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 A CONCISE DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 CANADA 
 
 Canada, formerly called JVew France, or tiio Province oj Quehec^ 
 is a most extensive tract of country in North America, iuul is the prin- 
 cipal Britisli possession in that qi.ii.ler of the globe. The name Ca- 
 nada, in its most extended sense, has been applied to the whole of that 
 immense district, which is comprehended between the 4;3rd and 55th 
 degrees of North latitude, which reaches from the Atlantic to the Paci- 
 fic Ocean, in an Inclined direction from north-east to the south-west ; 
 but, in its more confined acceptation as a British colony, it is computed 
 to extend about 1500 geographical miles between the G4th and 97th 
 degrees of west longitude, while its breadth, at a medium, is rated at 200 
 miles, though its greatest width, from Lake Eric, on the south, or lati- 
 tude 43 to latitude 50, is about 420 miles. It is bounded on the east 
 by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; on the north-west, west, and south-west 
 by the territories of different Indian nations ; on the south and south- 
 east, by the United States, New-Brunswick, and Nova-Scotia. It is di- 
 vided into two provinces, called Upper and Lower-Canada. The former, 
 v.'hich is the western division, is situated on the north side of the great 
 lakes, or sea of Canada, and is inhabited chiefly by English settlers. 
 The latter is situated on the river St. Lawrence, towards the east, and 
 is peopled by a greater proportion of inhabitants of French descent. 
 
 LOWER-CANADA. 
 
 The boundary between the provinces of Upper and Lower-Canada 
 commences at Point au Baiidct, on Lake St. Francis, about 65 miles 
 above Montrea', and running northerly to the Ottawa River ; up that 
 river to its source in Lake Temiscaming, and thence due north, to the 
 Hudson's Bay boundary. Lower-Canada is comprised within the 45th 
 and 52rid degrees norlh-latitude, and the parallels of 57,50 to S0,6 of 
 west-longitude, embracing, it is supposed, an area of 205,803 square 
 statute miles, including a superficies of 3,200 miles, covered by numer- 
 ous lakes and rivers of the province, and excluding the surface of the 
 St Lawrence river and part of the gulf, which occupy 52,000 square 
 miles, and hence giving an area in land of one hundred and thirly-five 
 millions of acres, and over 150,000,000 arpents. This territory isdivid- 
 
f 
 
 10 
 
 cd into three chief districts, Quebec, Montreal, and Three-Rivers ; and 
 two inferior ones, Ga.sp6 aiwJ St. Francis ; these are further divide<l into 40 
 counties, wiili minor subdivisions of SMgniories, fiefs, townships, &c. 
 
 The external appearance of Lower-Canada generally is of a most ma- 
 jestic character. Inanimate nature is there exhibited on the grandest 
 scale ; lier rivers, her lakes, her forests, every thing is vast, and must 
 appear to the native of the British Isles, particularly so. From the mouth 
 of the river St. Lawrence to the neighbourhood of Quebec, on both sides, 
 are very high mountains, and from tiie bottom of these to the edge of 
 the river, on the south side, lies a level tract of land gradually advanc- 
 infr to cultivation ; and from Kamouraska to Quebec, is thickly settled. 
 The district of Gaspe, which is situated at the south side of the river 
 St. Lawrence, near its mouth, is only tliinly settled, having a population 
 of about 15,000, and near 20,000 acres of cleared land. I believe a 
 large proportion of that district is capable of profitable improvement, 
 and its fisheries should be most valuable to an industrious population. 
 From the western boundary ofGaspi, to the east of theChaudiere river, 
 which discharges into the St. Lawrence, a few miles west of Quebec, 
 is a territory of considerable extent, fronting on the St. Lawrence for 
 257 miles, and extending back to the boundaries of the province of New 
 Brunswick, and of the linited States. Though this section of the pro- 
 vince is not so mountainous as the opposite bank of the St. Lawrence, 
 it may properly be characterized as a hilly region, abounding with ex- 
 tensive valleys of excellent land, very capable of improvement, and suita- 
 ble for settlement. It is divided into four counties, Rimouski, Kamou- 
 raska, LTslet, andBellechasse, which have a population of 60,000 oidy, 
 295,000 arpents of cultivated land, and near 10,000,000 arpents of 
 uncultivated land. On the north bank of the St. Lav -nee, there is 
 scarcely any settlement east of the river Saguenay, ano .rom that river 
 to Quebec, a distance of about 100 miles, and extending many miles 
 back, there are two counties, Saguenay and Montmorency, with a po- 
 pulation of 15,500, and 70,000 arpents of cultivated land, and over ] 1,- 
 000,000 arpents of waste (which are included in my tables ;) but the wild 
 land within the boundaries of these counties is three times that extent. 
 This part of the province, partly on the Saguenay, and on the shores of 
 Lake St. John, particularly, is very favourably reported of for settlement ; 
 and though the climate may be severe in winter (I do not allude to any 
 land north of 4S| degrees) the country, I believe, possesses many ad- 
 vantages for new settlers. The Saguenay has a course of 180 miles 
 from Lake St. John, and is navigable for the largest ships for nearly half 
 that distance. There are some fine islands in the St. Lawrence from the 
 mouth of the Saguenay to Quebec. The island of Orleans is close to 
 Quebec, contains 28,500 arpents, and a population of about 5,000. It 
 is a beautiful island, and is well cultivated generally. 
 
 The country on the south bank of the St. Lawrence for more than 
 200 miles below Quebec, assumes a most charming aspect. There is a 
 continued succession of villages, handsome churches, telegraph stations, 
 and farm houses, all whitewashed, and produce a most pleasing eflfect, 
 in contrast with the dark forests which clothe the back rising hills to 
 . their summits. There cannot be a more interesting and beautiful land- 
 
11 
 
 livers ; and 
 idetl into 40 
 ips, &c. 
 a most ma- 
 he grandest 
 it, and must 
 fi the mouth 
 both side?, 
 the edge of 
 illy advanc- 
 :kly settled, 
 of the river 
 I population 
 I believe a 
 iprovement, 
 population, 
 idiere river, 
 of Quebec, 
 avvrence for 
 inceof New 
 I of the pro- 
 Lawrence, 
 iig with ex- 
 t, and suita- 
 ki, Kamou- 
 10,000 only, 
 arpents of 
 ce, there is 
 m that river 
 many miles 
 ', with a po- 
 nd over 11,- 
 3ut the wild 
 that extent, 
 he shores of 
 settlement ; 
 llude to any 
 s many ad- 
 f 180 miles 
 • nearly half 
 ice from the 
 i is close to 
 1 5,000. It 
 
 r more than 
 There is a 
 iph stations, 
 ising effect, 
 sing hills to 
 lutiful land- 
 
 scape than the south hank of the St. Lawrence presents. After passing 
 the island of Orleans, on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, the fulls of 
 tlie river Montmorency appear in view. The breadth of the stream is 
 about twenty yards, and the fall 250 feet. The water is precipitated over 
 a bank of rock that is almost perpendicular, into the St. Lawrence, and 
 causes a very considerable spray to rise from the bottom. In the neigh- 
 bourhood of the falls, and west to Quebec, the country is well set- 
 tled, and beautiful. The scenery, on approaching H.uebec, is most 
 magnificent. Point Levi, on the left, with its village, churches, an 
 white farm houses. On the right, the falls of Montmorency, and a rich 
 cultivated country, extending back for several miles, terminating in a 
 ridge cr monntainf, not of extreme height, but rising gradually from the 
 cultivated fields in broken hills, with wide valleys between, and mostly 
 covered with forest. In front, the city and battlements of Quebec, ma- 
 jestically towering over the river and surrounding country, with its bright 
 and dazzling tin covered houses, and church steeples, forms the most 
 striking, grand, and beautiful scenery that can well be conceived, and 1 
 believe, unequalled on this continent, or perhaps on any other. 
 
 The city of Quebec is in lat. 40.43, Ion. 70.7*2, and situated upon a 
 rocky promontory called Cape Diamond, (330 feet above the water's 
 edge) which runs seven of eiglit miles to the westward, connected with 
 another Cape^ called Cape Rouge, forming so far, the lofty, and left bank 
 of the St. Lawrence. To the N. W. of the city, the ground slopes ora- 
 dually, terminating in the valley of the river St. Charles. The rivcr^St. 
 Lawrence flows to the southward of the city, at the base of the steep pro- 
 montory of Cape Diamond, and unites its waters with the small river 
 St. Charles, which flows along the N. side of the city, the junction be- 
 ing in front of the town, where they expand into a considerable sheet 
 of water forming the harbour of Quebec. 
 
 Quebec may be correctly considered the Gibralter ofthe New World, 
 and is admirably well situated, as the key to the entrance of the navi- 
 gation of the St. Lawrence, and the only direct outlet of the Canadian 
 provinces to the sea. The citadel, if not already impregnable, can I 
 believe, be rendered so, at no very great expense ; and if suflicicntly 
 garrisoned and provisioned, would stand a long siege against an enemy. 
 Though an agricultural people may not feel greatly interested in forti- 
 fications, they are nevertheless often necessary to secure the liberties of 
 a people against foreign aggression, and Canada may be proud to pos- 
 sess such a fortress as Quebec. 
 
 From Cape Diamond, and several other points in and near Quebec 
 the surrounding country, the river and harbour, present to view the 
 most grand and beautiful landscape that can be imagined, and cannot 
 be any where excelled. The noble river St. Lawrence, and its hicrh 
 banks, .seen for several miles above and below the city ; the harbour 
 ships, steamboats, and river craft ; northwest of the city the river St! 
 Charles and its bridge ; the falls of Montmorency ; several handsome 
 villages, and their churches and spires ; the white farm houses ; the 
 cultivated fields ; the hills and valleys, ornamented at intervals with sin- 
 gle trees and woodlands ; and in the distance, the daik forest and lofty 
 mountains, present altogether a beautiful picture that is worth a joujney 
 
12 
 
 cicross the Ailuntic to btliold, and is certain!)' ono which nn admirer of 
 the grand and beautiful, couki never tire of, during the season that the 
 navigation is open, and nature is in all its hiooni, and loveliness. 
 
 The city of (Quebec contains now, in 183G, about 30,000 inhabitants, 
 and ne.''r ;J,500 houses. All the houses in the Upper and Lower Towns 
 are ofslonc, and well built, but in the suburbs many of the houses arc 
 of wood. There are several cliurches ; the Prolct-tant and Catholic 
 Cathedrals are good buildings, and very spacious. The new House of 
 Assembly, of which the centre and one wing is finished, is a very fine 
 building, and extremely well suited for the purpose for which it was erect- 
 ed. In the centre is the chamber in which the Assembly hold their sit- 
 tings, and isof amplediuiensions, admirably well calculated for the sittings 
 of the representative branch of the legislature. The library is a large fine 
 room, and is well furnished with the most valuable books, in English 
 and French. The robing room is under the library, and of the same di- 
 mensions. There are a great many committee rooms, and several of- 
 fices, occupied by the oflicers of the House of Assembly. The speak. 
 er's apartment opens into the library, and is handsomely fitted up and 
 furnished. It i;:^ proposed to build another wing, which nill give ac- 
 commodations to the other branch of the legislature. The legislative 
 council at present occupy part of the old House of Assembly. 
 
 The Castle of St. Lewis was situated on the ramparts, and had a most 
 imposing appearance from the river and harbour. It was rather a hand- 
 some building, but was very capable of improvement. It is now in ruins, 
 having been accidentally burned when occupied by Lord Aylmer, as go- 
 vernor. This ruined castle, occupying so conspicuous asituation, is at pre- 
 sent by no means ornamental to the city or ramparts. The ground where 
 it stands, or immediately near it, is one of the most eligible (as to its lo- 
 cality) and beautiful situations for the government house, that is to be 
 found within the city. It would have a commanding prospect of the ri- 
 ver, harbour, and much of the surrounding country, and would be conve- 
 nient to the parliament house, and public offices. It would certainly be 
 desira'blethat a suitable building for the accommodation of the governor- 
 in-chief of this fine country, should be erected with all convenient dis- 
 patch in place of the unsightly blackened ruin of the Chateau, and such 
 a building as would be an ornament to the city, and a connnodious and 
 respectable residence for the king of Great Britain's chief representative 
 in North America. 
 
 The Jesuits' monastery consists of a very extensive range of buildings, 
 and from its situation in the centre of the Upper Town, and fronting 
 the market place, would be a most valuable property. It is now, and 
 has been since the cession of Canada to England, occupied as a bar- 
 rack, a circumstance that has been much complained of by the people 
 of Canada. It is alleged that this property, as well as the whole of 
 the property which originally belonged to the Order of the Jesuits, was 
 by treaty given up by the British government to the people, for the sup- 
 port of general education. If this allegation be correct, and I should 
 think there ought to be no difficulty in ascertaining the fact, there can be 
 no doubt of the complaints of the people being perfectly just. That a 
 college designed for the education of youth, should, in time of profound 
 
13 
 
 n ndiiiircr of 
 :oii that the 
 less. 
 
 iiiliiibitnnts, 
 ower Towns 
 c liouscs are 
 nd Catholic 
 ew House of 
 a very fine 
 it was erect- 
 old their sit- 
 r the sittings 
 
 a large fine 
 , in English 
 the same di- 
 1 several of- 
 
 The speak- 
 itted up and 
 vill give ac- 
 le legislative 
 
 I had a most 
 ther a hand- 
 ow in ruins, 
 Imer, as go- 
 ion, is at pre- 
 round where 
 (as to its lo- 
 that is to be 
 5ct of the ri- 
 dd beconve- 
 certainly be 
 hegovernor- 
 ivenicnt dis- 
 ,u, and such 
 iiiodious and 
 jpresentative 
 
 of buildings, 
 and fronting 
 
 is now, and 
 id as a bar- 
 y the people 
 the whole of 
 Jesuits, was 
 , for the sup- 
 ind I should 
 there can be 
 I St. That a 
 
 of profound 
 
 peaco be occupied as a barrack for soldiers, in a country where the 
 want of education is so much felt, is a circumstance very much to be 
 deplored, according to my humble judgment of the matter. If the col- 
 lege belong to the people for the support of education, its unconditional 
 surrender, to be applied to that purpose, ought not to be delayed longer 
 than convenient accommodation can be obtained for the troops else- 
 where. The provincial legislature will, no doubt, see the expediency, 
 if not sound policy, of providing the necessary barracks for the troops. 
 Were the connection between this country and Britnin not to continue 
 a year, the fortress ofQuebec would surely not be dismantled or demo- 
 lished.' However disposed to peace a nation may be, she should always 
 be prepared to resist foreign aggression ; and the fortilications of H'^e- 
 bec should be maintained, whether Canada continues a British colony, 
 or may be destined at any future time to be an independent nation, iso 
 long as England is disposed to garrison Quebec with her troops, and 
 pay them with her money, there ought not to be much hesitation in pro- 
 viding these troops with comfortable lodging. Theexpenditure of the 
 military establishment in this province must be very beneticial to it, and 
 if barracks were erected at the expense of the i)rovince, were they at any 
 future time not required for soldiers, they could be converted into sonio 
 other useful purpose. While Britain maintains her troops in Canada, 
 for the protection of her Empire, not to coerce the people of Canada, or 
 abridge their rights or privileges, they will have cause to rejoice at their 
 residing among them, as good citizens and fellow subjects, and for their 
 protectTon as a^part of the British family, and expending in the province 
 a portion of that revenue to which, I am proud to say, they also contri- 
 bute their share, as I hope to show hereafter. 
 
 In describing Quebec, I could not forego the opportunity of expressing 
 my feelings with regard to the Jesuit barracks, the occupation of which 
 by the British army for so many years is, I conceive, one of the most 
 just matters of complaint alleged by Canadians in the number of their 
 grievances. If, under proper management, the proceeds ofthis property 
 had been applied to promote and support education throughout Canada, 
 it would have had xa most beneficial influence on the prosperity of the 
 country. I must further observe, that when the property is given up, I 
 hope it will be devoted to the general support of education, without any 
 preference to sect or party. It was with this ob.ect the concession was 
 made by the British government, and it is on this principle alone, that 
 the public good will be best promoted. 
 
 There are three extensive convents in Quebec, the Hotel Dieu, with 
 thirty-eight professes ; the Hospital General with fifty-one professes ; 
 and the Ursuline Convent with forty-seven professes. These religious so- 
 cieties, both at Quebec and Montreal, possess extensive property in town 
 and country, and make a very good use of their income, in administering 
 to the wants of the sick and destitute, and in educating young females. 
 They occasionally receive grants of money from the provincial legisla- 
 ture. The conduct of the nuns, or religious sisters, throughout the pro- 
 vince is most exemplary, and irreproachable ; and they are universally 
 respected by all classes, and all denominations ol christians. 
 
 The seminary, occupied by the Roman Catholic clergy, is large and 
 
14 
 
 commodious. There arc several well built churches, and chapels, be- 
 longing to Protestant congregations of the church ofKngland, Scotland 
 Methodists, &c. and are numerously attended. The Exchange and Li- 
 brary, Court-house, Custom-house, Banks, Hospitals, 6cc. are all good 
 stonu buildings, well adapted to their several uses. 
 
 The obelisk, or nionuuieut of Wolfe and Montcalm, lately erected in 
 the garden of the Chateau, or of the Castle of St. Lewis, is about 05 
 feet in height, witli suitable inscriptions. The cost of its erection was 
 collected by general subscription. The situation it occuj)ie3 is not I 
 think, the most eligible. The Esplanade, between St. Lewis and St. 
 John's Gate, is the usual place of parade for the troops. The surface is 
 very level. It is in length about UOO yards, and in breadth about 100 
 yards. 
 
 The market place in the upper town is situated opposite the Jesuit 
 barracks. It is not extensive or well arranged. 'J'here are two market 
 places in the lower town, very confined, and without any convenient ar- 
 rangement. A new market has been lately erected close to the river St 
 Charles, between it and Sf. Peter-street. It is very conveniently fitted 
 up, and no doubt will be numerously attended in a short time. 
 
 The Dorchester bridge, erected by Messrs. Anderson &, Smith, over 
 the river St. Charles, is a toll-bridge, authorized by the leiMf^luturc, and 
 of very great advantage to the farmers residing north of the St. Charles 
 river, and to the citizens of Quebec. I am not aware of the amount of 
 toll charged. There is one bank chartered at Quebec, and the Mon- 
 treal bank has a discount office there. 
 
 Quebec is very active during the summer months, visited as it now 
 generally is, by 1100 or 1200 ships annually, together with a steam- 
 boat from Montreal, daily. If the surrounding country was well 
 settled, an extensive business would be done there in winter as well aa 
 summer ; and it has the further advantage of being the seat of govern- 
 ment, and place of meeting of the legislature. This attracts many 
 strangers to the place in the winter, and must greatly increase the ex- 
 penditure in every way, and be very beneficial to the citizens. The 
 navigation of the river is generally open about the 1st of May, and on 
 some occasions the 15th of April. During my residence in the country 
 It has very frequently been open about the middle of April. Ships from 
 Europe begin to arrive immediately after the 1st of May ; seldom before 
 The city of Quebec is chartered, and has a mayor and common-coun- 
 cil annually elected. It is well liglited, and the streets kept in tolerably 
 good order. There are several handsome country residences in the 
 neighbourhood of Quebec, and I believe it would be diflicult to find 
 more delightful situations for summer residences than the country sur- 
 rounding the city aflTords. 
 
 In 1662, Quebec is said to have contained only 50 inhabitants • in 
 1759, at its conquest by England, the population was from 8,000 to 9 - 
 000 ; in 1831, it was 26,000, and now in 1836, is supposed to be 30,000 
 From the counties of Montmorency on the north, and that of 
 Bellechasse on the south side of the St. Lawrence, which I have alrea- 
 dy described, there remains to be noticed of the district of Quebec, the 
 counties of Quebec rnd Portneuf, on the north side of the St. Lawrence, 
 
1 chapels, be- 
 nd, iJcotland, 
 larige and Li- 
 , are all good 
 
 ly erected in 
 S is about G5 
 erection was 
 pies is not, I 
 ^ewis and St. 
 Mie surface is 
 h about 100 
 
 ite the Jesuit 
 B two market 
 )nvenient ar- 
 the river St. 
 nientiy fitted 
 
 rj 
 
 ^» 
 
 Smith, over 
 ishiturc, and 
 
 St. Charles 
 le amount of 
 id the iMon- 
 
 d as it now 
 ilh a steam- 
 ' was well 
 r as well as 
 t of govern- 
 racts many 
 ease the ex- 
 zens. The 
 lay, and on 
 ho country, 
 Shij)s from 
 dom before, 
 nmon-coun- 
 in tolerably 
 ices in the 
 3ult to find 
 ountry sur- 
 
 hitants ; in 
 ^,000 to 9,- 
 be 30,000. 
 nd that of 
 lave alrca- 
 tuebec, the 
 Lawrence, 
 
 10 
 
 and the counties of Dorchester, Beauce, Lolbinierc, and Megantic on 
 the south side. 
 
 The quantity of land in each county, In seigniories, fiefs, townships, 
 and waste, are given in tables, also the ([uantiiy conceded and in culti- 
 vation, with the estimated population in IHIM). It is therefore unneces- 
 sary to repeat all that information here. I shall describe the situation 
 and general character of the soil in each county, and the j)robablc capa- 
 bilities for produce and population. 
 
 The county of Quebec is bounded on tlie south-cast by the river 
 St. Lawrence, and fronts on that river about 15 miles. It is bounded 
 on the north-east by the county of Montmorency, on the south-west 
 by Portneuf county ; and on the north-west by wild lands of the 
 crown. The surface of the country is generally uneven, and of great 
 picturesque beauty. Towards the northern parts it is mountainous. 
 In the neighbourhood of the city of Quebec, the soil is of excellent 
 quality, and well cultivated near the St. Lawrence, and it is reported 
 a large proportion of the county may be considered good soil. A 
 light warm soil is preferable in that part of the province, to a cold 
 heavy soil. The lands are well shelteied from the north by mountains, 
 and tliroughout the county, from the inequality of its surface, the 
 numerous valleys must be much warmer in the cold seasons than if the 
 surface was level and exposed. The county is watered by the St. Charles, 
 Jac(|ues Cartier, and St. Anne rivers, and many smaller streams. 
 Much of the waste land in this county might be very profitably brought 
 into cultivation, provided crops suitable to the soil and climate were in- 
 variably cultivated. The county contains 9,200,000 arpents, of which not 
 more than 150,000 arpents is occupied, and only 45,000 arpents culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Portneuf county joins that of Quebec, fronts on the St. Lawrence about 
 35 miles, and is bounded on the south-west by Chaniplain county, and 
 north-west by the wild lands of the crown. It is watered by the Jacques 
 Cartier, St. Anne and Portneuf rivers, and many small streams. The 
 face of the country is broken and uneven, and is rather mountainous 
 towards the north. The settled parts possess a good so'l, and, I believe, 
 the greater portion of the unconceded lands, of which there is over 5,- 
 000,000 arpents, is capable of cultivation. There are only 330,000 
 acres occupied, and 75,000 arpents cultivated. 
 
 On the south side of the St. Lawrence, immediately opposite Quebec, 
 is the county of Dorchester, bounded north by the St. Lawrence, by 
 Bellechasse county on the east, southerly by the county of Beauce, and 
 west by the county of Lotbiniere. The county comprises the seigniory 
 of Lauzon only. It is of excellent soil generally, and fronting the St. 
 Lawrence is well settled. A large proportion of the land, about three- 
 fourths, is, however, yet uncultivated, and only 55,000 arpents cultivat- 
 ed, though most favourably situated. It is watered by the Chaudifere 
 and other rivers. 
 
 The county of Lotbiniere is next west of Dorchester, and fronting on 
 the St. Lawrence about 30 miles, is bounded west by the county ofNi- 
 colet, south und south-west, by Drummond and Megantic counties. 
 This county is not very populous, and I should imagine it is not from 
 
A 
 
 16 
 
 tlicl»nrrrnnessoflIicsoil. Tho Binmiioii is favourablo for srttlcmcnt. 
 It IS ^'lllrn•i(!lhly watorcd, about liulC tlu; land ia occu|)ied, and only ono- 
 iiiiith of tho \vliolu,or r>(),0()() arponts cultivated. 
 
 'I'he county of Jkauci is lioutidcd uortlicrly by Dorcliester county, 
 oast by tbe county of Hdlccbasse, soutb by the ataio of Maine, and west 
 by Slicrbrookc, iMoyantic, and Lotbiniere counties. This county is not 
 well .settled, and has a lari^e quantity of uncultivated and waste uncon- 
 ceded land, about l.iJUtMUHJarpents, in seiirniories a"d townships. Much 
 of the soil is ofj^^ood quality, and thou},'li some parts are broken and 
 .stoney, they nu<,Hit be proiitubly occupied in rai.ung stock ; 245,000 
 nrpents are occupied, and about r>0,000 arpents cultivated. It is water- 
 ed sunicieutly ; the river Chaudiere has its course throuirh this county. 
 
 Thecounty of Meganiic is bounded on the north by the cou..iy of 
 Lotbiuiere, east by the county of JJeauce, south and west by Druiumond 
 and Sherbrooke counties. This county is very thinly settled ; 850,000 
 acres are unconceded, b.">,000 acres occupied, and not 10,000 acres cul- 
 ti*ated, though much of the lands are of excellent quality. In its natu^ 
 ral state there may be many parts of it apparently of little value, and 
 lands of better quality will be taken up for settlement before those that 
 are more troublesome to clear, drain, and cultivate ; but when the 
 country is more thickly settled, the lands that are now neglected and 
 waste, will be founii capable of producing abundant returns to the ju- 
 dicious husbandman. This county is watered by the river Chaudiere, 
 tho Bd'cancour, and branches of the' St. Francis. 
 
 I'nF DisTKtcTOF TiiRKE-Ilivt US compriscs sjx countics, Cliamplain, 
 and St. Maurice on the north side, and Nicolet, Yamaska, Drummond, 
 and Sherbrooke on the south side of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The county of Nicolet is bounded on tlie north-west by the St. Law- 
 rence and Lake St. Peter, west by the county of Yamaska, south-east 
 by Drummond county, and west by the county of Lotbiniere. It ex- 
 tends between 30 and 40 miles along the St. Lawrence. The soil is of 
 good quality generally, and the surlace level. It v. watered by the rivers 
 Bccancour and Nicolet. The village Nicolet is beautifully situated on 
 the bank of the Nicolet river, and has a handsome church with two 
 spires. It is also the seat of a college. This county, though not large, 
 has yet five-sixths, or 255,000 arpents of the land uncuhivated and waste, 
 and about 00,000 cultivated. I believe it to be favourably circumstanc- 
 ed for settlement. 
 
 The county of Yamaska is bounded on the north-west by Lake St. 
 Peter, south-west by the county of Richelieu, south-east by the county 
 of Drummond, and north-east by the county of Nicolet. This county 
 is not extensive, and the land is occupied except a small part. The soil 
 is of good quality, though a large portion of it is light and sandy. The 
 face of the country is level, and is watered by the fine rivers St. Francis, 
 Yamaska, and a branch of the Nicolet ; not one- fourth of the land, or 
 only 45,000 arpents is in cultivation. It has three or lour considerable 
 villages. 
 
 The county of Drummond comprises nineteen of what are known as 
 the eastern townships, and bounded on the north by the counties Nico- 
 let and Yamaska, on the west by the St. Hyacinth countv. on the south 
 
17 
 
 for spttlcmcnt. 
 , and onl^ oiio- 
 
 chester county, 
 Jaine, and west 
 lis county is" not 
 d waste uncon- 
 wnsliips. Much 
 are broken and 
 tock ; 245,000 
 d. It is vvater- 
 [U this county, 
 the couiiiy of 
 by Drutnnjond 
 tiled ; 850,000 
 1,000 acres cid- 
 f. In its natu-^ 
 ttic value, and 
 fore those that 
 but when the 
 net^lected and 
 :urns to the ju- 
 er Cliaudiere, 
 
 3s, Champlain, 
 t, Druinmond, 
 
 ' the St. Law- 
 jka, south-east 
 niere. It rx- 
 
 The sod is of 
 [1 by the rivers 
 lly situated on 
 rch with two 
 ugh not large, 
 ted and waste, 
 
 circumstanc- 
 
 by Lake St. 
 )y tlie county 
 
 Tiiis county 
 irt. The soil 
 sandy. The 
 s St. Francis, 
 f the land, or 
 
 considerable 
 
 are known as 
 
 aunties Nico- 
 
 on the south 
 
 by the counties of ShofToid and Shcrbrooko, and on thccast by the coun- 
 ty of Megantic. This county contains more than 1,000,000 acres, is 
 very little settled, only Ki.OOO acres cultivated ; much of the sod is 
 of excellent quality, and all, or the greater part, might be cultivated if 
 properly drained. ' It is well watered by the rivers St. 1' rancis, Nicolct, 
 liccancoui, and their tributary streams. Tho north section of tho 
 county, anti, indeed, the land generally, is level. 
 
 Tho county of ShetbrooUc, is bounded north by the county of Drum- 
 mond, west and south-west, by the counties of Shcfford and Stanstead ; 
 south,' by the State of New Hampshire, and cast by the counties oi Me- 
 gantic and Beauco. It comprises twenty-eight of tho eastern town- 
 shifjs. In this county tho British American Land Company have ob- 
 tained, by purchase from the Crown, an extensive territory, containing 
 about ()00,000 acres, idjolning the counties of JVIegantic and Beauce, 
 and comprising about fourteen townships. They have also several de- 
 tached lots throughout this county, and the counties of Shclford and 
 Stanstead, formerly the Crown resc.vcs. In addition to the lands 
 above described, they have made large purchases of iaiuls sold by the 
 government, at auction, and from private individuals. They arc at pre- 
 sent propiietors of more than one millic' of acres, purchased with a view 
 to their settlement by emigrants from the British Isles. I am unable to 
 state what progrefs has yet been made in regard to settling these lands. 
 The Company have not been long in operation. The lands in the county 
 of Sherbrooke are of good quality generally. The face of the country is 
 much diversified ; hill and dale prevail throughout ; it would be most 
 suitable for raising and feeding stock, both neat cattle and sheep, and 
 would be the most profitable mode of occupying the soil. Excel- 
 lent pasture might be obtaiiied by clearing off the wood, sowing grass 
 seeds, and draining such lands as might be unfit for the plough, 
 from its stony, uneven and hilly surface. The county is very exten- 
 sive, containing near 2,000,000 acres, and would give an immense an- 
 nual produce if settled, and judiciously managed. It has only G0,000 
 acres cultivated. 
 
 The county of Champlain, on the north side of the St. Lawrence, 
 fronts about 25 miles on the river, and is bounded on the north-east by 
 the county ofPortneuf, north by the waste lands of the Crown, and 
 south-west by the county of St. Maurice. The soil is good in general, 
 though the country is thinly setded. Of 000,000 acres, only 170,000 
 are occupied, and 35,000 cultivated. I have no doubt but most of the 
 soil is very capable of profitable occupation by the husbandman ; and 
 there is only about a twelfth part yet in cultivation. 'J'his county 
 is well watered by the rivers St. Maurice, Champlain, Batiscan, and 
 St. Anne. The face of the country towards the east, is considerably 
 diversified ; and from the mouth of the Batiscan to St. Anne, the rising 
 lands north of the St. Lawrence present a most beautiful landscape. 
 In coming down the river St. Lawrence from Montreal, this part of the 
 country is the first that strikes the traveller's eye, being the commence- 
 ment of the gently elevated tract of land that bounds the river from that 
 point to Quebec, and is particularly beautiful on the north side. 
 
 Tbfl fonntv of St Maurice, is bounded in front, south, and south-cast 
 
(i 
 
 IS 
 
 with three surveyed tovvn^hios confihiinrri ^ nnn ^' ^^S^^^^r 
 
 .his co™„ „„d .he extensive il Ss^L^rnlS 'It grMa,"" 
 rice, arc .bout lOniiles north of that town 'ounary at St. Mail- 
 
 The District OP Montreal contains 19 counties, Berthier T' 
 itrth rfthe" St^r''™''^'' V-"'"'""^' Two-Mountains,' and Otto,™ 
 ver Ouawa aid sTi'r ""^ "\u °"''"=' ' ^""<'^-"' between the™: 
 fn«o'n';h"e-':Xi;:^^^ 
 
 iJeauhamois Laprairie, Chambly, Acadie, Rouvil e! Vcrch?r.s S, nf 
 acmthe, Richolieu Shefibrd, Stanstcad and Missisqioi "'' '' "^" 
 
 of £ M '™-^ of Bert','!''- > bounded on the north-east, by the county of 
 of St. iMaurice ; north and north-west, by the waste hnd/nf ih„„ ^ 
 south-west, by the county of L'Asson.pLn and s ute st by Se 
 
 or 2S m Lr The s;iHr;r"'^' "", ''t'" '^"'^^ " ""^"'^ '•- "bout 25 
 or zo miles. Xhe soil m this county has an excellent oh",r-*oi^r. t* • 
 
 populous so far as the Seigniories eiond, andt th TeconcS^^^ 
 Province for he quantity of cultivated land, 110,000 acres "riee 1 
 two surveyed town.ships partially settled, and no less than 5,000,000 acres 
 mZTnhwT ^"^V^,«'?.P''^^J ^vithinthe boundaries of the coup tv 
 Most of this land IS, I beheve, capable of profitable scttlcrnontThn 
 ace of the country is level generali; towards the St Law n" but more 
 tod.enoi1h,itisless so. It is well watered by rivers and sclera smaU 
 n\ !-;A«\o"ipt!on and Berthier rivers^are the principal Th" 
 
 small town of B.rthier is on the banks of the St. Lawrence?about 4I 
 miles from Montreal, and 135 miles from Quebec The .tp^ ' h.? . 
 h.-e^twoor three times in the week, on tl^ wa^ beTi^^MtS ani 
 
 L'Assomption county is bounded north-east by the county of Berthier • 
 north and north-west, by the waste lands of the crown ,• south west iJ 
 the county of Lachenaye ; and south, or rather south-east by the s7 
 Lawrence. It fronts on the latter about 10 or 12 miles. It ,'VelI wal 
 ^red, the river L'Assomption having its course through the ciunty wUh 
 many tributary streams or branches. The settled part of the county is 
 excellent land, and the whole of the seigniory, and^wo surveyed "oin! 
 ships, arc I beheve, occupied, and nearly half; or 72,000 acres of th^m 
 cultivated rherc are 3,000,000 acres of waste land of the crown cor^ 
 prised Within the north and north-west boundaries of the county andTo^^ 
 
19 
 
 e 30 miles ; sonth- 
 , by fho waste lands 
 lamplain. Though 
 dy, the greater por- 
 ning in the low flat 
 sufficiently high to 
 ;norial land, is con- 
 acres. A large 
 )00 acres, together 
 :res, are comprised 
 Tiost of these lands 
 ill watered by se- 
 ip, and Machiche, 
 ivers is situated in 
 >undry at St. Mau- 
 
 ities, Berthier, L'- 
 lins, and Ottawa, 
 lil, between the ri- 
 al, in the island of 
 e, the counties of 
 ercheres, St. Ily- 
 
 • 
 
 t, by the county of 
 nds of the crown ; 
 ith-east, by Lake 
 ronts tor about 25 
 character. It is 
 ;ond county in the 
 cres. There are 
 n 5,000,000 acres 
 !S of the county, 
 settlement. The 
 wron'-e, but more 
 and several small 
 ! principal. The 
 rence, about 45 
 3 steamboats stop 
 ;en Montreal and 
 
 unty of Berthier ; 
 ; south-west, by 
 3ast, by the St. 
 . It is well wa- 
 the county, with 
 of the county is 
 surveyed town- 
 acres of them 
 the crown, com- 
 county, and pro- 
 
 bablf the greater part fit for selllemcnt. There arc two or three pinall 
 towns in this county : L'Assomption is the principal one, and is a place 
 of considerable business. 
 
 The county of Lachenaye, is bounded on the north-east by tlie county 
 of L'Assomption ; north and north-west, by the waste lands of the crown ; 
 south-west, by the county of Terrebonne, and south-east, by the river 
 St. Jean, on which it fronts about 12 miles. It is a small county, and, 
 I believe, all occupied, and about one-third, or 03,000 acres cultivated. 
 The soil is generally good, though part of the township lands is said to 
 be poor. It is well watered by the rivers Lachenaye, Mascouchc and 
 Achigan, and many small streams. 
 
 Tiio county of Terrebonne, is bounded on the north-east by the coun- 
 ty of Lachenaye, north and north-west, by the waste lands of the crown ; 
 south-west, by the county of Two-Mountains, and south-east by the River 
 des-Prairies, on which it fronts about 12 miles, or more. This county 
 comprehends the seigniory of Isle Jesus, which is about 21 miles long 
 and 6 mi!es v.-ide. The soil of this island is excellent, and the surface 
 very level. The Isle Jesus is connected with the main land by a well 
 built wooden bridge, at St. Therese ; and on the principal road between 
 (Montreal and the river Du Chene, another wooden bridge is being elect- 
 ed, over the Riviere-des-Prairies, between the island of Montreal and the 
 Isles Jesus, and will probably be finished next aummer. The latter is 
 constructed in a very superior manner, and will be a great convenience to 
 the people of the Isle Jesus, and north of it, and the Ottawa river. Some 
 time back, a bridge was built from the Isle Jesus to the main land at the 
 river Du Chene, on the line of road between Montreal and St. Andrews, 
 but has been carried away. In that particular place, it is not difficult 
 to construct a bridge, and it would complete the communication from 
 Montreal to St. Andrews. The county of Terrebonne in general is 
 good land, and the seignorial part, and surveyed townships, of which 
 there are three, are nearly occupied ; and one-half, or 105,000 acres 
 in cultivation. Within the boundaries of the county is comprised near 
 2,000,000 acres of the wild lands of the crown, and are favourably re- 
 ported of. The pnncipal river is the Du Nord, and there are many smaller 
 streams. 
 
 The county of Tvvo-Mountain=!, is bounded north-east by the county of 
 Terrebonne ; on the north and north-west, by the waste lands of the 
 crown ; south, by the Lake of Two Mountains and the river Ottawa ; 
 south-west, by the county of Ottawa. It fronts on the Lake of Two- 
 Mountains and Ottawa river, near 70 miles. With the exception of 
 Montreal, it has ihe largest population of any county in the province, atid 
 ranks third in extent of cultivated land, of which there is 100,000 acres. 
 The soil is generally of excellent quality, though a pioportion of it is very 
 stony and light, particularly in the seigniory of Argenteuil. The small 
 towns of St. Andrews, Indian Village and River Du Chene, are the 
 only places worthy of notice. The county is watered by the rivers Du 
 Nord, Rouge, and Du Chene. In this county there are near 300,000 
 acres of waste land of the crown, together with 300,000 acres of seignorial 
 and surveyed township lands uncultivated, 100,000 acres only of which 
 are, I believe occupied. 
 
 3* 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 20 
 
 The county of Ottawa, in bouiKted on the north only by the territory of 
 the Hudson Bay Company ; west, by a line running due north from Lake 
 lemiscammg ; south, by the river Ottawa, and east, by the county of 
 1 wo-Mountam.s. This county comprises a vast extent of territory, of 
 winch the north portion is not much known. In one soionicry and eight 
 surveyed townships, there are about 700,000 acres, of which not one- 
 lourth appears to be occupied, and only one twenty-eighth part, or 25,000 
 acres, is m cultivation. The waste land of the crown is estimated at 
 near 20,000,000, acres. I believe the greater portion of this waste land to 
 be capable of rendernigan adequate return for the labour necessary for its 
 cultivation. The soil on the bank of the Ottawa, and most of what has 
 been explored of the county, is of good quality. The county is abun- 
 clantly watered by several rivers and lakes. The principal rivers are 
 1 elit iVation, rivers Blanche, Lievres, and Gatineau, M'ith the river Ot- 
 tawa, m front. 
 
 ^ The county of Vaudreuil, occupies that portion of Lower-Canada that 
 IS situated between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers, by which rivers 
 It is bounded on three sides, and on the fourtn, or west, by Upper-Cana- 
 da. 1 he soil IS of good quality, and all the land is occur)ied, of which 
 near y half, 75,000 acres, is in cultivation. Jt is watered by several 
 small rivers. There are some thriving villages. Those most deservino- of 
 notice are, Coteau du Lac, Cedars, and Vaudreuil. "^ 
 
 The county of Montreal, comprises the beautiful island of Montreal 
 and les at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers, sepa- 
 rated from the Isle Jesus by the Riviere des Prairies. It is about 32 
 miles long by 10 miles broad, at the widest point. It is at present held 
 as a seigniory by the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, and in justice 
 to these Reverend Gentlemen, I believe there are not in Lower-Canada 
 fcteigniors who are more indulgent to the censitaires. ' 
 
 The mountain immediately back of the city of Montreal, is the only 
 bigh land on the island, and thi.3 is not more than 560 feet above the level 
 ot the river. With this exception, and the valley of the river St. Piene, 
 the surlace of the island is very level, and the soil in general of superior 
 excellence and very productive in all species of grain, vegetables, and 
 Iruit, in greater perfection than any other part of the province. 
 
 *rom many points on the mountain, the prospect on every side is mo^t 
 grand and magmticent. The surrounding country, villages, fhrm houses, 
 cultivated fields, rich meadows, the distant forests, the city, the noble 
 river, the steamboats and shipping, form a landscape that can scarcely be 
 surpassed in beauty and magnificence. The prospect to the north-west 
 lias particularly excited my admiration. I must, however, cut short my 
 description of this delightful scenery, and recommei-.d those who visit 
 Montreal to vew this landscape, and judge for themselves of its beauties, 
 vvtiicii no pen can do justice to. 
 
 The city of Montreal is situated on the south side of the island, lat. 
 4j,dl long. 73,34 west, at the point which may be considered the termi- 
 nation of the uninterrupted navigation of the St. Lawrence, as the rapids 
 which hrst interrupt the navigation, commence immediately above the 
 port of P,.ontreal. It is the first city in British America in extent, 
 population, and wealth. It is supposed to cover above iOOO acres of 
 
 I 
 
21 
 
 y by the territory of 
 le north from Lake 
 :, by the county of 
 tent of territory, of 
 soignicry and eight 
 
 of which not one- 
 ;hfh part, or 25,000 
 un is estimeted at 
 ' this waste land to 
 ir necessary for its 
 
 most of what has 
 e county is abun- 
 incipal rivers are 
 with the river Ot- 
 
 -ower-Canada that 
 s, by which rivers 
 , by IJpper-Cana- 
 cciipied, of which 
 itered by several 
 most deservin"- of 
 
 md of Montreal, 
 lince rivers, stpa- 
 3. It is about 32 
 is at present held 
 eal, and in justice 
 I Lower-Canada, 
 
 treal, is the only 
 it above the level 
 ; river St. Pierre, 
 ineral of superior 
 , vegetables, and 
 t'ince. 
 
 I'ery side is most 
 ;es, farm houses, 
 ! city, the noble 
 can scarcely be 
 o the north-west 
 er, cut short my 
 those who visit 
 s of its beauties, 
 
 r the island, lat. 
 dered the termi- 
 e, as the rapid,«, 
 ately above the 
 erica in extent, 
 iOOO acres of 
 
 crround, including the suburl,s. It has over loO greets, r,,r.()) hon.es 
 and a population, by estimate, of near 35 000. 'J here .s no a c. y yt 
 the same extent on this continent that has better, and more snbstanl.;,lly 
 built houses, many of beautiful cut stone, and latterly almost all the now 
 houses are built with cut stone, and are genera ly three and tour stones 
 hioh above the surface. This stone is procured at a short distance Irom 
 Ih? city, is soft, and easily dressed, and resists all the rigour of the cli- 
 mate The improvement in Montreal within the last eighteen years, is 
 very great indeed, and a greater number of fine houses luive been erected 
 last year, than any year previous during the period re erred to. Ihe 
 most public streets are kept in excellent repair ; and since the city 
 has been incorporated, all the streets and roads have been greatly im- 
 proved under the management of the mayor and common-council. Ihe 
 city is liahted, and is supplied with water, by water works, the property 
 of a chartered company. The port has been greatly improved ately by the 
 construction of extensive wharfs, from funds borrowed by the province, 
 and it is contemiYiated to extend these improvements by the same means 
 theensuing summer. TheLachine canal, constructed at an expenditure ot 
 near £140,000 of the provincial revenue, connects the port with the na- 
 vio-able waters of the St. Lawrence at Lachine, but is only suitable lor 
 du^rham boats, that draw about four feet of water. At Lachine, steam 
 navigation commences again on the line of the St. Lawrence and the ri- 
 ver Ottawa. ^ , . , ^ . J ^ -1 J J 
 
 It would occupy too large a space of this work to give a detailed de- 
 scription of the city of Montreal. The Catholic Parish Church is, how- 
 ever, a building which I must notice, as, I believe, it ranks with the first 
 buildings in North America, and most certainly does great honor to the 
 religious community who have erected it. It was estimated to cost near 
 £100,000 currency. It stands about the centre of the city, and fronts the 
 Place' d'Armes, a handsome square. In length it is 255 l feet, in breadth 
 134-1- feet. The height of the flanks is 61 feet from the flagging of the 
 terrace to the eaves. I believe it is intended that there shall be six tow- 
 ers, so arranged that each flank shall present three ; these, however, are 
 not'yet finished. Those on the principal west front are to be 220 feet high 
 The space between the front towers is 73 feet by 120 in height, crowned 
 with an embattled parapet. These towers are at present no^much higher 
 than the parapet, and are covered with a temporary roof. The flank and 
 east end towers, are to be 115 feet in height. The flanks are decorated 
 with buttresses, and crowned on the top with hollow pinnacles which 
 serve as chimneys. The exterior of the building is faced with hewn 
 stone of excellent quality, and the workmanship is exceedingly well exe- 
 cuted. The eastern window is 64 feet in height, and 34 in breadth. It 
 is intended to surround the building with a terrace. In front, the ascent 
 is by a flight of steps to the portal, which is formed by an arcade, consist- 
 ing of three arches, ei..ch 19 feet by 48 in height. From this arcade there 
 are five entrances into the church, two of which lead to the galleries. 
 In front, over the arcade, there are several niches, intended for statues, 
 but only one, the centre, is yet occupied. Between the front towers, it 
 is intended to have a promenade 76 feet by 20, elevated 120 feet above 
 the surface of the Place d'Armes, the access to which will be gained by 
 
r 1 
 
 »>-> 
 
 a geometriou! .tiiir, unci must alTord a most exfonsive view of tho Qt 
 
 The inleiior is very well fmishod, and contains 1244 news on the 
 Rround floor, and two salleries, one ahove the other. The eaMera « in 
 clow ,s handsomely painted, represcnt.ng several characle,: rlcriplure" 
 
 side which j)03se<5c? ormf i-noiU tu^ • i i- *? )"<i<-cu un cdcn 
 
 Tl,e vanltslt-tireelL^g Tgall rt?r:tZ t"eVi;v'"/rS'y ""^^ 
 of grouped cohnnns of wood, pt.nted inlitaZ 1 fdcd „™ Ue™'!';: 
 c.„po„ or work ,s pamted in imitation of oak. The colour nl of th; eo 
 
 o7s^iir«c^i;l:f rtli°[» i^i^S'tr^rr^^^^^^ 
 i;;:rHi^'Masf'c:ieZ":d rjuVTsJ^'" '- '"'"'"''"' '«^^'-'' ">' 
 
 t^ :?*: fe?frl" "if- T* "r - 1 ~d -tim'^te^t" « rs 
 
 pews on the ground floor, and a gallery on the east end and iTJ^Zf 
 suppor. l,y two ranges of pillarl the^holo painS T^lc '"" "''"'• 
 .„lT ,r .r,*T P'-^'^ '>''<'"<in ehurches. One lately erected near the Re 
 
 stands^ th°e St r ' " " ™? 'T ''""'''"S- ALge CathX church 
 
 fo ,h. rn. 11 ; ^Cl""".? ""''"'■^"' "'"""•''' ""o <»• three years previous 
 
 wo M^h^; V ''?'■' '''=^<="l'<«'- An American Presbyterian ihu, eh 
 
 bl^iS^Sint^f: :';eat-"^'^hTrf a'::^^"^' ^^"-''- f- "» 
 
 IS annually distributed to the poor, by the trulv rLrWnl u i ^'"°""f 
 gentlemen of this seminary, a'nd, I bifi^l'^L^f a "y' I ",; J^ra! t' 
 
 :X•asu?e^^z1t?:r;l;:rr1rtL^tri',K^^^^ 
 
 genUemcn to state, that when that die:,*,! pes" en , 1 eho'en" nv 
 aged Monlical in 1832, and 1834, tliey were indefatigab o in the' ^t en 
 
 :^:org-.ifK:,~tsLdt;n^^^^^^ 
 
ve view of the St. 
 •s are to be fiirnisih- 
 s covered with tin. 
 'le for the worshi{) 
 
 1244 pews on the 
 
 The eastern win- 
 
 actcrs of scripture 
 
 ipears to great atl- 
 s placed on each 
 s 80 feet in height. 
 by a double rango 
 uded marble. The 
 louring of thecoil- 
 5 most appropriate 
 ^ necessary to iho 
 •ticularly a' church 
 iver, most convc- 
 itreal may well be 
 ler, 1824, and the 
 
 not far from the 
 t has a handsome 
 B-keepers on four 
 or organ, and the 
 ^ four ranges of 
 d, and two sides, 
 lite. 
 
 :ted near the Re- 
 Catholic church 
 e years previous 
 sbyterian church, 
 church, have all 
 ) more places of 
 ilians, the others 
 
 us building, and 
 itholic clergy of 
 I in the higher 
 iderable amount 
 le and reverend 
 Jrstinction as to 
 3 this testimony 
 these reverend 
 cholera, rav- 
 B in their atten- 
 ar to have any 
 city night and 
 )ur of need and 
 
 23 
 
 of death ; and it la a remarkable circumstance that there was not a fatal 
 case of cholera among the Catholic or l*rotcstanl clergy of the city. It 
 is but justice to the Protestant clergy also, to bear testimony of their at- 
 tention to their congregations during that most afllicting dispensation of 
 Providence, which proved so fatal to the inhabitants of Montreal and 
 Quebec, and in many country parishes. In one day, 150 persons have 
 died of cholera in Montreal, and, I believe, an equal number in Quebec. 
 Whole families were, in some instances, carried off. The country has been 
 most providentially saved from a return of this plague last year, and may 
 perhaps contiime free from it in future. From the commencement and pro- 
 gress of this disease, showing itself both years on the arrival of emii: rants 
 that were known to have cholera on board their ships on the passage, 
 and following them through the country here, it is ditlicult to suppose 
 that it is not infectious, and the most convincing proof of its being so is 
 that it did not break out in 1833 or 1835, when it was not known to bo 
 in the British Isles or brought in emigrant vessels. But to return to the 
 description of Montreal. 
 
