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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^is en commenpant par la |:remiire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols ^^ signifie 'A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tablaaux, etc., peuvent dtre fllm6s d des taux de rMuction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cllch6, 11 est filmi d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 I -..^IXM EP AN DJ' ^ mP'M-^*! < *> J^ The Dominion CATHoi.tr Series SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRA WITH NUMEROUS EXAMPLES AND EX IN ANALYSIS AND Designed for Schools and Aca James a. Sadli^ MONTREAL and TORONTO '-TO TEACHERS. has been purposely omitted "^ "' ^""°8 """"« hafbein~tnX.ru^rr complete in any other gSaJ ' ''"'""' ""* ''"""' are'tt JndedT a:;ae^" *:;trr '"' ''^'''"^^'^"' children. '"" "'Mention and interest of and* it fs'rKopTrtlTc'j^'^ T 'T'^ -" --P>ete; The pupil should hav?afei,"t ,*^' '"''"' °' ^y^tax hefore attempting Analysis "ndTt^i'T "' ^'^""""gy arrangeaGrammtsothamvmoiolv p''-""^* ^™^>'y *» an^a^ composition must he S^^fLr^d ttlCe cordanef:irKr'of S*'" ^""'^ "' «^"*-' - ao- found mueh simpler than ^TV" '^'^'"•"°8^- ^"1 "« Concord and Government '"°" '"'» '^"'«« «' Ap^t;:^trti:rr -;■: "s.'-™" -^^ --"' ■ntelligent ,«.ehe. ean mu'^^'JJL ^eraTwiir Entered according to Aof «f d T~ ' — — — «t Ottawa. '"iDister of Agncultnre and Statistics rnrnrn^^^^ PREFACE. JN writing this little book the object was to furnish a text-book that would make the study of English Grammar intelligible, interesting, and attractive to children. The elementary treatises in common use contain many pages of matter over which the intelli- gent teacher is obliged to pass in silence, so that young learners may not be confused. The present work includes only what is essen- tial, and this, it is hoped, will be appreciated both by pupils and instructors. The Author. < ( c Table of Contents. Introduction . ^^**" 1 PART I.— ORTHOGRAPHY. Chapter I.--Depinition8 Capital Letters Questions for Review Blackboard Exercise I « o PART II.— ETYMOLOGY. Chapter I— Parts of Spebch • g Chapter II.—Articles Chapter III.— Nouns. I. Defir tion II. Classification III. Inflections. 1. Person . 2. Number 3. Gender 4. Case. a. The Nominative Case ja b. The Possessive Case -to c. The Objective Case jq 5. Pom of the Cases [ ^0 6. Declension of Nouns oi Blackboard Exercise II * ^2 *ii I r ^^ TABLE OF CONTEiflS. -^UAPTRR IV. -ADJECTIVES. I. Definition '**gb It Classification ^ HI. Inflection8.-Compari8s 6. Redundant Verbs ^^ 6. Defective Verbs. . '^^ Auxiliary Verbs ^'' Blackboard Exercise FV '^^ 88 Pack ... 24 ... 25 ... 28 ... 80 .. 81 . 81 .. ii2 .. 33 .. 33 .. 38 . 40 42 . 43 . 47 48 49 52 53 66 70 70 71 71 75 77 78 TABLE OF CONTENTS. yil Chapter VII.— Advssrbb. ,^, I. Definition 34 II. Classification 34 III. Inflections. — Comparison 35 C^HAPTEK VIII.- Prepositions. I. Definition 37 II. (classification 97 Chapter IX.— Conjunctions. I. Definition 99 II. Classification 39 Chapter X — Interjections 9I Exercises in Simple Pausing. II 92 Blackboard Exercise V 94 Questions for Review.— Part II 96 PART 111.— SYNTAX. I. Analysis 1Q2 1. Tlie Simple Sentence. no 2. The Compound Sentence m J>. The Complex Sentence. . Blackboard Exercise VI , II. Parsing and Rules of Syntax. 1. Parsing 2. Rules of Syntax 117 Articles.— Rule I , 117 Nouns.— Rule II 119 Rule III 131 Adjectives. — Rule IV 123 Blackboard Exercises VII 126 Pronouns.— Rule V 128 Rule VI 131 Verbs.— Rule VII I33 Rule VIII 134 Blackboard Exercise VIII 133 Tiii TABLE OP CONTENTS, VEliBa— Rule IX PAo» RuleX ...**' 140 Rule XI ^^ Rule XII [[[[ 143 RuleXIII 145 Rule XIV. 148 Blackboard Exercise IX.,,] ^'^ Rale XV 154 ADVERBs.—RuIe XVI. 15* PM:po8iTiON8._Rule XVII ^^ CoNJUNCTroN8.-l?uie XVIII ^^ Interjections.— Rule XIX ^^^ Blackboatid Exercise X ^^ Questions for Revibw.-'part III ^^^ i "^ 168 PART IV.-PROSODY. I. PUNCTTATION 1 The Comma... 1^2 2. TheSemicolon ^^3 8 TheCoIon 175 4. The Period...! ^'^'^ 5. The Dash [['" 178 6. The Interrogation Point. ^'^^ 7. The Exclamation Point ^^^ 8. The Curves. ... ISO 9 The Brackets! .".'.* .*.'..'.". ^^ Other Marks ^^ n. PiGUHEs OP Speech ^^^ III. Versification 1^1 Questions for Review.I'part IV ^^^ A Key TO the Examples of False Syntax jg^ Phrases '''''''''' 189 I S T U D I E S IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. INTRODUCTION. 1. English Grammar is the art of speak- ing and vriting the English language cor- rectly. The word " language " is from the French langage, from the Latin lingua, the tongue. 2. English Grammar is divided into four parts, namely; OrtHography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody. 3. Orthography treats of letters and syllables. 4. Etymology treats of words. 5. Syntax treats of sentences. 6. Prosody treats of punctuation, figures of speech, and versification. PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY. coJ^r:i:r::rrr' -r "--^ "''""-• ^^ to write. ""''• "'•''''«■ ""™*' «°d SrapMn. CHAPTER I. DEFINITIONS. 8 A Letter is a character or mark used « wnting and in printing. Exaii,ples:A. B., c.d.,e./. six^'/etSr. ^"'"^' ^^^"^''^* -"-'« ^ *went,. when they do not begin a word or syllable. AH th'" rest are consorxants. -.&: s and syl- writing, and uid graphein. c used in f tweuiy- l beta, the ) classes, mded by ^ and y, Al] the ORTHOGRAPHY. 3 12. A consonant is a letter that cannot be sounded without the aid of a vowel. 13. A diphthong: is the union of two vowels into one sound. Examples : ea in seat, oa in boat, 14. A triphthong is the union of three vowels into one sound. Examples: iew in view, eau in beauty. 15. A syllable is a single sound made by one or I more letters. Examples : a, at, and. 16. A monosyllable is a word of one syllable. I Examples : pen, man, boy, cat, dog, goat, ship. 17. A dissyllable is a word of two syllables. Examples : letter, sentence, writing, walking. 18. A trisyllable is a word of three syllables. Examples : par-a-dise, following, syllable. I A word of more than three syllables is caUed a PolysyllaUe. I Examples: Pe-ter-bo-ro, difficulty. CAPITAL LETTERS. 19. Capital Letters should be used to begin |words in the following situations : 1. The first word of every sentence. 2. The first word of every quotation. 3. The first word of every line of poetry. Example: *• Let us then be up and doing. With a heart for any fate ; Still achieving, still pursuing. Learn to labor and to wait." — Longfellow. *"-. ~ I 4 KNGLJSII U HAM MA II. 4. Proper nouns, and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Examples: JohUy James, Georgey Cauadian, Irish, French. 5. Names of streets, months, and days of the week. Exami)les: Autre Dame .Street j Queen; Jan- nary, March ; Monday, Tuesday. \ 6. Tlie pronoun I and the interjection 0. Exam- ple : *'/ call on Thee, mv Lord ! " 7. Titles of high office. Examples: The Mayor, The Governor-Oeneral, General, Cardinal, Bishop. 8. Titles of hooks, chai)ters, and divisions. Ex- amples: '' Dominion Studies in English Grammar,'' Chapter F. I). Names applied to God, and pronouns referring • to Him. Exam})les : Lord, Jehovah, Almighty, Supreme Being, etc. 10. Names of ohjects addressed as persons (or per- sonified). Examples: '• Come, gentle Sprmg." " Grave, ^vhere is thy victory ? " These are the most important points of orthography. Rules for spelling, together with im^gularities and difficulties of orthography, should Iw learned from the spelling book before taking up the study of Grammar. Special attention should be given to the Rules for the use of capital letters. Children, when the>' begin to write, usually make many mis- takes, and it is no uncommon thing to see a composition having sentences beginning with small letters, and the most insignificant words capitalized. & ■^ ORTHOGRAPHY. ierived from mes, George, (lays of the Queen ; Jan- 1 0. Exiim- T/te Mayor, tl, Bishop. isions. Ex- Grammar" lis referring Al might I/, ons (or per- rmg. " " orthography, nd ditficulties spelling book cial attention ipital letters. ke many mis- i composition and the most EXERCISE. In the following sentences point out the vowels, the con- sonants, the diphthongs, the triphthongs, the monosyllables, the dissyllables, the trisyllables, and the polysyllables: 1. The cat, ran after a mouse. 2. A thief stole my grey coat. 3. The view from here is beautiful. 4. The pupil of your eye is black. 5. My father lives in Toronto. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. What is English Grammar? Give derivation of th» »rord "language." 2. How is English Grammar divided? !. Of what does Orthography treat? 4. Of what does Ety- lology treat? 5. Of what does Syntax treat? 6. Of Jwhat does Prosody treat? 7. Give derivation of the word f" Orthography." 8. What is a letter ? 9. How many letters fire in the English language? Give derivation of the word f Alphabet." 10. How are the letters divided ? 11. What is J vowel? 12. What is a consonant? 13. What is a diph- fhong? 14. What is a triphthong? 15. What is a syllable? |6. What is a monosyllable? 17. What is a dissyllable? |8. What is a trisyUable? W. Give the Kulea for the use of Capital Letters. 6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. |ii; rii ^ 11 Pi BLACKBOARD EXERCISE I. In the first two lines on the opposite page, point out the diphthongs. Tell how many syllables in each word. In the rest of the exercise, correct mistakes in the use of capital let- ters. Why should Jeflferson begin with a capital? Why should John begin with a capital ? Why should « be a capital letter in the first sentence? Why should after begin with a small letter, in the same sentence ? When should the pro- noun / be a capital letter? Why does Xow^ begin with a capital ? ijLiis. There is no reason, therefore it is a mistake.) Point out a monosyllable, — a dissyllable, — a trisyllable. ^ ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. The, teneher shovid write the following exercises on the Uack- hoard, and question pupils as above. 1. Buoy, cautious, owe, touch, great, cow, joy, jealous, chief, tea. god is the creator of all things, the city of haniil- ton is in Ontario, dear aunty, it is long Since we heard From you. We are all Well. Father and i are going to new york. 2. South, east, ei^ht, seam, rain, fail, sea, quote, quiver, quick, quail. (Remember, that after q, u has the sound of w, and does not form a diphthong or triphthong with follow- ing vowels.) The Lord said: "honor thy father and thy mother." " o night ! i love thee as a weary child loves the maternal breast on which it leans ! " HOSMEB. II OBTHOGKAPHY. -''/■/: .1 . '^^ ^-7^-':/^-Z'- -y . //-/ t''// /.^ '/■'y-^--y^/.rry:. \ on the Hajdh- « ■ f /n nouns. III. INFLECTIONS 33. Nouns are distinguished by Person, Num- ber, Q^nder and Case. 1. PERSON. 34. There are three persons. 1. The first person is the j^rson that speaks. Example, " /, John, have written this.*' 2. The seoond person is the person spoken to. Example, ^' James, are you there?" 3. The third person is the person spoJeen of, Example, James has written this letter. Note. — The distinction of person belongs to nouns, pro- nouns and verbs. Nouns are seldom used in tiie^r^^ person. 2. NUMBEr^. 35. The Number of a noun shows whether it means one or more than one. 36. The singnlar number means one. 37. The plural number means more than one. 38. The plural is generally formed by adding 8 or es to the singular. Examples: book, hooks; bird, birds; cat, cats; apple, apples; church, churches. p- Note.— A number of words form their plurals irregrularly: ,».i XRiiipies : man, 7rc€n ; os, ox&n / cuiiu, C/Uldfcn / gooso, geese ; tooth, teeth ; mouse, mice ; penny, pence. 16 ENGLISH GRAMMAB. I' '>'■ !| HI!! ■' iiii 8- GENDER. ^- Gender is the distinction of sex The word "gender" means "kind "anrl Latin genus, kind or kin. ™®^ ^^""^ the 40. There are three eendpr<5 fi.^ iv/r Feminine, and the Neuten *'*"•="«''«' *he 41. A noun denoting the male kind is of ,u ^e"nin?;;r"XJ^-;---^the -»:'r;rr Tall:? "' '^--"^ '^ -'^ ^ ^ -" «- 4. CASE. -•S; J?' ?tL°':, "°"" .""r^ ">- «t-te in -d in eh;c:;et:re" '^^-^ *° ^"°'''- «. The Nemiuative Case, or thin7?h\VeS o^ dt""^ ''^ ' ''^-" in the No™ina«rr,!r '°" something, it is ETYMOLOGY. 17 Examples: The child sleeps. The cat winks. The boy writes. The water flows. The dog barks. Note.— The name of the person or thing that exists or acts, that is, the noun in tlie nominative case, is called the subJMt Example: "John struck the table." Here John is the subject, because John is the name of the person who ** struck the tabic." EXERCISES. n. In the following sentences, tell why the nouns in itcdica are in the nominative case. 1. The apple fell from the tree. 2. The hunter killed a deer. 3. John caught a fish in the river. 4. My imcle bought a white horse. 5. Jane plucked a flower in the garden. h. In the following sentences point out the nouns in the nominative case. 1. John left his book in the class-room. 2. The girl put a pencil into her pocket. 3. My dog caught a rabbit in the field. 4. The cat washes her face with her paw. 5. James found an apple on the lawn. c. In the following sentences supply nouns in the nomina* tive case. L caught a bird, but the killed it. 2. My is much older than I am. 3. says that some leap out of the water. 4. In Autumn the 5. My and fall from the trees. were made by the tailor. 18 i! ENGLISH GRAMMAR. b. The Possessive Case. 47. When a noun shows thai- if ^ possesses something it ^in .hi "' °^ case. ' " ^^^ possessive Examples : The girrs book Tho ;; » , dog's tail. • ^^^ *^^^ ^^^t- The EXERCISES. 1. ./oAw'5 hat fell into the river 2. Mary found a bird's nest. 3. J7ewry'5 cousin killed a snake. 4. The boy found a m«w'5 coat. 5. John tore Paul's vest. posltfl^'""'"^ -tences, point out ehe nouoe in .Ue 1. James found John's ball. 2. That bird's feathers are yellow. 3. This man's coat has long tails. 4. John rode in his father's carriage 5. Jane saw a man in Mr. Bj-own's field. c. In tlie following sentences, supply nouna in tV.. sive case. ^^ ^ ^" ^'^^ posses- 1. You should not pall the tail. f ' l^^^ . ^^'' *^'^ ^^i*e and long. ^. I his IS my brother book. 4. The — - light came thronah fKn 5. My nail s are sharp and long. ETYMOLOGY. 19 owns or ossessive hat. The •ds in italic* una in the e posses- I. c. The Objective Case. 48. When a noun is the object of some verb or preposition, it is in the Objective case. Examples: "John struck the table." Here table is ill the objective case, because it is the object or thing that Jolm struck. " Mary is in the garden." Here garde?i is in the objective case, because it is the object of the preposition in. NoTK— All verbs do not take an object, and therefore all verbs do not govern the objective case. (See Syntax, Rule XIV.) EX ERC I S ES. a. In the following sentences tell why the words in italics are in the objective case. 1. That horse kicked a man. 2. Idleness produces poverty/. 3. John cut a stick with his knife. 4. Mary gave a pen to James. !^ James brought a ^00^ for his m/6'r. b. In the following sentences point out the words in the objective case. 1. James wrote a letter to John. 2. I studied my lessons yesterday. 3. My brother brought a new kite. 4. John borrowed a book from Jam.es. 5. Paul lost his pen in the garden. 20 KNGUSH GEAMMAK. c. In the following sentences tell the case of each noun 1. The boy strikes. 2. The man strikes the boy. 3. The oxen plough. 4. The men drive the oxen. 5. Winds blow the flowers. jl. In the following sentences supply nouns in the objective 1. We can obtain from sea water. 2. The corn grows in the - . 3. Treat your with respect. 4. He burned his in the . 5. John loves his . 5. FORM OF THE CASES. 