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 Section IV., 1882. 
 
 [ 18 ] 
 
 
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 1' 
 
 U.— On the Orelaceotis and Tertiary Floras of Britwh Oolumhia and the North- West 
 Territory. By 3. W. Dawson, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S. 
 
 (Pnwentotl May 23, 188X) 
 
 I. — Gknkhal Notes. 
 
 Collections of the CretaceouB fossil plants of Vancouver Island were made many years 
 ago by Prof. Dana, when geolosf i t to the Unittnl States Exploring Exi>edition under Com- 
 mander Wilkes, and by Dr. John Evans, geologist of the Territory of Oregon. The collec- 
 tions of Prof. Dana were noticed by him in the report of the Expedition, and those by Dr. 
 Evans were described by Mr. Li^squereux in the American Journal of S<'ienco for 1859. 
 Prof. Heer, of Zurich, afterwards examined specimens from British Columbia, and in a 
 letter to Lesquereux, and also in his memoir, entitled, " Flora of Vancouver," described and 
 figured some of them. These botanists had in their hands, however, plants from two dis- 
 tinct horizons, — the Cretaceous coal measures of Vancouver Island, and Tertiary formations 
 occurring at Bellingham Bay and elsewhere on the southern coast of the mainland of 
 British Columbia ; and as at that time such plants were not known to occur in the Cn»ta- 
 ceous elsewhere, it was natural that they shoiild refer the whole to the Tertiary. 
 
 In 1863 Dr. Newberry examined the collections of fossils made by the Boundary 
 Commission in Vancouver Island, and niicertain«Hl the fact that the fossil flora of that island 
 occurs in a formation chara<terized by marine Cretaceous animal remains and described 
 the plants then in his hands as Cretaceoiis. 
 
 The labors of the Canadian Geological Survey since 1871 have enabled the ages of 
 these beds and those of other parts of British Columbia to be more fully defined, and their 
 distribution marked out. The details on these ]K)ints are given in the reports of Dr. 
 Selwyn, Mr. Richardson and Dr. G. M. Dawson for 1872 and following years. The animal 
 fossils have also bet^n reported on by the late Mr. Billings, and have been more fully 
 described and figured by his 8Ucc«'ssor, Mr. Whiteaves. 
 
 It is now certain that the beds containing the anthra«.'ite of the Queen Charlotte 
 Islands with which fossil plants are associated (Series C of the general sei-tion),* are Middle 
 Cretaceoixs, probably very near tlie horizon of the Oault, and equivalent to the upper por- 
 tion of the Shasta group of thi^ Culiforniun geologists. The Ix'ds of the Nanaimo and 
 Comox basins of Vancouver Island are Upper Creta«^eous, and equivalent to the Chico and 
 Tejon groups of California and to tin; ^Tppor Senonieu or Danien of the French. In tb" 
 northern part of Vancouver island beds of upper Neocomian age occur. These have not 
 yet been found to hold fossil plants, but it is possible that the xilant-bearing formation of 
 Beaver Harbor is of this age. 
 
 The Queen Charlotte Island beds contain, so far as known, a strictly Mesozoic flora of 
 Cycads and Conifers, while the Vancouver Island beds abound in leaves and wood of exo- 
 
 * Hoo coiiiparativo Tablo, infra. 
 
 K^ 
 
16 
 
 J. W. DAWSON ON ORBTACEOUS AND TBBTI ARY . PIjORAS 
 
 genons and endogenous trees akin to those of the Tertiary. On the west coast a consi- 
 derable gap appears to exist between the middle and upper Cretaceous, and on the 
 east side of the Rocky Mountains, where the Cretaceous reappears and occupies a great 
 area, the middle part, the Niobrara group of the American geologists, is almost everywhere 
 of a strictly marine character and destitute of fossil plants. The recent researches of Dr. 
 Selwyn and Dr. G. M. Dawson have, however, shown that toward the north, in the vicinity 
 of Peace River, in the sediment deposited along the shore of the old Niobrara Sea, there 
 are beds rich in fossil plants belonging to a fauna older than that of Nanaimo and inter- 
 mediate between it and that of the Dakota group further south, the fossil plants of wh Ich 
 have been so well figured and described by Lesquereux.* In the Bow and Belly River 
 region, beds of the Pierre group, or that next following the Niobrara in ascending order, 
 have also yielded a few foHsil plants. 
 
 In our Western Territories these undoubted Cretaceous beds are overlaid by a widely 
 spread formation, holding lignite coal and fossil plants, which has been known in Canada 
 as the Lignite Tertiary series, and in the United States as the Liaramio and Fort Union 
 groups. Its fossil plants, as they occur in the Mackenzie River district, have been 
 described by Heer ; as they occur at the Souris River, they have been described by the 
 writer in the Reports of the Boundary Survey and the Geological Survey. The flora of 
 these beds is undoubtedly distinct from that of the underlying Cretaceous and of later date; 
 but the associated animal fossils have induced many geologists to include the Laramie in 
 the upper part of the Cretaceous, while the fossil plants are of so modern aspect that they 
 have been held to be Miocene. 
 
 The truth appears to be that they constitute a transition from the up^ter part of the 
 Cretaceous to the Eocene, and that the analogies which have been sought to be established 
 between them and Enroi^ean Miocene deposits are altogether fallacious, and based on the 
 similarity ?f an American flora of early Eocene date with one found in Europe at a later 
 period. This question and the bearing of it on the so-called Miocene of Greenland and 
 other northern regions v/ill be discussed in the sequel. 
 
 Lastly, ou the mainland of British Columbia there are ancient lake basins of Tertiary 
 and probably Miocene age, which contain a still later flora, associated with insect remains 
 These beds lie below extensive volcanic accumulations in many places, and are probably 
 contemi)oraneous with the Truckee Miocene of King. 
 
 The whole of the specimens collected by the Geological Survey, and representing a 
 series of consecutive floras extending from the Lower Cretaceous to the Miocene, have been 
 placed in my hands by Dr. Selwyn, and I have been engaged for some time in a careful 
 study of them, now nearly completed, and some portion of the results of which I propose 
 to state in the present paper, — referring more particularly to the plants included under the 
 following geographical heads : — 
 
 1. — Cretaceous of the West Coast. 
 
 In the Middle Cretaceous of the Queen Charlotte Islands, the most characteristic plant 
 
 *CieUceon8 Flora; Hkyden's Ooological Survey of the Torrituries uf the United States. 
 
 '. .• ••: • 
 
 i ••I:..: 
 
 ••• •••••••••:••.: V..:U::v.; 
 
OP RIIITIBII COLUMBIA AND THR NORTH-WKST. 
 
 17 
 
 is Offouleomrpus (DMinites) ColumbiaHHs,^ a species allied to the modem DUt6n etlule of 
 Mexico, and also to spetnes known in Europe and other parts of America as Wealden or 
 Ix>wer CretacooMs. With these are associated coniferous woods which indicate the existence 
 of several species of trees allied to Sequoia and to TaxKs. The somewhat limited flora of 
 these Middle Cn^taceous coal-measures of the Queen Charlotte Islands was described by 
 me in 1873, f and as no 8ubs«>qnont additions have been made to it, does not need to be 
 further noticed here. 
 
 A small collection made by Dr. Q. M. Dawson at Beaver Harbor, in the north end of 
 Vancouver Island, and not improbably of Middle Cretaceous a^, though later than the 
 anthracite of Queen Charlotte Island, contains leaves of SnIisbNria or ginkgo, and also of 
 the genus Nettrnpteris. 
 
 A somewhat larger and more varitid collection, also made by Dr. G-. M. Dawson, comes 
 from Baynes' Sound in Vancouver Island, and occurs in beds overlaid by characteristic Cre- 
 taceous marine nhells. It represents an Upper Cretaceous horizon, perhaps a little lower 
 than that of the Nanaimo coal-field. It contains several species of ferns of the genera 
 Ticnhpteris and NHssohui, and other chara«'teristic Mesozoic genera. Associated with these 
 in the same specimens are leaves of the modern genera, Satii:, Popufm, Betiiia, Ulmus, Ceano- 
 Ihns, MnffiMlui and Sitsxtifrns. There are also leaves of the curious genus Pfotophyllum, 
 found by I^squereux in the Cretw^eous of Nebraska, and conifers of the genera Salisburia 
 and GltfiitostrobiiK. Baynes' Sound is in the Comox coal-basin of Vancouver Island, which, 
 according to Mr. Richardson's sections, is approximately on the same horizon with that 
 of Nanaimo, on the same coast, t 
 
 The flora of Nanaimo and of Protei-tiou Island in its vicinity, has been «-olle<-ted by 
 Mr. Richardson, and is proved by the animal fossils associated with it to be of Upper 
 Cretaceous age. It holds species of ferns different from those of Baynes' Sound, and affords 
 sixH-ies of TtuKHlinm, Sei/noiit and Stilisburin, and leaves of a fan- palm {Snbal), and of exogenous 
 trees of the genera Diosjii/ros, Pojmhtii, Jufflnux, Quertrus, and other modern types. There is 
 also fossil exogenous wood refi^rable to some of the same genera. 
 
