Lawrence. It was first incorporated as a village in 1817, and now contains about 8,000 inhabitants, 1 ,000 dwelling- houses ; one each Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, and Roman Catholic church — and a Universalist congregation ; an incorporated academy, three banks, two insurance offices, a custom-house, six public houses, 100 stores of different kinds. The Oswegatchie River here furnishes an abundance of water- power, where are situated one woolen factory, two flouring-mills, three grist-mills, three saw-mills, one paper-mill, two plauing- mills and two furnaces, a ship-yard and marine railway. This place is situated near the foot of sloop navigation on the St. Lawrence, although steamers of a large class run the Rapids to Montreal, 120 miles, ascending through the St. Lawrence canals l44 LEWISTON TO 08WROO AND OODENSBTtROH. Two dnily lines of steamers leave Ogdcnsburgh for Cape Vincent, Kingston, Oswego Toronto, L wiston, etc., while two daily lines leave Ogdensburgh or Prescott for Montreal, etc. Two steam ferry-boats run across the St. Lawrence, here one mile and a half wide, to Prescott, forming a close connection between the two shores. The JVorthern Railroad extends from Ogdensburgh easterly to Rouse's Point, N. Y., 118 miles, connecting with Bteamers and railroads extending to Boston and New York. A railroad is also finished, extending from Ogdensburgh and form a junction with the Potsdam and Watertown Railroad. Propellers and lake craft annually deposit an immense amount '' ■'. h. ^:.\)\ ''l)i TRIP FROM MAGARA AND HAMILTON TO TORONTO AND KINGSTON, CANADA. , .. American and Canadian steamers leave Lewiston, or Niagara, C. W., daily for Toronto, 40 miles from the mouth of Niagara River, connecting with railroad cars from Buffalo and Niagara Falls, running on both sides of the river. A Canadian steamer also leaves Port Dalhousie daily for Toronto, connecting at St. Catherine's with cars on the Great Western Railway, altogether affording great facilities both in summer and winter to resort to the capital of Canada. On leaving the mouth of Niagara River, the steamer pursues a N.W. course direct for Toronto, having, on a clear day, land constantly in sight from the deck of the steamer. Nothing can exceed the pleasure of this trip during pleasant weather. Usually may be seen propellers and sailing vessels on their way to or from Port Dalhousie, the mouth of the VVelland Canal, a magnificent work, of which the Canadians are justly proud. Port Dalhousie, 12 miles west of the mouth of Niagara River, and distant 38 miles from Toronto, is a small village situated at the terminus of the Welland Canal, four miles below St. Catherine's, with which place it is connected by the Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railroad^ five miles in length, connect- ing with the Great Western Railway. The Welland Canal, 28 miles in length, connecting Lake Erie with Lake Ontario, and overcoming the Falls of Niagara, is a work alike beneficial to the commercia interests of the United States and Canada, the former paying by far the greatest amount of tolls. The number of locks are 27, being 150 feet in length and 26 1 feet wide. The total rise is 330 feet. The depth of water is 8 J feet, the canal being 45 feet wide at bot- tom and 81 feet at the surface. The feeder branch, from Junc- tion to Dunnville, is 21 nules long. The Broad Creek branch 1.. . X8 146 NIAGARA AND HAMILTON TO KINOSTON, ETC. from feeder to Port Maitland, the terminus on Lake Erie, is 1 } mil«s in length, with one look each. The entire cost of the enlarged canal was about £1,000,000 Canadian currency, or $4,000,000. St. Catherine*^, 38 miles south of Toronto by water, 11 miles from Suspension Bridge, and 32 miles from Hamilton by railroad route, is advantageously situated on the lino of the Welland Canal, here affording a large amount of water-power. This town is a place of great attraction and growing importance, being surrounded by a healthy and rich section of country. Here is a mineral fountain called the *♦ Artesian Well" also several large and well-kept hotels, for the accommodation of invalids and seekers of pleasure. The Stevenson House, near the Spring, and the Welland Hotel, are the most frequented by pleasure travelers. The village contains about 6,000 inhabitants, several fine churches and private edifices, here being exhibited a degree of taste and activity equal to any other town of its size in Cannda or the United States If the mineral waters prove as beneficial to invalids as is represented by many who have experienced their beneficial efifects, it is nQ doubt destined to become a popular watering-place during the summer months. The '* Well" is situated near the bank of the canal, and is 550 feet in depth ; the water being raised by a steam pump to the bath-house, situated on the bank above. The City of Hamilton, from its geographical position, and its peculiar natural and artificial advantages, lying on Burling- ton Bay, at the extreme west end of Lake Ontario, has within the last five or six years rapidly increased in wealth and numbers. But a few short years have passed away since the site on which now stands the crowded city, with its stately edifices and its elegant residences, its thronged streets, and its marts and factories teeming with life and business activity, was a dense forest, the residence and hunting- groimd of the Indian. It was not many years ago that the waters of its beautiful bay, whicli '^ now bear upon their bosom magnificent steamers and vessels of KUOARA AND HAMILTON TO KINGSTON, ETC. 14T c t every grade, bringing to our port the treasiircH of other lands, and conveying to Eastern markets the pHxlucts of the West, were eulm and unrulHed, save when tlie red man launched his barque ui)on ihe blue expanse, or when hishod into fury by the angry tempest. Hiunilton was first laid out in the year 1813, during the war with the United States, but for i- iny years it progressed but glowly in population and importance. By the census of 1841 it numbered 3,446 inhabitants. During the succeeding f»»ur years the population nearly doubled, and by the census of 1801 the numbers had increased to 19,000. From that period to the present the city has progressed with almost unexampled rapidity for Canada. ITie city is governed by a mayor and board of aldermen and councilors, together with a police department. The public buildings are a city hall, city hospital, post-office building, custom-house, market building, twenty churches of different denominations, five banks, and a mechanics' institute ; many being large edifices, erected in a durable style of architecture. The principal hotels arc the Anglo-American, International, and Royal Hotel, situated on James Street. The Great Western Railway of Canada, running from Suspen- sion Bridge to Windsor, has its head offices and machine shops here A branch of the Great Western Railway e-xtends to Toronto, connecting with the Grand Trunk Railway, running East and West. The Desjardins Canal, four miles in length, connects Hamilton with Dundas. Tlie exports of Hamilton for the year 1861, as shown by the last census, were valued at $1,674,297, and the imports for the same time were $2,656,639. The amount of duties collected was $437,457. Distant from Niagara Falls, 45 miles ; Wind- sor, 183 ; Toronto 38 miles, and from Montreal, by rail, 372 miles. Steamers, during the season of navigation, run from HamiUon to Toronto, Kingston, and other ports on Lake Ontario, afford- 148 KIAOARA AND HAIfO^TON TO KINOSTOlf, ITO, 4 ing a epocdy and delightful mode of coiiYoyan^c, not only • through tho lakes, but down tlie St. Lawrence River to PreBcott, » Ogdenaburgh, and Montreal. Welunoton Square, seven miles below ITamilton, Is %■- place of some importance, it being tho outport for Ile^miUoa during the winter months, when tho lake is obstructed by ioe. Bronte, 13 miles below Hamilton, is a small village con- ■ taiuing about 400 inhabitants. Hero are two public houses, two - churches, a grist-mill, a oloth factory, and several lumber '. yards. Oakville, 19 miles from ITamilton, and about the same dis- • tanoe from Toronto, is a place of considerable business, having a good harbor. It contains about 1 ,000 inhabitants ; four churches, several public houses and stores ; a foundry, and other manu- * facturing establishments. The country in the rear is healthy and productive, being drained by several fine streams. Port. Credit, 12 miles from Toronto, is a large shipping port for produce of different kinds. It is situated at the mouth of River Credit, here flowing into Lake Ontario. It was once a favorite resort of the Indians, receiving its name, in early times, from the circumstance of the fur traders here meeting the Indians, and delivering to them on credit their goods, for which the following year they received their value in furs. TOBONTO. The City of Toronto, and capital of Canada, is favorably situated on Toronto Bay, in 43 32' N. lat., and 79° 20' W. long, from Greenwich. It is 40 miles N.E. Hamilton, 160 W. from Kingston, 333 from Montreal, and 413 from Quebec by railroad route. The bay is a beautiful sheet of water, about 4 miles long and 2 miles wide, separated from the main body of Lake Ontario, except at its entrance, by a long, narrow strip of sandy beach, the southwest termination of which is known as Gibral* ,.. tar Point, on which is located a light-house. .;^ HIAOARA AND HAMILTON TO KINGSTON, BTO. 140 '•• Toronto eignifies, in the India'' language, a place of n eet- ittfi;. In 1793 , when sunreycd by the elder Douohetto, unvlor the orders of Qov. Simooe, two Massasauga families wore the only inhabitants it contained, and the harbor was a resort for numer- ens wild fowl, while its waters produced an abundance of finh.'* It was incorporated as a city in 1834, when it contained 9,264 inhabitants. In 1842 it had increased to 15,436 ; in 18r)2, to 80,703 ; and in 1861, tc over 4r>,000. It is laid out with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles. The esplanade fronting the bay extends for a distance of two miles. The city is lighted with gas, and is well supplied with pure water hj companies incorporated for those purposes. The principal public buildings are the Parliament House, the University of Toronto, Trinity College, Upper Canada College, the Lunatic Asylum, the Custom House, the Post Office, St. Jfimes' Church (the English cathedral), and the Roman Cath- olio Cathedral; besides which there are a great number of churches of different denominations. The Bank of Upper Canada has its head office here, and there are other banks and agencies; also several Fire and Marine Insurance Companies. This is the principal office of the Canada Land Company, which has nearly two millions of acres of land for sale, situated in various parts of the Province. The hotels and public houses are numerous and well kept, making this city a desirable sojourn. The 4viencan Hotel and the Queen's Hotel, both fronting the bay, are the most freciuented. Toronto has become a great thoroughfare by means of steam- ers and railroads. A constant intercourse is thus kept up with the different ports on Lake Ontario, the Upper Lakes, and the St. Lawrence River. Steamers run from Toronto to Hamilton, St. Catherine's, Niagara, and Lewiston on the west and south ; to Rochester and Oswego on the east ; and to Cape Vincent, Kingston, Prescott, Montreal, etc., on the northeast. The Ontario^ Simcoe and Huron Railroad^ 94 miles in length, terminates at CoUingwood, on Georgian Bay, connecting with the waters of Lake Huron. The Grand Trunk Bailway ex« 150 NIAGARA AHO BAMILTOH TO KINOSTOK, ETC. ' tends northeast to Montreal and Quebec, while its western termination is near Port Samia, lying at the foot of Ljike Huron. The Toronto and Hamilton Railroad, a branch of the Great Western Rtjilway of Canada, also terminates here, afford- ing altogether facilities of great benefit to Toronto and the whole of Canada. The markets of Toronto are abundantly supplied with e\riry description of provisions of the best quality, and at moderate {wices. The climate is healthy and delightful during the summer and fall months, being modified by lake breezes. The NoiiTHERN Railway of Canada, formerly known as the Ontario. Simcoe and Huron Railroad, extending from Toronto to Collingwood, C. W., does a large local business, in addi- tion to a through traffic with the Upper Lakes, during the geason of navigation, which usually lasts from the first of May to the last of November. f- The new Steamer AmoMA, 416 tons burthen, runs from Collingwood to Sault Ste Marie, and thence to Fort William, situated at the head of Lake Superior. This trip, of more than one thousand miles, passing through the Georgian Bay and North Chabnel, River St. Mary, and Ltike Superior, em- braces hike and river scenery which for grandeur and beauty is not equaled on this continent. For further particulars, see Advertisement. A Canal has been proposed to connect the Georgian Bay with Lake Ontario, at Toronto. When completed, also a rail- road from Lake Superior to the Upper Mississippi, now in pro- gress of construction, there will be an impetus to trade and commerce that will be favorably felt both in Canada and the United States. .i? .:,:.: •: :'.' , ■> i '^'u.- •■"'■ ;;. 'ito.i A. i*'<« k' .# .^ .;..:.>i: .. i , . ., II iriAOARA AND HAMILTON TO KING8T0W, ETC, 151" ' Port Whitby, 29 miles below Toronto, lies on the line of the Grand Trunk Railway, where is a steamboat landing, at which steamers land on their route from Toronto to llochfister, etc OsHAWA, 33 miles below Toronto by raill-oad route, is hand- somely situated a short distance from the lake shore and has a good harbor. It contains five churches, two hotels, 15 stores, two woolen factories, two tanneries and a brewery, besides other manufacturing establishments. Population, 2,500. BowMANVii.i.K, 43 miles from Toronto, lying a short distance from the lake, is connected with Darlington Harbor ^ where is a steamboat landing. Port Hope is a port of entry situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario, 62 miles from Toronto and 98 miles from King- ston by railroad route. This is a safe harbor, where steamers land daily from different ports on the lake, which together with sail vessels export large quantities of produce. The village con- tains a court-house, six churches, four hotels, 40 stores ; two flouring-mills, a woolen factory, two iron foundries, a machine- shop, two tanneries, two breweries, and six distilleries. The lumber trade carried on at this port is very extensive and profitable. Population, 3,500. In addition to the Gran«i 2VM/t A Railway^ which runs through the town, a raixroad runs from Port liope to Beaverton, situated on Lake Simcoe, a distance of 41 miles, thus opening a fine section of Canada to emigration and trade. From Port Hope, or Cobourg, going toward Kingston by rail- road route, there is to be seen a fine section of Canada, passing through several flourishing towns, and near the Ba^^ of Quinte. CoBouRG, handsomely situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario, nearly opposite the mouth of Genesee River, where the lake attains its greatest width, is 70 miles from Toronto, 90 miles from Kingston, and 263 miles from Montreal by railroad route. It possesses a good harbor and is much frequented by steamers and sailing vessels, it being one of the regular landings for the Boyal Mail Steamers, which pass and repass, daily, oa ilieir way up aa4 down the hka. 152 NIAGARA AND HAMILTON TO KINGSTON, ETC. The principal public buildings in Cobourg are the court-honw and jail, and the Victoria College, which was established in 1842, by Ajct of the ProvinciaJ Legislature, with power to grant degrees in the arts and sciences ; there are also a number of fine church edifices. Here are the most extensive cloth manufac- tories in the Province ; there are also iron, marble, and leather manufactories, with breweries and distilleries, six hotels and taverns, 40 or 50 stores of different kinds, and a number of mechanic shops. Population, 6,000. Few places in "Canada pi-esent a more beautiful appearance from the winter than Cobourg— the landscape being extensive and varied by a most delightful background. The Cobourg and Peterboro* Railroad, 28 miles in length, commences at this place, which, together with the Grand Trunk Railway, tends greatly to benefit Cobourg and the towns lying on the rear, in the vicinity of Rice Lake, CoLBoRNK, 14 miles below Cobourg, is situated on the line of the Grand Trunk Railway. Here is a good landing for vessels and a flourishing settlement. On leaving Cobourg for Kingston on the downward trip, the steamer usually runs out into the broad waters of Lake Ontario, Boon attaining their greatest width. Often during the prevalence of storms or high winds, the unacclimated voyager experiences sensations any thing but agreeable , sea-sickness often prostra- ting alike the athletic male and the delicate female. This however, on board the larger class steamers is no serious objec- tion to journeying across Lake Ontario, it being considered the most safe navigation of any of the great lakes. JVicholas Point and Island are passed about 40 miles from Cobourg. Next comes Wicked Point, and soon heaves in sight Point Peter and Light. This light is a conspicuous object, for the mariner, who often, when off Prince Edward, the mainland, experiences the full force of easterly and westerly winds. ' ., .-.,r,.. , ; ,, ,„ ,.,^^.^^, Duck Island, attached to Canada is another noted object, for the mariner, either descending or ascending Lake Ontario^, , NiAOARA AND HAMILTON TO KINGSTON, ETC. 158 fts this is the first important island to be met on descending from the head of the lake on the Canada side. Outer Drake and Inner Drake are two small islands situated inland toward Prince Edward's Cay. Amherst Island, a large and fertile body of land, is next passed on the left, while Gage Island and Grand or Wolfe Island may be seen on the right ; these latter islands being situated at the foot of Lake Ontario, or mouth of the St. Law- rence Kiver, where commences the celebrated '• Thousand Islands*'' The City of Kingston, capital of Frontenac Co., Canada. 160 miles from Toronto, and 173 miles from Montreal by railroad route, is very advantageously situated on a beautiful harbor at the northeast extremity of Lake Ontario, and immediately above its outlet, " Cataraqui," or St. Lawrence River, in N. lat. 44" 8', W, long. 76° 40' from Greenwich. *' The view of the city and surrounding scenery is not surpassed by the approaches to any other city in America. A few miles above Kingston the waters of Lake Ontario are divided by the first of the long series of islands so well known to Tourists as the *' Thousand Islands,*^ of which Simcoe and Grand or Wolfe Inlands, opposite the city, may be looked upon as strongholds, designed by nature to withstand the encroaches of the waves of Ontario. On ap- proaching from the west, by water, the first object that attracts the traveler's attention is Fort Henry, with the naval station of Fort Frederick at its base, and its attendant battlements, fortifications, towers, and redoubts. Fort Henry is a favorite resort for visitors, and its elevated position affords the best view, that can be had of the city, lake, and surrounding country " The principal public buildings are the City Hall, one of the finest and most substantial edifices in Canada, and built of cut limestone at a cost of $92,000. It contains all the public offices of the city, including a spacious hall, capable of seating over 1 ,000 persons ; the court-house is a large stone building, which is about being removed, and another, more in accordance with the wants of the citizens, ig to be erected on a ground more 154 NIAGARA AND HAMILTON TO KINGSTON, ETC. central, and its present site occupied by a custom-house and post-office. Here is a Roman Catholic cathedral and several fine church edifices, in all numbering sixteen. Queen's College, under the direction of the Presbyterians, has a president and four professors ; the College of Ilegiopolis (Roman Catholic) has also a president and four professors; the General I spital, Hotel Dieu, and a nunnery are also in the city, while two miles west is situated the Provincial Penitentiary. It has four bank- ing-housv J and several insurance offices ; three well-kept hotels, and about 100 stores of different kinds ; besides several breweries, . distilleries, tanneri^, foundries, machine-shops, and a marine railway and ship-yard for the building of lake craft ; on JVavy Bai , which lies between Point Frederick and Point Henry, is the naval dock-yard used for government purposes. Near the Penitentiary is a mineral spring of some celebrity, resembling in its component j^arts the Cheltenham spring of England ; an- other spring exists which is unusually strong, resembling in some respects the " Artesian Well" of St. Catherine's. It has been analyzed by Prof. Williamson, and found to contain valu- able medical properties. — Population, 14,000. Kingston occupies the site of Fort Frontcnac^ an old French post, this being one of a chain of posts extending from Quebec to Mackinac. Here are owned 20 steamers and about 40 schooners, sailing to and from the port, besides numerous other Canadian and American steamers and sailing vessels. It being the outlet for the productions of the fertile Bay of Quinte, and the Rideau Canals terminating at Kingston, makes it an im- portant and active mart of commerce. ■- '■i'T: '-'.'% '. •• ■ wcjiatne?* STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM KINGSTON TO BELLEVILLE AND PORT TRENTON, PASSING THROUGH THE BAY OF QUIKTE. Landings. Milea. Lnndings. ^ MHetv Kingston Port Trenton Amherst Island 13 Bp:l,l.kvil.le 12 Bath 5-18 North Port 12-24 Fredericksburg 10-28 Indian Woods 8^32 Adelphustown 4-32 Picton 15-47 Stone Mills 3-35 Stone Mills 6-52 Picton 5-40 Adolphustown. ........ 3-55 Indian Woods. 15-55 Fredericksburg 4-59 North Port 8-63 Bath 10-69 Belleville 12-75 Amherst Island 6-74 Port Trenton • 12-«7 Kir:c;3T0iv 13-87 Fare from Kingston to Picton $1 00 «« «* Belleville 1 50 Several steamers leave Kingston daily for Picton, Belleville, Port Trenton, and intermediate ports, during the season of navigation, connecting at Belleville and Port Trenton with the Grand Trunk Railway, and line of stages running to Rice Lake, Peterboro', etc. On leaving the wharf at Kingston the steamers run in a westerly direction, passing the Brothers, to Amherst Island, 13 miles. This is a large and fertile island, inhabited by an intelligent and prosperous class of citizens. Here commences the Bay of Quinte, a long, crooked, and picturesque body of water, into which empties the Napanee, Moira, and Trent rivers. Bath, 18 miles from Kingston, is situated on the main shore, opposite Amherst Island. It contains about GOO inhabitants, inth a fine back country. ' '• ' -- ' 56 KINGSTON TO BELLEVILLE, ETC. FREDERicKMnuRG, 28 miles from Kingston, is a settlement on the mainla Adolphustown, 32 miles from Kingston, is situated on the mainland, opposite Marysburg, located on Prince Edward's Island. Stone Mills, 35 miles from Kingston, is situated on Prince Edward's Island, near a most remarkable lake, elevated some 800 feet above the Bay of Quinte. It is called the Lake of the Mountain^ Being half a mile in length, and nearly as wide. It has no perceptible inlet, but discharges a large volume of water, which is used in propelling several mills of different kinds. PxcTow, 10 miles from Kingston, and 35 miles from Belle- ville by water, is the capital of Prince Edward Co., C. W., being handsomely situated. The Bay of Quinte, which here expands to a considerable width, is called 11 alio well Bay. The village contains about 2,000 inhabitants ; a court-house and jail, one Episcopal, one Presbyterian, one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic church, two hotels, and several taverns, twelve stores, one steam ilouring-mill, one large tannery, and an extensive earriagc manufactory. On leaving Picton, the steamer runs north to the landing called Indian Wooih^ when a westerly course is again pursued to the head of the bay, passing Morris, or HalVs Island, and several beautiful headlands. Here is another expansion of water called HalPs Bay, on CsLpt. Owen's (r. n.) Chart of Lake Ontario. Bkllevillk, Hastings Co., C. W., is advantageously situated at the mouth of the river Moira, 75 miles by steamboat route, and only 47 miles by railroad from Kingston. This is a very thriving town, now containing about 8,000 inhabitants; the county buildings, a town hall and market building ; a Method* ist seminary, erected in 1855 ; one Episcopal, two Presbyterian, two Methodist, and one Roman Catholic church ; four hotels, and a number of taverns; 60 stores of different kinds, and most kinds of mechanic workshops. The Moira River affords a good water-power, here being situated one woolen factory, threo KINGSTON TO BELLEVILLE, ETC. 157 flourinp:-millR, four saw-mills, one paper-mill, one axe factory, one extenisive distillery, three foundries and niacbine-sliops, and a ship-yard. This is a great market for lumber, grain, and other kinds of produce. It is proposed to extend m rail- road from Belleville to Lake Simcoe, and thence to the Geor- gian Bay of Lake Huron. Port Teenton, 87 miles from Kingston by steamboat route, and 59 miles by railroad, is another growing place and port of entry, situated near the head of the Bay of Quinte, at the mouth of Trent Iliver. It contains about 1,200 inhabitan^js ; one Episcopal and one Methodist church ; three hotels, ten stores, one grist-mill, one extensive steam saw^-mill, one large tannery, two distilleries, a foundry, machine shop, and ship- yards. Steamers run from Port Trenton to Kingston. Prescott, Montreal, etc., trans-shipping a large arao it of lumber and country produce. The River Trent, which is the outlet of Pemedashcontayong, or Rice Luke, is a fine stream of water, and is in part naviga- ble for steamers running into the lake. Immense quantities of wild rice are found in the low waters of this lake and itg vicinity, which abound in game of diiferent kinds, affording ample sport and profit to the huntsman. 'Hie principal inlet of Rice Lake is called Otonihee River, being the outlet of a succession of lakes, the most celebrated of which lies 823 feet above the ocean, and is called Balsam Lake ; the other bodies of water are called Sturgeon Lake, West Lake, and East Lake. From Balsam Lake to the Bay of Quinte there is a succession of falls of 588 feet descent. LIST OF STEAMERS. u AMERICAN STEAMERS BUILT ON LAKE ONTARIO AND RIVEll ST. LAWRENCE 'since THEIR INTRODUCTION IN 181«. BnlU. Nume. Toim. Whprn hnllf.. Romaiks. 1816 . . Ontario 282 . . Backet's Harbor— broken up, 1818. Sophia 75.. Backet's Harbor-broken up. 1S2" .Martha 0.'.7 ALjricultiiral Products.. 6,732 1,662 17,452 2.!t37" Manufactures 171,977 34,746 75,022 12,052 Merchandise 96,453 21,501 60,556 10,528 Total am't Tolls. . . . $283,836 $147, 185 Statement showing the total nuraher, national cliaracter, and tonnage of vessels which passed on and through the "Wel- land, St. Lawrence, Chambly, Burlington Ray, and Rideau and. Ottawa Canals, during the year 18(52, and amount of Tolls. VkSRFLB AND STKAMErg ' '^"*^'- ' AlTl't Of Tollg VESSELS AND BTEAMBRS. jj^ rj^^jg ^^^ VoSSelS. Carutdian. Welland Canal 3,355 511,355 $7,303 25 St. Lawrence Canal 10,704 1,028,033 13,271 87 Chambly and St. Ours Lock 1,861 115,039 1,277 52 Burlington Bay 1 ,835 274, 153 1 ,077 50 St. Ann's Lock 3,914 236,343 294 30 Kideau and Ottawa 0,088 371,063 5,781 68 Total Canadian 27,757 2,536,586 $32,320 12 Welland Canal 3,924 065,487 $25,459 78 St. Lawrence Canal 300 29,597 15i) 96 Chambly and St. Ours Lock 657 39,513 486 74 Burlington Bav 83 12,565 74 00 St. Ann's Lock 86 5,386 67 33 Rideau and Ottawa 35 2,262 33 93 Total American. 5,085 1,045,810 $26,277 74 Gr. Total, American & Canadian.. 32,842 3,582,296 $58,603 86 LIST OF 8TBAMERS, RTO. 161 LIST OP BRITISH STEAMERS BUILT AND RITNNINO ON TUB ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, BELOW MONTREAL SINOE 1810. Bnllt. Nftmn. Turn. Wli«r« built. Renurki. 1810 Accommodation.... — .Montreal -brokon up. 1812 Swiflsuro — Montreal -broken up. 1814.MalHliam — Montreal— brokon up. 1810 Car of Comnfierce... — Montreal -broki'ii up. 1817. Lady Sberbrooke.. . —.Montreal—broken up. " Caleilonla ..t — .Montreal broken up. " .Telegraph —.Mon'reul— brok"n up. 18lS New SwifiHure — .Montreal broken up. " Quebec (Jut) —.Quel)cc— broken up. 1820. Montreal (I'st) —.Montreal— broken up. '* xjham ly —.Montreal— broken up. " .8t. Lawrence (Isl). . —.Montreal— broken up. 1822 LaPrairio — Montreal- broken up. 1825. IlenulcH . 800. Montreal— broken up. " .Edmunl Henry —.Montreal -l)roken up. 1826 Waterloo 200 Lr. Prairie. C. E. - lost in the ice. 1829 British America — 891. Montreal— broken up. " John Molson 8i»0. Montreal— broken u|). 1S32 Voy:if?eur 800 Montr-al- broken up. " .Canada SoO.Montreal— broken up. " .Canadian Eagle 250 Montreal broken up. | " .Patriot loo Montreal— broken up. 1 1838. Britannia. l')5 Montreal— broken up. ia34 John Bull 600. Montreal— burnt in 1839. 1886. Princess Vietoria.. 171. Montreal— tow l)Oiit. 1837. Charlevoix 200. Montreal— broken up. 18}i9 Lady Colborne 250 Montreal— broken up. " .Lord Sydenham — — Lake Ontario — broken up. 1840. Queen. 872 Sorel, C. E.— laid up. 1841. Montreal (2(1) 878. Montreal— wrecked ls53. 1842 North America ISl. Montreal broken up. 1848. Alliance 192. Montreal— laid up. '* .St. Louis 190 Sorel, C. E.—lai(l up. " .Prince Albert (lron).lS3 Montreal - Chainpl:iln& St. Lawr'nce Ferry 1846 . Lord Elnjln 155i Lake Ontario - Montreal to Kingston. " .Quel)ec (2d) 400. Quebec —Montreal to Quebec. " .Rowland Hill. 250 Quebec— tow boat. 1846 John Munn 4o0 . Quebec —Montreal to Quebec. " .Richelieu 70 Sorel, C. E.-Montreal to Chambly. 1847. Iron Duke (Iron)... 1(59. Montreal - Champlain & St. Lawr'nce Ferrj " .Ottawa 270 Montreal. 1848. Jaquea Cartier 7S Sorel, C. E.— Montreal to Three Blvera. 1849 Crescent 72 . Montreal— laid up. 1852 . Castor 76 . Montreal - Montreal to Throe Rivers. " .St. Lawrence (2d)... 800 , 18^4. Montreal (8d) 800. Quebec -Burnt, June 27, 1857. " .J. M'Ker.zie 250. Quebec— Montreal to Quebec. " .Saguenay 800. Sorel, C. E.— Quebec to Saguenay. " .PrlncessRoyal --.Lake Ontario— Quebec to Saguenay. " .Huron 350 Sorel, C. E. " . Musk Rat 160 Montreal— Montreal to LonguelL l855.Cultivateur 60 Montreal— Montreal to Berthler. ' .Advance — .Quebec-Quebec to River du Loup. 1856. Napoleon 114. Montreal— Montreal to Quebec. ** . Victoria. 114 . Montreal- Montreal to Quebei^ l02 CANALS OF CANADA. CANAL8 OP CANADA, SnOWINO THEIR LENGTH, LOCK8, ETC. nAMBii, uro. Ill mllM. Welland Canal. Main Trunk, Port Colborno to Pt. Dalhousie 28 Dunnville Feeder, junction to Dunnville 21 Broad Creek Branch 1 i St. Lawrence. The Gallops 2 Point Iroquois 8 Rapid Plat 4 Farren's Point | Cornwall llj (Long Saut Rapids) Beauharnois 11| (Cascade, Cedars, etc.) , La Chine 8^ Locki. \f']'^f III ItiUt. 27 330 Coat 1 1 2 1 2 1 7 9 5 £1,001,497 8 8 8 ^ 6 in 4 48 82J 45 ^£1,052,001 £305,331 £-181,736 Total, from L. Erie to Montreal 69 Add fall not requiring locks . Fall from Montreal to tide- water at Three Riv., C. E. 64 Grand total 535 feet. 17 18 505 feet. Lock!. ^"ck«f« III fuet. Cost. Note. — Lake Huron is elevated nine feet above Lake Erie, and Lake Superior is elevated 20 feet above Lake Huron — making a total elevation above tide- water, or the ocean, of 0r tlie purpose of ascertaining whether such was re d!y the case. Having well satisfied himself in the matter, he (with Mr. Hamilton'* Sermission) made a descent down the North Channel, some'iniis called ■ost Cfianne , in the mail steamer " Oildersleeve." The passage was magnificent, the grandeur and beauty of the Rapid far surpassing even those of the Rapids at the C dars, the Cascades, or La Cliine. 0>r;ng to the great rapidity of t'le current, the water is much rougher ;han on the Bouth side of the island, but the clmnnel is straighter, and in every respect better than the oae hen'tofore adopted, and there is little doubt that ere long the North Channel will be the one which the main traffic of the river Will pass ihroxx^li.— Montreal Herald. KINGSTON TO MONTREAL. 171 lower end of the Cornwally or St. Lawrence Canal. The town contains about 2,500 inhabitants, 400 d\vjll!n^ houses, a court-house and jail, five churches, twenty stores, an 1 several hotels. Thij is a regular steamboat landing for American and British steamers. The Grand Trunk Railway also passes through the rear part of the town. St. Rkgis, four miles below, on the American side of tho river, is situated on the line of the 45th degree of north lati- tude, the St. Lawrence below this point being entirely in Canada. St. Regis is an Indian village, part of its inhabitants living in the United States and part in Canada. It contains four or five hundred inhabitants, 80 dwelling houss-!, one Roman Catholic church, one Protestant church, one tavern, and two stores. Here is a convenient steamboat landing, where during warm weather may sometimes be seen Indian boys, prcpired to plunge into the water on having a piece of mon.jy thrown over- board : often it is caught by these expert swimmers before reaching the bottom. Lake St. Francis, a most beautiful expanse of water, is an expansion of the St. Lawrence above Coteau du Lac, extending for a number of miles. It is studded with lovely and pictur- esque islands, giving a variety to the scenery of this river which is almost indescribable. The Indian village of St. Regis, and an island owned by the natives, lie near its upper termina- tion. L\NCA8TKR, 15 miles below Cornwall, lies on the west side of the lake, or river, here presenting a wide surface, the waters calmly pursuing their course downward before rushing impetu- ously down the several rapids below Coteau du Lac, or the foot of the lake. At Coteau dxt Lac, 40 miles above Montreal, commences a rapid of the same name, extending about two miles Seven miles below this commences the Cedar Rapid y which extends about three miles. ( See Frontispiece. ) Then comes Split Rock and Cascade terminating at the head of Lake St. Louis, where the dark waters of the Ottawa, by one of its mouths, joins tho 172 KINGSTON TO MONTRRnt. St. Lawrence. These four rapids, in eleven miles, have a dd- Bcent of 82^ feet, being overcome by the Bo.uiluivnois Cjinil. The grandeur of tlie scenery in the vicinity of these R'lpids can not be conceived without being witnessed. The miglity St. Lawrence is here seen in all its magnificence and power, l)eing lashed into a foam for miles by the impetuosity of its current. The Cedar Rapids* have hitherto been considered the most formidable obstruction to downward-bound craft, but the new South Channel, or McPherson's Channel, as it is now called, affords an additional depth of water. The steamer Jii/toivn, Capt. Wm. Sujfhrue, in 1848, was the first steamboat that de- scended this cliannel, which was brouglit into notice by D. 3. McPherson, Esq., one of the late firm of the forwarding-bouse of McPherson, Crane & Co Bkauharn-qis, 24 miles above Montreal, lies at the foot of the Cascade Rapids, wliere commences the Bcauharnois Canal ^ 12 miles in length, overcoming altogether a descent of 82^ feet Between Fond du Lac and Beauharnois. or the foot of the Cas- cade Rapids, is the most wild and romantic scenery that the St. Lawrence presents. Caughnawaga, ten miles above Montreal, is an Indian vil- lage, numbering several hundred inhabitants. Here commences the Montreal and P/attsbiirgh Railroad, 52 miles in length. It is proposed to construct a ship canal from this place to the Riche- lieu River, the outlet of Lake Champlain, thus uniting the waters of the St. Lawrence and Hudson River, via Champlain Canal. La Chine, eight miles above Montreal, is situated at the foot of an expansion of the St. Lawrence, called Lake St. Louis, where enter the black waters of the Ottawa River, the St. Lawrence presenting a greenish hue, the difference in the color of the waters being plainly visible for many miles below. The La Chine Rapids, a few miles above Montreal, are the last rapids of importance that occur on the St. Lawrence. They * It was here that Gen. Amherst's brigade of 800 men, on their way to attack Canada, then in pcxssession of the French, were lost ! At Montreal thoy received the first intelligence of the iavuaion, by the dead bodieg floating down the river past the town. KI50ST0N TO MONTREAL. 