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 'iS 
 
 d 
 
CHAMPLAIN'S 
 
 THROUGH MUSKRAT 
 IN 1615. 
 
 Sailf Z. Iftii.'i fc an 
 
VIPLAIN'S ROUTE 
 
 JCH MUSKRAT PORTAGE 
 IN 1615. 
 
 Vy/// 'd. Ifiles fc an Irtch. 
 
 a> 
 
 *r 
 
 > 
 
 A.J RttJ»*il 
 
 immm 
 
tl 
 
n\ 
 
 CIIAMIM.AIN'S ASTROLABE, 
 
 l.oST (»N Til K 7 Til .1 r N K, I (i 1 .'., 
 
 AMI 
 
 K(»r ND IN AlcrsT. isr.T, 
 
 ii\>iiii;i;i:ip in mimiihn hf an iii;srn;i iy in iii^ .inriiNAi, n|- iii' 
 
 I ii:^i MiVAKi'. II' riii: mrAWA ; anm riir i;i;i'Ar an iic.nirv ny 
 
 Asi i:()i,Ai:i:s vNh (Him.in m iiiKii; i;i;aiii ai ihn. 
 
 r.Y 
 
 A. J. RUSSELL. 
 
 " Mo.NTUHAL: 
 
 I'lllNTKl) i;V TllK Un.'LAND-DKSHAl.'ATS JJTIl. UU. 
 
 1 8 7 U. 
 
F ^^H 
 
 - - 
 
i'Ki:i'.\(i'. 
 
 Tins hriiif troatiso was not oiic,'inally writti-n witli ;i view to 
 puhliciition, liiit, ii.s the sulyuct is coiuu'ci(;(l with the early history 
 of (Canada, anil throws a litth' a'hlitioiial lighl uu un uliscurity in 
 a part of Chamjdain's journal '-I'liis I ,-l vova^,'!- up tli'- Ottawa, 1 
 have l)t3en indufcil hy l.li<' tlaf "ring rt'Ci)nin)"''iJatiim ot a f'«!w 
 friciids tu have a very liiiiiuHl editior ut' it [)uhlish(Mi, tru.stiiij,' it 
 iiia\ hv iu some dtjgr e interesting to Canadian nuidors. 
 
 Tin.' astrolabe, which is the subjcci ot it, was shewn to nn- 
 
 by Capt, <.)verniau, <»t tin* ( Utawa Forwarding Company. He 
 
 afterwards gave it to IJ. W. Cassells, Es(|., then I'n'sident 'd' 
 
 that Company, now of Toronto, who obhged me with thf loan 
 
 ol' it. Kiiowh'di^f of tlie jtorlage on which it was i'ouud Icil :;u' to 
 
 believe that it was the une that < 'hiini])laiii's journal contains 
 
 evidcnee of his having lost there in It) 13. 
 
 . A. .1. urssKLb. 
 Oii'AWA, t)th January, 1879. 
 
I' 
 
 
CllAMPLAlNS ASTR()LAP>E. 
 
 "T^'llK Astrnli.hr. n\- wliirl, ;, ] ,l.(.t..-ral.1l i-^ pivtix.'.l, WHS 
 
 V3 ,-,„„u„ isr.7, ni. Ill" iv.rliair nf U Nn. 1 1^, in tlu' 
 •Jn.l i;anuv uf tlu'loxvn^hil. of Uuss. in il,r (Minly nf Nnvtli 
 K,.„r,vw'. in llir I'vnviu.vnf ( hit ;i vin. on tli." IMv^r Oitawi., 
 l,v <•;,,, tnin nv.M'u.iin's iHM,pl,., in rnltivuiin- a V^rn- ni 
 „,,,„„„1, „ ;, sn.i.ll lak.. nr;,.tli. m;M i'mni tlu' ( ►it.NMi tn 
 Musknii l.;,kr. iin.lisbrlirNiMl loluiAT l-.M. In.t l.v Cliani- 
 ,,1,,H ,nn:.vrrsin-ihat ,H,n;,u.. -n his way n,, tl,. Ottawa, 
 ,,,tlH.yrarlill:'.. Tlirlnllnsvin,-i.;!vtirnlaixivs].M.tin,uit,an.l 
 ivasnns lor Lrlicvm- it In l- < lian. plain's, may. pcrliai.s, be 
 f,,nn'l inli'n'stin- tn Cana.iian iradcrs. 
 
 1, isal-nnt twn-tlnnlslai-M-llian the i-linin^raia. nf it, Us 
 ,l,,,„.,,.,H,.in-liN ■i.M-lH'san.l li vr-ri^l.tl,s, It is nf ,.lal. 
 h,,,.. v.n-.tavk will, a.jv, an ..i-hth nf an inrl, thx'k atn.w, 
 
 ii.rivasinu tn six-siKtcmllis nt an uu 
 
 •li hclnw. In '4l\<' It 
 
 ;lcailinrss wiinn .-n 
 
 si.cndcil, wlii'-li aitaivntly was intcn.k'(l 
 m W ,n<-n.as,Ml kv Imn-m- a wni^lit nn tl.r link' i-ini-ctin^ 
 ,„,..■ at tlu'kntt.nn nf it, in nsin.u it nn sliip-k.-ank llssus- 
 jH.n.lnm rinu i- attarlml ky a .kmkk' hin-c nf tlu- uatuiv nt 
 , universal .inint. Its cirek' i. .li\i>k'.l inln .in-k' .U-rers, 
 .^raAluatra fn.n. its lu.riH.n.li.Mikir axi- <A' susprnsinn. Tl.r 
 .Innkk- kkul.Ml in.k'X, tlir pivnt nf whuli jM-^sc^ thr.m-h the 
 ,,.„j,,.„f,l,rastrnh.lrj,a> slits and cvclrls in ilir pmj.Mi- 
 i„o- siolits tkai arc m, it. liy turning the in.lrx .Inv.tly 
 
 -i- 
 
Hi 
 
 to tlie sun, at noon, so that the same ray may shine fully 
 throuffh both evelets while the astrolal)e hausxs freely, the 
 sun's meridianaltitude, and thereby the latitude of the jdace 
 of observation, eau l)e taken to within about a quarter of 
 a degree, or even less, whieh is as close as Champlain's 
 latitudes j^'enerally were taken. The date of 1603 is en- 
 graved on the faee of the astrolabe. 
 
 Chaniplain made his first voyage uj) the Ottawa in 161:3, 
 and his journal eontains conclusive evidence that he lost his 
 astrolabe on the 6tli or 7th of June of that year, in passing 
 through the portage on which fJiis astrolabe was found. 
 
