IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4 /.^ ^j,^ .v^ i u. s 1.0 I.I 1 1.25 1.4 III l-^ -< 6" - ^ ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 :w L

Showthrough/ [7^ Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ Thai possi of thi filmii Origi begir the li sion, othei first I sion, or illi The I shall TINU whic Mapt diffei entin begir right raqui meth r^ Only edition available/ D Seuie Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6X6 filmies d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure ir.'iage possible. PAGES 45 TO 48 MISSING. REPLACED WITH PHOTOCOPIES. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de rMuction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X ^ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed hare has baan raproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: Thomas Fiiher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto Library L'axamplaira filmA fut reproduit grice i la gAnArositA do: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto Library Tha images appearing hare are tha best quelity possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la natteti de lexemplaire filme. et en conformite avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the lest page with e printed or illuatrated impres- sion, or the beck cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the firat page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont fiim6s en commencant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clich6, ii est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, at da haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 1 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 *\ n. NOTES, ON THE SETTLEMENT AND INDIAN WARS, OF THE JVESTEnJf PARTS OF VIRGINIA 6c PENNSYLVANlAy fROM THE TEAR 1763 tJNTIL THE YEAR 1783 IMCtUSIVfi. TOGETHEa WITH A VIEW, Cfthe stale of society and manners of the first settle^: ^. of i fie fV^tstem Country, ^^^ »^^^*^>* ^■^■tr ^^^^^4 ^'^■^^^^s.m BY THE REV. DR. JOS. DODDRIDG^J •*ji^* ■■-^t: WBLLSnVRGtt, FA. PKtMTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE GAZETT^^ FOB. THE AUTlIOI(f 1 ■0. I ■a- : - ) mvnaef oi> iniittKiA, west or tbk AiXBoiixi;^ MOUNTAIN, TO wit: BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twenty- iounh day of May [A, D. 1624 J in (he forty- eighth year of the Independence of the Uuited States of America, Joseph Doddriege of ^the laid district hath deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor^ in the words following to wit: *^Notes on the settlement and Indian wars of ihb Western parts < f Virginia and PennsylTania) from the year 1763 until the year 1785 inclu- fire. Together with a view of the state of fociety, and manners of the grot settlers of the Western Country. Bv iis Bev. Dr, Jb^ Doddridge.'* In conformity to the aetof the Congress of thflr Suited States, entitled *^ An act for the encour- agement of learning by eeclif ing the copies of maps^ charts and books to the authors ana proprietor|| of sueh ^copies during the times therein menP lioned." And also to an act ejntitted, **An act supplementary to an act, entitled an act for the encouragement of learning by securing the co- pies of maps, charts and booke» to the author^ And proprietors of such copies faring the-times therein mentioned, and extending .the benefita 'thereof to the arts of designing, engraving and etching historical and other prints.^ « In testimony whereof I Xohn Webster Clerk •f the said court, have heretot^^t my hand and affixed the veal of my officie tlK^ite above men- tioned. * *i* J. T^flB^iai ClerJk, U. S. distiyt^ •t'j'., « 602658 -2 2. ». S5 mmttttmuttmitiikimt. ■"^'itiiri V, V ' I N B E> lt« r • FIBST PART. 1 Chaptgr. Pa«b?' I. The WilderncM - - «* II. Antiquities •.- -25 HI. Aborigine* 4^ IV. Weather - - 6^ V. Birds and Beast* 6r VI. Serpents 76 VI. Wild Fruits 83 VII. Hermit .-.---.-- 9i» PABTSECONDr ^ VIII. Settlenjent of the Country - - - 9» IX. House Furniture and Diet - - - 101 |p[. Dress -*..----,-. 113 ^I. TheFort - • IIT XII. Caravans ----...- UCT XIII. Hunting - 133 .XIV. The Wedding . - ISS^ *XV. House Warming - ' lS4 XVI. Working • - 1^ XVII. MachanicArts UO XVIII. Medicine 147 XIX. Sports - 165 XX. Witchcraft - - 161 XXI. Moralskiif^ ....... ]67 XXII. SlftVt^PlKyi^ ..... 174 XXIII. CirilizAifWK'^ ! ; « • ^ Iff^ • ■ ■ - . t PAtLT THIRD. tXtV, Indian Warfare - - - - - '- 2Q# XXV. War 1763 - - 21^^ XXVI. D(jrifnoro*B War • - - - - 225 XXVII. The DLath of Cornstalk - - 237 XXVIII. Wappatomica Campaign - - 241 XXIX. Gen. M'Intosh'd Campaign • - 243 XXX. The Moravian Campaign • - 249 XXXI. The Indian Summer - . . i^ 266 XXXII. Crawford's Campaign - - - 268 XXXIII. Attack on Rice's fort - • - 281 ixxiv. Expected attack on niy father's fort 287 XXXV. Coshocton Campaign ^ .1 . . 291 :jcxxvi. Capture of Mrs Brown - - - SH xxxvit. Lewis W^fsel --.... 2^9 XxxTiii. Adam Pue -...•. soi ;iRxiz The Jofat^aons • • v « . ^ aoi r- JA* ELEGY oj>rms FAMILY VAULT ^^ m * iiM *; TO 1H£ UEADEU. After considerable dt^lay, I liavc fulfilled mj en*- gagemenlto the publick, with reaprct to the his- tory of the eeltlenjent and wars of the western f-arls of Virginia and Pernsylvanis. The cause* (,{ the delay of the work were unavoidable, and » recital of them can be of no service. Whether the *'Note8" are well executed, or olh* rr7;i8e, must be ^eft to the candid decision of my country, and I am well aware the decision will speedily be made. It will be the opinion cfsome readers, (hat I have bestowed too great a pcrtioti ot the book, on the primitive aspect of the coun ry, snd ll e his'^cry cf the state of society and manners ; t' its early ia^ habitants. My reason, for having bestowed so tnueh atten- tion on these subi«ct9 is this, these maters of our cariy History, which, if faithfully presfrved, will hereafter be highly iotexesting, are fast ' hastenin^^ into obliTk)n, and in a lew tirore years would be totally lost. On the contrary, the eveiita of tbe war are muc^ longer remembered. Had we ft similar history of the early afftte of any of the £aropeaa countries^ to that wbieh hi here presented to the world, of our own. Witb how much interest would this record be read bjr ftH classee of pe(^le? For iastftBee, had we the ineiiMrii^s of the peefrfe, who eirected thoAe riid# monuments which Wfit seettered over our country^ . the record would give m elastic character to everj lectioD el the oew wori^^ but in ererj re^im Jt ^M, TO Tins REASEIt. the world eicept our owd, the commcncenent of Che period of tneir hi»f cry was long posterior to that ofibtir settlement; their early history is there* fore buried in impenetrable oblivion, aud its piece 19- occupied by immense regions of fable and con- jecture. To the two first parts of this history, it is pre- sumed, oo great additions will l>ere&fttr be neces- sary. Future generations will be competent, to mark any changes which may take place in the physical. condition, and in the sci^ntinc and mcr&l state of our country, fr- m the data here given, and unquestionably, the changes which are to take place in all those departntentp, in the progress of time, will be great indeed. The history of our Indian wars, is in every res- pect, quite iniperlf ct. The very limited range of the war, whicn 1 had in view, in this work, is not fully executed. The want of health, and in some instances, the want of proper information, have prevented the relation of several events which took place in this section of the country, in the course of our conflicts with tbe sons of the forest, Bud which, altho' of minor importance in their fi- nal result^^ would nevetheless fc>rm an interesting portion of the history of those conflict?. The various attacks on Wheeling fbrt, and the fatal ambuscade near Grave Creek have been omit- ted, for want of a eorrect account of those eccurren* ees. These omisfirons are the less to be regretted a» Koah Zane Esqr. has professed a determination to give the publick, tbe biography of bis father €oK Ebenerer Zane. the first proprietor and defender •f the important station of Wheeling. This work« will be no more tbafi ft measare of justice, to tb^ Hiaa 40 THE RIADBR. ^ fenory oft man who held aucb m impovtant tnH (rilaus stttioo, M that Which fell to (he lot ol Col. lane, and who tilled that atation with fo much ho- )r to himself and advantage to our infant coun- ty, as he did. This biography will cont&in a» scurate account of all the attack* on Wheel- )g, as well as all other events of the war wbick )k place ia its immediate neighbourhood. A well wnlten liistory of the whole of our rars with the Indians in the western regions^ rould certainly be a valuable acquiBiiion to our literature. It would, however, be a work of time \d considerable labour, as ita materials aro icattered over a large tract of country aod^ ift )oirit of time^ extend through half a century. The whole amount ofour preeent memoriali, )f 4|]tis widely extended warfare consist merely )f detached narrations, and these are for the loat part but badly written. In m%nj instanecff^ Ithey are destitute of historical precision, witk regard to the order of time, and the successiofi [of facta, so that they are read ondy as anecdote*^ and of course with but little advantage to a<»» eace. -^ ^ This work^ deairable, on many accounts. The bravcryi, vietcirieB and «ufferiAg6 of our forefathers^ ought to be*, correctly end indelibly recorded. Thos» wl^ have lived, and died for posterity, ought to be reti^rded with imnerishable fame, m. the grateful remembraeee ertbeir deseendants^^ The nMH)umefTts« conferred on moral worth, by the pen of the historian^ are move durable tbaia those erected by the ehissel of the scud^plor;. A flseasnre of justice is eertatnfy due to oup barfaariaB.enemieftthemftcltrea. For wKatever^f ipgfatem> pnideat . (keeight and arraiigemeot^ thejr T« Tin RCAOEin R chsetr^A in their wars with us, thet ought ij have full crrdiL For the ftttl emouiit of all thJ patriotic motives by wbieh thege urfortuMiJ people vrere actuated in their bloody confliclil they deserve Owr srnccrest comn)if>eraiion. I The wars of these people, are not to be rcga?d.| •das wholly the oflTdpring of a savage thirst fori blood. They fought for their native country, They engaged in the terrible war of IT6d, with a view to recover from the possession of the! white people, the whole of the wesiern settle* Dienti. Their continuance of the war, after the conclu-| alon of our revolutionary content, had for its object { the preservation of as nnuch of their country, u they then had in possession. On the part of (he most intef Urgent of the Jn* dian cbiefsj they fought from a motive of re- ▼enge and with a valor inspired by desperation. They foresaw the loss of their country and the downfall of their people, and therefore resolved on vengeance for the past, and the future wrongf to be infiioted on them. There is yet another reason for the work.un^ der consideration. The present generation are witnesses of both the savage and civilized state of mankind. Both eitremes are under our in- spection. To future geoeratione, the former will exist only in history.^ The Indian nations are now a subjugated people, and every feature of their former state oi society must soon pass a- way. They will exist only through the medium oftheir admixtures with the white people. Such* has been the fate of many nations. Wheie are now the Assy^aHs, Chaldeans, & Romans? They BO longer eiiitj ind yet the English, Fi^nob ani^ TO THE READCIU ^liaos are,' in part detceodanU of the •noient \m%n8, S^ioh will b.e ihft fate of the aborigioea lour country. They will perish, or lose their [tional character and ^aisieoce, b^ adroixtures ih their conquerors. To posterity therefore iir history will be highly acceptible. Indeed it |y bo said of all history, that like good wine it »ws better by age. In the execution of this work, I have aimed at |tb, and nothing but truth. Impartialty, im« leg no restraint on my pen; for independently the circumstance, that the contents of this tory, in general, interfere with no party; I am [umbered with but few individual obligations, ;ratitude. To ^political panv, religious and sr communities, I owe no obligations of any |d; for an^ benifits confered on me, so that iFe felt fully at liberty, to speak the truth icern^g all classes of our people, and I trust ivf,«ie so. 9^ material factSt in the historical parts ^bis^#rk have been ommitted, the omission hamened from want of information, In- eot statements, if there be any, have taken ^e, in coQsequenee of improper information, ithercase, I am not blameable, as I have done I best my circumstances allowed, in collect* [materials for the work, lould my humble attempts, at writing the ^ry of my countir, meet with good ac- mce among my fellow citizens. I snail inue tocolle6t,fron(i all quarters, the materials 'le work herein recommended, as a desidei^ in the literature of our country, aids in (his work, I earnestly invite cooai- ititftB fr«ift ill tkf le gtatleaoA ffbo, fqjy * ■ I Ifi THE Muncc IMS a knowledge of oceorrencefl vrfaich took pU fjariog our liuian war, aod not narrtted in work. I am particularly anxious to obtain (I history of the eettlements of tht^ Dunkards, Dunkard Creek^aQd the Dunkard bottom on Cbc liver. JOSEPH DODPRIDGUI WeMwgh, Jdhe n, 18131;^ m w^W*' '.^'■t-Ut',!^ *il| wars ¥ m « ¥ AG IB. work by I ntst^ I have had it Id view aettl0i&eiit and Indian f VirpliiiV aiid Penn- laei^ed to the public: ^^ commencing the ofvfij inability to eze* Hitich ]ftb(|ur and difficulty: a ** >tt~ai?^08t histories arci 0p^inal Gompotttion from ' took place when I wfj ?^ b^ the often repeated whose friendship I esteem^ on I respeoti I concluded llhefSf f had toiled amon^t )tiintry in ** turning the wii- IftlitfuS fields," I wo^d venture to jMBtla^^ sai^character^ ai an historian of that tt of the #m which I am best uai^dvwf whose ^arly luBtory has never yet, to anv tetent, been committed to record^ iu hajipes that having saved the principal materials of thi« history from oblivion^ some abler hand maj here- after improve upon the work, by givitog it anv en* largement, different arrangement, or embeUisb* ment of style, which it may be thought tc require^ Many considerations present themselves to the generous^ and enlightened mind of the native of tlie wait; to induce him to regard a work (^ this A i^ 1>REFACE. ■3^'''' Jcind as a sacred duty to his coiinti|L and his it' ceslors, on the part of bim i|Koj|jidertiO^^ ccute it, rather than a trial o[f Utin*ary sJkilK & tdfi fbr literary fame,or a means of piroctirihg gi|in. Something is certainly di}^ the memory of pur brave forefathers, who, I'^UPbut littJfe aid ipom the collonial gov^nments %efbre tbe^reTolutit|p- ary war, and with still le^ assjatance fi^m tbfilcoiT- fe deration, after the declaration o^iiidej^^ence, subdued thefore^by th^per»evering l^b9iu|^,and defended their infant <»titry by t|»d|%9lu|)^^^^^^^ ond unrequited military^l^vice, e^^f^^i^lto^ derous warfare of their savag^e enemies. ' , The extensive catacombs of ancient Oreece, af)4 Palestine, the pyramids of Egyptj^Qsercnlihf ^ude sepulchral monuments of our ^^n.^country, serve io shew the sacred regard of g0nj^tions oC|f iliple «riuquity for the remams of tff^iln^rious This pious regard foivihe ashejkbf;%nce|b^,'|s^ not without Its useful inBuencepji^the jn^rals^and^ piety of their descendants: l^f Ottered atpne^ onU scu]ptuj«d monument comaiipth» most im^ „ pn asive lessons pfbiograpbyj oemne the^moijiri^^' ful refnains of 'tb« subjects of those lessons vatpmti near at hand, when they are pf ^^^n^^^ to us dn the sepulchres where their ashes re]|||p j^. Is the memory of ou^ forefathers lih worthy or historic, or sepulchral cottimemoration ? No peo- ple on earth, tn similar circumstances, ever acted more nobly, or ibore bravely than they did: No people of any country, or age, ever made greater iacrafices for the benefit of posterity, than those ivbich were made by the first settlers of the west- fern regions What people ever left such nobltf legacies to posterity, as those transnnitted by our forefathers te thetr dtse^ndfintsf— A wild'ernei^t :W^ PfiEFACC. VU cliangcd ifitix ft Bwtful country, and a governmoDt llle be^t oiif^rifc. fhey have borne the burden andheatof ttedayo^ial. They have removed eve^y obstacle fVomllvmpilh» and^feft every lauda- ble' object 4)r ambiHvAl^whin our reach. ^Wh^r«t^libfiH Vre^n<5>w^nd the remains of the valiaritflllbneers of i'u* country, so deserving the grateful riem^mbranee of their descendants? Mast many of th#V ^or wlkt of public burying grounds, were^^uribd pa H(ireti^;^ which their la- boiir bii#ra#ib€id' fr t^ilelLiiQ^^ for others; ^ou on the cql^ary live lor ydureelf alone: llieir exaippl^|i|fflNo live, boeaiise it is worthy of imitation; yours on this^^niirtrgr*. 99 In example of sordid aya^iiM, ought t^j|||M|&ref;|^-- The history of natiobiM ^ V^^'^''^W3^H|klir^ cred amQog all eQlignteneafHiioni^ M hais oAen ^en puraiied bevoQ£ii|^ej||^^^ bommenoeinent pfv jiUtory hjt into |b^r|pcmat fable. Among the Gfrei^s the ^t(biMoi Nationai history if all importaat to aatyand patS rSEPACE. IX. TV- ribtiam, as it places before us the best examples' of our forefathers. We seethe wisdom of their councils^ tfieir perseverance in action, their suf^ ferinj?, their bravery iia war, and the great, and' UsfefulJresults of their uiilted wisdom and labours.* l^e see in succession evlry act of the great drama which led us from infancy to maturity, from war to peace, and from poverty to wealth, and in propor- tion as we are interested in the results of this dra- ma, we value the examples which it furnishes. — Even the faults which it exhibits are not without^ tlicir use. 4 History gives a classic character to the places^ to which it relates, and confers upon them a roman' lie value, as scenes of national atchievements. What would be the vat ue of t^e famous citv of Jerusalem, wer3 it not for the sacred history of the place? Iv is a place of no local importance in any respect whatever. Palestine irself, so tamous in history,, is but a small tract of country/an^d for the most! part poor, and hilly. The classic character ef Greece, and Rome hfasgivep more or less impor** tamce to almost every mountain^ hill, and ' valley, lake, and island, which they contain, on account of their having'been the places of some great af- chievements,orof their having given birth, to illus* trious personages; Classic scenes, as well as classic monuments, and persons, constitute an impressive part of na- tional history, and they contribute much to tbe^ patriotism of the nation to which they belong. If the Greeks should succeed in their- present* contest with the Turks, their liberty will be justly attributable, in a great degree to the potent efficacy of the hisl dry of their ancestors. This; history may produce another Leonides, Epamiaoa^- m.: vkWkcm t , dea. Lycurgufi, Sophocles, Timon, tnd Demoalhe- ne8| 'o rival the mighty deeds of thehr forefath- ers, and establish a second time the indepeodence of their native country. The bislory of our own country ought to fur- nish the first lessons of reading for our children, but unfortunately most of them are too large for school books. The selections in common use for schools are mostly foreign productions. They are good in themselves; but better adapted to ma- ture age than youth, because the historical facts to tvhich they allude have reference to times, places, and persons of which they have no knowl- edge, and therefore must be read by our children without an understanding of their contents. This circumstance retards the progress of the pupil.— This practice ougbtto be discontinued: our youth ought first to be presented with the history of their own country ,and taught to believe it to be of greater importance to their future welfare,' than that of any other nation or country whatever. The notes now presented to the publick, em- brace no very great extent of our country, nor do they detail the events of many years, yet the labour of Collecting, and arranging them was considerable, as there never existed any printed records of the greater, number of events herein related; or if such did exist, they never were with- in the reach of the author. The truth is from' the commencement of the revolutionary war, until its conclusion, this coun- try and its wars were little thought of by the people of the Atlantic States, as they had their hands full of their own share of the war, without attend- ing to ours. ' Far the greater number of our cam- 4^§igos, scouts, buildings, and defences of (brtii 'fi MErACC.' wf were efiiecM witboat th»Md of a roan, a gun, a I bullet, or dKarge of powder from the general goreroiDeot The greater number of our men were tmany jeariin succession engaged in military ser^^ vice, along bur frontiers, a considerable part of their time from spring till winter, without an in* listment by gorenment^or a cent of pay. Their officers were of their own election. Their ser- yices were wholly voluntary, and their supplies while in service were furnished by themseWe s. Thus owing to our distant situation, and the heavy pessure of the revolutionary war upon the general government, the report of the small but severe, and destructive conflicts which very fre* ^uently took place in this country, was lost in the thunder of the great battles which occurred along our Atlantic border; campaigns' begun, and ended without even a news paper notice; as a printing press was then unknown in the country. It was not until a Aer the conclusion of the rev-' olutionary war, that the general government nndertook to 6oish the indian war, first by plac« ing a cordon of spies, and rangers, and forts a<« long the frontiers, and afterwards by the canr* paigns of Harmer, St. Clair, and Wayne. These latter campaigns are matters of history, and need not be repeated here. The want of printed documents was not the only difficulty the author had to contend with: when be travelled beyond the bounds of his ow1hjid reslip so Wl»y fj^aii^i^sumroers, ^ vanished, atf^i ^^ Like Ihe beiere^ fabrick of a bion left 11(^1 a wi%k be1iiQd> Lal^g^rmft, Ith splenmd iiiansfph boused, and wfH^ned Irns, b«ipii|ir, ViUages^WliftVeo cities, now.oc- |py the d^e#HDfKinrpg|||ul sporti^, fauotlng ^ roi1itar|jm»iursioD8. In I^By^e of forest treea p ■ hawthorn bt|shes, he J^eMp awfur foniin of ^stice, or the Sacred Temple with its ftitt«riog lire pinaling to the heavens ; and instead of the Hr whoop of savf^es, or the howling of woTveS ketri the swelitnf^ anthem^ or jpealiog or^|||^ •-■■•■■ - -1*: ■ .•"■^^"■■^t- ?«.'• •i X < » •lU TUB wildi;rnki9. VA'try fihrre •utToundetl by (be buiy bum of nifO| tod ^ tplendor. art#, refintnentii and com* | fortformnied hft^ hft^forme v ttit*. and tbat of Jiit country bave taoUhad from hit maJRkory; or if soiiirtiotet he baffowi a rtflectioii't^ \i» originil ^•pccf, (ha niti^^ilillkt (o be carried back to t period of (ime^^^ili ilftore remote tbon it really ia. The immense cbln|aa wbieb ba?e taken place in the phyaical, jmi^ VKiral state of the country, have been gradual, ia#d.tferetbre, icarcely perceived i'tom year toyeail but the vieir from one extreme to the other, ia like (he prospect of the jOpposile ahbre, orera vast expanse of water, whosir hills, vtlteys, mountaioa and forests, preient a oonfused and romantio aj^ary, ^ich loses itself in (hs ^ijlaiithorbcoA.^ One advantage ft least results from Hkving liv- ed in a atata t>f se^lM^y* «vcr on the change, and afways for tlie bat^, it doubles the retrospect of I 'life. IVith lisi, at any rate, it baSsbMuA that efi)stf. ' Did not the flefii^^st^mb^ of w^ years ||iach ine the contrary, iP^Jcrtbiflit mya#)f.it %a8t one hundred y4»p^ e)^ fifty, ^i^ase is said to be Wi^Y.mml^nl With those who have pasped. thai^ lWi|t cities, orlncient aettleraents, vvhereM year, the same uncharging as* )||ot oTthlngs presentanself^ There life passes away la an mIusioik •^r^mtti) havin|i%ian pre* sented with no BtriKti|pSTen¥s, or greaf^and impor* (ant cbaogteSv to mK its different p«riodS) and give them an im^^R^ distance ^om each otheri an^itends with a bitter complaitot of its short* »eas. It must be my b^n faulty if I shall ever have | •ccasibn to make this eomplaint.. IdonotrecoU lect to have ever heard if made, by any of my cotem* ^portry coontrymaD) whose deaths I have witnessed* V-' '.»*■- 'X.. His wiLDRiiMAil l4 A wildefnMs of great eit«nt> pfesenting the virgin ftce of ottiiT«t unchanged by human cut- tif atioD, or art, is certainly one of the mott aub- lime terreftial objecti which the Creator ever pre- ■ented to the view of roan I but those portions of the earth which bear this character, derive their features of sublimity Arom very different aspects. I'he great deserts of Africa wear an imposing^ aspect, even on account of their utter barrennesft of vegetation, where no tree atSbrds fruit, or shelier from the bOrning beat of the day, no bii;d is heard to sing, and no dower eipands ita leaves to tfatt lun; u well as from their immense eitent* In the steppes of Russia, the orieotal plain of Tartary, the traveller, did not his reason correot the illusion of his senses, at the rising and sitting of the sun, would imagine himself in the midst <» ^ boundless ocean, so vast, so level and munoton* eus is the prospect around hitD. What must be the awful sublimity cf the imiMkiaft ' regions of polair solitude, where the distant suit reflects his dascliograys from plains of snow, anf mountaina of ice, but witfioiit warming. The valley of the Mississippi, whose easterh an#- western boundaries are the Allegheny and Rookjp* Mountains, thife northern the chain of lakes which separate us from Canada^ and th aiyd aflbrd a resting place for the clouds, no volca* no vomits forth its sMoke, flame and lava in sub* Hm^ ta dtatrudtive grandeor. fiven tboio pcit^ ■■■#*-ts ■/- mfe ^itbkiiKtei0i lions of this valley which in ages past, were ill beds of lakes, but have been drained by the sink- Sng of the rivers, present a rich vegetable Inould.* This gFf at country leems to have been designed by divine Providence for the last resort of oppres- sed humanity. A fruitful soil, tinder a variety of cliroattrs, supplies abundantly all the wants of lifei while our geographical situation renders us un- isoDquerabie. From thiB place of rdfuge^ we may *Thtrt i* wtiny viidmce that ihosiR Iratts of our Inmntry^ whidi tonsUt qf beds of rounded gravel and 9iones have JamvHy been lakes ^ which have been drain' ed by the lowering ef the beds of thp rivers. These /racfs of Country have been 'covered with a vegetable mouldy from the decay of vegetable matters on llmr surface, so as to have become goi>d Ifundfor cultivaiidn. Such arc the Pickaway and Sandu^ plains j and indeed the greater part of the Scioto country, a$ well as many other trqc(s 6/ land along ether rwers. The Ohio river has lowered Us bed from jyty to etgh" fyfeet, SteubenviUeyBeavertownand Cincinnati stand im the first aUuvym. of the river\ ihi% alhme/ii is at leaH JBtoentyJeet abm thf prtsent bed oj tht river. This fhmwmenoin of the Ififvomv^ cf tfie waters is not confi* ned to our own country.^ Theformer bed ef the Red Sea ii from thirty io forty feet above the preserU surface df its waters* The jl^ck Sea is .sinking lyy the wearit^ down of the canal (f Constantixtqpk; and it seems every \»ay probable that a considerable portion of the deserts of^rica, n^, ihefeOy iserftncejovered with the waters l§^ ottM Atlantic Large tracts oJ%ur southern sea coasf» are evidinily aUuvial, The causes qf the sinking cf ihe beds of rivers, and the recession of the sea from & Htfih^^ mat bel^tpi thtitiiefsUgatim ^ i^lfii^i tr^ WB VnLDERVEalti! m Aear, ts bftrinleas thunder, the military coQvulsions of other quarters ot the globe, without fefling their concussiong. Vice and folly may conqufr na: the world never can. Happy region! laige and f ilile enough for the abode of many millions.— Here the hungry may find breadv and coriflcienc^ ihe full possession of its native rights. With the geography, and geology of this couil- try i here no concern- Heave these subjects to the geographer, and natural historian. The as* pect which it bore at the time of its discovery, ind settlement^ must alone be presented to the xeader. . One prominent feature of a wilderness is its solitude. Those who plunged into the bosom Of this forest, left behind them,' not- only the bu- sy hum of mf^n, but domesticated animal life g nerally. The parting ray«i of the aetting sun did not receive the requiem of the feathered song* frters of the grove, nor was- the blushing aurora ushered in by the shrill clarion' of the domestic ibwls. The solitude of the night was interrupt- ed only by the howl of the wolf, the melancholy moan of the ill-boding owl) or the shriek of the frightful panther. Even the faithful dog, the only steadfast companion of man- among the brute crea« tion, partook of the si4enc6 of the desert; the dis^* eipline of his master forbid him to bark, or move, but in obedience to bis commaud, and his native sagacity soon taught hinrthe propriety of obedience to this severe government. The day was, if possible, more solitary than the night. The noise of the wild turkey, the croaking of the raven or '^The woodpecker tapping the hollow beech tree," did not much enlivea thf^ ^caryiccnef m THE Wri»SRNS|ik The various tribes of singing birds are not in* iibbitants of (be desert; tbey are not carnivorous^ and therefore aiiist be fed from the labours of man. At any rate they did not exist in ibis <:ountry alita first settlement. Let the imagination of the reader, p4irsqe the track of the adventurer into this solitary wilder- ness. Bend ing bis course towards the setting sun^ over undulating bills, under the shade of large for- osl trees, and wading through the rank weeds, and grass which then covered the«arth. Now viewing from the top of a bill, Uie winding couise of the creek whose streav) He wishes to explore. Doubt*- ful of its course, and of his own, be ascertains- tW cardinal points of north and south, by the thickness of the moss, and bark on the north side of the an- cient trees. Now descending into a valley and ptet^eging his approacli to a river, by seeing large tell, basg-wood and sugar trees, beautifiiUv festoon- ed with wild grape vines^ Watchful as Argus, bis -restless eye catches every thing around him. In ail unknown region, and surrounded with dangers, he isibe sentibelofhisown safety, and relies on him- telf alone for protectioo. The toilsome march pi the day being ended, at the fall of night, he^ seeks for safety, some narrow sequestered hollow, and lay the'side of a large log, builda a fire, and af- ter eating his coarse, and scanty meal^ wraiis- hinisttlf up in his blanket, and lays him down on hrs bed of leaves, with his feet to the little fire for re- pose, bopifig for favorable dreams, ominous of fit- ture good luck, while his faithful di:>g and gun re-^ pose by his side. But let not the reader suppose that the pilgrim of the wilderness, could feast bis Imagioation with the romaaiic beautiei of nature, witboOta^y ■> TIM witvtmvcii. W ^awBftck from eon6ioting pauiionfl, IIU iitua- tion did dot afford him much time for oontempla- tion. He wat ao exilo from the warm clothing and plentiful roansioira of lociety, Hh homely woodsman's dress, soon became old, and ragged; the cravings of hunger compelled .him to sustain from day today the fatigues of the chase, OU. ten bad he to eat bis venison, bear meat, or wild turkey, without bi^ad or salt. Nor was this all. at eveiy step, the strong passions of hope and fear, were in full exercise. Eager in the pur^ suit of his game, his too much excited imagina^*- tion, sometimes presented him with th(s phantom of the object of his chase, in a bush, a log; or mos- By bank, and occasioned him to waste a load of bis ammunition, more preoioua than gold, on a creature of bis own brain, and be repaid himself the expense by making a joke of his mistake.--^ His situation was not without its danger.^. He did not know at what tread his foot might be Btuilg by a serpent, at what moment he might- meet with the formidable bear,^ or, if in the e< *lt is taidy that far some Hvhb ajltr Braddoclz's defeat^ the bears havir^ feasted on the slainy thought PiOt they had a right to kUl and eat every human being Vnth whom they met. tdnunde of wine of the name of TUer^ had like to have loAhis life by one of them. /^ 4^0$ in the eum^ner time^ when bears were poors and not worth kiUing: being in the wooda, he saw an old male hear winding along afUr him: with a vteto to have thi eport of seeing il\A bear runyhe hid himselfitehind a tree: when the bear approaehed him^ he sprang out and hallo(^ ed at him; {ntt mffee instead of rawniig iff as he expect • ^jumped at hiin^jvith muulk'iMiJi} ij^imy ui\4& tnf la fits wit»BiiRi:u« ▼onlBfTt he know not on wh«t limb of a (roe ^ 6* TIT hi* liraU, the u>ur(leroui, pmlher might he pf r«hed| in a squetting nttitudt), to drop down (itHH), end teur him to pieoen in a nioineitt.— nhrn vvAl(»hing n de«r lick from hid blind at night, thA forn^idHhit^ panther was oflen hie rival in tlm »«mo buiiiivf!!!*. and if, bv hie growl, or etherwiscs the man dtsoovercsd the preeenoe of hid rival, the lord of the world alwajre reiiretl aa apiu^dily end stcrtMly as potsilne, leaving him the undiiituibed posiieBiiion of the chanoe ot game fof iUt inght. Tli<* wildernr 69 wne a region of luperetition.-* Tho adventurous huntei sought ibr ominoue pr«- an^eii c( hie Aiture good, or bad luok, in ei*erj tl:it)|i about him. Much of hie succeee dc^pended on the statr of the weathtr; snow and rain^wera ^vorabltf, becaus*^ in the former he oould track his geii^**, and the latter prevented them froiq he»r t^ the auatling of the leaves beneath his feet. The apt carance of the oky, morning and evening, gave him flu* oignn of the timet), with regard to the w^atht r. S\i far he was a philosoptier. Perhaps ho was aidvd in hn prognostics on this subject, by •0!ue Old rht^umaiio pnin, which he called his ^^wea- th<>r clock.*' Soy whut you please about thiff^ doctors, the Ar^t st^ttiers of this country were sel- dom m>stttkt n in \\\U latter indication ot the weath- er, TiM« rruakiiig of a Hven, the howl.ng of a dog. and theficrtcchofanowl, were as prophetic »■ ■ 11 - ^^'}>}xd him by oppbfii^s t/ie muzzk bJ his gun io his htck\ ojKift.W'^- ii-tjj: Um kilivil hiin iti ou ins/cml.— • If hs ^anhati snapfHuiythckunitrttotild hart b€a% torn tv >».ar > . >M 'he i^pai* AJm ik hi play i»ii,X a 6eaf. l^te WILOCRinBtft. » futuTO mUfortunet among tho fiir«t (iffventurrrl )to thii country, od (hey were «moni{»t the ftn<» iant pagans; but abovtt all their dreams wernre« arded at ominout of good or ill succoois, Oden^ rhen a Uov I heard them relate their dreama, and jie events which fulfilled (heir indications. Wit)i |ome of the woodsmen there were two girls of (heir foquaiotance, who were regarded as (he goddes* es of their good or bad luck. If they dreamed of he one, they were sure of good fbrtune; if of the f(ber, they were equaliv sure of bid. How muoh >ve or aversion might have bad to do in this cis^' cannot say, but such watthe fact. Let not the reader be surprised at the superiti** lion which existed among the tirst adventurers into the western wilderness. Superstition is universal- ky associated witb ignorance, in oil (hose who )coupy perilous sit uatioits in life. The comMi' i9ed to be considered harbingers of war. The sea [eaptain nails an old horse shoe to the foot of tho {toast of his ship to prevent storms. The QcrmaQi- rased to nail the horse shoe on the door-sill, to pri^ nrentth^ intrusion of witchea. Ttie German soN [dier reciteta charm, at the rising ofthe sun, when in the course of the day, he expects to be eDgage4- in battle, by the means of whioh he fancies that lie lortifies himself against the contact of ballr |ef every description.'^ Charms, inoantati« n%. and amuletd have constituted a part of (he super- stition of all ages, and nations. Philosophy alone t^an banish t heir use. The passion of fear exciied by danger, the pii^ *vVd settlement of America by the Curopeana the t|ndians were in the habit of using ^m. I Some of those arrow pointa we£ of great sizi^j and weight, so that those vtho used titem must havf been gigantic fellows, and of great iuu8cular| ■tretigtbi ^^^ For a ](ong time- after the settlement of the coiip.* ky, the Indian arrow heads furnished the main sup' ply of guD- flints, for our hunters^ and warriord nany of whom prefered th^ ra to the imported fliiitsJ The arrow points have nearly vanished from tbe| iSountry. i have not seen one for many years. Stone pipes, and hatchets, were frequently founj bere in early timea^ The pipes were rudely roade^'^ but nany of them of very fa bcitul shapes. The ei istence of those pspes, shews very clearly that thel practice of smoking acrid substances is ofgreatl antiquity. Before the use of tobacco, the IndiJ ans smoked the tooer>,bark of the red willow mixedl with sumack leaves. They do so still,, when th^l saobot procure tobaicco. Some fragments of a rude kind of earthen wart w£re found in some placcsi It was made of po]tj Ijrb-^arth&ise^ witkcalomed ahel^^BBd biir&i ' mi i#^.# Al^Ti(iUltltff. ^ pV^ptr uardoeas. This ware was no doubt used }r cooking. 1 Some rude trinkets of copper hate been foQOd in some of the Indian graves. These, howereKd rere but few In number^ and eihibited no skill |n the art of workiog metals. Many years ago^ I procured ten copper beads, which were found iiii me of the smaller graves on Grave Creek ilat. %e whole number found at the time, was about )ixty. They app<^ared to hav6 been made of ham? lered Wire, cot off at Unequal lengths, and in some f them the end^ Weire not more than hall? their Surface in contact; add sO sddered. The Bnoient forts, ab they are called, are gen^ Orally formedJn the neighbourhodd of . the larg0 Ifraves along m fiver, 4nd mostly on the first al<^ [uvioo of their bottom^. They lU'iB of all shapet md various dimensions. They JlMve been so oueii lescribed by different authors', that 4 description of ^hem is not necessary here. Whether tbey were really fortifications; or ordinary inclosures of their iowns, is ndt sobehain. It is saiid/to be a com-' kon practice among the Indians of Missouri, to inclose a piece of ground^ which tbey intend for I town, with stockades, on eacb side of whic^b ihey throw up i^ motind ol eilrth, iind that when leof their.to^tis has been sb long deiertfd that the stockAdin]g bai rotted down; tfie Vemaining lound of earth has precisely the same ap|>earance IS one of the; ancient forts. If this wis their ori- and nu>st probably it viasj they were fortifi- mtions in this sbme degree that the Walls of all an* ieot towns, and citiei we)^'^ and hot otherwise. :*he circular mounds at Circleville, in Ohio, ar^ the only I have ever seen, which appear to liai(^ '^ m eitdtttiiVely iBteBfledfer efortri||| ^ ^.\ The sepulchral mouods, make by far the greet* «et figure an«ong the etitiquites of our country. IqI ?)oint of iDsgiiitude some of them are truly sub- iibe,.aDd iinpoeiog monuments of human laborjl for the buria) of the dead. The large grave>OD Grave creek flat, is the only] large one in this section of Uie country! The di- ameter pf its base is said to be one hundred yardsJ Sts altitude et least seventy-five feet^ some give it at ninety feet. The diameter at the top ii ^fteen yards. The sides and top of the movnd are| covered with tree^^of all sizes and ages, incerroin' gled with fallen «irid decaying timber, like ths surrounding Woods. Supposing this august pyramid* t/contain hu' man hones, in equal proportion with the lesser %)D0unds which have been opened from- time to lime, what myriads of human beings must repose k} its vast dimensions.* The presefh owner.of this moui^d, the euthor has been informed, has expressed his determination to preserve it in its original stete during his lifst. He will not eufier the axe jto. violate its timber, nor « ta ll .^ I .,^'.; ■/■,•, ^ ^President Jefferson miilUkms having mair a per* ptndicular cut mrough an Indian groHy on the river Mivanna^near J^mticeUo, tDiih a vkw *^ examtns Us :i/ntefnal structwCy andtonients. The. base of the grant vqg forty feet in diam^r; Us Aeigftt aeven Jut and an half, J^ier a tar^ui exannnation ejf the bones contain;- edin Ae eepukhrei he condiuded that U m^iu con- tain one thfMUmd dteletons, Suwoeing this esHniaie correct vhat mustbethe' number o* ^cektons contained inihe great fyramid tf Qtame creekf Those iohoan ouriint9i»enoug& to makeihe calculation are re^eHed^ iq. do le, mdgivt Ae reniili*-— «M)fe« on VirgwiOj p. 181* f ■•»'/ ARTl^VlTUCf. I Ike BQBttockt Mi earth. May bii f uccetf ert itf t title of the estate forerer feel the itme piouinyf I for tl^ august mansion of the deadj^i^ [the fenerable monument of antiquitf ^ 19 l^estruction mhich has already •nnm|||^#robabili. I \y they are %oeval itiih tbe se|jiiH:hriil'nflionufHenti| of other quarters of the globe already' mentioned. I l^ej^ were designed for tbe last and permanent Im- bibition of tlie regal grandeur of those monarchs by whom thef AVlve succesively erected* Thc^^r^at number and magnitude of tfie sepuU t%al monuments of antiquity serve to sheiv that during the time of their erection; over so large a portli^jpi of the earth, mankind g^e raliy must have beefiWtuatediMt^etronjl desijrlflpff'eserve the re- mains of the dena^^romdfsdoluti^and their namesi .mnd renoi| as far as possible fr0m oblivion. Tho extensive ^sAaOombB of £gypt, Syracuse^ and Pales'' tine are foUy illuatrative of the genera! wish for the preservation of the body after death arid pos- tbumouH fame. , What must have been the labour and etpense of excavating limestone or marble tOcics to such vast extent and with bubfa exquisite workmauship for the purpose of furnishin|; elegant anil Imperishable recesses for the dead. The aucientfigypiiah^ held the first rank among the nations of antiquity, ia'their care, alid tkill ▲2(TiQUmilf H or preservinr the remBint of their cletd. To (he noit »pleodid and estcitoive catacoiabf, Ihej bo* ^ed the praeiioe of cvkbaloiiDg their bod^t any of wiitcri have so far eicaped the ravages «lf lime. TNte ^mbalnied bodiea, preierffd froni ^ufrifactioti bj ceratef and bandagei^of IiDen^"* ire still found, soineiinief in aohlaqr ^^^s, and jrrmctii.)ei in large nuntbcrl, m newly 'diicov- icred catacoiobs; but ibr want oflettcrt, their early lliifitory hasvaoiijhed foreyer.* I While the aneient l^gyjptiiina ikilf ullv preicrvi^^ [the individual boditiMtheir dead^^otfier nalioni irfnetft t^e pj^tic«W eoHeoting tbeijMinea oC fmd defiiofiiting them ii^ Hpulcb^ riDoni^|itii|raiiat} con* [tain,, about the ceiipei»|)|t^. thM| we may Teasonahlyiiuppose, wa^a iillBophagua ofthepatfiarch, or %et moiiiurch ^ th4 <^^ or nation to wnich the i epulchrS belo^^d. Thel^ie* forward all his people were deposited iftthe grav^ of the fouiDder of the nation, In prpem of tioi^ ^Upwardt of tventyywn ago. tht aulher $mMl^ and part of ike arm of anMgvptmn twutiim|/, tf i% Fianldin Mbrary nf Ph&etj^ Jt vfos £over$4 with two dam^oges ^tr^l is tdikd m hmMd Hma(, J>eiv!m tU ikm and the fwst^dage their wh a layer' oj plaisterofsome kifidofgum^andiht san\e b^tmm the first and outer bandage. The thumb and fingers were separately^ and very neaUy bandaged, it was in me, and appearance, the left hand of a smaU mnum. This reKet^ antiquity f is no doubt sefseral thamand years old. ' * hn AVTKimtltS. the daily increasing mound became the natibtitl history. Its age was the age of the nation, and its magnitude gave the census of their relative numbera^ and military force, with regard to oth- er nations about them. What a sublime spectacle to tiie peppie to whom it belonged, must one of tho^larg^aepulchrea.bave been! The remains of toe first chief of the nation, with his people, and their successors, throOgh many generations^ ftposing together in the same tomb! It is a wdl known fact, that some natioas of jliidiaQS^ ever since the settlcpient of America by ^%ie Bew8, we have an evidence in the burial of Absalom, the rebellious son of Divid, who, although unworthy of %plac3 in the royal sepulchre, was neverthe- less honofei] with such a rude monument of stdne^i M we often meet with in our cauolry. After h^ 0- 'iNTIQUlttEg. 85 X9M slain by Joab, the commander in cbief of his father^s army ** They took Absalom and cast him into a great pit in the wood, and cast a vtry gnat heap of stones upon him.'' Froill all these facfs^ it appears (hat the strong desire of posthumous fame induced those naiions, Amongst whom the art of writing was unknown, to preserve the remembrance of their ehicf^, or friends, bT erecting over their dead bodies tf lieap ofearth, or a pile of stones; as well at to make the congregated dead of many generaCrdns, a national monument, and a national record. ' Nearly all the sepulchral mounds which have been opened in Asia^ and America h>re bden found to contain moreo/less charcoal snd'c&lcined bones. From thw fact, it appears thnt those an- cient tomba wel^e alfars for sacmfiee. The early histories of ^ Greeks and B^ani, inform us that it w^ customary to offef^Jsacrafices on the tombs of lidH)«a siain in battfo^ with the revolting fiQ^Tthatthe victims offered* oii Ihose sepulchral alta^,«irere^ often the prisooera taken in war. fstanders, surrounded by a great extent of ocea n , and therebv precluded from •migrations, are less liable to chiinge their hngnaged, manners, anil cilstomSi than t|ps inhabitants of contrnenfs. — Hence those oftlll Society Islands of the So'it^^ Sea, an4^se of the Sandwich islands of the Pa- cific, stil^'^o1»ti|iue the ancient practice of depos- iting th^%)(|if»fff their dea* in- mounds, or as they call Iheob mcimi; and these morai are their tem- ples, on the tops of which their idols ire placed iof worship. The truth is, tlieae mounds were Ihe higl^laces of the pi|gan nationf, mentioned in the Old Testament, and aroonfrptese we 'mav fafely reckon the Hmoua tow.er Wlabel. 34 ANTIQUTIfi0. fc' . It wu on the top of one of those mounds in the island of Qwbybee, that c»pt. Co^k, wraped up in three hundred ells of indiaoolotb^^nd mounted on a scaffold of rotten rioling, wai woi^hippf d as a go^ under the name of (>raooov but while recei- ving the devotions cf the islanders, he was every mom^nV'l&aif) of. tumbling down and breaking his Beck.* ■% Hafving given the history of the ancient sepul- ohral mounds, as they eiist in every quarter or the S lobe, two questionsi^nly remain for discussion: t what period of the world were they erected, and! Aether by a barbarous or civilized people? The gres^t antiquity of^he roonumants in ques- tion, may ^e ascertained by many fact«, ^hich cannot fiu tostrUre the notice ^i^ attentive ob- server of the. m^i|^ of afttiqui^^* ^^^^^^^ as far as the autJI^t^^ws^none of tlfej large mounds are found on^ti^^P^t or lower bottiyois of ouri^* ars, but alw^yi bn the aecond or h%b^t a|^ii|^; and ipch iHneir situatibn in Asia and £im^.^ None of them are to be seen on those tr0eis of country which were the beds cf lakes, or inland seas. Iff (he goeat oriental plain of Tartary, a great part of wtiich was formerly covered by the waters of the Black and Caspian Seas, and thoseof the sea of Azof, but which bave been drain^^if by the breaking down of the Thracian Bo^hMis, j^irhich formed the; canal of Constantinople: .htit ihey are found in abundar.ce along the hif her grounds of the scutbern and western shores of thtbe seas, * For a partknlar description of ike 'antiguiiics of mm country, ihe risMkr is referred tQ themgehioui nnia of^ Caleb ATWAl&i Esq. of Cift^UUy kd^ly publish* ed in iht Jirchfisologia ,^m^iui, . « iS ANTIQUITIES* ^3 id in the ncighboiiog country of Crim TartRry. be gain of the land upoil the waters of our globe ., IS been immensely greal; but this gain has been It slowly made. The very scites of oa^raqcient cjbs, g)?e a very remote antiquityfor the pibricd ' their erection. Their 8i>uaaoL8,. mainly along te large* rivers and on the shores of lakef, an- punce the primeval llate of nations. As tb« Ms of the water are more easily obtained than lose of the forest, and these last more easily Ian the productions of the earth. The first em- loymi^nt of man must have been that 'of lifhing, Id his first (dod the productions of the waters. ' / These mo* nds and forts are not found in any reat oumbersslopg the shores of the main oceans. [his circumstance goes to shew that those by mom they were made, were not in the practice navigating the great seai.. That their existence of higher antiquity than the eommencement of te period of history is evidetkt from the fact that )neof them contain a single inscription of anykiiid ^ven the famous pyramids of Egypt do sot contain [single tetter or hierogiiphic, to announce the time rhen, or thiaj^rsons hy'whom they^ were}^erected% * letters had been io use at the time of the olitld- ig of those stupendoot repositori^ of departed [randeMr, they wOultf-^eubtless have been used to Innounce^the names and honour of 'hose who e* [ected them for/tn^pulchral and imperishable mo<^ mments, of their JiV A power, wealth and majes* Another evidence of the great age ofthese rude remains of^nti^uity, ^ tbis; there exists no whero # ^vfn a tTadfliO^ftiyiiccountefftli^ir Origin. ^^m^fP-- —fielt period Sf^h^w.Grician histo#y, they W^^ llonly suj^osed^ to^^tejplhe graves. t •^ S0 AitTK^riTieg. giants. After what lapse of time does (rddilbj (ie^nerate into fable? At what period of tii does fable itself wear out, and consign eJl aniij qiiity toa.totaI and acknowledged oblivion? this baa happened with regard 4o the antiquitie ^tinder consideration. l^rom aH these eonsiderationt, it appears tb^ •ay enquiry concerning ^e history of the antii quities of our country, would-be a fruitless rt| aearcb. "Close shiU those grave*, nor tell single 1ale,*VconeerDingL the nunieroiis populatic whose reliots they enclose; * & The antiquities ' of oup country do not pVesen to the imhd of Ihe author, the slightest evidenJ ces that this quarter of the world was ever inhabij ted by a civilized people, before it ^as discovert by the European?., They present do tracerof Ui art of building,, gculptcipe or painting-; not a sionj xoarked witli a hanifiier is any where; to be foui ft is supposed' by some,, t^at the aborigines this country were in the habit ol using iron tool^ and ioipleisetits of war; that such was the fact, a; pears to roe very doubtful^ There can exist no spe •imens of iron, coeval with the antiquitiesof tbii country,, as iron, in alroosl^aoy silutation is lial t0 rust, and pass to its primative state of ore. •the disoovary of^Ameriea^^' Indians kfttw nothj ing of the use of iron. Any people who liiive en been in the^ habit of U8ln|^ iroo^ wiU be sure leave some indelible traces . of « its use, behio^ them; but the aboriginos ofiiiii country hateleil -none. Babarians in maay instances, have possessef n^o stilt possess, the art of .writir%; but \t ii Nobe prijsume.d that aud^^ii^d peqptf vixere destitttt^f (bat art.%The orir" '^ ^r*-: m ANTIQUITIES. l^ ttvc», nor tell talkto of ibis country poasesied it not; or thejr rould ceptai n ly have left aoino traces of ^ bf h|od them. ^ * •• If they possessed some trinketfl of copper,, iii- rer, goldv^i^ evjen tools, and military weapons. of pron, they nevertheless, furrii^ no evidences 'of bivilizatioo, aiall hktory goes to shew that the lornaniental, or military use of these sietais, is [cooiisteiH; with the grossest Bwbarism. 'fhe' Calmae TCariers have tbei| jjgj^,; and sttver- amilfts^ ^l|df |t what peop\^iijfe|trlh are mor6 [barbarooi^flian tlie Calmucs. !