 2. — CreUu-euus of the NoiilfWest Territorien. 
 
 In the sandstones of the Pine River a!id Peace River districts, not far from the base of 
 the Rocky Mountains, and about the latitude of b^°, there have been found, in addition to 
 ferns and species of Sequoia and Gli/ptostwbus, a species of Cfjcadifes, and leaves of Magnolia, 
 Ficus, ProtophifiluM, Menisjierwites, Salix, Pojtulus, Laurophyllum, Diosjtt/ros and Fagus. The 
 specimens indicate a very luxuriant and varied flora, such as might find suitable habitat 
 on the northern Ihore of the great warm-water Mediterranean, which, in the Middle 
 Cretaceous, occupied the space between the liocky Mountains and the high lands of 
 Eastern America. Cretaceous mollusks are associated with the plants, and one of them 
 is identical with a species found in Queen Charlotte Islands. Coal is also associated with 
 
 V 
 
 *Di8oovered by Mr. James Richardson, and described andjflgured by the writer. Report Geol. Survey, 1872-3. 
 t Report of Geological Survey of Canada. 
 } Geological Survey^of Canada, 187U-77. 
 
 Sec IV, 1882, 3 
 
18 
 
 J. W. DAWSON ON OJIKTAOKOIJH ANI> TKirTIAKY WiORAS 
 
 these beds. Their horizon would appear to be Middle Cretaceona, and probably near to 
 that of the marine Niobrara gronp of the United States geologists, which was deposited in 
 a vast Mediterranean Sea, whose northt-ni Bhoro seems to be represented by the Peace River 
 beds. This gives great imirartanoe to these plants, which iill up a portion of the gap pre- 
 viously existing between the flora of the Dakota group and that of the Upper Cretaceoru 
 of Vancouver Island. 
 
 A small collection made by Dr. G. M. Dawson on the SuHqr>i Kiver, some distance to 
 the west of the lo<-alities on the Peace River,* shows, in a hia^hly indurated black shale, 
 leaves of a species of Pinus and of a laurel. 
 
 Further to the south, and at the eastern base of the Rocky Mouniains, are the coal 
 beds of the Bow and Belly River, which are Upper Cretaceous, of the " Pierre group" age. 
 The shales associated with these coals have as yet afforded few fossils. The most abundant 
 is a species of Sequoiii. Leaves of Diofinites, CarpolUhes, and obscure exogenous leaves also 
 occur. 
 
 8. — Larnmie of the North-West Territories. 
 
 From the I^aramie or IJgiiitc Tertiary Beries, overlying the more typical Cretaceous, and 
 by some geologists regarded as itself Upper Cretaceous, while regarded by others as Lower 
 Eocene, a number of species of plants have l)een obtained, all, so far as known, distinct 
 from those of the Cretaceous beds aliove referred to. Many of them are identical with those 
 described by Newberry and Ij»»8quereux from the Fort Union beds of the United States, 
 and by Heer in his memoirs on the fosHils of McKenzie River. 
 
 Some of these, collected by Dr. Qt. M. Dawson on the 49th parallel, I described in the 
 Report of his Survey. Others colle«'ted by Dr. Selwyu have been dps<-ribed in the Report 
 of the G^logical Survey (IS^O-SO.) A few others were rw-eutly obtained, but have not yet 
 been catalogued or described. It is proposed to catalogue all the species determined up to 
 this time in the sequel of this memoir. 
 
 The following table, prepared by Dr. G. M. Dawson, will serve to show the ages of 
 the several de^rasits so far as yet ascertained : — 
 
 • Report Oeological Siin-oy ofCAnaila, 1870-80, \\ 104 & 
 
OP BRITISH COLUMBIA AND TIIK NOIWH-WEST. 
 
 19 
 
 OOMPARATIVB TABUI OP CRBTAOIOnS ROOKS. 
 
 I. 
 
 ■iMtMMi, 
 
 d 
 
 sr 
 
 3t 
 
 se 
 
 «• 
 
 Z 
 
 et 
 
 Eoeen* or 
 
 latMl 
 CrttacwNU. 
 
 MMtrieht 
 
 MidFum 
 
 Bwb. 
 
 iAniaa. 
 
 ^il' 
 
 n. 
 
 Nabrulw 
 MdMlMoari 
 
 Fort UaioD 
 MidJadiUi 
 RiTar B«di. 
 
 NoAVoiHUI 
 
 sm. 
 
 No.<'Pt*rr«. 
 
 700. 
 
 III. 
 Rookr 
 
 mh pmXltl 
 
 Lsraniie, 
 UODtoMon. 
 
 Foi Hill. 
 UUO or more. 
 
 Pi*m 1 
 SBOtoaoO, 
 
 Semmiam. 
 
 Chalk 
 HnrL 
 
 Upper 
 Qreeuand. 
 
 No..^ 
 Niobrara. 
 
 aoo. 
 
 No. 2, Benton. 
 800. 
 
 CSmoaMMMa 
 Oaull, 
 
 yeocomieH' 
 
 No.l. Dakota. 
 
 m. 
 
 (See note tt) 
 
 Niobrara. 
 lOOtoMO. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Plaiu between «Nh 
 
 Parallel and 
 
 Haekatehewaa. 
 
 (Bonadanr CoBnii- 
 ■IwlUporM 
 
 V. 
 
 Peace Hirer. 
 
 ISnrokr Biver 
 SeetVm.) 
 
 Sonrii Liapitieand 
 'U«ni(a Tertiary' 
 ■anemlljr. u and <. 
 BadLande Metlon. 
 
 (See note*). 
 
 DivUioo y. Bad 
 Landi Metion. alao 
 at White Hod Riv- 
 er, Three Battel, 
 ete. BIbow of 8. 
 Baakatehewan.Qa'- 
 Appelle Valley, 
 Ryebrow llill, eta. 
 
 enblna Mt Be- 
 , DiTiiion A- of 
 liandi Motioa, 
 alio on Lower Boa- 
 ria, AHiniboine, 
 Qa^Appalle, BIbow 
 orS.8a(katebewan. 
 Seriaa B. * 0. 
 (fleeter) NTSaikat- 
 ohewaa, Weet te 
 Ft. Pitt. N. ilope 
 CypreM HiUi, ete. 
 
 Limeilonei of 
 Boyne and Swan 
 Riren, marla of 
 Thunder Hill. Se- 
 riee below No. 4 on 
 B. Branch Milk 
 River, Ueetor'fSe- 
 rieiO.(TlonUtttlo 
 RiTcr, Red Deer 
 Hirer, Hand Hilli, 
 etc. 
 
 Benlon. 
 20Oto4SO. / 
 
 Dakota. 
 
 2n>to300. 
 
 ( Sankntohewan at 
 )Cule'«Falla.(T) 
 
 Heotor'aSerieeB., 
 with licnitea (T) 
 Red Deer R-, N. 
 and S. Saakatoho- 
 wan, etc. (Y) 
 
 Upper 
 Sanoatwiei 
 andShaiea 
 (Wapiti 
 Rir.noup) 
 am m>t or 
 
 Upper 
 Shalea. 
 (Smoky 
 Hir. croup) 
 am feet. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Britlah 
 Colnmbia. 
 
 anterior.) 
 
 Lower 
 Sanditonea. 
 (Danremin 
 (Iroup. 100 
 ft. 
 (See note t). 
 
 Lower 
 Shale*. Ft. 
 St, John 
 Oroup. 280 
 ft. or more. 
 
 Sandatonea .UN 
 
 VII. 
 
 Britiah Columbia. 
 
 (Coaat.) 
 
 Vaoeoarar 
 Nanalmo. 
 
 8halai.---g60 
 
 Uaad. 
 
 Comoi. 
 
 ITpper C^rIo- 
 
 merate SiV 
 
 Ujiuer Shalea. 776 
 MMdie Con- 
 ■loniemte...lI00 
 {fiddle Shalea 76 
 Lower Condo- 
 
 merate tOO 
 
 Lower Shalm. 1000 
 ism. ProdaottreCoal Meaeurea7ae. 
 (See note ••). 
 
 NochaccoSo- 
 
 rie«(?) 
 Skecnaaand- 
 atonoa with 
 impun coal. 
 Suakwa R. 
 
 beda(T) 
 
 Illaayouoo 
 beda, 10,000. 
 Skeena val- 
 oanic aerica. 
 Porphyrlto 
 aeriea. (7) 
 
 AnctUa beda 
 
 ()aeen Charlotte 
 lalanda. 
 
 A. Upper 
 Shalea and 
 Sandatonea... ISOO 
 
 viir. 
 
 Call- 
 fomia. 
 
 TeJon. 
 
 Chico. 
 