 It is singularly remarkahle that this evidence lies chietly 
 in an error in ("liani])lain's latitude, of what is now the vil- 
 lage of Pcniliroke, which attracted the s])ecial attention of 
 our Canadian historian AT. Ferland, and is the subject of a 
 co})ious iiotr on jtage .SOT of tht' splendid illustrated edition 
 of the Works of ('hanijdain edited with cojiious and inter- 
 esting notes hy A1»lie LaAi-rdicre of the Laval I'niversity, 
 and i)ublislied by Mr. Desharats in 1<S70; while it is 
 eciually worthy of remark that tlu' loss of his asti'olabe 
 accounts sulticiently for (']iaiui>lain's not afterwards detect- 
 ing ami coi'i'ecting this error of his hy subsequent observa- 
 ti<ms ; and his ha\ Iul; hist it accounts also for his having 
 made no more ol)servations for latitude on that voyage, 
 which he certaiidy, otlierwise, would have done. 
 
 It will lie .seen, on examination, that (Jhami)hiin's error in 
 observation of latitude took place near (iould's Landing, 
 below Portage du Fort (which seems to have escajted the 
 notice of M. Ferland and others), and that his error, in 
 speaking of tlie latitude of l*eml)roke, is simjily a continua- 
 tion of his first error, arising from its l»eing merely an esti- 
 mation, (»r rough dead rt'ckoning, of hi.s northing from ( Iould's 
 
 i- 
 
sliine fully 
 
 ^•eely, the 
 
 'f the jtlace 
 
 <iuartei' of 
 
 L'hainplain's 
 
 1608 is en- 
 
 ■va ill 1G1;3, 
 
 ho lost his 
 ill i>assiii<^r 
 
 found. 
 
 lies chiefly 
 'lOM' the vil- 
 ittentiou of 
 iuhjeet (if a 
 ated edition 
 s iind iiitei- 
 ruivrr.sitv, 
 ^vllile it is 
 i« astrolahe 
 fii'ds detect- 
 lit ohserva- 
 Iiis haviuCT 
 'lat voyage^ 
 
 1 s error in 
 ■! l-andinu 
 scaped the 
 s error, in 
 continua- 
 ly an esti- 
 111 ( Jould's 
 
 Lainliiiu', in (•(»nse(|iience of his not liaving the means of 
 deterniininu it hy iiclual olisciMition, owin^- in jii.s having 
 lost his astrolahe. 
 
 'J'liis will be more clearly ii|i]iarent hy following the course 
 of (Jhani])lain, and n(»tin'_; \\ hat In- says ahout his ol)8erva- 
 tions for latitu(k'. 
 
 He left the Island of Ste. Hidene, where his bar(iii(' lay at 
 anchor, on the UTth of .May, l()i;>, with a party of four 
 FrenchiiKMi and oiU' Indian (There was no Mnnti'ciil in 
 those days.) Being delayed by Imd wcalht-r, he (h'd not 
 leave Sault St. Louis till the I'Mth. 
 
 On the )'iU]i 111' took aii observation for latitude at l.aehine. 
 His words, intlu' Frenchof his time, are : Jc j)r'nif^J(i liiniftn/r 
 de ('(' J'h'ii, ifii'i ^'■•<f jxi/i'lcs 4.") ih'(/i'('Z 18 iii'> milcxdv hit'il (i(h\ 
 which is only aliout iive minutes less than the true latitude 
 of the place, a very insignificant erroi" when it is taken 
 into consideration that the verniers W(; noA\' have, on all 
 scientific instruments, f(n- reading the subdivisi<jns of degrees, 
 were not then in common use, though invented about that 
 time. 
 
 (living a la-ief Imt vivid and highly interesting description 
 of the (hmgerhe. exj)erienc(!d in lowing his own canoe U]> the 
 Long Sault Uapids — of the fair and s])acious tributary rivers, 
 the beautiful ishmds and magniticent woods, as he passes 
 along; and exchanging one of his Kreiielnueii \\)V an Indian 
 of a war ])arty that he met at an island near what is now 
 the site, of the anti(;U(!-looking and ]iieturesi|uely situated 
 manoi' liouse of the late Hon. Loin's rlosepli raj)ineau, and 
 l)assing the liideau Falls, which e.\('ii(,- his admiration, lie 
 reaches the great " Asticou," as his Indians called it, and 
 which in their lai gnage meant Chaudiere, and desei'ilM's 
 that great waterfall of tluM)ftawa in all its native grandeur, 
 
1 ) 
 
 'I 
 
 M 
 
 wliicli iill old liylduiiiiis so wi-ll rciiiciiilu'r, HkiiiuIi iiuw 
 iiii])iiir('(l ;iiiil (It'sccr'itcd. 
 
 Oil passiiin it, .HI llic 4t1i olMuiic, lie look mii ohscVMitidii 
 \'()V Isititudc ;il what is iiuw the (ivci'urowii Imsy village of 
 Hull. 
 
 lie sa\s, •/( iir'nis Id jnint, nr ilii Inn el Ivovray 4ri 
 thi/rr: ;'.S niiiinlcs ih- hililiiilr, that is (iiilv alioiit I:.'] iiiiii- 
 iitcs ill excess (•!' till' tnic latitude, wliidi is 4."''' '2'>' .").'!" N. 
 
 I'assiiiL:' till' ( "liaiidiciv Lake and the Mardlcy ^loinitaiiis 
 nil tlic .".ill. and llicLiivat h'alls dti lie ( dials, wlieic singularly 
 fiKiiiu'li ilicN It'll lliciv |ii(i\i> inns and |iarl dl' lliciv ddtliiii!^ to 
 a\nid ilir Till iL;ii(' (if ciirryiiiL; tlii'iii, lie asci-nds tlic ('lials 
 Lake and eani|is dii an island at tlic head dl' it, where he 
 Ill's! iiii'cis ilie ()tiawa red |iiiii trees, iind admires their 
 
 1 tea my. lie ihele elected ii cl(is< made dl' dlle dl' tliclil w illi 
 
 the aini> III' I'rancc ciii ii|ii)ii ii. 
 
 Lea\ iliu It dli the I'ltli. he ]iaddled lip llic ( 'liellcallN llajiid. 
 j'he reader wIki has parsed thai way will reiiieiiilier the 
 iiaridw ]ia-->a'_!e hetweeii ihc rocky islands and the Idl'ty 
 precipildiis lucks whdse shaddws darken the swil't and 
 siiruiiiu waters tlirdii^h which the steamer sways and 
 
 stniiiules liet'nre ellteliliu the |iict lires(|iie reach n\' sillddth 
 
 water leiidiicj, tn Tdrta^e dn l''(irt. 
 