^|r,4anie may be said of the CiroastAnt;^ Ih^ )||^^^baidance [of gt^d-and silvM^orniiiient^; J^f it{i«|^^ [ Copper may ikve f^«od its ivay to|ni^^^tr; ^ironr Feruya country in which that rn^t^K^p|n* [daot: a few gold, atid silver coinsi if stj|^lye been found to pur cQiiinlry, may have cooitf' Asia, or even £ij^op^|;^^bt|||hey certainly were ire? er BianuiacturBd" l^rf^* , '^ ' , .,"* " If i|kt theperio4^ofVi|nehercfli aUs^fd^tovt was any thing like civiIi3;atioa in thd world j It waS' eicluftively confifjed to Egypt) and Ihe isli^ds in the neighbourhoocj of that country, Tha py^ ratnid^ of %ypt, an^ the Qtie^^ns palace in th^ is- land of Cyprus, are tMiiit of hewn stone; bnfpi^ ling lip hugestonea, in usel^^ss edldce^^ b^ the hands of slaves, is no great evidance of civiHza* tion. In fact the edifices themselves, aUhorthej' manifest a degree of machanical SkilV, and'the use of iron tools are; efrVdences of the gloss«st barbar- ism ori the part of those by whose orders they were*^ built. It was exbaustin| the lives and resoiirses of a nation ir^ju^el^s mon'unients not of rational grandeu* ; butsojaly for thai of the iadividuaj «iLonr ■•-■'V.. 8$ AKTIQVITTES. It 19 not worth wbiin to amuso ourselves with the fanciful ereatio »s, of a vivid imagination un • supported by facts. Tlie evidences of science, and civilization ere not furnished by the antiqui- ties of our country, and in vain beyond the peri- od of history, do ue look for tbena in any otbf r region of theearih,* By what events could the monuments of arts, sciences, and civilization have been utterly deslroysd? Storms, cartfaqnakes, vul- canoes and war, distructive as ihey are, are not tiufficiently so ttf^^<^ them. Tho>h#fe8 of our rivers, and ]aki$rjpil^ been inhabit^^ by^ a race of barbari8n%M^i^ ^ha^ subsisted by hunting) and UshiQ^i^^pit^ : hai^ )4|f% us their forts^ or. fownwi^i£ii^piief|^^g^^ l|ii little else^— If ihJl^pl^^Ji^ 'l^ehind t^ any fnonumeotd of l^ta lH^^lcilences, ihey in like manner would bave^'dl^ended to us^but nothing of the kind ha#c(line to our hands. Tljiy wMPre not there- in if>0ftse68ed of thos^^rtSj: and seiences, which are evsential to a c^^i^ state of^isor ciety It is Itl^* asked, wfaeth# those pecpl^y who have left -behind th«»in lh6~atf|ii|Uit}e3 of out country, were the ancett0rs of ^e present indi* ons?- Unquestionabljf tbay were^ and reader, their coteinporaries of Europe, and Asia, wera v^ur ancestors and they were mine. Humiliating M this statement may seem, it must be true; oth- erwise there must have been two creations of the human race, and this wc have no rteason to auppoBi^ ' Perhapa the moral philoaopher might say with truth; t^t the intellectual faculties of man, on a general ^le, like those of the mdividual, ha^e been doomed to pass thro' a tedious Infancy, non- age and youth, before they ahall reach the xeiiitb ANtiqUITlES. U of manhood. However rud^, and iftdicatiire 01" barbarism, the antiquities whic^t tho89 renpte gen- erations have leA behind them, their reloition to us as ancestors, is no way^dishononrabie to us. It is only saying that theirs ivas the infant state of the intellectual faculties of man. 1vi>at were the inteUectual faculties oi Sir Isaac New- toi|in his infancy, and nonage, in comparison to the state of their full detrelopement, when he not only grasped the dimensions of our globe; but In the Scifl^nte of astronomy, wl^irled in triumph through ttie signs of heiiven^ Yet it is no way dishpnotafole to this prince of phi]p^;>hers> that lie was once an^infant, and a Ifoy^ "^^ * v It may be adMsd, by what even fs has all^emem* brance of tbo^ie'ref^pte generations, been so far effaced, that even. th^fttld j^^ limitatiOQof tlie eitttent or tfa^ history of tW m* ation of I ^atastrop "tbegr ndows of n the eaddfor- »y the believer^ not extend to io ANTItViTlES. tructioR, on the one band, or the total denial of its authenticity on the other hand, have anjj bearing onthe physicail evidences of the migh- ty. revolutions v^hich liave taken place on ogrl globe? Tim natWal history of those revolutionij is exhibited) and its awful import cannot be mis- taken. The philosopher sees all over the surface | of the earth, ^nd even within is bowels, the spoils { •ftheoeean. Ail fossil coal, he says, was vege- table matter. If so, by what tremendous convul- sions, have such iimnense quantities tyf vegetable I matters 'been buried,over so great a portion of the globe, and nt such tleptiis below its surface? All lioiestone^^ inarble and selenite, h^ says, has beoo ! formal Wm tbjB s^iells of the n\i|Derous tribt-s ef{ shell fish, because like those she||i, tiiey are car- bonates of lime; and yet there is no description ■of stone more abundant than the carbonates of I ^'lime. If this be -correct, what must be the age of 'eworid, and what ^estrvictive revolutions^ must ave rent,^jm^ cjbanged the position of its^^om- onent ^j^up^ery quarter! Yet it sefl^Wery -way probable, thai tfao|^ des- trug^ive convuj^nB, ^/ji^h haveteen e^asioned iiyjpoods,.earQqualcJ^psnd subterranean fires, MIevertook pj^eover tlie whole extent of the globe at any *ime;di|j|t have affected different regions in snccession so that however great the destruc- tion of ammated nature at any one of those tre- memdioua tevolutions, the greater amount of it still femained in other regions. «,^iiM^ having passed in review ihe aniiquities ^^f^ coun^,^ particularly the melancholy mon- ument%of the ancient dead, what have we gained? ^iSimply this, that the generations of remote anti- quity were eTflty where the same, at least in iTNtlQtJItlEi* i\ tbeif ^evertnct for the dead, Vtrhosie mdRUtneiit^ constitute almost the only history which ihey havd left behind them, and that for want of letters, and other testimonials cf arts, and sciences, we are warranted in sayitigthat their state of society roust have been that which we denominate thebarbarouRj: yet their history, rude is it is^ is entitled to respect. They Were no doubt the antideluvian race: they were the primeval fathers of mankind. The inx- mediate progenitors of our race, to whom the mu- tiificent creator gave dominion over the tish of the see, the fowl of the tir, and every living thing; [that moveth upon the e^rtb.^' ^roto them w^ have inherited our existence and bur charter Cd this possession oif the world, fiven the harbaroud state ofi^ciety is entitled to respect; forharbarism has its virtues. Much as the physical happihesd of Mn hits beeil >aiugmented by civilization, how far ha*8 his moral state received improvement from the vugmentatioh of his science and civiliiittioo? Hk<^(| the^ made his heart the better? Hav^ they taiught him the noble philanthrophy dt the good Sftmiiritan? Or has be only exchanged thie ferOcity of the tatag^ for the cunning of th% sharper? Are the vicei of our naiture diminilhed In force, bir are they onlj^ Varnished like a whited sepoTchre and placed under concealment, so as to obtain their objects with greater effect, an^ on « broade scale? Have the political institutions of the world become sources of freedom ^ pes^ce and good will to the ' p^ople^ Let the boasted region of our forefathers, ^¥i|»ht- ened Europe, answer the enquiiy. Therl- Hl^d^ contributions, insupportable m their amount, itf' dace all the 'miseries of pauperism; royal aaUtiMi 4M ifittivnitB* present its millione of subjecU to the deadly mi^ chinery of modern warfare; but are the valiantl dead honored with a monument of iheir. existence | anti bravery? Not that insatiable avarice which | knows imthing sacred, makes a traffic of their! bones, the groatking engine converts them to pow der to furnish manure for an unfriendly soil. If I this is civiliTation, pray wliat is barbarism ? A veneration for antiquity seems to be natural to i tnan; hence w« consider as barbarians, those who! demolish the relicts of antiquity. We justly blame the Turks for burningthenne marble oolutmis of{ a;<^ient Greece Into Ume; but do we display a just* er taste, with regard to the only relieks which our country is honoured? When those reiic^a shall have di«appeared. and nothing but tbeir hiatory shall remainj Will not future generations pro- tiounce 08 batbaHans for having demolished them.' I'hose venerable sepulobral mounds ought to be teligiously preserved, and e^n planted witb ever* greens. They Would figure well in our grave Jrards, public squarea, andT^ublic walks; but what Is likely to b& Hieir fate ^ If in fields^ for the^sake of a few additionul ears i>f corP) or sheaves of Wheat, they are plo^wed'do#o. If within the lim- its of atown^t demolished to afford a scite for a )ious«, OF garden, or to fill up some aunken spot^ while the walla which inclosed the town^ or fort of the ancients, are ^adeinto-brick. Suchiamant Such am the eiiligbtaned>( ^merioanal .' ^> MorigineSi CHAPTER III. WfiETtiER the lodtans of North, and South h" »etica, and the Tarlars of the Dorih eastern coasts ' the pacific c>oean, have had a common or)giiv> , an enquiry which baa long esereised the ingen- ^ty of the statesmen, and historiant of our coun ! ry, some of vrhfim hare derived our aboriginal opulatioa from Asia, while others of them co^t 18 honor of having given populaiioa to Asiaiio rarur, are regarded as evidences of a Gommunity "origin* Of these tests the first, namelj) that of a siroilarr U of languages is considered the most important id conclasive, and has therefore received the, reateet amount of attentioi from the learned. Doct. Bartoa, a farmer professor of medicine ia je University of Pennsylvaniavbas given a vocab- ulary of about frfty corre'sponding words, of about [ighty different languages of the North, and South American Indians, and about thirty Qf those csiatic Tartars, for the purpose of showf^ ientity of th-eir origin, by the resemblancf inguages. ' "W" To the mind of the author of this worl^ tbia laborious rescareh has resulted in nothing very' Snclttsivej^ as from the specimans gi||n ioi Ihoi^ 44 ▲B9RICHNfi3. U Tocabularies, the resembUnce between thofte nii- merous langutgrs, appeers aatiroaU as cau weH be imagiDtfd. This vraut of success in the learned author, is not to be wondered at: as nothing ii inure permanent than a written language^ so no- thing can be more fleeting and changeable than an unwritten one. The languages in question, are all of the latter class, that ie to say, they are all unwritten lao- guages and of course, constantly on the change, so thfkt if they had all originally sprung even from {be same language, in the lapse of some thouands of yearsj (hey would no doubt have been as wide of the original, and as different from each other as ths iMjbus languages of these wandering tribes are at pfwnjt. What is theHebrew Tanfuage at present?* A mere Wffittea language, and nothing else. Its pronunci- ^ion his gone with the breath of those who spoke it% Nad it pot been a written language what traces of iJt would now remain ^ Most likely all traces of it, by this time would have been wholy obliterated. Many, worde of it might have remained among the Aribe, Copts, and Syrians, while the original would iieve been buried in utter oblivion. iThe present languages of £urope,^eihibit clear- Jy whet immense changes take place in lan^ua- ges in the lapse of a fev^ centuries. Tbe Eng- lish^ French, Italian, Spanish and PortuguesA laa- guaj^B, have ^11 sprung from tbe dow^ml of the ^impire,. and all these bnguageelare com* inly of tbe languages; of the Roman em- the German, that of their conquerors; and '^flpbow differfint are their languages from each otner. A man of science can readily trace <|ut tb^ir rea^blanoe to each ttheF. {{pt sa vfii^, m orlfiiiai Nil loi for I Mlit h< *! U iNHelih Awa I •kffdrff ttiflish elj mbl Alt'llKiiNKlf; i ^ cen thoie nii- I as can weH itlil.raM, (0 whom thry are ill distinct Ian* 9 can w«« ipiigef, as mucli lo aa they, ^fould havu bcfn if the learned jjjjl^ j,^j „„ common origins. Had tbena langua- as nothing ii guage; so no* tangeable thac langui §M never bct'n ivriftept the comnjuniiy ot'thtir orkinala woiihl, in all human probability, have hmn ioit sight of long before thia time. It r *i 1 <* '^^ proof that such wouhl hav« been thn cnso, 111 o! tiie »a«« j^^it 1,0 understood that the Ent;!nh laf.guago n '°*^K h ■ll|l«"pofL»tinandGfrm..n. Take all the word? n ine cnange, ^^^^ |^^^^ 1^^^.^ d.:i ived from those two langungts ung even ironj f^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ Erglii»h, and you will have but a few '""^''^^VJ^^Jfl^dH from other longunges behind; yet when tii lecn a8Wideor|jj|ligl,,„^j, jj^^r, '*''* Ourman spoken, bin ear CD other as tn«pp||(,^lyy.pgQ^f^j 209 n iirgle '.rord which b^arn nny ngtrjpea%reat|pg|gnnblance to liis ovtn language; ao wi«lily dif- HUffit are the pronunciations of these lMiigiiHt;e>: resent?' A merciyjUoiigb go ne&rly al!ic*d to each other. Tbc huii>u Its pronunciiSrvation would huld good with regard to ilo ose who spokeupn languid**, did we une the pronunciution rt ge what traces C^ro, and Virgil, in reading and speaking it.-^ ly all tracei ofQi this iiuhjcct we may go farther, and aujiposc >ly obliterated. i||ghe languageii above enumerated, to have been ed among Ihe gilrrittrn from their /!rst form%tion, 'till this date, original would aii now for the first time to be committed to liljling, out of a dozen scribe*, scarcely any two ^exhibit clear-i^^em would spell the same wordo with the itaiiio ce io lantfua'kiilrp. Tbiftditference of orthography would sti;i !g. The Enf- ortuguest lao- iw^ml of thei agel^are €om-i e Roman em- r conquerors;! nguagea from readily trace {{pt 60 witl er obliterate the traced of the cumniunity « t riginaU of those kiodied languaged, ko f ir a) lere sound is conc*^ ned in perpituu'it)g iho mbrance of their conn mon origins, le present ^4erman language is cleft into a« X variety of dialvcts ao widely ditfcrent from • other, that the {peasantry of diflfereiit district-} e German ei>tp«re, do not well an<re being twenty radical languages among the Anifriean In- dians, for one amongst the Asiatic Tartars, and hence he gives America the honor of having givtQ population t< Tartary. His words are these: ** But imperfect as is our knov^ledge of the Ian- ' guage? spoken in America, it suflicas to dit)cf;ver Ibe foilowiitff rfn-arkable fact; arratgirg them unritrtlie radical ones to which thiynay bv put* pably tracrd, and doing the f:ame by those cf the rod men ot Aaia^ thir will ba fuuod probably 20 in LOlOfiCi io called Ihey havi \ Agigoi Accurate |es of Ai |varrante( ^racy o laid that Of his fiat ier upon and natio There permanei merit of i live case this tent, placed w tltat any | j^ode of I |»f the m( )|ular sue he ^ente cci of til aijguage iaaie oni ^e diftt^rc kill take |he langu lonable t lBK)»(Ciaii, latiguitgv ihclr uial And thiii( irBORI«IKiJ* 4i BO • com* Ui« vtriid tripthoflgi Dili, he can Uogutge mmon Qer- have hr.ft It tgo, (torn It Gaelic of »f England, n language; n three dii- >t tec, that mtly lorm habitat ions, f words ii <»f fefcifl •miuiinity of non oriKia, Mr. JitTtr- 'I'^re being nieiican In- Pariarf, and aving givio ) these: of the Ian* to di{iCf;ver girg them lay be pal- hofc cf (lie ibabJy iO in Marici for one in Asia of thote radieal tanguagitt, |o called beeauae if iltj were ever the HtniCy they havt lott all re«einblance to each other/* MOTKf ON TiROIMU, p. 137. \ A gigantic coocluaion? A concluaion, which aa iccurate knowledg*; of one hundred of the langua- tea of America and A»ia, would acarcely have firarrantad: With all deferrrnce tn th«; uaual ac- furacy of thitilluatrious philoaopher, it may be taid that a teal for (he honor of thn ahoriginet Jf hit native country, must have led him to con- ;r upon them the prturiiy of claio), to individual, $nd national eiiatence. There it one feature of language, much mor« permanent than its Bound, and that 14 the arrange- ment of ite sentencf't, with regard to the nomina- tive cate, with itt veih, and objective cate. On this te»t, it teems to me tome reliance may be placed with tafe(y, at it doet not appear filcHy that any people ever made any change in Uieir toode of eipreation: because it it (he atrangemrnt |»f the members of a sentence which Hxes the re- ular euccetsion of ideat. Ifihe agent is first in he sentence , then (he action and laatly the tub- cct of (he action, the ideas of thotic who apeak a aiiguage so arranged, follow each other m the fame order; should (he menibers of the aentence e diftWiendy diiiposed, a corresponding diiforence ill take place in the (houghtH of those who speak he language in question. IVoiii all thi^ it is rea« oiiahle to infer that the arrangement of sentences^ IjiKptcialiy among bArbaiiaiiS wfio have no written lauguitges, is the nioKt iini'aryiiig filature of all their uialicta. la this resptct at Jcuai ^' Words land ihiiigs/* 4$ iiOIIIQINCf. fe* . Irt the Hebrew liit; reib ffandf almoRt uniromY)^ •( ibe bf ^innin^ of the sentence, laxt the noirJ ativr, and then* the nbjt ciive caie. It would ' ofiome inipertance toknoiv whulhiT Ihia arran(,. merit in that of Asiatic latigua(e*!t generally, an^ whether uur Indian languoget have tba aama irj rangeinent ot'HCDtoLcei. f In the German, which ia probably one of th^ oliktt languages cfthe world, the nominative cm it at the beginning of tlio benterce, then !he ot jfctive case, ant) last of all the v«ib. In the £nglish (ht* nuniinative is the !; iiiirj of theaeotf^nce, neit tlit* vi rh, and lastly %ii« ob«l jectire case, so that the rases in our laiigtiPM are determined by ilie position of the bouds, aoq not by their terniiriatiofis In the Latin artd Oree.k languages, there seei to have bten nodiiiiule arrangement rf the men] bors of a seiitence, nor was it requisite tlierj ahould, as their concerd, and government won determined by the terminations of their verbs, mi subptantivcB. The ttst of a samenesa in the arrangement of tlii vembers of sentences, has, as far as I know, navi been attended to, ill any attempt to discover a r semblance between the Asiatic^ and Americi^ laiiguagei. A likeness in the sounds cf words i| Icne has been regarded as furnishing the cvideoct of their affinity. But who shall determine the point in nuettiotil V. here shall we find a philogivt, suftieiently versrj in the larguages of Asiatic Tartaiy, and those i the Indians of America, to determine the questioi c4 their rcKeiiiblance to each othei ? Aa these lao| guages contain no Boifoce, art d are therefore o( 4»uith learning, it is nut likely that such a pcrs( AB0RlQlNi4« 4d will be found before the Indian languages shall have Tanished from the earthy With the religious rites and' ceremonies of the Tartars, and American Indians,^ we are too littlo acquainted to jusiifj anj conclusion, concerni?)g the identity of their origin fro^ them. The most that we know on this siibject, is that their pawawft or priests are professed, sorcerers, who are suppo* •ed capable o[ fniiicting misfortunes, disease, and death, by charms, and . incantations. The angf- koks of Greenland, and Esquimaux, were men of the same profession. Most likely the Tartar priesthood is of the same cast. ,The next thing to be considered is the aame- BeSi,ol colour, as having relation to the queatida under discussion. Here it is hoped, a littleij jixity in stating the physical causes of all tbi"^ ties of human coloirs, will be eioused. On this subject twa questions present them« M^es. ' First, what is colour, and secondly, what are the natural causes of the rarious colors of the human .skin? Colour it a certain arrangement of particlei o^ the surface ef bodies, so constituted as to reOecty, or absorb the riya of light in such a manner as to make a specific injipression on the organs of rision 4en.omiA^te4 colour. That arrangement of parti- cles on the sijrface of bodies which absorbs all the rays of light, is denominated hlack;rOo the con- trary, thi^ which reflects them at their angle pf incidence, produces the white colour.^ riotis angles of reflection of the rays of ji stitute the ground work of all colours 1^ extremes of black and while. Colour i| a mere modification of particles on the hodiea. ^ ab0f:ginc5* There Arc fo!ir cnrdinftl vorietiea of humiau colour. First, !liec1c«r ivliite of ihc hypeiborea^n, «iich as th^t of the Swedes, Danes, and PoIoBg end otRers in the eame parrelels of latituile8. Secondly, fhe Fwarth}' coloui of the inhabitants of the south of Europe, and the northern parts of Africa, and Asia, Thirdly, the jet black of ti;e negroes, and AbyBinians of Africa, but with this difference, that the latter^ have the features c f Europeans, and long straight hair: and laetly, tha ret}, or copper co!our of the Asiatic tartars, and American Indians. Varying with the iparakls of latitude from that of Sweden, to the toirid zone^ the hitman skin exhibits every possible shade of differencfi betweea ihie white, and the deepest Mack. Concerning the pbysical cause cf (he varlQUSi colors of mankind,, s great irariety of opinions have been entertained, I shall however take nc notice of any of them, but give that theory on thi» subject, which appears to be founded in truth, snd which now generally prevails. It is that, which attributes all the varieties of human colour to the infiueoce of cUnaate, and diffeieot mode$i •f living. £very phenomena of the subject in questioiki evidently coincides with this opinion. The sciences of anatomy, and phisiology, have clearly decided that (he rete mucosum of the skin, is the basis of its colour. This, bowevep, requises some explanation. The skin consists of three membiranes. The outer one is the epidermis, or scarf skin, the second is the rete mucosum, or aa the exps^^on imports, a mucous membrane, or net worP^hich lies imInediatelT under the scarf fikini^ftnd lastl^r the true skin^ Thislalter, or trti^ x&oRicmi&tf. 5t iktn is peHeclly w\Me in all people, tbc epidisirifiis^ orscarlskin ir universally transparent. TItrough ibis transparent scarf skin, the colour of jHfie rete mucosunf), underneath is discovered. That the state of the t'etc mucosUiD) with regafd to colour, is varied by the influence of climate, and mode& of life, there can be no doubt. The^ zones of the earth are scarcely better marked out by their parallels of latitude, thlb are the inbabi- ti»nts of: their respective latitudes^ designated by their shades of colour^ from the white of the north, to the black of the tropical regiohs^ Tbos^ lat- ter regions- alone, exhibit considerable varietT of^ eolpur. Their inhabitants are not all black it may be said however, that nohe of tbem are white. Their must be something peculiar in the air, and certain portions of Afriea, which give the sooty colour of: the negro, and Abyainian.* JPhisioIogy Will in time discover this pheno'menom Whatever may have been the original colour of mankind, a r have not: beenri^v^be habit of seeing Eufopeaos, never fails 4o dij^J^ deepest hortor. At. first sight tliey asdSI ^^be whiteness of theikioy to sofneileaftfaaomo cad ift<« ^utaMe disaasci ' # 61 X1iCRi^i^£9. Ilvidetices of the influence of climate oh (U tiuman colour, present themselves cooBtantly to our observation. The descendants of the Afric&ni in our country, far are from having the sooty black | colour of their forefathers, the natives of Africa. The latter ak'e distinguished from the former at | first sight. In Ameriba thisrie are inahy full blooded negroes I scarctly a shade nearer the black, than niany of our mulattoes. These ^re denominated vshite ne< groes. Africa ekhibits none of this descriptioD. These people exhibit One presumptive evidienceJ ^that thb original colour of mankind was white. The skin of a full blooded negro infant, for some time after birth, is nearly white. It is hot until the skin of the child has been exposed to| ihe air for some time, that the rete mucosum be* comes of siicb a texture as to exhibit the black | colour. Many of our young itien of a fair coroplt xion, alter perfoiming several Voyages down the river^j and among the west India Islands, return swar- thy men^ and reraaio so for life. fivery roothar is aware of the influence of the sun in tannir>^ their children, especially during the prevblence of the equinoctial wind in the vpriiig of the year, and tberefore take every pains, to prevent their blasting influencis on the lilly, and the rose, of their littlb progeny^ (during thjat season. It may be asked, why the Indian bolour in Amer- ica aniong tht white people ? Why this difference •flcolour in the sama region.^ All . circumstan- tas idUg, the red colour of the Indian, is the co-. lourMltehis natural to oiir country. Many of those of the white people who have been bronghi bp iataieegtlie Indians fton their iofuiey, difTef % ABeiI«lHB^ 53 §om tlism bat little io point ofcoloar, and art (o ht distinguib <:d from them, onlj by the diffisreDce •f their features. There are maoy of bur white jieople of a darker hue than many of the In*- diani. We do not to readily perceive thit, he- eause a ff hite man, let hit colour be ever i o dark, \8 gtill a white man, whil« an Indian with a whiter skin it atill an Indian. We lose tight of the colour of bftb in the national eharacter of each, of which we never lose sight. Were any number of white people to ado^t the ladian mode of living in its full «txtent, in a few generations, the difference •f colour between them and the Indian would not be great. How much whiter is a French Cana- dian boatman than an Indian? Scarcely a single shade. Thus physiology has ascertained beyond a shadow of doubt^ that the rete macoBua is the basis of the human colour, and innumt^rable facts go to show that the various states of this m«m« brane, which e^thibit all the varieties of the hi- man colour, are necasioaed by the influence dt different climatei, and modes of living. But from the varieties of this membrane se slight in themselves, that physiolef y can scareelj discover them, except in their effects, what mighty cohs(;i{ences have arisen! What impop* Hint conclusions have been drawn! An African is black, has a woolly head, an4 a flat nose; he is therefore not entitled to the rights of human natursi But he is a docile being possessed of but little pride of independence, an4 a subject of the softer paj^sions^, who rftther ihas nsk his life in the defence of his liberty will «*Take the pittance and the lash." HeiglktMl^ Ibrt a f roper sabject for alavary* ^^ «4 iBoii6rf^iif^. '. Tho InctUn has a copper cotoured skin, and 'tlicrefore the rights of huinln nature du not be* long to him! Cat he will not work, and his high sense of independence, and ttroiyg dedire of Teve^gft would place in dtinger the propertj, an;] life of the oppressor, who should attempt to force him to labor. He is therefore to be exterminated; or at least despoiled of his country, and driven to somerRmote region where he must jjerish! Such 1ias been, and such stiTl is^to a certain 'extent, the logic of nations poseef-s^d of all ihb science cf the world! — Of cluistian nations- How horrid the features of that sluvtry to which this logic has given birth! The b^enevolent heart lileeds at the thought of the cruelties which have always accoinpanied it; amongst the Mahomedans as soon aa the christian slave embraces the religi- on of his master, he is free; but among the fol- lowers of the Messiah, the slave may indeed em* 'briekce the religion of his master; t}ut he still re* nislins a slave; although a christian brother. It is a curious circumstance, that while our Missionaries are generously traversing tha mcst' inhospitable regions, and eii'deavouring with in- 'cesiant toil, to give tW science of £u rope, and America, together witli t1be christi^ rc^^elafian, to the benighted pagans, most of the legis1arur(% Df our slave holding state have mad6 it an highly penal offence) to teach a slave a single letter-^ ^iVhila at great expen^de and waste of varua- )>le lives, fve are (endeavouring to teach the natives Df Aftica, the use of letters, no one durst attempt to ^6 the sa^e thing for the wretched descehdabts of that ill-j|fled people, houndjn the fetters of slave- ^ in America. Thus otir sJiaverv Chains the snui %8 m^M if» hodf. Would a MttMeimaii hnM A30ai6lt>BSi 55f his filave from lieeroingto roadllie Alcoreo.^ Siirt-* ij b(! would r.ot We are often told bj; slaveholders, tbtl iheji would vrilliiigly {i'lve freedon to their glaves, if ti;ey could do it with safeij: If they could gvt rid ofthem when ft ce;i but are they more dangerous ivlftn free, than when in slavery! But adniitting: the hct, that owing to their ignorance, f tupidity. and bad Itablts, tltey are unlit tor frct«dom; wc ouraeWes have made them so. We debase theiti (o the condition of brute», and then use that de- baseitiest as ao argument for perpetuating their slavery. • « I will conclifde this digression, with the elo- quent language of President Jefferson on the sub* ject. ** Human liberty is the gift of Sod; and can- not be violated but in his wrath. Indeed 1 trembld for my country, when I reflect that Qod is just* and that his justice cannot sleep forever: that c€>n- sidenng nuinberf), Tiature, and natural means on^ Ty, a revolution of the wheeh of fortune, ao ex* change of situation is among the possible events:- il may bpcome probable by supernatural inter* fercnce. The Almighty has no attribute whic)i> can take side with us in such a contest." But to return. Why this great solicitude of.tb^- learned, io discover the, geueology of^ ihe Ameri- can Indians.^ This solicitude is like maoT other *Many suppose that some of the Indians are oj Jew- ish origin. This may indeed heiht coit.^ Jar at an car- ly period of the Jcwhh history, Shalmapcficrf the king of A^^yxia, i&^k Samaria after a siege of three f^cars con- tinuance^ " %&nd the king of Assyiia did cdHrry arvay : Israel into Jlssyria., ai\d put them in Halaky and in flahf/r, by the rivtr Gozan, and in the city if tbfi- u A90BlfilXCES. fjiibiontblt puriuiu of tho present daj. It is lU^ a voyage to the northern polar regions, or a jour- ney into Africa; in the former of n Iiich, nothing is seen but immense islands of ice, and in the latter little else than regions of and deserts; but the voyager and traveller return home rich in dis- coveries — of red snow— •the probable cause of the aurora boreal is— or of an hidden catacomb, full of mumnies^and the hug5 head of the lesierMemnei*, Besides actual discoveries, both are rich— in cen- JBCtures of little or no importance to the world. We Might say the Englishman, the French- nan, and German, what is yeur. origin? He knows no more of his own j;«nealogy, than he does of that of the American Indians. The blood of fifty nations, for aught he can tell to the con- trary, runs in his veins. He may bf related to the Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Greeks, Bomans, Copts and many other smaller nation^ whose very names have long since been burieil in oblivion. •HfedlM.'* From these placet tit is hghly probable ma* 9lf of the Jews, found their vay into Eastern Tartary, and from thence to •Jmcn'ca, but toith the loss of their national character, language and religion. Ten cf Ike twelve tribes were carried off by ShaUnaneser, Jftev this everd^ history no longer recognizes those tribes m Jews; thenceforward the kingdom (fisral. consisted on^ ty of the tiibes of Juda, Benjamin, and part ^ the tribe of Levi. So large a number oj prolific people, must have soon associated themselves, by travellings commeru^ and intermarriages, with dl the surrounditig nati(ms, smd of course weir descendants would be as likely If ^9yi tSiir wi^ to Mmerica, as any other people. II KingSy Chap, It. dQfitveo Virgittia,p. U^* A£0RI6INfii. 67 Thus while you are anxiously inquiring for Ihc ori^ii of the poor Eavag«8 of America, you forget your own. Perhaps ot ihis moment, you kno.v nothing of your immediate ancestry, beyond yoUT ^rand father, or at the farthest your great giand father. If we should infer a commuoily of origin, bc- tfveen the Tartars of A^^ia, and the Ameiican'']|ti- dians, from a resemblance of color, it would Le no more than saying tb;it the same causes, will in similar circumstances, produce the same effvicts: the sun and air will produce the same cffec/s on nian in Tartary, that they- do in America in the same latitudes. It is now too late, or soon will be so, to find any thing like a solution of V.ns question from any resemblance between the la.]- guages of these people. The religious vvorsljip tf savages, is every where pretty much the sajne, and therefore throws no light on the subject. O.i their traditions no reliance can b»? placed, because to a ptople who have no written science, the past is a region of fabulous uncertainty. It is enough for the solution of this queFition, thst the navigatifin of the northern Atlantic, & northern Pacifici^ has at all time* been practicable, evci to the imperfect navigation of the nations inhabiting^, their shores, and that they have at all times car- ried on a constant intercourse wiih each ether, especially ao'oss the northern pacific. But to which continent shall we arcribb the honour of having given population to the oiL«*r. — This is the most important point in this dipcus- eioOy bit can it ever be settled? Fcr nr.y part I am perfectly willing to concede to the old world (be honour of having given Population to the new It is luucb (ho largest continent, and by far, tt^ fint in arts and Bcieoces. Besides placing tome reliance on the oldest, and not tb« least authen- tic history in the world, I can see no reason why the garden of Eden, near the head of the Persian gulf, was not a point from which the whole world might as conveniently be peopled, and in as short a time, as from any other spot wbioh a geographer can point out. On the whole, the race of mankind constitutes an eidufive genus of animated beings; man is therefore an unit, and as such must have bad one comman origin ** No matter what colour, an Indian or an African sun may have burnt up- on him." He justly claims a kindred relation to the whole of his race. What though' the se^ vere cold of the arctic circles has dwindled their inhabitants down to a dwarfish stature. What though in more fortunate climates we meet witb Anekim, or Patigonians, m all the essentials o£ bis physical , and moral character, nukn is the •ame m every region of the globe. May this paternal relation be every where re^ Gognizedl May a just, and enlightened policy, and above all may the holy religion of the good Samaritan, induce the strong to respect the claims of the weak upon his justice and humanity, and <*Todo unto others^ as be would tbey ^should ^ nnt^him;" #■ n^ c. _ V , Wealhep. GHAPi'ER \% Great changes have taken piace \u our r/^i* •" [em of weather, eiace the sett lemont <:;i' \\w, '^toi^' jrn country, yet those changes have b*e/. r.og.ad' lal, that it is no very easy taEk to ic^coUcct, or lesciibe them. At the first settlement of Ihe courJrT the sum- lers were mucbqpoler than ibeyore of prejent/ ^or many years wc scarcely tvtf butl a oinj^^e rarm nif,ht during the whole summer. ThA (;^«>t)- Ings were cool, and the mornings frequcnt'f j un>^ comfortably cold. The coHn^sv of the nights ivi;p >wiDgto the deep shade of the lofty fsFist tr-e'^fy^ rhich every where covered lh«; ground. In addi tioDto this* the surface of lVt<3 ear lb tva? still fur« ther shaded by large crn^% of wild grass, aod^ [weeds, which DrevcoUd \i from becoming heated by the rays or thu sun during the day. At sun jdowo, 'b(^ aW bttgan to become damp, and cool, [aad* continued to increase in coldness, untill war* jm^d by the sunshine of the succeeding day. This wild herbage afforded pasture for oar cat' jfle, and horses, from spring 'till the onset of win- ter. To enable the owner to iind his beasts, the leader of each Hock of cattle, horses, and sheep was furnished with a bell suspended to the neck^ by a leathren, or iron collar. Bells, therefore coa« ftituted a consider abb article of traffic in earjt fiO WIAWrtl. One dipfrfssiDg circumstance reeulled from tlie wild herbage of our wildernese. It produced in- numerable swarms of gnats, n)oschet(oes,and horse Hies. Those distressing insects gave such annoj- anfte to man, and beast that they may j«>stly be ranked among the early plagues of the counti|. During that part of the season in which they weie prevalent,, they made the cattle poor, and lessened the amount of their milk* In plowing, they were 1 very distressing to the horspSi It was customary to build large fires cf old logs, about the forts, the I cmoke of which kept the flies from the cattle,which soon learned to change their position, with evcrj •hange of wind, so as to keep themselves con- , etanily in the enjoke. ' Our summers in e«rly tiflDCSj* were mostly very J dry. Tha beds of our large creeks, excepting in^ the deep holca, preeentcd nothing but naked rocks. The mills were not expected to do any grinding after the latter end of May, excepting for a short time after a thunder gust; our most prudent bouse- keepers, thf reform took care to have their summer stock ef flour ground in the months of March and April If tbis stock was expended too soon, there were no resources but thcs»^ of the hominy block; or hand miU. It was a frrquent gaying cimong our farmers^ that three good rains were sufficient t© make a crop of corn,if they happened at the pro- per times. The want of rain was compensated in tome degree, by heavy dewp, which were then mote common than of late, owing to the shaded situaiion of the earth, 'which prevented it from becoming cither warm or dry, by tlie rays of the sun, during even the warmest weather. Frosi, and show, set in much earlier in former tomes, than ef late. I have kuowB the whole crop tyAATtfBB. >f cerB io Greenbrier destroyed by frost, on tlie light of the tvrenty-second of September. The jorn io thii district of country was umitly froit- ntten, at the eamc time. Such early frosts of e- |ual severity^ hare not happened for some time >ait. Hooting snows usually Gommeoced about [be middle of October. Nov^enber iras regardei \B a iriDter mooth, as the winter fre(}utA4ly set ia ritb sererity during that montb, and sossetimes a^t IB early period of i^ For atongtiae after the settlemest of the cotin* r, we bad an abanianee of saow, in comparisBi the amtntnt w* usually have now. It was bb inusual thing to hare snews from. one, to three It it in depth, «nd of long eontinuance. Our leople often became tired of seeing the moBOto&- |bus aspect of the cAuntry so long corered witb a [deep snow, and ** longed to see the gr lund bare [once more." I well remember the labour of opening roada jtbrough those deep snows, which often fell in t single night, to the barn, spring, smoke bouse^ ani leorn crib. The labour of getting wood, after a [deep fall of snow, was in the highest degree disa- gre|able. A tree, when fallen, was literally buri- ed in the snow, so that the driver of the horsea [bad to plungethe whole length of his arms intoit^ I to get the log chain around the butt end of the tree, to haul it home. The depth of the snows, the citreme cold and length of our winters, were ia- deed distressing to the first settlers, who were but poorly provided witb clothing, and Whose cahiaa were mostly very open, and uncomfortable. Gft« ling wc.>d, making fires, feeding the stock, aod goinf to mill were considered sufficient employ,^ ment for any family, and truly those lajieajrs loi^ IHim Uulf qpB^rflr BDj thiBg else. m ' m ^VBATIilrIU. y Ai our roads, in e&rl^ times, did rot m^mit cf the use of gleig^is, tl.e onl}^ fpoil \te hid rn the time of a deep euow v^xks th»t of lacing about on t'le crust of its puificp. IIU was forofd by a slight ibawFuccfedt-d by o ftvere frcst. On this nrust we could liavtl out legs, Irusb, and cwing to gif r.t drifts of enow in many jilacts, over the Ijigl'.eet fences. Jliesc crusts wrre often fatal to fhe deer. WoJvcSv dogd and ircn could piir.uc them ivitli. out breaking through the cruft: TKe deer on the eon irarj', when puiSMcd, owing to the smalW tig: of their hoc)f& always broke through it, unlt-ss when it ^vas uncomnaonlv hard. Ilie hun- ters never killed tht^ deer in the dead of winter,, as their fikii)« and flesh were thei of hut little Tal»£. Taking advantage of them in the time of a crust, they held a dishonourable practice, and ttiey aiwcyg relieved them from the pursuit rf wolves End dogs whf.nevcr it fell in tbfir way to do so. l^)reigrirrs, however, who were pot in the habit of huntitigf of en pursied" and' caught them on the crust far the sake of inform- ing their frienHs in the old country by letter that they had killed a deer. An iticident happened in my father's neigh" bourhood which for some time was highly satisfac- <*?ry to the hunters, as it looked like a proridcn- tial punishment for taking advantage of the deer in the time of a crust, p.« well a tdurans of putting aD end, to the unlawful sport. A Captain Thomas Wells, a noted warrior* hunter, and trapper, was informed by one of his neighbours who came to his house to bor- row a bag, that a deer had been killed by the . vrolvts, the night before, not far from Lis housfi?^ 10 ftc^mit r/ about on ;^ni^ bja , yn this land cuJRg '» over the 'he dfcr. ^bem irifl,. ««•>' on ([^g. ^'^le bun.. of winter, but ii/tJc Jc time of ^^ice, and ho were Jf<^ «nd^ in/arm- 5lter that sarisfac- oridcn- hc decf t'arrior^ one of ^o bor- ^»y the ilOU8^^ iFEAtiJiitj. lihil t)jat the (Issr Imd not been wholly devourerf. They concluded, tjiat as tht; wolves would visit the place, Uie aucceeditig lugbt, for the purposti ofliilishing cijcir }jrcy, they mi^ltt catcii one of tlieni in a wolt* trap, l^^ey acoprdiiigly set a large trap in ilio llead o( a npring, close by the relicts of ihe deei'. ! he spri.'ig had welted the 9now as it fell, and was then cutered with a thick coat of dry leaves, under these leaves the trap wp^ concealed. Shortly after !h*^y had finished their work, a couple of new comers from Ireland, in purKail of a deer, with dogs, canae to ihe place, and see* ing the bones of the deer, called a halt to look at them. One of them whose feet happened t« be very cold, stepped on the dry leaves o- verthe spring, and phced one of his -feet in the wolf trap, which instantlv fastened on his foot with its mercile'ss javvs. With great labour, ditH- culty and delny, th*% foot was , eitricated from the trap. The first house they called at, after the acci- dent, wiis that df tho (nan who bf^^assisted C»pt. Wells to set the trap. They complained biUvrly of the occabrence^ and saiid that thi^|iad wrdifght full half an haur before they could pt tlta w|cked thing off the foot. They wondered whetlie.rjhere was no law in Ameriea to punish people for i^t* ting iuch wicked things about the woddf, ti catch people by the feet. The gentleman hearcl \ fheir complaint, without letting them know that ^ he had any hand in setting the trap. F^ortdnately the trap struck the Hibf^rniiin aeross tke soal of hitf lihoe, which being thick, and frozen prevented ' the mischief it wouH otherwise have done bim^ Vthe jaws of the trap hadretth^d kiB anel^ ihn \ t J (4 IVSATHUI. ^ boses of his It; moet hay* been brolcci (o fmtt bj ihcm. The jukas whit', were carved out of this ertB^ t'broui^hout the neighbourhood, and the high glee ^ith which the hueters related the tale, terred to ehew the foreigners the detestation in whicb the practice of killing deer in the winter seatoa^ wai held, and in a great measure put a stop to their sport. But to return. The spring of the y^ar infor» mtr times wa^ pretty much like our preseat spriafg t^'e cummonlj had an open spell ef weather du- ring the latter part ot February, denominated by '*P«wwawing days," and by others "Weather breeders." The month of March was commonly stormy, and disagreeable throughout. It was t tomnion sayiag that we must not expect spring until the "Borrowed days;" (hat is, the^ree' trax days of April were over. Sugar was often Kjade in the early part ^of April It senetimes happened that a great part ef April was but little better than Marchj with regard to storms of rain, anew, and a e 'la chilling aif^ t oace noticed forty "frosts ef|ter the first ity of April; yet our iruit;ihar7*»..1^:^Was not wholly destroyed. We ^e?er^cO>sidered ourselves seeure from frest, intil the iirst ten days of May had past. Durirg tbcie d^ys we never failed of having cold stor- ttiy Weather, with more or less frost. On thewhole, although the same variable 8yv» tern of weather continuei^ our springs were i^troierly somewhat colder, and accon^panied with more snow, than they are now, but the change Ib these respects, is no way favourable to vegt^* latioB as our latest springs are uniformly follow- ^a kf tk« Kttt If litlnl se«ata»» k h a Itw #tt * .§jj^^ '# IpATflftft. e5 fte Vegetable world that the longer t^'Vefttfttive*: principle is delajed, the more rapid w^eo^tla motion. Hence those northern countfies Which have but a short summer, and no springy ard amongst the most fruitful eountries 1o the World. ,In Russia, Swedeoi and Defiiiia||r/ the transition from Winterio summer, ocetipies but a very few days; yet a failure of a crop in tboee coun^ tries is but a rare occurrence: while in our lati* tudes^ Vegetation prematurely put in moti^^Jind thenoAen checked ^*By the laggeriog repr. of winter's frost," frequently faite ofattaiping iis ul« ^imate perfection. * » From this history of the system of the weather bf our early timed, it appear3 th4t our seasone l^ave already undergone great and important changes^ bur suihrners are much warmer, our falls mi^cli milder and longer, and our winters shmrter by at leust one months and accompimied withmut^h^si ^now and cold thain formerly. What causes have effected these ohangea in our 'system of wcaher, and what may we reai0'oi|lf Isuppose. will he the pititAate extent ofthiii tiev^- tion,aIready so apparent in oiir system of weit||»^ Id all countries, the popul^^tloki of a deseH b]^ acivilisBed, land agricultural people, has ii|d a great effect on its c%iate* ::■' \'^'■^■^■'.'■■y'■'''■i':^, ^ Italy, which is novf a warm country, with Very mild winters^ was in^he time of Horace, &Virgil,a9 |oold and as subject to deep snows, m the westlra ' oifiiti^ wks at its first settleolieot.* ^l^hiloiophgr T^»ce /tt6oriififB»: gfelti^ ft«m^iinffi(crml oeufe? Hor, lib, f^ pit TJS^ 66 WkATtfEti i . ■■ \. I '*■ has attributed the change of the eeasont in that country, to the clearing of its own forests, togeth- er with those of France to the norths and those of Geroiany to the east, and north of Italy. The Bame catise has produced the same effect in our country* Every acre of cultivated land, mus.t in- crease the heat of our sunomerp, by augmenting the ext.ent of the surface of the ground denuded of its tiinber> so as to be acted upon, and heated by the rays of the sun: The future prospect of the weather through- out the whole extent of the western country is not very flattenngi The thermometer in the hot* est parts of our summer months already . ranges from ninety to one hundred degrees^ A frigbful degree of heat for a country as yet not half clear- ed of its native timber} When we consider the j^reat extent of the valley of the Mississippi, so roi&ote ^om any sea to furnish its cooling breeftes) 1fvitb««ft iBountains to collect the Tapours, sug- Inent and diversify the winds, and itatered only ^f a few rivers, .which in the summer time are diminished to a small amount of wateri We hav« efery data for. the unpleasant conclusion that the cliuiatQ of the western regions will ultimately become intensely hot and subject to distressing calpia and droughts of long continuance^ j^freaily we begin to feel the elfects of the in* create of the beat o( summer in. the noxious ef- tluyia of the stagnant waterof the ponds and low grounds along our rivers; These fruitful sources of pesti1en|ial exhalations have converted l»tgc tracts of oiir country into- regions c»f slol^oeaa mm d^ath. .While the excessive heat and dryness o^ our settlements remote fron^ the large water cours* eif|^1iariB be^A visited by endeipio dis^t^riea i^ 9EA9V9 AHV BIRDS. ©If tWir most mortal stales. Thus (he most fortu* nate r«giQQS of the* earth have drawbacks t>oai their aidvantagjes which serve in some degre< to balance* the conditioti of .their mhubitatit^ wiih that of the people of coontries less gifted by na- ture ia point of sail, elimate and situation. The conflict for equalibriu on between the rari* ficd airof the South and the den ^e atmosphere ' of the Nortiivwill continue forever the changea* bJe state of weather in this country, as there ia DO mo^untainous barrier beiw'een tis and the norths ero j^sgions of our xontinent . •" X. **- "- CHAPTER Vi ^nk reader tie^trtot^t^ect that this chaptef will contain a Usi of all the Bsists and fiirdi which were tenants of iheirestei^nwild^ness, at the iiin^ of its first settienitnc. 1 shtf | dnJy hri^idj notice a fewof those«*^b6thda»es#hiiti|i1iavealrea^^ to- talis or paHiaTI^ disap^^earedfi^oni the dbttntry^ gether with those i»htch hiiire emigrated here wit»r ow i^nmio*!.** TOi i^twi^ratio n, as iar as It goes, win serve to shew the hatnral bwtorian a oelCinctidn hetwieeh those Beasts and Birds which wrimtttiriJI^ l<%nanta of th« wilMnei^ and refuse M BEASTf AND MBl{tf. the tocieiy of man, aid those ^hieh follow his fojot s(p)^8 from one region to another, and although partially wild yet subsist in part upon bi>s labors. The Biitf&loe, and Elk have entirely disappear- ed from this pecfion of the country. Of the bear and deer but very few remain. The wolres for- merly 80 numerous, and ao distructive to the cat- tle arc now seldom heard of in our older settUe^ ments. It may seem sfrange that this. ferocious and cun- ning animal, sO long the scourge of the mounta- nious districts of Europe should have so suddenly ftisappeared from our infant country. The sagacity rf the wolves, bids defiance to the most consuni*- mute craft of the hunte'rji, many of whom through* out life, never obtained a single ehance to shoot at one of them. Sometimes indeed they outwited them by pit-fills, and ated traps ^ but no great number were killed by either of these nieans; nor tiad the price set upon their scalps by the state Jegisl'ifures any great eflTect in diminishing their number and depredations. By what means then did their destruc*ion< happen ^ On this subjfct I will hazard the bpinion that a greater number of them Were df'stroyed by hydrophobia than by all other means put together. That this disease took place amongst them at an early period is evident from the fact that nearly forty years ago, a cap-P tain Ranhio of Racoon Greets, in Washington' bounty, ta. was bitten by a mad wolf. A few years ago, Mr. John M^Camaut of this County^ net with the same misfortune. In both cases the wolf was kiIed,aHd lam sorry to add both these mea died, aflep having suffered all the painty and hor-^ jrors, a6compabying tb«t most frigiitful of all d\M j^nses, t^t in^icttsd by tbe bite of a cabid aaimMK SBABTt KOm Blips. '^ An animal so ferocious ti a vrolfy and under (lie influence of madness, bites evei^ tbin| he cair reach, of course the oompanions of bis pwn den and thicket, are the first victims of bis tage.^^ Hence a single wolf would be the 'means of de^ stroking the whole number of bis fellows, in his^ immediate neighborhood at least. In the advanced state of the disease they loose their native wild • neSs, leave their dens, and thickets ind seek the flocks and herds about farm houses and in some* instances have attempted to enter the honses -them* selves fbrthe purpose of doing mischief. The buzzards, or vultures, grey and bald eagles,^ ravens*, or aa they, were generally^ called oorbiea- were very numerous bere informer times. It was no uncommon thing to see from fifty, to one hundred of them perched on the trees over a sin- gle carcase of carion. All these large ci^rnivorous^ birds have nearly disappeared from our settle^ ments. The wild Turkeys wliicb used to be so libtin- dant, as to supply no inconsiderable portion of^i provision for the first settlers, are n devouring large qijaniitieaoftbieir eorn in the fields, before it was. fit lor gathering. There is Bomethirig singular in the Eistdry of/ .