■Ai V] <^ /}. .> ^% 4^ ^x ^^ >^ i^/ /^^ te! oM IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i.O til its «sc IIM 12.5 ! I.I 1.25 lu II 2.2 1.8 U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation U. o V^ ^ /„. ^ J?o^ WS difier une nage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the Oi-iginai copy and in keeping wcth the filming contract specifications. i L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grdce i la g6n6rosit6 de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. 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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too largoi to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trcp grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d oartir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le n-?mbre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagiammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata o gelure, 1 d 3 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 m s CHROIICLES OF ClBiDA, OR A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE LEAPING EVENTS IN THE OLD PROVINCES OF THE NEW DOMINION. BY H. BEAUMONT SMALL, S.C.L., AUTHOR OP 'PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES" "n.v.nx.^ "avtwatc^ AI.HJRES, CANADIAN HAND BOOK," ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA," &c &C OTTAWA: G. E. DESBARATS, PRINTER & PUBLISHER. 1868 l-iiTif Entered acoortog to the Act of the Parliament of Canada in "the'vlr 'JS":; in the year in the office DEDICATED ^Y PERMISSION TO SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD, K.C.B. First Premier of the Dominiox. 1 c p h OJ VI ol ti] su pa ref ati in sea la in ( dec are eml pag to a taki AUTHOR'S PREFACE. It is natural for every man of ordinary curiosity and dis- cernment, to desire to know something of the past ajid present state of the country- he may have adopted for his home. The material which constitutes the " Chronicles of Canada," has been carefully sorted from an infinite variety of old Colonial Books, and public records. In obtaining this information, many hours have been some- times spent in seeking for that which a few minutes would suffice to put into writing. Desirous of looking more particularly into the history of my adopted country, the researches I had occasion to make for this purpose were attended with much interest and gratification to me. But in committing the result to writing, — even on the limited scale which the work allows — I found more r^.ifficulty than I at first expected. The minor points of the history were in different accounts so discordant, thai it was difficult to decide which one was correct. The main facts however are well attested, and of these I have endeavoured to embody as many as my range would allow in the following pages. I would take this opportunity of returning thanks to all those who have rendered me assistance in my under- taking, and especially to Mr. Todd, the Librarian of ^'ww^m^w^^mmm'am^ 6 Parliament, to whoso kindness I am indebted for many favours. The Historical Department is perhaps much less diffuse than it might have been ; but there is so nuich of party politics mixed up with much of our history, that without entering upon the troubled sea of politics, it was impossible to be much more minute than I have ])een. H. BEAUMONT SMALL. Ottawa, 1st Nov. 1868. SYNOPSIS OF HISTOIIY OF CANADA AND ACADIA. -^ CHRONICLES OF CANADA, OR k CONCISE HISTORY OF THE LEADING EVENTS IN TIIK Ol.n PROVIXCES Or THK NEW DOMINION. OKIGIX OF THE WORD " CANADA. " Some suppose the origin of this name to he from the Indian word of the Iroquois 'angnage Ka-na-ta, signifying a village or collect ion of huts, a word used by Brant in his translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew to sigiiif}'^ a village. Another supposition is that when the Spaniards visited this country j)reviousto the French, in search of gold and silver, and iinding none, they often repeated the word Aca nada (there is nothing,) or 11 Capa di nada (the Cape with nothing — liicy were in search of — in it.) After their departure the French arrived, and the Indians who wanted none of their company, and supposing they were Spaniards, on the same errand, were anxious to inform them that their labour was lost by tarrying in the country, and so incessantly repeated to them this word. The French, supposing this continually recur- ring word was the name of the country, gave it the name Canada. ORIGIN OF THE WORD '' ACADIA. " The aboriginal Micmacs of Nova Scotia, being of a practical turn of mind, were in the habit of bestowing on places the names of the useful avticles found in them, ofi'ering to such terms the word A-ca-die, denoting the local abundance of the particular objects to which the names referred. The early French settlers supposed this common termination to be the name of the country, and applied it as the general designation of the region new com- prising the Lower Provinces of British America, as distinguished Irr.rn Canada. a- ^ u -r ■ - :■--■■ - i - 10 THE ABORIOINES OF NORTH- AMERICA. I M. It ■ ;• I The coiiniry from which thcf^e people einigraled, and the time ol" their departure are unknown. The Indians have no history of their own if we except their oral traditions. Tiie probability is they originally came from Asia, crossing Bchring's straits, and with each .succeeding influx migrating further soi;th, till thedifte- rence c*^ food and climate in the southern regions, created aftev many generations a dissimilarity b(*tvveenthem, that gives the idea of difierent races. In rclig'on they were all PagaiiS, yet all iiold- ing to the idea of a Great Spirit whom they called Ma-neli-to. Each tribe was distinguished by some kind o*" heraldic symbol, representing some animal peculiar to- the country. Hostilitie.^ between the tribes were common, arising frequently out of one party encroaching upon the imnting grounds of New , Nova States. t. Ger- ad the rs and ry and ■Jesuit missionaries. In 1635 the first Jesuit college was founded in 16.'