 Here ( ha!ii]ilaili sa\s he ci'dssed In the west side dl' the 
 i'i\'er. ii-licn il I urns In tlw ni>i'th.i\\\^\ landed for the |iiir]idse 
 dl' takiiiL! the I'diite. Iiy tile AFuskrat I'di'taee and Lake, Id 
 I'emhriike-— liv the atl\ice dl'liis Indians — to avdid the many 
 rapids and I'alls nii the main river. The place dl' his land- 
 in;4 is \i'iy delinittdy apparent mi the sketch with this, 
 which is cdpied I'rom tin- jilan ol the Ottawa canal survey. 
 And lieiv lu s:iys he look ail dhservalioii of the latitude. 
 ^ons I rnrcrsii UK'S Janr <} I'iuh'sf la. I'lvu'rc qui fournit an 
 
4 
 
 lll<»llLill II 
 
 ()W 
 
 li oMSL-rvatioii 
 |sv villiiijc ul' 
 
 h'DHray 4." 
 
 )iit 1:, 
 
 » 1 
 
 iimi- 
 
 \0 ')-' .>.i). 
 
 X 
 
 'V Mouiitiiiiis 
 
 'i<' siiiuiiliii'ly 
 
 •if clntliiiin to 
 
 lis the ('lulls 
 
 il, \vliciv lie 
 
 inliiiiivs ilicir 
 
 ■ iii' iIh'Iii w iili 
 
 '■IlfilllX Iwipill. 
 
 viiiciiihci' the 
 illld tlic Idl'ty 
 lie swii'i illld 
 r sWiiys illld 
 ••il <il' Sllioolli 
 
 -1 >idc (.r ilic 
 'I' llic ]iiir)i(i,svi 
 
 illld l-ilkc, In 
 "id the iiiiiiiy 
 '»r his liiiid- 
 cli with this, 
 iiiiiil .survi'v. 
 the liititiidc. 
 / ('(H( I'd it a II 
 
 ^^' 
 
10 
 
 CIIAMI'LAIN S ASTIfOLAIlK. 
 
 4 
 
 corroct, .so also is the Icngtli of tlio lake he traversed on tlie 
 iiiornirif,' of the 7th; hut the distai ce from it to jMiiskrat 
 Lake is estimated hy liiiii at nearly donhle what it really is 
 hut that is exactly what mi,i,dit he expected from any })erson 
 little accustomed to the woods, in struggling through wind- 
 falls. 
 
 The small lake, near which T was informed by Cajitain 
 Overman that the astrolabe was found, and whicli is most 
 accessible at that end, would be a most suitable halting i»la('e. 
 
 He reached Muskrat Lake early enough in the day to be 
 entertained formally with the pipe of peace and friendship) 
 in Indian fashion, followed by a speech and refreshments 
 from Nebachis, the chief of the Indians, who cleared and 
 cultivated land there, and had fields and gardens which they 
 took him to see. 
 
 Nebachis had a couple of canoes equipped, and took him 
 down Muskrat Lake, and across the short portage of three 
 miles, by a well-beaten, easy path (now the stage route to 
 Pend)roke), to see the chief Tessouat. He arrived there 
 on the 8th of June, so early that after visiting Tessouat, 
 and making some arrangement with that chief, he had time 
 to go over to Allumette Island, the chief abode and strong- 
 hold of that branch of the Algonqnins called the " Kichsi- 
 pirini " (men of the Grand River), characterized in " Les 
 Relations dcs Jct^ultci^ " as extvcnunncnt nKpcrhc There, ex- 
 amining at leisure their land and burying grounds, he con- 
 ferred with their chiefs and principal men and invited them 
 to attend the feast, or public dinner, that the " hoii vievx 
 Cdp'italue Ta^muAit" was to give on the 9th, at I'embroke. 
 
 On which day, after Tessouat's formal state-dinner had 
 come off, in its various courses, such like as th(\y were, 
 attended by the (iliiefs and great men, (?ach bringing with 
 
 M i 
 
 ''"mm 
 
€ 
 
 [rsf'd on tlio 
 
 to JNTiiskrat 
 
 it really is 
 
 any i)(.'rs()n 
 
 I'oiigh wind- 
 
 l>y Captain 
 liich is most 
 [alting i)laco. 
 Iio (lay to be 
 Id friendship> 
 'ofreshinents 
 cleared and 
 Is which they 
 
 nd took him 
 -a<)e of three 
 :a,ne route to 
 irrived tliere 
 ng Tessonat, 
 
 he had time 
 I and stronj''- 
 ho " Ivichsi- 
 zed in " Les 
 '. There, ex- 
 nds, he con- 
 nvited them 
 
 " hoi) rimix 
 I Pembroke, 
 -dinner had 
 
 they were, 
 injfino' with 
 
 hini liis own wooden Itowl ;in t spoun, and after sfjlemn 
 smokiniL!; iuid sjiccchilicatioii, ( "liiinijilain. to juiss iho rest of 
 the day, walked iib<mt in tluir Lrurdcn.-. 
 
 T»nt neitlicr diiviuL; this linic nor t lie day aft(M', nor indeed 
 durinn' the I'cniaiiidt'i' of the Vdva^c, (Iocs lie sjicak at all 
 of taking any more ((liscr\'ation.s foi' laliludc. W'liat he 
 says of I'l'nibroke is sinqily thai ii is alxnit tlic 47tli degree 
 of latitude, — " I'JIIc I'st i>ii r h's 4-7 'Ici/rt': <li' lafihiilf ;" — 
 that is in spcakiiii; (»t' Allunictte Island and ilie I'ooL of 
 AllumeLle Lake. 
 
 In notiein^' this as an cvvor of fully a, degree, in the 
 absence of a*ny dthci' ni'Mu.- nhvioiis t'» him of accounting 
 for it, ^r. Fi'vlaiiil, in jiaLn- ltl4 of his " r(*/'/'.s (/'/A'.s/o/'/t 
 (hi Co iui<lii,'" says, ^ I'a n'llli' vi'iU'ii r n'd r'n'i) (jid doivf 
 ^'- Hii fjn'i' lid I'l iliiiis tine crju'd li mn o/) il I in di'i'dll I'ti'i' 
 ^'' (Vlft'U'ilc (!<' fdii'i- i/r.s ohscrCid iDiis i'.r<icli'.-<." 
 