49. The nominative and objective cases of nouns are .like in form, and can be distinguished onl^^^^^^^ a. The nominative usually comes before tU verb. h. The objective usually comes after the verb. 50. The possessive case is formed bv adding a comma O and an . to the nominative. ExampTes' John's hat. The man^s coat. ^ * . Note 1.— The comma in this casp io ^^m^a ETYMOLOGY. 21 ich noun. e objective 3ases of guished in the ding a mples : strophe, way, or Note 2— Plural nouns ending in a add an apostrophe only. Example : Angels' visits. 6. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 51. To decline a noun is to give its various cases and numbers. EXAMPLES. Singular. Plural. Norn, friend, friends, Poss. friend's, friends', Ohj. friend, friends. Singular. Plural. Norn, man, men, Po5.9. man's, men's, Obj. man, nen. Like friend, decline, boy, giri, boat, hat, pen, ship. Like man, decline, woman, child, ox, tooth, goose, mouse. Note to Teachers.— Much of the difficulty found in teaching and in learning grammar is the result of a defective acquaintance with the simple elements of the study. Great care should be taken, therefore, to make the pupil acquire a thorough knowledge of etyroologj', before going on to Syntax. The parts of speech must be known thoroughly, before any kind of I arsing can be attempted. Take special pains with the blackboard exercises. They can with a little care be made very interesting and instructive. The exercises given are short and simple, but, if necessary, ya„lme.s an abstract noun V-lnTbe last sentence, point out the participial nouns What i! participial noun ? Whv do v,,., ..ii '' " participial nouns? "^ ' '"'^"""^ ^^ "'^^ ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. "" '''^''^^ord, and gueolion pupih a, abo„e. 1. Quebec is sometimes called the Gibraltar «f i My brother Philip went to Ireland. Jup teMrthe n T" Planet. These tables and chairs are mX 1 h Z 1" wheat, rye, com, and barley as food. The army was defeated Honey ,s remarkable for transparency and sweeter Thl crc.™g o, the cocks was hea^ before'the risin;:, ^ I Seine A Z!."" " ™ '"^ ^'"""-- ''''* " »» '^e ori:ei.';i:,T:i:;h:'""^:«'''^"-'^"^-«*^ pleasant. *^ ''"'^'^' '^'' '»"'"'« « very 3. The city of Montreal is built on Montreal Island The Governor-General is in Ottawa. Halifa. is in the P,.vince^f Nova Scot,a. The assembly was enthusiastic. Chalk Ts a sport. W e heard the chirping of the birds. ETYMOLOGY. 23 int out the ni'8? Why second sen- littee called n the third an abstract n ?— In the What is a screeching ^■0!M^ r^m- ^:^//^7/ America. 3ame of a Men use defeated. 5SS. The ;he sun. 8 on the a quality ar is very l^yj: ■rU'^^/€oint out the articles, the adjee- tives, and the nouns; and parse each one. as in the example. 1. Robert is a good boy. 2. Mary found a gold pen. 3. The moon reflects tlie light of the sun. 4. The Pacific Ocean is wide and deep. 5. We write with steel pens. EXAMPLE III. " I saw a big robin in the garden." / ma personal pronoun, because it represents the 7iame of the person who is .^peaking. Big is an adjective, and is added to the noun robin. It is of the positive degree, because it is the simple form of the adjective. The comparative is bigger, and the superlative is biggest. Robin is a common noun, because it is the name given to a class of beings. The is the definite article, and is added to the noun garden. Garden is a common noun, because it can be ap- plied to all places of the same kind. In the following sentences, point out the articles, the nouns, the adjectives, and the pronouns ; and parse each one. as in the example. 1. I saw a steam-boat on the river. 2. Philip said he found your book. 3. Has she seen my new dress ? 4. Books are always faithful friends. 6. Cherry trees bloom in May. 40 ENQLISU GRAMMAB. BUCKBOARD EXERCISE III. What kind of word is tall? What would you call redf Why do you say narrow is au adjective ? What noun does it qualify? What part of speech is lie? In what case is Jiisf What part of speech is me? In what case is mc? In what case is I? What kind of word is wfio in i\\Q first sentence? What kind of word is wfio in the second sentence? What part of speech is it? What part of speech is my? What kind of adjective is oldest? Compare old. What part of speech is tJiis ? To what noun does it belong ? In what case is Jiim f What part of speech is easy f lllili ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. The following or similar exercises should be toritten on the blackboard and pupils should be questioned as above. 1. A white cat caught a black mouse. The Hebrew lan- guage is very old. Canadian products are sent to all parts of the world. I saw a big hen with four chickens. Every man can learn to write. Give mo some fruit ? This is the same book. He is a very bad boy. A barking dog is very annoying. The winding path led down to a running stream. A snow-white lamb stood near. The man was pale-faced and weary. 2. I told him you could not find it. She said he saw her yesterday. He takes care of himself. They themselves are in the wrong. Wlio is that man? What did you say? Which book is yours? He may do whatever he Avishes. This is the man of whom I spoke. Who goes a borrowing, goes a sorrowing. The nest that I found contained three eggs. ETYMOLOGY. 41 /ri^/z^n^ U'7ir r/r^/ y / /> f^-^ r/ //' / V'j^ y/-, A f- 1^ /"C^ lA^ &r t /L/-(yL-- /Z/?^/-.? ^ ^'^..'^^^- / / U/>'.- '' r-'- • ./ -v^^:/^ ^ ' /,>. .-'V:.;^-' ■ ■ ■v*'?^ v^> /^v ^^y,:^--;^> . ^ y^y ■>^^y^/':>^/.^-vV / / >^^ A . XlCUtlllUUrXJ 4. Defective. 46 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. liiii sit 93. A Regular Verb is one that forms its Imper- fect Tense and Perfect Participle by adding d or ed to the Present. Examples : Present. Imperfect. Love, Loved, Move, Moved, Call, Called, 93. An Irregular Verb is one that does not form its Imperfect Tense and Perfect Participle by adding d or ed to the Present. Examples : Perfect Participle. Loved. Moved. Called. Present: Imperfect. Perfect Participle. See, Saw, Seen. Go, Went, Gone. Sing, Sang, Sung. 94. A Redundant Verb is one that forms its Im- perfect Tense and Perfect Participle in two or more ways. Examples : Present. Imperfect. ( Burn, ( Burnt, ( Burn, ( Burned, ( Gild, ( Gilt, 1 Gild, ( Gilded, Perfect Participle. j Burnt. ] Burned. ( Gilt. ( Gilded. 95. A Defective Verb is one that is deficient or wanting in some of its parts. Examples : Present. Imperfect, Perfect Participle. Can, Could, . Miiy, Shall, Should, ETYMOLOGY. 47 Plural. We move. You move. They move. III. INFLECTION. 96. Verbs have five changes or iuflections, namely: Numbers, Persons, Moods, Tenses, and Participles. 1. NUMBER AND PERSON. 97. Verbs have tw^ lumbers^ Singular and Plural; and three persons in each number, namely: first, seco7id, and third. Singular. First person, I move. Second " Thou movest, Tfiird " He moves ; Note 1. — When the verb varies, the second i)crson singular ends in est or st, and the third person singular ends in s, es, etli or th. In the other persons the form of the verb remains unchanged, and its number and person can be known only by its nominative. Note 2. — In the example " I love," Ime is the first person singular of the verb, because its nominative " I" is a pronoun of the first person, and singular number. Note 3. — In the example *' We love," love is the first per- son plural of the verb, because its nominative '• We " is a pro- noun of the first person, and plural number. Note 4. — In the example "John reads," reads is the third person singular of the verb, because its nominative " John " is a noun of the third i)erson, and singular number. Note 5. — The forms in st, th, est, and eth, as lovest, loveth, VBXSSi, EuU V6X€tiiij &TG U3€Ci O&iy IQ SOicriu OF pOetiCai i&u^ guage. 48 ELNGLISH GRAMMAR. .! 2. MOODS. 98. Moods are those forms of the verb that mark the mode or manner of an action. Mood (from Latin modus) means manner or way, 99. Tlierc are five Moods: the Indicative, the Potential, the Subjunctive, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. 100. The Indicative mood indicates or declares something, or asks a question. Examples: He is the man. I love him. Do vou knoiu ? 101. The Potential mood expresses the possibility, liberty, power, will, or oUigaiion of the being or action. Examples: The wind may blow. I can swim. Children should be obedient. 103. The signs of the Potential mood are the auxiliary- verbs, may, can, must, might, could, would, and sJiovld. This mood may also be used in asking questions, as " May I go?" " Can you read ? " 103. The Subjunctive mood expresses the con- dition, supposition, or uncertainty of the bemg or action. Examples : If he come f will remain. If he study diligently he will improve. • 104. The Subjunctive mood is so called because it is suborned to or connected with, some other verb. This con- nection is generally denoted by a conjunction; as, if, though, cUthough, lest, unless, that, etc. 105. The Imperative mood expresses a command or entreaty. Examples: Depart thou! Forgive -mo. ETYMOLOGY. 19 106. The Imperative mood has only the second person Bingular and the second person plural, and is always used in Present time. 107. The InjSnitive mood expresses being or action in a general sense, and without reference to person or number. Examples : To be ; to read ; to love; to be loved; to write; to have written. 108. The preposition tu, which generally precedes it, is called the sign of the Infinitive mood. 109. All verbs not in the Lifinitive mood are called Finite verbs. fai TEN^E. 110. Tenses are forms of the verb used to indicate Time. The word "tense" is derived through the French from, the Latin tempus, time. A simple tense is a tense formed without auxiliaries. A compound tense is a teuse formed with one or more ausiliaries. 111. Time is either Present, Past, or Future. To express these different periods of time, there are six tenses: the Present, the Imperfect, the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the First Future, and the Second P'uture. A*. tense. 3. Prcaont time is expressed by the Present 50 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 113. Past time is expressed by the Imperfect, the Perfect, and the Pluperfect. 114. Future time is expressed by the First Future and the Second Future. 115. The Present Tense expresses what exists noWf or is going on at the present time. Examples : I am. I write. I am writing. 1. The present tense is used sometimes by custom instead of the future. Example: "He leaves the city to-morrow," instead of " He will leave the city to-morrow. " 2. It is also used when preceded by such words as xchen, as soon as, before, after , till, to express the relative time of some future action. Example : When you corne to-morrow, I shall be here. 116. The Imperfect Tense expresses what tooh place or ivas going on at some time noiu past. Ex- amples : '• I lorote a letter yesterday." " I was writing when you came." This tense expresses what is entirely past. 117 The Perfect Tense expresses what has taken place during a period of time not yet fully past. Examples: '* I have written a letter to-day." ^^I have studied my lesson." The sign of the Perfect is have; inflected, have, hast, has or hath. 118. Mistakes in the use of the Imperfect Tense and the Perfect Tense are very common. The fol- lowing exnlunatioU will SPrvn to n'lP^vn anyna {\f fl,^ difficulties. II:!- liP" ETYMOLOGY. 51 119. When an action takes place during one period of time, and is spoken of during the same period^ the Perfect Tense is used, because the period during which the action took place is not yet fully past. 120. When an action takes place during one period of time, and is spoken o^ at a later period, the Imperfect Tense is used, because the period during which the action took place is noio fully past. 1. Example : If I do anything in the morning and speak of it during the same morning, I use the perfect tense, because the period "morning" is not yet fuUy past. Example: "I have vrritten a letter this morning " (said on the morning). 2. If I speak of the same action in the afternoon, I use the imperfect tense if the word morning occurs in the sentence, because the period morning is now fully past. Example : " I wrote a letter this morning " (said in the afternoon). 8. It must be remembered, however, that if I were to use the period day in the sentence, I should use the perfect tense and say, " I have written a letter to-day," since the afternoon is part of the same day, and therefore the period day is not y^i fully past. 131. The Pluperfect Tense expresses what had taken place at, or before the time of some other past action. Examples : I had written a letter, ^ohen you came yesterday. The sign of the Pluperfect is ?iad ; inflected, had, hadst, Jiad. 133. The First Future Tense expresses what will take place during some future time. Example: I shall write to-morrow. The signs of the Future are shall and mil. 6'Z ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 133. The second Future Tense expresses what shall have taken place at, or before the time of some other future action. Example: *• I shall have written a letter, 2vhen you come to-morrow." The Bigna of the Second Future are s/iall have and will have. 4. PARTICIPLES. 134. Participles are those forms of the verb that have the nature of a verb, and of an adjective or a noun. Examples : '' The stream is running swiftly "' (verb). " This is a running stream " (adj.). " The running of the stream is rapid " (noun). 135. Verbs have three Participles — the Present or Imperfect, the Perfect, and the Pluperfect. 136. The Present or Imperfect Participle ex- j)resses being or action, as going on or ^ntinuing. Examples : Being, moving, seeing, being seen. 13*7. The Present or Imperfect Participle of Active and Neuter verbs always ends in ing, and the Present or Im- perfect Participle of Passive verbs prefixes " being " to the Per- fect Participle of active transitive verbs. Example : Active and Neuter — Laving, seeing, being, existing. Passive— Peiwgr icritten. Being moved. 138. The Perfect Participle expresses being or action, as completed or finished. Examples : Been, moved, seen, written. 139. The Perfect Participle commonly ends in d, ed or en, and has the same form for both Active and Passive Verbs. 130. The Pluperfect Participle expresses being or action as completed or finished before some other event. Examples : Having moved. Having seen. ETYMOLOGY. 53 131. The Pluperfect Participle of Active and Neuter verbs is formed by preCxing " Jiaving " to the Perfect Participle, and the Pluperfect Participle of Passive verbs is formed by pre- fixing "having been " to the Perfect Parl'ciple of active tran- sitive verba Examples : Active and Neuter— Having been. Having moved. Having seen. Passive— Having been moved. Having been seen. Having been loved. IV. CONJUGATION. 132. The Conjugation of a verb means the regu- lar arrangement of its moods, tenses, numbers, persons, and participles. The word Conjugation comes from Latin conjugatio, a yoking together. 133. Every complete simple verb has Four Prin- cipal parts, namely : The Present, the Imperfect, the Present or Imperfect Participle, and the Perfect Participle. 134. Moods and Tenses are formed, partly by changes in the principal verb, and partly by the aid of auxiliary or helping verbs ; therefore an Auxiliary Verb is one that helps to form moods and tenses. The word Auxiliary (from Latin auxilium, help) means helping or aiding. 135. The Auxiliary Verbs are do, be, have, shall, will, cariy may, and must. 1. Active and Neuter Verbs. 136. Active and Neuter Verbs have two principal or Progressive. HI '.M\ '.f ^''d. 54 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 137. The Simple fonn makes its Present and Imperfect tenses of the Indicative an^the Subjunc- tive mood without auxiliaries. 