 There are three convents ; the Hotel Dieu, is an establishment for the 
 sick of both sexes, who have medical attendance and most careful atten- 
 tion from the charitable Sisters of the convent. It contains 37 Religious 
 Professes. The convent of Gray Sisters, or Hospital General, has an 
 establishment for foundlings, who are provided for until they are capable 
 of providing for themselves. It contains 29 Professes ; and the Con- 
 gregation de Notre Dame, has 80 Professes. 
 
 The English Hospital is an extensive and fine building, exceedingly 
 well arranged in every part for the sick. It was built by subscription 
 and donations, and is principally supported in the same way. The pro- 
 vincial legislature has occasionally granted aids, but they have not been 
 permanent or regular. It is an establishment greatly deserving of sup- 
 port, and every citizen in Montreal is interested in maintaining this hos- 
 pital, as the most efi'ectual means of preserving themselves and their fa- 
 milies from fevers and other contagious diseases, which they are much 
 exposed to from the great influx of strangers to their city in summer. 
 
 The College, or Petit Seminaire, was built at the expense of the Semi- 
 nary of St. Sulpice, and is an extensive building, three stories high. The 
 body of the building is 210 feet long, and 45 broad ; there is a wing at 
 each end 186 feet long, and nearly 40 broad. It is capable of giving 
 accommodation to a ler, e number of students, and has apartments for a 
 director, professors and m isters. 
 
 The honorable James McGill, once a respectable merchant of Mon- 
 treal, bequeathed an estate, and the sum of <i'] 0,000 for the endowment 
 of a college to bear his name. This college has not yet gone into oper- 
 ation, owing to the bequest being disputed for several years. The suit 
 has, however, terminated, and the property devised is in the possession 
 of ihe corporation of the college. 
 
 There are three large public schools, the English National School, the 
 British and Canadian School, and the RecoUet School. They receive aid 
 occasionally from the provincial legislature. There are many other pri- 
 vate schools, and the charge for tuition is generally very moderate. 
 
 The Montreal Tabrary and reading room occupy a building in St. Jo- 
 
r1 
 
 21 
 
 Kcph-slrcft, (M)iivtMiirnlly Kiiuated, uiid contains nitiny thousand volunes 
 of valuable hoolvo. It is well supplied with newspaper?, magazines, kc. 
 doniostic and Ir .reign, and subscriptions ibr admission are moderate.' 
 
 The new market i)Iace extends from St. Paul-street to Notre Dame- 
 street. The centre of the building is occupied by butchers' stalls, and 
 on each side are seats covered in and open in front, that arc for the use 
 of those who sell butler, eggs, vegetables, &c. of which there is at all 
 seajfoMs an abundant supply. At one end the market has an upper story 
 which IS occupied lor selling fowls, and other produce. 
 
 Near the river side, is tli, fish market, not very extensive, but suffi- 
 ciently so for the sale of fresh fish. Two market places have been erect- 
 ed in th<' St. Lawrence suburbs; they are not much used. A most 
 splendid market has been lately erected between St. Paul-street and the 
 convent of the (xray Sisters. I'hough it is not yet numerously attend- 
 ed, there can be no doubt that it will soon be the most public in the city 
 
 rpu '\ '''•.'r ^ ^^■^"'^''''' ^'''' " '"'"■^®^' •'^"^' *he accommodation is superior. 
 
 I he building IS ^50 feet long, and the plan is similar to that of the Hun- 
 
 gerford market, London. It is three stories high, but the ground storv 
 
 "" \" ^^[i ^^'^:'' ^^^ '"'•^'^^^- The Hay and Wood markets occupy each 
 end of McGill-street. ^"^ 
 
 The Champ de Mars, is a place f.-r military exercise, and is an excel- 
 lent parade ground, though not very extensive. It might be rendered aji 
 agreeable promenade for the inhabitants, and something of the kind is 
 much wanted in Montreal. There is not in the city or neighbourhood, 
 a suitable promenade or public garden, whh the exception of one botani- 
 cal garden at Cote au Barron, which is rather far from the city. On the 
 rising grounds close to the city, or on the river banks, are many suitable 
 andbeautitu situations for public gardens, that would, if properly con- 
 ducted, amply repay the expenditure, and promote the health andenioy- 
 ment of the citizens. Quebec is equally destitute of a public promenade 
 or garden, though afl'ording many delightful situations for both in the 
 neighbourhood of the city. Human beings confined in cities, require re- 
 creation occasionally ; and public gardens, conducted on a proper plan, 
 would afiord in suniiner the most pleasing, healthful and rational amuse- 
 ment that could be desired, and need not be expensive. 
 
 The rising lands immediately near the city, and the river banks above 
 ano below the port, offer many eligible and beautiful sites for country re- 
 sidences. Latterly a few have been erected, but only a few. At some 
 future period, the neighbourhood of Montreal will, no doubt, be thickly 
 studded with handsome villas, cottages and gardens ; and I do not th-nk it 
 possible to find more desirable or charming situations. The soil is suitable 
 for gardens and fruit, and the market and stores of Montreal are always 
 well and cheaply supplied with every necessary and luxury. Gentlemen 
 of small fortunes could five cheaper and better in Montreal or its neiifh- 
 bomhood, than m any part of the British Isles, or of North America. 
 
 1 tie rapid of St. Mary, about a mile below the port of Montreal, was, 
 heretofore, a great disadvantage to the harbour ; ships could not stem the 
 current except with a strong easterly wind. Latterly, steum towboats, 
 impelled by steam engines of 150 to 200 horse power, tow ships from 
 (Quebec, from one to half a dozen together, and will tow Ihcm up the la- 
 
ly thousand volunes 
 erst, magazines, ike. 
 n are moderate. 
 3et to Notre Dame- 
 butchers' stalls, and 
 , that arc lor the use 
 which there is at all 
 t has an upper story, 
 'e. 
 
 extensive, but suffi- 
 es have been erect- 
 ich used. A most 
 Paul-street and the 
 numerously attend- 
 t public in the city, 
 odation is superior, 
 to that of the Hun- 
 it the ground story 
 arkets occupy each 
 
 !e, and is an excel- 
 ght be rendered an 
 ng of the kind is 
 
 or neighbourhood, 
 )tion oione botani- 
 I the city. On the 
 are many suitable 
 d, if properly con- 
 ) health and enjoy- 
 
 public promenade 
 Qs for both in the 
 I cities, require re- 
 
 on a proper plan, 
 nd rational amuse- 
 
 • 
 
 river banks above 
 tes for country re- 
 a {ew. At some 
 doubt, be thickly 
 id I do not th'nk it 
 rhe soil is suitable 
 )nlreal are always 
 ury. Gentlemen 
 real or its neigh- 
 rtb America. 
 >f Montreal, was, 
 ould not stem the 
 steum towboats, 
 tow sliips from 
 rV them up the ra- 
 
 pids St. Mary two or three at a time. By this means most i-hips v hich 
 bring out goods frrm England to Montreal come itp to that port before 
 they discharge their cargoes, as they weie obligt d to do founcrly. 'J'he 
 Lake St. Peter offers some obstruction to large vessels heavily laden, 
 as it is in many jilacos shallow. It is, however, proposed to deepen a 
 Channel through this lake, a measure that can be easily accomplished, by 
 a suitable steam-dredging macliine, as th.e bottom of the lake is compos- 
 ed of such materials as will not oiler much obstruction to a dredging ma- 
 chine, judiciously conslructed. The intercourse behvecn Montreal and 
 Quebec, is constantly continued from the moment the river is clear of ice 
 in spring, until it again becomes elohcd wilhice in winter : this is always 
 seven tr)onths at least, and somctirr.es nearly oight. In spring, the ice 
 ' flen continues at Quebec several days after it is riear at Pdontreal. I 
 liave repeatedly known steamboats to leave Montreal for Quebec, from ll e 
 15ih of April to the 21st, and the navigation to continue \mtil the 15lh 
 December ; but from the 25th of April to the first week of December is 
 tlie usual term that the navigation is open. I'^very day during that time, 
 Sundays excepted, a steamboat leaves Montreal for (Quebec, and from 
 (Quebec for IVIontie.ii. The charge for cabin i)assengtrs is live dollars 
 down, and six dollars up, board included, a clutn'.e iIk'I is geneially con- 
 sidered considerably over wliat it might be, and I'Uirly remunerate 
 proprietors of steamers. Steerage passengers pay one dollar and a 
 half up, and the panic down, without board. The journey is performed 
 down in about from 15 to 20 hours, and up in 24 hours, provided there 
 is no accident, and no towing of ships. The boats stop at Sorel, 45 
 miles from Montreal, and take in firewood there, and land and receive 
 passengers and goods occasionally. At Berthier also, the opposite side 
 of the St. liawrence, the same distance from Montreal, steamboats stop. 
 At Port St. Francis, on the south shore of Lake St. Peter, about 9 miles 
 from Three-Rivers, stores and a wharf have lately been erected by the 
 British American Land Comi)any, for the convenience of landing passen- 
 gers and goods destined for their lands in the eastern townships. From 
 this point there is a road to these townships, and to settlers going there, 
 it is much the shortest and least expensive route. At Three-Rivers, on 
 the north side of the St. Lawrence, 90 miles from Quebec and the same 
 distance from Montreal, is another stopping place, and here the steam- 
 ers generally take in wood sufficient for the boat's use to Quebec, and 
 for the return to Three-Rivers, as the particular description of wood they 
 use {laniarack or epeneltc rouge), is obtained at Three-Rivers, in abun- 
 dance, and at a low price ; there is no other stopping place to Quebec. 
 At the Richelieu rapids, about 50 miles from Three-Rivers, or little more 
 than half way from that town to Quebec, the St. Lawrence is greatly con- 
 tracted in its bed by high lands on each shore, and large masses of rocks, 
 and the river in consequence becomes very rapid, and in time of low wa- 
 ter leaves but a narrow channel. Steamboats going towards Quebec, 
 may pass the rapids at any state of the tide, but in coming up the river 
 from Quebec, the steamboats generally leave that port at an hour that 
 will give them the tide in their favour in passing the rapids. The tide 
 rises about 8 orlO feet at the Richelieu rapids, and extends its influence 
 as high as Three-Rivers, where it rises about 2 feet ; its influence is not 
 
/^ 
 
 i 
 
 26 
 
 very perceptible higher than Three-Rivers. When the boats lose the 
 
 dc they have to anchor below the rapids, and wait for the next tide 
 this docs not often occur. ' 
 
 Sixteen years back, there was no mode of communication with the on- 
 posue shore of the St. Lawrence at Montreal, except by batreaus or ca- 
 noes; very frequently accidents occurred, and the loss^fnriylvcs 
 Now there are two or three steamers plying between Mont ea ami Lap: 
 T^tt^r^l ' """^^ ^"' othe/ points on the south sho" of I 
 Cnren s't Mn.v^r '•' '-^ '^"/•^^-boat used on the traverse below the 
 t.iu ent fet. Mary to Longueuil, on the opposite shore. Regular staces 
 ply between Lapra.r.e and St. Johns, and form the line of SmS 
 
 Z rame:^f af S^ f r'^"^ *^.f ^^^^es meeting the lZT^E- 
 plam steamers at St. Johns. A rail-road is now nearly completed be- 
 
 ZT ir ;"n 7 f; • '""'r] T.' ^n" ^^ '"^^ operation'earlyT xl '.m- 
 ^Z' fu of mcalculable advantage to Montreal, and creativ 
 
 mcreascthc communication between that city and the United S. 
 
 ba" bufinZn^Th""" *' '' '""'''^ ^^^^ been'hi.herto most wretcSly 
 
 bad, but in fu uro this mconvenicncc will be at an end. I believe there 
 
 s no country in the world more favourable for tlie constructk^n of a 1- 
 
 oads than Lowcr-Canada generally, it has such a level surface. On 2 
 
 aliraih' ^^u!^, ^T r"''' ' '^ ''''''' '^^'^'^'y ''^^'^'' MontV^al 
 sou cd .L n. for co„.nKn-ce, and when Canada becomes better 
 
 beclnte one JfioT?' 'T''^ J^'-"^"^-^"S abundantly, that city must 
 
 a^re "Ible 4rl b^.U^'? ""^ w. '°"''"'"* ^^ '^"^^•■'^^- The climate is 
 agreeable and healthful, and the surrounding country has a most fertile 
 
 The city of Montreal sends four members to the provincial parliament 
 
 arrcharJirid h ';i^/ ^^/ ''" ^'' J^""^^*" •^^^"^^' ^"^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^'^^^ 
 
 elected Tho M f ' TfTl^ ^^ ^ ''''■''^^""^ ^'"^ *^'''-«^tors, annnally 
 h.ni V , Z??!''^''^ ^''^^^' ^'^^' "" ^^M^'tal of ^250,000, and the City 
 
 bank a capita ofi:200,000, all paid up thev discoun at 6 p "r cem and 
 the not^es of all the banks circulate fre'ely, and extensively. ^The d arte s 
 of the Montreal and Ci(y banks expire in 1S37. See bank statement. 
 
 I he county of Beauharnois, is situated on the south side of the St 
 Lawrence, and comes to a point westward, where the boundary 1 ne be 
 ween the United States and Canada touches the St. Lawrc nee It is 
 bounded on the south side by the State of New-York and east by he 
 CO m les of L'Acadie and Laprairi.. It is watered by the Cteauguay 
 and Its branches, and several small streams. The soil is generally Sd 
 quality, thougli some s light and sandy. The right h?n E Ell ice of 
 
 Ll?t'e:rnt ^^^i,t'^"^t:7 '" ^^"^ ^^""^^' ^^^'^^^ comprises nt^Hy 
 nait us extent. It is one of those seigniories in which the- rent of wild 
 
 and IS raised to 6d. the arpem ; but mo?e of this m anotl e I c^ The e 
 
 coS. .^. T'' Ar"'^^''f '■' ^"""^'^>' «^ ^'^^ unconceded in ths 
 county ; about a fifth part only is cultivated, 75,000 acres. 
 
 noiTh bv n^ll"! ^^^T^''' '.^.^^""^^^ «^«t by the county of Richelieu ; 
 noith by Chambly and Laprairie counties ; west by the county of Beau^ 
 
 Montre;rT '7^ \^^- ^^^^e of New-York. 'it is watered byl 
 Montreal, Lacohe, and LaTortue rivers, and is watered on the east side 
 
the boats lose (he 
 for the next lido ; 
 
 cation with the op- 
 hy battcaus or cu- 
 >ss of many lives, 
 lontreal and Lap- 
 south shore of (he 
 •averse below (he 
 . Regular s(ages 
 ne of commnnica- 
 (he Lake Cham- 
 rly complc(ed be- 
 )n early ncx( sum- 
 trcal, and greatly 
 he United States. 
 ) most wretchedly 
 . I believe there 
 istruction of rail- 
 surface. On (he 
 vel. ]Mon(roal is 
 la becomes be((cr 
 ly, (hat ci(y must 
 The climate is 
 las a most fertile 
 
 incial parliament, 
 topic's bank, and 
 lid the two former 
 rectors, annually 
 )0, and the City 
 t C per cen(., and 
 ly. The char(ers 
 mk s(atcment. 
 h side of the St. 
 'oundary line be- 
 Lawrcnce, It is 
 , and cast by the 
 he Chateauguay 
 generally of good 
 )n. E. Ellice, of 
 3omprises nearly 
 I the rent of wild 
 cr place. There 
 onceded in (his 
 es. 
 
 (y of Richelieu ; 
 
 county of Beau- 
 
 wa(ered by (he 
 
 on (he cast side 
 
 37 
 
 bv (ho Richi'licu, which forms i(s boimdary. Much of (he buil requires 
 draining, and a par( is s(ony, but is naturally of good quali(y. The in- 
 dus(riou3 husbuidniaii might do much for its nmeliora(ion. I believe uU 
 (he land is occupied, and abou( onc-(hird, 42,000 acres, cul(iva(ed. 
 
 The county of Lapiairie, is bounded nor(h by (ho St. Lawrence ; 
 wes(, by (he coun(y of Beauharnois ; sou(h and cast, by I/Acadie antl 
 Cham'jly counties. It is watered by the rivers Montreal, La Tortue, and 
 St. Rigis, and near its west boundary, by the river Chateuuguay, The 
 surface is extremely level. Most of the soil is good, and Montreal is sup- 
 plied with a large portion of (he best hay from this county. All (he lands 
 are occupied, and nearly two- thirds, 92,000 acres, are cultivated. The 
 village of Laprairie is pleasantly situated, but it has not made any great 
 progress in improvement or c xtcnt, for several years. In a country such as 
 Lower-Canada, where there are scarcely any manufoctories established, 
 except in the farmers' houses, the v illages have no great chance of improve- 
 ment immediately. The farmers have to go to the cities to dispose of their 
 produce, and there they buy most of what they rc<iuire, when they have 
 cash to pay for what they want. The shop keepers in villages sell ge- 
 nerally on credit, at greatly advanced prices, and (his credit is often ex- 
 ceedingly injurious (o(he farmers. I shall advert (o (his subject again. 
 
 The county of Chambly, is bounded north-west by the St. Lawrence ; 
 south-west, by (he county of Laprairie ; sou(h, by (he county ofL'Acadie ; 
 east, by the river Richelieu, and north-cast by the covmty of Vercheres. 
 It is watered on two sides by the St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers, and 
 by the Montreal which discharges into the Chambly bason. A canal is 
 being constructed and nearly completed, which connects the navigable 
 waters of the Richelieu at the Chambly basin with the same river at St. 
 Johns, where it becomes again navigable, and continues so to Lake 
 Champlain, in thy United States. This canal is 10 miles in length, and 
 
 well constructed ; the fall from St. Johns to the Chambly basin is 
 
 and the river is one continued rapid almost all that distance. The 
 locks are built of stone, and are, I believe, eight or ten in number. 
 The canal was constructed from the provincial revenue, at the cost 
 of about £60,000 currency. It must have a considerable trade, par- 
 ticularly in wood, to Quebec. The rail road, however, will direct most 
 of the trade to Montreal, and much to the advantage of all parties inter- 
 ested. The county of Chambly is, next to Montreal, the best settled, and 
 most generally cultivated of any county in the province. The land is of 
 good quality, and level surface ; all the land is occupied, and very little 
 in a waste state, not over 15,000 acres. A college has been established 
 at Chambly. 
 
 The county of Vercheres, is bounded on the south-west by the county 
 of Chambly, and comprises ' " the land from (he bounds of that county, 
 between the St. Lawrence ^ die north-west, and the river Richelieu on 
 the south-east. It is of a triangular shape, and extends about the same 
 distances on the St. Lawrence and river Richelieu. It is sufliciontly 
 watered by these rivers, and several small streams. The soil is good, 
 very level, and well settled ; all the land is occupied, and three-fourths, 
 or 95,000 acres cultivated. The village of Varennes is delightfully si- 
 tuated on the banks of the St. Lawrence, has a handsome church with 
 
r^ 
 
 a?' 
 
 luu «j„rt,, ami an (ixlcnsivr h„icl lately nccM to accommodate vi«i. 
 
 ors u ho come to cinnk the waters ofa famous spa, near tho vi Se Tho 
 
 ^;^".S:ria"m?'"' ;i-hues c.-a hi,h ^^racter. ' A sl^aml!,!:^ 
 
 on 5 h ^^^ TT' ^'^''''" ^^""^'^"' ""^ t^^ ^'"«g^'. *^ distance 
 T . '\ ^ .\?"';^;'>'" eroat n.uubers resort to the spa. 
 the county o K.cheheu, is bounded on the north by Lake St. Peter • 
 
 vest, by the ILcheheu or Sorel river and county of VerchLs south' 
 
 I.im.i..ka. It IS watered abundantly by the Kieheheu and Yamaska ri 
 vers and seve,a smaller strean^s. ^The soil in some parh L"^^^^^^^^ 
 l)ut much ot ,t IS h^rht and saudy ; it is, however, capab e senerah v o f ,e 
 warding the md.istrious husbandman. I believe all the mZs occm i 'i' 
 So?? "tr -^'^y;'' ''' ^.^'^^^^ "n'cnts, is cultivated. The boroX i' 
 Soreloj- ^>dlmui]fcmy,is beautifully situated on the point Vhere the 
 mer ILcheheu discharges into the i/u Lawrence, l^if ree ta e e! 
 
 o "b^t IherrhV' l' """ '' 7""' ""«'^^^- '^^''^"-•^' •« « -i-re aC" nked 
 20 years Tlu ^n^ri '''r''^ ""^ improvement or increase lor the last 
 TiJ ^^ 1- 1 / ^f ^'^''^«'?"'-cli IS Uiilt a short distance from the villaire 
 rheLnghsh church stands m the square, and the parsonaL^o hou e cRo 
 
 aborr>oo"'i; r tmn"' '" ''^ T '^ [-^-P^ ^50, and a populatio, f 
 UDout i^UO. It leturns one member to the provincial |)arliament There 
 IS a good house, niuchin the style of the bes\ descriptiinTS^iouts 
 
 o. the bauks of the f 'KSehrabo.^^S.. IL' r^^^^ 
 some and .s attached. The situation is healthful, and u' e scene v has 
 CloT ''"'^'''"^^ ''^''^^^ these are the o'nly advantages ii^ can 
 
 The county of Rouvillc, is bounded west by tho river Richelieu ind 
 and north by the county of Richelieu ; east, by the counties of St TK. 
 cmthe and Missiskoui. It is low, and of a I^vJ^l tr ace "ui in' . u dl 
 
 te;ter^ "t'^f t;rr"r"^ ^^-g-^^ ^-nty, if judiciou^^na^naged: 
 iiie greater pait of the land is occupied, but only one-fiflh, 64 000 -ir 
 pents, m cultivation. Missiskoui bay comes in between tWs countvVnrJ 
 the county of Missiskoui. It is suf Jiently watere7by ?he r ver and bay 
 on two sides, and by many small streams. ^ ^ 
 
 The county of St. Ilyacinthe is bounded on the north by the county of 
 Richeheu. and west by the same county, and that of RouWI e; so^^or 
 i.^^irT^-'^ '^' 'T'''' «^Shenbrd and Drummond. The i^ 
 
 l^^u^^'^^T^ ''r ^?'"^^',"^^ ^^'^^ '^'^ branches L' 
 ters tabundanly. The sod ,s of good (piality. In this county hero 
 
 are two mountains ot considerable height, Yamaska and Rouger^io, t 
 
 In this part of the country, there are several other high lands STon- 
 
 s.derably improve the scenery, where the country in .^eneral s so A^ ' 
 
 hey are distinguished by the names Beloil, Bou^erviirCl arnbly a^^^^ 
 
 otra;^:th"nlit-6otoo' °^ ^ ^^^ ^ yf' unconceded', and S;u h 
 ovei a sixth pait, 60,000 arpents, is m cultivation. There is an cxten 
 sive college established at the village of St. Ilyacinthe. 
 
 The county of Missiskoui, IS bounded on the north by the county of 
 MiclTord ; on the west, by the county of Rouville and Missisko^li bay ? 
 
*ii) 
 
 ccomniodatc visi- 
 • Iho village. Tlio 
 !!". A Htciimboat 
 -'illnge, u distance 
 spa. 
 
 Lake St. Peter ; 
 oicheres ; soutli, 
 t. Ilyacirithe and 
 and Taniaska ri- 
 )art'j is excellent, 
 e generals^ of re- 
 land is occupied, 
 The borough of 
 point \vhere the 
 le streets are rc- 
 lare also marked 
 ease I'or the last 
 from the village. 
 jfe house close to 
 d a population of 
 rlianient. There 
 of farm houses, 
 1 occasionally in 
 ;asantly situated 
 om the village : 
 the scenery has 
 Ivantages it can 
 
 ' Richelieu, and 
 ties of St. Ilya- 
 requiring much 
 ousiy managed, 
 fifth, 64,000 ar- 
 this county and 
 e river and bay 
 
 >y the county of 
 
 ville ; souther- 
 
 nd. The river 
 
 branches, wa- 
 
 3 county there 
 
 id Rougcmont. 
 
 nds which con- 
 
 eral is so flat ; 
 
 Chambly, and 
 
 and not much 
 
 e is an exten- 
 
 tho county of 
 issiskoui bay ; 
 
 on the i^ouih, by liie ^-tatc of Vermont, and . n the tn.-t, ly the eeunty <.t 
 Stanstead. It is well watered by the MisM^-koni and Tike rivers, uiul 
 several smaller strrams. The soil is good, but nuw 1. of it re<iuucs drmit- 
 in«r. Th(! land is mostly occupied, but not one-iouitli, r)0,(;on acres, is 
 ciiitivated. 1 believe this county to be very favourable for stock larnuiig. 
 In Lower-Ciuiada, the towns an<l villnges aie not nunierous or extcn- 
 eive. There are scarcely any manufiictures except the tannmg ol leather, 
 carried on in the viilaires. Most of the woollen and Imen minuilaetnies 
 arc confined to the f.irmcrs' houses. The town, or l)orou:Ji ot Three- 
 Rivers, is next in extent to Montreal and Quebec ; it has about 000 
 houses, and 5,000 inhabitants. It returns two members to the prnvinrial 
 parliament. The town of Sorel, or William Henry, has about 250 
 houses, and perhaps 1200 inhaljitants, and returns one member to parlia- 
 ment. The town of St. Johns, on the river Richelieu, has :i00 houses, 
 and near 2,000 inhabitants. This small town is very likely to mcreaso 
 and improve rapidly when the rail-road from that place to Lapiairie goes 
 into operation. It is the great thoroughfare between Canada and the 
 United States. .The small town of Aubegny, opposite to Quebec, does 
 not contain ov^r 100 houses. These are the only places that arc consi- 
 dered to deserve the name of towns at present. There are about 130 
 villages, containing perhaps, 0,100 houses ; of these villages, there are 
 in the district of Montreal 7G, Quebec 32, Three-Rivers 19, and Gaspd 
 3. In each of these villages there is sure to be a handsome church, and 
 in some, more than one, where there are protestant congregations. The 
 
 towns and 
 
 villages. 
 
 IS 
 
 total number of houses supposed to be in cita 
 about 1G,G00. 
 
 There are post offices established in almcst every city, town, and vil- 
 lage in Lower-Canada. On the IGth February, 1836, the number was 
 128, in the following places : 
 
 Abbottsford 
 
 Aylmcr 
 
 Raie des Chaleurs 
 
 Babyville 
 
 Reauharnois 
 
 Redford 
 
 Berthicr 
 
 Berthier en Baa 
 
 Bio 
 
 Bolton 
 
 Bouchervillo 
 
 Bromc 
 
 Brompton 
 
 Buckingham 
 
 B<5cancour 
 
 Barnston 
 
 Cap Santd 
 
 Cascades 
 
 Chambly 
 
 Chateauguay 
 
 Chatham 
 
 Champlain 
 
 Churchville 
 
 Cacona 
 
 Compton 
 
 Cotcau du Lac 
 
 Clarcnccville 
 
 Chateau Richer 
 
 Danville 
 
 Drummondvillc 
 
 Dundee 
 
 Dunham 
 
 Dewhtville 
 
 l^iaton 
 
 Frelighsburgh 
 
 Gaspe 
 
 Genlilly 
 
 Georgevillc 
 
 Granby 
 
 Grenvillc 
 
 Grondines 
 
 TTatley 
 
 Ilcnryviile 
 
 Ilenmiingford 
 
 Hereford 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 Hull 
 
 Isle nux ]\oix, 
 
 Isle Verte 
 
 Industry 
 
 Ivamourt ?. 
 
 ha Raie 
 
 La Bcaucc 
 
 Lachine 
 
 Lacolle 
 
 Laprairie 
 
 r^'Assompton 
 
 Lennoxville 
 
 Lotbiniere 
 
 Les F.boulemcns 
 
 Lochabar 
 
r-\ 
 
 80 
 
 I/J.sltl 
 
 lificlinfe 
 
 liUcadio 
 
 Manriinnvillo 
 
 Miiniiy Jljiy 
 
 IMoritrcnl 
 
 Napicrvillo 
 
 jVicoIot 
 
 North («rorge Touti 
 Norton Creek 
 
 New Crhlsj^OW 
 
 r<'ti(o Nation 
 
 ^Mllipsburir 
 
 rort-N(!ut* 
 
 T'ofton 
 
 I'ointo Claire 
 
 <iiie!j"c 
 
 Uawtloti 
 
 Jliehmond 
 
 I{ii;iiiid 
 
 Itiinousfa 
 
 Jliviero Ciw Loiij) 
 
 Riviere du Loup en Bits 
 
 KivicJrc Ouellc 
 JtiiH.seltown 
 
 ,!^t Andr<5 
 
 I ^t. Andrews 
 '^W. Anne do la rVra( 
 
 yicAnne dt^ ialVjcatiei 
 
 k^l. Antoino 
 
 ►^t. (.'(.Haire 
 
 «f. C'Imrlr.s 
 !«tc. Vroix 
 
 *'t. Denis 
 
 ^t. lOustaelio 
 
 '*'l. Krnnei.s 
 
 St, (Jeor<.fO 
 
 St. Jlilairo 
 
 kSt. llyaeinliio 
 
 ^t. Jean l^ortJoli 
 
 fet. .fohna 
 
 »St. Marie de Moinioir 
 
 St Malhias 
 
 'St. Nicholas 
 
 St. Oura 
 
 St. Pierre Ics Bccquetd 
 
 St. Remi 
 
 St. Roch dcs Anlnets 
 
 St. Ilocii J/Aehigan 
 
 St. Thomas 
 
 She/lord 
 
 - Shrrl)ro(»I<o 
 
 j Siunstead 
 
 St. Rani's JJuy 
 
 StukeJoy 
 
 St. (»regoiro 
 
 St. (;iles 
 
 Ste. Martino" 
 
 '^\.. tincqnea 
 
 St. Anne Mont deLTsIc 
 
 rerr(,'l)oinie 
 Trois Pistolea 
 Three-Rivers 
 Varenncs 
 Vereheres 
 Vuudreuil 
 William Jlenry 
 In nia.sk a 
 Vamachicho 
 
 To the valuable topo^rmphieal and statistical description of the snrvev- 
 or general ol Lower-Canada, Joseph Rouehette, Esq. I am indebted l^r 
 iMUch nselul m ormal.on. That gentleman's work is the mostinterestin.r, 
 so far as regards these provinces, that is in print. In looking over the maps 
 ol Canada, published by Mr. Rouchette, and tracin- its numerous lakes 
 and rivers, it will be perceived that no country can U .u.re conveniently 
 watered ; many of the rivers on each side the St. Lawreixr- ...ay be rrr.. 
 dered navigable at no great expense, and would 'u^oxk\ ;.teumboat com- 
 munication between the most distant parts of the province rnd the St 
 J.awren<:e. J{y building steamers of a particular construction, and lifrht 
 draltol water, the expense of making many of the rivers navigable would 
 not be great; but untd the waste lands arc more generally settled, this 
 cxpeiHhuM. . ' not very necessary. It is, liowever, greatly in favour of 
 tiiosct! i- Uof ne country to know that such facility of intercourse 
 ismac{r:-;UUc, v,honever the produce of the soil is so increased as to 
 nialte u expedient to expend capital in opening the navigation of the ri- 
 vers discharging into the St. J.awrenco to transport this produce to the 
 markets. ^ 
 
 In Lower-Canada, not less than sixty considerable rivers have their 
 course through the country, besides maiiy of smaller size, that would be 
 thought very valuable m European countries, for mills, and other pur- 
 J»oses. Ihe number ol lakes amount to n)ore than 70, and all are abun- 
 dantly stocked wuhlish. I give the names of most of the rivers and 
 lakes ot Lower-Canada, that appear on Mr. Rouchette's map 
 
81 
 
 oini 
 
 Ocll (IcH Aulllf'tS 
 
 ich L'Ac'liigarj 
 
 lioiria.s 
 
 11(1 
 
 rooko 
 
 (•ad 
 
 uI'h JJuy 
 
 t'y 
 cgolro 
 
 It's 
 [artino" 
 
 lie noutdel/l.slo 
 
 OIIIIC 
 
 ^istolca 
 
 Hivcid 
 
 cs 
 
 res 
 
 nil 
 
 1 Jleiii)' 
 
 ca 
 
 licho 
 
 n of the survey- 
 am indebted lor 
 nost interesting, 
 ig over tlic maps 
 numerous lakes 
 it conveniently 
 CO .lay be rrii- 
 )ieuinboat com- 
 cc rnd the St. 
 ction, and light 
 avigable would 
 lily settled, this 
 y in favour of 
 
 of intercourse 
 increased as to 
 jation of the ri- 
 
 produce to the 
 
 ers have tiicir 
 that would be 
 nd other pur- 
 J all arc abun- 
 he rivers and 
 inp. 
 
 fn tlie distvi( t of Qu( 'icc, ure the fnjliv.ing rivers nnd liihes : — 
 
 Riverff^ 
 
 N. of the St. Ln\\ 
 
 rcnco. 
 St. Anne 
 Jacques Carticr 
 Batiscan 
 St. Charles 
 Montmorency 
 GontlVe 
 Black River 
 Belsianito 
 St. John 
 Portncuf 
 Sagucnay 
 
 Gatencau 
 Licvrcs 
 Pelile Nation 
 Biviere Blanche 
 Du Nord 
 Mascoucho 
 li'Achigan 
 I/Assomption 
 Lachcnay 
 Berlhier 
 Ciialoupe 
 Du Chcno 
 
 St. Maurice 
 
 Batiscan 
 
 Cham|)lain 
 
 Du Loup 
 
 Maskinong«5 
 
 Machiche 
 
 S. of the St. Law 
 
 rcncc. 
 ('liiiudiire 
 Ktchcmin 
 Du Slid 
 .,'rccn Biver 
 ilimouski 
 rroJH Pistoles 
 Mitis 
 Tartago 
 Malane 
 Madawaska 
 •it. Francis 
 St. Johns 
 
 L(i}> vs. 
 \. of the St. Law- S. of tlie St. Law- 
 
 rence. 
 M. Johns 
 (Jonnnif-sioners 
 (^uaquogan'.ac 
 \Vay:i;raiuack 
 Houchetfe 
 Kajoulwaug 
 Ontaratri 
 St. ("hailcs 
 Chawgis 
 Assuuxmoussin 
 Shcconbish 
 IVIal Bay 
 
 Montreal District. 
 
 White Fish 
 Sa])l)is 
 
 Biclielicu 
 
 Sorcl 
 
 Vainaska 
 
 Pike 
 
 Montreal I^. 
 
 Chateaugnay 
 
 Lacollc 
 
 Magog 
 
 Coaticook 
 
 Missisquoi 
 
 Killarney 
 
 Temiscaming 
 
 Fjievres 
 
 lia Roquc 
 
 Uochcblanchc 
 
 Pothier 
 
 Ximicachinigue 
 
 Papinenu 
 
 Maskinongd 
 
 TiiREE-RivERs District. 
 
 O'Cananshing 
 Matawin 
 fjoklfmch 
 Shasawataiata 
 
 St. Francis 
 
 Nicolet 
 
 Becancour 
 
 Gentilly 
 
 Yamas;ka 
 
 M'lntalagoosc 
 
 Oskelanaic 
 
 Cross ways 
 
 Perchaudcs 
 
 Blackbeavci* 
 
 iBewildered 
 
 rcnrc. 
 Timiscouata 
 Matapidia; 
 IMitis 
 
 Ali;i\\.~is(iiiash 
 lidiiglake 
 Pitt 
 Trout 
 \Villiam 
 St. I'^iancis 
 MoTavisJi 
 Macanamack 
 
 Memphrnniagog 
 romefohi 
 Missiscpioi Bay 
 Scaswaninej)us pt 
 Vanuis^ka Bay 
 St. Louis 
 Two-Monnfaina 
 St. Francis 
 Thau die re 
 Chats 
 Allumets 
 
 Xicolet 
 
 St. Francis 
 
 Megantic 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Outardes 
 
 Black Lake 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Weedon 
 
 Scaswanincpus 
 
 St. Peter 
 
 The ^vild a??nnfi?» of Lower- Canada are, the moose-deer, cariboo, and 
 common deer. I believe the buffalo is not now met with in Lower-Ca- 
 nada. Bears are numerous, but not very mischievous, though of a large 
 size. The wolf is larger than that of Europe, and in new settlements ve- 
 ry frequently destroys sheep. Wolvcrecns, foxes, raccoons, martins, 
 
■1 
 
 m 
 
 - 1 
 
 wil.l cats, squirrils nnd in Jskrat^s. Il-.ircs aro nbimdatif, but uro not Ifirgcr 
 than rabbits ; they turn Mhitc in wink r ; ' they arc quite dilTerent from 7he 
 J'^iigli.sh haic. The beavers and oti< rs are ttill numerous in t!ie unsettled 
 parts, but are fast diminishing in number. It is unnecessary for me to 
 describe tiiese animals. Dirds arc numerous in summer, and some of 
 beautiful plumage, but ("cw of very melodious note or soiig. The great- 
 er part of the birds migrate to a waiuicr country at the approach of win- 
 ter, and return in spring. The Mild pigeon comes from the south in 
 s[)rmg, in prodigious numbers, to breed in the Canadian forests. They 
 are shot, and taken with nets in great quantities, and are excellent ontinfr. 
 The goose, duck, ])artridgc, woodcock, snipe and plover, are equal to 
 those of the British Isles. The crows, though numerous, are not very 
 troublesome. Domestic fowls arc abundant, and breed with liltle care. 
 
 Snakes, are common, but perfectly harmless. Frogs and tcads are 
 much more noisy than in England, "in spring they keep up an incessant 
 cnnikmg and wliistlijig during the evenings and nights. 
 
 lusecis, are abundant and troublesome, particularly in the wood. Mus- 
 qmtoes, aie a great annoyance to those who have to work in woods, or 
 near them in the sheltered situations, in summer. The fire-fly in the 
 sunnner enlightens tiie night with its vivid flashing, and to a stranoer, the 
 spaikhng of this insect, as it Hies about at night, appears strange.*^ 
 
 Caller pillars, and other vermin, are often extremely troublesome I'n the 
 sprmg, and do great damage. Fortunately they are only occasional vi- 
 sitors. 
 
 Forests. The natural produce of Canada is forest trees of every size 
 and variety of species ; oak, elm, ash, birch, maple, walnut or butternut, 
 chesniit, cherry, hiccory, iron-wood, hazel, pine, hemlock, spruce, tam- 
 marack, cedar, and many other varieties, not necessary to name. The 
 jnaple is a beautiful tree, and produces the maple sugar from its sap 
 which It yields abundantly in spring from an incision made in the bark 
 1 his sap, by a prosses of boiling, is converted into a rich, and to the taste 
 of most persons, a pleasant sugar. A large quantity of this sugar miiiht 
 be manufactured in Canada annually ; but there is not much attention 
 given to it as imported sugar is cheap. The elm is a beautiful tree, when 
 one IS Je t occasionally in clearing the forest ; it is more likely to stand 
 alone, take secure root, and flourish than most other trees. Trees stand- 
 ing close together in the forest, do not send out branches to so great an 
 extent as trees that are regularly planted ; but when scattered trees arc 
 lett for shelter and ornament, they soon extend their branches, and pos- 
 sess all fhe beauty of ornamental trees in other countries, and even in a 
 greater degree. It is necessary, however, to leave such trees as are not 
 t.dl grown, or too high, otherwise they will be sure to be blown down 
 when they lose the shelter of the forest. The forest trees do not extend 
 their roots downwards, or horizontally, to the same extent as trees do in 
 Britain, and are very subject to be torn ui^ by the roots, particularly eve- 
 ry variety of pino, or evergreen. The forests o( this continent afford an 
 ample indeed an inexhaustible supply of timber of every description re- 
 quired for use in the British Isles, and fhe distance is not so -reat 
 when two voyages out, and two return voyages can be accomplishc^d in 
 six months with ease, and almost certainty. Three voya-es out, and 
 
33 
 
 , but aro not Ifirgcr 
 edilToicnt from iho 
 ma in the unsettled 
 icccssary for iv.e to 
 rimer, and .some of 
 soiig. The i>rcat- 
 e approach of win- 
 from the south in 
 ian forests. They 
 'e excellent anting. 
 >lovcr, are equal to 
 rous, are not very 
 d with liltle care. 
 :)g.s and tcads aie 
 ep up an incesi^ant 
 
 • 
 
 in the wood. Mus- 
 work in woods, or 
 rhe iiie-fly in the 
 d to a .stranger, the 
 u's .strange. 
 troublet;ome in the 
 3n!y occasional vi- 
 
 'reos of every size 
 alnut or butternut, 
 lock, spruce, tam- 
 ry to name. The 
 lugar from its sap, 
 made in the bark, 
 ^h, and to the taste 
 )i' this sugar might 
 I't much attention 
 euutiful tree, when 
 ore likely to stand 
 ces. Trees stand- 
 hes to so great an 
 scattered trees ore 
 ranches, and pos- 
 lies, and even in a 
 ?h trees as are not 
 ■0 be blown down 
 -ees do not extend 
 tent as trees do in 
 i, particularly eve- 
 ontinent aflbrd an 
 ny description rc- 
 3 is not so great 
 accomplished in 
 voyages out, and 
 
 three return voyages have been more than once accomplished in a year. 
 The improvement of the river navigation, the cutting of canals, and con- 
 structing of rail-roads, will make the niost remote forests ofCanadaac- 
 cessiblc%nd the cost of these improvementy will be am[)ly reimbursed 
 by the produce that may bj broi.giit to market by means of navigable ri- 
 vers, canals, and rail-roads ; and this produce must remain useless and^ 
 unprofitable, until means of conmiuniration with the unsettled lands of 
 the country is rendered practical^le. 
 
 Climale. The following tables of temperature, I have copied from the 
 Montreal Couricrof June, 1835. They were furnished by a member of the 
 Montreal Natural History Society, and, I believe, may be relied upon as 
 substantially correct. The means of the months are said to have been 
 deduced from the series of two daily observations, the one at 7 o'clock, 
 a. m. and the other at 3 o'clock, p. ^n. Tho mean temperature of the 
 seasons, and the hottest and coldest days in each year, with the date and 
 temperature, arc also given. The seasons are not of the same duration 
 hero as is allotted to them in England. The spring sowing time seldom 
 commences before the 8th or 10th of April, and sowing and planting is 
 generally over about the same date in June ; so that the spring, or sow- 
 ing season, is .-seldom more than from six weeks to two months ; and in 
 the neighbourhood of Quebec, not so long, as its commencement is usu- 
 ally from one to two weeks later than n( ar Montreal, or west of it. The 
 summer may be said to be about two months duration ; autumn two 
 months ; fall, or plougliing time, two months ; and winter four months. 
 The winter, however, varies in its duration from four to five months, but 
 seldom commences before the 21st of November, and .'generally entis 
 from the 1st to the 15th of April. 1 have for the last three years, sown 
 wheat from the 1st to the Sth of April, on tho island of Montreal ; but 
 sowing seldom commences before the latter date, and more Irequently 
 several days later. The rapid progress of vegetation is surprising ; 
 spring wheat is generally iiom three to four months in coming to matu- 
 rity from sowing time. IJarlcy and oats about tho same, and, I may add, 
 potatoes. Hay is not much over two months in coming to maturity. 
 
 
 Mean Temjjcrainr 
 
 efor llie JMonths 
 
 of the Years, 
 
 
 Months. 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 1828 
 
 1829 
 
 18301 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 
 1833 1834 
 
 1835 
 
 U. Cfiiia- 
 
 January 
 
 17.5 12.4 
 
 17.8 
 
 13.5 
 
 12.10 
 
 13.8 
 
 16.0 
 
 18.7; 11.3 
 
 17.1 
 
 19.6 
 
 Febry. 
 
 21.4 19.3 
 
 26.9 
 
 14.2 
 
 17.7 
 
 20.9 
 
 16.2 
 
 14.9 |27.9 
 
 13.7 
 
 11.7 
 
 March 
 
 28.9 32.0 
 
 33.6 
 
 31.0 
 
 32.6 
 
 36.0 
 
 30.1 
 
 27.0 ,29.4 
 
 29.2 
 
 27.4 
 
 April 
 
 42.9 '46.2 
 
 44.6 
 
 46.2 
 
 52,9 
 
 47.2 
 
 41.9 
 
 47.0i49.1 
 
 iO.2 
 
 40.5 
 
 May 
 
 65.4 57.4 
 
 63.0 
 
 G4.5 
 
 59.6 
 
 62.5 
 
 58.1 
 
 61.8^56.8 
 
 55.8 
 
 58.9 
 
 June 
 
 72.3 69.2 
 
 76.2 
 
 68.9 
 
 67.2 
 
 75.0 
 
 68.1 
 
 64.8 G5.3 
 
 65.5 
 
 66.4 
 
 July 
 
 76.9 ,73.0 
 
 73.9 
 
 71.9 
 
 75.1 
 
 74.9 
 
 76.7 
 
 72.2 76.3 
 
 70.8 
 
 70.8 
 
 August 
 
 73.8 69.0 
 
 76.3 
 
 71.8 
 
 73.7 
 
 73.1 
 
 71.6 
 
 07.6 69.6 
 
 67.8 
 
 GS.O 
 
 Sept. 
 
 63.0,63.0 
 
 62.9 
 
 57.0 
 
 60.8 
 
 61.2 
 
 63.1 
 
 61.1 162.7 
 
 56.7 
 
 60.6 
 
 October 
 
 49.6 47.4 
 
 46.3 
 
 50.3 
 
 53.7 
 
 50.5 
 
 49.2 
 
 45.3 45.3 
 
 49.0 
 
 i9.9 
 
 Nov. 
 
 33.9,28.6 
 
 28.5 
 
 34.5 
 
 41.6 
 
 37.1 
 
 33.8 
 
 33.5 34.5 
 
 38.8 
 
 37.3 
 
 Dec. 
 
 20.0 
 
 19.2 
 
 18.6 
 
 28.8 
 
 27.1 
 
 9.6 
 
 18.6 
 
 24.8 43.8 
 
 10.8 
 
 26.8 
 
jyican Tempti'dtiiro of the Seasons, 
 
 m^alMi iiiif iirg • ,[ 1 1 1 r Mf a^ m 
 
 Spring, supposed to begin the 20th March, and to end the 20th June, 
 
 each year. 
 
 Mean Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 1826|1827|1S2S|1829|1830|1881 1832|]833 183411835 
 
 5r?.2 |54.1 |55.8 [56.3 |56.2 |58.3 |51.5 |54.0 |52.2 149.8 
 
 Summer, supposed to begin the 21st June, and ending the 20th of Sep- 
 tember, each year. 
 
 Mean Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 1826|1827|1828|1829|1830| 1831 1 1S32|1833| 183411835 
 78.5 |68.6 173.4 |67.9 |70.8 [70.7 169.6 |68.0 |77.4 |66.8 
 
 Autumn, supposed to begin the 21st of September, and ending the 20th 
 
 December, each year. 
 
 Mean Tempera- 
 
 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 183-2 1833 1834 1835 
 
 ture. 
 
 40.1 36.1 37.8 40.3 44.3 37.7 38.8 38.8 |3G. 4 33.3 
 
 
 
 Winter, supposed to begin the 21st December, and ending the 20th 
 
 March, each year. 
 
 Mean Temper' 
 
 ature. 
 
 182611827|1S2S|1829|1830|1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 
 
 17.3 |23.0 [15.7 [22.1 [21.9 17.6 17.0 22.2 17.1 17.5 
 
 1826 - 47.1 
 
 1827 - 44.7 
 
 1828 - 47.3 
 
 1829 - 46.0 
 
 Mean Temperature of the years, 
 
 1830 - 47.8 1834 
 
 1831 - 46.8 1835 
 
 1832 - 44.7 
 
 1833 - 44.8 
 Upper Canada in 1832 
 
 Mean temperature for the city of Montreal, 
 
 45.0 
 42.9 
 
 44.6 
 
 - 45.7 
 
 1826, 
 1827, 
 
 1828, 
 
 1829, 
 
 1830, 
 1831, 
 
 maximum 
 
 •{ 
 
 Maximum and minimum 
 
 maximum, July 12th, 96x 
 minimum, Feb. 1st, 28 
 July 8th, 86x 
 July 11th, 86x 
 Feb r2th, 20 
 June 27th, 98x 
 Dec 29th, 20 
 June 6th, 91x 
 July 11th, 94x 
 Jan 4th, 23 
 July 17th, 93x 
 Jan 31st, 20 
 Juno 1st, 97x, 
 Doc. 22d 17 
 
 mmmium, 
 maximum, 
 minimum. 
 
 maximum 
 
 •{ 
 
 minimum, 
 maximum, 
 minimum, 
 maximum, 
 minimum, 
 
 Tcmi)crature in each year. 
 
 r rJuly 2d 
 
 1832^ maximumJ "J"')^ ^^1^ 
 1 j July 8th 
 
 L LAugSlst" 
 
 minimum, { i"""} f^h 
 ' < Feb 25th 
 
 1833, maximum 
 
 minimum, 
 1834, maximum, 
 
 minimum, 
 1335, maximum, 
 
 minimum. 
 
 i June 23d 
 ' ( Aug 21st 
 Jan 19th 
 July 25th 
 Jan 25th 
 Aug 10th 
 Dec 17th 
 
 89x 
 
 89x 
 
 89x 
 
 89x 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 90x 
 
 90x 
 
 25 
 
 96x 
 
 16 
 
 98x 
 
 25 
 
g5 
 
 [id the 20th June, 
 
 i2 1833 1834 1835 
 
 5 54.0 52.2 (49.8 
 
 g the 20th of Sep- 
 
 J2|18331183411835 
 6|68.0|77.4 |66.8 
 
 ad ending the 20th 
 
 8 38.8 |3G.4 J33.3 
 
 ending the 20th 
 
 2 1833 1834 1835 
 
 22.2 17.1 17.5 
 
 45,0 
 
 
 42.9 
 
 
 44.6 
 
 
 - - 45.7 
 
 
 ;ach year. 
 
 
 rJuly 2d 
 j July 6th 
 
 89x 
 
 89x 
 
 1 July 8th 
 
 89x 
 
 LAug 31st" 
 
 89x 
 
 j Jan 29th 
 
 17 
 
 < Feb 25th 
 
 17 
 
 i June 23d 
 ( Aug 21st 
 
 90x 
 
 90x 
 
 Jan 19th 
 
 25 
 
 July 25th 
 
 96x 
 
 Jan 25th 
 
 16 
 
 Aug 10th 
 
 98x 
 
 Dec 17th 
 
 25 
 
 The moan of the vcar 1835. was more than two degrees lower than 
 any of the other ton years, and I believe it was lower than any lor the 
 last twenty years. It was also remarkable for its hniuidity, dunng the 
 months of July, August, September and October. Though the ram did 
 not fall in great quantities together, its frequent occurrence proved ex- 
 tremely injurious to the ripening and harvesting of the crops. The 
 mean of the year 1830, on the contrary, was the highest of the ten years, 
 and the crops were excellent. The range of temperature of the Canada 
 climate in the year 1835 was 123 degrees, or from 98 above to 25 be- 
 low zero ; and I have seen it range in one year 130 degrees, or from 100 
 above to 30 below zero. The climate is, notwithstanding, extremely 
 
 healthful. 
 