 ]>ut we caiuiot ac(\']il of this t/xjilanaliou a> adt.'([uate to 
 account for tlie dilfcr( nrc lictwecn tlic ti'iie latitmle of 
 rembrokc, which is about 4."") .""id N., uud that of 47 <ii\'cn 
 by Chaniplaiii : foi', in examining his errors in latitude, in 
 the eases nuoteil, and those made (in his vnyaux' to Lake 
 Huron, 1 \V() yeais iaier, after having been again in France 
 (if il be right tn di'siunate as ei-rors dilferences bis instru- 
 ments weri' not graduated nn'uuhdy enough lu indicate), we 
 tind that they are ('(iinparatividy insignilicant, seldom 
 auKuiutinn' to the lliiiil jiart i»f a. degree, which cnrresjionds 
 closely with the capacity of the astrolalie found. \Ve see 
 therefoH! that this erior uf a degree, in the latitude nf Pem- 
 broke, could not arise fi'oni iini)erfect ]io\ver of his instru- 
 ment, as M. Ferlaii I's explanation seems to suggest. In 
 fact, a. little furthe ■ (Mmsideratinn enables us to .see that 
 the circumstance ol this great error oC a tlegree, having l>eeu 
 
 ,,^vm>-" 
 
I 
 
 •-'J 
 
 1L' 
 
 r\\ \Mi'i,.\iN s astiku-m;!,. 
 
 MiiLiiiKill) iikmIc liclnw I 'ml HUT dii l''ni'l, (lt'iniiiistr;ilcs coii- 
 (•!ll-;i\' 'n' tli;i( lie li'uk iki (iliscrMltidli ut illl ;it rcIlllirok'C. 
 |-'(il wi' illl klldW, rs]icci;ill\' tliiisr(»| Us lliiit ;ilc in'ciist oiihmI 
 Id till' use (iT ili>1.',illil('llls fill' the (»l)S{'l'\ill imi (if ;ilt itudcs, 
 (irli;i\i' fVni llic nnliujl'V klluW IcdLl'c oi' \]\r (Inclfiiic ol' 
 
 rlmiiiT^. iliMi. a- ( 'liiiiii|il:iiii kui'W well tliat lie was liaxclliim 
 riMi'iliwaiil, tlif ('(M'taDilv is, lliat if lie hail iiiailc an dliscrxa- 
 limi ;ii i'diiliidki' at all. lie wdiiM lia\(' assiir('(l]y ilclcctiMl 
 his .'I'l'i 'I Ilia ill' oil 1 ln' I't h ; t'nr liy il ln' wniiM lie iicccssiil'ily 
 iiiaili' Ml a)iiii':ir In lia\r lii'cii L^diiiu' South. We ai'c not at 
 lilicri\' lo siiiiposc he wdiiM lia\ (' iiiadr ilic error of ;( dc^rci' 
 a scroiid tiinr. accidi'iitally, for we know that 'on the coni- 
 iiioii )aiii('ipli' of chances, the |pidl)ahility was iiioiv than ten 
 thousand to one that he would mil make the saine aoci- 
 
 delltal efJ'ol' 1 wiee in sileeessioll. 
 
 Also, as We see that he was in the ha hit ofiakinu ollseJ•\i|- 
 t ions lor lal ill ides ot' less iiii|Miriiiiii jioinls, as he w cut aloiiL;', 
 niid ver\' roriiially iioiieiiiL; his oliser\at ion--, we mar he 
 \-er\- Widl assured that he Woilld not lia\i' failed to deter- 
 mine hy aetiud olisei'N iilioii, n-. iisiinl, the latitude of a 
 |)ositioii -o im|ioriaiit as the eMreiiie |Miiiii ili;ii he had 
 I'eaidif'd. if 111' had had the means ol' doiiiii so: and no other 
 cause that can In- assiuiied aceiaints .--u llieieiit Iv for his not 
 ha\ iiiL;' the iiii'an- of doiiiu >o, and for his lia\iiiu taken no 
 
 oiwerNalloliv oil llli^ \oya,L;e after the tltll .1 lllie, e.\ee|)liliu 
 
 the loss of lii>' a>t rolalu' on the jioitaLic where this one was 
 found. 
 
 Taken together, ihcrel'ore. tlieie is stioiio eirciiiiistaiit ial 
 (■\idenee that this was his asti'olahe ; and that his loss ol' it, 
 there and tluii. was the cause of the e\t raordinarx' error in 
 his lalit iide of reiiihroke, which attracted the atteiit ion ol' 
 his comiiieiitaiors. 
 
i] 
 
 •iisti'iitcs con- 
 ;il I'ciiilii'iik 
 
 KC 
 
 iiv ;ii'ciisi()iii('(l 
 
 (I III ;illitii( 
 
 fs. 
 
 fl'' iliirlniic ol 
 Wils ll:i\clliiin 
 
 Ic illl ()l(SCl'\i|- 
 
 ivdlv fictcct 
 
 t'(| 
 
 lie Ilcccssjil'MV 
 
 '^^'•' iiiv not at 
 \v\'iiV i)\' a (Ico^ivc 
 
 ill oil tllC ('(llll- 
 
 \^ iiK'iv tliiiii ten 
 IiIh' siiiiic acci- 
 
 a I\Iiil; (misc1'\ ii_ 
 -^ III' Weill aldiiv, 
 11^. \\<' mar l)c 
 I'liilcil Id (Icicr- 
 !■ lalit ikIc oI' ;i 
 II lliiil Im' had 
 > : an. I hh oilier 
 Illy Inr liis not 
 i\ iiiL; taken no 
 ' lllle, excejitiliL; 
 •(' tin's one \\as 
 
 liiviiiiistantial 
 It 1 1 is loss of it, 
 diiijiry error in 
 IC alleiilioii of 
 
 W 
 
 III. I \\i' look ll|ioll illl- ;lstro|;|lie a^ a I'cllc ol' till 
 
 loiintiei' ol' (•ivili/eij snrjeu in ('anail;i. lier '^I'eiitesi ill. Ill ami 
 
 iiiosi iia 
 
 I .h 
 
 rillL; explorer, ih" loliniier of Ik l nio-t .llieiellt ejlii 
 
 o|' lier ;_;l'eat eoiiiliier'-iill lllel I'olMilJv : ;|i|,| \\|iile We Ic^.H'iJil 
 
 with ailditioiia! inieiest ;l•^ 
 
 iiH'iiK nto ol eiirlv ad\cnt ure 
 
 11 whal U;is.\eii llii'll <';in;id;rs Lileiit intelior lii;:hw;i\ ol 
 iiiiniei'( I', and is, '»\ ilie s.inie d.'slim now, the site lor her 
 
 ;reat r;icilic lJailw;i\'. We iii;i\- al 
 
 iMMii) 11 as a relie 
 
 ol anrielil ailde\eii |)lv-liisloric seieliee ,iiid ei \ ili/,il ion. 
 