^e squirrels. • Sometimes in the course Hk- §m^ m t fM ihcA&id Axdb ftiuiK yeatt (liey become so nvmerouf, ai to tlirHU^ the dcitructiob of whole crops; wbefi as if by eommofa consent they co9>nence an emigratioa from West, to East, crossing the rivers in countrets r ambers. At the commencement of theiF liiarch tliey are very fat,> and furnish an agreeable afli- cle of diet; but towards its conclusion they be- come sickly, and poor, irith large wortns attach-^ ed to their skins. After this emigrstion •.btl ate scarce for some years, ttieii multipltr, ^iTilgrate, and perish as before. -The cause of this phena< menon, is L believe upknowo. It cannot he tbe want of food i' for the districts of countries whipb they leave, arc often as fruitful, or more sq tb.aa thosfs to which they direct their course. The terrible panther, as well aa the wild cat, have^ also taken their leave of us. Thus, in far lesa time than it cost the Jews to rid themselves, of the serpents, and beasts of prey wbicb. infestedthe ^'Hill^ country of Judea,'^ vVe base freed ourselves from those which be- longed to our country, Our flocks and herds are safe from their annoyance, and our children are not torn to pieces by "A she hear, out of the wood.'* In return for the beastsihnd birds which have left us, we have gained an l^ual number from the Atlantic aide of the^ mountains, and which were unlirnown at tho'firsl aettlement of the country. Our moroiDga and evenings are now enlivened with the nr*attinaand, vespers of a g^reat variety of sirtg^ivg birds, which have slowly followed the amfgration from the other side of the moontaip. "(be hotkey bees are nol natives of this country; Vvt they always kept a little in advance of the frlite pppulMipo* We formerly had aome prefno;^ •-.^li'-?, ■.■i?'4j ■kASYB Aim WlWtfit titit kee iiuD(ers; but the tmoiitit ^f hontj obtained from the woodsy wN never oonsidereble owing to the want oft t^aMcieot quantity of ffowera tct furnish it. €r6^ ^nd blacltbirde lufe of late become' rt-> ^^Ventj. They vi^e^d not nttives of the wilder^ •es?. Rats, which were not known hero for sever at years aOer the aettlemenl of the country, teok posaession of it, in its whole extent,- in one winter seaRop., Children of twelve yeara old, and under^ Hfvif^ never heard their name, were roucbanr- prised at finding a new kind of mice, as they oal- led them« with smooth tails. Oppossums.were late comers into the country; Fux -squirrels have but a very few years ago made their appearance on this side of the mountains. ^ Thus our country has ezcbariged its thinly scat- tered, popolation of savages^ for a dense popula- tion of civiliaed inhabitant9,.and its. wild beasts and largo carnivoroua fowls, for domesticated animals and fowls, and'Others which although wild are inoffensive in their babits, and ]Wi at least partially on the labours of man. This baa been effected* here perhaps in less time thansucli important changes were ever effected in any other region of the earth. The cases of the two unfortunate victims of the hydrophobia*. here alluded to deserves some noi^ tice. Capt. Rankin was bitten by the wolf in hts^HTfl dopr. Hearing in the dead of night a noiae a- mongst. his beasta in the yard^ he got up and jOpien- ed the upper part of his door^ which wasadouble eoe. The wolf instantly made a spring to get^in**. ^tHi l^e house. ^4akin> \viih great presencie c!|t^ ^ •EAITI ANB MIDI/ mind caught 4}ie wolf in His arms ts be wfti p«i'^ fling over iltH lower ha!f of the door and lieldbim £i8t on il8 upper edge, and sgainetthe doorpost, uo- til a man belonging to tlie household jumped piit of l^ed, got a koi^, and cut the wotfs throat; but the wolf in in the mean time bit bim severely, in t))e wrifit. If I recollect rightly he lived but a afaoK time after warde. Mr. John M^Cammant, who lived but' r few^ miles from this place on the road to ^VashingloD,*^ met a similar death, much in the same ^v ay.-— j lleariog an uproar amongst his beasis^not far frcm the house he went to see what was the matter. — \ He bad not gone far before the wolf sprang at' hiiQ^ and- bit him severely in the left breast.— ' Beinf- a very strong, resolute man be caught the f wolf by the jaws, a^nd-beld them apart cabling on an. apprt^ntice ladvto bring an ax to knock the wolf on the head. He canie with all speed;.- btut finding- be bad no chance of striking the. v^olf^ without riskicig an injury to his niaBter, lie dropped tha ax, r^in back to the . bouse, and got a^butcher knife with wbich ha cut the wolf V, tlir^oat. It was between 4: From the time I firai heard of his being bitteit lly the Wolf, Lanticipli ted the consequence with horror, and the more so, becauaehe applied to a .physician who bad the reputation of' curing tfie bite of a mad animal with a single pill. Placing confidence in this nostrum, he neglected all oth- er medical aici.. tn this pill, r had no confidence having pirevioualy seaiiaiid examined one of thcm^ MtA^n AMD •lllfli'. aii^To'uDcl it roa^fe of ingrediend, posieiied of acsrcely ant medicinal effinaoy whatever. On the Thursday preceding liis death, he be* oame slightly iodispoied. On Friday and Saturv day he had the appearance of a person taking an. intermittent fever. On Sunday the hydrophobic came on. It was then I first saw him. l-la\'ing ne- ver seen the disease before, I was struck with con- •ternatiofi ^t his appearance. Evefy sense ap- peared to have acquired an hundred fold excita- bility^ The slightest impression upon ami: of them^ fare hiD a thrill of (he deepest hbrrortXN^iie^ the fight of coloured clothing, the sud^i|;passage oC «ny person between him and the ligtlt^ (be wi(i<^ dnir, or candle, affected Wim beyond- d(BS^riptio»». ^ On Sunday night bis convulsive Qti^O^llietbn^. He was then fanlened by his hands and' feel to the l>ed posta, to pmvent bim from doing- miachiefw— At d o'clock on Monday evening he became deli- rious, his file ceased, and at two o'clock in the morning dealli put a period: to hia suifofio^. It is impossible for Unguage to deaenbe tbi» lerrtble disease, "fhe horror of miad wbicK he continual^ suffered, was e^ual to tha! wbicb would be felt by the most' timid^ lad^^ on bein^ conripelled to go alone, at midnigbt into a grave y'ard, with an entire eertaintjF oiT seeing a ghost, in t he nest frightful form which a disordered imagi- natiba ever ascribed to e departed apiritw lie aeveral. timet requested tho; physicians tjo bleeUt hini*to death. Several veins were opei^df but the blood had so far lodged itself la engor|;e^ meTitt in the viscera^ that none could he discharged trom,the veins. He then requested that some of hie iimlMk might be cut off,, that the same object might heeff«Qt«4thikiway. Finding this re^e^t would^ A i;:.r ^ismm^wm I rUttfe-li^'^ • s- ^ -•y4 BEi.fiTs iNO sm: not be coinp!red with, he looked up tolas rifle, a&d begged of inc, t. ith tears in bis eyes to take it down and shoot bim tbrougb tbe bead^ ^^'i'^^ "I will look 6t yon \vitl» (if light and tbar>kfulnefi»^ wbile you are pulling the trigger. In doing this you will do rigVit, Hinol^fiom your countenar.ee that you piiy nu: but yru ki:o\7 jiot tbe tbotsardlb fiwt of ubat lt^u(!Vr. You ought to put an end Xo 117 tnieery, and Qod himself mil not blame you for doing 60*" What t|iad« these requests the more distressing, tra^i4ie;ci>cu«i8tance, that they did rot proceed from any^earai^gement ©f roindj on tbe contrary^ CKcepliDg^^ufing tbe time of bis file, which lasted enly-a ff^weeconds at a time, he was in the full I •xfUfoi^e of b^ underAtanding: His discourse, un^ ' (il abo^t three o^clock on Monday evening vva9 Jtuiteratioi.a}. He I'equeated prayers tn be made or him, ant! deliberately gave directious about 4he place of his intiTfTient, and funeral sermon, all which re<^ueBCf were conrip](bdw>tlK The fttadei nob doubt, wtthetto fcfiow as much as possible concerning (he fa^jouspil), an impro- per rf'lianee on which terminated in the death of Mr. M^Cammant. I ^ave bad an opportunity of examHiing two of tbfm at a eonsiderable distance ef finte apart. Tbe first f saw was aboii^ fi?e ti^p^s a# liMr'ge as one of AndersOn^s piHs, and eomposed of Burguody pt^(^ and igr^en Rue. Tha second VTQsmade oftbe same materials, with a narrow strip of paper rolled up m the middle ol it, * The paper contained aboot a dozfn ilt-sbapen letters, nut nolsoarriEifnged as to spell any word in any lanj^uage with which I em acquainted. Tbe phy- sician who |i:ave those pills, reported that he got Iboitcipe fof making then fron a priest of Abv8« ^^, tA A!9D BlKDSk *r' siaia. Such is the saperatltion which ttitl re- mains tltache*^ to the practice of the healing; art| and from which) in all JikeHhood, it will never bo separated. But why then (Ims celebrity of ihi^ pill, as a pre* ventativeuf canine madness? Has it iieverhadtbe etfect ascribeQ to it? Certainly nevct* Far the greater cumber of those who are laid to be bitten by ribid animals have been bitten by an- imals eimer not really mad, or hot in such & gta:> of madness as to communicate the disease. An event which fell under my own observation Several years ago will serve to explain this matten Several children one of whonj was my ownjweie said to have been bitten by a mad cat, which wael Ihstantiy killed. On tinquiry 1 found that ihll« was no report of mad animals in the nefghborh^d» i then gave it as my opinion that the apparent madness of the pat, piwceeded only from <;ater« wanling. This did not satisfy any one but myself^ 80 1 bad tp treat the children as i shouli!. ha^e, if thi^ cat bad been really%iad, and thiis got the cre« dit of curing four cases of canine madness: acre* dit whiidh I never deserved. A few yi;ars ago, a gentleman of my neighbor* hood brought me bis daughter whom he saTd bad be^iy}itten by a m&d Cat. I asked if the cat was a Mate one, he answered in the affirmative. He said he had imprisoned htm ma closet, I am glad of that said Ij keep him there a few days, and you will find him as well as ever he was: and so it turned out. Dogs are subject to ft Similar madness from the Same cause. In this state, likd cats, they are apt tQ bite even their best friends^ In this case tlid tiaimal ki reported to be mad and hmtintly Idllfedv #■ .^..* \ ■ ' 1 n (Eirts uah ti *# fo such eases these pills, ts well as other nosiritlA for this disease do vioudeis} that is inhere there || tioihirig to he donet feHAPTER VI. , ,. Aiiol^is the plagues of the Jew?^ at this time olf \heir settlement on the land cf Canaan, that cf the serpents wliicb abounded in that country, was not fhe least. In like hianher tW early settlers of this country were much annoyed by serpento. pt the poisonous kinds of tj^em we had but two, the rattle snake and the copperhead, both o| Which were very numerous in Wexj section ot the country, but especially the rattle .shake. We had also diiferent kinds of blaqk jsnajkei; with a B umber of leaser sorts, but these iast/are not poisonous* The bite of the rattte snake was Crei quenlly mortaiy always extremely painful; that of the copper- bead not much less so. . Let the reader imma§^ine the situation of ouif first settlers, with regard to those poisonous rep- tiles when informed^ that an harvest day seldooi passed in which the labourers did, not hoeet witk ;irore or less of them. The reaper busily employ* ed with his sickle was suddenly alarmied by the ^hii of ii rattUaake 8t his feetj he iDStantly tk- ■*-n^^ SfiRPEIilS. 17 iMattil, got a club, and giving^ the enake a h\ovr or two, finished his execution by strikii)^, the point of the sickle through its head and holding it up to the view of the company. It was then thrown a- side by the root of a tree, or in a bunch cf bushes and then lahaur recommenced. This often happened a half a dozen times in the c^iurse of a single day. This was not the worst, owing to the heavy daws and grovvih of rank weeds among the snaall grain, it was requisite to let the grain lie in grips a day or more to dry before it was bound up. Tiie rattlesnakes often hid themselves under iheie handfulls of grain, and hence it often happened that they were taken up in the arms of those who were employed in gathering and bind- ing them. If the labourer happened to be even an old man, stitfened with toil and the rheuroatismv be dropped all and sprang away wi'*!•? t r7S SttRPlfN^S. men bad the Hardihood to attack and kill a ratile* 8»ake. At thv eight of one of them, they always .gave aloud shrtck, as if conscious of being the Tveaker vessel; in similar circuuiBtances a man never dotfS this, as he has no otic to depend upon lor protection but himself. I have often seen wo- men su overcome with terror at the sight of a rattlesnake, as to become almost incapaole of jDoving, Every season, for a long time, a number of our S€se were ia- termin^led with the bones of those human beings, Sov whose sepulture the mouud had been en:cted. Da these reptiloB possess that power of fascin^' ation which has so frequently been ascribed to tbem? Many of ttieni as I have seen, I never wit*? RBsaed an instance of the t xercise of this power. I'bove several times seen birds flying about them;, approaching cbse to their heads, and uttering soises which aeeined to indicate the gioatest dis- tress; but on examination always found that the strange eonduct of the bird, was owing to an ap^ jiroach of; the soake to the nest containing its 80 S£Ii#BKt£. y ^ Tif ftt'^fiuch C08CS as tnose above mentioned ai^ dfirfi fiiist&ken for uistances of the exercise of ho .Bower of fascination, is quite certain; ncvcnlie- leas thol this power exists there can be no dcubt, /The grcattr r;uirjb rcination? Is there acy' physical agtincy in it? I think it muHt be adinjtimt that there is some physical agency employed in Ais niaitei*, although ive ma^ot bi- abb* to ascer* tain what it is. If there be nWJch agency employ- ed in fascinaiioii by serpents, it must be i flPecRul % a power, similar to that which superstiiiun ns- eribes to charms, irmulets, spoils,- and inc^nta-» tioni. A. power wholly immaginary, unknown to the laws of nature, and which philosophy lota I'^ 1^ rejects as utterly ii»pp88ibl«». On this subject Iwill hazard the opinion thot' the charm under consideration, is ctTccted by. means of an intoxicating odour,^wbich the serpent' has the power of eoQittihg: That the rattles nakes have the power of giving out a Tcry ofieosivcTapour^ I know by experience, ha^ng often smelt them in warm sunny dny?, es- * peoially after a shower of rain, when plowitig in:, the field. Thir oAen happened when I. did not' see any of them;, but it always excited a painfull apprehension that li should' speedily meet with some of them. The "odour of a asi^rpent, ]z an odour sul generic. A person once accustomed to it can never mistake it for any thing eUe. I have heard it said, although I cannot vouch for the truth of it, that a nnakt^, when in the act of* charming, appears, by the alternate expatisioa^ and depression of its sideB, to be engaged inthtac^i «f blowing with:aU its might. .U.r, ,«t>.t;., m iffi»rEHT» I think it every way probable, that in every m- tftftDce of fascination, the position of the snake is to the windward of ilie victin^ofit^ charm. But why should this intoxicating odour draw its victitn to the source from whence it isFueF? HttTfi I must plead ignorance to be eure; but dnei any thing more happen to the bird or beast in this oase than happens to mankind in consequence of the uf^e of those intoxicating gasses, or llui^s furruFhfd by the art^ chemistry. A person atfectedT^ the exhilerating gas, clings to the jar and sucks the pipe, aAtr he has inhalei its whole contents, and is not the madness ccca- sioned by inhaling this gas, equal to that which takes place in the bird or squirrii, when under the inflsience of the charm of the serpent. The vic- tims of this serpentine fascinati n scream and run, cr flutter about awhile, and then resign them* pelves to tilt ir fate. In like manner the persoD who inhales the gas is instantly deprived of reagon, becomes franiic, and acts the iiiadmaD;bul should he continue to inhale this gas only for a ihort time, death would be the consequence. The rame observation may be made with regard to A]<-ohcl, the bai^is of ardent spirits, a habit of using which occasions^ repetition of the intoxi- catitig draught, unril, in spiie of every considera- tion of honor, dtjty, end interest, the indulgence jEn<^s in a slow but iiitviiabie suicide. My reader, I hope will not complain of the hng-h of this article. He perhaps has never seen one 0: the poisonous reptiles which so much an* »o\ed his forefathers; but in gratitude he ought to Ireflt'Ct on the ai^plling dangers attendant on the teitlemeBt of his native country. The first settler Hi night kue\v not where t^ art lis fo©t wilketjt ilftMRlf^ aft ^tnger of being asatiled bj the Aings of a lerpent. £#eri bis ctbin was not secure from the invaiion of thetntkes. In the day time^if in the woods he knew not in what bunch of weeds, or grass, he might provoke a rattlesnake by the tread of bis foot, or^ from behind what tree, or log he might be net by (jut bullet, or tooiabawk of an lodiao. Wild Fruits. CHAPTER VI. After having described the wei^tern wildci*- ness, an account of its native fruits cannot be im- proper. To the botanist, and agriculturalist this history cannot fail of being acceptable. To the former it wiU serva^to shew the great improv<> ment which cuUivaii^ has made upon the indi- genous fruits of the forest. To the latter it yrill point out what plants may yet be cultivated witli succe.ss, although hitbeilo neglected, For in- stance, should he inquire whether thia country, is calculated by nature (or the cultivation of the vine, he has only ip ask whether the coun- iry ia its original state produced the fruit of .theviiie. Those early settlers who profited by the indicatioa with regard to the cultivation of ilre apple trc^, furnished by the growth ef tb^ m #ii» mmiHk- H' crab tppleinfbft oose who oeglect«fi ifliit indicfttioD, ami delayed planting their tre«9| tBotil they vritnef;»ed the growth of Iniit on the trees of their neighbors, were left several years in the rear in this respeot. Ingifing the history of our native fruits I sbalt follow the order in which they ripeaed from •pring until winter, tt^n&anner of gathering them/ with some remarks W the present state oi those, of them which still remain in the country.. 'The first fniit «vhicb ripenetl m\\ye country was- Ihe wiid 8ti*awberfy. It grevi o«i p^r land, on which there was no tionber.- There were many aucb places of small eitent, on the points of hills along thecreeki). They were denominated * bald: knobs.' The fruit wat smelly and much sourer than the cultivated strawberry* It was not. a-- buQdant in any place.. The service trees were the first in bloom in the ipring. Their bieautiful little flowers made a fine Appearance through tht woods, in the mcnth of April. The berries were ripe in June: They Ire tv^eet, wiih a very slig|i immixture of; acidity,. Mfidavery 8 gf'eeable flavour. The service trees igrew abiinjdantly along. the small water courses,, iind more ibbly over the hills at a distance from tli«m. AieWofth^fiie trees still remain, but their fruit is i^ostiyjtvoured by the great number of bmiaKll hiroa which have Accompanied the popular Ifonof the cduntrjr. Qaniroe for gathering the strvice berries as well as other fruits was Sunday, ^ in large companies, under the protection of some ef our warriors in arms. In doiog this a great 'iitfitilkr «f tbtt trees were cut dewo, so ih^ #^ "vtiLy ravin. r courees. (ir#f» of tliem wts les^enrd ever? yptr. Thii fruit miy be considered bs lost to fhe country, for aN tiioui[;h the trees ini^^hl by cultivated in gardens^ the ben tea K'ould oti be devoured by tke smdll birds, before they would be fully ripe. BtsckberrieB grew in abundance in those places where shortly before the settlement of ihe country., the timber had been blovn down by hurricanes.. Those places we called the *•*• fallen timber/' When ripe, which was in^e time of harvest tlhe children, and y»ung people resfrted to th! *'faHen timber^' in large companies, under a guar^^ fdr tbe purpose of gathering the berries, of which tarts were often made for the harvest table. The " the fallen timber," owing to a new growth of trees no longer produces those berries, but e* nough of tbeni are to be had along tlie fences on most of our farms. Wild raspberries of an agreeable flavour were tbxsnd ia many places, but not plentifully any ivher^. Gooseberries of a small size, and rery full ot tiiorbs, but of an agreeable taste, grew in tome places in the woods. Tbe amouat of (hem WM out small. Whatever may be the reason, this fruit does not succeed well, when transplanted into gardens, where tb«y flower abundantly, but shed tbe berries before they become ripe. WhortUbenries were never abundant in this section ef the country, but they were so in many places in the mountains.* "^ Wild plums were abundant m rich land They were of various colours, and sizes, and ma- ny of them of an excellent flavour. Tbe wil# plunks of late years, have, like our damson plutn^ Ij^leBof premftinrely. The beetle bug, orcur^t^ S 'A m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 IS|2| |50 "^^ 1^ 2.5 2.2 >UUu Photographic Sciences Corporation \ ^ •SJ <^ 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 6^ at . « frtliD HtvfnL U04 an iBiect uDknpwn to tbecounerf^ tt U$ fimi lettleaient; i>ut oow numerous evf>rf wEere, p^ ^vites tb«.gr«eDfruir, for tba df|H>iitton of iti fegfg. Tbig occftsioM a flow of the juice of thi jCryit, 80 that it becoBieg goaioiy, and falls off. An iodifi^rent U'mA of fruit, called buckhcniei llfed to grow on smell ebrubfi^ on poor rid^^cs. Thi» fnolt lifts nearljr vani^faed from Ihe setitJed parts «r Ibecoiioiry. Gw felJ ftiiks wHp wiitleri and h\i mpes; llie former gcew iti iM bottom laodi. Tbej were lipi^,of little value, and feldom used; The ftll grapet grew on the high gioundsj . particularlr in the -feJIen timber lattd. Of theae grepea we Ifftd aeveral varietiepv end some of tb€«i» large aod of en exeellent flavoitr We stiH have tSe wsid grapesr but not in such abuiidence as fo^ yfriy. fn process of time they will di«appeer ^ID^ the cetNiir]^ r^ P&etvhiKws giww on large B[u8?i«iiaR«Qg«th# •ill bottoms ojf small water eourpes. Tbfef ir in large elMsters, and ripen? witb the IfT'gt **- m tbe- fklK ChHdreii wei« veci^ Ic^d # ... .. •'• '■'^^ ' ■* ', ■ ■ ■'■ ' /■' "■ ■ ''i- ''..I _#8d haws^ gr«ir«n th« wlitlft^ ibjt$)^in bUihee.-*i? TOif «iift«f vavioiis Itii^s. The iMi bawsfrhieU «i»| aiwAljIpfttiiP i& large tiiiteil^^ . |4mve # »o«f of abdttf f a>»^4vee» .«rtlNs itiM f^^ "»i?y garden, wtiiafc^r«f»i^rBlfedli^oin tb#^ umB. 'rb»berri#ewli»iiri»«i«%|j||w»)end%!ak# ##ni^ tbe ebildf^Ni •i^'t»g succession of Tainy ^feas^ni eommetptced»4Airing mU^ jthe trees i) vergrcw tkimsel? es, and the fills being wa'>'^ triu) tEtntfc iB rainy, they continued their growth untj the onset •f winter. Their hrtnches veere then fdll of wp, and as water occ^pJe* a greater epaee when froien, than whep fluid, the feezing oftbe water the? conuined.burftjed line texture of iheir W aliziDg the plants of the foutb, to the temptrate latitudes far north of their native region, it is odIjt eayingtfaiat what has happened to one plant, may UDder similar treatment happen to another. For «xatiiple. How widely different is the large squaw corn, in its size, and the period of its growth from the Mandan corn. The latter ripens, under the fortieth degree of north latitude; and yet the squaw and Mandan corn are not even ditfereot species; but only vanetiea of the same plant ' The squaw corn might tratrei slowly to the north, and ' ultimately dwiudle down into Mandan corn: while the Mandan corn by being transplanted t* the . south increases m size and )en|;tbens the period , ef its growth. The cherry tree, a native of Cerasia, was once cultivated as a tender exotic plant in Italy. It now grows in the open air as far north as St. Petersburgh in, Russia. The palma christi, the plant which furnishea the beans of which the castor oil is mftde, is a native of the tropiostl re* Sions, yet it now ilourishes^ and bears trait abun- antly in our iatitudesi I once saw a plant of thih iiind in a garden in thia town, the seed of vrlnch bad jSbme from the West Indies amongst coffee. The plant was large^ and vigorous; but' owing to Its too great a removal,«at once, Irom its native aoil and climste it bore no beans. These observations have been made tc abew Jlbat the independence of our country may be vast- ly augmented, by a proper attention to the laWs •t nature with regard to the vegetable world, 0Orii|al wa may hereiifter cultivate witbm our ciiralMntry, the precious iraits eTcn of the trp* IgiCBt* Hermit. CHAPTER ni. A MAN of the name of ThoiDM Hardie, who from tu§ mode of living was properlj entitled to the ap- pellation of hermit, lived ih' the ntigborhood i^ my father's placj. His- appearance, dress, and deportment, are among the earliest impressions (^ my memorjr. He was^ an Englishmas, By birth andedutatioB. and an ordained Clergymao of the Church of Eng. land. He must have been a man of profound lear- nin^. Some of his books in Greek and German fell into my hands aflcr his death. His marginal remarks in the Cfreek books shewed clearly that he hW read thenr with great attention. His appearance was in the highest degree Tene*- rablc. He^was pretty far advanced in age: hi» hsad was bald, hh heir grey, and hischin decor- at^witha large well ^shapen beard. His dr«s» was a long robe which reached to his feet, held to- gether with a girdle about his bins. This he cal- led his phylactery. His clothes were all fastened' together with hooke and eyes. Buttons, and buo- ities were abominations in his view. fn the time of the Indian ivdr, he went about Wherever he choose, wkhout arm«, believing, ?*!!*°'1^'^V"*^'"^''*»* ^oM hurt him, acc< I!lSVi?.*'^".?^^ °"*5 although h© frequentlr |>?8ed himself todanger, ^ ' Ik .vi.'":;:W'>:-:.,v:f 4|iS THE BfiRMin Hitf conversation must hare been of the moit interesting kind. He seemed to be master of eve- ry science and possessed an inexhaustible fund of anecdi^s. He frequently entertained pretty large •ompaHes, with relation? of events in England and other parts. In all his anecdotes a'nd bistori- eal relations, he was the only speaker; for he knew •very thing and bis hearers nothing. But, however entertaining this hermit's ebnver- sation and anecdotes, they were conducted in a ve* ry singular way. When speaking he seldom kept his seat, but paced the floor from one side .of the b^use to the other, sometimes with a slow measured st«fp> sometim^B in a quick and irregular gait, iTuriog ail tbis time he was constantly twitching bis beard, and sputtering out tobacco spittle, in •u'G^ a #ay that its drops were almost as small si those of mist. Sometimes be would walk up to •ne of his hearers so as to bring bis face almost ia eontact with that of the person to whom be wai ^pealLing, be would then speak in a low tone of VOite, almost approaching to a whisper, durinj; this time bis heater was apt to be a little annoyed by the particles of tobacco spittle falling on bis ia(^ sind clothing. After talking a while in this wiliy, he would whirl aboui. and talk again in a lioud tone of voice. Soibetimes the hermit would preach to the peo* ' pie in the fort. When be did this he wore s black r<^e, mada Hke the rest of his robes, in the fasbion of a liaorning gown. Sometimes be put on bands of the common size and shape. At other les be bid over bis robe a very fine piece of m, About four feet long and about eighteen io« ^ broad, in the middk of this tber« was a bole igbifdiieib be put hit bead^ so that th« fitcf THI BCRMIT. M of linen hung down tt equal lengthi before and behind. This deeomtion gave him a truly fener- able appearance. 1 think from the greatiMitent of his learnin*, he must, have been a firtl rate preacher. In addition to this, to the best of my recolleetion, his roiee and elocution were of the first drder. In his public services, particularly m the marriage ceremony, which it fell to his lot to perform very often for our early settlerSjhe followed the ritual of the Church of England. This Hermit possessed one art, the like of which I never witnessedor heard of sinee. He wat in the habit of giving a> piece of white paper four or fi^e inches square a sin|ple fold, and with a very small pair of scissors which he always carried, a* bout himv he would soon produce the picture of a buck, a tlk,. flower-pot, turkey, or any thing else he cho^?«.- These pictures sometimes ha4 a single sometimes a doubU estoon border which had the appearance of fine needle work. While doing this be was eommoDly engaged in conversa- tion, and appeared to^^'^ke very little notioa of what he was, doing. I remember f once asfted him to shew mehew te^ make such pieturesi He answered with apparent ehsgrin. **Nb, P cannot. It is a star in the head, and you dont possese ity therefore say bo odote about it." Mr* Hardie although he professed hiinselCa clergyman of the church of England, was. nev- ertheless attached to the Dunkard society. I think ou the river Lehigh, but whether he cao^ into the eountry with the Dunkards who the estahUshments which gave name to De CVMk and Dunkard bottom 91 eUeat ri! H» H THt Hsmirr* k fi k ' I have not been iolormed. 1 hate indeed, nefir been able to obtain the bintory of the aettlement and 4 e| gtrture of those people from the country^ Mr. bardie brought with him into the coun- try an orphan lad, whom be raised in his hermi- tage, and taught him his religious principles with aueb^ffect, that when grown up ne saffered big beard to giow long. He adopted his Master's dew portment and mode of confersation. He was not jio#e?er, the disciple of his master in every point. After bis beard had grown to a tolerable length he •ncaged in a scout against a couple of Indians who baa takdn two women and a child prisoners from the neighboihood. The prisoners were recover- ed lii the evening of the second day of their cap- tivity. On this occasion, the yuiing Dunkard be- haved with the utmost bravery. He fired the first gaA,and was first at the Indian camp, to save the ptlioA«rs from the tomahawk. When the party returned to the fort| they unanimously pro- tested that so brave « man should not wear suck afk ugly beard, and accordingly shaved it off; but belet it grow again. All this however, did not suit the pacific princi^SeiB of his master. This disciple of the hermit departed from his fldifiler in another point. He was twice married. Th!«t, I believe displeased the old hermit; for BOon after the first marriage of his pupil, he went down aimong his brethero in the lower part of Pennsylvania where he died. Although these Hermits seeded wholly devoted ~ie means ofsecuring their future inteVest; they "^heless did not e^ntirely neglect the present Ibut took care to fecure themselves two ve- fuable tracts of land. The one on Cross where their first h^rimitage was ereotedf M i$m iniittVi to iThe otbef the pitee now owii«fl by tk. lob« Cutbb«rt8oii on whicb tbe tecood hermitMjMVM When a boy, I was often at the latter benDitage for the purpo»e of reC'^ifing instruotioDi in aritn« netic from the old Hermit; alihough tbe old malt was a good hand at washing and cookings vet the apparent poverty and w^etcbedoesa of the cabin demoDstated in mott iropresaive manner *'That it is not good for man to be alone.'' Thare waa'something strange in the character and I latter end of the younger Iterrait. Duringtbe greef ter part of his time, especially in his l^cr yeers, the was enthusiasticallv religious. Beme eeting he commonly read a few verses in his bible, in« stead of saying grace. When alone, be was ofteA. engaged in soliloquies, sometimes be attempted t« [preach, although he was a great stutterer. Sev- leral times he became quite deranged. On one oc** [caBioo he took it into bis bead that he ought te [be scourged, and actually prepared bickoriesy [strtppBd. himself, end made a mulatto man whip hnm until he said be bad enough. Throughout life with the exception of his last year, be wai remarkably lazy and careless about bis worldly ftfTairs, owing to bis great devotion to reading and^ religious eiercises. He was the last in tbe neigh* [jourhood at planting, sowing, reaping, and every thing else aoout his farm, so. that, although he 'lad an excellent tract of land, he eould hardly lake out to live. About a year before his death he fell into a e lumptive complaint. During this year bis for religious impressions seemed intirely to have lakeo his mind. He became completely the ^ the world. Whenever any conversation, fur^i ■^4y**/' - " nii^^'T^An^'i^Si'i ., .,i.^.,^.*^ 8K mM MMtif: lifiouf libjfletf wtt offered him by bit hif nefgl^ bour tg pbo 0tw tbat bis end wai fatt approach* ing, Xmlwaya replied witb aome obiervation t- bout building a barn, a fence, or lomething else of a worldlf nature. During tbi§ jear be did mora world% businesi^ than lie ever bad doneift any ten year* of hit life before. I knew an inatance of a eimilar change in the deportnuant of a gentleman whom I attended 10 a levera attack of the dropey. B^ore bis ill- Mfs he was an easy^ good natuied, careless man and a good neighbour; but after bis recovery he was eicei^ely avaricious, pofane in his laiw gpagOt anA tyrant to his family, and neigbbouri. totb these in^n appeared to bate undergone as •oliro eb«nge in the state of the mind, and ei< ttrnal deportment. Tbe question whether tb'e moral syeteaa of our nature Ss not as apt to suffer a deterioration, u to r—e\f9 an improremeftt in eonsefuencc of safers and long continued fits of sickness, wonld be a& interesting subject in moral philosophy, and da- flnraa tha attentioB of Mai ef aeienee. t,rs Item of our 'fttion, u to t of stf er« onldbt an ij, and da- ^^' PdRt SECmift 4-,' SsM TbeS somihen Ihat ^m in the II p. Tfc rom the rlBod, a bHed, m (f them 1 lemean le militi They effc irith pae (one, ai le vvriid Lani \ the sa] ^ J* taking I crop of sd thee )d a pre djoining lis righi a----, -sA*- Beiikment of ill (CHAPTER VIH. The Settlemenifi on tW« side of the meontafo's commenced irtong the MonongfttieU, titd i»|tfveen that Tiver ancl the Laurelfti€igi^,f{i they^l778« In the tueeeedtng year the^ reached tlielRbi^ri- rcr. The greater Durober^the first settlers eaiile romthe upper parts of the then colonies df MJi jrland, and yirginia. Br»ddock?8 trail, ia# it was laHed, was the rout bjr'which the greater number |f them crossed Iba mountains* A less^number W lem cameby tbewayofBedlbrd andFortLigonler. le military ioadlrom Pennsylvania to Ptttsbargh. They effected tbeir removals on horses furnished irith paok^stddles. This was the more easUy lone, as abut fedf these early adFedturers inl« he wilderness were eoeumbered wiil^#ubh LanJ was the object which invited the greater iumbor of these people to xsross the mountain, for H the saying then was, ** It was to be had here ^r taking op;'» that is, building a qabin and raisinjr I crop of grain, however small, of any kind, enti° «d tbeoeeupant tofour hundred acres of Ian id a preemption right to one thousand aorea: ajomiogi to be secured by a land office w "!» right was to take ciifoct if th|fe^^ bipi 1*.,- t. 4fo nTTtElieEKT OF TBE COVNTST, %t 80 much vacant land or any part thereof, tA* joining the traot secured by ih^ aettlenienl i*]^^ Ayupi early period, the government of ViriMp appi^fed three comRnissioneralo give certifi^cftiei of settlement rightf. These ceitifieatea together ^ith the surveyor's plat were sent to the land office •f rlie state, where they laid six mouths, to g. ' Wait any caveat which nngbt be offered. If none was offered the patent theti issued. There was at an early period of our settlementi j Ml inferior kind of land title iclenomioated a ** ton^ !|pf^k right)" which was made by deadening a I lew tree«,near the head of a spring, amd markiAg| the baryi| fiome one, or more of them with the i iuiitial^ j^lie name >oC the person who made tl)e iitoprovement. I remember having seen a num* >»i^6f tliose *Momahawk rights," when a bo|, For alongjime many of them bore the names iofl those whomade ihem. I hav^ no knowledge of tljl [ efficacy of M:ie tomahawk improvement, or whether I it conferred any right .whatever, unless followed! by an actua) settlement These rights however were often bought and sold. Those who wish- ad t%-B^ake settlementa on their %orite tracts of | landi bought tip the tomahawk improvements, w ther thajt^nter into quarrels with those who fatd Biade tB%n. Other improvers of the land with a vi^ew to actual settletnent, and who happened to ^be alout vfsteran fellows^ took a very differen i count from that of purchasing the <* tomahawk rigtlis." tVben i^nt^yed^ by the dainnantt^ under thoie *it8,th^yi deliberately cut a few good hiccoriei, ;ave them what was called in those days "i ' if^*. thaUt a sound whippingi. ; iCthe early fettlers took the preeaufioi |r the^i^atmna-itt the sprkrgi leavial { ;<§i"1%; tifniLtifBNT or mc covntit, tUeir families behind to raise aerop of corn, an4 then return' and bring them- out in the fall. Thil I ebdttld think wat the better way. Others, iapecitily those fhose raniires ilere «ma1l,1||^oght them widi them in the spring. Mjr fathei^ idok the tatter isolnrse. .JEis family was but small and he brought them an with hini. The indian me^al which be bi^ought over the mountain was expeef- ed six weeks too soon, so that for that length of ~ time we had to live without bread. Ttie lefo ren* ison and the bireast of the wild turkies, we wera taught to call bread.' The Hfcsh of the bearjjtf denominated meat, lliia artificd did not suca^l very v^ell, after lirittg in ^s way ioi^me time we became ilckty, tha st^nlach seeinAto be id- ways empty, ind tormenled with a seBb of hun- ger^ "I remeinber how narrowly the ebildreft watched ttie growth of the poftato^ lopi, ntln^- kin and' iqfualh v1n«i, hoping from day to tfiy, to get soinelhiiif t6 aniwei^ in the place, of bread. HoW^lddiitwas the taa^of l^ pdtatoel wheii w«ge^ th#l»^ l^af «jillnltis id^ we were permuted tdimU thiyifuiiif %ortti(d>rro«siing eari. ^ Still Hiore so Wtoi It hi^ acqfulred itiH- cient lardoettito be ttiade^ iiito jaMliiy elUBea by theaidof « tifratj^ W^theivl^me hjNiltl^ vigoirdni aii c^tented with ottir siti^on^ poor as it was. -■■■"'•"' f'-'-:- '''■'■ - ^'■' - My father with a tmill nuinl^er of bH neigh- bours made their tettlenlenti in the spritig of 1771^ Tho^ they Were In a poor i^d destitute situatioi) they neverlbeless lived in peatfef but tbeir tran* %uimy wns not of long contmuance. t^-—- most att^ocious murders of the peaceable ibiske'In^UM it Captina and Yellr^ ' i03 SBlTLBilfiNT OF THE .eOUNTAT. brougbt OD the war of Lorrc^Wou]d be sinful. Most of them, therefore eontentcd therosel vos Vith that amount;, although they mi^ht have evaded thelaw. which allowed but ode seitleoient right ta any on6 individual, by tafeiog out the title papers in the »ames of others, to be afterwards transfeited to tbem,^f i^ purchase. Soms^fow indeed :^ur- tued this .practice J. ijut it Wasjh^d in destairon. ^ My father, like many others, bclie?ed, ihat b«« ving secured his legal allotment, the rest of the coHntry belonged of right, to those who choose to settle in It. There waa a piece of vacant knd adjoining his tract ancoueting to about two hun- dred acres. To this tract of land he had the pre-, emption right, and accordingly tecured it \ ^ rant^ buthis conscience would notperiml refam H in his faniitf, he therefoi*c gave ( jpprofaiice lad whoafi he mi raised it^k^« Tb»a rad pold itto m^^m^ fi^f wf, and a wool hat, '^^^ m' 104 •WrTUMeMT W THB COUNTHy. *!?*?■ OiTing to the equni distribution of real property directed bjr our land.Uwe, and the sterling integrity of our forefathers, in their observance of iheni, vrt htivt no districts of **8old land" as it is called, that is large tracts of lfir.d in the hands of individualr, or companies nho neiiher sell nor improve them, a« in the case in Lower Canada, and the norih* western part of Pfiiins^lvania. These iinseulcd tracts fiifike huge blanks in thi fopulalioo cf the Oountry where ihey exifet. Jffiie division lines betfrecn those whose lands ■ipiiied-, were generaily made in an amicable manner, before any survey of theoi was made, by the partiee^ concerned, lo doing this they were guided Aie&nly by the tops of ridges and water oo|trie9, buVparticuiarly the former. Hence the fieater number of farms in the western parts of eoiaylvania and Virginia bear a striking resem* blance*to an amphitheatre. The buildings occu- py a low situation and th^ top0 of the surifounding bills are the boundaries of the tract to which the family mansion belongs. Our forefathers were fond of farms of this des-^ oriptionybecai^e, as they said, tb||are attended vrilhthiseonvenienee " that ever| thing comes to the hoiise down hill.*' In the billy parts of the state of Ohio, the land having been laid off in an arbttiracy manner, by straight parellel lines, with- out regard to hill or date, the farms present adif* jpsrent aspect from those on the east side of the ri* ?er opposite. ^ There the buildings as frequently py the tops of the hills, as any other situation. r people had beeome so accustomed to the of ^* getting land for taking it up," that for a time it was generally believed, that the land e weet nde ef the Ohio wotild ultimately h\ •ETTUcmiiT or IBM cocimv. 1^ disposed of in that way. Hence almoat the whole tract of countrv betvreen the Ohio and MatlcingunK was parcelled out ID tomahawk itoprovements; but these laMer improvers did not content thetiiseWea with a single four hundred acre tract a piece. Ma* i»y of them owneda great number of tracts of 'the best land, and thus, in imagination, werif '^as ** Wealthy as a South sea dreara.*^ Afany of the land jobbers of this class did not content them* selves With inarkiog the trees, at the usual height^ with the initials of their names; but cliinbed/iip. the large beech trees, and cut the letters in |i^ir bark, from twenty to forty feet from the groSm!; To enable them to identify those treea^ at a futui'e period, vtbey made marks on other ttees around them as references. « Most of the early settlers c^irsi^ered their land as of little- value, from an apprehension that af^r a few years cultivation it would^lose its fertility^ at least for a long time. I have often heard them •ay that-sueh a field would bear so mamy crops aftd another sa many, more or less thao tbati The ground of this belief concerning tho short lived fertility of the land in this country, was the pover- ty of a great proportion of the land in the lower parts of Maryland and Virginia, which after producing a few crops, became unfit for use and was thrown out into commons. • In their^ unfavorable opinion of the nature df tbe^eiiof our country, our forefathers were ut- terly' mistaken. The nMi*« weeds were scarce- ly destroyed, before the white clover, and differ- ent kind» of grasa made their appearancggii^ These soon covered the ground, so as to ^mUk |>Mttti» fer> the cattle, by*the time the woediKk» roB IBTTLEMfiKKV OP VHC ^tfVlVMr, WM eaf«n out, as well as protect the Boil from be< in|; If ashed away by drenching rains, lo often in« jurious io hilly countries. Judging from VirgiPg* test of fruitful and bar* ren soils, the greater part of this country must pos- iesJB every requisite for fertility. The test is this; dig a hole of any reasonable dimensions and drpth. If the earth which was taken out when thrown lightly back into it, does not fill up the hole the soil IS fruitful; but if it more than fill it up the soil is barren. /JJM^hoever choses to make this experiment will A ltd the result indicative of the richness of our aoil. Even our graves notwithstanding the size of the fault are seldom finished with the earth throivo out of them, and they soon sink below the surfaee of the earth. *^ti/« locum saptes oeuZts, atltque jubebU In 9^ido puteum demitti, omnemque repones Rwsits hwnuni, et pedibus summas (Bqutibis aren0. Si deerunt: rarumy peeorique et vitibus altm Apttia uber tirit. Sin in sutp'posse negabunt Jrtjocay et serobibus superabit terra repletis, iSbwsut ager: glebas cunctantes crasaaqite ierga , Jm jft ttMy 9tUidi$ ttrram prosemde juvencis. A yir. Geo. lib, ii, I 230. t. ■' 4 House Furniture and Diet. CHAPTER IX. I'he nettlement of a nevr country, in the iumt' iliate neighbourhood of an old one, is not attended with much difficuHy, because supplies can be rea- dily obtained from the latter; but the settlement •f a country very remote from any cultivated re- gion, is a very different thing, because at the out* set, food, raiment, and the implements of tlll- bandry are obtained only in small suppUee and with great difficulty. The ta<)k of making neir establishments in a remote wilderness, in a time of profound peace is su^ciently difficult; but wheo '>n addition to all the unavoidable hardships attend- ant on this business, those resulting from an ex- tensive and furious warfare with* savages are su- peradded; toil, privations and sufferings are then carried to^^e full extent of the capacity of men t* •ndurethem. Such was the wretched condition of our fore« fathers in making their settlements here. To all their riifficulties, and privationa the Indian war was a weighty addition. This destructive war- fare they w^re compelled to sustain almost 0^t6 kanded, because the Revolutionary cooteaM^ffith BD|[land, gave fall employment for the mfiitary lA BlVfK rORNITOXB ^D mti. w streDgtb, and reiourcea, on the east tide of th^ motirvtains. The folloiving hblory of the poverty, labours! iuffenD^B, manDBrs nud customs, of our forefil ther§, .will appear like fr collection of ^^ tales A olden limes" without any garnish of language tol •poil the original portraits, by giving them Bhadcil of tiolouring whicli they did not possess. I I shall follow the order of things as they occurredl during the period of time enjhraced,in these narm.! tires, begtning with those rude accommodationil with which our first adventurers into this countrj furnished themselven at the commencement of Hfeir eitablishmentSi It wiU be a homely nt>rri>l live ; yet valuable on the ground of its being real history* If my reader when viewing through the mediuBJ which I here present the stifTurings of human ni< J^ in one of its most depressed and dangerouil IRndltions should drop an involuntary taar; let him not blame me for the sentiment of symuathj which he feels. On the contrary if he should fometimeft meet with a recital calculated to excite a smile or a laugh I claim no credit for hill eujo) roent. It is the subject matter of the historj and not the historian which makes those wide- ly different impressions on the mind of the rea* der. V In this cliipter it is my design to||nve a brief account of the household furiiilnreanQ articles of diet which were used by the first inhabitants of Our counlhy. A discription of their cabins and half* faced camps and their manner of bu>ildiiig them will be found elsewhere. '**'^p1je furniture for the table, for several yean tfm the aettlement of this Gountrjy cooaiated of ■■■1 ' ■ ■ ^■"•" ■ M .m XlffUSB ^WWl iTURB Arm nmti lU^ a Cevr pewter dished, plates, andspoona; but moitly af ttoodcn bowli, trenchers aod nof^gint. If these last were scarce, gourds and bard shelled squash^ es made up the dtficiencj\ The iron pots, kniires, and forks were brought atom the east side of the mouotaios along with the salt, and iron on pack horsea. These articles of furniture, corresponded ?ery well with the articles of diet, on which they vf^re emplojed. **Hog and homin>'* were proverbial for The dish of which they were the component par^s. Jonny cake and pooe were at the outset o/j4i« settlements of the country, the only forms of bread in use for breakfast and diooer. At supper, oailk aod mush were the standard dish. When milk was Bot plenty, which was often the case^ owinjc^to the scarcity of cattle, or the want of prop^.!^^^- ture for them, the substantial dish of booainy |ril>>«^ to supply the place of them; miish was i^eqaeony eaten irith sweetened water, molaases, bears oil* or the grave;^' of fried meat. ^ Every family, besides a little gar^ln, for the few vegetables which they cultivated, had an^tb- er small enclosure containing from half an acre . to an acre, which tbev called a ^'Truck patch." In which they raised corn, lor roastiDg-eary, isumokins^quashes, beans, and pob|toe8. These 10 the I&tpr part of the summer and fall,^ were cooked with their pork, venison and bear meat &)r dinner and made very wholes6flG# and^^well tasted dishes. Tlie standard dinner dish for ev* ery log rolling, house raising, and harvest day was a pot pye, or vfhat in other countries, ia ' led "8ea pye." This besides answering fo ner, served for a part of the supper also. ^ TeMaindef of it Irom dinner, being eatei ivifii A. m- ' * 110 HOUStf FtBIflTVIl4|M» DIET. milk io thft eveoiog, fiftcr the conclusion of \\ labour of the day. In otir whole clieplay of furnilure, the ijflllj ebina, and silver were unknown. It did then as now require conlributions from lie fou quarters of the glebe (o furnish the breakfast ti ble. viz. the silver from Mexico; the cctleefrcn the M'est Indicf;; the tea from Gl^ina, and \[i dielft and pprcel&iD from Eurofje, or Asia. Id •ur homely fare, and unnighily cabins, and furJ niture, produced a hardy veteran race, wbop1antei| the first foot steps of society, and civil izutiooJ in the immense regions of the west, found to] hirdihood bravery, and labour from their earlu youth, they 8u«*ained with manly fortitude thf] fatigue, 6f the chace, the campaign and i\pout,aod| strong irms **Turned the wilderness iot«l illtil 'fieidi" and liave left to their' d.escenJ ants the rich inheritanbe of an immense empiit] blessed with peace and wesltb. I well recollect the first time I ever saw a teij cup ftB4 saucer,^d tasted coffee. My mother died when 1 was^bout sis or seven years of age. My father then sent me to Maryland m\ih a bro* ther of my grandfather^ Us. Aleiander Wells, to] school. At Colonel Brown V in the mountains, atStoojj oreck iflactes, I for the first time sm| tame geeMt and by bantering a pet gander I Pt a severe bi*i ting by bis bill, and beating by his wings. I won* delved v#y much that hirds so large and strong] •hould be so much tamer than the wild turkies,] at this place however all vnas right, excepting tbs| ;^j|e birds which they called geese. The cab* apcl its furnitjiice wexe sii^ as i had been a«* fatig i|^tb ^iPant wJ Wp.' BAtiiE rvMyuRB and »ibt. Hi [customed to sets in the backwoodi as my eoun- ry W&9 then called. At Bedford every thing WM changed. The ta- vern At which 'my uncle put up, was a stone liouse, and to make the change still more complete It ivas plastered in the inside, both as to the walls^ ind ceiling. Oq going into the dining room I ;ra8 struck with astonishment at the appearaoca )fihe bouse. I had no idea^ that there was anf louse in the world which was not built of logs; [)ut here I lookeci^ round the bouse and could see DO logs, and above I could see no joists; whetheiri luch 1^ thing had been made by the bands of mail) ir bad grown so of itself, I could not conjecture. ' bad not the courage to inquire any thing about it. When supper came on, '* my confusion itaa ,rorse confounded.*^ A little cup stood in a biffgcH' )ne with some brownish looking stuff in it, which i|^ ras neither milk, honunwDCM* broth: what to do 7ith thead little cups and tjhe little apoon belong- ing to theOD, i covld not 4eH^ and t%as |f|iid to kskaay thihg coneelningtbe iffe of theft. It was ift the time df the war, and t^e company itf9 ^ving accoufits of catching, whipping and lianging th^ tories. l^he word jai2 frequently >ccurred: this word I had never heard before; but * soon discovered, and waa much terr\|Sed at ita • Deaning,.and #ippo8ed that we were in much langer of the ute of the tories; for I thought, IS we had come from the backwoods, it was alto* [ether likely that we must be tories too. For fear f being discovered IdUrst not utter a single word. therefore watched attentively to eee what^tlie|i, Mg folks would do with their little cups and ipooiiB. I Imitated them, and found the taste m he coffee nauseous beyond any thing I ever ht^'^ ♦ % f^- S' W lU H6U8B CTSKITtrRt ** DtB:r. tasted in my life. I continued to drink, as the rest of the company did, with the team ttreaniiDg from my eyes, but when it wss to end I was at a lots to know, OR thelitde cups were filled \nmt. diately after being emptivd. This circumstance distressed me very much, as I durst not say I had enough. Looking attentively at tbe grown per* sons, I saw one man turn his little cup bottom up> wards and put his little spoon across it. I obser* vedthat after this his cup was not filled again; I followed his air of moca&- sons ansiwered for me feet much better than ehoes^ These were made of dressed deerskin. They^vere mostijr made of a single piece with a gathering seam along the top of the loot, and another from the liottom of the heel^ without gathers as high as the ankle joint or a little higher Flaps were left on eachsi^e to reach some distance up the legs. These were nicely adapted to the ankles, and low- er part of the leg by thongs of deer skin, «o that no dust, gravel, or spoiw could get within the mpcaSson.. The mocassons in ordinary use cost hjit a few hours labouf to make them. This was done by .an initrument denominated a mocaason awl, which was made of the backspring of an old dapsknife. This awl with its buckshorn handle was an ap- pendai^e of every shot poucih strap, together with A roll of buckakin for mending the mocassons.