 It may be interesting to show the dificrcnce of mean temperature m 
 Upper and Lower Canada during one year, and the number of fino and 
 wet or snowy days. 
 
 (2 183311834 1835 
 
 Jjower-Canada. 
 
 II 
 
 Upper-Canada. 
 
 Fortlio year. 
 
 Max 
 
 Mill. Mean. 
 
 Kino jH^iiaoM'Max. I Mia. 
 
 M.MU. 
 
 Kino 
 Da vs. 
 
 Rain o 
 
 Sriow.r 
 
 (>S 2i U 75 42 1 
 
 3o;) 
 
 73 8 2r, 72 -18 37 276 
 
 8<) 
 
 For tilt; nionilirfj 
 Jnnn, July ami 00 33 
 Aii"ust I 
 
 3(3 83 
 
 77 57 
 
 17 
 
 00 00 
 
 o7 33 I 77 37 
 
 I 
 
 IG 
 
 Winter iiiiintli.- 
 t 
 
 iS (Jo 
 
 21 ,32 
 
 U 2". 
 
 Snow 
 
 l(j 33 
 
 4 67 
 
 22 40 
 
 I hniow. 
 
 Table sheiviu"- the number of days on which rain or snow Jell, number of 
 fair daijs,%ndqtinntHy of rain, in each month of the foliounng years, 
 in Montreal, Lower- Canada. For this table I am indebted to the 
 kindness of Doctor Robertson. 
 
 
 ItiU. 
 
 1332. 
 
 1833. 
 
 1634. 
 
 I83j. 
 
 Monthg. 
 
 ■n 
 
 £ 
 
 i 
 
 Ct 
 
 ■n 
 
 
 r 
 
 >■ 
 
 c* 
 
 
 4 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 Z 
 
 ■s 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 T\ . 
 
 cfl 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 . 
 
 ." 
 
 ;:. 
 
 
 •J _: 
 
 
 
 ■J _j 
 
 to 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 •~ 
 
 
 5J 
 
 
 .-5 3 
 
 
 7. 
 
 j^ |J2 
 
 c 
 
 ^j» 
 
 7. 
 
 1 1.3 dxix 
 
 ii. 
 
 ~ Q 
 
 
 r/; J- 
 
 .::a 13= 
 
 7. 
 
 ^ 
 
 January 
 
 Knb'ry 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 Sepr. 
 
 4."y 
 3 75 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 (i 
 
 23 
 
 IS 
 18 
 
 
 53 
 45 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 15 
 22 
 
 53 
 
 fiO 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1; 
 
 18 
 2! 
 
 55 
 
 1 85 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2;. 
 
 2;: 
 li 
 
 23 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 21 
 10 
 22 
 
 3 84 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 (i 
 
 4 
 
 2,1 
 
 1 85 
 
 6 
 
 
 4-1 
 
 1 60 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 3( 
 
 n 
 
 t> 
 
 Pi 
 
 3 
 
 1''' 
 
 •? 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 3.) 
 
 14 
 
 
 r. 
 
 5 10 11 
 
 
 2n 
 
 3 14 
 
 10 
 
 
 21 
 
 3 50 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 4 U 
 
 1(i 
 
 
 '^(1 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 (! 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 80 12 
 
 
 18 
 
 3 2.4 
 
 12 
 
 
 18 
 
 4 2i 
 
 14 
 
 
 10 
 
 •1 2 ■ 
 
 1". 
 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 4,; 
 
 12 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 43:14 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 8(; 
 
 
 
 
 2:- 
 
 3 01 
 
 10 
 
 
 21 
 
 2 Ob 
 2 8(i 
 
 7 
 15 
 
 
 21 
 15 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 88 
 
 (1 
 11 
 
 
 2> 
 H 
 
 8 83 
 2 71 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 
 IS 
 
 1 81 
 1 75 
 
 11 
 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 ti 21 
 1 70 
 
 15 
 11 
 
 
 16 
 19 
 
 4 82 
 
 13 
 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 05 
 
 10 
 
 
 21 
 
 a HO 
 
 12 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 2 03 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2,^ 
 
 4 12 13 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 TVnvPin. 
 
 1 3; 
 
 S 
 
 .) 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 fi 
 
 r 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 '<,) 
 
 23 
 
 1 lOi 3 
 
 ;) 
 
 22 
 
 Decern. 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 (j 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 0,2 
 
 V 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 —' — 
 
 -— - 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 32 18 
 
 100 
 
 14 221 
 
 2:) 02 
 
 77 
 
 40 2KI 
 
 34 20 
 
 97 37 211 
 
 10 00 
 
 jO 
 
 ',0 
 
 2^)0 
 
 2 4 .55 02 
 
 10 233 
 
 Average of the five years, 86 1-5 days rain ; quantity, 26 inches 98 
 parts. Days on which most rain fell, August 16th, 1833, 3 inches. Av- 
 erage of the five years on which snow fell, 40 days. Average of fair 
 day's in each year, 240 less by a fraction. The number of fine days was 
 greatest in the harvest months, July, August and September, of the years 
 
 1832, and 1834. In the former it was 63, and in the latter 01 days. In 
 
 1833, and 1635 particularly, the harvests were very unfavorable. The 
 
 5* 
 
H 
 
 i! 
 
 £3 
 
 days that were fair, did not dry much until more rain fell, and the crops 
 sulfercd inoio ia 1833 than in any y«ar previous for the last eighteen 
 years. 
 
 In the district of Quebec and Three-Rivers, the snow is much deeper 
 in winter than in the district of ?.Iontreal. In the former it lies from three 
 to four feet deep on an average, and in the latter from two to three feet in 
 depth. In the former district and thnt of Three-Rivers, the snow jienc- 
 rally first covers the ground from the 21st of November to the 1st of De- 
 cember, and continues until the IstofApnl, and perhaps to the 16th, 
 and sometimes, though not frequently, disappears before the 1st of April. 
 In the district of Montreal, though the snow mny occasionally tail as ear- 
 ly and continue as long on the ground as the periods I have stated, yet I 
 have seen the ground frequently free cf snow at the end of December, 
 and the latter end of March. The St. Jiawrence becomes frozen over 
 near Montreal, and passable by horses and sleighs about the end of De- 
 cember, or early in January. The last year, 1835, it was passable at a 
 more Cv-^rly period than has been remembered for many years, about the 
 10th or 12th of December, and the winter commenced unusually severe 
 and early, and continued so throughout to the end of February, 1836. The 
 cold is not often continued in the greatest intensity longer than two or threo 
 days at one time ; the third day it becomes milder, and perhaps would be 
 succeeded by several days of mild weather, or even a month together. 
 A snow drift is more disagreeable than the most intense cold. This oc- 
 curs after a fall of snow. A high wind from the north-east or north-west, 
 dritl;s the dry snow so as to obscure almost every object like a cloud of 
 dust, and fills up the roads, and renders them impassable ; indee.'.it is im- 
 possible to leave the shelter of a house, in time of a drift, with any plea- 
 sure or convenience. There is not, hewever, more than one-third or 
 one-fourth of the days of winter, that are disagreeable from excessive 
 cold or drifting, and in some winters perhaps'not twenty days altogether. 
 The coldest days in the year do not prevent working in the woods, 
 where the shelter makes it more moderate, and cutting down the larfre 
 trees will be sure to keep the labouring man sufiiciently warm. 
 
 Government. In the year 1791, a bill was passed by (he British 
 Parliament establishing a constitution in Canada. This bill divided what 
 was formerly the province of Quebec, into two distinct governments, by 
 the appellations of Upper and Lower Canada. Councils, nominated by 
 the King, and Houses of Assembly, chosen by the people, were establish- 
 ed in each. The Habeas Corpus Act was asserted as a fundamental law 
 of their constitution, and by a very important clause, tlie British parlia- 
 ment were restrained from imposing any taxes whatever, but such as 
 might be necessary for the regulation of trade or commerce ; and the pro- 
 duce of such taxes was to be at the disposal of the respective provincial 
 legislatures. Mr. Belsham, the English historian, in alluding to this act 
 says : " This bill contained a noble charter of liberty, and did honor to 
 the minister who proposed, and to the assembly which adopted it." 
 This admission from Mr. Belsham in favour of this bill of Mr. Pitt, is 
 a strong recommendation, as he was not accustomed to commend that 
 minister, or his acts. 
 
 The provincial parHament of Lower-Canada at present consists of the 
 
87 
 
 fell, and tho crops 
 the last eighteen 
 
 w is much deeper 
 cv it lies IVom three 
 (wo to three feet in 
 rs, the snow jienc- 
 r to the Istot'De- 
 hnps to the 16th, 
 le the 1st of Aprd. 
 iionally fall as car- 
 have stated, yet I 
 end of December, 
 comes frozen over 
 3ut the end of De- 
 was passable at a 
 \y years, about the 
 I unusually severe 
 )ruary, 1836. The 
 r than two or threo 
 perhaps would be 
 I month tofTjethcr. 
 ise cold. This oc- 
 Gast or north-west, 
 ■ct like a cloud of 
 le ; indee/.it is im- 
 lift, with any plea- 
 than one-third or 
 e from excessive 
 Y days altof^ether. 
 n<r in the woods, 
 ng down the large 
 ' warm. 
 
 ^ed by (he British 
 s bill divided what 
 ; governmen(s, by 
 :-ils, nominated by 
 le, were establish- 
 i fundamental law 
 he British parlia- 
 ^ver, but such as 
 nee ; and the pro- 
 ipective provincial 
 lluding to this act 
 and did honor to 
 lich adopted it." 
 ill of Mr. Pitt, is 
 to commend that 
 
 nt consists of the 
 
 Governor-in-Chief, appointed by the king ; between 30 and 40 legislative 
 councillors, also appointed by the crown, forming the second estate ; and 
 the representative assembly, or third estate, now composed of 88 mem- 
 bers, and consisting of four ci(izens Irom each of the cities of Quebec 
 and Montreal, three burgesses, two from Three-ilivers and one from So- 
 rel, or AVilliam Henry, and the remaining 77 knights of the shire returned 
 to represent the 40 counties into which Lower-Canada is now divided. 
 The members of the council are appointed for liic, unless they forfeit 
 their seats by rn absence of four years from the province, or by paying 
 allej^iance to a foreign power. The representative assembly are elected 
 for four years, and are chosen in the counties by proprietors of landed 
 property of the clear yearly value of 40s. or upwards, and in cities and 
 towns by electors who must possess a lot of ground and dwelling house 
 of the yearly value of .£5 sterling, or must have paid for one year at least, 
 a rent of Jt^lO per annum. Those who possess real property in towns, 
 have a vote in the counties as well as in the tosvns, I ut the county free- 
 holders have not the privilege of voting in tov/ns. 'J'he parliament must 
 be assembled at leati^, once in each year, and the hcMse of assembly may 
 continue four years at most, but may be dissolved at any time before the 
 termination of that period by the king's representative. There are near 
 60,000 electors possessing real properiy, and iilioiit 3,000 electors in the 
 cities and boroughs. All except clergymen, 1 Lelieve, are eligible as re- 
 presentatives, no qualifica(ion as to property being required. The gov- 
 ernors give the royal sanction to most of the bills passed by the other 
 branches of the legislature, and very rarely reject any bill so offered. 
 Bills have, however, been very frequently reserved !)y the governors for 
 the king's approval, and bills so referred to KngUiv.d have, m most cases, 
 received the royal sanction. There is one privilege reserved to the king 
 of rather extrtiordinary nature, that of disallowing within two years, bills 
 that have been passed by both houses, and assented to by the governor. 
 Though this right has not been acted upon only in one instance, I believe 
 it is calculated to give the laws an unsetded character ; and, indeed, it is 
 difficult to discover why it should be neces;rary to take so long a time as 
 two years to understand perfectly the provisions of an act, and their pro- 
 bable effect on the prosperity of the provinces. I must refer the reader 
 to the constitutional act of 1791, which will shew clearly what privileges 
 were granted to the colonies, and in what particular instances the colo- 
 nial legislatures were restricted in their powers of legislation. To what- 
 ever extent that act has granted them the power of legislation, to that full 
 extent of power they are entitled, and cannot be deprived of it, but with 
 their own consent, or by committing some act contrary to their allegiance 
 to the British crown. This opinion I have always entertained. In the 
 instructions to the new Governor of Upper-Canada from the colonial Se- 
 cretary, Lord Glenelg, dated Downing-street, December 15th, 1835, 
 his Lordship says : " Favliamenlary legislailon on any subject of exclu- 
 sively internal concern, in any British colony possessing a representative 
 assembli], is, as a general rule, unconstitutional ; unless, indeed,^'' as he ob- 
 serves in another place, " both houses should concur in soliciting that in- 
 terposition, in ivhich event there would of course he an end to the consti- 
 tutional objections already noticed.''^ This admission ought to be very 
 
(^ — I 
 
 83 
 
 sati.sftictory to the colonist;^. The best. SRrurity that ran bo found for tbr 
 nliegiancc of the people of British America to the British crown, is by al- 
 lowing them to enjoy as much freedom in the management of their own in- 
 ternal afliiirs as will be consistent with their constituting a portion of the 
 British empire ; that they should have nothing to envy in any other govern- 
 ment; that the advantages of continuing the connection vvithBritain, should 
 be perfectly clear and unequivocal ; and the commercial intercourse be- 
 tween them established on the principle orpevfecl reciprocity ; that if you 
 buy from me, what you may want of my produce, I shall, in return, buy 
 from you what I require of the produce you have to dispose of, and the 
 produce be received into each country, as nearly as possible at the same 
 rate of duty, according to the value of the article. 
 
 Let no one suppose that [ express myself in this manner from dis- 
 affection towards the British government. On the contrary, no man 
 can be more anxious to maintain the connection between Britain and her 
 American provinces, from a conviction that it would be advantageous to 
 both countries. I feel, however, that from the peculiar situation'^and cir- 
 cumstances of these provinces, the connection will be better and more per- 
 manently maintained i)y that system of government, and freedom of com- 
 mercial intercourse that would convince the people that it was their inter- 
 est to continue the connection, and that they could not make a change for 
 the better, or improve their condition, were it in their power to establish 
 their own independence, or unite with any other state. 1 am persuaded 
 that all that is necessary to secure the firm allegiance of the provinces 
 maybe granted without any sacrifice on the part of the British people or 
 government. I shall return to this subject in another place. 
 
 I believe I am correct in stating that the statute laws now in force in 
 the feudal sectioa of Lower-Canada, are the following. The acts of the 
 British parliament which extend to the colonies ; capitulations and trea- 
 ties ; the laws and customs of Canada, founded principally on the juris- 
 prudence of the parliament of Paris, as it stood in 1663 ; the edicts of the 
 J^ rench kings, and their colonial authorities, and the Roman civil law ; 
 the criminal law of England, as it stood in 1774, and as explained by 
 subsequent statutes ; the ordinances of the governor and councd estab- 
 lished by the act of 1774, and the acts of the provincial legislature since 
 1792. The act of the British parliament of 1825, called the Canada Te- 
 nures Act, has established the English civil laws in all parts of Lower- 
 Canada, except in the seigniories, where the above recited laws are still 
 m force. The judiciary consists of a high court of appeals, presided over 
 by the governor, two chief justices, and the executive council. Should the 
 suit in appeal exceed in value ^'500, an appeal can be made from this 
 court to the king in council ; if below that sum, the Canadian court of ap- 
 peal's decision is final. A court of king's bench, presided over by the chief 
 justice of the province, and three puisne justices for the district of Que- 
 bec, and another court of king's bench, chief justice, and three puisne 
 justices Jbr the district of Montreal. There are also three provincial 
 courts, Three-Rivers, St. Francis and G"as|)e, with one judge for each. 
 There is a court of vice admirjilty, quarter session, and other minor 
 courts. The court of escheats consists of commissioners, who are ap- 
 pointed by the executive, to enquire into the liability of lands to be es- 
 
39 
 
 "an bo found for tlir 
 lish crown, is by al- 
 nent of their ounin- 
 ng a portion of the 
 in any other govcrn- 
 
 vvithBritain, should 
 :'ial intercourse be- 
 procity ; that if you 
 shall, in return, buy 
 
 dispose of, and the 
 ossible at the same 
 
 manner from dis- 
 
 contrary, no man 
 ;en Britain and her 
 be advantageous to 
 ir situation and cir- 
 etter and more per- 
 id freedom of com- 
 t it was their infer- 
 muke a change for 
 
 power to establish 
 1 am persuaded 
 e of the provinces 
 ; British people or 
 place. 
 
 -vs now in force in 
 . The acts of the 
 tulations and trca- 
 i pally on the juris- 
 
 ; the edicts of the 
 jloman civil law ; 
 d as explained by 
 and council estab- 
 d legislature since 
 >d the Canada Te- 
 I parts ofLower- 
 Mted laws are still 
 sals, presided over 
 )uncil. Should the 
 )e made from this 
 mdian court of ap- 
 d over by the chief 
 le district of Que- 
 
 and three puisne 
 three provincial 
 le judge for each. 
 
 and olher minor 
 •ners, who are ap- 
 )f lands to be es- 
 
 cheated, by reason of non-performancu of the conditions on which they 
 were granted. The decision is by a verdict of a jury composed of twelve 
 men, summoned in the usual way, and the land that may be declared for- 
 feited becomes invested in the crown. 
 
 The common law of England, with some provincial Atatutt^a not re- 
 pugnant thereto, the English admiralty laws, and Knglish commercial 
 lttW3, are in force in Canada. 
 
 Registry offices have been established in the townships by aii act of tho 
 provincial legislature and, I believe they are in full operation in all parts 
 of the country, except in the seigniories. There is a registry kept by 
 the prothonotaries of each district, wherein deeds of settlement, wdls, 
 &c. are registered ; but mortgages on property are not, and consequent- 
 ly there can be no sure means for ascertaining, when purchasing property, 
 whether it is mortgaged or not, unless when sold by the sheriff, as in that 
 case all mortgages are cut oft". A sale by the sherift; does not, how- 
 ever, affect family ckims, or the rights of widows and minors ; these at- 
 tach to the property after a sale by the sherifl', as well as before. I shall 
 again have occasion to refer to this subject. It is one that has excited 
 m°uch attention and discussion. All these matters will, I hope, in due 
 time, right themselves. If the people of any country discover that they 
 are injuriomhf a(fecled by any of their laws or customs, they must be a 
 strange people indeed, if they will not introduce a change or remedy, if 
 eithe?or both are in their power. Let them be only convinced by clear 
 demonstration that a change is necessary, and a remedy practicable, and 
 it is impossible that they will refuse to adopt the change, or resist what 
 tliey would know to be manifestly for their benefit, and calculated to pro- 
 mote general prosperity. 
 
 It may be interesting to many readers to shew what were the principal 
 provisions of the Constitutional Act of Upper and Lower Canada, pass- 
 ed by the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, in the 31st 
 year of the reign of his Majesty George the Third. 
 
 Chapter 31. 
 
 Tiilc. An Act to repeal certain parts of an Act, passed in the 14lh 
 year of his Majesty's reign, intituled, an act for making more eilcctual 
 provision for the government of the province of Quebec, in North Ame- 
 rica ; and for making further provision for the government of said pro- 
 vince. 
 
 Preamble recites the 14lh George 3d. chap. 83, and so much of recit- 
 ed act as relates to the appointment of a council for Quebec or its pow- 
 ers, repealed. It then proceeds : 
 
 2nd, And whereas his Majesty has been pleased to signify by his mes- 
 sage to both houses of parliament, his royal intention to divide his pro- 
 vince of Quebec into two separate provinces, to be called the province of 
 Upper-Canada, and the province of Lower-Canada ; be it enacted by the 
 authority aforesaid, that there shall be within each of the said provinces 
 respectively, a legislative council, and an assembly, to be severally com- 
 posed and constituted in the manner hereinafter described ; and that in 
 each of the said provinces respectively his Majesty, his heirs or succes- 
 sors, shall have power, during the continuance of this act, by and with 
 

 40 
 
 the advice and coment of the lc<rLslativo council and asseniMy of Kiich 
 provinces respectively, to make laws for (he peace and weltare thereof, 
 such laws not bein ^ repugnant to this act ; and that all such laws being 
 passed by the legislatiie council and assembly of either of the said pro- 
 vinces respectively, and assento<l to by his Majesty, his heirs or succes- 
 sors, or assented to in his Majesty's name, by such person as his Ma- 
 jesty, his heirs or successors siiall, from time to time appoint to be go- 
 vernor, or lieutenant-governor of such i)rovince, or by such person asliis 
 Majesty, his heirs or successors, shall from time to time appoint to admi- 
 nister the government within the same, shall be, and the same are here- 
 by declared to be, by virtue of and under the authority of this act, valid 
 and buiding to all intents and purposes whatever, within the province 
 in which the same shall have been so passed. 
 
 The act then goes on to point out how the councils and assemblies are 
 to be appointed, and elected. 1 think it is only necessary to give the ti- 
 tles of each section, v.'iifh are as follows. 
 
 His Majesty may authorize the governor, or lieutenant-governor, of 
 each provmce, to summon members to the legislative council. No per- 
 son under 21 years of aixe, &c. to be summoned. Members to hold 
 their seats during life. Ili.s Majesty may annex to hereditnrv titles of honor 
 the right of being summoned to the legislative council. Such descendible 
 right forfeited, and seats in council vacated in ceit;u"n cases. Hereditary 
 rights and seats so forfeited or vacated, to remain liillv ended during the 
 lives of the parties ; but on their deaths to go to the jHrson next endtled 
 thereto.^ Seats in the council forfeited, and hereditary rights extinguish- 
 ed for Treason. Questions respecting the ripht to be summoned to the 
 council, &c. to be determined as herein mentioned. The governor of 
 the province may remove the speaker of the legislative council. His 
 Majesty may authorize the governor to call together the assembly, and 
 for the piu-pose of electing the members, to issue a proclamation dividin-r 
 the provmce into districtis &c. Power of the governor to appoint re*^ 
 turning officers, to confin.iie two years from the commencement of this 
 act. No person o])lii;;c(! to serve as returning officer more than once, 
 unless otherwise provided by an act of the province. Number of mem- 
 bers in each province, regulations for issuing writs for the election of 
 members to serve in the assemblies, returnino- officers to execute writs, 
 by whom the membfMs arc to be chosen, certain persons not eligible to 
 the assemblies. No person under 21 years of age, &c. capable"of vot- 
 ing, or being elected ; uMi- any person attainted for treason, or felony. 
 Voters, if required, to t.iko the following oath (see the constitutional act 
 for this,) and to make oatli to the particulars herein specitied. His Ma- 
 jesty may authorize the governor to fix the time and place of hold- 
 ing elections, and of holding the sessions of the council and assembly, 
 &c. The council and assembly to be called together once in 12 months, 
 &c. and all questions therein to be decided by the majority of votes. 
 No member to sit or vote till he has taken the following oath. 
 
 I, A. B. do sincerely promise and swear, that I will ife fliithful and bear 
 true allegiance to his Majesty , as lawful sovereign of the king- 
 dom of Great Brhaiii, irelnnd, and of these provinces, dep'endant on and 
 belonging to the said kingdoms ; and that I will defend Him to the utmost 
 
41 
 
 I afiseniMy of hhcH 
 nd weltare thereof, 
 ill such laws Ix'ing 
 VI o{' the said pro- 
 lis heirs or succes- 
 person as his Ma- 
 appoint to be po- 
 such person as his 
 16 appoint to admi- 
 the same arc here- 
 ty of this act, valid 
 rt'ithiii the province 
 
 and assemblies are 
 sary to give the ti- 
 
 enant-govcrnor, of 
 council. No per- 
 IVlonibers to hold 
 ifnry titles of honor 
 Such descendible 
 cases. Hereditary 
 ' ended during the 
 •rson next entitled 
 rights extinguish- 
 sunimoned to the 
 
 Tile governor of 
 ivc council, liis 
 le assembly, and 
 :;lamation dividin"; 
 lor to appoint re- 
 icncement of this 
 • more than once, 
 N^ umber of mem- 
 )r the election of 
 to execute writs, 
 ns not eligible to 
 c. capable of vot- 
 eason, or felony, 
 constitutional act 
 ciHed. His Ma- 
 id place of hold- 
 ii\ and assembly, 
 ice in 12 months, 
 lajority of votes. 
 
 oath. 
 
 ! fliithful and bear 
 reign of the king- 
 lependant on and 
 lim to the utmost 
 
 of mv power against all traitorous conspiracicR and attempts whatc vcr 
 which shall be made against his person, crown and dignity ; and that l 
 will do my utmost cnd(;avor to disclose and make known to his majesty, 
 his heirs or successors, all treasons and traitorous conspiracies and 
 attempts which I sliall know to be against him, or any of them ; and all 
 this I do swear without any equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reser- 
 vation, and renouncing all pardons and dispensations from any person or 
 persons whatever to the contrary. So help me Cod. 
 
 Governor may give or withhold his Majesty's assent to bills passed 
 by the legislative council and assembly, or reserve them for his majesty's 
 pleasure.'' Governor to transmit to the secretary of state copies of such 
 bills as have been assented to, which his M ijesly in council may declare 
 his disallowance of within two years from the rcceijjt. IJills reserved for 
 his Majesty's pleasure not to have any force till his Majesty's assent be 
 communicated to the council and assembly, &c. I^aws in force at the 
 commencement of this act, to continue so, except repealed or varied by 
 it, &c. Establishment of a court of civil jurisdiction in each province. 
 
 The remainder of the act is that part which has particular reference to 
 subjects now much discussed in those provinces, and I think it my duty 
 in justice to all parties to give this part in full. 
 
 Sec. 35. And whereas, by the above mentioned acts, passed in the 
 Hth year of the reign of his present Majesty, it was declared, that the 
 clergy of the church of Rome, in the province of (Quebec, might hold, re- 
 ceive and enjoy their accustomed dues and rights, with respect to such 
 persons only as should profess the said religion ; provided nevertheless, 
 that it should be lawful for his Majesty, his heirs or successors, to niakc 
 such provision out of the rest of the said accustomed dues and rights, 
 for the encouragement of the Protestant religion, and for the mainte- 
 nance and support of a Protestant clergy within the said province as ho 
 or they should from time to time think necessary and expedient ; and 
 whereas by his Majesty's royal instructions, given unJer his Majosty-s 
 royal sign manual, on the third day of Janiuuy, in the reign of oiu* Lord, 
 one thousand seven hundred and seventy-live, to Guy Carlcton, Esquire, 
 now Lord Dorchester, at that time his Majesty's captain-general and go- 
 vernor-in-chief in and over his Blajosty's province of Quebec. 
 
 His Majesty was pleased, among other things, to direct '• That no 
 incumbent professing the religion of the church of Home, appointed to 
 any parish, in the said province, should be entitled to receive any tithes 
 for lands or possessions occupied by a Protestant, but that such tithes; 
 should be received by such persons as the said Guy Cailoton, I'squire, 
 his Majesty's captain-general and governor-in-chief in and over his Ma- 
 jesty's said province of Quebec, should appoint, and should be reserved 
 in the hands of his Majcstys's receiver-general of the said province, for 
 the support of a Protestant clergy in his ^Majesty's said province, to be 
 actually resident within the suine, and not olhcrvv'ise, according to such 
 directions as the said Guy Carlcton, Esquire, his IMajesty's captain-ge- 
 neral and govenor-in-chief in and over his Majesty's said province, 
 should receive from his Majesty in that behalf ; and that in like man- 
 ner all growing rents and profits of a vacant benefice should during auch 
 
42 
 
 vacancy, he rer^crvcd for and applied to the like uses." A 1 whereas 
 his Majesty's pleasure has likewise been signitied to the same etrect in 
 his Majesty's royal instructions, given in the like ninnncr to Sir Freder- 
 ick Ilaldiinand, knight of the most honorable order of the bath, late his 
 Majesty's captain-general and governor-in-chief in and over his Majes- 
 ty's said province of Quebec, and also in iiis Majesty's royal instructions, 
 given in like manner to the said right honorable Guy Lord Dorchester, 
 now his Majesty's captain-general and governor-in-chief in and over his 
 Majesty's said province of Quebec; be it enacted by the authority afore- 
 said, that the said declaration and provision contained in the said above 
 mentioned act, and also the said provision so made by his Majesty in 
 consequence thereof, by his instructions above recited, shall remain and 
 continue to be of full force and efiect in each of the said two provinces of 
 Upper-Canada and Lower-Canada, respectively, except in so far as the 
 said declaration or provisions respectively, or any part thereof, shall be 
 expressly varied or repealed by any act or acts which may be passed by 
 the legislative council and assembly of the said provinces respectively, 
 and assented to by his Majesty, his heirs or successors, under the restric- 
 tion hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sec. 36. And whereas his Majesty has been graciously pleased by 
 message to both houses of parliament, to express his royal desire to be 
 enabled to make a permanent appropriation of lands in the said provinces, 
 for the support and maintenance of a Protestant clergy within the same,' 
 in proportion to such lands as have been already granted within the 
 same by his Majesty ; And whereas his Majesty has been graciously 
 pleased, by his said message, further to signify his royal desire that such 
 provision may be made, with respect to all future grants of land within the 
 suid provinces respectively, as may best conduce to the due and suffi- 
 cient support and maintenance of a Protestant clergy within the said pro- 
 vinces, in proportion to such increase as may happen in the population 
 and cultivation thereof: therefore for the purpose of more effectually ful- 
 filling his Majesty's gracious instructions as aforesaid, and of provid- 
 ing for the due execution of the same in all time to come, be it enact- 
 ed hy the authority aforesaid, that it shall and may be lawful for his Ma- 
 jesty, his heirs or successors, to authorize the governor or lieutcnant-fro- 
 vornor ofcach of the said provinces respectively, or the person adminis- 
 tering the government therem, to make from and out of the lands of the 
 crown withm such provinces, such allotment and appropriation of lands, 
 for the support and maintenance of a Protestant clergy within the same, 
 as may boar a duo proportion to the amount of such lands within the 
 same, to have at any time been granted by or under the authority of his 
 Majesty : and that whenever any grant of lands within either of the said 
 provinces shall hereafter be made, by or under the authority of his Ma- 
 jesty, his heirs or successors, there shall at the same time be made, in 
 respect of the same, a proportionate allotment and appropriation of lands 
 for the above mentioned purpose, within the township or parish to which 
 such lands so to be granted shall appertain or be annexed, or as nearly 
 adjacent thereto as circumstances will admit ; and that no such grant 
 shall be valid or effectual unless the same shall contain a specification of 
 the land so allotted and appropriated, in respect of the lands to be there- 
 
s." A 1 whereas 
 
 the same cfFect in 
 
 tier to Sir Freder- 
 
 ■ the bath, late his 
 d over his Majcs- 
 royal instructions, 
 Lord Dorchester, 
 
 lef in and over his 
 le authority afore- 
 i in the said above 
 by his Majesty in 
 , shall remain and 
 d two provinces of 
 spt in so Car as the 
 t thereof, shall be 
 may be passed by 
 nces respectively, 
 , under the restric- 
 
 iously pleased by 
 royal desire to be 
 the said provinces, 
 ' within the same, 
 ranted within the 
 3 been graciously 
 al desire that such 
 ! of land within the 
 he due and suffi- 
 ('ithin the said pro- 
 in the population 
 ore effectually ful- 
 J, and of provid- 
 ;ome, be it enact- 
 lawful for his Ma- 
 
 ■ or lieutcnant-go- 
 c person adminis- 
 of the lands of the 
 )priation of lands, 
 ' within the same, 
 : lands within the 
 he authority of his 
 I either of the said 
 thority of his Ma- 
 time be made, in 
 
 ropriation of lands 
 >r parish to which 
 sxed, or as nearly 
 at no such grant 
 I a specification of 
 lands to be there- 
 
 43 
 
 by granted ; and that such lands so allotted and appropriated, shall bo as 
 nearly as the circumstances and nature of the case will admit, oi the like 
 quantity as the land in res[)ect of which the same are so ullolled and ap- 
 propriated, and shall be, as nearly as the same can be estimated at the 
 time of making such grant, eciual in value to the seventh part ol the land 
 
 so granted. ■ ^ rwM n 
 
 Sec. 37. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, 1 hat all 
 and every the rents, profits or emoluments, which may at any tune arise 
 from such lands so allotted and appropriated as aforesaid, shall be appli- 
 cable solely to the maintenance and support of the Protestant clergy with- 
 in the province in which the same shall be situated, and to no other use 
 or purpose whatever. 
 
 Sec. 38. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all 
 laws, statutes, and ordinances, which shall be in force on the day it 
 shall and may be lawful for his Majesty, his heirs or successors, to autho- 
 rize the governor or lieutenant-governor of each of the said provinces re- 
 spectively, or the person administering th(; government therein, from time 
 to time, with the advice of such executive council as shall iiave been ap- 
 pointed by his Majesty, his heirs or successors, within such province, for 
 the afiairs thereof, to constitute and erect, within every township or parish 
 which now is, or hereafter may be, formed, constituted, or erected within 
 such province, one or more parsonage or rectory, or parsonages or rec- 
 tories, according to the establishments of the church of England ; and 
 from time to time, by an instrument under the great seal of such province, 
 to endow every such parsonage or rectory with so much or such part of 
 the lands so allotted and appropriated as aforesaid, in respect of any lands 
 within such township or parish, which shall have been granted subsequent 
 to the commencement of this act, or of such lands as may have been al- 
 lotted and appropriated for the same purpose, by or in virtue of any in- 
 structions which may be given by his Majesty, in respect of any lands 
 granted by his Majesty before the commencement of this act, as such go- 
 vernor, lieutenant-governor, or person administering the government, 
 shall, with the advice of the said executive council, judge to be expedient 
 under the then existing circumstances of such townships or parish. 
 
 Sec. 39. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that it 
 shall and may be lawful for his Majesty, his heirs or successors, to au- 
 thorize the governor, or person administering the government of each of 
 the said provinces respectively, to present to every such parsonage or 
 rectory an incumbent or minister of the church of England, who shall 
 have been duly ordained according to the rites of the said church, and to 
 supply from time to time such vacancies as may happen therein ; and that 
 every person so presented to any such parsonage or rectory, shall hold 
 and enjoy the same, and all rights, profits and emoluments thereunto be- 
 longing or granted, as fully and amply, and in the same manner, and on 
 the same terms and conditions, and liable to the performance of the same 
 duties as the incumbent of a parsonage or rectory in England. 
 
 Sec. 40. Provided always, and be it further enacted by the authority 
 aforesaid, that every such presentation of an incumbent or minister to any 
 such parsonage or rectory, and also the enjoyment of any such parson- 
 age or rectorv, and of the rights, profits and emoluments themof. bv 
 
 6* ■ ' 
 
I 
 
 41 
 
 uiiy such iiicutiihcnt ur tnini.stcr, n\ui\\ be siihjcct and liuble to all 
 riifJitH, iiisfilulions and all other spiritual atid ccclosiastical jurisdiction 
 uiul autJMril)', which iiavc been lawlully ^'ranted by his Majesty's royal 
 lettei'd patent to the bishop of Nova 8cotia, or which may hereal\er, by 
 hia Majesty'H royal authority, hv lawfully granted or ap|»ointcd to bo nd- 
 luinisitMed and executed uilhin the said pt(Ainccs, or either of them res- 
 pectively, by the saiil bishop of Nova Scotia, or by any other person, ac- 
 conhn;,' to the laws and canons of the church of England, which arc 
 lawfully made and received in Kngland. 
 
 iScc. 11. Provided always, and be it further enacted by the authority 
 aforesaid, That the several provisions herein before contained, respecting 
 the allotment and apjjropriation of lands for the support of the Protestant 
 cler^fy within the said provinces, and also respecting the presentation of in- 
 cumbents or ministers, who shall hold and enjoy the same, shall be subject 
 to bo varied or repealed by juiy express provisions for that purpose, con- 
 tained in any act or acts which may be parsed by the legislative council 
 an<l assembly of the said province, res|)cctively, and assented to by liis Ma- 
 jesty, his heirs or successors, under the restriction hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sec. 42. Provided neverlhel<>ss, and be it further enacted by the au- 
 thority aforesaid, That whenever any act or acts shall be passed by the 
 legislative council and assembly of either of the said provmces, contain- 
 ing any provisions to vary or rt^peal the above recited declarations and 
 provisions contained in the said act, passed in the 14th year of the reign 
 of his present Majesty, or to vary or icpcal the recited provision con- 
 tained in his Majesty's royal instructions, given on the third day of Jan- 
 uary, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy- 
 live, to ihe said Cuy Carleton, Rscpiirc, now TiOrd Dorchester ; or to 
 vary or repeal the provisiojis herein before contained for continuing the 
 force and eO'ect of the said declaration and provisions ; or to vary or re- 
 peal any of the several provisions herein before contained respecting the 
 allotment and appropriation of lands (or the support of the Protestant 
 clergy within the said province ; or respecting the constituting, erecting, 
 or endowing parsonages and rectories within the said province ; or res- 
 pecting the presentations of incumbcMts or ministers to the same, or res- 
 pecting the manner in w Inch such incumbents or ministers shall hold and 
 enjoy the same : and also that whenever any act or acts shall be so pass- 
 ed, containing any provisions which shall in any manner relate to or af- 
 fect the enjoyment or exercise of any religious form or mode of worship, 
 or shall im[)OSc or create any penalties, burthens, disabilities, or discjua- 
 lilications in rcipect to the same, or shall in any manner relate to or af- 
 fect die payment, recovery or cnjoynu;nt of any of the accustomed dues 
 or rights herein before mentioned ; or shall in any manner relate to the 
 granting, imposing or recovering any other dues, or stipends or emolu- 
 ments whatever to be paid to or for the; use of any minister, priest, eccle- 
 siastic or teacher, according to any religious form or mode of worship, in 
 ies[>cct to his said office or function ; or shall in any manner relate to or 
 allcct the establishment or discipline of the church of England, amongst 
 the ministers theri;<)f within the said provinces ; or shall m any manner 
 relate to oi ad'ect the King's prerogative touching the granting the waste 
 lands of tlio crowii within the oaid provinces ; every buch act or acts 
 
 ^■whm 
 
and liable to all 
 mistical jurindictiuti 
 s Majesty's royal 
 limy hereat\ur, by 
 |K)iiitC(] to be nd- 
 titherof thcin res- 
 other person, ac- 
 Ingland, m liich are 
 
 d by the authority 
 tained, respeetinjyj 
 ; of the Protestant 
 presentation ol'in- 
 ic, shall be subject 
 hat purpose, con- 
 legislative council 
 nted to by his Ma- 
 inaftor provided, 
 iuactcd by the nu- 
 1 be passed by the 
 roviiices, contain- 
 declarations and 
 1 year of the reign 
 ad provision con- 
 : third day of Jan- 
 Jred and sevcnty- 
 )orch('stcr ; or to 
 or continuing the 
 i or to vary or rc- 
 led respecting the 
 of the Protestant 
 ^tituting, erecting, 
 province ; or res- 
 I the same, or res- 
 ers shall hold and 
 s shall be so pass- 
 er relate to or af- 
 modc of worship, 
 bilities, or discjun- 
 ler relate to or af- 
 accustomed dues 
 nner relate to the 
 tipends or emolu- 
 ster, priest, eccle- 
 :)de of worship, in 
 anner relate to or 
 •England, amongst 
 dl in any manner 
 ranting the waste 
 fcjuch act or acts 
 
 IS 
 
 ^hidl, i.reviou 4 to any declarntion or signifU-afion of th.- King's ass. nl 
 ih.T.to, be laid beforo both hnuscs of purlian.rnt in <.reat IJnlam ; and 
 that it sbull not be lawful for his Majesty, his h< irs (.r Huccessors, to s.g- 
 nify his or (h.ir assent to any such act or acts, untd ihnly <lays alt<r the 
 same shall have been laid before tlu; said houses orto as^^nt loany muI. 
 act or acts, in ease either house of parlianu-nt shall, within the said tbnty 
 days, address his Majesty, his heirs or successors, to withhold his or then- 
 assent from such act or acts, and that no such act shall be valid orel .-c 
 tual to any of the said purposes within either of the said provinces enless 
 the hMMslative council and assembly of such province shall, in the scs- 
 aion in which the same shall have been pass-'d by them, have presented 
 toihe governor, lieutenant-governor, or person administering the govern- 
 ment of such provinces, an address or addresses, specilying that sueli 
 act contains provisions for some of the said purposes herein belore spe- 
 cially d(^^cl•ibed, and desiring th.a, in order to give elleet vo the same, 
 Kucli act should be transmitted to England without delay, lor the purpose 
 of being laid before i)arUanient previous to the signihcation ot his Majes- 
 ty's assent thereto. ,, ,, 
 Sec. 43. And be it further enacted by the authority alorcsaicl, 1 hat all 
 lands which shall be hereafter granted within the said province of Upper 
 Canada, ^hall be granted in free and common soccage, in like manner as 
 lands ar(! now hohlen in free and common soccage in that part ol (f real 
 Briliiiil called England ; and that in every case where lands sliall be 
 heiea'ler granted within the said province of liOwer-Canada, and where 
 the frrantee thereof shall desire the same to be granted in free and coin- 
 moirsocLuge, the same shall be so granted : but subject, nevertheless, to 
 such alteraUons, whh respect to the nature and consequences ot such le- 
 luire of free and common soccage, as may be established by any law or 
 laws which may be made by his Majesty, his heirs or successors, by End 
 with the advice and consent of the legislative council and assembly ol 
 
 the province. , , . . • , m . r 
 
 .Sec. 44. And be it further enacted by the authority aioresaid, J hat it 
 any person or persons holding any lands in the said province of Upper 
 Canada, by virtue of any certiticate of occupation derived under the au- 
 thority of the governor and council of the province r Quebec, and hav- 
 ing i)ower and authority to alienate the same, shall, at any time, from and 
 after the commencement of this act, surrender the same into the hands 
 of his Majesty, his heirs or successors, by petition to the governor or 
 lieutenant-governor, or person administering the government of the said 
 province, setting forth that he, she, or they, is or are desirous of holding 
 the same in free and common soccage, such governor or lieutenant-go- 
 vernor, or person administering the government, shall thereupon cause a 
 fresh grant to be made to such person or persons of such lands, to be 
 holden in tree and common soccage. 
 
 Sec. 45. Provided nevertheless, and be it further enacted by the au- 
 thority aforesaid, That such surrender or grant shall not avoid or bar any 
 right or title to any such lands so surrendered, or any interest in the 
 simic, to which any i)erson or persons, oUicr than the person or persons 
 surrendering the same, shall have been entitled, either in possession, re- 
 niuindcr. rcvcir^ion, or otherwise, ut tlic time of such surrender : but 
 
 J 
 

 l! J 
 
 46 
 
 that every such surrenilcr and grant shall be made subject to every such 
 right, title, and interest, and that every such right, title, or interest, shall 
 be as valid and cllectuul ay if such surrender and grant had never been 
 made. 
 
 Sec. 46. And whereas, by an act passed in the eighteenth year of 
 the reign of his present Majesty, intid 'ed, " An Act ibr removing all 
 doubts and apprehensions coiicerning taxation by the parlirment of Great 
 Britain, in any of the colonies, provinces, and plantations in JVorlh Ame- 
 rica and the West Indies ; and for repealing so much of an act, made in 
 the seventh year of the reign of his present Majesty, as insposes a duty 
 on tea inij)orted from Great Britain into 'iny colony or plantation in Ame- 
 rica, or relates thereto," it has betwi declared, " That the King and Par- 
 liament of Great liritain will not impose any duty, tax, or assessment 
 whatever, payable in any of his Majesty's colonics, provinces or planta- 
 tions in North America or the West Indies, except only such duties as it 
 may be expedient to impose for the regulation of commerce, the net pro- 
 duce of such duties to be always paid\and applied to and for the use of, 
 the colony, province, or plantation in which the same shall be respective- 
 ly levied, in such manner as other duties collected by the authority of the 
 respective General Courts or General Assemblies of such colonies, pro- 
 ymces, or plantations, are ordinarily paid and applied ." And whereas it 
 IS necessary, tor the general benefit of the British em'pire, that such pow- 
 er ot regulation of conniierce should continue to be exercised by his 
 Mcijesty, his heirs or successors, and the parlianient of Great Britain, 
 Subject nevertheless to the condition hereinbefore recited, with respect 
 to the application of any duties which may V j imposed ibr that purpose : 
 Be It therefore enacted by the authority a.oresaid, That nothing in this 
 Act contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to prevent or allect 
 the pxecution of any law which hath been or shall at any time be made 
 by his Majesty, his heirs or successors, and the parliament of Great Bri- 
 tain, for establishing regulations or prohibitions, or for imposing, levying, 
 or collecting duties for the regulation of navigation, or for the regulation 
 of the commerce to be carried on between the said two provinces, or be- 
 tween either of the said provinces and any other part of his Majesty's do- 
 minions, or between either of the said provinces and any foreign country 
 or state, or lor appointing and directing the pavment of drawbacks of 
 such duties so imposed, or to give to hiy Majesty, his heirs or succes- 
 sors, any power or authority, by and with the advice and consent of such 
 Legislative Councils and Assemblies respectively, to vary or repeal any 
 such law or laws, or any part thereof, or in any manner to prevent or ob- 
 struct the execution thereof. 
 
 Sec. 47. Provided always, and be it enacted by the authority afore- 
 said, That the net produce of all duties which shall be so imposed, shall at 
 all tunes hereafter be applied to and for the use of each of the said pro- 
 vinces respectively, and in such manner only as shall be directed by any 
 law or laws which may be made by his Majesty, his heirs or successors, 
 by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and As- 
 sembly of such provinces. 
 
 The remainder of the act only points out, that his Majesty in council 
 was to fix and declare the connncnceinent of the act. The time for is- 
 
bjcct to every such 
 0, or interest, shall 
 int had never been 
 
 eighteenth year of 
 t ibr removing all 
 arlirment of Great 
 ns in Norlh Anie- 
 ol'an act, made in 
 IS imposes a duty 
 ^hintation in Ame- 
 :he King and Par- 
 X, or assessment 
 jvinees or planta- 
 Y such duties as it 
 icrce, the net pro- 
 md tor the use of, 
 lall be respective- 
 le authority of the 
 uch colonies, pro- 
 ' And whereas it 
 re, that such pow- 
 
 cxercised by his 
 of Great Britain, 
 ilcd, with respect 
 for that purpose : 
 it nothing in this 
 ) prevent or alfect 
 my time be made 
 lent of Great Bri- 
 mposing, levying, 
 for the regulation 
 
 provinces, or be- 
 his Majesty's do- 
 y foreign country 
 
 of drawbacks of 
 
 heirs or succes- 
 1 consent of such 
 iry or repeal any 
 to prevent or ob- 
 
 I authority afore- 
 imposed, shall at 
 of the said pro- 
 ! directed by any 
 rs or successors, 
 Council and As- 
 
 ajesty in council 
 rhe time for is- 
 
 47 
 
 suing the writs of summons and elections, which were not to be later 
 than the 31st December, 1792, but that between the commencement of 
 the act, and the first meeting of the lenislalive council and assembly, 
 temporary laws might be made by the governor or lieutenant-governor 
 and executive council, for the good government, peace and wcllare ot 
 such province, such temporary laws to continue valid and bindmg, until 
 six months after the legislative council and assembly of each province 
 shall have first assembled, under the authority of this act, Hic. 
 
 I have now given all that is necessary to understand perfectly the C on- 
 stitutional Act, and as I shall again have occasion to refer to it, I will 
 make no remarks on it in this place. I have introduced it prmcipally for 
 the information of the reader who may have been unacquainted with its 
 provisions. 
 
 Religion. — The prevailing religion in Lower-Canada is the Roman 
 Catholic. The clergy are educated in Canada. They possess consi- 
 derable property in town and country, as seigniories. The island of 
 Montreal, and Isle Jesus, by far the most valuable in Canada, are their 
 seigniories. They are also paid for their support the twenty-sixth part 
 of The grain raised on the lands of Roman Catholics. There is one bishop, 
 two coadjutors, four vicars general, and perhaps near three hundred vi- 
 cars and cures. The Catholic bishop receives the sum of ,£1000 per 
 annum from Great Britain, in addition to the rent of some lands in Cana- 
 da, which I believe are not of great value. The income of the vicars 
 and cur^s, I have been told, may be about <£300 per annum, on an ave- 
 rage. 
 
 The church of England clergy consists of the Bishop of Quebec, the 
 arch-deacon, and I believe forty cier^vymen. The number of churches 
 they have in Lower-Canada may be about forty, or upwards. The British 
 Parliament, in 1834, granted £6,690 towards the support of this church 
 principally, and I have seen a statement of its distribution in the following 
 manner: Bishop of Quebec, .£3000 ; Arch Deacon, do. £500 ; Rector, 
 do. £400, and house rent £90 ; Minister of Trinity Chapel, £200 ; 
 Montreal Rector, £300 ; Three-Rivers, do. £200 ; William Henry, or 
 Sorel, £150 ; Dunham, £100 ; Argenteuil, do. £100 ; Chatham, £100 ; 
 Caldwell's Manor, £100 ; St. Armand, £100 ; Evening Lecturer at 
 Quebec, £100 ; of do. £150 ; Minister of the church of Scot- 
 land at Quebec, :£50 ; of Montreal, do, £50 ; Roman Catholic Bishop 
 (.1 Quebec, £1000. In addition to the gr int by the British parliament, 
 the Society for the propagation of the Gospel gives annually some assis- 
 tance for the payment of the ministers of the English church, but I am 
 not aware how it is distributed. 
 
 The ministers of the church of Scotland in Lower-Canada are eleven 
 or twelve in number, and they have as many churches. With the excep- 
 tion of JSIOO from the parliamentary grant, which I have mentioned above, 
 they do not receive any government support, and are entirely dependant 
 on their congregations. I am not aware of the number of other dissent- 
 ing congregations. I believe the Methodists and Baptists have twenty 
 ministers, and as many churches, or perhaps more. The American 
 
r — 1 f 
 
 48 
 
 T 
 
 PiTsbytorians liavo a church at Mnntroal, numorovisly attrn(;< <], anc 
 thinlc ihoy have one at (iucboc. 
 
 Tho Protestant congregations have generally to support their own mi- 
 nisters and churches, by vohuitary contributions. They receive no aid 
 iVoni tith(\s or grants, except the grant from the IJritish parhanient wliicli 
 1 have alluded to above, which is principally to the ministers of the Eng- 
 lish church. Though a large quantity of wild land was reserved in tho 
 townships throughout the lower province, these lands have not yet pro- 
 duced any rents worthy of notice, in consequence, I believe, of misman- 
 agement in every way. A large portion of these reserves has been late- 
 ly disposed of by the British government to the Land Company. I can- 
 not say how the proceeds are to be disposed of. 
 