 lie dii\ ol jisi lolijlii 
 
 a- that ol tile lllell N\ ho lb 
 
 theiii, h;is loiiL; udiie \>\ . Tin- wiis |iiohaM\ one of the jasl 
 
 ol thelil liial Wi'l'e i|>ed. U||,. ol the hist Wdr 
 
 \s oil I lieJll l> 
 
 < 'l;i\iiis •• I re;il ise on 
 
 Asiiojaiies,"' nrinied lit Maxfiiee. in 
 
 hill. TiieX Wi'lV soon a!'t( I s|!|,el',>eded. Neinier, the 
 
 inventor ol the \eriiiei' -cale, now in ii,>e, on ilie indexes ot' 
 ;ill seiciitilie nisi ri line iii> lor reading; •- nodi \ isioiis of denrees, 
 ]»nMished a iraet on " /,<< f 'nnxl rurl nni . /'I ■■'ii(/( il hs I'ro- 
 in'ii'lc'^ il" (Jiniil ,■(! itl .\i,iiri(ii' ih MhIIu'iikiI n/ni ," at" 
 Iiinssels. in hi:'>l. In ii ihe iiatniv ainl iisi of the Ncrmer 
 is ex|i]ained , ami M had indeed heeii known lor a nninher 
 ol" yt'iii's liel'oi'e. It will iie readilx iindei>tood l,y all 
 ucquainied w it h seieiii ihe instnmieiii-, ihai the Ijn^h/ni hI 
 
 S<ti"'(((ii, \\\\\\ ils \frniel, would sjie"ilil\- siijiersede so 
 iiniierteet an iiistninieM .i- the asliolaiie lielore iis. 
 
 The asti'dhilie w;is loiind in ueiiorid ii>e aimai;^ tih 
 S(ailhern Arahiaiis, \<s \;is(|iies di (laiiia. wiien he dis- 
 co ve reel, as it is eoiiii ioni\' lie Id, ! he w ay loiiiid the ( "a]!!' of 
 (iood llojie to India, known in the days ol I'liaroaJi Xeeho. 
 
 The origin ol tlie use of it liy tiieiu is lost in the remote 
 past. From the ilays of di liama baek to the eat'liest 
 
 ^<i 
 
(( 
 
 14 
 
 CIIAMI'I-AIN's ASTKOI.AIIK 
 
 ij 
 
 noticL'H of c(»iiiiiit'rcv in cxisti'iici', tlu' coniint'icc (»!' llic 
 Arabiiins and ilicii pii'dt'ccssurH, the Cnshitc AnibianH, liX- 
 trnilcid lu f\ciy (Mtast and almost to t'Vcrv island (jf the 
 Imlian Ocean, " tVoni India to AWysinia," as Kawlinson 
 aavs in his work nn llcrudoiiis. Our "Alclieniv. Aml)ic 
 iimnvs, Almanac, and iVlj^cbra," indiciitc tin- I'lianncl 
 ihi'ouuli wliicli our sciences came, 
 
 Notwithstanilinn the opjxtsition shewn l»y ClufValier 
 liinistii, Max Ai idler and other eminent men, to the ideii of 
 an ancient Cnshite race ol' AsiatU' Kthiojtians liavin;^ ludd 
 tlie valley of the Kiii»hrates, and southern Asia },'enevally, 
 and extended their civilization and connnerce over it, that 
 snch was the fact seems nnw t<i he fidly established l»y the 
 sncco.ssful readin<;- of the j^reat nnndu-r of books, writtiMi in 
 arrow-headed characters, on tablets of l>aked clay, foimd by 
 late excavations in the liliraries of the ancient ruined cities 
 of l)abylonia and Assyria. 
 
 To use the words of an article in the "KdinbnrLi;h Keview," 
 for danuary, 1S72, on "Tylers' rrimitive Cnltnre," in 
 speakiny of the Asiatic Kthi(.i)ians, it would seem that "it 
 " is certain that they re[)resent the earlii'st ]»roi;ressive 
 " civilization of which we have any record, and that tho 
 " civilization of ]>al)yh)n, Ej^yjjt, and Phenicia, thou<;h as- 
 " cending far beyond the dawn of history, are comi)aratively 
 " modern olfsh(»ots of that jn-imitive culture," 
 
 From one of these old Babylonian tablet Ijooks — a p;reat 
 work on astronomy and astrology, written not later than the 
 IGth century ]). C — it is evident that the l>abylonians 
 divided the heavens into twelve parts — the signs of the 
 Zodiac — and used them in speaking of the position of 
 heavenly bodies. C)ne of these divisicms was called a 
 " Kaspu," and the day was divitled into twelve Kaspus, 
 
*i^ 
 
 ['lev ol' tile 
 
 iiibiaii.s, I'x- 
 
 jlaiid ol' tlif 
 
 liiiwiiiisoii 
 
 [iiiy. Arahic 
 
 I'k' <'liiiin)t'I 
 
 (Iicvalu'V 
 
 I" the idea of 
 
 Iiiiviiiu' li,.l,| 
 
 [ill j^vncrally, 
 
 over it, lliat 
 
 lislit'd l.y the 
 
 ;«, wiittcii in 
 
 Ifiy, fuund l)y 
 
 I'uiiK'd cities 
 
 iroh IJcvic'w," 
 Culture," in 
 ^inn that "it 
 ; l)ir)nTe.s,sive 
 and that tlui 
 I, tli(»ii,!^li a.s- 
 »uij)aratively 
 
 >lvs — a ftreat 
 itter tJian the 
 J»al)yloin"ans 
 iigus of the 
 position of 
 IS called a 
 Kaspus. 
 
 it 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 It is veniarkahle tliat tlie ^'ivatesl tciin, or dciintninatidn 
 «»r lineal nn'iisure til the l»iiliyli>nians, was al.so a " Kaspn ; " 
 and the .Kas])U cdntaiut'd, or was divided into MHO" (|uani " 
 — the quani int(» CO ciiliits, an<l tlie euhit into tid parts. 
 Now it is Very reniarkahle that this system of lineal measure, 
 with its two sexagesimal divisions, is not only in the utmost 
 degree! forei;:n to any mode (tf measurement and enumera- 
 tion natural !<» man, sucli as the decimal system from the 
 ten lingtMs, or any simple d(iul)liiiL!,' u|> or multi])lication of 
 simj)le t[uantities, such as men in a sim|ile condition of life 
 woidd, or eould naturally use, and would I'e likely to con- 
 tinue to Use loni; aftei' they hecame civili/ed; hut it also is 
 jn'ecisely our divisioi, ot tin- ciicle into .'SlJO degrees that was 
 in u.S(! at the time oi i'lolemy, and had existed from time 
 immemorial before. 
 
