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AND Popular Discontents Confidered 5 And the ESTABLISHMENT of the Eng/i/^ Colonks in America, WITH Various fubfequent Proceedings, A N D T H k Prerent Contefls, examined, with Intent to promote their cordial and perpetual Union with their Mother-Country, FOR THEIR MUTUAL HONOUR, COMFORT, STRENQTHv 4«i> SAFETY, ^Ft/ciom is better than iVeapons of War, Eccles. ix. 1 8. - re^-arTai i^tv re (p^im e&p^y, J], 6. 203 Concordidresparv^ crefcunt, difcordid maxumce dilabuntur. Sal. LONDON Printed, and Sold by J. A L MON^ppoCte P.r%/,„.ffi„/., i>/,,,^y^. MOCCLXVIII. TTff I ! M( w *i *. VJ L ( 3 ) Continued Corruption, STANDING armies; AND f. r PpPULAR DISCONTENTS, i'- ■■ . i ii't i .4 ft*!., i- . »• i * •«* . CONSIDERED, STc. CONTJNiU,ED corruption, ftanding arinies. and diffentions, fingle.or utiitcdin different proportions, have caufed the ruin of kingdoms and ftates innumerable, and through that immutable ncccffity which the God of nature hath cftabiiflicd oaufcs will produce their effcftsj nevcrthclcfs'wc fecm to aft under a per- 'lafion that our conftitution is able to bear thcfe maladies under any complication or cncrcfafe; and tho* the firft named difeafe alone, without due preventive care, hath never failed to deftroy every free ftate inftftcdbyit, yetin^eadofa diligent application of the mofl cfficatious remedies, whereby the kingdom, would have acquired ftrength at home, and credit abroad, we haVe lately feen our ftatc- phyficians take fuch courfcs as far exceed my inclination -^d-talents ibr cchfurc. ^ non objiat qmdobftarepottfifacere iiidetm^ -is am^xim pf ( 4 ) of our laws, and yet. inftcad of withftanding this mifchicf to the ut- moft. they were plcafcd, contrary to their indifpenfibic duty, as well as their declaration, to withftand thofc who in faithfalnd's to their country laboured to obtain an effeaual remedy. It is evident that the moft intelligent and worthy Romans, in the imperial a*, well. as free ftatc. were felicitous to prevent bribery and corruption, agreeing in opinion with Pompty, that this was the origin of all public miferics, and that having purged that humour, the com* mon-wcalth would foon recover its former vigour; and it is nccdlef* to fay that the men renowned, for wifdom. and regard for the public good, from Mofes to Montejquieu have held the necefTity of expelling corruption in order to the public happinefs. The latter fays of the Roman people, that •« when virtuous they were ma^anjmoua j but «• when their morals were corrupted the more power they were poC " feffed of the lefs prudent was their condud, till at length upon be- coming their own tyrants and Oaves they loft the flrength of liberty to fall into the weakncfs and impotency of liceatioufnefs." The fame author declares, that " when once a republic is corrupted there «« is no poffibility of remedying any of the rifing evils but by removing «* the corruption, and reftoring its loft principlei, cvciy other correc- «« tion being cither ufekfs, or a new evil." And according to Mr. Locket when the legiftativo is chofen " in another way than the fo- •* ciety hath prefcribed, thofc chofervare not the Icgiflativc appointed *-' by the people;* And after describing the corrupt fnetbods ta^en in his time with the eleftw^s and el^v^ed, he fays '« thus to reguUte V candidates and dehors, and new model the ways of eledlion, what ' is it but to cut up the government by the roots, and poifon ^e very fountain of public fecurity ? For the people having reftrvcd to then^. felves the choice of their reprefentatives, as the fence to their pro- ** pcrties> could do it for no other end but that they might always. •♦ be freely chofen, and fo chofen, freely aft and advife, as the nccei; •' fity of the .«ommo». wealth, aod the public good ftiould, upon exa- ..: ** minatioa -, ' -f • ti:n%"\m tdmo * The king, hie miniftcrs, or the houfc of commons, have not, I prc- fumc, authority to difpenfc with this ftatute, and refcind the difabi- lities incurred by the tranfgreffion of thofe numerous and notorious offenders againft it in the late general election, which would be in eifcdt making a reprefentation pro tanto of the kingdom, in dired repugnance to this Aatute, and the fpirit of the conftitution. The corrupt praAices inhibited by this a/,„„ „„ made, m 1 fo l^ ften engraven on the way from RM„i .<» c,/«.^, ^ ^^ich ,hev devoted to the infernal gods, and declared to be guilty Tf f7crn«e -f PVrife. .hofe who ftould with a legion. ti.hVn aw t relates ^^„.^^«„„„^ ,„ h,, from A-w/W to «,«., fa,v and care^lly tranfcribed. this noble monument of antiquity, ftandTng o„ un'atn "° """'T' "*""" " W-ing tha't th'; fJous^n! juna^n was more ample in its authority and matter than the illuftri- ous M,«,eJ,uuu fuppofes I (hall here give a copy of it T,TO. MAN,P„LAKUVE. C.NT. T«R„^VE. «G,ONAK,^. AR- MAT. ^.„,s which hath hitherto enabled us to be ** io confidcrable a nation, and which, in ou'- opinion, is cifential to " our being ^.Jree p^ple." The coiiftitution of a free ftate is an objedt fo noble, important and delicate, that it deferves and requires our conftant diligence, care, and jcaloufy for its prefervation, accompanied with fuch vigorous efforts as particular occafions require. The beft princes are not to be truftcd with powers that may become ruinous to the people in the hands of the woift ; and the reigns of good princes, influenced by weak or wicked miniftcrs, are more grievous to the fubjcdl than the reigns of bad princes who have good minifters i and armies being liable not only to be influenced by their own ideas of their ftrength and impor- tance, but alfo to be garbled, managed, prepared, and commanded in fubfervicnce to arbitrary purpofes, the danger of thofc free ftates wherein large (landing armies are long continued puts mc in mind of ^he condition of Damocles » the flatterer of Dionyfius the Sicilian tyrant, and his fuppofed happinefs, who, to convince him of his mi- ftake, caufed him to be attired, attended, and feafted with the gran- deur and delicacy of a king ; but with a naked fword hanging by a horfe-hair over his head, with the point downward. After what precedes, I am very lorry to find it is impoflible for me to difcufs with precifion every point relative to the late execife of mili- tary violence, whereby the land was ftained with innocent blood ; but I cannot forbear faying that, in my poor opinion, no perfon, unlefs de- void of all due fenic of humanity and juftice, as well as found policy, can \\\ mt C r» ) Mfi fuppofc that any part of a free people are to be put to death,- without legal trial, by the foldiery, ii^vc through extreme neceflity.- That after making the beft enquiry in my power, it appears to me there was no neceffity for the firing which took place. That, to ufe the words of that amiable and excellent author Pluiarcb, the mob •' might have been fubducd by force, without proceeding to wounds " and naughter'by the foot-foldierj. — That the horfe, which wore prefent, whereof part fufficcd to drive them into the high-way, might,- wiihout killing any. have difpcrfcd them all That the numerous, riotous, and dangerous Bhomjbury mob. to the great honour of the per- ions concerned in fuppreffing it, were dipcrfcd without ufmg any fuch violence. Precedents will not fleep, and they who pretend to learn- ing and knowledge, and yet cannot difcern any difference between- the ufe of civil and military force in a free ftatc, are, I conceive, unworthy members of it. Modern politics had given to pofterity abundant caufc for their aftoni(hment, if not for their fuffcring, with-, out proceeding after condemnation of general warrants to the general firing of part of an army on an unarmed people, without neceffity : and we may remember that if any man. by legal condemnation for the higheft offence, is become the fubje^ft of death, it is murder to put him to death in other manner than the law direcfls. Having no time to add, I Oiall now leave this bufinefs to thofe patriots who have a due regard for their country and their charadter. Divide & impera is a maxim proper for our enemies, yet we have for fome years paft been rxtremely diligent in applying it to ourfelves , but our fa<5lions and divifions, with their caufes, being notorious I fliall, without proceeding here to their particular defcription, leave their comparifon with former times to others, after obfcrving. in the words of Sir William Temple, that when " the fire (of fadiion) is kindled '« both fides inflame it ; all care of the public is laid afidc, and nothing " is purfucd but the intereft of the fa « ptrtyi tnd all the tadent required it, to be hot, to te hmAyt to be ** ¥ioldiii of one fidd or other. When th*^ iterma arc railed the «• wife and the good are cither di%raced or laid afide, or retire of «< themfelrce, and leave the fcenc fttc to fuch at are mod eager or •• moft adive to gel upon the ftage, or find moft men ready to help «• them up.