138. The Compound or Progressive form adds the Present or Imperfect participle to the verb Be, through all its changes. 139. A Third form, found only in the Present and Imperfect tenses of the Indicative mood, is made by prefixing the auxiliary Do to the principal verb. This is called the Emphatic form. FIRST EXAMPLE. CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR ACTIVE VERB Move. PRINCIPAL PARTS. ■ mnp Present. Move. Imperfect. Pres. or Imp. Part. Moved. Moving. Per/. Part. I Moved. 1 I 2 3. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Simple Form. Singular. Plural. 1st Person, I move, 1st Person, We move, 2d « Thou movest, 2d « You move, Sd " He moves ; 3d « They move. Compound or Progressive Form. 1. I am moving, i. We are moving, 2. Thou art moving, 2. You are moving, 3. He is moving : 3. They are moving. ETYMOLOGY. 65 Emphatic Form. Singular. I do Plural. 1. 1 do move, S. Thou dost move, S. He does move ; 1. We do move, i^. You do move, 3. They do move IMPERFECT TENSE. Simple Form. Singular. 1. I moved, 2. Thou movedst, 8. He moved ; Progressive Form. 1. I was moving, 2. Thou wast moving, 3. He was moving ; Emphatic Form. 1. I did move, 2. Thou didst move, 3. He did move ; Plural. 1. We moved, ^. You moved, S. They moved. 1. We were noving, S. You were moving, S. They were moving. 1. We did move, S. You did move, 3. They did move. PERFECT TENSE. Simple Form. Si»gtilar. 1. I have moved, 2. Thou hast moved, 3. He has moved ; Plural. 1. We have moved, 2. You have moved, S. They have moved. Progressive Form. 1. I have been moving, -. 1 iiou iiEst been moving, 3, He has been moving ; 1. We have been moving, V. You have been moving, 3. They h»ve been moving r 1^ eing. Plural. 2, See (ye or you), or Do you see. 2. Be (you or ye) seeing, or Do you be seeing. Infinitive Mood. Present tense, To see. Perfect tense. To have seen. Progressive Form. Present tense. To be seeing. Perfect tense, To have been seeing Participles. Pres. or Imper., Seeing. Perfect, Seen. Pluperfect, Having seen. Progressive Form. Present or Imper., Being seeing. Pluperfect, Having been seeing. Neuter verbs and Active verbs are conjugated alike. The verb Be is an irregular neuter verb, but it is better known as an auxiliary. It will be found conjugated under the head of auxiliary verbs I 66 KN(4L1SU UHAMMAIU i ' 2. PtiNNivo Verbs. 140. PjiHaivo vorl).s mo formed from Active tran- sitive verbs by adilmy; tl»o l*orfoct Participlo of the priucipul vorb to tho auxiliary Be iu uU its changes. NoTK I. — B« oarpful to diHtinguiHli b«itwo««n Patwlve verlm Mu\ tin* I*n»^rt»HHlvo Ki)rm of Actlvo vorb«. Tho Pn)Ki-«'«Hivo ndtlw tho Pn'<.ftit or TmfwrjWt Participle to tho auxiliary verb lie. T\w PjiHMivo adds tlio PvrjWt Participle to tlio auxiliary. NoTfo 2.--Any Actlvo trawsitivo vorb may bo niado ^)aB»lve without ohanfflnj; tho moaning of tho Hontonco iu which it iHTUfH. Kxamplos: "I moved tho tablo." 'Tho table tww nntn^d by mv" Hon* It will bo notlcod that " tatie," tho object of \\w active (ransitire vorb"w*owd," la mudo tho ''subject" of tho iMitisK'u verb " was movod." THIRD EXAMPLE. CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR PASSIVE VERB Bet j^ioved. rK!N"(MPAL PARTS. Prtitcnt. Imperfect. Prex. or [nip. Part. Per/. Part. Move. Movod. Moving. Moved. liidiontlvo Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. 1. I am moved, i'. Thou art moved, S, Ho is moved ; Plural 1. Wo are moved, 2. You are moved, S. They are moved. KTYMOI.OOY. «7 IMPERFECT TENSE. fHngular. Plvral. 1. I wfts iiiovtMj, 1, W(! woro moved, ^. Thou wiist inov(Ml, 2. You wero moved, A He was moved ; 3. Tliey were moved„ PERFECT TENSE. Singulfir. Plural. I. I have beeu moved, /. We have Ikjcu moved, '^. 'Vluni hast beeu uioved, ^\ You have beeu uioved, -1 lie has beeu uioved ; 3. Tlieyliuve beeu moved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I had beeu moved, 1. We hjid been moved, 2. Thou htu-'st beeu moved, 2. You liad been moved, .1 \\d had beeu moved ; 3. Tliey had beeu moved. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plvral. 1. I shall Ik) moved, 1. We shall be moved, 2. Thou wilt bo moved, 2. You will be moved, ^. lie will be moved ; 3. They will be moved. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Singtdar. 1. I shall have been moved, 2. Thou wilt have been moved, 3. He will have been moved ; Plural. 1. We shall have been moved, 2. You will have been moved, 3. They will have been moved. tP 68 ENGUSH GRAMMAR. n it li M Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I may be moved, i. We may be moved, 2. Thou mayst be moved, 2, You may be moved, 3. He may be moved ; 3. They may be moved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. 1. I might be moved, 2. Thou mightst be moved, ^ S. He might be moved ; Plural. 1. We might be moved, 2. You might be moved, . 3. They might be moved. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. 1. I may have been moved, 2. Thou mayst have been moved, S. He may have been moved ; Plural. 1. We may have been moved, 2. You may have been moved, 3. They may have been moved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. L T might have been moved, 2. Thou mightst liave been m.oved, 3. He might have been moved ; ETYMOLOGY. 69 Plural. L We might have been moved, 2. You might have been moved, S. They might have been moved. Subjunctive Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. If I be moved, 1. If we be moved, 2-. If thou be moved, ^. If you be moved, 3. If he be moved ; 3. If they be moved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. If I were moved, 1. If we were moved, 2. If thou wert or were moved, 2. If you were moved, S. If he were moved; 3. If they were moved. Imperative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 2. Be (thou) moved, or S Be (ye or you) moved, or Do thou be moved. Do you be moved. Infinitive Mood. Present tense, To be moved. Perfect tense, To have been moved. Participles. Present or Imperfect, Being moved. Perfect, Moved. Pluperfect, Having been moved. ri! \' i fO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 3. Other Forms of Coivj ligation. 1. NEGATIVE FORM. 141. The Negative Form, or form of denying, is made by means of the adverb " wo/." 1. In tlie simple tenses, hy placing "not" after the verb. Exami)les : I move not. We move not. He moves not. If I move not. 2. In the compound tenses formed with 07ie aux- iliary verb, hy placing " not " between the auxiliary and the verb. Examples : I do not see. I may not see. I shall not see. I am iiot moved. 3. In thi^ compound tenses formed with more than one auxiliary verb, by placing not after the first aux- iliary. Examples : I may not have seen. I shall not have seen. I may not have been moving. I shall not have been moved. 4. In the infinitive mood and with the participles; by placing SOT ^rst Examples: Not to move. Mi to be moved. JVot moving. Not having moved. 2. INTERROGATIVE FORM. 143. The Interrogative Form, or form for asking 9 question, is made by changing the position of the nominative in the Indicative and Potential moods. 1. In the simple tenses ; by placing the nomina- tive nfter the verb-. Examrles : Love I? Lovest thou ? This form is seldom used. lUi- ETYMOLOGY. n ^j. In the compound tenses formed with one aux- ilie y placing the nominative between the auxu.i ' t and the verb. Examples : Do / love ? i)oes hi mov,i j» Xxa. /loved ? Arc we sc-eii ? b. In the compound tenses formed with more than one auxiliary, by placing the nominative after the first auxiliary. Example : Couldst thou have been loved? This form also is seldom used. 4. The subjunctive, the imperative, the infinitive, and the participles c/\nnot have the interrogative form. 8. INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM. 143. The fo^m called Interrogative and Negative is made by placing **wo^" after the nominative in the Interrogative form . E^ mples : 1. Love / not ? Lovest thoto not ? 2. Do / not love ? Do tue not see ? Am / not seen? 3. Couldst thou not have been seen ? The subjunctive, the imperative, the infinitive and the par- ticiples cannot have the Interrogative and Negative form. 4. IRREGULAR VERBS. 144. An Irregular Verb is one that does not form its Imperfect tense and Perfect participle by adding d or ed to the Present. .■^m. , ■:^Xs- 'i I MM :|l 72 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. fi ^ n ;|!il If ti iiffii u LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. ■ Preseni I Feed, P^-esen^. Imperfect. Free. or Imp. Part. Perf. Participle. 1 Feel, Abide, abode. abiding. abode. 8 Fight, Arise, arose. arising, arisen. ■ Find, Be, was, being. been. I Flee, Bear, to carry, bore, bearing, borne. I Fling, Beat, beat, beating. beaten, ■ Freeze, Begin, began. beginning, began. 1 ^^'^^ Behold, behela, beholding. beheld. ■ Forbear, Beseech, besought. beseeching. besought, I Forsake, Beset, beset. besetting. beset. I Oet, Bid, bid or bade. bidding, bidden or bid. I Give, Bide, bode. biding. bode. 9 Go, Bind, bound, binding. bound. 1 Grind, Bite, bit. biting. bitten or bit. 1 Grow, Bleed, tied. bleeding. bled. I Have, Blow, blew, blowing. blown. 1 Hear, Bre&K, broke. breaking. broken. I Hide, Breed, bred. breeding, bred. I Hit, Bring, brought. bringing, brought. I Hold, Burst, burst. bursting. burst. ■ Hurt, Buy, bought, " -^ying, bought. I Keep, Cast, cast. casting. cast. B Know, Chide, chid. chiding. chidden or chid. 1 Lay, Choose, chose, choosing. chosen. 3 Lead, Cleave, to split, cleft or clove. cleaving. cleft or cloven. H Lea\e, Cleave, to stick. cleaved. cleaving. cleaved. H Lend, Cling, clung. clinging. clung. 1 L'^'t, Come, came, coming, come. H Lie, to res Cost, cost, costing. cost. ■ Lose, Creep, crept, creeping, crept. I Make, Cut, cut, cutting. cut. H Mean, Deal, dealt. dealing, dealt. H Meer, Do, did. doing, done. ■ Outdo, Draw, drew, drawing. drawn. 1 Pay, Drink, drank, drinking. drunk or drank. B Put. Drive, drove, driving. driven. ■ Ri'ud, Eat, >ite or eat. eating. eaten or Sat. 1 Rend, Fall, fell, falling, &ilen. B Rid ETYMOLOGY. 7 Present. Imperfeet. Pres. or Tmjt. Part. Per/- Purticiple. Feed, fed. feeding, fed. Feel, felt. feeling. felt. Fight, fought. fighting. fought. Find, found, finding. f jund. Flee, fled. fleeing. ied. Fling, flung. flinging. flung. Freeze, froze. freezing, frozen. Fly, flew. flying. flown. Forbear, forbore. forbearing, forborne. Forsake, forsoolL, forsaking, forsaken. Get, got. getting. got or gotten. Give, gave. giving. given. Go, went. going. gone. Grind, ground. grinding. ground. Grow, grew, growing, grown. Have, had. having, had. Hear, heard. hearing. heard. Hide, hid, hiding, hidden or hid. Hit, hit. hitting. hit. Hold, held, holding. held or holden Hurt, hurt. hurting, hurt. Keep, kept. keeping, kept. Know, knew. knowing. known Lay, laid. laying. laid. Load, led, leading, led. Lea\e, left. leaving, left. Lend, lent. lending. lent. Let, let. letting. let. Lie, to rest. lay, lying, lain. Lose, lost, losing. lost. Make, made, making made. Mean, meant. meaning, meant. Meer, met. meeting. met. Outdo, outdid. outdoing, outdone. Pay. paid. paying. paid. Put. put. putting, put. Read, rSad. reading. read. Rend, rent. rending. rent. Rid rid. riudiug. rid. 74 Ef^^GLISH GRAMMAR. Present. Imperfect. Pres. or Imp. Part. Perf. Participle. Ride, rode, riding, ridden or rode Ring, rang or rung, ringing. rung. Rise, rose, rising. risen. Run, ran or run, running. run. Say, eaid, saying, said. See, eaw, seeing, seen. Seelc, Bought, seeking. sought. Sell, sold, selling. sold. Send, Bent, sending. sent. Set, set, setting, set. Shake, shook, shaking, shaken. Shed, shed. shedding, shed. Shoe, shod, shoeing. shod. Shoot, ; shot, shooting, shot. Shut, shut. shutting, shut, Shred, shred, shredding, shred. Shrink, shrunk or shrank, shrinking, shrunk or shronkea Sing, sung or sang. singing, sunj,'. Sink sunk or sank, sinking. sunk. Sit, eat, sitting. sat. Slay, slew, slaying, slain. Sleep, slept, sleeping, slept. Slide, slid. sliding, slid or slidden. Sling, Blung, slinging. slung. Slink, slunk. slinking. shink. Smite, smote, smiting, smitten or smit. Speak, spoke, speaking. spoken. Spend, spent, spending, spent. Spin, spun, spinning, spun. Spit, spit or spat, spitting, spit or spitten. Spread, spread. spreading, spread. Spring, sprung or sprang. springing. sprung. Stand, stood 5 standing. stood. Steal, stole, stealing, stolen. Stick, stuck, sticking, stuck. Sting, stung, stinging, stung. Stride, strode. striding, stridden or strid. Strike, struck, striking. struck or stricken. Strive, strove. striving, gtrlven. ETYMOLOGY. r 1 Present. Sweep, Imperfect. Bwept, Pres. or Imp. Part. sweeping. Perf. Participle. swept. Swear, ewore. swearing, sworn. Swim, ewum oi swam, Bwimming, swum. Swing Bwung, swinging. swung. Take, took. taking. taken. Teach, taught, teaching, taught. Tear, tore, tearing, torn. Tell, told, telling. told. Think, thought. thinking. thought. Throw, threw, throwing, thrown. Thrust, thrust, thrusting, thrust. Tread, trod. treading, trodden or trod. Wear, wore. wearing. worn. Weave, wove, weaving. woven. Weep, wept. weeping, wept. Win, won. winning. WOQ. Winil, wound. winding, wound. Wring wrung, wringing. wrung. Write, wrote, writing. written. 76 4. REDUNDANT VERBS. 145. A Redundant Verb is one that forms its Imperfect tense and Perfect pai-ticiple in two or more ways. Presmt, Awake. Helay, Be eave, Bet, Beude, < lend, Bless, Build, ^urn. Catch, LliJT OP REDUNDANT VEiiBS. Imru»:fecf. Pre^. or Imp. Part. Perj. Participle. awoke or awaked, belaid or belayed, bent or b, iidcd, bereft or bereaved, betted o/- bet, befided or betid, blended 0" blent, blessed or blest. built Of buildeii, burned orbun.i. caught or catched. awaking, belaying, bending, bereaving, betting, betir'ing, blendin<», blessing, building. "iriiinjr. awoke or nw: \ed. belaid o-r h.^layed. bent ,r ',<;uded. Loroft or bereaved betted or \iH. betifliHi cr betid, bit ided or blent, blessed or blest, bnilt or buiMed. hiji iipd Qv burnt, caught or catched. 76 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Vi Present. Imperfect. Pres. or Imp. Part. Per/. Participle. Clothu, clothed or clad. clothing. clothed or clad. ('row, crowed or crew, crowing, crowed. Curse, cursed or curst, cursing, cursed or curst. Dare, dared or durst. daring. dared. Diff, dug or digged, (liggiiijr, dug or digged. Dream, dreamed or drgamt. dreaming, dreamed or- drgamt Dress, dret»sed or drest. dressing, dressed or drest. Dwell, dwelt or dwelled. dwelling. dwelt or dwelled. Geld, gelded or gelt. gelduig. gelded or gelt. Gild, gilded or gilt. gikling, gilded or gilt. Gird, girt or girded. girding. girt 01' girded. Grave, graved. graving, graven or graved. Hang, hanged or hung. hanging, hanged or hung. Heave, heaved or hove, heaving, heaved or hoven. Hew, hewed, hewing, hewed or hewn. Kneel, knelt or kneeled. kneeling. knelt or kn jeled. Knit, knit or knitted, knitting. knit (w knitted. Lade, laded. lading, laded or laden. Lean, leaned or ISant, leaning. leaned or 16ant. Leap, leaped or 16apt, leaping. leai)ed or ISapt. Learn, learned or learr learning. learned or learnt. Light, lighted or lit ligh;ing. lighted or lit. Mow, moued, mowing, mowed or mown. Pen, to coop, penned or pem. penning. penned or pent. Quit, quitted or quit. quitting, quitted or quit. Rap, rapped, rappinsr. rapped or rapt. Reave, reft or reaved. reaving. reft or reaved. Rive, rived. riving, riven or rived. Roast, roast or roasted, roasting. roast or roasted. Saw, sawed. sawing, '-awed 01' sawn. Seethe, seethed or sod, seething. seethed or sodden. Shape, shaped, shaping, shaped or shapen. Shave, shaved. shaving, shaved or shaven. Shear, sheared or shore, shearing. sheared or shorn. Shine, shone or shined, shining. shone or shiued. Show, showed, showing. shown or showed. Slit, slit or slitted, slitrinir. slit or slitted. Smell, snielle 1 or smelt, smelling, smelled or smelt. Sow, sowed, sowing, sown or sowed. ETYMOLOGY. 