*^ T^is was the ld>oui|;i of almost every evening.-^ They were sewed together and patched with deer « skill thongs, or whangs as they were commonly called. ; /'' Tt V in cold Weather the mocassons vrttB well stuff- ed with deers hair, or dry leaves, so as to keep the feet comfortably warm; but in wet weather it was usually said that wearing them Was^^A de- cent Way of goin|f barefooted;" atfd such was tbe f%ct) owing to the spongy texture of the leather of which they were made. .Owing to this defective covering of the feet, iii<^e than to any other circumtta rce the great- «i! lumber of our hunters apd Warriors were af- jBicted with the rheumatism in their limbs^ Of this difeaso the-^ were all apprehensive in eold * » ir*> !>ttE89.' iw )cads6n8.'*^ or #et weather, and therefore' aUf^&ye slept with their feet to the fire to prerent ordure it as well ae they could. This practice uof uestioiiably #ad a very ialutary effect, and prevented many of them irom becoming confirmed cripples in early life. In the latter ycart of the indian war our young men hecame more enamoured of the indian dresV throughout, with the exception of the matchcoat. The drawers were laid aside andtiie leggins made longer, 80 as to reach the tipper part of the thigh. The indian breed! clout was adbptcd. This wa» a piece of linen or'eioth' nearly a yM long, atitt eight or nine inches broad. This^ passed - nttlNr the belt before and behind^ leading the cnd^ for flaps hangiof feforo tind behiod over the ;hefi.<^ These flaps were sbmetimes^' omaaiented'^ ti^Jtli some coarse kind of embroidery work.' To the same bdts which seenred the breech cl6ut, stringps which supported the long leggins were stlache^. Whan this bhters. The coaid and bedgowns ofthe women os well as the hunting ehirts of the men were hang in full ^ifiplay on wooden pf*gs round the walls of their Cabins, so that while they answered in some degree thepUce of paper hangings, or tapestry they &d* nounced to the stranger as well as neighbour the wealth or poverty of the family in the articles of cloathing. This practice has not yet been whd* ly laid «fiide amongst (he backwoods families. Tbe historian would say to the ladies of the pre^ sent time. Our iancestora of your sex knew no* thing ofthe ruffles, leghorns, curls, coinbSy rin^ ftnd Other jewels with which their fair daughters jikdw decorate themselves. Such things w^ic not #^n to be hod; Many ofthe younger part of them Xflire preily well grown up before th«y ever saw Itbe inside of a store room, or even knew there was such a thing in the world, unless by bearsoy, and indeed scarcely that. Instead of the toilet, they bad to handle the distaff or shuttle, the sickle or weeding hoe, con* tented if they could obtain their linsey cloathing lind cover their heads with a sun bonnet made of six or seven hundred linen. t^u The Fort. # CHAPTER XI. Mt reader will understand by thu term, not on- ly a plaoe of defence, but the residence of a small Dumber of families belonging to the same ocigli- bourbood, As Ibciiulkn node of warfare was an indiscriminate slaughter of all agea, and both sexes, it was as requisite to ^^ 'ovidc for the safety of the women and children as for that of the men The fort consisted of cabins, blockhouses^ and stockade?. A range of cabins commonly form- ed one side at least of the fort. Divisions, or par- titions of logs separated the cabins from each other. The walls on the outside were ten or tivelFo feet high, the slope of the roof being turned whol- ly inward. A very few of these cabins had pun- cheon floors, the greater part were earthen. :^ The blockhouses were 'juilt at the angles of the fort. They projected about two feet beyond the outer walls of the cabins and stockades. Their upper stories were about eighteen inches ev^iy way larger in dimension than the under one, leav- ing an .opening at the commencement of the se- cond story to prevent the enemy from making a lodgment under their walls. In some forts in- stead of blockhouses, the angles of the fort were furnished with bastions. A large folding gate aado of tbtc^ jlabs, nearest the spring c1om4 the K 2 s* *... 113 frtffi FOtlT» fort. The stockades, bastions, cabins, and blook^ home vrali) wem ftirtilshcd with port holes at pro- pei|i^eights an j di*3tance8. The whole oftheoul* side ivas made ootnpUtely bullet proof. it may be truly said that Decessily is the moth- er of invention; for the whole of this work was made without the aid tf a single nail or spike J iron, and fur this reason, such things were not to be had. In some places, less exposed, a single block- house, with a cabin or two constituted the whole fort. Such places of refuge may appear very trifling to those who have been in the habit of seeing the formidable military garrisons of Europe and America; but they answered the purpose, as the Indians had no artillery. They seldom attackecji and scarcely ever took one of theoi. The families belonging to these forts were so attached to their own cabins on their farms, that they seldom m<>ved into their fort in the spring until compelled by some alarm, as they called it; that is, when it was announced by some mur- der that the indians were in the settlement. The fort to which my father belonged, was during the first years of the war three quartets of a mil0 from his farm; but when thirfori went >o o.icay, and became uafit for defence, a new one was built at his own house. I well remem- ber thai, when a little boy, that the family were SUinetimes waked up io the dead of nighf, by an ekpresii with a report that the indians were at hand. The express came softly to the door, or back window, and by a gentle tapping waked the fani'' fly. !Fhi« was easily doae as an habitual (tfti ( ■ 119 nade us erer watchful and sensible to the elight- est alarm. The whole family were instantly in notion. My father 8iezed his gim and other im- plemenis of war. My step mother '^aked «L and dressed the children as well as she ooulo, and being myself the oldest of the children, I had to take my share of the bu^hens to be carried to the fort. There Was do possibility of gelling a horse m the night to aid us in removing to the fort. Besides the little children we caught up what articles of cloathing and provision we could get hold of in the dark, for we durst not light a candid dr even stir the firok All Ibis was done with the utmost dispatch and the silence of death. The greatest care was taken not to awaken the*young- est child. To the rest it was enough to say inJiar^aod not a ivhimper was 'heard afterwards. Thus it ofteit happened that the whole number of families be- longing to a fort who were in the evening at tbeiv homes, were all in their little fortress before the dttwnof the next morning, ii the course of the succeeding day, their household furniture was brought in by parties of the men underarms. Some families belonging to each fort#ere much less under the influence of fear than otiilrli & who after an alarm had subsided, in spite ofjBvery re«- monstrance would remove home, while tKeir more prudent neighbours remained in theforh Such families were denominated ^^fool- hardy** and gave no soiall amount of trouble by creating such fre- quent necessities of sending runners to warn them of their danger, and sometimes parties of our m^ T|^ protect the ID during their removal. #• Caravans^ CH^PTI^. xir. Ths Bcquisition cf the indiepensible articlegofj fait, iron, steel apd castings presented great dif* ficultirs to the nrst settlers of the western coun* try. They had no stores of any kind, no salt, iron, nor iron works; nor bad tbey money to make purchases where those articles could be obtained. Peltry & furs were their only resources, before ihey had tiflne to raise cattle and borsea for sale in the Atlantic states. Every fjimily collected what peltry and fur, they could obtain throughout the year for the pur* pose of sending them over the mountains for bar* ter. In the fall of the year, after seeding time, every family formed an association wilh some of their neighbowEs for starting the little caravan. A mas* t^r driv(# was selected from among them who was tO"))e assisted by one or more young men and sOmetirttes a boy or two. The ^orses were fitted out with pack saddles, to the hinder part of which was fastened a pair of hobbles made of hickorj withs, a bell and collar ornamented bis neck.— The bags provided for the conveyance cf the salt were li!led with feed for the horses; oo the journey a part of this feed was left at conyeoient atagea on the way down, to support the r^ro of Ibe cartTan; large wallets well filled wH| biead, ■^i^^ •'^''■^,-: -^ CARAVANS. iu jjrk, boiled ham and cheese furoHlied pulsion fbr the drivers. At night aft«r faadihg, the norset whether put in pasture or turrjod ou,t iuto the woodB were hobbled and the bells were opened. Ml^ The barter far salt and iron f/as made firttw Biltimore. Frederick, |Iagerstown, OJdt^wo an4 Fort Cujnberland in succession became the place of exchange. Each horse carried iiro buihela of alluoi salt weighing eighty four pounds the bushe). This to be sure watt not a hf?avy load for the horses but it was enough consideriug^tke scantjf subsia- tance- aHowed them on the journey. The common price of a bushel of allUtn salt, al an early period was a good^cow and calf; and until fveighti were introduced, the salt- Was- lueasufed into the half bushel, by hand as ligluly\8 possible. Vo one was permitted to walk heavily o?«r the floor while the operation of measuring waiB going on.- Tha followinif anecdote will serve to shew how Utile the native sons of the forest knew of the etiquilte of the atiantic cities. A neighbour of my father, some years after the seltlemeai of the couhtry, had eollecied a small drove of cattle for the Baltimore market. Amongst the hands employed to drive them was one who never had seed any condilion of society but that of wopdsmen. At one of their lodging places in the mouotain^ tbe landlord and his hired man, in the course of the night stole two of the bells belonging to the drove and hid them in a piece of woods. The drove had not gone far in the morning be- fore the bells were missed; and a detachment went back to recover the stolen bells, ,The nien weri> found reaping in the field of the landJoi'd;, Sh^y were aocuaed df the theft| but they doQie^ ru CARAVAK9» th«c!llrge. The toitureorsu'eating according to the cuBtom of thattime^ that U of suspension by the arms pinioned behind their backs, brought J i|anfe8sion. The belli were procured and huirg| Around the necks of the thieves. In this ccr.di. lion they were driven on foot before the diMach* mrsit until they overlook {he drove which by thji tf nie had gone nine miles A halt was called and a jury selected to try the culprits; They were con. denned to receive a certain number of lashes oa the bare Haak from the hand o^ ea^b drover.... The man above ttlluded to was the owner of one of the bells; whea it came to bis turn to use tb« liiekorv now says he to the thief ^^You inferail scoundrel; Til work your jacket ninateen to the dosen, only think what a rascally flgure ] ehould Bkake in the s&eeta of Bialtimore without a bell oa my horae,'* Thf^ man wat in earnest, having teen no horsei ^aed wijthout bells, lie thought they wore reijLMisita ^ every aituation. Ilk* & CHAFTER XIIL Tins was an iorpoHant part of the employv- ment of the^ early eeitlers of ^ibie €Ottntr)r. For some ycars^'the woods supplied Ihein with I be greater amount of their subsistance, and with re- gard to some families at certain iimea, Uie wh^e of it; for it was no unoommoo thing^forfaoiilief to live several ipooths without a mouthful of bread. It frequently happened that there was i!o break- fast uT^til it was obtained -from* the wOods. Fur 'and peltry were the people's money. They bad nothing else to give in exchange for rifles, salt, and iron, on the other side of the mountainf>. The fall and early part of the winter was the season for hunting the deer, and the whole of the winter including part of the spring for bears i^nd fur skinned animals. It was a customary saying that fur is £ood during every month in the name of which the Tetter R occurs. The class of hunters with whom I was best ac- quainted were those whose hunting ranges were on the western side of the river and a^ the dis- tance of 8 or 9 miles from it. As soon as the leaves were pretty well down and the weather be^ came rainy, accompanied with light snoi^, these men after acting the part of husbandoieii, so far ai the state of warfare permittedithem to do so, soon began to feel that they were^munters. They be* it'fm Vt4 liVNTIKO. came unpasy Al'Konne. Everything about ttien krcfime disagreeable. Tbo houie wea too warn. 3^e frathcT bed too 8orr,ardev«ti (he good wife was rot thought for the time being, a proptr companion. The mind of the hunter was whoiI| •occupied vvith the camp and chase. I have efU'n seen the ro get up early m the roorn* irg at this season, walk hastily out and look aO' xiously to the woods and snufTthe autumnal windi with the highest rapture, then return into ihi bouse at>d cast a quick and attentive look at tbe rifle, which was always suspended to o joist bji oouple of bucks horn»i, or little loiks. iVis hunung dog understanding the intentions of bisintstfr, would wajfttistail and by every biandishment in bii power exprea^ his readiness to accompany him ts, the wood|i. • A day was «oon appointed for the march of tbe little cavalcade to the camp. Two or three horses fumis^hed with pack saddJea ivf.re loaded with 4our, Indian mt&lf blankets and every tbin^; else temiisito for the use of the hunter. A bunding camp, or what wascalleil a half fa- oed cabin waa of the following form; the back- part of it was sometimes a large Tog; at th^ dis- tance of eight or ten feet from this two stakes were ee! in~ the gri^und a few inches apart, and At the distance of eight or ten feet from these two more, to receive the the ends of tbe poles for tbe aides of the camp. The whole slope of the roof, was from the fiont to the back. The eoveriDg was mar)e of slabs, skins, or blankets^or if in tbe apring •of the y^h ^^c ^ark of hickory or asb trees. Tlie front was left entirely open. The fire waa built fllrectly before this opening. The cracks be- Iwooiiiie logs wero||lfd[ with moti, jlry leaved wivTiira. m f frved for t htd. It is thus that a couple of nt ■« ia a few booTf,' wifl conatruot for thenitelve|,ft temporapy, but tolerably eo.i&for(ible defeoeot irom the inolemenciee of the weather. Tba beaver, otten, tnuikrai and squirrel are scarceljf their equate in 'dispatch in fabricatiof for thenv jelTee aeofert fron^ the tempesti A litdo more paini would have made' a htti- ting eamp a defence against the Indiana. A ca- bin ten teat iqu'are, butlet 'proOf and tiiroishaft with ^porl holes, would have enabled two or thre« hunters to hold Wenfy iodians at 'bay for aof length of « time. Bat this preOaut^on 4 belief* was* never attended to; hence the hunters wer*' often surpt^fed ami killed in .theiir camps. . The site for the camp was selected with all th« sagacity of (be' woodsmen, so as to have*it ahelter*; Bore^ especially from those of the north and west* An uncle of mine of the name of Samuel Teter occupied the' saine camp for several yeara in suo* •cession. It waii situated on oqe of the aouthera branchea of Cross Creek. Although f lived ma- ny ^years' not more thain fifteen miles from the r place, it ^arnot 'till within a very (ew, years ftg«.«^ that I discovered its situation. It if as shewn me by^a geDttleman living In the neighbourhood.*^ Viewing the hills round about it, I soon pereeiv* edi!thb'safl»^ty of the hunter in the site for hie oamp. Not a wind could touch him^ and unlese hy'the^TeBOrt of his gun or the sound of his aae^ it would naVe^een % mere accident if 4ya iediaft ^ ^ad disieovered his 'Concealment. .^ . HaMiiig was- not a mere ramble in pursuit dl r 4q- iliht^h Ihev was ^othioc ot fkili 4xA ■:% ite UUI7TING. iM. calculation; on the contrary the hunter before he •et out in the morning, was informed by the state of the weather in what situation he might reason' ably expect to meet With his game; whether on the bottoms, sides or tops of the hills. In stormy weather, the deer always seek the most shelter- ed places, and the leeward sides of the hills. In rainy weather, in which there it not much wind, they keep in the Open woods ^n the highest ground. In every situation it was requisite for the hun^ ter to ascertain the course of the wind, so as to get the leeward of the game. This ha effected hj» putting his finger in his mouth, and holding it there until it became warm, then holding it,lii hove his head, the sideiwhich first becomes cold ihewB which way the.- wind blows«: As it was requisite too for thb hunter to know the cardinal points, he had only to^observe the trees to ascertian them. The Ka^ of an ag«d tree is thicker end much rougher on the north than on thi^ ieuth side. The same thing may be •aid of ^ moss, it is much thicker and stronger on thi^l^orth than on the south sides of the trees. Thl|^lK>le business of the hunter cousists of a fuccesisidh of intrigues. From morning 'Ull iight he was |D the alert to gain the wind of his j(»me, and appp^ich them without being discover- ed. If he succeeded In killing a deer, ne skined it, and hung it up out of the reach of the wolves, end immediatly resumed the i^lse Hill the close of the evening, when he bent his course ton^ds his camp; whf n arrived there he kindled ^ his . fireflNytegether with his fellow l^iinter, cooked hisftuppl^ The supper fini*bed, the adventures of tht day furnished the tales to the OTeDi}i>g,-< ■UlTTf N6« m the 8pike buck,, the two and three pronged bucip the doe and barren doe, figured* through their ao* ecdotes with grettt advantiigo* It should seem that after hunting awhile on the same, ground, the hunters became acquainted with nearly all the gangs of deer within their range, so as to know each flock of them wh^n they saw them. Often some old buck, by the means of his superior sft- ffftcity and watchfulness, saved his little gang frond the hunter^s skill, by |[iving tiriety notice of hit approach. ^The cunning o* the hunfer^ and that of the old buck were slaked against each^ otfiiif,' * finA it frequently happened that at the conclusioo . ot the bunting season, the old fellow was left the free uninjured tenant of his forest; but if his rival succeeded in bringing^ him down, the victory was followed by no small amount of boasting on the part of the conqueror. Wlien the weather was not suitable for bunting, theskins and carcases of the game were brought in and disposed of. Many of the hunters rested from their labOurii on the Sabbath day, some from a motive of pietyj; Others said that whenever they hunted on Sundaj^, they were sure to have bad luck oo the r^itctf the week. «|^ .'^ m CHAITER. Xm P< i -:si' PpE atqHg^tiinir«;ftpJ't^^eflrstget|Iementofthii« 0t»untry, the inhabitams in geiieml^arriedjoungk t There vi;a« no distinctiott of rftnk, iftd veiy lit- ih of foriune. On the»Q accounti the. first impres* fliop of love resulted ininarrlege^«nd a faroily ei- lilbliihineBt eoii bt»t • UlOe Ubour ao4 ootbinr fi^if' ' A di^riOtioD of a wedauf from the begining t§v the end will serve to shew ibt mannen of our fore* Hithers and rm^ik Hhe grade of cit jUEetionlfblclfc |r|s stibccedf d to tHeiMwdt itileof aocietyin the bourse ofa few years, . . At en Wly period, the prectioe of ^ eelebrajllDg^ Ibtei ipijirrUge at tiie hous^ of- the bride begen,iao4 tt^s^id sefi]H^ with greal- prc^rieiyr Slie b1s# ^j^stjie choice of W)e ^cie^t to perlbrin Uie ewe- In the firttSi^ of the settlement of (fiis coun» ti^r, aweddingTngaged Ihe attention-of a whole neighbourhood ;.jand the frolic was anticipated by old end young with eager exjf|eetatioD. This is not to he wondered atvwben it it told thai a wedding waj ^ i ito it th e^y gpathering which vVas nut ac- 0O^BIKwitlj||Kj(|bour of reaping, log rolling, j^bi^r^aning. soBB aeot^^orean*^ M 4'^- we wiMilro. 1t9 tn the morniDg of tbe wedding dav, the grboiiwi ftnd his at|eDd«atft aiaeinbled at the house of >bis father for fhe purpbi^ of reaching the mansion 6f his bride by oooo, which was the usual time for celebrating the nuptials; which for certain must take place before dinner. Let tbe reader iitiagine an assembtage of pep* |)le, without a store, tailor or maotuamaker Witbia an hundred miles; and an assemblage of h<^sef, without a blacksmith or saddleil within an eqiifl distance. Ilie gentiemen dressed in 6boe{^G]if| mocassons, leather breeches, leggtns, lintey hc^iil* * ing shirts, and all homemade. The >i^i<» dres* sed in iinsey pettlcoatcts and linsej or Une,n be4 gowns, coarse shoes, Stockings, halldl:erchlefi|^ and buckskin gloves, if any* If .there were aof^ bucklef, rings, buttons, or rufSeSy they %%re the^ relick&i;>l bid tinesi family pieces from parebfi dft griina p^rehts/ The horses were caparidone% vrith did iiijlalei; did bridles or hsilteirs, and ;|>ack4 laddlesy with, a b^g or blanket thrown oyer them: a rope Or striii|^ as often iopatituted $he girth M a piece of leather. ^Iphe march, in double fit^ was tt^ti vaU(tvipt4. ^d by thd^ naitowpess and obatt^tibBi of>u^7 borsi paths, as they were calle4^|^H| we had' Jidr toads; and these diffibuities weiiPiRen mcreali' e|, somf times by the good, and sometioaes by th#, ^ill will ol neighbours, by falling trees and tyin| grape ?ii|6S across •thei way. Sometimes an am'' buscaje if flis formed by the ^ray side, and aflLlih'^ expected discharge of ^^^^t^Mtfl ^< iojs to edrer the wedcKnglMw wi Leit t^Hikder imagine the sc^Pwhl edtl^wOharge; the suddeu jpariil df tha bdrs^ ^ 4#. P^^ S^ftk W19>lpfe-~ |§Al^j|irJfkkftOf tht gfirls, Aod tbe cblvtlric buath 4f ^l^pirfartnerB to «&«« them from f4llip^. Some* .MD^BSj.iA §pU9 of'^^i^ll thtt could be done to pn* tent il, some wore thrown to the nound* jf«^ jvristtelhbw,. or. ankle happened (obe »prain«4{|^^ VRai-tiedt^witb a bank«rcbiof,,aiid'little.more wif .thoi^g^t t)r; aaid^bout it. * , •A*oiKer«ofemony^poiiiiiioiiljf took" place befon iiht ^art| reaehed the house of the bride, after thi j^aciiceol^iMkiftgwhiskctjbegany which was zi- lain ii|i;l J, period; when the party were about a %i|4» Vfcop the place of th^ir d«siiDation,two young; > men' would aiagle out to run for the bet- who reached 'the^d«Grwa», pf «^eii^e^:with^evprize« wilh^w^icb he returned" u^ tfiumph ^lire ^ company. On approaGhin|-, ibem^ he- a^fliPpcedhif. victory over hj» rival b^ ; |ilBh^i.whroop« M the head of tbe troop, be nve- twB bottle; first to the gfoom and bta atteo^ ^nts,tnd then to. e^ch pair \n, successioAv.to the* mrjjf the liRe,>fi^:ing- each a dram; ;And theq^ the hesooi of jiie hunting' : .the company f . marriage preceede4thedin- T, whicW svf^^P^bsiantial back woods /east of efy poi'lc, IM^ attd^«ametiffleii. vtni^a. and %**,;^. Ml, WBBMira^' bitar nett rottted and b»iled^ with ]^ttty ^ IKitatoes, cabbage, and other vegejablea. t^pt the dthner the greateat bilaiity alwajra preniltdi ahhough the Cable night ba-ft'large slab of timbi|» hewed out with a broad ate,supported by fouraltoka aet io au|er holeB;^nd Ihe farhiture, aome old pewter-dishes, and plates; the rest) wooden boWib and trenchers; a few pewter spoons, much battered about the edge#i were to be seen lat ronne tabjea. The rest were made of horns.* If JulWea were scarce, the ^efioi^ncy^waa|nade^ by the sca^l:^— ing knives which were carried in sheathi a us pcnd?* ed 10 the belt of the bunting shirt. * At^er-dJoner the dancing eommenco^^* laiid go^ Jieratty lastednill the next nwrningrf l*b#%urc»- of the dances we|« three, aad :.fonf baf)^«||; leels, or sqiiarf^ iiwtcs; and j%s. The cdnvinei^* "I* J* 52? •^*'*y» • square four, vibiob wos follow, td bj ^|^t;was called jjging it ol^ that is^ ti^o of ^ the four would sioi^leo^t for a jte^and wefo^ol. J(^ed by the remaining- cou|>le. The jij^wero- •fieh- accompuiied «««th wftat was caMed cunj^iv <«rtr that ,is|«wfa«n either of the parties b^cafu^^ ^fedmhe dance, on intimaiion thehe dance: lit 3H|^y a 4lhai« Wis often continued 4ilLt|teinudi^|Piri^^^^^^^ tired flff his situatioi^. Inward, the jj^ pjirt of ' m night, if any pfihe company, through WeaH- »eM, :^terap«d to conceal thewselr^p; for th0> purpose of sleeping theyiwei^ bubted^ip, paiadei •n the iioiir, and the 6 ddler of^^i^o nf outUl to*oiorro w morning.'* ^i Ahoi^t nine^ or ten o'cJoct, ^,^ „,^„,^ the youiji^liidies stole off the brido^ 4d put her » - nw.v lidoiag: this, itire^aatJy.^ip^enad/tha^t US tbey bad lo tsccnl! a ladder instead of a pair of tiairt, leading from the diniog and ball room \^ the ioft, tbe^oor of wbicb was made of clspboardb lying, loose and vvithout nails. This ascent oa^ might tbink, would put the bride and b^r attends ants to (he blueh; but as the foot pi the faddei was pommonty behind (he door« whieh ivas pur- posely opened for the occasion^ and its rounds iV the inner ends were weU hung nhh hunting sbirti petticoats, and other articles of clothing, the can* dies being on (be opposite side bf the house, (be exit of the bride was noticed but by few. This done, a deputation of young men in like manner at(ble oflT the ^room, and placed him souj^y by tbs. aide of bis %»d^. The danee still continued y^^' if saata happened to be scarce, whicb ^Ji^as often the case, every young maPf wlien* nqf^^ngaged i^, the dance, was crbliged to offer bis ^ ap,a 6tj^ ifof oneof tb<^glrlsi andtbeoff«r wais sm to be apcepted* jo the midst of this hilarity the bri^| and groom iirere not forgotteo« |?reUy late in (^ flight, some one vyould remind the company th«^ t|ke new couple must stand in need of some rs^ Iresfament: Uack fi^^t(T, ftrbicb was the name of the bottle^ jSaplIed for, and sent up the ladder; biit tometi AJIpck Betty did not go alpne, 1 hare many itimealiii as mnco bread, beef, pork aai cabbage ieiit along with her, as tvould afford I ago«dm«aiforbau a da^ei birngry men. Tb joupJT couple were compelled to eat and drinl^ uioil Of less, of ^.bakiver was offered tb|m, "* co«if||!p;ine festivity il any^^pnted t^ _ie|f t#^jlNlm, ftQd the young couple (o oast^he vrootd eall out, ^ where is black Betty, VTf^t to kiss ber sweet lips:'' black Betty ^ai ~ iiiiidad to bioil Ibtii holding her up iii jbi» V- VftB WBBBma. i9* I^Blband, we would say* *' her«*l httUfi to the ^oni) odt forgettfog myielf; tnd her&'f to^ tfot Bride, thumptng luck and, big children:" This, 80 far from oeiog taften amiss, wa8.eon8idered aa- an eipression^ofav^ry prpper and friendly wisbf; Ibr big; children, especially sons, were o^ great im- portance;- as we w^re few in numi^er, and engaged. > in perpetual hostility with the Indians, the end of which no .one could foresee. Indeed many of them seemed to suppose that war was-the natural state of man, and' therefore did: not anticipate any conclusion of it; every big son' was therefore con^ ftidered^s a young soldier. Fut'tOreturn. - It often happened that same neighbours-or relations^ ribtbeihgasked to the wed^ difig, tdok offence^ and'theinode of revenge adop*^ ted by then^ on such occasions, was that of out* ting off the maries, foretops^.aiid taih|.oftbe bdCMt' el^ihe f#ij§df ng coispany. Another method of revenge whieh was- adopted- when then chastity of the bride was a iittla suspec^ . led, was that of setting up^ a pair of horns on polea^. or trees, on the rou4 of the wedding company.-^ This was a hint ta the groom that be might e^ pect to be eomplimented vi1i|i4ti>ai||,oChorB8 bim-r On returning to the infare, tbe MJPolpjroces* sion, and the race tor black Bfetelow (hen ;arid Iriipt in thiir placesty logs, placed at pro^ Pittances uoon thrai. * The Toor, and aometimes,the floor were finiBhed on the same d»y of tlie raising. . A third da} wii •canunonly apent1)y a few carpenters ia level- ingofftbe floor, making a clap .'board door and a tabla; This last waa made of a apUt sls^ lu^d supported by four-round legs selTn auger bolea. Some three legod albOls^ wer^made .^ the same manner. Some pios,atuok in the Jogt. it the back ■ ar the liouae • tuported ..soma . clia, Ijoarda which s«»rved forahelv^s for the tsbls! futBiture A single vfotic, placed with its loww ond in a hole io the floor and Ihe lipper end fasten* ed to a joistjerved for a bed stead, %y pljicing i ie In tha%#k wi^b one «nd thrpueh a am pole In thr^k with one «nd througli a «rack 4»mw<^tl^pgs Of the wall. Thia front pols wa^^^jpHsei liy a i(horter one within the fori, -wilb iii^^er end through another -crack. From ihe frcinf pole, through a «rack between the Jogs of ^he end •of the hous^ die boards were, put on »ks^^ formed tfad1)ott^nr of lire bed. Sonie times ssi 'Wife pinned^oihe fdi* a little dis- i?e thase; for the purpo«<^ of supporting Wnd^ foot t>f the %ed,^hile the walls -^«Pportrof-4t» liiik i^dThead, Afew ■m ^. THE H0V8B WARMINH. 1S7 ^egs around the walls for a display of the coats cC the women, and buntiog shirts of the men, and tw^ small forks or bucks horns to a joist for the rifle and shot pouch, completed the carpenter work. la the mean time masons were at work. With the heart pieces of the timber of which the clapboards were made, they made billets for chunking up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and chim- ney, a large bed of niortaT was made for daubing up those cracks; a fev/ stones forined the back and jambs of the chimney. The cabin being firnished, the "ceremony Of house warming took place, before the young coii« pie were permitted to move into it. The house warming was a dance of • whole night's continuance, made up of the relations of the bride and groom, and their neighbours. Oh the day following the young couple toiA: ^Ofli^ t4on Of ^eir dtw ndaniHoii. Cte 41 '■•?«.. s^ f: m Workings CHAPTER XVI. IViE necessary Itboare of the farms along the frontiers, were performed with every danger and idifficulty innmaginable. The whole f opulation of 4be frontiers huddled together in their little forts, left the country with every appearance of a de- serted region; and such would have bean the o- jiinion of a traveller concerning it; if be had not «een here and there, some smaU fields of ^corn, or •tber f rain in a growing state. It is easy to immagina what losses niust bava .%een sustained by our first settlers owing to this deserted state of their farms. It was not the fuH ineasore of their trouble, that they risked their, lives and (tften lost them, in subduing the forest :«nd turning it into fruitful fields; but compelled to leave them in a deserted state during the sum- mer season, a jl^^ftt part oi the fruits of their la- l^urS ttttf luicif^|M: is i^ say, captains and colonel; but they itBiy res- pects, were only nominally such. They l^d ad* vise; but not command. Those who chose to follow^ their advise did so, to such an extent as suited their fancy, or interest. Others were refractory Jiid" thereby gave much trouble. These officeta w6^|d lead a scout, tr compaign. Those who ihoujlt proper to accompany them did so, those who did not remained at hoioe. Public cil^m m ' i4^ UEClUMtC ARTA* f nly punifehment for their lai^ineis or cowardice. There wos no compulsion to the performance of 3ni1itary duties^ and no pecuniary reward when they were performed'. It is but doing jusiiee to the first settlers of this country to say^that. instances of disobedience of families and individuals to the advice of our officers, were by no means numerous. The grea- ter number chftet fully submited to their directioni with a j^rQlPpt^aud I'aitbful ohcdieoce. Mechanic %3lrts. CHAPTER XVIIi in gjyng tl4tklstory of the stats of the mechan- ic artaSuh^ey were exercised, at an early period of the ialmmebl of thi» country, Ftshall present a peop]^^ driven by necesaity to perform works of mechanical skill, iFar beyond what a person en- joy|ii« all the advantages of civilization, would ex- IHBejt from.a population piaced io such destitute' djpcumatancet. iMy reader, wiH naturally ask where W)ere their mills for grinding grain ? Where their tanners for. anakkii; leather ^ Where their smith shopafor lBa^ \ BiKCnANiG ART9. 141 king and repairing their farmir|f utensils? Wha were their oarpeoters, tailori<, cabinet wcrkfiieb, shoemakers, and weavers? The answer is, those manufacturers did not exist, nor had they any tradesnaen, who were professedly such. Every family were under the necessity of doing every thing for themselves, as well as they could. The hoioiny block, and hand mills, wers in use ill most of our houses. The first was made of a large block of wood about three feet long, with an excavation burned in one end, wide at the top^ and narrow at at the bottom, so ^hat the action o^ the pestle on the boffbm threw the corn up to the sides toward the lop of it, from whence it con : tinutlty fell down into the centre. In consequence of this movement, the whole mast of the giain was pretty equally subjected to the strokes of the pestle. In the tall of the year while the indian corn was soft, the block and pestle did very wellfor making mealfor johneycake^arid muKli ;^ but were rather slow when the corn bi^caine hard. The sweep was sometimes used to lessen the toil of pounding grain into meal. This was a pole of some springy elastic wood, thirty feet long or more, the but end was placed u'lder the side of an house, or a large stump, this pole was sup-, ported by two forks, placed aboat one ^Ifd of Hr length from the but end so as to el^a0 the smalt end about fifteen teet from the groundftb this ivas attached, by a large mortise, a piece of a sapling about five, or six inches in diameter and viglu or ten feet long. 'Die lower end ofthii was:|^aped^ so ab to^answer for a pestle. A pin of wood ttlfput through it at a proper height, so that two pmoot^ 4^uld Work at the sweep at once. Thia toipple ...^-^ Ht sffiGiAAmd AkTi* machine very much IlBMOfied the labour, iDil^ez* pedited the work. I remember, that when a boy I put up an exr cellent sweep ^ my fathers, ft was made of a su- gar tree sapling. It was kept going almost con- fttantiy from morning till nigjit bf our neighbours for several weeks. Its tb» Qreenbriar country where they had 9u number of saltpetre eayoo, the first settlers made .plenty of ejeelleot gun I ? by the means of liK>8e sweepa and mortar^ A machine, still more silpple t^an the morfar and pestle was used for making meal, while the corn was too soft to be beaten. U ws^s called a grater. This was a half circular piece of tin, perforated with a punch from the concave side, and nailed by its edges to a block of wood. The ears of corn were rubed on the rough edges of the holes, while the meal fell through them en the board or block, to which the grater was nailed,, which being in a slanting direction, discharged the meal iritc a cloth or bowl placed for U» recep- tion. This to be sure was a slow way of makiog meal; but necessiiy has^nola^. The hand mill was better than the mortar, and grater. U wm madip of two circular stones, the lowest of nihioh was- called the bed stone, the upper one the runner. These were placed in 1:; hoop, with a spout for discharging the meal.— A sthU tvas let into a hole, in tlie upper surface of lhe,,ru8ncr, near the outer-edge, and its up- per^i^ through a bole in a board fastened to a J0i»|^bove, so that two persons- cjijuld be employed- in %rning the mill^j&t the san)e titoe. The g;raiat was put iJrto the openinij, in th* runner by> hand* Xb«fe miils aCi^ still in use iki. I^alestioe, the anr- J mcRAmo MKm^ Ui^ tfientcowitry ofthe Jfews. To v niiUoflhissorlr: out Saviour alluded, wheo; with rcfcienoe to tbo (f^truetiotl of Jaru»alein he wid "Ttro wooae* shall be grinding at »jRill, the ooe sball be take» and the other left.'* This mill ifl much preferaWe to that used at preient in upper Egypt, for making: the dhouf- ra bread. It is a smooth 8toni '^ '• ' Our clothing ^^as afT bf domestic manufaci^ lure. We had no other resource for clothing., and this indeed, was a poor one. The crogf '6f flais. often failed, and the sheep were destroyitoy the wolves. Lihsey, Which is made of flax^and wool, the former, the chain and the latter, the lillir^gy wait ttie warmest and nnost sdbslanti&l cloth we could make. Almost every house contained a loom, Mid almost every woman was-a weaver. Every' family tanned their own leatheri Tfe tfn vat was a large trough sunk to the uppaa^ ^^ io the ground. A quantity of bark waa ea? 144 MECHANIC ARTfl. sily obtained every Spring, ID clearing and (tuii ing l»nd. This after dryings ivas brought in «o(I in wet days was shaved and pounded on a bl«c|( of wood, with an axe or mallet* Ashes was usedf | in place of lin>£ for taking off the hair, fieari oil, hogs lard and tallow, answered the place of] Ash oil. The leather, fo be sure was coarse; but it was substantially good. The operation of cur* rying was performed by a drawing knife with its edge turned, after the manner of a currying knife, j The blacking for the leather was made of scot and fcegslard. ^ . Almost every family contained its own tailor8j| tnd shoemakers. Those who could not make shoes, could make shoepaeks. These like mocas' sons were made of a single piece of leather with the exception of a tongue piece on the top of tbi foot. This was about uvo inches broad and cir* cnlar at the lower end. To this the main piece of leather was sewed, with a gathering stich. The Beam behind was like that of a mocasson. To the Aboepack a boal was sometimes added. The women did the tailor work. They could all cut out and make hunting shirts, leggins and drawers, ^ The state of society which existed in our country mt fin early period of its settlement, is well calculate) I to calUnto action every native mechanical geDiou8.{ This happened in this country. There was in al* most every neighborhood^ some one whose nalu^ I ral ingenuity enabled bim to do many things for] himself and his neighbours, far above what could have been reasonably expected. With tlie few loots which they brought with them into the coun* try, they certainly performed wonders. Their 1 plows, barrows with their wooden teeth, audi ^eda were io many instances weU made* Tbe^ MECHANIC ART^. 145 \ own tailors: aL^.. eooper ware,, which comprehended ever; tbin^p for holding milk* and water, waa generally pretty weU executed. The ccder ware by having al- ternatly a white and red stave, was then thought beautiful, many of their puncheon floor's were ve- ry neat, their joints close and the top even a«d smooth. Their looms, although heavy did very well. Those who could not exercise these me* chanic arts, were under the necessity of giving la* hour, or barter, to their neighbours to exchange for fbe use of them, so far as their necessities required. ^., An old Bian in my father's neighborhood had thefl|P art of turning bowls, frotn the knots of trees, par« » ticularly those of the ash. In what way he did it» £ do not know: or whether there was much mys- tery in bis- art. Be that, as it may, the old man'i skill was in great request as well turned woodeA bo wis. were aonongstaur first rate article* of house- hold furnitwre. My brothers, and myself once undertook to pro*' eure a fine s'sit of these bowls made, of the best wood, the ash.. We gathered ali we could find on our father'i land and took them^to theartbt, who was to jive, as the saying was one, half for the o- ther. He put the knots in a branch before hie do^r. A freshet came and swept theai all away. Not one of them was ever found. This was a , dreadful miaforlune. Our aitticipati0it of aa elegant display of new bowls was utterly blasted in a moment, as the poor old man was not able to repair our loss, or any part ofit. My father possessed a meebanioe] geoiouaof th0 highest order, and necessity which is the mother of invemioO) occasioned the full exerciic of hista* lents. His farming utensils were the best in the Beighbourhood. Aftes makiDg his bom;, lie oC^a 14^ SIECIUNIO ARTS. , .te used* it, as a weaver. AH t!ie shoes belonging to the family were mnde by himself. He alway* spun his own shoe thread. Saying (h&t no wo- man coold spin shoe thready as well as he could. His cooper ware was made by i)iiT)se)f. 1 have seen him mak^a sataH, neat kind of wooden ware •ailed set ivork,. in which the st(\vfs,.vvere all at> tacbed to the bottom of the vessel, by tlte nncans of a groove cut in them by a strong claps knife, and small chisel) before a single hoop v\as put ofi. Ho was sufficiently the carpenter to build the best kind of, houses then in use, that is to say first a cabin, and afterwards the hewed log house^ with a shingled roof. In his tatter years he be* came sickly, and not heing able to lebour, ke a- 'mused himself with tolerably good imitatioLS of cabinet work.. Not possesing sufficient healib for service on the scouts, and campaigns, his duty was that of Impairing the rifles of his neighbours, when they Deeded it. In this business he manifested a high degree of ingenuity. A t^mall depression on the surface of a stump or log and a wooden mallet, were his instruments for straightening the gun bar- rel when crooked. Without the aid of a bow string he could discover the smallest bend in a barrel* With a bit of steel, he could makea saw for deep- '^niog the fuFrow8,.when requsite. A few shots de« termined whether the guo might be trusted. Although he never bad been more than hs weeks at school; he was nevertbelef;s a first rats penmaD,and a good arithmetician. His penman- ftbip was of great service to his neigbdours ia writing letters, bonds, deeds of conreyaoce, &c. Young ae I was, I was possed of an tat whicb{< .wal o)f great use. It wag that o(. wenving. sk^^V &*t„ jiEDiciin:. 147 pouch str«p8) belts, an% garters. I could make my loom and weave a beli in lens than one day^— Having a piece of board about four feet long, an inch auger, spike gimlei, and a drawing knife; I needed no:other tooU or materials for making any loom. It frequently happened, 'that my weaving proved serviceable to the family, as I often sold a belt for a days work, or making an hundred rails. So thM although a boy, I could exchange my labour for Hiat of a full grown person, for ao equal length of time. 5 J^Iedicine. JCHAPTER XVin. This amongst • rude and illeterate people, cdf|| sisted mostly of specificks. As far as I can rec(M^ lect them, they shall be innumerated, together with the diseases for which they were used. The diseases of children were mostly ascribed (• worms. For the expulsion of which a selu* tion of conunoD salt was giren* The dose wai always large. I well remember, having been cem- j^dledto ttke hilft table spoon ftill^ when ^uilf 148 Sl£DieiM. 7^ •mall. To the best of fpy recolleclion it geMN ally answered the purpose. Scrapings of pewter spoons, wac another len. edy for the worms. This dose was also largo, i> mounting,! should think, from twenty tofortygraiu It was commonly given in sugar. Sulphate of 'iron, or^green coperas was a third remedy for the worms. The dose of this was al* 80 larger than w« should venture to give.at this time. For burns a poultice of indian lineal was i common remedy. A poultice of scraped -potatoei was alse a favourite remedy with some people. Roasted turnips, made into a poultice was used by 'Others. Slippery elm bark ivas often used in the seme way. I do not recollect that any iir* ternal remedy, or bleeding was -vver used for /bums. The croup, or whpt was then trailed the **BoM liives" was a. common disease amoDg tlie children, many of whom di^d of it. For the Cure of this, the juice ofYoasted onion or garlick was g^iven in large dosea. Wall-ink ^as also a favourite remedy with manj of the tilt ladies. For fevers, swearing was (he genenl! remedy. This was generallj^ performed by meabi •cf a strong decoction of ▼irginia snake root. Tbe iose Was always v^rylirg^^. If a tiurge was a^e(t,it ; Wtts idmut half a pint of a strongdf^coclioii of whitu fralnut bark. Thia, virhen intended for a putge, Wai peeled doivniii^arda; W for a vomit it iVaa peeldl vpwaids. Ito^'aii pb^ sick, or boi^aiif root, a spe* eies of epicacuanha nvaB frequently lised for a tomit ana sometidites the pocooti or blood root T6t tbef bft^ of a^rattfe, or copper strak^, a greit tMltgf 6fii)«ciAoa w«ra usad. Iram^berwbeifi Will W ip hare M#ft m«p bitlffV ^ »5J^« •oilw bfiwhi into tHe fort «» • »M\bML ^w^^ th^il^ #M >S inUiplecei of fkoal {wo mchjtt 10 loBiUyjpUt open Ui tuoomioo, md Iwd on tiie wowlW'fraw oitlbe|K>i|oi,w tUy ewetjrf it Wbtii thU WM over, t firie wm kwdlrf Upiiitlirfort jwd wd the wholo of th; wMPoent birned to ishoHby «n!|of wengo for aie|fipuiy helii^donew . ■.■^ . .s^ M^H After this process wu ofer^ • JW flutiititj env oberaut l^fea w m colleoted end boiled nr »J0t* Tbe whole of Ibe wounded mMi^ leg end pirt wbit ioiffK. leflembles tb^ one above mentioned; but violently jpoiionouB, wad soinetinies mistaken for it and uied in ifs plaee. I knew ti^o young wonten who JQ consequence of being bitten by rattle snakei, .tised tbe poisonous plant instead of the othfr, and learly lost their lives by themistake^ The roots were applied to their legs in tl^e .form of a ])ou}tice, tbe violent burning and swelling oc- ,«asioned by the inflamation, discovered the mis- take m tipie to prevent them from taking any -'* tbe decoction, which had they done, it would ve been instantly fatal. It Was with difficulty that tbe part to which the poultice was applied ivas saved from mortUtcation^ so that tbereni- edy was far worse than the-diseasp. Cupping, sucking tbe wound and making deep isions which wer^tilled with salt and gun der, were amon^tihe remedies for snake 8. It does not apprtfar to me, that any of the in- rnal remedies used the by Indians and the first .iettlers of thi»yCountry, were well adapted for the cure of the disease occasioned by thef bif«s of a anake. The poison of a snake like that of a bee ht wasp, must consist of an highly ^concentrated m^ very poisor^us acid, which.instantly inflames the part to wkjich it is applied. That any aUbstance whatever, can act at a specific for the decomposition ef thiia poison, seems altogether idoiibtful. The cure of the fevei* occasioned by this animal poison, must be effeOted with re- fet'ence to those getieral iadications tvhich are regarded in the ^uife of Other ifeveiv of i^jual Ibree. The ioternal remedies aiiuded to^ s*#' for «| I am a€4)uainted with them are posited of 0/d» or no medical efficacy. They are ^t isme- gcs, cathdUcs, or sudurifics. Wbat then^ Tbejf Ufeoiciscc. isr d t04 soTfiir treliarittlesi lubataiicel which do wondcw in all tboie cnwf in which there it nothing to be doiie. the truth i«^he bile o£a rattle or copper wko irt a fleshy or tcDderous part, where the blood vef. selarc neither uumeroui or large, soon heale* under aay kind of treatment. But whpn tBe fangs of^ the serpent, which are hollow and e- JBCt the poison through an oriaoe near the poiptay penetrate aWood fessel of any coosideraple »i«e, a malignant and ineuraWe fever waa gener- ally the immediate consequence andthe patient often expired in the first paroxysm. . - ^ The same oiwepvaiioos apply tothe eflfecta of the- Hite of serpents, when inflicted on beasUi. Korsef were frequently killed by them, aCthey were opin- inooly bitten somewhere about the nose in whicb the blood-vessels are numergna and lar^e. 'ono^ gaw a horse die of the bitApf a rattle snike,^ The blood for some t\m befora he expired exuded in great qoaatitf through the pores of the skin*'* ., i'* ■ ' " i-^:.,-',^ '. ' Cattle were lesafrequenlly killed, because tl^^'r noses are of a grisly texture, and less, furni^^hed with blood msels than those of a horse. P«>gi were someUnii^s bitten andbeing naturrally phy^V tiians they commonly scracbed a bole iii eome damp piacO and held the wounded* jiart in the (^und^till the infiamation abated. Hogs,wben in tolorable order were never hurt by them,owinety, I pev* i used any of thjd, Whether «ii« med/cai protesaim^ h productive of most jfO<»ti oir harm, may '^^Jt* be a matter of dispute with some philo»oj.her« who usver san? * any cojitSitir^iii of roriely, in ;?^>jroper f^ituation tci v/itnets the con8equeii|gp - of the want, ot the exeraii|^of this art. For ma- Ay yeai'i m ^uccussion there was no person wlio bor«i even tht name of a Do'ctor within a oonsid- ef&ble distance of the residence. of my father. For the honor of the medical profession, I must give it as my opinion, that many of our peo- ple perished for want of medical skill and atteii')^ tion. * The pleurisy was the only diieaao which was, in any considerable degree, understood by our people. A pain in the side called for the use of the lancet, if there waff any tol-^ hiid; but ||^« ifig to its sparing use, the pat- at was xpt to be left with a spitting of blood, viich 'iametimes ' endedi n consumption. A great nuo)b• >^-^*>^ {"^%^* m . M Hi V*. CHAPTER XlX/~ Thbsb were such m might hh ezpecied amon^ ft people, who owing to their"* circumstances, sj well as education, set an higher Taloe on piys" oial, than on mejital endowments, and on ikilt in bunting and bravery ia warf than on any p Amusementa are, in many instances, either im« itations of the busines8H>f Im^, or at least, of some of its particular objects of pursuit; ootlie |»arMJ| young men bebnging^ to nations in a state w warfare, many amusements are regarded as 0iie«^ peraiions for the military character which ttiey are expected to sustain in future life. Thus, the war dance of savages, is a pantomime of their stratagems and horrid deeds of cruelty in War, and the exhibition jpreparea the aninds of tb^ir young men for a participation in the bloody trag- edies which they representr Dancing, aaipng civilized peophe^is regarded, not only as an amtise* meat suited to the youthful period of human life; but as a means of inducing urbanity of m aj j ^ba and a good personal deportment in publiclP-- Horse racing, is regardea by the statesman, aa a preparation, in variout ways, for the equeatrii department of warfare: it is said that the enriii goferoment never fosseaad a good cavalry unti^ the encouragement given to pi.blick races,' thi jbreed of horte^^ was improved. Qamef, in irlu( n& •FlMRTStf^ there \% a mixture of chance and skill, are iiif] to improTe the undcretaodingin mathematical vm other calculations.' I Many of the sports of the early settlers oftbitj eotmtry, were imitative of the exercises and strtt.) agems of hunting and war. Boys were t&ugiit| the use of the 6ow and arrow, at an early tgtJ btit although they acquired considerable adroit.1 ness inthe use of them, so as to kill a bird or squirrel sometiiDesi Yet it appe&rs to me (hat is the hands of the white people, the bow and arrow! could never be depended upon for warfare or bunting, unless made and maoaaed in a different] manner, from any specimeaa of them which le?er saw. In ancients times, the bow and arrow nrast haiej leen deadly instruments, in the hands of tb^. W barians of our country; but I much doubt, whetheri any of the present tribes of indians could make j much use of the flint arrow beads j which mug^j have been so generally used by their forefatheri« .