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 [E.xtraitt'ii/rom Proccediii^s of 'w Caihh/iiin Ii:stitiili: AVr.' Avvi'j. /,■.'. / .\';;. /.J 
 
 N,\IUV.XI ^.IBRAIJV 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 •nt 
 
 AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOG V 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 BY 
 
 R. RAMSAY WRIGHT. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 
 con-, CLARK .v CO., PRINTERS, COLBORXli STRKK 
 
 1879. 
 

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 CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOGY. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 BY R. RAMSAY WRIGHT. 
 
 
IBitracUd/roml'rocetUingiqfthtCanaduiH Inslilul*. New SeHu. Vol.1. No. l.\ 
 
 OONTEIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN 
 HELMINTHOLOGY. 
 
 BT R. RAMSAY WRIGHT, M.A.. B.Sc, 
 Professor in University College, Toronto. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 The observations recorded in the following pages were made for the 
 most part during the months of September and October of the present 
 year. Teaching duties have, however, prevented the completion of 
 many of them ; and it is only in consideration of the difficulty of pro- 
 curing, during the winter, fresh material with which these might be 
 supplemented, and of the fact that certain other interesting forms 
 (which I hope shortly to describe to the Institute) have recently 
 engaged my attention, that I publish these notes in their present 
 fragmentary condition. 
 
 The work was undertaken with tlie desire of contributing towards 
 a wider knowledge of the anatomy of Trematodes. In the attempt, 
 however, to diagnose the forms that presented themselves for examina- 
 tion, it became apparent that in spite of the extensive contribution-? 
 of Dr. Joseph Leidy, much work of a faunistio character remain: . 
 be done in this department on this continent. 
 
 The present paper has assumed in this way more of a systematic 
 character than was originally intended ; although there are, it is 
 hoped, some points of interest to the general zoologist. 
 
 Certain important memoirs are not accessible to mo here ; owing 
 to which there are, no doubt, misstatements or omissions which might 
 otherwise have been rectified. 
 
 TREMATODES. 
 1st Sub-Order— Digenea. Van Ben. 
 
 1.— DiSTOMUM HETEROSTOMtlM. Riul. 
 
 I refer provisionally to this species certain worms which I have 
 found on two occasions firmly adhering to the mucous membrane 
 
4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOOY. 
 
 of the mouth of tho Amorioiiu Bittern (Botaurus minor, Om.) at the 
 sitlos of und below tlio toiigiio. 
 
 The following species, according to V. Linstow'a excellent " Com- 
 pendium," have been found in the cavity of the mouth or in the 
 CESophagus of Ciconite : 
 
 1. D. coinplftntaum resoph Ardoa cinerea. 
 
 2. D. hetcrostomum suh lingua A. purpurea. 
 
 3. D. hians u-soph Cic. alba. 
 
 4. D. dimorplium " A. cocoi. 
 
 These forms are closely related ; indeed, Dujardin' regards the first 
 two as identical with the third, and Diesing- seems to suggest that 
 tlie first and fourtli are also related. The separation by Diesing of 
 D. hians from these congeners, on account of the relative size of the 
 suckers, may possibly be grounded on a mistake. The anterior end 
 of the worm which I possess resembles closely that of D. dimorphum 
 (see Diesing's figure),^ and it is more than probable that the promi- 
 nent border which surrounds the mouth in these forms has been 
 taken for the anterior sucker. This it seems to replace functionally 
 in part in my specimens ; for during life it undergoes rapid changes in 
 shape, sometimes having a circular sometimes a triangular aperture, 
 and plays an active part in the locomotion of the animal ; while the 
 anterior sucker is qxiite distinct, although small, and is immersed in 
 the papilla which springs from the anterior depression. (See Fig. 1). 
 
 The following points in the description of D. heterostomum induce 
 me to refer my specimens to it until a comparison can be made : 
 the habitat, size, two lateral lines, form of anterior end of body, of 
 neck and of ventral sucker, position of genital organs and apertures. 
 
 The details which follow are for the most part taken from dead 
 specimens. 
 
 The form of the body is subject to much variation. Fig. 1 repre- 
 sents it at rest. Length, G.85 mm.; greatest breadth, 1.5 mm. It 
 may, however, lengthen into a much more linear form. The anterior 
 sucker is 0.3 mm. in diameter, its aperture transversely elliptical. 
 The pharynx has thin walls, is still smallei-, and gives ofl" the intes- 
 tinal coeca immediately, which are very conspicuous from the deep 
 brown pigment in theii* walls. They have the further peculiarity of 
 
 1 Helminthes, p. 399. a System. Helm. I. 354. 
 
 •Neunzehn Arten Tremat. X. B. Denksclir. d, k. Aiad. in Wien., Taf. III., 2 & 3. 
 
COMTRIDtrnONS TO AMERICAN IIKLMINTHOLOOV. 5 
 
 l>eing provided on each Hiile, at any rate in the trunk, with sliort, 
 eomotiiues branched, diverticula (Fig. 2), which, however, project 
 mucli leaa ia tlio most extended condition of the aninml. This 
 character Mooni8 to bo shared by D. diniorjthuni,* and aIthoii<,di pre- 
 sent iu many Polystonjeas (Epibdclia, Dipiozoon, Onchocotyle, itc), 
 18 by no means common in Distomeaj.* 
 
 The ventral sucker ia situated 0.8 mm. behind the anterior, and is 
 0.8 mm. in diameter. Its cavity is do((|) and gapinj; during,' life; 
 frequently its orilice is circular from strong contraction of the railiul 
 iibiiea, usually shield-sha}. id or triangular. 
 
 The excretory system has a large caudal pore, and two much convo- 
 luted lateral stems, which run along tiic sides to tlie nock. During 
 life I observed that the granules contained in the.se also circulated 
 through the vacuolated parenchyma of the body, although they did 
 not seem to enter the i)lexus of iine canals which oould be seen 
 immetliately under the outermost investment. The i)arenchyma 
 reminded me of that which I have myself observed, and which has 
 been described by Fol and others, in the foot of embryonic Gastro- 
 pods. This connection between water-vascular system and paren- 
 chyma spaces bus been insisted on by Sedgwick Minot.* 
 
 I have not been able to follow satisfactorily all of the genital 
 organs. The vitellogens (.see Fig. 1) are in the form of racemose 
 glands grouped roiuid the intestinal cocca, and occupying the inter- 
 val between these at the hinder end of the body. The testess (/) arc 
 two in number, and between them are the ovary, first convolutions 
 of the oviduct, and a retort-shaped receptaculum seminis, from which 
 I am incliuod to believe a canal (vagina?) pa.sses upwards towards 
 the back, although I have fa': ^ to detect this in my presei'ved 
 specimens. Towards the righ' side of the anterior testis is a struc- 
 ture whoso function I have not been able to determine. It is r)os- 
 sibly the thickened end of the oviduct at its junction with the uterus • 
 at any rate the thickened tube projects into the bottom of the thin 
 walled uterus, and is subject to a regular and slow evagination of 
 the anterior part of its inner surface, recalling the gradual eversion 
 of the peristome in a Vorticella. This is followed by a rapid retrac- 
 
 ♦DioKiiig's fig., loc. cit. 
 
 sSchiii:inl:i, Zu^ildgio, attributes Uiis chamctcr to D, oygnciiiles and clavigiTiim of tliu Frog ; 
 Pagen.stiH'liui's li-uros (Trui'iatoiliiiilurven uiul Trc-iiiatoilen) clu not curruborate tliis. 
 •Oa Di!iti>]mim crassicolle. Mam. Host. .Soo. N. U., Vol. HI., p. 5. 
 