** *' From thcfe feeds grow popular commotions, and at left feditions, ** which lb often end in feme fatal periods of the beft governments, ** in fo ftrong convuHions and revolutions of ftate, and many times •« make way for new inftitutions and forms, never intended by thofe «• who firft began or promoted them i and often determine cither in «• fetting up fome tyranny at home, or bringing in fomc conqueft '* from abroad : for the animofities and hatr^nl of the fa^iions grow ** fo great, that they will fubmit to any power, the mo(V arbitrary ** and foreign, rather than yield to an <^poike party at home." And our politicians, by adding error to error, having clearly proved to the prefent and all future ages that they have greater talents for dividing* and embarraflftng a nation than for healing its diflBcnticms and pro- moting its welfare, let us cail to our remembrance the following paf- fagee of the fMie excellent author, who after his reflexions on the diflficultiea and dangers that attend human governments, in order to their fafety, pbfcrves among other things that it con fids ** in pur« •• fuing the true and common intereft of the nation they govern, •« ti^thcut efpowfing thofe of any party or fa«Stion j or if thcfe arc fo- *^ formed in a ftate that they muft incline to one or other, then to *' chuie and favour that which is moil popular, or wherein the great- *« eft or ftrongeft part of the people appear to be engaged : for as the end of government feems to hefalus p^puliy fo the ftrcngth of the government is the confcnt of the people." Sayin^^ afterwards, tJMt ** the comparifon between aftate andatihiphas been (b illuftrated •• by poets and orators, that 'tis hard to find any point wherein they ** differ j and yet they feem tp do it in this, that in great ilorms and ; ** rough <( <« I ii ( It > «« « «l «• <« << «• •f « «( <« II If <« l« «( <• (I << « «« «( 4« «< ■.>„«,, ,„ «i„.i„ f,„ ,,„ ^^^^^^ , ^. « n.uan lud c«n(H,u«l (1,. tow from the foundaiu,, of iheciiv without cotmnumctiog their pr,vi.,g...o .ny people, except .he o;„i,rd Z- .« . wh„... the R«„„ 1,^ corrupted the purity of their govern. fettlement , and that they even chofe foreigner, tor their ki„« IZ the greatell p.rt of their lenate confifted of ftr«,ger.. To th., nu^ "'. : ; 'i„ f '" '"'" '■""" '-'""'»''"■"«' "^'--ng coml „ie^ .he r.ght. of our c.y to .11 who .re def.ro... of then,, .h« „e.v.. pUce our chut glory in ,h„.ftion, of which inrtitution. wor.h^ the Or«>., whole repu.it.on ., in a great tneafure, if „o, prin! -pally, owng to thi.i„fti,u.ion, which as i. ha, b^en .o uf .h. or repent of, as of an error in our condua. With ,., th. :; racy, the dignity of a fena.or, and other lout «. SToI by men oi great fortunes, nor by .hofo who cJ^„TuZZ o Unceftors .11 na.ive, of .he coun.ry. bu. by fucb 7. . Z .^" " weall, adni!« -X """P"'"' ""^ '""'y "fhe common! " fim 1 !^ . " °""."« '° "■" '"""""y ""' °" «i«y. from beine .. neiJih ""'•"■'""''''• " '"""= '"g« ""i formidabirto U* .hathasl.,d the foundation of that fovereignty which none of .b^ " Lat,m prefume to difpu.e with us." " *" ° The fi' t i 1 nf: i r ! ' i t . a i ; ( H ) The determination of the Roman fcnatc and people rcfpedling the Privernates would have entitled them to immortal honour if they had never conquered the world, nor enriched it with law and learning, nor given dignity and ftrength to their ftate by their public vertue in punifliing with death that fell dcftroyer of human freedom, and aH human excellence, corruption. In the year of Rome 395 the conful C. Fabius Ambujius rafhly engaging the Jarquinienfes was worfted, and the enemy having made 307 of his foldiers prifoners, in contempt of the Romans, after treating them very ill, they inhumanly facrificed them all, and in the fame year the inhabitants of Felitra and Priver'- num, both of them cities, and the latter the capital, of the Volfct, making a fudden incurfion, ravaged part of the Roman territory; but in the next year C. Mareius Rutilus being commiflioned to revenge the caufe of Rome, and having gained the affedion of his foldiers, forced the enemies camp near Privernum, and drove them before him into the city, which he diredly prepared to take by aflault ; whereupon the inhabitants, to prevent their city from being facked, fubmittecT, and furrendered all to the Remans, In the year 411 the Latins openly declared againft Rome, but not till the Privernates had committed the firft hoftilities, by ravaging the territory oi Norba and Setia two Roman colonies, in the next year the conful C. Plautius Hypfaus took Pri- verjium, which he rcftored to the inhabitants, after he hadplaccd a ftrong garrifon in it. In the year 423 the Privernates, joining the inhabitants oi Fundi, again ventured to infult the Romans, plundering with fury the territories of Setin, Norba and Cora-, whereupon two confular armies marched againft them, at the fight of whom, rather than in confequence of any aftion, they fled with their general into Privernum, which was tiien fo well fortified that the Romans who fat down before it were not able to take it in that year; but in the next the confuls L. Aemilius and C. Plautius employing all their forces againft it it was reduced ; but whether by aflault, as fome, or by fur- render at difcretion, after emploring the mercy of the confuJs, as others; C> ( ^5 ) others relate, is uncertain j the latter fay that the Prkernatts fcnt de- puties, who came to the generals carrying the caducous in their ha.ids, and begged pardon. This relation feems moft probable. The conful Fhutius after his triumph undertaking the protection of the prifoncrs taken in the courfe of the war folicited the fenate to treat them witb clemency ; ami when their caufe came on, fome advifing mild, and othco rigorous meafures, " one of the deputies of the Pr/W/;^/«, re- •' membering the condition in which he had been born, rather than - his prefent fad fituation, rendered it ftill more precarious i for being - afked by one of the fenators who had propofed to treat them with" * r!"^; ^^''' P^'^'J^"''^' ^' ^bought hr countrymen deferved, he re- phed. Such as tbofe deferve who think them/elves nvortby of being free " When the conful faw that thofe who before oppofed the caufe of « the Pnvernatcs were more exafperated by this haughty anfwer, that " riA*"'! . ^'"^ ' ""'^^'^ °"' ^y ^ ^^"d q^eftion* he faid « What kind of peace can we expeO' to have with you, if we jhould forgive y^^\JP[^'\^nd perpetual replied he, if you grant us a good oner butiftt is a bad one. it will be of no long continuance. Some confidered •• thefe words of the Priverniite, as an open menace, and tending to * excite his countrymen, who were quiet, to revolt : but the more - judicious part of the fenate put a moro favourable conftrudion upon, theanfwers, and faid. the deputy had fpoken like a brave man, and one that wasfreK Canyon believe, added they, that any people or Jingle man, wtll rematn tn a condition they are weary of longer than neceL obhges them? Peace can only be faithfully obferved by tbofe who make it ^ttb a good w:ll; but no fidelity is to be e.pciled from a people by thofe 'Who would reduce them to favery. The condil himfelf contdbuted moft to bring over the fenate to this opinion, by calling out fre- < niW fi 'I ;t ;?'' '"" '"""^^ ^°"^"^^> -^ gave'their opi- ^^ nions firft, fo oud that many members could hear him, that rL only were worthy to become Romans who were jealous of their liberty r above all things. By this means they carried their point in the fenatt « and *i ( a6 ) •• and by their order a bill was prefented to the people for grantimr the *' Vniiunatei the freedom of Rome" ,;i"hc liiftorians who relate this tranfaaion name not the m-n who %vhcn in chains, and in danger of fuffcring under the f^vord of the con^ qucror. had a mind fo free, and a fpirit fo noble, that he wa« able bc- ore the moil awful affcmbly to defend the common rights of man kind, and by his intrepid finccrity to obtain for his country when qpprefled with bondage and milcry, the reftoration of their city to^e tjier with the rights of the Roman common- wealth, from which thev had revolted with hoftile fury. After ereding a thoufand ftatues to pcrfons far lets worthy, I amforry we know not the name of thia noble Prtvernan, who fo well dcferved a ilatue of gold formed b^ tl;c hand of Phidias, ' But adoption of the allies Grangers and pcrfons deftitute of fettlement. with their enemies, when conquered, after the braveft refiftance, mto the Roman ftate, inAituted by Romulus, confirmed hy.7uLus Hojiilius, and pradliced with fo great aavantage to the common-wealth, by encreafmg the number of faithful citizens, ad addmg ftrcngth to ftrength, with the enlargement and fecu2 ofempKe, and now fo freely conferred on the PW;;a/.. by Z part or the Roman fenate. had not the continuance which its utility aJid excellence invited, and the public welfare required; althoui the Romans had by this policy raifed themfelves from the fmalleft nation to the greatcft, and from the moft obfbure to the moil illuftri, cysi for ,n the fe ;enth century the change of manners caufed fuch a change of pohcy at Rome as occafioned the focial war, which brought that city when exalted to fuch a height of glory as to be the admL tion of all nations, to the brink of ruin. Diodorus Siculus, an author of great credit who lived in the reigns of Julius C^far and Augu/lus, and refided at Rome, in order to obtain that knowledge which he could not colled elfewhere, obferves that - the iirft caufe of the war was th« - declenfion of the Romans from that orderly, pious and temperate in- " ftitution I C i7 ) '• ftltutlon by whiih thcy had fo greatly encreaf.l , j ^ •■ propcnfi.y ,0 luxury and incontinence , for Z ' ''''^''° " ing contcft. between the commonslnd th """P""" °«^«on. '•having called in the /..AW ~ a.d wi,K '• ""' ""' '""" :: -he.