 Education — The legislature have for several years past granted very 
 considerable aid towards the support of schools. In 1832, the grant was 
 .£34,09-1 ; in 1833, of 23,263 ; in 1834, the latter amount was paid ; and 
 in 1835, a large sum was contributed, but I am unable to say how much. 
 The school visitors of each county were, in the year 1833, allowed to 
 distribute at their discretion during their visits to the schools, 9s. tor each 
 school, for the encouragement of such children as they should find to ex- 
 cel in such schools. The number of schools tiiat were entitled to this 
 premium in 1833, were 1295. I have reason to suppose that the num- 
 ber was not less for the last two years. I am sorry that on this subject 
 I am unable to give as full information as would be desirable. I had not 
 the means of information at my disposal, but I expect to obtain it, and 
 shall again refer to the subject. 
 
 There are many excellent schools in Montreal, Quebec, and other 
 towns and villages, that receive no aid from the provincial revenue, nor 
 from any other public funds. Some of them are under the superinten- 
 dance of respectable clergymen of the English and Scotch churches. I 
 have already stated that there are six Canadian colleges, at Montreal, 
 Quebec, St. Anns, Nicolct, St. Ilyacinthe, and Chambly. In these col- 
 leges, all the higher branches of learning are taught, and are, I believe, 
 extremely well conducted. The greatest want that has been hitherto 
 felt in the country parishes, was that of properly qualified schoolmas- 
 ters, and suitable class books, calculated to give useful and general infor- 
 mation, and instruction, to the Scholars. 
 
 Since writing the above I find that a bill has passed the legislature, 
 granting ,£3000 for establishing two Normal schools, one at Quebec, 
 and one at Montreal. These schools are intended to form schoolmasters, 
 on the same plan as is adopted in France, Prussia, and other coimtrics. 
 That properly qualified schoolmasters are wanted in the country parts of 
 Canada, there can be no doubt, and if this act of the legislature will supply 
 the deficiency it wdl confer a great benefit on the province at large. Much 
 will depend on the manner in which the provisions of the act will be car- 
 ried into effect. Together with the above grant, 0C8GOO hns been voted 
 for the support of education this year. I believe that no plan can be de- 
 vised for tho amelioration of Canada, that will be foinid more certain and 
 effectual, than the establishment and support of a general system of t<sc- 
 Jul education among the people. 
 
sly altondc (], and I 
 
 ipport their own rai- 
 hcy receive no aid 
 h parliament which 
 inistcrs orthe Eng- 
 was reserved in the 
 s have not yet pro- 
 believe, of niisman- 
 rvcs has been late- 
 Company. I cuu- 
 
 rs past granted very 
 1832, the grant was 
 lount vvas paid ; and 
 ie to say how much, 
 r 183:-J, allowed to 
 schools, 9s. for each 
 ?y should find to cx- 
 verc entitled to this 
 ppose that the nnm- 
 thnt on this subject 
 esirable. I had not 
 :ct to obtain it, and 
 
 Quebec, and other 
 ivincial revenue, nor 
 ider the superintcn- 
 Scotch churches. I 
 lieges, at Montreal, 
 mbly. In these col- 
 t, and are, I believe, 
 t has been hitherto 
 jualified schoolmas- 
 iul and general infor- 
 
 Lsscd the legislature, 
 lis, one at Quebec, 
 
 form schoolmasters, 
 and other coimtries. 
 
 the country parts of 
 cgislature will supply 
 vince at large. Much 
 if the act will be car- 
 SGOO has been voted 
 at no plan can be de- 
 und more certain and 
 cncral system of ««<> 
 
 40 
 
 ChaRitablh IwstiTUTioNft, in Lower-Canada were «ufficiently nu- 
 merous until lately. Within the last two or three years mendicity has 
 greatly increased in Montreal and Quebec. At present, the number of 
 persons in these cities applying for charity from door to door, is very 
 considerable and perhaps appears more so from being heretofore unusual. 
 There is no regular institution in either city for the relief of the unemploy- 
 ed poor. Hospitals for the sick are provided, and very well conducted. 
 The following are the principal charitable institutions at Montreal. 
 
 Montreal General Hospital, erected by subscription, chiefly, and sup- 
 ported in the same way, and by grants from the legislature. For the last 
 few years these grants were made from the tax paid by emigrants arriv- 
 ing at Quebec, which is, I believe, divided equally between this hospital, 
 the emigrant hospital at Quebec, and the two emigrant societies at Que- 
 bec and Montreal. In one year the Montreal general hospital received 
 1759 in-door patients, and had 2188 out-door patients. Of the in-door 
 patients, 1360 were emigrants ; and of the out-door, 1439, and cost the 
 institution £1418 10s. 8d. The total expense for the year was if 1844 lis. 
 The Hotel Dieu, is an establishment for the reception of the sick 
 and diseased of both sexes, and is conducted by a superior and 36 nuns. 
 The funds for maintaining this charity, are principally derived from land- 
 ed property, and grants by the legislature. I do not know what n mber 
 of sick are admitted during the year. The Convent of the Gray Sisters, 
 is an establishment for the reception of foundlings, and such as labour 
 under mental derangement. This institution is supported by landed pro- 
 perty, and grants by the legislature. There are not many insane patients, 
 nor is the number of foundlings very considjerable. 
 
 The Emigrant Society renders great assistance to destitute emigrants 
 in forwarding them to their destination, and helping them in various ways. 
 Their funds are supplied by subscription, and a share of the emigrant 
 tax. 
 
 The Widow and Orphan Asylum, is supported principally by subscrip- 
 tions, but has had occasional grants by the legislature. 
 
 At Quebec, the Hotel Dieu, and General Flospital are both estabiish- 
 mants conducted by the Nuns, for the reception of sick poor, foundlings, 
 and insane. They are also under the superintendance of commission- 
 ers, and are principally supported by landed property and grants from the 
 revenue. 
 
 The Emigrant Hospital, is supported by subscription, and a propor- 
 tion of the tax on emigrants. 
 
 The Marine Hospital is supported by funds furnished from the provin- 
 cial revenue. The Deaf and Dumb Institution is supported from the same 
 funds. 
 
 At Three-Rivers, the Nuns there have art establishment in their con- 
 vent for the sick poor, and I believe for foundlings ; conducted and 
 supported in the same manner as those at Montreal and Quebec. 
 
 There are some other charitable societies supported by private contri- 
 butions, but I do not think it necessary to describe them particularly here. 
 The amount of the emigrant tax in 1832, was £6,605 10s., in 1833, 
 £4,776. A bill has been passed this session to renew the tax on •ftii- 
 grants arriving at Quebec. 
 
 I 
 
50 
 
 Banks in Loiccr Canada, in 1S36. 
 
 Montreal Bank has capital paid in. - - ^250,000 
 
 It had notes in circulation November 1835, - ^253,236 
 
 It had in its vaults at Montreal and Quebec, in gold, 
 
 silver, and other coins, and in transitu - JE 106,560 
 
 The dividends declared for the last two years was 8 
 per cent, annually, and the profits on hand at the 
 above date was, - - - - - 30,375 
 
 This bank is chartered by the provincial legislature, but the charter ex- 
 pires on the 1st June, 1837. It is managed by a president and twelve di- 
 rectors annually elected by the stock owners. 
 
 The City Bank has capital paid in, - - ^200,000 
 
 Notes in circulation 7th November, 1835, 
 Gold, silver and other coined metals in the bank, 
 
 £ 90,437 
 25,657 
 
 The dividends declared for the last year was 8 per 
 
 cent, and the profits on hands at the above date was £ 10,820 
 It is chartered as the Montreal bank, and managed in the same way. 
 
 There are two other banks in Montreal, the People's Bank, or " en 
 Commandite," o{ Viger- De Witt & Co., and the Commercial Bank, 
 which is a private bank 
 
 The Quebec Bank has capital paid in, - - £ 76,000 
 
 Notes in circulation 5th November, 1835, 
 Gold, silver, and other coined metals in the bank, 
 
 The dividends declared for the last year was 8 per cent, 
 and the profits in hands at the above date was, - 
 
 ,It is chartered and managed in the same way as the 
 Montreal banks. 
 
 The total amount of notes in circulation of the three 
 chartered banks at the date of their statements sub- 
 mitted to the provincial legislature, now in session, was 
 
 £ 59,386 
 12,850 
 
 £ 12,289 
 
 £403,058 
 
 And the total amount of bills discounted, and accommodation to the 
 public, was about 1,173,000/. Of this sum near 360,000/. was deposit- 
 ed in the banks by those who kept accounts with them at the date of the 
 statement. The Montreal bank had of this, deposits 276,705/. and 
 notes discounted 704,184/. 
 
 Montreal bank shares at the close of last year (1835) were at 36 to 36 
 per cent, premium. City bank at 9 per cent, premium ; and Quebec 
 bank at The following is the rate of pre- 
 
 mium paid on bills of exchange the last year in Montreal : 
 
 '"'^»** 
 
61 
 
 d, 
 
 8 
 
 ;£250,000 
 ^€253,236 
 JE 106,560 
 
 30,375 
 
 , but the charter ex- 
 dent and twelve di- 
 
 ^200,000 
 
 
 £ 
 
 90,437 
 26,667 
 
 er 
 as 
 in the 
 
 £ 10,820 
 same way. 
 
 )ple's Bank, or " en 
 Commercial Bank, 
 
 
 £ 
 
 75,000 
 
 
 £ 
 
 59,386 
 12,850 
 
 jent. 
 
 £ 
 
 12,289 
 
 he 
 
 
 
 ee 
 fa- 
 was 
 
 £403,058 
 
 commodation to the 
 1,000/. was deposit- 
 m at the date of the 
 .sits 276,706/. and 
 
 5) were at 36 to 36 
 lium ; and Quebec 
 g is the rate of pre - 
 real : 
 
 Rate of Private Bills 
 
 1835. 
 January to Feb. 6 a 6^ prem. 
 March to April 7^ 
 May, June, July, 8^^ 
 August, - 91 
 
 September, - 9J 
 October, - 8| 
 November, - 10 
 
 at 60 days. Rate of the Montreal Bank Bills at 60 
 
 a 8 
 a 9 
 a 10 
 « 8^ 
 a 8| 
 a 10-| 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 1835 
 January to Feb. 
 March, 
 
 April and May, 
 June and July, 
 August, 
 September, 
 October, 
 November, none 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9| 
 9 
 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 
 l^datjs. 
 8^ preni. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 91 
 
 Exchange in Canada is not often lower than the above rates, I have 
 frequently ktjown it to be over 12 premium. I have seen 125/. currency 
 paid in Montreal for an English bill for 100/. sterlmg, at short sight. 
 100/ sterUnff is generally equal to 120/. currency, or requnes that amount 
 currency, to pay 100/. sterling in England. It is well that emigrants 
 should be aware of this circum.stance. 
 
 English guineas pass for 24s. 6d. to 25s. 6d. currency each. 
 En^Ush sovereigns for 23s. 4d. to 25s. do. do. 
 
 Spanish dollars at 5s. and French crowns at 5s. 6d. each ; smaller parts 
 of dollars in proportion. 
 
 English half crowns for 2s. 9d. and shillings at Is. Id. each. 
 The copper coins in circulation in Lower-Canada are certainly of a 
 mixed quality, and unequal value. Coins of every reign for the last 140 
 years, and of every country, pass currently ; sheet copper cut into a 
 round shape, without any impression, and other light coin manufac- 
 tured, and put into circulation, in fact any thing near the shape of an old 
 worn copper, though not the value of half a farthing, pass for a half-penny. 
 I do not say that this is an evil, so long as they pass with the people for 
 the value they are allowed to represent, but I confess I would prefer see- 
 ing a regular copper coin in circulation. 
 
 Canals and Rail-roads.— The Lachine canal is near nine miles 
 long, and was constructed at an expense of near 137,000/. currency. 
 The following is a statement of the annual revenues from 1S29 to 1835 
 inclusive. 
 
 
 
 Expenses of 
 
 >^^hat 
 
 No. 
 
 INo. 
 
 Years 
 
 Amt. Tolls. 
 
 management& 
 
 Amount 
 
 boats 
 
 boats 
 
 
 
 repairs, &c. 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 upwards 
 
 downwards 
 
 • 
 
 1829 
 
 2925 18 8 
 
 1658 16 10 
 
 1259 2 10 
 
 1864 
 
 1156 
 
 1830 
 
 5313 1 2 
 
 2813 1 2 
 
 2500 
 
 1711 
 
 1815 
 
 1831 
 
 6632 18 41 
 
 1941 4 8i 
 
 4691 18 8 
 
 2005 
 
 2111 
 
 1832 
 
 5826 16 11 
 
 1394 7 1 
 
 4432 8 10 
 
 1752 
 
 1821 
 
 1833 
 
 7164 4 ^ 
 
 1916 19 9 
 
 5237 14 3| 
 
 2049 
 
 2160 
 
 1834 
 
 6531 2 10| 
 
 1331 10 9 ) 
 626 18 11 j 
 
 4753 9 1| 
 
 1779 
 
 1736 
 
 1835 
 
 80 15 8| 
 
 1669 
 
 1600 
 
 About 1000/. of the above expenses was for deepening the bed of 
 the river St. Pierre, to answer as the main drain for carrying away the 
 
 7* 
 
53 
 
 wast© water and leakage from the canal. The permanent eipenditure 
 for salaries of secretary, toll-collectors, lock-keepers, and labourers is 
 about 810/. annually. The canal act not being in force during the years 
 1828 or 1835, no tolls were collected, and about 10,000/. was lost in 
 consequence to the provincial revenue. 
 
 SlaUment of revenues of the lochs at the Cascades^ Spit Rock^ and Co- 
 ieau du Lac, on the river St. Lo' -r: ?. from, ihe year 1827 to 1836. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Gross Rev- 
 enue receiv- 
 ed. 
 
 Repairs 
 
 and 
 Expenses. 
 
 Sett Reve- 
 nue. 
 
 No. 
 
 Durham 
 
 boats. 
 
 No. 
 Bat- 
 
 teaus 
 
 1827 
 1828 
 1829 
 1830 
 1631 
 1832 
 1833 
 1834 
 1835 
 
 2230 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 2089 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 1273 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 2627 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 2447 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2346 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3093 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 881 18 6 
 
 579 11 6| 
 
 253 15 3 
 
 777 19 8 
 
 341 6 6 
 
 932 3 ll| 
 
 75 15 1 
 
 1348 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 497 
 
 1519 
 
 5 
 
 iH 
 
 358 
 
 1010 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 
 1849 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 530 
 
 2106 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 371 
 
 1636 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 451 
 
 2218 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 612 
 
 254 
 
 403 
 
 712 
 837 
 817 
 864 
 
 The rail-road from St. Johns to Laprairie, distance 15 miles, now near- 
 ly complete, cost 34,800/. including what is necessary to finish the rail- 
 road, provide engines and cars, and erect station houses and wharves, 
 being at the rate of 567/. for graduation, masonry and bridges, per mile, 
 and 2,335/. per mile for the read complete, with one locomotive engine^ 
 four passenger cars, and twenty freight ditto. Of this amount, the 
 wharves at Laprairie and St. Johns cost about 2,800/. The road is ex- 
 pected to be open in July next. The work is reported to be executed in 
 the very best manner throughout the whole line. The cost per mile is 
 less than one-seventh of the cost of the Lachine canal per mile, and the 
 annual cost of maintaining the canal will, I suppose, be more than that of 
 the rail road, without taking into consideration the damage caused to the 
 lands that are intersected by tl\e canal, which in all cases where canals are 
 constructed, must be considerable, and in the instance of the Lachine ca- 
 nal has been particularly so, in proportion to its extent. 
 
 The Chambly canal is not yet finished. I find that an additional grant 
 has been voted this year by the house of assembly of 28,500/. to complete 
 the canal, and 9,400/. to remove obstructions in the river Richelieu, and 
 build a lock at St. Ours. This grant did not pass in the legislative 
 council. Hence the Chambly canal, and the improve.nent of the river 
 Richelieu, connected with that canal, will make the cost of opening the 
 navigation from St. Johns to the river St. Lawrence not much short of 
 100,000/. currency. It must prove a great convenience to the inhabi- 
 tants of that section of the country. It is probable that a large business 
 will be done on the canal in the lumber trade. 
 
 The Grenville canal, is a work that has bei»^n constructed at the expense 
 of the British government to open the iiavigation of the Grand or Ottawa 
 river from Lachine, nine miles from Montreal, to the point where the Ri- 
 drau canal is connected with the Ottawa at Hull or Bytown, about 123 
 
OS 
 
 inent eipendituro 
 , and labourers is 
 3 during the years 
 100/. was lost in 
 
 il Rock, and Co' 
 r 1827 to 1836. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 Durham 
 
 Bat- 
 
 boats. 
 
 teaus 
 
 497 
 
 254 
 
 358 
 
 403 
 
 630 
 
 712 
 
 371 
 
 837 
 
 451 
 
 817 
 
 612 
 
 864 
 
 5 miles, now near- 
 to finish the rail- 
 3es and wharves, 
 bridges, per mile, 
 Dcomotive engine^ 
 this amount, the 
 The road is ex- 
 to be executed in 
 le cost per mile is 
 per miie, and the 
 more than that of 
 age caused to the 
 s where canals are 
 of the Lachine ca- 
 
 in additional grant 
 ,500/. to complete 
 rer Richelieu, and 
 in the kgislative 
 3-nent of the river 
 )st of opening the 
 rot much short of 
 nee to the inhabi- 
 t a large business 
 
 ;ted at the expense 
 I Grand or Ottawa 
 oint where the Ri- 
 Jytown, about 123 
 
 mMes from Montreal The Grenville canal is well execoted, and has coat 
 the British government a large sum. In connection with the R.deau cana 
 it completes the navigation to Lake Ontario, and were the Welland canal 
 in an efficient state, the navigation would be open from Montreal lo Lake 
 
 P^'ioposED Internal Improvements.— The legislature of Upper- 
 Canada have voted a large sum of money for the improvement of the na- 
 vieation of the river St. Lawrence, where it is interrupted by rapids, trom 
 Cornwall to Prescott. The work is now far advanced towards comple- 
 tion. The river will then be navigable from the province line to Lake 
 Ontario for steamboats, and other vessels drawing nine feet water. 1 he 
 expense of improvement within the upper province is estimated to cost 
 over 300,000/. From Lachine to the province line, there are consider- 
 able obstructions in two or three places, wnich prevent steamboats from 
 plying through from Lachine to Cornwall. A survey has been made m 
 1831? and a report of the result laid before the provincial legislature ^ a 
 Mr. Wright, civil engineer, who makes two or three estimates. 1 he 
 first is for the improvement of the river, which he considers the best plan, 
 and amounts to 235,782/. The second estimate was for 325,000/., and 
 would be more inland by cutting a canal, and not be confined to the river. 
 The canal would require to be near 15 miles long. The third estimate 
 is by a different route, and would amount to a sum over 400,000/. Ihis 
 would truly be an improvement well worthy of these fine provinces, to 
 make the St. Lawrence navigable to Lake Ontario for steamers and other 
 large vessels. The navigation might be carried on through the Welland 
 canal into Lake Erie, and so on to Lake Huron. The Welland canal 
 is not I believe, in good repair, or in an efficient state at present, but may 
 be rendered so, and if not, the sum of 500,000/. already expended 
 upon it must be considered a " bad job" for the stock owners. 
 
 The improvement of Lake St. Peter by a steam-dredging machine, has 
 been provided for by the legislature. This lake is very shallow inmost 
 places, and requires to have a channel deepened for large vessels. I 
 understand it is a plan easy to accomplish, as the bottom is not rocky. 
 
 Ther J are plans before the legislature for the improvement of the Ya- 
 maska, St. Francis, and other rivers, that would, if carried into effect, 
 greatly facilitate intercourse to the remotest parts of the province, which 
 is now almost impracticable. There is one mode proposed of improving 
 the navigation of the Yamaska river, by constructing dams, and raising 
 the water over the rapids, on the same plan as the Rideau canal, which I 
 think would be very likely to cause much damage to the lands in the 
 neighbourhood of such dams, unless they are very peculiarly situated, 
 and the banks of the river considerably elevated. Lands that may not 
 now be considered of much value, in a few years hence will be very va- 
 luable, and obstructing the course of rivers in a flat country as Lower- 
 Canada is, will impede the discharge of waters, that are already too slow 
 in most places. A river that has now a considerable fall, and many ra- 
 pids, if the stream is dammed so as to raise the water over these rapids 
 .sufficiently deep for steam navigation, must surely have a great effect on 
 the river, and all streams which discharge into it, if the lands in the 
 neighbourhood be level, and not much higher than the river. Though 
 
 i 
 
54 
 
 the water in the river should not be raised so nmch as to overflow it;j 
 banks, it may notwithstanding be so impeded that the velocity of the 
 stream may be diminished one half or more, and perhaps equally impede 
 all the streams that discharge into it. These objections will not apply of 
 course to any river that is sufHciently below the level of the adjoining 
 lauds, that the construction of dams will not, or cannot obstruct the water 
 courses discharging from the lands. 
 
 Several plans of^ rail-roads have been submitted to the legislature this 
 session. One from Quebec to the province line, there to meet a rail- 
 road proposed to be constructed by the citizens of the United States from 
 that line to the city of Boston. This was highly approved of, and the 
 road will probably be commenced very soon. A second rail-road was 
 proposed from Quebec to St. Andrews, a sea port in New-Brunswick, 
 situated on the bay of Fundy, which is open, I believe, for navigation at 
 all seasons of the year. This road would be of great advantage to the 
 British provinces, would facilitate intercourse, and would render what is 
 now a tedious and expensive journey from Canada to New-Brunswick, 
 and Nova Scotia, easy, expeditious and cheap, and would give the people 
 of Canada access loan open seaport at all seasons of the year. The 
 provincial legislature have received these propositions very favourably, 
 and it is probable this line of rail-road will be constructed in a short time. 
 Petitions to the legislature from individuals to grant them the privilege of 
 constructing rail-roads from iunds to be subscribed by joint stock com- 
 panies for that purpose, have, from some informality 1 believe, not been 
 granted this session, but most likely will the next session. 
 
 The estimated expense of erecting a bridge from the lower end of the 
 island of Montreal to the main land, was laid before the legislature in 
 1834. The estimate was 37,568/. which I think was suffiqient. A 
 bridge in the situation proposed, would be a very great benefit to the po- 
 pulation on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and to a large portion of 
 the community, as the line of road is one much travelled on. 
 
 For several years past, the greatest part of the revenue raised in Low- 
 er-Canada, has been applied to public improvement, and the support of 
 education. In 1832, out of a revenue of 164,000/. about 118,000/. >vas 
 voted for education, canals, roads, new gaol at Montreal (which cost 20,- 
 000/.) and other improvements. The present session, almost all the mo- 
 ney granted has been for public improvements. I shall endeavor to give 
 a statement of the appropriations made if I can obtain the necessary do- 
 cuments in time. 
 
 Exports and Imports at Quebec. — I shall now endeavor to show 
 the progress of the trade of Canada for the last few years, and what the 
 annual amount of tonnage arriving in Quebec was at various periods, 
 from 1800 to the year 1835. I am sorry the value of the exports will 
 not show so great an increase as might be expected, or proportioned to 
 the vast increase of shipping. 
 
IS to overflow ita 
 velocity of the 
 3 equally impede 
 will not apply of 
 of the adjoining 
 ^struct the water 
 
 e legislature this 
 3 to meet a rail- 
 lited States from 
 oved of, and the 
 nd rail-road was 
 '«}^ew-Brunswick, 
 for navigation at 
 advantage to the 
 d render what is 
 Vew-Brunswick, 
 I give the people 
 ' the year. The 
 very favourably, 
 i in a short time. 
 a the privilege of 
 joint stock com- 
 )elieve, not been 
 I. 
 
 lower end of the 
 [he legislature in 
 s sufficient. A 
 lenefit to the po- 
 L large portion of 
 i on. 
 
 e raised in Low- 
 i the support of 
 It 118,000/. was 
 (which cost 20,- 
 most all the mo- 
 endeavor to give 
 le necessary do- 
 
 55 
 
 Principal exports from Canada from tho year 1830 to 1835. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1831. 
 
 Whrat, 
 Flour, 
 Ashes, Pearl 
 
 Pot 
 Beef 
 
 Po. rounds ) 
 & tonsues J 
 Pork " 
 Butter 
 Coil Fish 
 Salmon 
 Furs and 
 Pelletries, 
 IVo. Skins 
 Staves, 
 standard 
 hhds. and i 
 bis. S 
 
 Oak 
 Pine 
 
 Elm, ash, ) 
 niapic &c. S 
 Masts and ) 
 spars s 
 Deals, S 
 boards, & \ 
 planks ) 
 
 Estimated J 
 value of > 
 Exports ) 
 
 5901(11 
 
 132'>270 
 
 71749 
 
 8iotia 
 
 50917 
 
 19747 
 
 J 34606 
 
 30512 
 
 4393 
 
 5415 
 
 68675 
 
 11800 
 
 1522159 
 
 77441 
 
 360 
 
 77334 
 
 5376548 
 
 1.3213 
 160919 
 
 1816714 
 
 42539 
 
 6461 
 
 3502(j 
 
 45367 
 
 698 
 
 4111786 
 
 18654 
 194408 
 
 13920 
 2420 
 
 1862239 
 
 Ll,555,403 LI, 195,512 
 
 1832. 1 
 
 1333. 
 
 1834. 
 
 1835. 
 
 
 6572 HI 
 
 51058 
 
 13934 
 
 26344 
 
 5125 
 
 175900 
 !,'2393 
 1 3280 
 22499 
 
 62:»8 
 
 413000 
 
 79651 
 
 1042) 
 
 16620 
 
 3300 
 
 67400 
 87000 
 
 6095 
 2;;(M5 
 
 3131 
 
 Miiiots. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Dilto. 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 21520 
 
 15810 
 
 18887 
 
 1270C 
 
 No. 
 
 8187 
 
 15700 
 
 24404 
 
 591 
 
 11163 
 
 16382 
 
 5760 
 
 750 
 
 16418 
 
 2H93(i 
 
 5601 
 
 400 
 
 72)0 
 
 64607 
 
 699('2 
 
 7)0 
 
 Barrels. 
 Lbs. 
 Cwts. 
 Barrels. 
 
 165831 
 
 75012 
 
 35653 
 
 85656 
 
 No. of) 
 skins { 
 
 7680442 
 
 4550942 
 
 6551907 
 
 5977606 
 
 No. 
 
 20804 
 194376 
 
 20084 
 178679 
 
 23125 
 
 298778 
 
 19835 
 30(i62;) 
 
 Tons. 
 Do. 
 
 20995 
 
 16590 
 
 22104 
 
 21566 
 
 Do. 
 
 2595 
 
 8761 
 
 8880 
 
 3400 
 
 No. 
 
 1863488 
 
 2048868 
 
 2247623 
 
 2370158 
 
 Do. 
 
 LI ,027,303 
 
 LI, 095,673 
 
 LI, 166,860 
 
 LI ,037,278 
 
 
 The above estimate includes the principal exports at Gaspe and New 
 Carlisle, for the last two years. There are several articles of lumber 
 and other produce that are not enumerated in the above, but are included 
 in the value of exports. Some other kinds of grain was exported, but 
 did not exceed for the six years more than 200,000 minots. The Ihiee 
 last years the wheat crop was considerably injured in Lower-Canada, 
 last year particularly, and partially in the tipper Province. In Upper- 
 Canada they found a better market in the United States last year for their 
 wheat, than sending it to Montreal or Quebec for sale or export. 
 
 It is right to observe that the amount of imports and exports at Que- 
 bec, includes the portion which belongs to the Upperlrrovince, and is es- 
 timated at one third of the whole, arid the revenue collected oil the im- 
 ports at Quebec is divided with the Upper Province in that proportion. 
 
 ndeavor to show 
 
 rs, and what the 
 
 various periods, 
 
 the exports will 
 
 f proportioned to 
 
CO 
 
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 rrinclpal Imports at Quebec, JMontieal, Gaspc, and JVew Cavlislcfor 
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 2J58(;(; 
 
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 mi. 
 
 M«ircliandize "] 
 jiaviniT 24 por [ 
 cent, and free f 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 €811403 
 
 1183:135 
 
 1317950 
 
 1327300 
 
 1429357 
 
 957v»0(' 
 
 1457784 
 
 
 ( itiod^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eniiijranls arriv 
 fd at Ciuel)ec' 
 
 159 1-, 
 
 QS075 
 
 49251) 
 
 51422 
 
 22902 
 
 30219 
 
 11780 
 
 
 Of tlie ahovo me 
 
 rchundizf 
 
 and uthci 
 
 goods, w 
 
 as nnpor 
 
 ted at 
 
 
 
 
 Montreal th 
 
 two last 
 
 yoars, inc 
 
 ludin^ til 
 
 (! (Ktiinatf 
 
 'd v;il'i( 
 
 
 
 
 of Uie g oJs 
 
 that were 
 
 not the jir 
 
 oduceor n 
 
 wnufucture of the 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 I'rilish [sirs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 001701 
 
 1100294 
 
 ::z=3 
 
 I have included in the above table the imports at Gaspe and New-Car- 
 lisle, for the last two years, also, the value of the free goods for the same 
 period is included with the merchandize paying 2| per cent, my object 
 being to shew the total value of imports into Canada. 
 
 The following table will sheiv the amount of Tonnage arriving at Quebec, 
 in several years from 1800 to 18C5 : 
 
 Years. 
 
 1800 
 
 1S06 1S07 1808 1810 
 
 1820 
 
 1830 1835 
 
 Tonnage, 
 Inwfirds 
 
 14293 
 
 33996 
 
 42293 
 
 70275 
 
 143893 
 
 149661 
 
 252005 342744 
 
 The amount of tonnage increased from 1800 (o 1835, twenty-Jour fold. 
 I believe I am correct in supposing that no port in the world has had so 
 great an increase in her shipping in the same period as Quebec. It can- 
 not be expected thai it will go on increasing in the same proportion, yet, 
 if the country improves as it is capable of improving, the tonnage may 
 still be augmented to a great extent. When it is considered that there 
 
 s 
 
58 
 
 is only ono ficnporl (o n country of Kiich rast extent, it is scarcely pos- 
 sible to (conjecture what the eonnneiee uiul bhippiiig may uniount to ut 
 the port of (^uubec. Home years licnce. 
 
 In the above table 1 did not include the imports at St. Johns from the 
 United Stat<!S. In 1832, the imports were 140,807/. and exj)orts 8197/. 
 In 1833, imports 104,500/., ex|)orts 20,500/. Of the imports in 1832, 
 more than 100,000/. was agricultural produce, and in 1833, more than 
 80,000/. ; and, however extraordinary it may appear, all I believe was rc- 
 (piired for consumption in Canada. 1 do not know the amount of imports 
 and « xports at St. Johns the last two years. I am not aware of the ex- 
 act value of the goods enumerated in the above table that are not the pro- 
 duce of the British Isles, but including the imports at St. Johns, I should 
 imagine that in 1835, the imports into Canada weie about 2,000,000/. 
 sterling, aiul the exports not much over half that amount, or 1,000,000/. 
 sterling, according to their estimated value at Quebec. 
 
 This exported produce from Canada consdHited the freight of 12G6 
 ships, which carried 540,254 tons ; and the charge for the freight of this 
 produce to its destined ports, in Britain and other places, added to the 
 Quebec value, would, 1 believe, increase that value to double what it 
 was estimated at Quebec. "Were the shipping so employed, the pro- 
 perty of (>anadian merchants, this freight would make the value of the 
 exported produce to the people of Canada, nearly equal to the imports 
 of the produce and manufactmes of other countries into Canada ; but as 
 the fact is otherwise, and that the merchants of Canada are not ship own- 
 ers to any great extent, the balance by which the imports exceed the 
 exports, must be paid from other sources ; and I cannot see from what 
 funds the balance can be paid, except from capital constantly brought 
 into Canada by emigrants, the expenditure of the British government for 
 the payment of the troops, &c. in Canada, and the income of those who 
 derive them from the British Isles, by military half-pay, or property there. 
 It can be only from such funds the balance is paid. Canada has not 
 mines of the prcciouti metals, and she certainly does not sell much to fo- 
 reign customers, except what she exports at Quebec. 
 
 I would wish particularly to direct the attention of the reader fo tho 
 foregoing table, from which it appears that almost all the ships which 
 depart from Quebec are freighted with wood or lumber, the natural pro- 
 duce of the country, not the direct produce of agriculture. It is true that 
 part of the produce of agriculture is consumed in preparing the wood and 
 lumber, and transporting it to Quebec for shipment, and that another part 
 of the produce is sold to those who bring capital to the country, and be- 
 come settlers in the forest, and for the supply of the military, &c. &c. 
 Hence the agricultural produce may still be considered to furnish indi- 
 rectly the chief means of paying for the imports. But I would observe 
 that by not having more produce to dispose of, Canada loses in a great 
 measure the advantage of the capital brought into the country, and it is 
 scarcely ever employed after it is once paid away by those who bring it 
 here, until it is again returned to the British Isles. If the cultivated 
 lands were all producing as abundantly as they might, and ought to be, 
 the farmers would be able to supply all the home demands, and have a sur- 
 plus for exnort fully sutTicient to 'lav the balance of the imports without 
 
is 5if arcf'ly pos- 
 ny uinouiit to ut 
 
 Johns from the 
 d t'.\j)orl.s 8197/. 
 imports in 1832, 
 1833, niort! than 
 I believe was ic- 
 luoiint ofiinporla 
 awiiic ot' the t'X- 
 nie not the pro- 
 Johns, I should 
 bout 2,000,0U0/. 
 if, or 1,000,000/. 
 
 freijrht of 12G6 
 lie frci«{ht of this 
 :>s, added to tho 
 
 double what it 
 ployed, the pro- 
 liie value of tho 
 d to the imports 
 Canada ; but as 
 ire not ship own- 
 orts exceed the 
 it see from what 
 instantly broujjht 
 
 government for 
 
 me of those who 
 
 )r property there. 
 
 Canada has not 
 
 sell much to fo- 
 
 be reader to the 
 
 the ships which 
 
 the natural pro- 
 
 . It is true that 
 
 ng the wood and 
 
 that another part 
 
 country, and be- 
 
 ilitary, &c. &c. 
 
 to furnish indi- 
 
 1 would observe 
 loses in a great 
 
 ountry, and it is 
 lose who bring it 
 f the cultivated 
 and ought to be, 
 , and have a sur- 
 imports, without 
 
 50 
 
 sending back tho money brought into tho country directly, bctore it was 
 a second time employed advantiigcously in Canada. I have no hesita- 
 tion in saying that were the lands now occupied in Upper and I.ower 
 Canada managed properly, and judiciously, they woidd yi<'ld (i\rept in 
 very adverse seasons) a surplus produce to 5ell to foreign customer.-*, 
 more than sulTicient to pay tlu^ bahincc ot the imports, after abundantly 
 supplying all the dcmands'of the present population for food. It is pos- 
 sible that a greatly increased influx of strangers to Canada, might at a fu- 
 ture time, prevent tho possibility of exporting constantly as nuidi of the 
 produce of agriculture as would fully pay the balance of the imports that 
 might bo required for the use of a greatly increased population, as emi- 
 grants could not, for the first few years, produce much for themselves ; 
 but the increaae has never yet been so groat that tho exports might not 
 have been equal to the imports, if the ag ioutural produce had been any 
 thing near what it was possible to make it. 
 
 It may bo useful to examine this question further. It is tho general 
 opinion of political economists that a thriving country is capable of sup- 
 porting in its towns a population equal to that of tlu; country employed in 
 husbandry, though the soil should be of inferior quality. The present 
 state of England is a proof that this opinion is perfectly correct. The 
 quantity of cultivatable land in England and Ireland is not greatly over 
 two acres for each soul ; and in Canada, there is at least four acres in 
 cultivation, or that has been cultivated, for each of the present popula- 
 tion, besides the advantageous use made of tho wooded and waste land ; 
 and I am convinced that by including the whole of the cultivated lands of 
 Canada, they arc not less fertile than the cultivated and pastured lands of 
 the British Isles, on an average. The inhabitants in tho towns and vil- 
 lages of Canada, do not amount to a seventh of the whole population, 
 yet under all those circumstances, the country has not furnished for tho 
 last eighteen years that I have been in Canada, more agricultural pro- 
 duce than was required for tho food of its inhabitants, taking into consi- 
 deration the largo quantities of cattle, butchers' moat, butter, cheese, and 
 flour that have been constantly imported from the United States, both into 
 Upper and liower Canada, during all that time. 
 
 I will admit that Canada may, and is, prospering, notwithstanding her 
 imports so much exceed her exports, and that she may go on increasing 
 in population and wealth, her commerce continuing to show the same re- 
 sults as at present, while she receives an accession of population, and ca- 
 pital annually from abroad, that is employed in the cultivation and im ' 
 provement of her waste lands. But lot ths accession of capital coming 
 into the country be discontinued, and she must then sell produce to cus- 
 tomers out of Canada, to the same amount of hor imports, or the im- 
 ports will soon be reduced to the amount of her exports, because if the. o 
 was a balance over it could not be paid. It is not the merchants who a'o 
 to blame for bringing more produce and manutactures into the country 
 than is exported of produce from tho country, nor is it for tho accommo- 
 dation of the merchant, that those goods, when imported, will be purchas- 
 ed, but because the people want them. The merchant would find it 
 much more profitable to export prodiiee, in nnymont to other countries 
 from which he receives his imports, than gold or bills of exchange, that 
 
 8* 
 
-~1 i 
 
 60 
 
 are always at a high premium. If he had produce to export, he would 
 have a profit on that produce, perhaps equal to that on his imports. On 
 remitting gold or bills, he cannot have profit. It must, therefore, mani- 
 festly be tlie interest of all parties, that the produce of Canada should be 
 exported or sold to customers out of Canada, to nearly the full amount of 
 the imports from other countries. The exports of England exceed her 
 imports by more than a third, besides the profit of currying almost exclu- 
 sively to their destination, upwards of 70,000,000/. sterling worth of her 
 produce and manufactures, which must add immensely to their value. 
 
 I may be too sanguine in my opinions of the natural capabilities of Ca- 
 nada for production. I acknowledge that I cannot see any thing in the 
 circumstances of the country, geographical or physical, that should pre- 
 vent it fiom becoming populous and productive, as any part of NorthAme- 
 rica, or as most countries of Europe. Though the winter may continue 
 four or five months in the year, and so severe, as to cover the whole sur- 
 face of the land Mith snow, and the mighty rivers and waters of Canada 
 whh ice, so far am I from thinking this circumstance prejudicial, that I 
 look upon it as being ordered so by a bountiful Providence for the good 
 of the country, and the convenience of those who in!.abit it, and who could 
 not otherwise make so profit ib'e a use of it. If it is cold in winter, there is 
 abundance of fuel on the spot, to keep the people warm and comfortable. 
 What use would the majestic forests of fine timber be, that are so much 
 wanted in other countries, and which now constitute almost the only ex- 
 ports, if there was no: snow and ice in winter, that allows this timber to 
 be prepared, and brought to situations where the waters will be naviga- 
 ble in summer, to be exported lo those countries, which will give in ex- 
 change the goods that are required by the population of Canada ? Were 
 the winters soft and open as in England, the forests would be useless ; 
 indeed it would be scarcely possible to get firewood from them. Good 
 roads, in a country of such vast extent, to accommodate all, are inipracti- 
 cable to a thin population, and until the country is more thickly settled, 
 it is fortunate that the climate is sufliciently cold in winter, to make roads 
 nearly equal to rail-roads, without any expense. The summer seasons 
 on an average of years, are more favourable for agricultural production 
 and for harvesting the produce, than in most countries of Europe, or the 
 United States ; and it is a well established fact, that the winters, howe- 
 ver severe, are not injurious to the health of plants or animals. 
 
 By a reference to the price of provender for cattle, for the last ten years 
 in the principal markets of Canada, it will be found that in seven years 
 out often, the best hay has been selling from 1/. to 2/. per ton, a convinc- 
 ing proof to me that the productiveness of the land in summer is sufli- 
 ciently gr)at, amply to supply the wants of a long and severe winter, with 
 any farmer who understands his business, and will practice what he 
 knows, and those who may not understand or wiL .^ot practice a proper 
 system of husbandry, cannot justly attribute unprofitable farming to tho 
 climate, so far as I am capable of judging of it. 
 
 With the human species, colds and consumptions are much more pre- 
 valent in the British Isles than in British America, and I believe the latter 
 country is more healthy at all seasons than the United States. The fo- 
 reign commerce of Canada, though confined in a great measure to tho 
 
 
 '^^W\_ . 
 
61 
 
 to export, he would 
 1 his imports. On 
 it, there tore, mani- 
 ' Canada should be 
 ' the full amount of 
 England exceed her 
 ying almost exclu- 
 jrling worth of her 
 / to their value, 
 capabilities of Ca- 
 ee any thing in the 
 i, that should pre- 
 part of NorthAme- 
 inter may continue 
 ver the whole sur- 
 waters of Canada 
 
 prejudicial, that I 
 lence for the good 
 tit, and who could 
 I in winter, there is 
 1 and comfortable. 
 , that are so much 
 Imost the only ex- 
 ows this timber to 
 ;rs will be naviga- 
 ch will give in ex- 
 r Canada ? Were 
 ould be useless ; 
 01,1 them. Good 
 J all, are impracti- 
 jre thickly settled, 
 tor, to make roads 
 i summer seasons 
 iltural production 
 of Europe, or the 
 lie winters, howc- 
 limals. 
 
 • the last ten years 
 at in seven years 
 erton, aconvinc- 
 
 summer is sufli- 
 Bvere winter, with 
 practice what he 
 practice a proper 
 jle farming to the 
 
 ; much more pre- 
 believe the latter 
 States. The fo- 
 t measure to tho 
 
 summer season, is sufficient for every purpose, and most suitable to the 
 circumstances of the country, as time and winter roads are required to 
 collect the produce to navigable waters and seaports. It is not the severi- 
 the winters that would prevent the coimtry from producing sufficiently to 
 afford a surplus produce for export, that would equal the imports. It 
 may prevent Canada from possessing large fleets of merchant ships, but 
 perhaps that has no unfavourable influence, connected as she is with 
 England, who has numerous fleets and open ports at all seasons. The 
 limited capital in Canada may be better and more profitably employed in 
 rendering productive what is now unproductive, than invested in ships, 
 that should lie idle several months in the year, either in her own ports or 
 in others. 
 
 My views of this subject may be unsatisfactory to some. I would not 
 presume to meddle with commercial affairs, if I did not feel convinced that 
 they are intimately connected at present, with the prosperity of the agricul- 
 tural class in British America. And a principal object of this work, is, to 
 endeavor to persuade that class how much it will be for their interest to 
 augment as much as possible the produce of agriculture, to afford them a 
 sufficient surplus to export from British America, an equal amount in va- 
 lue, as the people of British America may require to import for their use 
 of the produce of other countries. I shall have occasion to discuss this 
 subject more at large, when treating of the intercourse of British Ameri- 
 ca with o'.her countries. I could not forego the opportunity that present- 
 ed itself to offer some remarks here. 
 
 Population oj Loucr-Canada at different periods from 1676 to 1836, 
 inculsive. 
 
 Years. 
 
 167011688 
 
 1700 
 
 1706 1714 
 
 1759 
 
 1784 
 
 1825 
 
 1831 
 
 1836 
 
 8415:11249 
 
 15000 
 
 20000 
 
 I6G04 
 
 65000 
 
 113000 
 
 450000 
 
 512000 
 
 GOOOOO 
 
 The above table shows an increase in the population from 1784 to 
 1836, a period of 51 years, of nearly six fold. This much exceeds the 
 proportion of increase in the United States. It is doubling in 20 years, 
 and probably at the expiration of this 20 years, or in 1844, it will be 
 much more than doubled. Within the last seven years 210,000 emigrants 
 arrived at Quebec. 
 
 I intended to give insertion here to a table showing the births, mar- 
 riages, and burials in Lower-Canada for the last seven years ; as it was 
 chiefly from these returns I estimated the present population. I have not 
 yet been able to prepare them as perfectly as would be desirable, but 
 shall give thein in another place. In the three years previous to 1832, 
 the births were about double the number of burials. In 1832, the firstyear 
 of the cholera, the births were 24781, and the burials 22034 ; but of the 
 latter, many were emigrants. The year 1833, the number of births were 
 25400, and the burials only 10840, making a difference of five to two. 
 For 1834 and 1835, I have not returns from all parts of the province ; 
 I am convinced, however, that the fcllowing estimate is rather under than 
 over the present population ofliOwer-Canada. I expect I shall also havo 
 it in my power to give the statistics of crime, for the last few years. 
 
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 senitoProv. 
 
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 Supposed 
 Population 
 1830. 
 
 ^ o o r:^- o 
 
 111 
 
 Population 
 accordinor to 
 the Census 
 of 1831. 
 
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 In Mr. Bouchcltc's tables he includes the whole superficial extent in 
 square miles of the Isle au Coudre, Anticosti and Saguenay, in the area 
 of Lower-Canada. I have left out of my tables Anticosti, and most part 
 of Sajrueuay, or 64,000 square miles, equal to about 41,000,000 acres, 
 and have only included 10,000 square miles of the county of Saguenay, 
 fronting on the St. Lawrence, the river Saguenay, Lake St. John, and 
 such portions of land within the county as may one time or other, be pro- 
 fitably occupied. It is (juite unnecessary for my purpose to include 
 lands that are not ccrtairdy, under present circumstances, suitable for set- 
 tlement, and that will not be settled until many millions of acres are cul- 
 tivated, that are now waste. There is probably abundance of land north 
 of the boundary of the territory included in my tables, that at a future pe- 
 riod may be found capable of being profitably occupied. This boundary 
 does not extend north of 48| degrees, and surely west of Quebec, that is 
 not too far north for agriculture. 
 
 I do not know the extent of seigniories and fiefs in the district of Gas- 
 po, and Magdalen Islands, but should suppose that added to the quantity 
 of land which appears in the tables to be comprised in the seigniories 
 and fiefs, it would make the whole about 7,600,000 acres, or about 9,000- 
 000 arpents, exclusive of the Island of Anticosti, whice I have left cut 
 altogether. The surveyed and projected town.'-hips, 160 in number, 
 contains 7,720,736 acres, or 9,000,000 arpeits, m king a total of 1 6,- 
 221,000 acres, or 18,300,000 arpents, of which not over one-half ap- 
 pears to be conceded, and not one-seventh cultivated. The waste lands 
 of the crown included in my tables are 76,600,000 acres, or near 92,000- 
 
 000 arpents. Hence the unconceded land is about 85,000,000 acres, 
 and added to the occupied land that is yet uncultivated, it will make over 
 90,000,000 acres, or about 11 0,000,000 arpents of wild land yet in Low- 
 er-Canada, and about 113,000,000 arpents altogether within the bounds 
 that has a climate which will admit of the land being profitably occupied 
 by the skilful husbandman. 
 
 I am confident that in this vast territory there is not any thing near the 
 quantity of barren or uncultivatable land that is to be found in the British 
 Isles, in proportion to their extent. Perfect draining is the chief requi- 
 site to insure their profitable occupation for stock and suitable crops. 
 There is scarcely any land in Lower-Canada naturally so barren as Bag- 
 shot heath, in England, yet there has been much of this heath cultivated, 
 and now produces good crops. There is doubtless much of Lower-Ca- 
 nada that is unfit to produce good wheat, but other crops will be suffi- 
 ciently profitable to pay the farmer for their cultivation, and are certain- 
 ly more suitable to rauch of the climate of Lower-Canada than wheat. 
 
 1 cannot believe that any lands producing naturally large forest trees, can 
 be unfit for cultivation, and some parts of the country where the trees are 
 not large, it may be in consequence of superabundant water, and not the 
 inferior quality of the soil. If the soil be so very stony as to jnevent cul- 
 tivation, it will not produce large trees. I have cultivated some of the 
 lightest and most sandy soil I have seen, and which, in its natural state 
 after the wood was cut off", produced scarcely any thing but wild straw- 
 berries (a sure indication of light soil) and I raised good crops of every 
 grain but wheat, and excellent crops o( hay on this land. 
 
 •I! .■ 
 
)erficial extent in 
 uenay, in the area 
 )sti, and most part 
 11,000,000 acres, 
 unty of Saguenay, 
 ike St. Joiin, and 
 e or other, be pro- 
 irpose to include 
 s, suitable for set- 
 of acres are cul- 
 ance of land north 
 [hat at a future pc- 
 I. This boundary 
 of Quebec, that is 
 
 he district of Gas- 
 ded to the (luantily 
 in the seigniories 
 ;s, or about 9,000- 
 lice I have left cut 
 , 160 in number, 
 ing a total of 16,- 
 over one-half ap- 
 The waste lands 
 s, or near 92,000- 
 35,000,000 acres, 
 , it will make over 
 I land yet in Low- 
 within the bounds 
 trolitably occupied 
 
 any thing near the 
 Dund in the British 
 
 is the chief requi- 
 id suitable crops, 
 so barren as Bag- 
 is heath cultivated, 
 luch of Lower- Ca- 
 3rops will be suffi- 
 n, and are certain- 
 anada than wheat. 
 ;;e forest trees, can 
 kvhere tho trees are 
 water, and not the 
 
 as to jnevent cul- 
 vutcd sonic of the 
 in its natural state 
 ng but wild straw- 
 ood crops of every 
 d. 
 
 ()e5 
 
 In the foregoing table I have estimated the increase of the population 
 at 160 to 1000 on the returns by the census of ISHl. This would be only 
 doubling the population in 30 years, thougl. I have been able to show, in 
 another place, that the increase since 1784, has been fully equal to doub- 
 ling in 20 years, and I think at the expiration of the third period of 20 
 years from 1 784, it will be again doubled, if no extraordinary check to 
 j)opulation should occur. 1 have not allowed the same rate of increase 
 for tile counties of Montreal and Quebec, as for the other counties, as 
 the ravages of the cholera in 1832 and 1834 didnotallow much increase, 
 in those counties, in either year. I believe, however, that my esti- 
 mate will not be found overrated, when the next census is made. For the 
 counties of Drummond, Stanstead, Sheflbrd, Sherbrooke, JMissisquoi, 
 Beauliarnois, Ottawa, Two-Mountains and Megantic, I have estimated 
 a larger increase, as it was in these counties chiefly tliat emigrants who 
 remained in the province have settled. The males over 14 and under 18, 
 and over 18 and under 60 yoars of age, I have estniiated in the same pro- 
 portion to the whole population, as they appeared to bear by the last cen- 
 Ku.^. The males over 18 and under 60, being subject to serve in the 
 militia, would, without any exemptions, be about 130,000 ; and the males 
 over 14 and under 18, would be 22,000, which gives 152,000 males ca- 
 pable of lal)our, and of being j)rodnctive consumers. 
 