*5 Quebec, and the Ursuline Nunnery established through the ins- trumentality of the Duchess D'Aiguillon. In the same year.. -{ Champlain died. He had crossed the Atlantic Ocean fully a score of times, and had spent thirty years of untiring efibrls in diplomacy and christianizing influences in order to give peixiia- mence and stability to French power in " New France." In 1637 a company of French merchants was formed under the name of" thj Hundred Associates" under the direction of Cardinal Richelieu. On the 17th June, 1642, the spot destined for the future city of 1642 Montreal was consecrated by the superior of the Jesuits, the " Queen of the Angels" was supplicated to take it under her protection, and it was named in her honour " La Ville Maries The European population of Canada at this time did not exceed 200 souls, and their situation was very critical from the attitude assumed by the Indians. Owing to the weakness of the French, — the wars in Europe preventing the French government from send- ing out sufficient forces — the colonists could not go far from their forts, without protective arms. In 1644 the first wheat was sown in the Colony. In 1646 the Five Nations prosecuted the war against the French and such of their Indian alli(>s as had joined them, in the most relentless manner. In 1648 they destroyed the 1648 village of St. Joseph (Sillery). Other villages and even the mis- sionaries shared the same fate. All the hostile tribes were equally cruel, but in a closing combat the Hurons were almost exterminated. The Iroquois now completely lorded it over Canada, and the French were virtually blockaded in the forts of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal. During the year 1651, and three succeeding years, all business was suspended, and despair filled every European mind. The Company of the Hundred Associates also ceased to 'xist. An Apostolic vicarate was ins- tituted in 1657, and the Catholic clergy passc'd from the hands of the Jesuits into those of the secular priesthouvi in 1659. In 1663 the colony was visited by a most remarkable succes- 1663 sion of earthquakes which commenced on the 6th of February, and continued for a year and a half, spreading universal alarm. A large part of Canada was now divided into seigniories, and appropriated to military officers, merchants, and religious corpo- rations. The country was divided into three districts, Montreal, Three-Rivers and Quebec, and a Governor located in each, the Governor General remaining in Quebec. In the Governor, Bishop, and head military officers were centred all power. In 1665 the Marquis de Tracy arrived in Canada, bringing 166! with him the Carignan regiment, at the head of which, together with a number of militia, he marched 700 miles into the country 2 Id •H'!- of the Iroquois, who were thoroughly overawed, and in 1666 a peace was made wilh all the tribes which lasted eighteen years. 1670 In 1670 the English and Dutch merchants of Now York began to trade extensively in furs, through the Five Nations, which gave rise to fresh difficulties. In 1671 a fort was built by Fron- tenac the Governor, at Cataraqui (now Kingston) as a protection against the Indians. In 1674 Canada became an Episcopal see named the Bishopric of Quebec. Between this period and 1682, exploring parties, of which Father Marquette was the founder, penetrated the West, sailing down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. To Canada therefore is due the honour of founding the first settlements in what are now the southern and western States. About this time the English were determined to share in the Fur trade, and drew their alliance with the Five Nations closer. A large number of the Huguenots of France, had emigrated to America, where they became implacable enemies to France. In 1687 1685 six hundred regular troops arrived from France, and in 1687 eight hundred more arrived, with which combined forces the French entered the Iroquois country scattering them for a time ; but on the breaking out of war between England and France in 1689 the Iroquois destroyed Montreal, murdering the inhabitants and burning 200 of them alive. The French had now to contend with the Five Nations, and the Anglo-Americans, who were becoming strong from the numerous European population conti- nually arriving. France being at war with Britain, Spain, Hol- land, Savoy, and the Gc^rman Empire, was unable to do much for her Canadian possession. While Canada only numbered 11,000 souls, the Anglo-American colonies had more than doubled that number. .The state of affairs in Canada was now desperate. A fort which had been built at Niagara had been razed; that at Cataraqui had been blown up and abandoned by the French, and two ships that had been built for the purpose of navigating Lake Erie were burnt, to prevent their falling into the hands of the Iro- quois. War, famine, and disease seemed as if combined for the utter destruction of the Colony. 1690 In 1690 Sir Wm. Phipps appeared before Quebec with a squa- dron of 35 sail, but after a heavy loss of men amounting to about 1000, the fleet departed without doing much injury, though the Canadians suffered much from want. The English and French nations were now so much engaged in the wars of Europe that they neglected to send aid to their American Colonies. While the Anglo-Americans were busy reforming their government, the French colonists continued to fortify Quebec and other forts, l^esultory fighting however continued on both sides with varied success. Peace was at length concluded between Holland, 10 1666 a n years, k began , which )y Fron- •otection apal see id 1682, founder, I Gulf of ding the n States, the Fur oser. A [rated to nee. In I in 1687 irces the r a time ; 'ranee in habitants ) contend -^ho were on conti- lin, Hol- much for d 11,000 bled that rate. A that at nch, and ing Lake f the Iro- for the a squa- to about ough the French ope that While nent, the er forts. varied Holland, France, Spain, and England, and the French proclaimed a peace with all the savage tribes on their borders, August 4th, 1701. Scarcely however had this been done, before it was broken by their civilized neighbours. The accession of Philip of Anjou to the throne of Spain, commenced hostilities, which caused the French colonists to be left to their own resources, while England conceived the bold design of uniting within her territory the whole of North America. A growing disaffection existed between the Anglo-Americans and the Canadians, which only wanted a plea to open hostilities. The former were using every means to alienate the Iroquois from their alliance with the French, while the Anglo-Americans were slaughtered in large numbers by the Indian allies of the French. In return lor ihose acts, the Bosto- nians commenced the subjugation of Acadia. In 1711, a com- nn bined land and sea expedition