 BodaofFor- 
 
 B- Connlom- 
 emtoa 2D0O 
 
 0. Lower 
 Shalea and 
 Snndxtonoa . .GOOO 
 
 (Soonutoit]). 
 
 D. Amclam- 
 enitei> XiOO 
 
 K. Lower 
 •Sandalona.-! ' . 1000 
 
 Japkaaa Mt. oa»ulno 8d., 
 V ancourer 
 laland. 
 
 and Skadt 
 7000 nr more. 
 Porphyrite ae- 
 riea (T) 
 
 Shaala. 
 
 * Oimelea aaaatttlw, DmxMia lenuffiilin, TkHja iHtnrupla, Stgnoia LanfJorfli, Mipaim AMnrrltoat, Plalnniu nnbilU, SiliciHed wood, 
 ete. (SeeRcporton 48th parallel.) 
 
 ** Spkriiniiltru elim4/ala,Sabal imarrialu, TbjvidiMM nmenlum, 7\>rre{a ihnnfotia, /hiir uaeUlea, Ai|w{iu (aererai apeelea) Brlula 
 Itrranliqun, Qmnv Vietorm. Diomirm VanciHrnrmuU. etc., etc. (See Report CanatUan Surroy, uSJVi.) 
 
 tOtinditnC "" ■ - 
 
 iarmw.ele. (See 
 
 XI l^ftlUereUZ Heecrlbea IfW apeelea of plants, u, wuivu nv mtv APKiunimriainaB aiiu mtv i,i .a, ■aucrit. 
 
 tit Ohmxfeararpe* (DiotfeAra) Otiimbiniuu, CdpneanJcpiiMi, HMniyfea. (See Report of (ileolacieal Surrey, 1872-3.) 
 
 E^iimiw Vielorim. iWoqwnw I aHeouvemuU. etc., etc. (See Report CanatUan Surrey, I!)72sl. ) 
 
 iftCr* Uiui0a, OtmfoHrnoMt graeiUimni, Fietu marinuu, fiwx' proto-nHcifera, Maemiiia magni/lea, Pntophiillum Lrnmteamim, P, 
 
 (See Report of (ieolacloal Surrey, 1870-80) 
 luereuz deecribea 130 apeelea of pUnta, of which 114 are Ancioapermnua and are of 55 genera. 
 
to 
 
 .1. W. i)A\VS()N ON (iUCTAOKOlTS AND TKimAKY FfiOKAS 
 
 It will bo seen from tho alravo table that in America the flora of the Lower Oretaceous 
 or Neocomian retains the meagre i-harai-ter of the Mesozoit- age, even in its upjier part ; but 
 in the Cenomanian a rich Angiosi^ermous flora was introduced and continued throughout 
 the remainder of the Cretaceous into the Tertiary. 
 
 II. — ^THE MIDDLE AND UPPEU OBETACEOUrt FliOKA. 
 
 For descriptions and figures of the plants of the Middle Cretaceous beds of the Queen 
 Charlotte Islands, reference may be made to the Report of the Geological Survey of Canada 
 for 18'72-'78. I would merely remark here that though regarded on the evidence of animal 
 fossils as Middle Cretaceous, their fossil plants show that they must be somewhat older than 
 the Dakota Group of the United States geologists, and therefore approaching to Lower 
 Cretaceous. On the other hand, the beds on the Pine and Peace Rivers, explored by Dr. 
 Selwyn and Dr. G. M. Dawson, would seem to be somewhat later than the Dakota Group, 
 and near to the horizon of the Niobrara, in which period the greater part of the interior plain 
 of North America was occupied with a warm-water sea, near the North-western margin of 
 which the plants which abound in these beds must have flourished, and probably enjoyed 
 as far north as 50" to 55', a mild and equable climate, which may have become colder in the 
 Upper Cretaceous period, but was again mild in the Laramie age. Both on account 'of the 
 probable difference in age, and the geographical separation of the floras of the eastern base 
 of the Rocky Mountains and of the Pacific Coast, it will be expedient to notice these 
 separately. The first represents the flora of the interior of North America in the Lower or 
 Middle Senoniau of European geologists. The second, that of the Pacific Coast in the 
 Upper Senonian or liower Danian of Euroiie. (See table supra.) 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^/^ 
 
 I. — Eastern Side of Rocki/ Mountains, more esperinlly in the viciniti/ of the Penre and Pine Rivers. 
 
 1. AsPLENiTTM Niobrara, S. N. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 Frond bipinnate, small and delicate, the pinnules elongate, crenulate and with rows of 
 oblique linear prominences, probably representing the indnsia, I have referred this pretty 
 little fern to Asplenium, on the evidence of the remains of fructification which it presents. 
 The figure repr •ents a single pinnule enlarged about four times. The specimens contain 
 considerable iwrtious of fronds, but injiwrfectly preserved. 
 
 Collected by Dr. Selwyn on the 'SSSm River. 
 
 2. Cycadites Unjioa.* S. N. (Figs. 2, 2a.) 
 
 Midrib strong, channeled, pinnae linear, one-nerved, acute, at angle of about 50' to the 
 midrib. Ordinary pinnae alwut 3 centimetres long ; longest, 5 centimetres or more. Near 
 to C. Dicksoni, Heer, from the Upper Cretaceous of Greenland, but petiole stouter, pinnae 
 more acute and at more acute angle to petiole. 
 
 Collected by Dr. Selwyn at Pine River Forks, also at Table Mountain, in sandstone 
 containing Inweramus alius ; also at Peace River, 25 miles aliove Dunvegan. f VT«f i Vi< 
 
 * The Indian nanio of tlin IVa«» River. 
 
OF BRITIHH (!OHTMHIA AND TlIK NOimi-WI-MT 
 
 21 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 8. Carpolithkh HORRIDU8, H. N. (Figs. 8, 8a. 8b.) 
 
 Fruit globose, 8 oontimHtn's in diametor. Huritu-e (ralishMl and shining, with dense 
 thin coaly outer coat, marked with crowdtnl pores or dots, from whioh are given off in a 
 radiating manner numerous flat linear processes 4 to 5 centimetres in length,and 8 millimetres 
 wide, and minutely dentate at their edges. I can only conjecture that this remarkable obje«;t 
 is a compound fruit perhaps of some cycadoceous plant, covered with bracts or rudimentary 
 leaves. Figures 8a and 8b show the processes and pores magnifled. 
 
 Fig. 8b1^ represents a pinnularia-like plant found in the same bed with the last species ; 
 but whether connected with it in any way does not api>ear. 
 
 Collected by Dr. Selwyn, Forks of the Pine R. f ^ (T* 
 
 r' 4. OliYPTOSTliOBUfl MKAClliLIMUS, Jjesquereux, C'ret. Flora, p. 62, Pt. i. 
 
 The matrix holding this species is C4>ars«>, so that the details are not very clear ; but the 
 study of a number of specimens leaves no doubt that they are identi<uil with the species 
 above named from Nebraska. Though placed by Lesquereux in UltfiAmtntbu*, he remarks on 
 its resemblance to FfenelUi, and more eHy«>3ially to Frenelites Rt^it-hii, of Ettinghausen, from 
 the Cretaceous of Neiderschaena. 
 
 Collected by Dr. Selwyn at Forks of Pine R. ^ j-7 >'" 
 
 y a. Sequoia Rrichknbachii, Heer. "^ 
 
 This species is represented by a few branchlets from the Paaoa River ; but further south f 
 it is found in great abundance in the roof of a coal worked on Belly River^_ In ironstone | 
 concretions in neighboring beds, branchlets of the same sptH'icR occiir, along with fossil wood 
 of the type of that of Sequoia gigantea, but with more blender fibres and shorter medullary 
 rays, and not improbably belonging to the present species. Along with it arc shells of 
 
 ^/3-*v^^l-i>*^ Vv«-^«^' f^^f) 
 
 Inoceratnus. li'Ti' 
 
 Collected by Dr. Selwyn and Dr. Q-. M. Dawson. 
 
 ^ 6. TORREIA DI0K8ONIOIDES S. N. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 A few leafy branches, seen in the Peace River collections, which arc near to T. Diekmnii 
 as described by Heer from Q-reeuland specimens ; but the leaves arc more dccurreut on the 
 stem, and more obtuse. They are also very thick, and transversely wrinkled. 
 
 Collected at Pine R., by Dr. G. M. Dawson. ( ^7 Pj 
 
 ^ 7. Ficus MAXIMA, S. N. (Fig. 6.) 
 
 Fragments of a large leaf, 8 centimetres broad and probably 24 in length, with rough 
 surface and strongly marked veins ; margin slightly crenate, narrowing abruptly to the 
 petiole. Only the lower part of this interesting leaf is seen in the specimens collected. I 
 refer it to Ficus because of the venation ; but this has also some resemblance to that oiJuglans ; 
 and more i>erfect specimens are required to give certainty to the reference above. 
 
 CoUetrtcd at Coal Brook, by Dr. G. M. Dawson. I\nq 
 
 y/ 8. FaQUS PROTO-NUCIFEUA. S. N. (Fig. 6, 6a.) 
 