-Fire armsv wherever they can be obtained] soon put an eiid to the use of the bow and arrow;] but independently of thiacircumstanee, militaryJ as well as other arts, sumetimes grow out of date [ and vanish from the world. Many centuries haTft-j elapsed since the world has witnessed the dee* tructive accuracy of the B^njaniites, in their usrj €th6 sling and Stone; nor doet) it appear tome at a diiuipution, in (be sixeaodfitTength of tb» aborigines of thifi country, has occasioned a de« crease of aecuracy and eflVct i» their use of the t^ow and arrow. From ail the ancit nt skeleton} vvbich h&ve come under my notice, it does not appear ^hat'ihis section of the globe was ever^ uibalntad by a \vt%%^ race of humao beuigs thai^ »5p«». m. &^ wbiioli posMf sed it ayhe time oCitldlspirery lif tbe iSitiropei&i^. V, ,v Oiiiittpomnt Iftitloai^ oui^lio^a, vi|lb#or of imitating thenmie if( every >ird and bet»t in tlid v»k>ds. ThM faculty was not merely a pastime; but a verf neoeiiary part of eduealioik, 'en account of its iittllty in certain circumstaD&es. Tbe imitkions of tbe gobbling and other sounds •f wild turkeys, ollen brought tbo^e Jceen ejped, and eyer #atobf#tel^|iit8 oObelorest, wubin the withiin?(Bach^f Hierlfte. TOe bleating of the- fa^n^mugbt its dam to b^r death in the sama «ffty^ The hunter often CQUecied a ooiiipfMiy of HQ^j^sh owls to the tvees abM his cao^, nod amuset^ himself with their hoarse sctearotngv his^ hovvt would raise and obtnin responses j^d^ a pac{^ ot vfoites, BO as to inform him £»f thwr iieig|kbi|g|||| hocid,.as weU M guard him, against their de^iiF datioAs^ f his imitatira faouHy« was sometimes requiS'- ite as a measura i>r»recauiion in war*, tha jO'*' diaos, when soatteiwd about in^ a iieighboul^HH>d» o^en eolle^d together, by imttatinc; Instep V|)f day, and Wi^res or owia^by night ^i^imlil siu uati90,our pe9pU dU tbasame. ^ I have wn.' i'temeniber to have seen once or twice, a dance which was CaWcd^ '^be Irifth Trot" Bui I hai^e long sines- ii>rg0tl^ iti %ur«. . ^di>ti^g^at marks, w^ofr a eommoi^ diTiersion ti* iDonif the men^ |\ ben their stock of anoiunitioo woii^d allow it; thir howevervWa» fer^m being' «iWaya the case. The present mode of%hooting of fii^d Ms n^ttheii inpraetie«'.'[^ts mode' was not Ipiaidered ;»9 any, trial of the veliie of a gfin; nor rodeed, a^ m^xdk ofa test of the skill of a marks- »ao. Their sheoting was from a #eat^ and at as greirl a di^tabee er the lengtik and weight of the Sarrel of the gun would throw a ball on^ a horizon- til level.^ Such wae their regards to accuracy, io' those' ftp(»'ti?e trials of >their riSes^ «nd of tbeir^ »>»iv skiU in; thft^^tise of theiii> thgt thej^cfleo ptit^ t?o&m* is» ^nofs, or come other joft substance on fhe^'log or or stump from which they shot, for fear ofhmfU}ff: the bullet throwa from Ojc mark) by the spring of the barrel; Whe%tbe TkiA% was held to the sids of a;troe for ft re^r, it was pressed against it as lightly as possible, for the esme reason. Riil«s of former timen^were different from those of modern date: f^w of them carried more than forty five bullets to ihe pound' Bullets- ol* a less < size were npt thought sulffici«fTi]^l>efivy for haoi- ini?or war. * Dramatic narratrenSf^chiefly -concerning jack and the giant, furnished our young people with another scource of amiisement during their leisarci hours/ Many of those tales were lengthy,, and .embraced a .considerable ran^e of ificident.^ Jack, always the hero of the story, after eucounteir-^ iog many dilliculties, and performing mmj great achievments, came off conqueror of the giant-rf Many of these stories, were tales of knight er- rantry, in which some captive vii^n, waa relifas- ed from captivity, and'^estored to her lover. These dramatic narrations, concerning jai^k and the giant, bore a sirOn^ resemblaotce to the Poems of Ossiao, the story of the Cyclops and Ulys- es,io tkeOdyssy of Homer and the tale of th^ gienf, and great-heart, in the Pilgrim's Progress, they were so arranged, as to the diflferent incidents of the narration, that Ihey were easily committed tli|^ memor^. They certainly have been haoded down from generation to generation, frodl time im- memorial. '^ Civilization,basindeed,bani8hed tlie use of thoB« avcient tales of romantic heroism; but what thtHf it has subatitated In their place^ the novel and jro* mance. ♦ ^^ )ffin$!i* i''-^j, It is thuB, that Ho tvery sitte of society, the 'inimaginatioli of nan is eternaUy at war with ret- 8t>n and truth,. That fiction should be acceptable to an unenlightened jiBOple, isttot to be wondered at, as the treasures of truth have never been un- folded to their mind} but that a civilized people thciBipelves,«houId, in so nofUny instances, like bar- bi^^aprefer the fairy regions of fiction to the au- ' ff Hit treasures of truth, developed in the sciences of theology, histor^i|||toral«nd moral philosophy, is truly a sarcasm m human nature. It is as mucV j as to say, lh«t it is essential (o our amusement,*] that, for the time being, we must suspend the ei- eroiso c^feason, mnd submit to a voluntary de- ception. Stnging, was another, hut not Tery commoa ^amosem^jtit among our first settlers. Their tunei, were rudie enough to be sure. Bobio Hood fur- Dished a number of our songs, the balance were mostly tragical. These last were denominated *4ots songi ibout murder;" as to cards, dice, back-gan- moQ and other games of chance, we knew nothing ibottt tpm. Theae are amongst the blessed gifli #■" K» , .'»•' * Witchcraft. t , X;HiPT£R; XX, amuseiDent. 1 SHALL not be lengthy on this subject The teliet in witchcraft Was pflpllsnt ftmoAg the ^eaHy settlers of the vvestem country. 1*o th6 witch was asOribed the ^nendoiis power of io- Hicting strange aiid incuirable diseases, particular- ly oh children'-^ of destroying Gittle by shootmg tbetn with hair balls, and a gr^at Variety of ether means of destroction-^f . inflicting spells and curses on gitns and vottier things^ and lastly o#- changing men ibto horses, and alter brtdi9»g and saddling them, riding them in fall spe|il. over hill and dale to their ffolicks and other^p^iiis of rendezvous; • More ample powers <^ miscilii$^1%iMa these eannet well be immagined^ ■ ^ r, Wiiards, were ioeB supposed to possess the Same mischievous powers as the witches; but those were seldom exercised for bad purposes.-— The powers of the wizards were exercised al- most eiclusively for the purpose of counteract- ing the malevplent infloences of the witches of the other sex. I have known several of those witcli i^asters, as they were called, who ma% a publick profession of curing the diseases inflWed by the influence of witches, and I have knotm respect- able physicians, who bad no greater portion of business in the line of their nrofession, than many of those witch masters baa in theirs. ."i -.-J^IS:-'. "" V I« VmUCIULFT. Tho meftii» by wtiicb the witch was tupip«|. «4to infliet dUeaf««9 comes simI spells, I iie?« 439u]d 'lea^n; The^ were oooult scienees, whii^ no one ww sutmosed to.uDd|nitftn^ e^icepting the \vitcb beffsel),Aiidoowonalr,a8 BO sueharti ever existed in any iSQURipy. Thf^.diseases of^cbildreii stijp|>osed toJbe in^cte^ 4>y mtcbcraft) were 4hose of the interoal dropsy of the braio, aiid the ficlrets. Thc| symptons and 4$tif6 of these risedilt b^lrtf refused ^^uestl which bai iS{ial1y bee^D gi's^ted Witb&Ut htisiiaffohi thdalm^t »eart brok^a itfhei^li^iQhiid i»f 1h« ^lir^ t|fe ^■■ # ffitcncBArr. m il^en cuttle or dogt were suppof ed to be under fbe mduence of wHpheraft they weriB burnt in the" Ibrebetd by « brnttd^Aff^iroo, or when de^d burn- ed wholly ip whes; Tliia inflicted n epell upov the witcb which' co^ld only hp removed by bor- rowing &8 itbove stated;- Witches were olien eaid to milk the cot^e o£ their neitshboMrS. This they did bj fixing a new pin in » hew toWel for each cow intended to be milked. This towel was huTr»^?erber own door^. and by the means of certanr incantations the millt was isxtracted from the fringes of the towet after the manner of milking^ a cow. This hap- pened when tbo cows were too poor to cpre mnch^ milk. ' ■• ■ \-" /^^•'■•^' ' . The first fwmao glastffilowertin thiecpufitry^ drove the witches out of their furoacep by ^roWr ilng lifiogr poppies i|ito thenii . The greater or leas emount of belief ki witehv ^ft, ne^omancy m^ astrology, serveslto sho^' the relative amount ot philosophiciil 6ci<»ii#e if ' any country. Ignoraficc is always assoeii^iifd witfr superstition, which, prbsept^nji^ an endless variety; 0f source* ^ bope ftad fear, witiii rc|^rlP to this good or ba^ K»tunes of li^^ IjCeep 0lJ» bjfir nightjsd iMnii contin^urtly berassed. wHIl gt^^N'' lewi an^delusnre; but sl^ong^^ end often d^^lf I distressing' i^pressione o^ a false fkitfii. F^r this diseftie oltbe mwd tjiere isno cure but thj^ ^of philosophy. Thi? sdience^bewi^ theeiili|b- tened vc»son d mftQiibwt noeiect^^teYieir <99^ be produced in the physical worlKwi^otit W ec^te^doding cau^e. This siejencef finnqv^cet theiihedeath beW is but a jpoinentiry vm^'* motiof of the nern^s of the ear, and lhe4" IViiiQhlbe i^n8eQf% bvf in the w«U^ a|;| -IHr '^ ,^^^*4 ,^/*ts»j»;9S«^ si m y^irtHCtiii^> the>iiot?Ung ofthedog, and the croaking •£ tU raven are but the naiural languages of the betil and fowl, and no way prophetic of the death of the tick. Tbe comet, which used to shake pei< tilence and war from its fiery train, is now view* ed with as little emoti.^n as the movenicnts of Jupiter and Saturn in their respective orbiti. An eclipse of the s jn, and an unusual freshet of the Tiber, shortly after .the assassination of Julius Geasar, byt-Casius and Brutus, threw the whole of the Roman empire into consternation. It was suppossed that all the. gods of l^eaven and earth, were enraged and about to take revenge foi the^ murder of the emperor; but since the science of astronomy foretells in the calender the time and entcnt of the eclipse, the phenomenon is not viewed as a miraculous and portentous; but as a comiDon and natural event; /JThftt the pythoness and wizard of the IFIebrews, the monthly soothsayers, astrologers and prognos- ticators of th« Chaldeans,- and the sybils of the ^ Greeks and Romans wer^mere mercinary im- postors, there can be no doubt. To say that the pythoniess, and all others of her class were aided in their operations by the intervention of familiar spirits does not mend the matter; for spiritff, whether good or bad, pds- 0ess not tbe power of life and death, health and disease, with regard to man, or beast. Pres-^ cience, itf a^Jncommunicable attribute of God; and iher6|||i spirits cannot foretell future e- rents/ ■%' The afflictions of Job, through the intervention Satan, were miracalous. The possesions men- ned in the N|;w Testament, in all* bumjin pro- abUity w«r<&!^iMpiacal dif^a^es; an4 )^ ^t theji f **.* wtYcBcBirr. 9 (^rel the luppOMd evil spiHti ipftke With ai^ tu* «d)ble Toice. These events w«re alfD imrteul^t| end effectecl for a special purpose. But from miracles,' no general conclufions eah be drawn, i^ith regard to the divine g<^v9mment of the world. The conclusion is that' the powers professed' to be exer^sed by the oecult science of n«orb- ihancy and othier arts of difioation^ were neither more nor less tlian imposturef .' . Among the Hebrews, the ptof^ission'of arts of divination wa# thought deserving capital^ pun* ishment, becaiisO the profession was of ffigan pr* igin, and of course iaeompatible' with the pro* Rssion of theism, and a tbeoeraticlbriii of gor • ernment. These jugglers perpeh>ated a debasing v superstitlotf athong the people; They were also swindlers^ who diVeMed their neighbpuie of large sums of money, and valuable presents, without an eqUiTslent. On the ground tben,^ of fraud aloi]ie| ^ a^cordingtO the gealous of the ^riiaihal codes of V ancient .governments} this offiioe deserved cap*' ital punishment. . , ,. .* But is the present lime better than the "past witli'' regard/toasuperBtitiottS belief in occult iodiien- ^ ces? D(:rnotraces,ofthe polt^eism of our fore* f^be^B remain aiDOjag their christian descendants f ' Wis enquiry must be answered in the affirma| tive. Should an aliUanac maker venture to giv^ * out the christian calender ' without the' column ' containing the sipiS of the zOdiac^^he calender would be condemned asbeing toi||| deficie^^ imd the whole impression would r^ain onr hia^^ But what are these signs? They are constelH tiUoQS- qI the zodiac, Jhat is clutters of atai^ 169 %? mjcwmm. twelfe io number, within, and inclvding (he ^ As this id a^'dtate of society, whj|^g^w of mt li sloiSciOribe >il Readers have ever witn08ift|i h slil^ciOribe '♦ ■? ■- ■^- ^ ;4*- i«a ttOTRixj; minutdy fis I'eiir, fliid give ift delail, (iTose tfor^ al maifms wbicb, in t greit decree, tnawered ^ 4 important purposda municipftl jurisprudence. In the &8t pJMCty let it b'e ofater^ed that in | sparse population B^re all the members of tbi community are welt known to each other, inlt especially-io a time of war where every roan ca* pable of bearings arm* is considered highly tiI. uable, as a decoder of his' country, puMic opiB* '^W^ ion has its ftrit efiect and answers^ the purposci' ^ of legal government better than' it Would in i^j dense population, and in time of peace;: Such was the situation of ouirpeople' along tU] fifontiers of- our settlements.'^ They-had no cirii, military or ecclesiastical lawsf at least none" thit were enforced* and yet ^'They were a law unto "themselves'^ as to the leading obligations of our' nature in all the relations ih which they stood «I6 each other. Hie turpitude of vice and thf fMJ(tBtj of moral virtue, were then as apparent as^they are now, and they were then' regardel-i with the same sentiments of aversion or respect'! which th^ inspire at the present time. Ihdu9* try, in working and hunting, bravery in war, can* dor, honestj^ hospitaUty) ai^f ttefllness of deport- ment, received their fiAlireward of public honoTf and publie eonfidence among^' our rude forefath- ers, as well as aniong their fc^ttei.^ instructed and more polished descendants. The punishment whieh they inflicted upon offenders bythe inipe* riaroourt of public opinion, were well adapted feir the reformation of the eulprit,or his expulsion from the community. M The punishment for idleness, lying, dishonesty, ^ and ill faiie J^enerally, was that • of ''Hating thsj offender out^^ at they expressed it^ This modi -fu..- -'■V. JWRiLft 16^ Af ehastisement was like the aHmea of ibe Greeks, ft was a public expression, in various ways, of a general sentiment of indignation against suclt as transgressed the moral maxims of Uie commu- flity to which they belonged. This commonly re- suited cither in the refarmation or bamshmcnt: of the person against whom it was directed. At house raisingSr log rollings and harvest parties every one was expected to do his duty faithfully. A person ao did not perform hw share of labour on these occasions was dfesigoatea t»y the epithet of -^Lawrence" or some other*tilla stiU more opprcPbiaus and' when it ceme to hiy turn to require the like aid from his neighbo«r3j- the idler soon^^ felt his punishment, m their refusal' to attend i& bin ealls*- Although there was no legal compulsion to th$* performance of military duty; yet every man o^ foil age and size was expected to.do his full share- of public Service. U he did^ not do^ so he waf •*Httted out 83 a coward." EVen the want of any article of war equipments, such' aa ammuniti(Mi, a sharp Hint, ct priming wire, a scalping knife or tomahawk was thought highly disgraceful. A man, who without a reasanable cause failed to go- on a scout or campaign when it came to \m turn, met with -an expressiom^ of indignation in the countenances of all his neighbours, and epithets ^f dishonor were fastened upon him without mercy. Dei)t8, which maRe such an uproar in civilize* life were but little known among our forefather* at the early settlement of this couotry". After the' depreciation of the ci>neant to be more sericus about tbe matter, he would eait out **Who stvlB a cake out of ibe ashess" Another replied by giving the name of the man in full, to this a third would give confiif roation^^ by exclaiming **That is true and no lie/ This kind of "Tongue lashing" he was doomed t** begr, for tbe re$t of the campaign, as well as fof years after his return honnkj.- If a theft was detected,- in any of the frontier s,ett]ementff, 8 summary moi^ of punishment wif always resorted to. The f»rst settlers, as far | knew of them had'^a ki(id of inn^ite;, or heredita^f iletestation of the criwk* of tbeft, in any shape q? degree, and their ma$im vras that '^n thief qaui^ be whip|>ed.'^ If the tbcfi| was of something of some vulAie, a kmd ^ jurjr of ^be neighbourhood after beant\g tb^ t^iti^aoay would" cond^ma the culprit to Moses Law, that* is to Forty stripe^ •wre oo#i tf the theft was o^ SOW® am*!! article, tb*e oieodier W9» doomed to ^rry o^ his bacH the it)ig of the Ignited States, which then eonsist" ed of thirteen stripe?. In either oasiC, seme abis hands were selected to execute the sentence, sf fhat the stripes wer^ etire to be w^U Uidon* ^lOlMJt m Tbii:^ ptfiiiBbaient wad followed by ft senteace ekil#. H^tt th«ti WAfl ittfbrmed ibat be must iepiftiip In so many (d^» add be seen tbero no ij^pre^ peaiU(jr cffbaviDg tbe Dumber of bis sinpdM For tuMf yttfB after the law was put in oper« atioh iti tbe west^i^n pari of ¥ir^nta^ the magis- irat^tftbettseWes, w^relti Ibc habtt of |;ii^ing those ^ho were brought before thetn on charges of «maii ih!sf>s, >tbd libertjr of beiii^ lent to jail, or taking a whipping. Tb^ latter was comnioiil|^ cbosdn and was immedialely inflicted, after which the thiefwaii ordered to clear out. In some iiratance{|, dtripesWereiafliot^ilinot for the ponishmetit of an fiS^nct; but for the purpose of extorting a eodfbssion from suspected persons. This was the torture of our early times, and oo d0^ibt Hdihetimeii very unjustly inflicted. If awdmain was 4^iven to tatlltng and slander- ing her neighbsiursy the Wad furniiHied by common coQseni^ with a kind of patent right to aay what* eVer she pieaBed, i^iihout being belle^^dL Her toogae was then jsa^ to be baridiAesBj or to bB 119 (Qcaadel. With aii tbi&ir rudeness jthesep^pAe w«re given to hospitality and freely dividfsd their rough f&M with a niei|hlKnir, or atratiger^ and wotild have been bfbndtfd at tbe offbr of pay. In their iettlementa ild forts, they lived, they Worked, they fought «nd feasted, or suffered together, in cordial bar* mony. They were ,watm and constant in their friendships. Oa the other hand they were re^ i^engeful in their resentuienis. And the point of honour sometimes led to personal co'if^bats. If ^ne man called another . a liar, be was consid* i^red as having givett ft Qbaltenge fi^ob th« pe»^ ,^! a .•ing; (heyihen shook hands and w^re good frieudi afterwards. t 'JRhe mode <»f aingle combats in those days mi dangerous in the extreme; altbo' nov eapons were lifed, fista, teeth and feet were employed at will| I tiutidbovenU, the detestable practice of gouging^, by which eyes were sometimes put out^ rendert4 this mode of fighting frightful indeed; it was not kowever, so destructive as the stilettci of ar/ltiJLin, the knife of a Spaniard, the small sword of the Frenchman, or the Pistol of the American cr English duelist. * Instances of eeduclion, aipid bastardry, did not Creqaently happen in eiir early t^Ties, I r^; member *. H >, f^ ^• J |b6 iatttnce oftbe lonner, in wliicli tBe life of the mtn vftf put in jeopardy by the resentment of UMLkhS: gra*t personel d»: ger from the brothers, or other relations of the Tictime of seduction, family hoA* our, being then estimated at an high rate. I do not recollect that profane language, WM much more prevalent in our early times than at Ipresent. Among the people with whom t was most con* versant, there was no other vestage of the chris- tian religion than a faint observation of Sunday, and that merely as a day of rest for the aged, and a play day for the youo^^ The first christian service t ever heard was ia the Qarrison Church in Baltimore county, in Ma» ryland where my father had sent me to school. 1 was 4hen about ten years old. The ap- pearance of the church, the windows of which were Gothic, the white suT{>lice oftbe minister, and the responses, in the^eervice, overwhelmed me with sutprize. Among my school fellows in that place* It was a matter of reproach to me that I was not baptized, and why? Because, as they said I had no name. Such was their notion of the effiottt *ey of baptism^ * i» :'■> 0^^ w a OHAFTER XXII. iispressioQfl, oiHbe iDin4 pf the author oq iWtaag the cruelties exercised on slaves and con- Tict serviots, in the state of Maryland. If some of my readers should com(>laiQ of the antroduction of too great, a portion of my own his- ftoiy, and that of my family, into this work, I trust ;! shall not hepon^idered hlaroeable for having given the narrative of the herrid cruelties exe^ oised upon slaves and serv^nto, which I was doom" ,«d to witness in. my early years, together with the lasting impressions which the view pf these tor- .torea ma^a upon my infant mind. On the 4eath of my mother, which liappened ,9rhen J was about.eight ^ears old, ray father seat jne under the aare of a relation, to Maryland fqr the purpose of being sent to school. When arrived there, 1 was in a new world. 1 had left the backwoods behindme. I bad exchanged «j its rough manners and poor living, for the build* ings, plenty and polish of, civilized life. Every thing l^aw and heard aonlbunded me. I learnti •after some timcf, that there were fM^ and' poor^ masters, alaves and convicts, and I diacoverea that the poor servants and convicts were dnder entire subordination to their maslefis. i saw that iihe slaves and convicts lived in filthy hovels cal* jjted kitchens, and that they wer^ poor, ragged ao4 /., t BtlVSHf. ^Tirty^ and Irept at hard labor^ while their ma8« iters and faniilies lived in large houses, were well clothed and fed and did as they pleased. The reason of this diffidrence it the condition of men and women of the same race of beings, I could not comprehend. Having no idea of crime, I thought it could he liQ otherwise than unjust, that some should have •0 little and others so much, and that one should work so hard and others perform do labor. My residence was in a oeighborhbod wherA Hilaves the neighbourhood, a» matters of course. Thus it is that cudtom reconciles htAnan nature, with iH its native fiyhipathies to the grossest barbaritiei^ and hardens the heart against the intrusion oit feeling, at the sight of the most exquisite suf-* fering of a fellow creature. Not so with me, who never had Witnessed ^ ories were selected from the bundle, and so ap* plied that in a short time his posteriors like bit shoulders exhibited nothing but laceration, and hlood A consultation was then held betwesa the master and the bystanders, who had beea €x>oily looking on, in which it was humanely wu* cluued **that he had got enough.*^ A bason oi brine and a cloth were ordered to be broughtij with this his stripes were washed or salted u] they called it During this operation the suffer* iog wretch writhed and groaned as if in the gooies of death. He was then untied and toU to go home and mistress would tell him whi to do. From this scene of torture I went home, with a' fiaavy bearr, and wishe 1 myself in the backwoode mgainfnofdid the frequence, of witnessiog suck ^ceaes, lessen in any degre^, the horror which they first occaaioned in my mind. It frequently happened, that torture was inflict* ed upon slaves and convicts, in a more protracted Hiuaner^ thwi in tjiat above described. Whea tin ^# ^ KUlftRT; (fie TJCtim or cruelty was doomed bt bis master torecsWe tbe lash, several of bis neigbbouts were ealled oDy for tbeir assistance. They attended at the time and place appointed. A jug of rum and water were provided for the occasion. After tbe trembling wretch was brought forth and tied up,, the number of lashes which he wf^jn to receive, was determined on, and by lot, or otherwise, it was decided, who should begin the operation, this »d<9oe, the torture commenced; at the conclusion |if the^first course, the operator pretending gr^at .^liearinesB, called for a drinfe of rum and water,. ||in which he was joined by (he company. A cer* tain time was allowed for tbe subject of theip cruelty ^^to cool" as they called it. When the allotted time had expired, the next hand' took his turn, and in like manner ended with a drink, and so on untiV the appointed number of lashes were all imposed. This operation lasted several hours.* sometimes- half a day^ * at the conclusion of which tbe sutferer, with his hands swollen with the cords, was unbound and suffered to put on his shirt.- His executioners j to whom the operation, was rather a frolic than otherwise, re- turned home from the seene of tneir labor, half drunk. Another method of punishment still more retracted than this^ was that of dooming a slave receive so many lashes, during several days in succession, each of those whipping, excepting tbe first, was called ^^Tickling^up tbe old scabs*'^* A couple of waggoners in tbe neighbourhood, having caught a man, as they said in the^ct of stealing something from the waggon, stripped him and fastened him to the binder part of the* y^^ggoD, got out their jug of rum and anMi«e4 ■im "■^«* , ■'%> fii^-- *^ Chemie1r€i by mtkinig^ leorerbn bit back for wt^ gen. He ibat could make tbe deepea^ score ntf 10 ba?e tbe first dram. Sometimes tbe cuts ap. pearing to be equal, no decisiofo could be. bad uq. til tbe second or tbird trial was made. This sport was continued for several bours, until the poor fellow was almost killed, and tbe waggonert Dolh drunk. Female 6enrants,botb wbite& black were subjecli ed to tbe wbip in common witb tbe male*, paving to pass tbrougb tbe yard of a neighbour, on*my iray to icbool, it happened that in going my usu^l rout,^ in a cold, snowy morning, when I came within Yiew of tbe boose I was much surprised at seeint % naked woman standing at the whipping post and her roaster witb a biccory in bis band, mien I got to the place, I stopped to see what was going oo, after the woman bad received a certain number of lashes, a female black slave was ordered from the kitchen, striped and fastened by the irons of the whipping post, her scars eihibited the stripes and* corrugations of former years. Both these women bad bandkercbiefs tied around their eyes, to prevent them from seeing when tbe blow was coming. Tbe biccory used by this man was a forked one, twisted together and tied. A biccory of this ind, owing to tbe inequalitv of its surface, gives the greater pain, l^itb this be scored the backs of these two women alternately; but for what length of time I de not know, being fboched at th^ eight, I hurried onto school, and letlt the mas* ter ati%is work. I might here relate many other methods of tor- ture, of t^bich I have been eye witness among these people, such as the thumb screw, sweating, the birch &c. bnt it is eoougb, the' heart sickens a't the recollectioif of such cruelties, J: -,.;^^- ILAVCRT; 111 Somt time ago, I ntde enquiry oft^geDtlemeni who bad receotlr remoTcd from the neighbour* bood, Id which 1 bad lived io Marjland, to this coQDtry, concerning the present state of the fami- lies, of my former acquaintance in Maryland, be informed me, thai of the whole number, of those families, only three or four of their descendants remain possessors of the estates of their forefatb- crs; of the others, their sons had become diseip- ated, sold their lands, and had either oerished m consequence of intemperance, or left tne country,' so that the places which once knew those fami- lies, as princes of the land, now know them no more. Thus it i8, that in mora and physical rear pects at least '^llie sins of the fathers, are visit- ed upon children, to the third and fourth genera- tion. If the verv sanctuaries built by the former hi- erarchy of the slave states, in which the oppres- sors used the ritual of the christian service, with hands recking with the blood of slaves, have long since ceased to be vocal with the songs of 2ion, have passed to other hands, or even fallen to de- cay, it is only saying that, Qoo is just. The recollection of the tortures, which I witnessed so early io life^ is still a source of affiic- tion to my mind. Twentyfour hours never pass, during which my imroagioation does not present me with the ufiSicting view of the plave or servant^ writhing beneath the lashes of his master, and. cringing from the brine with which he salted his stripes. ;in During n^y stay, of three years, io the region of slavery, my only consolation was, that (lie time would come, in which the masiei'and Hlave would eicbange situations: ^hat the fiximer would rtccivi» k %^^, '%■ '* .v^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k // ^/ % % /. fc 1.0 I.I 1.25 |jo "^^ !!■■ 18 U III 1.6 ^ /i ^>. * Photographic ^Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m i\ <^ ^ <^ '% 4^ M^ •d^neftr. «» the puDiabment d(ji$ to bis crveUy; \!i^bile tbe latftr sbbuld find rest from bi^tbits and sufferings, in tbe kingdon of Heavsn. Tbe masler I regarded at Pivee who after ** Being elotbed in purple and fine linei\' and fanng^ suniptuously every day*^ must soon *'L1ft ua bis eyes in bell, being in tor- ment/' The slave was L^arus, who after closing; his sufferings in death, was to b^ **Cairied by the angels into Abraliana's bosom." ' F^omtbia afflicting^ state of society, I returned 10 the back^woods. « Republican, without know^ iftg^themeaniDi^'of the terns, that i%, with an utter ^testation of an* arbitrary po?/er of one man om another; Od readings this reoitaY,'tViehisldrian' wilfnatu^ rally reffect^ that personal, real, or political slavery) , has, at all times* been the' condition of almost tb^^ whole human raee^ that the history of mania the history of* opin'Msor^v^aBd the vt'e^s of op« pressiou. Wars, bastiles, prisons,'Cro86es, gibbits^ tortures^ scourges and fire, in the hands of despots^ iMive been the instruments of spreading^despla tion andinisery over the e^rth. The philosopher) re* gards those roeana of distruetion, ard^their exten- sive use^ in all ages, as indices of ihe depravity and ferocity of mam From (be blood-stained pages of history, he turns with di.sgpust and horror, and pro- nounces an involuntary Anathema on the whole of bis race. But is the condition of the world still to remaia the same? Are the moral impressionsof'^nr nature, tobewrever sacraiiced at the shrine of lawless am« bition? '^ Is man, as heretofore,. to be born only to dbstroji^br be destroyed. Does the good Samari- llm see no rational ground of hope, of better things Idtrfiitttreag^s? Wetrusthe dibes9>and that as^e^* ♦ fti to ^na«, vnW witHeisthe fulfillment of bis b#' Beroleot wishes and pvedictions^ . The Aaierioan Revolution, was tlie c6inmence»> inent of a new era in the history of the world.— > Tb« issue of that eventful congest, snatched the sceptre from the hands of the monarch, and placed It, where it ought to he, tn the iaods of the pe. pie. • On the sacrad altar of liberty, It consecrated the rights of man, surrendered him tb« right and the lK>wer of governiog^ himself, and placed in hit nands, tbo resources of bis eouotrj, as* ■winitioni :0f war, for his defence.^ The experiment was lo-^ deed bold an baaeadnus; bul success lies hitherto^, more than^ justified the most sangiiine anticipa* tioo of those who made it. The world has M*^ Eessed, with astoViishment^ the rapid growth anf eon iirmation,ol our noble fabric of freedom. From our«distant hori^n, we hare relucted a string end steady blazis of light, on ill fated Europe, from firoe immemorial involved in tbefBtters and gloom of slaverer. Our history has^excited a general and ardent spirit of enquiry into the nature of our civ<> il institutions^ and a strong wish,, on the part of the people rndietant countries, to participate in ous blessings. But will an> eiample,. so portentous- of ,evil, td the chiefs of despotic institutions, be viewed with indifference, by those who now sway the seeptre, with unlimited power,, over the many millions of their vessels > Will they adopt no meas^aes of defence, against the influence of that thirst fOffree* dom, so widely diffused and so rapiply gaining strength throughout their empires .> WiM they make' no effort to remove from the world those free governments, whose example gives them so much eoBoyance^ The measuree of defence will hm ♦. .m 189 •LAVRr* adopted, ihn effort will be made; for power U nev* er surrendered without a struggle. AkeadjT nations, which from the earliest period of their history, b^ve constantly- crimsoned the jearth with e&ch others blood, have' become a baod of brothers, for the distruction of every gern of huwan liberty. Every year witnesses an asso* elation of the raonarchs of tbore nations, in un* hlllov^d conclave, for the purpose of concertiog measures for effecting their dark^designs. Hith* erto the execution of tbose measures have been, alas! Ibo fatally successful. It would be impolitic and unvi^iso i^'us, to cal* .eutate on escaping the hostile notice olf the dei* pots of continental fiuropt;' already wa bear, like distant' thunder, their expiessipos of indignation, and threats of vengence.- We oiifbt to antici- pate the gathering storm^ without dismay; but Bfet with indifference. In viewing the dark side of the prospect beforo' uis; one souroe of conssU fitidn,*oriiiuch]magnitude, presents itself: It is con fidently expected, that the brave and potent nation, with whom we have a common origin, will not risk the loss of that portion of liberty, which at the expence* of^sd much blood and treasure, tbej l4ve secured far tbemaelTes, by all unnattiral asso- eSation^wiltr despots, for the unholy purpose of makings War on the freedom of tko few nations of ^heeartb,i';faiGh possess any considerable portion of that inyaluablo blessing; on the eontrarj it is hoped 1^ U|J^hat ihay^witt, if neeessityshould require, en* jHdyliie bravery^j^- their pieople; their immense resources and tne trident of the Ocean, in defence of thair own libartias and by^aoasequeace tboie ofv^tberar- f ower IS Dev* \ ClYlU^ATlOlfk 1^< •LeglflTitoni, fathers of oiiir eoimfryl lofe no time: spare to expeoee, in hastening on the re« qiiisite means of defence, for meeting with tafety, and with ? ictory, the impending 8torni> whic^ foooer, or later, avuBtfiidl u|Mmii9* '0- Civilization. CHAPTER XXIII. Tofi causes, which led to the present state of, civilization of the western country are subjects whic^ deserve some consideration. The state of society and manners of the, ear* ly settlers, as presented in these notes, eh^wa very clearly, that their grade of civilization waS| . indeed, low enough. The descendants of the Bog* lish caviliers from Maryland and Virginia, whe settled mostly along the rivers, and the descen* dants of the Irish, who settled the interior parte of the country, were neither of them remarilblo for science, or urbanity of manners. The fcMrmer were mostly illiterate, rough in their ma|»neni| and nddieted to the rude diversions of horse ra« cing» wrestling, jom[nng, shooting, dancing ^e^ These diversioas Were often abcgniptfiied with * ■;;. •■♦ 1S4 ^iviuZATram ■w^'' penontl eombilis whicb coniisted df UoWi, _^ ktiog andgovnof. This mode ef fighting wii fibat tbey called rmigk asd tam6fe Sometiflovi ^ apreviont ttipulation was made, to use tbt fiiti #n]y; Yet tbese ^eopla were industroas, enter* prizing, generous in tbeir bospitaUty, and bran in tbe defence *of tbeir countrjet Tbese people^ for tbe most part, formed the #ordon ak>ng tbe Obio fiver tin the Irontiers <| Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky, wbieb de* fended tbe country against the attacks of tbe In- dians, duriof tbe ^i;^volutionary war. They were Che Janizaries of tbe-coantij, that is, they were sol- diers, when they choose to be so, and when thty choose, laid down tbeir arms. Tbeir military scr* viee was voluntary %hd of course received no psy* IVitb tbe desGCDdants of the Irish, 1 bad but little acquaintance; although 1 Hved near them. Ax an early period,tbey weie comprehended in the Fresbyterian churcb and were therefore, more reserved in there deportment than their frontier Beigbbours, tmd from their eituation, being lees ' •iposed to the indian warfare, took less part ia that war. The patriot of Ibe western region, fitids bis To^ of country and national pride, augmented to tbe highest grade when be compares tbe political moral end religious character of bis people, With that cf tbe inhabitants of. many large divisions ti the old world. In Asia and Airica, generation after glneration passes without any change in the moral and religious cbaracter,or physical condition of the people* On tne Wbary coast, the traveller, if a rir« m^ lies in bis way, and b^)penB to be high) mi||.t cirnizATioiT* either twim it, or wi^U uotil it Ki^sidea, If tbii traveller i« a chrifitiao, he jnutt bave a firnoaD an4 a guard. Yet this was oacajthe country of i\m famous Carthagenians. . In upper E^pt the people grind mealy for their dhoura fore^d, hy rubbing it . between two flat stones, ^liis is done by women. In Palestine, the grinding of grtfiu, is still per* formed by an iU constructed hand mill, as in the days of our Saviour. The roads to the famoua city of Jerusalem, are still almost in the rude state of nature. ' In Asiatic Turkey, merchandize is still carriei on by caravans, which are attended with a military guard, and the naked walls of the caravansera if their fortress and place of repose at night; instead t»f a place of entertainment. The streets of Con- stanople, instead of being paved, are, in many places almost impassable from mud, filth and the carcases of dead beasts. Yet this is the metrop* olis of a great empire. Throughout the whole of the extensive regiofi#^ •f Asia and Africa, man from bis. cradle tO; bii»( grave, sees no change in the aspect of any thing' around him; unless from the desolations of wat. His dress, his ordinary salutationsof his neigh- bours, his diet and hi$ mode of eating it, are. prescribed by his reiigious institutions, and his rank in society,^ as well as his occupation are determined by his birth* Steady, and unvarying as the lapse of time in every department of life generation after jeneralioo beats the dull mono* tonous round. The liindoo, would sooner die a martyr il, the stoke than sit on a ohair, or eat ivi» ftinife eajibrk. . . ft •^Sf'^. \ » -x^ ..-JS. ■ WB crriLizATKJlr. The cleseendant of Ishmael Is still <BUAh^ipf merit, have given way to the morei|bbI# imbillon loir mental endowments, and skill in tiseu ■fvit'pi^ T6 the rude, and often indecent songSy ^Ill^l^lPgbly and unskilfully stingy have succeedeii 180 ClVlLtZATK^. the psalm, (hfi hymn, and svifelling finthein. % the clemorous boast, the provoking b&oter, the bi. ting uarcasm, the horrid oath nnd imprrcation,have succeedfid urba.ify of mannerd aiid a course of oonTerB&tion eidightenrd by science, and chastea* cd by mental attention and respect. Above oil the direful »pirit of revenge, the cier- 'ciie of which so nrtuch approiimated the charie* ter of many of the first settlert of our country, to that of the vrorsl of savagea, is now utiknown. The Indian might pats in safety among those, whose remen;brance still bleeds at the recollection of the loss of their relatives, who have perished under (he tomahawk and scalping* knife of the aavages. The Moravian bretberen) may dwell in safety pn the cites of the villages desolated and over the bones of their brethren and forefathers murdered, bj the more tban savage ferocity of tba whites. Nor let it be supposed, that the rCfurn of peace, produ" ced this salutarv change of fueling, towards the tawney sons of (he forest, The thirst cif rerecje, Wbs not wholly allayed by the balm of peace. S«- veral Indians fell victims to the private vei^gance, of those who had recently lest their relations in the i|ar, for some years after it had ceased. V If the state of society and Ltauners, from the commencemeiit of the settlemfots in this coyntry, cturingthe lapse of many years, owing tothesan- gi^inary character of the l4[idian mode of wai far<> ahd other circumstances, was in a state of retro- gression, as was evidently the case. If ignorance |s rrhre easily induced than science. If society more speedily deteriorates, tban iuqiproires: If it be much easier for the civilized man to become frildj than for the wild man tf beooi||i« civilized: cmuzATioxr* m wbatmetBi have anreited the progreii of the ear* Ijr inbabitantf of the western region towards bar- barism? What agents, ha?e directed their influ- ence ia favour of science, morals and pielf ? Hie early introduction of commerce, was among the first means ofchanging, in some degree tho exterior aspect of the population of the country, and giving a new current to public feeling and individual persuit. The huntsman and warrior, when he bad ei« obanged his hunter's dress, lor that of the civili« zed man, soon lost sight of his former occupa- tions, and assumed a new character, and a new line of life; like the soldier, who when he receivcf his discharge, and lays aside his regimentals, soon looses the feelinc of a soldier, and even forgets, in some degree, his manual exercise. H&d not commerce, furnished the means of changing the dresses of our people, and the fur* niture of their houses, had the hunting shirt, mocasson and leggins, centinujsd to be the dress of our men, bad the three legged stool, the nog« gin, the trencher and wooden bowl continued to be the furniture of our houses, our progress towards science and civilization would have been much slower. It may seem strange, that so much importance IS attached to the influence of dress, in givipg the moral and intellectual character of society. In all the institutions of despotic governments, we discover evident traces ot the highest grade of human sagacity and foresight. It must have beeo the object of the founders of those governments, to repress the genius of man, divest the mind of every sentiment of ambitioni and prerent the '*■. 110 QmLixinofi "~~* oogninnce of any ruJe o^ jif«, tittpiki itiif hh Mind obedience to the des|^t, and his established Snstitutions of religion and go?ernment: hence the canon laws of religion, in all gOTernmepts despot- ic in principle, have prescribed the costume of each class of society, their diet, and their mtn- ner of eating it, even their household furniture, is in like ooanner prescribed by law. In all these departments, no oeviation from the law, orcus^ torn is permited, or even thought of. The whole Science of human nature, under such govern- ments, is that of a knowledge of the duties of the •tation of life, prescribed by parentage and the whole duty or man that of a rigid performance •f them; while reason having nothing to do with either the one, or the other, is never cultivated. Even among christians, those founders of re- ligious societies have succeeded best, who ban prescribed a professional costume for their fol- lowers, because every time the disciple looks it liis dress, he is put in mind pf bis obligation^ to the society to which he belongs, aid he is therCf fore, the less liable to wander into strange pas- tures. The English government could never subdue the Esprit du courof the north of Scotland, un- til, after the rebellion of 45, the prohibition of wearing the tartan plaid, the kilt and the bon- net amongst Highlanders, broke down the spirit of the clans. I have seen several of the Moravian Indians, and wondered that they were permitted to wear the indian dress; their conduct, when among the wkite people, soon conTineed me thai liie Qoar ClVlUSATfOlfi M iertion 6/ ikon ^hcm t bmt was far from beiaf oomplete. There can be little doubt, but that if pernia ^ eioD should 6e given, by the supreme power oi the Musselman faith, for a change, at the^ will •f each individual, in dress, household furniture, and in eating and drinking the whole Mahomi- dan system would be overthrown in a few years< With a a similar permission . the Hindoo supersti* tion, would share the same fate. We have yet some small districts of country,, where the costume, cabins, and in some meas- ure, the household furniture of their ancestors are still in use. The people of these districts, are far behind their neighbours, in every valuable en-^ ' dowment of human nature. Among them the virtues of chastity, temperance and industry, bear no great value, and schools and places of wor> ship, are but little regarded. In general every one *^Does what is right in his own e>es." Jn short, why have we so soon forgotten ov^ forefathers^ and every thing belonging to our fpir* mer state? The reason is, every thing belonging^ to our former state has vanished from our views; we meet with nothing to put us in remembrance oi them. The recent date, of the settlement of our country, is no longer, a subject of reflection. Its immense improvements, present to the imagina- tion, the results of the labours of several cen- turies, instead of the work of a few years; and we do not often take the trouble to correct the false impression. The introduction of the mechanic arts, has eer- lainly contributed, not a little, to the morals an4 aeieoiific improvement of the country* 101 ClVIUZi.TIOM^« The carpenter, the joiner aod mason, have dig. placed tne rude, unsightly and uncomfortsble cabin of our forefathers, by comfortable, and in many instances elegant mansiora of stone, brick hewn or sawed timbers. The ultimate objects of civilization are the mb* ral and physical happiness of man. To the latter, the commodious mansian bouse, with its furniture contributes essentially. The family mansions of the nations of the earth, furnish the criteria of t6e diffierent grades of their moral and mentil condition. The savages universally live in tenti, wjti|:wams or logdes covered with earth. Ba/bariani neit to these, many indeed have habitations some- things better; but of no value and indifferently fur* nlsbjed^ Such are the habitations of the Sussias ^artar^ and Turkish peasantry. Such is'the effect of a large, elegant and welt furnished house on the feelings and deportment of a family, that if you were to build one, for a fami- ly of Savages, by the occupancy of it they would lose their savage character} or if they did not choose to make the exchange of that character, for that of civilization, they wonld forsake it, for the wigwam and the woods. This was dona by many of the early stock of backwoodsmen, even after they built comfortable houses for themselves. They no lon|;er had the chance oi **A fall hunt," The woods pasture was eaten up. They wanted " Elbow room." They therefore sold out, and fled tit the forest of the frontier settlements, choosing rather to encounter tfke toil of turning the wilderness, into fruitful field0> a second time, and even risk an Indian war, ra< ther than endure the inconveniences of a crouded aattlement. Kentucky, first offered a resting place efriLiafAtioK. '%s Ibr those pioneers, then Indiana and now the Mie^ •ouri&nd it cannot be lung before the Pacific o- cean, will put a final stop to the westward march *" •f those lovers of the wilderness. Substantial buildings, have the effect of giving^ ' iralue to tht soil and creating an attachment to the familj residence. Those who have accustomed tberoselves ta poetry, ancient, or modern need not be told how finely and bow impressivelj, the household goda the blazing hearth, the plentiful board and the social fire aide, figure in poetical imagery. And this it not <^Tying up nonsense for a song,^ They are realities of life, in ita mo6t polished states. They are among its best and most rational enjoyments: They associate the little family community, ia parental and filial affection and duty, in which even tb« well clothed child, leels its importance,, claims, and dulies. ^ (f The amount of attaebm^nt (o the family mtnsiofr,^ furnish^a the criterion of tha relative amauntof viir^ tue in the members of a family. If the bead of a family should wandaT from the path of parental du • iy, and become addicted to vicious habits, in pro- portion as bis virtue suffers a declension, his love of bifi home and family abates, until, at last, uO^ » pi|ce however bMe and corrupting it may be ,, IS more agreeable to him than the once 4vkidomum_ If a similar decle^nsion m virtue happens on the part of the maternal ^hief of the fi^mily mansion, ibe ^rst effect or her deviation fKoni the path of t9atfirnal|viriue, i| that /^Her feet abideth not iii tie^O|!irn bouse.'' l^he same observations npply to children. When the young man, or woman ioitead of manifesting a strong attachment for |}m^ |apij| ijaiipfion w **Gifcn ta outgoing" to 194 CIVILIZATION. % \ places of licentieus resort, their moral ruin maj be 86id to be at no great distance. Architecture, is of use, even in the jmportutt province of religion. Those who build no boug- es for themselves, build no temples for iheeer^ vice of God, and of course derive the len benefit from the institutions of religion. While our people lived in cabins, their places of woi' ship >vere tento, as they were called, rheir seaii logs their communion tables, rough slabs of bewi timber aHd the covering of the worshippers, tin leaves of the forest trees. Churches^ have succeeded to tents, with their 1] rude accomodations for public worship. T)ii| very aspect of those sacred edifices, fills the mini; of the beholder, with a religious awe, and as to the most believing and sincere, it serves to it. orease the fervor of devotion. Patriotism, is sog* , mented by the sight cf the majestic forum of jm*; tice, the substantiar public highway and bridge with iti long succession of ponderous arches. Home and Greece, would no doubt, have ftl' len much sooner, had it not been for the patriot* ism inspired by their magnificient public edjficei, bad it not been for these, their histories would have been lesg complete ismd lasting than thejf have been. Etnigration, has brought to the western regiobi the wealth, science and arts, of our eastern breth- trn and even of Europe. These we biope baT»| puffered no deterioration, in the wrestern country. They have contributed much to the chaoge which has been effected, m the moral and scieDti* 6c character of our country, The ministry of (he gospel hae contributed no I d^nbt iflUBienfiely, to the bappy abange wbicV ■■"■-^'^--'- ciVirlzATtON. nt bas been effected in the state of out western society. At an early period of our settlements ihrec Presbyterian clergymen, commenced their clerical labours in our infant settlements. The Re7. Joseph Smith, the Rev. John McMillan, and the Bey. Mr. Bowers, the two latter of whom, are still living. They were pious/ patient, laborious jjneo, who collected their people into regular congregations, and did all for them that their circumstances would allow. It was no dispar* agement to them, that their first churches were the shady groves, and their- first pulpits a kind of tent, constructed of a few rough slabs and covered with clapboards. *^He vi|ho dvirelleth not exclusively, in temples made with hands,*',^ was propitious to their devotions. From the outset, they prudently resolved to create a ministry in the country, and acccordr iogly, established little grammer schools at (heir own'houses or in their immediate neighbourhoods. The course of education which they gave their pupils, was indeed, not extensive; but the piety of those who entered into the ministry, more than made up the deficiency. They formed societies most of which are now large and respectable, andio point of education their ministry has much improved. About the year 1792, an Academy was estab^ lished at Cannonsburgh, in Washington County, in the Western part of Pennsylvania, which was afterwards incorporated under the name Jeifer* son college. (The means possessed by the society for the un- dertaking, were indeed but small; but they not only erected a tolerable edifice for the academy; l^at created a fund, for the eduoation of such piot^ J" \ ' %.