173 are now considered the most dangerous and diflBcult of navign- tiou. These rapids are obviated by the La Chine Canal, 8J miles in length, overcoming a descent of 44^ feet. Canals of a /arge capacity now run round all the rapids, enabling steamers of a large size to ascend the river, although at a much less speed tlian the downward trip. *' The St. Lawrence is perhaps the only river in the world possessing so great a variety of scenery and character, in the short distance of one hundred and eighty miles — from Kingston to Montreal. The voyage down this portion of the St. Law- rence in u steamer is one of the must exciting and interesting that our country aifords to the pleasure-seeking traveler. Starting at daylight from the good old city of Kingston, we are at first enraptured by the lovely and fairy-like scenery of the * Lake of the Thousand Isles,' and oft we wonder how it is that our helmsman can guide us through the intricate path that lies before him. Surely he will make some mistake, and we shall lose our way, and our steamer wander for ages ere the track- less path be once more discovered. H wever, we are wrong, and long before the sun has set we have shot the ' Long Saut/ and are passing through the calm and peaceful Lake St. Francis. Gently we glide along, and are lost in pleasing reveries, which grace the scenes of our forenoon's travel. Sudds3nly we are awakened from our dreams by a pitch, and then a quick jerk of our vessel, and rising to see the cause, we find curij^lves re- ceiving warning in the Coteau Rapids, of what we may expect When we reach the Cedars, a few miles farther on. Now the bell is rung for the engine to slow its spaed, and glancing tow- ard the beam, we find it merely moving sufficient to keep head- way on the vessel ; now looking toward the wheelman's house, we see four men standing by the wheel ; backward we turn our gaze, and four more stand by the tiUtr, to assist tlxos3 at the wheel in guiding our craft down the fearful leaps she is about to take. These preparations striking us with dread, we, who are now making our first trip, involuntarily clutch the nearest object for support, and checking ohr breath, await the first E lunge. 'Tis over. We are reeling to and fro, and dancing ithor and thither among billows of enormous size, caused solely by the swiftness of the current. With difficulty we keep our feet while rushing down the tortuous channel, through which only we can be preserved from total wreck or certain death. Now turning to the right, to avoid a half-sunken rock, about whose summit the waves are ever dashing, we are apparently running on an island situated immediately before us. On i on We rush ! We must ground ! but no ; her head is easing off, and 174 ' RAPIDfl OP THE ST. LAWRENCB. as wc fly past the island, a darinc leap might land ub on its shores ; and now again we are toHSod anrl whirled ahout in a Hoa of foam ; we look back to scan the dangers passed, and see a raft far behind, struggling in the waves. While contemplating its dangers, we forget our own. and the lines of Horace appear pe- culiarly applicable to the Indian who first intrusted Lis frail canue to these terrific rapids : * Illi robur et .ts triplex Circii pi'ctuH crat, qui fVagilem trucl CoinrniMit pulago ruluiu Primus .' " RAPIDS OF THE ST. LAWKKNCE— EXCITEMENT OF TUE TRIP. Evtr act from a Correspondent of the Detroit Advertiser— ISHQ. "Lkaving Hamilton in the evening, on board one of the splendid steamers navigating Lake Ontario, running direct for the St. Lawrence River, a distance of about 180 miles, we had a very pleasant night on the lake, and arrived at Cape Vincent, N. Y., at 7 n vt morning; discharged some freight, and pro- ceeded to Brockville, Canada, and thence toOgdcnsburgh, N. Y., where we arrived about noon ; passing from Cape Vincent to Ogdensburgh {via the Express Line of steamers), we thread our winding way through among the Thousand Islands ; here is no monotony, for the scenery is continually changing and ever beautiful. " I have spoken of the route by which I came to Ogdens- burgh ; another very plejisant route is by way of the steamer from Detroit to Buffalo, thence to the Niagara Falls, taking the boat at Lewiston. By this route, passengers may see many points of interest, which they do not see in traveling by the direct route. '♦ On Wednesday, July 17th, we left Ogdensburgh on the steamer Montreal, Capt. J. Laflamme, ran acr9ss the St. Lawrence to Prescott — then headed down the river to MontreaL At six miles from Ogdensburgh we passed the first rapid (Gallop). This being the first of a series of rapids that we had to pass on our way to Montreal, we had the curiosity to notice the effect the scene had on the passengers. The first with whom we came in contact was a nervous old gentleman, and he was rushing from one side of the boat to the other, with fear and admiration depicted on his countenance, while excitement had taken possession of his whole frame. *' Here is a group of sentimental young ladies ; so deeply are they absorbed in drinking in the sickly sentiments of tlie cheap, yellow-covered literature which they hold in their hands, thai RAPFDS OF TriE 8T. LAWIIRNCR. 175 thoy know nothiii':^ of the wild and beautiful Rccne through which we are piiHsinj?. This is not the cumi witl> ull, for many avo standinpr or Hoatcd near the rnilinp; of the deck, lookiiij; calmly at the turbulent waters, and discoursing upon the cause of all this commotion : othersj stand in the background, wishin;?, but fearing to look at the trembling of the waves. We are nr,w past the first rapid, or the " (Jallops," and the water is uuw^n a state of perfect culmness, and so are the passengers. *' The boat stc, . a few moments at Louisville, :»•') miles from Oi;d(>nsburgh. At this point the river is divided by an island, and here begins the Lanff Sunt a rapid of nine miles in length; formerly the boats pa.ssed )ling of the waters, as they brciik upon the projecting rocks, have an angry appearance, and look as if they were preparing to en- gulph us. We are standing upon the bow of the boat, and are fascinated by the view of the scene, yet we involuntarily turn our eyes to the pilot-house, in front of which, on an elevation, stands the captain, and at the wheel are four strong men. Neither fear nor anxiety is to be perceived in either counte- nance ; but with their eyes fixed upon the landmarks, and their strong hands upon the wheel, they guide the sliip through the narrow and crooked channel with unerring precision. The grand and picturesque scene has now brought all to tlieir feet ; the novel-readers have dropped their books, and the excitement of reality now surpasses the excitement of their fiction The nervous man is standing liareheaded against the pilot-house, with both hands elevated, mouth open, and an exclamation upon the end of his tongue as his tongue refuses to act ; but as the boat glides o t' the last billow into smooth water, the ex- clamation drop.. rn his lips, his mouth shuts with a sudden jerk ; and as he subsides into a calm he wipes the sweat from his brow, and is glad that he has seen and passed over that rapid. Only a small portion of the Long Saut is very rough, the rest of it has much the appearance of Hell Gate, N. V. " After passing the Long Saut, the boat stops a few moments at Cornwall on tlie Canada side. In a short time after leaving Cornwall, the river widens into a lake, which is called Lake Sf, Francit. This lake is about forty miles in length. Having passed it, the boat stops a few moments at the village of Coteau du Lac. "Soon after leaving the Coteau, we pass the Cottdu, Cedar, 176 RAPIDS OP THE ST. LAWRENCE. Split-Rock, and Cascade Rapids. The passage of these rapids is very exciting, particularly the Split-Rock; here, as th«) boat is by the action of the water lifted above the rocks, and then dropped down among them, the waters covering and then re- ceding and leaving the rocks nearly bare, upon either side, looks fearfully dangerous ; the channel is narrow, the current rapid, and the boat is carried along at a 2 40 pace ; but the boat is strong, and a skillful pilot is at the helm, and the pas- sage is very quickly and safely made. *' The river again widens, and is called Lake St. Louis. At the foot of this lake, on the south side, is the Indian village of Cauglmawaga. Here a boat comes off from the village, and brings an Indian named Baptiste. He is a fine-looking man, apparently about sixty years of age; he comes on board to pilot the boat over the La Chine ^ which is the last but most dangerous of the rapids. No man but Baptiste has ever yet piloted a steamer over these rapids. As the boat moves onward to the rapids, all the passengers, even to the novel-readers, are anx- ious to get a good position in order to have a good view of ths heaving, breaking, and laughing waters. As we enter the rapids, we appear to be running upon a small grass- covered rocky island. Indeed, as the bow of the boat is so near that it appears to be impossible to clear it, we look to see if the pilot is at the helm. Yes, there stands the captain at his post in front of the wheel-house, and the Indian pilot, with three other strong men are at the wheel; and as we look at the caLu coun- tenance of the Indian, and see that his bright eye does not so much as wink, but is fixed steadily upon his beacon, whatever ? *; may be, and that the wheelsmen are fully under his control we feel that, with his skill, care, and knowledge of the way, w may banish fear from our thoughts. " Baptiste is a noble Indian ; he guides the boats among the islixnds and the rocks, over the rapids and through the intricate channels, as easily as a skillful horseman reins a high-spirited charger. As quick as thought the boat glides away from those rocks which it appeared impossible to avoid, but the pilot ap- parently is insensible to fear, though not to the responsibility that rests upon him. He is aware, and all are aware, that one false move and all is lost ; for the current is so swift, the seas run so high, and the boat is driven so rapidly, that one touch upon a rock would shiver her to atoms. Although the passage of the rapids appears to be dangerous, a sense of pleasure and excitement takes the place of fear. Just as we left the La Chine Kapids, looking for the nervous man— there he stood, shaking, laughing, and exclaiming, ' that caps the climax.' In about half an hour after leaving this last rapid, we enter the harbor ;f Montreal." J \ V RAILl^OAD ROUTE FROM MOXTREAL TO TORONTO, .. ETC., VTA GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, extending from Montreal to Toronto, and from the latter place to near Sarnia, situated at the foot of Lake Huron, affords a speedy mode of travel. The following is a description of the route from Montreal westward, ascending the noble St. Lawrence. The depot is situated near the termination of the Victoria Bridge^ about one mile from the center of Montreal. On leav- ing the depot the La Cliine Canal is soon passed, and then the Montreal and La Chine Railroad, the track of the Grand Trunk Railway extending westerly across the fertile island of Montreal, passing in sight of Lake St. Louis, formed by the junction of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers. St. Anne's, 21 miles from Montreal, is a French-Canadian village, of some four or five hundred inhabitants. Here is a Roman Catholic church, and a number of picturesque edifices situated near the water's edge. The rapids, government lock for steamers, and the railroad bridge, together with the beautiful Ottawa and islands, altogether aflford a magnificent view, al- most unrivaled for river scenery. A few miles westward may be seen the hills giving the name to the Lake of the Two Mountains. ' ■ .... , , . Isle Pkrot, about two miles in width, is next p«wsed over by the upward train, and another branch of the Ottawa crossed, when the care stop at the . . . . « Vaudreuil Station, situated about half a mile below the village of the same name. Here a lovely view is obtained of th« 118 MONTRE\L TO TORONTO, ETC. Ottawa, its islands, and the hills of the Lake of the Two Moun- tains in the distance. The railroad track, on leaving the Ottawa, runs through a fertile tract of country for several miles, the village of the Cedars being passed on the left, some two miles distant. CoTEAU Statiox is 37 miles from Montreal and one and a half miles from the landing ; here is a scp.ttered settlement of French Canadians, numbering about 500 i-uiabitanta. Lancaster, 54 miles from Montreal, ia situated on the north shore of Lake St. Francis, an expansion of the St. Law- rence River. Here is a population of about 700 inhabitanta, mostly of Scotch descent. Cornwall, 68 miles from Montreal, is a thriving town, situ- ated at the foot of the Long Saut Rapids. It contains about 2,500 inhabitants. Here the trains usually meet, and the pas- sengers are furnished refreshments. This is also a convenient steamboat landing, where the Royal Mail Line of steamers stop daily on their trips up and down the St. Lawrence. Dickinson's Landings 77 miles ; Aultsburg, 84 miles ; Wil" liamsburgt 92 miles ; Matilda^ 99 miles, and Prescott Junction^ .32 miles, are soon reached and passed by the ascending train. The line of the Grand Trunk Railway from Vaudreuil to Brockville, a distance of 100 miles, runs through a level section of country, from a half to two miles distant from the St. Law- rence River, which is only seen occasionally from the passing train of cars. The town of Prescott, 113 miles from Montreal, and 60 miles from Kingston, is advantageously situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, opposite the village of Ogdensburgh. It con- tains a population of about 3,000 inhabitants. (^See pnge 259.) The Ottawa and Prescott Railroad, 54 miles in length, ex- tends from Prescott to Ottawa City, intersecting the Grand Trunk Railway one and a half miles from the St. Lawrence River. On leaving Prescott the railroad runs through a level country to Ktmptville^ 28 miles, and thence to Ottawa City, a further distance of 80 miles. This is now the most speedy and MONTREAL TO TORONTO, KTO. 179 favorite route from Montreal to the Upper OttaTra, passengers* baggage being checked through, via Prescott. Brockvillk, 125 miles above Montreal, and 208 miles below Toronto, is one of the most important stations on the line of the Grand Trunk Railway, it being a flourishing town of about 5,000 inhabitants. The Brockmlle anfi Ottawa Railroad will extend from this place to Pembroke, situated 100 miles above Ottawa City. The railroad route from Srockville to Kingston, 48 miles, continues along the north shore of Lake Ontario to Oobourg, 90 miles farther, and thence to Toronto, 70 miles j being a total distance of 333 miles Fot further information in regard to Kingston, Cobourg, Toronto, etc., see Trip from Hamilton and Toronto to Kingi' ton, etc. A« f.-r ^ MONTREAL. f The City of Montreal, the largest and chief seat of com- merce of British America, is favorably situated at the head of Bhip navigation on the left bank of the St. Lawrence River, here about two miles in width. It lies 170 miles above Quebec and 350 miles below Toronto, by water, in N. lat. 45° 30', and W. long. 73° 25' from Greenwich. TUe site, although not so commanding as Quebec, is in every other respect superior, lying at the foot of a romantic eminence from which it derives its name, called Mount RoyaL which hill rises in picturesque beauty, about one mile from the city, to the height of 550 feet, forming a prominent object in the picture from every point of view The streets, although somewhat irregular, present a fine and clean appearance. Notre Dame Street, the Broadway of Montreal, is the principal promenade and seat of the fashion- able retail trade ; it is about one mile in length and has many elegant stores, built of stone in the most durable manner. St. Paul Street, lying nearer the water, is mostly filled with whole- sale stores. Qreat St. James Street is a wide and beautiful avenue, where are located most of the banks and insurance offices; togetlier with hotels and other substantial build' igs. McGill Street is filled with stores and offices of diflfersnt kinds, running across the streets enumerated above. Water Street, Commissioners' Street, and Common Street extend the entire length of the city, facing on the St. Lawrence River and La Chine Canal ; at times presenting a pleasing and lively appear- ance when the harbor and canal are filled with steamers and Bail vessels of diflFerent kinds. From whatever side the city is approached, either by water or land, the scene is one of much interest ; if from the St. Lawrence, Victoria Bridge and islands first attract attention ; then the splendid towers of the Cathedral, the tall spires of other churches, the elegant front of Bonsecoura MONTREAL. 181 Market, the magnificent stone quay, and the long range of cut- Btoiie buihiings which front the river, form at once a tout et^ teinhle which is unequaled. Pop. in 1861, 90.323. The public buildings in Montreal are numerous; many of thcni massive and costly edifices. The most noted is the Roman Catholic or French Cathedral^ situated on Notre Dame Street, fronting the Place d' Armes ; it is built in the^Gothic stylo of architecture, 25d I'eet in length by 134 in breadth ; it has six tow- ei-s, of which the three belonging to the main front are 220 feet In height. The principal window is G4 feet in height and 32 in breadth. The interior has several desks or altars, and is capable of accommodating from 6 to 7,000 persons, who can disperse by several outlets. *' This church boasts the possession of a magnificent set of bells, one of which, weigh- ing thirteen tons, is hung in the western tower, and is the largest bell in America. Under the church, the entire space is occupied by a cemetery — in which the more wealthy of the Roman Catholics are interred." The Seminary of St. Suipice, adjoining the Cathedral, is a substantial stone building, at pres- ent only finished to the extent of half the proposed plan. In this building is transacted all the parochial business, and also the secular affairs connected with the very valuable property belonging to the priests of the seminary. There are several other Roman Catholic churches, mostly belonging to the order of St. Sulpice, to the members of which Montreal chiefly owed its foundation, and who still hold the seigniory of the island on which it stands. The Protestant churches, consisting of the Church of England or Episcopal, the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian), the Con- gregational, the Baptist, the Methodist, and other persuasions, are numerous ; Montreal being justly celebrated for its church edifices and church -going people. There are also a great num- ber of nunneries and charitable institutions in the city, botli under Roman Catholic and Protestant management. The court- house and prison are new and subst^intial stone buildings, occu pyiug the ate of the former college of the Jesuits. Tlic govern- 182 MONTREAL. xnent house, barracks, ordnance office, six T.anks, and five market-houses, the principal of which is the Bonsecours Market, are among the remaining public buildings. Nelson's Monument, a colossal statue of tlie hero of the Nile, is placed on a Doric column, the pedestal of which has bas-reliefs representing n.Tval actions. McGill College is beautifully situated at the base of the mountain, and is richly endowed. Here are also a Baptist college and two Roman Catholic colleges, besides numerous other educational institutions. Montreal has a theater-royal, an exchange building, a penitentiary, a house of industry, a hospital, water works, gas works, a custom-house, a board of trade, scientific institutions, religious and benevolent institu- tions, and numerous well-kept hotels. The favorable position of Montreal for trade and commerce, both foreign and domestic, makes it a great thoroughfare for men of business, as well as of the pleasure-seeking community. The facilities afforded by means of the St. Lawrence and Ot- tawa rivers, in connection with the Grand Trunk Railway and other railroads, open a ready communication, not only with all parts of Canada, but with Portland, Me., Boston, and the city of New York ; the latter city being only 400 miles distant, and connected during the season of navigation by two popular lines of travel. The harbor, tliough not large, is safe and conven- ient ; vessels drawing 15 feet may lie close to the quay, which is a most substantial stone structure of upward one mile ib length. The La Chine Cannh nine miles long, admits steam- ers of a large size on their upward trips, they usually running the Rapids on their downward trips from the Lakes above and the Ottawa River. Besides steamers of a large class running to Quebec, steamships run regularly, during the season of navi- gation, between Montreal and Liverpool, making quick and profitable voyages. The trade through Lake Champlain. mostly by means of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, 44 miles in length, is immense — so much so as to require a ship canal from Caughanawa, or opposite Montreal, to the navigably waterd of the Richelieu River, the outlet of Lake Champlain. . MONTREAL. .183 The Montreal and Platlshur^h Railroad^ 52 miles in length aniting with the La Chine Railroad, forms a direct line of travel to Plattsburgh, situated on the west shore of Lake Champlain. The Montreal and Ottawa Railroad^ under construction, will add greatly to the advantage of Montreal. I'lie Victoria Bridi/e, now erected across the St. Lawrence River, immediately above tlie city, is fully completed, and forms one of the wonders of the age ; it crosses the river from Point St. Oharles to the south shore, a total length of 10,284 feet, or about 50 yards less than two miles. It is to be built on the tubular principle, and will have a track for railroad cars in the center, while on the outside of the tube there will be a balcony on each side, with a footpath for passengers. The bridge will rest on 24 piers and two abutments of limestone masonry ; the center span being 330 feet long, and 60 feet high from summer water-level, descending at either end at the rate of one in 130. It is in every respect to be built in the most substantial manner, and, when completed, will cost the enor- mous sum of £1.250.000 sterling, or $6,250,000. The contents of the masonry will be 3,000,000 of cubic feet. The weight of iron in the tubes 8,000 tons. The following are the dimensions of tube through which the trains pass in the middle span, viz. : 22 feet high, 16 feet wide ; at the extreme ends, 19 feet high, 16 feet wide. This gigantic structure is in rapid progi-ops of construction, and, it is understood, will be completed in 1859, or early in 1860. The drives and inviting excursions about Montreal are nu- merous, and highly appreciated by visitors from more southern climes. The foremost stands the excursion around the mount- ain, which stands' as a beacon to point out the true position of the city on nearing or departing from this romantic city. Other drives up or down the St. Lawrence, or on almost any part of the fertile island of Montreal, are attended with pleasure and delightful emotions. '* Besides these excursions, the tourist will find his time well repaid by a visit to the Saut-au-Rcl- lect, which ia a series of Rapids at the northern side of the 184 GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. island, on a branch of the Ottawa called La Riviere des Prairieii Here, besides the beauty of the Hcenery, he may see the rafti from the Ottawa making the dosccnt — an exciting exploit both to the spectators and hardy crows, though from the rarity of accidents we must conclude that the skill of the voyageurs baa taught them to avoid any real danger." Population of Montreal — 1852. Males 27,586 Other countries 1,457 Females 30,129 Roman Catholics 41,468 Total population 67,716 Protestants 16,1'j6 French Canadians 20,020 Number of houses .... 7,420 British Canadians 12,494 " families . . . 9,y90 English, Irish, & Scotch 17,774 GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY OP CANADA. The Grand Trunk Railway, the greatest scheme of its kind in America, embraces in its ramifications the construction of a continuous line of railway from Trois Pistoles, C. E., about 160 miles below Quebec, on the southern side of the river St. Lawrence^ the point at which a junction with the proposed Hal- if ax Railway is looked forward to — and Port Sarnia, C. W., on Lake Huron, a distance of upward of 800 miles — also a branch line of 50 miles in length, from Belleville to Peterborough, C. W. — and the leasing of the railroad then already built between Montreal and Portland, Me., so that the products of the west- ern points of the Province might be conveyed through Canada to the Atlantic seaboard, without break of guage or bulk. The total length of unbroken railway communication which will thus be obtained, when the St. Lawrence River is spanned by the Victoria Bridge, a structure unequaled* in the history of engineering, either in size or in massive proportions — is up- ward of 1,100 miles. The original capital of the company was £9.500,000, but this being found insufficient, it has been de- termined to increase this amount to £12,000,000 sterling, or |!60,000,000. Of this sum the Province has an interest in the undertaking, in the shape of a guaranty, to an amount of up- ward of £3,000,000 sterling, or $15,000,000. GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. 185 GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY AND ITS BRANCHES. Portland, Me., to Montreal 293 milea. Quebec and Richmond Division 97 *' Kiviere Du Loup Branch 120 " Montreal to Toronto 333 *• Toronto and Sarnia DivUion 169 •* Totid Distance 1,018 miles. T\\\s important Trunk Railway e.vtends from tlie shores of the Athmtic Ocean to the foot of L.ike Huron, a total distance of 71)5 miles, connecting with a line of Steamers running from Barnla to Mackinac, Green Bay, Milwaukee, and Chicago, and other ports on Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, forming altogether the most exterhsive line of travel on the Continent of America under one direction. TliQ Division from Montreal to Quebec and the Riviere du Loup extends a distance of 296 miles, connecting with the tide waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, op^wsite the mouth of the Saguenay River. The Champlain and St. Tjatcrence Railrodd, 44 miles in length, running from Montreal to Rouse's Point, N. Y., and the La- chine and Gaughmwago Division of the railroad running from Caughnewago to the Province Line, 40 miles, and from thence to Plattsburgh, N. Y., are both controlled by the Grand Trunk Railway Company, who have their principal offices la Montreal. For Summer Ajiungements. see Advertisement. I. . TRIP FROM MONTREAL TO OTTAWA CITY AND THE UPPER OTTAWA RIVER. Tourists who design to visit, the Ottawa River, and view its varied and beautiful scenery, should leave Montreal by steamer, or by the Grand Trunk Railway ^ in the morning for St. Anne's, 21 miles ; there taking a steamer for Ottawa City, 90 miles far- ther; or if desired, continue the railroad route to Prescott, 113 miles from Montreal, and proceed by Ottawa and Prescott Bail- road. The La Chine Railroad also conveys passengers to La Chine, nine miles, from whence steamers depart daily for Ot- tawa City. At St. Annk's, 14 miles above La Chine, the steamer passe« through a lock 45 feet wide and 180 feet long. Here is a suc- cession of rapids in the river, and several small islands. The village is handsomely situated on the southwest end of the isl- and of Montreal, and is the place where the poet Moore located the scene of his admired Canadian Boat Song.* CANADIAN BOAT SONG. BY THOMAS MOORE, Faintly as tolls the evening chime, Our voices keep tune and our oars keep time ; Boon as the woods on shore look dim, We'll sing at St. Anne's our parting hymn. Row, brothers, row, the stream runs fast, The Rapids are near and the daylight's pasL "Why should we yet our sail unfurl ? There is not a breatli the blue wave to curl ; ..^ But when the wind blows off the shore, Oh ! sweetly we'll rest our weary oar. ^ Blow, breezes, blow, the stream runs fast. The Rapids are near and the daylight's past. ♦ The vot/ageura, in passing the Rapids of St. Anne, were formerlj obliged to take out a part, if not the whole, of their lading, owing to the small depth of water here afforded. It is from this village that the Ca- nadians consider they take tlieir departure on ascending the Ottawa, as it Sossesses the last church on the island of Montreal, which is dedicated to le tutelar sairt of voyageurt. MONTREAL TO OTTAWA CITT. 187 Otffiwn'« tide ! this trcmbl!n»? moon Bliall "«H' us flont ovor thy surgt's soon. Saint of thlH Rrccn Mo ! hi-nr our prayers, Oil I errant us cool heavens nn the steamboat charge is $1 25. VILLAGES ON THE UPPER OTTAWA EIVER. Aylmer, nine miles above the city on the Lower Canada Bide, is situated at the outlet of Chaudiere Lake, through which the river flows, has about 1,000 inhabitants, and is the shire town of Ottawa County. Is at the foot of steamboat navigation above the city. There is a good McAdam road from the city to Aylmer. FiTZROY and Chatts — these villages are connected, and situ- ated 32 miles above the city, with about 600 inhabitants ; the river at this place has a fall of 52J feet. Amprior, 40 miles above the city. This place has sprung Into existence within the last two years ; has now 60 dwellings,, and 40 more under con^^ract. A railroad is now under contract from Ottawa City to Amprior, to be completed in 1858, and I understand that this is also the point where the Brock vi lie and Pembroke Railroal comes to the river. The river has a fall here of twelve feet To hear the descriptions which are given 190 UPPER OTTAWA RIVER. of this section of the country, one would think that it was the Garden of Eden, and that it was soon to be reclaimed. Those engaged in building up Amprior, predict that it is soon to become the Chicago of Canada. Portage Du Fort is GO miles above Ottawa City. The river here has a fall of twelve feet, affording good water-power. Pembroke, 100 miles above the city, is the next place on the river, and is a point of great importance. The Brockoille and Ottawa Railroad, when completed, will terminate at this place, and afford great facilities to the settle- ments on the Upper Ottawa River and its tributaries OTTA^YA RIVER. Copied from the Canadian Toueist. "This river, and the vast fertile territory -which it drains, has hitherto been, in a great measure, abandoned to the oper- ations of the lumberman, and the comparatively few farmers who have followed his steps ; but, latterly, its capabilities as an agricultural country have gradually attracted i greater degree of attention, which the proposal of connecting its waters with Lake Huron and the Far West will greatly increase. Of the magnitude of the river, the riches of its banks, and the beauty of the scenery, we can not better speak than by mak- ing use of the excellent Report lately made by a Committee of the Canadian House of Assembly on Railways : " * The length of tfie course of the Ottawa River is about 780 miles. From its source it bends in a southwest course, and after receiving several tributaries from the height of land sep- arating its waters from the Hudson Bay, it enters Lake Temis- caming. From its entrance into this lake downward the course of the Ottawa has been surveyed, and is well known. " ' At the head of the lake the Blanche River falls in, coming about ninety miles from the north. Thirty-four miles farther down the lake it receives the Montreal River, coming one hun- dred and twenty miles from the northwest. Six miles lower down on the east, or Lower Canada bank, it receives the Kee- pawa-sippi, a large river which has its origin in a lake of great size, hitlierto but partially explored, and known as Lake Kee- pawa. This lake is connected with another chain of irregularly shaped lakes, from one of which proceeds the River du Moine, which enters the Ottawa about a hundred miles below the mouth of the Keepawa-sippi. " * From the Long Saut at the foot of Lake Temiscaming, two hundred and thirty-three miles above the city of Ottawa, and three hundred and sixty miles from the mouth of the Ot- tawa, down to Deux Joachim Rapids, at the head of the Deep River, that is, for eighty-nine miles, the Ottawa, with the ex- ception of seventeen miles below the Long Saut, and some other intervals, is not at present navigable, except for canoes. Be- sides other tributaries in tho interval, at a hundred and ninety- seven miles from By town, now called Ottawa, it receives on the west side the Mattawan, which is the highway for canoes going to Lake Huron by Lake Nippissing. From the Mattawan the 192 OTTAWA RIVER. Ottawa flows east by south to the head of Deep Kiycr Roacb, nine miles above which it receives the River du Moinc from the north. •' * From the head of Deep Kivcr, as this part of the Ottawa is called, to the foot of Upper AUumettes Lake, two miles below tlie vilLigt; of Ponbrokc, is an uninterrupted reach of navigable v/atrr, forty-three miles in length. The general direction of the river in this part is southeast. The mountains along iho north side of Deep Uiver are up^v .rd of a thousand feet in height, and the many wooded islands of AUumettes Lake rou- d(.T the scenery of this part of the Ottawa magnificent and ex- ceedingly picturesque —far surpassing the celebrated Lake of the Thousand Islands on the St. Lawrence. " ' Passing the sliort rapid of AUumettes, and turning north- ward round the lower end of AUumettes Island, which is four- toon miles long and eight at its greatest width, and turning down southeast through Coulonge Lake, and passing behind the nearly similar islands of Calumet to the head of Calumet Falls, tljo OM:uva preaents, with the exception of one slight rapid, a rejich of fifty miles of navigable water. Tiie mountains on the noilh side of ('oulonge Lake, which rise apparently to the height of fifteen hundred feet, add a degree of grandeur to the scenery, which is in other res-poets beautiful and varied. In the Uppor AUumettes Lake, a hundred and fifteen miles from Ottawa, the river receives from the west the Petawawee, one of its largest tributaries. Tliis river is a hundred and forty miles in leufjifh, and drains an area of two thousand two hundred square miles. At Pcmbrokt?, nine miles lower down on the same side, an inferior stream, the Indian River, also empties itself into the Ott.awa. " ' At the head of Lake Coulonge the Ottawa receives from the north the Black River, a hundred and thirty miles in length, draining an area of eleven hundred and twentj'' miles, and nine miles lower on the same side the river Coulonge, which is prob- ably a hundred and sixty miles in length, with a valley of eight- een hundred square miles. *' ' From the head of the Calumet Falls to Portage du Fort, " the head of the steamboat navigation, a distance of eight miles, are impassable rapids. Fifty miles above the city, the Ottawa receives on the west the Bonnechcre, a hundred and ten miles in length, draining an area of nine hundred and eighty miles. Eleven miles lower it receives the Madawaska, one of its great feeders, a river two hundred and ten miles in length, aad drain- ing four thousand one hundred square miles. " « Thirty-seven miles above Ottawa there is an interruption in the navigation, caused by three miles of rapids and falls, to p^sg which a railroad has been made. At the foot of the rap* OTTAWA RIVER 193 Ids the Ottawa divides among inlands into numerous channels, presenting a mo.