against Canada took place, but met with so many disasters oi. the vay, that it never re:'.ehed Quebec. A fleet of 88 ships and transports, and an army of 4000 : infantry were despatched from Boston, under Sir Hoveden Walker, but in one day during a storm, eight of the transports were driven ashore, when 884 men perished at Seven Islands ; one frigate of 36 guns was lost, and the attempt on Quebec was abandoned. General Nicholson, wh 'j had been sent with an army, by land, to co-operate with the fleet, returned to New York, v/ithout offering battle. The rejoicings at Quebec were naturally great at so signal a deliverance, and the Church of Notre Dame des Vic- toires, of that city, receiving its name from the occasion, attests the pious gratitude of its inhabitants. The restoration of peace in Europe by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 took place in 1713, by which treaty Hudson's Bay Territory, Newfoundland and Acadia, were ceded to Britain ; France retaining Canada and Cape Breton, and some islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This gave the colony an interval of rest lasting about ten years, during which, her trade and resources were materially increased. The boundaries of Acadia, not having been properly defined, difficulties soon arose, and the Indians com- mitted ravages on the settlers. Four out of the Five Nations joined the English Colonists, and both the English and French fortified strategic places on the lake frontier of Canada and other parts. In 1721, mails were first conveyed between Quebec and Montreal. In 1745, war again broke out between England and France, which 1745 led to the reduction of Cape Breton, by a naval and military force, assisted by the provincial troops of the New England colonies. In 1746-7, the Canadians attempted the reconquest of Nova Scotia, in which they failed, and the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, suspended further hostilities. The boundaries of Acadia, how- ever, remained in the same unsettled state, and after five years of 2* iu ! 11 80 j il; i; 1754 fruitless negotiation, wa: again became the arbiter. In 1754, a strong fleet with troops, was despatched from France to reinforce Quebec ; an English fleet of eleven men of war, under Admiral Boscawen pursued it, but succeeded in capturing only two fri- gates, with eight companies of soldiers on board, on the banks of Newfoundland. They, however, took about 300 French merchant- men, with G,000 sailors on board. A series of battles were fought on the lake frontier, in which both parlies suffered severely. In 1756, the Marquis de Montcalm arrived in Canada with 1,400 men, and a large supply of provisions. He strength- ened all the French forts, Quebec, Montreal, Frontenac, Niagara, Duquesne and Carillon, the English fortifying Oswego and Fort Edward, on the west of the Lakes. Montcalm gained a series of successes terminating in the reduction of the two latter forts, the glory of Avhich, however, was stained by the massacre of nearly 2,000 English prisoners by the Indian allies of the French. This monstrous deed raised the indignation of the English, and led to those mighty preparations which finally destroyed the power of France in America. Although the English lost heavily up to 1758, the fifth year of the war, still forts Frontenac and Duquesne surrendered to them. As a whole in military glory, the French were superior to them. Vaudreuil and Montcalm, 1750 being at variance, tended to disorganize their plans. In 1759, a mighty effort was made by England, which sent out 20 ships of the line, 10 frigates, 18 smaller vessels of war, and several transports with 18,000 men, under command of General Wolfe, Generals Moncton, Townsend and Murray, accompanying the expedition. General Amherst was appointed to take the land route from New York, and join Wolfe in the St. Lawrence. The English burnt a large part of Quebec, but were unable to destroy the fortifica- tions. They demolished, however, nearly all the villages and set- tlements for upwards of 300 miles along the banks of the St. Lawrence, and erected batteries at Point Levi and other places near Quebec. Wolfe disembarked 900 troops, with a view of storming the works, but they were repulsed with the loss of 500 killed and wounded. General Murray landed 1,200 men, with a view of joining General Amherst near Lake Champlain, but was twice repulsed by Bourgainville, and returned without effecting the desired junction. The French destroyed their own forts at Carillon and Frederic, sunk their ships in the lakes, and retired to Niagara, where a British force of 6,000 strong arriving under Johnson, they capitulated. The English were now driving the French before them, and the Five Nations, who had been in alliance with the former, joined the British. At this juncture, on the 13th September, 1759, Wolfe made his attack on Quebec, by assailing it in the rear on the Plains of Abraham, and after an •^ ft 1754, a einforce Admiral two fri- banks of lerchant- es were suffered Canada strength- Niagara, md Fort a series ter forts, ssacre of ! Frencli. lish, and jyed the ;t heavily mac and ry glory, [ontcahn, 1 1759, a lips of the ransports Generals pedition. om New sh burnt fortifica- and set- )f the St. places of of 500 )0 men, amplain, without leir own ikes, and arriving n* view obstinate fight, in which 1,500 French were killed, and 250 taken prisoner, while 50 British were killed, and 598 wounded, Wolfe and Montcalm both fell, and the garrison capitulated on the 18th Septemi)er. Thus Canada was permanently secured to Engfand^ after having been in the possession of Franco, with one short exception, 225 yeirs. General Murray succeeded to the com- mand of the English forces, and General DeLevi to that of the French. The English fleet left for Europe, capturing at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, a French frigate, and 16 or 17 other vessels, the principal part of which had been taken from the English. During the winter, the French made several unsuccessful attacks on Quebec. In the spring following, DeLevi marci»ed towards the city, for the purpose of regaining it, and a battle was fought on the 27lh April, a second time on the Plains of Abraham, in which, after a furious contest, the Englisli were beaten, and forced to retire within their fortifications. The French prepared for a siege, and both parties were so evenly balanced, that it was uncertain, without