77 Present. Speed, 8i)ell, Spill, Split, Spoil, Stave, Stay, String, Strow, Sweat, Swell, Thrive, Wax, Wet, Wont, Work, Imperfect. sped or speeded, spelled or epelt, spilled or spilt, split or splitted, spoiled or spoilt, staved or stove, etaid or stayed, strung, strowed, sweat or sweated, swelled, throve or thrived, waxed, wet or wetted, wont, worked orwrought. Prex. or Imp. Part. speeding, spelling, spilling, splitting, spoiling, staving, staying, stringing, strowlng, sweating, swelling, thriving, waxing, wetting, wonting, working. Per/. PartU-iide. sped or speeded. spelled or spelt. spilled or spilt. split o?- splitted. spoiled or spoilt. staved or stove. staid or stayed. strung or stringed, strowed or strown. sweat or sweated, swelled or swollen, thriven or thrived, "axed or waxen, wet or wetted, wont or wonted, worked or wrought. 6. DEFECTIVE VERBS. 146. A Defective verb is one that is irregular and defective in some of its parts. a few !f1f '"'; ''"' "' P^^^'^^P^^^' -^ -^ '^-d only in a few of the moods and tenses. LIST OF DEFECTIVE VERBS. Present. Imperfee Beware, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Must, Ought, Ought, Present. Tmperfeei Shall, Should, Will, Would, Quoth, Quoth, Wist. Wist, Wit, Wot. Quoth, Wist, and Wit are now obsolete. If? ■ill' .i 78 iWOLISH GRAMMAR. I' ' il! Auxiliary Verbs. 147. An Auxiliary verb is one that helps to form Moods and Tenses. The Auxiliaries are Be, Have, Do, Shall, Will, Can, May, and Must. 148. Shall, Will, Can, May, and Must are always auxiliaries. 149. Be, Have, and Do are also used as principal verbs. FOURTH EXAMPLE. CONJUGATION of the IRREGULAR NEUTER VERB Be. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Present. Imperfect. Pres. or Imp. Part. Per/. Part. Be. Was. Being. Been. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. h I am, L We are, 2. Thou art, 2. You are, S, He is; S.. They are. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. ' Plural. i. I was, 1. We were, i. Thou wast, .^. You were, 3. He was; S. They were. i ETYMOLOGY. 79 PERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I have been, i. We have been, ^. Thou hast been, 2. You have been, S. He has been ; s. They have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I had been, i. We had been, 2. Thou hadst been, 2. You had been, S. He had been ; s. They liad been. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. i. I shall be, i. We shall be, 2. Thou wilt be, 2. You will be, 3. He will be ; 3, They will be. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I shall have been, i. We shall have been, 2, Thou wilt have been, 2, You will have been, 8, He will have been ; 3. They will have been. Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Plural. 1. We may be, 2. You may be, 3. They may be. Singular. 1. I may be, 2. Thou mayst be, S. He mav be ; M f 1 '■ 80 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. PJu ^. 1. I might be, 1. We might be, 2. Thon mightst be, 2. You might be, S. He might be; 3. They might be. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I may have been, 1. We may have been, 3. Thou mayst have been, 2. You may have been, S. He may have been ; S. They may have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. 1. I might have been, 2. Thou mightst have been, S. Ho might have been ; Plural. 1. We might have been, 2. Yon might have been, S. They might have been. H Subjunctive Mood. PRESENT TENSE Singular. - Plural. 1' If I be, 1. If we be, 2. If thou be, 2. If you be, S. If he be ; 3. If they be. ETYMOLOGY. 81 # * IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. If I were, l. If we were, 2. If thou wert or were, 2. If you were, S. If he were ; 3. If they were. Imperative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 2, Be (thou), or 2. Be (ye or you), or Do thou be. Do you be. Infinitive Mood. Present tense. To be. Perfect tense, To have been. Participles. t or Imperfect. Perfect Pluperfect. Being. Been. Having been. An Impersonal verb is one that is used only in the third person singular, with "it" as a nominative. Examples : It rains. It snows. It blows. 82 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. P ill'i iir ■l II BLACKBOARD EXERCISE IV. What kind of verb is attempted? In what mood and tense is it? In what mood is kiU? What governs it? What kind of verb is ran f In what mood and tense is ran f Give its principal parts. What kind of verb ismght? Give its principal parts. In what mood is study f Give its principal parts. What kind of verb is sings? Give its principal parts. In what mood, tense, and person is it? What kind of verb is are forbidden ? How are passive verbs formed ? In what mood is see? What kind of verb is sleeps? Explain wust go. Give the principal parts of ^o. What is must f In what mooil is give f Itepeat the principal parts of give. ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. The follmiriTic - similar exercises should be written on the bla/ikboard, andp^'pils should be questioned as above. 1. Good boys love the truth. The sun rises early in the morning. W«; should also rise early. Look ! there is a shoot- ing star. I am looking at the moon. If it rain to-morrow, I shall not go. You must write to us when you arrive. 2. I would go now, if I were sure of catching the train. Stay ! you have forgotten your books. Kit down and let us talk about vacation. You ought to take a walk every morn- ing. It is necessary to do so, if you wish to be healthy. We have been requested to sing. Wliat shall the song be? 3. John recited liis lesson when the teacher arrived. I shall visit you to-morrow, if the day be fine. Harry has eaten his dinner, and I have just finished my letter, so we are ready to start. We had just begun when you came, and now we shall have a splendid time. ETYMOLOGY. 83 ^/l^' v.^/^l/u/ :' ^ / / ^/ ' - ' / ' '0%' ' •• / ////^>:/- <' / / /'■ /-/ /■ /• / / / / / •''<^<" KT-U a/ ' ///■//. f IMAGE EVALUATSON TEST TAi^GET (MT-3) y ^ Lr*/- [^• > ^ &.. V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V ^^ \ \ ^ 6^ li % C/a mr 84 ENGLISH (GRAMMAR. s m H - '1 if iri 1I*K •1 N g L CHAPTEK VII. ADVERBS. I. DEFINITION. 150. An Adverb is a word joined to a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Examples : " John writes tvell" " This is a very good pen.'' "Re acted very wisely," The word "adverb" comes firon. the Latin a(?, to, and mr- bum, a word. 151. When an adverb is joined to a verb, it gen- erally shows hotv, wheti, or tvhere some action took place. Examples : " Charles reads tvell" " He will come soon." *' I am here.'' 152. When an adverb is joined to an adjective or another adverb, it makes that adjective or adverb more emphatic. Examples: ''My cat is ifery small." "My dog runs very swiftly.'' II. CLASSIFICATION. 153. Adverbs may be divided as follows ; 1. Adverbs of Time : 'N^otVy the?i, when, never, soon, still, already, to-day, to-morrotv, often, seldom, etc. 2. Adverbs of Place : Here, there, where, back- wards, lohence, hence, hither, thither, axmy, out, etc. ETYMOLOGY. 85 3. Adverbs of Manner: thus, perhapfi, so, somehoiv. Well, wisely, ahly, why, like, apart, namely, etc. 4. Adverbs of Order : Firstly, secondly, thirdly, lastly, etc. 5. Adverbs of Quantity : Much, less, enough, scarcely, how, little, hardly, very, quite, etc. C. Adverbs of Affirmation : Yes, certainly, indeed, truly, verily, doubtless, etc. 7. Adverbs of Negation: JSo, not, not at all, nay. Note 1.— Adverbs of manner are generally formed from adjectivcH by adding I.y, or by clianging e into ly. Examples, wise, wisely; able, ably. Note 2.— The following compound adverbs are formed by adding prepositions to the adverbs here, there, where : hereto, thereto ; herein, therein, wherein; hereby, thereby, whereby] herewith, therewith ; thereof, whereof. ill. INFLECTIONS. Comparison of Adverbs. 154. Adverbs ending in ly are compared by pre- fixing more and 7nost, • less and least. Examples : Positive. Comparative. Svperlative. Wisely, More wisely. Most wisely ; Wisely, Less wisely, Least wisely. 155. A few adverbs are compared by adding er and est, as in the case of adjectives. Example: soon, sooner, soonest. 8G ENGLISH GRAMMAR. II *t The following are compared irregularly : Positive. Comparatioe. Superlative. Well, Better, Brst. 111, Badly, ^Vorse, Worst. Far, Farther, Farthest. Forth, Farther, Furthest. Much, More, Most. Little, Less, Least. EXERCISES. a. In the following sentences tell why the words in italics are adverbs. * 1. Noble men are greatly admired. 2. That bird sings very sweetly. 3. I shall soon meet you there. 4. Alvmys speak distinctly. 6. Study your lessons carefully. h. In the following sentences point out the adverbs, and tell to what class each one belongs. 1. A crab can walk backwards. 2. Will you come back soon ? 3. You have enough. Certainly I have. 4. Indeed I have not. 6. Where were you when the bell rang Y v.. In the following sentences supply adverbs i. Are vou ? 2. He is five years of age. 3. He has arrived . 4. You saw a ghost. 5. Tell me I may go. ETYMOLOGY. 87 CHAPTER VIII. PREPOSITIONS I. DEFINITION 156. A Preposition is a word generally put before a noun or a pronoun to show its rela- tion to some other word in the sentence. Examples: John is in the house. James is 07i the roof. I bought this book /or him. The word " preposition " comes from the Latiu prae, before^ ^n6. posit us, placed. 11. CLASSIFICATION. 157. Prepositions are of two kinds, simple and compound. The principal prepositions are :— About, Before, For, Above, Behind, From, Across, Below, In, After, Beneath, Into, Against, Beside, Besides, Near, Along, Between, Amid, Amidst, Beyond, Amongj Amongst, By, Around, Down, Notwithstanding, Of, [ On, ;, Over, \ ": At, During, Athwart, Ere, Past, \ Per, f 1 *■" ' ? i •» )■:' i' M 88 ENGLISH ORAMMAR. Round, To, Up, Since, Toward, Towards, Upon, Through, Under, With, Throughout, Underneath, Within, Till, Unto, EXERCISES. Without. a. In t ho f< (llowing sentences toll why the words in italics are prepositions. 1. John is rowing 07i the lake. 2. A cat can see in the dark. 3. The rabbit came across the field. 3. Wait for me. 6. Come wifh me. b. In the following sentences point out the prepositiona. 1. I am at home. 2. Jolin goes to school. 3. The crows are in the corn. 4s T'^e mouse ran through a hole. 5. I vvalked around the room. c. In the following sentences supply prepositions. 1. He is standing the doorway. 2. The old mill is the river. 3. Toronto is situated Lake Ontario. 4. I saw a man walking- the roaa. 5. The stars are the sky. ETYMOLOGY. 89 CHAPTER IX. CONJUNCTIONS. I. DEFINITION. 158. A Conjunction is a word used to join words or clauses together. Examples : " John amd James are here." " John reads well, hut he writes badly." The word " coy unction " comes from the Latm con, with, and jungere, to join. II. CLASSIFICATION. 159. Conjunctions are of two kinds, copulative and disjunctive. 160. Copulative conjunctions join words or clauses together, and also connect their meaning. Examples: "The sun shines, and the day is warm." ''We can write, also read." The word " copulative " means joining, and comes from the Latin copulare, to join. 161. Disjunctive conjunctions join words or clauses together, but disconnect their meaning. Example : " Sugar is sweet, but vinegar is sour." The word " disjunctive " means separating, and comes from the Latin disjungere, to separate. I 90 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I' i i' Copulative. And, Also, Both, Because, As, Even, For, If, That, Then, Since, So. |! 162. The principal conjunctions are :— Disjunctive. Either, Or, Neither, Nor, But, Unless, Whether, Lest, Yet, However, Notwithstanding, Nevertheless, Though, Although, Than. EXERCISES. a. In the following sentences point out the copulative con- junctions. 1. Cows and sheep eat grass. 2. I shall go now for I am tired. 3. You may remain if you wish. 4. They told me that you had gone. 5. I sing because I love music. ft. In the foliowing sentences point out the disjunctive conjunctions. 1. Lead sinks in water, but feathers float. 2. He is not perfect yet I trust in him. 3. There is a mouse or a rat in the room. 4. Repeat the lesson lest you forget it. 5. Some people never try unless they are sure of succeeding. ETYMOLOGY. 91 CHAPTER X. INTERJECTIONS. 163. An Interjection is an exclamation. Examples: 0! Ah! Alas! 164. Interjections express some sudden emo- tion of the mind. They are: 0! Oh! Ah! Alas I Ha! Fie! Ho! Hollo! Hurrah! Bravo! Hush! Heigho! Hail! Lo! Behold! Welcome! Harhl Adieu ! etc. The word " interjection " comes from the Latin interjectus, thrown in. 165. Interjections have no grammatical rela- tions to other words in the sentence. Note 1. — " 0" is used in connection with a noun or pro- noun following it, but it never stands alone. Examples : " happy days ! " "0 death ! " Note 2. — " Oh " is used without any connection with what follows, and stands alone. Exami)les: Oh! Oh! whut a sight ! Note 3. — When Oh is used, an exclamation point is placed immediately after it. Example: Oh I look at the sky! When is used, the exclamation point is placed after the word with which the interjection is connected. Examples: Liberty 1 Death ! where is thy sting ? r (!!■ i: V (.?• 1 It llf 99 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. EXERCISES IN SIMPLE PARSING. II. EXAMPLE I. " The man ran so quickly that he could not be over- taken by his faithful dog." The is the definite article, added to the noun man. Man is a common noun, of the third person, sin- gular number, masculine gender. It is in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the verb ran. ■ Ban is an irregular, active, intranaitive verb, from run, ran or run, rwmingy run. It is found in the indicative mood, imperfect tense ; and it agrees with its subject man, in the third person, singular num- ber. So is an adverb of degree, added to the adverb quickly. Quickly is an adverb of manner, compared thus, quickly, more quickly, most quickly. It ic in the positive degree, and is added to the verb ran. That is a copulative conjunction, and joins the two sentences: " The man .... quiokly" and ''he could .... dog." He is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender. It is in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the verb could be overtaken. It is thus declined : Nomina- tive, he ; possessive, his; objective, him* ETTMOLOOY. Could mA he are auxiliary verbs, added to the prin- cipal ...y> overtake, to form the particular mood and tense in which the verb is found. ^1,'' an adverb of negation, added to tli- verb could be overtaken. Omld be overtaken is an irregular, passive verb, '^^""^rtake, overtook, overtaking, overtaken. It is found ,n the potential mood, imperfect tense, and •t ag ees with the subject ke, in the third pe son smgular number. i^»»o", By is a preposition, showing the relation between the verb could be overtaken and the noun dog Hts IS a personal pronoun, of the third person singular number, masculine gender. It is in the possessive case, because it denotes <■'■ dog. It is thus declined: Nomi , sive, hU : objective. Urn. Faithful is a common adjective, , t„,„ fa^^ul,morefaUm, most faithful ., n . i„ the' positive degree, and is added to the noun dog. Uog IS a common noun, of the third person angular number, masculine gender, and is in th; .