 Leaf oval, of moderate size, pointed at base, veins straight, at angle of 85° to 40\ margin 
 entire ? Nut small, sharply mucronate, rounded triangular. This species is very near to the 
 modem Fagusfermginea, though the leaf is a little more acute at base, and may have been 
 
i I 
 
 ll 
 
 J. W. DAWHON ON CKRTACTKOU8 AND TKHTIAIIY FliOKAH 
 
 entire, bat this is not certain. The leaf of this species is not unlike that of the other Greta- 
 oeons beeches, as F. jHtlyrhula, lA>sq., and F. irelweu, Newberry, and also r(>senibles the F. 
 Antipitfl of Heer, from Hat'helin Island on the coast of Siberia. This Sachelin flora it 
 regarded by Heer as Tertiary, but it has a very Cretaceous asitm^t. 
 Collected at PJttflliver by Dr. Selwyn. l^"] S • 
 
 V 9. Laurophyllum dehile, S. N. (Fig. 7, 7a.) 
 
 Leaf elongate, oblong, 6 to 7 <!entinietres long, and 2.5 broad in middle, thin and 
 delicate, with a slender midrib, obsolete alternate veins, at angle of 40" to W, and dense 
 reticulation of fine veinlets (magniiied in fig. 7a) ; margin entire, base narrowing to petiole, 
 apex not well seen, but probably at^ute. 
 
 Collected, by Dr. Selwyn at Forks of PfiMM River, and by Dr. G. M. Dawson at east 
 branch of PlSee R. 
 
 • 10. Pbotboides liONaus, Heer. (Fig. 8.) 
 
 Heer, Kreide Flora, p. 10, Plate 81, Fig. 6. 
 
 The venation of this leaf cannot be seen ; but it is not distinguishable from the species 
 above named. • 
 
 Collected by Dr. Selwyn at Forks of PBasft River, by Dr. Q-. M. Dawson, at cast branch 
 of the same. 
 
 ^ 11. Betula, Sp. -^ 
 
 In the collections from Pmcm River ecvernl fragments with impressions of bark having 
 markings similar to those of the bark of the white birch tree, were found. 
 
 k 12. PopuLlTES CYCiiOPHYMiA, Heer. (Fig. 0.) 
 
 Lesquereux, Cretaceous Flora, p. 59, plate IV. 
 
 This poplar is so near to that above named, that bearing in mind the variability of the 
 leaves of poplars, I do not think it well to separate it. Lcsquereux's specimens are from 
 the Dakota formation in Nebraska. 
 
 ,-CeHected-nt PaSJi Rin-r by Dr Selwyn. ((pl^ SL,**^ (Vrt ^..^ W^' thy^r) 
 
 /" 18. DiOSPYBOS NITIDA, S. N. (Fig. 10.) 
 
 Closely allied to D. anceps, Ijcsquereux, but more narrow and acute, with stouter 
 midrib and veins at angle of 40° to 45°, and less curved. Lcsqncreux's species seems to be 
 different from that described by Heer in the Flora Helvetic^a, under the same name. 
 Lesquereux's specimens were from the Dakota Group. Those in the present collections 
 
 were obtained by Dr. Selwyn and Dr. G. M. Dawson, in the canyon of PsS^River.. 
 
 • 
 
 ^ 14. Maonoma tenuikoua, Lesq^ 
 
 Lesquereux, Cretaceous Flora^Page 92, PI. XXI. 
 
 Lesquereux's specimens were from the Dakota Group. Those in the pipscnt collections 
 were collected by Dr. Selwyn and Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Coal Brook and PfiSe River. 
 
 15. Maqnolia MAONinoA, S. N. (Fig. 11.) 
 
 V Leaf large, 20 centimetres or more in length. Greatest breadth, less than one half the 
 length. Margin entire, midrib strong, in large specimens becoming broad near base. Veins 
 
OP BRITISH COLUMBIA AND TUB NOIiTH-WEHT 
 
 at atiirlo of about 60"., delicai«>, n«*xuoiiH, netting and liruiichin^ toward margin. Base 
 ffradnally narrnwing to a widu and at lirHt bonlonnl iwtiolo. Aim^x not (khmi. The Hmallur 
 spufimens of thiH leaf are not unlike thoHe of the modern M. acuminnln. Some of the Uwvcs 
 are, however, twieit oh large us that Hgurtnl, and with the angle of venation rather less 
 a«*ut«'. 
 
 Collet^ted by Dr. (J. M. Dawson at Coal Brook. /^ 7 ^ 
 
 1ft. Menispbrmitks nENm)RMi8, 8. N. (Fig. 12.) 
 
 Iii>af )>road, n^iiform, tt rentimotres brood and 7 ivntimetreH in length, margins 
 undulate. Five veimnl, but with two awesHory veins, making 7 in all. This is a very 
 remarkable leaf, but of somewhat uncertain aflinities. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson at Coal Brook. 
 
 J 11. 
 
 ■I fC*-' 
 
 -r« 
 
 ^ 
 
 ritOTOPlIYIiliUM LECXWTEANUM i 
 
 Lesquereux, Cretac«>ou8 Flora, p. 103, pi. XVII. 
 
 This leaf is very impi^rfeet, but iu>proa<.-httH nearly iu its venation to the species named. 
 
 Collected by Dr. Selwyn at PJfiSluiver^'iru^ 
 
 18. Proto"hyu.iim nouEAi.E, 8. N. (Fig. 13.) 
 
 hciU \ .-ry large, roundinl at bas«>, which extends 2 1 j j ci-ntiraetres beyond the attachment 
 of the petiole. Venation based on thnn; main ribs, springing from the midrib near its bas(\ 
 and which are connected with eat^h other by veins angling upward. The lateral veins give 
 off regular secondary veins toward the margin. The [Kirtion figured is the l)iw>al i>art of a 
 large leaf, which some fragments show to have been six inches ur more in its greatest 
 diameter. 
 
 Cnllnntpil by 1^ . a lidwyn at P.i i .t HiiH . ^'^^U^ e.^...^^^^ , C*y*Ji ^^U^-^^. ^^^h^^?f . 
 
 # 
 
 19. PROTtlPHYMiUM ttUOOSUM. 
 
 Li^squereux, Cretaceous Flora, p. 105, pi. XVII. 
 
 A leaf not very well preserved, biit so far as can be yeeu not distinguishable from that 
 above named, which is from the Dakota Group. 
 
 Collected by^Dr. G. M. Dawson at Coal Brook. / ^ 7 <^ 
 
 ons 
 
 Additional Inland Sjtecies. 
 
 20. Pints Susquaensis, S. N. (PI. III., Fig. 37.) u^^^ *■ '>^**, *** ^f*»^M^ «**S 9*^ 
 Leaves, long linear, nlw.jf a ;ii..tirt>i in l.>n;rtu »-<^a q ->« ^•-x-^ jn bnfndth , replaced by a *^ 
 
 micaceous mineral in hard block slaty rock. 
 
 21. Laubus CRAS8INEBVI8, S. N. 
 
 A narrow lanceolate leaf, resembling .'. Nebraiscensis of Lesquereux, but more parallel- 
 sided and with very strong channelled midrib, having transverse wrinkles. No trace of finer 
 venation. 
 
 Both of the above specit i^nilf from the deposit in Snsqna River already referred to, and 
 believed to be of Cretaceous t^ge. 
 
 
24 
 
 W. DAWSON ON CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FLORAS 
 
 22. DiOONITES BOREALIS. S. N. <T1. III., Fig. Si.) 
 
 Petiole thick, longitudinally striate. Leaflets 10 millimetres wide, parallel-sided, decur- 
 rent at base on the petiole, longitudinally striated with aboiit 15 striae. Length of leaflets, 
 centimetres or more, terminations unknown. 
 
 This is a fragment of a leaf similar to that of Dioonitex Cotumbinnus from the Queen 
 Charlotte Islands, but differing in size and venation. Similar leaves have been found by 
 Fontaine in the Lower Cretaceous of Virginia, and in Euroiw they are considered to be 
 characteristic of the Lower Cretaceous. In America, however, Diorin etliile still survives as a 
 representative of this type of cycads. 
 
 Collected by Mr. R. G. McConnell, on Willow Creek, N. W. Territory. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2. — Upper Cretaceous of Vamvtirer Island. 
 
 W 1. Neuboptebis Castob, S. N. (Fig. 14, 14a.) 
 
 Pinnules at right angles to rhachis, closely set, oblong, abruptly pointt?d, attached by 
 whole base. Midrib strong, fading before reaching the point. Veins obscure, but apparently 
 at an acutt angle to the midrib. Very abundant at Beaver Harbour. 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson. / ^p^ . 
 
 »- 2. T^NIOPTERIS PliUMOSA, S. N. (Fig. 15.) 
 