-it imposing array of separate tails. •' ' Six miles above Ottawa begin the rapids terminating in the Ottawa Chaudih'f Falls, wliich, iniVrior in impressive grandeur to the Falls of Niagara, are, perhaps, mor3 permanimtlv inter- esting, as presenting great(# variety. The greatest height of Chaudiore Falls is about forty feet. Arrayed in every imagin- able variety of form — in vast, dark masses, in graceful cas- cades, or in tumbling spray — they have been well described as a hundred rivers struggling for a passage. Not the least inter- esting feature which they present is the Lost Chaudiore, where a body of water, greater in volume than the Thames at London, is quietly sucked down, and disappears under ground. " ' At the city of Ottawa the river receives the Ilideau from the west, running a course of a hundred and sixteen miles, and «l»*aining an area of thirteen hundred and fifty square mdes.' " The city of Ottawa is, perhaps, situated more pictur- esquely than any otlier in North America, with the exception of Quebec. The view from the Barrack Hill — embracing, as it does, in one covp (Vceil, the magnificent Falls of the Chaudiere, with its clouds of snowy spray, generally spanned by a bril- liant rainbow ; the Suspension Bridge uniting Upper and Lower Canada ; the river above the great Falls, studded with pretty wooded islands, and the distant purple mountains, which divide the waters of the (latineau from those of the Ottawa — is one of the most beautiful in the Avorld. " The city, now containing about fourteen thousand inhabit ants, sprung up, about thirty years ago, from a collection of shanties inhabited by the laborers and artificers employed by the Royal Engineers to construct the Rideau Canal. This canal (terminating at Kingston) was intended by the govern- ment of England to be a means of communication between the Lower St. Lawrence and the Lakes, in case the communication on tlie front should be interrupted. The canal was designed by Colonel By, of the Royal Engineers, and the present city of Ottawa was named Bytown in memory of its founder, until, about two years ago, the inhabitants petitioned the Provincial Parliament to change the name. " The canal is a splendid specimen of engineering skill, and the masonry of the numerous locks is generally admired for its finish and solidity. Eight of these locks rise one above another directly in the center of the aiij, the canal being crossed by a handsome stone bridge just above them. The canal, in fact, divides the city into two parts, the Upper and Lower. A large part of the Upper Town is comprised in what is called the Bar- rack Hill, on which is a small barracks for troops, and some storehouses, the property of the Imperial Government ; there 194, OTTAWA RIVER, is here a paradt -ground of several acres, and the summit of the hill, from which is to be seen the beautiful view which we Bpoke of before, is one of the finest promenades in the world A few very simple fortifications on this hill would make the city of Ottawa almost as impregnable as Quebec. *♦ Within the last few years a sAall hamlet has sprung up near the Suspension Bridge, in consequence of the abundant water-power existing there, of which several enterprising per- sons have availed themselves to erect saw mills. There is also here a very large iron foundry and machine manufactory. *' Here also are the slides, erected by government, for the passage of timber, in order to avoid the great fall, over which the pieces of timber used to be precipitated singly, to be again collected below at a great trouble and loss. Throughout the whole summer, from morning to night, the * cribs' of timber, each manned by three or four hardy raftsmen, may be seen darting down these slides ; while from the lofty summit of the Barrack Mill the huge rafts, gay with briglit streamers floating from their many masts, may be seen on the smooth, dark bosom of the river, the golden-colored timber flashing in the sun- beams. *' In the Lower Town are the principal mercantile establish- ments, the court-house and jail, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the Bishop's Palace ; a nunnery, to which the General Hospital is attached, and a Roman Catholic college ; the I'rotestant hos- pital, the Terminus of the Prescott and Ottawa Railway, and the steamboat wharf. Among the objects well v/orth seeing in this part of the town is a steam saw-mill, of great size, recently erected by an enterprising citizen. In Central Ottawa are the town-hall, the post-office, telegraph office and news-room, to which are attached a library and museum, the latter contain- ing some very interesting geological specimens. In Upper Ot- tawa are the Episcopal church and the office at which all the business connected Avith timber cut on the lands of the Crown is transacted. The banks of Upper Canada, British North America, Montreal, and Quebec have agencies in the city. " During the summer months steamers run dally on the river between Ottawa and Montreal, and between Ottawa and Kings- ton, by the way of Rideau Canal. A railway train leaves the city every day for Prescott, where those passengers who intend to go to Montreal change into the cars of the Crand Trunk line, and so reach Montreal by railway. " Travelers who wish to proceed farther up the river can take a carriage or omnibus for Aylmer, a pretty village about nine miles from Ottawa, between which place and Aylmer there is an excellent turnpike road, where they will lind a steamer which takes them to the Chatts ; from this there is a railway. OTTAWA RIVER. 195 •bout two railcs ; they then proceed by anotlior stcntner to Portajije du Fort ; here wagons are used for a short distance, and anotlier steamer takes them to Pembroke, and again an- other from tliat point to Doux Joachim, Avhero for the present navigation ceases for any thing larger than a canoe A rail- road is under construction, extending i'rom Pembroke to Brock- ville, situated on the St. Lawreiwe Kiver. " Immediately below the city of Ottawa the river Rideau dis- charges into the Ottawa, falling gently over the edge of a lime- stone precipice like a beautifully transparent ' ciiitdin' of water, from which resemblaace its name has been derived ; the fall is divided into two portions by a small rocky island, which adds greatly to the picturesc.ueness of the scene. The llideau Falls are best seen from a boai. " A mile lower it receives from the north its greatest tribu- tary, the Gat'ma^, which, with a course probably of four hun- dred and twenty miles, drains an area of twelve thousand square miles. For about two hundred miles the upper course of this river is in the unknown northern country. At the farthest point surveyed, two hundred and seventeen miles from its mouth, the Gatineau is still a noble stream, a thousand feet wide, diminished in depth, but not in width. " Eighteen miles lower down the Riviere au Liovre enters from the north, after running a course of two hundred and sixty miles in length, and draining an area of four thousand one hundred miles. Fifteen miles below it the Ottawa receives the North and South Niition rivers on either side, the former ninety-five and the latter a hundred miles in length. Twenty- two miles farther the river Rouge, ninety miles long, enters from the north. Twenty-one miles lower the Riviere du Nord, a hundred and sixty miles in length, comes in on the same side, and lastly, just above its mouth, it receives the river Assump- tion, which lias a course of a hundred and thirty miles. " From Ottawa the river is navigable to Grenville, a distance of fifty-eight miles, where the rapids that occur for twelve miles are avoided by a succc:?sion of canals. Twenty-three miles lower, at one of the mouths of the Ottawa, a single lock, to avoid a slight rapid (St. Anne's Rapid), gives a passage into Lake St. Louis, an expansion of the St. Lawrence above Montreal. " The reraiiining half of the Ottawa's waters find their way to the St. Lawrence, by passing in two channels behind the Island of Montreal and the Isle Jesus, in a course of thirty- one miles. They are interrupted with rapids, still it is by one of them that all the Ottawa lumber passes to market. At Bout de I'Isle, therefore, the Ottawa is finally merged in the St. Lawrence, a hundred and thirty miles below from the city of Ottawa. 196 OTTAWA RIVKR. •' The mast >rominont cliaractorlstic of tho Otiuwa ia its gi'oat volumi^. I'.vcn above the town, whcvo it has to receive tril)iitarii!:i equal o the IIii iHon, the Shannon, the Thamos. the Tweed, tlic Kpc^', and tho 'Jlyde, it disphiys, when unconfined, a width of half a mile of strong, boiling rapid ; and when aft the liitrlie.st, while tho north watcrj are passing, the volume, by cali.'ulated approximation, is fully equal to that passing Niagara— tliat is, double the common volume of tho Ganges. " Taking a bird's-eye view of the valley of the Ottawa, we Bee spread out before us a country equal to eight times the State of Vermont, or ten times that of Massachusetts, with its great artery, tlie Ottawa, curving through it, resembling tho Khioe in length of course, and tho Danube in magnitude, " This immense region overlies a variety of geological form- ations, and presents all their characteristic features, from tho level uniform surface of the Silurian system, which prevails along ii great extent of the Ottawa, to the rugged and roman- tic ridges In tho metamorphic and primitive formations, which Btretch far away to tho north and the northwest. " As far as our knov/lodgc of the country extends, we find the greater part of it covered with a luxuriant growth of rod and wliite pine timber, making the most valuable forests in the world, abundantly intersected with large rivers, fitted to con- vey the timber to market Avlien manufactured. "The remaining portion of it, if not so valuably wooded, presents a very extensive and advantageous field for settlement. Apart from the numerous townships already surveyed and partly settled, and tho large tracts of good land interspersed through- v>ut the timber country, the great region on tlie upper course of the western tributaries of the Ottawa, behind the red pine country, exceeds the State of New Hampshire in extent, with an equal climate and superior soil. It is generally a beautiful undulating counti*y, wooded with a rich growth of maple, beech, biroh, elm, etc., and watered with lakes and streams affording numerous mill-sites and abounding in fish. Flanking on the one side the lumbering country, which presents an excellent market for produce, and adjoining Lake Huron on the other, the situation, though comparatively inland, is highly ad/an- tageous. In the diversity of resources, the Ottawa country above described presents unusual attractions alike to agricul- tural and commercial enterprise." LAKE GEOPtGE, OR IIORICON. Tms romantic sheet of water, whose beauties are almost in- describable, lies mostly in the county of Warren, N. Y., 27 miles north of Saratoga Springs. It is justly celebrated for its varied and beautiful scenery, and for the transparency and purity of its waters. It is 30 miles long, north and south, and from two to three miles wide ; and is elevated 243 feet above the tide-water of the Hudson, although its waters flow north into Lake Chaniplain. It is surrounded by high and pictur- esque hills, sometimes rising to mountain height, and dotted with iumcrous islands, said to count as many as there are days iu the year ; some are of considerable size, and cultivated ; while others are only a barren rock, rising majestically out of the surrounding waters. The wild j ud romantic scenery of this lake is nowhere surpassed. The bed of the lake is a handsome yellowish sand, and the water is so pure and transparent as to render the bottom visible from 80 to 40 feet. Here the delicious salmon-trout, that weigh from five to twenty pounds, arc found in great numbers, and of the finest quality. Silver t)'out, brook trout, pike, pickerel, perch, and several other kinds of fresh water fish, are also abundant. Travelers on the tour from the Springs to Canada should not fail to visit Lake George ; by the French called Lac Sacrament, on account of the purity of its waters. The steamboat " Minnehaha" runs through the lake, from Caldwell to the landing near the village of Ticonderoga, whence stages run to Fort Ticonderoga, at the steamboat land- ing on Lake Charaplain ; where steam passage boats, on their route from Whitehall to Burlington and Rouse's Point, touch daily during the season of navigation. This route is varied in scenery, and deeply interesting in historical incidents. The romantic village of Caldw^kll, lying at the south end of the lake> contains a court-house and jail, two chui'ches, and 108 LAKE OEORGEj OR HORICON, a number of handsome private residences, besides Fort William Htnry Ilolf/ and the Lake House, two popular public housos, which arc usually thronged with fashionable visitors during the summer mouths. ** Lake George abounds with small and beautiful islands, among the most important of which are Diamond I.sl.ind, Tea Island, and Long lyland. lloger's lloclv or Slide, and Anthony "a Nose, the former on the we.st and the latter on the east side, are two precipices worthy of note. Howe's Landing, just behind an island at the outlet of the lake, denotes the spot when; the un- fortunate expedition of Abercrombie landed, and derives ita name from Lord Howe, who accompanied and fell in that ex- pedition, in 1758. " This lake and its vicinity has been the scene of several im- portant battles. One which has been generally known as the Ji.ilt/e of Litkc Georiic, was fought at the head of the lake in 1755, between the French under the Baron Dieskau, and the English under Sir \Vm. Johnson. Dieskau attacked the English in their encampment, but was defeated and slain. The loss of the English was I'M slain, and that of the French about 700.' " The most shocking transaction in the vicinity of this lake was the Massacre at Fort William Henry in 1757. A British and Provincial army having been collected at Fort E lw;ird and Fort William Henry under Gen. Webb, for the reduction of the French worlcs on Lake Champlain, the French sent a large army up the lake under Gen. Montcalm, for their delenso. (Jen. Webb, tiion at Fort William Henry, learning from Maj. Putnam that til's force had entered Lake George, returned immediately to Fort Edward, and the day following sent Col iMuurue, wiih his regiment, to reinforce the garrison at the lake. The day after Monroes arrival the French appeared at tiie lort, laid siege to it, and demanded its surrender. The garrison, con- sisting of 2,500 men, defended themselves with nmch bravery for several days, with the expectation of succor from Fort Ed- ward. But as none came, Monroe was obliged on the Otii of August to capitulate. By the articles of capitulation, all the public property was to be delivered to Montcalm, and the gar- rison were to march out with their arms and baggage, and to be escorted to Fort Edward, on condition of not serving agamst tiio French vrithin the period of eighteen mouths. " The garrison had no sooner marched out of the fort than a scene of pertidy and barbarity commenced, which it is impos- sible lor language to describe. Regardless of the articles of capitulation, the Indians attached to the French army fell upon * See Tiiomj sou's Vermont, Part II., page 8. LAKE QEOUGE, OR IIORICON. 190 the def<»nsclcss soMicrs, plundoring and mnrdering all that fell in thoir way. Tho French otlicois w*.M'e idle spectators of this bloody sceuo ; nor couM all tho entreaties of Monroe persuade them to furni.sli tlic promised escort. On that fatal day about 1,500 of the English were either murdered by the savages or carried by them into captivity never to return. *' Tlio day following these horrid transactions, Major Putnam was dispatched from Fort Edward with his rangers to watch the motions of the enemy. He reached Lake (Jleorge just after tlie rear of the en^'my had left tho shore, and the scene which was presented he describes as awful indeed. ' The fort was entirely destroyed ; the barracks, out-houses, and buildings were a heap of ruins— the cannon, stores, boats, and vessels were all carried away. The fires were still burning— tho smoke and stench otfonsivo and suffocating Innumerable fragments of human skulls, and bones and carcasses half consumed, were still frying and broiling in the decaying fires. Dead bodies mangled with scalping-knives and tomahawks, in all the wan- tonness of Indian barbarity, were everywhere to be seen. More than 100 women, butchered and shockingly mangled, lay upon the ground still weltering in their gore. Devastation, barbar- ity, and horror everywhere appeared ; and tho spectacle pre- sented was too diabolical and awful either to be endured op described.' " STEAMER ON LAKE GEORGE. A NEW steamboat is being built on Lake George in the place of the John Jay, burned in July last. She is 145 feet long and 20 feet wide. The boiler and furnace are placed in com- partments, incased in iron, entirely fire-proof, no expense being spared in order to make her a beautiful and safe passenger boat. Her name, " Minne-ha-ha," a romantic one, is selected with great appropriateness from Longfellow's Hiawatha • " With him dwelt his dark-eyed daughter, Wayward as the Minnehaha; With hor moods of shade and sunshine, Eyes that frowned and smiled alternate, Feet as rapid as tho river, Tresses flowing like the water, • And as musical a laughter ; And he named her from the river, From the waterfall he named her Mlune-ha-ha — laughing water," 200 VALL8 OF TICONDEROGA. Tho Falls of Ticonderooa, situatod on the outlet of Lake Georgo, are well worthy tho attention of tourists. Hero are two imiwrtiint cuscadea within the distance of two or three miles, surrounded by mountain scenery of gri3at historic in- terest. Tho Upper Fa/Is, near the village of Alexandria, are ^''ormod by a succession of descents of upward of 200 feet within the distance of a mile, affording water-power unsurpassed by any other locality in tho State for safety and a steady How of water, the stream not being subject to freshets. Tho Lower FfJl, in the village of Ticonderoga, has a perpendicular fall of 80 feet, boing much used for hydraulic purposes. Tho ruins of old Fort Ticondiro^a, two miles below this place, are situ- ated on a point of land at the entrance of tho outlet of Lake George into Lake Cliamplain, standing on an eminence of about 60 foet, overlooking tho lake ; the ruins are plainly visible from the water, presenting a conspicuous o.nd interesting object. About 1,800 yards southwest stands Mount Defiance^ rising 750 feet above tho lake, overlooking and commanding tho site of Fort Ticonderoga. A public house, for tho accommodation of visitors, stands near the steamboat landing. DISTANCES FROM CALDWELL TO ALBANY, via SARATOGA SPRINGS. CALDWELL ALBANY Glenn s Falls, .S/a^e. . 9 9 Troy 6 6 Moreau Station *' ..6 14 Cohoes 3 9 Sar a toga Si'RiisrGs. . 15 29 Waterford 1 10 Ballston Spa 7 3(3 Junction Albany R.R. 2 12 Mechanicsville 13 49 Mechanicsville 6 18 Junction Albany R.R. 6 55 Ballston Spa 13 31 Waterford 2 67 Saratoga Springs. . 7 32 Cohoes 1 58 Moreau Station 15 53 Troy 3 61 Glenn's Falls, Stage. .' 6 58 ALBANY 6 67 CALDWELL " ..9 67 LAKE CIIAMPLAIN. One of tho most interesting and lovely bodies of water in North America lies between the States of Now York and Ver- mont, through which runs the boundary line from near White- hall to lat. 45^, being a distance of 110 miles; it may bo said to extend four miles farther, into Canada, m.ikiug tho whole length of the lake 1 20 miles . irying from half a mile or less to twelve miles in width. Its direction is nearly north and Bouth, and it is a long, narrow, and doop body of water, dotted with a number of islands, the largest of which belong to Ver- mont. From Whitehall to Crown Point the lake is quite nar- row, but here it begins to expand, and soon becomes three miles wide, still increasing northward until near Burlington, where it spreads to its greatest width. Afissisqiwi Bay^ an extension of Lake Champlain on the northeast, lies mostly in Canada, above the 45th degree of north latitude. Steamboats of the first class, and sloops of from 50 to 100 tons burden, navigate Lake Champlain its whole length, thence down the Sorelle, or Richelieu River, its outlet, to St. John's, Canada, where steamboat navigation ceases ; a total distance of about 140 miles. This lake is also connected with the navigable waters of the Hudson, by means of the Champlain Canal, which extends south, a distance of GH miles. As you approach near the center of Lake Champlain, a large body of water presents itself to view, bordered by scenery of the most picturesque description ; the headlands which are seen to groat advantage, and the vast ranges of mountains on either side, are truly grand and romantic. The highest peak of the Green Mountains, called the '* Camel^s Hump,** is seen on the east, while the high ranges of the mountains of Essex County are seen on tlie west. This latter range of mountain peaks, ihe Adirondack 202 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. group, contains the highest land in the State of New York, rising in some places to the heiglit of 5,000 feet and upward, abounding with iron o^e and timber of large growth. In the streams which flow into this lake are frequent waterfalls of great beauty ; and the fine headlands, with numerous indenta- tions and bays of singular beauty, only need to be seen to be admired. Its waters are well stored with salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, piclsorel, and other fish. *' Lake Champlain was discovered by Samuel Champlain in July, 1C<>9, having founded the colony of Quebec in ltj08; in June, 1809, he, with a number of French and Indians, pro- ceeded in a sliallop up the St. Lawrence and river Iroquois, now Richelieu, till stopped by the Chambly Rapids. From this plice he determined to proceed in Indian canoes, but the Frenclimcn luunifested great reluctance, and only two would be persuaded to accompany him. With these and about sixty of the natives, having transported their canoes by the rapids on the 2(1 of July, and, proceeding southward, on the 4th of July he entered the lake " Champlain and his party proceeded along the west shore, advancing by water during the night and retiring into the forests by day, to avoid being discovered by the Iroquois, be- tween whom and the Canada Indians a war was then carried on. As they drew near the enemy's country they proceeded with great caution, but on the 29th of July, in the evening, they fell in with a large war party of the Ii'oquois. Both parties drew up to the shore, and the night was spent in preparation for battle, and in singing and taunting each other. In the morning an engagement took place, but the Frenchraen being arn)ed with muskets, it was decided in favor of Champlain and his party, a large number of the Iroquois being slain and seve- ral taken prisoners. With these they returned immediately to their sliallop. Champlain says that this battle was fought in lat. 48° and some minutes, and the place is supposed to have been on the west shore of Lake George. The present name of Lake ("Ihamplain was given by its discoverer during hia first visit, as he informs us in his journal. He was not drowned in its waters, as has been sometimes said, but died at Quebec in 1085. One of the Indian names of this lake was Petawa-Bouque, signifying alternate land and water, in allu- sion to the numerous islands and projecting points of land. Another is said to have been Caniaderi-Guarunte, signifying the mouth or door of the country. If so, it was very appropi'iate, as it forms the gate- way between the country on the St. Law- LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 203 rence and th.at on the Tludson. In more recent times the In- diana called it Corlear, in honor of a Dutchman who saved a war party of Canada Indians from being destroyed by the Mo- hawks in 1<)05. " The first steamboat built on this lake commenced running in 1809. The line boats have always been favorably known to travelers either for business or pleasure, for the manner in which they have been managed — their neat and orderly ap- pearance—obliging and attentive officers and efficient crews. At present there are daily lines to and from Whitehall and Rouse's Pont, stopping at Ticonderoga, Burlington, Plattsburgh, and intsrmL'diate places, connecting with the various railroads — also numerfius ferry boats, propellers, and tow boats, besidoa more than nOll sloops, canal boats, barges, etc." Chanip/ain Canal connects the waters of the Hudson with Lake Chumplain. It is G4 miles long, 40 feet wide at the top and 28 at the bottom, with a navigable /e^t/er at Sandy Hill 11 miles long. It has 21 locks, 14 by 90 feet. Rise from the Hudson, 134 feet, fall to the lake, 54; was begun in 1810, finished in 1819, and cost SI ,079,872. The route of this canal is interest- ing on account of its passing through a section of country ren- dered memorable by important military operations. It passes in part along the line of Burgoyne's advance from Lake Cham- plain —near the scene of his principal battles — and of his final surrender. It passes near Fort Miller — Fort Edward — the spot where Miss M'Ciea was murdered — Fort Anne — the tree to which Gen. Putnam was bound in 1757, etc. Height of the Principal Moun- Altitude of the Principal Mottn* TAIN Peaks iv Vekmont— Green tains Northern New York— Mootain IIanoe. Adirondack Group. Nwr. A'lUiulr' above S3H. Namk. Altitude abovp Sett Chin, or North Peak, Mans- Mount Marcy, f 15,467 ft field Moil 111 air; 4,279 ft Mount Mcln- Essex | Camel's Hump, Huntington 4,183 " tire f V 5,183 '♦ Shrew9l)ui-v Mountain. . . . 4,U86 " Mount McMar- | County. Nose, or Sou! Ii Pouk, Mans- tin I ^ J 5,000 " field Mountain 8,9S8 " Dial Mountain 4,900 '• Killington Peak. Sherburne 3,924 " Whiteface Mt. 4,855 " Equinox Mountain, Man- Mount Seward.Franklin Co. 4,600 " Chester 3,706 " Mount Lyon, Clinton Co. , . 4,000 " Aucutney Mt., Windsor. . . . 8,320 ♦' Surface of Lake Champlain, above tide 90 feet. " Lake George " " 243 ' « LakeCwi'abio * " 234 ** 204 LIST OF STEAMERS, fiTC. LtST OF STEAMERS ETTILT AND PJTNNING ON LAKE OHAll PLAIN SIXCE 1801). Rnl'f NniTifi 'r.'ii-;. Wli" <■ iniilf. Remarks, 1809.. Vermont* 1(57. .Burlinorton, Vt— sunk Oct., 1S15. 18l5..PJuciiix(l8t) 886.. VersL'iiuoa, Vt.— burnt Sept., 1819. lSI7..Ch!iini)liiia 12S. . Vir^conncs, Vt.— burnt lsi7. lS19..Con!;r(>s3 2I19. . Vorirenm'.s, Vt.— broken up. 1820 . PhdMiix (2fl) 84f). . Vi>rsr<'iiti('s, Vt. broken up. 1825. .Gen. Greene l'<6. .Buriin'jCton, Vt.— broken up. 1827.. Franklin 312. .St. Albans. Vt.—bioken up. " ..Wiirthinijton 134. .Essex, N. Y.— broken up. 1S2S. . M'Donouijh 183 . St. Albany AM. -lost 1841. 18>i2 . . Win >osk i 159 . . Burlinirton, Vt.— broken up. " . .AVater- Witch 107 Fort Cas.sin. Vt.— chanijed to BChoonef 1837. .Buriinstton 482. .Sliell)urii(% Vt.— broken up. 1833..\Vbiteliall 461 . .Whitehall, N. Y. broken up. 184J..Saranac ,. 8^51. .Shelburne, Vt. — broken up. " ..Bouquet 81 Essex, N. Y.— broken up. 184,5.. Francis Sallus 873. . Whitoliall, N. Y. 1847. .United States 56G. .Siiciburne, Vt. " ..Ethan Allejx. ...*... . 5'i0 Shelburne, Vt. 1851. .Boston 219. Slielburn^-. Vt. 1852.. America 081 ..Whitehall, N. Y. 1S53. .Canada 718. .Whitehall, N. Y. 1850. Montreal 416. .Slielburue, Vt. " . Oliver Bascora 860 . . Whitehall, N. Y. STEAMERS BUILT ON LAKE GEORGE. BuUt. Kmiic. W'Afiv. l.uilt. Ki'iii:uk8. 1817.. Caldwell, (Ist) Tioonderoga -burnt 1821. 1824.. Mountaineer Caldwell- eoiidenuied 1837. 1838 . Cald well, (2d) Ticonderoga -broken up. ls.52 . . John Jay burnt, July, 1856 1857 . . Min-iie-ha-ha Caldwell. AMERICAN STEAMERS RUNNING ON L.\KE CHAMPLAIN,JS64. (day and night link.) Namd. Tons. From and To. America, Capt. H. Mayo.. (581 Whitoliall to Burlington and Kouse's Point. Canada, Capt» Wm. Flagg 718 Ukitkd Siates, Capt. I .n^^ ^ n ^^ Wm. Anderson . . j ' MoNTOEAii, Mayo. ... 41 G Bnrlinsjfton to Plattsbiirgh. Boston, Capt. Chapin 219 Burlington to Rouse's Point. ♦ Built and run by Capt. John Winaiii. Fare $7 ft'om Whitehall to Bt. John's, Cuu. BTEAMBOAT AND RAU.ROAD ROUTES. 205 FRKICHT BOATS. Kthan Allen, Capt. Wr'jvlit. 500 Wliiteliall to St. John's Can. Oliver l^ii'U'om, " EMri'l,':^'}, 8 iO '* James II Hooker, Propeller " (( STEAMBOAT AND RAILROAD ROUTE FROM WHITE TO BURLINGTON, ROUSE'S POINT, AND MONTRE Landings, etc. Whitkh \ll, N. Y. B.-nson, Vt Orwell, " Ticondero";!!, N. Y. Larnbee's Point, Vt. . . Crown Point, N. V. . . Port ITenry, " . . , Wcstport, '' .., Eiwex, " l^uiii.iNnTON-, Vt 14-76 Port Kent, N. Y 10-86 Plattsbur-^h, «' 15-101 Rouse's Point, N. Y. . 25-1 '26 Miles. IP, 7-20 4-24 1-25 8-83 8-41 9-50 12-62 Stations, etc. Montreal, Can. . . St. John's, *' . . House's Point, N. Y Plattsburgh, " Port Kent, Bu HUNG ION, Vt. Essex, N. Y Weslport, " Port Henry, N. Y.. Crown I'oint, " . Laraboo's Point, Vt Ticonderofva, N. Y. Orwell, Vt Benson, " Bt. Johns, Can 28-149 MoNTftKAL, " 21-170 Whitkhali., N. Y. Usual Time from Whitehall to Rouse's Point, 9 hours. Fare *' *' " Rouse's Point to Montreal, 2 hours. Fare HALL AL. Miles. 21 28-14 25-69 15-84 10-04 14-108 12-120 9-129 8-187 8-145 1-146 4-150 7 .57 18-170 $4 00 2 00 RAILROAD ROUTE FROM WHITEHALL TO ALBANY. Stations. Miles. Total Mile*. WHITEHALL Fort Anne 11 11 Fort Edward 12 23 Moreau Station 1 24 SARATOC4A Springs 15 39 Bnllston Spa 7 4(j Mechanicsville 13 59 Waterford 8 67 Troy 4 71 ALBANY 6 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 77 Usual Time, 3^ hours. Fare, $2 38. 