 I have included in my tables the immoveable property at Quebec, 
 Montreal, Isle auxNoix,the Grenville canal, and the locks at the Cedars 
 and Split Rock, which belong to the British government, and which in- 
 cludes the fortitications at these places. I could not pretend to esti- 
 mate the value correctly, but when I state what that estimate amounted 
 to, if my valuation be inaccurate, it will not be of material consequence. 
 The value I put upon this property was two millions five hundred thou- 
 sand pounds. This valuation may be much lower than it ought to be. I 
 am sure it is not overrated. 
 
 In proportion to the cuKivated land, I find that the amount of human 
 power applicable to agriculture is equal, if not greater, in Canada, than in 
 England ; and I believe the animal riower is also greater. A greater 
 power is certainly necessary in the working season in Canada than in 
 England, because there is generally five months that the plough and 
 spade cannot be employed. This would appear to an English farmer to 
 have a very injiuious effect on agriculture, but such is not the flict. The 
 agricultural class have employment in the winter season, and the produce 
 of their labour in that season, in domestic manufactures, fire-wood, wood 
 for exportation, &c. makes i:o inconsiderable portion of the annual pro- 
 duce created. The clearing of new land, providing fence wood, &c. may 
 also be done in the winter. The feeding of stock might be greatly in- 
 creased, and would give profitable employment in that season. Taking out 
 mnnire from the farm yards to the fields where it will be required in 
 spring, would greatly facilitate the spring work, and it will be much more 
 easy to carry out manure on the winter roads of snow or ice, than wade 
 through mud in doing so in the spring. Hence industry can make even 
 the winter profitable. 
 
 The following tables I have taken some trouble to make as accurate as 
 possible. I believe Ihey are as nearlv so as it is neressarv for them to be 
 
 
 
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 Total va- 
 lue ofim- 
 movabla 
 property. 
 
 37800000/. 
 To w hich 
 add for 
 moveable 
 prop-r ly 
 17000000, 
 and estim- 
 ate for the 
 value of » 
 timber for 
 exporta- 
 tion. 
 
 3200000/. 
 the whole 
 will' be 
 
 
 Manufac- 
 tories, 
 Stores, 
 Mines, & 
 Quarries. 
 
 COOOOO/. 
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 niiich too 
 low, but it 
 will de- 
 pend on 
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 mines and 
 quarries 
 
 
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 roads, ca- 
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 2000000/. 
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 be a high 
 value, but 
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 that more 
 has been 
 expended 
 on these 
 works 
 
 
 Churches. 
 Public 
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 Foniticii- 
 tions, &.C. 
 
 2=00000/. 
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 they must 
 amount tu 
 this esti 
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 but not 
 ciiltiva- 
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 g5 8 
 
 w< re ^ 
 
 
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 and oth- 
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 100.000 
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 20/.each 
 liOOOOOa/ 
 
 I be- 
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 amount 
 fully e- 
 lua'l to 
 tiie a- 
 !)o\e, 
 hough 
 ihe num- 
 ber of 
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 From the foregoing Uibles it would appear that the total amount of pro- 
 duce anmiully and directly created by agriculture, and the labour of those 
 cliieHy employed in husbandry, and including half the value offish, which 
 IS tair proportion of their share, is - - JB6,030,000 
 Allow for seed annually sown and planted, - 130,000 
 
 , . 5,900,000 
 
 A large proportion of Canadian manufacturers be- 
 long to the agricultural class, who generally manufac-. 
 ture their own woollen and linen cloth, and make their 
 own clothes, sugar, soap, candles, part of their leather, 
 agricultural implements, much of their harness, furni- 
 ture, &c. They in fact manufacture all the wool of 
 their sheep, and the flax they grow, and therefore the 
 ralue of these articles of raw produce, must be includ- 
 ed in the proportion to be put to their credit of the 
 domestic manufactures of Canada. I think I may set 
 down their share very fairly at - - - 
 
 c£2,300,000 
 
 Total amount annually created by agriculture and the 
 labour of those chiefly employed in husbandry, 
 
 Amount annually created by commerce, profes- 
 sions, and the employment of all those not employed 
 m agriculture, I include in this o£^700,000, of the pro- 
 duce of Canadian manufactures, and .t 100,000 as half 
 the value of fish, 
 
 ^8,200,000 
 
 ^'2,800,000 
 
 Total amount annually created in Lower-Canada, 
 from every source enumerated in the foregoing table, Xl 1,000 000 
 
 I estimate the present popidafion at 600,000 souls, and includinfr fbod, 
 drink, luxuries, clothes, firewood, and all other necessary persoiml ex- 
 penses, I suppose the average annual amotuit expended for each person 
 would be about 15/. or 60 dollars. This will make 9,000,000/., whi^ch de- 
 ducted from the amount annually created, as above stated, will leave a 
 balance of 2,000,000/. to accumulate as capital, or be expended in im- 
 provements. Of this balance I have estimated that 760,000/. is annually 
 expended by agriculturists in the increase of stock, or improvement of 
 .and. 1 he greater part of the remainder belongs to the class not acrricul. 
 tural, to be employed for extending commerce, and in improvements in 
 cities and towns. 
 
 It will be manifest to the reader acquainted with Lower-Canada, that 
 15/. would not be the full amount of the annual expenditure of each indi- 
 vidual of the class not agricultural ; but for the agricultural class, this 
 sum IS at present more than the expenditure of each person, on an aver- 
 age, and for the entire population 1 believe it to be as correct an estimate 
 as can well be made. In no other country that I know, or have read of 
 can the same comforts and enjoyments, that the people generally possess 
 here, be had for the same amount annually that 1 have estimated The 
 poorest person resident in this country for any time, is scarcely over seen 
 to go the shortest journey, on l)usiness or pleasure, on foot. " They use 
 
69 
 
 amount of pro- 
 labour of those 
 c of iish, which 
 tO,000 
 0,000 
 5,900,000 
 
 £2,300,000 
 
 £8,200,000 
 
 £2,800,000 
 
 £11,000,000 
 fichiding food, 
 
 persoiml cx- 
 V each j)(?rson 
 0/., wliich de- 
 d, will leave a 
 pended in im- 
 0/. is annually 
 iprovenient of 
 3s not agricul- 
 novements in 
 
 -Canada, that 
 ! of each indi- 
 iral class!, this 
 )» on an aver- 
 3t an estimate 
 have read of, 
 srally |)os!sess 
 mated. The 
 ;cly ever seen 
 t. They usG 
 
 bread made of the flour of wheat, almost exclusively ; they use animal 
 food constantly, und are generally comfortably lodged und clothed. 
 According to the statistics of Paris, the expenditure of each jierson is 
 40/. b.s. annually, but of this sum 9/. is paid in tuxes and house rent, and 
 there are many other items of expense, which make a large total i'rom 
 which our population are exempt. Each person in Paris is supposed to 
 consume SO pounds of flesh meat in the year. A city population will always 
 expend more than a country one, of which ours is chiefly composed. 
 I have no means at this moment to ascertain the annual expenditure of 
 the English population, nor do 1 think it necessary for this work. In 1830, 
 the quantity of butcher's meat consumed in London by each person on 
 an average was about 180 pounds, which at 6d. the pound (about double 
 what it is in Canada) would be 4/. 10s. In Brussels, 89 pounds of meat 
 is supposed to be the average consumption of each person. I do not 
 think that the quantity of flesh meat consumed in Lower-Canada by each 
 mouth, is equal to that in London, but I believe it to be much over what 
 is allotted to each individual in Paris or Brussels. 
 
 I have taken some trouble to discover what is the piobable expenditure 
 of the population of Lower-Canada in rum, gin, whiskey, brandy, wine, 
 and beer, and I believe it to be, as nearly as I can estimate, from 400,- 
 000/. to 500,000/. anmially, and from a gieat part of these articles being 
 consumed in taverns, where the price is considerably enhanced to those 
 who buy it in these places, I have little doubt but the latter amount is 
 the most correct, and if so, it will be equal to 13s. 4tL to 15o^ of the an- 
 nual expenditure of each person. By the statistical tables of 1831, and 
 allowing for the probable increase, there are in the district of IVIontreal 
 about 680 places licensed to sell spirituous liquors ; district of Quebec, 
 about 400 ; Three-Rivers, about 90 ; Gaspe, about 20, making in all 
 1190. 
 
 I would observe that the profits of commerce are not to be estimated 
 by what would appear a reasonable percentage on the amount of 
 imports, because much of these goods pass through several hands be- 
 fore they come to the consumer, each of whom expect, and are entitled 
 to their profits. Hence the total amount of profits must be \ ery consider- 
 ubly increased over what they would be were they imported to sell di- 
 rectly to the consumer. Impc ted goods landed in Quebec, will, I be- 
 lieve, cost the merchant, including all charges and duty, the premium on 
 bifls of exchange, &c. from 30 to 40 per cent, over the prime cost in 
 England. The value of our exports is so much short of the value of 
 our imports, that a very considerable amount has to be remitted in bills 
 of exchange or in gold, each of which are at a high premium. The pro- 
 lit of the merchant on goods exported is also to be included in the pro- 
 fits of commerce. I am not sure that I have estinated the profits of the 
 mercantile class so high as I should have done, and I would sincerely re- 
 joice to be convinced of an error in my calculation that would be in fa- 
 vour of that class. In my estimate of expenditure, I have supposed that 
 the agricuitural class spend about 14/. each, and the class not agricultu- 
 ral a fraction over 20/. each annually. This would leave a balance of 
 annual profits on the employment of (he latter class of 1,000,000/. ; but 
 of course this balance will be reduced in proportion as the expenditure is 
 /'ncrca.'cd al (.vc what I huw frlatcd. 7\ll ihof^e vho arc not cniplovcd in 
 
70 
 
 husbandry aro included in the class not agricultural, and must the jforo 
 include a very considerable number of daily labourers and working trades 
 people, whose expeiuiiture must be less than that of the mercantile or pro- 
 fessional class. In my estimate 1 have included the income of doctors, ad- 
 vocates, and notaries, but I did not include in the annual expenditure of 
 each person, what they may pay to these professional men. This makes 
 some difference in die expenditure, but none in the whole amount annu- 
 ally created, because what constitutes the income of one must be furnish- 
 ed from the produce of the other. But if in reality the income of the 
 agricultural and other classes exceeds annually the sum I hove estimated 
 by the amount of the estimated income of these professional men, it will 
 by so much increase the total amount annually created, and I hope it is 
 so. I have no means to ascertain correctly the number of persons be- 
 longing to the above professions, but by the statistical returns of 1827, 
 and allowing for the increased number in the same proportion as the in- 
 crease of population, 1 believe they are near 1000. By the same statis- 
 tical tables, allowing for the probable increase, there may be about 1200 
 merchants, store, and shop-keepers, and from 7000 to 8000 artisans ; 
 about 200 office-holders ; 1000 in receipt of an annual income from land, 
 houses, or pensions ; 3000 clerks, and the remainder of the class not 
 agricultural, must be labourers, working about towns and villages. 
 
 It may be proper to account for the a[)prirent difference that exists be- 
 t^^ een the above tables and the estimate I have given of the produce of 
 agriculture in Lower-Canada, in my Treatise on Agriculture, pages 42 
 and 43. In that work, I did not think it necessary to estimate any pro- 
 duce but thai raised in the farm way, after the plough and harrow, 
 produce of stock, hay, hops, and garden produce sold in towns, amount- 
 ing in all to 3,500,000/. annually. In the tables now given, I have 
 included the produce of all gardens in fruit and vegetables ; fowls 
 and eggs ; pasture and hay consumed by horses used by farmers for plea- 
 sure ; firewood, ashes, and timber exported, and the improvements made 
 annually on old and new farms. These items amount to 2,000,000/. 
 which added to the former estimate will make it agree with the above 
 table. I have, in addition to the produce of land and stock, introduced 
 the amount of domestic manufactures of everij description, which could be 
 considered to belong to the agricultural class, and estimated all in the 
 table of produce annually created in Lower-Canada. 
 
 In making out the foregoing tables, I did not estimate separately eveiy 
 produce of agriculture. 'J'h:. pasturage, hay and straw, consumed in 
 feeding the stock that produce the milk, butter, cheese and animal food, 
 is estimated in these articles ; so is that portion consumed by stock kept 
 for labour and manure, when the produce from that labour and manure 
 is valued. I therefore only estimated what was sold in towns of this 
 produce, and what I conceived was a reasonable charge for the supply 
 of horses kept for pleasure by farmers, or rather all horses that were not 
 actually necessary for airri^uliural labour. 
 
 A j)art of the produce of agriculture, applied to feed pork, and occa- 
 sionally to feed beef, should properly be deducted from the amount of 
 grain and vegetables produced annually, because the value of the pork 
 and beef is given, I have not made this deduction from an impression 
 that the estimate of grain and vegetable produce is not overrated, but on 
 
t the jforo 
 ting trades 
 tile or pro- 
 octors,ad- 
 Miditure of 
 his makes 
 )unt annu- 
 je fiirnish- 
 >me of the 
 
 estimated 
 ncn, it will 
 
 hope it is 
 ersons be- 
 3 of 1827, 
 as the in- 
 ime statis- 
 bout 1200 
 ) artisans ; 
 from land, 
 e class not 
 ^es. 
 
 : exists be- 
 producc of 
 , pages 42 
 e any pro- 
 id harrow, 
 s, amount- 
 in, I have 
 cs ; fowls 
 rs for plea- 
 lenis made 
 5,000,000/. 
 
 the above 
 introduced 
 ;h could be 
 J all in the 
 
 ately eveiy 
 nsumed in 
 iiimal food, 
 stock kept 
 ind manure 
 wns of this 
 ■ the supply 
 at were not 
 
 , and occa- 
 
 amount of 
 
 of the pork 
 
 impression 
 
 ited, but on 
 
 71 
 
 the contrary, less than what it usually in. I wish to Male for the eatis- 
 faction of farmers, how 1 have calculated the quantity of anmial ioodp'-o- 
 duced annually. I suppose that each farm of 60,000 should amuuilly 
 produce one ox, cow or hcifei, to be slaughtered for family use, or sold to 
 the butcher. This is the least that can be expected from a stock ol about 
 400,000 neat cattle. Also, one fat calf from each farm, for laimly use, 
 or sold to the butcher. Two or three fat hogs from each, and irom a 
 stock of sheep of 600,000, there should be given for slaughter annually 
 110,000, for family use, or sold in towns. The average dead )vt'ight ot 
 bullocks slaughtered in London in 1830, was stated to be about 656 
 pounds ; that of the calf 144 pounds ; of the pig 96 pounds ; and of 
 sheop and lambs 90 pounds, including ollal. This was nearly double the 
 weight of these animals in 1730. From the present state of the stock 
 in Lower-Canada, I think the following estimate of the weight is not iar 
 from being correct : 
 60,000 fat oxen, cows or heifers, weighing each 400 lbs. 24,000,0001bs: 
 60,000 calves, I will say, at 60 lbs. only, each, - ^'"00,000 
 
 110,000 sheep and lambs at 40 lbs. each, - - - ^^'^^0,000 
 60,000 farms to produce 400 lbs- of pork each, - -4,000,000 
 
 Total produced and consumed by the Hirmers' family or sold56,0C0,000lbs 
 I have no doubt but this amount of animal food is produced annually 
 in Canada, and considerably more consumed. This would give about 
 93 pounds of animal food for each person, together with fowls, and per- 
 haps this would be sullicient for a large proportion of the population ; 
 but for those residing in towns and villages, and the more wealthy class 
 of farmers, this would not be sufficient. In few countries is more animal 
 food made use of by the wealthy, and working men, than in Canada ; 
 and I know that a large quantity of animal food is consumed here that is 
 the produce of the United States, not that there is any actual necessity 
 for foreign importation of animal food, for the country is able to supply 
 its inhabitants, and export instead of import. ^ , t ♦ 
 
 In estimating the annual produce created in Lower-Canada, I am not 
 correct perhaps in fixing upon the portion of capital in moveable and im- 
 moveable property which should be subject to interest, at 35,000 000/. 
 which at 6 per cent, amounts to 2,100,000/. annually. 1 have deducted 
 from the 58,000,000/. which is th' ; total amount of moveable and immove- 
 able property, the value of unconceded wild land, and the^greater part of 
 that occupied, but uncultivated, which yields no return ; the value put on 
 growing limber, on mines and quarries, churches and fo- 'ficat.ons mak- 
 ing in all about 23,000,000/. I have computed that of the 35,000,000/. 
 the agricultural class should be chargeable with the interest of 25,000,- 
 000/. which is 1,500,000/., and the non-agricultural class with the interest 
 of 10,000,000/. making 600,000/. annually. There can be no doubt that 
 interest is chargeable on the capital employed by the latter class out of 
 the general annual produce created. It may be proper to deduct i also 
 from the annua produce of the agricultural class, being only the inter es 
 on the expenditure of labour and money on the farms they occupy, m first 
 
 .■,... .V,_ i-^j ^^A jp U/^,1ces bnms. furniture, equipage, implements, 
 ciuuruig lilt; iaiiu, ftuu lU ii"--"-^^'? » -- . i , _, 
 
3 . }. 
 
 i r 
 
 73 
 
 nnd stock. Tiio \\\\n]v proporty bolonps t«» (he farmer, tuul of ooursc ho 
 \\m tho whole produce Jit his disposnl Cor cvperidifiire ; but if it be desi- 
 rijbb.^ to aMcertuin th(^ cleiir ;mnunl pr.;;!iice of luisbniKhy, it is only fair to 
 show what it is, <'hariiinf>; the interest on the enpital in land, stoc k, &c. 
 &.;. which the fanners have to work upon, and which they njny {,'enernlly 
 inherit frotn their lathery. There may be some distinction between those 
 who obtain an inheritance of land, sloek, &e. from their forefathers, and 
 those who begin life without either land or e;!|)ital. The latter nmy just- 
 ly claim the whole produce without any deduction for interest. As I 
 cannot, however, make the distinction, I submit the interest account for 
 those interested, who will be best jud;,fes, when; the whole, any, or what 
 proportion should 'be charjfed, in each particidar case. 
 
 The class not agricultural may possibly imagine that I have underra- 
 ted their annual income. 1 would observe that a greater amount may be 
 annually created and expended, than the tables would show, but if the 
 surplus annually produced is equal in amount to that indicated by the ta- 
 bles, they may rest satislied that they are making great advances in 
 wealth. The surplus produce of agriculture is chiefly expended in 
 increase of stock, and improvement of land, and this is the most profita- 
 ble application tor it. The rent of houses in towns, is generally paid 
 from the produce of the industry of those who occupy them. Few per- 
 sons in Canada have incomes from other countries, and those who have 
 incomes derived from property in land or houses here, must be paid from 
 the produce created here, and is all, therefore, included in the tables.^ 
 The city of Montreal would certainly indicate a prosperous condition of 
 its citizens, if we may form a judgment from the numerous superior build- 
 ino-3 erected there the past summer, and now in progress of being finish- 
 ed, and the new buildings commencing this spring. 
 
 Of the present population of Lower-Canada, estimated at 600,000 souls, 
 I believe that 510,000 belong exclusively to the agricultural class. The 
 remaining 90,000, I suppose to belong to the class not agricultural. 
 The protluce annually created by agriculture, 1 have shown to be 8,200,- 
 000/. This would give about 16/. 10s. for each person belonging to tho 
 afrricultural class. For the class not agricultural, I have estimated the 
 annual produce created in every way at 2,800,000/., and for 90,000 per- 
 sons of this class, it will give 31/. for each. It mny be interesting to fol- 
 low up this calculotion ; I estimate the population to be composed of 
 100,000 families of six persons oath ; 85,000 bekng to the agricultural 
 class, and 15,000 not agricultural. For the latter the annual income for 
 each family would be 186/. and for the former or agricultural, 96/. Ws. 
 for each family. Again, I estimate the males over 14 and under 60 years 
 of ao-e at 150,000 ; and as the females of the agricultural class contribute 
 very considerably in the production of domestic manufiictures, assist at 
 harvest work, attend to the dairy, and other matters, I estimate their 
 work as fully equal to that of 50,000 males (and I believe this is much 
 too low) which will show the working or productive class of the commu- 
 nity to be 200,000, or about one-third of our whole population, a'hd hence 
 the amount annually produced by each working person, all those employ- 
 ed m pfouuctive infiusiry, anu sn proicssion?, "'•:! nc o&'. i v.i!, 
 suppose again, that of the 200,000, 175^000 belong to the agricultural 
 
 'HH 
 
oiirsc \\c 
 
 \y fair to 
 j( U, &c. 
 ^cnrrnlly 
 en those 
 UTS, und 
 nay jiiHt- 
 
 . As I 
 
 ount for 
 or what 
 
 underni- 
 t inay bo 
 lit if the 
 y tlio ta- 
 \nrcs in 
 cudtMl in 
 t profita- 
 •ally paid 
 Few per- 
 ,\ho have 
 )aid from 
 c tables', 
 iidition of 
 iorbnild- 
 ng finish- 
 
 )00 souls, 
 is. The 
 iciiltural. 
 e 8,200,- 
 ing to the 
 nated the 
 ,000 per- 
 ng to fol- 
 iposcd of 
 jiiciihural 
 iconic for 
 
 96/. 10a. 
 
 60 years 
 5ontributo 
 , assist at 
 nate their 
 s is much 
 3 commu- 
 ihd hence 
 ? emf)loy- 
 T v.i!! 
 rricultural 
 
 73 
 
 clasfl, «a it ia chiefly the females of that clacH that aro employed in produc- 
 tive labour, the annual produce from the labour of each will bo 47/. ; and 
 for the class not agricultural, which I eatiinato at 25,000, productively 
 employed, the annual produce for each will bo 110/. 
 
 The charge for interest of capital, which I have before alluded to, i3 
 for agriculture, 1,500,000/. annually. This would make a reduction of 9/. 
 10«. from the annual produce of each working person, and leave it only 
 37/. 10s. ; and the interest of capital of iho class not agricultural, is 
 600,000/., and would cai.sc a reduction of 24/. from the annual produce 
 of each person productively employed, and leave it only 86/. Agricul- 
 turists will do well to observe that the interest is only a fair proportion of 
 the annual produce for the land and capital, and that 37/. \0s. is nearly 
 the full amount of the annual produce from the labour of each full-grown 
 working person, and that this labour is applied in agriculture, under moro 
 favourable circumstances than it could be in any other country, to good 
 Boil, free, in a great measure, from all rent and taxes. The interest of 
 capital charged is on an average about ten shillings the acre of cleared 
 land, and including stock, building.", furniture, implements, &c. &c. upon 
 these lands. I am sorry that I cannot show by my tables, a more flatter- 
 ing picture of the results obtained from agriculture in Lower-Canada. 
 No doubt many will diiler from mc in the estimate I have made, and the 
 conclusions I have brought them to. I can only say that they have dis- 
 appointed myself. I have, however, endeavoured to make them as accu- 
 rate as possible from the means of information at my disposal, which cer- 
 tainly were considerable, and from a !ong experience. It is extremely 
 difficult to make thec^ sorts of estimates perfectly accurate, indeed an 
 approximation to accuracy is all that is practicable ; and I hope the ge- 
 neral results will be found entitled to that character. Farmers will per- 
 ceive by these calculations that the annual produce for each working per- 
 son taken at 37/. 10s. is not more than what is very frerjuently paid to 
 hired labourers, including their board ; they are often paid more ; and ii 
 may be right to state tlial board, or any other item of personal expense, is 
 not included in the 37/. 10s„ but that all has to be provided for from this 
 amount, and also for the idle and helpless portion of the community, 
 which nearly amount to two persons for one productively employed, and 
 hence the 37/. 10s. would not be sufficient for the support of near three 
 persons, without including the sum set apart for the interest of land and 
 capital, which should be allowed to accumulate, or be expended on land 
 for the settlement of growing families. There is one cheering circum- 
 stance, that a vastly increased produce may be obtained from agricluture, 
 by introducing a more perfect system of husbandry and good manage- 
 ment every way, and by the care and attention of our legislature to all 
 such matters as directly or indirectly influence the prosperity of agricul- 
 ture, which, I regket to say, has not hitherto been much attended to, and 
 in proof of this, 1 would only refer the reader to the iinportB and exports 
 of Canada. It her agricultwro were in a healthfal or prosperous slate, 
 the imports would not be double the amount of her exports, when she la 
 in possession of a fertile soil of almost boundless extent, and a chaiate 
 that ia not unfavourable. 
 
 Assuming the population of Upper and Lwcr Canada to bel,0OO^OOO, the 
 imports tor last y«ar would amouiit to 2/., and thu c»p,orta to It. for each. 
 
)t 
 
 74 
 
 Birth"?, marriages and burials in Lower- Canada, for five years, from 
 1831 to 1836,inclusivei I Births. Marriages. Burials. 
 
 Quebec, 1831, 
 
 1832, 
 2833, 
 1834, 
 1835, 
 
 Montreal, 1831, 
 1832, 
 1833, 
 1834, 
 1835, 
 
 Three-Rivers, 1831, 
 1832, 
 1833, 
 1834, 
 1635, 
 
 8,133 
 
 8,591 
 8,642 
 8,597 
 8,671 
 
 42,544 
 
 14,217 
 13,195 
 13,721 
 14,181 
 13,124 
 
 68,438 
 
 2,738 
 2,954 
 2,914 
 2,988 
 3,014 
 
 15,408 
 
 St. Francis, 
 
 1831, 37 
 
 1832, 62 
 
 1833, 81 
 
 1834, 167 
 
 1835, No Return 
 
 1,629 
 
 1,67^ 
 1,601 
 1,407 
 1,636 
 
 8,027 
 
 2,592 
 2,506 
 2,643 
 
 2,487 
 2,397 
 
 12,625 
 
 619 
 
 648 
 647 
 614 
 
 485 
 
 2,613 
 
 63 
 67 
 67 
 66 
 
 Gasp^, 
 
 1831, 
 1832, 
 1833, 
 1834, 
 1836, 
 
 327 
 
 330 
 
 280 
 181 
 281 
 No Return 
 
 1172 
 
 263 
 
 58 
 61 
 67 
 44 
 
 220 
 
 6,023 
 6,946 
 6,282 
 6,282 
 3,118 
 
 24,202 
 
 6,514 
 13,718 
 6,936 
 9,059 
 4,977 
 
 40,204 
 
 1,195 
 1,319 
 1,054 
 1,303 
 929 
 
 6,770 
 
 23,274 
 
 25 
 28 
 33 
 29 
 
 116 
 
 48 
 23 
 83 
 41 
 
 145 
 
 70,436 
 
 Total in five years, 127,889 
 
 There are some returns wanted for the last year for Gaspd and St. 
 Francis, and some parishes in the district of Montreal. 
 
 I believe that the cholera caused the death of full 15,000 persons m 
 the years ^s' ;and 1834. Ifit were not for this, it is probable there 
 would be considerably more than two births for one burial. The last 
 year, in the districts of Montreal and Three-Rivers, the births are very 
 nearly three for one burial, and the burials as one to sixty- six, of the 
 whole population ; and taking an average of the years which includes 
 th« two years of cholera, the proportion of burials to the entire populaUon 
 
75 
 
 from 
 
 i and St. 
 
 ersons in 
 (ble there 
 
 The last 
 J are very 
 lix, of the 
 
 includes 
 )opulation 
 
 is only one to thirty-eight. Hence no country in the world has so great 
 a disproportion between the births and burials as Lower-Canada, in or- 
 dinary years, or in any years except those of cholera. The following will 
 show the births and burials in England, France, and Russia in 1830. 
 
 Binhs. 
 343,6t>0 
 
 England 
 
 Burials 
 
 208,349 
 
 London. 
 
 Births. 
 23,54.5 
 
 Burials. 
 
 21,709 
 
 Fnince. 
 Births, i Burials. 
 
 973,986 I 793,012 
 
 Births. 
 
 I'arla. 
 
 29,970 
 
 Burials. 
 25,341 
 
 Jlnssja. 
 Binlis. 
 
 1,642,023 
 
 Burials. 
 1,194,637 
 
 Lower-Canada, in five years, including the two years of cholera, would, 
 if the returns were all furnished for tlic last year, show an increase of 
 births over burials of near 60,000, and this added to the emigrants who 
 have settled in the Lower Province, will make the increase amount to 90- 
 000, which will bring the whole population to my estimate of it, 600,000. 
 
 Such is a concise description of Lower-Canada ; generally correct I 
 trust it will be found. The tables may not show as favourable results in 
 all branches of industry and the progress of improvements, as might be 
 desirable. However, though Lower-Canada has not progressed so ra- 
 pidly in improvement a.s the neighbouring states may have done, yet 
 within the last twenty years, the province has greatly advanced in wealth 
 and population ; and this advance has not been the consequence of a 
 very extensive circulation of bank paper money, nor are the people much 
 involved in debt to each other, or to strangers, in effecting these improve- 
 ments, and therefore they may be said to be their own and paid for. 
 
 It will be manifest to the reader that the capabilities of the province of 
 Lower-Canada, which I have described, must, for future production and 
 population, be very great, when it is considered that out of 113,000,000 
 arpents of land, the greatest part of which is capable of cultivation, or of 
 being rendered productive, about 110,000,000 is yet in a wilderness state, 
 and That of the whole of this immense territory, not much over one- 
 twentieth part has yet been even occupied, and about one-fiftieth part 
 cultivated. I would further observe, that it is not by any means all the 
 best part of the land that has been conceded. The seigniories are situ- 
 ated on each side o{ the St. Lawrence, and do not extend far back, and 
 they were not so chosen from the superior excellence of the soil, but from 
 their being more convenient for settlement. I have not included any 
 land in the tables that lies too fii. north. West of Quebec, no part of the 
 boundary of those lands extends to 48i dcgs. north latitude, and I am con- 
 vinced that lands south of that line are capable of being profitably occupied 
 by the husbardman who perfectly understands his business, cultivating 
 such crops and stock as are suitable to tlje soil and climate of his location. 
 
 The present population of Lower-Canada (600,000 souls) occupy very 
 little more than one-twentieth part of the land, and cultivate about one- 
 fiftieth part, as I have before stated. The uncultivated part of that which 
 is occupied, gives a produce in firewood, lumber and ashes, which con- 
 stitute part of the amount annually created, as shown by the tables. The 
 whole of this population are employed in agriculture, commerce, profes- 
 sions, domestic manufactures, &c. I have endeavoured toshowihat 
 the produce annually created from every source is 11,000,000/. I will 
 then say, that if 600,000 souls occupying a twentieth, and culti\'ating a 
 fiftieth part of Lower-Canada, produce annually 11,000,000/,, that if the 
 
 10* 
 
til 
 
 LJ 
 
 76 
 
 whole were occupied and cuhivated even in the eame proportion afi at ]iTO- 
 sent, it would give 220,000,000/. produce annually created and a popula- 
 tion of 12,000,000 souls, and be only at the rate of one to9 arpents of land. 
 This estimate may appear chimerical, but I am confident, neverthelesB, 
 that the capabilities of the country for population and production, are not 
 overrated, but on the contrary. Were an improved system of husbandry 
 now generally introduced, the present produce from every branch of in- 
 dustry would be vastly augmented, and might be increased in proportion 
 from a full population, and exceed my estimate. 
 
 Admitting that only the onc-ihird of the land which I have included in 
 the tables, may be fit for cultivation, it will be amply sufficient to provide 
 for a population of 12,000,000 souls. In England and Ireland, the po- 
 pulation is more than three-fold to the square mile, what my estimate for 
 Canada would be, and there is in those countries one-eighth of the land 
 unprofitable and uncultivatable. The quality of the soil cannot be bad in 
 Canada, where it is naturally covered with forests of large trees of every 
 species and variety, and in some situations that do not produce large 
 trees, the land may yet be excellent, but injured from excessive moisture 
 or some other cause easy to remedy. 
 
 The wants of an increased population for firewood, in a country such 
 as Canada, where good fires are actually necessary in winter to the safe- 
 ty and comfort of the people, might to many suggest an objection. The 
 estimate I have made of 12,000,000 souls, would be only about 70 to the 
 square mile, or one to nine arpents of land. If the one-fourth, or one- 
 fifth of every farm were ret^erved for fire and fencewood, it would be 
 abundantly sufficient. By preserving a wood from cattle, it will very 
 soon after it is cut down, grow up again to a good size, and by constant- 
 ly observing this rule in future on every farm, a sure supply might be pre- 
 served. On most farms there will be found some parts perhaps not pro- 
 fitable to cultivate, and in many sections of the country there may be 
 rocky or hilly land, only fit for growing wood ; such lands might be re- 
 served for firewood. There is, however, no occasion to apprehend scar- 
 city of firewood for centuries to come, and it will be always in the power 
 of the legislature to adopt such measures as may be necessary to secure 
 a supply of firewood, or a substiiate, so essential to the comfort of the 
 population of Canada, whether many or few. 
 
 i do not speculate on the chances of a more moderate climate 
 resulting from the country becoming cleared of the forest, and settled, 
 though I think it possible when it is settled to the extent I believe it ca- 
 pable of, that the climate will be ameliorated. Those who would ex- 
 pect much change of climate from the comparatively limited extent \o 
 which the forests of Canada are yet cleared, must not have given due 
 consideration to the causes which produce excessive cold in winter in 
 Canada, in the same latitude as France, where the winters are very mo- 
 derate. When I think of the vast extent of continent situated north and 
 north-west of Canada, that never can be cleared or cultivated, the mil- 
 lions of square miles of snow and ice that never thaw, I can scarcely 
 hope that the clearing and settling of Canada to the full extent it is capa- 
 ble of, can have much effect in moderating the climate. In consequence 
 of entertaining this opinion, I make my calculations that the same neces- 
 sity for fuel, and artificial jieat in winter will be felt in Canada, whetheir 
 the population bo one or twelve millions. 
 
r? 
 
 populn- 
 ofiand. 
 rtheless, 
 are not 
 sbandry 
 ;h of in- 
 portion 
 
 uded in 
 provide 
 , the po- 
 mate for 
 the land 
 e bad in 
 of every 
 le large 
 [noisture 
 
 try such 
 Ihe safe- 
 n. The 
 ro to the 
 , or one- 
 vould be 
 will very 
 lonstant- 
 it be pre- 
 not pro- 
 may be 
 ht be re- 
 ;nd scar- 
 he power 
 to secure 
 3ft of the 
 
 ! climate 
 i settled, 
 9ve it ca- 
 i^oiild ex- 
 extent to 
 iven due 
 winter in 
 very mo- 
 lorth and 
 the mil- 
 Bcarcely 
 t is capa- 
 sequence 
 (le neces- 
 , whetheir 
 
 If Lower-Canada were p-ftpulous to the extent I have estimated, the m- 
 creased produce of the country would soon enable the people to cijon 
 communications to the most remote parts of the province, by navigation 
 and railroads, that would enable them to draw their supply of wood from 
 distant sections of the country never yet visited by civilized man ; and 
 at a price that would not be exorbitantly high. There is every reason to 
 suppose that abundance of coal is to be had in the province, and 
 there is a certainty that it is to be found in Nova Scotia and Cape IJre- 
 ton, of the best quality. What grounds should there be then to appre- 
 hend any want of firing 1 I believe that coal brought from Kng'.and is 
 now in use w.th many families in Montreal and Quebec, and when burn- 
 ed in suitable stoves, is found as cheap and as well adapted to warm 
 houses as wood. As to the want of fence-wood, I hope that at no dis- 
 tant period, live and stone fences will be substituted for wooden fences, 
 in all the old settled parts of the country. I would further observe, that 
 I have loft out of my estimate 40,000,000 arpents of land m the lower 
 section of the province, which has been included in Mr. Bouchette's ta- 
 bles. This land is, I believe, all wooded and might be accessable by wa- 
 ter communication. I therefore do not see that any objection can be 
 well supported against my estimate of population, on the grounds ot 
 there beinf a scarcity or want of necessary fuel. 
 
 A numerous, well-informed, and industrious population, will more rea- 
 dily find the means of supplying their wants under many disadvantages of 
 climate and soil, than a thin population, uninstructed, scattered over a 
 wide extent of country would be able to do with a more fertile sod and 
 favourable climate. For the truth of this proposition, I appeal to the 
 experience of those who have had opportunities of seeing practical proof 
 of it in Canada, and elsewhere. 
 
 The climate, as appears by the tables of temperature, and from my 
 own experience, is not unfavourable for agriculture. The situation and 
 circumstances of the country every way are advantageous, and, thereiore, 
 to all who will give due consideration to these advantages, I hope they will 
 find sufiicient reason to justify the estimate which I submit to public con- 
 sideration. A considerable period will of course elapse, before my calcula- 
 tions can be realized ; but from what I personally know of the provmce, 
 and the reports I have from good authority of those parts of the country 
 which I have not had an opportunity of seeing, I am persuaded that Lower 
 Canada might produce abundant means of comfort and happiness for the 
 amount of population I have stated. I am far from thinking it desirable 
 that a country should be so populous that the people would not be able to 
 supply themselves, by moderate exertion, with a reasonable portion of 
 the necessaries and comforts of life. No, I consider that state of popu- 
 lation the best, which will afford to every individual an opportunity, by 
 applying their talents industriously to some useful and suitable occupa- 
 tion, to'provide what is necessary of the conveniences oflife, for rational 
 enjoyment, according to the station they occupy in society. If all who 
 are disposed to be useful to themselves, and to society, are offered a fair 
 and equal chance to advance their circumstances, which I hope they al- 
 ways will have in British America, those who will possess most talents, 
 industry and prudence, will be able to acquire proportionate advantages. 
 For ages yet to come, Canida will afford the materials to produce the ne- 
 
% 
 
 
 cessariefl nnd conveniences of life to those who will seek for them and 
 be disposed to make them available. There is an objection that possibly 
 may be urged lo the capabilities of the country,from the failure of crops in 
 adverse seasons, in the lower parts of the province. Adverse seasons are 
 not more frequent there, than in many populous countries of Europe, and 
 there may be much of the disappointmen* in crops to be attributed to bad 
 ploughing, insufficient draining, injudicious cropping, and the total neg- 
 lect of a proper system being observed in the management of the land. 
 1 have no doubt those causes have produced more loss than the climate. 
 
 Nineteen-tvventieths of the forests of Lower-Canada is now unproduc- 
 tive and waste. Would it be for the interest and advantage of every in- 
 dividual of the present community in this province, that those lands 
 should be settled, and cultivated as speedily as circumstances would per- 
 mit ? Would their settlement to the full extent which I have above stat- 
 ed be consistent with the general comfort and prosperity of so greatly in- 
 creased a population ? These questions I candidly answer in the affir- 
 mative, from the clearest conviction of my own mind. What has hitherto^ 
 confined the settlement of the lands so much to the front, or the banks of 
 the principal rivers 1 The difficulty of going back, and making roads at 
 the labour and expense of a thin population. Were the back country 
 occupied by active settlers, this difficulty would be obviated. The same 
 road that would be necessary for the convenience of five settlers, ten or 
 twenty miles back in the forest, would answer for a hundred, or perhaps 
 for five hundred ; and the making of a road which five could not under- 
 take, would be easy to five hundred. There are many other circumstan- 
 ces which prevent almost the possibility of a few persons going back into 
 the forest to commence a settlement which would be rendered perfectly 
 practicable to a more numerous body settling together, who would assist 
 each other and would leave no interval of woods unoccupied to injure the 
 small portions of cleared land that can never be productive without a free 
 circulation of air. I have heard much complaint in these provinces of 
 the injurious effect produced from the crown and clergy reserves being 
 left waste. If these waste reserves are injurious to the adjoining culti- 
 vated lands, which no doubt they must be, how much more injurious must 
 it be to the poor settler who ventures to commence a settlement in the 
 wild forest, without neighbours on any side to assist him to open the fo- 
 rest, or drain the land. Enclosed by high, impenetrable woods, that pre- 
 vent the sun a good part of the day from shining on his clearance, what 
 chance has he to be successful, or to be happy 1 debarred himself and his 
 family from all communication with their specicp, their state will be little 
 better than that of the savage ; and they are unable to derive from their 
 lands and labour, half the produce they wouM do, were they surrounded 
 with neighbours, cultivated fields, and had easy access to markets. 
 Means of free and constant intercourse has, in all countries', a powerful 
 influence on civilization, improvement, and rational enjoyment, principal- 
 ly because it greatly augments the produce from every branch of indus- 
 try ; and it is only where industry is abundantly productive, that civiliza- 
 tion and improvements will go on, and rational enjoyment can be practi- 
 cable to ihe people. Where a population are barely able to subsist, ci- 
 vilization will not be greatly advanced, improvements are out of the ques- 
 tion, and what ought to be considered as rational enjoyment in civilized 
 eociety, cannot be known or understood. 
 
 I*''-: 
 
79 
 
 In Lower-Canada, tho greftter the population the more rheie will be nn- 
 nwally produced, and the greater will be the savings that can be made, to 
 be a4in expended in useful iujprovements, productive labour, m cultiva- 
 tion and in the comfortable settlement of the rismg generation. Ih.a 
 produce might be constantly going on, augmeritmg, population mcreas- 
 ng, and the%ower, wealth, and prosperity of l^ntish America advance 
 most rapidly and certainly. In all new countries that have abundance^of 
 good land, waste and unprofitable, it ought to be the first object ol go- 
 vernment and people, to settle and cultivate it. The prosperity of he 
 United States is estimated by the rapid increase ot her population, the 
 clearing and cultivation of her forest lands, and the growth ot her cities, 
 towns and villages. This must be the true mode of estimating the pros- 
 perity of British America. Nothing but the settlement and cultivation of 
 her land, can give her a numerous population, and llouiishmg cuies, 
 towns and villalres. It is the produce of the soil that must supply what 
 is necessary for the support of a numerous population, and means ot car- 
 rying on commerce, the profits of which will give funds for the extension 
 of the cities, towns and villages, and the establishment of such manufac- 
 tures as would be likely to be profitable. r i ^^* 
 To a country that has a thin population, and a territory of almost 
 boundless extent, that can only be rendered productive by the labour aod 
 industry of man, an accession of population able and willing to work, 
 not of the idle and worthless, must be profitable. Whatever is produced 
 from the labour of a man, applied to what would have continued unpro- 
 ductive, if he was not employed upon it, must add so much to the produce 
 annually created, and increase the wealth of the co ntry, by the amount 
 produced over what he consumes. A full grown man then coming into 
 a country capable of producing more than he consumes, under the cir- 
 cumstances I have above stated, is equal to a capital of the same amount 
 that was required to support him from infancy to manhood, or a working 
 state, because in every country what it takes to support the rising gene- 
 ration to be capable of working, or of being productively employed, must 
 be so much unproductive consumption, and more particularly to the coun- 
 try that loses their services when they are at maturity, and capable ot 
 
 rendering service. ^ , mu • j 
 
 I make a distinction in the value of emigrants to Canada. The mdus 
 trious labourer, though poor, is in himself a certam amount of capital. 
 The skilful agriculturist with limited funds, is still a more useful ernigrant. 
 The farmer who has both skill and capital, is of more value to the pro- 
 vince than either. Emigrants of the class not agricultural, w-^^io come 
 with sufficient funds or industry are also valuable. It is only those who 
 come with trifling funds, and without any disposition to increase them 
 by industry, that cannot be of any benefit to a country where industry 
 is the basis of prosperity ; they add nothing to production, but on the 
 contrary lessen the funds that should be employed m productive kbour, 
 and must therefore be injurious to a community such as that ot J5ritish 
 
 'ThHiass of emigrants who come to Canada with funds must be benefi- 
 cial to the farmers settled in the country, as these funds are expended ge- 
 nerally in purchasing the produce of the province, and extending the mar- 
 ket for it. In coming to these colonic they do not lessen the funds ot 
 
 
/ 
 
 m 
 
 80 
 
 Ihose here before tl.em. Ifihoy should improve their circunistanccy, it is 
 not bv takincr any nnrt of what belongs to the inhabitants of this country, 
 but by expanding labour and capital on what was previously waste 
 and u.Uductiv.N an.l rendering it productive. Every vvell informed 
 man, acciuainted with the local circumstances of British Amer.ca, and 
 hsconnection with Britain, th. AVest Indies, &c. must bo convn^ced 
 that the more the produce which is annually created mev.ry way, the 
 more ample will be the means at the disposal of the inhabitants for sccu- 
 Hn^ theilr comfort and enjoyment. The English market may not al- 
 ^vavs be found equally profitable, but as the population increases there 
 and the situation of the Irish poor becomes improved, the markets ot 
 Britain must extend and improve for the sale of the produce of these pro- 
 vinces. Should the foreign market not be suflicient for a greatly m- 
 creased surplus produce iiom agriculture, means will be found to pro- 
 vide a home market, by encouraging manufactures, and increasing our 
 cities and towns. It is manifest that we cannot purchase manutacturea 
 from abroad, if we do not sell our own produce to customers out ol La- 
 nada • but there is not much danger that we shall produce more than 
 we can dispose of, particularly while we may be engaged in clearing tlie 
 forest which will give employment for ages to come. 
 
 The British government have given great encouragement to emigra- 
 tion to the Swan River, or Western Australia. A settler is allowed a 
 free grant on producing satisfactory proof that he has the means or ca- 
 pital to invest in land or its improvement, at the rate of 3/. capital or 40 
 acres ; and stock, implements or half pay, is considered as capital : loL 
 capital is allowed for each labouring i)erson ; and wonien, and children 
 ove ten years old, are reckoned as such. For the chddren of abour- 
 ing persons, for eacli child over three years old 40 acres are allowed, 
 or a child of that age is counted equal to a capital of 3/. Over six years 
 and under nine, 80 acres; and over nine and under ten, UO. acres. 
 The deeds are not granted until satisfactory proof is given that Is 6d, 
 per acre is expended in some investment or in cultivation of the land, or 
 in some improvements in building., roads, or other works of that kind 
 One-fourth of the land to be cultivated or improved in four years, and if 
 not to be subject to Is. Gd. per acre for all the land not so cultivated or 
 improved, and the whole to be cultivated or improved in eleven ycars» or 
 what may not, to revert to the crown. , c u * 
 
 T think I mifiht bring forward arguments wiUiout end in support of what 
 I feel anxious to recommend, but as I shall have occasion to reiw to this 
 subiect again, I shall reserve further remarks until then. I confess tha i 
 ardently wish to induce others to view this matter in the same hght that I 
 do, from a persuasion that it is by a greaUy increased popuiatron and pro- 
 duction that the present and future interests ot the provm--e. of British 
 America will be most certainly promoted ; that it is^from the suvpias pro- 
 duce obtained from the land, over what maintains those wjio aio engag- 
 ed in its cultivation and management, that rnust create and C€. uiute he 
 profits and revenue of all other classes of the community; and tha the 
 greater the total amount of this surplus maybe, .so much more wdl be 
 The profits of the merchant and mechanic, the revenue of the profesewnal 
 man, and the man who receives rent from fixed property. 
 
,v^ It 13 
 
 untry, 
 vvasto 
 brmcd 
 a, and 
 vinced 
 ly, the 
 r secu- 
 not al- 
 i tlicre, 
 kets of 
 se pro- 
 itly in- 
 to pro- 
 injj our 
 actnrea 
 of Ca- 
 re than 
 ing the 
 
 Bmigra- 
 lowed a 
 3 or ca- 
 J for 40 
 tal : 15/. 
 children 
 ■ labour- 
 allowed, 
 six years 
 !0. acres. 
 t Is. Cd. 
 land, or 
 lat kind. 
 rs, and if 
 ivated or 
 year.s» or 
 
 t of what 
 [er to this 
 ess that I 
 ght that I 
 I and pro- 
 of British 
 ipkjs pro- 
 10 engag- 
 5tiiutethe 
 id that the 
 jre wiH be 
 ofeseional 
 
 rPPER-CANADA. 
 
 Uimrr-Canada is bounded north-east by Lower-Canada, north by the 
 territories of the Hudson l?av, south by the St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, 
 and by the United States, and west in its most extensive sense, by the 
 Pacific Ocean, but more limit. 1 by the Lake of the Woods, situated about 
 95 de-rees AV. longitude, am by the territories of several Indian iNa- 
 tion.." Within these limits ar. co.uprised about 100,000 square miles, or 
 04,000,000 acres. Mr. Bouchette, the surveyor-geneTal ot Lower-La- 
 nnda, fxin- the boundary of Upper-Canada about the Grand Portage, or 
 117 decree's W. longitude, computes the area to be 141,000 square 
 miles, but I do not think it necessary for my purpose to mclude in my 
 esthnate of the country any part west of 95 degrees. West of he Rocky 
 Mo.mtains to the Pacific Ocean is a territory extensive ^^}^\J^J-^^: 
 nada, and as regards soil and climate, I believe as f^v°"»-^^l^; J^/^^^S^*' 
 culture, as any part of British America. At some future time, that coun- 
 tiv also may become settled by the suns of the British Isles, who have 
 aheady fomid their way, and established themselves in every quarter of 
 the world. For ages to come, however, there is abundance of land Av.th- 
 in the more limited boundaries of both provinces, and I shall confine 
 my description to those limits. Of the 64,000,000 acres comprised 
 within the boundaries I have named, I believe not much over one-sixth 
 part has yet been surveyed, and laid out in townships, of which about 
 9.000,000 acres only has been conceded. 
 
 As the river St. Lawrence, and Great Lakes, are of vast importance 
 to Upper-Canada, I shall first give a concise description of them. 
 
 The Riveu St. Lawrence, may well be considered the second, it 
 not the first, in magnitude on the globe. It is computed that irom Lake 
 Superior, the grand fountain of the St. Lawrence, itf.course to the sea, 
 is about 2500 miles. It is, however, the greatness of its breadth, and the 
 extent of its navifvablc waters, that form its distmguishmg character. 
 It is navigable for ships of the line to Quebec, 400 miles from its mouth, 
 and for lame merchant vessels to Montreal, ISO miles further. In the 
 lakes through which it flows, one of which is 2000 miles from its mouth, 
 the largest ships of the Line may be navigated, and these lakes, or rather 
 seas have a surface of many millions of acres in extent. 1 he River bt. 
 Lawrence and lakes, receive the waters of many considerable rivers, 1 
 suppose not less than one hundred altogether. Between atontical and 
 Prescott, the navigation is interrupted by falls and rapids, in three or lour 
 places. The Upper-Canada legislature voted money in 1834, tor 
 improving the navigation, and the work was comir ccd last year, and 
 will, I believe, be finished this summer ; about 400, 00/. is the estima- 
 ted expense for making the river navigable within the province line oi 
 Upper-Canada to Prescott, for steamboats, and vessel:^ drawing n:nc 
 ii 11 
 
n 
 
 82 
 
 feet water. About the sfime amount would naake the necessary improve- 
 ments from Lachine, in Lower-Canada, to this province line, and this 
 would give an uninterrupted navigation to Lake Ontario. 1 here is little 
 doubt but this improvement will soon be eflected. 
 