„„''t™'~'^* foregoing sentence coatolns ,11 ,he parta of speech except the participle and interjection. ^ ^^ For additional e«roi»s in ^ing, ^ ^ ^_ ^ ^_ ■n- osessioii of ' posses- thns, 94 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. - BLACKBOARD EXERCISE V. In the first sentence, what part of speech is well? To what word does well belong ? Could you use an adjective instead of well f What part of speech is Yes f What kind of adverb is indeed? What part of speech is now? What part of speech is wJien f What part of speech is never f In the last sentence, point out all the prei)ositioi)s. What part of speech is oh f What parts of speech are Aow) and tliere f .i \-k ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. \ The following or similar exerdarin= ^,- - . „, -. -,^ «...- -,--.,- ,«..,j,.^.. .,,.,, *»,-,, ... ^ cipal parts has every complete simple verb? 134. How are i 100 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1 Ml Hi II ^^ii m 1 m moods and tenses formed? Give derivation of the word "auxiliary." 135. Name the auxiliary verbs. 136. How many principal forms of conjugation have active and neuter verbs? Name them. 187. How does the simple form make its present And imperfect tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods? 138. What does the i^rogressive form add to the verb Be f 139. What is the third form, and how is it formed ? 140. How are passive verbs formed? What is the distinction be- tween passive verbs and the progressive form of activ^ verbs t LESSON XI. 141. How' is the negative form made in the simple tenses? — in the compound tenses with one auxiliary? — in compound tenses with more than one auxiliary ? — in the infinitive mood, and with the participle ? 142. How is the interrogative form made in the simple tenses?— in the com- pound tenses with one auxiliary? — in the compound tenses with more than one auxiliary ? 143. How is the interrogative and negative form made? 144 What is an irregular verb ? 145. What is a redundant verb ? 146. What is a defective verb? Give examples. 147. What is an auxiliary verb? Name the auxiliary verbs. 148. Which are always auxiliaries ? 149. Which three are also used as principal verbs ? What is an impersonal verb? LESSON XII. 150. What is an adverb? Give derivation of the word *' advert." 151. When joined to a verb, what does an adverb ibhow ? 152. What does it show when joined to an adjective or to another adverb f 153. Into how many classes are adverbs divided ? Name the classes, and give an example of each. 154. How are adverbs ending in ly compared ? Compare aoorit well, ill, much, little. ETYMOLOGY. 101 LESSON' XIII. 156. What is a preposition ? 157. How many classes of prepositions are there? Name them. Name a few of the principal prepositions. LESSON XIV. 158. What is a conjunction? Give derivation of the word "conjunction." 159. How many kinds of conjunctions are there? 160. What do copulative conjunctions do? Give derivation of the word copulative. 161. What do disjunctive conjunctions do? Give derivation of the word disjunctive. 163. Name the principal copulative conjunctions. Name the principal disjunctive conjunctions. LESSON XV. 163. What is an interjection ? 164. What do interjections express ? Name some interjections. Give derivation of the word "interjection. ' 165. Explain the difference between O and Oh. PART III. !; SYNTAX. 166. Syntax treats of sentences. The word " syntax " comes from the Greek auntaxia, an arrangement. 167. A Sentence is a number of words which make complete sense or meaning. Examples: "/ m«." "The bull ran." *' TJie bull chased me over the field." The word "sentence" comes from the Latin sententia, sense, judgment. 168. To imderstand a sentence fully we must, first, know what part of speech each word is ; second, analyze the whole sentence ; third, parse each word according to the Rules of Grammar. We learn the parts of speech in Ety- mology, and therefore we divide Syntax into two parte: I. Analysis. II. Parsing and Rules of Syntax. I. ANALYSIS. 169. Analysis is the division of a sentence into its parts. The word " analysis " comeb from the Greek analicsis, a resolving into parts. SYNTAX. 103 170. Every complete sentence is a statement made about some person or thing. Hence every sentence can be divided into two principal parts: 1. The person or thing about which the state- ment is made. 2. The statement made about that person or thing. Examples: "J?/rrf5/y." This sentence is ^statement about '^Urds^ namely, that they "/y," " /o/m wrote a letter^ This sentence is a statement about '^Johnr namely, that he ''wrote a letter:' ''Snow is white." This sentence is a statement about "snow," namely, that it "is white." 171. These two principal parts of every sen- tence are called the Subject and the Predicate. 172. The Subject is the person or thing about which a statement is made. 173. The Predicate is the statement made about the Subject. Examples : Subject. Birds Corn Snow Stars John Predicate. fly- grows, melts, twinkle, sings. The word ♦* subject " (in Grammar^ means " the matter treated of" anri nnmac f..^-,^ *K- T _ii i..'--^ - - 1 . .-..,,.,,:: iiv/iii tuo Lja.\.iu s^uujccbUH, piaceQ under that is, under consideration. 104 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 11 The word " predicate " means " that which is said of some- thing 3lse," and comes from the Latin " praedicare" to pro- claim, to declare. 174. The subject may be found by putting the interrogatives *'who" or "what" before the verb. Examples : *' John wrote a letter." Who wrote a letter? Answer, John. "Time flies." What ^ies? Answer, Time. 175. The subject may be a noun, a pronoun, a veri in the infinitive, a phrase, or a clause. Ex- amples : 1. A Noun : Man is moi-tal. 2. A Pronoun : He is in error. 3. A Verb in the Infinitive : To err is human. 4. A Phrase : To do good is a duty. 6. A Clause : TJiat he erred, is certain. (For explanation of phrases and dames see § 186 and § 188.) 176. The Predicate in its simple form is always a verb. 177. The other parts of a sentence are the Object, the Attribute, and Adjuncts. 178. The Object in a sentence is a word, or a number of words, governed by an active transitive verb. 179. The Object may be a noun, a pronoun, a verb in th^ infinitive mood, ^phrase, or a clause. Examples : 1. A Noun : "I saw Johrw' SYNTAX. 105 2. A Pronoun: "James also saw him." 3. A Verb in the Infinitive: "John loves to study. " 4. A Phrase: ''Tha c^t tried (o jump the fence.'' 6. A Clause: "He knew that yoii were here." 180. The Attribute in a sentence is a word, or a number of words, joined to the predicate, and relating to the sub- ject. Example: "Grass is green." Here "green" is an attribute because it is joined to the predicate is and relates to the subject grass, since it tells what color grass is. 181. The Attribute may be a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, &, participle, a phrase, or a clause. Examples : 1. A Noun : " Cain was a murderer," 2. A Pronoun : " It is /." 3. An Adjective : " This paper is tuhite." 4. A Phraee: "His intention was to cross the field." 5. A Clause : « My opinion is that we are lost. " 183. The verb that connects the attribute and the subject IS always either an active intransitive, a passive, or a neuter verb. This connecting verb is sometimes called the copula, because it couples or joins the principal parts of the sentence.' The word "attribute" meana n nuniit',, «« ^«^^.«.*-. -_4 comes from the Latin attnbuere, to assign. 106 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 183. Adjuncts are words added to any other word in a sentence to modify its meaning. The word "adjunct" comes from the Latiu ad, to, and jungere, to join. 184. Adjuncts are of three kinds, namely : let, Words; 2d, Phrases; 3d, Clauses. 185. Words. Example : " The good man is happy." Here the and good are simple words modi- fying man, and are called adjuncts of man, 186. Phrases. A Phrase is a number of words expressing some relation of ideas, but not making complete sense by themselves. Example : "A boy of a good disposition is always loved." Here " of a good disposition " expresses no relation of ideas, and does not make complete sense by itself. It modifies "Joy," and is therefore an adjunct of the word hoy. The principal uhrases are the following : 1. The Explanatory phrase. A phrase containing a noun in apposition. Exaniple: "June, the month of roses, h&B arrived." 2. The Adjective phrase. A phrase introduced by an adjective. Example : " The mother, toeary of watching, fell asleep." SYNTAX. 107 8. The prepoBltion^ (Object clause), -He kuew that you were Aere." * As Attribute (Attribute clause), -My opinion is that we are lost." 197. Words, phrases, and clauses arc called paren- thetical, when they do not serve as adjuncts, and may be omitted without changing the constniction or meaning of the principal sentence. Examples • 1. (With parenthetical word), "huckWy, however, there was no confusion." ( Without parenthetical word), - Luckily there was no confusion." 2. (With parenthetical phrase), -History, to tell the truth, cannot always be trusted." ( Without parenthetical phrase), - History can- not always be trusted." 3. (With parenthetical clause), - Life, let us always remember, is very uncertain." ( Without parenthetical clause), - Life is very uncertain..*' ^ - --— — c, III regard to their construction, a^e dmded into three classes:^ ^^i ir: a " I 110 ENGLISH GRAMMAE. 1. Simple, 2. Compound, 3. Complex. 1. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 199. A simple sentence is one which con- tains only one subject and one predicate. Exair.ples: "The wind blows." — "The river flows."—" The ducks quack."—" The lambs jump in the fields." 200. Two or more subjects may belong to the same predicate. In this case the sentence is called simple with a compound subject. Examples : "Lakes and oceans are large Iwdies of water." " The St. Lametice and the Ottawa are large rivers." 201. Two or more predicates may belong to the same subject. In thij case the sentence is simple with a compound predicate. Examples : " The animals turned, looked, and ran away." " The man sat down and began to read." 202. The Grammatical Subject of a sen- tence is the noun or pronoun which is nom- inative to the verb. Example: "That beautiful snoiv is frozen rain." 203. The Logical Subject of a sentence is the nominative to the verb, with all its ad- juncts. Example : "That beautiful snoiv is frozen rain." SYNTAX. Ill 304. The Grammatical Predicate is simply the verb to which the subject is nominative. Example: "The Indians crossed the river Rich- elieu." 305. The Logical Predicate is the verb and the object or attribute with all their adjuncts. Example : " The Indians crossed the river Rich- elieu.^^ 2. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. 306. A compound sentence is one made up of at least two Independent clauses. It may contain also one or more dependent clauses. Examples: "Birds flr, and fishes swim."— "Ice is cold, but steam is hot."—" John returned home, and James went away yesterday, because he was sick." 307. In the last sentence ilie two independent clauses are — 1. John returned home ; 2. James went away yesterday. Each of them makes complete sense by itself, and each has its lull meaning without the connecting conjunction and. 308. The independent clauses of a compound sentence are sometimes called its members. 8. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE. 309. A Complex sentence is oi which contains one independent and one or more dependent clauses. I « 1 ^ 112 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ii t\ V, Examples : " When my father comes home I shall get a new top."— "The boy who was sick is now better."—" They lived unknown, till persecution dragged them into fame, before the death of Nero." SIO. In the last sentence the clauses are — 1. They lived unknown ; 2. Persecution dragged them into fame ; 8. The death of Nero. Each clause or sentence makes complete sense by itself, but the full meaning of the second is not understood until joined to the first by the adverb tUl, or the full meaning of the third until joined to the first by the adrerb before. 211. In a complex sentence the independent clause is sometimes called the Principal clause, and the dependent clause is called the Subordinate clause. 212, The clauses of a compound sentence are sometimes co-ordinate. The word "co-ordinate" means of the same rank, and comes from the Latin co (for cum), with, and ordinatus, a- ranged (Skeat). 313. Sentences, in regard to their use, are divided into four classes, namely : 1. Declarative, 2. Interrogative, 3. Imperative, 4t^-_^i ^~^- SYNTAX. 113 iii 214. A Declarative sentence is one used to affirm or deny something. Examples: "John caught a fish."— "I have no pen." 215. An Interrogative sentence is one used to ask a question. Examples : ** Did John catch a fish ? •'— - Have you a pen ? " 216. An Imperative sentence is one used to express a command or an entreaty. Examples: «Go out of my sight."—" Give me that book."—" Our Father, hear us." 217. An Exclamatory sentence is one used to express an exclamation. Examples : " Oh ! how beautiful it is."—*' Alas ! how sad a fate." f:xamples of Analysis. "Birds fly." This is a simple declarative sentence. The subject iaHrds; the predicate Jly ; there are no ad- juncts. "Johnstruck the table." This is a simple declarative sentence. The subject is John; the predicate, struck; the object, table. The subject anrl -nr-aHir.ata v.«^« _j' ^ ^ — J ..,»v. Movc- uu UUJU1JCI.S; me adjunct of table is the. "•i i iU' 11* ENGLISH GRAMMAR. BUCKBOARD EXERCISE VI. In the first sentence, point out the grammatical subject. Point out the logical subject. Explain the difference between the two kinds of subjects. Point out the adjuncts. How many kinds of adjuncts are there ? What kind of phrase is '* with a stumpy tail ? " In the second sentence, point out the grammatical subject. Point out the logical subject. Point out the adjuncts of the grammatical subject. What wouid you call the expression, " Who painted that picture ? " Point out the attribute. What do you call the connecting verb was? In the third sentence, what part of speech is used as the grammatical subject ? What kind of phrase is " in the morning?" Point out the attribute. In the last sentence, what kind of verb is tried. Point out the object. What kind of phrase is " to j ump the wall ? " \ ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. The following or similar exercises should be written on the blackboard, and pupils should be questioned as above. 1. Simple Sentences : We climbed the hill. My white donkey has long ears. Death is the end of this life. The invention of the steam-engine has changed the face of the world. To read correctly is a great accomplishment. 2. Compound Sentences : Days passed by, and we began to suffer from hunger. The sun has risen, and the lark is sing- ing. I was unwilling to go away, but circumstances compelled me. Do not simply pity the poor ; help them. 3. Complex Sentences : If you wish, you may remain. They told me that he went away yesterday . What do you think of a boy who would lie ? This is the place in which I was bora. "Hi SYNTAX. 115 kJ ■ 11*5 ENGLISH GRAMMAB. II. PARSING AND RULES OF SYNTAX. 1. PARSING. 218. Parsing is naming the parts of speech of the words in a sentence, and explaining them according to the rules of grammar. The word " parse " means " to tell the parts of speech," and comes from the Latin pam, a part. 219. In^ parsing a sentence, each word must be taken separately. First. Tell what part of speech the word is. Second. Name the class to which it belonffs, and give its inflections, or changes, if it have any. Thus, if you are parsing a noun, say whether it is proper or common, and give its person, number, gender, and case. Third. Explain, a<;cording to the Eules of Syn- tax, what relation it bears to other words in the sentence. Note to Teachers.