^- * m €itTIU2ATI01f» young men as w«re desirous of entering into the inimstry; but unsble to defray the eipences cf Ibeir education. Tbis institution bas been remarkably succegifal In its operations. It bas produced a large num^ her of good scholars in all the literary professioQi and added immensely to tbe seince of tbe coua* try. ' V Next to thiSjWasbington college, situated in the county town, of the county of that name, has been the means of diifueiog much of tbje light of scieaci thro' tbe western country. Too much praise, cannot be bestowed on those good men who opened these fruitful sources of instruction for our infant country, at «o early a pe- riod of its settlement. They have inmienseJy ioi* proved the departments of theology, law, medicine and legislation in the^western regions. At a later period, tbe Methodist society began their labours in the western parts Of Virginia anci Pennsylvania, their progress at first was sloyr; bat their zeal and perseveranoe, at length, overcame every obstacle, so tbat they are now one of tbe most nuQierous and respectable societies in ih\i €o4ntry. l^be itinerant plan of tb^ir ministry, 1^ well calculated to convey the gospel throughout a thinly scattered population. AccordUigly, th^ ministry has kept pace with tbe ex|ensioa of our settlements. The little ^in was scarcely built, and the 'little 6eI4 fenced iu, before these evengelical teachers made their vppearance amongst t|em, collected tbsiB into societies and taught tbem th^ worship of I|l4itidtf^R for the labours of these inda^tiga- "pieman, (^||oantry, as to a great axttnt of its kU . *.i OIVIUZATIOV. m ilements, would have been at this day a temi bar- baric region. How aany thousands, and lens of fhousandd, of the most ignorant and licentious of our population have they instructed, and reclaime from the error of their ways? They have restore to SQciety even the most Worthless, and made them' valuable and respectable, as citizens, and useful in all the relations of life. Their numerous, and zea* lous ministry bids fair to carry on the good work to any extent which our settlements, and popula* tion may require. With theCatholics, I havebutlittle acquaiutance, but have every reason to believe, tWat in propor«> lion, to the extent of their flocks, they have done well. In this country, they have received the e* piscopalvisitations of their Bishops. In Kentuck* cy they have a Cathedral, a Coll«tge and a Bishop. In Indiana thfy have a Monastry of the order of St Trap, which is also a college, and a Bishop. Their clergy, with apostolic zeal, but in an unostentatious manner, have sought out and min- istered to their scattert;d flocks throughout the country; an4 as far as I ktiow, with good auc«> cess. The societies of friends, in the western coun- try, are numerous, and their establishments, in good order. Alt ho' they are not much in favour of a classical education, they are nevertheless, in the habit of giving their people a substantial English education.- Their habits of industry and attention to useful arts and improvements, are highly honourable to themselves, and worthy <^ .imitation. The Baptists in the State of Kentucky, took the lead in the ministry, and with great success* Their 198 ClVILIZATlOK* establishmenid, are, as I have been informed, at present, numerous and respectable, in that state. Ji great and salutary revolution has taken place Id this community of people. Their ministry iras formerly, quite illiterate; but they have turned th^ir attention to science, and have already erect- ed some very respectable literary establishment!, in different parts of America. The German Lutheran and Reformed churches In our country, as far as I know of them are doing well. The number of ihe Lutheran congregations Is said to be, at least, ote hundred, that of the reformed, it is presutuf d is about the same amount . It is remarkable, that throughout the whole extent of the United States, the Germans, in pro- portion to their wealth, have the best churches, or- gans and grave yards. ^ It is a fortunf^te circumstance, that those of our citizens, who labor under the disadvantage of speaking a foreign language, are blessed with a ministry, so evangelical as that of these very numerous and respectable comnr.unities. The fjpiscopalian church, which ought to have been foremostjin gathering in their scattered flocks, have been the last, and done the least of any chris- tian community, in the evangelic work. Taking the western country in its whole ex- tent, ^t least one half cf its population was ori- ginally of epiFGopalian parentage; but for want pf a ministry of their own, have associated with other communities. They bad no alternative, but that of cbanging their profession or living and dying without the ordinances of religion.—* It can be no subject of regret, that those ordin- imaes were placed within their reach, by other hliBds^ whjlfit they were withheld by (bese^ by #*ii CITIU2ATI0II. 199 vrbom, as a matter of ri^^ht and duty tbey ought tobaTe been given. One single chorea episcopus, or suffragan bish- op) of a fdithfu) spirit who, twenty years ago. should have "Ordained th«>.in elders in every place" where they were needed, would have been the iostrument of forming episcopal congregations o« ver a great extent of country, and which by thia time would have become large, nuniorous and respectable; but the opportunity was neglected, and the consequent loss to this church is irrepa* rable. So total a neglect of the spiritual interests of so many valuable people, for sogre^ a length of time, by s ministry so near at hand; is a aingular, and unprecedented fact, in ecclesiastical history, the like of which never occurred before. It seems to n>e, that if the twentieth part ot their number of chri»t)ftn people, of any other community, bad been placed in Siberia, and de« pendent on any pfber eeclesiafsliea} authority, is fkis country, that that authority would have reach- ed them, many years ago with the min- istnition of the gospel. With the earliest and most numerous episcopacy - in America; not one of the eastern bishops has ever yet crossed the Allegheny mountains, although the dioces* ses of two Of them, comprehend large tracts of country on the western side of the mountains. rt is hoped that the future diligence of thia community, will make op, in some degree, for the negiligence of the past. There is still an immense void in this country #hioh it is their duty to fill up. Prom their res« pectability, on the ground of antiquity among \h» if HAd eilVlUCATION. reformed churches, the science of thetr*patriarclii^ who have been the lights of the world, frrm their Dumber and ^i^reat resources, even in America, she ought to hasten to fulfil the just expectations of her own people, as well as those of other commuoities, in contributing her full share to Ihe Science, piety, and cTiilization of cur ecus- From the vrhcle of our eceleeiastical history, it appears, that with the exception of the epis< •opal church, all our religious communities have done well, for their country. The author begs, that it may be understood^ that with the distinguishing tenets of our religieus societies he has nothing to do, nor yet with the excellencies or defects of their ecclesiastical in* stitutions. Tbey are noticed on no other ground than that of their respectiye contributions, (o the science and civilization of. the country. The last; but not the least of the means of our present eivilizatioo, are our excellent forms of government and the administration of the laws. In vain, as means of general reformation, are echools, colleges, and a ministry of the gospel of the best order, a land of liberty is a land of crimc^ as welt as of virtue. It is often mentioned, as a matter of reproacli to England, that in proportion to her populatioa they have more convictions, executions and trans* portations than any other country in Europe.— o^ould it be asked, whatis the reason of the preik alence of crime in England ? Is it, that human nature is worse there th«in elsewhere!* I{o.— There is more liberty there, than elsewhere in Europe, and that is the true, and only solution 9f the matter in queetioa. Whera a p eaple^^are OmtlZATION. 801 it liberty, to learn what thev cbooff, to think and act as they please, and adopt any profession j^' for a living or a fortune, they are much more lia ^ ble to fall into the commission of crimes, thai a people, who from their infancy, have bee accustomed to the dull, monotonous march o despotism, which chains each individual to the rank and profession of his forefathers; and does not permit him to wander into the strange and devious paths of hazardous^ experiments.^ la America, should a stranger read a While, our numerous publications of a religious nature,, the reports of missionary and bible societies, at first blush he would look upon the Americans as anation- of Saihts;.let him lay these aside, and' read the daily newspapers, be will change his opinion^ and; for the time being^ consider them' as a nation, abounding in crimes of the most at* ^ trocious dye. Both portraits are^rue. The greater the amount of freedom, the greater the necessity of a siosdy and faithful administra* tion of ju|tice; but more especially of criminal jus- tice, because a general dimision of science,. while it produces the most salutary effects, on a gene- ral scale, produces alJBO the worst of crimes, by creating tne greater capacity for their commis- sion. There is scarcely any art, or science, which< is not in some hand^, and certain ciAsurostanceSy, made an instrument of the most atrocious vices.. The acts of navigation and gunnery, so necces- •ary for the wealth and defence of a na^oo,. have often degenerated into the crime of pincy. The beautiful art of engraving, and the more useful art of wriung have been used by tbo fraudulent for counterfeiting all kinds of public j|pd private doouments of credit. Were it not f iiH* j^ ttflUKAflOlC \£pr scieoee a6d freedom, the important profetsioBt |f theology and phjaick, vrould not be so fre- enily asfumed by the pseudo priest and tha ack; without previous acquirements, without fight, and for purposes wboNy base and unwar* rantable. The truth is^ the western country is the re* ginn of adventure. If we have derived some ad- vantage from the importation of science, art* and weatlh; we have on the other hand besn much annoyed and endangered, as to our morale and political state, by an imme^ae importation cf vice, associated with a high parade of science, and the most consumate art, in the pursuit o^ wealth by every description of unlawful meaas. The steady administration of justice, has been our only safety from destruction, by the pestilential iiifluence of so great an amount of moral depraT- ity, in our infant country* Still, it may be asked whether faets warrant ti)e belief, that the scale is fairly turnedJn farour of science, pie^y and civilization, whether in regard to these important endowments of puf nature, the present time is better than the pasf^ and the future Hkely to be better than the pres- ent. Whether,, we may safely consider our pol- itical instit lotions, 80 matured and settled that •ur personaf HUtT^Ti property and sacred honor, are not only securtd to us for the present, but like- IplH remain the ioberitarice of eur children, for geirilaatioijsyettocome. Society, io its best state meiiibles a ble«*ping volcsno, aa to the amount of latent moral evil, which it always contains. It is enough, for public safety, and all that can re» jenabl^ be expected, that the good prepoudecaie \ 'I CiVILIZATtON. toii^ 0rer the evil. The moral entl political roeansi which have been so successfuily employed, for prereatiog a revolutionary exptonion, have, aa we trust, procrastenated the danger of such an e?ent, for a long time to come. If we bavo criminali), they are speedily pursued and brought to justice. . ^ The places of our country, which still remain io their native state of wilderness, do not, as iD many o(her countries, afford notorious lodge- ments tor thieves. Our hills, are not as in the wilderness of Judea *^ Hills of robbers/' The ministry' of the holy g08p*^l is enlightening the minds of our people with the best of all sciences, that of God himself, his divine government and man's future state. Let it not be thought hard, that our forums of justice are so numerous, the stile of their architecture so imposing, and the business which' occupies them so multifarious; they are the price which freedom must pay, for its protection. Com* merce, circAating tnrough its million channels, will create an endless variety of litigated claims. Grimes of the deepest dye, springing from science and liberty themselves, require constantly the vigi« lance and coertions of ctiminal justice. Even the poorest of our people are solicititious for the education of their children. Thus the great sup* ports ofour moral and political state, resting on their firmest bases, public opinion and attachment to our governm4%nt and laws, promise stalvSity i||^ generations yet to come. f^ I' 'JNi i # THIRD P.mT. 4' ' w or Indian Warfare. CHAPTER XXIV. Preliminary observations on tbo character of the Indian mode of waifare and its adoption by the white people. This is a subject, which presents human nature in its roost fevolting features, as subject to a vin* dictive fipipit of revenge, and a thirst of human b!ood« leadiiQg to an indiscriminate slaughter of . ail ranks, ages and sexes, by the weapons of war, or by torture. The history of man, is for the roost part, one continued detail of bloodshed, battles and devas-^r tations. War has been, from the earliest periods of history, the almost constant employment of individuals, clans, tribes and nations. Fame, one of the roost potent objects of human ambition, has at all times, been the delusive; but costly re* ward of military achievements. The triumph of conquest, the epithet of greatness, the throne and the sceptre, have uniformly been purchased: by the conflict of battle, and garments rolled in blood. If the modern European laws of warfare, have softened in some degree the horrid features of national conflicts, by respecting the rights of private property, and exteodipg humanity to the sicV, wounded and prisoners; we ought to reflect .that this amelioration is the effect of civilization '*.. 208 INDIAN WARFARE. ^^1 only. The natural state of war, knows no such mixture of mercy with cruelty. In fais primitvie statesman knows no ohject in his wars, but that of the extermination of his enemies, either hy death or ceptiviiy. The wars of the Jews were exterminatory in tbeir object. The destruction of a whole nation ^as often the result of a single campaign. Even Ihe beasts themFclves were sometimes included in the general massacre. The present war between the Greeks and Q'urks, is a war upon the ancient model: « war cf utter extermination. It is to be sure, much to be regreted, that our people so often followed the cruel examples oT the -Indians, in the slaughter of prisoners, and Sometimes won^en and childreir; yet let thrm re* ceive a candid bearing at the liar of reason and justice, before thiy are condemned, as barbariaDB, equally wi(h the Indians themselves. History, scarcely presents an example of a civlliw zed nation, carrying on a wai with brarbarians, without adopting the mode of warfare ofthehar* barous nation. The ferocious Sriiwarrow, when at war with the Turks was as much of a savage as the Turks themselves. His slaaght^rs were as indiscriminate as theirs; but during his wars against the French, in Italy, he faithfully observed the lawl of civilised warfare. Were the Greeks now at war with a civilized nation, we should hear nothing of the barbarities which they have committed on the Turks; but being at war with barbarians, the princple of '0elf defence compels them to retaliate on the Turks, the barbarities which they commit on t|)em. % '*» I5B1AN WARFARE. 209 t^rs were as In the last rebellion, in Ireland, that of united Irishmen, the government party, ivcre not much behind the rebels, in acts of lawless cruelty. It was not by the hands of the executioner alons they perished. Sumriiary justice, as it was called,"^^"^ was sometimes indicted. How many perished under the torturing scourge of the drummer, for the purpose of extorting confessions. These ex- tra-judicial executions were attempted to be jus- tified, on the ground of the neccessily of the case. | Our revolutionary war has a double aspect; on the one hand we carried on a war with the English, io which we observed the maxims of civilized warfare, with the utmost strictncsti; but the brave, the potent, the magnanimous nation of our fore* fathers had associated with themselves, as auxila- ries, the murderous tomahawk and scalping knife of the indian nations around &ur defenceless froB- tlers, leaving those barbarous sons of the forest t» their own savage mode of warftu'e, to the full indulgence of all their native thrist (or humaa blood. On thsm then, he the blame of all the horrid features of this war between civilized and savage men, in which the 'former were compelled, by every ^riocijple of self defence, to adopt the In- dian mode oi warfare, in all its revolting and dea*^. tructive features Ware those who were engaged in the war t* gainst the Indians, less humane than those who car* riedoo the war c gainst their Eaglish allies? No* Thf y were not. Both parlies carried on the war on the same principle of reciprocity of advantages and disadvantages. For example, the English and AanericaBs take each one thousand prisoners.-— S. ■i-a^* flO I2r»IAN Warpars. They are exchanged: Neither army is weftl;ened by this arraitgement. A lacrafice is indeed made to humanity, in the expense of taking care of the .,sick, wounded and prisoners; but this expense is mutubl. No disadv&Htages result from all the clem- cijcy of modern warfare, excepting an augmen- tation of the expenses of war. In this mode of «7arfare, those of the nation, not in arms, are safe front death by the hands of soldiers. I^ilo civivi. zed warrior dishonors his sword with the blood of l)elp]e8fl infancy, old age, or that of the fair sex. He aims his blows only at those whom be finds in arms against him. Theindian kills indiscrim- inately. His object id the total extermination of his enemies. Children are victims of his ven« geance, because, if males, they may hereafter be- come warriors, or if females, they may become mothers. Even the foetal state is criminal in bis yiew. It is not enough that the foetus should perish with tbe murdered motber, it is torn from her pregnant womb and elevated on a stick or pole, as a trophy of victory and an object of hor- or, to the survivors of the slain. If the iodian takes prisoners, mercy has but little concern in the transaction; he spares the lives of those who fall into his hands, for the pur- pose oi feasting the feelings of ferccious vengeance of himself and his comrades, by the torture of hi» captive, or to increase the streng^th of his na- tion by his adoption into an Indian lamilj, or for the purpot?e of gain, by selling him for an higher price,! hau nis scalp would fetch, to his christian aN lies of Canada;ror be it known that those allies were in the consiant practice of making presents for 8C|lp^, aud prisoners, as well as furnishing the meftui for carrying on the iadian war, which for INSniN WARfARir. Ill 00 oiajDy years desolated our defenceless frontiers. No lustration can ever tvash out (hit national stain. The foul blot must remain, as long as the page of history shall convey the record of the foul transaction, to future generations. The author would not open wounds whicb bare, alasl already bled so long; but for the purpose of doing j^is ice to the memory of bis fore« latb'^rs and relatives, many uf whom perished in the defence of their country, by the hands of the merciless iodians« How is a war of extermination, andf acconnpan* ied with sucb acts of attrocious cruelty tu be met by those on whom it is inflicted? Must it be met by the lenient maxiois of civilized warfare? I^itst the Indian captive be spared his llte?^— What advantage would be gained by this ccmrse ? The young white prisoners, adopted into india» families often become complete indians, but in hovr • few iostances did ever tn rndian become civi!i« Sted. Send a cartel fo^ on exchange of prisoners;, the Indiana knew nothing of tbia measure of clemency in war; the bearer of the while (lag for the purpose of ciTecling the exchange, would have exerted hi humanity, at the forfeit of hi* life. Should mj cocmtrymen be stilt charged witb barbarism, in the prosecution of the iodian war, let him who harbours this unfavourable impression concerning them, portray in imm agination the horrid scenes of slaughter, which frequently^ mnt their view in the courae'of the Indian war '** J»i«i% if he can bear th* r*»fl©**i-«, looK at helple^ti ii\U^ - uy, vrrgiii beauty, and hoary age, dishonoured by the ghastly wounds of the tomahawk and scalp* tog knife of the Mvagt* Let him heap the shrieks m t\s INDIAN WARrA'RBv * of the victims of the indian torfnre by fire, and smell (he surrounding air, rendered sickening by the efSuvia of their burning flesh And blocd.— Let him hear the yells, and view the hellish fea- ♦tures of the surrounding circle of savage warrior.% rioting in all the luxuriance of vengeance, while applying tht> ilaoiing (orchee to the parched limbs oi ihe sutfererF, and then suppose those nnurdercd iniants, matrons, virgins and victims of torture, were his fjiends and relations, the wife, 8i ^ child, or hrother; what would be bis feelings!.. After a short season of grief, he would say '*! will DOW think only of revenge,*' Philosophy shudders at the destructive aspec^t of war inany shspe, Christianity, by teaching th« religion of tbo good Samaritan altogether forbids it; bui 'he original settlers of the western regiops, like the greater part of ihe worM, were neither ' philosophers, ncr saints. They were '*Men o( like passions with others.^' And therefore adopt- > od the iodian node of warfare from necessity, and a motive of revesge; with the exception of burniog their captives alive, which they never did; if this liodies of si^vage enemies were sometimes burn* ed, it was not until after they were dead. Lot the voice of nature, and the law of nations plead in favour oi the vetPian pioneers^ •f the deseri regions of the west. War has hith- •ito been prominent trait in the moral systiem of hu- man nature, and will continue such, until a rax^icol '-v^Q shall be effected in favour oi science,, '^**^m- ' — «* '^^oeral scat^. moral t antf p*»«y» »»» • »— * .* «f In the conflicts el nations, ftS WcM «» ino»« v* individuals, no advantages are to be eonoeded: 2f meroy may be associated with the carnage and df^yastatioDS ef war^that merqif must be reciprocal — ^^- iNMAlf WAHTkHW: flS fire, and blood lellish fea. wrarrior5^ Incc, while |ched limbs nfiurcJercd [of torture, 'ife, sister^ Ifeclingsf^ say *'l will tive appeot aching th« her foibi^ ;rn regions, ere neither 8 "Men of jfore adopt- cessily, and 1 of burning [ did; if the imes burn* ad. V of nations pioneers ir has hitb- 'stemofhu- (i) a radical •* --. «^ 9 tno«« iM» eenoeded: image and recifrocftl but* B war of utter exteronination, must be nnet' br a war of the same character; or by an overwhelm ming force which may pot an end to it, without' a sacrafiee of the belpUrsa and unoffeDding part of boitite nation; auobB forco was not at the eomroand of the first inhabitants of this country.. The sequel of tbe indian war goes to show that in a war with savages, tbe choice lies between ex- termination and subjugation. Our government has * wisely and humanely pursued the latter course. The author begs to be understood, that the fore* going observaiirns, are Bot intended as a justifi- cation, of the whole of f be transactions of our peo- ple with regard to the indians during the coursa of the war. Some instances of acts of wan- ton barbarity occurred on our side, which havft received, sind must continue to recive tbeunf'quiv- ocal reprobation o( all the civilized world. In tbe ^ course of this history, it will appear that more diads of wanton barbarity took place on our sid^; than the world is no^ acquainted with* trty ^^1 • -1 ,, ft War o/^irea CHAPTER XXV. The tresitj.of peace between bis Britiih Mt* jet^^, aod the kings of Fraoee, Speia and Pon tugal, concluded at Pbris, on the 1 0th of Febru* try 1763, did not put an end to the indian v^ari* fairiPt the frontier parte and back eettlemcnti, #f the colonies of Great Britain. The spring and summer ef 1763, as well u tho^e of 1764, de&erve to be nstnicrable'in fciitorj, for the great extent and destructive results, of i Kar of titerimination, carried on by the united force of all Ibe indian nations of of the western goub* try, along the shore of the northern Irkes aad throughout the ivbole eitent of the frontier let- tlements of PennHylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. The events ef this war, as they relate to the frontier of P« nnsylvania^and the shores of the lakes are matters of history already, and therefore shall be no farther related here than is necessary to five a coouected view of the military events of those disasterous seasons. The massacre by the indiatia in the south western part of Vitgiitia, so far as they have come to the knowledge of the au- thor, shall be related mora in dt tail. The Etiglisb histrrians, atfribute this terrible fiar to tii< inflveDce of the French Je&Qltea over ^▲R OP 1763. jS:r& ilift indiani*; but whether with much troth aoA ctndor, is, la say the least of it,^ extremely doubt- ful. The peace of 1763, by whic!i the provinces of Canada, were ceded to Britain, was otfensivo to the iadlansy especially, as Ihey very well knew that the English govern meat, on the ground of this treaty, claimed the jurisdiction of the wes- tern Gountiy generally; and as anindian sees no difl^rence, between the right of jurisdiction and that of possession, they considered themselves as about to be dispossessed of the whole of their country, as rapidly as the English might find it convenient to lake possession of it. In this o* pinion, they were confirmed by the building of. forts, on the Susquehanna, on lands to which the the Indians laid cUitn. The forta and posts of Pittsburgh, Bedford, Ligonier, Niagara, Dtroit, Presque Isle, St. Joiteph and Machilimakinac, were either built, or improved and atrengthed, with additions to their garrisoot. Thus the In- dians saw themselves surrounded on the north and cast, by a strong line efforts, while those of Bedford, Ligoniec and Pittsburgh, threatened an extension of them into the heart of their country. Thus circumstanced, the aborigines of the coun'* try, had to choose lietween the prospect of being driven to the inhospitable regions of the north and west; of oegociatiog with the Britiib government, forcontinuancc of tbe possession of their own land; or of taking up arms for its defence. They choose the latter course, in whiah a view of the smallnessof their numbers and the scantiuets of their re- surce, ought to have taugfit them, that alt^ugb ^IfistQry (^ England, Vol lo, page 399, m ^AROF nM they night ^o much miscbief; they could not ll^ tirottely sticcted; but the indiaos, as well as their brelhern of the white (kin, are often driven by their impetuous paesiont, to rash and c^estructive enterprises, which reason, wece it (:|ejr!nitled ta give its counsels, would disapprove. . The plan resolved on by the indiai^, for the prosecution of the war, was- that of a general; massacre of all the inbabitftnts of the English set* tiemeots,. in the western country, as well as of those on the )and&oii.tbeSndq^ehanna,,to which they laid claim.. N^vef' did military oommanders ofany^ nation^, display- more skill, or their troops more steady and' determined bra^ery^ than did tfiose red men of the wildernese, in the prosecution of their gigantie plan fdr the- recovery of their country, irem the posfessioik>of the Baglish.. It was in* deed a war of utter extermination on an extensive scale. A oonllict whieb. exhibited hvnian ni* ture in its native state, in which the cunning if the fox, is asaociated with the crnelty of the tiger. "We read the history of this war with feelingi of the deepest horror; but why?* Qn the part of the savages, theirs was the ancient mode of war- fare, in which there was notbiBg.of mercy;. If science, associated with the benign, influence of the christian system, have limited the carasg^ of war, to these in arms; so as to give the right of life, and hospitality to women,. infancy,. old age, the sick, wounded and prisoners, may not a far- ther extention of the influence of those powert^ fdL; but salutary agents, put an end to war alto* gllher? May not future generations read the liistory of our civilized warfare, with equal hop* t^ .J., ..!» ill**'-'. >*...»,.., r^.-K ^i^ WAR OP no' J. «11 )uM notQ^ fell as their driven hj t^eitructiTc he/mitted t« laiw, for the pf • general) [Eoglish set* woJl as 0^ la,, to which OBjr nation f, lore steady loee red men ion of their ►ir country, It was in- an extensire I hvttan 1)1- e cunning ff r of the tiger, Wtb feeliagf n the part of Dodt of war- ■ ; mercy; . If influence of Iht ceritge > the right of cy, old age, &y not a far- lose powers lo war alto- s read tb^ > equal bcio Tor, and won«3tr, that willi our science and piety, ^e. hid warflat fcli!! The Fiiiglislt ti adhrt^, anjong the the indians were (be Bri^t victiiiift in this cuntest Out of ono hundred and twenty of therUfninon^ the different nation!*, onlv two or three escaped being murder« fd. The forts of Presque Isle, St. Jsscpli anii Machilimnkinac were t&l:c.«,with a general slaugLt^ tcr of their geni^ons. The fortresses of Bedford, Ligonier, Niagara, petroit and Pitt were with dilficulty preserved frum being taken. It was a princpal object wiih the indians to grt possession of Detroit and fort Put, either by as» sauU or famine. The former was attempted witli^ regard to Detroit. Fort Pitt, being at a consider-^ able distance from the settlements, where atono supplies could be obtained, determined the lara- ges to attempt its reduction by fiamine. In their first attempt on Fort Detroit, the In- dians calculated on taking possessien of if, by stratagem. A large number of the indians ap- peared before the place under pretence of hold- ing a congrets^ with major Gladwin the comman-' dant. He was on his guard and refused them ad-, mittaoce. On the. next day, about five hundred more of the indians arrived in arms and demand- ed leave to go into the fort, to hold a treaty. The eoromandaot refu'^vd to admit a greater number than forty. The Indians undertsood his design o€ detaining them as hoitagts, for the good conduct ef their comrades, on the outside of the fort, and therefore did not send them into the place, the whole number of men in the fort enc^ on bv^il' twd vessemuj «;: j? tbe^rircr, did not exceed QW hundred and l^i^ or twclvei^tut fey the itie,|ii« '^i^L^t^ id S18 win cp K'tff oflhft cftnnor»9 Ibfy poesesscd, tbey mo^c iil,if| to keep tbc indiuns at a distance and convinee them that they could i.ot i^kn ll;c platu.-, Wlien ihe indions wire nlout to rcliie, Cap. tain Dalycl airived at tite fort, wi h u consider* able reinforcement for the relief cf the jilace.-^ He made a sortie against the bi raBt wcr)i» which the indiaiishad thrown up, with two hundred md forty fife men. This detachment was driven back with tho bs9 of seventy men, killed and forty two wounded. Captain Dalyel itaa atnottg the BJatn. Of o«e hundred men who were escorting! large quantify of pruvitiiuua to Detroit, siit'y sevsft were massacred. Fort Pitt had been invested for some time, be* fore captain Ecryer had (he least prospect of relief. In this situation he, and his garrion nad resolved to stand it out to the last extremity and even perish of lamliie; rather than fall into the hands of the Bavages; DAtwithstanding the fort was a bad one, the garrison weak, and the country between the fort, and Ligooier was in possession of the savages, and his inessengers lulled, or compelled to return back. \n this situation, 0ol; Bouquet wbi eent by General Amburet to the relief ef the place, with a large quantity of previsions under a strong escort. This escort was aUacked by a large bo- dy of Indians, in a narrow deSie, onTurUe Greek, and would have been entirely defeated, had it not been for a successful stratagem employed by the commander, fov extricating themselves from the savage army.. After susiaifiifig a furious contest, from one o'clock 'till night, and for several hours the next morning, a retreat was pretendo^i* ^*^^ ^ vi&w to draw the loditns into & clofle engageqaeatii. VAR OP 17G3. 21!) •e cgcortinga It, Bix'y seveft ome time, be. •»P«Gt of relief, ^ad resolved Iferen perish nands of the '«? a bad one, ^ beliveen the >fthesavagej. '^mpelled to Bouquet wai r«i the place, 'o-^r a atronz ;*'«rg:e bo. wMt? Creeir, ^'i had it not oyedby the f« from the ouB contest, iy^r$l hours previously to this movement, four companies of in« fantry and graiiadiurs were placed in atubuscade. Thf plan puiiceeded. When the retreat conuni ne- ed, the Indians thought themselves secure of victo- ry, end pressing forward with great vigour, fell into (he ambuscade, and were dispersed with gruat eiaughter. The lo^s on the side of the English WIS abave one hundred killed and wounded, that cf the indians, could not bave been less. This loss fvti severely felt by the indians, as in addition to ihe number of warriors who fell in the engagemfnt) trveral of the most dietinguished chiefs) were uonoD* gst the slQiri. Fort Pitt, the reduction of v hich they had niucb at heart, was now placed cut of their reach, by being effectually relieved and sup- plied with the munitions of war. The historian of the western region of our coun- try, cannot help regarding Pittsburgh the present flourishing emporium of the northern part of that region and its immediate neighbourhood as classic ground, on account of the memorable battles which hi^re taken place for its possession, in the infancy of our settlements. Braddocics defeat, Major. Grants defeat, its conquest by Gen. Forhis, the vic- tory over the indians above related, by Major. Bou- qtiet, serve to shew the importance in which tbi8 post was held in early times, and that it was ob* tained and supported by the English government, at the price of no small amount of blood and trea- sure, li) the neighbDurhood of this place, as ivell as in the war- worn regions of the old world, the plough share of the farmer turns np,from beneath the surface of the earth, the broken and ruBty imple- ments of war, and the bones of the slain in battle. It was in the course of this war that the dread- ful massacre at VV^oniiag^ took place> aad deaola* WAR OP 1763 ted the fine settlements of the New England pgQ, pie along the Susquehanna. The extensive and iodiscriminate slaughter of toth sexes and. all eges by the Indifins, at Wyg. ming and other .places, so exasperated a Urgi nutuber of men, denominated the '^Faiton fooTi*> that they rivalled the most ferocious of the indiaDi themselves, in deeds ef cruelly which have dig. lioncured the bisiory of our country, by the record of the sheding of iunooent blood, without the slightest provocation. Deeds of the most atlro* €ious barbarity. ^ The Caaestoga Indians had lived in peace for "more than a century, in the neighbourhood o{ Lancaster. Their number did not exceed forty, Against these unoffending descendants of the first friends of the famous William Penn, the Pax- ton Boys first directed their moro than savage vengeance. Fifty seven of them, in military array, poured into their httle village and instaRt* iy murdered all whom they found at home, to the number of fourteen men, women and childres. These Of them who did not happen to he at home at the mnssaore, were lodgtd in the jail of Lan- caster, for safety. But alas J This precaution was unftvailiflg. The Paxton boys broke open the jail door «nd mur^lerod the whol« of them, ii lumber from fiUeen to tw«nty. It was in ¥aii (bat U\W6 poor, defenceless people protested their io* fiocenco and begged for morcy on their kntei. Blood was the the order of the day, with those ferocious Paztoo boys. The death of the vio- tims of their cruelties, did not satisfy their rage fyr slaughter; they mangled the dead bodies of the Indiana, with their scalpiag ki. ives and tomahaivks, in the most shocking ejid bcutalmaBncijgcalp* WAR or 1765. 2n tog tren the children and chopping off the hands lod feet of most of them. The next ohject of those Pazton Boys, was the murder of the christian Indians oi the villages of Wfquetank and Nain. From the exectition of ibis infernal design, they were prevented by the humane interference of the government of Penn< fylrania, which removed the inhabitants of both places under a strong ^uard to Philadelphia, for protection. They remained under guard from ffovenber 1763 until (he close of the war in Da- eember 1764, the greater part of this time they occupied the barracks of the city. The Paxtoti Soys twice assembled in great force, at no great distance from the otty,with a view to assault the bar* rack and murder the iodiansrbutowing to themili- liry preparations made for their reception, they at. , itit, reluctantly desiisted from the enterprize. While we read, with feeling8*l>f the deepest hor«^ for^ the record of the murders which have, at dif- ferent periods, been inflicted on the unoffending christian Indians, of the Moravian profession, it is lome consola^on, to reflect, that our government have had no participation in those murders; but oft the contrary, have at all times afforded them ali theprotectioo which circumstances aHowed, The principle settlements in "Qreeobriar, were Ihose of Muddy creek and the big levels, distait about fifteen or twenty miles from each other.— iBefore these settlers Were aware of the existence of the wais ani supposing that ths peace made with the French, comprehended their Indian alliei also, about sixty indians visited the settlement oft Mufddy creek. They made the visit un,der the ftiasb of friendship. They were cordially received T m WAii Or tics. and treated with all the hospitality which it wag in the power of these new Dettlers to bestow upon fbem; hot on a siidden, and without any previous Intimaiion of any thii»g like an hofitiie inteution, theiitdiioe murdered, in cold blood, all the men ^longing to the settlement and made piieoneiscf the women and children. ' Leaving a guard with their prisoners, they then marohed to the settlement in the Levels, before the late of the Muddy creek settlemeot was known. , Here, as at Muddy creek, they were treated witk jtb« most kind and attentive hospitality, at tb« house of Mr. Archibald Glendennin, who gave the Indians a sumptuous feast cf three fat elks, which he had recently killed. Here, a scene of slaughter iimilar to that wh' ;h had recently taken plact at Muddy creek, occured at the concluFion of the feast. It commence vith an old woman^ who having a v^ sore leg, shewed it to an in* di^n, desiring his advice how she might cure it; This request he answered with a blow of tlis tomahawe, which iostantly killed her.' In .a few minutes all the men belonging to the place shared tlie same fate. The wcmen and children, were made prisoners. In the time of the slaughter, a negro woaoaa at the spring near the house where it happened, killed her own child for fear it should fail into the hands of the Indians, or hinder her from ma* king her escape. Mr«t. Glendennin, whose husband was among the ilein and herself, with her children prisoneii, boldly charged the indians with perfidy and cow* $rdi^. in taking advantage of the masic cf lrienfJi« thip to con mit murder. One of the indians, exas* peraied at her boldnesS) and stung, no doubt at tha WAR OF 176^ ;^stte6 of her charge ag&inst them, brandished hia tomahawk over her head, and dashed her husband^^ soalp in her face. In defiance of all his (hraats, the heroine still reiterated the charged orper6dy and cowardice against the iodiana. 0(1 the next day,after marching about ten milea^ vrhiie passing througVi a thicket, the Indians fovni« ioga/ront and rear guard, Mrs. Olendennin gave her ioriQt to a neighbour woman, stepped into the Itusbes without leing perceived by the in.diapfy |nd made lier escape. The crVea of the. child pade the indlans enquire for the mother. She »|«npt to be found. **WeU"»8y9 one of thero^ •^[jvilt aoon bring the cow ta her calf," and talc* ing the child by the feet, beat its brains out a* M^DSt-a tre^. Mrs. r>!endennin returned home, m. pfe course of the succeeding night, and cohered thacorpsc of her husband with te nee rails. Havr i^g perfdrmed this piouAo£^lfur her murder- ed bl^band, she cihoose its a placS of 8afd\y, a corn-^ ^0 where, as she related, her heroic resplutioii l|l^ S'tcceeded by a paroxism of grief and dea- pendency, during which she immagined she saw^ Hl^ with the aspect of a murderer, standing with^' idla few steps of her^ The reader of this narra^ tip, instead of regarding this fit of despondency^ asafeminiae weekn86s,on the part of this dau|ph- terof aMiotion, will commiserate her situation of unparalled dcsttlution an(* distress. Alone,, in the dead of night, the survivor of all (le in* Ifot settlements of that district, while all her re- Utives and neighbours cf both settlements, were either prisoners or lying daad, dishonoured by l](h&stty» wounds of the tomahawk and scaljiing, koife of the savages, her husband and her Itfiil^ 4ren amongst the slaiii^ «S4 War or 17^3. It wu some days, before a force could be coHect* «d in the eastern part of Bottttouit and the a4« joining couuiry> for the purpo&e of burjii]^ the dead. Of the eveatsof this war^m the south westent frontier of Tirgirie, and in the eountry of Holt* tein, the then western part c£ North Carolina, the author has not been itiformed, farther than that, on the part cf the Indians it was earned oa with t-he greatest ectivifyt and its course inaik* ed with many deeds ci' the most attrocious cru* tlty, until late in the yaar lt94,whtna prrio4 Wi$ pul to this sanguinary contest, by a treaty made triuli the iodi&ti nations; by Sir Williani Joba* ' ton ai the Qerman Flats. ffa* per ^dy and cruelties praetised by the h* iianp^ during the war of ilBS and 17^^, ocei. sfoned the revoMpg and sanguinary ch&recter of CHe itvdian waiHwnicli. took place afterwards, ^he iitdians baa resolved on f their former alliesVt)}^ Frencb; lliel were at full^ liberty to exercire all their oi- tiife ferooity and riot in the indulgecce cf thet» iiiiiato mir&t for blood. '?■■)>■ *f mmore s I '^1 1 :■ '- , ; « ■fk ' I K\ CflAPTER XXYI.: #v. i >v 'f After the couclusioii of the indito wtiy » 1^^ the tf «?4ty,y»n«^^ 3' with the chief«j ^ hjr w ' l|fpiartt Johnson at the Ijfermaa flMav '<^ ijbe *^ilftfr port of IT^^i'^tho wclteni $|tt€mei3ii»: e^ • ^" MjieaceuntiUbo'j^^^^^^ V Pifriq^ . ihw period of -^^ i ime, tho settte^eiits • ;r9ase4 viith grcai MJMdHialciog; the wijpJe■^|- ^^ ^f %o western Ironlier. j^eR (he jmor^ of |e JpiuiP^ on^the Yo'gioU sid^lj^^ a conaid^hle - ^JlilioJi a« eai^ M thcyfflH^^^ a^ titt eatwes >whici 'l«l to 4he dbsteuci«»ife *eir pti^i iut it ianow^ too^ j^e to cffcice ir^ the -■ llMsfc-l^tterM list^^ m^si remaio^ a di^onbiurfl||e *■ Wift our neiHifetl-fhiitory ; goM^^ however iii# / gtriBf out of evil. .The injuiries inHiotecl upon ^ a iadiauit, In early -timea l^y our forefathera; , ||i»y induee theii^ descendanis to shew juffrce and < «l#r<^cto^e dioiished poaterify of those children > of 4be^il4Ur»es9, whose anoesU»^s .perishedt in * eold i^ibdy ,uii4®|^ the tomahaw^k and scalpiiiir ; JKQi|»^ ofthotwliile w > : In t^e. noni^ of Mp^ 17^311, a rwDOur«^»w.' culated thai the indiauB hadstolen^^^fw^Olf- Ji from some land Jobbers, ix'the WhioaftdH m XkUKMOkE's WJkB* Kenhawa rivcM. No evidences of the fact having been adduced, leads to the concluHon thit the report was false. This report however, in- dueed a pretty general belief that the indians were about to make war upon the frontier settle- ments; but for this apprehension there does not appear to have been ther slightest foundation. In consequence of this apprehension ot being tttacked by the Indians, the land Jobbers asscen- dcd the river, and collected at Wheeling. On the 2tih of April, it liras reported in Wheeling that a oiQoe contidning two Indians and some traders^ was coming down the river and then not far frem 4he place. Chi heariog this the commandant of iheitatioB, Capt. Cresap, proposed taking a party to go ip tbe riveir and kill the Indians. Jbispre- te^ was vehemM|ly opposed by Col: ?ane, iU tropnetcj of tk Jfcc^. ^ He stated tonhe cspt^ that the kilUftg oTOose !adian«, Wpnld inevitabk irrin^ o» a wir, in which much mnocent blood vtiH^dbe shed, and that the act in itself would be ail atifocious murder, and a disgrac0 to his B&me forever. Ilia good counsel was losti Tl^ Hftrty went lip %ht riVir. On being asked, at^it Kturn, vrhat bad become of the Indians ? • They coolly answered that ''They had fallen overbeafd into the river !*» Their canoe, dn being examined waa feiiba bloody, and pierce^thb^ m^Bfitii Wood whlefe w# she^in this war, aod Irnble H» ^ vengeance which followed. In the e^enShl 6f the same day,tho party he ar- ior *hat there was an e|icampment of in4»sns at - th^ mWth of Captii a, went down the fiver lo the pfece, trftackedihe iodiaei and killed several pf ^illil. ;Irt i**^8 affair; oR« of Cresap's>»rty ivas leveWly wounded. bVNMORE^S WAK. w k1«hd massacre at Captina and that which (oak daett ^^ I^A^^f'^) B^^u' ^o^^y i^i'^s above Whce)> Inf^tk Uwi days af^er that at Captina wete on- Atieflionably the sole causes of the war 1774.-«> ;lV last was perpetrated Uj tbirty-two roeo, un- der the comcnand of Darnel (Ireathouse. The frtiole number killed.at this place, and on the riv- ||i opposite to it was twelve, besidea several touoded. Thr» horrid massacre W|s effect- ,«d^y an hypocritical strattgem, which reflects t|ie^ deepest dishonour on the inetiaory of those i^» were ft^nts in it The* report of the miMrders commfilted on th6 Isidians near Wheeling, induced a helief thr.t j^ity would immediately* commence hos«^ iliiies/and this apprehension furnished the pre* t^t Cor . the muriler above related. The o^teost- |l4 object for r^tsingthe part|jj||dev Gre«thouse, wif that of defi^ndiog the fanrH^of Baker^ whdse h^ttS^ was opposite i an inman wbmaii ^s^vised him to return home speedily, sijriiif that the. tadiahs were drinking and aogryt on accdfiAt *of*the murder of thew people down thevjir- er, and might do him tome mischief. Oil h^'rCt- lurn to his party he reported that the insane iiref e too strong for an open attack. He returiied .: to Baker's and requested hjm to give any iodian* whaibigbt come over, in the course of the da^^ [as^buchrum as.they mi|ht c»iUfor, and geia» ; many of them drunk as he possibly could*, The plan succeeded. 6ev^ralliidiaii moa wiib tw<;r m dunmore's wab[. women came over the river to Boker^s, viho previoMsly been in the habit of peiling rum to tie indianff. The n»en drank freely and became ]o> toxl0#ted. In this 8tate they were all killed by Greathquse, and a few'bf his party ^ I say a few of bia (^acty; for it is but justice ^ to &rate^thit not . more than tiye or six of the whole numbec .^ad any participation in eiog l)y far the majority, they niight have prevented the deed;. , but altur j^They did hot; A little icdian girl alone was si^* id from. lh!| slaughter, by the Kumanity of 6&i|e one of the part;p, whose name is- not now know^.. "^ The Indians in the caanpa, hearing the ^fiQ{{ at the housej sent a oanoe with twoinen in if tb len^uire what ha4 happened. The$e two ird^|s twere botli bbot ^y n, aa 80oii< as they ]ar;ded^ the beacli. A IHI^d an d larger caiaoe vr as tb|p manned f^ith a niimber of Indians/ in arms; biit jjA Attempting to reach ttie ahore, some distance > lelpw the bousp^ were received by a well direoK ed .fire from tfie party, whii^, killed the jjreat|p iMipvb^r of them an^ . compeil^d the survivors |p xeturQ. A. great number of shots were exchan|« ed acrosa the rivei^ ^t without damage to m while pariy, not one of whom was even wQufidel. li^e^j^dian, mep who were murdered were all T]ie woman who gave thefiriendly advice to the coipmander of the party, when in thi^ iodian camp was amonget thfj the flarri at fieker*s houjse. , The maesacres of the indians at Captil^a and i^elfow cre^fe, jcomprrhended the w^ole of the family of the famous, but uhfqrtunate Logan, who H^m^e^e events ha^ beeAa lover of the whites DUrVMORE'S WlIU d29 undl a strenuous ajvocate for peace; but in the coq- flict which fullowH them, by way of revenge for (he death of hi^ people, he became a brave and aanKuiiiary chief, among the warriors. The settlers along the frontieri*, knowing that the Indians would make war upon them for the murder of their people, either moved, oif to the iotertoF, or took up. their residence in forts. The apprehension of war was soon, reallized. In %■ tiiort time the iodians Commenced bostiUties a* long tUe whole extent of pur frontiers. bxptess was speedily sent to Williamsburgb, Ihd then seat of government: of the Colony d Virginia,, communicating intelligence of the cer- tainty of the commencement of < an Indian war^ Tbe a temblji was then in'session. ' A plan for a campaign, for,. the purpose of put* ^ng a speedy conclusion, to the indian hostihtiee was adopted between the ^j||of Dunmore, the. Ooreroor of the Colony, an oWn. Lewis ef Bot« letourt Coupty^ Qeo. Lewis was appointed to the eomimand of tho southern ^division of tbe forcea to be employed on this occasien, with orders to laise a large body of volunteers and drafts, from the southeastern, Counties of the Colony, with all. 'dispatch. These Purees were to rendezvous ai' Ipamp Union in. the Greenbriar eountr/. . The- Eail of Dunmoce was to raise aeother armv in tbe northern coufrties of the Colony, and in the set? .tiements west of the mountains and asteinble them at fort l^tr, and from thence descend theri* ver to Pointpieasant at the mouth of the great Ken- hawa, the place appointed tor thejufietion of the %wo bipmiesyfor the purpose of invading the indiaiV country and destroy ing as many of. their ri*?* S80 vvvKomri war; )a^c% ss thej could reach, in the course oftht Beason. On the eleventh of September the farces orider Opn. Lcivi.^, rmounting to eleven hnrdr^d men^ eommeitced their rnftrch from Camp Union to Pointpleasaot, e distance of cne hundred and nxtj miles. The tract of country between these two points, was at that time, a trackless deeert. Gapt. Matthew Arbuckle, the pilot, conducted the army by the nearest and best rout tQ their place ef dig. tinalion. The flour and ammuoiiion were nbol* )y transported on pack horses, as the rout ^ai ioipassible for wheel carriag^es. After a painfi^ inarch of nineteen days the army ariived, on (ha ihst of October, at Ppintpleasaot, where an en* caroproent Was madel v* Gen.Ijewis w&s exeet dirigly dietppoioted^at hearfng no tidingi* of the Earlof Duriroore,wbo,aGeordir.g to previous &rraD||U|eDts wa% to form a junction with hin at this pHil. He iHimeditteiy dispatch^ ed some scouts, to go ly land in the direction of Fort Pitt to obtain intelJig^ence of the rout whic& the Earl had taken, and then vetoro with the ut< mo^t dfspnl^b^ On the ninth, three naeo who had formerly been indian Iradera, arrived in the can^tp, t>n express from the Earl ^ to iiiform Lewis that he had changed, his pYan of operations, and intended to march to the Indian towns by the way of Hock- hooking and directing Geo. Lewis to commeoca hia march immediatery, for the old Cbilicoth^ town. ' -''^'''-ry::.¥t-fi-'^--yy';: ^'-^^'' Very early in the mornii\gof the tenth" two young men set out from the canap to hunt, up the river. Havfiig*fonc bbout three miles they felf upoaa camp of the Indians, who were then in the act of preparing to inarch to ttUck the camjp of DUNMCHE^S WAR; 231 Ggh. L'^iris* Ti$ under Col. Flem- ing and another of the Aiiguhta truop^, under Go). Cbarlea Lewi^, remainiog himself vi^iih the reserfe for the dufence of the camp. The detacimieiit marched out in two lines, and otet the iodiana it the same order about four hundred yards from the camp. The battle commenced a little aftec eunrise, by a heavy firing from the indiaos. Ai the ons^t our troops gave back some distance, until net by i reinforcement, on the arrival of which the Indians retreated a little way and formed • line behind logs and trees, reachiag from the. bank of the Ohio, to that of the Kenhawa.