206 WHITEHALL. The villngo of Whitehall, 77 miles north of Albany by tailroad route, is situated in a narrow valley at the head of Lake Champlain, and at the junction of the Champlaiu Canal with the lake, being a secure and important naval station in time ol war. The village was incorporated in 1820, and now contains four churches, three hotels, a bank, 30 stores of different kinds, several storehouses, and extensive forwarding houses ; two ship-yards and two dry docks, where are built and repaired steamboats, lake craft, and canal boats ; machine-shops, brick-yards, tanneries, and other manufacturing establishments Population about 4,000. Besides the daily lino of steamers running from Whitehall to Burlington, Plattsburgli, and Rouse's Point on the north, the Sarafo^a and WhUchall Railroad extends 40 miles south, to Saratoga vSprings, and a branch railroad extends east to Rut- la' , ^'^t., connecting witli the Rutland and Burlington Rail- road, thus forming speedy facilities for reaching New York an4 Boston by railroad routes. In the immediate vicinity of Whitehall are high and rugged hills, while to tlie souLlilie.s tlie valley formed by Wood Crcek^ heading near the banks of the Hudson. Through this valley, during the old French War of 1759, and the Revolutionary War of 1770, the French, the British, and the American armies each marshaled their forces preparatory to attack, or on their retreat This place was formerly called Skeenesborough, The Indian name was said to be Kah-sha-quali-na, or place where dip fish. Here, during the Revolutionary War, for a time, was the rendezvous of the American forces ; this point and Lake George being the only two accessible approaches from Canada, by the invading foe, under Gen. Burgoyne. Here, too, during the old French War, Gen. Putnam distinguished hira self, both in battle and in an adroit escape from Indian foes, hav- ing, it is said, plunged into the lake about one mile north of Skeenesborough, and swam his horse to the opposite shore, thus eluding their pursuit. Peaceful pursuits and pleasure now render this place a great thoroughfare imp FROM WHITEHALL TO BUELIXGTON AXD ROUSE'S POINT. This excursion, during the summer months, is tlie most grand and interesting of any of simihir extent in North America — passing through a romantic Like, with high mountains in the distance, and past scenes rendered chissic by their associations with events that occurred during the old French and Revolu- tionary wars. On leaving the new steamboat wharf, about one mile north of Whitehall, an interest is at once excited in the breast of all intelligent travelers. The hills rise abruptly to the height of several hundred feet, while the lake or outlet of Wood Creek is hemmed in for several miles by rocky cliffs. The ElhoWy the Aarrows, the Fu/pit, and other names, arc g'van to the most interesting points. Bknson, 13 miles below Whitehall, is the first steamboat landing. Here the waters begin to widen to about half a mile in width. Orwell, seven miles farther, is another steamboat landing. Here the lake widens from one to two miles. TicoNDEROGA, 24 uiilcs nortli of Whitehall, and four miles east of the foot of Lake George, is a sacred and romantic spot, where is a convenient steamboat landing and a good hotel, be- sides the celebrated ruins of the old Fort. Fort Ticonderoga. — The ruins of this old fortification are situated in the town of Ticonderoga, Essex Co., on tlie west side of Lake Cliamplaiu, at the entrance of the outlet of Lake George, 24 miles north of Whitehall. This place was originally called Che-oU'der-o-^a by the Indians, signifying, in their language, noise, and applied to the falls in the outlet of Lake George ; its name was afterward slightly changed by the French into ita 208 WHITEHAL'L TO ROUSe's POINT. present fippcllation, which it has borno ever s-nce it was first occupied and fortified by thorn in 1756. Tli ; Ayrt ■^va^; at first nanced Fort Carillon, but afterward called Fort Ticonderoqa by the English and Americans This fortification cost the French government a large sum of money, and was considered very strong, both by nature and art. It stands on a point of land elevated 70 feet above Lake Champlain, being surrounded on three sides by water, and on the northwest it was defended by strong breastworks. J^lount Imlcpendence, on the opposite or east side of the lake, was also fortified, and some of the in- trenchiucnts are still visible, elevated 110 feet above the lake, and overlooking the peninsula of Ticonderoga. After several sanguinary conflicts in tliis vicinity, and under the very v/alla of the fort, in which several thousand lives were sacrifimains of its bomb-proof covered Wiiy, ovens, etc., are still to be seen, though in a very dilapidated state. The small circle to the southeast oi this de- notes the site of Grenadier's Ijattery, and the two small paral- lelograms to the southwest of the latter place, the situation of two strong redoubts. " On the approach of the British army under Gen. Amherst, in 1759, the French abandoned this fort and retired to the north end of the lake. Amherst took immediate possession, but instead of repairing the old works, began a new fort, which was called Crown Point, about 200 yards to the southwest, on higher and more commanding ground. This Ibrt was never completed, as is evident from an examination of the ditch, glacis, etc., at the present day, although it has been said that the British goverumeut expended here no less than £2,000,000 sterling 212 WHITEHALL TO ROUSk's POINT. <* This fori was taken by surprise by a party of Green Monn- tain Boys, under Seth Winner, on the same day that Ticondo- to'^a. surrendered to Ethan Allen. '• The width of the peninsula upon which these works stood is one mile, and is in no part much elevated above the site of the principal tort, but there is a considerable mountain on the west side of liulwngga Bay, the nearest summit of which is only l| mil!'8 from tiie fort, and elevated 400 feet above it. The highest is distant 2,| miles, and elevated 900 feet. The whole peninsula is made up of dark limestone, covered in most parts with only a slight depth of earth, so that works upon it can not 1)0 a.ssailod by regular advances. The width between Crown Point and Chijnney Point is only about half a mile. From Crown Point to Split Hock the average width of the lake is about three and a half miles." Port H.:nry, on the west side of the lake, is situated on Cedar Point, at the mouth of Bulwa^^a Bay, which separates Crown Point from the mainland. Here are the works of tho Port Henry Iron Company, with iron ore of good quality in the vicinity. VVestport, 50 miles north of Whitehall, is situated on Northwest Bay, on the west side of Lake Champlain. It con- tains 700 or 800 inhabitants, and is a thriving place. A horse fen^y-boat here plies cross the lake, running to Basin Harbor, Vermont Basin Harbor, one of the best on the lake, is in the town of Ferrisburgh, Vt., and is five miles west from the city of Vergennes, and is the landing for it. Fort Cassin, three miles north of Basin Harbor, and on the north side of the mouth of Otter Creek, was formerly a landing place of passengers for Vergennos. It is eight miles from the city of Vergennes, where Macdonough's fleet was fitted out, with wliich he gained his victory. Fort Cassin takes its name from Lieut. Cassin, of the navy, who, with a small breastwork at this place, and less than 200 men, commanded by himself and Capt. Thornton, of the artillery, on the 14th of May, 1814, repulsed a large British force in an attempt to enter the creek for the purpose of destroying the American flotilla before it should be ready for service. WIIITEflALL TO R0U8K*S POINT. 213 Split Rock has been rcgfirdod ns ono of the greatest natural curiosities on the Inke, and is one which did not escape the notice of the earliest French explorers. RochnFrndu occupiei a conspicuotjs place on Charlevoix's map of 1714. The purt de- tached contains about half an acre, rises about 30 feet above tlie water, is covered with bushes, and is separated about twelve feet from the main rot^k. Some have suppovsed the chasm to have been produced by the breaking off of the promontory in consoquence of being undermined l>y the lake, or by some groat oonvulsion of nature. But the slightest examination shows that tlie rocky point was hero originally crossed by what geologists call a dike, the materials of which have been washed out, form- inj? a chasm in the more solid rock, through which the lake flows when high The chasm, instead of being unfathomable, as some have represented, is so shallow that no water flows through when the lake is low. A few rods south of Split Rock stands a light- house. The width of the lake between Split Rock and Thompson's Point is only about a mile. From this place the width of the lake increases toward the north, and at McJVeiPs Ferry, between Charlotte landing and the village of Essex, it wants 20 rods of three miles. The village of Esskx, 61 miles from Whitehall, is hand- somely situated on the west side of Lake Champlain, opposite Charlotte Landing, with which it is connected by a horse ferry-boat. Population about 700. The lake here expands to three or four miles in width, and presents a large expanse of water toward the north. The Green Mountains of Vermont, and the Adirondack Group of Essex County, are here seen stretching north and south in vast mountain peaks and ridges. The Camel's Hump, being one of the highest peaks of the for- mer, is overlooked by Mount Marcy, on the New York side of the lake, the latter being elevated 5,407 feet, or upward of one mile above the tide waters of the Hudson; and near it this noble river has its most northern source. Four Brothers are four small islands lying about seven miles southwest from Burlington, and being out of the usual 214 WHITEHALL TO ROUPK 8 POINT. lino of navigation, thoy aro rosortfHl to by gtill« and othef water-fowl for the purpose of raiHiiig their young. On Churlo- Yoix'8 map of 1744 they are ciilled Isle de Qualre l^enis, JuNiPKR Inland lies about tlireo miles southwoHt from Tur- lington — ia composed of sliito rock, with precipitous banks about thirty feet higli, and covered witli aljout a dozen acres of good soil. A light-house was erected here in 182tJ. KocK DuNDKR is a solitary rock rising out of tho water, be- tween Juniper Island and Puttier's Point, to the heigltt of about thii'ty feet. BuRLitvciTON, Vt., 80 miles from Whitehall, 25 miles from Plattsburgh, and 50 miles from House's Point by steamboat route, is delightfully situated on liurlington Bay, on the cast shore of Lake Champlain, and is the most important place in the State. It possesses a convenient and safe harbor for steam- boats and lake craft. The United States government have here erected a breakwater, which protects the shipping from westerly •winds, and is a great n'VMon to the security of the harbor. In 18<)0 it conta' ^^ / pulation of 7,7 lo inhabitants; tho University of V I'lut. landed in 1791, occupying four spa- cious edifices, and uaving a medical school attached to it ; the Episcopal institute, a courthouse and jail, eight churches of ditferent denominations, an academy, and two female semina- ries; three banking-houses, several well kept hotels, and a number of stores of different kinds, besides several factories and mills, and almost every kind of mechanic establishments. About 1.] miles distant, on tho falls of the Onion River, is a thriving manufacturing place called Winooski, where are lo- cated several large factories and mills. Burlington is, no doubt, destined rapidly to increase in wealth and population, from the fact of here centering several impor- tant lines of railroad travel, extending from Boston by two routes, through Montpelier and through Rutland. This rail- road and steamboat communication extends across Lake Cham- plain to Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point, running north to Montreal, Canada, and west to Oardensburgh, N. Y. WHITEHALL TO ROUBEd's POINT. 215 Its advftntages are now great, and ita situation most beauti- ful, overlooking the lake, with its bays, islands, and adjacent Bconery— the passing steamboata and other vessels — and pos- 808808 a li^auty of location probably unsurpasned by nny other place in the Union. In trade and commerce it is closely allied with the interests of the State of New York. 8teamlK)ats Htop hero daily on their route from Whitehall to Rouse's Point ; a steamboat also plies from this place to Port Kent, on the op- posite side of the lake, a distance of ten miles, and thence to Plattsburgh, 25 miles. The principal hoti^ls in Rurlingtoii are the American H«)tcl the Like House, and the Howard Hotisc. Travelers wishing to visit Mansfield MountniiXy 20 miles northcMSt of Burlington, or the CameTs Hunip^ in the town of Huntington, al)out the same distance in a southeast direc- tion, can easily obtain conveyances to either of the alwve ro- mantic resorts. From the summit of both are obtained beau- tiful and sublime views of the surrounding country and Lake Champlain, said to fully equal the prospect from the White Mountains of New Hiimpsliire. The Vermont Central Railroad route, between Burlington, Montpelier, and Windsor, runs near the base of the latter mountain. The White Mountains of New Hampshire, about 120 miles east of Burlington, are reached from this place by railroad and stage, passing over the Vermont Central Railroad to White River Junction, and from thence up the valley of the Connecti- cut River to Wells' River, where commences the White Mount' ain Railroad^ extending to Littleton, N. H. From Littleton stages run to the Notch of the White Mountains, a farther distance of 20 miles. This line of travel can be extended through to Portland, Me., passing over a romantic section of country. 216 WHITEHALL TO ROUSK's POINT. Mount Mansfiki-b is knovm as the first in diijnity, beauty, and grundour of all the Grouu Hills of Venuoiit It cousista of three proniincint peaks lying in a line nearly north and Bontli, wliich, viewed from the valKy neir Stwwe, i^^aa a re- semblance to the jiroiile of the human face turned upward. From thi.i fact the three summits have received the luvmcs of *' Chin," " Nose," and " Forehead." The Chin is about 4.r)00 feet high ; the Nose or middle summit about J,2!)0 feet, and the Foiehead or south peak about 100 feet lower than the Nose. No written description can adequately describe tlie ex- tent, variety, and beauty of scenery visible from the Chin ; but it is suliicient to say that a more extensive, delightfuL and charming view is not to be found on the Continent. Standing on the summit in a clear day, and looking westward, the most prominent of all the objects that lill the eye of the beholder, is Lake Champl.iln. It seems but a short way olf, but in re- ality is eighteeii or twenty miles to tlie ncan^st point ; whilo far to the north and south, 40 or 50 miles distant, its smooth surface, like high polished musses of silver, reflect the rays of tlie evening sun, and give lig;it and beauty to the scene. Occupying the intervening space l^etween the Lake anil the ba.se of tlie mountain, spread out like a m. p under tlie feet of tlie observer, are forests, cultivated lields, villages, and streams of water, comprising the rii-'iiest agricidtural region of Ver- niont. Beyond L ike Champlain, stretching to tlie north and south as far as the eye can s.^o, rise the majestic and pictur- esque Adirondack Moiuitains, which furnish an appropriate background to the picture and terminate the view in tliat di- rection. Turning to the east, a vast extent of country stretchers away to the Coimecticut lliver, mapped out with briglit liehls of grain, pleasant openings, daik ft;rests, streams, roads, Ikaiscs and cliurch spires, with hills and v^ulieys interspersed ; and far be- ymd, GO or 70 miles distant, the eye rests upon mi>unt Wash- ington, which lilts its blue peak on thg extreme verge of tho borizon, and forms a marked feature of the eastern landscape. THE GEEEN MOUNTAINS. "Hail, land of Green Mountains ! wliose vfilleys and streams Are as lair as the muse over piiitured in dreuras ; Where the stranger oft sighs with omoiioi. sinrore — Ah, would that my own native home had been here I Hail, land of the lovely, the equal, the brave, Never trod b/llie foe. never lilli-d by tlie save; Where tlie lore of the world lo the hamlet is brought, And speech ia an free as the piuious of thought,'' V WHITEHALL TO R0USF.*8 POINT. 217 Port Kent is advantageously situated on the west side of Liike Champlain, 12 miles south of the village of Plattsburgh. ]t contains about 400 inhabitants and 50 dwelling-houses. The site of this place is beautiful, commanding one of the finest views on Champlain, extending to the opposite shore of Vermont. Immediately south of the landing at Port Kent lies Trembhu Point, the commencement of the Clinton range of mountains. Kekseville, situated on both sides of the Au Sable River, is four miles west of Port Kent. It contains about 3,000 inhab- itants, 400 dwelling-houses, one Congregational, one Baptist, one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic church ; an incorpo- rated academy, one banking-house, two taverns, and 20 stores and groceries. The water-power at this place is very great, and advantageously used by several extensive manufacturing establishments. There are two flouring-mills, four extensive saw-mills, which make annually about half a million of market boards, an iron foundry, one furnace, and a machine-shop, to- gether with most other kinds of mechanic workshops. At Birmingham, two miles below KeeseviUe, is a succession of picturesque falls, in all about 150 feet descent. Immediately below thoi lower falls the river enters a deep ravine of singular and roEiantic beauty Through the chasm thus formed by the wearing of ^the waters, or some convulsion of nature, the rocks rise from 75 to 150 feet, almost perpendicular, for a distance of about two miles, averaging about 50 feet in width, altogether forming a great natural curiosity. In addition to the above, there are other ravines in this vicinity of singular formation. From Port Kent to Plattsburgh the course is along the west- ern shore of the lake, passing several islands. Port Jackson, the only intermediate landing place, is nearly west of the south end of Valcour Isla?ul, noted for a severe naval conflict, on the Uth of October, 1776, between the Amer- ican flotilla under General Arnold, and the Britisli under Capt. Prindle. The battle was fought a little north of Port Jackson. " Five or six miles nearly east from Port Jackson was the Bcyne of the conflagration of the steamer Phoenix on the oth of 19 218 WHITEHALL TO ROUSE's POINT. September, 1819. On the morning of the accident, the Phoenix left Burlington about one o'clock, against a strong north wind. About 3 o'clock, while oif nearly west of the south end of Grand Isle, the boat was discovered to be on fire, and all efforts to extinguish it were unavailing. There were at this time 44 persons on board, 31 of whom entered the small boats, and suc- ceetfed, with considerable difficulty, in reaching a small island about a mile to the windward, called Providence Island. The remaining 13 were soon obliged to commit themselves to the water upon bits of plank and such other things as were within their reach. The small boats returned just after daylight, and succeeded in saving six of those who had managed to keep them- selves afloat. The remaining seven were drowned. The wreck drifted southward and lodged on a reef extending from Colches- ter Point. This is the only accident worthy of notice which has occurred during 46 years of steam navigation on this lake." Plattsburgh, Clinton Co., N. Y., is situated on both sides of the Saranac River, 100 miles north of Whitehall and 25 miles south of Rouse's Point by steamboat route It was incorporated as a village in 1815, and now contains about 4,000 inhabitants. 500 dwelling-houses, a court-house, jail, and county clerk's office ; a town-hall, one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one Meth- odist, and two Roman Catholic churches ; an incorporated acad- emy, 50 stores of different kinds, and six public houses, the principal of which are the Cumberland House and Fouquet's Hotel ; two banks and one insurance office. Here ace situated, on the Saranac, using water-power, two flouring-mills, one woolen factory, one fulling mill, two saw-mills, two machine- shops, and one foundry ; there are also two tanneries, one soap manufactory, three printing-offices, together with almost every other kind of mechanic workshops. The water-power at this place is very great, the Saranac River here having a succession of falls, making a total descent of about 40 feet. The sur- rounding country is rich in agricultural and mineral produc- tions ; iron ore of fine quality is procured in different parts of the county. This is also a United States military post, where the government has erected extensive stone barracks, near the lake shore, and a permanent breakwater for the protection of tile harbor in Cumberland Bay. WHITEHALL TO ROUSK^S POINT. 219 Steamers run daily, during the season of navigation, from Plattsburgh to Burlington and Whitehall on thtj souin. and to St. Albans and Rouse's Point on the north, connecting with dilFerent railroads. The Plattsburs;h and Montreal Railroad extends in a northerly direction to Mooer's Junction, and thence across the Canada line to Caughnawaga and Montreal, a total dintance of 62 miles. RAILROAD ROUTE FROM PLATTSBURGH TO MONTREAL. Stations. Milea. Total Milea. Plattsburgh WestChazy 10 10 Mooer's Junction 10 20 Hemingford, Canada 6 26 St. Remi 15 41 Caughnawaga 11 62 La Chine 2 64 Month e al 8 62 Usual Time, three hours. Fare, $2 10. Plattsburgh was the scene of an important engagement be- twcen the British and American armies, in September, 1814, which resulted in the defeat of the British, under the command of Sir George Prevost, and the capture of the British fleet under Com. Downle, who was killed in the action. The American army was commanded by Maj. Gen. Macomb, and the fleet by Com. McDonough. NAVAL ENGAGEMENT AND BATTLE OF PLATTSBURGH, SEPT. 11, 1814. Copied from Palmet'^s " Histobt op Lake Ciiamplain." " Whex the British army reached Plattsburgh, their gun- boats had advanced as far as the Isle La Motte, where they remained, under command of Capt Pring. On the 8th Sept., Captain Downie reached that place with the rest of the fleet, and on the morning of the 11th the whole weighed anchor and stood south to attack the Americans, who lay in Cumberland Bay, off Plattsburgh. **Aa the British vessels rounded Cumberland Head, about 220 NAVAL BATTLE OF PLATTSnTJRQH. eijsht o'clock in the mornina:, they found McDononj^h at anchor a little south of the moutli of tho Saranac River, and abreast, but out of gun-shot, of tlie forts. His vessels lay in a lino run- ninoj north from Crab Island, and nearly parallel with the west flhore. The brig Kai^f.-, Cnptain Henley, lay at the head of the line, inside the point of the Head This vessel mounted twenty guns and had on board one hundred and fifty men. Next to her. and on the south, lay McDonouj^h's flag-ship, the Snratoso., mounting twenty-six guns, with two hundred and twelve men. Next south was the schooner TiromJero^^a, of seventeen guns, fiieutonant Cassin, with one hundred and ten men, and next to her. and at the southern extremity of the line, lay the sloop Preble, Lieutenant C'harles Budd, This vessel carried seven guns, and was manned by thirty men. She lay so near the Bhoal extending northeast from Crab Island, as to prevent the enemy from turning that end of the line. To the rear of the line were ten gun-boats, six of which mounted one long twenty- four pounder, and one eighteen pound Columbiad each; the other four carried one twelve pounder. The gun-boats had, on an average, thirty-five men each. Two of the gun-boats lay a little north and in rear of the Eagle, to sustain the head of the line ; the others were placed opposite the intervals between the different vessels, and about forty rods to their rear. The larger vessels were at anchor, while the gun-boats were kept in posi- tion by their sweeps. " The British fleet was composed of the frigate Confiance^ carrying thirty-seven guns,* with over three hundred men, commanded by Captain Downie; the brig Linnet, Captain Pring, of sirteen guns and 120 men; the sloop Chub, Lieutenant McGliee, and the sloop Finch, Lieutenant Hicks, carrying eleven gims and about forty-five men each. To these vessels were added twelve gun-boats of about forty-five men each. Eight of thorn carried two guns, and four one gun each. Thus the force of the Americans consisted of one ship, one brig, one schooner, one sloop, and ten gun-boats, manned by eight hundred and eighty-two men, and carrying in all eighty-six guns. The British had one frigate, one brig, two sloops, and twelve gun- boats, manned by over one thousand men, and carrying in all ninety-five guns. The metal of the vessels on both sides Avas unusually heavy. The Saratoga mounted eight long twenty- fours, six forty-twos, and twelve thirty-twos, while the ('on- fiance had the gun-deck of a heavy frigate, with thirty long twenty-fours upon it. She also had a spacious topgallant fore- castle, and a poop that came no farther forward than the mizeu * There were thirty-nine guns on board the Ccaflance, but two of them wore not mounted.— Ooper. NAVAL BATTLE OF PLATT8BUROH. 221 mast. On the first were a long twenty-four on a circle, and four heavy carronades ; two heavy carronades were mounted on the poop. " When the British fleet appeared in sight, the Finch led and kept in a course toward Crab Island, while the other vessels hove to opposite the point of Cumberland Head, to allow the gun- boats to come up. and to receive final instructions as to the plan of attack. The vessels then filled and headed in toward the American fleet, passing inside of the point of Cumberland Head ; the Chub laying her course a little to windward of the Eagle, in order to support the Linnet, which stood directly to- ward that vessel. Captain Downie had determined to lay the Confiance athwart the Saratoga, but the wind baftiing, he was obliged to anchor at about two cables' length from that ship. The Finch, which had run about half way to Crab Island, tacked and took her station, with the gun-boats, opposite the Ticonde- roga and Preble. '• As the British vessels approached they received the fire of the American fleet; the brig Eagle firing first, and being soon followed by the Saratoga, and the sloop and schooner.* The Linnet poured her broadside into the Saratoga as she passed that ship to take her position opposite the Eagle. Captain Downie brought his vessel into action in the most gallant man- ner, and did not fire a gun until he was perfectly secured, although his vessel suffered severely from the fire of the Ameri- cans As soon, however, as the Confiance had been brought into position, she discharged all her larboard guns, at nearly the same instant. The effect of this broadside, thrown from long twenty-four pounders, double shotted, in smooth water, was terrible. The Saratoga trembled to her very keel ; about forty of her crew were disabled, including her first Lieutenant, Mr. Gamble, who was killed while sighting the bow-gun. *' Soon after the commencement of the engagement, the Chub, while maneuvering near the head of the American line, received a broadside from the Eagle, which so crippled her that she drifted down between the opposing vessels and struck. Sh^was taken possession of by Mr, Charles Piatt, one of the Saratoga's midshipmen, and was towed in shore and anchored. The Chub * The first giin fired on board the Saratojra was a \oTig twenty-four, which McDonoiie;h himself sighted. The shot i.s said to have struck the Confiance near the outer liawse-liole, and to have passed the leni^th of her deck, killing and wounding several men, and carrying away the wheel. In clearing the decks of the Saratoga, some hen coops were thrown over- board, and the poultry permitted to run at large. Star led by the report of the opening gun of the Eagle, a young cock flew upon a gun slide, clapped liis wings and crowed. The men gave three cheers, and consid- ered the little incidence as a happy omen,— Coope/'n JSf(juval MiHtory cmd NUes'' BegUter. * 222 NAVAL BATTLE OF PLATT8BURGH. had suffered severely; nearly half of her men having been killed or wounded. About an hour later the Finch was drlvon from her position by the Ticonderoga. and, being badly injured, drifted upon the shoal near (Jrab Island, where she grounded. After being fired into from the small battery on the island, she struck, and was taken possession of by the invalids who manned the battery.* " After the loss of the Finch, the British gun-boats made several efforts to close, and succeeded in compelling the sloop Preble to cut her cables and to anchor in shore of the line, where she was of no more service during the engagement. The gun bouts, emboldened by this success, now directed their efforts toward the Ticonderoga, against which they made several very gallant assaults, bringing the boats, upon two or three occa- sions, within a few feet of the schooner's side. They were, how- ever, as often beaten back, and the schooner, during the re- mainder of the day, completely covered that extremity of the line. *' While these changes were taking place at the lower end of the line, a change was also made at the other extremity. The Eagle, having lost her t>prings, and finding herself exposed to the fire of both the Linnet and Confiance, dropped down and anchored between the Saratoga and Ticonderoga, and a little in shore of both. From this position she opened afresh on the (Jon- fiance and the British gun-boats, with her larboard guns. Tiiis change relieved the brig, but left the Saratoga exposed to the wliole fire of the Linnet, which sprung her broadsides in such a manner as to rake the ship on her bows. " The fire from the Saratoga and Confiance now began mate- rially to lessen, as gun after gun on both vessels became dis- abled, until at last the Saratoga had not a single available gun, and the Confiance was but little better off". It therefore became necessary that both vessels should wind, to continue the action with anv success. This the Saratoga did after considerable de- lay, buL the Confiance was less fortunate, as the only effect of her efforts was to force the vessel ahead. As soon as the Sara- * Mr. Alison (History of Ensfland, vol. 4), referring to this event, says : ** The Finch, a British hrig^ grounded out of shot and did not engage ,*" and again, "The Finch struck on a reef of rockH and could not get into action." Ilad Mr. Alison taken Ihe trouble to read Capt. Pring's orti<'ial ac<'ount of the engagement, he would have found in it the following sta-e- ment: " Lieutenjint Hicks, of the Finch, had the mortification to strike on a reet'of rocks, to the eastward of Crab Island, about the middle of the en- gagement, which prevented his rendering that assistance to the squadron ftiat miglit, from an (.>ffleer of such ability, have been expected." It is very convenient for the English historian to convert a small sloop of eleven guns and forty men into a hrig, and to ke-p that large vessel out of the action altogether, but, as I h;ive before said, such statements are unnecea- Bary to preserve the well -earned reputation of the British uavy for bravery •vr gallantry in 'action. NAVAL BATTLE OF PLATTSBUROH. 223 toflfa came around she poured a fresh broadside from her lar- board guns into the Confiance, which stood the fire for a few minutes and then struck. The ship then brought her guns to bear on the Linnet, which surrendered in about fifteen minutes afterward. At this time the British gun-boats biy half a mile in the rear, where they had boon driven by the sharp lire of the Ticondoroga and Eagle. These boats lowered their colors as soon as they found the larger vessels had submitted ; but not being pursued, for the American gunboats were sent to aid the Confiance and Linnet, which were reported to bo in a sink- ing condition, they escaped, together with a store sloop, which luy near the point of Cumberland Head during the battle. " The engagement continued for two hours and a half, and was the most severely fought naval battle of the Avar. The c5aratoga had twenty-eight men killed vnd twenty-nine wounded ; the Eagle thirteen killed and twenty wounded ; the Ticonde- roga six killed and six wounded, and the Preble two killed. The loss on the gun-boats was three killed and three wounded. Total killed and wounded, one hundred and ten, being equal to every eighth man in the fleet. Besides, the Saratoga had boon hulled fifty-five times, and was twice on fire; the Eagle was hulled thirty-nine times. The carnage and destruction had been as great on the other side. The Confiance had forty-one men killed and eighty-three wounded ; the Linnet reported h .t Ciisualties at ten killed and fourteen wounded, but the kilkvl and wounded probably exceeded fifty ; the Chub was reporto 1 at six killed and ten wounded, and the Finch at two wounded. No account is given of the loss on the gun-boats, but from their close and severe contest with the Ticonderoga, it must have been large. The total of killed and wounded on the Briti.sh side was equal to at least one fifth of the whole number of men in their ileet. The Confiance had been hulled one hundred and five times. So severe had been the contest, that at the close of the action there was not a mast in either fleet fit for use.* " Among those killed on the side of the British were Captain Downie. who fell soon after the action commenced. Captain Alexander Anderson of the Marines, Midshipman Williim (junn of the Confiance, and Lieutenant William Paul and Boatswain Charles Jackson of the Linnet. Among the wounded were Mld- Bhipman Lee of the Confiance, Midshipman John Sinclair of the * I could only look at the enemy's galleys going off, in a shattered con- dition; for there was not a mast in either squadron that could stand to make sail on; the lower rigging being nearly all shot away, hung down as though it had been just placed over the mast head. — . VcIJoFu)Ut/.'i.\3 Jieport of the BatUe. Our masts, yards, and sails were so shattered, that one looked like so many bunches of matches, and the other like a buudla of rags. — Letter qf Midahipman Lee of the Conjlance. 224 NAVAL BATTLE OF PLATT8BURGH. Linnet, and Lieutenant James McOhoe of the Chub. The Amer- ican ofhcors killed were Peter (Jamble, Ist Lieutenant of the Saratoga, John Stansbury, 1st Lieutenant of the Ticoudoroga, Midshipman James M. Baldwin, and Sailing Master llogers Carter. Referring to the death of three of these officers, Mr. Cottper, in his History of the Navy, says : • Lieutenant Gamble was on his knees, sighting the bow gun, when a shot entered the port, .split the quoin, drove a portion of it against his breast, and laid him dead on the quarter-deck without breaking his Bkin. Fifteen minutes later one of the American shot struck the muzzle of a twent3'-four on the Contiaiice, dismounted it, Bending it bodily inboard against the groin of Captain Downie, killing him also without breaking the skin. Lieutenant Stans- bury suddenly disappeared from the bulwarks forward, while superintending some duty with the springs of the Ticonderoga. Two days after the action, his body rose to the surface of the water, and it was found that it had been cut in two by a round shot.' " It is said that scarcely an individual escaped on board of either the Confiance or Saratoga without some injury. Mac- donough was twice knocked down ; once by the spanker-boom, which was cut in two by a shot, and fell upon his back as he was bending his body to sight a gun ; and again by the head of a gunner, which was driven against him, and knocked him into the scuppers. Mr. Brum, the sailing master of the Sara- toga, had his clothes torn oif by a splinter while winding the ship Mr. Vallette, acting Lieutenant, had a shot-box, on which he was standing, knocked from under his feet, and he too was once knocked down by the head of a seaman. Very few escaped without some accident, and it appears to have been agreed on both sides, to call no man wounded who could keep out of the hospital.