 2 in 
 
6 CO'NTRIfiUTtONS TO AifEniCAN IIELMINTHOLOOV. 
 
 tion. It may bo similar to the " Scliluck-ceffnung " observed by 
 Vogt in cortaiu marine Tromatodes.^ 
 
 Tlio goiiital orifice, aH in D. (limorplmm, is situated behind the 
 ventral siiekor about 1 mm. No cirrus was detected. The oval 
 eggs have a tiiickisii yellow shell, with u lid at the narrow end, and 
 measure 0.099 mm. by 0.066 mm. 
 
 2.— DiSTOMUM ASPKRUM, »l. /ip. 
 
 One of the two examples of Botaurus minor above referred to 
 yielded ten si)ecimons of a Distome occupying two varico.so dilitta- 
 tions of the bile-duct, recalling the swollen bile-ducts described by 
 Cobbold" in a Porpoise. The worms proved to belong to Dnjardin's 
 sub-genus Echinostoma; and [ at first believed that they might be 
 D. fcrox, Zoder, first detected by Goeze in dilated intestinal follicles 
 of Ardea stellaris. I was more inclined to do so from discrepancies 
 in the various descriptions of this form." Certain peculiarities, how- 
 ever, seem to mo to mark it off from that spoci(!s, of which it is 
 undoubtedly a near relative, and I accordingly propose the specific 
 name " asperum " for my specimens. 
 
 Description (Figs. S, 4, 5).— Body yellowish white, 8.19 mm. long, ' 
 1.8 mm. broad in middle, taperhuj (jradiMlly to each end; tlie head 
 and anterior part of nick narrower tlian tail ; covered entirely with 
 persistent spines 0.054 mm. long, somewhat sparse posteriorly ; head 
 Teniform, with a coronet of 27 ol>tmelij-pointcd spines, four of which 
 on each side of a median ventral notch are larger (0.155—0.16 mji.) 
 than the others (0. 117 mm.), and radiate from nearly a common point 
 oforiijin; anterior sucker terminal, with projecting circular lip 0. 14 
 mm. in diam. ; ventral large (0. 75 mm. ), situated at junction of anterior 
 and middle thirds of body. Vitelligcnous glands chiefly in neck, but 
 accompanying intestinal coeca to i)osterior end. 
 
 The orbicular neck of D. ferox, its deciduous spines only present 
 anteriorly, the position of its ventral sucker, and the constriction of 
 the body there, together with the arrangement of the coronal spines, 
 seem to distinguish it effectually from D. asperum." The genital 
 
 »Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool., C. XXX., Suppl, p. 307, f. 
 
 • Joiir. liiiiii. Sue. XIII., p. 39. 
 
 'For lit. sec Dies. Syst. I., p. 3S7 ; Molin. Denksdir. d. k. Akad in Wien XIX., p. 219; 
 Olsson, Kongl. Sveiisk. Vutunsk. Akiul. IlaniUiiiffir. XIV., p. 2i I have luit acLoss to Van' 
 Beneden's paper, " Sur la eieojjiiu blanelio et ses parasites." Bull. Ae.ad. Uelg. X.W. 
 
 10 Cf. Fig. 4 witli Olsaon's Fig. 60 loe. cit.; also V. Linstow's descr. Trosch. Archiv., 18V3, 
 
 . 106, and Dujardiu's. 
 
fcONThlnUTIONS TO AMEHIOAN helmiktmolooy. 7 
 
 torgans answer well to OKssoa's doscription of D, ferox ; tho eggs, 
 however, measure 0.090 mm. x O.OG'J mm., while tho following are 
 measuromeuts given for D. ferox : 
 
 0.092-0.102 mm. x .049 ram. (Dujardin). 
 0.06 mm. x 0.04 mm. (Ulsson). 
 
 Tho ponii), exsorted in all my specimens, is smooth, and measurea 
 about 2 »nm. in length. 
 
 Tho pharynx is pistil li form ; the intestine bifurcates 2.08 mm, 
 from tho nnfcorior end, and is very easily distinguishable from its 
 dark brown contents (probably broken down epithelium and blood 
 corpuscles), 
 
 3.— DiSTOMUM RETICnLATUM, n. «p. 
 
 Tho Assistant Curator of tho University Museum, -while pi-epafing 
 ft specinion of tho iieltod Kingfisher (Coryle alcyon, Bole) in April, 
 found two Trematodo worms " on tho surface of the lung," which 
 present in many respects a remarkable resemblance to D. hepaticum, 
 L. I believe them to be hitherto undoscribed, and I propose for them 
 tho si>ecitic name " reticulatum," referring to tho beautiful network 
 formed by the branching and anastomosing testicular tubes shining 
 through tho translucent testicular area. 
 
 Description (Pig. G).-Body omte, flat, ghtly concave veu- 
 
 trally, separated by a oonatrictinu mkX b. xnje and projecting 
 acetabulum from the upturned neck. Total longtli, 14 mm. ; greatest 
 breadth, 8 mm. Entirely covered with recurved rounded 0.025 mm. 
 long spines, wliich are closer and smaller on anterior part of neck! 
 Anterior sucker bowl-shaped, 0.9 mm. wide. Acetabulum 1.3 mm. 
 diameter, orifice circular. Pharynx oval, thick-wJlcd, 0.48 mm! 
 wide. Intestinal coeca unhranched (?). Bifurcation shortly behind 
 pharynx. Genital orifice immediately in front of acetabulum. Penis (?). 
 Uterine gyri overlying and extending behind the acetabulum. Testes, 
 in the form of branched tubes, occupying a translucent oval area. 
 With black borders narroiver posteriori;/, formed by the vitelligenous 
 glands, which are disposed in a racemose manner round a dorsal and 
 a ventral longitudinal stem on each side. Eggs average 0.11 mm. 
 X 0.005 mm. • 
 
 The above description contains most of the points which can be 
 observed by studying this worm entire by the aid of a compressorium. 
 Probably slicing will give better i-esults as to the disposition of the 
 genital ai)paratus and intestinal coeca. Tho ease with which the 
 
_' i' 
 
 Vl 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOGY. 
 
 intestine can be made out in D. hepaticum depends entirely on the 
 dark contents : the bifurcation was here observed from the doi-sal 
 surface, but the brandies were empty. The longitudinal muscular 
 fibres are strongly developed on the ventral surface, and the ventral 
 surface of the neck has two sets of oblique decussating fibres, as in 
 D. hepaticum." The transverse vitello-duct can be easily been with 
 the naked eye. The right half is longer than the left, and the com- 
 mon duct, leading obliquely upwards (towards an Ootype ?), is nar- 
 rower than either. 
 