 The lakes of Canada arc more numerous and extensive than in any oth- 
 er country in the world, which is by some considered a proof that it wns 
 more recently deserted by the ocean, than the rest of the American conti- 
 nent. The first of these lakes, within the boundary of Upper-Canada, is 
 Ontario, or Cataraguy, and is the smallest of the five great lakes ; it is ot 
 nn oval figure, 1 60 miles in length, and about 450 miles in circumrerence. 
 The depth is so great in many places, that sounded with a line of 360 fa- 
 thoms, no bottom has been found. It contains many islands, and is 
 much agitated by stormy winds. From the volcanic productions found 
 on its banks, and the circumstance of its immeasurable depth, it has 
 been conjectured that its basin may have been once the crater of a vol- 
 cano. Its surface is 231 feet above the surface of the tide water at 
 
 Three-Rivers. , , .« x ■. « * 
 
 Lake Erie, or Oswego, is 300 miles in length, 40 at its greatest 
 breadth, 700 miles in circumference, and is not at its greatest depth more 
 than 50 fathoms. This lake, like Ontario, is on the north side much ex- 
 posed to violent gales of wind. It has several beautifu islands towards 
 the west, which are reported to be infested with rattlesnakes. The waters 
 of this lake are 334 feet higher than the waters of Lake Ontario, and 5Go 
 feet above the tide water at Three-Rivers. . , . ^ , - , 
 
 Lake Huron, the second in point of magnitude, is of a triangular 
 form, about 250 miles in length, and 1100 miles in circumference. It 
 contains many islands ; one called Manitoulin, signifying a place of ^pi- 
 nts, and held sacred by the Indians, is near 100 miles »ong» »"* "« «f 
 much breadth. This lake has numerous fine bays ; 8^8^"^""™'^^ "^"^^ 
 Ion- and 18 wide ; and Thunder Bay, 9 miles broad. The storms on 
 this lake are dangerous, its waves are higher, ^"^ break quicker ban 
 those of the ocean. It contains great quantities of fine fish, particularly 
 a rich and delicate trout, which frequently weigh 70 pounds. 
 
 The Canada Land Company's territory extends about 60 miles on the 
 eastern and south-eastern shores of Lake Huron. The town of Gode- 
 rid is situated at the mouth of the river Maitland, where i discharges 
 nto he lake. The waters of this lake are 25 feet higher than the wa- 
 ters of Lake Erie, aad 590 feet higher than the waters of the Atlantic. 
 The averan-e depth is about 860 rect. 
 
 Luce slrpERioR, is the largest body of fresh water on the face of the 
 earth, bcino- about 400 miles long, 100 at its greatest breadth, and about 
 r/oonriles^n circumference. It receives the waters of between 30 and 40 
 rivers, many of them of considerable magnitude, and contains a great num- 
 bei of islands, one of which, Isle Royale, is about 100 miles long and 40 
 b Lac. It has in many places a great depth of water, beyond the reach 
 of so nclin-. Its northern banks arc high and rugged, and are said to 
 aLu d in vi-in copnor. Its eastern shores are low, and produce great 
 a undance of^currants, strawberries whortleberries, and raspberries, of 
 We sL and excellent flavour. The soil immediately near the lake, is 
 Ztl h-.it I believe capable of cultivation. The lake abounds in sturgeon 
 ffrcre trout, and other fish, and OAmg to the extraordinary uanspurcncy 
 
 [1^. 
 
S3 
 
 It 
 
 «f its waters, these fish arc seen to an astonishing ^lq> ^ ^"^^ fh^ ^ ,^^^; 
 It is, like the other lakes, subject to great .tonn«, and ho «^^-_» "P " 'f^ 
 shores resen^bles the flow of the tide, ts watcrn are ^^^^rvcd to yiuy u 
 their height from 5 to 6 feet at particular periods, «"in^««f « ^^Z^'^;^. 
 sioned by the greater or lesser (luantity o snow water «"PPl^;^ ^^y ,^=' ^^^ . 
 butary streams. This lake may I)., considered as the grand . ^sci " « 
 Che river St. Lawrence, as no other great nvcr flows tro.n it. It is sup 
 posed that not a tenth part of the waters conveyed into it by 40 i yei., 
 are carried off by the only one visible discharge, u he «tuuts ^^^ J*^^' 
 Mary, where it communicates with Luke Huron, and the watei, in pas. 
 ing through the straits or tall, is so rapid, that it ^« "^t navigd.le foi 
 bolts of burden. The waters of this lake are 52^ feet h-gh^r tha« flie 
 waters of Lake Huron, and 617 feet higher than the ^^^f '^.^f^.^^^XncTt 
 lie Ocean. The average depth is 1000 teet. Lake ^t- ^^jla «. I ^o not 
 think it necessary to describe particulavly. It js situated -^^tw^en L^ke 
 Huron and Lake Erie. Its waters are shallow, only about 20 leet 
 
 '^'^The most extraordinary increase of trade upon the Upper-Canada 
 ■lakes since 1815, may in some degree be estimated by the fallowing 
 statemeutofthe progress of population and trade, ^^^ ^^f J"^'" °^ * .^^" 
 cott, from 1815 to 1835. In 1815, there were only «'Slit>°"!f ' ''* V,^f " 
 cott ; in 1835, about 400. In 1815, populatiori 50; '^ ]f;'^fl2 
 1400. In 1815, 1 believe there was only one schooner nt 40 tons Dur 
 den for transporting merchandise from Prescott to Kiipton ; and m 
 1835, there w«re 14 steamboats of 500 tons burden each, and a'^o"t ^0 
 ^choiners of f,K>m 40 to 150 tons each. In 1810, I have been told that 
 not more than four or five small vessels navigated Lake Lrie. In ibJo, 
 there were 30 steamers, and 160 other vessels ; and what may it be a tew 
 years hence, when the country becomes settled, and the navigation be- 
 tween the great lakes is uninterrupted 1 , cu u ■ •.,« 
 
 Upper-Canada may be said to be a level country, no part of it attaming 
 to a meater elevation over the lakes than from 300 to 500 feet. It is ad- 
 mirably well calculated for agriculture. The soil is generally ot good 
 quality, of every variety, and in many places of extraordinary fertihty. A 
 brown rich loam, is a soil that predominates, and in many districts, the 
 soil rests upon a bed of lime-stone. From all the intormation I have 
 been able to collect, I do not think that there can be found m any coun- 
 trv so larcre a proportion of good soil, compared to that of inferior quality; 
 indeed tluMe is only a very small part that cannot be profitably cultivated. 
 The li<^ht soils have their own advantages, as they take much less la- 
 bour and expense to cultivate than the strong heavy lands, and they pro- 
 duce crops of all kinds except wheat, in greate. perfection, i hough 
 there are large tracts of valuable land lying v.aste from the waters being 
 confined upon them, by natural cau^^s, yet Upper-Canada is more rcaddy 
 drained than the Lower Province, not being so perfectly level. Sutli- 
 cient drainage is, however, very much wanted, m almost every part ot the 
 
 country. , , . • i^o^ 
 
 At the period of the termination of the American Revolution m 1764, 
 the whole of Upper-Canada was one continued forest, and with few ex- 
 ceptions, was heavily encumbered with large trees. Smce that period, 
 
Si 
 
 nuich of tho forest .a the ncighhourhoftl of the lakes nnd rivers has hern 
 cut down, and the hind cultivated r bulwbnt is all that has yet been done, 
 compared to the vast extent that luiMuiuy ; .ill in a state of nature ? An 
 extent that nearly C(iuals that of the British lories. Tho great facUities 
 ollered by her rivers and lakes lor communication to almost every part ol 
 her territory, is of tho greatest conseq\jence and advantage to the settle- 
 ment of a new country. Many of these rivers, it is true, require som< 
 expenditure to make them navigable for steaml oal^, Lut certainly natur* 
 has done as much good for Ui)per-Canada, as for any country ; and il 
 man will only do his part well, I do not know, nor have 1 read of a 
 country better calculated to produce all that is necessury for the support 
 and reasonable enjoyment of a numerous population. 
 
 The province is divided into eleven districts, twenty-six counties, and 
 six ridings, and I believe about 300 townships, besides the Huron tract 
 granted to the Land Company, and the lands occupied by Indians. The 
 eastern district has three counties. Glengarry, Stormont, and Dundas ; 
 Ottawa district two, Prescott and Russel ; Johnstown district two, Gren- 
 ville, and Leeds ; Bathurst district two, Cnlcton and Lanark ; Midland 
 district five, Frontenac, Lennox, Addington, Hastings, Prince Edwards ; 
 Newcastle district two, Northumberland and Durham ; Gore district 
 two, Halton and VVentworth ; Niagara two, and four ridings, Lincoln, 
 with 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th ridings, and Haldimand ; London district 
 three, Norfolk, Oxford and Middlesex ; Western district two, Kent and 
 Essex ; and Home district two, York, with two ridings, east and west, 
 and Simcoe. The average territory of each township may be estimated 
 at about 62,000 acres. The statistical table? will show the state of each 
 county in population, stock, land cultivated, and uncultivated, &c. &c. 
 It would occupy too much space here to describe particularly each coun- 
 ty ; it is sufficient to state that in all the districts abundance of fine land is 
 to be had in a wilderness state. All that is required is hardy and indus- 
 trious settlers, with sufficient capital to bring these lands into cuhivation. 
 
 The stranger may rest assured, that in coming to Canada he will not 
 experience any difficulty in finding land that wil' produce him abundant 
 crops, after it has been properly prepared and cultivated to receive tho 
 seed. The land is naturally exceedingly fertile, and when once clear- 
 ed, requires less lalour in its cultivation than any land in the British 
 Isles. 
 
 NATURAL rnODUCTIOKS. 
 
 The Jorest trees arc nearly the same as vhose of Lower-Canada, but 
 soft wood does not prevail so much, and there is abundance of white 
 oak, very little of which grows in the Lower Province. On good larid, 
 the trees are lai;i>-e, and do not stand so close together as in Lower-Ca- 
 nada, and there is not so much underbrush or small wood. It is in ge- 
 neral less difficult to clear and prepare for crops, and from the trees 
 standing further apart, the roots do not oflfer so much interruption to cul- 
 tivation. The sugar maple, butternut and red cedar, are also more 
 plentiful in Upper-Canada. The nut of the butternut tree, when gather- 
 ed voung and tender about the first of July, is esteemed an excellent 
 
85 
 
 nicklc. The bark o! that tree dyes a thirablc 1.j own colour. The jum- 
 ner tree produces berries which are used in Canada, a. m Holland, in the 
 manufacture of gin. Many kinds of fruit, ncn' lies in particular, grow 
 
 wild in Upper-Canada. , , r 1 1 j ♦ „:„ 
 
 Sarsaplrilla, «piknard, goldthread, elecampane lobcl.»,doodroot, gin- 
 seng, snako-root, sau' to be a cure for the bite ot the rattlesnake, spea - 
 mint, hyssop, wormwood, winte.-green, walei-cresse.. pmny-royal, cat- 
 L, plantain, burdock, horehonnd, mother-worth, mallow, and many oth- 
 *>r aromatic and medicinal plants, are indigenous to Can 'a. 
 " Sumach, the leaves and berries of which are used as a black dye, both 
 here and in I England, grows plentifully in all parts ot Canada ; alder, 
 "horns, well calculated for hedges, and of a rapid growtn ; wild cherries, 
 plums currants, gooseberries, blackberries, raspbe.r.e., grapes, straw- 
 berries, whortleberries and cranberries, all grow >ul. m both provinces, 
 and in great abundan. . Wild rice grows in marshes, and on tU margin 
 .flakes, on Rice Lake particul 'rly, situated m the Newcastle district. 
 It is used as foreign rice, lut is . .forior in quality to Cn >lina r^oe. 
 
 The Who Animals, are the same as in Lovr-Canada, but much 
 morn numeiuus, particularly the bison, bufliilo, e! moose, and common 
 
 *^' It may be interesting to give a short description of the &iVo«, so com- 
 mon in (he western rigions of Canada. He is of the ox kind, cloven- 
 hoofed, ruminating, gregarious animal, of large size, m some instances 
 found to weigh 2,000 pounds. He is shy and fearf.d ot man, unless 
 wounded, when he turn,, upon his hunters, and becomes dangerous. His 
 colour is brown ; he has two short black horns ; his shouders are very 
 much elevated, and there is a great depth trom the withers to the brisket. 
 He tapers uvvay from th. shoulders, and his hind carters are compara- 
 tiveb- of a diminutive size. His tail is short, with t,i r at the end ; his 
 legs^sKort and thick ; his neck, forehead, skin and .w ,<, :overed with 
 long woolly hair ; and in winter the hair of his body is long and ^iiaggy. 
 Altogether he is a most fierce lookmg animal as can be imagined. 
 
 ifie Buffalo, ib animal of the same genus but of a ditrereiit ipec.es, 
 and more resembk s the ox. His colour is a larker brown than thai of 
 the bison. His skin forti-.s very strong, durable, soft leather, and when 
 dressed with the hair on, it is more valuable, as a bed and coverlui, am as 
 a wrapper for persons riding in sleighs ; it is in common use through, d 
 Canada. Thousands of these animals are annually shot by he Indian 
 hunters of the north-w- t, who manufacture their skiris, and preserve 
 their flesh, which, when properly cooked, is very good food. 1 hese ani- 
 mals are scarcely ever seen m or near the settled parts of the province, 
 but range the immense prairies in them ih-west country, in c untless 
 
 ""The^W and Moose, are not often met with. The common Beer, of a 
 large size, are plentiful in both provinces, but are not easily taken, un- 
 less when the snow is very deep in winter. rru r^ /•; . 
 The Birds are nearly the sam( as in Lower-Canaci... Ihe hepMes 
 and insects, are also the suua , witn the exception of the ranlesnake, and 
 water snake, that arc not met with in the Lower Proyince, Though the 
 bite of the rattlesnake is extremely dangerous, and fatal if remedies are 
 
»] 
 
 not nj)|)liccl in tine, yet few accidents occur. The musfcetoea arc much 
 more tiouhlosonio iuul annoying to the settler, than all the wild aninmals 
 ond reptiles united. 
 
 In the waters of Upper-Canada there are abundance of fine fish, which 
 may be of j^rcat help to llio settler ; sturgeon, masqucnonge, lake salm- 
 on, salmon trout, while tish, pike, niackerel, basf, perch, cat-fish, eel, 
 trout, dace, thiil), nudlcf, carp, bicker, dof^fish, bill fish, lamprey, silver 
 eel, herring, and sun iish, are all found in the lakes and rivers. 
 
 The Climate oi' UrrEn-CANAOA, is considered by most persons 
 who have resided in both provinces, as more moderate than that of I^ow- 
 er-Canada. It is said that the prevailing winds in summer blow from 
 the south-west, and passing over the vast lakes, the air collects a very 
 considerable moisture, which in the spring and fall is said to be unplea- 
 sant. In winter the north-west wind is most frequent, and is dry and 
 cold. When it blows from the south-east, it is generally soft, and the 
 deepest falls of snow, and the longest continued rains, are accompanied 
 by easterly winds, as in Lower-Canada. In summer it frequently occurs 
 that when ihe wind is from the south-west, it rises about nine o'clock, 
 and continues to increase in strength until towards evening, when it lulls 
 away gradually. The south-west wind, coming from a warm region, im- 
 parts warmth to the climate of Canada ; and it is found that the cold is 
 less severe in the latter country than in corresponding degrees of latitude 
 in some of the eastern states of the Union. I have been told that emi- 
 grants from New Jersey, who have settled in Upper-Canada, have found 
 the climate more mild than in the country they had left, though the differ- 
 ence of latitude was two degrees. The inhabitants of Upper-Canada 
 complain much of want of sufficient snow in some seasons to make good 
 winter roads, and to shelter the young growing wheat. A full covering 
 of snow from the 1st of December to the 21st of March, will be ever 
 found advantageous for both Canadas. Though there should not be a 
 particle of snow on the ground, tiic climate is such that cattle must be 
 under shelter or enclosed in yards with sheds, and hand-fed in winter. 
 The grass that might be on the fields could possess very little nutriment 
 indeed, after a few nights of frost, so severe as to cover the va<t rivers of 
 Canada with ice. The difference between the climate of Upper and 
 Lower Canada, so far as regards the winter feeding of cattle, is very tri- 
 fling. Perhaps cattle might contrive to exist on wnat they could procure 
 in the fields, at a later period of the fall, and some days earlier in the 
 spring, in Upper than in Lower Canada ; but, doing justice to stock, 
 they will require to be hand-fed in both provinces, from some time in the 
 month of November until the 1st of May. This may appear to the emi- 
 grant from the Britisb Isles, as greatly unfavourable to the keeping of 
 cattle to profit, but it is not so in reality. I believe that in ordinary sea- 
 sons, that arc moderately moist in summer, one hundred acres of land in 
 due proportion of meadow and pasture, will supiiort as much stock in Ca- 
 nada for the year, as the sanie quantity of land of equal fertility, in pas- 
 lure and meadow would do in Britain. The land may yield as much 
 produce of nutriment in six months in Canada as it will in a year else- 
 where, provided it is not checked by extraord nary drought, which sel- 
 dom happens until the hay crop is secured. The greatest drawback to 
 
87 
 
 the farmct \fi, that in the months of Anfrnst and Soptrnihcr, it fr«qncntly 
 happens that the i>a.sture.s Hullcr for uant ..f ra.n ; but I am cuMliclenl ihu 
 except in snch unfavouiable Hta«ons, ihr lon^-wintrrs will not ho jound 
 prejudicial to the keeping oi" .slock indue pr..po.Hon to the size ot tarnis, 
 
 and the capital of the farmer. /-. , 
 
 I have already 'riven tables of the teniperalure of Upper-Canada, com- 
 pared with that of Lower-Canada, which will be sullicent lor every use- 
 ful purpose. Tl»e diiferencc in the spring, sunnncr and harvest months, 
 is very inconsiderable, but in the winter th<' cold is not so great or so 
 Ion- continued in the Upper as in the Lower Trovmce, and perhaps this 
 combined with some dillerenco in the soil, is the c net cause that lal 
 whrat is more successfully cultivated in the Upper Provmce ; but 1 wi.l 
 not admit that even with this advantage, and what it may possess m re- 
 gard to climate, that the Upper rrovincc is much to be prelerred to the 
 Lower, as an agricultural country. 
 
 Cities, Towns, and Villages, in Upper-Canada, cannot yet be very 
 numerous or extensive ; there are, however, some that have made aston- 
 ishing profM-ess within a few years. The city of 1 oronto, m at. 43.35. 
 north! and long. 79. 20. west, is the seat of govcrnment,and has now 
 about 1500 houses, and over 10,000 inhabitants. It is beautifully situat- 
 ed on a fine bay or harbour of Lake Ontario, which is protected at the 
 entrr nor by a strong battery. There arc several public buildings, the 
 Hou,o ' r Assembly, where the provincial legislature hold their sittings ; 
 the Government House, King's College, Court-house, Laol, Lpiscopa- 
 han Church, Catholic Church, Scotch Kirk, Baptist-and Methodist chap- 
 els Barracks, &c. A considerable number of 'he houses are wood, but 
 some are of brick and stone. The city is incorporated, and is governed 
 by a mayor, aldermen and common-council, annually elected. It returns 
 two members to the provincial assembly. Toronto is so iavourably cir- 
 cumstanced in many respects that it is likely to advance rapidly in extent 
 
 and population. , 
 
 Kingston is in lat 44.12. north, and long. 75.41. west, at the north- 
 east point of Lake Ontario, and the head of the St. Lawrence, about 200 
 miles from Montreal, and 190 from Toronto. It has about 600 houses, 
 and from 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants. More than half the houses are ot 
 brick and stone, and well built. There are several public buildmgs, 
 churches, barracks, &c. The Provincial Penitentiary, lately erected, is 
 a fine and extensive building, and cost over 12,000/. Itis estimated that 
 it will be necessary to expend 8,000/. more to complete the plan. 1 be- 
 lieve there will be 370 cells or more, when the building is finished as pro- 
 posed, with all other necessary appendages, work-shops, yards, apart- 
 ments for keepers, watchmen, &c. I have not seen a plan of the peniten- 
 tiary, but believe it the same as that of the penitentiary at Auburn or Sing 
 Sin'^r, in the United States. The estimated expense of keeping 50 pri- 
 soners in food, clothes, light and firewood, is about 850/. annually, ex- 
 clusive of keepers, watchmen, &c. This would be 17/. for each prison- 
 er of which 7hd. per day is the esLimu ed expense of rations, or 11/. 8s. 
 3d. annually for food ; 3/. I2s. for clothes, and the remainder for fire- 
 wood and candles. There is no estimate made of what the work of the 
 prisoners is likely to produce, but I should hope that under judiciou.s su- 
 
88 
 
 perintendanco, it will noarlv clear the whole expense. I think there is no 
 Miode of restraint that can he devised so proper, as that of ohhging those 
 who commit a hrf ach of the Uiw of their country, to contrihute to their 
 own support, while they are subjected to confinement for their crimes. 
 It is unreasonablf that the criminal, idle and dissolute, should be support- 
 ed in idleness, at the expense of the industrious and well conducted part 
 of the community, and it is only strict justice to oblige those who ^yill vo- 
 luntarilv and wantonly act against the peace and welfare of society, to 
 work for their maintenance, while under lawful restraint, I have ever 
 looked upon it as an encouragement to vice and crime, to keep young 
 and healthy men for several months or years confined in idleness. It is 
 scarcely possible that such persons when discharged, will ever again be- 
 come industrious and weW conducted ; and in such a country as British 
 America, idle habits ought to be strictly guarded against, where the in- 
 dustry of all is required to be usefully applied. The amendment of the 
 criminal ought to be as much, and more the object of good laws, as his 
 punishment ; and indeed I dispute the perfection of any laws that are 
 not calculated to produce amendment rather than inflict punishment. 
 
 There was a government dock yard at Kingston, and several ships ot 
 war were laid up there since the last American war. One ship of the 
 Line, the St. Lawrence, of 130 guns, was sold at auction some time ago 
 for a few pounds. I believe the establishment is now broken up. The 
 expense incurred in constructing ships of war at Kingston during the last 
 American war, was immense. Kingston is strongly fortified by batteries 
 at all points. Fort Henry is a strong fortress, and commands the city 
 
 and harbour. 
 
 Brockville is, next to Kingston, the most extensive and improving 
 town in Upper-Canada, and has been built since the last war. It 
 is 143 miles from Montreal, 12 from Prescott, and 56 from Kingston. 
 This town has a considerable trade ; the steamboats arrive and depart al- 
 most every day while the navigation is open. I believe it has from 1600 
 to 2000 inhabitants, and is likely to increas<^ rapidly. The town of Pres- 
 cott is situated immediat<>ly above the most westwardiy rapid on the St.^ 
 Lawrence. The steamboats ply between Prescott and every part oi 
 Lake Ontario. The improvement of the St. Lawrence. now in pro- 
 gress, will, when complete, allow of uninterrupted steam navigation from 
 Prescott to the province line between Upper and Lower Canada. 
 
 The town of Niagara is charmingly situated on the south shore of Lake 
 Ontario, at the mouth of the Niagara river. It has about 500 houses, 
 and a population of 2000. There is a very considerable and constant in- 
 tercourse in the summer season by steamboat, between Niagara and ev- 
 ery part of Lake Ontario, and as low down as Prescott. The town of 
 Niagara is about 10 miles below the great falls, a circumstance that at- 
 tiacrs many strangers to the place, on their way to visit the tails. There 
 are many other rising towns of considerable trade which I think it unne- 
 cessary to describe particularly. The names of almost all the cities, 
 towns and villages, are given in the following list of places where post 
 offices are established in Upper-Canada, on the 6lh of February, 1836. 
 
89 
 
 Aldborough 
 
 Adolphustown 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Amherstburgh 
 
 Ancaster 
 
 Adelaide 
 
 Albion 
 
 Asphadel 
 
 Bath 
 
 Bayham 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Beverley 
 
 Brantford 
 
 Brighton 
 
 Brockville 
 
 Burford 
 
 Bytovvn 
 
 Beamsville 
 
 Barrie 
 
 Beaverton 
 
 Carleton Place 
 
 Castlcford 
 
 Cavan 
 
 Chippawa 
 
 Cobourg 
 
 Colborne 
 
 Colchester 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 Credit 
 
 Camden East 
 
 Chingnaconsey 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Consecon 
 
 Darlington 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Demorestville 
 
 Drummondville 
 
 Dundas 
 
 Dunnville 
 
 Eriens 
 
 Elobicoke 
 
 Esquesing 
 
 Fitzroy Harbour 
 
 Fort Erie 
 
 Fredericksburgh 
 
 Gait 
 
 Gananoque 
 
 Georgina 
 
 Gosfield 
 
 Grimsby 
 
 Guelph 
 
 Goderich 
 
 Hallovvell 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Hawkesbury 
 
 Hillier 
 
 Holland Landing 
 
 Howard 
 
 Haldimand 
 
 Hope 
 
 Kemptville 
 
 Kilmarnock 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Kitley 
 
 Keswich 
 
 Lanark 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Loyd Town 
 
 Lochiel 
 
 London 
 
 L'Oriihel 
 
 March 
 
 Markham 
 
 Marmora 
 
 Martintown 
 
 Matilda 
 
 Merrickville 
 
 Middlcton 
 
 Mosa 
 
 Murray 
 
 Milford 
 
 Montinette 
 
 Mcrsea 
 
 Manogham 
 
 Napopee 
 
 Nelson 
 
 Newmarket 
 
 Niagara 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Orford 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Osnabruck 
 
 Otanabec 
 
 Orillia 
 
 Oakvillc 
 
 Ora 
 
 Pasis 
 
 Penetanguishene 
 
 Perth 
 
 Poterboro 
 
 n 
 
 Pickering 
 Port Burwell 
 Port Dalhousie 
 Port Dover 
 Port Hope 
 Port Stanley 
 Port Talbot 
 Proscott 
 Pakerham 
 Porland 
 Perrey 
 Queenston 
 Raleigh 
 Richmond 
 River Trent 
 Romney 
 
 Rawdon 
 
 Richmond Hill 
 
 St. Andrews 
 
 St. Catherines 
 
 St. Johns 
 
 Stv Raphaels 
 
 St. Thomas 
 
 Landwich 
 
 Simcoe 
 
 Smith Falls 
 
 Smithville 
 
 Stoney Creek 
 
 Streetsville 
 
 Stoufville 
 
 Searboro 
 
 Stanley's Mills 
 
 Shannonville 
 
 St. George 
 
 Stratford 
 
 Seymour West 
 
 Thornhill 
 
 Thorold 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Trafalgar 
 
 Toronto City 
 
 Vankleek Hill 
 
 Vittoria 
 
 Wainfleet 
 
 Walsingham 
 
 Waterford 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Wellington 
 
 Wellington Square 
 
 West Williamsburg 
 
 I 
 
90 
 
 AVhitton 
 Woodstock 
 Williams Town 
 
 Yarmouth 
 
 Yonge 
 York Mills 
 
 Whitly 
 
 Williamsburg East 
 Ways Mills 
 
 My object in publishing this work is to give an idea of the capabilities 
 ofthe country for future population and production, not to describe mi- 
 nutely, every town and village in Canada. It may reasonably be 
 supposed that there cannot be many large towns, in such an extensive 
 country, and thin population. There must first be a numerous rural po- 
 pulation before there will be encouragement to build extensive cities and 
 towns, because a numerous town population could not be otherwise sup- 
 ported unless manufactures were extensively established. The stranger 
 may however rest assured that in every part of Canada he will find he 
 can settle himself eufficiently convenient to a rising town or village, 
 where he can procure all actual necessaries, and those who may require 
 luxuries, and have the means of paying for them, will find no difficulty m 
 getting them to purchase, if they do not go too far into the lorest, beyond 
 the bounds of civilization m i • 
 
 Education, is very well rn'ovided for in Upper-Canada. The legis- 
 lature have made annual grants for the support of schools and school- 
 masters ; there are also appropriations of land made to a considerable ex- 
 tent, which may be increased, I suppose, to any extent that would be pru- 
 dent and desirable. In a new country, unless education receives some 
 support from government funds, the rising generation will be neglected. 
 The parents in general will think they can badly spare the services of 
 their children when able to render any assistance in the way of labour, 
 and can less spare money to pay for their education. Hence, it will be 
 found, that in every new country, where education is not partly provided 
 for from public funds, it will be very much neglected. I do not say that 
 a gratuitous education should be offered to the children of parents who 
 miirht very well afford to contribute something towards paying for their 
 education. There might be som,e rule adopted that would guard against 
 an abuse of this kind. , j • • 
 
 In case that puplic property is set apart for general education, it would 
 be just that the public at large should participate in the benefit, and li is 
 on this principle that I would think it desirable to grant public lands for 
 the endowment of public schools, which might be sold on a permanent 
 annuity for their support. One public school in each township ought to 
 be sufficient, if placed in a central situation ; and were 4000 acres set 
 apart in each township, it would on an average aflTord a permanent annu- 
 ity of 100/. or more. This, with whatever assistance might be rendered 
 voluntarily by the people, would if once properly organized, bo sufficient 
 without much aid from the public revenue, except foi the erection of 
 schoolhouses, and residences for masters. The less revenue that is col- 
 lected oft' the people by the government, over what is actually necessa- 
 ry for its respectable support, and for works of general utility, the better 
 for the community at large. To insure the success of public schools, the 
 principal matter to be attended to would be the choice ot qualified school- 
 masters, and placing the superintendancc of schools, under the controul of 
 a board of commissioners in each province, whose duly it ^ho\ild be among 
 
 mW 
 
91 
 
 others, to visit peraonally.every public school in the province annually, and 
 to see that proper books of instruction were made use ot in the schools. 
 The duty of these commissioners, as well as a general plan ot education, 
 might be pointed out by an act of the legislature. The expense ot a board 
 of Education, need not be very great. Four commissioners and a secretary 
 would be sufficient, and as they would not be constantly employed, ex- 
 cept the secretary, about 200/. a year for each might perhaps remune- 
 rate them for their services, wilh an additional allowance for travelling 
 expenses, in visiting the schools, which they could do separately. A lo- 
 cal board might be elected in every township to superintend each school, 
 under the cl^ief board of education, from whom they would receive their 
 instructions. Competent men might be found to form a board of education, 
 at a salary of 200/. a year. A useful education is what would be requir- 
 ed to be taught at the township schools, and in my humble judgment, the 
 dead languages need not form a part of it. Let those vvho would find it 
 necessary that their children should be taught Hebrew, Greek and Latin, 
 send them to the colleges or private schools. A plain English education 
 is amply sufficient for any agriculturist in Canada, and might serve ior a 
 larcre proportion of those who arc not agriculturists, and who propose to 
 em'ilov themselves in trade, commerce or manufactures. 
 
 Kinff's Collecrc in Upper-Canada is endowed with 245,000 acres of land. 
 This land, if even sold at 105. the acre, the interest of the purchase 
 money at 5 per cent, per annum, would amount to near fiOOO/. a year 
 for ever : and I suppose the land may realize double that amount. 1 do 
 not know what returns the lands yield at present. The college has an 
 annual grant from the money received for the land sold to the Land 
 
 Company of 1000/. sterling. , i r r . .^^r.i\r. 
 
 The "rates of tuition :" 2/. currency per quarter, and 5s. foi contin- 
 gencies, that is, pens, ink, fuel, &c. for each scholar in the college forms. 
 
 In the department of the college which is called the preparatory school, 
 1/. 5.9. per quarter for tuition, and 5s. for contingencies, is paid for each 
 
 '''" ThTterh .^ at the college boarding house, are 30/. currency per annum, 
 
 for board and tuition. u ii,- 
 
 Books and materials furnished to the pupils on the lowest terms by the 
 mlle're who order them from England every year. The average num- 
 be ofscholai^ was for the first ye^ar, 1830 104 ; in 1831, l2l ; in 1832, 
 105 ; in 1833, 118 ; in 1834, 115 ; and for the quarter endmg March. 
 
 1 OOK 1 04. 
 
 I believe the college is very well conducted under a president, princi- 
 nal vice-principal, and several masters, &c. No scholaris required to 
 conform to, or be instructed in, the peculiar creeds, or religious exercises 
 of any christian denomination. This is as it should be, and I hope that 
 every college in British America may be conducted on the same princi- 
 ple, that scholars of every religions creed may be educated together, 
 without any interference as to the religion they profess. It is the encou- 
 racement of miserable and unchristian distinctions, that has caused so 
 much division and ill feeling to prevail between cKTerent religious sects 
 all over the world, who all nevertheless profess to be chnstians. 
 
 The number of schools in Upper-Canada may be from 500 to 600. 1 
 
93 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 have not an exact return of them. The legislative aid granted in 1833, 
 1834, and 1836, was about 8,000/. annually. This session the House 
 of Assembly have voted 20,000/. for education annually, for some years 
 to come, but it has not yet passed the Council; 
 
 Religion, in Upper-Canada, is perfectly free. Every man may profess 
 what particular creed he thinks proper ; and there are several different 
 relif^ious denominations. No tithes are raised in Upper-Canada. The 
 elero-y reserves, or one-seventh of the lands, were set apart for the sup- 
 port°of a Protestant clergy by the constitutional act. Until very lately 
 ihese reserves did not produce much. The following statement will 
 show what the clergy reserves have produced for the last 15 years. It is 
 taken from documents placed before the legislature. 
 
 Statement of the sims recei 
 from 1S20, to 1834, witk 
 2midinto the hands of the 
 
 ved on account of rents of Clergy Reserves 
 expenditure fox superintending, and balance 
 Receiver 'General. 
 
 1820 
 
 Received, 
 
 1821 
 
 ditto 
 
 1822 
 
 ditto 
 
 1823 
 
 ditto 
 
 1824 
 
 ditto 
 
 1825 
 
 ditto 
 
 1826 
 
 ditto 
 
 1827 
 
 ditto 
 
 1828 
 
 ditto 
 
 1829 
 
 ditto 
 
 1830 
 
 ditto 
 
 1831 
 
 ditto 
 
 1832 
 
 ditto 
 
 1833 
 
 ditto 
 
 1S33 
 
 ditto in.l833 
 
 1834 
 
 ditto 
 
 Total Received, 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 (/. 
 
 34 
 
 18 
 
 71 
 
 1820 Expenditure 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 231 
 
 17 
 
 8h 
 
 1821 ditto 
 
 149 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 261 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 1822 ditto 
 
 150 
 
 8 
 
 7i 
 
 251 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 1823 ditto 
 
 153 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1824 ditto 
 
 123 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 432 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 1825 ditto 
 
 142 
 
 2 
 
 10| 
 
 209 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1829 ditto 
 
 149 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 726 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1830 ditto 
 
 216 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 725 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 1831 ditto 
 
 175 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 11 08 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1832 ditto 
 
 248 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 1833 ditto 
 
 228 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 1483 
 
 19 
 
 U 
 
 Total Expenditure 
 
 1772 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 3357 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 Balance paid from 
 time to time into 
 Receiver-Gene- 
 
 
 
 
 11034 
 
 
 
 ral's hands. 
 Total, 
 
 9261 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 11034 
 
 10 
 
 Statement of Rtceipts and Paijments arising from the sales oj 
 Resen^es, made by the Commissioners of Crown Lands, from 
 aury, 1829, and quantity oJ land sold, ivith the pri ce per acre 
 
 Clergy 
 1st Jan- 
 
 
 1829 
 1630 
 1831 
 1932 
 1833 
 1834 
 
 Quantity 
 of Land 
 Sold. 
 
 Acres. 
 18014 
 34705 1-2 
 23363 1-2 
 48494 3-4 
 622^2 1-4 
 69.>2o 
 
 Price 
 
 per 
 
 Acre. 
 
 d. 
 8 1-2 
 6 
 1 3-4 
 
 3 3-4 
 
 4 )-2 
 
 Total 
 Amount. 
 
 13 10 3-4 
 
 L 8. 
 
 13223 
 23402 4 
 17.362 12 
 322S7 19 
 44747 19 
 41356 18 
 
 Amount 
 Received. 
 
 L B. 
 
 2lfi8 1 
 
 6215 1 
 
 l| e2'i9 17 
 
 10713 6 
 
 9114036 16 
 
 9 l.ifiJO 8 
 
 \mt. paid to 
 Commissary 
 General. 
 
 11, "Ol 
 8,000 
 9,500 
 
 10,000 
 
 Amt. paid 
 to Receiv- 
 er Gcn'rl. 
 
 Expenditure 
 for Bupcriii- 
 tendance. 
 
 L s. d 
 
 759 15 3 
 
 70S 7 3 
 
 1062 10 7 
 
 a. 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 L 
 
 2lo9 
 829 
 1207 12 
 1020 15 
 1236 JO 
 1H86 13 
 
 imn 13 H 'n2l3rt 13 7l582.>1 12 ^ 3h;-01 "35SS 13 1 18390 11 10 
 
 Palancs in tlic hands vi ill'- Gommi .ji'jacr uf trovn Land 
 
 Total paid 
 
 L 8. d 
 
 2159 9 8 
 
 829 12 8 
 
 14207 12 
 
 9818 10 3 
 
 11495 18 I 
 
 12949 4 3 
 
 49460 6 II 
 8790 5 6 
 
 v9:J31 12 a 
 
d. 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 d3 
 
 Out of the above funds there appears to have .^^^" Pf ^J^^^^f '^^ (^'^ 
 Upper-Canada in the year 1833, 11,870/, ; ana in 18o4, \«'927/., mak- 
 ing a total of 28,797/. 0{ this amount the c ergy of the church ot H-ng- 
 la^d received in the two years 14 821/ ; of the cnuich of Scot and,^nd 
 of the united Presbyterian Synod of Upper-Canada, 6,127/. , Koman 
 CathoUc church, 4,910/. ; and Methodists 2,667/. A part of these grants 
 were for the erection and repair of churches. 
 
 List of Missionaries of the Church of England. 
 
 PAROCHIAL CLERGY OP THE CHURCH OF ^ ENGLAND IN UPPER- 
 CANADA, 1st APRIL, 1836. 
 
 Home District.— Toronto, &c, the honorable and venerable J. 
 
 Strachan,D. D. (Archdeacon of York.) , , ^ ■ , n,^ 
 
 Rev. H. Grasett, A. B. assistant minister, Toronto, (chaplain lo the 
 
 ^"^'^^The^lergyofthe Upper-Canada college officiate on Sundays in 
 
 '^'^Markimm? and v'aughan. Rev. V. P. Mayerhoffer, and Rev. G. Mor- 
 
 timer, A. M. 
 
 Toronto, &c. Rev. J. Magrath. 
 
 Etobicoke, &c. Rev T. Phillips, D. D. 
 
 Travelling Missionary in the Home District, Rev. A. Mhot. 
 
 Gore District.— Hamilton and Barton, Rev. J. U. t.edUes. 
 
 Binbrook, Glandford, &c. Rev. J. C. Usher. 
 
 Ancastev and Dundas, Rev. J. Miller, A. M. 
 
 Guelph, Woolwich, &c. Rev. A. Palmer, A. B. 
 
 Missionaries to the Six Nations (Indians) on the Grand ^»ver. Rev. 
 R. Lugger, from the New-England Company, London ; Rev. A. Nelles, 
 
 assistant minister. ^^ n^ n 
 
 District OF Niagara.— Niagara, Rev. 1. tureen. 
 
 Grimsby, &c. Rev. G. Grout. 
 
 Chippawa, Stamford, Queenston, Rev. V\ . Leeming. 
 
 Waterloo, Fort Erie, &c. Rev. J. Anderson. 
 
 St. Catherines, &c. Rev. J. Clarke, A. M. 
 
 London District— St Thomas, &c. Rev. M. Burnhani, A. B. 
 
 Woodhouse, &c. Rev F, f.vans. 
 
 London, &c. Rev. B. C.onyn, A. M. 
 
 Adelaide, Rev. D. Blake, A. B. 
 
 Carrodoc, &c. Rev. R. R. Flood, A. M. 
 
 Blandford, &c. Rev. W. Bertridge. ^ ^ , , ^ ^ ^ p P , . 
 
 Western District.— Amherstburg and Colchester, Rev. R. Rolph. 
 
 Sandwich, Rev. W. Johnson. 
 Chatham, &c. Rev. T. B. Fuller. 
 Warwick, Rev. J. Radcliff, A. M. , 
 
 Travelling missionary in the London district, ^^ev. P. Greene, A. 15. 
 Newcastle DisTRicT.-Cobourg, &c. Rev. A. N. Belhuno, (Chap- 
 lain to the lord bishop.) 
 
 Port Hope, &c. Rev. J. Coghlan, A. B. 
 
94 
 
 Cavan, &c. Rev. J. Thomson and Rev. S. Armour. 
 
 Peterborough, &c. Rev. R. H. D'OUer, M. A. 
 
 Midland District. — Kingston, the Yen. G. 0. Stuart, L, L. D 
 (Archdeacon of Kingston.) 
 
 Rev. R. D. Cartwright, A. M. assistant minister, and acting chaplain 
 to the Garrison, (chaplain to the lord bishop.) 
 
 Bath, Ernestown, &c. Rev. A. F. Atkinson, A. B. 
 
 Adolphustown, &c. Rev. J. Deacon, 
 
 Belleville, &c. Rev. John Cochran, A. B. 
 
 Carrying Place, (Township of Murray) &c. Rev. J. Grier. 
 
 Mohawk Tract, in the Bay of Quinte, &c. Rev. S. Givins. 
 
 Travelling missionary in the Midland District, Rev. W. S. F. Harper. 
 
 Prince Edward's District.— Hailowell, &c. Rev. W. Macaulay. 
 
 Bathurst District.— Perth, &c. Rev. M. Harris, A. M. 
 
 Beckwith, &c. Rev. J. Shortt. 
 
 Richmond, &c. K. Rolph. 
 
 March and Huntley, Rev. J. Padfield. 
 
 Carlcton Place, &c. Rev. E. J. iioswell. 
 
 Johnstown District.— Brockville, &c. Rev. E. Denroche, A. B. 
 
 Yongc, &c. Rev. W. Gunning, A. M. 
 
 Prescott, IMaitland, &c. Rev. Robert Blakey. 
 
 Oxford and Marlborough, Rev. H, Patton. t /-* t» 
 
 Eastern District.— Matilda, Williamsburg, &c. Rev. J. G. B. 
 Lindsay. 
 
 Osnaburgh, 
 
 Cornwall, &c. Rev. G. Archbold. 
 
 Missionary to the Indians at Sault Ste. Marie, Rev. W. McMurray, 
 from the Society at Toronto, (U.C.) for the conversion of the Indians, &c. 
 
 Red River Settlement, and Hudson's Bay Territory, Rev. D. J. 
 Jones, chaplain ; Rev. — Cochrane, assistant chaplain to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, missionaries from the Church Missionary Society, Lon- 
 
 Rev. J. S. Strong, destination not known. Rev. J. Mackenzie, do. 
 
 CATECHISTS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN THE CANADAS. 
 
 Lower-Canada.— District of Quebec, G. C. Allsopp, Frampton and 
 
 parts adjacent. 
 
 Edward Turner, Bourg Louis. , . ,. 
 
 District of Montreal— Charles Forest, Chateauguay, and parts adja- 
 cent. W. Harvey, Huntingdon, and parts adjacent. 
 
 District of Three-Rivers — Edward Lane, Riviere du Loup, and parts 
 adiacent. Patrick Benson, Lake Miskinonge, 
 
 District of Gaspd— John Eden, Gasp^ Basin. Geo. Heath, Mai Bay. 
 J. Tuzo, L'Anse au bcau-fils. 
 
 Upper-Canada— Home District— Thomas Moore, Markham. 
 
 Newcastle District— R. Taylor, Douro. 
 
 Maitland District— Mr. Shirley, Bath. 
 
 Johnstown District— Mr. Latimer, Wolford. 
 Ditto ditto, John O'Neill, New Boync. 
 
 Eastern Dif^tiict— P. Mulhern, Cornwall. 
 
 I "mBBBBE.. 
 
d5 
 
 CORPORiLTION FOR MANAGING THE CLERGY KESLRVES IN LOWER- 
 CANADA. 
 
 Members— The Lord Bisliop of Quebec, and all the beneficed clergy 
 within the province. 
 
 Principal, The Lord Bishop. t t i 
 
 Directors: The Rev. G. J. Mountain, Rev. J. Bethune, Rev. J. Jack- 
 son, Rev. S. S. Wood, Rev. R. R. Burrage, Rev. E. W. hewell. Rev. 
 J. L. Alexander. 
 
 Secretary : T. H. Thomson, Esquire. 
 
 The following are the payments that arc proposed to be made to the 
 missionaries employed by the English Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel in British America, from the funds of that Society, Ironi Colonial 
 funds, and parliamentary votes, commencing 1st Aprd, 1834. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Paid by the So- Paid by the 
 ciety from their Local Gov- 
 own funds. ernment. 
 
 Upper-Canada, 
 Lower-Canada, 
 Nova Scotia, 
 New-Brunswick, 
 Prince Ed's. Island 
 Cape Breton, 
 Newfoundland, 
 
 Total annually. 
 
 3415 
 
 3800 
 300 
 400 
 
 2170 
 
 i:6506 
 
 552 
 
 Paid by vote 
 of the British 
 Parliament. 
 
 Total 
 paid an- 
 nually. 
 
 £ 
 
 550 
 4000 
 
 .£10085 
 
 7058 
 
 4550 
 
 i:6506 
 3965 
 4000 
 6352 
 300 
 400 
 2170 
 
 21693 
 
 I have taken the above from official docuiiients submitted to the Le- 
 gislature of Upper- Canada. 
 
 List of Ministers in connection ivithihe Church of Scotland, 
 Rev. Mr. Rintoul, City of Toronto. Rev. James Ketchan, Belleville. 
 
 Alex. Ross, Aldborough, 
 
 Alex. Gale, Hamilton. 
 
 John Machar, Kingston. 
 
 W. McAllister, Lanark. 
 
 Thomas Wilson, Perth. 
 
 A. McNaughton, Lancaster 
 
 Archd. Connell,Martintown 
 
 John McKenzie, Williamstown 
 
 H. Urquhart, Cornwall. 
 
 Wm. Stuart, Gait. 
 
 J. Cruikshank, Bytown. 
 
 Geo. Cheyne, Amherstburg 
 
 D. McNaughton, Vaughan. 
 
 M. Y. Stark, Dundas. 
 
 James Smith, Guelph. 
 
 TT ^ J ( White Church 
 IL Gordon, J .^^^ ^^-^^^ 
 
 John M. Roger, Peterborough 
 
 P. Ferguson, Esquesing. 
 
 Geo. Romanes, Smiths Falls. 
 
 John Fairbairn, Ramsey. 
 
 iK^ itTi, ( Colborne, New- 
 Mat. Millar J ^^^^^^ j3igtri^t^ 
 
 Robert McGill, Niagara. 
 I have it not in my power to show what the annual allowance to each 
 minister is for the year 1834. The total amount charged as paid to 
 them, was 2219/. lU. lO^d for payment of one year's allowance or sa- 
 laries. 
 
96 
 
 List of Clergy of the Cnital Prrsbyterian Synod of Upper-Camda, 
 1st January, 1835. 
 
 Rev. G. Buchannan, Bcckwith. 
 Andw. Bell, Toronto township 
 John Gemmill, Lanark. 
 John Bryning, Mount Pleasant 
 Robert Lyle, Osnaburg 
 Robert Boyd, Prescott. 
 Wm. Snmrtt, Brockvillc. 
 The am(»untpaid by the Receiver-General Dunn to the clergy of the 
 United Presbyterian Synod of Upper-Canada, as their allowance for the 
 year ending the 31st December, 1834. was 813/. currency. 
 
 Roman Catholic Clergy of Upper-Canada in I834i. 
 Right Rev. Bishop McDonald, Right Rev. Bishop Gaulin. 
 
 Rev. P. Ferguson, Esquesing. 
 D. McMillan, Caledon. 
 William King, Nelson. 
 R. McDowall, Fredericksburg 
 James George, Scarboro. 
 G. McClitchcy, Clinton. 
 
 Rev. James Moore 
 John McDonald 
 Wm. Fraser 
 James Bennett 
 James Campion 
 Timothy O'Meara 
 John Cannon 
 
 Rev. Michael Brenan 
 John Butler 
 W. P. McDonell 
 Patk. McDonogh 
 John Keegan 
 John Cassidy 
 Angus M' Jonell 
 
 Rev. John Lostree 
 John McDonell 
 Edward Gorden 
 Daniel Downey 
 George Hay 
 — Morin 
 Murth. Lalor 
 
 John McDonogh 
 
 The Roman Catholic churches for which government aid has been 
 granted in 1833 andl834, are the following, and the amount granted for 
 each. 
 
 Glengarry, 
 
 Peterboro, 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Guelph, 
 
 liongeuil, 
 
 Gore of Toronto, 
 
 Adjala, 
 
 lioughboro, 
 
 Petit Nation, 
 
 .£300 
 150 
 191 
 90 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 70 
 30 
 30 
 
 Maiden, 
 
 London, 
 
 St. Thomas, 
 
 Port Hope, - 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Camden, 
 
 Trent, 
 
 Cornwall, 
 
 St. Catherine, 
 
 Toronto 
 
 .£90 
 50 
 60 
 20 
 
 150 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 85 
 25 
 
 Penetanguishine, 
 
 Up to the year 1800, about 20,000 acres of land were set apart as 
 Glebes in Upper-Canada for the use of the church of England. From 
 that time to 1828, about 600 acres ; and from 1828 to 1834, 600 acres, 
 making in all over 21,200 acres. From 1828 to the present period,most 
 of the land set apart for glebes was for the church of Scotland andRo- 
 man Catholics. For the former up to 1834, 1160 acres, and for the lat- 
 ter 400 acres. I cannot say what state of improvement these glebe 
 lands are in, or what proportion has been cleared and cultivated. ! 
 should think that there ought not to be any objection to grant free, a 
 sufficient glebe, for every church, and resident minister in Upper-Canada, 
 of whatever religious profession. There is land in abundance, and a 
 glebe would be of great assistance to the support of a clergyman, who 
 would reside upon it, amongst his flock, or parishioners. Unquestionably 
 land has often been granted free to persons in Canada, less deserving of 
 
97 
 
 it than the clergy ; and where there are no tithes, and I hope never will 
 be a fflebe for the resident minister, who might have a family that could 
 be 'usefully employed upon it, and who, perhaps, otherwise might be idle, 
 would be greatly desirable. It cannot be injurious to any portion ot the 
 community, that glebes should be appropriated for the support of mmis- 
 ters of religion; and in a country such as British America, it might be 
 well for the clergyman to have a farm, where some of his children might 
 be instructed in agriculture, if they had no better means of getting their 
 
 The Government is the same as that of Lower-Canada. The Consti- 
 tutional Act granted the same power of legislation to Upper as to Lower 
 Canada, under a lieutenant-governor, appointed by the king. Ihe Ji.ng- 
 lish civil and criminal laws arc in force, with some modifications by pro- 
 vincial statutes. Registry offices are established in every county, so that 
 there can be no difficulty of ascertaining the true circumstances of any 
 property oflered for sale, and of knowing what security a man may give 
 who would require a money accommodation. This must have a very ta- 
 vourable innucnce on the prosperity of Upper-Canada. 
 