 Resembles closely T. VUtata and T. Gihbsii of Newberry, but has the veins forming an 
 angle of 50" with the midrib, which is very strong, giving off to the even margin strongly 
 marked parallel veins. Breadth 2 centimetres ; length and termination unknown. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson at Baynes' Sound. /^ 7 o 
 
 ^ 3. NlTJ?80NlA LATA, S. N. (Figs. 15, bis. 16 a.) 
 
 Frond at least 6 centimetres broad. Pinnules about 1.2 centimetres in breadth, each 
 with about 30 parallel veins at angle of 50' from the rib. Pinnae separated from each other 
 by narrow acute loLunoe. Midrib broad and channeled. Terminal pinna a little broader 
 than the lateral segments. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson at Baynes' Sound. /" 9-/ ^ / 
 
 t^ 4. Pteeis (Oleandra) Gixjssopteroides, S. N. (Fig. 16.) 
 
 PJana lanceolate, 2 centimetres wide, 8 or more long. Midrib strong, giving off" 
 ascending curved twice-forking veins, which from, their flexuous character sometimes 
 appear netted. Margin of pinna apparently inflexed ov thickened. Resembles Oleandra 
 ardica, Heer, from Greenland ; but has the veins at a more acute angle. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Protection Island. t^^3- 
 
 «^ 5. Sphenopteris EiiONOATA, Newberry. (Figs. V\, V\ a.) Newberry, Boston Journal of 
 
 Natural History, Vol. VII., No. 4. 
 
 This species was described by Newberry, from specimens collected at Orcas Island, 
 
 on the Coast of Oregon. It is compared by him with S. Verlettii, Brngt. It is doubtfully 
 
 referred to Sphenopterii, but as the fructification is unknown, may be allowed to remain 
 
 there at present. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Protection Island. / ^ 7 3 ^ 
 
 s. 
 
OP BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE NORTH-WEST. 
 
 SB 
 
 irnal of 
 
 Island, 
 Ibtfully 
 I remain 
 
 •^ 6. Davallites RlCHAliDsoNl, S. N. (Figs. 18, 18 a, 18 b.) 
 
 Barren pinn«5, nearly at right angles to the ^leticle ; narrow, with ol>oval pinnnles, 
 united at base, few veined and slightly decnrrent on the partial iietiole, to which they arc at 
 right angles. LiMigth of pinna; 5 millimetres or less. Terminal pinna obtuse, lobed. Fertile 
 pinnae much narrower with semilunar pinnules, each with two thecae on the \ipper edge. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at rrotection Island. 1 8-7 3 , 
 
 */ T. Adiantites pk.T5ix)N(»us, S. N. (Fig. lt>.) 
 
 Frond simple, widening gradually from the base to near the apex, which is truncate 
 and sometimes lobed. Ltmgth 10 centimetres, breadth about 3 centimetres. Texture 
 apparently thin and delicate. Veins slender, diverging at very acute angles, and forking 
 several times. This is evidently a fern, but of doubtful affinities. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson at Baynes' Sound. / S^^ y-. 
 
 8. Pecoiteris, S. N. 
 
 Tri-pinnate, with small clost'ly placed ])innules, bluntly iwinted. 
 Collected at Baynes' Sound, by (x. M. Dawson. / X/* ^ • 
 
 Viuiatiou obscure. 
 
 9. AspiDiUM Kenneumi, Newberry, Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. VII, No. 4. 
 
 This fern, said by Newberry to be very abundant in the shales over the Newcastle 
 ••oal at Nanaimo, apiwars only in a few fragments in the collections submitted to me. 
 
 (^ 10. TOBUEIA DENSIFOTilA, iS. N. (Fig. 20, 20 a.) 
 
 Branchlets with crowded leaves, whii-h are about 2 centimetres long and 4 millimetres 
 in breadth, obtusely pointed, parallel-sided and decnrrent on the branchlets ; one-veined, 
 thick. In the absence of any knowledge of its fruit, the reference of this very distinct and 
 beautiful plant is of course very uncertain. 
 
 Collected ])y Mr. J. Richardson, at Protection Island. ^TT^^ . 
 
 •^ 11. Glyptostrobus, S. N. 
 
 Fragments of branchlets resembling G. EurojMcus in size and form, bat too obscure for 
 certain determination. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Inlan d, -rfrt t.t< f^ \ f y7 S^ , 
 
 ^12. Taxodium cuneatum, Newberry, Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. VIII., No. 4. 
 
 Newberry describes this as follows : Leaves numerous, short, broad-spatulate in form 
 rounded or si\b-acute at summit, narrowed into a very short i)etiole or sessile on the 
 branchlets. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Nanaimo and Protection Island. / P' 7 5 
 
 13. Salisburia Baynesiana, S. N. (Figs. 21 and 21 a.) 
 
 Leaf obliquely cuneate, thick ; nervation dichotomous, obscure. Margin entire at 
 sides, sinuate at apox. Leaves of Snh'iibnrt/n, possibly of the same si^ecies, though some- 
 what larger, are found at Beaver Harbour, and are associated with oval seeds or nutlets 
 possibly of the same tree. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound and Beaver Harbor, f f-/' }", /f^ ^, 
 
 Sec. IV., 1882, 4. 
 
26 
 
 J. W. DAWSON ON CRKl'ACEOUS AND TEUTIARY FliORAS 
 
 r V 
 
 ^(k>»4k***V*^ 
 
 14. Phraomites Cobda^ormis, S. N. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 An inch or moro in width when full grown. Parallel veins distant from each other 
 at »nt 5 millimetres, and with some intervening striic. Resembles P. Cretaceous, Lesq., from 
 Nebraska, but differs in venation. To the naked eye this leaf very elosely resembles 
 Cordailes borassifofui of the coal formation. 
 
 Collected by Mr. James Richardson, at North Saanich and Nanaimo, and by Dr. G. M. 
 Dawson, at Bay nes' Sound. ^ 9 7 !>'• , /^•yCt Z^^^* 
 
 ' 15. SAB.UilMPERIALIS,S.N. (Fig. 23.) 
 
 SrtAw/, Sp., Newberry, Boston Journal, Vol. VII., No. 4. 
 Midrib elongate ;' more than 1*5 centimetres long and 1.8 wide; coarsely striate 
 longitudinally, perhaps in consinjuence of pressure. Leaf having folds varying from 8 to 
 15 millimetres in breadth, at angle of 55" to 60" at base, more acute upward. Nerves fine, 
 30 to 60 on each fold, five or six on each side of the middle being coarser than the others. 
 General form and margin unknown, but must have beiMi one to two fwt or more in 
 diameter of blade. This is undoubtedly the 8abal mentioned by I^esquereux and New- 
 berry, as found in fragments in collections from Nanaimo. At the Harwood colliery^M^ 
 that inliiml Mr. Richardson o1)tained large leaves, but on a shale so brittle and jointed that 
 it was impossible to secure them entire. 
 
 ♦ 16. Samx paoifica, S. N. (Fig. 24.) 
 
 Ijeaf elongate, jiointed at both ends. Aixix somewhat abrupt, base oblique. Length 
 8.5 centimetres, breadth in middle 1.3 centimetres. Midrib conspicuous ; margin entire. 
 In one specimen a group of leaves apjit^ars attached to a slender twig. 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound. 
 
 lY. PoPUIiUS UHOMBOIDEA, Ijcsqr. 
 
 Losquereux. American Journal of Science, Vol. XXVII, p. 360. 
 
 Originally described by Les(|uereux from siwciraens collected by Dr. John Evans at 
 Nanaimo. Was described as " rhomboidal, with the margin irregularly toothed above and 
 entire near the slightly decurrent base. Lateral primary veins diverging at an acute angle 
 like the secondary ones, and ascending to both corners of the rhomb of the leaf, all strongly 
 marked with scan-ely visible iwrcurrent veinlets." It is a leaf with the venation on the 
 same plan with that of the modern P. grnndulenldla. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Newcastle Island. 
 
 18. PopuiiUS protozadachii, S. N. (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Closely allied to P. Zadarhii. of Heer, in its style of venation and crenated margin, but 
 with fewer and more delicate veins and broader form. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Newcastle Island. ( V? "5 • 
 
 ylO. POPULUS TRINERVIS, S. N. 
 
 A poplar-like leaf, with three slender veins forking upwards. Very peculiar and 
 distinctive, and represented by several specimens but all imperfect at the margins. 
 
 Collected at Nanaimo by Mr. James Richardson, and at Baynes' Sound by Dr. G. M. 
 Dawson. 
 
 
 Wtmfmmrm'- 
 
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE NORTH-WEST. 
 
 8? 
 
 in, hilt 
 
 Ir and 
 G. M. 
 
 \r 20. POPULUS BECTINEUVATA, S. N. (Fig. 26.) 
 
 Leaf large, with entire margin, or only a few distant obsolete teeth, general form 
 apparently broad oval or ovate. Midrib delicate ; veins slightly curved, diverging from 
 the midrib at an angle of about 25\ so that they appear very ere*'t and approximately 
 parallel to each other, forking twice before they reach the margin. Resembles in venation 
 large and laxnriant leaves of P. bnlsnmtfera and also the P. vuUuhilis of Heer. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound. ^ f-> C- , 
 
 ^ 21. Populous liONGIOR, S. N. 
 