„. and e«abiin,ing by w'ri:^^;:'^?? thur proci.fcs not being made good to th. /, ; . ''^'^"^' ;■ into war with the R.J, ;„ the" nfdmip ffr'l"'"^ ^""^ <•« =.nd «,«;«,>,«,.. ,ha, i,. i„ the year V6aM'''''''''"''«^'"' liberty is le(R„ed by anothers eniovinT.h r ° ""'"'* '"'«'"» .hereby better fecu'redrblZrVr^ ■""' ? *' ""'^y " " -ruption are at all ti^es irZCt CT'' '"'^f''' "" tl'ey wipe out of the mind all libe al and ^ m" "/'""' "P""'"" retund or oppofe the diflate, of wiflom "1 ^ ''""■"=""• "«' caufed fuch a departure from the ™ierof r '."' ""'•""' ">«y equity a. fubjeaed the Ro.,„ to grea'er favl" ''°,'"^' J'"''^^ "^ ".ey had fuffercd under P.rri.. ShZZ'jZI^'"'''"'' *"" perated by the haughty treatment which Xe 1,7 " "'"""''- .at,on, fent before they determined .1 take th Ifd " A *"' ''P- things the deputies faid •' Our Drer.nf! . ^"'°"S other " neither new, „or tumultuoufl/Sd ' r'^'P'/"*-- »,« " great while pad been defirou^ If 7 ■ ^"''^-'^'''ers have , •• republic, and thought they had foL*"*'"^ '""l»"'ed into you, " honours of the r1„ go Lme^ fincf.Lr ^""1 "'''' p'""^ " expence of her wars. And if y;u con.^^ ' " "'"'*'"» «" •• treatment of us wo are now determined . ^°" ""'"n-Ptuou, •■ you fword in hand. Determine tleT """"'' *'^'"= '''ghts of •■chufe tohave us for yo r^i s " "i; °"« ^^ »" whether y„„ which the fenate anfwer'd ThT/J "" °^ ^^^^ °'y-" To baradors from the ..Ztl tl y^cfrin^'^r 'T' "° »- '- w.th marks of repentance, wherLp "the a lietlr • """*'• ='"'' (mc ud,„g ,1, ^^^ P the alhes defpa,„„g „f f„^g g«lph) united and formed a new'comlr^t tt'i: "" "' ^'^'^"^ jj wealth, in imitation of the Roman i : ( »8 ) Roman when free from corruption, domedic violence and confudon, making the ftrong town of Corfinium in the country of the Peligni their capital, prepared for war, raifed forces, and fet out an hundred thou- fand men, horfe and foot. The Reman army, including their faithful allies, was not lefs numerous, and L, Julius Ca/ar and P. Rutiiius Lupus , men of diftinguifhed merit, being chofen confuls for the en- fuing year, they were both appointed to command, and for their af- iiftance the greateft men of the age were appointed their lieutenants; to wit A. Rabirius, Cn. Pompey Strabo, father of Pompey the Great, ^ Capiat C. Perpenna^ C. Marius, Valerius Mejfala, A. Sextus Cafar, P. Lentulus, his brother, T. Didius, Licinius Crajfus^ Cornelius Sylla, and Marcus Marcellus, afligning to each his quarter, with the autho- rity of pro-conful, fending them recruits from time to time; neverthe- Icfs in the firft action a large body of Romans commanded by Perpenna, lieutenant of Rutiliusy were routed, and 4000 flain j and in an a'^^«/&/>. Upon which the fathers Catrou and /?.«///. with reafon afic, « why then had fo much blood been fpilt ? • Should Rome have at firfl: haughtily refufedto give what fiie fhould afterwards be obliged to grant with fhame ? However neccflity ' obliged her to admit the juft claims of a great number of cities, "which had been forced to fupport their right fword in hand." By this law many of the confederate cities who were defirous to take the benefit of it, were drawn ofl^ from the enemy ; and if the Marfi Lucan^. and Samnites had not fupported the revolt, peace would probably have been reftored to Italy before the end of the ■year : but this war continued ftill fo dangerous that Rome ne- gleaed all wars abroad, fo that altho' Mitbridates^z, in motion. ia l|^,i;! ( 30 ) Cher, were ,ppoi„..d .0 profccuec ,h. war agj^ft fh, .llT^ rT m.rch.ng wi.h his army i„ the month oi^^^^^r^^^TZ' L'tf Acerr^. carried on by ^p^iu., and ilcw Soooof hisle^ „ .h ^ /-o^/^ returning from /!.„, .i.h ,„„, f™ .^ L fietel^T'' /««, d.feated ,„ army of .j.ooo men «hocam" o affe irof f "" re/pea. ; wherefore, m order ,0 its concluf.on, the tribune M P/ZZ Shanus obtamcd a confirmation of the >/,-^ law by thf peontTn .hefe words f>i.cl,i.^s./,i.MJa,: .Hcbfl^nfTll <.>e >f,b, promulgation „;tu ,a^, j^M t, ^w cUizen /• vt Metellus, App. Claudius, or P. Gabinius, within Ihcti dan ■ wherr .Tollfd' t"a;i"T "f "' '" ''■^'' ""-'■'^^ f- »>'^r.s .0 be" Wr'. , ^ f"«<:«dedthe former citizens of Rome ■ but 'he an.mo,.ty of many of the allies ftill continuing, their genTal" :' a.:^=tr'*f"" •""" °' '""' "■"• "<"«'-«. '"'i ^«"- S r,,! \ n ' ^'■'" "'"^- ■^'"^ ■P'"»/>" defeated in a pitched battle andCr, ,„ vain collefling freft forces the T.AVwere fubdued .0 .helaice Fuc^us, rcfolved .0 force .heir camp. When sX&oTJL ready to^declare for him he was killed by a d' r. from an tkLwn hand. Upon th,s the Mttrfi recovered themfclves, chafed the RomJn^ and cut them m p.eces in ,he r retreat. R.„„ was fomewhat cTm orted under the lofs of her conf.l and his army by favou !« ntTl". hgence from other parts. Cofaniu., one of their pro-confuls, had driven the i. C 3t ) the Samnites to the Adriatic fca, where he defeated Mariui Egnatius, , an active general of the allies, who being killed in the adion left ' his troops to ihc Samnite Trebatius, He took upon hirn the command, and having more ardour than judgment was defeated by Cojlonius, with the lofs of 15000 men, cfcaping dirticultly with the rell into Canufium. This vidtory enabled Cofconiui to ravage the countries of the LarinaUs, Venufii, zndPediculi, and to reduce them to the Roman obedience.. - Upon thefe difarters the fenate of the allies removed witli their! magazmes from Corfinium. therival of Rome, to Efernia, in the country oi the Samnites, and in fupport of their finking caufc they rcfolvcd to invite Mithridates to their aid, to extend the revolt into 6/V/7v, and fecure a fea-port for thefe purpofcs. Thejunaion oi Mitbri^ dates at the begining of; the warj might poffibly have put an end to the domination of old Rome, and raifed a new one in Italy and have given him the chief command in the eaft ; but now thefe defigns came too late, and they were intircly fruftrated by the policy, valour, and good fortune of Sylla and Pompey, The pro-conful Sylla had for fome time been ranging tliro' the enemies territories, pairing from country to country, and from vidory tovidory; after which befieging Stabia he took it by afiault, and then joining to hi« legions the mutinous troops of Pojihtimius, who had killed their ge- neral by reafon of his haughty treatment, he laid fiege to the ftrong. cxiy oiPompeti, C/«.«//«5 haftened with a more numerous army to Its relief, and after encamping about 400 paces from the Roman army, his confidence being encreafed by his numbers, he marched out into the plain in order of battle. S^lla would not decline the challenge, tho' great part of his army was foraging, and he charged the enemy with great bravery , but he found that valour cannot always prevail over numbers, by whom he was fo hard prefT- ed, that he gave way, and was very near being routed when his •cavalry returned from foraging. This reinforcement gave fre/h * . courage ( 3» ) courage to the IRemant, who again engaging the enemy briikly vi<> tory foon declared in their favour, and the enemy retreated with loft^. in order to return to the charge. Cifalpine Gaul being inclined ta revolt, Ctuentius foon received a reinforcement thence ; and now bcinr* ftronger, and more rcfolute than ever, h« marched into the plain, and infulted Sylla within reach of \m entrenchments. SylU diredtly prcr pared for battle, and whilft all things were geting ready for aaioik s gigantic Gaul mai'ched out from the fquadrons, and by way of pre- lude to the battle challenged the braveft of the Romans to fight him in fingl© combat at the head of the two armies. Sylh in contempt of the Gaul fent out in anfwer to his defiance a young Moor^ who was little, fquat, and ugly, but brave, a good horfeman, and very ex-, pert at throwing a javelin j with the firft that he threw he ftruck the Caul dead on the fand j whereupon, Qi uncertain arc the events of war, this flight bufincfs caufcd one of the moft memorable viaoriet- Rome ever gained. The Gauls by the lofe of their champion were ftruck with a panic -, they difperfed, and their flight produced that of their confederates : and the Romans purfuing them fafter than they fled, cut 30,000 of them in pieces. Cluentius with difficulty reached Nolo with the remains of his army, and after refting fome days affemblcd all the troops he could, and encamped near the city, Sylla foon be^ came mafter of Pompeii, which furrendered at difcretion, and then ad- vancing dirc Ucm, » come to their relief, endeavour^ to gain time by fpeciou* -nufcment., but S,l,a w« no. to b. deluded, and fceing tCougl^ Ae,r devjce. he aUowed them only on. hour for deliberation, L »la.nly told them that if they did no, furrender he wou'd reduce them and the,r cty to aflie., for which he nude immediate preparation, whereupon they fubmi.ed, f.ving their live, only by «pUula,ion *. h the key. of the.r c,t.«, imploring him to fpare the miferie. of m.htary execution, ^ he was cootent with their fubmiffion wi.hout tncir ruiiK And no;^ Sylla determined to attempt the redu£tion of Efernia, the prefent r.val of ^me. Succcfs there would make the 500 fenators of thealhes prifoncrs,andph,ck up the war by the roots ; whereupon he marched into Sammum, but there he found new difficulties, for For- tune cou d not for the iake of her favorite remove mountains or rocks with other impediments, and fmooth thofe ways which were in thci? mature fcarce paffable; however he marched on with refolution and dihgence, um.l his army was got into a narrow pafs. when the bravp ^pomus with hu army appeared. Now Sylla faw his miAake and his danger ; his prefent condition brought to his remembrance the Caudian Forks never mentioned without horroar by the Romans, who there fubmited, as every one knows, to the hard fate of paffing under the diffi' 1. I rjf"' '"' '^'"^ cverenclined to follfw when il difficulties thefuddendiaates of his mind, rather than fuffer the d ! lays of deliberation, he foon took the wifeft meafures, and under pre- ^nceof a treaty procured feveral interviews with ^ponius, who agreed, to a truce; but when the ceffation of arms had made the SaLius negligent he gradually filed off his legions in the night with fo great lilence as to give no alarm to the Samnlies, and quited his camp, leav xng only one trumpet to found the watches of the night, who after founding the lafl likewife efcaped, following the /?!