 Lands granted in Upper-Canada, from the original returns to England, 
 to the year 1834. 
 
 941 grants of 100 acres, and under, 
 431 grants of 100 to 600 acres, 
 
 28 grants over 500 acres, . . - 
 
 1400 grants or deeds, for - - - 
 
 Other 5 grants or deeds, to the Canada Land Com- 
 pany, have passed the great seal, - - - 
 Also 96 Clergy Reserve leases have passed the 
 great seal, ------- 
 
 Grants have passed the great seal, commencing 
 from the year 1792, for - - - - 
 
 Deeds have been granted to the Canada Company 
 for other ------- 
 
 67,372 acres 
 92,815 do. 
 24,036 
 182,228 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 - 52,311 
 
 18,364 
 
 8,121,665| do. 
 
 735,828| do. 
 
 9,295,620acres 
 1, 527,1 64acres 
 
 302,420 do. 
 
 Total granted, - - - - 
 
 The total quantity of surveyed lands remaining un- 
 granted in 1834, according to the blue book; 
 
 Also given over to Col. Talbot for settlement, no 
 return of which has been made to the Surveyor- 
 General, - - ■ " 
 
 Total granted and ungranted, which is surveyed 1 l,125,204acres 
 
 It does not appear that one-half of the above granted lands have ever 
 yet been settled upon or occupied, and only one-eleventh part cultivated. 
 
 The Canada Land Company purchased from the government by their 
 first agreement, the crown and clergy reserves set apart in Upper-Cana- 
 da that wer lot previously disposed of. By a subsequent arrangement, 
 the clergy reserves, comprising 829,430 acres, were given up by the 
 CompanV, and the government gave in exchange for them the Huron 
 
98 
 
 Tract, containing 1,100,000 acres. The clergy reserves were valued to 
 the company at 3s. 6d. the acre, and amounted to 145,150/. 5s. They 
 got the Huron Tract for the same gros.s amount, with a privilege of one- 
 third of the purchase money to be laid out by them on canals, bridges, 
 roads, churches, wharves and schoolhouscs. Hence the price actually 
 paid by the Land Company for this tract to the government, is a fraction 
 over one shilling and nine pence currency, the acre. I do not know 
 what the crown reserves were valued at. The following is a statement 
 of what the company have and are to pay for what they have purchased. 
 
 July 1827, 
 
 i,'20,000 
 
 July 1832, 
 
 - jC 17,000 
 
 1828, 
 
 15,000 
 
 1833, 
 
 18,000 
 
 1829, 
 
 15.000 
 
 1834, 
 
 19,000 
 
 1830, 
 
 15,000 
 
 1835, 
 
 2',). 000 
 
 1831, 
 
 16,000 
 
 1836, 
 
 20,000 
 
 And each succeeding year for six years the like sum of 20,000/., making 
 altogether 295,000/. currency. This amount doea not include the sum.s 
 which the Land Company are to invest in public works, and improve- 
 ments in the blocks of land in the London and western districts. The 
 company have, I believe, paid up all their instalments to July last. Of 
 the receipts, a large sum has been paid towards the support of the civil 
 government of Upper-Canada. For the expenses uf the commissioners 
 employed to value the lands, &c. about 7,000/. was paid ; and for the 
 compensation in lieu of fees to the officers of the Land-granting Depart- 
 ment, I find the sum of 19,900/. currency charged ; an allowance to the 
 honorable Colonel Talbot, of 400/. sterling, per annum, and some other 
 pensions and charges, of which one of the latter is 1000/. sterling to the 
 King's College, a most excellent application of so much. 
 
 Slalement of Receipts of all J\fIonies arising Jrom the Sale oj Crcwn 
 Lands and Toivn Lots, made by the Commissioners of Croion Lands, 
 also by Rents received on Croion Reserves, from \st January, 1831. 
 
 Years 
 
 Lands 
 
 Sold. 
 Acres. 
 
 Price per 
 Acre. 
 
 Total Amount. 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 Tosvn 
 lots 
 sold. 
 
 I'riru 
 50 Ul lor. 
 
 Iteceived 
 
 f.ir Town 
 
 Lots. 
 
 Rent received 
 
 from Clown 
 
 Keserves. 
 
 1831 
 1832 
 18.33 
 1834 
 
 4.357 
 10.123 
 2)373 
 
 8891 
 
 s. d. 
 11 3 
 9 1 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 
 
 L s. d. 
 2158 1 8 
 4711 2 9 
 lir)78 19 3 
 402S 11 11 
 
 L R. d. 
 172 ; 15 
 2)8.5 1 6 
 6352 6 7 
 3917 13 1 
 
 .30 
 114 
 
 87 
 
 L s. d. 
 
 2) 2 8 
 
 327 15 
 
 1074 9 
 
 1166 13 
 
 L s. d. 
 
 9ri 12 S 
 
 81 18 9 
 
 034 18 6 
 
 7 16 5 
 
 L s. d. 
 304 1 1 
 419 17 6 
 320 16 11 
 121 1 
 
 Total 
 
 49944 
 
 9 7 
 
 22776 Is 7 
 
 14581 10 3 
 
 234 
 
 3193 19 9 
 
 82J 6 a 
 
 ll(>9 10 6 
 
 I regret that I cannot give so satisfactory a statement of the funds aris- 
 ing from the rent and sale of government property as 1 would wish. I 
 give it a3 I could make it out, from the journals of the legislature. There 
 is no statement of the amount of annual rent or instalments, payable for 
 lands or town lots, leased or sold, which might readily be made to show 
 all this, at one view. 
 
 Rev( 
 
 Amour ♦ receive 
 Can>.(la, \s tli 
 import uutiet 
 1834, 
 Amount of 22d 
 Amount rcceivi 
 shop-keepers 
 Amount receive 
 account of gc 
 Amount of dutii 
 Amount of licer 
 Amount of licer 
 Amount of tolls 
 on loans. 
 
 Total amc 
 
 Of the above v 
 year, 
 
 Administration 
 
 ment, 
 Receiver-Gem 
 Inspector-Gen 
 Adjutant-Gene 
 Contingencies 
 Pensions, 
 Schools and s( 
 Hospital, Fem 
 
 ry, Kingsto 
 Agricultural S 
 Improvements 
 Maintenance ( 
 Remuneration 
 Surveys and c 
 Redemption c 
 Interest on de 
 On account c 
 of the river 
 
 Total ex 
 
 I did not il 
 neral's hands 
 
99 
 
 Revet o , ud Kxpenditure of Upper-Caimdft for the year 18^4. 
 
 lEVF.M-E. 
 
 Amou! ' received from the llecch '^< of Lower- 
 
 Can, da, IS the |jroportion for L , r-' utuida of the 
 import uuties collected at the port uf Quebec, in 
 1834, - . - - i:54,393 13 8 
 
 Amount of 22d a 123. ank stock dividend, - 2,000 
 
 Amount received on account of licenses issued to 
 
 shop-keepers, inn-keepers, distillers, &c. &c. - 6,911 13 7^ 
 
 Amount received for bills of exchange on London, on 
 
 account of ffovcrnmcnt debentures transmitted there 208,4CG 4 11| 
 
 Amount of duties on imports Iromt' United States, 10,725 1 1| 
 
 Amount of license to hmvkers and , lars, - - 892 14 9 
 
 Amount of licenses to auctioneers, and on auction sniffs, 497 11 10^ 
 
 Amount of tolls on roads, canals, harbours, and ir^'^rest 
 
 on loans, . - - - - J^g^ l 
 
 Total amount of resources in 1831, - - £285,757 19 10 
 
 Of the above was nett revenue of the province for one 
 
 year, 
 
 ^177,291 15 
 
 EXPENDITURE. 
 
 Administration of justice and support of civil govern- 
 ment, - - ~ ' - ot 
 
 Receiver-General's salary, - . - 
 
 Inspector-General's salary, - - - 
 
 Adjutant-General of militia, militia pensions, &c. 
 Contingencies of the Legislature and oflicers of do. 
 Pensions, _ . - - - 
 
 Schools and schoolmasters, - - - 
 
 Hospital, Female Benevolent Society, and Penitentia- 
 ry, Kingston, - - 
 Agricultural Societies, - - "■ • ' o " 
 Improvements of roads, bridges, river navigation, &c. 
 Maintenance of Light Houses, - - - 
 Remuneration to Arbitrator on behalf of the province, 
 Surveys and district returns, - - " 
 Redemption of debentures, - - - 
 Interest on debentures outstanding. 
 On account of the appropriation for the improven ent 
 of the river St. Lawrence, . - - - 
 
 16,18G 16 
 
 
 
 777 15 
 
 5i 
 
 405 11 
 
 I 
 
 1540 
 
 
 
 8,839 4 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 8,873 
 
 
 
 9,483 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 53,647 3 
 
 3 
 
 700 
 
 
 
 600 
 
 
 
 556 19 
 
 6 
 
 128,710 5 
 
 8 
 
 11,838 5 
 
 
 
 35,000 
 
 Total expenditure in 1S34, 
 
 £277,728 14 3 
 
 I did not deem it necessary to stale the balance in the Rccciver-Ge- 
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 yished to show what the revenue and expenditure was whhin the year. 
 The debt due by Upper-Canada in 1834, raised on debentures, for which 
 the provincial revenue is accountable, was 360,000/. currency, subject 
 to an interest of 5 per cent. The improvement of the river St. Lawrence 
 will cost from 300,000/. to 400,000/. more, and is raised in the same 
 way. I believe the debt this year will not be much short of 800,000/. 
 with what may be added lo it the present session of the provincial 
 parliament. It must be manifest how necessary it is to encourage agri- 
 culture, and every branch of industry, to augment as much as possible 
 the production of the country, to meet those large demands. Let popu- 
 lation increase, the wilderness be cleared and rendered productive in 
 corn and cattle, and the money invested in useful public improvements 
 will soon be refunded. 
 
 The Welland Canal, which connects the lakes Ontario and Erie, is 
 42 miles long, has 37 locks, and a fall between the two lakes, of 330 feet. 
 It is 56 feet wide at the surface, 28 at bottom, 8|- feet deep, and cost al- 
 together about 500,000/. currency. The British government has lent 
 55,655/. at 4 per cent, interest ; and the province of Upper-Canada 
 100,000/. at 5 per cent, interest. The remainder is in stock held by both 
 provinces and by individuals. I believe that since the canal was con- 
 structed, there has not been one shiUing dividend lo stock-owners. The 
 interest for the money borrowed, is 7,222/. annually, which has been 
 paid. In the year 1834, the tolls collected amounted to only 4,300/. In 
 the balance sheet of the Welland Canal Company for the year ending 
 December, 1834, I find the following items of expense for that year : 
 
 Oontingencies, 1087/. Us. 6d. ; salaries, 675/. ; ditto engineers, 258/. 
 16s. 3d. "steam-dredging machine, 780/. 5s. lOd. ; award for land da- 
 mage 796/, Os. 10|d., making a total of expenses 3597/. 13s. Bd. To 
 meet all this, and the interest, there are only the tolls, and 982/. lOs. re- 
 ceived for water privileges ; and 1097/. 9s. 2c/. for lands sold. 
 
 That there has been mismanagement in some way, there cannot be the 
 shadow of doubt, either in the construction of the canal, or the expen- 
 diture in its construction. From the locality of the canal, connecting the 
 two great lakes, Ontario and Erie, by a navigable means of communica- 
 tion, I should imagine there could not be a situation in North America, 
 where a work of that description would be more useful or profitable ; 
 and, notwithstanding these favourable circumstances, that the year's tolls 
 should only amount to 4,300/. is difficult to account for, if the country- 
 has any produce to transport, or (he canal in an efficient state for navi- 
 gation. From report, I have reason to suppose that the canal has, for a 
 great part of the time since it was constructed, been in br.d re[)air, from 
 the falling in of the Lanks, and other causes. 
 
 It is most essentially necessary that in constructing great public works, 
 eno-ineers of high character for practical experience, should be employed. 
 To" expend hundreds of thousands of pounds under the direction of an 
 engineer who may know very little more than the theory of engineering, 
 is, to say the least of it, not very good policy. Where large sums are to 
 be expended on public works, it is the bounden duty of those who have 
 the management of this expenditure, to obtain the very best advice of 
 practical men of known experience, wherever they are found. I do not 
 
 I 
 
 wish to insinuE 
 
 Canada for the 
 
 Welland canal 
 
 ing in of the b£ 
 
 ject to in Car 
 
 and if they ca 
 
 canals ought n 
 
 The Ride- 
 
 tish governme 
 
 ling. It is a < 
 
 boats, from th 
 
 Kingston. I 
 
 lake forms wh 
 
 some miles n« 
 
 lake is 283 fe 
 
 than those of 
 
 which forms 1 
 
 ed to flood the 
 
 lows and rapi 
 
 extent of Ian 
 
 dent in Engli 
 
 nal was cons 
 
 lands in the i 
 
 ed to the mo 
 
 or preserving 
 
 gard has bee 
 
 deau, and in 
 
 severely felt, 
 
 perties of gr< 
 
 interests, an 
 
 or a remedy 
 
 ing farmers 
 
 their small f 
 
 from damag 
 
 jury. In p 
 
 small river 1 
 
 was constn 
 
 through. 1 
 
 wjitf rs are i 
 
 than on the 
 
 about 1000 
 
 vicinity of 
 
 extent as 
 
 lands worsi 
 
 passed an 
 
 second or ' 
 
 evaded by 
 
 ther injury 
 
 wares, and 
 
 puddled, n 
 
 ters from 
 
 compensat 
 
I 
 
 101 
 
 wish to insinuate that competent engineers have not been employed in 
 ranada for these works, but from what cause does it proceed that the 
 wXnd canal has been so much and so often out of repair ] The fall- 
 Li^of he banks of canals is a casualty which they will be much sub- 
 iect"o in Canada in many situations, and ought to be provided for ; 
 and if they cannot be preserved from the ill efiects of such casualties, 
 canals ought not to be constructed. I shull refer to this subject again. 
 
 The R DEAU Canal, is a work which has been executed by the Bri- 
 tish eovernment, at an expense to Britain of more than one rni hon ster- 
 n^^ It i^ a canal, or chain of waters which can be nav.gated by steam- 
 boft's IVom the river Ottawa at Hull or Bytown to Lake Ontario, near 
 Sston I believe its whole course is about 135 miles. Ihe Kideau 
 iSrms what is called the summit level, and is 24 miles long, situated 
 sor^e mTes nea^^er to Lake Ontario than to Bytown. The su. lace of this 
 lake is 283 feet higher than the waters of the Ottawa, and 154 feet higher 
 ban those of Lake Ontario. The canal has in all, on eachs.de of the lake 
 S forms the summit level, 47 locks and 20 dams the latter construe - 
 ed to flood the waters of the ditferent lakes, and iiverR.deau, over the snal- 
 lows and vapids, to make them navigable. By means of these dams a great 
 exTentof lands has been destroyed by flooding. Contrary to all prece- 
 dent i^ England, the engineers under whose management the Rideau ca- 
 nMw^s constructed, were perfectly indifferent to the injury done to the 
 hndlTurr^^bourhood'of the 'canal. Their skill was chiefly direct- 
 ed to he most dlectual mode of flooding, without any regard to draining 
 or pros rving lands from injury, andl am sorry to say that the same disre- 
 eard has been manifested in constructmg other canals as well as the Ri- 
 deau, and in situations where the injury, though not so extensive, is more 
 seve ely felt. In England, where canals are constructed through the pro- 
 perties o great landed proprietors, they are able to take care of their own 
 fnte ests, and not suff-er their lands to be damaged, withou compensation, 
 or a renidy being provided; but in Canada, the proprietors of land be- 
 L farmers without influence, in case of canals bemg constructed through 
 hfi small properties, their interests or the preservation of their lands 
 from damage is not r;uch thought of, and they have to submit to the in- 
 iury. In proof of this, the Lachine Canal has crossed the bed of the 
 imall river St. Pierre, about two miles from Montreal, and a smal tunnel 
 was constructed under the canal for the waters of this river to pass 
 through. In time of heavy rains, this tunnel is so insufficient that the 
 wZs are raised from four to six feet on one side of the tunnel higher 
 Tan on tbe other ; and the valley of the river St. Pierre, which contains 
 S,out 1000 acres'of as fine land as any in Canada, m the immediate 
 vicinity of Montreal, is from this cause, flooded occasionally to such an 
 Txtent as to destroy the crops that may be upon it, and render the 
 lands worse than useless to their owners. It is true that the legislature 
 passed an act to remedy this evil, by authorising the construction of a 
 L ond or third tunnel, (f it should be necessary ; but th-^law has been 
 evaded by those whose duty it was to carry it n o efiect. There is a fur- 
 ther injury occasioned by Ihis canal to the lands it intersects by w^ste 
 Avare" and leaka-e through the embankment, no part of which has been 
 puTd;d, nor intersecting drains cut to prevent the leakage and w^aste wa- 
 fers from spreading over the adjoining lands, and all th.s wirhout any 
 compensation being given. 
 
102 
 
 Banks. Then are three chartered banks, two in Toronto, and 
 one in Kingston, and a private bank in Toronto. It is probable many 
 more banks will shortly be established. At the last session of the pro- 
 vincial parliament, application was made to charter one or more banks, 
 and was tlivourably received by the House of Assembly. 
 
 In such a country as British America, where capital is wanted, the judi- 
 cious operations of banking would be of incalculable advantage, and 
 would greatly assist the population to cultivate pnd improve the country, 
 and convert what is now a wilderness, yielding no return, into pastures, 
 meadows, and corn fields, and thereby immensely increase the annual 
 produce from land and labour. But though the judicious operations of 
 banking are calculated to produce much good, it is nevertheless possible 
 that banks might be exceedingly mischievous to a country. The busi- 
 ness of banking is one in the proper understanding and right conducting 
 of which the public generally is, beyond all other business, interested. If 
 errors are committed by those who may be engaged in any other busi- 
 nees, the injury is chiefly confined to the parties immediately concerned, 
 and those whom they have transactions with. But errors with regard to 
 the principles or practice which should govern the trade of banking, ex- 
 tend their evil consequences far and wide, and must be felt in some de- 
 gree, by almost every member of the community. It is, therefore, the 
 bounden duty of the legislature, in every country that has one, not to neg- 
 lect this most important subject ; but to provide on fliir and equitable prin- 
 ciples for the prudent management of banks.by adopting such rules for the 
 protection of the public, as^hey shall consider most likely to be effectual, 
 and by rendering the directors of each bank personally responsible for 
 the consequences of breaking through such rules. It will be as much in 
 favour of banking companies, as of the whole community, that some 
 general principles should be established by which banking would be go- 
 verned and regulated in future, giving no undue advantage to any party. 
 
 The following table will give a good idea of the present state of Up- 
 per-Canada, and the capabilities of that fine country for future production 
 and population. The land that is occupied is not over a twelfth part of 
 the whole, and even of this there is only a fifth part cultivated. The oc- 
 cupied land alone, if cultivated, is capable of supporting an additional 
 population of more than one million and a half, at the same proportion 
 that the cultivated land bears to the population at present. I have not 
 been able to ascertain exactly the number of houses in Upper-Canada ; 
 the following table only gives the ratable houses that are subject to pay 
 a tax from which the inferior description of dwelling houses are exempt. 
 
 In 1811, the population of Upper-Canada was estimated at 77,000 ; 
 in 1821, 122,587 ; in 1830, 251,467 ; in 1832, 276,963 ; in 1834,323,- 
 738 ; in 1835, it was 346,185 souls ; and allowing the same rate of m- 
 crease to 1836, it would be now near 372,000 souls in Upper-Canada, 
 which will show the most rapid increase of population of any part of the 
 globe, being augmented fivefold in 25 years, or doubling in about 11 
 years, and latterly it exceeds that rate of increase. I have no doubt but 
 the population of Upper and Lower Canada this year is very little, if any. 
 short of one million, of whom there are about 220,000 males over IB and 
 under 60 years of age. 
 
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 1 wfll suppose 
 duco 15 bust 
 which will gi 
 
 200,000 acres 1 
 and buckwh( 
 acre, 4,000,( 
 
 50,000 acres o 
 els the acre 
 
 Hay, straw, an 
 
 The produce 1 
 cheese. 
 
 The produce 
 stock in bee 
 
 000 pounds 
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 Firewood tor 
 Tiiuberandas 
 Domestic mai 
 
 dies, clothe 
 
 implement,' 
 Produce of s^ 
 
 at 2/. each 
 Horses kept 
 
 agriculture 
 Improvcmeni 
 
 annually, 
 
 Total amoun 
 from land, 
 
 To the ab 
 
 grain and \ 
 
 some of the 
 
 ber for expo 
 
 duce of the 
 
 culatcd on s 
 
 in Upper-C; 
 
 would be cc 
 
 are valued. 
 
 think altogc 
 
 In order 
 
 affricultural 
 
 population 
 
 1 could ma 
 that can be 
 of Upper-C 
 000, this w 
 try, engage 
 and labour 
 for each ol 
 class. It 
 
¥A 
 
 i 
 
 1 wfll suppose that &00,000 acfos arc tn w!»o«it, and to pro- 
 duce 15 bushels per acre and the seed, on an avcrogr, 
 which will give 4,550,000 bushels, at 4s. per bushel, 
 
 200,000 acres for other grain, barley, peas, oats, Indian-oorn^ 
 and buckwheat, to produce on an average 20 bushels per 
 acre, 4,000,000, at 2s. 6d. per bushel, - - - • 
 
 50,000 acres of potatoes, carrots, turnips, &c. at 160 bush- 
 els the acre, 8,000,000 bushels of all kinds at Is. per 
 
 Hay, straw, and garden produce sold in towns. 
 
 The produce trom 100,000 milch cows in milk butter and 
 
 cllGCSC* -,•«*• 
 
 The produce in butchers' meat annually, from the whole 
 stock in beef, pork, mutton and veal, I estimate at 26,000- 
 000 pounds at 3tl. per pound, - - - - 
 
 Fowls, eggs, and the fish taken in the Upper-Canada waters. 
 Firewood Tor 60,000 houses, and for all other uses, 
 Tiiiibcr and ashes exported, furnished by the agricultural class 
 Domestic manufactures of linen, woollen, leather, soap, can- 
 dles, clothes-making, spirits, cider, beer, sugar, furniture, 
 
 implements, &c. ' ' ' " ' r -v 
 Produce of gardens for farmers' flimily use, 50,000 lamihes 
 
 at 2l. each- - - - - " ' i' i •" 
 Horses kept by farmers which may not be fully employed in 
 
 agriculture, but partly for pleasure, . . - 
 Improvement on old and new farms, and increase of stock 
 
 annually, - - - - - 
 
 Total amount of produce of the agricultural class annually, 
 from land, labour, cic. - - - - 
 
 i^OOCOOO 
 
 400,000 
 
 400,000 
 300,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 325,000 
 200,000 
 250,000 
 200,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 750,000 
 
 ^5,425,000 
 
 To the above estimate it may be objected, that a part of the produce of 
 grain and vegetables, are consumed in producing the butchers' meat, 
 some of the domestic manufactures, in providing wood for fuel, and tim- 
 ber for export, all of which are included in the estimate of the annual pro- 
 duce of the agricultural class. In making this estimate, I have not cal- 
 culated on so large a produce of crops, as is generally reported of them 
 in Upper-Canada, in order that some allowance might be made for what 
 would be consumed of the crop in the production of other items which 
 are valued. The butchers' meat I have also estimated low, so that I 
 think altogether the total amount is not far from being correct. 
 
 In order to ascertain what this produce will give for each person of the 
 ac^ricultural class, it is necessary to determine the proportion of the whole 
 papulation that belong to that class. From the most careful calculation 
 I could make, I believe that one-eighth part of the population is the most 
 that can be supposed at present to reside in the cities, towns and villages 
 of Upper-Canada. Admitting that the whole population is now 372,- 
 000, this will give 44,000 residing in the towns, and 328,000 in the coun- 
 try, engaged in agriculture. Hence the whole annual produce of the land 
 and labour ofthc agricultural class, 6,425,000/. will give 16/. 10s. 6c/. 
 for each of 328,000 persons which I have computed to belong to this 
 class. It is a remarkable coincidence that this amount is within a frac- 
 
 H 
 
106 
 
 tion of what I have assigned to the Bame class in Lower-Canada, tliough 
 the estimates were made up in a different manner, and without any re- 
 ference to each other. There is certainly one cause that the produce 
 should be less in tipper than in Lower-Canada, from there being more 
 cleared land in proportion to the agricultural population in the latter than 
 the former. In Upper-Canada, the proportion is about three acres for 
 each person* and in Lower-Canada four acres ; and as there is mora 
 new land bringing into cultivation from the forest in the Upper than the 
 Lower Province, there must be a greater expenditure of labour. Allow- 
 ing that of the 328,000 belonging to the agricultural class, 90,000 males 
 are fit for labour, and that the work of the females is equal to 20,000, 
 it will give 110,000 capable of labour. Hence each working person will 
 produce 49/. 7s. annually, and for each family of six persons 991. 5». 6d. 
 will bo the annual income. 
 
 I find it difficult to estimate the probable annual amount created in ev- 
 ery way by the class not agricultural. From the most exact calculations 
 of the trade and commerce, and the produce from every source, not be- 
 longing directly to the agricultural class, I believe that 1,600,000/. ap- 
 proximates to the amount annually created by all classes not agricultural, 
 and computing their number at 44,000 souls, it gives near 36/. 10«. for 
 each, which is 51. 10s. more than for the same class in Lower-Canada. 
 I will suppose again, that between one-third and one-fourth of the 44,000 
 persons are productive consumers, say 13,000, it will give for each 
 near 123/., and for each family of six persons, 220/. annually. This es- 
 timate may be incorrect, but perhaps it approximates to the truth as nearly 
 as most estimates of the kind. In the class not agricultural, are included 
 office-holders, professional men, and all those not engaged in agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 The total produce annually created in Upper-Canada, according to 
 my estimate, is 7,025,000/. I admit that this may be less than the ac- 
 tual amount ; but from all that I can learn of the state of the prov- 
 ince, it is not much too low an estimate, though I believe it is much be- 
 low what it might be. It gives a fraction less than 19/. annually for each 
 of 372,000 inhabitants ; and assuming the proportion of productive con- 
 sumers to be 123,000, it gives for each of them about 57/. 25. annually. 
 It is not difficult to prove that the annual expenditure cannot exceed the 
 production. The question is whether the production of the agricultural 
 class in particular, be sufficient (after deducting what I have assigned to 
 the increase of stock and improvements of farms, 750.000/.) to supply a 
 reasonable portion of the comforts and conveniences of life to each per- 
 8on. If my estimate be correct, the amount which will remain for the 
 agricultural class for the supply of food, raiment, and all other personal 
 expenses, will be only 14/. 5s. for each soul. This amount will certain- 
 ly appear small. Yet as food is cheap, and as the domestic manufactures 
 which constitute a large proportion of the consumption, are valued low in 
 the estimate of production, I think it is probable the expenditure docs 
 not exceed this amount. The proportion of children is nearly equal to 
 onc-third, and their expenditure is less than that of full grown i)ersons, 
 which will leave more for the expenditure of the latter. If, however, my 
 estimate be low for the annual expenditure, it must also be low for the 
 
 produce annual 
 ierence. 
 
 There can b( 
 tish America, e 
 convenience of 
 man enjoymeni 
 perhaps grentei 
 production thai 
 tionate expend! 
 
 I shall not 
 
 cultural becaus 
 
 suppose it to 
 
 960,000/. annu 
 
 ally created by 
 
 paying the int 
 
 be again empl 
 
 cities, towns ai 
 
 The capabili 
 
 I shall estimat 
 
 will suppose th 
 
 not now in cul 
 
 be profitably c 
 
 for the present 
 
 for their use a: 
 
 Canada. Ifth< 
 
 ing a sixtieth j 
 
 nually, if the ' 
 
 tion, it would 
 
 produce of 14( 
 
 I know that 
 
 Canadas for fi 
 
 suaded that th 
 
 I have stated, 
 
 ed over it. II 
 
 great a popu' 
 
 but to endeaA 
 
 augmented, ai 
 
 incurring any 
 
 vide for them 
 
 cultivated lane 
 
 full, 25,000,0< 
 
 000,000, my ( 
 
 I would most 
 
 The British Is 
 
 that land is of 
 
 the whole, inc 
 
 or S0,OO0,0OC 
 
 if equally wel 
 
 quantity of lar 
 
 and most of tl 
 
107 
 
 produce annually created ; so that it cannot make any very essential dif- 
 
 There can be no question that the more abundant the production in Bri- 
 tish America, and the more liberal the expenditure for the comforts and 
 convenience of life, the greater will be the amount of what constitutes hu- 
 man enjoyment and happiness, that will fall to the lot of the people, though 
 perhaps greater exertion and industry may be reijuisite to obtam this large 
 production than would be re^juired to gain a scanty produce, and propor- 
 tionate expenditure. ,. ,. , * • 
 I shall not attempt to estimate the expenditure of the class not agri- 
 cultural because I cannot be very accurate, but by a rough calculation I 
 suppose it to be 22/. for each person, making for 44,000 individuals, 
 960,000^ annual expenditure ; and this amount taken from what is annu- 
 ally created by that class 1,600,000/. will leave a balance of 640,000/. for 
 paying the interest of capital employed in trade, and for accumulation to 
 be again employed in the extension of trade and commerce, and of the 
 cities, towns and villages. ^ , j *• 
 
 The capabilities of Upper-Canada for future population and production, 
 I shall estimate by the same rule as I have done for Lower-Canada. I 
 will suppose that the present population is 372,000, and that they have 
 not now in cultivation much over one-sixtieth part of the land that might 
 be profitably occupied and rendered productive. I will, however, a low 
 for the present population 3,000,000 acres cultivated and uncultivated land 
 for their use and benefit, which is equal to one-twentieth part of Upper 
 Canada. If then, 372,000 inhabitants occupyipfr'a twentieth, and cultivat- 
 ing a sixtieth part of the province, produce in e 'cry way, 7,000,000/. an- 
 nually, if the whole of the province were occu')ied in the same propor- 
 tion, it would maintain a population of 7,500,000, and yield an annual 
 produce of 140,000,000/. ^ . 
 
 I know that many will question my estimate of the capabilities ot tne 
 Canadas for future production and population ; nevertheless, I am per- 
 suaded that the country is capable to maintain amply the full population 
 I have stated, and better than it now supports the thin population scatter- 
 ed over it. It might be possible (hat the country never will have so 
 great a population. I should not attempt to offer such an estimate, 
 but to endeavor to show how much the produce of Canada might be 
 augmented, and how vastly her population might be increased, without 
 incurring any risk whatever of being over populous, and unable to pro- 
 vide for them. There is in Canada more than double the quantity of 
 cultivated land that is in the British Isles, and the population there, is now 
 full, 25,000,000 ; and wliy should not Canada be able to support 20,- 
 000,000, my estimate for her ? I know the climate of Ireland well, and 
 f would most certainly prefer that of Canada, with all its snow and frost. 
 The British Isles contain about 80,000,000 acres ; and though much of 
 that land is of very superior quality, yet I am convinced that by taking 
 the whole, including mountains, bogs, and moor lands, the same quantity 
 or 30,000,000 acres of the land of Canada will give as large a produce, 
 if equally well managed, and there is in Canada more than double that 
 quantity of land, no part of which but is of superior quality to the bogs 
 
 and most of the mountains of the British Isles. 
 
 14* 
 
T 
 
 WOVASCOTIA* 
 
 This province is Bltuated between the 43rd and 4Gth degrees of north 
 latitude, and the 61st and 67th of west longitude. It is bounded on the 
 north by tho strait of Northumberland, which separates it from Prmco 
 Edwards Island ; on the north-east, by the Gut of Canseau, which di- 
 vides it from Cape Breton ; on the south and south-east, by the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean ; on the west, by the Bay of Fundy ; and on the north-west, 
 by New-Brunswick. Its length is about 280 miles, stretching from 
 south-west to north-east, but it is of unecjual breadth, varying from 60 
 miles at Black Rock pier to 104 miles at Bristol. Its superficies is es- 
 timated at 15,617 square miles, or about 10,000,000 acres, and inchidmg 
 Cape Breton, tho whole will contain over 12,000,000 acres, ot which 
 2,000,000 may be uncultivatable. 
 
 Tho province is divided into ten counties, including the island ol Capo 
 Breton, and contains now a population of -ibout 190,000 or 200,000 
 souls, though in 1700 they were not 6,000 in number. This is doubling 
 the population in every period of 15 years. 
 
 In a country of such extent as Nova Scotia, tho soil must necessanly 
 be various. Dividing tho country in the centre, from east to west, the 
 north-western half is said to contain by far the greatest portion of good 
 land. Towards the Bay of Fundy, the soil is very rich, and free irom 
 stone, and contains many thousand acres of dyked marsh land, or allu- 
 vial land, formed by the deposit of the tides, a sediment composed of 
 the liner i)articles of soil, brou-htawuy by the rivers and torrents m then- 
 course to the Buy of Fundy, of putrescent matter, salt, &c. This land, 
 after it has attained ii suitable height, is dyked, and the water of the ri- 
 vers excluded. No land in the world can then exceed it in fertdity. 
 
 I liavc been assured, when in Nova Scotia, that in many places this 
 land yields three tons of hay per acre, and has contiiuied to do so with- 
 out any manure, since first dyked and enclosed. There is a dilieicnco 
 in the quality of these lundrf. "Where the tide, which overilows it, is not 
 much enriched by a long course throu-h the country, it is observed to be 
 of inferior quality; on the other haiui, that which is partly marsh and 
 partly intervale, conipo.sed as well of the sediment of salt water, as that 
 of fresh water, is exceedingly fertile. The (pianlity of this marsh land is 
 considerable. At the hoad'of the Bay of Fundy, there is 70,000 acres in 
 one connected tract. Another in the county of Cumberland, as arge as 
 llomney Marsh, in England, and of vastly superior quality ol soil. Ihe 
 <riass "rowing upon those marches, is very ugreeablu to cuttle, and has n 
 wonderful tendency to futlen tkmi. These nraishes abound^ most m 
 Cumberland, Mfican, Napnn, AVindsor, 1 orton, Cornwalhs, iTianvillc, 
 
 Aonapofta, Oi 
 
 oook, Newpoi 
 
 Nova Scoti 
 
 in America, " 
 
 largo fresh w£ 
 
 land is to bo 
 
 found covcre( 
 
 6uch lands ai 
 
 them, if cut ii 
 
 for cattle. 1 
 
 are generally 
 
 dillicult to dc 
 
 is more than 
 
 commences j 
 
 very far from 
 
 be an excelle 
 
 In Ilorton an 
 
 cd, early fit t 
 
 in tho countr 
 
 In almost 
 
 vy clay to th 
 
 diflerent. I 
 
 west part of 
 
 about the thi 
 
 the district c 
 
 sisting of dy 
 
 upland and i 
 
 contain mor 
 
 It is an imm 
 
 supporting 
 
 hay. Hunt 
 
 taining a lar 
 
 maining fou 
 
 invariably g 
 
 every variet 
 
 and Digby, 
 
 ver is one 
 
 retains this 
 
 both sides i 
 
 with variou 
 
 ther side, b 
 
 tain a large 
 
 lies are chi 
 
 the lands tli 
 
 to i)repond( 
 
 Wheat i; 
 
 uada, nor i 
 
 ncverlhele; 
 
 cd poiJulat 
 
 whout. It 
 
T 
 
 100 
 
 Aonapoft.. OdbIow. Londonderry, Truro. Shubcnacadic, Noel, Kenned 
 
 "^Niv^Sa if n^t V very level country, and abounds in what is died 
 
 in Americr-lntervalo land," an alluvial soil made by the ovcrflowms of 
 
 lari S^^ brooks and rivers in spring and autumn. Ih.s kmd of 
 
 audi to b! met with in every part ofthe provmce, ^nd »« Irequen ly 
 
 l-ounrcovered wUh a '^ ^^' --'X^'t f Th^^ Tl^ 
 
 i;iirh Innda are called " wild meadow, ana uic ^TUi=» nun ^ i 
 
 tm, "cutrtime, and properly cured, wUl -1;^-^ g-J.^'Y^^^t; 
 forcittlo The quality of these ^^^^^Z^i:^^^^ 
 are generally very rich and ferti e. i,^^^ "P^"^ ; ^-.^ ^f i^^d which 
 dilficult to describe it accurately, [here is one r.c {,e ^ 
 is more than 100 miles in length, and from 3 to 7 miles "' i>'"e^« "• " 
 
 west part of the county, the «°^^^^/";{,'\'^"bas n the fiuU shore and 
 
 111,:.- s.ilo, boi-aci the .ivus. """'f"' ,'J*.u „o,,uiatioii of Ihcse coun- 
 tain . la.go port.on "f = "X^, "jj^'^.l^^J^ improvement of 
 
 to ,„C,onde.atc in those '';;- '-^^XltTva Scotia a. in Tpper-Ca- 
 VVheat V;;;^t:;,,So 'of found -Sic .W i,, but tl,e,e ,„igh>, 
 
 ;;*t;:i::ta':ti:,t,p,an,,,y^w^^^^ 
 
all kinds in as great, if not greater, perfection, than ony province of Bri- 
 tish America. The settlers on new land generally adopt a very good 
 plan of sowing down with grass seeds the new land with the first crop of 
 grain, and go on clearing the forest every year, and take up new land for 
 crops of grain and vegetables. This is the most effectual and speediest 
 way to got a farm cjeartd from the forest. 
 
 The climate of Nova Scotia is much milder in winter than either pro- 
 vinces; of Canada ; and in summer the heat is not so great. The cli- 
 mate, both in summer and winter, is preferable to that of Ireland or Scot- 
 land, so far as I can judge, and it is much more healthy. In Nova Sco- 
 tia, the weather is more changeable and inclined to fog than in Canada. 
 I have not in my power to give very exact tables of temperature. The 
 following meteorological register is for the town of Halifax. 
 
 r 
 
 
 Thermometer. 
 
 
 
 Months. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Max. 
 
 Med. 
 
 Min. 
 
 
 
 January, 
 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 Some clear 
 
 days. Some rain & snow 
 
 February, 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 ditto 
 
 Some rain, cloudy. 
 
 March, 
 
 62 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 ditto 
 
 Cloudy, rain. 
 
 April, 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 ditto 
 
 Rain, cloudy. 
 
 May, 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 ditto 
 
 liittle rain. 
 
 June, 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 ditto 
 
 
 July, 
 
 80 
 
 63 
 
 40 
 
 ditto 
 
 Little rain and fog. 
 
 August, 
 
 90 
 
 70 
 
 55 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto and hazy. 
 
 Septemb'r 
 
 79 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 October, 
 
 68 
 
 61 
 
 30 
 
 ditto 
 
 
 November 
 
 69 
 
 38 
 
 18 
 
 ditto 
 
 Rain and fog. 
 
 Decemb'r 
 
 46 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 ditto 
 
 And snow. 
 
 By the above table it will be perceived that frost must have occurred 
 occasionally in May and June, which certainly ir not very favourable to 
 growing crops, but it may have been so slight, and so early in June, as 
 not to cause much damage, and perhaps it is not usual. I know thai the 
 climate of Nova Scotia is not unfavourable for agriculture it the farmers 
 will do their part well, particularly in ploughing and draining. A slight 
 frost will not have so injurious an effect on crops growing on a soil that 
 is perfectly well drained, as if growing on a damp soil. 
 
 Like all other parts of liriti?h America, Nova Scotia is abundantly and 
 conveniently watered with lakes, rivers, brooks and streams. Some of 
 the lakes are beautiful, having small islands covered with wood to the 
 water's edge. The lakes are the more beautiful from the lands in the 
 neighbourhood of them undulating in the most romantic manner. These 
 lakes will, at a future period, aflbrd great scope for inland navigation. A 
 chain of lakes a.id rivers have already been connected by art from 
 Halifax across the country, and made navigable to Truro, and thence into 
 Mines basin in the Bay of Fundy. This wnUr communication is callcdr 
 
 the Shubcnacad 
 
 more numerous 
 
 carrying on exi 
 
 The natural ve; 
 
 those of Lower 
 
 and variety cov 
 
 forests are clen 
 
 in Lower-Cann 
 
 The mineral 
 
 quality in Sydr 
 
 slate and iron 
 
 province is su 
 
 respects aU. p< 
 
 est fish, and h< 
 
 have never se 
 
 known lobster 
 
 fish in proport 
 
 The wild ai 
 
 most troubles 
 
 musquitoes, c 
 
 months in thi 
 
 swamps. 
 
 Halifax is 
 
 town in Novf 
 
 cial mart in tl 
 
 or port, Halil 
 
 which rises g 
 
 The streets t 
 
 Most of the 1 
 
 constructed, 
 
 stone, built v 
 
 house, Engl 
 
 and are hai 
 
 streets are g 
 
 the side of a 
 
 and the popi 
 
 tish Americj 
 
 may truly b< 
 
 rounded on 
 
 batteries, wl 
 
 naval statioi 
 
 tensive gov 
 
 up. In tinr 
 
 pot, and wil 
 
 Halifax 1 
 
 on increasi! 
 
 the yiar, ar 
 
 Dalhous 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 indeed thei 
 
lU 
 
 the Shubcnacadie Canal. Perhftps no country of the some extent has 
 more numerous seaports, and is better situated for ^^^n^jc^' «"f J^ 
 carrying on extensive fisheries. It has a sea coast of about 600 miles. 
 The naUiral vegetable productions of Nova Scotia are much the same as 
 those of Lowor^Canada. Immense forests of large trees oJ every species 
 and variety cover the most of the land in its natural state, and when th.so 
 forests are cleared and cultivutod. every vegetable and tnut that is grown 
 in Lower-Canada, may be cultivated in this province with equal success 
 The mineral products are most valuable. Coal is found of the best 
 nnnlitv in Sydney, Cape Breton, and some other places ; also gypsum, 
 Te and iron oS, limestone and freestone. In mineral products, this 
 province is 8uperi;)r to any other in British America, ^'-i,^-*? »; "mny 
 espects sU possesses great advantages ; her river, abound wi h the hn- 
 est fish, and her sea shores with every variety of wmto and shell hsh I 
 have never seen a chea.ier fish market than that of Halifax. I have 
 known lobsters to be sold there from one to three coppers each, and other 
 
 ^''*The wiUUniinals are not numerous, and are perfectly harmless. The 
 most troublesome insects, as in all the other British provinces, are the 
 musquitoes, and black flies, which certainly are tormenting for some 
 months in the year, particularly in the neighbourhood of woods and 
 
 %Xax is situated in 44.44 lat. and 63.34 long., and is the chief 
 town in Nova Scotia ; it is the seat of government, the principal commer- 
 S mart in the province, and a fiee warehousing port. l< rom the water 
 or port, Halifax has a very handsome appearance It is built on giound 
 wh ch rises gradually from the water's edge to the height of 260 feet. 
 The streets are wide, and generally cross each other at r.ght angles 
 Most of the buildings are of wood.but large, some three stones high, well 
 constructed, and painted white. There are many houses of brick and 
 stone, built within the last few years. The government house, parliam 3nt 
 house, English church, and some other public buddings, are of stone 
 and are handsome structures, very crcditr.ble to the Provmce. The 
 streets are generally dry and clean from the situation of the town built on 
 the side of a hill. I suppose the number of houses is now about 2000, 
 and the population not far from 20,000. I have not seen a town in Bn- 
 Ush America that I was more pleased with than Halifax. The harbour 
 may ir^ly be called a noble one, equal I believe to any m the world sur- 
 rounded on all sides with high lands, and the entrance protected by strong 
 batteries, which a hostile fleet could not readily pass. It was the principal 
 nfyal sta^^^^^^^^^ British America for ships of war. There was u most ex- 
 tens ve government dock-yard, but the establishment is now partly brol^n 
 up. In time of war, Halifax is exceedingly well situated for a naval de- 
 pot, and will be sure to become one, should war ""^^''tunately occur. 
 
 Halifax has a very considerable maritime trade, and will be likely to go 
 on increasing every year. The port is open generally at all seasons of 
 the y-^ar, and the cntiaiice to it is easy, and perfectly sale. 
 
 Dalhousie College, at Halifax, is of the same constitu ion as that of 
 Edinburgh University. There are several excellent schools m the town ; 
 indeed there arc good schools in every town and village in the province. 
 
112 
 
 Tho tovrn of Windsor, ehuatod in the county of Hants, on the banfce of 
 the Avon, is said to bo ono of tho prettiest in America. Tho land in the 
 neighbourhood is excellent, and tho scenery beautiful. Kings College, 
 is an establishment at Windsor, which is highly creditable to tho pro- 
 vince, and is said to bo extremely well conducted for tho education of 
 
 young men. 
 
 The town of Pictou, is a fteo warehousing port, and has a very consi- 
 derable trade in lumber, coal, and the fishery. More than 100 vessels 
 have been loaded here with timber for Great Britain m a year, and tho 
 exports to the West Indies were not less extensive and important. This 
 town also, has a college for the education of youth. 
 
 The town of Svdney, in Cape Breton, is the scat of government for 
 that island, and is'a place of very considerable trade. The exports arc 
 timber, coals, fish, oil and cattle. _ r t • v 
 
 There arc several other rising tow . in IS ova Scotia, many ot which 
 have safe harbours for shipping, and considerable trade. 
 
 It may be interesting to the reudcr to state the extraordinary rise of tho 
 tide in the Bay of Fundy. In Mines basin, the tide rises 75 feet, whilo 
 in Pictou harbour, on the gulf of the St. Lawrence shore, it does not rise 
 more than six feet. It is said that in some places, i)articularly in thig- 
 nccto bay and Mines basin, tho tide flows so rapidly, that animals on Uio 
 shore are sometimes unable to escape from it. It flo^ys m at once se- 
 veral feet in height, and with a force that is almost irresistible. 
 
 The Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Mining Company with a capital oi 
 400,000/. commenr.cd operations in 1827, at Albion, Sydney and Bridge-^ 
 port. The first is near Pictou, Nova Scotia, the two latter m the island ot 
 Cape Breton. The Albion mines produce a most superior quality of coal, 
 particularly for the purposes of steam. The quantity shipped in the year 
 1834 from the Albion mines, was 1 1,207 chaldrons. The Sydney nnnes 
 produce coal similar to tho English ; Newcastle anO Bridgeport, coal of 
 the same description. 
 
 Statistical table of Nova Scotia for the year 1828. 
 
 Popu- 
 lation 
 
 Laii.l Land I'l-oiluro. 
 uncul- rultiva- lhI.ci- 
 tivateO. ted. Wlu-al ^^,^.^^_ 
 
 mta. 
 
 toes. 
 .1000:!00 
 
 1 Neat 
 Horses, rattlo. 
 1 120000 
 
 liOOd 12^000 
 
 Slieep 
 
 Swine 
 
 Births 
 ■lofi:', 
 
 Marrl 
 
 ages. 
 
 Births 
 
 
 21^0001 
 
 loo.iro 
 
 •M") 
 
 IflOH 
 
 12:^3-18 
 
 07000 )0 2^;iil3r, 200010 oOOO 
 
 By the above the annual births are 1 to 27 of the population, and the 
 burials 1 to G5, or nearly five born for two that die. Hence the period of 
 doubling the population, independent of emigration, would bo about 17 
 years By this rule, the present population of Nova bcotia m 18d6, 
 computing moderately, the increase by emigrants for the last eight years, 
 should be full 200,000 souls. I expected to get tho last statistical re- 
 turns, but have not yet obtained them. If I should receive them before 
 tho work is published, I shall give them in another place. 
 
 I 
 
 Tho following 
 Scotia prop! 
 
 Ships.n 
 
 1826 
 1830 
 1833 
 1834 
 1835 
 
 1018 
 1865 
 1950 
 3068 
 
 2872 
 
 i 
 
 The expoi 
 
 Scotia latter! 
 
 Bome of the ii 
 
 case in Cani 
 
 to other coi 
 
 amount of in 
 
 that it does 
 
 would be th( 
 
 Canada for 
 
 nual expend: 
 
 commoditiei 
 
 The total 
 
 In 1831, thi 
 
 parliament < 
 
 able to obta 
 
 for the last 
 
 notes whicli 
 
 10/. and ov 
 
 Educat 
 
 consisting c 
 
 meat, 50/. 
 
 the provin< 
 
 schools, an 
 
 The comn 
 
 1,831/., ai 
 
 grammar s 
 
 nue, and f 
 
 Religk 
 
 to religion 
 
 shop, arch 
 
 The ho 
 
 Nova Sec 
 
 Rev. Johi 
 
 si( 
 
 Jam< 
 
 Joht 
 
 Johr 
 
r 
 
 113 
 
 Tho foUowino- tahhwill show the value of the imporis and expm^ts of^'ova 
 Scotia proper, in sterling money, with the shipping and tonnage. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Ships.lTonnage.l Value. 
 
 1826 
 1830 
 1833 
 1834 
 1835 
 
 1018 
 1865 
 1950 
 3068 
 
 2872 
 
 89423 
 149343 
 163388 
 253921 
 227820 
 
 £ 738181 
 1405163 
 1035660 
 
 876310 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 1161 
 1850 
 2330 
 3116 
 2914 
 
 Tonnage. I Value. 
 
 96853 
 153776 
 179955 
 250239 
 227570 
 
 ^454262 
 714865 
 887367 
 
 861000 
 
 The exports come much nearer to the amount of imports m Nova 
 Scotia latter V than they do in Canada. The chief cause for this is, that 
 Lmfo le C^^^ areVin exported from Nova Scotia, which is not the 
 ca^e in Canada. Perhaps nearly half of the imports are exported agam 
 to othe- countries. Supposing this to be coirect, it would bring the 
 nrnnZorts to bear about the same proportion to the population 
 Tarifdoe T he Canadas 2/. for each inhabitant; but the export. 
 
 n^uTei;fndUure oTtrpopSor^en we Know L greatest amount of 
 
 commodities we receive from abroad. 
 