 Plan of venation similar to the last, but veins at a still more acute angle and the 
 form of the leaf narrower and with entire margin. 
 
 Collected by J. Richardson, at Harwood coUierj', Nanaimo ; by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at 
 Baynes' Sound. / ^ > S' , / fr2 y . 
 
 r 
 
 22. PopuLUS, Sp. 
 
 This is a very large poplar leaf which must have been four inches in breadth. It has 
 a venation similar to that of P. grandidentuta, but the teeth of the margin much smaller. 
 The specimens are in fragments. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound. 
 
 It should be noted that, in accordance with the numerous poplar leaves found in 
 these beds, wood, having the structure of modern iwplar, is by no means uncommon in 
 the same formations. 
 
 *^ 23. Betula pebantiqua, S. N. (Fig. 2^). 
 
 Ovate, elongate, veins at angle of about 50\ with midrib slightly curved and begin- 
 ning to fork toward margin, which is entire, or with only very shallow teeth. Leaf, at-iite . 
 at ajiex ; less acute at base. Length of ordinary speiimeus, 5.5 centimetres. Breadth, 4ii» «Z {^ C • « l/ 
 centimetrejf , Six veins on each side. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound. / S^^ $~ , 
 
 •^ 24. QuERCUS Victoria, S. N. (Fig. 28). 
 
 Leaf, large, probably 4 to 5 inches long ; broadly lanceolate, slightly toothed at mar- 
 gin. Veins nearly straight, at angle of 46'', and about 0.7 <'entimetro apart. Approaches 
 somewhat to Q. miiHitiervh of Jjcsquereux, but differs in angle of v<>nation. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Newcastle Island, Nanaimo River and Protection 
 Island. / V-> J ■> / 5^ 3 • 
 
 I. 25. Ulmus dubia, S. N. (Fig. 29). 
 
 A fragment of a leaf with the venation of Ulmtn^. Veins nearly opposite, at angle of 
 about 40° ; curved and forking toward margin, which has distant teeth. Veinlets coarsely 
 reticulated, with a tendenv-y to truiisvcise arrangement. A few imperfect interstitial 
 veins. Leaf curved, and apparently dry and harsh. Breadth, 2.G centimetres, apparently 
 somewhat oblique at base. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound. ($"7 9^, 
 
 y/ 26. Sassafras, Sp. (Fig. 80, 30 a). 
 
 A small cuneate leaf, apparently trilobed at summit, and with throe slender vejas, 
 
i 1 
 
 I i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 ♦ - 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ I 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 t. 
 
 
 • i 
 
 1 
 
 
 f ■ 
 
 ;it,H 
 
 i ' 
 
 tB 
 
 3. W. DAWSON ON CRKTAOROITS AND TKRTIARV FLOUAH 
 
 diverging at a very acute angle from the base. Usual length, about 5 centimetres. Leaves 
 of this tyiie are found at Baynes' Sound and Vancouver Island ; but too imperfectly pre- 
 served to admit of any certain distinction from desiTibed sjwcies. 
 
 »• 27. JuaiiANs Harwoodensis, S. N. (Fig. 31). 
 
 Leaf ovate, narrowing toward the base. Midrib distinct ; veins at a very obtuse 
 angle, nearly 80\ curving and netting at margin, which seems to be slightly toothed. 
 Brendth, 4 centimetres ; length, probably 11 centimetres. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Harwood Colliery, Nanaimo. /^^ ^ ', 
 
 y/ 28. DiOSPYBOS VaNCX)UVEBKN8I8, S. N. (Fig. 32). 
 
 Oval, pointed at base, obtuse and oblique at apex. Margin, entire or slightly undulate. 
 
 Midrib and veins strongly marked ; angle of divergence of veins from midrib, abut 60''. 
 
 Veins curved strongly and uniting at the margin. Veinlets transverse, straight, giving a 
 
 coarse rectangular reticulation. Length, about .').5 centimetres ; brea<lth, 3 centimetres. 
 
 Collected by Mr. J. Richardson, at Nanaimo. vVfc*». fU*»i-.. Zi,-***--^ - fyt- ^7i . 
 
 ^ 29. Ceanothus ceetaceus, S. N. (Fig. 33). 
 
 Regularly elliptical with three principal veins, the lateral ones curving regularly from 
 base to apex. Margin, crenulate. Minor venation, obscure. Length, 5 centimetres ; 
 breadth in middle, 2.6. Distance of lateral veins from midrib in middle, 0.8 centimetre. 
 The modern C Amerimnm has verv similar leaves, but broader in proportion. C. ovalh has 
 narrower leaves. This ancient leaf is thus between the two. This leaf might be included 
 in the genus Cinmmummm, as defined by fossil l>otanists ; but I cannot distinguish it from 
 the foliage of the modern genus Ceanothus, still living in the west. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound. /fy%-f 
 
 30. ANisoPHYiiiiUM, Sp. (Fig. 34). 
 
 Apparently a soft, fleshy leaf, with strong midrib, and giving off a large branching 
 vein at one side near the base, and more slender and simple veins elsewhere. Length, 
 about T centimetres ; breadth, about 4. Margin, entire. 
 
 Collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, at Baynes' Sound. /S/^' 
 
 31. rBOTOPHYLLUM Nanaimo, S. N. (Fig. 35). 
 
 Large, 16 centimetres or more long, and 12 in breadth. Veins very nearly opposite, 
 and at an angle of 55' to the midrib. Interspaces with transverse veinlets more or less 
 netted and curved, or angled upward. Approaches to P. /eronteaniim of Lesquereux, from 
 the Dakota group. ■ "/y 
 
 Collected at Nanaimo by Mr, J. Richardson ; at Baynes' Sound, by Dr. G. M. Dawson. /S^f 
 
 0) ^W 
 
 ^ 32. Alnite« Inmionis, S. N. (PI. viii.. Fig. 
 
 Ijcaf coriaceous, shining, somewhat triangular or broad cuneate, rounded and coarsely 
 toothed above ; smaller and distant teeth on the sides ; narrow at base and rapidly 
 widening. Midrib straight, well marked, veins about equally strong, very slightly curved, 
 diverging from the midrib at an angle of 50' and running direct to margin, nearly parallel 
 to each other. Veinlets straight, simple, at right angles to the veins. Lateral margins. 
 
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE NORTH-WEST. 
 
 S9 
 
 iwson. /Q^f- 
 
 ontside lowest veins, narrow, with a few veinlets at acntc angles mnning to the teeth. 
 In the figure one side of the leaf apiiears less cnrveu than natural, owing to a slight fold 
 in the specimen. 
 
 This leaf is very puzzling in its structure, and up to the time of writing out my paper 
 for the press, I had seen only fragments of it. I have, however, been able at length to 
 uncover a nearly perfect specimen in shale from Nanaimo, from which the above descrip- 
 tion is taken. The form and venation recall features of the genera Alnuti and Platanus ; but 
 I have seen no leaf, recent or fossil, which it entirely resembles. ^yV<v.^A,*--»-.-«, 9^^ f^iT, 
 
 »^83. Carpolithes, Sp. 
 
 Small, round, smooth fruits or seeds, also ovate seeds, and ovate seeds with a rib on 
 one side, are found at Beaver Harbor and Baynes' Sound. They may be seeds of taxine 
 trees. 
 
 Mixcellaneous and Undetermined. 
 
 In the collections from Vancouver Island, there are many other kinds of leaves, refera- 
 ble to the genera Querms, Dioxpt/ros, Magnolia, &c., which are too imperfect for description, 
 and there can be no doubt that the species above described, constitute but a fraction of a 
 rich and varied flora which might, no doubt, be in great part restored by active and 
 judicious collecting, pursued by observers having more time at command than those who 
 have collected in these beds. 
 
 III.— The Laramie and Tertiary Fi/jras. 
 
 The whole of the plants classed under the last head belong to undoubted Cretaceous 
 beds, characterized as such by animal fossils, and by stratigraphical position. It is true 
 that the Coal-measures of Vancouver Island have been regarded as Miocene by the earlier 
 observers ; but this was solely on account of the supijosed Tertiary character of their 
 flora. The more detailed explorations of the Geological Survey of Canada have fully 
 established their relation with the beds holding Lwceramus, Baculites, and other Cretaceous 
 forms. Some portion of the confusion regarding these beds arose from the mixture of 
 their fossils with those of the Tertiary beds. For example, in Heer's Memoir on the 
 " Flora of Vancouver Island and British Columbia," the greater part of the species 
 described are from the Tevtiary deposits of Burrard Inlet and Bellingham Bay, on the 
 ' iland. 
 