« army ctf woods and mountains : and Sylla, after taking a large compafs. came,. furprifed. ( 34 ) ftirprifcd, and with precipitation and vehemence fell on the rear of the enemy, who were plundering his dcferted camp. The Samnites were feizcd with fear, and fled, and great flu lighter was made of them, jiponius himfcif with ditticulty cfcaping, wounded in the head, and inconlblablc for his lofs, into Eftniia, This city was fo ftrong and inacccfliblc that Sylki rcfolving not to attempt the reduction of it marched dire •• thi. palace to .he (l.ke. , Fr««>, f,;., ,„,a ,,; „_ ,^^, ««■ „ i,//, thereupon the prince a(kl„g, j^/i,„ „,„ g j^^j, <• ^i^./io' -.• Without j„fti« ,hc worU i. „„, J,h i„h.t! .ng .nd whc. nation, Mc the f.nfc of i, ,h.y „e no longer en, tied .0 the name proper to Uwful human focietie,, whatever high . Z ^ey m,y g.,e themfelve, . or r.ther. according ,o a.rr>. tT. come fodefp,c,bl= that , hey are no. to be held in the leaft eileem , .nd>.., apparent that difcomy could not gi,e to the SfanuJ ol other £.„^„,, the leaft right to any of the coun.rie. Tl^Z held by the nat.ve, . and it i. much to be lamented that the freelo,^ «^dfe.c.,y of thi. par. of the earth mould be fo far diminilh^ ™ .Ley have been v.r.ou, way. in confequence of thefe difcoverie. and whenever their diminu.ion i, a,.emp.ed by any member "a P^e fta.e, he certainly ha. a better title than other, to the dilhonour due .o fuch proceeding, wherefore in juftice ,o .he poli.iuan. of my „w„ coun.ry I muft obferve .hat feveral of them, a, well a, the 000^^ prmce excluded with hi. pofteri.y from the throne, hav b n foT. ou. .„ th,, noble caufe, that they feemed rather inclined to bec„^ .he b,go„a vo.ar.e, of the godef» of error, and .0 worlhip L m^ of.he>r own crea„on. and like other idolater. .0 punifl, thofe w1^ wouM not bow down .0 .heir idol, .han ,0 pay le worftt^Jd obed.ence to the true God. i" whom all na.ionflL. i; a Jh ' he,r bcng, whofc eternal laws require .he univcnl oblcrvance If jumce and equ..y, and who having made man free gnve hirreafon wH, the nobler p.mons, for the maintenance of his freedom ' When the continued corruption of the Roma«, had fubverted their common-wealth, a .1 C. Oi,avius CapU,. afterward, furna n d (^^r and A.,,.ft.s. ha,i fubjefted the whole empire .0 hi. hulx^ti power. IIP ( 38 ) powcr^ it IS well known he confiilted with Agrippa and Macenas^ to whom he imparted all his fecret affairs, refpefting its future go- Vernmer.t. Agrlppa advifed him to reftorc the common-wealth, and Macenas to retain the fupreme authority temperci with the moft excellent regimen, adminiflering all affairs with wifdom, equity, and temperance, conftant care and diligence, and rejecting all other honours, delighting only in the advancement of the commoti-weal, and employing in the public adminiflration none but men eminent for their vertue, capacity and merit. Agrippa in the courfe of his advice obferveij that " they who arc born in the fatrte condition *' deiirt; equality, of which being poffeffed they rejoice, and grieve *' ivhen deprived' of it : and all men as they are defcended from the " gods, and are to return unto them, look upwards, and will neither ** he ever under the dominion of .one, nor patiently bear to be par- ** takers of labours, dangers and expenfes, and be deprived of the '** 4:oramunication of better things; and therefore if cpmpelled to bear any thing of this kind, they hate him from whom they fuffer violence, and of him whom' they hate, when opportunity offers, .they avenge themfelves." *john Albert Fabrkius^ with other learned and judicious perfons, laments the lofs of the former part of the counfel of Macenas, *' re- ** plete.with the moft excellent admonitions, and which Atigujius in *« a great meafure diligently and happily followed," and obfervesthat ** the illuftrious John Henry Bacler fcruples not to fay, that it may *' be rightly called a fummary of monarchic policy," * Among other things Macenas fpake thus to Augujius. '* Above all things I *' fay it behoves you immediately with diligence to examine and re- " form the fenate, becaufe certain unfit perfons through party diffen- * .S^rJtr after fnflaining fcveral honourable offices indifferent countries, in confeqaence of his great learning and judgment, was in the year 1663, itppointtd by the emperour his connfellor, and created hereditary Count Palatini, ■ ■ ■ *! tions «( (( (( <( tlons ( 39 ) " bed, and richeft perfonV cW ? '""°^"" "«= """"ft. - from ..„„g .he Jtz ^z :»' °:\ 1 ""'• ■"" ^"■<' " gain many coadjutors and 2c. , r 1""^ '^^ """ y°" *"' " all nations; hencc^cy hlvt no fit 'J ''' ^"'"'P"' '"=^'"<'"' "^ " tions, and .heir prinZl m n w 11 K ' u "'" """'^ "° '""<"»- concerning .he knights, ekaing il"hcif orde Tr T '""«' " places hold the fccond rank in h,r,l, *°^' "'"' '" «« •• as many of each order aTvou a • ./ "" '■°""-- ^"-"'"ff •• to their numbers, for the Zrf e ' * ' "'"'°""'°llWe«de af •• reif the more ^^l^l^^^Z: !^^:^- - ^our propriety, and will Derfuade th^ r. k- xx , "* '^^ greatcft ■ 'he,n as fcrvan.s. nor'as t^ll , criltl: • '"' """■" '"^' yo. fl.all, with all the other Lod hTn^f.^ *" '"^ '^'P'^' '"" 'hem the government, wherfb" .^1;, t " "?' '"'P'" '" for its prefcrvation as their own' an7l"m fo hV '° ""''"'' "-• as not rightly fpoken. tha I do even tte r "'"*"« "nflnpj ought to be given to then, T ,7 '^ P°'«/(<"- ciei- ,. *r °^*-''=X-/befai.tf: L ';*^X"h\''° ^^"^ certam cty with us, and efteemin„ ,1, • '"I'abiting one " villages only." M.unJll^Zl of r'' ■"."" P'"" '''"'-'' to ^„suM in .hcfe words. < Upt he " ,'" "^''^^'^='' '"""^'f " ft any .i.„e to abufe you powX to Ih L ''"" ^''" "^'"'- " " if you mould no. do cveryTh ,J^1 r , ' ''u'""^'^'"™"''"" "^ it; but the more able voUre ,o d t ""'"" "'^ ""P^fi of ;; -lines you. be fo J^ZT^zi!^:^ :::^ T r" comes you, ever e«mi„ing within yourfelf , ? ,'^ *" ''^- ^-=^^-^ no., and whe.tr whl^fL^'tuXt^rt " not C( and when requifite correded his mifcondua with great freedom, of which this inftance is comedown to us. Macenas ftanding one day before Augujius when fitting on the tribunal, and feeing that he, who had on feveral occafions exercifed horrid cruelties, was now going to put many to death, he endea- voured to break, through the crowd, and get near to him. but being unable, he wrote thefe words on a tablet. Arife at length executioner and threw it as containing fomewhat elfe into his-bofom; whereupon- Augufius immediately arofe without fentencing any man to death ; and in honour to Auguftus it muft be remembered that he was fo far from, refenting this treatment, as to rejoice that every thing which through his own nature, ind the neceffity of aflfairs, he was difpofed to tran- ha. with paffion and indecency was redlified by the boldnefs of hia friends. Thefe two excellent perfons by reforming the cruel difpofition of Augu/ius, by moderating and improving his mind, and by giving him from time to time their wholefome advice for reducing the whole empire into order, and continuing the beft government over it, may be faid to have laid the foundation- of that felicity which took place m fo great a part of his long reign. The bad ftate of the empire at the C 4* ) powerful through a,nbi,io„ h.ring .he wc k h H f ^ ?"L^ "*" "" •' having proceeded outof Ita/y, and axfi-nH. i '^«c?«'^^'J. After :; con...... .„, .,.„,, »" Ata:;t::::2:r::~ ■ aad power, wc have enjoyed no good thing , but in the 6n „! " by our ftftion. and con.efts a. home we hfve rh 'ken Z' '' ' " wealth -d then communicated the evil ,„.;etX^^;~' 2" of the powerful in «..,.,,, <■„ ,,„,„, ^, „_^, ^^^ reft^teTb; the prmcples of law, religion, honour or h«n,a„i„ . veH„ 2 H ' 01 her corruption <],e wanted no. the mort worti y'p'.ri' s t. K^' pro .gate fons, tho.gh the dreg, of W.„, never at d 'to t," degree of depravity as opcnlv and fVenn^nfi,, » 4 • j . * cnfifting in a zeL/iir J, and arelVr^tr^ ''"'■:"''';"• t"' of the ilate, whoever partakes of 2 M . "'^' '"'^^'"^ par.aking of this ^^^ :^i^ S-^^Z:::^::::^:^ title, patron, or party may be, he is certainly to be efcemed TZli rather than an ornament or proper fervant of fiiety, andtTolffif' he fup^r. of any combination formed for acquirhf^ powe or to na take of the moft infamous plunder. ^ » S °'^"- °'^ 'o par- _ ^gnfpa and Mac,„„ by their great natural ftrength of mind fo well .mproved; by the.r knowledge o. mankind, wi.h.he natur of hum " foCKty and government, and of the rife, progref^, and effefts of Zfe .n£....emderies with which the R..„.„ e^pife wasafBi^ b rj abdtty toprupofe the moft effedual remedy for thefe great vil' a the bed „,e:.