* Midshipman Lee of the Confiance, who was wounded in the action, thus describes the condition of that vessel : ' The havoc on both sides is dreadful. I don't think there are more than five of our men, out of three hundred, but what are killed or wounded. Never was a shower of hail so thick as the shot whistling about our ears. Were you to see my jacket, waistcoat, and trowsers, you would be astonished how I escaped as I did, for they are literally torn all to rags with shot and splinters ; the upper part of my hat was also shot away. There is one of our marines who was in the Trafalgar action with Lord Nelson, who says it was a mere Jleabite in comparison with this."t ♦ Cooper's Naval History. t Letter to his brotiier, published in NilefC Register, vol. 8. The result of the eagagemeut depended, from the first, upon the Saratoga and Coa« WHITEHALL TO ROUSf/s POINT, 225 Th£ officers, on both sides, who fell in the several encounters by land and water, on the memorable occasion above mentioned, were buried in the public cemetery adjacent to the village of Plattsburgh; but their graves were left, under the pressing exigencies of that time, without any permanent monument, or Btone of memorial. That community, long discontented with an omission which seemed to betoken an apathy not at all in unison with real feelings, at last determined to make amends for their neglect, and fulfill all the rites of sepulture. Accord- ingly, a little previous to the return of the anniversary of the battle, in 1843, meetings were held at which it was resolved to celebrate the day, by placing marble monuments, with appro- priate inscriptions, at the several graves, and thus render to the brave and devoted dead the remaining public honors so eminently their due, and so long left unpaid. This design was carried into effect under the superintendence of the Clinton County Military Association, and the anniversary rendered deeply interesting by the placing of these monuments, with appropriate ceremonies and religious services, accompanied by commemoration addresses. The graves are arranged in the form of a parallelogram, with tliat of Capt Downie, the commander of the British flo- tilla, in the center, as the officer of highest rank. The names of the others, so far as known, are as follow : Of our own countrj'^men, Lt. George W. Runk, of the U. S. A. ; Lt. Peter Gamble, U. S. N. ; Lt John Stansbury, U. S. N. ; Sailing Mjis- tier Rogers Carter, U. S. N. ; Midshipman James M. Baldwin, U. S. N. ; Pilot Joseph Barron, U. S. N., and another pilot, name not known. Of the British army. Col. Wellington, ;M Regt BuflFs, Capt. Purchess, 70th Regt., Lieutenant R. Kings- burj', 3d Regt. BuflFs ; and of the British navy, Capt. Alex. Anderson and three Lieutenants, names not known. fiance. When McDonough anchored his vessel, he not only .nttached springs to the cables, but also laid a kedge broad off on each bow of the Burutoga, and brought the hawsers in upon the two quarters To tlilg tiiiiely precaution e was indebted for the victory, for witbout the larboard hawser h? could not have brought his frosh broadside into action. 22*> WHITEHALL TO ROUSk's POINT. The beautiful lines of an Irish poet of the last century (Col* Una), can never be more appropriate than to this occasion: " How sloop the brave who sink to rest, By all thi'ir country's wishes blest ! When sprhi!? with dewy finger!* cold, Returns to deek their hullowcfl mold. Bhc there shall dress a sweeter fU8E 8 POINT. TliH town of ALUi;R(iH, Vt., is a triangular body of land pro- joutinj; from Canada into Lake Champlain, \>y which it ia sur- rounded, excepting on the Canada side. On the eastern nhoro • liwi the village of Jilbiir^h, a port of entry, and a few miles north is Allmr^h Springs, where is a small settlement and several hotels. This justly celebrated watoring-pla«!o lies near the Missisquoi Bay, and is easily reachefT TO OOI^EJJH- BUROII, via NOliTIli:u>; UAILUOAD. Stations. MiloH. ToUil Mllt-s. Rodsk'h Point Mooer's Junction 12 12 Chazy 11 28 Summit 14 37 Chateaugay 9 46 M ALON K *. 11 57 Brush's Mills. 11 08 Stockholm 14 82 Potsdam Junction 11 93 Lisbon 10 109 Ogdensburgh 9 1 18 Usual Timk, 6 hours. Fahe, .^3 50. On leaving House's Point for St. John's and Montreal, the line of tlie Champlain and St. Lawriiice Railrouil extenls along the wcyt side of tho Sorcl or Richelieu llivcr, over a level and productive section of country, passing La Colle, six miles from House's Point. St. Johiv's or Dorchrstku, 150 miles from Whitehall, is advantageously situated on the W3st side of the Hicholieu River, at the foot of navigation; a bridge connecting it with the vil- lage of St. Jlnthanasc, on the opposite shore. It is 23 miles north of the American line, 22 miles southeast of Montreal, and contains about 2,200 inhabitants, 275 dwelling-houses, a custom-house, and extensive barracks for soldiers, one Episco- pal, one Roman Catholic, and one Methodist church ; ten ho- tels and taverns, ten stores, and two forwarding houses, one extensive glass factory, one stone factory, two tanneries, and mechanics shops of different kinds. The Chambly Canal extends from St. John's to Chambly, on the northwest side of the Richelieu River, a distance of 12 miles. It was completed in 1843, at a cost of about $400,000. There are nine locks on this canal 120 feet, long, 24 feet wide, 230 rouse's point to Montreal, etc. and six feet deep; lift ten feet each, making a total descent of 90 feet in 12 miles. This canal was constructed b} the Pro- vincial G;overnment. It affords navigation for vessels of 100 tons burden between Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence River, thus furnishing an uninterrupted water communication from New York to Quebec. The railroad from St John's to Montreal, 21 miles in length, extends over a level section of country, the St. Lawrence River Boon coming in sight. The aspect of the St. Lawrence is truly grand and interest- ing, as you approach it on the south from Rouse's Point. Tow- ard the west is seen the La Chine Rapid, one of the most dau- gerous on the river. Opposite Montreal it is two miles wido, embosoming the beautiful island of St. IIclGn, which is fortified and garrisoned by British troops. As you approach Montreal by water, the now Victoria Bridge, the city, shipping, and wharves are seen to great advantRgo. The latter — the wharves — probably exceed any thing of the kind in America, consisting of a range of massive and solid masonry extending along the river for upward of a mile. The following beautiful lines, descriptive of one of the sourcet of human happiness, is from the gifted pen of N. P. Willis, and may be appropriately inserted at this place : " 'Tis to have Attentive and believing faculties ; To go abroad rejoicing in the joy Of beautiful and well-created things ; To love the voice of v.uters, and the sheen Of silver fountains leaping to the sea; To thrill with the rich melody of birds, Living their life of music ; to be glad In the gay sunshine, reverent in the storm; To see a beauty in \he stirring leaf, And And calm thoughts beneath the whispering tree; To sec, and hear, and breathe the evidence Of G jd's deep wisdom in the natural world." TABLES OF DISTANCES. 231 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN" ALBANl AND MONTREAL. Places. Miles. ALI5ANY Troy 6 Saratoga Springs 32 Whitehall 40 Ticonderoga 24 BlTRIJNCTOX, Vt 61 Plattsburgh, N. Y 25 House's Point, " 25 St. John's, Canada 23 MONTHEAL 22 From Albany. 6 38 78 102 153 178 203 226 248 From Montreal. 218 242 210 170 146 95 70 45 22 TABLE OF DISTANCES FPwOM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC, BY "WATER. MONTREAL .^. To Varennes William Hknry 30 Lake St. Peter 8 St. Francis 30 Three Rivers 7 St. Anno 20 Richelieu Rapids 15 Cape Sante 15 Cape l^ouge 22 QUEBEC 8 15 Miles. 45 53 83 90 110 125 140 162 170 BAILROAD ROUTE FROM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC, WIIITB MOUNTAINS, AND PORTLAND, MAINE, ma GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Stations. Miles. Total Miles. MOXTilEAL Longueuil 2 2 St. Hyacinthe 30 32 Rir/wiond 42 74 QUEBEC 97 171 Shrrhrookc 24 98 Boundary Line 80 128 Island Pond, Vt 17 145 Northumberland 27 172 GouH \M {White Mt. Station) ... 31 203 South Paris 43 246 Danville Junction 20 266 POKTLAND 28 294 2^2 RAILROAD ROUTE. RAILROAD ROUTE FROM MONTREAL TO TORONTO, via GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Stalious. Miles. Month eal liluo Bonnets 6 Pointe ( lajre 15 St, Anne's ( Ottawa liiver) 21 Vaudrcuil 24 C(3(ltii'8 (roiid to) 29 Coteau Landing 37 River Beaudotte 44 Lancaster 54 Cornwall 08 Dickinson's Landing 77 Aultsville 84 Williamsburg 92 Matilda 99 Edwardsburg 104 Prescott Junction. . , . A . . 112 PuEhCOTT 118 Maitland 120 Brockville 1 25 Mallorytown 137 Lansdowno 140 Gananoque 155 Kingston Mills 109 Kingston 173 Collins Baj 180 Ernestown 188 Napaneo 199 Sliannonville 218 Bellkville 220 Trenton 232 Colborne.. 249 Grafton 256 COBOURG 263 PoKT Hope 271 Port Britain 274 Newcastle 286 Bowman ville 290 OSHAWA 800 Port Whitby 304 Port Union 316 Scarboro' 320 Yoi-k 327 loRONTO 833 Stations. Miles. TOHONTO York 6 Scarboro' 18 Port Union 17 Port Whitby 29 OsHAWA 33 Bowman ville 43 Newcastle 47 Port Britain. . ." 59 Port Hope 62 CoBOURG 70 Grafton 77 Colbovne 84 Trenton 101 Bellkville 113 Shanuonville 120 Napaneo 184 Ernostown 145 Collins Bay 153 Kingston 160 Kingston Mills 164 (iananoque 178 Lansdowne 187 Mallorytown 198 Brockville 208 Maitland 213 Prescott 220 Prescott Junction 221 Edwardsburg 229 Matilda 234 Williamsburg 241 AulisviUe 249 Dickinson's Landing 256 Cornwall 265 Lancaster 279 River Beaudette 289 Coteau Landing 296 Cedars (road to) 304 Vaudreuil ( Ottawa Riv'r) 809 St. Anne's 812 Pointe Claire 818 Blue Bonnets 828 Montreal 333 Usual, Time, 15 hours. Fare, $10 TRIP FROM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. This interesting trip is, during the warm season, one of a most delightful character. To be fully enjoyed, however, it Bliould be performed during daylight ; but, unfortunately, the evening line of steamers usually alone performs the trips, leaving Montreal at seven o'clock p. m., and Quebec two hours earlier. " Both banks are low and uninteresting in a Bcenic point of view, but lined with the neat, whitewashed cot- tages of the French-Canadian peasantry, built so closely to each other as to suggest the idea of a continuous village on either bank ; with here and there a thicker grouping of houses round the parish church. Darkness, however, soon closes the view, and the traveler only knows that he is rapidly borne along on the now united and smooth waters of two mighty rivers, better known by the inhabitants on its banks as the La Grande Rivih-c." On leaving Montreal for Quebec and the intermediate land- ings, in one of the many splendid steamers Avliich navigate tlie St. Lawrence, you have n fine view of the beautiful fortified island of St. Helen, situated mid-stream opposite the city; and as you are borne along on the majestic current of the mighty river, its thickly settled and cultivated shores compel the admiring attention of the traveler, by the aspect presented by their lines of settlements on each side, for the whole distance of 1 70 miles from city to city. LoNGUEUiL, on the opposite side of the river from Montreal, is connected with the city by a commodious ferry — this being the present terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway, leading to Quebec and Portland, Me., the two routes diverging at Rich- mond, C. E. — thus forming a speedy line of travel both to Que- bcc on the northeast, and the WIdte Mountains of New Hamp- shire on the southeast. 234 MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. The Rapids or St. Mary are entered immediately below St Helen's Island ; and. although not formidable to steam vessels, they often retard the ordinary river craft for many days in ascending. LojvouE Point and Point axtx Trembles, on the island of Montreal, are successively passed on the left, and Bouchkr- viLLE on the opposite shore. The Island of St. Theresa lies in the St. Lawrence, a short distance from the northern termination of the island of Montreal, and 15 miles below the city, near the lower mouth of the Ottawa River. Varennes, on the southeast side of the river, 15 miles from Montreal, is a beautiful place, and was formerly much resorted to for the mineral springs in its vicinity. The massive church, with its two spires, surrounded by a cluster of neat dwellings presents a fine appearance from the river. Other objects of interest are seen in the distance ; the hills back of Montreal are still visible ; and the Mountain of Rounille, rising grandly in the southeast, its summit crowned with an iiumonse cross, seen for many miles, greatly exalts the character and expres- sion of the whole prospect. William Henry, or Sorel, 45 miles below Montreal, stands on the site of an old fort, built in 16G5, at the mouth of the Richelieu Eiver. It is regularly laid out with streets crossing each other at right angles. This town was first settled in 1(585, and now contains about 3,000 inhabitants. It is no doubt df^s- tined to increase, as a canal, with locks, is now constructed from Chambly to St. John's, afibrding an uninterrupted water com- munication with Lake Champlain. The fort at this place was taken and occupied in May, 1776, by a party of the American army, in their retreat from Quebec on the death of Gen. Mont- gomery. Leaving the mouth of the Richelieu and proceeding down the St. Lawrence, several islands are passed in succession, and then you enter Lake St. Peter, 50 miles below MontreaL This sheet of MONTREAL TO (iUEBKO. 235 Water, ■which is but an expansion of the river, is about 25 miles long and 12 to 15 miles wide, while the average breadth of the river proper, from Montreal to Quebec, is about two miles, and tlie scene which its waters present has some features peculiar enough to be noticed. In addition to the more customary forms of steamboats, of ships, and other sea-going vessels, and of the craft usually employed in the navigation of large rivers, the waters of the St. Lawrence, more than any other even on this forest-covered continent, are frequented by enormous timber- rafts, commonly borne along on their way to market by the force of the current alon - , though occasionally aided by spread- ing a sail, or by huge oars called sweeps. These floating islands of timber, with huts here and there rising from their low sur- face, for the accommodation of the raft-men, and anotlier sin- gular sort of craft with long, low hulls, nowhere else known, and designed chiefly for the transport of timber of great length, contribute the more remarkable and picturesque features to the animating spectacle presented by the navigation of this noble river ; while, from its high latitude, and from the character- istic phenomena of northern skies, the ordinary, as well as the more grotesque, features referred to are accompanied by con- trasts in the golden grandeur of the sunsets, and in the varied splendor of the northern lights, both of which are so frequent and so remarkable, that they may be very fairly regarded as habitual, and from which the scenery of the St. Lawrence de- rives a mognificence and beauty probably unequaled. Port St. Francis, 83 miles below Montreal, is the next steamboat landing. Here the river again contracts to its usual width, Thrke Rivers, about half way between Montreal and Que- bec, is situated on the north side of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the river St. Maurice ; nearly opposite to which, and of smaller volume, enters the river Becancour. Three llivers is an old town, having been settled by the French in 1018. Here is a court-house and jail, a convent, a Roman Catholic church, and three Protestant churches ; a mechanics' institute. 23G MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. an academy, several public houses, 40 stores, lumlier-yards, a ship-yard and foundry ; also, other manufacturing estahlish- monts. The town contains about 6,000 inhabitants, and is a place of considerable trade and importance. This place has become a great lumber mart, caused by ^ he opening up of the great timber country in its rear, on the banks of the St. Maurice. A visit to the wild and romantic Falls of Shawanagenne, about 25 miles up this river, will be found interesting ; it may be easily accomplished in one day, the road leading through a forest for most of the way, with here and there a hamlet to vary the scene. A part of tho jijurney is usually performed in a bark canoe propelled by In- dians. On arriving at the falls, nothing but grandeur and solitude strikes the imagination. St. Annk, 25 miles below Three llivers, stands on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of a river of the same name. The RiCHKLiEU Rapids, 45 miles above Quebec, extend some eight or ton miles. The channel of the river is here very nar- row and intricate, huge rocks being visible in many places dur- ing low water. In order to guide the mariner safely through these rapids, beacon lights are stationed at the more critical points of the passage. Cape Sante, 30 miles from Quebec, is on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and on the opposite side is a .settlement called Sr. Trois. The banks of the rivor are here elevated some GO or 80 fi t above the water, and are almost perpendicular, from which the land extends aw^ay for many miles, with an almost level surface. Capk Rouge, eight miles above Quebec, is next passed on the left, when the citadel of Quebec comes into view, presenting a sight at once grand and deeply interesting, from the historical events with wliich it is associated. The Chaudikre River, on the right, is much visited for the sake of its beautiful falls, situated a short distance from its eutrance into the St. Lawrence. QUKBEC. 287 WoLFF.'s Cove, two miles above Quebec, on the same skle, ia an interesting spot to strangers, for here the lamented JVuy'e landed with his gallant army, in 1759, and ascended to the Plains of Abraham, where he fell a victim to his heroic ( nter- prise. But he fell not alone. France mourned an equal loss in the fall of the brave and generous Montcalm. As the steamer approaches the wharf, the lino of shipping, extending usually for two or three miles, gives life and intoreb't to the scene below — while tlie towering citadel above produces emotions of wonder and delight. The city, or Lower Town, only as yet partly seen, soon opens to view, hugging the Lase •f the rocky promontory. QUEBEC. Thk City of QuKBKC, a seaport, and most important naval and military depot, is situated on the left bank of the river St. Lawrence, at the point where it is joined ])y the St. Charles, 170 miles below Montreal, and about 400 miles from the Gulf, in N. lat. 40° 49' 12", W. long. 71° 15' 45". Population in 1831, 25,910; in 1844, 32.870; in 1.S52, 42,000, and in 1861, con- tained 51,101), of which about 2,000 arc soldiers. As a fortress, Quebec may be justly ranked in the first class. Words can hardly express the strength of its position without the aid of technical terms. The citadel, the Gibraltar of s America, is approached by a zigzag pathway, with thirty-two pounders staring you in the face at every turn. When inside tlie fortress, it looks like a world of itself. The officers' barrack is a fine building, overlooking the St. Lawrence. The soldiers quarters are under the ramparts. The armories, magazines, and warlike implements are immense. The military authori- ties are energetically at work putting the fortifications of Que- bec into repair. The Quebec Mercury^ of a late date, says : *' There is hardly a point at which the fortifications are rot being repaired or improved. A new and very strong block- house is making below the flag- staff, and very extensive works. 238 QUEBEC. of by no means ancient construction, above that point, have been condenuiod, and are now rebuilding in a more formidable manner, near where a new battery and draw-bridgo outlet from the citadel liave lately been constructed, communicating "With the city over the northeastern glacis." •'The city is built on the extremity of a ridge terminating in the angle formed by the junction of the two rivers on the point called Cape Diamond, which hero rises to the height of about o40 feet above the St. Lawrence. The capo is sur- mounted by the citadel, and the city extends from it principally in a N.E. direction, down to the waters edge. Tlie old rown, which lies wholly without the walls, partly at the foot of Cape Diamond, and around to the St. Charles, has narrow and, in parts, steep streets. The ascent from the upper to the lower portion of the city which crosses the line of the fortifications is by a winding- street and by a flight of steps; the streets in this section, thon,']jh narrow, are generally clean, and well paved or macadamized. The public buildings and most of the houses are built of stone. The line of the fortifications stretches nearly across the peninsula in tho west, and runs along a ridge between the upper and lower parts of the city. It is intersected by five gates, and has an inner circuit of about 2.] miles. Beyond the ramparts on the west are the extensive suburbs of St. Roch, St. John, and St. Louis. Durham Terrace connnands a pictur- esque view, having the lower part of the city in tlie foreground; and the shores and waters of the St. Lawrence extending far in the distance. The Public Garden, on Des Carrieres Street, con- tains an elegant monument erected to the memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. It is 65 feet high, and its design is very chaste and beautiful. This spot attracts great attention, and should be visited by every stranger. The Esplanade, railed oif from, and situated betweene D'Auteuil Street and the ramparts, affords delightful views of the surrounding country and river scenery. '• 'i'liere are 174 streets in the city and suburbs, the principal of which are the following : St. John Street, the principal seat of the retail trade; St. Louis Street, occupied by lawyers' offices and private dwellings, is handsome and well-built; D'Auteuil Street, facing the Esplanade in the upper town, and in the lower town, St. Peter Street, in which most of the banks, insurance companies, and merchants' offices are situated. There are also many other fine streets, and the appearance of the city has been much improved since the great fire of 1845 when nearly 2,000 buildings were destroyed, which have been replaced by others of a superior description. The streets are lighted with gas, and the city is well supplied with water from QUEBEO. 2*^0 the St. Charles River. The Parliament House (destroyed hy fire 185!]) was an elegant pile of buildings, forming three sides of a square, now about being rebuilt in a mucli improved style. The Court House and City llall are substantial stone edifices, St. Louis Street, upper town. The Marine Hospital, a fine stone building, will accommodate 400 patients. The Lunatic Asylum at Beaupurt, 2h miles from the city, is an extensive building, inclosed in a park of 200 acres. The Quebec Musical Hall, recently erected, is a substantial and well-built edifice, fitted for musical entertainments, etc. The Quebec Exclmnge, the Canadian Institute, the Literary and Historical Society, the Quebec Library Association, the Advocates' Library, etc., are among the most noted and interesting institutions of Quebec. "The llomrtn Catholic Cathedral is a large and commodious building, but with no great pretensions to beauty of architec- ture ; the interior is handsomely fitted up, and has several fine paintings ; the church will seat 4,000 persons. It has a fine choir and a good organ. The Episcopal Cathedral is a han(' some edifice. 135 feet by 75 feet. It was erected in 1804, and will seat between 3,000 and 4,000 persons. Trinity Church is a neat stone building, erected in 1824 ; it is hand.somaly fitted up. St Andrew, Presbyterian Church, is 05 by 48 feet, and will accommo;late about 1,200 persons. Tliere were, in 1852, one Baptist, one Congregational, four Episcopal, one Free Pres- oyterian, two Methodist, one Presbyterian, and five Uoman Catholic churciies. Quebec has three banks, and several bank agencies, two savings' banks, and a number of insurance agen- cies. The hotels are numerous, and several of them well-kept, being usually thronged with visitors from the United States and foreign parts during warm weather. "There are three nunneries, one of which, the Hotel Dieu, is a very valuable hospital ; the nuns acting as nurses to the sick in these establishments, and as ins :ruc tresses of young females. There are numerous reli 'ous and benevolent institutions, an exchange, a board of trade, a mechanics' institute, etc. Among the establishments for educational purposes, the first place is due to th? University of Quebec ; it has a principal, and profes- sors of theology, rhetoric, and mathematics, with five regents for the Latin and Greek classes. " Though not a manufacturing town, Quebec has various distilleries, breweries, with tobacco, soap and candle works, and numbers of fine vessels have been launched from its ship-yards. The climate, though on the whole good and healthy, is ex- tremely hot in summer and cold in winter. The majority of the population is of French extraction, and the French lan- guage is mostly spoken in the best circles, and the Komao Catholic religion predominates." 1^40 QUKBRC. Steamships and other sea-going vessels of the largest burden come up to the wliarves of Quebec. Its harbor or basin between the city and the island of Orle.inH is of great extent, having in general about 28 fathoms water, the tide rising from 16 to 18 feet at neaps, and from 24 to 30 feet at spring tides. The com- merce of the city is very extensive, the lumber trade alone giving employment to a great number of ships during the sea- son of navigation, from May to November. Quebec has a regu- lar intercourse, by meirns of steamers, witli Montreal and porta hJglicr up the St. Lawrence and tiie Ottawa Kiver; also with Halifax, Liverpool, and other ports on both sides the Atlantic. The Grand Tnwk Railuuiy is now so far finished as to afford speedy communication witli tin; liivierc du Loup, below Qu«;])cc, with Portland, Me., Montreal, Kingston. Toronto, etc., Its pa.^songer and freight depots are situated at Point Levi, opposite Quebec, the two places being conneoted by steam ferries. Steamers also run to different ports below Quebec, and during warm weather make trips to the lower St. Lawrence and Sague- nay rivers. The following description of the city of Quebec is taken from Mr. Buckingham's late interesting work on Caivada, etc. : " The situation of Quebec is highly advantageous, in a com- mercial as well as a military point of vicAV, and its appearance is very imposing, from whatever quarter it is first approached. Though at a distance of four hundred miles up from the sea, the magnificent river on which it is seated is three miles in breadth a little below the tcAvn, and narrows in to about a mile in breadth immediately abreast of the citfidel ; having, in both these parts, sufficient depth of water for the largest sliips in the worM— a rise and fall of twenty feet in its tides — and space enou'1-h in its capacious basin, between Cape Diamy fire), with its lofiy cupola and line architectural front; and on the left, a double flight of mean and straggling wooden st"ps, leading to one of the oldest streets, as an avenue to the Place d' Amies. Going across this last, he passes the English and French cathedrals, the government oflices, and p;ilace of justice oil his right ; and has t!ie site of tlie old castle of St. Lewis, and the pllttform overlooking the harbor, on his left Passing by thos-c, and continually ascending for about half a mile beyond, he roaches the ramparts and gates on the upper side of the city ; and going through these, he comes to the open lawn in front of the glacis, beyond which is the suburb of St. Roch, on the level ground along the southern bank of the St. Charles lliver. " 'i'he plan of the city is as irregular as the greatest enemy of symmetry could desire. Tho steepness of the ascent from the river to the plain above is no doubt one cause of this, because it was only by making the ascending streets winding and tor tuous that they could be got over at all ; but besides this, the inequalities in the surface even of the Upper Town led to other irregularities in the form and direction of the streets; while the large space occupied by the old religious establishments, still further curtailing the lines in different directions, so cut up the area, that there is not a single street in all Quebec which can compare in length, breadth, or general f;ood appearance to the King Street of Toronto or the Notre Dame of Montreal. The streets of Quebec are, therefore, in general short, narrow, crooked, !ice of rock 200 feet above the river, yet close to its edge; as, between the cliif and the stream, there is only jast room enough for one narrow avenue, called Champlain Stroet. The castle erected here was regarded as the palace of the French governors, who received in it the fealty and homage of the .several seigneurs holding their lands accord- ing to the feudul tenure of the times. Nor is this practice dis- continued ; for, according to Mr. Hawkins, in his Picture of Quebec, the sovereignty of England having succeeded to that of France, with all its ancient rights and privileges, the king's representative, in the person of the English governor, receives the same homage at the present day as was paid by the seig- neurs of former times ; this being one of the conditions en which the feudal tenure is sustained. His words are these : " ' Fealty and homage are rendered at this day (1834) by the seigneurs to the governor, as the representative of the sovereign, in the following form : His Excellency being in full dress, and seated in a state-chair, surrounded by his staff, and a'^cnded by the Attorney-General, the Seigneur in an evening dress, and wearing a sword, is introduced into his presence by the Inspec* tor-General of the Royal Doffain and Clerk of the Land KolL Having delivered up his sword, he kneels on one knee before the Governor, and placing his rig at hand between those of the Governor, he repeats aloud tbo ancient oath of fidelity ; after QUEnsc. 243 wliioli a solemn act is drawn »ip in a rcj^lster kopt for tli.it pur- pos-', wliicli is signed by the (loveruor and iSeigiiuur, and coun- tci'ii^no I by the proper oflictM s.' *' la this ca»tlo the Frencli and Kni^lish governors resided till llSiiU, when it was found necessary to erect a temporary De\v building for their use wiiile the old one un(h;rwent repair; and X 10,000 wore expanded for this purpose under the admin- ibtrr.tion of Sir James Craig. After this it continued to be tho Beat of government as before; and all the proclamations and ordinimces issued, and all the messages sent to tho legishitivo asdcmblies by the governor in the king's name, were d:ited fi'oiu tho castle of Quebec. It was also the scene of all tho public levees and private entertainments of the govoiuors Mud their families; an eight miles northwest of Quebec, are visited by many strangers with delight, though but a small volume of water. They have a descent of about bO feet, and are surrounded by very fine scenery, peculiar to this section of Canada. 248 VICINITY OF QUEBEC. The Indian Village y at the fall is inhabited by the remainn of the once powerful tribe of the Hurons. The hills or mountains on the northwest of Lorette may be Baid to be the bounds of white settlements in North America, althongh, at no distant period, the upper Saguenay River and Lake St. John will, no doubt, be reached in this direction by railroad. FALLS or MONTMORENCI. In going to the Falls of Montmorenci, which should be visited by every lover of picturesque natui;^ scenery, you pass through the suburbs of Quebec, mostly inhabited by French Canadians, and cios« the river St. Charles, near its mouth, by a wooden toll bridge. Hero are situated on the roadside several pretty country residences, on the route to Beauport, which is a long scattered village about half way betwof^n Quebec and Montmo- renci, although for most of the distance there are dwellings 80 contiguous as to appear like one continued setlloraent. At Beauport there is a Roman Catholic church with three epires ; and a littie farther north may be seen a neat mona- ment and cross near the road, where are frequently found per- sons kneeling at their devotions. The celebrated Montmorenci Falls, situated eight miles below Quebec, is a grand cataract. The river is but CO feet wide, but the height of the falls is 240 feet. The effect on the beholder, says Professor Silliman, is delightful. All strangers at Quebec proceed to visit Montmorenci. " The effect of the view of these falls on the beholder is most delightful. The river, at some distance, seems suspended in the air, in a sheet of billowy foam, and, contrasted as it is, with the black frowning abyss into which it falls, it is an object of the highest interest. The sheet of foam, which first breaks over the ridge, is more and more divided as it plunges and is daslied against the successive layers of rock, which it almost completely vails from view; the spray becomes very delicate and abundant from top to bottom, hanging over and revolving around the torrent till it becomes lighter and more evanescant than the whitest fleecy clouds of summer, than the finest at- tenuated web, than the lightest gossamer, constituting the most airy and sumptuous drapery that can be imagined. Yet, lik« VICINITY OF QUEBEC. 