 4.— DiSTOMtTM VARIEOATCTM. Jiud. 
 
 In looking for Polystomum-eggs from a specimen of Rana haledna, 
 Kalm, in the w;\y recommended by Zeller," I found that a worm 
 had been voided by tlie frog, which turned out to be D. variegatum, 
 Rud. It had been partly macerated from exposure to the water ; 
 the acetabulum was consequently even more than ordinarily difficult 
 to make out, ajul the characteristic coloration was destroyed. The 
 application of p'orocarminate, however, is particularly successful in 
 rendering distinct the differeni organs in Trematodes, and probably 
 more so in sucli a case as this from the previous bleaching.*' 
 
 The intostiual coeca were entirely destitute of contents, and their 
 epithelial lining (average individual cells of whicli [Fig. 7] measured 
 superficially 0.03 mm. x 0.021 mm.) was well seen. 
 
 The left lung of the same animal yielded only one well-colotired 
 example of the wovm. 
 
 My examples agree well with Pagenstecher's description and 
 measurements,'* except that the ventral sucker was easily discover- 
 able in tlie fresh worm, and that the testes, three in number, which 
 seemed to be composed of flask-shaped cells empty of their contents, 
 and with t! j neck of the flasks converging to the vas deferens, could 
 hardly be called small. The vitelligenous glands, as Blanchard has 
 already figured,''* are in the form of six or seven scattered racemose 
 clumps on eacli side, with a connecting longitudinal stem. 
 
 " Leuck. Meiisd). Par., I., 537. 
 "Koit. fur, \vi39. Zuol. XXVH., p. 255, f. n. 
 
 "After writing tlio ai)ove, 1 notice that tlio iiso of picrocarminato hag been already rooom- 
 mcndod l.y Dr. O. ])ii(:liaiiip (Journal de Micrograiihie, July, 1S78). 
 " Trematodenlarveu uud Tromatoden, p. 41. 
 I» Ann. d03 Soi. Nat. 3 S. VIII., I'l. 13, t 1. 
 
 v,»f^ ' '- ' 
 
C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOOT. 9 
 
 t. — DrsTOMiTM ORACiLE. Diesing. 
 Clinostomum qracilb. Leidy. 
 
 This worm was first described by Dr. Leidy," who regarded it as 
 generically different trom Distomum. He records it from the in- 
 testines of a Pike, and from cysts in the gills, fins and muscles of 
 Pomotis vulgaris (auritus), Gunther. I have found the same worm 
 in cysts on the branchiostegal membrane and anterior fins of Perca 
 flavescens, Cuv. This species appears to me to belong to tho same 
 group as D. heterostomum and D. diraorphum, from the structure of 
 the anterior end, and of the ventral sucker. In a specimen of 6.45 
 mm. in length, with a greatest breadth of 1.8 mm. across, the mouth 
 sucker measures 0.338 mm. across, and the prominent border which 
 surrounds it 0. 975 mm. The large ventral sucker (0.9 1 mm. ) is situ- 
 ated in the middle of a constrict? dividing the neck from the 
 body, and has a triangular aperture, its cavity is lessened by three 
 triangular tongues, which project into it so aa nearly to meet each 
 other. The anterior of these points with its apex backwards ; all 
 are formed chiefly of radial fibres, and they must undoubtedly 
 increase the eflGiciency of the sucking apparatus very considerably. 
 
 The species of Distomum which have been found included in cysts 
 are either fully mature (D. agamos, V. Linst.," D. Okenii, Kcill., 
 D. crassicoUe, R. [Pontalli6] ), or have only one part of the sexual 
 apparatus ripe (D. hystrix., Dujard., the testes i»), or are finally quite 
 immature. In the last category fall D. annuligerum, Nordm., D. 
 diffusocalciferum, Gastaldi, D. dimorphum, Diesing, and, as I believe, 
 D. gracile. No mention of generative organs is made in Leidy 'a 
 description, and I have failed to detect any trace of such. The Sun- 
 fish and Perch can consequently hardly be regarded as the definitive 
 hosts of this worm. Probably the sexually mature worm is to be 
 .ought for in the intestine of some larger fish (Pike?) or piscivorous 
 bird. In the latter ca"e, the relationship between the immature 
 and mature form would resemble the two forms of D. dimorphum 
 described by Diesing. 
 
 The intestinal coeca are large, and extend nearly to the posterior 
 end; the contents are yellowish-brown, and include some lozenge- 
 shaped concretions. 
 
 >• Proo. Ac. 8cl. PhU. Vllt., p. 45. 
 
 " Trosch. Arch. XXXVIII., B. I., p. 1, t. 
 
 o 
 «* Olsaon, L«nd's Uoivers. Aretkr. lY., p. 61 
 
10 
 
 CONTUIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOGV. 
 
 The water-vasculiir system hos a wide median stem, which con- 
 tinues from the caudal pore half way to the ventral sucker, giving 
 off in its course lateral branches, -which communicate with the finer 
 canals of the system. One of my specimens, which had been preserved 
 in alcohol, was placed in a diluted carmine solution resembling 
 Beale's, b«t the fluid, instesid of staining the tissues to any extent, 
 entered the water-vascular stem and injected the subcuticular mesh- 
 work, resulting in a beautiful i)reparation resembling the actual 
 injections from which Blanchard's figures of the water-vascular system 
 in various Trematodes are taken." Rounded calcareous corpuscles oc- 
 curred in great numbers in the median stem and its primary branches; 
 these seem to be especially abundant in immature Trematodes. 
 
 On the ventral surface behind th'j acetabulum were several series 
 of dark granu' r spots— perhaps the optical expression of cutaneoua 
 glands. 
 
 2nd Sub-Order — Monogenea. Van Ben. 
 
 1.— OCTOBOTHRIUM SAOITTATUM. F. S. LtUch. 
 
 Placoplbxjtanum SAOITTATUM. Diesing. 
 
 I possess several specimens of a worm from the gills of one of our 
 fresh water fishes here, probably Catostomus teres, Le S., which were, 
 unfortunately, preserved without any label, and as to the habitat of 
 which I am consequently uncertain. 
 
 A comparison of Fig. 19, PI. II., with Leuckart's figure of Octo- 
 bothrium sagittatum,^" will show the great similarity between the 
 appearance of the worms. I cannot reconcile certain points in his 
 description with what I have ascertained from these specimens ; but 
 I propose to refer to these provisionally under this heading until I 
 have access to a more satisfactory description of the worm living on 
 the gills of the European brook trout, and until I secure fresh speci- 
 mens of the form taken here. 
 