„s of thdr application, together with themoft ert iacio nh;arures for un.t.ng. ftrengthening, felicitating, and prefervr "I whole en,p.re^ and for transmitting as far as poffiMe th ^ leffi:' t future ages , by their follici.ude to prevent L future ravage of „ ttons. and to prefcrve the empire in peace; by being a, a 1 tir. ready, w.thou. feeking occaf.ons, for war; and finali; by Lte"^! rience. ifim ( 4? ) rience, piiblic fcrvices. fortitude, frankncft. and fidelity to the prince, who confided in them fo far that part of the laft words of Macenas to him. as the elegant poet Pedo Albinovanus, who lived at that time, expreffes it, were PeSlus eram vere ptSioris ipfe tut, were well quali- fied to be favourites oi Auguftus -, and their merits were fufficient to put to fliamc all the favourites, with their parti-^ans. who have fo far from time to time difhonoured and diftreflcd the prince and people oi England, never fcrupling to facrificc the fubjedts love for thch- prince, with the peace and welfare of the kingdom, to their ambi- tion, or their bafer paffions, being at the fame time unqualified for thecxcrcife of that domination which theyaflumed. Abfolute princes may have their favourites ; but in a free ftate. or monarchic common, wealth, a prime dominant minifter can by no poffibility have the Icaft true political exiftence. The kings of England have ever had autho- rity to appoint proper officers to adminifter the public aiFairs, accord- ing to the conftitution of the kingdom, but the creation, or prefcrva- tion, of this noxious animal falls not within the compafa of their power. Prcrajative in the hand of th King, where the conftitution hath placed it, and where it ought ever to remain. rV afcepur of gold , but m the hand of a JubjeSl it is a rod of iron j and whenever any man by his mifreprefentations.delulions, double-dealing, craft, or other means whatever, raifes himfelf to this exalted feat of power, to the difhonour of his prince, and prejudice of his fcllow-fuhjeas. every man has a right to caft his tablet to him with this inlcription, Cune down thou executioner of the common-wealth. Refpublica continetur proenno et poena, and how far thefe ufurpers en- grofs and mifapply both n-.i^ds not, nor can now, be particularly fct forth. To form theic fadions they debafe the minds of others, or feledt thofe who are already corrupted to their lund, and they have, been: able to find among the great fuch as were willing to exchange independance, or honourable connexion with others, for dependanc© on them, provided they could aggrandize and ,enrich their difgracc- ( H > i': o: or arh.aa were ready tp combine wUh thm for the f^e of thomfdver an4jheir AdU.rm^U. Thcf^ viceroy, arc ever roady to opprcfa not only thofe wlK) luvc (be fpirit to oppoCc or cxppfc their lawlcfs pow?r, ini iiy uncus proce<:dings, with their pride «nd infolcncc, b«» likcwifo thofc whole honour, and fidelity to the king ^d kingdom, will nott permit Uicm to pay homage to thcfc dangerous eaemi« of both, and- it ,s difhcult to determine whether they are more dexterous at putinr a« honeft man to an immediate political dtath. or at roaAing him alive by a llpw political fire. It is an ancient as weUas cxcellcm maxim. xvorUiy of continual obfervance. which declares that He who injure, one. tbre^ens ^U, whqrefprohe fhould be oppofed by all ; and thi, is more cfpe- cully applicable to m^n in power; but thcfe lords paramount by their very gra(p of thq iron rod injure aixl endanger aU; they mako every thing lublerv lent to their plan of power over all. and by their interpofi- tion divert and pollute thofeftreamsofgoodncfs which would othervvife flow from the throne free and pure to the whole community, whofe health IS the fupreme law, and the end of all government ; and the chief talents of thefe men. their creatures and partisans, evidently lye in reducing a kingdom from a ftate of glory into a ftate of difhonour diftrels, danger, and confufion. Lord Clarendon wifely obfcrves that' If thole whomillead kings, or obey them in unjuft refolutions. were u ^';"7^^^°»" punifhment all kingdoms and governmcms muft be diffolved ; and when they who ftiould puniA fupport thefe atro- cious offenders they betray the moft facred truft. and their infamy can be exceeded by nothing but the dangers of their country, occa/oncd by the men whofe corruption and inabilities have caufcd our domeftic and American maladies. Thepropofalof M^cenas to enfranchife all the conquered nations was enforced by the writings of Cicero, with which ^nguftus was doubtlefs well acquainted. Cicero^., a native of ^rpintl;, mean town vUtafy. £ave that it was dignified by being the place of his birth, and a W« municipy. the rights of whofe inhabitants are thus de- fcnbed by A, Gellius, - Municipians are Roman citizens belonging to " the \V» at Ancyra^ the (capital of Oalatia^ which he greatly adgrned, informs as that in his fifth confulfhip he deduced an hundred and twenty thoufand colonics. The colonifls oiAuguJius had not only, in common with others, lands, and habitations, with a form of government imi- tilting the Roman* together with honours, but he moreover fupplied thein with money to purchafe utcnfils, beads of labour, and whatever they wanted. The Italian and tranfmarine colonies of the Romans were extreniely numerous. According to the colledtions of Lipfius, who feems to have been more accurate herein than other learned authors, there were 150 in Italy * about 60 in Africa i in Spain 30; fomcwhat fewer in Ganlt and a proportionate number in other parts of the Roman world. They had not only the common plebeian ^ military and mari^ time Colonies, but moreover their patrician^ efueftrian, and exempt co- lonies (immunes cohnia,) Cotduba, which was a tumou city in the time of the Ronfans,ai well as of theG^M^ and Mocn,^ was a Roman c>- lony, furnamed Patricia* as the elder P//«; informs us. There Seneca the orator, and his fons Seneca the philoibpher, and AnnofusNovatus, after- wards named Julius GaJ/io, who zs 'well ^s his brother fuilained honour- able Qfiices at ii^i/a^, were born, aqd likcwife Lucan the poet, the fon of Aft'Ia, another fon of the orator, who chofe to remain at Carduba^, though his two brothers were advanced fo highly at Rome. Ltp/tus, H\h\8 xrxOi De magnitudine RomaU'i, fays that he finds coloniss fu-r* naxnrdi ,«m ( 47 ) ^mtdpaincian and i^eftrian. His own edition of thi. work. pub. limed m 1598, ctes no author mentioning thefe colonies, and I havtj not yet been able to find any other than Corduba furnamed Patricia. nor any furnamed equeftris. Strah informs us that CarJuka^rz, one ot the two prmcipal cities in glory and power within the country of th<:Turdttani. which, though not exceeding in length or breadth 2000 ^adia (250 miles) was faid to contain 200 cities, and owed its rife to MarceHus, having jurifdiftion over a large and fertile country. Men of worth. Romans and natives, were chofen to inhabit it. being the firft' cc^ony fettled by the Romans in thofe parts.-Part of the Boian GauW who inhabited the country called the Bourbonois having migrated, expel-* cd the rufcans.^nd fettled between Bologna and Ravenna, after warinir' divers wars with the Rmans, wherein feveral obftinate battles werf fought, were finally fubdued, in the year of Rome 562. byP CorntNu of three thoufand men. by order of the fenate. were fent and fettle J there, under the conduifl of the triumvirs X. Fa/erius Flaccui M At ' ///;«. W.«, and £. Valerius Tappus, feventy acres of la'nd being afllgncd to the knights, and fifty to the other colonifts - lacttus, in his pathetie relation of carrying the afhes otGermanicus from BrunduMm to Rome, fays that " as they paffed through the co- lomes the populace were in black, the knights in purple f and each' place, according to its wealth, burnt precious raiment, perfumes" and whatever elfe is ufed in funeral folemnities. Even th^y wS Cities lay remote attended. To the gods of the dead they flew vie tii^s they erefted altars, and with tears and united lamentations " tcftified their common forrow." '""ons Jl 'ft'u *^' ""^'^^ ""'' ^" ^ ^'^' '"^^^"^^ P^^opled, and the of c viThfe tT- "t" )TT' ^"' '"^P--' ^" ^» ^^'- ot civil life. The mvafion of the land of Canaan by the Ifraelites in US confequence caufed the migration of divers colonic', and to h;" lomesof theGr.., and Romans Lipjius afcribes all the improvemen; N of f( <( ( 48 ) ) of the fair t/aa ofEunpt. The auclotit coioAiet ient out from rkmidti, oWCr/rnr.anci other uitioni, formed new coiamonwcalths, being obliged only to pay a kiivl of deference and dutiful fubmifiiou to their mother coaMuo»- wciUth, with a due regard for its honour : but the natwre of iho Grf£^M voloaiei will beft appear from what paffcd at Alhtm in the war between Ctr^yrs and Coniitl). Both nationi fcait atobafladours to th« jitbtniatH to obtain their alliance, and in the aflembly at ^thtm, when pleading againft each other, m rhucUidn relatci, the former, among other thing*, faid, «• If they obje^ injufticc, in that you receive their •f colooy. henceforth let them learn tluu all coionies ia long as they *•] reciivc no wrong from their mother city, fo long they honour her j •J but when they fuffcr injury from her, they then become alienate* •• for they arc not fcnt out to be the flaves of them that ftay. but to be th«jir equals." To which the Corintbiant anfwercd, " being *( 9^t colony they have not only been ever in revolt, but now they •f alfo make war upon ub, and fay they were not fent out to be in- *• jured by us i but wc fay again, that we did not fend them forth to be icorned by them, but to have the leading of them, and to be regarded by them as is fit j for our other coloniea both honour , and love us much, which is an argument, feeing the reft are pleafed with our adions, that thefe have no juftcaufe to be offended alone j and that without fome raanifeft wrong we (hould not have had co- lour