249 the drapery of Bome of the Hrecian statues, which, while it vails, exhibits more forcibly the form beneath, this does Dot hide, but exalts, the effects produced by this noble cataract " Those who visit the falls in the winter, see one fine feature added to the scene, although they may lose some others. The spray freezes, and forms a regular cone of one hundred feet or upward in height, standing immediately at the bottom of the cataract, like some huge giant of fabulous notoriety." The JS'atural Steps, in the vicinity of the falls above, are an object of much interest, and there are many excellent fishing places on the river, rendering it a favorite resort of the lovers of angling and romantic scenery. There are also historical incidents connected with this neighborhood, which render it almost classic ground. There are extensive saw-mills on the south bank of the river below the falls, which are propelled by water-poAver taken from the stream above, and conveyed for about half a mile in a race- way. These mills have upward of a hundred saws in motion at a time, and are said to be capable of compToting an entire cargo of planks in a single day ! In winter, the spray rising from the falls is congealed, and often presents a conical mass of ice 100 feet and upward in height. It was on the high grounds north of the falls that Gen, Wolfe met his first repulse, when he at- tacked the French, a short time before his triumph on the Plains of Abraham. He was here driven back, and compelled to re- embark, with the loss of 700 engaged in the assault. On returning to Quebec there is afforded a splendid view of the city and citadel ; the St. Lawrence, and the opposite shore above and below Point Levi ; the beautiful island of Orleans, opposite the falls, and the rich valley of the St. Charles. The Falls of St. Anne are situated on the river of the eame name, on the north side of the St. Lawrence, 24 miles be- low Quebec, and presents a singular variety of wild and beauti- ful scenery, both in themselves and their immediate neighbor- hood. By leaving Quebec early in the day, the tourist can visit the Falls of Montmorenci, and the objects contiguous, and roftch St. Anne the same evening, leaving the next morning to visit the falls, and the remainder of the day to return to Quebec 250 VICINITY OF QUEBEC. Lake St. Charles, 13 miles north of Quebec, is a favorite resort of tourists, particularly of those who are foml of angling, as the lake abounds with fine trout. 1 > ties intending to re- main any length of time would do well to bring some of the ' good things to be found in the larders of Quebec with them, as it is not at all times that the supplies in the vicinity are all that can be desired. The Chaudiere Falls, on the river Chaudicre, nine miles above Quebec, situated on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, are very beautiful, and much visited. They are 130 feet high The cataract is a fierce and noisy one. The following is Col. Bouchette's description : " The continued action of the water has worn the rock into deep excavations, that give a globular figure to the revolving bodies of wliite foam as they descend, and greatly increase the beautiful etfect of the fall ; the spray thrown up being quickly spread by the wind, produces in the sunshine a most splendid variety of prismatic colors. The dark-hued foliage of the woods, that on each side press close upon the margin of the river, forma a striking contrast with the snow-like effulgence of the falling torrent; the hurried motion of the flood, agitated among the rocks and hollows, as it forces its way toward the St. Lawrence, and the incessant sound occasioned by the cataract itself, form a combination that strikes forcibly upon the senses, and amply gratifies the curiosity of the admiring spectator." On visiting the above falls, the tourist crosses the river to Point Levi, and then obtains a conveyance for the excursion, passing up the St. Lawrence for a few miles. DISTANCES FROM QUEBEC TO KAKOUNA, CHICOUTIMI, EXa QUEBEC to Gbosse-Isle 30 " Sr. Thomas 10-40 •* River Quelle 32-72 " Murray Bay 12-84 ** k amour aska 6-90 " Riviere du Loup 20-110 " Kakouna 10-120 " Tadousac IHO « H A-H A Bay 64-1 84 ♦♦ CHICOUTIMI 16-200 TABLE OF DISTANCES. 251 TABLE OP DISTANCES BETWEEN QTTEBEO AND KINGSTON via ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. From l'la(>M. Miles. Kiii({«tun. KINGSTON 22 Piom Dorpd. Mlli;«. QuflMT, ■^1 w ..M-.^^ Riclielieu Rapids. . . .45 45 Threk Rivers .35 80 Lake St. Peter .30 110 William Henry. . .15 125 MONTREAL .45 170 La Chine, via Canal . 9 179 Beauharnois .18 197 Cascade Rapids . 1 198 Split Rock " . 3 201 Cedar " . 2 203 Coteau du Lac . 5 208 Lancaster .16 224 St. Regis .13 7 (N. Y. State Line.) 1 Cornwall . 3 240 (Long Saut Rapid.) Dickinson's Landing .10 250 Favren's iPoint . 4 .254 Williamsburg .11 265 Rapid Plat . 2 267 Matilda . 6 272 Point Iroqupis . 2 274 Gallop Rapids. ..... . 6 280 Pkkscott or Ogdknsburgh . 6 286 Maitland . 7 293 Brockville . 6 298 (Thousand Islands.) Gananoque .30 328 KINGSTON .22 350 Gananoque 22 (Thousand Islands.) Brockville 30 Maitland 6 Prescott, or Ogden«burgh 7 Gallop Rapids 6 Point Iroquois 6 Matilda 2 Rapid Plat 5 Williamsburg. ... 2 Farren's Point 11 Dickinson's Landing. 4 (Long Saut Rapid.) Cornwall .10 St. Regis 3 (N. Y. State Line.) Lancaster 13 CoTEAu DU Lac. . .16 Cedar Rapids 5 Split Rock" 2 Cascade '* 3 Beauharnois 1 La Chine 18 MONTREAL 9 William Henry. .45 Lake St. Peter 10 Threk Rivers 35 Richelieu Rapids ... 85 QUEBEC 45 52 57 64 70 76 78 83 85 96 100 110 113 126 142 147 149 152 153 171 180 225 235 270 305 350 Distance from Quebec to Niagara Falls, 570 miles. Descent in the St. Lawrence River, from Kingston to Quebe<^ 234 feet. 9 .^ii'.'iiisif:m,, :'';v!ii|L|,i:.' ■fMi lilt**' ''''■''■ %. n-mrnmimrwi L i:| ! Kl'ill'l TRIP FROM QUEBEC TO THE SAGUENAY RI'ER. .\» a trip down the St, Lawrence to Riviere du Loup, Ka- kouna, and the far-famed river Saguenay has, within the last few years, become* a fashionable and exceedingly interesting steamboat excursion, we subjoin an account of such trip made by the author some few years since. As the steamboat left the wharf, she took a graceful turn up stream, passing a 74 gun- ship of the Koyal Navy, and then de- BCCJided, running close under Point Levi, affording a fine view of the city and citadel of Quebec. The beautiful line of settlements below the city, on the same Bide of the river, next attracts attention ; the view in the distance being bounded by hills, apparently elevated 1,500 to 2,000 feet above the waters of tlie St, Lawrence, The romantic Falls of Monhnoreticiy seven miles below Quebec, are seen to great advantage from the deck of the steamer, plunging over an almost perpendicular precipice of 240 feet directly into this great river. Immediately below, on the bank of the St, Lawrence, was fought a severe battle between the English and French armies, a short time previous to the capture of Quebec by Gen. Wolfe, in 1759, in which the British were repulsed with considerable loss. The Island of Orleans is next passed on the left, descend ing the river through the principal ship channel. Tiiis is a fertile tract, 20 miles long by five or six wide, and in part covered with a beautiful growth of forest. It rises from 50 to 100 feet above the water, and the stream of the St. Lawi-ence being here divided, the aspect of the shores at once reminds you of the Bcener/ of the Hudson River above the Highlands. It has a population of about 7,000 souls, and produces the finest fruit in Lower Canada, excepting that raJ^sed in the vicinity of MontreaL 22 254 QUKDEO TO THE SAOUENAT RIVER, KTO. St. Patrick's Hole, eleven miles below Quebec, on the Orleans shore, aflfonls a fine anchorage for vessels of the largest ■ise. It was here, some 30 years ago, that the immense timber ship was built, supposed to be the largest vessel, by far, that ever crossed the xVtlantic. The Parish of St. Laurent, 14 miles below Quebec, is hand- somely situated on the southeast side of the island, which is set- tled exclusively by French Canadians, mostljr engaged in culti- vating the soil. The dwellings have a remarkably neat look, being one story higli, with both roof and sides painted white. The southeast sliore of the St. Lawrence, for many miles be- low Point Levi, presents a succession of villages and hamlets, consisting each of a cluster of houses with a church standing in the midst, and with its aspect of guardianship and guidance to the families dwelling around, imparting to the landscape a moral expression, which greatly enhances its picturesque beauty. The vessels usually seen on this part of the St. Lawrence are of the larger class of merchant ships. The arrivals at the port of Quebec average some 1,400 to 1,500 annually, mostly from Grc.io Britain, and bes^es other colonial produce, they carry back immense qurntities of timber and lumber. Madam Island, 20 miles from Quebec, is one of several small islands lying below Orleans. The river here widens to *"-en miles, which gradually increases all the way to its mouth ; and for most of the distance there are two ship channels, called the north and south channels, the latter being the best and most aavigated. \ Cape Tourment, 30 miles below Quebec, is a bold promon- tory on the northwest side of the river rising to the height of about 2,000 feet, and seen at a great distance. Here the scen- ery is truly grand. Qrgsse Island, opposite Cape Tourment, is the Quarantine station for vessels ascending the river, and it has a hospital, a Roman Catholic chapel, and other buildii-gs usually connected With such an establishment. QUEBEC TO TIIR 8A0UKNAY RIVER, ETC. 25^ 8t Thomas, 40 miles from Quebec, on the southeast shore, Ib situated at the mouth of a stream called South Rivir. The shore of the St. Lawrence is lined with a succession of dwellings for many miles below, with high grounds rising iii the distance, beyond which may occasionally be seen the hills formerly claimed by the Americans, as the boundary between the State of Maine and Canada. Here terminates the Grand Trunk Railway for the present, but will be extended soon some 100 miles farther, to Trois Pistoles. Crane Island, 45 miles below Quebec, is fertile and settled. Its north end is adorned with the delightful residence of tho Seigneur. (ioosE Island, 50 miles from Quebec, is owned by the Nuns, and is cultivated as a farm, by tenants. The Pillars, GO miles below Quebec, is the name given to several small rocky islets, on one of which stands a light-house. Here the scenery is peculiarly grand and interesting. The vast estuary of the river below looks indeed like an opening to the ocean The shores for some ten miles onward are studded with shining residences, while the hills in the distance, on both sides, resemble very much the scenery bordering the widest part of Lake Champlain. Sixty-five miles below Quebec is the remarkable channel called the Traverse, A floating light guides the mariner by night through this narrow and dangerous passage. Isle aux Coudrks (Isle of Filberts) is a large body of land lying toward the north shore, opposite the Bay of St. Paul's, and about 65 miles from Quebec. It is said that when Jacques Cartier anchored here, on his first voyage of discovery up the St. Lawrence, he gave this island the name it yet bears, from the quantity of filberts, or hazel nuts, which he found there. St. Anne stands on the southeast shore, on a bay of the same name. Here is a Catholic college and a settlement of consider- able size, about 70 miles from Quebec. As you approach Goose Cape, 75 miles below Quebec, th© banks of the river seem to decline in the distance; the liver fl.OB QUEHKC TO TIIK RAOUENAY UIVRR, BTO. DOW bein;^ free of islands, presents a large expanse of water, lero being alM)Ut IH miles wide. MuiiUAY Bay, 80 miles below Quebec, lies on the northwest fide of the 8t. Lawrence, at the mouth of a river of the Humf name. 'I'hii* is a fine section of country, pnKhicing wiioat anj other kinds of grain in abundance. Beyond this place is somi a beautiful range of hills, terminating at Capo Eagle and Cape Salmon on the east. This delightful place has become, within a few years, a fashionable summer resort for the Canadians. Kamouraska, situated DO miles below Quebec, on the south- east side of the river, contains about 1,500 inhabitants, and is surrounded by a fruitful district. Vessels can land here only at high water ; at low water, passengers are taken ashore in small boats. In the rear of this village are seen abrupt and sterile hills with little or no verdure. In front are two or three small islands, chiefly resorted to for fishing and bathing, this being a favorite resort, during the summer months, for the citizens of Montreal and Quebec, and is no doubt destined to become a fashionable watering-place, where sea-bathing can be enjoyed by invalids and seekers of pleasure. About 105 miles below Quebec are the Pilgrim Islands, a group of rocky islets which are passed to the right. On the left, a few miles below, is Hare Island, near the middle of the river. The settlement at the Riviere du Loup, 110 miles below Quebec, ou the southeast side of the St. Lawrence, contains about 1,500 inhabitants. Here commences the great road from the St. Lawrence River to the St. John's, by the way of the Mada- waska River and settlement. Cacona or Kakouna, 120 miles below Quebec is a fashion- able sea-bathing resort. Rkd Island lies off the mouth of the Saguenay, this being the first island of the small group met on ascending the St. Lawrence. It is destitute of a light, and haa caused many ship- wrecks during the prevalence of fogs and storms, so frequent on the lower part of the river and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Greejt IsLuAND lies nearly opposite Red Island, on the southeast. , . ^.i' QUEDKC TO THE 8A0UKNAY RTVKR, BTC. 257 RIVER DU LOUP AND KAKOUNA. From Vis pen of a UiUnUd CorreMpondtni of iff Afontrtal Gtuftts. •'RiviKRK nu Loi'p is a prettily situated vill)ij;e, taking ita name from its river, which river huM been made avuilahle lor the purposes of an extensive saw-mill, a water-power Iwin;^ created by Its precipitation over a ridjjje of rocks, which f«»rni the Vi'ry beautiful Kivicro du Loup Falls. There are a few " Kuj^lish" Bottk'rs (the word being used in its general sense as distinguish- ing from ** French"), and a clergyman of the Church of Knglund is stationed here. !Six miles from Riviere du Loup is the vdlage of '• Kakoitna," to adopt the Indian and nu)re euphonious name, which is effectually supplanting the corruptions of •' Cacona" and " Cocona" now in vogue. Ivakouna is iormed into a village, from the invariable custom of placing the houses on the front of the farms. It is prettily situated on a high ridge, along which passes the highway. Behind the ridge on which the village stands, gently 8h)pes a valley, which is well cultivated, ascend- ing gradually till it attains a considerable elevation at the rear concession, where another village and church are placed. In front of the Kakouna ridge a curtain of trees intervenes between the village and the beach. The view from Kakouna is very pleasing. The river stretches out before it in a nol»le width of twonty-iive miles. The farther shore is a continuous succession of mountains. Amid them opens up the scarcely visible em- bouchure of the Saguenay, Up the river the pilgrim rocks look grim and solitary. Midway, Hare Island rises from the sur- rounding waters. Below, Kakouna Island projects into the river, forn.ing a bay. Sunset at Kakouna sometimes presents an enchanting spectacle. The gently rippling waters gleam and shine with the sparkling luster derived from the rays of the declining sun. The brilliant coloring and changeful hues of the evening sky appear to rest upon the somber mountains, which, begirt midwsy with a zone of gray mist, contrast strangely with the gleaming dark blue river which laves their base. Far as the eye can reach, the wide expanse glitters, as if set with gems of every hue — its calm repose unbroken, save by the numerous vessels which, with their white sails floating on the breeze, pro- claim the industry of man and his power over the elements, or by the shores of the islets which, bathed in light, rise from its surface. When a storm, too, rise.-,, the river wears a peculiar grandeur, and the mind is irresistibly impressed with a sense of its majesty, and led to a contemplation from nature up to nature's Uod. " But, to pass on from this digression, a word or two as to the advantages of Riviere du Loup and Kakouna as watering-places. Kow easy of access, with a telegraph at iiiviere du Loup and a 258 QUEBKC TO THB 8A0UENAY RIVER, KTO. daily mail, these places are every year becoming more resorted to. *rherc in now much increased accommodation at Kakoana, where are two \:\r^e and commodious hotels, and a good boavd- ing-house. These contain many visitors, but many families nre accommodated in the farm-houses — renting these and providing for thomsclves. This is a comfortable and independent plan. The houses are improving in accommodation; the practice is 'be- ginning to be establislied of the Canadian families having a smaller house, to which they betake themselves so as to give to the visitors control of the whole of the farm-house. A few home comforts will naturally be wanting, but life in Kakouna is not without its attractions, and the deprivation of a few comforts makes one appreciate them more keenly when regained. A baker loaves regularly at the houses good bread. Beef, poultry, mutton, saliiioji, herrings, pigeon, sardines, eggs, milk, and butter present a bill of fare that shows there is no danger of starving, while strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries are besides to be had in the greatest abundance. The strawberry grows in peculiar profusion, and of a singularly excellent quality, atiaining often a large size. The children of the vil- lage reap a harvest v/hile they continue. The sportsman will not find much game, through trout are abundant in the streams and lakes. There are, it may be remarked, attractive places for walks and drives, however But the main recommendation of the two places in question, is the comparative moderation of the temperature, and the fact that open air exercise can, at all periods of the day, be enjoyed. The heat is never excessive, but the air of the evening is often decidedly cool. On th'^ whole, these watering-places of the St. Lawrence will no doubt continue to attract a steady annual stream of visitors, desirous of luxuri- ating in a cool atmosphere and enjoying sea-bathing, while other places on the Lower St. Lawrence, presenting equal or greater advantages, will no doubt in due course come into no- tice, and prove desirable places of resort so soon as the necessary facilities for reaching them shall have been supplied." As you approach the mouth of the Saguenay River, the waters take a very black hue, perceivable for many miles below, and extending far into the St. Lawrence. Just within the mouth of the river, near Tadousac, there is a round mountain peak, called Tite du Boule, about 800 feet high, while on the opposite bank there is another bold eminence. Tadousac, 140 miles below Quebec, is situated on the north- West shore of the St. Lawrence, at the mou'h of the Saguenay Bwer. This is a post belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, OUEBEC TO THE SAGUENAT RIVER, ETC. 259 and is the residence of one of its partners and an agent. They alone are allowed to trade with the Indians in the interior, who occasionally visit this place, but more frequently Ohicoutimi, at the head of navigation on the Saguenay, and the post at the Lake of St. John, where some of the company's agents also re- aide. At Tadousac is a Roman Catholic chapel, a store, and warehouse, and some eight or ten dwellings. Iloi'e is erected a flag-staff, surrounded by several pieces of cannon, on an emi- nence elevated about 50 feet and overlooking the inner harbor, where is a sufficient depth of water to float the largest vessels. This place was early settled by the French, who are said to have here erected the first dwelling built of stone and mortar in Canada, and the remains of it are still to be seen. The view is exceedingly picturesque from this point. The southern shore of the St. Lawrence, may be traced even with the naked eye for many a league — the undulating lines of snow-white cottages stretching far away both east and west — while the scene is rendered gay and animated by the frequent passage of the merchant vessel plowing its way toward the port of Quebec, or hurrying upon the descending tide to the Gulf — while from the summit of the hill upon which Tadousac stjinds, the sublime and impressive scenery of the Saguenay rises into view. We extract from the Report of the Commissioners for explor- ing the Saguenay, published in 1829, the following : " Upon landing at Tadousac, we proceeded immediately to examine a few of the geognostical characters of the country. The only place of residence here is erected on a bank of sandy alluvium, elevated about fifty feet above the river, and forming a flat tarrace at the base of the mountain, which suddenly eraorges at a short distance behind. The rocks of which these mruntains are composed is granite, either of a red or gray color, depending upon that of the feldspar. On the shore were seen small deposits of magnetic iron. Here bases were measured, and the requisite angle taken, for determining the height of the most elevated point, on either side of the Saguenay, at its mouth, and this was found to be 912 feet on the westerly side, •jad 588 on the opposite." 260 8AGUENAY RIVER. L'ance a L'eau, or Water Harbor, situated on the Sagne- nay, about a half a mile above Tadousac, is the name of a set- tlement where is an extensive lumber establishment. The St. Lawrence River, below the mouth of the Saguenay, assumes an imposing appearance, gradually widening until its breadth exceeds one hundred miles. THE SAGUENAY. *' This river has its mouth, according to common computation, 130 miles below Quebec, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, in latitude 48 deg. 6 min. 38 sec. long., 70 deg. 40 min. west from Greenwich. It discharges a much greater body of water than any other river that falls into the St. Lawrence. Indeed, it is the largest river in North America, the St. Lawrence ex- cepted, east of the Alleghanies. " It takes the name of Saguenay only below Lake St. Johrif which lies about 120 miles N. by W. of Quebec. From Tadou- sac, a distance of about 140 miles to the lake, the course of the river is nearly east and west, Tadousac being, as before stated, in lat. 48 deg. 6 min. 38 sec, and the south side of Ijake St. John in 48 deg. 23 min. 12 sec, giving only 16 miles to thft north of Tadousac." This lake, which is nearly circular, is about 40 miles across, and it is the center of an extensive region, the waters of which flow into it from the north, the west, and the south, in twelve principal rivers, being discharged to the east by the Saguenay. The streams which flow into this lake from the south, the west, and the northwest have their sources in a mountainous tract which ranges nearly east and west for a long distance, and then, far in the west, bends northwardly, separating these waters from those which seek the St. Lawrence above Quebec and the Ottawa ; and regarding them in their still wider rela- tions, they are part of the extensive range of highlands which divide the basin of the St. Lawrence from that of Hudson Bay and its tributaries. '* The country, the waters of which are discharged into the St. Lawrence by the Saguenay, is more extensive than all the rest of Lower Canada ; but it has till lately contained, prob- ably, not more than a few hundred Indian families, who live b/ 8AOUENAY RIVER, 201 htmting and fishing, and exchange their surplus with lessees of the King's Post, for a few articles of imported produce. '* The passage of the waters of the Sagucnay from below the Ha-lla Bay to the St. Lawrence, a distance of fifty miles, is one of the wonders of natureA They penetrate through a mount- ainous tract, composed of sienite granite, forming an immense canal in many places, with banks of perpendicular rocks rising from a thousand to fifteen hundred feet above the surface of the river, which is from a hundred to a hundred and fifty fatlioms deep nearly the whole way, and from a mile to three miles broad. The power and pride of man is as much humbled in some parts of this tremendous chasm, as in the inmiediate pres- ence of Niagara Falls. In many places the largest vessel may run close to the perpendicular rocks, with 100 fathoms water. There are, however, several coves with good anchorage. In Ha-Ha Bay the navy of England might ride, in froui five to eighty fathoms. At twelve miles below Chicoutimi, which is distant 68 miles from Tadousac, the spring tide rises 18 feet, and there is from 10 to 50 fathoms at low water. The tide rises and the river is navigable seven miles above Chicoutimi, where the rapids of the outlet of Lake St. John commence. At this point a range of highlands crosses the Saguenay, extending along the head waters of the Malbay, the Gouffre, the Jacques Cartier, St. Anne, Batiscan, and St. Maurice, and forming the Bouth and western side of the basin of Lake St. John, with the Hudson Bay highlands on the north and east. " It is only within a few years that there have been any agri- cultural settlers in the Saguenay country. At present there are a few hundred families of squatters from the north shore below Quebec, chiefly induced to go in by employment in lum- bering, etc., for Mr. Price's numerous saw- mills. At Ha- Ha Bay there is a church, and about 150 families, and openings are made at various places on the river. The soil is of disin- tegrated clay and granite, with limestone in some places. The general level of the land above Ha-Ha Bay, as far as the eye can reach from the river, is not higher than the island of Or- leans, although more broken. The timber mixed, hard and Boft, and of a middling growth. The climate is milder, if any- thing, than at Quebec. With the exception of the ridge cross- ing below Lake St. John, already mentioned, the country to a great extent round the lake, but particularly on the southwest side, is of the same character. *' On entering the Saguenay from Tadousac, which is about one mile widt. at its mouth, the hills soon rise abruptly from the water's edgg, from 500 to 1 ,000 feet above the tide- way, pre- senting an appearance somewhat similar to the entrance from the north into the ' Highlands' of the Hudson River, with which 262 QUEBEC TO THE SAGUENAY K»VER, KTO. most travelers are familiar, divcsteil, however, of all appear ance of habitation for many miles, and the Saguenay avei ag- ing twice the width of the Hudson." Tete du Boule, a round mountain peak, rises on the north side of the river, about one mile from its mouth. Here the rocks and hills are mostly bare, but the verdure increases aa you ascend. About three miles from Tadousac, the river inclines to the north for a few miles, then resumes its western course to Chi- coutimi, a distance of sixty-eight miles from the St. Lawrence, and being in many places three miles in width, with a great depth of water, until you arrive at the bar, about sixty miles from its mouth. The Two Profiles, seen on the north shore, a few miles up, and elevated several hundred feet above the water, bear a strik- ing resemblance to the human face. St. Louis Island presents a rocky and rugged appearance. It lies eighteen miles above Tadousac, and may be passed by L'lrge vessels on either side. Here, it is said, fine trout may be taken in large quantities. At the mouth of the river Marguerite, on the north shore, and at St. John's Bay, on the south, are lumber establishments — the latter 28 miles above the mouth of the Saguenay. At the distance of 34 miles from Tadousac, on the south lJ)ore of the river, are two enormous masses of rock called Etermty Point and Cape Trinity. They rise from the water's edge to the height of some 1,500 feet, and so abruptly that they can almost be touched with the hand from the deck of the passing steamer. The aspect of these mountain cliflFs is beyond expression grand. No man can pass along their base, and lift his eyes up their vast height, without awe- without e-xperiencing the most intense emotions of sublimity. Sheltered be I ween them is a lovely recess of the shore called Trinity Cove, Its sequestered and lonely beauty enhanced by its strong con- trast with the wild grandeur of the rest of the i3cene. (Sc4 Engtaving.) QUEBEC TO THE SAOUENAY RIVER, ETC. 263 Trinity Cape takes its name from the three peaks of ita imramit, bearing some resemblance to three human heads ; and the name of Etkrnity Point is abundjintly indicated by the huge pile of ever-during rock of which it is composed. The whole scene — the majestic river, a hundred fathoms deep, roll- ing along the base and in the shadows of the vast and beetling cliffs, bearing on their rocky fronts the impress of Almiglity power and everlasting duration — the whole scene at this placo is unsurpassed for its magnificence and solemn beauty. Continuing up the Saguenay, Statue Point is next passed, where formerly was to be seen a rock in a niche, high above the water, which resembled a huge human figure. The niche is still visible, but the figure has fallen into thi deep water. The Tableau is an upright rock, rising almost perpcndio- nlarly from the water, to the height of several hundred feet, situated on the south shore. The scenery in this vicinity, and for several miles below, is exceedingly grand and picturesque — high and precipitous hills, clothed with a stunted growth of forest trees, and all around a wild solitude, unbroken by a sign of habitation or life, except occasionally a huge porpoise showing his back above the wave, and the water-fowl peculiar to these northern latitudes. Fifty-eight miles from Tadousac opens the Ha-Ha, or Great B. ', as it is sometimes called. It is entered on the left, while the Saguenay proper comes down on the right. At the head of the bay there is a large settlement, with several extensive saw-mills. The Bay of Ha-Ha — a name by no means euphonious or worthy of the locality — contains a numerous population for so new a country. Two villages appear at the farther extremity, the population whereof must number at least five hundred souls; it is situated about sixty miles above the entrance, and so closely does it resemble the Saguenay, that it is only when the traveler has arrived at its extremity that the mistake is perceived. The streams which flow into this bay furnish the various saw-mills with the power of preparing deals for tli« 264 QUEBEC TO THE SAGUENAY RIVER, ETC. English market — and it is not an uncommon occurrence to be- hold three or four square-rigged vessels busily engaged load- ing on English account. All the lumber establishments througliout the country are owned by the firm of Messrs. Price & Co., of Quebec, and although they entered the trade in the first instance with the intent of furthering their own interests, the result has been that the men they employed have become settlers, and brought into cultivation a large tract of arable land From the entrance to Ha-IIa Bay to Chicoutimi, a distance of about twelve miles, the banks of the river are less rugged and are clothed with more verdure, and openings may now be seen on both shores, with occasionally a habitation. About eight miles below Chicoutimi there is a bar, which can be passed by vessels of a large size only when the tide is up, this being the first impediment to navigation in ascending this noble river, which for grandeur of scenery and depth of water may vie with any other stream on the American continent. Chicoutimi, (58 miles from Tadou?mc, situated at the junc- tion of the Chicoutimi Iliver with the Saguenay, where is a pic> turesque water-fall, is another post occupied by the Hudson Bay Company, which has a resident agent stationed here. The Bottlement now contains an extensive saw-mill, a few dwell- ings, and a venerabkvlooking Roman Catholic chapel, of small dimensions, erected in 1727. It is one of those stations where, in former days, the indefatigable Jesuits established a home for themselves ; a church yet remains to attest their religious zeal. This edifice is believed to have been one of the first erected in Canada. The locality selected is singularly pictur- esque and romantic. On one side the Saguenay pours down its mighty flood, the shores on either side covered to the water's edge with the most luxuriant foliage, while, on the other side, a safe and commodious bay receives the mountain torrent of the Chicoutimi River. The church, a peculiarly agreeable object in so remote a 6pot, stands about 100 yards f^om the margin of the stream, in QUEBEC TO THE SAQUENAY RIVER, ETC. 265 • the center of a plat of gr' i-^ard set out with shrubbery, and forest trees crown the rising ground in the rear. Here assora- ble at stated periods the children of the soil; some from the region of the far north — the faith which their fathers wore taught in earlier ages leading them to reverence a spot hal lowed by traditional associations. The steamboat navigation of the Saguenay ends here, as the river above this is obstructed by rapids and falls. Fifty miles above Chicoutimi, the river issues from Lakk St. John, which is a fine expanse of water of about 80 miles in length, and, in the widest part, the same in breadth, its superficial area being over 600 square miles. The rivers Mistasine, JlssuajmiouS' soin, Peribonea, and Oitatchoanis/i, all of which are large streams, and many smaller ones, empty into Lake St. John, and as its only outlet is the Saguenay, which also receives many considerable streams in its course, the great depth and volume of water in that river may be thus accounted for. A portage road, or foot-path, runs from Chicoutimi to the Hudson Bay Company's station on Lake St. John. * Lake St. Johuy the Saguenai/, and the rivers which they receive, abound in excellent fish, consisting of white fish, bass, trout, doro, carp, pike, eels, and others; the favorite salmon, during the spring and summer months, ascends the Saguenay for a considerable distance, and are taken in large quantities and shipped to Quebec ; also cured and sent to European mar- kets. " The region of the Saguenay can not long remain silent and unoccupied. It is destined to become the home of an active and enterprising race. The climate is well adopted to the purposes of agriculture, and the virgin soil can not fail to repay the labors of the farmer. The aspect of the country ai-ound Chicoutimi is divested of the rugged and rocky