one party was reinforced, which, England or France, would hold Quebec, till on the 15th May, a fleet with troops on board, under Admiral Swanton, arrived just in time to save the city, and compelled De Levi to retire with precipitation to Montreal. The French nation was banki-upt, and the Canadians without sufficient food, money or war materials, were not in a position to prolong the war. Murray with 1,700 men invested Montreal, which capitulated on the 8th September, 1760. De Vaudreuil, the Governor and other officials, with' about 3,000 of the French troops, embarked for France, while from 60,000 to 70,000 colonists remained in the country, taking the oath of alle- giance to Britain, under the stipulation of the free exercise of the Catholic faith, and the preservation of the property belonging to the religious communities. A definite treaty of peace was signed at Paris, 10th May, 1763, by which France ceded to Britain all her North American possessions, except the small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, which she still holds. The loss of Canada was viewed in France with indifference ; Voltaire gave his friends a banquet in commemoration of the event, and congratulated His Majesty, that since he got rid of the 1500 " arpents of snow," he had now a chance of sleeping in peace ; while Choiseul urged the signing of the French treaty, by saying to Louis XV that Canada would prove to the English " un embarras.''^ Thus the red cross of St. George came to wave over the battlements on which the lily-spangled banner of France had so long floated. The English continued the former territorial divisions of Canada, over each of which, three in number, a Governor was appointed. In conse- quence of some dissatisfaction among the French Canadians, the whole country was kept under martial law for four years ; to this 1760 1763 22 iitii ii iil! li the French objected as tyrannical, and many of them returned to France. All appointments toolHco were made from amonsj ihe Bri- tish rosidenis, all the office holders w(^re Protestants, a denomina- tion which only nnmb«"red a population of about 500 souls, while the French Catholics numbered 70,000. These procedures tended to alienate the French people, and create a deep seated hatri^d in their minds aj^ainsl English rule. In 1763, Montreal suffered from a dreadful lire, when 108 houses were destroyed. In 1764, The first newspaper irus published in Quebec, called the Quebec Gazette; it was printed half in English and half in French, and numbered at first only 150 subscribers. In 1767, Montreal again suffered from another disastrous lire, in which 90 houses, 2 churches, and a large charity school were destroyed. Trade with England was now encouraged, and the capabilities of the country were more extensively explored, and universal prosperity began to dawn on the colony. A severe shock had been sustained by the conduct of Intendant liigot, the financier of the French king, who had issued a paper currrency, ns payment for the expenses of the civil and military establishments, previous to the conquest, which passed freely. Suddenly, the French monarch refused to pay the bill of exchange passed by Bi^ot ; an act which involved in ruin, not only all who possessed the bills, but all who possessed any paper money. This amounted to the sum of £4,000,000 sierling. The only compensation received for this, was fonr per cent on the original value. After the Pope's Bull of 1773, expelling the Jesuits from France and other countries, the English appropriated the Jesuit estates in Canada, to other uses. In 1774, the English law which had at first been introduced, was changed for the " Coutume de Paris," the ancient system to which the Canadians had been so long accustomed. The French language was also directed to be used in the law courts, and the Quebec Act was passed, which defined the boundaries of the Province, setting aside the provisions of the Royal proclamation of 1763, and appointing a governing council of not more than 23 nor less than 17 persons. The momentous period when the English colonists of America threw off" their allegiance to the Mother Country, rather than sub- mit to the Stamp Act, was now at hand. The French Canadians though pressingly invited to assist, refused, beginning to realize the blessings they enjoyed under British Government. The Catholic Bishop of Canada addressed a cyclical letter to his people exhorting them to be true to British rule, and repel the invaders. The Quebec Act, giving great offence to the New Eng- landers, was made a pretext for their making an effort to obtain the keys of the Lakes and the St. Lawrence, — Montreal and Que- 1775 bee. In 1775 they entered Canada in two directions, — General 23 Montgomery having repulsed Carlelon at Longueuil, look posses- sion of Montreal on the lOlli November, and Arnold arriving opposite to Quebec in November, laid sieges to it, iiaving been joined by Montgomery from Montreal. In the month of May 1776, reinforcements arrived from Ikitain, and the Canadians were en- abled to drive the Americans from the Province. France in retaliation ujioii Englrnd for the loss of Canada, ofVered to assist the rebels, who had declared their indepench'uce 4th July; in consecjuence of this England acknowledged them as a power, Septemljer 3rd 1783. A large number of disailected Canadians removed to the w<'st of the Great Lakes, while on iIk; other hiMul about 25,000 loyalists left the old Coh)nies, and settled in Canada and Acadia. In 1787, Williairi iV, conmiaiiding the Pegasus, visited Canada, landing at Quebec on the 4th of August, and Montreal on the 18th September. Until 1791, Canada was governcHl as one Province, under the 1791 name of Quebec, but Lord Dorchester having assumed the govern- ment, brought forward a plan of government better suited to ex- isting circumstances, and intended to resemble the form of the British Constitution. liy this act the Coluni/ icjs divided into the two Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and a Legislature was established in each. In pursuance of this act the first Pro- vincial Parliament of Lower Canada met at Quebec on the 17tli of December, 1792, in which the French were largely in the majority. Foremost on the French side were M. p!J|)in('au and Bedard, men of unconunon oratorical powers. All the grievances of the French Canadians were brought freely before? the people, and the British Parliament. In 1793 