to war againft them." It is evident that the ancient Italiaik colonies formed independant dates, prefcrving however a dutiful re^ (pea to the mother city, and a mutual regard, greater or lefs, fubfifted between them, when wars did not intervene. Rinu^ as we have faid,. was a colony oi Alba, which was founded by Mnaoi Sylvius^ and tha mother of thirty Latin cities. Alba was a colony of Lavinium, found- ed by /Eneai. At the conference between Fiifetius and T. Hoftilius^ before mentioned, which was held in the year of Rome 83, Fufetius, {hid, " The city of Alba has made no alteration in any part of its con,- '* ftitution, but has obferved with exaiflnefs all the cuftoms and regula- ** tions of our anceftors^ tho' it be now the eighteenth generation fmce it was If II •I <( << <( u the provincefc •• where, during their term of Ccrvice, they hud quartered j being, *' bcfide«, never accuflomed to engage in wedlocic, or to rear children.' *• they Hvcd without families, and died without portcrity. For, coloniei «• were not now cftablifhcd as of old, when entire legions were tranf- ■•• planted thither, with their officers, tribunes, and centurions, and •' all the foldiers in their di(linian confefTcth, improperly termed the citizens of any city h^Unicipiansi and fome of our lateft writers, who have great merit ia other refpeds, after cenfuring with feverity all who had gone before them, and undertaking to be accurate in their examinations, I have found in feme points very defflcient j wherefore on the prefent occa- fion I have, as my duty to the public required, fo far as I have gone, followed certainty whenever I could find it, and the beft guides that I could meet with in other cafes, reprefenting dlj things truly and in- differently as they came to my knowledge, and chronological queftions, though fometimes extremely ufeful, being on the prefent and many occafions rather perplexing than informing, I have followed that chro- nology which or brief confideration appeared to be the beft, without troubling the reader or myfelf about the immaterial exaclnefs of if. St. Pauls defence of his right as a Roman, when in danger of being fcoarged, in order to examination, by faying to the centurion, " li " It lawful for you to fcourge a man that is a Roman, And uncon- ** dcraned ?" has occafioned great difficulties among the learned. To the chief captain, or Roman tribune, he had before faid that he was •' a Jew, oiTarfus in Cilicia, a citizen of no mean city," and now told him upon his enquiry that he was ti ixtt-hom Roman, " Tarfus, th« P *' birth C 5^ ) ** birth-place of St. Paul" faith Grotius, *' was not a colony, but a *' free city, as Pttny tcftificth, lib. 5. cap. 2'/. Appian in the 5th book " of the civil wars faith that liberty was granted to the Tarfenfians ** by Anthony j and Dion Cbryfo/lome rccitcth many privileges beftow- " ed on the city of Tarfui by Augufttu^ but not the right of a colony " or municipy, to which the right of Roman citizenfhip belonged r *« and Vlpian doth not name Tarftu zmong the colonies of Cilicia. It re- ** maineth therefore that fomc one of Pauls anceftors had obtained this " right for himfelf, in the civil wars between Cafar Auguftus, *' and Brutus and CaJJius\ or between him and Anthony." Hein" ** Jius fuppofeth that Tarfus was a municipy; others fay that it was a colony, and a free city, enjoying the right of Roman citizen- fliip, granted to it by Cafar, on obtaining the vidory over his com- petitors, becaufc it had taken part with him.. It is certain that it waslikewife n^med. JuliopoHs, and that the prxceptor of Cafar was born here. Beza fays it was a colony, and both he and Hienjius, as well as Grotius, obferve from Appian, thdit the Roman citizcnfliip was given> to it by Anthony. Other authors fuppofe it was made a colony in the time of Caracalla, or Hiliogabalus, In other refpedls we have a cer-- tain account of this city, it being, given by Strabo, who fays it was «* populous and very powerful, being a kind of metropolis, and t-hat. «« its inhabitants were fo much addided to philofophy, and every " kind of karning, that it furpaffed Athens, Alexandria, or any other «* place that could be named, in which were fchools of philofophers,, *• and other learned men." . The treatment given to St. Paul by Claudius Lyfias, commander of the Roman forces ftationed at Jerufalem, (hews us in part the nature of military proceedings. When he confidered St. Paul only as a Jew, and citizen of Tarfas, he was fo regardlefs of the laws of natural jufr tice and humanity, that as foon as he was brought into the caftlc he commanded that he (hould be examined by fcourging : a moft injurious proceeding furely, againft an innocent man, who had freely declared ( 57 ) Aclarcd who he was, and was ready to fubmit to any farther cx«rai^ nation ; but when he found that he had thus rafhly put a Roman In bonds, in order to his. being fcourgcd, he was, not without rcafon^ alarmed. Caius Licinius Verres, when prstor in 5n/7f, in the courfc of his enormities, had fcourged Gaviui Compfanus, a municipian, upon which Tully^ in one of his orations againft him, exclaimed in thcfe words. " A Roman citizen was fcourged in the forum of Mejfana. " O fwect name of -liberty! O the choice right of our cityl O ye V Porcian and SempronLm laws !" St.. Pau/, it is evident, had not the Icaft conception of the propriety of his being fcourged, who was a Ro^ man, nor of his fuifcring without legal trial and condemnation ; and I- hope that all the fubjedts of the Britijh empire will ever be as ^ycll fecured in their lives at lead as the Romans were in their bodies, which cannot be without punifliing, thofe who violate this fecurity. " In. the confuhhip of ^«/w Fitellt'us and Lucius Vipfanius counfels " were on foot about fupplying the vacancies of the fenate ; and as the «• nobility of that partofGW entitled Comata had longfince acquired the • diftindion of confederates and citizens of Rcme, they now fued for a " common participation of her offices and honours. Hence many and «* various were the reafonings of the public upon thefe their pretenfions, •• and the prince was befet with oppofite parties and ftruggks. He* " was told t^a/ Italy was not fallen Jo low, Jmt to her own capitaljhe could *'JurniJh a fupply ofjenators. Of old her natives only, they who wererf «• the fame blood with the Romzns fujiced for Jucb recruits to the Roman ** Jlate-, nor was there any pretence to condemn or amend the injiitutions rf ** the antient republic, a republic which infpired her citizens xvithfuch noble *' manners, that tbefpir.it and anions of the old Romaiw were fill urged as " venerable patterns ofvertue and glory to us their poferity^ Was it not **fiifficiint that already the Venetians and Infubrians. had invaded the " fenate, unlef a boft of foreigners too be introduced, like an ejlablijlmetit of *' captivity and conquejl ? Jfter this what dignity would remain to the ■■ native nobility I What means of preferment to any jenator of Latium ? By thefe opulent Gauls all public honours would k erigrojfed, men whofe '^farther it tt ( ^8 ) *^* fat ben and forefathers were at the lejj of hojlile nations, flaughtcnA ** our armies, and at Aiefu befieged tbe deified Julius i in/iances thefi of ** later days ; but more horrible to recount 'were tbe ravages of tbe antient *• Gauls, ivho with impious bands dem^tifhed tbe great Homan altar, ani ** defaced the capitoL They might, in truth, enjoy fl ill tbe title ofKomtLn " citizens ; but let not the glory of tbe fathers, -nor tbe luftte of tbe magif- ** tratcs be projiituted, and rendered the purcbafe and /poll of nations.'* • " The cmpcfour was little affbifted by thcfe and the like allegations^ ** but having prefently anfwcrcd thofe who made them, fummoned the *• Ifenate, and fpalcc thus. 7be anceflors of my family, and tbe oldefi of *' them, Attus Claufus, •who though a Sabine b^rn, was at once adopted a *• Roman citizen y and enrolled in the number of patricians, furnifh me •wi'h <• a lefon, that -with parallel meafures I ought to maintain tbe common- " ivealth, by transferring to ourfehes all men of fignal merit to here ever ** Jcund.'forlam not ignorant thatfnm Alba ijoe bad tbe]\x\\\,faom Camc- »• rium the Coiruncani, and tbeVQXc\\fromT\x£c\x\\\m, But, to avoid the de- *• tail of the antient and fmgle adoptions, loere not the nobles of Etruria, "•' tlx nobles of Lucania, nay, thofe of all Italy, called into the body of tbe ^'fnate ? At lajl our city and her privileges became bounded only by the ,** Alps, infomuch that, befides the admijfton of particu'ars, whole flatcs and ^* nations became ingrafted into tbe Roman name. We bad then folid peace ** at home, and our arms and reputation fourijhed abroad, when the nation^ " on tbe other fide the Po were prefented with the rights of citizens ; and ** when, under the guife of planting, out of the legions, colonies all over the •« earth, and by incorporating with thefe our colonies the mofl powerful of -« tbe natives, we thence fupportcd and renewed our own exhaufled flate. -•♦ Do we regret that tbe Balbi were tranfplantedto us from Spain, or men «* (qually illuflrious from the Narbon Gaul j they whofe defcendants remain **yei with us, nor yield to us in love of this our common country ? What <' proved tbe bane of the Spartans and A^xhcm^m, fates fo potent in arms ^* and conquefis, but that they b. Id for aliens whcmfoever they conquered? ?' Much greater was the wifdom g/'Romulus, our founder, a prince who ■ *'faw \^ ^( s^ ^ -fi-Mrfi, i«t' f^t,v. prUtice cf tbi eld %6mm peoL But7». " H«» /«, Void iav> th, E,ui; ),«/r 7*,,, vr«*, ofain^ ml h i, /^r„M«, 7i, Latm «w;^«„ hterthMth, pkb«a„ , ,&/' ^ ^fa^ WM6 w« W, «,J ^i^, ,> ,u, J J. l^^ "filfbireaftarbiaintantxampte." ■ t •' ^ Afterwards the citizewaitp of its«, „„ i,,;,^ y ^ he R^, empire y^V». who lived in L later p« o'^^S? «»A<"«W'««>«-^ftr„^«„W, ihe, Roman!. amjint: ^nljZ^ .