 The body is arrow-shaped, 6 mm. in length, with a greatest breadth 
 of 1.5 mm. The body is separated by a marked constriction from 
 the caudal disc, vhich is notched posteriorly, and has four suckers 
 on each side of its ventral face. 
 
 The structure of these suckers is at variance m >.h Leuckart's de- 
 scription. It is with great difficulty that one can succeed in getting 
 a satisfactory view of the ohitinous framework, under a cover glass,, 
 
 " Loo. cit., Pis. IX. and X. 
 «<>Zi»oloi'. liruchatilnke, HI, Taf. V. 
 
 <_ 
 
 "WSB^?" 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOGY. 
 
 11 
 
 
 without distorting some part of it. Tlie only way to obtain a correct 
 view of the structure of the suckers, is to examine them in the first 
 place with incident light before they have been subjected to pressure. 
 I believe that Fig. 8 conveys a correct interpretation of the disposition 
 of the parts of the framework. 
 
 The suckers have short muscular pedicels and an oval aperture, 
 the long axis of which is directed transversely to the caudal disc, and 
 which has a nearly continuous chitinous ring. This ring is interrupted 
 by hinges at four points ia its course, viz., the middle points of the 
 outer and inner borders, from each of which a hook arches over the 
 aperture of the sucker, and the middla points of the anterior and 
 posterior borders, where it meets with a mesial piece which traverses 
 the concave floor of the sucker. I have never been able to establish 
 the continuity of this with the anterior border of the ring, and am 
 inclined to believe that they do not meet. 
 
 The aperture of the sucker may be narrowed so as only to leave a 
 chink between its approximated anterior and posterior borders. This 
 is effected by the outer and inner hinges, and the appearance of the 
 framework is changed by the greater curvature thus given to the 
 mesial piece, and by the free hooks being pressed backwards toward 
 the posterior border. I believe that Leuckart's figiire is drawn 
 from the framework in this position ; in which case it is possible to 
 identify the pieces shown in both figures. 
 
 The aperture of the sucker may also be narrowed in a direction at 
 right angles to the above, in which case the hinges from which the 
 free hooks project become more apparent. This seems to agree better 
 with Olsson's figures (loc. cit.) of the suckers in various species of 
 Octobothrium. 
 
 The mouth-suckers are somewhat peculiarly formed, the muscular 
 tissue being interrupted at the inner margin of each (Fig. 20, PI. II.). 
 
 The intestmal coeca are invested throughout by a thick layer of 
 vitelligenous glands, forming two dark-coloured stripes in the body, 
 on each side of and between which a somewhat more translucent area 
 is to be seen. 
 
 Tlie abundance and opacity of these glands render the examination 
 «f the genital organs difficult; the following points were, however, 
 made out. 
 
 The only genital orifice detected is situated 0.78 mm. from the 
 anterior end. It is a circular sucker of 0.135 mm, diameter which 
 
12 
 
 o 
 
 i^^ 
 
 CONTRIBUTiON' TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOQV. 
 
 when viewed superficially, shows radial fibres and an irregular quad- 
 rangular orifice ; but when the glass is pushed deeper, shows a doubly 
 contoured ring 0.0135 mm. diameter, surrounded by circular fibres. 
 (Fig. 21.) The ovary is somewhat bilobed, the ovarian eggs are 
 polygonal from mutual pressure, and measure 0.009 mm. The fully 
 formed egg differs much from Leuckart's figure, and approaches those 
 described by Olsson for various species of Octobothrium. Its oval 
 body measures 0.195 mm. in length, while the whole egg is 1 04 mm 
 long. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 The testis lies behind the ovary, and its vas deferens, surrounded 
 by strong circular fibres, is continued forwards near the dorsal surface 
 of the body. It probably opens by the same aperture as the oviduct ; 
 at any rate, I have not been able to detect any trace of a second genital 
 aperture. 
 
 2.— POLVSTOMDM OBLOKGUM, n. sp. 
 
 In September I had the opportunity of dissecting a single specimen 
 of the Musk Turtle (Aromochelys [Sternothaerus] odoratus, Gray) : 
 the only parasites obtained from it were four examples of an unde- 
 sciibed species of Polystomum found in the urinary bladder. No 
 Helminths, as far as I am aware, have been hitherto obtained from 
 this organ in Chelonia; the fact, however, that P. ocellatum is 
 described from the cavity of the mouth in two Old World Turtles 
 suggested to me that I had perhaps in these a bladder stage of that 
 worm, and that the two known species of Polystomum had in this 
 way a precisely parallel history.^*' A closer examination and com- 
 parison with the chai-acters of the two described species, showed that 
 the worms presenteil peculiarities of specific value. I hope shortly 
 to have the opportunity of examining the other turtles (Chrysemys 
 p'cta, Chelydra serpentina) which are common in this neighbourhood, 
 and have no doubt that Polystomes will be found in the oral cavity 
 as well. An examination of the urinary bladder of Emys Europaea 
 might not be without results in this respect. 
 
 De-scriptiom (Figs. 9, 10. 11).— Body oblong, mouth on the ventral 
 surface of the rounded anterior end. Pharjmx bowl-shaped. Intes- 
 tinal coeca without anastomoses or branches. Generative outlets in 
 front of the line of tlie lateral vagin». Cirrus-coronet of sixteen alter- 
 natelij small and large sabre-shaped pieces. Viuiparous. Length ui> 
 to 2.5 mm., breadth to 1.5 mm. Egg, greenish, 0.235 mm. x 0.195 
 mm. Larva ocellate 0.5 mm. in length. 
 
 ;v 
 
 » For life-hlntory of P. integerrimum. v. Z«ller. Z^it. wiss. Zool. XXVII.. p. 238 f. 
 
 rwwMwi 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOGY. 
 
 13 
 
 i\- 
 
 The general outline of tLe body is somewhat oblong when the worm 
 is at rest ; in motion, however, its form is capable of considerable 
 variation, and it is especially then that the constriction corresponding 
 to the position of Zeller's " Seitenwiilste " is noticeable. The caudal 
 lamina is somewhat narrower than the greatest width of tho body, 
 and is shorter than it is bi. id. The body narrows considerably at 
 its junction with the caudal lamina. 
 
 The liooks and suckers are disposed very much as in P. integerri- 
 mum. The suckers (0.2 mm. in diameter) seem to project rather 
 more than in that species, and their prominent rim bears a series of 
 rounded apertures similar to those spoken of above in describing the 
 suckers of Octobothrium sagittatum. The smaller hooks (Fig. 11) 
 measure 0.015 mm. in length. The six anterior of these are situated 
 in pairs between the two anterior suckers. They have a knobbed 
 attached end, with an arm (longer than represented in the figure) pro- 
 jecting at right angles not far from the middle of the hook. Tho four 
 posterior (situated between the larger hooks) are capable of more 
 independent action than the others. This was evident wiien the 
 worm endeavoured to free itself from the piece of thin glass by which 
 it was covered. The two large hooks measure 0.15 mm., and have a 
 proportionately deeper notch than those of P. integerrimum." 
 