— -In the examples of parsing under each of the following Rules, only the word in question is taken into consideration. Teachers may have ^he entire sentence parsed, or, at least, those parts of speech which have been explained in foregoing examples. The examples for analysis are simple, but somti teachers may find \t useful to introduce more difficuli sentrtnp,e« a nnmhnr of urli{/.lt «»a" be found in any History or Reader. SYNTAX. 117 2. RULES OF SYNTAX. ARTICLES. Rule I.— Articles belong to the nouns which they point out. Example : ''An old house stood on the bank of a stream. Note 1.—^ or An means one, and is applied to nouns of the singularnamher. Examples: 'M good apple." "^fine day." "^/i old man." Note 2.— A or An is sometimes used with a plural noun, when an adjective of number qualifies that noun. Examples : ' ' A few days." ' ' A hundred men." Note 'd.—The is used both with singular and with plural nouns. Examples: ''The clear sky." The pretty birds." "The bravest men." ''The Mules of Syntax should be learned." Note 4. The article is sometimes placed after the noun to which it belongs. Examples: "Book the first." "Chapter the third." Note 5.— In such sentences as "He has gone a hunting," a is a preposition. EXERCISE. In the following sentences point out the nouns to which the articles belong. ... A man walked down the road. 2. A yellow dog jumped into the river. 3. An old man is sitting on a bench in the garden. 4. This is the book which I left on the table. 5. The Life of Columbus, volume the third, chapter the first. 118 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. « w\ tf ANALYSIS. Example : "The old man built a house.' This is a simple declarative sentence." The subject is man; the predicate, built; the object, house. In a similar way analyze the following sentences. 1. John saw a snake in the garden. 2. James wrote a letter to his father. 3. I found a button on the floor. 4. Foolish men spend their money unwisely. 6. You can see the house across the river. PARSING. Example : " The old man built a house." " The " is the definite article and belongs to the noun man •which it points out.— Rule I. (Repeat Rule.) "A " is the indefinite article and belongs to the noun hotue. —Rule I. In the following sentences parse all the articles. 1. This is a fine day. What a beautiful sky! 2. I shall return in a few days. 3. The pretty birds are singing in the trees. 4. An old man is sitting on a bench. 5. Chapter t'le foiirth, section the third, is the place. SYNTAX. 119 NOUNS. Rule II.— A noun or personal pronoun, used to explain a preceding noun or pronoun signi- fying the same thing, is put in the same case. Example: "Washington, the first President, is buned at Mount Vernon." (Here President explains Washington; hence is in the same case, namely, the nominative.) Words in apposition should, in general, be set off by commas. Note l.^The noun used to explain is said to be in appoH- Hon with the preceding noun or pronoun. The word "apposition" means "put in addition" and comes from the Latin ap (for ad), to, and pon^re, to put. Note 2.— All sentences having a noun in apposition may be considered elliptical ; that is, there is an omission of 'some word or words. Examples : " Washington, the first Presi- dent," means " Washington who waa the first President " " My son John " means " My son wJio U called John." Note 3.--A noun may be in apposition to a whole clause. Example : ' He helped me through my difficulties, a kind- ness which I shall never forget." Here " kindness " is in ap- position with the clause "He helped me through my diffi- culties." EXERCISE. In the following sentences point out the nouns in apposition. 1. John, the blacksmith, made this horse-f' r .. 2. My son James has a black rabbit. 3. Fido, my dog, caught a rat. 4. That pretty bird, fhft frnlrl.fln'»h ^'^ "'- 5. His uncle John gave him a watch. ^toi"6- m n I I I 120 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ANALYSIS. Example : Longfellow, the author of Evangeline, nrrote many beautiful poems. This is a simple declarative sentence. The subject is Longfellow; the predicate, wrote; the object, poems. Longfellow is modified hy the explanatory phrase "author of Evangeline." In a similar way analyze the following sentences. 1. Your cousin John has arrived. 2. Pussy, my cat, has a long tail. 3. Cicero, the orator, was murdered by order of Antony. 4. Did you see my brother Frank ? 5. Tell me how is my friend, your father. ^ PARSING. Example : « Richard, the blacksmith, made that horse-shoe." " Blacksmith " is a common noun of the third person, sin- gular number, masculine gender, and is in the nominative case, in apposition with the noun Richard, which it explains.— Rule II. (Repeat Rule.) In the foregoing and in the following sentences parse all the nouns in apposition. 1. June, the month of roses, has arrived. 2. William wrote to his sister Mary. 3. Kidd, the pirate, died on the gallows. 4. He crossed the ocean in the steamer Spain. (' A STNTAX. m FALSE SYNTAX. (See Key.) 1. I wrote to my brother, he who left las^ week. tFormal, f„r correction. Incorrect, because A, i, i„ ,h, "bjecUve case. But according to Hule II " a „„. noun." etc. Therefore the sentence I ou'd re^ ^ZZ my brother, A<» who left last week.] ""^ 2. My brother John, him who went away. « dead. 3. That .3 my mother, her that ha, the white hair. Rule III. A Noun signifying a thing owned or possessed, governs the possessive case Examples : John's hat. " The bird's nest. " In the first example hat is the name of . •!,• EXERCISES. In the following sentences point out the nouns ^vernin^ the possessive case. governing 1. John's foot was hurt. 2. That is my father's house. 3. Mr. Smith's coat is red. 4. The baker's window is full of bre.nd. John trampled on the cat' paw. 122 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. »Hffi b. In the following sentences supply nouns to govern the poesessive case. 1. James found a bird's in a tree. 2. The sun's are dazzling. 3. Franklin's is in Philadelphia. 4. The children's are on the table. 6. Have you seen my brother's new ? ANALYSIS. Example : " The baker's window is full of bread." This is a simple declarative sentence. The subject, window; the predicate, is; the attribute is the adjective phraBe, full of bread. In the following sentences, tell the class to which each sentence belongs, and point out the principal parts. 1. My father's coa*- is black. 2. That cat's tail is long and white. 3. The bird's nest was full of eggs. 4. That little dog's nose is very cold. 5. A primrose grew on a river's bank. PARSING. Example : " The baker's window is full of bread." " Window " is a common noun, neuter gender, third person, singular number, and governs baker in the possessive case. Rule III. (Repeat Rule). In the foregoing and in the following sentences parse all the nouns governing the possessive case. SYNTAX. 1SJ3 1. A boj climbed on the horse's back, tail' ^^''' "^^ '''°'' ^^'^' ^'''' ^^ ^^^* ^^^k c«t'« 3. The carpenter's son made a cage for my bird. 4. That dog's collar is made of braas 5. The sun's light came through the window. FALSE SYNTAX. (See Key.) 1. Did you see John new coat? governed by the noun coat, according to Rule III "a nn„n «n, - thing." etc. Therefore t h'e sentence Lid rd Did you see John's new coat V "] 2. The Governor-General house is in Ottawa. 3. A cats delight is to catch mice. 4. A wise mans anger is short 5. What is the matter with that dog tail ? ADJECTIVES. Rule IV.-Every Adjective belongs to a noun or a pronoun expressed or understood ^Examples : " This k t^fine day." « John has a red Note l._When th« noun is understood, supply it .nd ^-e the adjective as usual: Thus, " r>l« is a fine d^ ' is equivalent to" This i'^^::hj. J^m€^f ■■■:■ • /' O .^///^/- //// // \ flower malady is very Do you ^ "' '/ ^'r' ' y;.^ .' ''/'./. '^'' /// ^/ ■''■// ^/'. ' ' / // 128 El^GLISH GRAMMAB. 11 PRONOUNS. Rule V.—Personal pronouns must agree in gender, number, and person with the nouns for which they stand. Examples: James is a good boy, and he is fond of his books -^ohn will favor us with his company. Note 1.— The pronoun it is often used with reference to a phrase or clause in the sentence. In this case the pronoun is of the third person singular, neuter gender. Examples : "It is difficult to do many things at once." ^'HeU smart, and he knows it." Note 2.--When a pronoun stands for two or more words oonnected by the conjunction and, the pronoun should be in the plural number. Example : James and Mary came with their parents. Note 3.- When a pronoun stands for two or more singular words connected by or, or nor, the pronoun should be in the angular number. Example: Either James or John will bring hia book. EXERCISES. In the following sentences mention the nouns for which the pronouns stand. 1. John lost his knife in the garden. 2. Mary found the pen which she lost. 3. John and Philip have gone to their homes. 4. Did yow see Charles? I saw him, 5. The pen which you found is mine. SYNTAX. 129 ' agree th the fond of panj. ence to a ponoun is lies: "It % and he re words iM be in me with singiilar >e in the ill bring p which >8. In the following sentences supply omitted pronouns. 1. An old hen met with one of chickens. 2. My dog runs around after own tail. 3. Salt is good ; preserves food. 4. Every tree is known by fruit. 5. I knew by black hair. ANALYSIS. Example : John lost his knife in the garden. This is a simple declarative sentence. The subject is John; the predicate, lost; the object, knife. The subject has no adjuncts ; the predicate has for its ad- junct the phrase in tU garden ; the object has for its adjunct the pronoun his. In the following sentences tell the class to which each pronoun belongs, and point out the principal parts and their adjuncts. 1. John lost his book in the garden. 2. Jane washed her face with milk. 3. The teacher left his pencil on the desk. 4. Freddie climbed on his father's knee. 5. Margaret wrote a letter to her mother. PARSING. Example: John lost his knife in the garden. "His" is a personal pronoan, masculine gender, third T)firsnn flinimlavi miw.u a_ ... _ . : " "' ~""° ' "-xxi^i, lu agree with John (Rule V.); and is m the possessive case governed by knife (Rule III.). 130 ENGLISH CUAMMAR. "' i it tAi i •-«! Example: James and Mary came with their parents. "Their" is a pereonal pronoun, common gender, third person plural, to agree with "Jame, and Mary" (Rule V.), and IS m the possessive case governed hy parents (Rule III.). Example : It is difficult to walk on ice. It is a personal pronoun, neuter gender, third person, singular number, and is used in reference to the phrase to walk on ice (Rule V., Note 1). In the following sentences parse all the pronouns. 1. My teacher is kind to me. 2. The farmer plows his fields. 3. John and James lost their books. 4. Neither Edward nor John brought his pencil. 5. It IS pleasant to walk in the garden. FALSE SYNTAX. (See Key.) Horn *^'^ ^''"'''''''^ '^''*^'''^' ™^^^ *^' "^"^"^'^ ^"^^ 1. John and James will favor us with his com- pany. 2. Either one or the other will bring their book. 3. Each boy should learn their lesson. 4. John took a Coat and gave them to the man. 5. Potatoes are good, and I like it. SYNTAX. 131 Rule VI.-The relative must agree with its antecedent in gender, number, and person. Examples: -This is the man who told me."~ ^' He that is good is happy. "-^^ That is the book which I lost.'* In the first example, the relative pronoun who is of the masculine gender, singular number, and third person, agree- mg with Its antecedent man. For the use of the relatives in regard to persons and things, see page 32. NOTE-The c.Ume after the verb. Example : "la he & student? " EXERCISE. In the following sentences point out the words in the same case. 1. It is I. 2. It was he that did that. 3. She walks a queen. . iriUiuii wuB iiiauu King. 5. He was appointed teacher. SYNTAX. 151 ANALYSIS. Example : "He was appointed teacher." This ifl a simple declarative sentence, The subject is "he;" the predicate, was appointed; the attribute, teacher. There are no adjuncts. In a similar >vay ai.^lyze the fallowing sentences. 1. John became a soldier. 2. He was chosen chief of the tribe. 3. The baby is named Rose. 4. My dog was called Pringle. 6. Washington was elected President. PARSING. Example: "I am he." "He" is a personal pronoun, masculine gender, third pei^- son singular number, and nominative case, (ifter the verb am, because / is in the nominative case before it. — Rule. The child was called John. " TFa« called" is a regniar passive verb from caU, called, calling, called, indicative mood, imperfect tense, agreeing with iuto pubject Cicild, in the third person singular. — Rule. In the following sentences parse the words iu italiet. 1. It was she. You believed it to be her. 2. My brother is captain of the ship. 3. My little bird is called Dicky. 4. Wellington was appointed Commander. ". He seems an honest, faithful ?nan. 162 EiiOLISH GRAMMAR. I ,'ii '.«'»!.! ill !! i FALSE SYNTAX. (See Key.) 1. If I were him I would do tho same. 2. It was not me that did it. 3. It could not have heen him. 4. I am not af'-aid, let him be wliom he may. 5. I understood it to he he. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION. 1. Fifty pounds of wheat contains forty pounds of flou r. 2. Malay's pulse are too quick. 3. One added to nine make ten. 4. A few centuries ago the mechanism of clocks and watches were totally unknown. 5. When the nation complain, the rulers should listen. 6. The regiment were marching up the slreet. 7. How much, oftentimes, does real virtue and merit have to suffer. 8. Hatred or revenge deserve censure. 9. There is many things to be corrected. 10. Two years' rent are due. 11. Every town and evci every little village were laid waste. 12. To lie or to steal are sinful. 13. Don't you wish you were mo ? 14. I am him whom they invited. 15. He and they we know, but wlio are you ? SYNTAX. 153 MISCELLANEOUS t;:^RCiSES FOR PARSING. I. 1. My sister Mary has promised me a watch. 2. Be on thy guard against selfishness. 3. Was V ^ lesson difficult ? Yes, very. 4. Were you at school last year ? 5. The future is uncertain. 6. Mary gave away what Kate lent her. 7. Thomas is tall, and Richard is stout. 8. The study of mathematics strengthens the reaooning faculties. 9. Always respect the aged. 10. Be kind to the poor. II. 1. How can you expect to improve, if you do not study ? 2. There is no royal road to learning. 3. "A little learning is a dangerous thing ; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring." (Pope.) 4. "In the world's broad field of battle, In the bivouac of life. Be not like dumb, driven cattle. Be a hero in the strife." (Longfellow.) ■'I'if\* I 154 ENGLISH GRA.MMAR. BLACKBOARD EXERCISE IX. In the letter on the opposite page, of what peraon and num- ber is we ? Of what person and number is was I' How should the sentence read? Give the Rule by which you know that W(i» is wrong. Parse Joe. Parse me. In wliat case should the pronoun be? Parse it before " was." lu what case is Aim.? Correct the mistake. Give the Rule by which you know that him is in the wrong case. Parse seen. \.'hy is seen wrong? Could you use seen by inserting an auxiliary after IJ What auxiliary would you insert. Why is what wrong ? Insert the correct word. Parse it. What is its antecedent ? What do you think of Jack's knowledge of Grammar ? W rite the let- ter as it should be written. ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. Thefollomngor similar exercises shouid he written on the blackboard, and jmpi'> should be questioned on the Buks, as in Blacfboard Exbrcisk VII. 1. A herd of cattle was grazing in the fields. The people are very changeable. Thomas and I are brothers. Either you or he is wrong. 