 But what are we to think of a ])eo[)le w ho (ividently had 
 abandoned some sim])lc and nntural system of lineal mea- 
 sui'e, ])reviously loii,u in ust;, and had ado])ted a comjdex 
 and unnatural yysteni whicli involves the relation of the 
 Semi-diameter, or radius of the circle to its circumference ^ 
 How an! we to account for this coincidence between the 
 subdivision ol' the circle foi scientific ])urposes, and the 
 L'ushite-Jiabyhniian system of lineal nu'asure, without 
 assigning the origin of both to the same people? And to 
 whom are we to attribute the astrolabe, or at least its 
 design and system of ^radiuition, exce])ting to that great 
 mysterious ])re-historic race that gave ]>aby Ionia and Kgy])t 
 tlitiir science and civilization, iiud whose colonies and com- 
 merce extended, acc^ortling to fuir more advanced arclueolo- 
 gists, from the S]»icc Islands of the Indian Ocean to the 
 British Isles? 
 
 The for(!^oing was written early in the year 1872, and 
 
■ . .^.v. .,: ■.g^fi.^/ta-f. 
 
 u 
 
 ClfANfrr-AlN''^^ Asri!(iMi;Iv 
 
 (li'jxjsitcil ill tlic l'iirli;iiii('tit Lilirnvy ill Otlinvii, ^\■illl the 
 view (iC liriiiLiiiiu tiic snlijcct iimlci' \\\r notice ol' tjidsf wIki 
 liikc nil iiitcrcsi ill ilic ciirly n.-conh ol' discovciT aiid Iicroic 
 ;t<l\riit ni'i' ill ( ";iil;i(lii. lint wliilc tlic I'lict ol' lliis us; fi(I;il)i' 
 liii\iiiU liccii ( liiiiiijiliiiii s. iiiid liisi liy liiiii, i»ii liis lirsl 
 voVii'^f ii|) the ()lt;i\\;i. M;is iidiiiil !('(! iis i'iiirly olidijislicd 
 liy liu' i'iici|ll;'-l;illli;il t'\ idcllcc ;iddlM'('d, siiliic lc;ini(Ml 
 iViclids (ilijt'clrd 1m the I'uiicliisinii M'llllll'cd lljxtll in ;i>siL;li- 
 lllU llic iiri^il] uf llir jistViihllic |m till' ;lll('i('llt ( 'li;ildc;ilis, 
 iiiid ijic uradii.-itiiiii of tlic circle into ;lliO decrees to their 
 di'iioiuiiiiilioiial di\isioiH ol lineal measure, as lieiiiu \isioii- 
 ai'v and erroneous; inaiiitaininu tlie astrolalte to lie ol' 
 ( li'ieco-l'lnyjitiaii origin ami that tlr' graduation ol'tlie circle 
 was deri\c(l ;ini]ii\ I'rnni ilie di\isioii ol' the year, known 
 '11 early history into iweh'e nionths ol' thirty days each or 
 :U\\) days. 
 
 The |)iiliIicalioii ol' i he ivsiihs (,1 i he researches ol' arclia'- 
 olo^isls ol' ihe hi,ulie>l aiil lioi'ity, hn\\e\ er, has since delinilelv 
 estahlished the early ('halo'caii origin ol' the aslroialie. and 
 of our ^iradiiatioii uf the circle iiilo .'Ii'iU de^urees and their 
 se.\a,uesiiiial siili,|i\ jsion imi. ininate^ and si'coiids. 
 
 Two years alter the original ol this article was written, 
 the late einiiieiii aivhaoloLiisl, \\ . Smith, ol' the iliitish 
 ^Aluseiim, who had lieeii lor soiiic liiiie eii^aued in Ass\-rian 
 ar(,'h.eoloL;ical eAjiloratioii, coinmiinicalcd to the jpiiMic in 
 a.dvaiR'e of his L;ivat Work, piililished in lS7o, the iiiterest- 
 in,^ t'ac.l thai he had diseovcivd in the palace nl' Sennacharili 
 fexcavaled at a nival deplh under a \illa-v on the liill ol' 
 Koiiyuiiuic;, aiiioiiu other woiiderliil iivaMiro of aiili(|uil\', 
 a pari'ol' an asirolalie. 
 
 It was seemiiiL^ly an iustrunieiit of superior character in 
 UhaiiJ|)laiii's. its circiiuit'ereuce was divided into iwelve 
 
OllA.Ml'LAlN'.S ASTKuLAliK. 
 
 17 
 
 parts, con-espoiuliiig with tlu- sigii.s of the Zodiac, the, 
 degrees in each niarke(l with an iinu'i' circle naming 
 prominent stars. (There ha\t' h,rn dilUavnt desoripti-ms 
 of astrolabes even in inodt'tn times/; 
 
 The immense anti(inity and C()nse(|iiently]ii(,f(Hind inijwrt 
 of that relic of science, verified hy the great deptlt at which 
 it had lain buried, for more than two thousand years, must 
 have rendered it a more imj^ri'ssive object of contemplation 
 than even the astrolabe of Champlani. the ]ier(; of (jur 
 early Canadian history. 
 
 As to the idea that the circle was (livi(h.nl into oGO 
 degrees in correspondence with the numlier of days in the 
 year, it may be sufficient to say that no peoi)le wiio made 
 and used the astrolabe for astronomical iiurposes could 
 have held that the year contained only 3(J0 days ; especially 
 the ancient Chaldeans and Assyrians who maintained 
 astronomical observatories in their eliief cities, and whose 
 copious astronomical tablets an? n(.»w in the British IMuseum ; 
 for that rating of the year, in eighteen years, would have 
 differed three months from tlu'ir own systematic observa- 
 tions, and from the actual seasons of the year. 
 
 The baked clay tablet books, from the long l)iiried libraries 
 of the ancient Assyrians, inchiding copies and translations 
 of works vvritti;n a thousand years l)ef(ti'e the reign of 
 Sennacharib, shew that the civil year of the Assyrians and 
 Chaldeans, like that of the Hebn \\s, consisted of twelve 
 lunar months, th(! last, 'Adar," our February, being a double 
 one through the intei'calated " Ve Adar" (called in the 
 Accad or ancient Chfildean " Dir Se "), added, as explained 
 by MM. Lenormant and Smith t(» keep the civil year in 
 proper relation with the solar year- sliewing, a})])a)'ently, 
 that neither of the years could give 360 degrees to the circle. 
 

 18 
 
 rilAMI'LAIN's .\STI;()I,A1U;. 
 