 Both in British Columbia, however, and east of the Rocky Mountains, the Cretaceous 
 proper is overlaid by newer beds. West of the Rocky Mountains these assume the form 
 of old lake basins, filled with fresh-water dejwsits holding remains of plants and inso^ts, 
 which have been noticed or described in the reiwrts of the Geological Survey of Canada, 
 and are undoubtedly Tertiary, probably Miocene.* East of the mountains, on the other 
 hand, the undoubted Cretaceous beds of the Fort Pierre and Fox Hill groups are covered 
 conformably by a widely extended series of clays and sandstones, holding fossil plants 
 and lignite, with brackish-water and fresh-water shells. This is known as the Laramie 
 
 •Reports of Geological Survey, 1875-6, 187(1-7, 1877-8. 
 
30 
 
 J. W. DAWSON ON CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FI.ORAS 
 
 *li/inJlA^^ 
 
 Lignitic or Fort Union Group. To this belong tho plants from Porcupine Creek and the 
 Souris River described by the writer in Dr. G. M. Dawson's Report on the 49th Parallel, 
 and in the Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada,* the plants described by Heer 
 from Mackenzie River.f and those of the Fort Union beds of the Upper Missouri described 
 by Newberry and others. They constitute also the Lower Tertiary or Lignitic Flora of 
 Lesquereux-I 
 
 With reference to the age of the Laramie beds, considerable diversity of opinion has 
 prevailed, and I do not purpose here to ift^m the discussions which have taken place ; 
 but merely to state what seem to be well ascertained facts. These are as follows : — 
 
 1. The Laramie l)eds pass downward into the undoubted Upper Cretaceous, without 
 any stratigraphical break. 
 
 2. Their invertebrate fossils being largely fresh-water and estuarine and partly of Cre- 
 taceous, and partly of Lower Tertiary tyjies, do not give very precise indications of age, but 
 the beds hold reptilian remains of genera usually held to be Mesozoic.while no mammalian 
 remains have yet been found. 
 
 3. According to the observations of tho United States geologists, the Laramie beds 
 are known to underlie, in some places conformably, and in others unconformably, the 
 Wahsatch series, which is regarded as Middle Eocene. 
 
 4. The flora is distinct on the one hand from that of the Cretaceous below, and on 
 the other from that of the undoubted Miocene of British Columbia and the South-Western 
 States. 
 
 6. The Laramie Group has been subdivided on stratigraphical grounds into four 
 sections, but no grounds are known which would warrant its division into distinct forma- 
 tions. 
 
 Clarence King, in his Geology of the 40th Parallel, iilaces the Laramie in the Cretaceous, 
 on the evidence, more especially, of its vertebrate remains. Puzzled, however, by the 
 confident assertions as to the Miocene aspect of certain fossil plants, he seems to suspect 
 that in the Fort Union series there may be a confusion of the Tertiary beds with the 
 Cretaceous. He i)laces, however, without hesitation in the Eocene the Green River group, 
 whose i)lants are placed by Jjcsquereux with the Miocene. White, the Paleontologist of 
 the United States Survey of the Territories, approat^hes to the same general riew when 
 he says in his reiwrt of 1880, that the Laramie is " a transitional group betwt> n the Creta- 
 ceous beneath and the Tertiary above."§ This was the opinion expressed by the writer, 
 with reference to the Canadian development of the Laramie, in the Reiwrt of the Boundary 
 Commission in 18t5 ; and more recently in a note on Fossil Plants collected by Dr. 
 Selwyn.jl 
 
 But though I believe no American geologist or palaeontologist would now hold 
 these beds to be newer than the oldest Tertiary, I observe that Heer, in a note on the fossil 
 
 •1879-80. 
 
 t Flora FoHsilg Arctica. 
 
 X Tertinry Flora, Goological Survey of Hie Territories of tlio U. 8. 
 
 {See also papers by Prof. Stevenson in Am. Journal of Scie-"*, and in Report of Wheeler's Survey, 1881. 
 
 II Report of Geol. Survey of Canada, 1870-80. 
 
OF BRITISH COLTIMHIA AND TJIK NOIITII-WEST. 
 
 ai 
 
 plaiitM of Maiikenzie Eiver, published as late as June, 1880,* still rei^ards them as Miweiio- 
 As the opinions of u paltcobotanist so eminent deserve careful attention, it may be well to 
 examine the reasons whirh he gives. 
 
 1. He affirms that none of the species occiir in the Eocene of Europe. But the Eocene 
 of Euroiie presents features distinct from those of any American Tertiary Flora, and deiiend- 
 ing evidently on jxH-uliar geographical conditions. Further, Gairdnor and others hold that 
 Ileer unduly limits the Euroi)ean Eocene ; and if their views were established, the statement 
 ma/tl by Heer would fall to the ground. 
 
 2. Several of the plants are common to the Laramie beds and to the so-called Miocene 
 of Saghalien, of Alaska, and of Greenland. With resix>ct to the formtir, there is reason to 
 susiiect that the Saghalien flora, as described by II<H'r, may be Cretaceous. It has many 
 iwints in common with the Flora of Nanaimo, and it occurs in beds resting immediately on 
 deposits holding Cretaceous animal remains. The Alaska and Greenland floras have not 
 been proved to be Miocene, andas the Gnvnland flora succeeds the Cretat^eous without the 
 intervention of any other flora, it is not improbably really Eocene. 
 
 3. The Mackenzie llivcr beds present few iwints of identity with those of the Ameri- 
 can Eocene ; but in making this <'omparison Heer classes as Miocene the Green River and 
 Fort Union beds, which may be representatives of the beds in question, but which 
 all American geologists regard as Eo<'ene, or older. He can thus only compare the Laramie 
 group with that ^wrtioii of the older Tt-rtiary admitted by Lesquereux as Eocene, while 
 the other Eocene or later C'retiweous beds of the adjoining parts of the United States, 
 are left out of the comparison, being, like the Canadian Laramie, arbitrarily relegatt>d to 
 the Miocene. 
 
 The following tabular view will serve to show the actual ditterence between Heer 
 and the geologists of the United States and Canada with reference to the Laramie beds : — 
 
 the 
 
 hold 
 fossil 
 
 Eocetit anil Cretareons ' /x, m given in Clarenre Kini>;'s Report on the 40fh Parallel. 
 
 Eocene. — Uinta Series. 
 Bridger Series. 
 Grwn Eiver Series. 
 Vermillion Creek (Coryphodon betls). 
 
 CrelaieoHs. — Laramie ? 
 Fox Hill. 
 Colorado. 
 Dakota. 
 
 According to Lesquereux, the Green River beds of the above list are Upper Miocene, 
 the Vermillion beds are Jjower Miocene, and the liaramie are Eocene. But according to 
 Heer even the liaramie, or a large portion of it, is Miocene. The actual origin of this error 
 is the continuame of similar Floras in America from the Middle Cretaceous up to the 
 modern time, while much greater changes have occurred in Euroi^e within the same great 
 periods. 
 
 Proceedings Boy"! Socioty of London. 
 
J. W. DAWSON ON CKBTACBOUS AND TERTIARY FLORAS 
 
 ImI of Laramie Plants from the North- Wext Territories of Camula. 
 
 It J 
 
 
 Those marked with an asterisk are known 
 Onoclea sensibilis, L. 
 
 Davallia (Stenoloma) tenuiiblia, 8wn. f * 
 Eqnisetnm, Sp. 
 Physagenia Farlatorii, Heer. 
 Glyptostrobus Enropoens, Heer. * 
 
 * Sequoia Langsdorffii, Heer. 
 
 * Thuja interrupta, Newb. 
 
 * Taxites Olriki, Heer. 
 
 * Taxites occidentalis, N'by. 
 Lemna scutata, D'n. 
 Phragmites, Sp. 
 Scirpus, Sp. 
 
 y^ * Populus arctica, Heer. 
 
 * P. acerifolia, N'by. 
 X * P. Cuneata, N'by. 
 
 / P. Hookeri, Heer. 
 f, P. Richardsoui, Heer. 
 Salix Raeana, Heer. 
 'f. * Corylus rostrata. Ait. 
 
 i- * 
 
 in beds of similar age in the United States. 
 
 C. Americana, Walt. 
 
 Platanus uobilis, N'by. 
 
 P.Heterophyllus, N'by. 
 
 DioHpyros, Sp. 
 
 Sapindus affinis, N'by. 
 
 Rhamnus, Sp. 
 
 R. Concinnus, N'by. 
 
 Carya antiqnorum, N'by. 
 
 Juglans Cinerea ? 
 
 Sassairas Selwynii, D'n. 
 
 Viburnum pubescens, Pursh. 
 
 Viburnum Lakesii, Lesqr. 
 
 Ficus tiliaelblia (or allied) Brongt. 
 
 F. allied to F. sjientabilis, I^esqr. 
 
 Quertus, Sp. allied to Q. antiqua, N'by. 
 
 Aesculus antiqua, D'n. 
 
 Trapa borealis, Heer. 
 
 Carpolithes, Sp. 
 