the French party insisted on the Jesuit estates being restored for educational purposes ; this the Crown refused. The s(;ignorial lands also gave rise to much angry discussion. In 1803 a decision of the Chief Jusuce at 1S03 Montreal declared slavery inconsistent with the laws of the coun- try, and several slaves received their freedom. In 1804 disputes arose between the Governor, who acted under Imperial instruc- tions, and the House of Assembly. The two partisan papers The Mrrcurij and Le Cat/ adien added animalion to the discussions. The people now demanded the independence of the jvulges who held seats in the Council ; in 1810 the resolution of the House, expelling ihe Judges, the pledge of the House to pay the civil list, and the expulsion of Judge Sewell by vote led to the dissolu- tion of Parliament. The Editors of the papers were imprisoned for treason, but subsequently released. The Catholic clergy and the mass of the people remained loyal, but the diversity of ideas, habits, and prejudices, prevented harmony between the two races. In 1812 the American Congress declared War against Great Bri- 1812 tain on the I8th June, and determined to invade Canada, The 11 ill! ii! i !l i III! 1!!: ^■ii iil«i 24 French Canadians were determined to resist any encroachments upon their soil. The militia was embodied and the Canadian Parliament voted £60,000 in aid of the defences of the country. Government paper bearing interest was substituted for money to prevent the specie from going to the United States. The Canadians lost sight lor a time of their own internal troubles, and put forth all their energies to repel the invaders. The Indians now a dif- ferent race from those who figured in the early wars, came from their »rest homes to arm in dejenco of the country. The same feeling was manifested in Upper Canada, the govern nent of which was intrusted to General Brock. In July he captured the fort at Detroit, with General Hull, and about 2000 men who were sent prisoners to Montreal. In October the Americans under Van Henselaer landed a fcrce on Queenston Heights, but were met by Brock when a battle ensued in which he fell valiantly fighting ; but reinforcements arriving, the Americans were driven across the lines with the Ic^s of 1000 men. In the early part of the winter, an attack was made on Ogdensburgh by Captain McDonnell, who crossed the St. Lawrence on the ice, drove out the garrison and obtained possession of 11 pieces of cannon, and a quantity of tores. The Canadian Assembly ordered the issue of £500,000 in army bills in aid of the defence of the colony. On the ^7th April 1813, the Americans landed and took possession of York (Toronto,) then the capital of Upper Canada. Fort George also was attacked, and the English finding themselves loo weak, blew up the fort and retired with a loss of 400 men to Queenston, blowing up several forts on the way to prevent their falling into the enemy's hands. On the 23rd June, two American armed ves- sels were captured at Isle aux Noix in Lake Champlain by the British, but on the lOih September Commodore Peny captured the whole British naval force on Lake Erie. The enemy now meditated a combined attack on Montreal. On the 2 1st October, General Hampton entered Lower Canada by way of Lake Cham- plain with an army of from 6000 to 7000 men. On the 26th he came to Colonel DeSalaberry's position on the Chatoauguay River, where he met with a noble resistance from the small detachment that formed the advance of the British army. It was entirely composed of natives of Lower Canada, only numbering 400 men. In the meantime General Wilkinson with 9000 men descended the St. Lawrence, but a battle fought at Chrysler's farm in which 800 men under Colonel Morrison repulsed 3000 of the Americans under General Boyd, caused him to give up his intention of attacking Montreal. Thus a few militia companies caused the retreat from Canada of 15000 men who had assembled for its conquest. In the spring of 1814, the Americans, 3000 strong, entered Lower Canada and attacked LacoUe mill which was S( 25 )os8ession defended by Major Hancock with 180 men who vigorously re- pulsed them, and drove them back to the United States. General Scott crossed the Lakes into Upper Canada and took Fort Erie by surprise in July. A series of battles ensued, those of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane being the most severe, both parties losing heavily, and in about equal numbers. Late in the season rein- forcements from England arrived, and an attack was made on Plaltsburgh with a iorce of lO.OUO men in September, when vic- tory declared itself for the Americans, and the British had to retreat to Canada with a loss of 235 men. In the same month reinforcements having been despatched to the Niagara frontier, the Americans retreated before the British and finally c 'acuated Canada. In the meantime the cessation of hostilities in Europe enabled Britain to send ships and reinforcements. Washington was burnt, and other places destroyed. Peace however was happily pro- claimed at Ghent in the Kingdom of the Low Countries, February 17th 1815. Sir John Sherbrooke was appointed Governor in 1816, 1815 and his administration gave general satisfaction. He was suc- ceeded by the Duke of Richmond, who in 1819, died from hy- drophobia induced by the bite of a tame fox. In 1825, Lord Dalhousie dissolved the House of Assembly, and when a new one was formed, refused to acknowledge Mr. Papineau as its president. The consequence was all operations in legard to the revenue of the Province were at an end, and no session was held in the w'n- ter of 1827. Public meetings were held, and numerous addresses were sent to Britain ; delegates we:"2 also sent there asking for reform, and a " redress of grievances generally." In reply several enactments were made by His Majesty's ministers to secure to the French Canadians the peaceful enjoyment of their religion, laws and privileges. Sir James Kempt succeeded Lord Dalhousie, who formally accepted Mr. Papineau as speaker, and a satisfactory understanding was arrived at between the Legis- lature and Executive Government. The representation of Lower Canadians increased from 50 to 84 members. He was succeeded by Lord Aylmer, and in 1827, matters approached a crisis. The House passed bills which the Council refused to sanction. The Assembly impeached the Governor before the Parliament, — the Council passed counter addresses denouncing the