2. The clouds having passed, we saw the clear sky. The morning being bright, vc started on our journey. The wind abating, we sailed away in safety. 3. Peter showed me his watch, and told me it was gold. They called him Walter, in remembrance of his father. The sculptor carved a statue in marble. 4. Rich and rare were the gems she wore. A happy eter- nity is cheaply purchased by the labors and trials of time. Love rnd obey your parents. SYNTAX. 155 nd num- jv should aow that lould the ) is him ? ttow that ', wrong? ^ What Qsert the What do 3 the let- /'"^■^ ■«^ :y. The 'he wind as gold. 3r. The ■■'■' / '-KA >py eter- of time. 156 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. : ' HJ'ilWK WMMM ^ ^^^^B ^^B ^^^B ! ^^H ^ ^^^^H ^ 1 Rule XV.— The preposition to governs the infinitive mood, and usually connects it with a finite verb. Examples : ^' Cease to do evil; learn io do good." Note 1. — Sometimes the preposition connects the infinitive with another part of speech or a phrase understood. i3x- araples: "Your desire to improve is laudable." "I am ANXIOUS to serve you." " The boy is old enough to go to college." "I read (in order) to learn." Note 2. — In a few cases the infinitive is said to be "put absolute." E*xample : " To he or no»; to he — that is the question." Note .3. — " To " is usually omitted after the active verbs hid, dare, need, make, see, hear, feel, and let. Examples : " I bade him do it." " I heard him say that." " How dare you stay so long ? " Note 4. — "To" is used after the passive form of these verbs. Examples : " He was heard to say." " We aie bidden to rest." Note 5. — Dare, when it signifies to challenge or to defy, is followed by "to." Examples: "I dare you to climb XhAi tree." " He dared me to JigJit. " EXERCISE. In the following sentences polit out the verbs in the infinitive mood. 1. I desire to learn. 2. You need not go. 3. We were anxious to see you. 4. I was about to write to you. 5. John wished to borrow my pen. 8Y1 TAX. 157 PARSING. Example : " You need not go." " Go" is an irregular, active transitive verb, from go, went, going, gone, present tense, infinitive mood, governed by the preposition '• to," which is not expressed after the verb need. " We were anxious to serve you." "Serve" is a regular, active transitive verb, horn 8erce, served, serving, served, present tense, infinitive mood, governed by " to," and connected with the adjective anxious. In the following sentences parse all the verbs iu the ia^ finitive mood. 1. John tried to sing a song. 2. Let me go, if you please, 3. It is too wet to go out. 4. You need not ask me. 6. It is right to love our parents. 6. Frank likes to ride. 7. Will you try to do it for me? FALSE SYNTAX. (See Key.) 1. Please excuse my absence. 2. I dare to say you are tired. 3. They were seen go out at the gate. 4. Let me to give you a fcieat. 5. Permit me tell you of an error. 6. Allow me introduce my friend. • > j-.-1-a liiC wujo L\J Ulfi.C tiiCii' b^^acb. liil .i^- 168 I ' ) i ENGLISH GRAMMAE. ADVERBS. Rule XVI.— Adverbs relate to, and are usually placed after verbs and before parti- ciples, adjectives, and other adverbs. Examples : " John reads ivell." — " Jane is a vert/ good girl." — ** James writes very badly." Note 1. — In the compound tenses formed with one aux- iliary, the adverb is generally placed between the auxiliary and the participle ; but in thoS;8 formed "vith more tli a one, it is generally placed after the first. Example: "The copy which he has jtist finished, is very carelessly written." Note 2. — No and yes, expressing simple negation or aflSrmation, are independent, and do not belong to any verb. Note 3. — When joined to a noun, no is an adjectivs . Examples : " Ifo man can tell." " Ifo reptiles can live there." Note 4. — Two negatives in the same clause destroy each other, or are equivalent to an affirmative. Examples : " James will never be 7io taller," is equal to " James will be taller." " I cannot eat no more," is equal to '* I can eat more." Such expressions are incorrect, and must be avoided. ANALYSIS. Example: "John reads well, but writes badly." This is a simple declarative sentence with a compound predicate. The subject \sJohn; the compound predicates reads and tcrites. There is neither object nor attribute. The adjunct of the first predicate is loell, of the second, badly. In a similar way analyze the following sentences. SYNTAX. 159 1. This letter is carelessly written. 2. The horse walks slowly, but gallops rapidly. 3. No. You must remain and study your lesson. 4. The wind blew fiercely and chilled my nose. 5. John has gone away, but he will soon return. PARSING. Examples: " This letter is carelessly written." *' Carelessly " is an adverb of the positive degree, compared carelessly, more carelessly, most caielessly, and is placed be- tween the auxiliary and the participle of the verb " write," which it qualifies. "Are you going out ? Yes." " Yes " is an independent adverb. In the following sentences parse all the adverbs. 1. Jane dresses neatly. 2. The horse ran very rapidly. 3. I saw you there yesterday. 4. She walks very gracefully. 5. A horse runs more swiftly than a donkey. FALSE SYNTAX. (See Key.) In the following sentences make the necessary corrections. 1. He spoke eloquent. 2. She did that work good. 3. The cat is purring soft. 4. That dog barks shaq^. 5. I can not do no more. 160 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. i.k- ' i i' I i PREPOSITIONS. Rule XVII.— Prepositions govern the ob- jective case. Examples : " He went with me."—" Put the book on the table." — " He found the nest in a bush." In the first example, with governs me in the objective case. In the second example, on governs table in the objective case. Note 1. — After the adjectives like, near, nigh, and the verbs give, procure, buy, and some others, the preposition is generally on;iitted. Examples: "He is like (to) me." "The school is near (to) our house." "Give (to) me that book." " Buy (for) me a doll." Note 2. — The preposition is frequently understood before nouns of time and measure connected with verbs. Example : " We walked two mill's yesterday," that is, "through or over two miles on yesterday." In parsing such sentences, the omissions should be supplied. NoTr 3.— Two prepositions coming together should be parsed as one. Example : " Stand from before the fire." Note 4. — The word worth, followed by an objective case or a participle, may be parsed as a preposition. Examples : •* This book is worth a dollar." " It is not w(yrth mentioning." EXERCISE. In the following sentences point out the words governed by prepositions, and the words between which they show the relation. 1. The house is built on a rock. 2. The cat is lying beside the fire. SYNTAX. 161 3. Please to bring me that pen. 4. Give me your hand, old friend. 6. You are very like your brother. PARSING. Example : * He went with me." "With" is a preposition showing the relation between •* went " and " me," and governs me in the objective case. (Rule XVII.) In the following sentences parse all the prepositions. 1. I walked under the bridge. 2. John is rowing on the lake. 3. A cat can see in the dark. 4. The rabbit ran across the field. 6. John and James go to school. FALSE SYNTAX. (See Key.) In the following sentences make the necessary correc- tions. 1. Between you and I, it is true. 2. I know not who I lent the book to. 3. Give the books to we who are waiting. 4. Who did he send for ? 6. It remains with thou to say. 6. No one was late except her and I. 7. Who are you speaking to ? ml 162 i ENGLISH GRAMMAR. CONJUNCTIONS. Rule XVIIL—Conjunctions connect words or clauses. Example: "John and James were here, but they did not remain long." Note 1.— Conjunctions usually connect the same moods and tenses of verbs, and the same cases of nouns and pro- nouns. Examples : " He cornea and goes as he pleases," " He and she arrived yesterday." Note 2.— Some conjunctions are followed by cmreHponding conjunctions. Examples : Thmtgh requires yet : Though strong yet gentle. Whether requires or : I cannot say wJiether he does or not. Either requires or : I shall either go or write to you. MUher requires n&r : He will neit?i€r play nsr study. A8 requires a« ; My top is aa good aa his. As requ-res so: As is your kitten so will be the cat. So requires that : He is so lazy that he will not go. Both requires and : Both the living and the dead. EXERCISE. In the following sentences point out the conjunctions and the words or clauses connected by them. 1. John and James are brothers. 2. It is neither hot nor cold. 3. He and I are going, but we shall not remain long. 4. I am so tired that I can scarcely stir. 5, Let VOU and mp. ho fn'onrla frtT. mn .^«^ U~^fi SYNTAX. 163 PARSING. Example : " John and James were here, but they did not remain long. " -4w^//v •V C/;^// ft A-vvV.,,,--,, f . 1 ^'//" - /.^'-■/ // ^■/,:;4 V y /• • - 1 . -^^ -> / f J '/rfi^A^ ' III mi •III! 168 ENGLISH GRAMMAB. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW—PART • LESSON I. 166. Of what does Syntax treat ? Give derivation of the word " syntax." 167. What is a sente- je ? Give derivation of thr word "sentence." 168. What must we do to under, stand a sentence fully ? Into how many parts do we divide Syntax ? 169. What is analysis ? Give derivation of the word "analysis." 170. What is every complete sentence? 171. What are the principal parts of a sentence ? 172. What is the subject? 17S. Wh&tia the predicate f Give examples. Give derivation of the word "subject." Give derivation of the v>ord "predicate." 174. How may the subject be found? 175. What may the subject be ? Give examples of the five kinds w many kinds of attributes may there be? Give <: ^.amples 182. What verbs connect attributes and subjects ? -''Jh^ are these connecting verbs sometimes called? Why? Give derivation of the word " attribute." 183. Wha^ are adjuncts f Give derivation of the word "adjunct." 1 ># low many kinds of adjuncts are there ? 185. Give an e- ample L u ?ing a word adjunct 186. What is a phrase ? Name th- principal phrases, and give an example of each. 187. How m.^y phrases uv U5€u ia a seatcDce ? Give exhZuples. cate SYNTAX 169 LESSON III. 188. What is a clause ? 189. How many kinds of clauses are there? 190. What are dg^g/i^,,,^ clauses? 191 What are independent clauses? 192. What is a rdatvce clause? 193. What is an adverUal clause ? 194. What is a conjunctwe clause? 195. Name some other clauses IPO. How may clauses be used in a sentence ? Give examples. 197. When are words, phrases, and clauses called part theticalf Give some examples. LESSON IV. 198. Into how many classes are sentences divided in regard to their construcJon? 199. What is a simple sentence? 200. When two or more subjects belong to the same predicate what do you call the subject ? 201. When two oi more pre. dicates belong to the same subject, what name is given to them? 202. What is the Grammatical subject ? 203. What is the Logical subject "204. What is the Grammatical predi- cate? 205. What is the Logical predicate ? LESSON V. 206. What is a compound sentence? 207. Give an exam- ple, and an explanation. 208. \vhat are members f 209 What is a complex sentence? 2i'>. Give an example and an explanation. 211. What is the principal clause ? " WTiat IS a subordinate clause? Give i^eaning and derir...on of "subordinate" and coor^i: . ,," 213. In regard to thefr use, into how many ciassm are sentences divided? 214. What is a declarative sentenr-? '7ive an example. 215. What is an interrogx ?)re sentence V Give an example. 216. What IS an imperative sentence? Give an example. 217. What is an exclamatory sentence? Give an example. 218. What is par..;ng? '^ive derivation o.f the v.'ord "parse." 219. In parsing a ence, w at is to be done ? 170 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. LESSON VI. Repeat Rule I. To which number of nouns is a or an applied ? When is a or an used with a plural noun ? Parse a in the sentence " John has gone a-fishing." Repeat Rule II, When is one word in apposition with another? Explain the word " apposition." Give an example of a noun in apposition mth a clause. Give Rule III. Give example and explana- tion. Give an example of a phrase in the possessive case. Give Rule IV. When the noun is understood, what is to be done? Give examples having an adjective relating to a phrase or a clause. \ LESSON VII. Give Rule V. With reference to what is the pronoun " it " often used ? Give an example. When the words for which a pronoun stands are connected by and, in what number should the pronoun be? Give an example. When the words are singulf" and connected by or or nor, in what number should the • ' n be? Give an example. Give Rule VI. Note 1. On does the case of the relative depend? Give an example to prove the answer. LESSON VIII. Give Rule VII. Where does the subject usually come in a sentence ? Give an example. Give an exception. Repeat Rule VIII. In what number should the verb be when an infinitive mood is the subject ? Repeat Rule IX. When does a collective noun take a verb in the plural number ? Give Rule X. In what two cases do subjects conr -' tot) by and require a verb in the sirigular ? LESSON IX. Repeat Rule XI. When do subjects connected by or or fi&i' take a olural verb ? W^lien the subiects are of different SYNTAX. 171 persons, with which does the verb agree ? Repeat Rule XII. In what case would you put a subject used as a mere exclama- tion ? In what case would you put the name of a person addressed ? Repeat Rule XIII. What else, besides a word, may be the object of a transitive verb ? Give an example of two words in the objective case following a transitive verb. How do you explain them ? LESSON X. Repeat Rule XIV., and give examples. Repeat Rule XV. Repeat the verbs after which the preposition " to." governing the infinitive mood, is omitted. After what four verbs is " to " used ? When is dare followed by " to " ? Repeat Rule XVI. In compound tenses, where is the adverb usually placed? When is no an adjective ? What is the effect of having two negatives in the same clause ? LESSON XI. Repeat Rule XVII. Name some adjectives and verbs after which prepositions are omitted. Before what nouns are prepositions frequently undeistood ? How should two prepo- sitions coming together be parsed ? Parse the v/ord woi-lh in the sentence, *' This book is worth a dollar." Repeat Rule XVIII. Name the corresponding conjunctions. Repeat Rule XIX. What governs an objective case after an interjection ? PART IV. II i£... PROSODY. 330. Prosody treats of Punctuation, Fig- ures of Speech, and Versification. I. PUNCTUATION. *^31. Punctuation is the art of dividing a composition into sentences and parts of sen- tences, by marks called punctuation points. 23^. These points are nsed to mark the diflferent pauses which the meaning of the composition re- quires. The word "punctuation" means the art of painting, au^ comes from the Latin punctum, a point. 333. The punctuation points in common use are: — 1. The Comma, , 5. The Dash, _ 2. The Semicolon, ; ' 6. The Exclamation Point, I 3. The Colon, : 7. The Interrogation Point,? 4. The Period, . 8. The Curves, () 9. The Brackets, [ ] PROSODY. 173 234. The Comma indicates a very short pause; the Semicolon, a pause about double that of the Comma ; the Colon, a pause about double that of the Semicolon ; and the Period, a pause about double that of the Colon. Rules for Punctuation. 1. THE COMMA. , The word "comma" comes from the Greek komma, a clause of a sentence. 