— By this manoeuvre,' our arimjINnd camp, were (^mpletcly invested, being inclosed between the two rivers, with the iodian line of battle in front;, 10 that no chance of retreat was lelft. An inoes- lant fire was kept up on both sides, with but lit- tle change of position until sundown, when the iadians retreated, and in the night recrossed the Ohio, and the next day commenced their n^arch to their towns on the Scioto. Our loss in this destructive battle, was seven-p ty* five killed, and one hundred and Ibrty wound- td. Among the killed were Col • Charles Lewis, Col. Fields, Captains Buford, Murrey, Ward« Wilson And M^CIenachan;^ Lieutenants, Allen,. ^Idsby and Dillon and several subaltern officers^ Col. Len'iS) a distinguished and meretoripua fiiiScer, was aoitally wounded by the first lire ef 93^ fAJVK^JLKrB WAR (he indiani, but walked roto tbe camp abd expirtd in his own tent. The number of indiana engaged In the battle of the Point was never ascertafned, nor yet ihi amount of^ their loss. On th*e morning aiter (bt engagement) twenty oi^e wer^ found on the battie ground, twelve more were afterwards found ia SitTerent placea where they had been concealed. A great number of their dead were said to bare been thrown into tlie river during the enjp;agement. Considering tliat (he Whole number of our men engaged in this conflict, were riflemen and from habit sharp shooters of the first order, it is pre* •umeable, that the loss oti the aide of the indiaoi was at least equal to ours. The Indians, during theliattle were ecmmand*' od by the Cornstalk warrior, thelcingof the Shaw anees. This eon glthe forest, in Lis plans cf at* tack and retreat, awin all his inanbeuvresthrough«> out the engagement,. displayed the ebill and brSf ▼ery of the most consummate 'General. During the whole of the day, he wart beard from our linesi vociferating, with the, voice of Stentor **Be strong be strong.'' It is even said, that he killed one vihw men Widi his own hand for cowardice. The dey after tbe1)attte,d'ter bu rying the dead,en • frencbments were thrown. up round the camp, and' a competent*!; uerd was appointed for the care and protection oi the aick and wounded. On the day following 'Oen. XeWis commenced his march for the Sbawanec a towns on the Scioto. This march was made through a tractless desert and attend- ed with Inmost in#uperftb)e difficulties 8::d privt* tiwis. In the mean time the Earl of Dunmore, having collected a force and provided boats at iPoriTiti^ irNMORfi^S WAR. 83d deMendcd the river to VVheeliog, wliere the ^rmy halted for a few days, and then proceeded down the river in about one hundred canoes, a few keel boats, and perouges to the mouth of Hochoclc • ing, and from thence over land until the array had ?ot within eight miles of the.Shawanee town !bilicotbe, on the Scioto. Here the army halt* cd and made a breast work of fallen trees and entrenchments of such extent as to include about twelve acres of ground, with ao inclosure in the centre containing about one acre^ surrounded by en- trenchments. This was the citadel which con- tained the markves of the Earl and his superior of- fieers. Before the army bad reached that place, the i»- dian chiefs had sent several messengers to the Earl, asking peace. With this request hesooa determined to comply, and tj^refare sent mi ex- press to Gen. Lewis with an Oiier for his imme- diate retreat. This order Gen. Lewis disre|^ard« ed and continued his march until hie lordship in person visited his camf), Was formally introduced to his officers and gave tbjB order in person. ^« The army of Gen. Lewis then oMomenced their retreat. It was with the greatest reluctance and chagriSi that the troopa of Gen. Lewis returned from the the enterprise in which they were engaged* The massacres of their relatives and friends at the big Levels and muddy Creek, and above all, their recent loss at the battle of tiM Point had inspired these big knives, as the uMliana called the Vir- ginians, wHh an invei^w^ thirst for revenge, the gratification of whioK ihey supposed was shoNrtut with every expression of regret and disap- oiotmeDt. The £ai?l and his officers having returned to Itis xarop, alreatgr with tbeindians was opened the foliowing day. In this treaty, every precaution was used on llie part ofour people to prevent the indians from lend- ing a treaty, in the tragedy of a massacre. Only eighteen indians, with their chiefs were permit-, ted to pass tho outer gate of their fbrtitied en- xamp«i>«t, after having deposited their arms witli the guard at the gate. 1*he treaty was opened by Cornstalk, thfe war 4Jhief of the Shitwances in a lengthy spe/ch, in which he boldly charged the white peo- ple with having k§»n the authors of the com- mencement of,th#war, in the massacres of the Indians at Captina and yellow Creek. Thii apeech he delivered in so loud a tone of voiced that he was heard all over the camp. The terms cf the treaty were soon settled and the prisoners delivered up. Logan the Cayuga ehief assented to the treaty; hnt Btiil indignant at the murder of his family, refused to attend with the other, chiefs at the camp of Dunmore. According to the indian mode IH sueh cases, he sent his speech in a belt of wam- pum by an interpreter, to be read at the treaty. ^Supposing, that this work may fall into the btxnds of some readers, whe have not seen the speeeb of Logan; the author thinks it not amiss to insert this celebrated morsel of indiaa eio^uence, la this plate, with (he observation f- SliJNMORB ft WAR. n4; ibftt the authenticity of the speech, is no longer a subject of doubt. The speech is as follows. H appeal to any white man to say, if ever he en- tered Logan's cabin hucgry, and he gave him not irieat: if ever he came cold and naked, and he elothed him not.' During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for ptace. Such was my love £ar the, whites, that my country-men pointed as they passed, and said *Logan is tie friend of the white men.' f had- even thought to have liv<%d with you, but for the injuries of one man. Col. Cresap, ihe last spring, in cold blood, aod unpro- voked, muidered ail the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living crea- ture. Tliis called on me for revenge. I have' sought it: L have killed man) :^I bave fully glut- ted my vengeance: for luy c%ntry I njoice af the beams of peace. But do not harbour a thought ihat mine is the joy of fear. Logan nevf r felt fear. He will not turn on hisheel to save his life. Who. is there to mourn for Logan?— Not one." Thus ended, at the treaty of Camp ^.harloKe in; the month of November 1174, the disastfious war of Dunmore. It began in the wanton and unprovoked murders cf the indians at Captina and yellow Creek, and' ended with an awfuLisa- craficeoflife and property to the Demon of re- venge. On our part we obtained at the tieatyv a cessation of hostilities and a surrender of pris« oners, and nothing more. The plan of operations adopted by the indians in the war of Dunmore, shews very clearly ihat their, chiefs were by no Diears deficient \n the ■ foiesifht and siill, necessary for making the^ *i. IS6 vvnunfa mat. # moit prad^t tniniiar^ 8n'anf€men<8 Ibr obtaining success atid TictoTf, in their roode of warefate. ▲t alp eitrlj p^rlorii#>tjr obtained intelligence of the piao of the cadipaigt) against then), concerted fietween il)'#v^arj of Dunmore. and Gen. Lewis. With a view, tfieflllire, to attack the forces of these commanders eepers^tel^ they speedily collected their waniorf, a^$1)y dfbrced marches reached the Point, bc%ri&4hf e^jptccted arrival of the troops under Durtttiore. Sueh was the privrcy wiih Vihich they conducted their inarch to Poinf pleas* ant, that Wn. Lewis knew nothing of (he ap- pioae^'cfjthe indian army, until a few minutes wfyt^ th#e(^inmencement of the battle, and it ig •tely way probable, tl^at if Cornatalk, the iodian «omimander, had had alfttlj^|g|p^#force at the bat- He ofibe foit|^ the #hoJ#lriany of Gen. Lewia wotfld havf» hee^j|ut off*, as the wary savage had 'left tbeni no chlfnce of retreat. Had the army of Lewia hcen defeated, the arnriy of Dunmore, consistii^g of hut little more than one thousand fneh» n^ould have shared tke fate of those armies, whieh at different periods, have suilfered defeats, Sn consequence of venturing too far into the ia- ^ti>oiintry, in ouaabcrs too small, and with muni- 'M^e-of war inadequate to sustain a contest, with tlie iiiiited forces or a niimber of indian natioos. It wat the general belief among thev/Hcers of >ur army, at the time, that the £arl of Dunmore, While at l^heeUiig, rroeft^ advice from his Got- ernmetit of th<^ probability of the approaching viar, between England and the Colonies, and that af- terwards, all his mea^Ofes with regard to the in- diaps, had for their ultimate object, an alliance with those ferocious warriors, for aid of the mofh- .1^ c^Uiitry in their contest with us. This sup- i-S'- hP% DtKMORS^S WllU 237 jffeiice of (oncerled ■ Lenrig. of these diected reached le (roopa ey with in'pleas- the ap- minutes and it ig [he iodian ' >|^ the bat. **. Lewia vfige had the army Dun more, thousand e artn^ef) 1 defealp, Jo thein> ith muni- teat, wiih nadoDs. iliicers of )urjinore> his Got- "fig w ar, ] that at- » the in> alliance le itiofh- bia 0up< position jtccounta for bis not formioi; a juoetion ' with tbipurmy of Lewis at Pointpleaaant. Tlia ^ deviatiojii from the original plan of tbe campaign jeopardized tbe army of Lewis and well nigh cc* casioned its total destruetion/ The conduct cf the Earl at tbe treaty, shews a gocdunderataodiog betwen him and the Indian chiefs* He did not suffer tbe army of Lewis to form a junction with bis own, but sent them^ bacb, before < the. treaty^ was concluded, thus risking tbe safety of nia owa • rcc^s, for at tbe time of tbe treaty, the* iodian war- ^' i were about bis camp, in force sufficient ta * "> intercepted bis retreat and destroyed bia^s Holearmy. . " The death of VornstdIM V W'.-J CHAPTER XXTIL Titia was t>ne of tbe most attrocious murdeit''^ eommitted by tbe whites duiing. tbe whole course ' of tbe war. In the summer of 1777, when (bef confederacyt'v of the indian nations, under tbe influence ol tbe British government, was formed and began to » commit hoatiles along our faontier settlements, . Cornstalk ande youn^ chief of tbe name of Red hi U « : •''iWK' 49B THE PEATB OV CORRSTAUC hawk and another Indian njadea visit to the garth Bon at the Pdfnt,cdmmanded at that time hy captain Arhuckle. Gbrnstalk stated to the Gapiainf that, with the exception of himselfand the tribe to which he belonged, all the nations had joined the £ng«. Yishy and that unless protected by the .whites. '^They would have to run with the stream." €apt. Arbuekle thought proper to detain tha Constalk "chief and his two coirpanins as hos- tagefi, for the gocd conduct of the tribe to which they ; belonged. They bad opt been lorg^ in this situation before a son of Cornstalk'?, concerned for the safety of his father, cane to the opposite side ofthe river and hallooed, his father, know- ing his voice, answered him. He was brought over th^ river, The father and son mutually em< braced each other with the greatest tenderness. On the day following, two Indians who had eoDeealed themselves in the weeds on the bank of the ICenbawa, opposite the fort, killed a man cf ofthe name of 6iImore,,as he was returning from hunting. As soon as the dead body was brought over th«i river, there was a general cry amongst Ihe men who were present, ^' Let us kill the Indiacs in the fort." They immedisiiely ascended the bank ofthe river with Capt. Hall at their head, to execute their hasty resdidtidn. On their way tliey were met by Capt. Stuart and-Cbpt. Arbtic- IHe, who endeavoured fo dissuade them from kil- lings the Indian hostages, say ihg that they cer- ^tainly had no concern in the murder of Gilmore ; but i'emonstrance wss in vaii^*. Pale as death with rage, they cocked their guns and threateiied the Captains with instant death, if ihey should, attempt to hindec them from exectuing their ptir- pose, ^ *^ THS DCATH OF CORNSTLK«. 239 When tlie murderers arrived Eft the house where tiie hostages were confiaed, Cornstalk rose up to meet tMn at the doori but iostanily received sevea bullets ^through his body, his son and his other two lellow hostages were instantly dis** pitched with buUets andtnmahawks. Thus fell the Shawanee war chief, Cornstalk, , who like Logan his companion in arms, Was con- spicuous for., intellectual, talent, l^ravery and^ BHsfortune^ The biography of Cornstalk, as far it is now Jeoown, goes to shew that he was no way deH*- cient in those mental endowments, which consti- tute human greatness. On the evening preceding the battle of Point- ^ ^ea^ent, he proposed going over tVie river to the - caaip of -Gen. Lewis, for the purpose of making peacer Tiie raajorityJn the council of warriors voted' against the measure. *' Well," said Corn - gtalk," since you have resolved on (lighting, you ihall fight, alibough it is likely we shall havu hard work, tomorrow; but if any nian shall at^ tempt to run away from the battle, I will kill ? bim with, my own hand,!' and accordly fulfilled, bis threat, with regard - to one cowardly fellow. After the indians had returned froL.. the bat- tle, Cornstalk called a council at the. Cbilicothe tcwn, to consult what was to be done next.— In this council he reminded .the war chiefs of their folly in preventing him from making peace, before the fatal battle of Pomtpleasant, and asked *^What shall we. do now, the long* knives ar% eoming upon us by two routs. Shall weturnoqii^^x tad light them !" All were silent. Hethenask- •d ''Shall we kill all our sqaws and children^ and then fight until we shall ail be killed oursebresi^ ''Wf THE BEATH OF COBNSTILR To this DO reply was made. Hv then rose up and Btruck his (ooiabawk iiii the war post in the middle of the couociJ house, sayiog ^*SiaKS ^ rose up >08t in (he ^Siace you >b,a coun* which, he e coujicil, esf^oUmept speecheji, [was youn^^ !t likely (bit ,1 am now^ you choow. ^, whetliiEr f:n the nevj »r, for pur. *a sonmaRi* ch, his fath', ^eat spirit •e must sub- Jfcippcttomica Cam GHAPTEH xxvnr. UicDER the eonniiaand of Col. Angui M^DonaYd {tnir huo<^rDd mpii wer6 collected from the uestern pwt pi T\t^\}d% by |ju^#4^rof th« Eailof Duft* ^t, the then Govertill^ Vi^iftria. The place ofrende:(you$ waA Wb^elin^ idme trme inihe tnonlh of June 1774 Tbey went down the riv- er in boats and canoes to the mouth of Capjtina, frc^ thence by the shortest vout teethe Wappato- mica town ^irbbut sixteen miles belo^ the present €o8boctoR. The. pilots were Jonath&n Zane^ Thomas Nicholson and Tady Kelly. About six miles from the tovvn> the army r^ere met by a party of indians to the number of ^ or 50, who gave a skirmish by the way of ambuscade in which two of our men were killed and eight or ■nine wounded; One indian was killed and sev- eral wounded. It was supposed that seterat moF| of them were killed, but they were carried off.-V When the amry came to the town, it was found evueuated, the indians bad retreated to the op- posite shore of the river,, where they had^med an ambuBcadev supposing Che party wouliMHIft9 the river from the town. This was in»*i1^ ly discovered^ The commaDding ofiQlccyifaeD aetft' ^ ''}A^' wA VTAPPATQMICA CAMI>AIGeT;. sentinelB up and dowo the river^ to give notice, ii^ case the i(Nliao8 shouM attempt to cross above or below the town. A privnte in conopany of Capt. Cressap, of the naoie of John Hargus t'Le cfihe scntioeU below the toVn displaced tie ekill of backwoods sharpshooter, seeing an indie p btrhiiij a blind across the river, raising up bis head, air (imep, to I00I& over the river. Hcrgia charged' bis riile with a s^^eond ball and taking deliberato aim,.pafifed both balls through the neck of ihe inr dian./ The indians dragged oflf the body and bu* ried it with the honours of war. It^was found the next morning and scalped by HarguF.. Soon after the town w&s taicen,. tbe icdians from the opposite shore sutd fcr. peace. Ibe commander otfered them peace, en condition cf their sending over their chiefs as host&ges. Fivs ofihem came over tbe river and wtre put urider guaid as hostages, l^ the rooming thejr wers ixiarlhed in front of the aiooy t>ver the river,-* M-'heo the party had reached the western bank of the Muskingum the indiars- represented that they Could not make p,eacevwitbcut the presence of the chiefs oft bye other towns. On which one of the chiefs was releasM to bring, m the others. He did not. return in the appointed time. Another chief was permitted to go on the same eirand, who in Ukei manner did not return. The party 'ea moved up the river to the next town,.which as about a mile above the (i)8t and on the opposite shore. Here we had a slight skirmish with the ibd^ane,in which oiie cf them wa^ killed and one of our men ii^ounded. It was then dis- d, that during mthe tiine spent in the ne- lpU| the ii)dian^^re employed in removing vscim atd chUdrep) old people and tStcifi bavini the CQ the Wi ft^art 9hio^ ihai^ ■T-M ^^ GEIY. M^lNTOSH^tf CAmfAICX^ 911 l^om the upper towns. The towns were boro- ed and the corn cut Mp. The party then returned te the place from which they set out, bringing ivitli them the three remaining chief who was feent (0 WiMiamsburgh. They ^wcre released at the peice the succeeding falL The amry were out of provisions before they left the towns and had to subsi-^t on weeds, one ear of com each day^ with a very scanty supply of game. The corn was obtained at one of the indiaa towns. Gen. M^Iotosh^s Campaigu. .% CHAPTER XXIX« In the spring of tibe year ]'if78, Clovei^ment^ having sent a small force of regular 't^ops unde^ the bommaod of Gen. M*IntQ|^, for the defenicfjii, the western frontier. ThejSfieneral with fttlarsand militia from folP^Pitt 4j(8cen||[d Ohio^bput thirty Dulles and built fdrt M^Bib o|t ftdfUi W- the preaent Beave^ towoi ^e %l 944 esv. Mcintosh's campaign was mude of fitrdng itockftdes furnished bftstions find mouuted with one n\x pounder. This sta* tion was well selected as a point from a small mili* tary force, always io readiness to pursue, or io- tercept the War parlie's of Indians, who frequent- ly made incursion, into the settleiiventa, onlhe op« posite side ofihe river, in its immediate neighboar- liood. The fort was well garrisoned and supplied with proTisions during the summer. Some time in the fall of the same year, Generi] M'lotosh received an order fiom Government lo make a campaiffo against the Sandusky townsk-. This order, ne attempted to obey with one thouiv and men; but owing to the delay in making necei- sary outfits for the expedition, theo^cerf^on reacL* iugTuscarawa, thought it best to halt at that place, 1)uildan<^ garrison a fort, and delay the farther iinMecutioD of the campaign until the next spring^ Affiordingly they erected fort Laurens on the Bank of the Tuscarawa. Some time afier the completion of thjs fort, thf Gen. rieturned with the army to fort Fitt, leaving Col; John Qibson, with a command of one hundred and fifty men to protect the fort until spring. The Indians were Boon acquaintexl with th eexistence of the fort, and soon «onvinced our peopJCi by sad exjperience of the b|d policy of building and attempting to hold a fort, so far in advance of our sett\ements and er forts. \^; T)ie first pnQoyance the'faiTisoD received from the iOidiima|i!as some tifnie in the month of la&uat 17. in tha night XW^ they caugfii mo^tr of the l||pl)HMi belonging ta« fort, and- takiiig ihtm ^ff mke ^ ^ , ' ^ ^^, ^i^ae4odii|ii;ewiim ill M^f ^^^JglHT;, m4 d^M^iee firam t^ft«rt^4in .the oppewte elde mm nw. floJt,# «» Wl^efeeyed to d«p^ th^ ^i^^ootbee of the wk wjd hpp«d fw P«*««i r^^. lf(^ «w0h exi»Pf^»ted w *k« AmenfSMii M#^ \ ^s^". 146 015. M^1MT06H^8 CAMPAlOZf. Ij went out among the Indians during tbeiritay at their eneampment, with the mutoal content of both parties. A* abprt time before the indiani left the place* they feot word to Col. Gibson by the eld Indiaoi that they were desirous of peace, ind that if he would send them a barrel of flour tbsy would send in their proposals the neat day; but although theOolond eomplied with their request, they marched off without fulfilling their^ eoMement. T|e cofnmandef, suppQaiog the whole number of the Indians had gone onT, gave pernniesion to Col. Clark, of the rennsylvania line, to escort the invalids, to the number of eloTen or twelve to fort Mcintosh. The w|6le number of this detach- ment was fifteen. The warylndiaiit had leftaparty behind,for the purpose of doing mischief. Tbeee attacked this part| of invalid?, and their escort -'^~ ttwo miles fro^ the fort, and killed the whole h^ with the ejcception of four, amongst whom wfTthe captain^ who fran back to the fort. On the same day a detachment went out from the fort, broi^bt in the dead, and buried tb'em with the honours of war, in front of the foit gaf(». , In three or four days^fler this disaster, a relief of seven hundred men^ under Qen. Mcin- tosh arrived at the fort with a supply of ptovi- ston; a great part of vrhich wil lost by an unto- ward accident. When the relief had reaehed itbin about one hundred yards of the lort, the l^rison gav^ them a salute of # general discharge of musketry, at the report of which the pack bprses took firight,brokeloo^ and scatter^ the provisions m every fo that the greaC^r' tovfred again. "^'^'^ through the woods» oouliney^rbe re^ :*»^ ■;«: 1 ,v -, OIN. M^IKTOBU^S CAMPAIOIK. til Amdnf other trannactioM which ^.ook.jt»fe tMttt thii lime, WM ihtt of githerinR »»f^ lb«: •*' fitiiit of the fourteen men who h«d felUo in t!>e ^buscftde. during the winter, far interment, '/i»4 Ihich eould QOt be done dujring the inveMrri^n); of the place by the Indaos. They were Ccwnd tf^sUy devdurtd 1:^ the iiroltrea. '^he Uu^w^ p^r- ir dug • pit large enough to oontaiu the rsv%Aii.<^ of.aU of them, and after depositing them in t!?^. lit, merely covering them with a little earth, m'Jk «tiew i9 htfte revenge on the wolves for (devour* ipg their companions, they covered tfee pit with tinder sticks, rotten wood and bits of hark, not ^sufficient strength to bear the weight of a wj?/, On the top of this covering they placed a pt^ df meat, as bait fo? the wolves^ The next idroing seven of them were foynd in the pj l*l^y were shot ond the pit^fitled up. if\)r about two weeks teforO the reli(sJt arr the garrison had bceft put o|i the ihor aJ'ow ance of halfa pound or sour flour anci ».n e^ut^l .weight of stinking meat for every tt70 3/*y8. Tho -greater part of last week, they had nothing to sub- . fflitOQ but such roots as thej •iould tind in the woods and priariesj^nc^ rftw hides. Two men lost lieir lives i>y eating wild parsnip roots, by mis- take. FourmOre nearly shared the same fate; but were saved by medical aid. ' . ^ . ^. On thetcvening of the atrival of the relief, tW(| dayf rations were issued to each man in the fort. T^se rations were intended as their allowance du* rin||their march to fart Mcintosh; but many of ^hr in4^% supposing them to hive been back rations ea upthe whole of their iglowance before the next morning. In consequence, of this impm- * j^l^ eating i^oderatei, ftfter such ^x* ■*> 'i.. * iA .;««*' TMB MMUyUn Cii»A£i|f OrtiBja; stariratiQB irom the wtnt of provid))| about ^fori^ <)fiW/in|ii became faint and IneL during the first (^|'/i march. Oh the secohd idft|, however the i^iSei'^rs were mei by a |r(eat numbii . eftl^eir friends frotn the settlemeDts to which ibev belonged, by whom they were a^pTy supplied mlh 1 ft'^j.^VerBon,' who ^ succeeded Cpl^ Cibson^^ the, command of ,lort l^uretis, continued its gos. ecssioQ until tto sext fau, wbeii the garrisoB, an«i lieiog, Uke tbeir predecessors redtiicd almost te , atarvatioii,* evacufited^the place. I Thus jeoded , tbe^disasterous bOsidess of fort ^ lAurcDS, in which muclfl fatigue and suffering 'were endured and manv lives lost; bat,with% . any beneficial resiUr to fpi oountVy, The Moravian CHAPTER XXX. j,lt'i»- M 1H This «?er meinmo»^bte«ampfttgpi took place lb the month of l^f^^Mt^* '^^^ weather, during the greiater ^MpTtlra mon^t February Vad been uaf February. The early period at which those fatal visitations of the Indians, took place, ted to the conclusion that the murderers- were either Moravians; or that the warriors had' had their winter quarters at their towns, ott the Muskingum, in either case/ the Moravians^ being in fault,^the safety of the'frontier settlements: required the tLestruction. o£ their eBtabIishment» at that place. ^ Accordingly, between eighty and ninety mea were hastily collected together for the fatel en* terprize. They rendezvoused and encamped t^ first night on the Mingo bottom, on the thctjMHp' side of the Ohio river. Each man furnisheciii|||^« self with his own arms,, ammunition and provi* sion. Many of them bad horses. Tha second day's march brought them within one mile of the middle Moravian town^ where they encamp* ed for the night. In the morning the men were Avided into two e|ual parties, one o£ which. ' was to cross the rnner about a mile above the towo^, • their videttes having reported that there were i^» ^ dians on both sides of the river. The other part was divided into three divisions, one of whi was to take a circuit in the woods, and reach tl^ft yiver^ a little distance below the town, on the east side. Another division was to fall into the middle pi the (own, and the third «t its upper en^* fe. S .-•-, m rat MoiATiAM cAiiPAi<»r WbQittbiB party designed to nake the attack on the west side, bad reached the river, they foiinl no craft to take them over; but something like t canoe was seen on the opposite bank. The river was high with some floating ice. A young man of the name of SlOoghter swam the river and brought over, notacanoe^ but a trough design, ed lot liolding sugar water. This trough couI4 carry but two men at a time, In order to expedite their passage, f^ number of men stripped off their clothes, pat them into the trough, together with ihtir guna, and swam by its sides, holding its edges with their hands. When about sixteen had croi- aed the river, their two centinels, who had beea posted in advance, discdvered an Indian wboee name was Shabosh. One of them broke one of ia^arms, by a shot. A shot from the other cea- ^killed him. These heroes then scalped and Sihawked him. By this time, about sixteen men had got over the river, and supposing that the firing of the guns which killed Shabosh, would lead to an in- jtant discovery, they sent word to the party de- signed to attack the town on the east side of the ri* rer, to move on instantly; which they did. In the m^an time, the small party which bad 'erpssed the river, marched with all speed, to the ain town on the west side of the river. Here they und 8 large company of indians gathering the GQm, which they had left in their fields the pre* ceeding fall, when they removed to Sandusky.—' On ^e arrival of the men at the town, they pro- fessed peace and good will to the Moravians, and informed them that tbej had come to take tbem to fot'i Pitt, for their safetjr. .^ The Indians sur- ;,^gll§0df daUf^d hd«.|Mp *«na and appeared THE M O&iTrAN CAMP AKGIf ' %Sfi bigbly delighted with tbe prospect of thetr re» mava), aod began, with all speed to prepare vie* tualsfortbe white men^ and for themselre^ on. their journey. A party of white men and Indians waa imme* diately despatched to Salem, a short distance from Gnadenhutten, where the indians were gathering:, in tbeir corn, to bring tnem into Qnadenhutteo. Tbe party soon arrived with the whole number of tbe indians from Salem. lo the mean time the Indians at Ghiadenhutten were confiaed in two houses some distance apart, and placed under guards, and when those from ISalem arrived they were divided, and placed in the same houses, with their brethren of Qnaden- butten. Tbe prisoners being thus secured, a cou war was held to decide on their fate. Th cers, unwilling to take on themselves the 'Wile responsibility of the awful decision, agreed to re- ler the question to the whole number of the men.. The men were accordingly drawn up in a line.— • The commandant of the party, Col. David Will* tamson then put the cj^uestion to them in forai> '^Whether the Moravian Indiana should. be takeft^ prisoners to Fittsburgh, or put to death, and re* quested that all those who were in favour of sav* iog their lives should step out of the line, and f< a second rank.r On this sixteen, some say ei^ teen, stepped out of the rank, and formed them* •elves into a second line;^ but alas! This line of nercy was far too- short, for that of vengeance. The fate of the Moraviaiis was then decided ony and they were told to prepl^e for death. The pri8onee8,.from l\x% tim%they were placed iH the guaird bo«i0| iiireiBpirrl^ i^i m '1^ h-"s*y "W rx,-*- ■ ■ w;, ,.v. m THE HURAIAV CAIIPAIO!r,v ^v tbeir defolions of singing bymQS, praying, tnj' •ihorting each other to place r Irm reliance in the mercy of the Saviour of men. Wbeo tbeir fkte wm aanOunced to them, these devoted people embrac* ed, kissed, and bedewing each other faces and bosoms with tbeir mutual tears^ asked pardon of the brothers, and sisters for any offence tney might have given them through life. Thus, at peace with tbeir Sod, and each other, on being asked hv those who were impatient for the slaughter, "^Whether they were ready to die.** They answered '^That Ibey bad commended tbeir souls to God, and wese: resdy to die."^ The partieu?ars of this dreadfuF catastropfiejare too horrid to relate.. Suffice it to say, that in a feir minutes these two slaughter-houses, as they were i^^n calied, exhibited in tbeir ghastly interior,. Ilnfamangled^ bleeding remains, of these poor ud* iafcunate people^ of alV ages and seies, from the aged grey beaded parents, down to the helpless tnfnnt ttC it9 mother^s breast, dishonoured by the fatal woundspf the tomahawk, mallet, wardub,, spear and scaljptng knife. Thas Of Brainard and Zeisbergerf Faithfttf missionaries, who devoted your whole lives to incenanttoil and sufferings, in your endeavours t6 make the wilderness of Pagamsn» *^rejoice and '^ossom astberose'^ in feitb and piety to God f " us perished your faitbf«l followers, by the fflur- derous bands of the more than savage white meD» Faithful pastors! Tour spirits are again associat- ed with those of ;f our. flocks, '^^ ^far e the wicked cease from tronbling tnd the WiMmie at rest'*' ^ The number of the slain, as^Mted by the onjMir return fr^m the %flmtgn wm eigb* Ifl ei|^ Bine; but tfat Itoravian tceoui^ ,aL ^i.v-'A»*'- ,■. «, "f*' m f^.Co/fe^^^^^^^^ His wife wjBkri. 1^«^:i^tbt t#n, oniha easi side of Ae P* a*ii^iM? at the, same time wi^.|ho| m nMr I. iffiTatiamptiog to, ina^« bK*«!!f«^l!^; ^S*^ fflliLT(St»rde of th« river,; :%o oth^a dSXrw. men, who w^w Mppw^d to •>«J«J«^. f"9h.ei, jb be tomihwMf fi^J "italiS 9. to hmmjiido li»e»c«pe »»«>8.fW«y» iftlt into »lSf8«rwhS%oold h||e Ae w»to^ T^ZW^^L^.^^^^^ ^1k«I from ajc^abbatd auapef *4|fl«« ^. . - ±H^; l£rXJl vlftA Aimed at •toBting ione of tM "«S«*- Tbut the i^KM the rop«,o«e(M«>»e^ *f »jr tofoSk "Und.^^^i.4dH5e« ««ai^^^^ ^W f'O'SiiiB^^fi^'^itl.rin, oat of w«ijm ,4r»rm. After a few i^ow tho i^'; /'i Ite iBf 5^ Hieii nu fHE MflRAVIAN CJIMPAION. and pursued the Indian,wbo when overtaken struck ibe horse 6n the head with a iDlub. 1 he rider Sfirang from the horse, on which thelndifiD seized, threw him down find drew bis tomahawk to kiii him. At that instantf one of the party i^ot rear enpugh to ehoot the Indian, which he did 'merely in time to save the life of his companion. Of the whole nunber of the, Indians at Goaden- huterand Salem, only two made their escape.*. These wergetber ii^l^e wdoilk the samf^ night. Another lad^ some- what la^^er,*in attempting (o pass thro' the same window^ it is supposed stuck fast and was burnt 'alive. ■..; ■ ^ V^'V'' The In^ian^f the upper towDy were appriz- ed of thelir danger la due tliDe;to malce their es-^ e^p|^^ two of them .having found the mangled <^ body o^ ShaMlb. Frovidentklly they all made their eseape, although they mmlf ' have been easi-i ^iyowrlidt(^ttbJ^;thfrparty^ifithejrhad undertaken ^ibi^iir pursuit: A division of the men were order- ed to ^o to Sbonb|Un;;but finding t|0 place desert* edf Jlhey took what pltihder ^t^cy^P|^^find, and returpcd to^^ their com paniouK ^jMMfc^ ^Pgfaf'' ther miliar the Indians. ,, ^^^.«««»«=— . ^._ . ^ev ther^ork'bf dtaKi v ? gbinderip^ed^^all thel>t " m' and the thatowawere % •.•."'■*■ setott ^t. i^heB> edthe Sucl fair. pje,di8 annatt Bei which sidaratj 0«rin farnlsh vians^ tli^Q) tv In a pain w maxina rioa, tt DUKliti ^yci iiifficiei ^te nu mencec cairyol lisifttine truth 1 oQght t after il eding lideof ■ ' ■■ ^& L^ Tfi£ I^ORAVtAN tABIPAIGir. S53 sftl on fire «nd tbe slaughter houses among the ^t. The dead bodies were thus consumed to ilHiBA' A rapid retreat to the settlemeots finish- . Qdihe campaign. 3uch were the principal events of rhis horrid af« fair. A massacre of innocent, unofTendiog peo* pie, dishonorable not only to our country, but num tn nature itself. Before making any remarks, on the causes which led to these diegraceful ef%nts, under con* sideratioh. It may be proper to notice the man^* 0er in which the enterprize was conducted, as. fttrnlsfatog evidence that the murder of the Mora* Tians Was intended, and that no resistance t>om tlj^in was anticipated. In a millitary point of view, the Moravian caai« pain was conducted in the very worst manner im« miginable. It was undertaken at so flatly a pe-* nod, that a deep fall of snow, a thing very cqa^ miNi in the early part of March, in former tiaal^ would have de/eeted the enterprise. WheQ the ICDny came to the! river, Instead of oltDstructing a liifficient number of tafts, to transport the requi- site number over the river at oncl| they coin« menced orofBsing in a sugar trough, which cotild Citry Oiilv two men ata time, thus jedpifrdizing (be j|tfety -6f those who first went over. The two ieifttineli who ahot Jbubosb^ according to military %w>#tiglft to hftve be^h executed on the flpbt|fot hit^g^red without orderi^ thereby gNring premit^ im ttdtice of tbe epproaeh o( 6w men. ; Th6 truth id, neitrly the whole ibfumber of the $tfaf odght tO'hlivkfa||» transported t>ver the river, fb^ aAerHl iheStf^Ki ei^loyed, ahd precautbn uv^ ed in Mitinj; |nb«ffibii^o%^bel^^ the eiiilf licleof the rirS^i|j|# vin^re but one nftn f^i)^ ofi« M 4*. •i^' m t&E MORAtVAN CAUFAlCltt. tqu&w fouod in it, all the others being on the olhu side.. This circumstance they ought to have known before band, and acted accordingly. The Indiana on the west side of the river amounted to about eigty, and among them above thirty.men, be- sides a number of young lads, all possessed of guns and well accustomed to the use of them; yet this large number was attacked by about siiteen men. If, they bad really annticipated resistance, they deserved to lose tbeir lives for their rashness. It is presumeable, however, that having full confi- dence in the pacific principles of the Moraviang, they did not expect resistance; but calculated on Mood and plunder without having a shot fired at them. If this was really the case, the author leaves it to justice to find, if it can^ a name for the transaction. ^', One can hardly help reflecting with regret, that ihMe Moravians, did not for the moment^laya* , sMI their pacific principles and do themselves jus- tile. With a mere show of defence; or at most a few shots, they might have captured, and dis- armed these few men , and held them as hostages for the safetyil^ their people and property, until thejf could hc^ve removed them out of their way. Th^M they mijfht have done on the easiest terms, as the remaiirder of the army could not have cross- ^ ed the river, without their permission^ as there | was but one canoe at the place, and the rivee too ^ •high to ,be forded. But alas t These truly cfaf is- tian people f^uffered themselves to be betrayed by liypjOcritica) professions of friendship, until '^They fr but their focri ekuation ren^ dsfed those acoomodationt to (ht warriors una- voidable on their part^ as the warriors possessed both the will and the means to compel them ta |i?e thenv whatever they wanted from (hem. Tiie peaceable Indiane, first fell under aus^i- cion with the Indian warriors, and the Engli^ commandant at Detroit, to whom it was reported (hat their teachers were in close confederacy with the American Congress, for preventing, not only their own people, but also the Delawares and some Other nations from associating tlieir arms mth those of the British, for carryieg on the war a- gainst the American colonies. The frequent failures of the war expeditions of (he Indians was attributed to the Moravians, wh^ often sent runners to fort Pitt to give notice of their approach. This charge against them was certainly not without foundation. In the spring of the year 1731 the war chief of the Del- awares fully apprized the Missionaries and their- fdllowers of their danger both from the whiter and Indians, and reauested them to remove to i^ It]||kce of safety fitQQimpth. This request wasnoi^ :* 'ii-^r R^ «M *Vi^ MOBAITAN CAMPAIGN. Bonplied ivith. The ahnost prophetic prediction •f Ibis chief were literally nilnleil. In the fall of the >esi; Hdl, the eetth meDti' of the Movtviane were brcken up by upwardi cf three hundred waniora, the mifsioti^ries ta< ken prisoficr^) after being rtbbrd cf almost •▼ery things Tbe.kdiQoa uere left to f>bift for themselvea is the barrf plains of Sandusky, where mott of their horsc!^ and cattle perished from faming, during the w'^tUa. The mlsaicDa. lies were taken' prisoners to Detroit; but after an eiamiuatlon by the governor, peroiiaed to i«tu]^ to their beloved people again.. In the letter p^rt of February, a party of &bo\i(i eoe hundred and fifty dfthe Moravian Indians^ leturoed to their dererted villages on the Mua? kingum, to procure corn.tD keep their familie* %t)A cattle from starving. These, to the aniount. ot niSety-siXy fel), iotp the hands of Williamsoa and' his party and were murdered. The causes which If d (o the murder of the Mc^iivians are now to be detailed. The pressure of the Indian war ^long the whole ef the western frontier, for several years preceed- xng the event under consideration, bed bee& dreadfully severe. From early in the spring, un« til the commencement of winter, from day to day nturders were committed in everj^ dirrction, by the Indians. The people lived in forts which were in the highest degree uncomfortable. The tfien were harrassed continually with the duties of going on scouts and campaigns. There was scarcely a family of the first eettlerp, who did not at some time or other,, loose more orJcss of their number by the merciless Ipdians. Their cattle IB^ere killed^ their ciabins btune4 nn4 their horsei.^ THB M0RAVIA2Y CAMPAI«K* «fttl otrried oft These losses were severely felt by a people so poor as we were, at that time. Thus circumstaoced our people were extsperated to* madness, by the extent end seTerity of the war. The uoavaiiingf endeavours of the American con- gress to prevent the Indians from taking up the hatch < et against cither side in the revolutionary contest, contributed much to increase the general indigna- tion against them, at the same time those pacific er.deavours of our government, divided the Indiana amongst themselves, on the question of war or peace with the whites^ The Moravians, part of ' the D^lawires, and some others, faithfully endea- voured to preserve peace; but in vain^ The In^* dian maxim was *^He that is not for us, is against UB." Hence the Moravian missionaries and their f6Uovvers,.were several times on the point of be- *'tng murdered by the warriors* This would have- been d^ne,. had it not been for the prudent con- dact of some of the war chiefs.. On the other hand, the local situation of the- Moravian villages excited: the jealousy of Ihe^ white people. If they took no direct agency in the war^ yet they were, as they^ were then called "Half * way houses" Between us and the warriors, at which the latter could stop, .rest, refresh themselves and! trafiiQ off their plunder. . Whether these aids, thus given to our enemies, were contrary to the laws of^' neutrality between beligerents, is a questioQM which I willingly leave to the decision of^ivifians. . On the part of the Moravians they were unavoid- able. It they did not give or sell provisions- to^) the warriors, they would take th^m by foi cp. Tbe^- fault wasin their situation, not in tbamsalvea^. W2L M THE BIORATIAK CAMPAfflH. The longer tbc war continued, tbe more ^ people complained of the situation of these Mor«i •▼ian Tillagee. It was said, that it was owing ii^ their being so near us, that tbe warriors com- menced (heir depredations so early in the spring, and crntinued them until so late in the fall. In the latter end of the year 1781, the militia of tbe frontier came to a determination to break up the Moravian villages on the Muskingum. For thig f)urpose a detachment of our men went out under the cominand ' of Co! David Williamson,* for the purpose of i!} Slicing the Indians with their teach- ers to mote farther dfT, or bring them prisoners to fort Pitt. When they arrived at the villages they found but few Indians, the greater number of them havirtg removed to Sandusky. These few were well treuted, taken to fort Pitt and deliver- ed to the commandant of that station, who after a short detention, seut them home again. Thio proceedure gave great offence to the peo- ple of the country, who thought that the Indians ought to hare been killed. Col. Williamson who before this little campaign, bad been a very pop* Qlar man, on account of bis activity and bravery in war, now became the subject of severe ani- juadversions on account of bis lenity to the Mor- avian Indians. In justice to the memory of Col. "Williamson, I have to say, that although at that time very young, I was persuially acquainted vnth *Tlie Bev, John Ileckewdder^ the historian cftke J^oravicms, states that this campaign iu the Jail of 1181 was commanded by Capt, Biggs, This was not the tase^ it was commanded by Cut. David WUliamscnf the same who commanded the fatal campaign the succeed* .:;#■ W ¥ THE MORAVIAN CAMPAIGIT; •6S biiD, aDd from my recollection of his coDTersa- sion, I say with confideoce that be was a brave roan, but not cruel. He would meet an enemy in battle, and fight like a soldier; but not murder a prisoner. Had he possessd the authority of a su* perior ofRcer in a regular army. I do not believe that a single Moravian Indian would have lost his life; but he possessed no such authority. Ha was only a militia officer, who could advise; but not command. His only fault was that of too easy a compliance with popuhr optnion and popular pre- judice. On this account his memory baa beeii loaded with unmeritted reproach. Several reports, unfavourable to the Moravians^ bad been in circulation for some time before tbo Campaign against them. One was that the night kfter they were liberated at fort Pitt, they cross- led the river and killed or made prisoners of a fa- toiiy of the name of Monteur. A family on Buffa«» )oe Creek had been mostly killed in the snmmer br fall of 1781, and it was said by one of them Who, after being made prisoner, made his escape^ that the leader of the party of Indians who did the bischief, was a Moravian: These, with other re- })6rt8, of similar import served as a pretext for their destruction, although do doubt they were utterly Use. Should it be asked what sort of people compos- ed the band of murderers of these unfortunate peo^ ))1e? I answer. Tbey were not miscreants or vagabond?, many of them were men of the first standing in the country. Many of them were men liirho had recently lost relations by the band of the savages, several of the latter class found arti- cles which had been plundered from their owD houses, or those of their relations, in the houges ■ ■-S^V- m 2&-f; THE MORAVIAN CAMPATftlT. Il>" of the Moravians. One man it is f aid frucd \ht eiolbes of his wife and children, ?7ho had been murdered hy the Indians but a few days before. They were still bloody; yet there was.no unequi- vocal evidence, that ihepe people had any direct agency io the war. Whatever of our property was found with thenn, had been left by the vv&rri- ors in exchange for the provisions whicli they took. from thera. When:, attacked by our p;eopIe; al- though they might have defended theroselves, they did not. They nevfr fered a single shot; They were prisoners) and had been promised protection. Every dictate of justice and humanity required ibat their lives shculd be npared. The complaint of thfir villages being- *'H'a^f way houses for the: warriors" was at an end, as they 1 ad been remov- ed to Sandusky the fall bt-fore. It was therefore- an attrccious ar>d urqualified murder^ But by whcro committed? By a majority of the campaign?./ For the honor of my country, I hope Lmay safely answer this question in the negative* It was one ftf those convultions of the rooralsiate of society, in which the voice of the juptice and humanity of a xnajority is silenced by the clamour and violence of a lawless minority. Very few of our men im- hrued their: ban^ds in the blood of the Moravians. Even; *ho8e. wiio had not voted for fiavirg their lives, . retired from the scene of slaughter with horror and disgust. Why then did they not giv^ their votes in their favour ?. The fear of public in- dignation restrained them from doing so. They thought well;, but had not heroism enough to ex- press their opinion Those who did so, deserve nonourahle rriention for their intrepidity So far S8 it may hereafter be in my power^ this honour •1* ?HEi IITDIAN SUimERw S6& f^iiallbe done tbem« While the names of the mur- derers shall not &tain the pages of history^ from. vsy pen at least. t^mwierw CHAPTER XXXI. A9 coNNEeTED With the hiBtory of (he indiaoi wars of the western country; it may not be a^^ miss to give an explanation of the term *^Indiai|^ Summer." This eipresBion, like many others, has contin* lied in general use; notwithsfanding its origina^ import has been forgotten. A backwoodsman,, seldom heare this expression, without feeling a ^hill of horror, because it brings to hia mind the painful reooUection of its original applica<^ lion. Such is the force of tbe faculty ot asBO-^ elation inhuman nature. The reader must here be reminded, that, du*. ring the long continued Indian warp^^ sustained by the first settlers of the western country^ they enjoyed no peace excepting, in the winter season,^^ when, owing to the severity of- the weather, th« Indians were unable to make ^heir excursions in- to the settlements. The onset of winter was. theFiefore hailed as a jubi}ee,^by the early inhab- ::-^fl^ '#■ 266 THE INDIAN SUMMER. itanis of the country, who throughout the fpiine, and the early part of the fall, had been cooped upio their little uncomfortable forts, and subject- ed to all distresses of the Indian war. At the approach of winur, therefore all tie farmfps excepting the owner of the fort, removed to their cabins on their farms^ with the joyful feelings of a tenant cf a prison, on recover- ing his release from confinement. All was bus- tle, and hilarity,, in preparifjg for wintei^by gath- ering in the corn, digging potatoes, fattening hog?, »«td repairing the cabins. To our for^fathere, the gloomy months of winter were more plea^t^nt than the zephyrs of spring, and the flowers of May. It however, somfitimes happened, that after the^^p^ parent ons-^t of winter, the weather became waritif the smokey time commencFd,ard lasted for aconsid erable numbt;r of days. This was the indian sum- mer, because it aHbrded tl^e if)dian« another ep" portuniry of visitingthe settlements with their des- tructive warfare. The mehing of the snow sad- dened every countenance, and the general warmth ©f the sun chilled every heart with horror. The apprehension of itnether visit trom the Indians^ and of being drivenback to the detested fort, was' painful in the highest degree and the distressing apprehension- was frequently realized. Toward the- ktter part of February, we com- monly h'ad ft fine spell of open warm? weather, during which the snow melted away. This was denominated the '^Pawwawing days*'^ From the supposition that the Indians were then holding- their war councils, for planing off their spring cam- paigns into the pettlements. Sad experience taught us that m this conjecture^ we were not of^; \9n mistaken. m' 9«B INDIAN SUMUCB. 26T Sometimes it happened that the Indians fentur- cd to make their excur&ioos too ]ate in the fall, or too eariy in the spcifig for their own conveni'* ence. A man of the name of John Carpenter was taken early in the month of March, in ihe neighbourhood of this place. There had been several warm davs, but the night precteding his capture, there ivas a* heavy fall of snow. His two horses which they took with him, nearly perished in swimming the Ohio. ^ The Indians as well as himself suffered severely with the cold before the reached the Mo« ravian towns on the Muskingum. In the morning ailer the first day^'s journey beyond the Moravian towns, the Indians, sent out Carpenter to bring in the horses which had been turned out in the even* iDg, after being hobbled. The horses had made a circuit and fallen into the (rail by which tliey came the preceeding day, and were making their way homewards. > When be overtook the horses and had taken olT their fetters, as he said, he had to make a moig March. * It should seem, that the long continuance of the Indian Wa^, had debased a oonsiderabje por*.. tionof9ur populatioh to the savage stat^ of ourna<* lure. Haring lost so many relati ve£ by the Indians ,* €!illWF«R]l*fl CAHItiI«!V. m U witnessed their horrid murderff, and other depre« datioDS on so extensive a scale, they became sub* iects of that indiscrifhinatiog thirst for revenge^ which is such a prominent feature in the savage character, and having had a taste of blood and plunder, without risk, or loss on their part, they resolved to go on^ and kill every Indian they could gnd, whether friend or foe^ Preparations for this campaign commenced soon 'after the return of the Moravian campaign in the month of March, and as it was intended to make what was called at that time ^^8 CAMPAION* Shortly after the army halted at this pla^e, ftwo Indians were discovered by three nten, who had walked somie distance cut of the c&nip.-~. Three shots were fired at one of them, but with- out hurtirg him. As soon as the bew a of xht dis- covery of Indians had reached tlie camp, more tthan one half of the men rushed out, without ccm- mand, and in the most tLmuttuous manner, to see what happened. From that time, €oI. Crawford felt a presentiment of the defeat wh>ch iiulluHcd^ The truth is, that noiwithstandiLg the secrecy and despatch of the enterprise, the Izidians were beforehand with our people. They saw the ren- dezvous on the miiigo bottom, knew their num- ber and deetination. They yisted every encamp- meni immediately on their leaving it, and saw from thf/ir writing on the trees and scraps of paper that, **No quarter was to be given to any Indian, wheih^ •r man, woman or child..'' n Noihing material happened during their march until the sixth of .June, when their guides con- ducted them to the site of the Moravian villages, on one of the upper branches of the Sanduslcy riv- er; but here instead of meetiitg with Indians and J>lunder,they met with nothing but vestiges of deso- ation. The place was covered with high grassland the remains of a few huts alone, announced that the place*' had been the residence of the people whom ihey intended to de8trry;butwbohad mov* •drrffto Scioio Bome time before. In this dilfoima, what was to be done? ThjB ofiicers beid a council, in which it was determin- ed to march one day longer in the direction of upper Sandusky, and if they should not reach the town in the coursie of the day» lo make aretr^t l^itb all 0pee^ . TJJ< ChAWFOR^S CAMPAIO^. t1% l^he march was commenced the next morning;, through the plains of Sandusky ar»d continued until about two o'clock, when the advance guard was attacked and driven in by the Indians, who were discovered in large nunibers, in the high grass, wifh which the place was covered. The Indian army was at that moment about entering a piece of woods, almost entirely surrounded by plains; but in this they were disappointed by a rapid movement c''oar men. The battle then commenced by a heavy fire from both sides.