 Si>oaking of tlip sexara'siniiil .system oni])l()y("(l 1»y tlic 
 
 Clml (leans am 
 
 1 Assyrians in tlieii' inatlieiiiatics, from wiiieli 
 
 tlie division of the circle into degrees, minutes iind seconds, 
 in onr matliematical instrnments, is evidently derived, '^L 
 Lenormant says, "This, it is very evident, M'as the resnlt of 
 II wise combination, of a very jiractical character, intended 
 
 to oomhine the advantages of tlie two systems of dividing 
 nnity, that have been in dis])nte at idl times and among 
 all nations, tlie decinnil and the duodecimal." 
 
 Thougli it was in tlie library of an Assyrian king that 
 Smith found the ]>art n\' an astrolabe mentioned, there is no 
 reason ha' suj)]iosing that it, or the division of the circle 
 into 3()() degrees, was of Assyrian origin; for, as he states, 
 the copious and valuable tablet libraries of (lie ancient 
 Assyrians chiefly (!onsist of coj)ies of very much older 
 Akkad (or Accad) originals; the Assyrians having little 
 original literature of their own. lie ex])resses it to be the 
 ojiinion of the majority of Assyrian scholars, that the civil- 
 ization, iitei'atur(\ mytiiolonv,and science, of the I>al)vlonians 
 and Assyrians, were not the Mork of a Semetic race, ])nt of 
 a totally different ]ieo})le, speaking a language totally 
 different from the Semetic tribes; and that the ccmqucring 
 Assyrians, though they imposed their Semetic; language on 
 the subjugated elder Akkad, or, as he says, Turanian race 
 (wiiether (,'iishite or Turanian, which is disjaited, matters 
 little to our siiliject), a<lo]ited its mythology, laws, and 
 literature and almost evei'y art of civilization. Indee<l it 
 is evident, fi'oni the Assyi'ian bilingual copies of ancient 
 Akkad ( ■haldean astronomical a.nd legendary works, that 
 they cherislie<l that ancient Akkad language as Kui'opcau 
 nations ha- vr dierished the classical languages of (Jreeee 
 and liome ; and we see that many centuries after tlie ovm-- 
 
throw of the doiuinioii of the Akkiul Cluildeans, the Assyrian 
 kinsi; Sardanapahis, in his tabh'ts of historical memoirs, 
 Ijoasts of his erudition in Akkad lihsrature ; whiU; the 
 grammars and voeabuUiries of that ancient tongue, found 
 in his library, with otlier works on seience and general 
 knowledge, evidently designi'd ibr (Mhicational ]»iir|Mj.ses, 
 and stated by him t(» l)e for ihc use nl' his jtcoidc, uitest 
 the inii)ortanc(! that was attached to the studv of Akkad 
 literature and science by the Assyrians, (hiring the thousand 
 years that ela]»sed from the establishmt'ui oi liuMrilominion, 
 in Mesopotamia, till the Hnal ('atastrophc of its extinction, 
 when it had just risen to its greatest grandeur of extent 
 and magniticencc. 
 
 It is to the science of these Akkad < 'hal(l(;a,n,>, tlierefore, 
 or their })rofessi(jnal successors, when to be a Chaldean was 
 synonymous with being a. profi'ssor of astronomical science 
 and astrology, that the origin of the astrolabe is to be 
 attributed, as far as the light of arclueology Iteibre the 
 public enables us to see, and with it the necessary prior 
 origin of the divison of the circle, for the purposes of science, 
 into 3()0 degrees, and their sexagesimal subdivision into 
 minutes and seconds, which still is, and probably ever will 
 be, used in mathematics and the graihiation of scientitic 
 instruments. 
 
 And as all myths nuiy lie taken as legendary records, 
 however uncouth and distorted, of actual facts and 
 ])henomena on which 'hey are based, the tratUtion given 
 in the fragment of the writings of the Balylonian priest 
 Berosus, quoted by the learned from Alexatider Polyliistor, 
 of the great mysterious being, with the body of a tish, but 
 the head, hands, and feet of a man, that ascended the 
 Euphrates fnjiu the Krythrean Sea and taught the abovi- 
 
gines, " letters antl sciences, and arts of every kind " — 
 " to construct cities, to found tenijiles, to frame laws ; and 
 expljiined to them the jtrinciplesof geometrical knowledge/' 
 may be taken as a mythical reference to the advent of 
 Akkad (Cushite or Turanian) colonization and civilization 
 into the lower valley (^f tlie Ku])hrates. 
 
 This " cultus," i)V rather the founder of it, the Oannes 
 of Berosus (and if we are to credit him), the earliest pro- 
 fessor of mathematics on record, to whom we owe the 
 original germs of mucli modern science — we find, by 
 scri])ture history, deified and worshi])ped by the men of 
 (TazH and Aslidod [Ivhamiticin race and (Jushite in civiliz- 
 ation] as the Fish-god Dagon — a maritime, agricultural 
 and commercial god, ap]»ropriate for a maritime peoitle. 
 
 Whether we take tliis " Oe," "Oannes," or "Odakon," to 
 be " Nin," a god of secondary rank, called the " city founder," 
 and also the " Fish-god " and " god of the Sea," — the two 
 latter attributes ))eing, prolalfly, transferred to him by the 
 conquering Assyrians, who also substituted Assur (the 
 !Scri])ture patriarch Ashur) the founder of their nationahty, 
 for the original Sujirenie God ; — or, what seems more pro- 
 bable, that he was identical or confounded with "IToa," or 
 "ilea," a god of ilu' first triad, called the "god of the 
 Ocean," the "god of the Abvss " (Hades), called also the 
 "Intelligent Fish," tiie "Teacher of Mankind," "the god 
 
 of Knowledge and Science," and the "god of Life," of 
 
 which attributes tlie ser[)ent was tlie symbol, — we may 
 assume that he continued to be worshipped, and his special 
 attributes acknowledged, under one name or another, by the 
 maritime nations of Cushite or Khamitic origin; worshipped 
 iiy the Chaldean mariners of the "Ships of Ur" spoken of 
 in Scripture, and of the " Ships of (Jhittim "—the Chittim 
 