« the year 539. m hi, edift made in favour c( JmLZi^ZZ' " fore .tllftedt '" """""" '^ ''«'" °^ *"^ dtizenihip. b- -. „™ rA ?^ ""^ °'" "'^ ''" '■"''J"^». deducing thofe who gave the nght.of children ro his fubjefls in conunon. So we." &c. '1 C <5o ) But it is certain thj^t 'Jufiinian, y/ith TreUnioft, andall the other lawyert employed in compiling the books of the civil law, arc miftaken with rc- fpcdt to the author of this famous cdift. Dion Cajius, who after being governour of Pergamus and Smyrna, and in Africa and Pannonta, wa» in the year 229 conful together with the amiable emperour^Ax^iWi^, the fon of Mammaa, and who after employing ten years in colle a fragment fays, that M. Aurelius Antoninus Caracallus, who began hia reign in the year a 12, and was flain by a centurion, at the infti- gation o£ Macrinust in the year a 18, gave the Raman citizenfliip to ali^ within the Reman world j and from Onupbrius Panvinius, Cigalinm^ Valets, Petit, Wejenbec, Bignon, Spanbeim Noedt, and Barman, it ap- pears very clear that Antoninus CaracaJ/us was the author of this. ediA, the error of Trebonian, and the other lawyers of Juftinian, probably arifing from their npt duly attending to hiftorical information^ and not confidering that XJlpian when he mentions Antoninus fimply in- tends Antoninus Caraca/Ius} but when he intends Pius or Marcus, he names them Divus Marcus, and DivusPms. Getbofred concludes his notes on the three edids, following Juftinian in his fuppolai that-^ii- ttminits Ptus was author of the fifft, with faying, «• Thus good prince* *• are ufually wont to furpafs each other in governing their fubj.curni our fiagers, empty our pockets, enfeeble our commerce and •navigation, fcbrch our bodies, and endanger the welfare and fafety of ■ourfcWos and poltcrity, doing all this in maintenance of a manifcft icrror, for the illuftratioin whereof, witli5>ut proceeding to other points, it m»y furtkc to iay, that the bill which irt its courfe and confequence hath occalioncd thole commotions that arc become fo dangerous to the whole empire, ihould, in fuitablenefs to its nature, iiave been cn- tillcd, A:biilfbr the diftrefs of the jBrrfi/^ manufadures and com- . f merce. .i «» ( ^^ ) merre «ec. the matter thereof being ipparcntly repugnant to the principle! of both. No wife nun wm cvtr obdinate, and the confeflion of an error if in It! niturc the cieclaration that the mind ia better informed than wh«n it wmt commited , whereas thri pcrfeverance in it. without en- fofcingit by Hrc and fword. is in etJcdl the daily repitttion otit i and one of the greatofV princei in the world hai encrcafed hit dig- nity by his readincfi to confefs and rctrad liii iniftukes. ■imr,,0»//ow being trained up with diligence in learning, knowledge, and bofinef,. knew the right, of the empire, and fron. principle wa, • fpicnd to the colonies, of whom he faid that they were the younger brethren of the conftitution , and when a m.re injuriou. attempt wa, made, by miniftcrs. upon their right, and libcrtict, in the houfe of commow, than I believe wa. ever pradiced by the Ge^oeJ? upon tlie Ccr/icoHs before drawing the fword. he not only behaved .wbly in that houfe. but when the king, lords, and commons were affcmbled. after mentioning this ftrange bulinefs to hi. majefty. he concluded hit recommendation of ihe colonies to the kings clemency and goodnefi with thefe words, " fo that it may be their iiiclinudon as well as duty " to be ol.cdicnt to y.ui. great Sir, and the lawsj" and in juflicc to the memory of the Lite king, it ought to be obferved that When application was made to him rcfpeding the colonics, he faid that he would have right done to the colonics, but he did not undcrftand them; and I am forry that fomc of our politicians have not rcfembled him as much in the former as in the latter point Here fuffer me to mention an affair wherein I was no party, the account whereof I had from my worthy and intelligent friend Mr. r.amans who wag many years agent for y1,it,gui,. When attending in that charadter on lord mimington, as prelident of the council, and another gentleman., attending at the fame time, propofcd to his lordOiip that the govern^ mcnt (hould oblige the allembly oi Antigua to do what he fuppofed ought to be done, his lordOiip turning to Mr. Tcmans faid, what do yottt m 1^ 111 ( 66 ) you think of this d(>ftnn^? who anfwen.igthat he muft leave it to his lordrtiip, he replied, then I mud fay that, in my opfnion, we have no more right to compel the affembly oi Antigua than we have to compel the parliament of Great Britain, • Mr. Legg had great talents for bufincfe, with a fenfc of general weN fare } but in confequcnce of intcriour regulations, as I underftood, he declined pafling upon fcveral matters which were, in my opinion, the proper objeds of his confidcration, referring me to the minifter. where I expedcd to find principle fupplantcd by policy. The Icaft that can be faid of Mr. Legg is, that by nature, honour, diligence, and experience he was fo well qualified for public fervicc, that the notorious ill ufagc which he received from a certain noble lord was as injurious to 'his country as to himfelf. a^'Mt . Mr. Stones difcernmcnt and experience were a^^companicd with the . fpirit of'^- "To'lrTJ f 7'°^"^'"^' '"='""'"""-«« •» 'hi, condition To preferve the,r freedom u is neceffary that all parts and perfons ia Aeempue be free, freedom being the common right of all „d,h^ all. Mr^ ^J./j/8,, m h«fl,ortbut excellent efa, on the civil part of our o„ftu,u..on. writes thus. .■ That form of government Tp^l " that we find m human nature, provided it be confiftent with pub! the order and .rconemy of government will permit " ' -L« on'e f""'" "'^'^ ""^ i"''-'''-! of a people, as they all " br nches,herrH\"'"l' '' '' ""'^ <>'-* -"ng particular . branches there had better be none at ail, fince fuch a liberty onlv aggravates the m.fortune of thofe who aredeprived of it. by feZ beforeihem the difagreeable fubjeit of comparifon " ^ .- I17''^■"^'"^'' ''"* P''''""'"'' """"^ "'^ '^gi"«'« power is- lodged ,n feveral perions, efpecially if thofe perfons are of difFere,^ ;; ranks andrntcreAs, for when they areof the fame rank, andd lequently have an intcreft to manage peculiar to that rank, it differs "but «4 ( 7° ) clofely united ; for «• they fubfift by exporting the productions of the peoples ihdliftry, •* which they conftantly encreafe by fo doing : they receive their pay •• from the merchants, a fort of men always in the interefts of liberty,, from which albne they can receive protedtion and encouragement. And as this race of men contribute vaftly to the public fccurity and wealth, fo they take nothing from it: they are not quartered up- and down their native country, like the bands of defpotic princes, to opprefs their fubjedls, interrupt their induftry, debauch their wives and daughters, infult their perfons, to be examples of lewd^ nefs and prodigality, and to be always ready at hand to execute the: ** bloody commands of a tyrant." " No monarch was ever yet powerful enough to keep as many fea- «• men in conftant pay at his own cxpenfc as fingle cities have been, « able «« «< «( «f «• 4< (( (C « M ( 73 ) •• ftbre to do without any at all : the pay of a failor, with his provi- •* fion, is equal to that of a trooper in arbitrary governments ; nor •• can they learn their trade by taking fea air for a few fummcr *• months, and wafting about the coafts of their own country : they •* gain experience and boldncfs by various and difficult voyages, and, by being conftantly inured to hardfhips and dangers: nor is it po- fiblcfor fingle princes, with all their power and vigilance, to have •• fuch regular fupplies of naval provifions, as trading countries mull 5* have always in (lore." The commerce of the colonies was originally, and fof many years, free , and in confideration of the great benefits received by the kingdom. from the encreafe of its navigation, and imports which they caufcd', for their encouragement, all merchandizes, goods, and neceflaricsi were allowed to be exported hence thither cuftom free. By the firrt important rcftridion of their trade it was, in 1646, provided that they rhould not tranfport their produds to foreign markets in any other than Ettghyh bottoms; and in 1650 all foreign fliips were inhibited from trading there, on pain of coniifcatibn. It i* faid that St. JdAn Having been affronted in H<»//<7»^; through refentment and poliqr, he devifed this ordinance ; and by various fubfequent reftridlions the co- fonies have been obliged to take all the European and ^jiatic manu- fafturcs and commodities which they confume from Engla^J, or Gteaf Britain, and the chief part of their produfts is obliged to b^ brought direaiy hither, whereby this kingdom hath two of the greateft mo- nopohes m the world, hath greatly encreafed in wealth and naval power, and innumerable families are well maintained and profpcr • and this defirable encreafe would" unqueftionably Have continued to the great, emolument, fttength and fafety of the whole empire, if GUI' late erroneous politics had. not prevented it. According to the cal- culates of others more intelligent than myfelf, the colonies have in a courfe of feveral years by their imports annually paid a million of our gublic charges, ^o per cenf, advance upon the manufafturers price,, and. ( 74 ) and 40 .