character which distinguishes the banks of the Saguenay for the first 50 miles, and as the traveler advances inland, the appearance of the country indicates a superior soil — while the climate in the vicinity of Lake St. John approaches very closely to that of the Montreal district." Taken altogether, fev excursions can afford more interest to 266 MURRAY BAY, TADOUSAC, IIA HA BAY, ETC. # the tourist and seeker of pleasure, than a visit to Chicoutimi and its vicinity. Besides having a view of the magnificent scenery of the St. Lawrence, here may be seen a picturesque water-fall, and if fond of angling or hunting, the visitor may enjoy himself to his heart's content— surrounded by a vast wilderness, as yet almost unbroken by the haunts of man. MURRAY BAY— TAD0U3AC-HA-UA BAY, ETO. The following letter was written by a gentleman of Phila- delphia : " On Wednesday morning, 25th July, 1855, we left Quebeo for the lower St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers. At eight o'clock, precisely, the steamer Saguenay shot out from, the landing, and rounding under the stern of the French frigate La Capricu'use made her way down the Sc. Lawrence. The tin roofs and spires of Quebeo gradually grew smaller in the distance, and the blue tops of the Green iMountains, miles away in Vermont, broke on the sight. As we steamed down the river, we had a fine vitsw of Quebec with its precipitous hill, crowned with battlements, whose immense guns wore leveled at us in the harbor. The mngnificent basin before the city was dotted with craft laden with other tributaries of the St. Law- rence. A few miles below Quebeo the river is divided by the island of Orleans, which is at first hilly and covered with trees, but as we pa.ss along, its shores becomes fiat and under cultiva- tion. Its lands are held under the old Frencli tenure, and its inhabitants are Canadian French. A singularity of division in lands which the tourist will observe through Eastern Canada, presents itself very prominently in this island. The lands of the French population, the owner's death, are divided equally among the children; ahi in order that each child may have a portion of the river front, a farm is cut up into narrow strips running sometimes a mile in length by twenty yards in breadth. Upon the front the liouse is built, and the island shore is there- fore a continuous line of little wooden houses, backed by culti- vated fields "In about an hour after passing the island of Orleans, we came to Grosso Isle, upon which is located the Quarantine Sta- tion of Canada. Several large vessels were anchored in the Btream, undergoing the precautionary measures against infec- tious or contagious diseases. Ample accommodations are erected upon the shore for emigrants sutfering from ship-fever or similar disorders, afti the Lazaretto arrangements of Quebeo MrilRAY BAT, TAD0U8A0, HA-IIA BAY, ETC. 2G7 neera to bo of the most perfect kind. On the mainland, behind (Jrossc IhIo, Cape Tourment lifts its cloud-capped suniniit 1,800 feet into the air The boat stopped at JShu r(iy fhii/ t(< land passengers and freight. This place seems to be theCup-' May of Canada, where the citizens of Quebec and Montn^al resort in great numbers, for salt-water batliing. The long pier that stretches into the river was crowded with ladies expecting friends and relatives by the boat. During the summer, the ladies of Canada, of every class, when at watering-places, wear straw hacs, with rims of enormous breadth, which afford a marked contrast to the minute fixtures which American ladies affect. The scene was highly picturesque, and called forth much complimentary notice from traveling Americans who were aboard. We arrived at Riviere iln Loup, another water- ing-place, about dusk, and anchored in the stream to await dayliglit. At three o'clock we again started for the mouth of the Saguenay, which is directly across the St. Lawrence from Riviere du Loup. The tit. Lawrence is twonty-one miles wido at this point. About five o'clock we reached Taduusac. which is situated on the point of land formed by the confluence of the Saguenay and St. Lawrence At this place the French first Bettled in Canada, s,nd a little red-spired church was pointed out to us as being the first church erected north of the St. Lawrence, and the oldest ecclesiastical edifice in America " Leaving the St. Lawrence at this point, we plunged between high ridges into the Saguenay, and continued for five hours to float over its mirror-like expanse. It is a singular fact that the depth of the Saguenay is about seven hundred feet greater than that of the St. Lawrence, into which it empties, and in certain parts a fathom line of one thousand feet fails to touch bottom. The perpendicular mountains that hem it in, riso directly out of the water, without an intervening shore, and the steamboat can glide rapidly along within a yard of the solid land. Cape Eternity, about thirty-five miles above Tadousac, is one of the most striking objects upon the route. It is a huga mass of granite, without tlaw or fissure, rising eighteen hundred feet in the air. Hardy birches and pines cling tenaciously to its barren sides, giving the only indication of life in the vicinity. The boat arrived at this point while we were at breakf'ist, and the p lot ran into a little cove beside it, so as to give the pas- sengers a view cf it from every side, then rounding directly beneath the overhanging mass, we shot out into the stream to gaze at its heavy summit from the distance. There was a feel- ing of indescribable awe in watching the receding boulder, as we sped up the stream, and many an admiring gaze was flung backward, even after a sudden bend in the river had hid it from our view. Tete du lk)ule, the Two Profiles, the Tableau, 2W MURRAY DAY, rADOUSAC, HA-HA BAK, ETC Capo Trinity, and Statuo Point, arc each attractive objects that excite the alniiriition of the tourist. *' Near eleven o'clock in the forenoon wo arrived before the little town which lies at the head of Hn-Hn Htti/, about 00 miles from ihe St. Lawrence, and liavini^ dropped our anchor, the paHS'!n;^,!rH were sjut ashore by the sliips boats. The town is m(n'»'ly an establishment for lumbering purposes, and ia owned by William I'rice, Esq., of Quebec, who ia the most ex- tensive lumber murchant in Canada. All the saw-mills upiin the Sagu'jiiay belong to this gentleman, lie keeps constantly employed at his various mills about 8,000 persons, and freights over 100 vessels annually with lumber. As only a few minutes were allowed ua. before starting on our return to the St. Law- rence. Ave preferred remaining upon the steamer's deck and inspecting the town and adjacent country with the aid of a lorgnette. About lla-IIa Bay the cliffs almost disappear and some indications of agricultural attempts are manifest, but a eterilt' .si>il and a bleak atmjsphere always militate with til- lage and fivrming in this region Tbo Governor-General of Canada, Sir Edmund Head, was expected to visit the Saguenay on this trip, and as we ran up before the town a salute of guns was fired, and the English colors run up the tiag-^rpff on shore In return for the compliment, Capt. Simard decorated his steamer Avith flags of almust every nation, and we left Ha- Ha Bay about noon, in a gala attire of floating bunting. At five o'clock in the afternoon we touched at Tadousac, and in two hours after anchored at the pier of Riviere du Loup, to wait for the morning. Early on Friday, July 27, wo started for Quebec, and made the 114 miles before four o'clock in tho afternoon. " The greater part of American tourists make a great mis take in omitting the Saguenay River. They miss the finest scenery on this continent, which \ hey can view by an addi- tional expense of $12 only. The fare on board the boat is of excellent quality, and the berths large and comfortable. It is worth a visit to the Saguenay to taste the salmon, that but an hour before vsras gliding in its native element. As a matter of information to those wisning to make the trip in future seasons, we may say that a thick over- coat is an absolute necessity From eleven o'clock in the morning until four in the afternoon the temperature is agreeable, but not too warm; during the other hours of the day and night it will compare exactly with our November. Coming from warmer climates, the tourist can not be too careful to prepare for sudden changes of tempera ture. We can not close our imperfect sketch of the Saguenay without a word of thanks to Capt. Simard, who commands the Bteamer Saguenay. To our numerous questions he politely I9» ANTIC08TI. 2G9 tamed ws full ftnd satisfuctory answers, anrsoiis fi-om dy route, the cars going through from city to city in f3ix l-ours ; 1 70 miles. The first station is the Chaitdiere Junctiim, 8 mites from Point Levi; here the Chaudicre River is passed a few rods above the romantic falls on this stream, the spray arising from the waters alone being visible from the cars. For the next 40 or 60 miles the country is level and uninviting, with only a few residences in sight, being for the most part clothed with a stunted forest. Si'ANFoL-r), 65 miles from Point Levi, is a small settlement surrounded by good farming land, which continues until War- wick, Danville, and Richmond are reached and passed. At the latter station tho passenger trains usually connect with trains from Portland and Montreal, making this an important point on this great railway of Canada. Passengers bound for tho White Mountains or Portland Me there shange car*. :, , ., PLEASURE KXCUR8I0NB, 279 After leaving Richmond for Montre.il, the lino of tho road desueud.s toward the St. Lawrence, passing thruu};h several thriving villages. ISr. IIyacinthe, 30 miles from Montreal, is handsomely sit- uated on the Yamaska iliver, about 40 miles above its entranoe ini-o the Lake St. Peter. St. IIiLAiKn, 17 miles from Longneuil, is another delightful village, situated near Beloeil Mountain, a bold emijience rising from the plain to near one thousand feet in height, being plainly seen from Montreal. A most beautiful lake lies near its sum- mic ; the outlet flows westward into the Sorel Iliver. Other hills or mountains are seen in this vicinity besides the one above mentioned. Mount Rouge and Mount Johnson rise on the south, while Bouchervillc Mountain, also adorned by a most beautiful lake, lies a few miles northwest of St. llilaire, forming altogether a most interesting and picturesque group of hills or mountains, being visible from the St. Lawrence River for many miles, which, in connection with Mount Royal, on iho island of Montreal, are most grand and attractive obj jcts to tiie observant traveler. The Sorel or Richelieu River, the outlet of Lake Charaplain, is next passed, and the traveler soon arrives at Lon^uevil, where a commodious steam ferry-boat plies regularly to and from Montreal, landing near the center of the city, where cabs and carriages are always to be found in readiness running to the different hotels. The Grand Trunk Railway also affords the most speedy and diroct route to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, aa well as to the Ottawa River and Upper St. Lawrence and Lake co^intry. Montreal to Island Pond, Vt 143 milesl Montreal to White Mountains, N. H 201 " Montreal to Portland, Me 292 ** Montreal to Prescott, C. W 113 milea. !^Iontreal to Ottawa City, via Prescott 107 ** Montreal to Toronto, C. W 333 ** 280 PLEASURE EXCURSIONS. MONTREAL TO BOSTON AJND NEW YORK. Passengers can leave Montreal for Bos.on or New York, and proceed, via Champlain and St. Lawrence Railruaii, to Rouse's I'oint, N. Y., a di.stanco of 46 miles, where tliey have tlio choice of proceeding by steamer to Plattsburgh, Burling- ton, etc., or take the cara of the Vermont and Canada Rail- road, and proceed direct through by rail to Boston or NeW York, or any intermediate station. Trains of cars also run twice daily from Montreal, via Mon- treal and Lac/line and Montreal and JVew York Railroadity direct to Plattsburgh, N. Y., a distance of G2 miles, here con- necting with steamers running to Burlington, Ticonderoga, and Whitehall. On arriving at Burlington by auy of the above routes, pas- sengers h.ave the choice of proceeding by steamer, or take the cars of the Vermont Central Railroad, if bound for the White Mountains or Boston ; while the Rutland and Burlington Rail' road runs both toward Boston and New York, forming a link in the great line of railroads running from the Eastern and North- ern States into Canada. On leaving Burlington by steamer, proceeding toward White- hall, a most magnificent view is obtained, in a clear day, of the Green Mountains of Vermont and the Adirondack Group of New York, lying in the ccunties of Essex and Clinton. The latter are the most elevated peaks, rising to the height of 6,467 feet above the ocean; while the Mansfield Mountain peak of Vermont rises to the height of 4,279 feet, there being lesser peaks on both sides of the lake in full view. The surface of Lake Champlain is elevated 90 feet above tide-waters of the ocean, while Lake George is elevated 243 feet — there being a fall of 163 in the outlet of the latter lake within the distance of 4 miles. « Lake Champlain and the landings on its shore are fully de- acribed in a preceding part of this work. See page 201. •' , RAILROAD ROUTES. 281 ROUTES OF TRAVEL FROM MONTREAL TO ROSTON Railroad Route via Vkkmo.nt Centhal and NouTUEaK (N. H.) Railroads. MoxNTrkal to Rouse's Point, N. Y 44 miles. House's Point to Montpelier, Vt 82 ♦» Montpelier to White River Junction^ 02 '* White River Junctiou to Concord, N. H (59 ** ' CoxNUOKD to Boston Tli '* Total Distance 330 miles. MONTREAL TO BOSTON, via BURLINGTON, RUTLAND, AND BELLOWS FALLS. Montreal to Rouse's Point, N. Y 44 miles. Rouse's Point to Rurliiii2:ton, Vt 5() " Burlington to Rutland, Vt 07 ** Rutla id t',. IJellows Falls 52 '♦ (Passing over the Green Mountains.) Bellows Falls to Fitchburg, Mas« 64 ** FiTCHBURG to Boston 50 " Total Distance 333 miles. ROUTES OF TRAVEL FROM MONTREAL TO NEW YORK, via THE VERMONT CENTRAL AND CONNECTICUT VALLET EAILUOADS. Montreal to Rouse's Point, N. Y 44 miles. Rouse's Point to White lUver Junction 144 ** "*' (Passing over the Grreen Mountiiins.) V White River Junction to Bellows Falls 40 " (Passing down the Connecticut Valley.) Bellows Falls to Springrield, Mass 95 •* Springtield to New Haven, Conn 02 ** New Haven to New York 76 '* , Total Distance 4(il miles. * Connects with Railroad Route to the White Mountains, and Roads ruaning Souib to Springfield, and New Haven. 282 RAILROAD ROUTES. EAILROAI) ROUTE, via KOTJSK'B POINT, BURLINGTON, BUT- LAND, AND TKOY, TO NEW YOUK, MoNTiiKAL U) Uouhk'h I'oint, N. Y 44 mil(^s. RouHo's Point to Hurliiif^toii, Vt fS " Burlington to Jtutland, Vt.* 07 ** Ruthiiid to Troy, N. Y 84 Troy to Albany, {Railrond or 6 Aluany to Nkw York, Sleamb'xd Route) 144 it Total Distance 401 railca. ROUTE FROM MONTREAL AND QUEBEC TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS AND PORTLAND, ME., via THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. PasHcngers cars leave Montre il and Qiieliec, twice daily, for Portland, C()nn(!(tin;< at Hicii.hom), 0, E., 'i'.\ niilcjs from Montreal ; froin thence proceed southeasterly through Shcr brooke, an inip(/riant town of ( !anada, to Ihlam) Pond, V.;. Here is a larsi^e public-housi; for the accommodation of travel- ers, where <;very desiied luxury and comfort can be found. The road continues through Vermorit and New Hampshire, until tJKj WiMTB Mountains are readied and j)aKsed ; tlie cars stoppirig at Goiuiam to Umd anusy hana(l- waters of the Aramonoosuc Uiver, we diverged to the right from F;ibvaii's bridle road to Mount Washington, and commenced ascending Mount Pleasant, elevated abtmt 5.000 feet above the ocean. The road now became very steep for two or three miles, when tile ascent was overcome and we stood on the top of Mount Pleasant. Here we struck Crawford's bridle road, running from the Notch HoUhC, four miles distant, we having (jome about six miles, which took us three hours to accomplish. We here encountered a chilly blast of wind, which bjought all the overcoats and shawls into requisition. On the top of Mount Pleasant we encountered nothing but naked rocks, having for some time previous been above the region of vege- tation. The route now pursued leads over the summita of Mounts Franklin and Monroe, toward Mount Wiuhington, all being elevated from five to six thousand feet above the oceii.\ and overlooking numerous other mountain peaks. "The Lake of the Clouds, situated near the summit of Mount Monroe, is a small body of beautiful clear water, which sup- plies the head stream of the Ammonoosuc River. This little current immediately begins its descent, and dashes in a head- long course of several thousand foot into the valley below ; in its course uniting with several other mountain torrents, which Boon form a considerable stream. "After a toilsome jaunt of four and a half hours, having traveled {ibout nine miles, we arrived at the summit of Mount Washington, having for two hours been above all signs of vegetation, except occasionally a few plants of an Alpine character — nothing but flying clouds to be seen in every di- rection — when they would in part clear away and reveid to Bight one of the most grand and extensive views imaginable. Tlien could be distinctly seen rocks piled on roclcs, and in- numerable mountain peaks in the distance, with occasional bodies of water and silvery streams flowing through the val- leys. Our hoi-ses were left about half a mile from the sum- mit, although horses are sometimes taken to tlie very top ; here wiis spread a cloth on a huge rock, and a bountiful re- ptist furnished by our obliging guide, the contents of a well- tilled pair of saddle-bags. " After remaining on the summit one hour, we commenced our downward journey, which was all, except about one mile, performed on horseback — the pi\rty preferring to walk over the most precipitous descent. The first three miles are a steep descent, then come about three miles of swampy ground, the remaining three miles being a good carriage or bridla road." WHITE MOUNTAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 287 HEiairr op the principal jiountains in new enoland. MAiNB. KataluHa Mountain., Vi «^i lib ik« ti.e Ml a. Baia a U 1)0.0 me H Uutoj) Aoraliurn u M Aro.ist(tolc U liulviT's liigolow tspecliled New i( HAMrSUIUK. Mt. Washin-^ton, White Mts.. *' Adums it " Jcffcr.soa u *' Mauison u " Miiuroe ♦t " Oiuy u . *♦ La Fayette <( *' Caiter It *' FruriKlia t4 " rioasaut 4« " Mo-iali M ♦♦ Clinton « " Jackson U " Wib.ster «« While Face Mountain 6,:300 4,Di>0 Feet aboT« tllU l*f .1, Kcarsage Mountain 8,0GT ( HI r»8 '* 8, 81 Ptqitaquct " y,boT 4,000 Guiwock " 2,4-lT a, }b7 Ossipeo " 2,y()l ;),0 U lied Hill, near Central Harbor 2,U00 8,000 8,400 8,000 6,295 5,800 5,700 5,4,0 5,8iJ0 .').2U0 5,200 4,9i)0 4,000 4,800 4,V00 4,.; 00 4,100 4,000 4,100 Vebmont. Mansfleld Mt,, (the Chin) .... 4,279 (Jumol's Hump 4,l8!J Shrewsbury Mountain 4,0''d Mansfleld Mt., (the Nose) .. 3,!»-3 KiJingion IVak 8,921 Kquiuux Mountain 8,706 Asculney " 3,820 Massachcsktts. Safldie Mountan 3,505 liald Peali " 2,624 Spruce Hill : . 2,5:^8 Curksbur^ Mountain .... 2,'.;7i Ueckel '• i!,i94 Fniioh's Hill 2,23» reiry's I'cak.... 2,0S9 Wacliuset Mountain 2,018 Nun.erous other pia-«8 of the Whit<- Mouataius rise from 8,000 to 4,000 feci above ihe ocean level, prcseaiiig, frotn tlie suiumii of Mount Wash- injiiou, a iu().st subu.ne v ew. duriiiji a clear day, the scene being varied by clou. I etfeci and the eliauj^c of seasons. For fur'her dedcrlplion, see '•E.\S!MAN'H WlIMK MOUNTAIN GUIOK BOOK." Mauie, iNew Hampshire, and Verniout may be regarded as a nioim- taiuous aeolion of couniry ; also the wesie n part of Massachuavtfs. The Ortvii Moantdins of Vf.iiiont are, however, the only continuous range; tlie others may be rega'ded as groups and isolated mountains, rising ia solitary grandeur from among surrounding hills. PRINCIPAL HOTELS AT I'HK WHITE MOUNTAINS. Name. Pro]»rietors, Location. Alpine House Mr. Hitchcock. .Goihaiu station. Cravvl'ord House* Gibb.s & Co At tiie Notcli. Flume House, Near Frauconia Mts. Grlon House f ..,,.... .J. M. Tiiompson.Near Mt. Washington IMt Crawford House Near Mt. Crawford. • Piolile House Richard Tuft. . . . Neax Mt. Lafayette. Tip-Top House J. R. Hitchcock.Top Mt Washiiig-ton. White Mountain H'se.Gr. T, Bradrook..N'rAmnionoosuc Falls. * A bridle road runs from this house to the summit of Mount Wash- Inptou. V t A carriage road ruuit from \h\& house to tlie Tip-Top House, 8 tuilea* 288 PORTLAND. I LAKE WINNIPI8I0QEE AND THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. »' TiiK Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad, running from Concord to Wells River, N. H., forms the most direct and fuvorite route to Lake Winnipisiogee and the White Moun- tains ; the usual time being twelve hours' ride from Boston to the Crawford House, or ten hours to Franconia Notch, or Conway. Cars make connections from Boston, leaving Boston and Lowell, or Boston and Mame Depots, connecting at Concord, N. II., affording a choice of three routes to the White Mountains. 1. Leaving the Cars at the Weirs, and taking the steamboat to Centre Harbor, (dine) and by Stage arrive at Conway same evening, ten hours from Boston, proceeding to the Mountains next day. 2. Leaving the Cars at Plymouth, (dinner) and proceeding to Franconia Notch by Stage, 24 miles, an'iving same evening, ten hours from Boston. 8. Leaving the Cars at Littleton, the head of the White Mountains Railroad, and proceeding by Stage to Crawford House, the point of departure for ascending MOUNT WASH- INGTON, arriving same afternoon at 7.30 p.m., and at Profde House, Franconia Notch, at 5.30 p.m. This route affords the best opportunity of visiting the ro- mantic LAKE WINNIPISIOGEE, on the waters of which the beautiful Steamboat Lady of the Lake, Cax)t. Sanborn, is constantly plying between Weirs,*Centre Harbor, and Wolf- boro. Excellent Hotels, not surpassed in New England, will be found at all points on this route . ,■ ■ Jl^^ Passengers entering the Mountains by one of the f ftbove routes, can return by either of the others, as preferred. PORTLAND. ;,„,,,. Tliis City is very advantageously situated on a peninsula at the western extremity of Casco Bay, distant 108 miles from Bostou, 60 from Augusta, the capital of the State, 293 from ;i PORTLAND. 289 Montreal, and 670 from Washington. The city prcsentB a beautiful appearance from the sea and the Lslands iu the bay, as it rises like an amphitheater l)€twecn two hills. It is rogij- hirly laid out and handsomely built, and has some fine public edittces, among which are a new exchange building, con- structed of granite in the most substantial manner ; a spacious city hall ; a court-house and jail, and 20 churches ; a custom- house, 10 banks, a theater, and an atlieneum containing a library of several thousand volumes. Tlie present population is about 30,000. On an eminence called Mount Joy^ on which Fort Sumner formerly stood, there is an observatory 82 feet in height, being elevat- JJorwich and Worcester R. R. ** , **- r ;f^'*i ; RAILWAY ST^nONS IN B0ST3N. 291 Boston at 1 Providence R. R Pleasant St., op. Elliot St. New Bedford & Taunton R.R. " •♦ '* . * <, Stonington&Providt-TiceR.K. '* <• «• Old Colony, Fall River mid Newport R.R Cor. Knceland & South Sts. Cape Cod Railroad •' '• •• South Shore Railroad *' " •« EAILROAD ROUTES, DIVERGING FRC M BOSTON, EAST, NORTH, AND WEST-DISTANCES, FARES, Etc. Routes. Miles. Pare. Boston to Salem, via Eastern Railway 16 $0 60 Newburyport, " *' 36 1 10 Portmoulh, N. I/., '' " 66 170 South Berwick Junction, via Port Saco and P. R. R 70 2 10 Saco, Maine, ♦' " 95 2 60 Portland* '« ** ** 108 2 60 Brunswick, ** via Portland and Kenne- bec R. R 135 3 60 Bath (Br. R. R.), Maine, " " " 144 8 76 Gardiner, '' " '* '* 161 Augusta, »* " *' ** 168 4 25 Waterville, ** *' «* ♦* 186 6 00 Skowhegan, ** " '' " 205 5 75 Bangor, via Maine Central Railroad. . . . 241 Usual Through Time, 12 hours. Boston to Heading, via Boston and Maine Railway . . 12 36 Lawrence, t " " " . . 26 80 Haverhill, " ** ** . . 33 1 00 Exeter, " " ** . . 60 1 40 Daver,XN.H., *' " " . . 68 1 80 Great Falls, Br., '* *• . . 74 1 95 South Berwick Junction, " . . 74 2 05 Saco, Maine 99 Portland,^ Maine 112 2 60 Danville Junction, via Maine Central Railroad 140 Lewiston, '' " *' 147 3 10 * Trains connect .nri^h' cAre on .Gira^«l Tr'ml^ /^ilway, running to the While Mountains, al^jbiltr^Jai, anjiwQui^boc. *- .*,*,■'','*." * t Passenger Cars ruu from jBfostori lo ConcoaJdJncr'i^ifwrecibo.' X C-ars run 'ik<^'D 1 H5 fo/tcurrf, N. H. " '* .... 73 2 35 Weirs Station,* via Boston, Concord and I Montreal Railway lOG Plymouth,! *' ♦' *' " 124 Haverhill, " *♦ *' ♦* 157 WelUi River, *' " '♦ " 166 IMkton, via White Mountain R. R 183 Franconia Mts., by 3tage 12 miles 1U5 White Mountains, by Stage 22 miles 205 Usual Through Time^ 12 hours. Boston to Concord, N. II. , via Boston & Lowell R. R., 73 2 35 Franklin, via Northern (N. H.) R. R. . . . 02 2 95 West Ijehanon, *' '• " 142 4 15 White River Junction, J Vt., via Vermont Central R. R 143 4 15 lloyalton, <♦ " " 163 4 95 Northlield, *' " " 197 6 26 Movtpelier, " " *' 205 6 60 Waterbury, § *♦ ** '* 214 7 00 Rssex Junction, " " «' 218 7 75 Burlington, " ** «* 247 8 00 St. Al bans, Vt., via Vermont & Canada R., 264 8 50 Rouse's Point.Wii.Y., " *' *' 287 9 00 • A Steamer runs from this Station to Centre Harbor, Wolfboro, etc., on Lake Winnipisiogce. t Stages leave Plymouth on the arrival of the Cars for Franconia Notch and the White Mouniains. ' ^Connects with the. Conn. apd^Passurcpeis liivers R. R., running North,, 'iad wiih cbeBuilwan a-ndeC'onr. Rive:- Raii'vays, running Sooth. S Pasi^enjiCerA Iqp.Ys at this fitauon ^- •• p ^..V.G M^^^i^S,;^ lvVvA..^^f •<. RAILWAY STATIONS IN BOSTON. 203 •' ^ Roimw. Miles. Far» Bosl^m to St. John, Canada, via Champluin and St. Ldiwrence R 308 $ '' " Montreal, " ** " 331 10 50 Usual Through 7me, 15 hourf. Boston to Groton June, via Fitch])urg Railroad .... 85 1 10 Fttchburg, " "'' *' 60 1 55 Keone , N. H. , via Cheshire R. R 92 2 96 Bellawn Falls,'' Vt., v-. I Connect with '.'Vfiijis .^.r Troy aud Carnto^n Stiiini^. ^ . ^ j < v . „ .. 5 Connect with Lake Shore Railroad for Cleveiaad, otc. ** Connects et 6uhpen"ion HhUge w^ti^ Oreeif We^"t'im Bailioay of Canada, for 06(4*0^ CAK^«,'^e^ * « . 294 BTKAMOOAT AND RAILROAD ROUTES, "steamboat and IIAIUIOAD ROUTES Tl FROM N. YORK TO BOSTON, AND THE WHITE MOUNTAINS The Fall River Line of Steamers leave New York daily (Sundays excepted), at 5 p.m., from Pier No. 3, North Kivrr, for Newport, R. I., and Fall River, M;ih8., connecting with the Old Colony and Newport Jltilroad, running to IViston. DiBtance, 2H4 ndlos. Fare, $6, Usual through time, 13 hours. The Stonliis^ton Line of Steamers leave New York daily (Sundays excepted), at 6 p.m. from the foot of Cortlandt Street, North River, for Groton and Stonington, Conn., con- necting with the Stonington and Providence Railway. From Providence c.irs run over the Boston and Providence Railway to the city of Boston. Distance, 220 miles. Faie, $5. Usual time, 13 hours. 1^ From Boston pafisenpers are conveyed hy various routes to the White mountains of New Hampshire, Portland, Mou- treal, Quebec, etc. The IVorwIph Line of Steamers leave New York daily ( Sun days excepted), at 5 p.m. from Pier No. 39, North River, for Allyn's Point and Norwich, Conn., connecting with the Nar- vHch and Wtrrrester Railroad, and vv'ith the Boston and Worcester Railroad, running to the city of Boston. Distance, 232 miles. Fare, $6. Usual time, 13 hours. |p|r From Worcester passenger trains run direct to Con- cord, N. H., and from thence to the White Mountains, afford- ing a delightful and speedy route of travel. Distance from New York to the White Mountains, about 400 miles. The New York and Riev Haven Railroad, in connection with other railroads in Connecticut and Massachusetts, run- ning up the valley of the Connecticut ^ !^iypr, also forms a speedy .^node at* G.(kti eyahfee it> vho WlJ^Jte OToiyintalns. Passen- ger Depfitr, c<>mey l^oiwih .4^6*1 weii and ^enty-seventh Street. ADVKRTIflKMKNTS. 205 "New Jersey Steamboat Go. PKOPLE'S LINE. STEAMBOATS LEAVE FOR 9 daily, at Six o'clock, p.m. (SundayH excopted), from wliarf foot of Cortlarult Street, and in connection with tho IVEW YOKK €Ki\TUAL. RAILROAD, for Buffalo, Suspension Brld|i(c, Cleveland, Detroit, and all 'Western and Northern cltlest THE STE.\MER9 ST. JOIIIV, Capt. W. H. Feck, AND UENDRIK HUDSOIV, Capt. S. J. Roe, composing this line, are in all respects fitted and equipped with an especial view to safety and comfort. THKOUOH TICKKTS / can be had at the office on the wharf, and baggage checked to all stations on the New York Central Railroad, and the principal cities West. '.* Freight received as usual, and forwarded with dispatch, and at reduced rates. For particulars, apply at the office of the Company, on the wharf, foot of Cortl^dt Street. 200 ADVERTISRMENTS. EVENING STEAMBOAT LINE FOR ALBANY and TROY. CONNECTING AT TROY WITH RENSSELAER AND SAR- ATOGA RAILROAD, AND TROY AND BOSTON RAILROAD FOR Saratoga Springs, Moreau, L. Oeorge, Fort Edward, N. Y., Whitehall. N. Y., Castleton, Vt., Butiaud, " Williamstown, Mass. North Adams, " Brandon, Vt., Middlebury, Vt, Vergonnes, '* Burlington, " Port Kent, N. Y., Plattsbnrgh, " St. Albans, Vt., Souse's Point, N. Y., Ogdensburgh, " Montreal, Can. TilE NEW AND FIRST-CLASS STEAMERS FRANCIS SKIDDY, W. H. Christopher, Commander,, TUESDAY, THURSDAY, AND SUNDAY : C. VANDERBILT, G. 0. Tupper, Commander, MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, AND FRIDAY, At 6 o'clock, P. M., from Pier 15, North Ri?er, FOOT OF LIBERTY STREET. This is the only River Line that connects and Checka Baggage through to Saratoga and the North. 0. U. niLLOaf, Agent, Nev ¥ork« -^ ADVERTISEMENTS. 297 DAY BOATS BETWEEN LANDING AT 30th Street, N. 7ork ; West Point ; Newburgh ; Poug^hkeepsie ; Rhinebeck; Catskill ; and Hudson. Connecting at Albany with the New York Central Railroad for all points West, and Northern Railroads and Steamers on Lake Champlain to Saratoga, Montreal, and all points North. These Steamers are fitted with State Rooms. Breakfast and Dinner on board. THE STEAMBOATS l>A]VIEIi I>R£W, Captain J. F. Tallmau, MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, AND FRIDAY ; CHAIJJVCEY YIBBARD, Capt. Hitchcock, TUESDAY, THURSDAY, AND SATURDAY, From Foot of Debrosses Street at Seven o^clock A.M. ^^^ Returning, leave Albany Daily, from the foot of Hamilton Street, at 9 a m , arriving in New York at 6 p.m. At Hudson, these Steamers connect with the Cars for Leba- non Springs and Boston, arriving at the Springs at 7^ p.m. Trains leave Albany at 5.15 p.m. for Utica, and at 6 and 11.15 p.M for Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Suspension Bridge. ^^^ Baggage to Central and Northern Railroads delivered Free. ^S* Tickets sold on board to all points West and North. Baggage Checked to all points. 298 ADVERTISEMENTS. ifiiiifis 111 miMM 1864. 1861. FOR B O S T o ]sr, Tia Grotoii, Stoiiiiigton, and Providence, Inland Route — the shortest and most direct — carrying tht Eastern Mail. The Steamships PLYMOUTH ROCK, Captain J. C. Geer, AND COMMONWEALTH, Capt. J. W. Williams, in connection with Stonington and Providence, and Boston and Providence Rtiilroads. leave New York daily (Sundays ex- cepted) from Pier No. 18 North River at 5 p.m., and Groton at 8 30 P.M., or on arrival of the mail train which leaves Bos- ton at 5.50 P.M. The Plymouth Rock, from New York— Monday, Wednes- day, and Friday. From Groton— Tuesday, Thursday, and Sat- urday. The Commonwealth, from New York — Tuesday, Thurs- day, and Saturday. From Groton — Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Passengers proceed from Groton, per railroad, to Providence and Boston, in the Express Mail Train, reaching said places in advance of those hy other routes, and in ample time for all the early morning lines connecting North and East. Passen- gcrK that prefer it remain on board the steamer, enjoy a night's rest undisturbed, breakfast, if desired, and leave Groton in the 7 15 A.M. train, connecting at Providence with the 10.40 A.M train for Boston. Fiire from Providence to Newport, Fifty Cents. |^° A Baggage Master accompanies the Steamer and Train through each way. For baggage, berths, state-rooms, or freight, apply on board the steamer, or at the Freight Office, Pier No. 18 North River, or at the office of the Company, No. 115 West Street, comer of Courtland Street. .H. R. Slll'illS, Agent. Fur State Booms, apply at Habndbn'b Exfbess, No. 65 Broadway, N.Y» ADVERTISEMENTS. 299 LAKE GEORGE. THE Makes daily trips through the Lake, connecting with the boats on Lake Champlain, Montreal, Quebec, and Niagara, and the railwjiy to Saratoga, Troy, Albany, and New York. The Minnehaha leaves her dock, at the Fort William Henry Hotel, . every morning, Sundays excepted, at half past 7 o'clock — steams down the Lake amons ihe islands, and through to Ti- conderoga, connecting with Lake Ohamplain steamers going north and south ; returning in the afternoon, upon the arrival • of the Lake Champlain steamers, to her dock at the Fort Wil- liam Hotel at 6 o'clock. ^^* Passengers by the Hudson River Railroad (two trains daily) arrive at the Lake in time for Tea same day ; by the Hudson River steamers (night boats) in time for Dinner the next day. THE NEW AND ELEGANT STEAM- YACHT Is placed at the disposal of the guests, and will leave her dock at a moment's requisition, for any point on the Lake. She is also particularly available for moonlight, pic-ni^-, and tishing excursions. N.B.— Telegraph now finished to the office, connecting witn all Lines through the State. 