1. Words in apposition, when accompanied by adjuncts, are separated by commas. Example : St. Paul, the apostle of the Gentiles, waa eminent for his zeal. Insert commas where required in the following sentences. " Newton the great mathematician was very modest." " John my eldest brother came home yesterday." " Longfellow the author of Evangeline wrote many beauti- f ul poems. " 2. A comma is placed after the loc/ical subiect when It is long, or when it ends with a verb. Examples : "Those who persevere, succeed." "Any one who refuses to earn his living, is not an object of charity." Insert commas where required in the following sentences. " The man who works wins." " He who is unkind to the poor can hardly be happy." " Steady attention to study makes a learned man." 3. Parenthetical words, phrases, and clauses should be separated by commas. Examples: " We must not, however, neglect our duty." IP Mi 174 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. " History, to tell the truth, cannot always be trusted " '' FrankDn. wh^ drew an el Uric spark from the clouds, was sent as Minister to France." Insert commas where required in the following sentences. " Washington was undoubtedly a great man " "Poetry as well as painting is one of the fine arts " "Homer who wrote the Iliad is the father of epic poetry." 4 Independent words and phrases should be set off by commas. Examples ; "Tell me, hoy, where you live." " Everything being ready, we set out. " Insert commas where required in the following sentences. " I rise sir to speak on this question.' " Night coming on we lay down to rest." " Listen my son to the words of your father." 5. Three or more words of the same class con- nected by conjunctions expressed or understood, require a comma after each word. Examples : "Poetry, music, and painting, are fine arts." Insert commas where required in the following sentences. " John James and William are good boys." "Wellington was a brave and prudent general." *' Cats dogs goats and horses are quadrupeds. '' 6. Words written in pairs take a comma after each pair. Examples : "Old and young, rich and poor, wise and foolish, were involved." PROSODY. 175 Insert commas where required in the following sentences. " Sink or swim live or die survive or perish I give my hand and heart to this vote." "The strong and the weak the beautiful and the ugly the true and the false were made by the same hand." "Jewels and gold wealth and fame pomp and luxury are all forgotten in the grave. 7. When a verb is omitted after its subject, a comma is usually inserted. Example : "To err is human ; to forgive, divine." Insert commas where required in the following sentences. "The miser dreads the thief; the criminal the magistrate." " The savage loves the hunting-grounds ; the peaceful man Mshome." " Reading makes a learned man ; conversation a ready man ; and writing an exact man." I 3. THE SEMICOLON. ; The word " semicolon " comes from the Latin word semi, a half, and the Greek word kolon, a clause, hence a point mark ing off a clause. 1. Simple clauses following in succession, and being only slightly connected, are separated by semi- colons. Example : " We love the good ; we honor the brave ; we praiee the noble ; and we despise the mean." Insert semicolons where required iu the following sen- tences. LH^" |PK -| 176 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. " The waves rolled on the beacli the bathers enjoyed the surf the children played on the sand and the sun smiled on all." " The epic poem recites the exploits of a hero tragedy rep. resents a disastrous event comedy ridicules the follies of men and pastoral poetry describes rural life." " The sailors home is on the main The warrior's on the tented plain The maiden's in her bower of rest The infant's on its mother's breast." 2. A clause added as an explanation or as i reason should be set off by a semicolon, when it's parts are separated by commas. Examples: "There are three genders; the masculine, the feminine and the neuter." ' " Study your lessons carefully ; for by that means you will succeed." Insert semicolons where required in the following sen- tences. "Grammar is divided into four parts Orthography. Ety- mology, Syntax, and Prosody." "Apply yourself to learning for it will bring you honor " " Beware of the man who flatters you for he is not a true friend," 3. Compound or complex clauses, when their parts are divided by commas, are separated by semi- colons. Examples : , Spring goes by with wasted warnings. Moonlit evenings, sunbright mornings ; Summer comes, yet dark and dreary Life still ebbs a wa v.— 7) TT ^f„^n.,^fi., PK080DY. 17? Insert semicolona where required iu the following sen- tences. "Mirth should be the embroidery of conversation, not the web and wit should be the ornament of the mind, not the furniture." *' To westward the land is flat, where a once grand harbor has been filkd with washeddown mountain debris but this stops after a couple of miles, and farther on bold cliffs meet the view. " 3. THE COLON. : 1. A clause added as an explanation is set off by colon, when its parts are sepai'ated by semicolons. Example : "Man consists of two parts : first, the soul with i.h undying principle ; second, the body with its sensual appetites." Insert colons where required in the following sentences. " There are five races in the human family first, the Cau- casian or white ; second, the African or black ; third, the Mongolian, etc." "There are four parts in Grammar first, orthography, which treats of letters ; second, etymology, which treats of words ; third, syntax, etc." 2. A colon is used to introduce a quotation or Q> speech. Example: " Always remember this maxim: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'" Insert colons where required in the following sentences. " We have a beautiful representation of the Deity in these words 'God is love.'" i ■ • I I : 11 1^ > '^1 U :: f IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 I^IIM 112.5 ■Tim MX 2.2 li£ IM 1.8 lA III 1.6 '^ 01.<^- o / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m ^q\ l\ ^- o^ 1, % n? ^ •b^'^ 4- 178 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. "Remember the goiden rule 'Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.' " " All were attentive to the godlike man. When from his lofty couch he thus began ' Great queen.' " — Dry den. 4. THE PERIOD. . The word " period " cornea from the Greek periodos, a cir- cuit, complete sentence. 1. A Period must be placed at the end of every declarative, and every imperative sentence. Exam- ples : ^ " The sun has risen." " Take otf your hat." 2. A Period is used to indicate an abbreviation. Examples : Dr. Moore, for Doctor Moore. Mont., Can.,/oh- sessive case of nouns, or the omission of a letter or letters. Examples, John'aTiat; the cats tail; ril,tor IioiUoT InhcUl; o*er for over, etc. 2. [-] The Hyphen is used between the parts of a com- pound word, and when part of a word has to be carried over to the following line. Examples, good-natured ; glasshouse. 3« ['* **] Quotation Marks are used to enclose a passage quoted from an author in his own words. Example : An old writer says: " By doing nothing we learn to do evil." Single points [* '] are used to enclose a quotation within a quota- tion. 4. ["] The JDimresis, placed over the latter of two vowels, shows that they are to be pronounced separately. Thus aerial is pronounced a-erial. 5. [J^*] The Index or Hand points out something im- portant or remarkable. 6. [*] The Asterisk, [f] the Dagger, [X] the Double Dagger, [||] the Parallels, [%] the Section, and [^ the Paragraph, refer to notes generally at the bottom of the page. Small figures and letters are sometimes used for the same purpose. [ill 11. FIGURES OF SPEECH. 225. A Figure is an intentional change of the usual Spelling, Form, Construction, or Application of words in a sentence. 182 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 326. There are four kinds of Figures, namely : Figures of Orthography ; of Etymology ; of Syntax; and of Rhetoric. III. VERSIFICATION. 337. Versification is the art of arranging words into verses, or poetical lines. 338. A Verse consists of a single poetical line. 339. A Couplet conBists of two lines. /ioO. A Stanza consists of several lines making a regular division of a poem. [A full treatment of Figures and Ve/'sification will be found In the larger grammar.] QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— PART IV. 220. Of what does Prosody treat ? 221. What is Punctua tion 222. For what purpose are punctuation points used 'i What does the word " punctuation " mean ? Give its deriva- tion. 223. Name the nine punctuation points in common use. 224. What kind of pause does the Comma indicate ?— the Semicolon ?— the Colon ?— the Period ? What does the word comma mean? Give the Rule for the use of the comma with words in apposition. Give the Rule for the logical subject ; for parenthetical words, etc. ; for independent words, etc. Give the Rule for words of the same class. Give the Rule for pairs of words Give the Rule for an omitted verb. Lfii.^1 PROSODY. 183 What is the derivation of tlie word ' ' semicolon " ? Give the Hale in regard to semicolons, for simple clauses only slightly connected. Give the Rule for a clause added as an explanation, etc. Give the Rule for compound or complex clauses. Give the Rule, in regard to the colon, for clauses added as an explanation. Give the Rule for a quotation or speech. Give the two Rules for the use of the period. What is the dash used to indicate ? When is a dash used after a colon ? When is the interrogation point used ? When is the exclama- tion point used ? For what purpose are curves used ? What is the meaning of the word " parenthesis " ? For what purpose are brackets used ? What is the apostrophe used to denote ? Where is the hyphen used ? For what purpose are quotation marks used ? What ooes the diaeresis show ? What does the index point out ? Name the marks that refer to foot-notes. 225. What is a figure ? 226. How many kinds of figures are there ? Name them. 227. What is versification ? 228. What is a verse ? 229. What is a couplet ? 280. What is a stanza ? ^ KEY TO THE EXAMPLES OF FALSE SYNTAX, UNDER RULE II. 2. My brother John, he who went away, is dead. 3. That is my mother, she that has the white hair. UNDER RULE IIL 2. The Governor-OeneraVs house is in Ottawa. 3. A cat's delight is to catch mice. 4. A wise man^s anger is short. 5. What is the matter with that dog's tail ? UNDER RULE IV. 2. She looks cold.- 3. He writes beautifully. 4. It seems f^trange. 6. Our friends arrived safe. KEY TO EXAMPLES. 185 UNDER RULE V. 1. John and James will favor us with their com- pany. 2. Either one or the other will bring Ms book. 3. Each boy should learn Ms lesson, 4. John took a coat and gave it to the man. 6. Potatoes are good and I like them. UNDER RULE VL 1. This is the pen which I found. 2. Did you see the cat that caught the rat ? 3. This is the pig that danced a jig. 4. John is the man who found the watch. 6. Here is the horso which I bought. UNDER RULE VIL 1. He and I went out for a walk. .2. John and I crossed the river. 3. My brother is tallei" than / (am). 4. They who study will succeed. 6. She and Jane are sisters. UNDER RULE VIIL 1. John and James love to walk in the fields, 2. The dog and the cat are playing. 3. We ivere down on the beach to-day. 4. James has a gold pen. 6. Are you there ? I am. • I 18G ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 6. Has your book been covered ? 7. He may do as he pleases. 8. Arthur does not like arithmetic. 9. Why does he not ? UNDER RULE X. 1. Two and three are five. 2. John and Paul look alike. 3. Bread and milk arc good for children. 4. Mary and Jane were in the garden. 5. Gold and silver come out of the earth. UNDER RULE XL 1. Xo axe or hammer is here. 2. Neither you nor I am changed. 3. Fear or cowardice makes him afraid. 4. Mary or Kate is in the room. 5. Either care or ability was wanting. UNDER RULE XIIL 1. Whom should I meet but an old friend ? 2. Whom shall I send on this errand ? 3. Let you and me go down to the fountain. 4. My brother taught John and me how to swim. 6. Her I will have to forgive. UNDER RULE XIV. 1. If I were he, I would do the same. 2. It was not / that did it. KEY TO EXAMPLES. 187 3. It could not have been he. 4. I am not afraid, let him be who he may. 5. I understood it to be him. 1. Fifty pounds of wheat contain forty pounds of flour. 2. Mary's pulse is too quick. 3. One added to nine makes ten. 4. A few centuries ago, the mechanism of clocks and watches loas totally unknown. 6. When the nation complains, the rulers should listen. 6. The regiment was marching up the street. 7. How much, oftentimes, do real virtue and merit have to suffer. 8. Hatred or revenge deserves censure "^ted. lage loas 9. There are many things to . 10. Two years' rent is due. 11. Every town and even eve laid waste. 3.2. To lie or to steal is sinful. 13. Don't you wish you were /. 14. I am he whom they invited. 15. Him and them we know, but who are you ? UNDER RULE XV. 1. Please to excuse my absence. %. I dare say you are tired. 3. They were seen to go out at the gate. 188 ENGLISH OKAMMAK. 4. Let me give you a scat. 6. Permit me to tell you of an error. 6. Allow me to introduce my friend. 7. Bid the boys take their seats. UNDER RULE XVI. 1. He spoke eloqueiitly. 2. She did that work well. 3. The cat is purring softly. 4. That dog barks sharply. 6. I cannot do any more. UNDER RULE XVIL 1. Between you and me, it is true. 2. I know not to whom I lent the book. 3. Give the books to us who are waiting. 4. For whom did hr^ send ? 6. It remains with thee to say. 6. No one was late except her and me. 7. To whom are you speaking ? UNDER RULE XVIIL 1. He and she arrived yesterday. 2. I saw him and her yesterday. 3. He will neither lead nor drive. 4. You and I are great friends. i?,.r APPENDIX, PHRASES. Phrases that modify noun^ or pronouns, jire adjec tive in office. Phrased that modify verbs, participles, adjectives, or adverbs, are .adverbial in office. Phrases are either simple, complex, or com^^jtud, A phrase is simple when it is not modified oy any other phrase or by a clause. Examples: « To catch mice is a cat's delight" « George is in good humor P "The dog smelling the rat, .agged his tail" ANALYSIS. Example : " To catcb mice is a cat's delight." Tills is a simple declarative sentence. The subject is the simple infinitive phrase to catch mice; the pi-edicate, U; the attribute, delight The principal part of the subject phrase is to catch; and its object is mice; both are unmodified. The predicate is unmodified ; the attribute is modified by the and cat's. A phrase is complex when some part of it is modi- fied by any other phrase or by a clause. Examples: "He lived in a house that was built upon a rock.'* " The bee sipping the sweets from the flowers which 190 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. -I, r it meets, returns to the hive." "I love to play hall after school," ANALYSIS. Example: "The bee sipping the sweets from the flowers which it meets, returns to the hive." This is a complex declarative sentence containing a principal and a dependent clause. The principal clause is, The bee hive, and the dependent clause is, which it meets. The subject of the principal clause is bee ; the predicate, returns ; there is neither attribute nor object. The subject is modified by the and the complex adjective phrase, sipping the sweets from the flowers which it meets. The principal part of the phrase is sipping, the object of which is, sweets ; sipping is modified by the complex adverbial phrase, from the flowers which it meets. The principal part of this adverbial phrase is flowers, which is modified by the and the simple relative clause, which it meets. The subject of this clause is it; the predicate, meets; the object, which. The predicate of the principal clause is modified by the simple adverbial phrase, <