— J^rom a partial possession of the Woods which they had /Qfained at the onset of the battle, the Inlians were soon dislodged. They then attemp- ted to gain a smnll skirt of wood on our right flank, but were prevented from doing so by ihe tigilence and^ravery of Maj. Leet, who com- manded the- right wing of tho army at that ixmd. The tiring was incessant and heavy until dark, when it ceased. Both armies lay on their arma^ during the nigh*,- BVifh adopted the policy of kiniling large fires along the line of battle, and then retiring some distance in the rearofthi^ra, fo prevent being surpized by a night attack. Du- ring the conflict of the afternoon three of our men were killed and several wounded. In the rooming our army occupied the batcle ground of the prr-ceediug day. The Indians made no attack during the day, until late in the evening. But ,were seen in large bodies traversing the plains ID various directions. Some of them appeared to be imployed in carrying off their dead and wounded. In the morning of this day a council of the of- ccrs w^s held, in which a retreat wasj^Bolved on^ as the only means of saving iheir ari]|||L The la- '% i7t MAWrCKD^S CAMPAUN, diani &ppearin(|[ to increase in number every hour, l)uring the Bitting of this council, Col. WillioiA. ion proposed tekirg one hurdrcd ai:d fifty vciu* teeis, and mercbing directly to upper SaLduske}'. TLiR proposiuon the commander in chief prudent- hf rejetied, paying, ^ 1 have no doubt but that you would reach the town, but you would find notbirg there but empty Wignams, and having token cffgo many of our beist men, you would leave the reRUo be destroyed ty the nest of Indians with v^licK ^ ve are now suirounded^and on your return they would attack and destroy you. Tbry care noth* ing about defending their towns. They are wortl^ notiting. Their squaws, children and property have been removedfrom them long since. Our lives ani baggage, are what they want^and if they can get us divided they will soon have tlji^m. We must stiiy together a!nd do the best we can/' During this dny, preparations w^re made for » retreat by burying, the dead, burning fires o« Ter their graves to prevent discovery, and prepar- ing means for caryingoff the wourded. The re- treat was to eommence in the course of the Bigbt. The Indiana, however, became apprized of the intended retreat, and about su)>down attact- ed the army with great force^and fury, in every di- rection, excepting that of Sanauskey. When the line of march was formed by the com- inander in chref^ and the retreat commenced, our guides prudently took the direction of Sandus- key, which afforded the only opening in the Indian lilies and the only chance of concealment. After marching about a mile in this direction, the army wheeled about to the left, and by a circuitous rout gained the trail by which tbey came, before day. T^ey Gontllped tbei| march the whole of the neil: t .#. Itf, with • trfling annoyance from the Indian^ nbo fired a ftw dinrant shots at the rear guards which slightly wounded two or three men. At night they built fires, took their suppers, secured (he horses and resigned thenmelyes to rfn'ose, withput placing a single centinel or vid»)tte fir safety. In this careless situation, they might have been surprized and cut off ^)y the Indians, who,bow* ever, gave them no disturbance during the niglit^. nor afterwards during the whole of their rf'treat. The number of those compopipg the main body in the retreat waasupposeU lo be about three huii* dred. Most unfortunately, when atetreftt was resolr-- •d on, a difference of opinion prevailed concerning : the best mode of effecting it. The greater num« ber thought best to keep in a body avid retreat as fast as possible, , while a cofisidereble nun ber' thought it safest to break off in small parties, and make their way b^rae in d ffereut directions, at voiding the rout by which they came. Accor- dingly many itttemptcd to do so, calculating that the whole body of the Indians would follow the main army. In this they were entirely mistaken. The Indians paid but Utile attention to the main ' body of the army, but pursued the small partita with such activity ytbat but very few of those who composed them made their escape. ' The only successful party who were detached' ' from the main army, w^s that of about forty men under the command of d Captain Williamson, who^^ '^preltv late in the night of the retreat broke through ' the Indian lines under a severe fire, and with som^ loss, and overtook the main artny oo this fflornio^ oCthe second day of the r^ treat. *^. , IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 1= 11.25 KS Ui2 ||||!2.2 m Photographic Sdences Corporation iV ^v •^ ^\ ^^^ ^ 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 o^ '<^ '^ For ief eraM|ljs afler the retreaf of our •rinw, the Indians were spread prer the whole coun- try, from Sandiitbj to the Moskingom in pur* auit of the straggling partiea, most of whcm uera trilled on the spot. They even pursued them aN most io the banks of the Ohio. ArUT^n ef.the iianne of Mills was killed* two miles tathe east* ward of the site of St. Clairsrille,. in the direc* tioD of Wheeling from that place. The number killed in this way, must have been reiy great, the precise amount, however, was never fairly ascer- tained> At the commencement of the retreat, Col. Craw- ford placed himself at the bead of the army, and continued there until they had;gDnfr about a quar- ter of a mile, when missing his son John Craw- ford, his son- in-law Major Harrison, and his neph- ews Major Rose and William Crawford, he halted^ and called for them astlie line passed, but with- out finding them. After the army bad passed him, he was unable to overtake it, owing to tie weari- ness of his horse. Falling. in company with Doctor Knight and two others, they travelled all the night,, first north, and then to the east, to avoid the pursuit of the Indians. They directed their courses du- rinsT the night by the north star. On the next day, they fell in with Captain Jbbn^ Biggs and Lieutenant A«hley, the latter of whom Wa« severely woundedi There were two others^ in company with Biggs and Ashhy. They en* damped together the sucoeeding. night. On the next day, while on their march they w^ieattrcked by a party of fhdian<^, who made Colonfl Craw- |JK*d and Doctor Kiiight prisoners. Tl:e other four made tfieir escape, but Captain fiiggs and JLlaule^aaill^Ashley were killed the ueit day,. C^onel Crawford and Docter HKIght, irere iin« mediaUIy taken to ao loUiaq eii^an}pmeot,at » flhort distance from the pluca w&ere they were^ oiptured. Utote they foundmoe fellow prisoDera- and aeventeen Aidtansi On the next day tbey^^ irere marched to the old Wyandot town, and on the next morning; were paraded, to set off, asi they were told, to go to the new town^ But alas!^ A irery different destination- awaited these captives f^ Nine of the prisoners were marched off some dis- tance before the Colonel and the Doctor, who-: were conducted by Pipe and Wingemond (wo De« vlaware chief?. Four cf the prisoners were to* Siahawked.aad. scalped ion^ die way^ at different^ places- Preparations had been made- for the execution^ of Colonel Crawford, by setting a post about 6f- teen feet high in the ground, and making a large fire< of biocory polfes about six yards from it. About* half a mile trom the place of execution, the remain* - tng fiire of the nine prisoners,, were tomahawk- ed and scalped by a number of squaws an

  • l the noted Simm Qirty U^> t t v..^ Uke pitty tmfttn ind shoot him. GiHy, ttuBtin^* Ij answered '"^Ifou see I l^tve' no gun, I cannot •boot," and laughed heartily «t the scene. After tuffering about three hours he became faint and fell down on his face, an Indian then scalped him, and as old squaw threw a quantity of burning coals on the idaca from which the scalp was ta* ken. After this he rose and walked round the post a[ little, but did not live' much longer. After he ex* pired his body ytta thrown into the fire and con* ■umed to ashes. Colonel Grawferd's son and son- tn-law wera executed at the Shawanees' town. Dr. Knight, was dponned to be burned at a town tbout forty miles 'dl#tiiot from Sandiisky, and com- mitted to the care pfia young Indian to be taken there. The first day they travelled about tvienty five miles, and encamped for the night. In the morning the gnats beinp; very troublesome, the jDoctor requested the Indian to unti0 biro, that ba- migbt help him to make a fire td keep them off.— IVitb this request the Indian complied. While the Indian was on his knees and elbows, blovring the fire, the Dr. caught up a piece of a .tent pole which had keen Imrned in two ^^ about eighteen inches long, with which he struck the Indian on his head with all his might, so as to knock Lim forward into the fire. The stick bowerer broke, so that the Indian, although severely hurt, was not killed, but immediately sprang up, on this the Doc- tor caught up the Indiaa^s gun to shoot him, but drew back the cock with so much violence that ka broke the main spring. The Indian ran off with an bedious yelling. Doctor Knight then made the best^ his-way home, which he reached m twent^yHays, almost famished to death.— Tkf sxuhHPoi no uae, after carrying it a da; or # •■a t CRAWrORD*8 ClMPAI&rr. in tvro he left it belkind. On bis journey be subsisted OD roots, a few yonng birtfe and berries. A Mr. Slo?er, who had been a prisoner among^ the Indians and wa» one of the pilots of the army, was also taken prisoner, to one of Shaw- anee towns on the Sciota. After being there » fe/v day, and as be tlioughf, in favour of the ln«' dians, a council of the chiefs was held in whicby. it was resolved that Slover should be burned.— The fires were kindled and he was blackened and tied to a stake, in an wicovered end of the coi(n- eil house. Just as they were about commencing: the torture, there came on suddenly, a heavy tbun(!fer gust with a great fall of rain w bich Vinjf.^ out the fires. After the rain waa over the Indiai eotcluded that it was then too late to commeticl and finish the torture that day, and therefore {)ostponded it till the next day. Slover was lueii oosed from, the »tak«, conducted to an ^emp* ty bouse, to a log of which he was fastened with abuffaloe tug fastened round his neck, bis nrms were pinioned behind h'm with a cord. Until late io the night the Indians sat up smoking andi talkiogr. They frequently asked Slover bow be would like to eat fire the next day. At length oor ef them laid down and went to aleep,. the oth- er continued smoking and talking witn Slover.-— Bometime after midnight, be also laid down end- went to sleep. Slover then resolved to make an ef^ fort to ffet loose if possible, and sQ|^extricated one^ of his bands from the cord and ^M|[£|{1 to work wml the tug round bis n€9k; bwMHjj^ effect. Be had not been long engaged' ilr^n|< e flfortp,, before one of the ludians got up and smoled bia' pipe awhile. During this time Slover kept very alitt fioc ku o£ an examination* The Indian laf -■* # f78 •RAWFORD^fl OABtPAKil?. img down, the pritionf r renewed his t flbrffi, lut for some time without effect. He rrrigned himself to bit fuie. After resting for aWlilc, he rescW. cd to make Dnotlxfr nnd a liiBt tfl'ort, and as he related, put h'ln hand to (he tug^ and wiihoot difficulty slipped 14 o^er his hi ad. The day wai jvst then hreaking.- He sprang over a fence in. to a cornfield, but Itad proceeded but a little dis- tance in the fif Id, before he caoie a cross a squaw and several fbildrt'n, lying aster p ut;der a mul- Berry tree. He then changed his course for pert of the connmons of the town, on which be saw ^ tome horset feeding;. Passing over the fence 1^ ^ ^*^"* ^^^ ^^^^i '^* fcucd a piece of an old quill. '^lilQ'bis he took with him. It was the only covering lie had. He tltcn untied the cord frcni the othet arm, which by this imie was very much swelled. Having selected, as he thought, the best borse on the commons, he tied the ccrd to his lower jaw, mounted him and rede cffatfbll spetd.-^ The horse gave out about ten o'clock, to that he had to leave him.' He then travelled on foot ivith a stick in one hand, with which be put up the weeds behind him, for fear rf being tracked by the Indians^ lo the other he carried a bunch of bush-- ft to brush the gnats and moschettoes from his naked body. Being perfectly acquainted with the rout be reached the.r4ver Ohio in a short time, almost famished with |unger and exhausted with fiitigue*' '9^r "'i ' ' Tnut Mi|l^thitdisa#Qut campaign, l^u the last |||iP|nich took place in tbi»section orthe country, during the Revolutionary contest of the Amencant^ witti, the Qiuther country. It was un* dertaken with the very worst of views, those of Border and plunder. It was conducted witk •KAWrORD*f CAMPAICIC. 21$ 4K0icieDt noetns to encouoter, frith any pronpecl of success, ihe large ibrce of inrlians opposed to oors io tite plains of Siudusky. It was conducled without that eubunlinatiou and dibcipiini;, so re« quisite to injure succress in any hazardoui} enter^ prize, and i: ended in a total dificomfiiurei. Never did ao enterprize more coinptetlyfuil uf attaining its object. Never, on any occasion, bad the ferocioua lavages more ample revenge (or the murder of their pscific friends, than tb^t which thej obtained oo this occasion. Should it be asked what considerations led so great a nupiber of people into this desperate en^ terprize ? Why with so small a force^ and such dender means they pushed on so/ar as the plains of Sandusky? ^e. answer is, that many believecl tli^at the Mo^ ftvian Indians, taking no part in the war, and hav- iogi^ven offence to the warriors on several occa« •ions, their belligerent Oiends would not take up uims in their behall*. In this conjecture they V((re sadly mistaken. They did defend them with ill the force at their command, and no wonder, for Doiliithstanding their christian and pacific prin- iCiplei^ the warriors still regarded the "Moravians u .their relations, whom it was their 4uty to de** fend,. The reflections which naturally arise out o£ th^ history of the Indian war in the western country, during our revolutionary contest with Qr^at Britain, are not calculated do honour to human nature, even in Us civilized stat^ ^^^^ Qn our fide, jMeed, as to our infant goverlMiti the ease is^t so bad. Our Congress faith?(flly eii- ^voured to prevent the Indians from taking ifirt Ia the war oa either «ide. Tke fiogliio # ISO CRWrORB^il CAMPAIGN ,/ ^overiMneot, on the other bftnd, made tlUet 4>f M nraDj of the Indian natioDf af they could, and they imposed no restraint on their savage mode ot warfare. On the contrary the comman- dants, at their posts along our Heslern frontier, received and paid the Indians for scalps and prii* «ners. Thus the ekin of a fvhite man's, or even a woman'a bead served in the bands of the In* ^ian, as current coin, which be exchanged for urms and ammunition, for the farther prosecutioo of his barbarous warfare, and clothing to cover bis half naked bodjr. Were cot these rewards the price of blood? Of blood,^ shed in a cruel manner, on an extensive scale; but without ad- Tantage. to tbat government which employed the Ravages, in their warfare againet their reiativei find fellow chrlsiians, and paid for their murdeii by the piece. The enVight«ned historian must Tiew the whols of the Indian war, from the commencement of the revolutionary contcst^lf no other light, linn a succession of the most wontoii murders of til ages, from helpless infancy, to decrepid old age, and of both sexes; without object, and without ^^ct. Oo our side, it is true, that the pressure cf the war along our Atlantic border, was such, that our government could not furnish the means for making a conquest of the Indian nations at war against us. Tne people of the western country, poor an they were, at that time, and unaided by governmfHt could not subdue them* Our^am* paigns, hastily undertaken, without sufficieijlporce and means, and illy executed, resulted in notb« ing benificittl. On the other hand, tn» Indians, with tb» aids their allies C9uld giva them in the miMoHii^^MX m e^imtry. were not tbleto ilitlEi % toli« Ib^ ll^|tt»iit iff 11^ iidtf ^^H^nmii- i &6 i Utttdeh (m Mu^shrti %i Mock house, and Ww; in dangerous .ame^, .f# ifc^wiee iftd plMe oir reftile for iwelte the ladlan cHiefii heid r coqooil, in ^Ivhieh it waadeternsHied, Ihat ihe-ieiie of WhealiDg ihbufd be raised) twc^liundrfd* of the warriofi ft. furo home, and the remaining hundred of pick- ed OBeo, make a dash into the countrv and strike » heairy hlow eomewhere before their return.** It waa Iheir determination to take a fort lome- where and maflsaereaUltspeople, iorerengefor fheMefeat at Wbeelinff, , " tfiirB of thejihinv^taciP^ ^y the Indiana, WM gi^fii ^ two White men, who haid' been sHide pmoaerii when laqa, raised among the Indians tod fallen to war with them. These men deserted l^^m them soon allti^ th^ ooanoilitt the cloteof Ihe seige of Wheeling, the notice wasjndeed |liltsh6rt, hot it reached Rice,s fort about half ^Q h^inati befoire the eommeocettient >of 4he attaek. :^e4filelUgeBeerW^s brought bj.Mr.^aco1il^iHer| « ^ho leoi^i^ it at #oct. Iloorefs ioibe nelgbbouni Itood of ^aibiogton. Makiiig all sipeed hooif^ he 'l^iineliry 'i»-pwedln time to * Asslet In the de- i(i0^ of tioffiipe. Oh, recai?ing thii mwst the jfgople vv was ' )aieFid in^|a|)s 'bad' sarrbonded . the placAefore ilie]^!^Fe mcovere^ hot tb^ were m\l ot fome distancp. > When discovered^ the alarm waa^eo^ ito Which eye^ man raa to bis ciKbia ior fail gin «•- A' AftAClt OR HtCE'f AOftt; taa ^ look refuge in the block houie. The Indi* Mil •otirerliig tbe ftlam with a wwr wb|K>p fro** S^fvbolo liM, oommfBoed firipg tod runnioif . tiMftfdi tht fori from every direetioD. It wm eti^ 4ei^ thiWf itttentioa lo take the pk4e by tmobu Kat tN fire of the Inditiia wm aotwered by that of KtfbiweafidskUfatharpahootm. Tbi»unei|MJCt. id iteceptioD wef anted the inleodedaMauU en^ mi^m ladiaat take refuge behind lojt. stump* l^S^et^ The firing continued with Imie inl«r^ tfimoii for about four hours. ^Ihekitervahi of tho fiHng the Indiana Tr«- «,fli^y»ealled out to the people of the foil '^Givj JL give upf tot^many Ipdian. Indian too big. «• Br. They were l^nswered with defiance.— -*. «»awne on you cowards; w€ are ready for you.-<- itoir ttstoQpyel^vrb^^ ^^^ ^^ ^"^ makfthplai msem Mym^* ,. . ^ ;. . . ,1. #itfing this eroni^g, miUiy of the Indiandj at som# ttgwiae froi»ihe fbrti anmsed theioseif ea by «{®^ fethe horses, oattloi hoga aud sheep, nntU tuo am. was ttrewed with their dea* bodies. IWIbwrtte»o*l^^it nigbiOie Indian .irsi^l Um^ basil about m wda- ftosf tho^fort. TO|> lam Wat largo imd ful of gram and bay. Ttof- ZZml 9aa fiSgbtM nad at first it seemed to en* |*««4|io,b«in|iiroftl^lo^^ SlSrer ground than the fort. T^ nifW nm m!L Ilia Oirrled thu flsmo andbarmng sfdin* fai#i»adiffbW»t direction, so that thf b^rn^l^5^ tMiint #hichaftfirftira»r©garWl«s a^dttngfg Ottsailot fatal occunrencoi proted ih theisi»ie^ ^ .mea^rSf throwing astrofig light to-a-^gm^fij r^ce io^rery direction, »« ^^^^^^^ l»fif »^it ^ M app^ach^ tho fort to eet ffje to^ the w»|ff fS4 ATTACK en lUCE'f fOlilr. whieb they might ha^a done it littU riik' lipder the corer of darkneif. ' AAerthe barn wai f;et on fire, the Iiidiini.co1- ' Jected on the tide of the fort oppoaite the biro •0 if to hire the idyintage of the light end kept i prettv eonatint fire, ivbich wii ia iteidly an. swered bjr that of the fort, until about t#o o*cloclr, nvhen the lodiana left the placf and made a hai- Jy retreat. Thus wu this little place defended bj a 8por»^ tan band of aix men, arainat one hundred chof- en warriora, exasperated to madneaa by their fa^ lure at Wheeling fort. Their namea ahall be in. aoribed in the list cf the heroes of out early tiroep. They were Jacob KliJlcr, Oeorge Lefler, Peter Pullenweider, PenieM^ice, George Pelebaum and Jacob Lefler junr. George peliebaiiiD waa ahoi in tl>e forehtadytlitough a pun bole at the eecond fire of the Indiana and inatantly expired, lO that in reality, the defence of the place v^aa made' By6n1y^vein«n. The loaa of the Indiana vrasfour, tb^ee of whoDi werelrilled at the firat fire from the fnrt. the other' waa killed about aun down. There ean bb ilpdouH but that a number more were killed nnd wounded in the enga^ment, but concealed or ciraed of, JL targe divilion of theae Inline ^n iihdr^'etre^^ paewd withiii ji Httle diataii^eW my ftibera Ibrt! In foWowin| their trail^ a ^ dajiafierwMda, I »^tid I large poultice of ebiwed^im^fraa leerea. ^nd r^ic ejiwitb 1i nfeir one. r Exansplei'Wprf onil bratery, ud hiAf hmM Sf|^4»«i>iktr^)vvl^ icceptille ^ to reai^lf 1 ATTACK 0!t BIC£^i FOAT. £13 Mirji, An ioiUnce of both ofthe«e bapptned dnr- ^|,ttiv Ktttek on tbiB tort, which may \k wortB >miliivRi6e,0Qe erf thepriooipil BHanMong- tii^til Wefbrt of tbtt Ditee, oh he«riogtbe rep^ (be detertefrfrbm the Ibdiant, mounted a tery itrotig aictiVe mara and rode in all baste^ to another fo^t, about tbr«e and a half miles diitkotfrom bit oiro, fdr fu#tb^ newa* if any coold be bad, cpncera iD| tb^ presenee of a body of Indiana in the neigh- bo#)Wld. liifrife^be reached (ha place b^ beard (be report "^a |?l^» at'btii owii fort* life instantly ratum* 'P'fillC aipdiriible, until be arrived within siibt ilicr fort. Pliidinf that it still held put,1it dpi^ln^d" to reten it and assist in its ddw jp^ei <^r JMnttstiib the a^ttempt lo doing this, be h# tO'Cross'tb^creett, the fort being some distance M^ il'on the opp<^itie hank. He saw no Indiana Ihntilbis tnareifMN^ng down the bank oif the creek,at wliieh iniiiMlY ahdui fourteen of them jumped cp pii amongtne liifeels a^^^ «iidtdii^coafiB^d iiiir l^uift^ p hiiil. qnehulleiwoiinded hiin in th« '^ImiJQ^^Pf ^ ''^i^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ elbdw. Wjt, ^tii^3^ Smrai^mm of the Indians caqie up aild* Jhot at bim. A second ball wo vhded bi^ 10 'the tbteh » little above the kn^Ci but wiOi-, o«t bjr«^kifi| the hdiiC, the b^| th'dn palsscU tranmrsly ftrottgh the neck of |h^ niaref mfij xiSne Tuning up^ to toroiJiawk him.> tie pide7 halted. The firihg at the fort still cofitioued; Ten of Ih^ men thinlcing the in* ferprize too hazardous, refused to go any farther ana retreated. Rice and two other men crept si- lently along towards the fort; but bad not proceed- ed far be fore they came dose upon an Indian in his concealment.. He gave the alarm yell, which was instantly passed round the li^es with the utmost regialarity. ,^1h8 c^ccH^oned the ipdianf ^0 mafeft their last enoH io take the place and makitheir re^ treat, under cover of the night. Rice itid his two Companions returned invsafeyf to L'amb*s K ' fit*. E-* 10$ E^n'GCiso AmtK^^NUir father's rofi\f had seen (wo fires between that and the fort,, 'at which (be Indians were^ncanped. There was tberefora no d'dnbt thitt an attaclc wotilif be roade- on ouBfprt, earlj in the n)orniti|;. In order to. gife (he reader a correct idiea of the miUtary tactieke^ of onr early times, I' wilf give, in detail, the whofe process of the prepat- ations, which were made for the expected attttclr, and,a»tiearly is I can, I win|Tve the ooinihand^ of Gapt. Teter, our officerj in his own words. In (lie first place, he eOlIeetedaU oor men to- gether^ «nd related the biitUes andYkirmtshes he had been in, and r>'a1]y they werenpt few in nunh ber. He wa^ fn Bi^addoob^'s defeat. Grant's de- feat, the taking of fort Pitt, jand neaily all .tli({ batiiefi which took nlaceb^lweeii the Ei^^lislt, and the French aha Iiidian6, ftom l^iiidddck^ft defeat until the caf tHire of that place by Geo. ^mki. ffe rein^n«tedriis ^'^Fhat in ease (he In- dians should sijecied, w^need etpe^t no mercy; thii every man, w<^man and chifd Would h^ ki)i' ed on the spot^r T: ATTACK OR ftlT FilttER^S PORT^ believe, that (hey woolt! have been plcfised, vihh' tljc craelccfthe$ti&||il them<»i|)g« \ Btiriiig^anilid%|nde,*ke !|a|i i^«€6^halr|^ around the fo#t} so c^ivfideiit iv&g our caf^ain, that the attaek «voulid'ii%t be made before day break. I was at that ime^ Jhirl^^n or fourteen year? oC 'l^gi^;but ranked^as afortwHiftr/ Afier getting my gun and all things elee in order, I went up i&to tlm garret loft of my fa her*8 hottse^ and laid down a- bbuiibe Rlfiddlie 6( th% floor; with w^ sh* pou^h on and my gttfi by my side^ txpeeting to be waked tip by tb«raport of taa' gimt af day* bipak', to taka; my statioii at iKe port b^ attsig pied «»»» wbieb iva*m tile fecoft^ 8t6i7 %f^be>bt>m 1 idf d^ Jot 8vi4ke^^ abo^ion^r^^i^ the a# larm was aH ove^ ^befiMly w4biebl«i^ sofpoted^ had baen kiHed, had isoM into th« I1liil^4^t dly Ibreak; fnstiead cf^tbi lioiii* birfn#b>u«i)l ii wa^ oiilirNa large old log oh fiae^ baat tba boi^> ^hieb hal btfen tieen by oor expreasea. If tbi^ Mieea any ^itfg lUi^ fire^ between (h$k aad^ the iWtt il Btirat have been foj^ fire; Stteb l« the creative pbvmi^ kwgiimisiOD> wben>> ttaidep Ibe wi^Bee^ ^. IT;.. W' I CHAl^PilR XiXV. Tais ^inp^ign took ipUce io the fuinmor of 1180, «n* waft d«pe©|e4««w»Mhe lodiao vilUgw Bumb^f of »«gttJi»ftwa^UUMa|^ «wkl#iioo,4bii8ef irW^ : ftiif4roti«t4h«:oMiip, Itli0t6»^orftl informed fmf^ 4li6«yect)of libe «xpe^tipD, he jf as op|aged ID, and enquired of biBB, wketlier any of the ohiialiaii Indmns 3ii*«« hiwiting»of engaged Id bttsin^ lil »• , di»e©t«»of hisaHHToh. "U' m 'cofuoerbK vjkmiia^* ^. ■were prefented from execatiii|( thfeir fffoiect, *b| ^ * At W bV Eje»'« 3PIiii}| a few iMles from Co. #ktdnHfi tiAfin Ptt•<^lle^»ii8 tilten. Soon af^ i^^f&iwb iftflNweloW'^1lnMrbv«rl^«4hb^ilter m^ %ddfr««it*1Wi ^'^^Wrt^ lilM*ii^*0iii^ef f ^^ am itt tbitmaie^liHbi iiil mmoi^M riveiyto- 3iBtwre#afcW«^iF#iiaa^ uH8«ii«»i withmit fiN iii^^hil* ll!i»l, t%a ♦if<^ ^wn^int^ to a 1^ lie»hti blHaif^td the foaetif ^«f raiiji tfe aimy Soiild tmi^m ^ ©w^4#Ah«v tlwr til- llget With their inhabitajpis inted out by I^ekillk, a fnendly Delaware chief, who WM with th« artny iof Broadhead. AKttle a^r Aark) a toii&cil of war waft held, to Ke^riDioe ^ the llate.of the waifiors in cue^^^ They wertt doiittied to death, and* by t^ord^r of Uie i»m*i|*p, they w«ire bound, taken a little dis- Utm belo«i||e town aodvdtf patched with toma^ a ¥.. i4« *.«' 'f^.V^*' 'iite»4jil ,?mi^- -'Ml C\»SHOCtON CAMt^AIOIf*. 293 fiarly tbe next morning, an Indian presented himself on tbe opposite bank of the river and aslc*> ed for the big captain^ Broadhead presented hi a* 'self and asked the Indian what he wanted? To which he replied ^' 1 want peace," ^^send over some of your chiefs*' said Broadhead. ** May be you kilF said the Indifan. He was answered. 'They shall not be killed.*' One of the chiefs, a well looking ms^n, came over tne river and entered into conversation with the commander in the street; but while engaged in conversation^ a man of the name of Wetzel came up behind him, with a toma* hawk concealed in the bosom of his hunting shirt, and struck him on the back of his head; He fell and instantly expired. About eleven or twelve o^clock, tbe army ^com^ menced its retreat from Coshocton. Sen. Broad<^ bead committed the care of the prisoners to the militia. They were about twenty in number.—- After marching about half a lo^ the Hien com- menced killing them. In a shorf^imethey were all despatched , except a few women and children^ who were spared and taken ta%rt Pitt, and afCet Bome,time exchanged for an equal number of theit' fnsoners. 4t- ■m J* •t- • Captivity of Mrs. Brown. ■«..**' CHAPTER XXXVI. On the t7th day of Mtrcb 1789,about 10 oVIock In the forenoon bs she was spinning in her hcuie, her black woman who had stepped out to gather augar water, screanaedout^'here are Iiidianf.'*^ I^be jumped up, ran to the wiridour and then to the door, where she was met bj ooe of iha Indians presenting his gun. She caught held of the muzzle and turning it a#ide, begged him not to kill, but take her prisoner. The other Indian in the mean time caught the negro wrman and her boy about four years old, and brought them into the house. They then opened a chest end tock ot)t a email box and some articles of cloathing, and without doing any further dan.sge, or setting fire to the house, set off with herself and son about two years and a half old, the black #oman and her two children, the oldest four yean and the youngest one year old. After going about one and a half mile, they halted and held a con« 6u>tation,as she suppo8ed,&bout killingthe children. This she nnderBtocd to be the subject by their jes- tures aiiiJ frequently pointing at the children. Toontoi ^C|kdian8, who could ipeak cnglift S* ■ ■ ^- ■^•3! • %; CAPTURfi 0^ Mrs. BROWlf. 29^3 the lieM out her little boy and beggad him not to *](ill him, as be would make a fine little Indian af- ter a while. The Indian made amotion to her (0 Wilk on witb her child. The other Indian tben struck the negro buy with the pipe end of his tomahawk, which knocked him down and then dispatched him b} a bicuv with the edge, across the back of the neck and then scalped him. , About 4 o^cIock in the evening, they reached the river, ab )ut a mile above Wellsburgh and car- ried a canoe, which had been thrown up in some drift wood, into the river. They got into thia can- oe and worked it djwn to the mouth of Rush run, a distance of about five miles. They pulled up the canoe into the mouth of the run, as far as they could, then went up thcrun about a mile and eacampsd for the night. The Indians gave the prisoners all their own clothes for covering a^d added one of their own blankett. A while before day. Iight,the Indians got up and put another blan* ket over them. . About sun rise they began their march, up a ve« ff steep hill, and about* 2 o'clock halted on Short Creek about twenty mites from the place from whence tbf-y had set out in the morning. The place where'they hailed, had b«en an encampment shortly before, as well as a place of deposite tup the plunder, which they had recenly taken from tbe^ house of a Mr. Vanmeter, whose family bad beeii killed. The plunder was deposited in a sycamore' tree^^ They tapped some sugar trees w^ien there before. Here they kindled a fire and put on a brass kettle, with a turkey which they ba4 killed OP the way, to boil in sugar water. Mr. 01as<), the fir^t husband of Mra.^^rown wa» Warking with an hired man in • field, apet a ^uafl #" -'n*-*' %&i -^~. i»e CAPTUSI OF MRS. BRtHv^f. ter of a mile from the house, vihcn kis wiiTr «nd family were tiken, but knew nothing of the e- ' vent until 2 o'clock. After searching about the place and going to several houses in quest tf ftis family, be went to Mr. Well's fort, and t^ollected ten men besides^ himself, and the Eame night lodged in a cabin, on the bottom, on wb.ch the^ town now stands. Next morning, they discovered ihe place from which the Indians had taken the canoe frcm the drift, and their tracks at the place of their embarkatioi). Mr. Glass could distinquish the track of. his wife by the print of the high heel of her shoe. They crossed over the river and went 4own on the other side until they came nc&t the mouih of Rush run; but discovering no tr&cka oftbe Indians, roost of the men concluded tlat they would go to the mouth of Muskingum, ]iy water, and therefore wished to turn back. — Mr. Glass begged of them to go as far as the mouth of Short creek, which was only tuo or three miles farther. To this they agreed. When they got to the mouth of Rush run, they found the oaooe of the Indians. This was identified by a proof, which goes to shew the presence of mind of Mrs. Brown. While going down the river, one of the Indians threw into the water several papers,. 4Dgj|i^) Clown on Hhe ground, himself itmAVThe Indian s^on extricated him- ta the raft, got bis .tomahawk, and at- ten^iji^d to dispatch Poe, the^tge Indian hold- hfS |Ai,fastin bis aiiDB wiff^^is might, tbi^ *i '^"•i'^ A0AM POe. i03 n^ better to enable his fellow to effect m^urpoge. Poe, llbivever, so well wafched the motions o( the Indian, that when in the act of aiming his blow at his head, by a vigorous, and well di- rec ed kick, with one of his feet he staggered the savage, and knocked the tomahawk out of his hand. J*his i&ilure, on the part of the small Indian, was reproved, by an exclamation of con* tempt from the lar^e one. In a moment, the Indian caught up his tome* hawk again, approached more cautiou8iy,brandish- inf$ his tomahawk and making a number of feign* ed blows, in defiance and derision. Poe, bowev* er, slill on bis guard, averted the real blow from his head, by throwing up his arm, and receiving it on his wrist in which he was severely wounded; but not so as to loose entirely the use of his band • In this perilous moment, Poe by a violent ef<^ fort, broke loose from the Indian, snatched up one of the Indiau^s guns, and shot the small Indian thkuugh the breast; as he ran up the third time to tomahawk him. The large Indian was fiow on his feet, and grasping Poe by a shoulder and leg,threw hinii down on the bank. Poe, instantly disengaged himself and got on his feet. The Indian then seized him a-* gain and a new struggle ensued, which, owing to the slippery state of the bank, ended in the fall d* both combatants into the water. J.^^ ^ In this situation, it was the object of eaca4o drown the other* Their efforts to«^tfect their Qj^r* pose were continued for some timeli||h nate success, sometimes one being uiiUFthe^ ter and sometimes the other* Poe at length seil ih« tuft of hair on the soalp of the lodiany wittf ■; !w'^' ^04 ADAM FOE. "Which HHPldliis head under the water, until h^ supposed bira drowned. ^ Relaxing his hold too scnon, Poe^ instantly found his gigantic antagomst on his feet again, and rea- dy for another combat. In this, they were carri* ed into the water beyond their depth. In this aitu* ation they were compelled to loose their hold on each other and swim for mutual safety. Both sought the shore, to seize a gun, and end the contest with bullets* The Indian Wing the best ewimmer reached the land first. Foe seeing this immediately turned back into the water to escape, if possible, being abot, by diving. Fortunately the Indian caught up the rifle, with which Foe -had killed the other warrior. At this juncture, Andrew Foe, missing his bro« ^her from the party, and supposing from the re- ;port of the gun which he shot, that he was eitb<- er killed, or engaged in conflict with the Indians, hastened to the spot. On seeing him, Adam call- ed out to him to **kill the big Indian on shore" But Andrew's gun, like that of the Indian's, -was empty. The contest was now between the white man and the Indian, who should IcTad and fire fir^t. "Very fortunately for Foe, the Indian, in loading drew the ramrod from theHhimbles •of the stock of (he gun, with so imuch Tiolence, that it slipped out liis hand and fell a little dis- tance from him, he quickly caught it up, an A ramined^own his bullet. This little delay gave "Foe the advantage.— He s!iot the Indian as he 'Wairrai8u||JiiB gun, to take aim at him. J 8Q(N^8 Andrew had shot the, Indian, be ed into the river to assist his wounded bro* Iber to|hore; but Adano, thinking more of the t>f carrying the big Indian home, as 8> Ai>AM f^t. m m 305 IfOp^y^f vifctory; than of his own safety, urged Andrew to go back, and prevent the struggling lavage from rolliog himself into th6 river'aod e8« iBjipitig. Andrev^^a solicitude for th^ life of hia brother, prevented him from complyiog with this request. In the mean time, the Indian, jealous of the hon*^ or of his scalp, even in the agonies of death, 8uc» ceeded in reaching the river and getting into the current, so that his body was never obtained. . An unfortunate occurrence took place during this conflict. Just as Andrew arrived at the top i)f the bank, for the relief of his brother, one of the party who had followed ^lose behind bim^ Meing Adam in the river and mistaking him foir. t wounded Indian, shot at him and wounded him in the shoulder^ He, howibver, reicovered Aram his wounds. /, During the contest between Adani Poo atd the Indians^ the party had overtaken the re- teaining six of them. A desperate conflict ensued, in which Ave of the Indians were kill- ed. Our loss wat three inen killed and Adaini Foe severely wounded. Thus eifled this Spartan conflict, with the losi vi three valiant men on our part and with that of the whole of the Indian party with the exceptioA bf one warrior. Never, on any occ^ion was there a greater display of desperate bi^very, and 'Seldom did a conflict take place, which, in th^ ^. issue, ptroved fatal to so great a prolHtioo^or those engaged in It* The fatkl issue of this little campaign, on llde of the Indians, occasioned an Mm Ipoarning among the Wyandot nation, /thi IPaiH with his four brothers, all of vfaCHllwt ft a ■m m A. ADAM POB« frilled at the safl^. place, were amongst ftie most ^distinguished epefs and warriors of their d^- tjon. The big Indian was msgnanimous, as well ag dra?e. He, more than any other individual, con- tributed, by his example and influence, to the jgood character of the Wyandots, for lenity to- wards their prisoners. He would not suffer them to be killed or ill treated. This mercy to captives, was an honourable distinction in the character of the Wyandots, and was well understood by our first settlers, wh6, in case of captivity, thought it a fortunate circumstance to fall into their hands. Ii is consoling to the historian, to find instances of those endo .omenta of mind, which constitute human greatness, even among savages. Tbe original f*taroina of those endowments, or, what is called /^entui, are but thinly scattered over the earth, and there can be but little doubt, but that the lower grades of society posses their equal proportion of the bases of moral great- ness, or in other words, there is as much of na<^ ft«s gtimA^ in proportion to numbers, amongst savages, as there is amongst civilized people.^ The difference between these two extremec ^f iociety, is nr.erely the difference of educatius.^ This view of human nature, philosophical!) co^ rect, is well calculated to increase the benev- olence^ even of the good Samaritan himself, and * courage his endeavours, for the instruction of s most ignorant, and the reformaticn of the most barbarous. ^ Had the aborigines of our coimtry, been poi- ijltsed of science to enable them to commit to |he (aithftl page of history, tha crentt of Uyi ADAif I*OE, [their di« 8 well as ual, con- >e, to the lenity (o- iffer them captives, character rsfood by captivity, t fall into instances constitute ge». The , or, what lercd over doubt, but >88e8 their >ral great- UCh of fMk ), amongst people.— tremep cf icatiuii.-^ call J cor* le bener- nself, and ruction of Q of tke e BOTpf $&f iotercourse with us, since thd ^is^Mr- and lattlement of their native land, by the BBRpeanSf what would be the contents of this history?!— ^oi such as it is, from the handd of our histo- rians, who have presented nought but the worst features of the Indian character, as exhibited in the course of their wars agairist the invaders of tbeir country. While (he wrongs inflicted on tbem by civilized men, have occupied but a very BinaU portion of the record. Their sufferings^ tbeir private virtues, their bravery and magnan- imity in war, all individual instances of great > 1I96S of mind, heroism, and clemency to cap- tives, in the midst of the cruelties of their barbarouf warfare, roust ^oon be buried with themselvf^i' Lin the tomb of tbeir national existence. The Johnsons. CHAPTER XXXIX. The follotlving narrative, goes to shew that the long continuance of the Indian war, had in- spired even the young lads of our country, not only with all the bravery, but even the subtilit^ of the Indians themselves In the fall of the year 1795, two boys of iame of John and Henry Johnson, th6 first *■ '* IB' •"■ ff^awg: ,'S»Pt««»«« SIS tm j'oiiNsftM* $ ftpd latljll^l jcars old whose pareotn livid in )^TpenieT^ station, a little diplance above the iiV>uth of Short Creek, on the west side of the I »i01iiQ> river, were sent out in the evening to hunt 'tjbe cows. At the foot of the rivir hill, at the back of the bottom they sat down under ik hiccory tree to crack nuts. After sometime^ they saw two men coming towards them, one ci whom had a bridle in his hand, being dreAStd like white men they mistook them for theit; father and an uncle in scat cb of horses. When they drBcovered their mistake and altcmpied to run otr, the Indians, pointing their guns at them, told them to stup, or they would kill them.««-^ They halted and were taken priscners. The Indians, being in pursuit of borsef , con- ducted the boys by a circuitous rout over the Short Creek bills in search of them, until late in the evening, they halted at a spring in aholloti place, about three miles from ihe fort. Here they kindled a small fire, cooked and eat some vic« iuals, and prepared to repose for the night. Henry, (he oldest of the boys, during the ram- ble bad affected the greatest satisfaction at having been taken prisoner. He said, his father was a hard master, who kept him always it hajrd tvork, and allowed him no play;: but that for his port he wished to live in the woods and be a hunter. This deportment,^ soon brought him into intima- cy with one of the Indians, wh? eould speak ve« ry good English. The Indian frequently asked the boys, if they knew of any good horses, running in (he woods. Sometime berore they baited, one of the Indians gave the largest of the boys a little Ira^, wHich he supposed contained money aod^ iMlpi bim carry it. « the boys «r, the ) over tbci them, on Pretty aod one John in 1 Eide. In awake, f then wh and unti of noihic but wh< him, sa} fore we greed to ofthc ri log with them. I little br trigger, should 8 Heth gtandini him wi back c to be f« up; but such fo exprest iiuiver. Attl elder b ^e pi THE JOimsOMJ 30$ When night came on, the fire was covered up, the boys pinioned and made to lay down togeth- er, the Indians then placed their hoppis straps orer them, and laid down, one oo each side of ibem, on the ends of the straps. Pretty late in the night, the Indians fell asleep^ sod one of them becoming cold caught hold of John in his arms and turned him over on the out eide. In this situation, the boy, who had kept awake, found means to get his hands loose, h^ then whispered to his brother, made him get up, and untied his arms. This done, Henry thought of nothing but running off, as fast as possible but when about to start, John caught hold of Mm, saying *'We must kill these Indians be- fore we go " After some hesitation, Henry a- greed to make the attempt. John then took one of the rifles of the Indians, and placed it on a log with the muzzle close to the head of one oC them. He then cocked the gun, and placed hia little brother at the breach with his fioger on the (rigger, with instructions to pull it, as soon as he should strike the other Indian. He then took one of thelndian's tomahawks and standing a straddle of the other Indian struck him with it. The blow, however, fell on the back of the neck and to one side., so as not to be fatal. The Indian then attem^ited to spring up; but the little fellow repeated his blows with such force and rapidity, on the scull, that as he expressed it **The Indian laid still And begin to quiver.'*' At the moment of the first stoke, given by the elder brother, with the tomahawk the younger fjae pulled the trigger, and shot away a e^z i\o ^^ nte joHNsoior. siderable portion of the lodian^s lower jAtr.-^ Tlvia laJian, a inoni«!nt after receiving the shot began to flounce about and yell in the most fright- ful manner. The boys then made the best of their way to the fort and reached it a little be- fore djay break. On getting near the fort they found the people all up and in great agitation on their account. On hea;rir)g a woman ekclaiiu "Poor little fellows, they are killed, or taken pris- oner?" The oldest one an&wered '*N0! mother, ive are here yet, Having b&ought nothing away with them from the Indian camp, their relation of what had ta- ken place between them and Uie Indians, wa? not fully credited ABinall party was soon mad<: up, to go and ascertain the truth, or falshood of their report. This party, the boys conducted to the spot by the shortest rout. On arriving at the place., they found the Indian whom the eld- est brother had tomahawked lying dead in the camp. The other, had crawled away, and taken his gun and shot pouc^h with him. After scalp> ing the liidian, the party returned to the fort, and the same day a lorger party went out to look tfter the wounded Indian who had cratfled some didlance from thi^ camp and concealed himself in the top of a T^en tree, where; notwithstand- ing the severity .ctf# his wound, with aSparUn bravery be deterniltted to sell his life as dearly as possible, and having tod bis gun for the pur- Sose, on the approach of the men to a proper istance, be toelLjiim atone of ihem, and puUed t^e iri|fger, but Eis gun missed tire. On hear- ing the snap of the look, one of th&men ei^plaim* ed ^*\ sho^ild not like to he killed by a dead In- dian*" The party concluding that the IcdiAh m :^' m THE JOHNSONS. si^ vould die at any rate, thought hest to retreat and return and look for him after some time.— On returning, however, he cotrtd not be found having crawled away and concealed himself in some other place. Ilis skeleton and gun wera found some time afterwards. The lodians who were killed, were great war^ riora and very wealthy. The bag which was supposed to contain money, it was conjectured was got by one of the parly, who went out first in the morning. On hearing the report cf tbe^ boys, he slipped off by himself, and reached the place before the party arrivedr For some time afterwards, he. appeared f.o have a greater pleii« ty of money thun his neighbours. The Indians themselves, did honor to the bra- very of these two boys. After their treaty with Gen. Wayne, a friend cf the Indians wbo were killed, made enquiry of a man from Short creek, what had become of the boys who killed the Indians? He was answered that they lived aUhd same place, with tbeir parents, the Indian repli-i ed *'You have not done right, you shoald ma' kings of those boy?. ^■Hi **■ AJf ELEGY. ON »I9 ¥ A M I L ¥ -^ A 13 L T. <^ ^«»^^«»^i^^^<»^^^^^^^^^^ BY THE AUTHOR. Where Allegheny's towering, pine clad peakg) Rise high in air, and sparkle in the sun, At whose broad base the gushing torrent breaks, And dashes through the vale with curling foam^ Mj father came: while vet our world was youngy Son of the trackless forest, large and wild, Of ooanners stern, of understanding strong. As nature rude; but yet m feeling mild. iTheo our Columbia rising from the woods, Obieyed the fflandafes of a foreign king,, And then, the monarch as a father stood; Nor made us feel bis dread ambition's stingC For him no splendid mansion rear'd its bead,' And spread its furniture of gaudy forms, His was the humble cot, of forest wood. Made by his hands a shelter from the stormn^ Ko cosily dress the work of foreign hands. Nor silks from Indian, or Italian realms, His clothing plain, the produce of his lands, ]^of 9bapea with modero skilly nor set with gem|i' tfec^ 01" A:« ILEOY 31$ Simple his Tare, obtained from fields and wood?, His drink, the crystal fountaln'i vholesom* streams, No fettered nlave for biro e^er sbed bis blood| To swell in pomp, aoibuion's idle dreams. Ly sufltred, ntuch they toiled foryotj^^ ' To leave their happier offipring, rich, and ^reatrv With meek Aurora's earliest dawn be rose^ And to the spacious, trackless woods repaired When Boreas blew in Autumn^s whirling snows, To hunt the prowling wolf,, or timid deer. And when stern winter bowlM thro' leafless wood|^ And filled the air with bitter, biting Irost, He bunted to his den, the grisly bear;. Nor without danger facM the frightful beast. The shaggy native cattle of the west. The lK>unding elk, with branching antlers largt^ The growlrng panther, with his frowning crest, Were victims to his well aim*d, deadly charge^ In hunting frock, and Indian sandals trim) O^er lengthening waates, with nimble steps h6 raa&> Nor was Apollo's dart more sure in aim; Than in bis skillful hand, the deadly gun. m^'To masters, schoi^ls, and colleges unknown^ The forest was his academic grove, Self taught: the lettered page was all his owf^ And bis the pen^ with oioest art t^ move/ ^% .m * i "?-1l|. ^u AJI ELEG7, I'bink hoiye lettered men with all your claim 9«' Ye rich in all the spoils of fields, and floods, That solid sense, and virtues fairest gems, Dwell not with huntsmen^ in their native woods.^ WbenchangM thewoodsman/or hard culture's toil^^ To fell the forest, and to clear the field, And cover o'er with waving grain, the soil^^ He was ih^ busbaod^ father, and tl>e friend' Hi?, was an ample stort of ardent mind, « Rich in liberal and creative ar|8, To trace the landscape wiih correct design. And ply in many ways^ the tradesman's par|L9S? With feeling heal;| sincere, and ever kind. He was the fi i#flid, and father of the poor, His iras the wish for good to all mankind. And pity often taxed his litUe store; #■ His lengthen'd years, of sickness, toil, and pajp| Were cherish'd by religion's heavenly call, ^rong was llis faith in the Redeemer's name, . He sunk in death, and died beloved of all. '}Ay father and my friend, it was thy aim To make thy children rich in mental store^ To thv expanded mind, the highest gain, Aod may they honoi%ell thy tender car^ My ffidther, sweetest, loveliest of heftacey F^air as the ruby blushes of the morn. Adorned with every caflivating grace^ Hot pitty sincere, and heavenly born^* i..r ?^l ■^fi ASt CLEfiY. ^19 With hope elate she saw her little throng, Ruddy as morn, and free'ii as zephyr^s breete, Chanting with voice accute their little song, Or sporting thro' the shade of forest trees. ' By fatal accident, in all her charms Snat«hM from her babes, by death's untimely dafl^, Resio;ned me to my second mother's arms, Who welffulfill'd a tender mother's part. Say f hen, shall the rough woodland pioneers, Of Mississippi's widje e?(tended vale. Claim no just tribute of our love, or tears, And their names vanish withihe passing gale. With veteran arms, the forest they subdu'd, W^th veteran hearts, subdued the savage foe, Our country purchased by their valiant blood, Claims for theoi all that gratitude can do. * Their arduous labours,gave us wealth, and ease, Fair freedom followed from their doubtful 8trif6| Their well aim'd measures gave us lasting peace, ^ And all the iocial blessedness of life. * Then let th<)ir offspring, mindful of their claim^ Cherish their honor in the lyric band— O save from dark oblivion's gloomy reign, Jhe brave, the worthy, fathers of our lao4; ' ' ' 0^ , * . , My dear Eliza*, (Ob! fond hopebeguird.)^ ' Siveet as the rose bud, steeped in mormoidnWf Th)' withered ngyfiv, I clainti my lovely child; Sor have I bid thee yet a long adieu. MM*. *Tk6 authorU daughlefj Hgti fiJtiM ^J^ »(^ *:. #16 AK ELlCI&V. Bweet little ten&nts ef this dark domain^ Yours was but a momentary breaib, You ope'd your eyes on Jife, disliked the stehe^, BesigD'd your claim, and shut them up in ^ath Soft be your rest, ye tenants oif my iomlt Exempt from toil, and bitter biting cari| Saei«d jotir dust until tbe general joom, Oires ibe reward of heavenly bliss to shatr^ ?* .ti»i». m^-'- '^f ^i!" * m &:' .'#^■ ^^ IP?- *lp f^^'s^j^vf ■■■*'¥l ^ii A ■jf^v'*''^* M¥ .#■ 'W- i'^*-*. Jhe; k|path'; * m m '' 'i.'. J vi'l m. rr -«•' -