300 ADVERTISRMKNTS. LAKE CHAMPLAIN. THE NEW AND SPLENDID STEAMERS OP THB C|ainpMn Cransportatiflii Companf, VIZ., AMERICA Capt. Mayo, CANADA " Flaog, UNITED STATES " Andkehon, Will make Two Daily Lines between Whitehall and Rousk's Point (Sundays excepted;. Leave Whitehall at 10.45 a.m. and 8.45 p.m., on arrival of the Morning and Evening Trains from the South and We.st ; arrive at Burlington at 5 p.m. and 4 a.m., and at Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point, mornings and evenings, in time to connect with Trains for Moxtiieal and Ogdknsburgu. Passengers wuo leave New York by the Evening Boat will arrive at Montreal and Ogdensburgh the next evenirg. Tliose who leave New York by the 11 a.m. Train, Hudson River Rail- road, will arrive at Whitehall at 8.45 p.m., and Montreal next morning at 9 o'clock, and Ogdensburgh at I o'clock p.m. GOING SOUTH — Leave Rouse's Point every morning and evening, on arrival of the Trains from Montreal and Ogdens- burgh, and via Plattsburgh, Burlington, and Ticonderoga, ar- rive at Whitehall at 6 a.m. and 4.30 p.m., connecting with Trains for the South and West. THE NEW AND BEAUTIFUL STEAMER MONIHEAL Capt. Mato, Will make Daily Tri^s between Burlington, Port Kent, Port Jackson, and Plattsburgh. • -ri ^^ These Boats are not excelled, either in speed, neatness, or comfort, by any other Boats afloat. . ,; ^,^^y , .5^ ^_ ,:„ , ADVERTISEMENTS. 301 Lake Oiitiirio and River St. Lawrence. ontarTo ^Seamboat CO. 1864, 1861. liiiiKii rmm mi. BAY STATE, Capt. J. J. Morley. ONTARIO, Capt. J. B. Estks. ALEXANDRA, Capt. J. N. Bockus. Formin^i^ a Tri-Weekly Line between TORONTO AFD MONTREAL. Touching at CHARLOTTE (Rochester) Mondays, Wednes- days, and Fridays, at 10 a.m., for Oswego, Jacket's ^^arbor, Kingston, Clayton, Alex- andria Bay, Brookville, Morristown, Frescott, Ogdensburgh, Montreal, and Quebec. Connecting at Sacket's Harbor with Stage for Watertown, and at Kingston with the steamer Bay of Quinte for Belleville and Picton, and with the Grand Trunk Railway, both East and West, connecting at Ogdensburgh with the splendid new steamer Alexandra, for Montreal and Quebec, and Northern Railroad for Boston and all points East : at Prescott, with Prescott and Ottawa Railroads for Ottawa. g^ Trains leave Buffalo from New York Central Railroad, Exchange Street Depot, at 6.45 p.m., and connect with Steam- ers at Charlotte (Rochester Landing). Tickets can be purchased at the Company's Office, opposite Erie Street Depot ; at the Niagara Falls Depot ; and at the Union Ticket Office, No. 17 Exchange Street, Buffalo. H. N. IHBOOP, Oen. Snp't. 26 M. BANDALL, Agent, 302 ADVERTISEMENTS. Lakes Huron and Superior. THE MAGNIFICENT UPPER CABIN, ROYAL MAIL STEAMER D. McLean, Master, Will leave COLLINGWOOD for Owen Sound, Shebawananing, Little Current, Bruce Mines, Sault Stei Marie, Michipi- caten, and Fort William, as under : Leaving CoUlngwood for Owen Sound and Sault 8te. Marie, and inter- mediate ports, every Thursday, at Noon, on arrival of Toronto trains. June 2,* 9, 16,* 23,* 80* July 7, 14,* 21, 28,* August 4, 11,* 18, 25,* September....... 1, 8,* 15, 22,* 29 October 6,* 13, 20,* 27, November 3,* 10, 17, 24, * Runs to Fort William, North Shore Lalce Superior. Rbturnino, leaves Sault Ste. Marie for Collingwood and intermediate porta — June... 7, 13, 21, 27, July 6, 11, 19,' 26, August 2, 8, 16, 22, 30 September....... 5, 13, 19, 27, October 3, 11, 17, 25, 81 November 8, 14, 21, 28, This trip of more than one thousand miles along the north shore of Lakes Huron and Superior, embracing scenery which for grandeur and beauty is not equaled on this continent, presents to the tourist for plea- sure or health -including the splendid Trout Fishing in the numerous rivers and among the thousands of islands, more real attractions than can be found on any other route ! The Algoma is a new and powerful Double-engine, Side-wheel Steamer (built expressly for this route last season), is fitted up with large Double State Rooms the whole length of the vessel ; and has accommo- dation for over One Hundred Passengers. ^if" Pleasure Parties from Sault Ste. Marie, for Montreal or Quebec, will be taken at Reduce.ts:^fel i 1864, MONTIIEAL TO OTTAWA CITY, DAI1.Y (SUNDAYS EXCEPTED). THIIOIJ QH IN TKN HOIJRSI llie splendid new fast-sailing Steamers, PRINCE OF WALES Capt. H. W. Shepherd- QUEEN VICTORIA Capt. Bowie. A TRAIN LEAVES the BONA VENTURE STREET DEPOT MONTREAL, EVERY MORNING (Sundayri excepted) at 7 o'clock, to connect at LACHINE with the Steamer " PRINCE OF WALES" (Breakfast) for CARILLON, passing thrc^ugh Lake St Louis, St. Anne's Rapids, and Lake of Two Moimtains. From Carillon by Railroad to Grenville, join the Steamer •' QUEEN VICTORIA" (Dinner) for Ottawa City. Downward, the Steamer " QUEEN VICTORIA" leaves Ot- tawa City at 6.30 a.m., Passengers arriving at Montreal at 4.30 P.M. in time for the Quebec Steamers. The comfort and economy of this Line are unsurpassed, whil* the Route passes through one of the most picturesque districts in Canada, and is the most fashionable for Tourists. Parties desirous of a pleasant trip can obtain Return Tickets from Montreal to Carillon, valid for one day, at single fares. Passengers for the celebrated CALEDONIA SPRINGS will be landed at L'Original, where Coaches are in readiness to convey them to the Springs. f^ Further information, as well as Return and Excursion Tickets, may be obtained at the office, 83 Great St. James Street, next door to the American Church, at the Bonaventure Street Depot, or on board the Steamers. ;,, . j ,*.. . w- .«i....«.. B- W. SHEPHERD, Manager. 804 ADVElVriSBMBNTS. ^ GRAND EXCURSION TO THE FAR-FAMED Rf¥£3 Sft€UEMY AND iw A To) /Sv in^ AT vV MURRAY BAY AND CACOUNA! THE MAGNIFICENT IRON STEAMER <« MAOMET,'' Captain J. B. Fairg^rievc, (Running in connection with the Steamers of the Bichelieu Company) will leave Napoleon Wharf, Quebec, every Tuesday and Friday morning during the Season, at 8 o'clock, for the River Saguenay to Ha! Ha! Bay, calling at Murray Bay, River Du Loup, and Tadousac. ^®** No expense or inconvenience in exchanging boats at Quebec ; in every instance, the Steamers are brought along- side of each other. This splendid Steamer is built in water-tight compartments, of great strength,, and equipped with every appliance for safety, and acknowledged to be one of the best sea-boats afloat. She is fitted up with large Family State Rooms, most comfortably furnished, and in every respect second to none on the Canadian waters. Return Tickets good for the Season at Reduced Fare, or any Information may be obtained on application at the office, 21 Great St. James Street. MoNTBBAL, June, 1S64. ALEX. MII.L.OY, Agcut. ADVERTI8EMKNT8, 305 NEW YOEK CENTRAL R.R. Foil ALL PLACKS IN THE WEST, NORTH, AND CANADA. lime of Leaving the City of i>jew York: T.OO A.m. From iludson River Railroad Depot, Chamborft Street, (rid Albiiny or Troy), arriving in niifTalo and Niagara Falls at 10.15 p.m., ctjnnectlng for all i)oirU8 West. 7.00 A. in. Fi*"in foot of Desbrosaos Street, near Canal, North River, clt'gunt new Day Boath, coniM'otinix al Albany witb KvcninjQC Tmins, arriving in Iinfr;do and Niagara Falls at 6.00 a.m., connecting tor all j)oints West. 10.00 A.J^. From Hudson River Rnllrond Depo', ('lianibers Street, arriving in Buffalo and Niagara Falls at 6.00 a.m , con- necting for all points West. 10.00 A.m. From llarlem Railroad Depot, corner Twenty-sixth St and Foiirlb Avenue, arriving in Buffido and Niagara Falls at 6.00 a.m., connecting for all points West. 4.00 P.rH. From Hndson Ri er Railroad Depot, Chambers Street, arriving in Ro-diester at 7.45 a.m. ; Buffalo arid Niagara Falls at 11.00 A.M. ; connecting for all points West. 5.00 I*. in. (l^fti'y) From Harlem Railroad Depot, corner Twenty- sixth Street and Fourth Avenue, arriving in Rochester at 7.45 A M. ; Buffalo and Niagara Falls at 11.00 a.m. ; connecting for all points West. 0.00 P.m. (^aily) From Hudson River Railroad Depot, Chambers Street, arriving in Buffalo and Niagara Falls at 11.00 A.M., connecting for all points West. '(W° Sunday Nights this train starts from Thirtieth St. at 6.22 p.m. 0.00 l*.m. (r>»ily'' From foot of Cortandt Street, Peoplk's Link, elegant Ne\ Steamers, connecting with the 7.15,9.00, and 10.00 a.m., and 12.30 p.m. trains from Aili;my, arriv- ing in Buffalo and Niagara Falls same evening. 10*410 P.m. From Hudson River Railroad Depot, Chambers Street, with Sleeping Cars altaA.') p.m., in time for cirs to Mtmtreal and Ogdensburgh sami; evkmno. Passengers for Northern and Eastern New England will leave boat at Burlingt(m 4. 45 p.m., and take tlic train of tlic """ermont Central Ridlroad .at 8 p.m., whieh is provided wifh elegant Sleeping Cars, passing through M()nt])elier, Coneord, Lowell, Nashua— arriving at Boston at 8am.; or, lodp.ingat Burlington, leave at 7.25 a.m. for the Whit-.! Mountains, con- neeting with the roads to all the prineipal place s in New En- gland SAMK day. Passengers leaving New York, Troy, Albany, by Night Line, will take boat at Whitehall at 8.45 p.m., reach Burlington at 3.45 A.M., and Plattsburgh at 5.80 a.m. ; and from either j)la(e take Ciirs, arriving at Montreal at 9.00 a.m., and Ogdensburgh at 12 M. FARE AS LOW AS ANY OTHER ROUTE. THROUOH TICKETS Can be obtained at all the Ticket Offices of the Hudson Rivkr Railroad ; M. Canfield, Pier 15, foot of Liberty Street, New York ; on l)oard Hudson River Steamers ; Union Depot, Troy, N. Y. ; Northern Albany Railroad Depot, Albany. General Office, 239 Broadway, New York. ADVERTISEMENTS. 307 Troy and Boston Eailroad. GREAT NORTHERN U. S. MAIL ROUTE FOR Rutland, Burlington, St. Albans, Rouse's Point, Montreal, Ogdensburgh, and Boston. A NIGHT LINE BETWEEN TROY, MONTREAL AND BOSTON NEW AND SPLENDID SLEEPING CARS. Tbrough to Montreal In Ten Hours and a Half, i^'ithout Chan|[^c of Cars I Passengers leaving Troy by this route at 8 a.m., will reach Rouse's Point and Montreal nearly three hours in advance of those leaving by Boat Line at 7 30 a.m. Passengers leaving Troy by Fast Express Train at 12.80 p.m. will arrive at Bur- lington and all points North same time with those leaving five hours earlier by any other line. Fare as low as by any other route. Trains leave Union Dei»ot, Troy, Daily (Sundays excepted), as follows : 8.00 A.M., Mail, via Western Vermont and Rutland and Washington Roads, arriving at Rutland, 11.40 a.m. ; Btillows Falls, 2.12 p.jj. ; Fitchlmrg, 6.05 p.m. ; Boston, 7 30 p.m. ; Bur- lington, 4.00 P.M. ; St. Albans, 6.00 p.m. ; Rouse's Point, 7. 00 p.m. ; Montreal, 9.00 p.m. ; Ogtlensburgh, 12.00 night. 12.30 P.M , Express, via Western Vermont Road, arriving at Rutland, 3.45 p.m. ; Burlington, 6.00 p.m. ; St. Albans, 7.25 p.m. ; Rouse's Point, 9.00 p.m. ; Montreal, ILOOp.m. 4.45 P.M., Accommodation, for North Adams, Benning- ton, and all stations on Rutland and Washington Railroad, due at Rutland, 9.00 p.m. Trains leave next a.m. for East, 4.00; for North, 4.30. 10.00 P.M., Sleeping Car Express, via Western Vermont Road, arriving at Rutland, 1.15 a.m., Burlington, 4.05 am. ; St. Albans, 5.40 a.m. ; Rouse's Point, 7.00 a.m. ; Montreal, 9.30 a.m. ; Ogdensburgh, 12 noon ; Boston, 7.30 a.m. NEW YORK TO TROY, MONTREAL, ETC. This Road connects with Steamers from Wfew York, and the Hudson Ulver Railroad, forming a direct and speedy route of travel from New York to IHontreal. I. V. BAKKR, Sup't, Teot, N. T. 808 AUVKKT16EMKNT8. eiMT Ufflf ML I CARllYINO TIIU UliKAT U. 8. MAIL.. .If Great Western Railway HKVWKKN niagara falls, s|[spe:^sion bridge, anl) i)i:troit, Forming, wifh its connoctions, tho shortest and best route between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. Three Through Ex- press Trains e;ich way daily. Luxurious sle(;pin^ cars attach- ed to each niu^ht train. Smokinjj: cars to all day tr- ' is. ^1' Uie I'asscnijjer ('oaches on this road have attached to ,ii ventilator, by means of which tlu; interior is kept cool »>ni • tirely i'ree from dust in summer, uud uniformly warm i»^ inter. As the trains pass across the magnificent Suspension Brid'' .t«.--T ,«■-'■■■' ', :'7-rfu\?'.i ADVERTISEMENTS. 309 1861. To Tourists aud Tra> filers. IStfl. NEW AND UVirOHTANT AUUANGEMENT. GRAIB TRUIE AND ROYAIi MAIL LINE OF THROUGH STEAMERS. 1861. _i 186I, NIAGARA FALLS to MONTREAL, QUEBEC, RIVER SAGUENAY, WHITE TidOUNTAINS, LAKE GT:0RGE, SARATOGA, ETC., ETC., ETC. * {See nextjpag6. 310 ADVERTISEMENTS. THE FOLLOWING MAGNIFICENT UPPER CABIN STEAM- ERS COMPOSE THE LINE : GRECIAN, (new iron)..Capt. C. Hamilton. «-. PASSPORT, (iron) Capt. KeUey. CHAMPION, Capt. D. Sinclair. KINGSTON, (iron) Capt. T. Howard. MAGNET, (iron) Capt. J. B. Fairgreaves. BA(\fSHEE, Capt. H., Swales. CITY OF TORONTO, (new) Capt. D. Milloy. NO TRANSHIPMENT AT OGDENSBLniGH. The only line by which Passengers can retain their State Rooms through the entire tri}), and passing the scenery of The Ihonsand Islands, and iiapids of the River St^ Law* rence by Daylight. This great route possesses peculiar advantages over any other, as by it parties have their choice of conveyance between Niagara Falls and Quebec, over the whole or any portion of it, without being obliged to decide when purchasing their tick- ets, consequently should the weather prove unfavorable, pas- sengers may avoid Lake Ontario by taking the Grand Trunk Road to Kingston, and from thence by one of the above Steamers, making close connections. No extra charge for Meals and State Rooms. 1^ The only route to the White Mountains by which par- ties can ascend the far-famed Mount Washington by the Car- riage Road. The Steamer iraagnet, commencing 1st July, leaves Quebec for the far-famed taguenay every Tuesday and Friday, a.m. Also Trains on the Grand Trunk Railway leave Point Levi daily, for River du Loup, at which point they can also take the Saguenay Steamer. AMEETCAN MONEY TAKEN AT PAE FOR TICKETS by this Line, which can be obtained at most of the principal cities in the United Stares. Arrangements huve also been made with the proprietors of the principal hotels at Toronto. Montreal, and Quebec, to take Ameri- can Money at par, charging New Yorit hoiel rates. ALEX. MILLOY, Gen. Agt, Royal Mail. Link Steamkks, Office, Gt. Bt. James St., Montreal. £. P. BEACH, Gen. Agt., Gband Tbunk Eailwat, JJT9 Broadway, New York, ADVERTISEMENTS. 81 1 1864. ^^msBiga 1864. GRAND TRUNK RA ILWAY SEA BATHING PL.l]A$i)URE EXCURSIOM TICKETS. TADOLTSAC, RIVIERE DU LOUP, CACOUNA, PORTLAND, AND THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. RETURN TICKETS, valid until November Ist, will be issued on and after the 15th June, at the following Reduced Rates : — TO TO TO T.« FROM Tadousac Biv. du Loup Portland and back. and back. and back, DETROIT, .... $25 00 $23 00 #24 00 TORONTO, .... 20 00 18 00 20 00 KINGSTON, ... 14 50 12 00 16 00 MONTREAL, ... 8 50 6 00 10 50 QUEBEC, .... 6 50 3 00 12 00 Tadousac. which is beautifully situated at the mouth of the Sagucnay River, is considered to be one of the most salubrious places on the St. Lawrence. The Tadousac Hotel Company have erected a commodious Hotel, which has been elegantly furnished and fitted up in a manner to afford to guests the greatest possible comfort. The accommodation is most ample, and charges moderate. J^ A Steamer will run daily between Tadousac and Riviere du Loup, and three times a week up the Saguenay River to Ha! Ha! Bay. A-t Cacouna, the Hotel accommodation for visitors has been greatly increased. A regular Line of Stages will run between Riviere du Loup and Cacouna. j^^ For further information, Time Tables, and Tickets, ap- ply to the agents of the Grand Trunk Railway. ; E. P. Beach, General Agent C, J. BRYDGBS, 27i> Broadway, New York. . Managing Director. 312 ADVERTISEMENTS. EASTERN EAILROAD. iriBnriiTfiTifnwifjii y"^/*^- BOSTON AND PORTLAND. Trains leave Portland for Boston, arrivinj? at the new station on Causeway Street, at 8.45 kM, and 3.00 P.M. in Summer. 8.46 A.M. and 2.30 P.M. in Winter. Tliese Trains arrive in Boston at 1.45 and 8.00 p m. (7.30 p.m. in Winter), in season to connect with Trains for NEW YORK AND THE WP^ST. Trains leave Boston for Portland, at 7.30 A.M. and 3 00 P.M. in Summer, 7.30 A.M. and 2.30 P.M. in Winter, Connecting with Eailroada, Steamboat!!, and Stages, to all parts of MAINE AND CANADA EAST. FREIGHT TRAINS Daily, each way, leaving Portland and Boston at 6.00 p.m. X^rclglit Office In Boston, ti5 Mer«lut»ts Row. The Eastern Railroad, which is t])e great United States Mail Route between Boston and the East, connects at Brock's Cross- iuiiC with the Great Falls and Conway Railroad, and at Port- land with the Maine Central, Androscoggin, and Portland and K(mnebec Railroads, for Augusta, Watervillc, Farmington, Bangor, etc. Also with the Grand Trunk Railway, for the White Mountains, Montreal, Quebec, etc., and with Steamers for Eastport and St. Johns, N. B. J. PRE SCOTT, Sup't, Boston. ADVEUTISKMKNT8. 313' Bi^STi)N AND ^AIHE RAILEOAD. Tin RosTON Axn Maine Railroad, connecting with the Portland, Snco, jirid Portland Riiilroad through to Poktland. Tlii.s routf is (loxervi'dly populHr with travelers to and from the Stato of Muine. 1 he Station in Boiton heing located on Hayinarket Sqiiurc, 18 very nearly in tlie center of l)U.sinc38. P-ssencjiTS leaving Hoston, cross Charles River by a bridge to Somc- Tille. paaying tiic MassacIuiseltH State Prison on the right at the crossitig of the Fitchburg liuilroad in Ciiarlestown ; also, the Bunker Hill Mm.un. niont in tlie ilistanci' ; theuee the road cro>se3 Mystic Kiver to Maiden, ihe Medford Piranih diverging on the left. At South Reading Junction the youth Rending Branch (to Salem) and the Newburyport Railroad di- verge ; the laat-nanicd road is operated by the Boston snd Maine Rail- road Company, and is a pleasant and expeditious route to the fine old Bcaport town o*" Newburyport. South Reading and Reading are large villages to be seen on the right as you pass on to "Wilmington (Salem and Lowell Railroad cross-s here), "Ballardvale, and Andover. The next place is South Lawrence, opposite t4ie thriving manufacturing city of Lawrence, on the Merriinac River. Trains cross the river below the dam with passengers for the city, and to connect with the Concord, Manchester, and Lawrence Railroad lor Man- chester, Concord, and the Wifite Mountains. Pitsfiing through Andover to Bradford (dunction of the Newburyport Railroad), and then crossing the Merrimac, the large town of Haverhill is reached, which is the center of an extensive boot and shoe manufac- turing business. The towns of Atkinson, Plaistow, Newton, East Kingston, Exeter, l^outh Newmarket, Newmarket Junction (passengers for Portsmouth, Mnnchcsitcr, and Concord change cars here). New Market, Durham. Mad- biiry, N. H., are successively p.-issed until we reach the town of Dover, the peat of a large manufacturing business and junction witii the Dover and Winnipiseogi.'e Railroad, over which road passengers for the Lake and White Monntains are conveyed to Alton Bay, there connecting with the Steamer Chocorfia lor Wolfsiwro' and Centre" Harbor. Rollinsford is the next town, and is the junction of the branch to Great Falls, three miles. Aff.er passing Salmon Falls we come to South Berwick Junction, con- nectin>^tliore with the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Railroad, continue on fo North Berwick and Wells, Kennebunk, Kenuebunk-port, Bidde- ford, Saco, and Scarborough, to Portland, Maine. Pai^sengers for towns on the Grand Trunk and Maine Central Railroads keep their seats until they reach the Grand Trunk Depot. Passeiiyers for the Kenutbcc and Portland Railroad clian^e cars at the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Railroad Depot. A t Portl.ind, connect with Steam- er^ for Baugor, Eastport, Calais, and St. John, N. B. , 27 314 ADVERTISEMENTS. 1, „ "r- ■"■.I." - -1-.. 'J-|.-« 4>^«^~ ••> I- 11,1' Mtnmt .ijv" gtuD Mm nvf VIA THE Vermont Central R.E. Line, TO mount Mansfield, White and Franoonia Moun- tains, Lake Champlain, Lake George, Saratoga, Niagara Falls, Lake Ontario, Thousand Isl- ands, Hapids of the River St. Lawrence, m\ml (Quebec, Sagmnaj libtr, ttt., tk. This Route passes throiij]:h the Valley of Vermont, which has the most Splendid Scenery in New England ! MANSFIELD MOUNTAUST is the highest land in Vermont, being about 5,000 feet high, giving a magnificent view of the whole range of the Green Mountains, and scenery that is not excelled in the Union. The Vermont Central Line is the most direct Route be- tween Boston and Montreal, and Quebec ; between Boston and Ogdensburgh, Niagara Falls and Canada West ; between New York and Montreal, either via Springfield and Connecticut Biver Railroad, or via Albany, Troy, or Saratoga. Tickets for this line will be on sale in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, etc., etc., giving Round Trips at Reduced Rates, which will be advertised in the papers. For any further information, apply at the GENERAL AGENCY, NO. 5 STATE STREET, BOSTON. 8. H. FISHER, Trav. Agrt L. MILLIS, Gen'l Agt . Boston, May 28, 1861 . ., ADVERTISEMENTS 315 iiternAital Sleiimslji)! €b. ■u DESIRABLE PLEASURE ROUTE FOR EASTPORT and CALAIS, Me.; ST. JOHIV, N.B.; HALIFAX, N. S. ; and CHARLOTTETOWN, Prince Edward Island. THE BUPERIOK NEW SEA-GOINO RTEAMEES NEW EBraLAXVD, Capt. Field ; and NEW BRITNSWICS, Capt. Winchester, leave Commercial Wharf, Boston, every Monday and Thurs- day morning at 8 o'clock ; and Portland aime evening at 5 o'clock, for Eastport, Me. ; and St. John, N. B. Returning, leave St. JoiTN' same days. At Eastport the Steamers connect with tho Steamer Queen, for St. Andrew's, N. B. , from thence per Railway for Houltoa and Woodstock Stations — also Calais and St. Stephens : at St. John with the European and N. A. Railway for Sliediac, and from thence per Steamers for Prince Edward Island and Pictou, N. S., north shore New Brunswick, and Quebec, Canada. Also at St. John with Steamers for Fredericton, N. B., Digby and Windsor, N. S., and from thence per Railway for Hali- fa:v, N. S. Fares. -Boston to Portland, $1 50; Eastport, $5 60; Ca- lais, $6 60 ; St. John, N. B., $6 60 ; Halifax, N. S., $10 Oa J. B. COYIiS, General Agent, Pobtlans, Mi. 316 ADVERTIPKMENTS. IlICMKr.rKU COM I' A NY'S Mill iwii ii:;;^ nil OF STEAMERS BET W KEN MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. The Large Upper Saloon Steamers, MONTREAL Cupt. Cottf, EUllOPA " Lapeli.r, Leave Montreal and Quebec daily (Sundays excepted), every eveninij, affording to passengers a delightful trip be'tween these two places of interest to all Tourists in Canada, stopping at SoREF,, Three Rivers, and Batisoan. The comfort and economy of this Line are unsurpassed, while the Route passes through one of the most picturesque districts in Canada, and is the most fashionable for Tourists. American Money taken at current rates. MONTOEAL TO THREE RIVERS. Steamer Three Rivers, Captain Joseph Duval. Steamer Napoleon, Captain Robert Nelson. Steamer Victoria, Capt. C. Davelny, runs between Mon- treal and Sorel, C. E. Steamer Chambly, Capt. F. Lamoureux, runs between Mon- treal and Chambly, C. E. Steamer Terrebonne, Capt. L. H. Roy, runs between Mon- treal and L' Assumption . Steamer L'Etoile, Capt. P. E. Malhoit, runs between Mon- treal and Terrebonne. f^ For further information apply at the Office, No 29 Commissioners Street, Montreal. J. B. LAMERE, General Manager, Montreal. 318 ADVERTISEMENTS. TJ IS TO IS II ^ L L, SARATOGA SPRINGS. This well-known Hotel is pleasantly located on the west side of Broadway, opposite the celebrated Congress Spring, and commands a view of the beautiful park connected with it. By the addition, just finished, of a handsome brick building two hundred and forty-one feet long, by fifty-five feet wide, and five stories high, it is much the largest Hotel in the place, having a front of over one thousand feet, and can accommo- date over one thousand guests. In extent and completeness the Dining Hall, Kitchen, and Laundry are unsurpassed in this country. - . . • i U, •,:i' > The court inclosed by the buildings forms a lawn of several acres in extent, intersected with well-shaded walks. Here a fine band of music, belonging to the house, contributes to the enjoyment of the guests every afternoon. The management of Union Hall, we trust, will meet with the approval of all who may honor us with their patronage. LELAND & CO., Proprietors. STANWIX HALL, Corner o€ Broadnray and mCaideii Liane^ ALBANY, N. Y., At thb JiTNCTTON OF THK Nkw York Centbal, Hudson Biteb, Haklkm, Eastern and Nobtukbn Bailboads. IP. Ttii>:Bii, f' Formerly of West Point ; St. Germain, New York ; and Pavilion, Bockaway, L. I., Respectfully informs the public generally that he has leased the above well-known Hotel, and refurnished, greatly im- proved, and put it in complete order, in every department, as a FIRST-CIiASS HOTEL, F. R. assures his friends and the public that no exertion will be wanting on his part to merit a continuance of that patron- age he has hitherto so liberally enjoyed. ADVERTISEMENTS. 310 lllf llllll IIM HIL The Fort William Henry Hotel is situated on the site of Fort William Hknry, adjoininLf Fort (Ieoiuje and tlio old French IJuryinu; and Battle; Grounds. The house is furnisiied in a style not surpassed by any city l)otol. The building is ;i37 feet in lenj^^th, with rear wing of 250 feet, and has Handsome Accommodations for 500 Guests, The rooms are airy, large, and in 8uits or Private Parlors, as may be desired. Water is brought from a mountain spring, one mile distant, and carried to every part of the house, where are furnished COlO AND WARM BATHS* The Public Parlor is 87 by 42 feet, fronting on the Lake, and magnificently furnished. The house is brilliantly lighted with gas, made on the premises, and guests will therefore not be subject to any disagreeable smoke or smell from oil or camphene. Ifi engageaching .SESSION OF PARLIAWENT, but also to the traveling community during the coming busi- ness and pleasure season. WILLIS RUSSELL, Proprietor. QuBBKC, May, 1S64. TORONTO, C. W. " Caffain THOMAS DICK, Proprietor. This House ia beautifully situated on Front Street, near tho Railway Station and Steamboat Latidings, and commands an extensive view of tlie Harbor, Islands, and Lake. r:*f" Carriages and trusty porters in attendance on the arrival of all Trains and Boats. THE RUSSELL HOUSE, ■f >.f OTT.A.-W-A., C "VST". The unuerslizned, proprietor of the above-named Hotel, bega leave to acquaint his numerous friends and the traveling public, that he has re- painted and newly furnished throughout this commodious establishment, in the management of which, by strict personal attention to his businesi and guests, he hopes to deserv'e encouragement and support . Ottawa, June, 1864. JAMBS A. GOUIN. S22 ADVKRTISKMKNTS. ADVBRTISBMKNTS. 323 CONGRESS SPRING. Much npurioiis Min«rul Water Ih 8old as *• Congress Water/' by unpnnci|>!ed persohs, who, wlicri tliey dare not uac that ,, name, call it *• Saratoga Water," L; although Saratoga is only the ' n?un« of the town where the Spring is Kituatcd. '1V> prottct tlie public from such imprjsitions we have all the corks branded with C. & W.'s stvmp, "CONGRESS WATER." i-- ^ *t CONOEEaS tiPEINO. Congress Water Orders addressisd to CLARKE & WHITE, AT rilKIR SOUTHERN UKPOT, No. 9§ Cedar Street, New York, OK AT Saratoga .Spriug^s WILL BK PROMPTLY ATTKNDBD TO. (D®M(S]IIi-1i ^:lFIS!MO WATW.M As anulyaed by Dr. Jokn If. Strbl, at the Spring. Chloride of Sodium 885,000 Hydiiodate of Soda, 3,600 Bi-Carbonatc of Soda S,9S2 Bi-Ciirhonate of Magnolia.. 95,7-8 OurtM>«ate of Lime 98,0^9 ( urlxmate of Irou 6,076 SiU'X atid Alumina 1,600 Ilydro-bromate of Potash, a trace 000 Solid contents in a gal h>n.. .597,943 Carbonic Aoid Gas.Sll Attnospiieric Air. . T Analysis made In London by Sir lIuMPUKEiL Davy and Professor Farauat from Congress Water bottled Seven Months. OiniiM. Chlof ide of Sodium 8S5.44 Hydriodate of Soda 4.0i Carbonate of Lime llfi.OO Carbon at(» of Magnesia 56.80 Oxide of Iron 64 Carbonate of Soda 66 Hydro-broiuate of Potash, a trace. 00 Qaseows contenta ( „.« .,,»,i^ i_ .i, in a gaUou, S Solid contents in a gallon. . . .608.48 CI.ARKE: A: WHITK, - V - , Proprietors of Congress Spring. 324 ADVKRTISEJIKNTS. EMPIRE SPRING WATER. The Empiee Spring was purchased by D. A. Knowlton in 1861, and was placed in the hands of a Stock Company in 18fiH. Tliis water is better adapttd to general use than any other Mineral Water on this continent. It" is more widely efiica- cious as a remedi^al agent than the water from any other min- eral spring. This opinion is sustained by eminent medical men, and, what is still more important, by the actual experi- ence of thousands. The public are fast becoming convinced of this, for it is a well-known fact tli-^t the owners of Congress Ki)rirTg have sold a very large amount of water for years, and yet the Revenue Tax paid by that Spring the last twelve months proves that in some of the best business months the Empire Spring Company have sold and shipped more water than the Congress. Saratoga Spkinos, June 8th, 1864. D. A. KNOWLTOflT, . t Pres't Saratoga i'!mpire Spring Co. SouTHEUN Dkpot 18 John St. New York. SARATOGA WATER-CURE, Opposite tliii "CoH^jreM^ Spriaag Park." OPKN AlA. THK YEAK. THIS IS ONE OF THE LARGEST W ATr-ll-OURES IN THE COUNTRY, ACCOMMODATING ABOUT TWO HUNDKED GUESTS. It is pleasantly located. The rooms, especially in the brick part, are large, airy, and well furnished. Persons visiting the Springs, either for health or recreation, ct:n be accommodated with a quiet home, good wholesome food, experienced medi- cal advice, and other facilities for restoration and enjoyment, which would make their stay here pleasant and profitable. .,^.^ , N. BESOSTHA, M.D., Proprietor and Physician. ,«cy^. « I,ill,lttli,l. W.vt - I (• ^^^^^^^^^^^^ KXPLAXA'I'IOIV. h-oj'me,! H.nl/lo.t.t, r,ni„l, 7=^ tnnr Fi>U:,hJ HuilwaJ^ ,l^6r,^na/M fy .%,.s: ' A' 'i (reyKiviTs J''"'" / ».. . ^ ' ^ s ■"l .-4 ; .^^^\: T^".-^-?T:^i:i '■.:t^5: v. /■ "■•■ '■* . I-'' Y ^TMiA ^■..yH..iK\J r/.,.;i .1 . nul (i^ \ () K E A/ li .; IJinvtivi'ii Sr^ ■■■'■ I i> // '' lir'A''m J "^^ V-- /. u J s f- EMjyvevhiu l^-^ v- ir-tt, WMiiU' |«;ic«i/<*.r< fl'lu'V''" / (;ir ) I' 'S< Tuiiritli'ii^iiimn- ,, i...-r* ■ -i' ■■■■ S llyinoiit SiAviiir /h\/,i ^iw ^' «c .^..11 -K- lr"v^4^ K< I) 11 m 1 f .•• 4 V7ll II' . -'Sl".^ I ^\ > J "jr^! yr„^,,y, /-''T Jr/.r,.<^^7^;7,,,,^^ II ^_ Jj# ! i/rWr^. ■"! TaT i ./fW^V *■ ''^'"> A ^nau^ '^Tli W'' I f -^p^E21£^^^ >i:TnnT.F. N^np^icrt^^pi^^ iMi c^ ,i3« '^isi*^ •^^"rapnw^^^iM -— T -I|i> IT, If- M AiiksinV i~\ } \> 2^ llv'V^^ V AAi rT Sirtitj'^lMt ^OJT;l?//;:>J--."j4 V---4v f , 1 r ,/ , U-- y ">}''"'i • Ki'/idWii E R I , /■■■ 1 " 1 ffit'llVfJ \ , JlLj.. 1 * A I) iWJlJ /•'TO ^' 7 rflliilsuin II.17 UmtySh/irr Lg ''iintKlowit iL}t'tr--*'*ff0^im^y ■'^;-r^«'ai j^ihrntm/^ . r // f,tt^;S^^ ''' p/itj^iiT/wn y^^f.nhidvo A •■■•;> J. i /"o^ f*^^l ■■•/ ■■Jfmiiiiin .....J \--' <^ . ~/- i /-^ flwivr /w^^^uiv— afM(l;lrrfi7i /\ \ '^ ..i'" T. './„,; ■«! .; M.4N"T'Tr<)\fr(j K r. O At. n A?< v|!iiiv:;v,;,;i^ ,{f /^|77m) i-*^'''"*"^- v*0| li fiiiitihiJiii jjf/\ I'. Itlniig lluntuif 'nift(l.iym\ SfU'iip^ilc S V \. I^ :V7 Aj N\ k"*7b I ' K 1^^ i «\\*-N3ls/^.^ii%^ kii; .■siriiiiii.sdiiiji oL~^ / tml ■■^■^ i n . ■■■■■ T^^^ i.ii m^ \' \!^mf^:A ^ A • I.* S't.,, CAriAL, i*ts^ r N "iDiiMi'SU: K'""Y>r»/(j V I! BAIIHOAD ROUTES IN CANADA, Ac. tbiirg t,,m>^,^^ r'-^ tV tk:^ ^«:>«'^ =W^J>!^-''ttr».^0 -S^^^ v^'' -^ MJfit^ .' P^rM'*"!!*°^"°*'''*''*'^«''«»d Trunk Railway Wmki:' , ^"'tlanrt to Quebec, «> wuiway, f#M/ ' . ^"«^«c *o R! viore du Loup Mm , "«'»'>-««l ^0 Rouse's Point. N, ' f ?? **| ..Montreal to Toronto,. "^^ I ;, . Toronto to Sarnia, (A,ot Lain," Ou;jn.):: . ; Jjo |)|;: 8arma,C. W., to Detroit. Mich ^f 9 V) -iii^n^' 4^^ — -^_^> «.iv7i; ilPhmi ^^frr ^tCi'^r'^lL \IHk -if' ■ i^*^ f' 149 /mjT i /£ llF^f-'--.'; MilM. .294 .818 n ! ^"17 M'i' Hn.nil*,.« *.. r,...,_. 31 yVyAiT/.i ^4^ Hamilton to Quelph, '[ London to Sarnia Vth i^'^-i Toronto to Collin«rwood, Buffalo to Ooderich, 0. W., ... Port Hope to Lindsay, C. W , Prescott to Ottawa City, '. Brock vflle to Ottawa Ri'v«r,'..', 8t. Johns to Waterloo, C. E.,.', 6H 9 39 .28 .61 .94 169 .43 .64 .43 ' ^^^ H2 * ^Fz iwi^ 4 .■\v '% # iiiii:. CANALS m CANADA. Rideau Canal, Welland Canal ""^ St. La wrencvCani ::;■;". ^^ Beauharnois Canal,.. ..V,; ^1 La Chine Canal, ... ^'* 8i Knttrv^ aefcrtHnp t„ ..i,., ,,,• ^. ■on,n-a..y ,„ ,h,-j:a.}m 7;v^S ""•"■■11 in III, cU;la- vm^^!r ""■ ""■"'•••' '''^7!nwI^!T!5I^ I'lxln,; ,,/'.v,.w r,rt ^^mm^ Jh/ihy/i,;/ /ly ,/. /)/. ;Aj^JAL. JiAJL JiDAD' b. 3 "/ i! A J>J 13 OA"/ iiOU"! DA, fto. ay 294 i 318 12(i 44 383 1 69 , m >it, Mich 229 ! 39 28 r 61 ! 169 1 43 i 64 I ■••••I..... .43 t 130 , 28 : 21 lU 84 PRlNril'AI. RAIL ROAU ROT^'ras llnimtSh tliv MiiliUi'.NoilUfni ami Kfislpni Slnlos. Troiu ■Wiishiii^'lou fo H/ilriiiuitv ■ l!aliiiiuirt> 1(1 W)i ■ Phfladplplria to NcwTork.Via Tjwrton • lliilailelphia tc Ntnv York ^n Cnridpii ?cAmbo.y Hail Uoail ■ UewTorkio CliaOMin I Tornors • H^pw York to Dirliliiik NewTork to rnvmipurl I,..I. ■ Hiia.siui to Wtist Stockluiflpe .MrtSfi. ' AU):na,y to NiJw Ywk Ti,i non.satoiiicl'.Mil lUiad • Albany to Saifituya .Spi-iiinH Alhini.v to BuniUo a)u.-oct HouM ■ Jtuflalo to Nlaoaia Fnlls ■ JttRCara falls to I)«."h-oif. Alicli, ■ Sjniciisf til OsH'oiji. • Tmy viaSaratofa Stu-iiio's to Wbitdi;i II Ttxry to Rutlaud. Vt. Altiaiiy to bostim. vja .'Spjiiirfit'ld ■ JlostiTii to r'oTtJaml Mo. viH Ivistprii Hail Hoai! • Hosloii 10 J'oitlaiol via Boston and .Maiiio RailJloail Ho.-Ooii to roni'iird N.ll, via l.owtVH Hostoii via I'ltdibiipp- Mas.s. to Hollows Kails \'t. ■ lio.sloit to New Hortloru M.tss. ■ llO.' 1 IIU'II •K) .Milos pTom Washiutft •}7f) 'nioiire b.\ 85 . ■ H;iliiiii()ti' '99 .. Jl;tlthnoi-p 353 .. i|' Wliniii^clnu M3 ,. 1 ITiiladiiljilri 08 ■. ' • PMIadrfplu .'•0 ■• NpwToi'k t i:ii NewYorlt t WiO • TJewYork t m ■ iS'ewYink 1 3:\ NrtvYinls t i!u; N«wYiirk t .•1!" 1 New York t 2!)» ■ NowTorlj. t 1*** 1 • iliO.StOR to 1 Z.to ■ Bost Tl to J :t;. . • roiflaiid tt 72 .. ■ rortlauii tc «.■! Hoston to ^'('11 ■ CaJdwoJl to 1(1,1 ■ ■WhitohnTl t III Thwirp li_\ 74 .. i :. •• Os-wet'b 10 3 III Motitiv.al tt ,"i; ■ l). III J'UilMileJpliia.Tia Chesapeake 8;DplawaifH.T3s Uti 10 M'ilniiHClou ])t'l. to lliiladetjilna ITiihidiiljilrin to Trtjif May PMladrfpliia I0 Tiviitcm LV..I. I^pwToi-k tu Albany NevrYoj-k to IVoj ^'evrYol•k to Hj-idglFpoi't t'oim. Xew Voile to yowriavru NpwVm-ls to All.fns roim ISV-wYiii'k to Stouingiou New York to ft-inidpiice IJi-wYork. to FiiTI Kivor ' via Xowpovl Jiostim to roiilaml Jlo. Host r to Jiaiiybr Me. raii]aiui to HallowpH rorQanil to Baus'tn- Ho.«to3i to St^lolm? NB. 0;ildwi>ll to Ticimdwooa on l,;il.-.' iuhu'o'c- ■WhitoJiaTl t(i StJotms.rajiaila Thm.T ti.vRail Hoad Jt.^toaniboat 10 Mmitrpal OswegVi toMoiiti-nalviti (loVlpjishurofi Mtnitival to (^lulipc O.'iwpiyti to Lpwiston l.t'wjsiim 10 riatiiiltoT) l';uuula l.pwisionto Monn-oal.via Toromo aiut' ICinostini UivD'iiln to Tolrdn. llliin ButFalo In J)ptmit , Midi, Bulihlo to niieaob Jl JHdi'alo to ilii|ipewa.raTiflda Buffalo to Siuuiiiskv. Ohio 32 PO 30 113 1.10 60 73 I2(t l;ui l.'iii lii.t |(i,-, 243 HI 1.10 •1(10 .•It! 1.-0 J4 ;^07 I HO loO .■iti .l;i7 .":'(! 1.1)47 20' I' 50