of Jose}»lins, who fravo Cyprus its anciont naino of C'lict- 
 hema, — worshii )]»('( I, we sec, liy the riidiiioians who founded 
 C4ade's and Taishish, and many otlicr cities and t(»wiis in 
 Andalnsia, and who traded with the Casiterides and lerne 
 (Erin) ; and by the niaiiners who threw Jonah (.)verhoard 
 when he thought to tlec tVoni the face of the Lord and hide 
 among the Iberians of the (luadiana and iha Gnadal([uiver. 
 So might it well he, for the temple of Dagon, at Ashdod, 
 was not destroyed till the time of Judas Maccabeus; and 
 till then the " Fish-god " must still have been worshipped. 
 Even in remote Caledonia, he, no doubt, was worshipped, 
 under the symbol of his specific emblem, the seryient, on 
 that great relic of serpent worship, the Saurian mound of 
 Glen Feochan, near Oban, on the coast of Argyleshire — 
 probably by Pho'nician trading colonists; — and in many 
 other lands, from Egypt to (Jeylon, in ancient times, where 
 the attributes of the deity were transferred to his symbol 
 in the form of the proverbial " wisdom of the serpent," and 
 its being long held as an emblem of life and longevity. It 
 is even possible, also, that the archetypical deity or his 
 attributes may have lieen worshipped by the Mound Builders 
 of North America — not the neolithic mound builders of the 
 Ohio, but the more northerly pa-leolithie builders of the 
 more ancient and more inscrutably mysterious mounds in 
 the still distinguisha))le forms of great serpents and other 
 animals, tit symbols of Hoa uir Ilea,) the " god of Life." 
 
 The Mexicans worshipi)ed the sun (Baal), offering human 
 sacrifices in his teuiples ; u ider rare wmditions that pre- 
 vented decay — unconsumed ])ones of human victims have 
 \)een foiind on altars of .he <.)hio mound builders ; in 
 Yucatan, Waldcck, on excavating ruins of ancient temples 
 overthrown with forests, i'ound .statues and triune vases and 
 
I- ^i 
 
 '>>> 
 
 ciiamplain's astrolabe. 
 
 KL5yi»tiiiii-likc livseoes, a'pivseiiliiii^ men of .seemingly dii- 
 fcivnt riicfs (.some armed like rhvygian.s or riicenicians), 
 wliieli Clialiauhi'iaiKl, wlien called to report on them, decided 
 to be verv reniotelv, l)ut manifestlv eonnected with Indo- 
 Plgyptiaii art and civilization, which we might .sn])])osu to 
 ])e ccLciniiorai'v with the Po.seidon and Cabiri woi'.shij) of 
 anti'-Sid(»iiiiin Jierytu.s — the Cabiri, divinities who j.re.sided 
 ovf]' navigation antl mining. 
 
 lint it may be asked what had the astrolabe to do with 
 these men ol' ancient times; and what did they know abont 
 it '{ To tills we may re]ily that the ])robability of .some of 
 the eminent navigators of the times referred to being 
 acquainted with the u.^e (tf the astrolabe, seems rather more 
 leal tiian visionary, when we consider the now acknowledged 
 skill in astronomical science that the builders of the great 
 ])yramids |)os.sessed ; even without admitting it to b.e .so 
 transcendent as claimed by some modern writers of great 
 ability. And coming down to la'ier times, we must admit 
 that Hanno, the I'luenician, who circumnavigated Africa 
 for Pharaoh Necho, was (piite as likely to be acquainted 
 with the use of the astrolabe as any of his cotem})oraries, 
 who, in their youth, had enjoyed the j)rivilege of fre([nent- 
 im^ the library of Sardana])alus (where Smith i'ound tlie 
 ])art of one), l)efore the ruthless devastation of Nabo])(dasser 
 and his allies, the Medes, and the .self-immolation, if true, 
 of the last of Assyrian monarchs had buried its contents in 
 tiiin and ;islu's, that have, preserved thejn for our instruc- 
 tion, wonderfully intact, through many sub.seqiu'iit dark 
 ages of destructive and bigoted barbarism and intolerant 
 ignorance. 
 
 That su'h was the case as regards that eminent Plueni- 
 ciaii na\ igator seems (!\ident, when we consider that the 
 
4 
 
 III AMI IAIN S AS'li;.)l.Ali|.. 
 
 
 Phd'iiician.s, as TliinilinU tdls us, (|Uutiiii! his aiitliovity, 
 nuule use of l)al>yl(»iiian weights and lucasiivcs ; and the 
 Sidoiiiaus are staled, liv Straho, as hein^' " (Icserihed as 
 "industrious inquiiX'V- in astvnuouiy, a> w-ll as in Ww. 
 "science ol" nunihevs, to whieli lliey ha\i' lircu Icil l)y their 
 " skill iu arithmetical (.-alculation, and in na\ JLialiii:^ their 
 " vessels by night, Ix-lIi of \vhii;h art' indis})ensalile to coui- 
 '' mevce and maritime intercimrsi'." Indeed, there is iiow 
 some reason to hjlieve that th'' rhu'nieia.ns wcvr ac(iuaiutcd 
 with the use alike of tin- astrolabe and ihr niagm'tic 
 needle (which was known lo tlic Chin(;se, in jn'ineiple, 
 eleven hundred years before the Christian fraj. both so 
 necessary to their "night sailing" — and that the manner of 
 using them in navigation was ke])t rigidly secret, as mys- 
 teries of that art, through jealousy of rival nations finding 
 the way to their many colonies, and the remote countries 
 with which they traded. 
 
 The Greek and Roman navigators of the ]\l(Hliterranean, 
 stndded with islands, and land-locked on each side by 
 known countries, c(juld never get very far, or hopelessly, 
 astray; but it was otherwise with the Cuslnte navigators 
 of the Indian Ocean, and with the Phu-nicians. who traded 
 far beyond the I'illars of Hercules, down the west eoast of 
 Africa, and northward over the Atlantic and the (rerman 
 Oceans, to the then Cinmierian Denmark and to the Baltic. 
 They were occasionally ex])osed to extrcnn' danger. They 
 were lial>le, in stormy weather, to be carried far out of sight 
 of land, and from their course on the dark and Ivmndless 
 oceftn ; where even sun or stars, when they appeared, would 
 aftbrd them no indication wlv:ther they were north or south 
 of their destination, or how far either way, or how they 
 should steer for it, unless they had the means of taking 
 
ohsi^rviitions of latitude ; and' we may well suppose they 
 would be as likely to avail themselves of the Chaldean 
 astrolabe as they had been to adopt the weights and 
 measures of the Chaldeans. 
 
 Such is the train of thought into which we are naturally 
 led in considering this last of the astrolabes as a souvenir 
 of the science of remote antiquity ; and, if in tracing the 
 origin of the instrument, and the science that gave it birth 
 back, by the dawning light of archteological research, to the 
 earliest historical ages and to the cloud-land of mythical 
 tradition, the foregoing pages should seem, in parts, unduly 
 tinged with borrowed pedantry, the writer trusts it may be 
 considered incidental to the nature of the subject. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 7? 5-7 y 
 
/ 
 
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