 No eye-spots were observed in the adult worm. Tho longitudinal 
 system of muscular fibres seemed to be most developed. 
 
 The mouth is transversely oval, and is surrounded by a well-marked 
 sucker, in which radial and vertical fibres preponderate. It leads 
 immediately into a bowl-shaped pharynx, the walls of which possess 
 merely weak circular fibres, and from this the simple intestinal coeca 
 arch backwards directly. The coeca of all the observed specimens 
 were empty. 
 
 Only the convoluted lateral stems of the water-vascular system 
 were observed near the anterior end. 
 
 The lobes of the vitellogen are more scattered than in P. integerri- 
 mum, and do not extend into the caudal lamina. The transverse 
 d'lCo seemed to pass inwards dorsally from the intestinal coeca ; but I 
 have been unable to determine the relationship of the internal genera- 
 tive organs, partly from the fact that my specimens were taken from 
 the turtle the day after it was killed, and consequently had very little 
 vitality. 
 
 M Of. Ztller, Ion, eit.. Taf. XVII , p 12. 
 
 ii iyw i i 
 
u 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOGY. 
 
 The testis is a solid gland situated in the posterior third of the body 
 The course of the vas deferens is shown in the figure. No internal 
 vas deferens was observed. The male outlet lies immediately behind 
 the bifurcation of the intestine, and is armed with sixteen alternately 
 large and small hooks, which differ considerably in form from those 
 of P. mtegerrimum. The free end of each piece is sharply curved : 
 the attached end is shaped like a cross, the transverse piece of which 
 IS longer on one side than the other. The longer pieces measure 02 
 mm., and the shorter ones 0.015 mm. Whether there is any connec- 
 tion between the attached ends, I am unable to say. 
 
 The comparative transparency of the body would render the examin- 
 ation of the internal organs of this species of Polystomum particularly 
 easy. I failed, however, to satisfy myself as to their disposition, from 
 tlie cause noted above. 
 
 As in P. integerrimum, there are two lateral cushions, in this case 
 each situated in a depression, which communicate with canals (va^in^e) 
 leading towards the middle of the body. The inner ends of these I 
 could noo follow. A third canal, originating from an oval body with 
 brown contents (shell-gland !), situated on the left side of the middle 
 line (ov, Fig. 9), likewise was observed to take the same direction 
 Ihe ovary (not represented in the figure) is situated in front of the 
 testis on the right side of the body. The short oviduct terminates 
 in a wide uterus, in which only a single egg can be accommodated at 
 one time. The egg-shell is somewhat thin, is destitute of the short 
 stump present in that of P. integerrimum. but has a rather large 
 operculum. ° 
 
 In each of the two most active specimens of the worm which I 
 secured, a Gyrodactylus-like larva, similar to that of P. integerrimum 
 and with eye-spots disposed in the same fashion, had already escaped 
 trom the shell, and was moving actively within the uterine chamber.^ 
 Ihe motions seemed to depend entirely on the muscles and the hooks 
 of the caudal disc. This had a rounded outline, except posteriorly 
 wJiere there was a square projection bearing the four posterior small 
 hooks. The di sc measured O.I U mm. acr oss, and the twelve anterior 
 
 '.> 
 
 —■I, 1 ' m m 
 
CONTBIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTH OtOGT. 
 
 15 
 
 ■mall hooks were disposed at I'egiilar intervals on the margin of the 
 rounded part of the disc. There was no trace of suckei-s. The small 
 hooks had already attained their definitive size and form ; tlie two 
 large ones, on the other hand, situated considerably further in from 
 the margin than in the adult, measured only 0.024 mm. instead 
 of 0.15 mm. This difference in length is owing to the shortness 
 of the immersed portion, in which, however, the notch is already 
 formed. 
 
 It will be seen that in respect of the state of development of the 
 large caudal hooks, this larva difl'ers considei-ubly from that of 
 P. integerrimum. It is also larger, measuring 0.5 mm. in length, 
 instead of 0.3 mm. 
 
 Sphyranura Osleri, 710V. gen. et spec. 
 
 I have lately received from my friend Professor Osier, of Mon- 
 treal, several specimens of a worm taken from the gills and cavitj' 
 of the mouth of our common Lake-Lizard (Nocturus [Menobranchus] 
 lateralis, Raf.) These had been preserved for eight years in Goad- 
 by's fluid, and proved comparatively useless for further examination, 
 having become quite opaque and black in colour. From some speci- 
 raen.s, in a good state of preservation, mounted by Dr. Osier for 
 microscopical examination, and also from his notes and sketches made 
 on observation of the fresh specimens, I am able to communicate the 
 following. The only specimen of Necturus which I have had the 
 opportunity of examining since receiving these did not yield any of 
 the worms. 
 
 According to Diesing's conspectus (Revision der Myzhelminthen), 
 the worms ought to fall into his genus Diplectanum. I have not 
 access to Wagener's later descriptions of the two species of this genus. 
 It is evident, however, from a study of Van Beneden's''^ and Vogt's" 
 figures and descriptions of D. sequans, that this form cannot be re- 
 ferred to Diplectanum. It resembles Polystomum, and differs from 
 Dactylogyrus and Diplectanum in the following points : (1) The size 
 and shape of the egg; (2) the structure of the suckers; (3) the dis- 
 position and number of the caudal books. It differs from Polystomum 
 in the general form, the number oi suckers, and the structure of the 
 
 M Reoh. sur les Tremat. marins, p. 122, PI. XIII. 
 
 MZeit fir wiss. Zool., Smipl. XXX., Taf. XIV. 2, XVI. I. 
 
16 
 
 CONTEIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELHINTHOLOOV. 
 
 genital apparatus, and I propose for its reception the generic name 
 Sphyranura," with the following characters : 
 
 Body depreaged, somewhat elongate, expanded posteriorly into a 
 caudal lamina, considerably wider than the body, bearing two im- 
 mersed acetabula, two large hooks behind these, and sixteen small 
 hooks (seven along each side of the lamina, and one in the centre of 
 each acetabulum). Mouth ventral anterior, somewhat funnel-shaped 
 intestine with two branches anastomosing posteriorly. Excretory 
 pore between the acetabula, two contractile bladders anteriorly 
 Oviparous. Parasitic on the gills and in the mouth of perenni- 
 branchiate Amphibia. 
 
 The specific clmracters in the allied genera are derived chiefly from 
 the size, the caudal and genital armature, and the size and shape of 
 tiie eggs. I accordingly note the following as characteristic of this 
 species, which I propose to associate with the name of Dr. Osier as 
 S. Osleri, n. ap. (Figs. 12, 13, U.) 
 