 ThTtotal Revenue was in 1821, 31,4301. and the expenditure 30,684;. 
 Ir 183Mhf rivenue was 85,0181., and inciuding a grant by the Brmsh 
 in looi.iuo ' evnenditure was 94,876(. I have not yet been 
 
 •"Kfr^W^n a correct returofttamoun if revenue and expenditure 
 t ttetrrew years The provineo some years ago issued treasury 
 for the last tew years. p amounted to 70,299!. n. notes of 
 
 Tof aZver^'n ii i cula^on.^ do not know what the amount is now 
 FDOCATloNii provided for on a very good principle. Any settlement 
 ooSing onhirty faraihos, who raise by their subscription, or by assess- 
 
 ZZm.\ thl support °f!'-l>«';rrf cXr24g mZ 
 the provinc a revenue annual yTh.-^^^^^^^ 
 
 ¥h^°ti;%Sf= from the provincial revenue that ,.« 
 "mv i.nd from the people ra six months, 7,b51/. Ihe colleges ana 
 gSir "ctiolsrlceive,'! believe, some aid from the provincial reve- 
 
 ""?i:uo!;ris'S:yr'ot.an., but .her» is perfect freedom m^^^ 
 liELioio^ , .../^^ _,_• 1 The church of England had m 1831, a bi- 
 
 James CrCochran, Luncnburgh Chries EUiot.PIctou. 
 John S. Clark, Ilortoii, 
 John M. Campbell, Cornwalhs ] 
 
 15 
 
 v^ nanus xjiuui, x jv^iv^u. 
 Thomas A. Grantham, Yar- 
 mouth. 
 
114 
 
 Kev. Bobcrt Fitzgerald Uniacke, 
 Halifax. 
 
 Roger Viels, Digby. 
 
 Thomas Howland White, An- 
 tigonish. 
 
 Charles William Wicks, Guys- 
 borough. 
 
 Robert Willis, Halifax. 
 
 Francis Whalley, Granville. 
 
 Joshua Wingate Weeks, New 
 Dublin. 
 
 Richard B. Wiggins, Amherst. 
 
 Cape Breton. 
 
 Charles Inglis, Sydney. 
 James N. Shaw, Arichat. 
 
 Rev. Edwin Gilpin, Annapolis. 
 
 Alford Gilpin, Weymouth. 
 
 Archibald Gray, Sackville. 
 
 Wm. C. King, Windsor. 
 
 Wm. B. King, Visiting Mis- 
 sionary. 
 
 George E. W. Morris, Raw- 
 don. 
 
 John T. T. Moody, Li:verpool. 
 
 Henry Lambrith Owen, Ayles- 
 ford. 
 
 Charles Porter, Newport. 
 
 James Robertson, Bridgetown. 
 
 Thomas B. Rowland, Shelburn 
 
 James Shreve, Chester. 
 
 John Stevenson, Visiting Mis- 
 flionary. 
 
 Annual grant from England for the support of this clergy, 4333/. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have a bishop and 14 clergymen. The church 
 of Scotland, 12 clergymen ; Methodists, 19 ministers ; Baptists, 36 mi- 
 nisters ; and there are some other Protestant dissenting congregations, 
 but I do know how many. The ministers of the church of Scotland re- 
 ceive 75/. each from the British government. I am not aware that the 
 ministers of any other denomination receive any salary from government. 
 They are chiefly supported by the contributions of their respective con- 
 gregations. 
 
 The government consists ofa governor, legislative council, and house 
 of assembly. T-he council are named by the crown ; the house of as- 
 sembly consists of 40 members, two from each county, except the coun- 
 ty of Halifax, which returns foUr, and the town of Halifax two, and se- 
 Tenteen other tOM'ns one member each. The laws in force are the com- 
 mon and statute laws of England, and the statute law of Nova Scotia. 
 There is not one of the British provinces where the several branches of 
 the legislature have hitherto maintained a better understanding than in 
 Nova Scotia. Offices of registry are established in the province. 
 
 There is one bank in Halifax. I am not aware that there are any more. 
 
 1 have not sufficient statistical information to enable me to estimate 
 "with any pretensions to accuracy the present probable produce annually 
 created in Nova Scotia. I have, however, every reason to suppose that 
 it is fully equal, if not over, what is produced in the Canadas, in propor- 
 tion to the population. The people of Nova Scotia are ship-owners to a 
 considerable extent. They take large quantities of fish over what is ne- 
 cessary for their own consumption which they export. From the most par- 
 ticular calculation I could make from the means of information I possess, I 
 think that the produce annually created from every source, might be safely 
 estimated to amount to between three and four millions, say 3,SOO,000/., 
 two-thirds of which I would assign to the agricultural class, and one-third 
 o the class not agricultural. This would give about 17/. 10s. annually pro- 
 duced for each person, taking the population to be now 220,000, including 
 
 the island of C 
 
 tive consume 
 
 ployed in agri< 
 
 &c. and for ei 
 
 I cannot mak( 
 
 as 1 did for C 
 
 The moves 
 
 at 14,000,00( 
 
 for imported 
 
 and immove 
 
 have calculat 
 
 500,000 acre 
 
 cupied at 6,0 
 
 tains over 2,( 
 
 of the whole, 
 
 at the same i 
 
 ports, mines 
 
 not however, 
 
 dustrious po; 
 
 gards her na 
 
 Scotia, and 1 
 
 gf corn and 
 
 The south ( 
 
 part of Novi 
 
 farther nortl 
 
 The caps 
 
 I estimate a 
 
 land in culti 
 
 uses, furnisl 
 
 tants, produ 
 
 a tenth part 
 
 even in the 
 
 and the anr 
 
 to the full ( 
 
 a populatio 
 
 risen super 
 
 population, 
 
 millions. 
 
 The ish 
 
 been incoi 
 
 harbours, j 
 
 yich in mir 
 
 purposes. 
 
 gypsum cc 
 
 many feet 
 
 mines. I 
 
 island, bul 
 
 habitants i 
 
 about 30,( 
 
 with that ( 
 
115 
 
 the island of Cape Breton, and supposing that about one-third are produc- 
 tive consumers, it will give 73,000 as \he number capable of being em- 
 nloved in agriculture, commerce, domestic manufactures, professions, &c, 
 &c and for each person so employed, the annual production will give 52/. 
 I cannot make the distinction between the agricultural class and the others 
 as 1 did for Canada, not having late statistical returns. 
 
 The moveable property I estimate at 7,600,000/., and the immoveable 
 at 14,000,000, making a total of 21,600,000/. , and that there may be due 
 for imported merchandize 600,000/. it will leave the amount of moveable 
 and immoveable property 21,000,0001. In making these estimates I 
 have calculated the houses as 30,000 in number ; the cultivated land at 
 600,000 acres, the occupied but uncultivated, at 4,000,000, and the uncc- 
 cuDied at 6,000,000 acres, including Cape Breton, which I believe con- 
 tains over 2,000,000 acres ; but I have left 2,000,000 acres as waste out 
 of the whole, and have not put any value upon it. I have valued the land 
 at the same rate I did that of Canada. I have set a value on the sea- 
 ports, mines and fisheries, in the estimate of immoveable property; 1 have 
 not however, put them down at what I believe them to be worth to an in- 
 dustrious population. There is not a country in Arnerica richer as re- 
 cards her natural advantages of mines, seaports and fisheries, than Wova 
 Scotia, and her soil and climate are not unfavourable for the production 
 of corn and cattle, under the management of the skdful husbandman.- 
 The south ofEngland is near five degrees north of the latitude of any 
 part of Nova Scotia, and the north of Scotland is about eleven degrees 
 farther north than the most northern point of Nova Scotia. 
 
 The capabilities of Nova Scotia for future population and production, 
 I estimate as follows : If a population of 220,000, with 600,000 acres ot 
 land in cultivaUon, and occupying 600,000 acres of wild land, for various 
 uses, furnishing timber for export, and firewood for tho use of the inhabi- 
 tants, produce now in every way, 3,800,000/. annually ; this being only 
 a tenth part of Nova Scotia, if the whole were occupied and cultivated 
 even in the same proportion as now, the population might be 2,000,000, 
 and the annual produce created 36,000,000/. Were the country populous 
 to the full extent of my esjmate, it would still be capable of supporting 
 a population of double that number. Nova Scotia is beyond all compa- 
 rison superior to Scotland^ in its capabilities for supporting a numerous 
 population, and the population of Scotland is now considerably over two 
 
 ""The^island of Cape Breton I have not described separately, as it has 
 been incorporated with Nova Scotia since 1820. It has several good 
 harbours, and is well situated for carrying on the fishery. The island is 
 rich in mines of coal, and in gypsum of the best quality for agricultural 
 Durposes The coal lies near the surface, and is easily worked. Ihe 
 ffvpsum constitutes a cliff" of several miles in extent, and m some places; 
 many feet high. Ships may approach close to Uie chft to load from the 
 mines I have seen them do so. There is souitj excellent land m the 
 island', but the fishery, the coal trade, &c. occupy the attention of the in- 
 habitants more than the cultivation of the land. The population may be 
 about 30,000, or over. I have included the population, produce, &c. 
 with that of Nova ^cptia. 
 
 15* 
 
NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 This province is bounded west by the United States, from which it is se- 
 parated by the river St. Croix, and by Lower-Canada, also on the north by 
 the latter province until it touches the western extremity of Chaleur Bay; 
 on the east by the Gulf of the St. Lawrence and the straits of Northum- 
 berland ; on the south-east, by Nova Scotia ; and south, by the Bay of 
 Fundy. It is situated 'between 45 and 47 degrees north latitude, and be- 
 tween 65 and 68 degrees west longitude. It is estimated to contain 27,704 
 square miles, or 17,730,560 acres, of which there is not over 500,000 
 acres in cultivation. It is divided into ten counties, which are the follow- 
 in<T : York, Charlotte, Sunbury, Queens, Kings, St. Johns, Kent, West- 
 moreland, Gloucester, and Northumberland. It is again divided into 64 
 
 parishes. 
 
 New Brunswick has many noble rivers that may be rendered naviga- 
 ble from the Gulf of the St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy into the heart 
 of the country. The river St. John, considered the principal, has a 
 course from its source near the Chaudiere, in Lower-Canada, of near 600 
 miles to where it discharges into the Bay of P'undy. The tide flows 80 
 or 90 miles up the river, and is navigable for sloops and steamboats for 
 that distance to Fredericklon, wher is about half a mile wide ; bat- 
 teaux and towboats ascend more than 100 miles further up the river. 
 Near the city of St. Johns, is the entrance from the sea to this river ; it 
 is not a quarter of a mile wide, and the passage is called the falls. It 
 has a ledge of rocks running across the bottom of the channel, on which 
 there is not at low water above 16 or 17 feet of water. The common 
 tide rises here about 20 feet. At low water, the water of the river is 
 about 12 feet higher than the waters of the sea, and at high water the sea 
 is about five feet higher than the waers of the river ; and at every tide 
 there are two falls, one outwards, and one inwards. The only time for 
 vessels to pass with safety, is at the time that the waters of the river are 
 level with the waters of the sea, which is twice in a tide, and continues 
 not more than twenty minutes at a time. At any other time it is impas- 
 sable, or extremely dangerous. This passage is said to resemble Hell 
 Gate, near New York. The banks of this river are in many places ex- 
 cellent land, enriched by the annual overflowing of the waters of the river. 
 About 30 miles from St. Johns commences a fine level country, rich in- 
 tervale and meadow lands, covered in great part with fine timber, much 
 of it fit for exportation. The river St. John has many tributary streams 
 which empty into it on each side. Tobique, 200 miles long ; Restook, 
 100 long ; Nashwack, Madawaska, Oromecto, Washedemoake, and se- 
 veral other rivers of considerable magnitude. On all these rivers there 
 U much excellent land fit for every purpose. The river Kenn.ebecasis, 
 
 which is a bran 
 
 falls, has a loni 
 
 particularly so, 
 
 the Propagatioi 
 
 America," havi 
 
 the instruction 
 
 fed, clothed an 
 
 ers, of which t 
 
 ' There are tl 
 
 and on their 1 
 
 and meadow 
 
 growth, that v 
 
 ago. 
 
 The Miram 
 
 into a bay of 1 
 
 Lawrence. 
 
 for 30 miles f 
 
 river, and tho 
 
 annually by fl 
 
 towns are fro 
 
 up the river. 
 
 two branches 
 
 up the latter 
 
 the banks fo 
 
 vessels go t( 
 
 ges from Ch 
 
 wick Land ( 
 
 I is about 190 
 
 The N. W. 
 
 and is not n 
 
 receive sev< 
 
 The rivei 
 
 Lower-Can 
 
 cates with 1 
 
 200 miles, 
 
 town of Da 
 
 a spacious 
 
 course of o 
 
 mouth, whi 
 
 of Liverpo 
 
 The Chibi 
 
 for its larg 
 
 ofFundy, 
 
 There a 
 
 named wil 
 
 * is watered 
 
 all these \ 
 
 er fish. 
 
 Thelai 
 wick, and 
 
117 
 
 .vhicb is a Wh of the St. John and ierr^U^s ^^^ ^^^^l.fZ^^^^ 
 falls, has a long ^^o^rse through a fine ^f^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^.^ Company for 
 particularly 80. and weU ^habited. ^^^^ "^^°'P„j ^^ ^d^acent in 
 the Propagation of the Gospel m ^ew EngUndj^and part j^^ ^^^ 
 
 America," have transferred ^f "» .^^^^^^"8^^^^^^^ children are 
 
 the instruction of the Indians. ^ *^'^. f^^^^^^^ 
 
 fed clothed and instructed, under the direction oi a ooaru u 
 
 ers of which the governor of the Pr^/'^^^! P^^Ta^sa^ hay. 
 
 There are three large rivers which fall "^\?^;,^^^g^^'^^,'Jriy, intervals 
 
 and on their banks, throughout their cour.e,th^^^^^ '^J tin ior of large 
 
 -^vrr.^t-;^r^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^»m Miramichi river, on tl^e north-st <^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 into a bay of the «ame name, which communica^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 Lawrence. This river can ^e^avigated by thenar e ^^^^^ 
 
 for 30 miles from the sea. The town °^^^^^*^^^^^^ are visited 
 
 river, and those of Newcastle and I^^^g^^/l^"" ^^.intr C^ Thes« 
 annually by about 200 vesse s or ""^'^^/^^"^.Ji"'^^^^^^ Lawrence 
 
 towns are from twenty to thirty f ^^J^^J^^f^i^^^^^^ divides into 
 up the river. Seven miles above Chatl^^^^^^^ The tide extends 
 
 two branches, one ninmng ^.-W.^he other to j. .^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 up the latter branch about fifteen "»«««' "^^ ^^-^{^ point merchant 
 
 the banks for 45 miles above the tide ^^«y;^»P;j^^7i^^ ^y^^,,,,, ,nd bar- 
 vessels go to take m lumber ; and f^^/^JJ^^^^^^;" to the New Bruns- 
 ges from Chatham '^"^ Newcastle, are enabled og -^^^^^^i 
 
 tick Land Company's territory, ^he sou h west »)m ^^^^^^^ 
 
 is about 190 miles long before It forms a Jun^^^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 The N. W. branch. s much Ob tr^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^J^^^^ 
 
 and IS not "^^lg^^^^^°;,j^[f,treams on every side of their course, 
 receive several considerable streams on eve y ^^.^^^ ^^ 
 
 T ^'''t::J:T^^^'^TJ^^^^ bay,which^ommuni- 
 
 Lower-Canada and is ew ^'^" ^^^ tide goes up this river near 
 
 cates with the gulf of St- Lawrence i S .i^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 200 miles, and is navigable ^<^^^^t,'^^"/'^^ river, where there is 
 
 town of Dalhousie IS s.tu^^^^^^^ "^he'^iSiibtto is a fine Hver, and has a 
 a spacious and safe harbour. J-" 30 ^j, i^g from its 
 
 course of about 70 miles, ^"^^? ^f ^ X largr" ' vessels. The town 
 
 of Fundy, and has a -"J^ "/ "^^ p^ole; t"t those which I have 
 
 There are many ■"°;«.;;Xe Ve" to -™^ ''^''^ '"'" ""'''^ *^"™"^ 
 named will suffice to give tlie leaa beautiful lakes, and 
 
 Luirtira^ernriiyrt^'cix^^^ 
 
 erfish. . . . , A^prica are to be found in New Bruhs- 
 
 wie\':;!.Xrma"srtS\ry.om twenty to thirty inch- 
 
118 
 
 Q3. in diameter. Those noble trees are generally accessible by water 
 communication, by which they can be conveyed to navigable waters for 
 
 export. 
 
 The coast of this provmce is indented with numerous bays and com- 
 modious harbours. Tho principal are Chalcur, Miramichi, Vert (which 
 is separated from tho bay of Fundy which extends along the south shore 
 of New Brunswick, near 160 miles) ; Chignecto bay, at tho head of Fun- 
 dy bay ; and Passamaquoddy bay, bordering on the United States. Tho 
 province is bounded on nearly three sides, north, south and oast, by na- 
 vigable waters. 
 
 The natural vegetable productions of New Brunswick are nearly tho 
 same as those of the other British American provinces. The wild ani- 
 mals are also the same. 
 
 The climate is not very different from that of Nova Scotia. The fol- 
 lowing table for one year may give a fair view of the average of seasons. 
 
 Thermometer. Days of weather. 
 
 Months. 
 
 High- 
 est. 
 
 Low- 
 est. 
 
 -21 
 -19 
 20 
 34 
 44 
 46 
 58 
 65 
 57 
 42 
 28 
 -11 
 
 38 
 
 Ave- 
 rage. 
 
 17 
 24 
 33 
 
 40 
 37 
 49 
 66 
 70 
 62 
 48 
 31 
 14 
 
 42 
 
 Greatest 
 variation 
 
 Fair. 
 
 24 
 23 
 22 
 22 
 18 
 15 
 18 
 23 
 17 
 22 
 15 
 20 
 
 245 
 
 Rain 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 7 
 8 
 
 
 52 
 
 Fog. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 9 
 10 
 5 
 8 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 Snow. 
 
 January, 
 February, 
 
 . March, 
 April, 
 
 . May, 
 
 . June, 
 July, 
 August, 
 September 
 October, 
 November 
 
 ' December 
 
 22 
 19 
 36 
 44 
 50 
 51 
 73 
 75 
 67 
 53 
 34 
 16 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 4 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 , Mean and 
 total, 
 
 46 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 The above will show how many more fair days there are in the year 
 in New Brunswick, than in the British isles ; and there is, notwithstand- 
 ing, sufficient moisture for a luxuriant vegetation. The climate will 
 be found by emigrants very favourable for agriculture. 
 
 New Brunswick is composed of hills, intervales and lowlands .covered 
 generally with immense forests. There is not over 3,000,000 acres 
 granted, of which not a sixth part has been cultivated. It is supposed 
 that there are yet more than 10,000,000 acres to be granted that is fit 
 for cultivation. The intervales, glens, and vallies, whicJi abound in this 
 province, are of the richest soil. On the shores of the gulf of S t. 
 Lawrence, and the Bay Chaleur, and Miramichi, the soil is sandy, and 
 not of the best quality ; but a few miles inland, the soil is much more fer- 
 tile, and assumes an easy and gradual elevation. The county of West- 
 moreland is reported to be a rich and valuable district. The county of 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 St. Johns has 
 
 bury, situated 
 
 fertile and pro( 
 
 few in number. 
 
 much good lar 
 
 grand lake an 
 
 porated to wot 
 
 the most popi 
 
 drews is in tl 
 
 ranks about tl 
 
 umberland am 
 
 and are of grc 
 
 ed by the Uni 
 
 lieve it ranks 
 
 Is abundance 
 
 settlers who I 
 
 The city ol 
 
 is built upon 
 
 trade, with a 
 
 part of the pr( 
 
 buildings of: 
 
 erned by a r 
 
 at their disp< 
 
 city. In 18; 
 
 rises at St. J 
 
 obstructed b; 
 
 Frederictc 
 
 66.45 W. lo 
 
 Andrews, V. 
 
 and the sam 
 
 situated on t 
 
 ters of a mil 
 
 of 50 tons b 
 
 Frederict 
 
 ly laid out i 
 
 where the I 
 
 justice are 
 
 arc all goo< 
 
 situation, ai 
 
 progress in 
 
 6,000 to 7v 
 
 the suppor 
 
 charter, foi 
 
 St. And 
 
 Bay, whicl 
 
 from St. J( 
 
 It is extrei 
 
 ■well built 
 
 town go ir 
 
 place, and 
 
119 
 
 bury, situated on each Bide <>f ^^PJf^'^i the population are still very 
 fertile and prod-ic^vo m the P^ovmce, though he popui ^^.^ ^^ ^^^/ 
 
 few in number The Q--^^ -^J^ ^stbuK on The shores of the 
 much good land. In this couniy c company is incor- 
 
 grandlake and the ^anks x>f the Salmon ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ 
 
 porated to work them with ^O'^OO/. capital. ^^^ ^^_ 
 
 he most populous, and ^^^"^'■'^"y ^ood Innd^ Ihe t ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 drews is in this county. K'ngs county has much ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 ranks about the fifth m P^^^^^^^^i^^^.^^ofTc ^^^^ St. Lawrence, 
 
 umberland and Kent, front on the shores ^' S ^f y^,,k j^ bound- 
 
 and are of great extent, but thmly settled, is also of g^reat extent. I be- 
 
 irado, with a capacoo. safe h-bour^ than ,s the e ^p^^^^ _b^^._^ 
 
 part of the province. It .s a h»7^°«''' ^^^y- ^^,^3 i„ ,785, „„d is gov- 
 buildings of stone and bnck It >vas ^^orp „^^j,,„„i,_ „ho have 
 
 erned by a mayor, ''="'^f '/'^oS^;"!" r, for the improvement of tho 
 at their disposal a '"enue of 2,000(. a year, ^i ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 1Z a?"s,'?^rovT.rS,tnSy:lse,„enoe, the harbour is never 
 "TeSnllie capita, of the pro^ce.^s ij^^f 7 ^JjaUnde, and 
 66.45 W. longitude. .It is ^^J'^^^^^.Jl i^Te 'tmoreland county. 
 Andrews, 140 m.les f^"" '^.°:'Jl™''reiUement in Madawaska. It is 
 and the same distance from the "PP" ^^^'^^ ^y^h is near three quar- 
 
 ly laid out in streets, and has sevcra^l pub icedmces. courts of 
 
 ihere the Provincial Legislature have their snungs^ an ^^^ ,,^ 
 
 justice »-"«"!;, ">^g-T,S;' ist 'incr °a*g, and from its central 
 are al good buddrngs. /rh°^^("„\'^„,ernment, it is likely to make rapid 
 situation, and its bemg tho seal 01 t population may now be from 
 
 progress i" ^f' »<'^ poputaion The popu^ ^^ ^^^^ Jpp^prfa.ed for 
 
 r uppofo?; cXta^n'/veinvestedin a corporation erected by 
 
 Siartrforthe government of fte.nsUtuUon rassamaquoddy 
 
 St. Andrews is situated oi^the N. *^^ ex^re y ^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^^ 
 
 Bay, «W«V""aToXttoe n^S LSrshoL of the TJnit«I States 
 from St. Johns, and only three miie a handsome, regular and 
 
120 
 
 18 open at all Bcasone. Tho lido rises here about twenty feet. The po- 
 pulati n 18 now from 6000 to 7000. 
 
 TK.3ro are several other rising towns in tho province, but I do not sec 
 that it is necessary to describe them all. It may be reasonably supposed 
 that where the population docs not exceed 140,000 or 150,000 at most, 
 scattered over 17,000,000 acres of territory, the towns are not likely to 
 be very numerous or extensive. 
 
 The natural productions of New Brunswick are very similar to those 
 of Nova Scotia and Lower-Canada ; and I believe the soil is also much 
 of the same quality. It may not be generally so suitable for the produc- 
 tion of wheat in perfection, but for all other descriptions of grain and ve- 
 getables, the soil is as well adapted as any part of British America. 
 
 Religion is chiefly Protestant, though there is a considerable propor- 
 tion of Roman Catholics. There are no tithes paid to any church, and 
 all, except the Episcopal church ministers, are chiefly supported by their 
 own congregations. An annual grant is made for the church of England 
 ministers from the English " Society for the propagation of the Gospel," 
 of about 4,000/., and the ministers receive about 200/ annually each. I 
 am not aware whether there is any government provision for any other 
 church ministers. . , 
 
 The following will show tho stations of tho church of England minis- 
 ters in 1834. I am sorry I have not in my power to give the same in- 
 formation of the ministers of the other several churches, but I expect tho 
 information before this work is published. 
 
 Stations of church of England ministers in New Brunwick, in 1834. 
 Rev. Jerome Alley, St. Andrews. Rev. William W. Walker, Hamp- 
 Oliver Arnold, Sussex-Vale. ton. 
 
 John Black, Shediac, Samuel HoratioNelson Arnold, Sussex 
 
 R. Clark, Gagetown. Vale. 
 
 John Dunn, Grand Mannan. 
 J. W. D. Gray, St. Johns. 
 Geo. Seymour »Fervis, Hamp- 
 
 stead. 
 Raher Milner, Mangerville. 
 Addington D. Parker, Prince 
 
 William. 
 Elias Scovel, Kingston. 
 Alex. C. Somerville, Bathurst. 
 Samuel Thompson, St.George. 
 James Somerville, Douglas. 
 Skefliington Thompson, St. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 Samuel Bacon, Miramichi. 
 
 Frederick Coster, Carleton. 
 
 George Coster, Fredericton. 
 
 Benjamin G. Gray, St. Johns. 
 
 Edwin Jacobs, St. Mary's. 
 
 George McCanley, Visiting 
 Missionary. 
 
 Christopher Milner, Sackville. 
 
 Samuel D. Lee Street, Wood- 
 stock. 
 
 Abraham Wood, Grand Lake. 
 
 Gilbert L. Wiggins, Westfield. 
 
 There is complete religious freedom in this province as in every other 
 of British America, and there is no revenue raised by authority for the 
 support of any particular church ministers, except in Lower-Canada, 
 where Roman Catholics have to pay a tithe, or twenty-fifth part of their 
 grain, for the support of their ministers. 
 
 Education is provided for partly by grunts of land, legislative aid, and 
 bv the voluntary contributions of parents. There is no want of schools, 
 
 if the children 
 
 America, Eng 
 
 out diflicuUy. 
 
 may not be p( 
 
 other way, is c 
 
 may be emplo 
 
 set thcmselvc 
 
 and certainly 
 
 than in cutlin; 
 
 likely to male 
 
 The govcr 
 
 tia : a lieutcr 
 
 (which consi 
 
 The laws arc 
 
 justice, regis 
 
 latter proviiK 
 
 globe which 
 
 er degree of 
 
 and New Bi 
 
 The foVlowii 
 Johns an( 
 
 Years. Shi 
 
 1832 
 1833 
 1834 120! 
 1835 
 
 17J 
 
 18: 
 
 Imports an 
 several ^ 
 
 
 1822' 90": 
 18251811 
 1830 3961 
 1831,291 
 1832381 
 1833299 
 1834 290 
 18451 
 
 There 
 coasting 
 
121 
 
 I 
 
 ifthr chiUli-on are only sent vrsnlarly to tlicm. Tn every part orBntisli 
 licrfrf En « schoolmaslerH, perfectly cmpetent, may l,e bad vv th- 
 
 llwii in culling down largo trees, consldciiilg llic progicss mcy 
 ""TL'°."v:rnm" nl'cf New Brun.wicU is the .a,.o „s that of Nova Sco 
 
 and New Brunswick. , r Cf 
 
 The following table will show tbe aiTiount of shipping at the ports of bt. 
 Johns and St. Andrews for three years. 
 
 I Inwards. I Outwards. 
 Years. 1 Ships. Tons. Ships Tons 
 
 1832 
 1833 
 
 1834 12026 
 1835 
 
 1738 
 
 1818 J234510 
 - '237039 
 
 Inwards. 
 
 Ships. ITons. 
 
 203907 1710 21273411111 1^5883 
 
 Outwards. 
 Ships. I Tons. 
 
 1758 
 1943 
 
 239732 1 
 
 2452721 
 
 870 
 
 67853 
 
 1013 
 863 
 
 76446 
 
 7102S 
 
 Imports and exports, vevonue and expenditure of New Brunswick fo. 
 several years. 
 
 1822' 907 
 18254810 
 18303968 
 
 222306 
 256376 
 351174 
 
 1831,2914 257616 
 
 1832 3817 340440 
 
 1833 2999 313217 
 
 1834 2902 304927 
 
 1845 I 
 
 :26652S 
 694815 
 693561 
 603870 
 664783 
 590488 
 
 L_ 
 
 220863 
 
 279650 
 
 .M8546 
 
 ,266034 
 
 cil0857l 
 
 3141781 
 
 316214 
 
 i;272177'! £31100 25036/. 
 
 501941 
 
 5703071' 
 
 44731. 
 
 5367441 
 
 411572 
 
 43055 
 49284 
 
 68769 
 69700 
 
 39537 
 44193 
 
 66500 
 171000 
 
 There are a great many of the shipping 
 coasting trade, and arc of binall touua|c^. 
 
 rmnloyed in the fishery and 
 rX'he total value of the trade 
 
122 
 
 is, however, very considerable, and particularly so to the province, as her 
 people own a large proportion of the shipping. 
 
 There is a large amount of capital invested in this province in saw 
 mills for preparing lumber, &c. lor exportation. The attention of the 
 ])opulation is directed more to the lumbcu- and fishing trade, than to agri- 
 culture ; and in all countries so circumstanced, agriculture is not very 
 likely to flourish much. As the country becomes settled, however, all 
 its natural resources will be made the most of by an industrious popula- 
 tion, and one business will not be neglected for another. 
 
 There are three chartered banks in New Bruiiwiek, one at St. Johns ; 
 the New Brunswick bank, with a capital of 50,000/., which had in 1.S34 
 notes in circulation for 45,000/. ; St. Andrews' bank, capital 15,000/. ; 
 and Frederickton bank with the same amount of capital. I do not know 
 the amount of notes in circulation with the two latter banks. There ia 
 perfect confidence in all the banks. 
 
 The New Brunswick Land Company have been chartered by Act of 
 Parliament, and have purchased a large tract of the waste land liom the 
 British government at a very low price, with the object of setthng and 
 improving it. The land is reported to be of excellent quality, and well 
 situated, as to means of water communication to the gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. I do not know what progress the Company have made. 
 
 The statistical information I have of New Brunswick is not of so late 
 a date as would be desirable. In 1824, the population was 74,185, and 
 allowing the same proportionate increase as for Nova Scotia, and also 
 for emigration, the population is now, I should suppose fully 120,000. 
 The quantity of land in cultivation is reported to be 500,000 acres, from 
 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 acres granted, and about 10,000,000 acres, or per- 
 haps more, of wood land yet to grant, and from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 
 acres considered unprofitable. Number of horses about 15,000, of neat 
 cattle 120,000, sheep and swine of each 100,000. 
 
 The population of New Brunswick are not so generally employed in 
 agriculture as they are in the other provinces. The lumber trade and 
 fisheries, occupy a very considerable portion of the working class, I sup- 
 pose fully one-third ; therefore the agricultural population would not be 
 over 80,000, and the class not agricultural 40,000. The produce annu- 
 ally created by the labour and industry of the agricultural class in every 
 way, I estimate at about 1,400,000/., which would give 17/. lOs. for each 
 individual. For the class not agricultural, the produce annually created 
 may be 1,600,000/., and will give 40/. for each individual of that class. 
 Again, supposing that 30,000 of the agricultural class are productive con- 
 sumers, it will give 46/. 13s. 4d. for each working person annually, and 
 if there are 13,000 of the class not agricultural, productive consumers, it 
 will give 123/. for each annually. Taking the whole amount annually 
 created at 3,000,000/. it gives for each of the population of 120,000, 25/. 
 annually which is the largest amount that my estimates show for any of the 
 British American provinces. I confess that I have less statistical informa- 
 tion of the province of New Brunswick than of any other. The annual 
 consumption is of greater amount for each person, than in the other pro- 
 vinces, from many causes. The imports to New Brunswick is equal to 
 51. for each inhabitant, while in the Canadas it is only 21. I think 1 may 
 
 estimate the cx| 
 on an average f 
 to 700,000/. for 
 tending commci 
 villages. 
 
 The value o 
 to estimate as r 
 niade out to I 
 000,0-'^^/. 
 
 PRINC: 
 
 Is situated ir 
 
 cast and New 
 
 tia on the soutl 
 
 in length, from 
 
 and 47 degreei 
 
 The island i 
 
 and subdivided 
 
 The following 
 
 Kings count 
 
 Queens cou 
 
 Prince couu 
 
 Total, 
 The island 
 harbours, whic 
 ly land-locked 
 vourably circu 
 ter, with every 
 the country is 
 There is a gc 
 part as to prev 
 -intersected wi 
 the rivers and 
 ducing annual 
 which makes 
 in from the sa 
 lands of the si 
 extensive swa 
 with rocks or 
 natural want 
 good a quality 
 so(iuently it \\ 
 other countric 
 nature of the 
 
123 
 
 estimate the expenditure for each individual of the ^vholc population to ho 
 on an average from 19/. to 20/. annually. This would leave Irom COO 000/. 
 to 70o!o00rfor accumulation annually, for the improvement o land ex ■ 
 tending commerce and trade, and the enlargement ol cUies, tovns and 
 
 '^"rhr;alue of moveahle and imn.ovoahle property I l^^^e endeavo^^^^^^^^ 
 to estimate as accurately as my means would allow. I he ^'^''t ^ »»; ° 
 nrnde out to be about 6,000,000/., and the immoveable properly 10.- 
 
 000,C>'^^/. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARDS, OR ST. JOHNS ISLAND. 
 
 Is situated in the gulf of St. Lawrence, between Cape Br«^^^ <^"^^^« 
 cast and New Brunswick on the west, and is sopara cd irom Nova Sco- 
 tia on he south by the straits of Northumberland. It is about 140 mdes 
 n lenl, from 30^o 40 miles at its greatest breadth. It hes between 46 
 a"id 47 degrees of N. latitude and 61 and 63?, west longitude. 
 
 The island is divided into three counties, Kings, Queens and Trincc, 
 and subdivided into parishes and into townships, o which there arc 6,. 
 The following are the number of acres in each county : 
 
 Kinas county 416,000 acres. Chief town, Georgetown. 
 
 &ns co'ui^ty 494;000 acres. Capital of the island, Charlottetown. 
 
 Priuce county 471,000 acres. Chief town, Trmcctown. 
 
 _ ■ 
 
 Total, 1,381,000 ^ , , 
 
 The island is much intersected by water, and has many fine bays and 
 harbours, which will admit shii)S of the line, where they will be complete- 
 y land-locked and sheltered from all winds. Few countries are so fa- 
 vourably circumstance 1 as regards her means of comriuuiication by wa- 
 [ei- with every part of the island, and with other countries. The face ol 
 ho country is level, and there is nothing like a mountain on the island. 
 The'eTs a^entle diversity of hill and dale, which s not so high in any 
 pa as o prevent the land from being cultivated The country is much 
 ntersected with arms of the sea, creeks and rivulets ; arid the heads oi 
 the rivers and creeks arc all more or less bordered by sa t marshes, pro- 
 ducing annually large crops of strong nutritive grass, wuhout cultivation, 
 Smakcs eLelfenthay for young cattle. These lands, when dyked 
 n ^nU e salt water, make the most valuable lands on the island, as 
 aids of the same description do in Nova Scotia. Thei-e are not many 
 extensive swamps on the island, and the land is very htt e encumbered 
 w'h rocks or stLne ; indeed the want of stone is said to be the greatest 
 mtural want in the island. The soil is naturally and generally of so 
 "ood a Sty, that ahnost every acre may be rendered productive, con- 
 sequent y it wi^ll be able to maintain a much greater population tl^in most 
 other countries of the same extent. Roads may be easily made from the 
 nature of the soil and climate, and all males irom lo lo uO yeai. ut age, 
 
 IG* 
 
 
11^4 
 
 arc obliged to give from four to six doya labour annually, on the hif^h 
 loudfi and bn(l|4o.s. Tlio frees arc t^aid to stand farther apart in tho for- 
 est, and to have less unclcruood, than is generally found in countries co- 
 vered with forest. Hence IJio clearing of the wilderness is less ditVicult, 
 and travelling throu;.di the forest is not inij)ossii)!e. There is no part of 
 liritish America that i,j ujurc favourably reported of than l*niice Edwards 
 Island. 
 
 Charloltetown is mopt conveniently situated for the seat of govern- 
 ment, on the north bank of ] lill. burgh i iver. It hns a t'.ne harbour, and u 
 fjafc internal water comuuiuicaiion willi a considerable part of the inland 
 by means of the Hillsburgh, York, and lOlliot rivers, which meet in its 
 harbour. The ground on which the town is built rises gradually from 
 the water's edge to a moderate height of easy ascent. The number of 
 houses is now pcrhiip.-; near 500, and the inbv.bitants 4000. The en- 
 trance of tlu;hiu-l)our is defended by strong batteries. There arc excellent 
 bairacks for soldiers, as any in North Amerii^a. Tho other public build- 
 ings ;ue very suitable for their respective uses. Ceorge and Prince-^ 
 towns arc not yet very cxtc ii.sivc. The harbour of Georgciown is one of 
 tho best in J'rilish Ai.icrica, with sulllcient depth of water for the largest 
 .ships, completely sheltered Irom all points. Princetown has also a good 
 harb(Hn*. 
 
 The climate of tho ii^^laud partakes of that of Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick, but in some respects is .superior, being entirely free from fogs 
 to which these proviuces are subject. The cold in winter is not by many 
 degrees so great on this island as in the neighbouring continent ; and so 
 great is the ditfcrcncc iu this respect, that the inhabitants e^cldom have oc- 
 casion to use stoves in their houses, so necessary in Canada, Nova Sco- 
 tia and New Urunswick. The winters, however, continue as long in 
 the island as in any of the provinces. /\s regards the salubrity of the 
 island, it is agreed by idl who huve lived in it for any time, that there are 
 few places where health is enjoyed with less interruption. 
 
 The excellence of the Foil, and the climate not being unfavourable, 
 adapt this island, in a peculiar mamier, to agriculture. All kinds of Eng- 
 lish grain can be raised there in very great ])ert'ection ; and if they have 
 not been raised there heretofore in great abundance, it was not from any 
 defect in the soil or climate. In proof of this, I shall otTer the statistical 
 tables ior 1827 and 1S31, a period et >'.;'y seven years between each, and 
 the increase produce of agriculiuj C: ng t;iesc seven years, is greater 
 than in any other province o*'Ner:h AuiOnca in proportion to the popula- 
 tion. 
 
 Population of Prince Edwards Island, in 1827, 1833 and 1S34. 
 
 Population in li-2r. 
 
 rojuilaiioii ill 1S33. 
 
 Males 
 
 Fcnmlo?!. 
 ~11210 
 
 .VI ;; 
 
 Total 
 
 ' i-iiuilt^. 
 
 Onif; 
 
 Under I Ovnr Total. I Uuiler I Over 1 Toiiil I InU 
 11. I 11. IVhilcs I 1(). I Hi. I Ki'iniilcs. ( 
 
 KiSiO I T'MO I 7.-)l2| l.vi.-i2 I ::'Z2)T' I \m)\ 
 
 •2:'.2f)6 I ."2)7 | HTI-T 
 
 Siippoa- 
 0(1 Popii. 
 liitiiin in 
 
 Statistical 
 
 IAiltM \\i« 
 iillaml "I I'l 
 iicili^ jin I 
 
 jllluJ. Villi 
 
 lM'27 U:W!IHll ■»'!' 
 is;»i|:iH7tm\ **" 
 
 l)y the al 
 
 1831, aboi 
 
 cultivated I 
 
 American i 
 
 in proportit 
 
 number of 
 
 the value c 
 
 year. Th 
 
 increased i 
 
 a fourteen 
 
 cupicd. 
 
 Lthun from 
 
 of 40,000 
 
 The atr 
 
 immoveaV 
 
 in moveal 
 
 This is 
 
 ing annuu 
 
 sent, or a 
 
 habited t( 
 
 and catth 
 
 ibi most 
 
 'b Britis 
 
 in ord 
 
 of, some 
 
 tee land 
 
 ditions o 
 
 to surrcn 
 
 be allow 
 
 judice ol 
 
 grants b 
 
 wish to 
 
 just righ 
 
 they do 
 
 would n 
 
 and cle 
 
 ed, and 
 
 lowed t 
 
 I hope 
 
 it is to 
 
 the mid 
 
 in a wi 
 
125 
 
 StatUticDl returns of Prince Edward. I»U.n.l .ak. In 1S27 and 1830. 
 
 iil'lltlid 
 
 jlioil. 
 
 illaliil 
 ill ciilli- 
 Viilimi. 
 
 lH'27U:W!IHll ■V'^'"'' 
 
 Milrh 
 
 I(|W». 
 
 Oxen. 
 
 Vitini'-' 
 riiitli!. 
 
 Ilorrieslshcei 
 
 '.>l7:l IIii'ti :i|>71> l:i!N!m 
 
 I'luiliuc Iriiiii liUiiL'Lv 
 
 IIiihIm'I^ 
 
 (iT WllL'ill 
 
 ItllHlll'IS 
 
 hurley. 
 
 Himh. IDiihIiuI.-i 
 
 ilMis ' 'Zu\-i\ *7(iiai 
 
 
 ;i,is")l 
 
 2iltiiitll3IO">;J 
 
 TV the above vHurns it api-rs that s..cU ^- j-^^^^riS 
 1831, about o^K-lhird, grain nca ten l^^^^^^j^^^^^ ,„ ° ,f u.c liritish 
 
 cuUivuted 1-"^."-^;,;^^,,:" [ vt groai an advance in improvcnK.nt, 
 American iirovinccs that can bi mv „ ^^^.^ .^,.^^^j^ ^j^^, 
 
 i. proportion to the POP^^^^''!"' '^^^^.^X^; ,o .b^ut 400 annually, and 
 number of ships inwards \"'<^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Q., ,,a the exports 40,000/. a 
 the vah.c of the '"^'or « 'M^ ^. ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ i,,port s .night be vastly 
 
 year. There is a ccrtamty "^^^^ ^HtUnl -uul cvdtivatcd. There is not over 
 Increased if the country became «^\^;^^.^^^^^^^^ ^u^n a fourth part oc 
 
 a fourteenth part of the hu.d yet ^ /^^^^ -^ ,,,,y ,vay, is not less 
 
 fi^So r 'b t::; ..f - v^; --;-y , ,,00,000/., and c. 
 
 The amount of '"^^f ^.^^^ J^^^^^i f,ooO^ , making a total of 4,500,000/. 
 immoveable property at about 3,0UU u , 
 iu moveable and immoveable P' W qqq soul., and of produc- 
 
 This island is very ,<^«Pf \^^ ^^ '^ tfe amount which it does at pre- 
 i„. annually froni t.-clve^ ^'fhave not doubt that if the island .as m- 
 Hcnt, or about 10,000,000/. ^^'^.^'^^^^^^^ "^;„,,„,ti,g amply, producing cova 
 habited to the extent ;t ^^^fl ^^'^^^^^ ^^3. i ifs natural lesourcos made 
 
 ^^^^^?if:i:^- ^ '" ^^r ^^- -- ^^'^' - -' - 
 
 ^''.Sithltt^at.^ 
 
 of, some arnmgement id have to b ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^.^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^„. 
 
 lee land owners, to obhge them ^ ^ernment many years ago, or 
 
 ditions of the grants mude to them ^X " P ^^, ^^^^•^■^. ^hat persons should 
 to surrender up those lands. It^s exc^em Y ^^.^^^^ ^^ ^^e pre- 
 
 be allowed to retain lands mths »;1; ^^''^ , conditio, s of the 
 
 judice of every settler a. ^ '^^,f J^" ^^ to these 4ste lands. I do not 
 m-ants by which they can have any titl . « me ^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 ?vi.sh to Lggcst -terierence w.Uj pn c^U^^P^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^, 
 
 just right of property these absent cUn^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 they do not comply with ^^^^ *"^ ^^r"*^,^''" ,.pose of settling the country, 
 woild not have got grants except for chep^^^^^^^ have never redcem- 
 
 aad clearing and c^'^^^^^"^ ^t, ^» .^^^ °;^^ ^i,^^^ ^ eomc, if they are al- 
 ed, and probably will -^^^^^ l\^,, at the expense of others, 
 lowed to let them he waste, "^^ easin ^^^^ injurious 
 
 I hope I shall be ^b o to show cl .^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ •„ j 
 
 it is to a new countiy to a ow lai persons who wish to retain lands 
 the midst of land that is settled. Tji^^c HJ^o"^^ ^ j^ .^^ ^^, C^„^. 
 in a wUdcrnes^s state, l«.t ihcui wku Uud. dat ai 
 
126 
 
 dian forest, anc' hold them there in an unproductive state as long as they 
 please, or, at least, until an increased population will make it expedient 
 to push them still farther back into the wilderness. 
 
 p "^ >^ o, 
 
 a" "^ o S 
 
 aq 
 
 O P 
 
 I have now given a very concise description of the British American 
 provinces. I trust it will be found sufficiently accurate for every useful 
 purpose. I have been very particular in my calculations in making up 
 the estimates of produce annually created, and the value of moveable and 
 immoveable property. Those who may question their accuracy, will do 
 well to calculate very closely the quantity and value of every species of 
 production, of expenditure, and of property, before they decide that mine 
 are incorrect. If I have erred, it was not with any design to mislead 
 the public. I am persuaded that I have not drawn a more flatterino- pic- 
 ture of any of the provinces than I was justified in doing, as regards their 
 present state, or their capabilities for future population and production. 
 I know that these provinces possess all the natural advantages that are 
 requisite to furnish abundant means for the support of a population fully 
 as great as my estimate for them would indicate. I believe it will be ad- 
 mitted by all who arc perfectly acquainted with the present state of agri- 
 culture throughout the provinces generally that it is very capable of great 
 improvement, and of yielding an increased produce. If, then, the present 
 population are able to produce ample or sufficient means of comfortable 
 subsistance, cultivating imperfectly not much over afjticl/i part of the cul- 
 tivatable land in the provinces, it cannot be from the natural circumstan- 
 ces of the provinces, geographical or physical, that my estimate for fu- 
 ture population and production could be made out incorrect. The cli- 
 mate, if it be considered by some to be unfavourable, must be as much 
 so for (he present thin population as it would be for a population twenty- 
 fold as numerous. The climate of a great part of the Russian empire in 
 3'^iUrope, is very similar to that of British America, and it is well known to 
 bo abundantly productive in corn and cattle, and the means of human 
 subsistance. 
 
 Population and capital are the greatest wants in British America. As 
 to good laws, if the population throughout the provinces were educated 
 as a respectable yeomanry ought to be, they would bo sure to have such 
 laws as would be best suited for promoting the general prosperity, and 
 they would not suffer any to continue in force, that could be clearly de- 
 monstrated to be prejudicial to the interests of the community. Every 
 true friend of British America must be anxious to see her population in- 
 crease. It is impossible that the rights and liberties of the people could 
 be endangered in any way by an increase of population, but on the con- 
 trary. The people of these proviuces now, and lor the time to come, 
 will generally enjoy a greater degree of equality as to property and influ- 
 ence, than in any odier country out of America ; and it must, therefore, 
 1)0 decidedly their own fault, if they ever sutler their just rights and privi- 
 leges to be withheld from them. A population of ten millions would not 
 be" loss capable of knowing and of defending their rights and privileges 
 than one ofn million and a half, pnrtic.darly whern iho. comiMuniiy is con- 
 stituted as it is, and is likely to continue to be in British America. 
 
 <r 
 
 
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 O fD 
 
 - o^ o 
 
 01 
 
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 P" CO 
 
 2; o 3 
 
 ^ (D C 
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>* o -^ p:* -^ S.i5 2 6 
 
 
 eras': 
 
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128 
 
 Tho last tabic will show the capabilities of British America for future 
 population and production. With a territory of 216,000 000 of acres 
 (cxcludinfv that of the Hudson's Bay) that can be profitably occupied, 
 an extent of land three times as great as the British isles ; the population 
 is not now over 1,352,000, a number that does not amount to an eigh- 
 teenth of the population of Great Britain and Ireland. This thin popu- 
 lation, under many disadvantages, and an impeiiect systom of agricul- 
 ture, nevertheless produce annually 25,500,000/., and possess an amount 
 ofmoveable and immoveable property, exclusive of the value set upon 
 the waste unoccupied land fit for cultivation, and of the property which 
 belon-s to the British government, of about 100,000,000/. currency. 
 Givin*^ due weicrht to all these circumstances, I trust I shall appear jus- 
 tified m the estimates I have made, and which I now submit to the public. 
 I would further observe, that the extent of land now m cultivation, is 
 not much more than two acres in one hundred of what is fit ior cultiva- 
 tion. It may be conceived what a disadvantage this must be to the 
 present population in many respects, and how trifling must be the influ- 
 ence it would have in ameliorating the climate, if it is expected that clcar- 
 incrand cultivating the country will produce that efl-ect uUimately. 1 am tul- 
 lylionvinced that perfect draining will have a very powerful influence on 
 improving- the soil for agriculture, and of lessening the injurious eflects ot 
 climate, so far as regards slight frosts that might occur occasionally la e 
 in the sprincr, or early in the fall. Crops growing upon soil perfectly 
 drained wil! not be so injuriously aff"ected by these frosts, as those grow- 
 ino- upon a damp or imperfectly drained soil ; and pertcct draining can 
 ne"er be accomplished by a thin population scattered over an extensive 
 territory. Much of the lands of British America that are now set down 
 as totally unfit for occupation or agriculture, might be rcnacred by drain- 
 in- the best and most profitable land in the country ; but where there is 
 abundance of dry soil, a lot of land requiring draming is at once rcjec ed 
 by the settler, and there it remains for years, to the great injury of the 
 lands occupied and cultivated. I shall, in the proper place, again advert 
 
 ^''I'^halfnow'ffo on to discuss the best means which will appear to my 
 humble judgment necessary to adopt for realizing the flattering picture 
 S a tru! description of British America cannot fail to present of what 
 may become at a future period. I profess now, as I always have done, 
 irtYwilto advocate the greatest happiness of the greatest number, 
 without however, designing any injustice to the lesser number. In 
 following up my ubject I shall steadily adhere to this rule I do no 
 iteVa passing stranger, but as an inhabitant of the country, I trus 
 permanently settled in it^ and sincerely interested in its prosperity. I tee 
 Ef that prosperity can be be generally promoted, my own family will 
 have a fair chance of participating in it. I disclaim any desire to advo- 
 ca e the interests of one part of the commumty to the prejudice of ano- 
 ther, but that all should have a lair opportunity to apply their capital, then 
 talents and industry,and receive a pioporlionate return, th^t woidd not be 
 subject to any unjust drawback. The power and P-sperty of B^^^^t sh A- 
 mcrica, of which I am proud to be uu mhabuani, i« ^^^^^ ^^ V'^-Jj^^V.I^^n 
 Tn view and if I happen to recommend means that are not the be^t ca cu. 
 latcd to advance both, it will be from an error of judgment, and not m- 
 tentional on my part or with any design to mislead. 
 
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