 The following fossil woods are associated with the alwve : — 
 Populus, several species. 
 Juglans. — The structure is well preserved, and not distinguishable from that of wood of 
 
 Juglans linerea, leaves of a species resembling, which also occur, as noted above. 
 Cedroxylon, Sp. Possibly the wood of Thuja interrupta. 
 Pitoxylon, Sp. 
 Cupressoxylon, Sp. 
 
 (a) allied to wood of Sequoia semperoirens.* 
 (6) " " S.gigantea. 
 
 (c) possibly wood of Glyptostrobus, 
 
 Three other species. 
 Taxoxylon, Sp. 
 
 Coniferous woods of the above types also occur abundantly in the Lignites, and can be 
 made out when these are treated with caustic potash. 
 
 The following are the species recognized by Heer, in the collections from Mackenzie 
 Eiver, studied by him : — 
 
 Xylomites borealis, Heer (growing on leaves). Quercus Olafseni, Heer. 
 Glyptostrobus Ungeri, Hr. Platanus aceroides, Hr. 
 
 •f Sequoia Laugsdorffii, Brongt. Juglans acuminata, Brongt. 
 
 • Probably the wood described by Schroeter, in Heer's Flora Arctiua, as Sequoia Canadetuit, 
 
OP BRITISH COLUMBIA AND TUB NORTH-WEST. 
 
 33 
 
 / 
 
 y Taxodinm (listichnm, (Mioccnum.) 
 Smilax Frauklini. 
 
 * Populns arctica, Ilr. 
 
 * P. Richardsoui, Ilr. 
 
 * P. Hookeri, Hr. 
 Salix Raeaiia, Hr. 
 
 y. Betnla maorophylla, Gpt. 
 Corylus McQuarrii, Forbes. 
 
 Viburnum NordeiiRkioldii, Hr. 
 Ptorospermites HpectabiliH, Hr. 
 Pt. dcntatns, Hr. 
 Tilia MalpH'f'ni, Hr. 
 PhyllitPH acproides, Hr. 
 Cari^olithes Seminulum, Hr. 
 Hedera MaciCluroi, Hr. 
 Magnolia Nordonskioldii, Hr. 
 
 Tho only spooies (-ommon to thn Miwkpnzio River bwls and those further south, are 
 those marked with an asterisk, but I believe that further comparison would increase the 
 number of identie.al siwries. This I have not had time or opportunity to institute, since 
 the receipt of Heer's last memoir. I feel (convinced, however, that the differences in specici 
 in the dilferent localities of the Laramie, are caused largely by difference of station, and are 
 increased by the different views taken by observers as to the generic affinities of leaves, 
 and by description of mere varieties as distinct species. The poplars are esi^ecially open 
 to this remark. The genus Po/mlus seems to have been dominant over wide areas of the 
 west from the later Cretaceous to the present time ; and large quantities of material are 
 available which will be of great value in determining horizons ; but at present the confusion 
 of nomenclature of European and American authors is so great, that a thorough revision 
 of the whole series seems to be required. 
 
 Tertiary Plants from the Interior of British Columbia. 
 
 I have referred above to these plants as occurring in deposits probably lacustrine and 
 of later age than the Laramie of the plains. They may be of the same age with those of 
 Burrard's Inlet, noticed by Heer in his memoir on Vancouver plants, and with those of the 
 Alaska and Bellingham Bay beds, described by Heer and Newberry, and with those 
 described by Lesquereux, from some of the Tertiary de^wsits of the western territories of the 
 United States, which have been referred to the Miocene period. 
 
 I. — Qiiesnel and Blackwnter Rivers* : — 
 
 The plants from these places are contained in white lacustrine silt and brown ferru- 
 ginous sandstone. They include leaves of Acer, Jufflans, Curyn, Cnstnnea, Qiterens, Fagus, 
 Plalantis, Bettila, Winmnus, Diospyros, Taxodiiim and Seqiioia, along with many nuts and fruits 
 probably belonging to the same species with some of the leaves. None of these species, 
 except the Sequoia, seem to be identical with any from the Laramie or Cretaceous ; but 
 several are the same with American and European species regarded as Miocene. This flora 
 is very rich, especially in fruits, and it is greatly to be desired that more extensive collec- 
 tions should be made in it. The Quesnel beds have afforded a number of species of insects 
 which have been described by Dr. Scudder, and are regai-ded by him as Tertiary.f 
 
 * G. M. DawRoii, Report Geological Survey of Canada, 1875-0, 1877-8. 
 t G. M. Dawson, I. c 
 
 Sec. IV., 1882. 5 
 
r 
 
 34 
 
 J. W. DAWSON ON CRRTACROU8 ANT) TRRTrARY FliORAS. 
 
 II. — Similkameen River* : — 
 
 The plants from this place aro in a brownish shale, aboimding in fragments of a large 
 Equisetum, which I have described in the report cited under the name of E. Smilkamente. 
 With this are numerous leaves of Pofnilus Arrlim, Heer, and a few of P. Munr ; and also 
 species of Carjnnus, PluUinus, Nelumbium, Sti/tindus, Mf/rica, Belithi, Paliurus, Vaccinium, 
 Taxodium, Sequoia and Olj^/dostntbus, and a fragment of Tlmja, not distinguishable from 
 T. ocddentalin. The species are different from those found at Quesnel, but like them 
 apparently of Middle Tertiary age. 
 
 III. — Reserve, North Thompson^ : — 
 
 The leaves from this place, in a matrix of grey arenaceous shale, are almost exclusively 
 poplars, referable to Pojmlus Arctica, P. Genetrix, Newberry, and another species. With 
 these is a species of Rhus, allied to R. rostefolia of Lcsquercnx. 
 
 When the plants from these localities shall have been fully collected and studied, it 
 will be time to offer opinions as to the precise horizons of the Tertiary which they repre- 
 sent. With so small collections from only a few localities, the local differences are likely, 
 to some extent, to mask those de^iending on age. There can be no doiibt, however, that 
 they belong to the Tertiary period, and that they may be somewhat newer than the 
 Laramie deposits of the plains. Like these they are associated with Lignite, and when this 
 shall be worked we may expect that larger collections will be available. 
 
 • G. M, Dawson, Report Geological Survey of Canada, 1877-8, p. 180 b. 
 t G. M. Dawson, 1. c. 
 
Irani.. li.S.C.IHai. 
 
 (HKTACKOrs IMANT.S. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 
 Fig. I. Asplenium Niobrara. 2. Cycadites Unjiga. 3. Carpolithe* horridus. 3.*^' Pinnularia. 
 
Trail*. R.S.('.,|H(SM. 
 
 CHKTArKOI'S IM.ANTS. 
 
 PI Hit- n. 
 
 Fig. 4. Torreya dickaonioides. 6. Ficui maxima. 6. Vagus pioto-nucifera. 
 7. Laurophyllum debile. 8. Proteoides longui. 
 
Tirtn8.R.S.C.,lH83. 
 
 CRETACEOUS PfiANTS. 
 
 Plate m 
 
 Fig. 9. Populus cyclophylla. 10. Diospyros nitida. . 11. Magnolia magnifica. 
 36. Piniu Suskwaensis. 37. Dioonites borealis. 
 
' 
 
 \ 
 
 1. 
 
Trans. Ft. S.C, 1888 . 
 
 CRKTACEOI TS PI ANTS . 
 
 PI.«l«IV. 
 
 Fig. 12. Menispermites reniformis. 13. Protophyllum boreale. 14. Neuropteris curta. 
 IS.**"- Nibsonia lata. 16. Tacniopteris. 16. Pteris glossopteroides. 
 
Trans. R.S.C.,1883. 
 
 CRETACEOUS PLANTS. 
 
 PlatrV. 
 
 Fig 17. Sphenopteris elongau. 18. DavalliteB Richardsoni. 19. Adiantites p-aelongus. 
 20. Torreyia densifoiia. 21. Salisburya Baynesiana. 22. Phragmites cordaiformis. 
 
t 
 
 
Trails. R.S.C.,1H«:^ 
 
 cRErA('f':ors piants, 
 
 PJiilrVI. 
 
 Fig. 23. Sabal imperialis. 
 
I i 
 
Tran8.R.S.r.,I88.'i, 
 
 C imVAC VAH TS I M ANTS . 
 
 I 'I. . I. • VII 
 
 ' 
 
 Fig. 24. Salix Pacifica. 26. Populus proto-zadachii. 26. P. rectinervatm. 
 27. Betula perantiqua. 28. Quercus Victoriae. 29. Ulmus dubia. 30. Sassafras. 
 
•rnin«.M.S.C.,l«N:r 
 
 CKKTACKorS PLANTS. 
 
 riaiivnii. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 y 
 
 Fig. 31. Jnglans Harwoodensis. 32. Diospyros Vancouverensis. 33. Ceanothus cretaceus. 
 34. Anisophyllum. 35. Protophyllum Nanaimo. 38. AInitcs insignis.