 B»''7 2.6 mm in length by 0.7 mm. in breadth, narrowed at 
 each end, especially where it joins the caudal lamina, which measure. 
 1 mm. across, and about 0.45 mm. in length. Large hooks 02 mm. 
 iong. Oviduct occupying the interval between thf intestinal coeca 
 with numerous eggs; uterus with single mature egg. oval, with 
 brownish-yellow sheU. 0.364 mm. x 0.247 mm. 
 
 I am not aware that any monogeneous Trematode, with the ex- 
 ception of Polystomum integerrimum, has beer hitherto found in 
 any amphibian; and this seems to be restricted to the tailless forms 
 A careful examination of the gills, mouth-cavity, and urinary bladder 
 of both perennibranchiate and caducibranchiate Urodela would pro- 
 baWy yield interesting results with regard to this family of Trema- 
 
 I regard the form under consideration as of great interest in view 
 of the frequently asserted^' relationship between Dactylogyrus and 
 Gyrodactylus on the one hand, and Polystomum on the other, and I 
 propose to recur to this after detailing the facts which I have been 
 able to elucidate with the material at my di.sposal. 
 
 ^^^XI^j::^^^''' r ---^ "--'^ "^ss 
 
 **^i^'^mmmmmm»i»" 
 
CONTninUTlOJJS to AMfiltlCAX HELMINTIIOLOGY. 
 
 17 
 
 at 
 res 
 m. 
 
 ca, I 
 th 
 
 The measurements on Fig. 12 are taken from a sp(>cimen in which 
 the eggs are iicnrly ripe. The worm somnwliat resembles a hammer 
 in sliape, the body forming tlie shaft of the hammer and the tail- 
 piece the head. Tliis resemblance ia greater in the hardly-mature 
 specimens, where the oviduct is not dilated with eggs, and the body 
 consequently inore linear in outline. 
 
 The caudal lamina is considerably wider than tlie body. It is 
 longest at each side, aj'd somewhat shorter in tlic middle through the 
 f)resence of a posterior notch, which may liecome considerably deeper, 
 dividing the disc into two very well marked halves when the large 
 caudal hooks are in vigorous action, owing to tlie course of the 
 muscular bunds which are attached especially to the innermost forks 
 of these. Tlie suckers resemble in all respects those of Polystomum ; 
 the prominent rims do not present the rounded apertures which I 
 have noticed above in P. oblongiim. The diameter of the suckers 
 is 0.27 mm. The lurge huoks (Fig. 13) diil'cr in form from those of 
 Polystomum or of any species of Dactylogyrusj and, in fact, except 
 for the impair trabccula present in the latter genus, the hooks of some 
 forms of Dactylogyrus and of Polystomum rc3cmb](> each otlier more 
 closely than tlioy do those under consideration. The attached end of 
 the liook is divided into two pieces : one—the longer — a thin, flat, 
 somewhat linear splint in the continuation of the axis of the rounded 
 body of the hook; the other, thicker, shorter and rounder, standing 
 at an angle of 4.')' from that axis, with two prominences for muscular 
 attachment. I o])serve that the splint-like portion is bent in some 
 specimens; this is perhaps due to pressure in mounting. The free 
 portion of the hook, just in front of tlie bend, bears two little curved 
 teeth, one rising from the surface of the other, which probably assist 
 in securing the attachment of the animal. Similar teeth seem to be 
 present on the hooks of Dactylogyrus monenteron, Wagener. '^ 
 
 I have not been able to elucidate very successfully the structure of 
 the smaller hooks. I have only attempted to indicate their position 
 in Fig. 12. Even their number remains somewhat doubtful; only 
 in one small sjjecimen have I succeeded in making out sixteen. 
 They are much less easy to observe in the larger worms ; perhaps 
 their functional importance diminishes with ago, as I am inclined to 
 believe of the corresponding structures in Polystomum. Especially 
 tho.se lying behind the large hooks seem to bo important in the small 
 
 s'Beitriige z. Kntwii'!:, ,1, EiDgeweidewUrme, PI. XIII., Fig. 3. 
 
18 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMEUICAN BELMINtHOLOGY. 
 
 \Forms, ns I find in two spociinons tho substanoo of tlio lamina prO' 
 jecting boyond the level of tho rest with tho base of tho hook lodeed 
 in it. *" 
 
 Of tlie marginal hooks, most seem to have a trifurcato base, a« 
 fei)resente(I in Fig. 14 {(,) ; in others (a and c), tliere would seem to be 
 a chitmous ring at tho point of attachment similar to those noticed in 
 the large hooks of Dactylogyrus by Wagener and V. Linstow .» The 
 hooks situated in the centre of the suckers (a) appear to be slightly 
 different from tho others, additional chitinous rings of smaller size 
 being present. The hooks measure about COaf) mm. in length. 
 
 The mouth is situated in tho middle of a somewhat funnel-shaped 
 sucker upon the ventral surface of the head. From Di'. Osier's 
 sketch I make out that the pharynx is situated shortly behind the 
 niouth, and that the intestinal coeca diverge inmiediately from this 
 to ai-ch into each other (as in some forms of Monostomum) in tho 
 posterior fourth of tho body. 
 
 The following is extracted from Dr. Osier's notes: 
 
 "The water- vascular system is well developed, beginning as a Ramification 
 of vessels about the anterior disc, and uniting to form two vessels, wliich run 
 the whole length of tlie body, joining below, and opening somewhere between 
 the posterior discs. Cilia are to bo Mstinctly seen in the water- vascular sys- 
 tem, especially at the junction of the tubes below. At the upper third of the 
 body, on a level with the generative oriilce, are seen on each side curious 
 pulsating organs, wliich are undoubtedly connected with the water-vascular 
 system, the pulsation occurring about once every minute and a lialt." 
 
 From the sketch accompanying this, these contractile bladders 
 would seem to resemble in form, position and relative size, those 
 represented in Epibdella Hip])oglossi, by Van Eeneden.=» 
 
 The lobe- of tho vitellogon occupy the sides of the body, but do 
 not extend into the caudal lamina, nor further forward than the 
 generative aperture. 
 
 This is situated immediately behind the bifurcation of the intes- 
 tine. I have only been able to determine its position from the 
 cii-rus-coronet in the mounted sjjecimens. Dr. Osier, however, saw 
 the female aperture quite close to tl-s, leading into a "narrow, 
 slightly-curved vagina." This I have represented in Fig. 13; it is 
 probably the unexpanded uterus. 
 
 M v. Liustovv, Trosch. Arcliiv., 1878. These seem also to be indicated in Zeller'8 Igure loc 
 cit., Taf. XVII., Fi«. 3. 
 wjlemoiro but lea Vers Intostinaux, PI. II., Fig. 2. 
 