^r eenl. upon an average more than they fliould have pai4 for the like imports from other nations. By thcfe various mcani they have been conftantly drained of their fpecic i fo that there nevcc wai, within the compafs of my knowledge, a time wherein this king- <}om could, laying afide other difficulties, colled from them one penny by taxation, without lofing a (hilling in the courfe of com- merce, Icffening at the fame time their navigation. The great want of fpecie has occafioncd the long ufe of paper currency, which is at beft but a necclTary evil, and the late repeated folicitations for licence %o ufe it is a natural proof of the fcarcity of real money. Paper bills were firft introduced by the great cxpenfc attending the fuccefsful expedition made in king IVilliams time by the Majjachufttts Bay againft Annapolii, and by their fuccefslefs expedition againft ^ebec : And. Our great political adventurer, when in the wantonnefs of his power, and poverty of his underftanding, he undertook the reforma- tion of Britijh Americat with the Britijh and American commerce, and multiplied his impofitions, reftridions, and regulations, fubjedl- ing the whole to military execution, in former times deemed by the wife fit only for commercial dcftrudion, together with his memorable taxation* to the enforcement of fuch unconftitutional, ftrangc, and unnatural judicatories as the earth before never faw, might as well, J conceive, have formed a fcheme to take the tools out of the hands of a confiderable part of the manufadurers of Birmingham and Leed^» as his devices dire^ly tended to diftrefs the principal trading co- lonics, and take from them their little money, wanted to drive about tbc wheels of trade neceflary to the raanufadures and commerce of the kingdom. I do not believe that at making the peace he foul'd his fingers, though fomc others will never be able to make theirs clean 1 but he was as follicitous to enforce in effect the laws made 0gai-iift BritiJJj commerce by our late enemies as if he had been paid for it. By one ilroke of his policy he made a prefent to tlje French and ( 75 ) ^tiADutib of t brtnch of th« refined l>flcm teay be reduced to the fc^Y artklet of impoverifluneal. e.n declared by divine authority. «• that a houfe divi led againft itfcif cannot Hand T and one of thcmort refpedable Ron^ans, when the common-wealth was threatened with the dangerous division of it3 members, declared in the fenate that '• every conf.deration ^ould give way to an union of all the citizens." Our divifions make our natural and other enemies more formidable and dangerous, and as no man ought to defpair of the common-wealth Idehre to contrbutc my mite towards reftoring all its parts to tha dcOrable un,on which took place untd broken by men whofe mbi Ln to far exceeded cheir capacity. """"un The Briti/b empire is compored of divers people, who have one common equal righ. ,o maintain among themfelves.^ d one comnl jntcrcft againrt other nation.. &,/W i. the chief ibur ot.he" .berty weahh and felicity. At different times il.e has freely co„ , .u- n,c.ed her ngh.s. Above fix hundred Year, ago the laws and lib Z o(J .^W were granted to the people of WW, upon their fubm . fio, to the crown of £,^W, with a defign to make them eufr L E.gi,„J and to keep them in allegiance to the king offi^W. ^J^ afrer bemgl.kcw.fe conquered, in orxier to its qlt and prober et^ bhfl>n,c„t, w,as annexed to £,^W, and made partake r ofitrgovern. ment, ^ • . .- ^* ( 78 ) I //f^//t0 ^f^* ^a^< -ment, Uwt, •nd lihcftlet. C4iah •fter \k% coimieft p«rtnok of dM Bnglijh fight, and with the enjoyment of other pKvilcge» frni roembcrt to jHtrlkimefit. Sflland vtn an imiepcndant klij»Herfed, will ever encline to have this excellent lady crampt in die foot, or maimed in any of her mem- bers i but that, on the contrary, they will all take delight in prcferving her no' le form and conftitution, invigorated by tjic pureft blocd [the law of liberty] flowing freely through «U her veins, and defend her • > ' • honour 79 ) iiid her perfon from the corrupt embraces of politic.l proiHigaeci. ft Mimpomblc now to fettle the minifterial /tnuncan ^ccotnpt ^ but in few word* it may be obfervcd that from the treaty of Uincht to the war begun in 1744, due care not being taken of Brifijh jimtrica by our miniftcrs. the French fowed the feed, of war on the fca-coaft, and in the interiour parti, which fo far encrcafed, that, if the vigilancj and public fpirU of the govcrnour and people of the Maffachufctti Bay had not prevented, the French would in that war have gotten fuch iiini hold of the key of North America, that our minifters, in my opi- nion, would never hrivc recovered it out of their hand., and as I could not. by the utmoft efforts, pluck up thofe plants by the roots, after being cropt they continued growing, until lord Chatham cleared the land of them ; and, not to mention other great errors, by our various mifconduift we are brought into danger of a civil wir, whofc bitter fruits wc (hall foon tanc. if involved in it , upon examining uilo the grounds whereof, among other things, I find that according to lord ClarenJon, the law of all men is the law of nature , that, ac- cording to Mr. Algernoon Sidney, the equal rights of the fubjcft are founded in the law of nature, and by the univerfkl agreement of learned men the law of nature is immutable ; that, according to« Mr. L'Kke, " though the law of nature be plain and intelligible to all « rational creatures; yet men being biaffcd by their intcreft, as well " as ignorant for want of the ftudy of it, arc not apt to allow of it as a •• law binding to them in the application of it to their particular tafcs : " and the fame excellent author obferves, " that no rational. ** creature can be fuppofed to change his condition with intention to " be worlc." According to my fenfc of the Brit, '/?j conftitution, the grants of public monies are the free gifts of the people -, and rcquifition admits the parties, as able lawyers and politicians know, refcribere primipi i and if the old mode of proceeding had been obfcrved no ait founded on anti- commercial principles, wou'd. I am pcrfuadcd, have ever taken place ;. and whatever may be the fenfe of men 3C o£ ( «i f of more courage, and Icfs acquaintance with America than myfclf re- fpcdling this war, whereby Britifh America would be lb deeply ftained with Britijl} blood, and fo great difafters and dangers would enfue to the whole common-wealth, it appears to me interefting in the higheH: degree. Upon the expedition againft Cape Briton, whsh advice came from Mr. Ifarrjn at Anfigua, that for certain reafoiis he coutd not come with his fquadron to fupport it, and other expcdled naval fuc- cours failed, fo that the Lilliputian New England fquadron failed with- out the convoy of any king's fhip, in order to lay fiege to a fortrefs inountcd with about one hundred guns, and the chance againfl the tefiegers was great, I offered to proceed upf)n this expedition j but the governour, becaufc of my lamenefs, or other reafons, would not confent ; yet, I confefs, I never had any concern equal to what arifes from the prefent profpedl of a civil war j and I hope our politicians will be pleafed to remember the advice bought by an empcrour of China famous for his wifdom, from a perfon who cried it in the llreets, faying whoever will give me a piece of money, I will give him a piece of advice, and the emperour giving him his price, he faid to him, Begin nothing whereof thou haji not well conjidered th? -^ ' The courtiers prefent thought the feller was over paid; but the em- perour r proving them replied, that the advice was excellent; 'and by his coiillant ufe of it it afterwards became the means of preferving his life, when in imminent danger, with the peace of his empire. ' And we iliould all remember that LV////Z) America was well afreded to the king and kingdom, and in a courfc of advanciiig our profpe- rity with her own, un".il rainillerial ijinovations occalioned thefe difli- culties ; and. To conclude, through necefllty for the prefent, without time to methodlfe or blot ; furvey all nation?, confider well their rife and fall, with their caufes, and yr i will find that as long as their counfels Were wife and the people united, free, and vertuous, fo long they were inv'r.K ible nnd glorious j but when corruption, with her ofF- Ipring. dificniion, diTipation, profligacy, peculation, fraud and effron- tery. Ifery, wkh Jntrigue and faaion, ent6red. liberty and juftice fled, an^ mifcry and Havcry took their place. The fame furvey will inform you that the permanent principles of univerfal liberty and juftice are the fole foundations of folid union, and are far preferable to a thou- .fknd temporary expedients, ten thoufand fubtle refinements, and all the unequal and hard meafures which the world ever felt. Survey moreover, fellow- citizens, your own condition, and you will find that, according to the wifdom of the wifeft men in all nations, it requirts an immediate revolution. Let no honeft man be alarm- ed at this, nothing is here intendtd but what is fubfervient to the public welfare; and. to explain myfelf, my fmcereft wiflies are that after all other the principal free ftates in Europe have loft their liberties, hi, majefty and his defccndants may, as long as the earth fhall endure, continue to be the prote