sentiments of the House. In 1832 and 1834, the Province was visited by that 1832 malignant pestilence the Asiatic cholera, the mortality from which was so great that it was calculated that out of a population of only half a million, a greater number of persons were carried oft' in six months, than in Britain where the population was 18,000,000. During this year political excitement in Montreal ran so high, that during an election the military were called out and 3 persons 26 II* i !il!j III ■:>S! killed. The discontent and opposition of the leaders of Lower Canada to the British Government grew more intense. Royal Commissioners were appointed by Britain to investigate the state of matters in Canada, but they failed to remove the difficulties or 1837 reconcile parties. From 1832 to 1837, the Assembly refused to grant supplies ; affairs were thus brought to a crisis ; public meetings were held in every parish, at which inflammatory speeches were made, the tricolor flr.g, the emblem of revolution, was hoisted, ihe cap of liberty was raised, allegiance was discarded, and a determination evinced by the people to take the matter into their own hands. Matters now assumed a more grave character than even the leaders of the rebellion anticipated. The Catholic clergy remonstrated against the people being led to do acts of violence. The Governments of both Canadas armed all loyalists. Open rebellion ensued at several places, on the arrest of some of the leaders. At St. Denis the loyalists were repulsed ; at St. Charles the insurgents were routed with 100 killed, 372 woundeo, 30 taken prisoners, and every house burnt but one. In various other places numerous armed bands were routed, and on the 5th December the district of Montreal was placed under martial iaw. At St. Kusiache on the 14th December upwards of 1000 insurg'Mits were in arms, but were routed with the loss of about 250, many of whom were burnt or suifoeated in the church in which they took refuge. Sixty houses were burnt at the same time. The next day the insurgents laid down their arms unconditionally, stating that their leaders had deserted them, and were dismissed to their homes and occu- pations. A part of Upper Canada was during this time disturbed by armed bands under Mackenzie, but they were soon scattered. Many of those in arms in both Provinces belonged to the United States ; the government of that country hewevor to prevent invasion, sent General Scott with a corps to enforce neutrality on the western side of the lines. Thus ended the rebellion of 1837, without the ins irgents having gained a single point. In 1838 Lord Durham arrived. H^ dismissed the council, and formed a new one, composed of 13 members from each Province. Having however injudiciously banished to the Bermudas several indivi- duals of distinction, who had been engaged in the insurrection, for which he was much blamed in F^ngland, he resigned his office, and was succeeded by Sir John Colborne. Another insur- rection was unsuccessfully attempted in the fall of the year, and a smart engagement took place at Prescott, where a body of Ame- ricans had landed, known as the " Battle of the Windmill," where 18 of the British were killed, and 156 of the enemy taken prisoners. After a few slighter skirmishes, tranquillity ensued. ,^^: The real foundation of all these troubles arose out of the two T f Lower Royal ihe state ulties or fused to ; public nmatory ralution, ice was to take imed a rebellion inst the nents of isued at 5t. Denis nts we'.e ners, and lumerous listrict of he on the firms, but ere burnt e. Sixty nsurgents ir leaders nd occu- disturbed scattered, e United invasion, on the of 1837, In 1838 brmed a Having 111 indivi- iirrection, igned his ler insur- ar, and a of Ame- ," where y taken f ensued, f the two f 27 conflicting nationalities, different in customs and language. The English were endeavouring to anglicize the French ; the latter were always legislating with a view to the perpetuation of their language, customs, and laws of their fatherland. As a remedy for these evils it was proposed to unite the two provinces. To this the western province agreed, while the Lower Province sent 40,000 signatures to the Imperial Parliament opposing it. The special council of the Lower Province however agreed to the Union, the Bill passed the British Parliament, and Sir Chas. Paulette Thompson was nominated to the Office of Governor General of the two Provinces in 1839, the Union coming into operation in 1840. 1840 Everything went on smoothly till the arrival of Lord Elgin in 1848, when changes in the policy of the Imperial Government with regard to free trade threw the mercantile affairs of the Pro- vince into great confusion, and wide-spread bankruptcy. During this state of depression the ministry introduced a bill for paying the losses sustained during the outbreaks of 1337-8. The meusure was resisted with such auimosity, that it led to the destruction of the Parliament House in Montreal, 1849. In cons vjuence of this the Assembly voted an address, recommending the removal of the seat of Government from Montreal to be fixed for 4 years at Quebec, and 4 at Toronto alternately. Quiet was again resumed. In 1851 Canada achieved a high position at the great Inter- 18M national Exhibition in I^ondon, carrying oft' some of the highest prizes for grain. In the winter of 1852-3, contracts were entered into under Provincial guarantee for constructing the Grand Trunk Railway from Quebec and Portland to Detroit, including in its course the stupendous work acrotis the St. Lawrence known as the Victoria Tubular Bridge. In 1856 in consequence of the great drain on British troops from the mutiny in India, Canada raised a splendid body of men called the 100th Regiment, and presented them to England. In 1858 by an imperial decree, Ottawa was made the capital for both isss Provinces. In 1860 in compliance v;ith an address requesting the Queen to visit Canada, and inaugurate the stupendous Bridge over the St. Lawrence, Her Majesty sent the Prince of Wales as her repre- sentative who embarked from England on the 9th July. Landing at Gaspe on the 14Ui August ; Quebec 18th ; Three Rivers 23rd. and Montreal 24th of the same month. After performing the ceremony of the last finishing stroke on the Victoria Bridge, he proceeded up the Ottawa, and thence to the West. His whole passage through Canada was a complete ovation. He alterwards passed into the neighbouring republic, which he traversed under the title of Baron Renfrew. In 1865 the seat of Government was jges finally removed to Ottawa. A conference had been held in Quebec in the year previous, with a view of uniting in a Con- federate union the Provinces of British North America, to which scheme Nova Scotia, New Jkunswick, and Upper and Lower ;"^ Canada agreed. In 1866 delegates were sent to England to form a constitution, and in 1867 a Bill for the confederation of the Provinces was introduced into the Imperial Parliament, which received the Royal assent on, the 28th March, the name chosen for the whole country being the Dominion of Canada. The work of legislation being accomplished, Her Majesty was gra- ciously pleased to issue her proclamation, declaring that the Dominion of Canada should commence existence on the 1st day 1867 of July 1867. i - It r.. ■/■<'. ■ ,r h i- '} ', ; -'> ■ } . '-i'l' f •^' ' ,^,.