 ■ ■ ■ nnj i Umy i 
 
CONTniBUTtONS TO AMERICAN nEtMIVtnOLOOY, 
 
 19 
 
 The structure of the cirrus coronet iH difFicult to ascertain on ac- 
 count of the somi-ojmcity of my mounted specimens. Tlie pieces do 
 not seem to he mora than eight in number; tliey converge anteriorly 
 where they are narrow and pointed; [)08teriorly they are wider, 
 with somewhat arrow-head shaped ends, whicli fit into tlie terminal 
 bulbous portion of the vas deferens. I have been unable to follow 
 the rest of this tul)e, or to find any trace of the testes. 
 
 Sphyranura resembles P. oblongum and the precocious gill-cavity 
 stage of P. integer rimum, in posspssing only one complete shell- 
 invested egg in the uterus at one time. This is very largo (v, 
 aupra) in relation to the size of the worm, being considerably larger 
 than the eggs of either P. integerrimum or P. oblongum. It con- 
 sequently forms a noticeable feature in tlie worms possessing it, and 
 is readily detectable with the nuked eye. Numerous other eggs 
 may be seen in the oviduct formed of the ovarian ova with the in- 
 vesting foodyolk-balls, and by mutual compression assuming various 
 forms. What I suppose to be the ovary is represented in the figure 
 to the right hand of the base of the muscular tube. I cannot find 
 any trace of shell-gland, transverse vitcllo-duct, or of a vagina. All 
 of these would undoubtedly bo easily seen in fresh or well preserved 
 specimens. 
 
 I regard the genera Gyrodactylus, Dactylogynis, Sphyranura and 
 Polystonxum, as forming a very natural assemblage. Ail jirobably 
 live on the blood of their hosts, being found in positions where there 
 is a more or less close superficial vascular plexus; all possess a caudal 
 disc armed with fourteen to sixteen small and two (rarely more) 
 large hooks, which enable the fish-parasites to secure th(>msclve8 
 firmly to the gill-filaments of their hosts. Those which porisess 
 suckers formed around the smaller hooks are found attached to 
 smootiior surfaces (mucous membrane of mouth and urinary bladder), 
 where the small hooks alone would have little purchase; oven these 
 forms, however, pass through a suckerlesjs stage in which they inhabit 
 the anterior respiratory part of the intestinal tract.*^ The resem- 
 blance of the Polystoraum-larva to Gyrodactylus is very striking, so 
 that if any phylogenetic speculations may he made from the ol)ser- 
 vation of tlie ontogeny of an animal, the assumption is surely justi- 
 
 wit, imist be rcmcinljered that the iimeous membrane covering the hyoid iirches of many 
 Cheloiiia has still .1 high respiratory slgiiiflcunce. Vlik Agassiz: Coutrib. Nat. Hist,, U.S., 
 Vol. I., Ft. ii., lip. 271-284. 
 
m conTninuTioNs to American Hnuxs Tnnj.oQt. 
 
 ^tk> PolyHtoraum in .l. -^ndod from a Gyroductyluslikfi ancestral 
 MHIfe. The suckers of Polystu./ium are not developed Hiniultanoouslj, 
 *b^4 f*f<hyr^nxin ia a traunitioa form, whei.^ the formation of these is 
 re»triole<i Oi ■-'»>o pair. 
 
 Tiio considimtion of the prob.iblo relationships of the hosts of 
 those forms lends mlditioual authority to such a .•.,ncluHio„. If the 
 piscine ancestors of Amphibia had Gyroductyhm-liko gill-parasites, 
 those ^voul.l probably bo transmitted to their descendauts, and wo 
 should nut bo surprised that anionK the oldest represent itives of 
 those, two (the Frog-larva and Necturus) sliould possess such. The 
 text.iro of the gills in Necturus might account for the change in the 
 caudal ainiature. The loss of the gills in the Frog is necessarily 
 accoinpaniod by a change of habitaculum on the j.art of the parasite; 
 and it is not surprising that the emigrating worms should have pros- 
 pered so well in a locality where so many favourable conditions 
 obtain as in the urinary bla.hler of the same host. That some 
 Chelonia are the only reptiles in which i)arasilos belonging to the 
 same series have been found is probably to be accounted for by their 
 \quatic habits. 
 
 Dactylogyrus may be regarded as a divergent form marked by its 
 peculiar genital armature, the slmpe of the eggs, and the arrange- 
 ment of the caudal hooks. In all of these points the three other 
 genera approach each other more closely, and as Gyrodactylus is 
 evidently nearer the stem-form than the others, all might bo received 
 into Van Bencden's family " Gyrodactyiida.''^' 
 
 CESTODES. 
 Taenia bispar. Goeze. 
 
 I ha. '. to record another habitaculum for this worm. The speci- 
 men of Rana halecina above referred to (p. G), expelled several ripe 
 proglottides which seem to be much smaller than usual, as will oc 
 seen from the measurements given below, m the intestine of i^- 
 frog were found several chains about an inch and a half in lengcii, 
 and also many scoliccs and immature chains of different lengths. 
 Many more worms in the two latter conditions were also found in 
 the body cav--fy between the viscera; whether these become mature 
 in this pcsit I ,,m un:il,le to say— they certainly frequently occur 
 here. 
 
 •'Bar..! i ill- 
 
 / ivomatodea mirj;.i. Van Ben. and Hesse, p. 121, 
 
 ■B¥Hi fi « n nnw i iMim w w i 
 
CONTUinUTIONS TO AMKniOAN nEl.M(?»TnOtOOT. 
 
 21 
 
 Th6 head ilmm not inoiisuro more tliaii 0.6 mm. across in any of 
 my prcsorv(Ml Hiu'cirnmiH, nor in fact does iiny fiirt of tho chain. In 
 life it in very vaiialtio in form, ami litnirs a distinct nnarmod roHtoUum 
 whicli is rrt'(jut'ntly (,'om|)l(itt'd rt'tractcd, ho a.s to escape notice, but 
 aotH mudi liko u fifth suckor. This is merely indicated in Van 
 Bonedon's Cgnro,"'^ and its oxistenco is negatived in Uicsing's and 
 i>uiar(l'i ' ■ descriptions. 
 
 'Che only ripe proglottides observed were mostly of the form repre- 
 Bcutedin I'ig. 15, and measured 0.4 x 0.16 mm. Instead of containing 
 a series of capsules in |»airs with their contained embryos, two or 
 three capsuh's at most were observed, with six or seven embryos 
 altogethor. Those measured 0.027 x 0.018 mm. 
 
 NEMATODES. 
 
 ASCARIS ADUNOA. lilld. 
 
 A statement occurred in tlio "American Naturalist" in the coura« 
 of last yeai , as to the prevalence of an Ascaris in the intestine of the 
 American Shad — Alosa sa{>idissima, Storer. Tliis was probably A. 
 adunca, R. I have several specimens taken in last winter from 
 Portland fish, which undou'Dtedly belong to this species. 
 
 The only other reference to a round worm ivom the American 
 Shad of which I am aware is by Dr. licidy, who records'" Agamonema 
 capsularia (I), Diesing, as free in the intestines. This, in spite of tlie 
 " undivided lip," is probably the young of A. adunca, the " obtusely 
 conical, minutely mucronato tail," arguing for this. Molin'* describes 
 " Nematoideum Alausaj " also with mucronate tail, but with a four- 
 papillate mouth from the European Shad, but considers that the 
 absence of lips foi'bids its reference to A. adunca. The metamorphoses 
 of the mouth-pan s in Ascaris are still insufficiently known, but what 
 has been already established ^ does not exclude the possibility of both 
 of the above larval foi'ms belonging to A. adunca. 
 
 FiLARIA TRIAESUCHA, W. Sp. 
 
 A single femrle specimen of a worm belonging to the genus Filaria 
 was found in the upper part of the proventriculus of each of the 
 
 «Mem. sur lea Vers Intest., PI. XXII., Fig. 4. 
 MProc. Ac. Sci. Phil., VIII., p. 55. 
 MSitz. (1. k. Akad. Wien., XXXVIII., p. 81. 
 *> admeider Mouog. dor Nemat., p. 294. 
 
22 
 
 CONTKIBUTIONS TO A.MEBICAX HELMINTHOLOGV. 
 
 two species F. lat cep T 1 7'/"' ^'*'"'»^ ^^^^^^^^ elated to 
 W been de cribed Zm F.;, f "'''*'' ^' ^^«*«"") -^^h 
 
 coi..bus arc.cr:7L!:;:.^rdr^^^^^^^^^^ ^- 
 
 appear to resemble anv nf +i °^' ^* '^''^^ ^o* 
 
 I record the foUowin, ,w„f. l''™'"' ' '" ""' ""eantimo, however, 
 
 "t,ls on th, neck T °' „, T, """''" »■*« ■»■»• !•»*■ 
 
 .pin.) i. 0.00 „n.. ,r„„LI,1;;r?™=''«?";''' '"'"'»*• 
 from the root to the end of (L „ i , , '"''''"' ■»»•>"» 
 
 -ted there, the teeth of the tZtZ^^^ZT^^r "'"■ 
 
 in proportion to tlie bodv Th. . ^ ^""^ narrower 
 
 r 1 11 uu tue ijociy. ihe uterus was nackpd full ^e 
 
 that Its walls were extended in every dii-ectL '°^'' '" 
 
 whole of the body cavity. ^ "' occupying almost the 
 
 ANCyRACANTmj.S OYSTIDICOLA (Schn ) Jt 
 
 in\k:l2Z:Zrrsr''' '""'^* ^^ considerablenumbe. 
 ever, usually'lw t^T^'::Lt%J^' T" ^^ '- 
 Schneider, while the female me; ur30 '^J^^^^^t/""''^' '' 
 (Fig. 17) which are doubtfully asWl to H , T. J" *"° ''''^ 
 quite evident m my specimensTnd ll ! '^ ^''""''°^' "'« 
 
 tudinal ridges in the aiw" 1'. rT "'*' '"° ^^"^i- 
 
 of the coiled UB t.il f^ >"'• . ^* ^'^ «°'^e^^li''^t difficult, on account 
 
 male, brtte'st med Z LT '''' T ""' ''' ''^'''^ ^ *^« 
 The eggs measure ol! 02 n.m" '''"' '' ''''' '''''' *^^ -- 
 
 "Trosch Archiv..l87r,pp.iOanam. 
 "Loc. cit., Taf. VI., Fig. 3. 
 
 mmm 
 
■ 
 
 CONTBIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN HELMINTHOLOOY. 23 
 
 AwOYRACAiTTHUS SBRRATU3, ». sp. 
 
 A single female specimen of a worm closely allied to the above 
 was obtained from the auricle of the heart of Coregonus albus, Le S. 
 It only measures 1 1 mm., and differs from A. cystidicola in the mouth- 
 armature. Instead of having only the two teeth of that species, there 
 are a series of smaller ones disposed, as represented in Fig. 18, round 
 the anterior end. The eggs in this specimen were not mature, but 
 the genital organs were observed to be arranged as in the above 
 species. The structure of the oesophagus is sufficient to place the 
 worm in this genus, asd I propose provisionally for it the specific 
 name "serratus." 
 
 TOROHTo, December, 1878. 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. 
 
 Fio. 1, 
 
 Fia. 2 
 
 Fig. 3 
 
 Fig. 4, 
 
 vi, vitellogen; ach, "schluck- 
 
 vo, the ovary ; tv, 
 
 Fio 
 
 5 
 
 Fig. 
 
 6 
 
 Fig. 
 
 7. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 8. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 9. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 10. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 11. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 12. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 13. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 14. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 15. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 16. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 17. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 18. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 — Distomum heterostomum, Kufl. (.; 
 
 cefl'ming ;" t, testes. 
 —End of an intestinal coecum of the same, 
 .— D. asperum, n. sp. ; e/a, genital aperture ; 
 
 transverse vitello-duct. 
 —Head of same ; the characteristic disposition of the hooks is best 
 
 represented on the right side. 
 —An isolated body-spine of the same. 
 -D. reticulatuni, n. sp.; the ventral sucker {vs) is flattened ; u, the 
 
 uterus; Iv, the ventral; Iml, the dorsal longitudinal viteUo- 
 
 duct ; tt, the testicular tubes. 
 —Surface view of intestinal epithelium of D. variegatum, Rud. 
 —Caudal sucker of Octobothrium sagittatum, F. S Leuck (') 
 -Polystomum oblongum, n. .p.; I, larva; ck, cirrus-coronet ; va. 
 
 vaginae ; ov, sliell-gland (?), 
 —Large caudal hook of the .same. 
 —Small caudal hook of the same. 
 — Sphyranura Osleri, n. sp. ; ov, eggs. 
 —Large caudal hook of same. 
 —Small caudal hook of same. 
 —Proglottis of Taenia dispar, (Joeze. 
 —Cervical papilla of Filaria triaenucha, n. sp. 
 —Head of Ancyracanthus cystidicola, Schn. 
 —Head of A. serratus, n. up. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Fig. 19.-Octobothrium sagittatum, F. S. Leuck. {1) ; ga, genital aperture; 
 
 0, a mature ovum ; ov, the ovary ; vj, vas deferens. 
 Fig. 20. -Anterior end of same to show shape of mouth, anterior sucker. 
 
 and pharynx. 
 Fig. 21.— Genital sucker of same ; a, superficial ; b, deeper view 
 Fig. 22.— Mature ovum. 
 
 "WPii^P 
 
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.Plate! 
 
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 I 
 
 *»»^.--,- V -^u--^- ''Wv^ahj^i'i'aih ■:. 
 
.PUt.-J 
 
 Fi6.££ 
 
 Fi6. Bo. 
 
 i-iRWdcl', 
 
 vd. 
 ov.. 
 
 
 Fife la T: 
 
 
 
 FiO. dl. 
 
 'Jfjf.,Clfl-k^ Co Lilh Tt,rontf, 
 
 
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