-. HISTORY OF ACADIA. From the scanty records we possess, it is not easy to give a correct narrative of the events which transpired in ancient Acadia. Like Canada, it was first colonized by the French, but unlike Canada it frequently changed masters. At every turn in the eventful history of European movements, Acadia became either English or French. Its actual boundaries were continually a matter of dispute between England and France, the latter limiting Acadia to Nova Scotia, while the former claimed all the Lower Provinces, except Newfoundland, as being within its boundaries. The first accounts of any part of Acadia have been alluded to in the history of Canada, where the brothers Cabot in 1498, dis- 1498 covered Newfoundland, and named it Baccalleos, the Basque idiom for cod-fish ; in 1502, the Portuguese commenced fishing on its coasts, and in 1517 the French, Spanish and Portuguese, had so far made their discoveries in the new world useful, that they had established a successful fishery at Newfoundland, in which 57 vessels were engaged. In 1524, Verrazani explored the coast of North America, as far as Newfoundland. In 1534, Jacque:^ Cartier arrived in the Bay of Chaleurs, and in 1540 the English first participated in the Newfoundland fishery. Although England claimed the island on the ground of having been its discoverer, she did not take formal possession till 1583, when Sir Humphrey 1583 Gilbert entered its harbour with ibur vessels, and raised his standard on its rocky shores in England's name. He found the principal harbours occupied by foreign merchantmen, who disputed ^ his right to possession. He, however, convened the British mer- chants at the harbour of St. Johns, and read his commission, authorizing hirn to organize a government. Sir Humphrey was lost in a storm as he was on his return to England, and during ^ - the succeeding 40 years several attempts were made by the English to colonize Newfoundland with but little success. The French so I* V- !1 men of war made it their rendez-vous to the annoyance of the 1603 English settlers. In 1603, France invested De Monts with vice-regal powers, and sent him to colonize Acadia, granting him a mono- poly of the fur traffic in all parts of North America lying between Cape Race up to the 50th degree of latitude. He arrived with four ships at Rossignol (now Liverpool) so called from being the head quarters of a fur trader of that name, whose goods ])c Monts confiscated, and after examining the country he traversed the Bay of Fundy, which hf> named "La Bale Fran9aise." Champlain, his Lieutenant, discovered the St. Croix river, and the St. John — the Ougundy of the Indians. After traversing the coast line of the Bay of Fundy, De Monts sent a part of his fleet under the com- mand of Champlain to the St. Lawrence, while he himself conti- nued to explore the countries bordering the Bay. Remaining over winter on an island at the mouth of the St. Croix, where thirty-six of his men died from scurvy, he removed to Port Royal (now Annapolis), where he left part of his men to found a settle- , ment, and returned to Europe for supplies. The settlers under Ponlvincourt and Lescarbot, the latter a man of a philosophical turn of mind, made considerable progress, and erected a gristmill, the first built in the Lower Provinces. In 1605, De Monts' com- mission having been revoked in consequence of complaints made against him by persons concerned in the fisheries, he returned to France, and the colonists at Port Royal were in consequenoe left in a destitute state. Pontvincourt returned to France, and again embarked for Port Royal with more emigrants and supplies. Settlements were also made at LaHave and other places. In 1610, a Bristol merchant named Guy, founded a colony in New- foundland, at Conception Bay. In 1615, the British Admiralty sent out Capt. Whitbourne to establish order and introduce som. of the forms of English law ; a few years later Lord Baltimore founded a settlement on the south-east side of the island. England having claimed Acadia on the ground of discovery, sent a fleet to destroy the French settlements. The colonists were driven to great extremities, some returning to France, some finding their way to Canada, and others taking refuge with the Indians. After destroying the settlements England abandoned 1620 the country. In 1620, Pontvincourt arrived again from France with a number of skilled artisans. The colonists of Virginia now claimed the country by right of original discovery. Capt. Argall of that colony appeared suddenly before St. Sauveur, and carried the place by storm. The Government of Virginia then resolved to expel the French from every point South of the 45th parallel of North Latitude, including the central region of Acadia, and Argall was commissioned to put the resolution in force. Port Royal was destroyed, and Pontvincourt returned to France. The I 8) Virginians then abandoned Acadia, and it was not till 1621 that England began to colonize it. In that year all Acadia was granted to Sir Wm. Alexander, who first named it Nova Scotia^ or New Scotland, (n the year previous Mr. Richard was nominated British Governor of Newfoundland and Acadia. In 1623, Sir Wm. Alexander (afterwards Earl Stirling) attempted to cany out a more enlarged system of colonization in the latter ; but finding the French in possession, he left the country and returned to Britain. The English, however, built several forts and formed some settlements on the Island of Cape Breton. The French in turn destroyed the English settlements. We next read of Sir Wm. Alexander selling a part of his possessions on the Hiver St, John, to Claad de la Tour, who while in the service of France was made a prisoner by the English. He afterwards joined the I*]nglish navy, married one of the Queen's maids of honour, and was created a baronet of Nova Scotia. Embarking for Acadia, he found his son who was in the service of France in command of a fort, which he refused to abandon ; his father rashly attempied its assault, but after two days, he was repulsed by his son and finally abandoned the place. In 1626, the French formed a settlement at Placentia Bay in Newfoundland. By the treaty of St. Germain in 1632, England ceded Acadia to i632 France, who divided it into three parts, placing a governor over each. Latour the younger was appointed as governor over one of them, and received a grant of all the lands which his father had obtained from Sir William Alexander. Disputes, however, arose between the governors, with respect to the boundaries of their territories, and the fur trade, which ultimately resulted in intestine wars. The French routed the English from their fort at Pema- quid ; Charnisey, one of the governors of Acadia, attacked Latour at St. John, but the latter receiving aid from Massachusetts, strengthened his fort, and drove Charnisey from Iris borders. Here occurred an episode in the history of Acadia worthy of record. Duiing La Tour's absence, Charnisey attempted to lake his fort by surprise, but Madame La Tour, acting a heroic part, defended it so well that the besiegers had to retire with the loss of 35 of their number. This occurred again twice ; but a traitor in the garrison having shown Charnisey an unguarded passage he entered the fort and compelled the heroine, with a halter round her neck, to witness the excmtion of all her soldiers. She shortly afterwards died of a decline. In 1633, the English formed a government in Newfoundland under Lord Falkland, and in 1634, the French commenced to pay a tribute to England of 5 per cent of the pro- duce rather than relinquish the fisheries. In 1654, another settle- ment was made in that island by Sir David Kerkt, and as many as fifteen different settlements contairing about 400 families now 32 ,ll:,ail existed there. England in this year retook all the forts, and des- troyed the principal settlements in Acadia. For some time after it remained in an unappropriated state. Between war, national indifference, and individual greediness, Acadia made but slow progress. 1656 In 1656 Cromwell granted a large part of it, to Sir Thoinas Temple, William Crown, and La Tour, conjointly and severally, who carried on an extensive trade in fish and fur. In 1660 the island of St. Jean (now Prince Edward Island) was granted by the French to Captain Sueve Doublet, who held it for 40 years. 1667 By the treaty of Breda in 1667 Acadia was ag?in restored to France, but little was done in the way of colonization or recon- structing its forts. The country was left to the ravages of pirates. In 1685 its population was only about 900. In 1690 Sir William Phipps with a 40 gun frigate and two armed corvettes took Port Royal and other forts, and then returned to England, taking with him Manneval the French governor. Shortly after, two piratical ships arrived on the coast, burnt the forts, and killed many of the inhabitants. In 1692 Plaisance, the chief French factory in New- foundland, was attacked and partially destroyed by an English squadron under Admiral Williams. By the treaty of Ryswick, 16P6 1696, Acadia was again ceded to France, whence another governor M. de Villebon was sent out. In this year the lown of St. John and all the other settlements in Newfoundland with the exception of Bonavisia and Carbonnieve were destroyed by a French fleet. In 1701, bitter feeling having been engendered between the Anglo-Americans and French colonists by the barbarities of the Indian allies of the latter, hostilities commenced, the New England States sending a large armament, and a land force of 550 men under Colonel Church to subdue the Acadians. This force was repulsed at Port Royal, Beaubasin and ether places, and after destroying a few of the minor places, the expedition returned to Boston. France now appointed a governor and orga- nized a government at Plaisance in Newfoundland. In 1704, the French Governor M. de Subercase took all the forts except Car- bonniere. In 1707 another expedition with 2,000 men appeared before Pori lloyal. The besiegers attempted to assault the place, but were obliged to re-embark in great haste and with consider- able loss. The English then sent a squadron under Sir John Leake to Newfoundland, who dispersed the French and took 29 1710 of their vessels as prizes. In 1710 another expedition of 50 vessels with 3,500 men from New England invested Port Royal ; the governor Subercase sustained a bombardment for twenty days, when he capitulated. The garrison, 1£3 soldiers, were allowed to march out with all the honors of war. The name of the place was now changed to Annapolis. A garrison of 450 was left in 33 possession. The position of the Acadians who were strongly attached to France, the land of their fathers, was truly lamentable ; the country continually pasaeu from one power to the other, each in turn claiming allegiance, and on failing to comply, th'^y were made liable to all the wonted penalties of rebellion. Finally by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Acadia along with Newfoundland HIS was restored to England, which thus obtained the principal keys to Canada. After the capitulation of Port Royal, General Nicholson was appointed Governor of Nova Scotia. France now began to fortify Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton, which they renamed, calling it L'isle Royale, naming the settlement in honour of the French king. Hither many of the French repaired from Nova Scotia. In 1719 a company was formed for the purpose oi clearing the interior of Prince Edward Island, and establishing fisheries on the coast, but in consequence of misunderstandings between the partners, the project fell to the ground. In 1720 the fortifications of Louisburg were completed at a cost of £1,500,000 stg. The town was about one mile long with a population of 4,000, and sent annually about 25 vessels laden with fish, lumber and coal to the West Indies. In this year the Indians who had been stimulated to acts of cruelty by the French, plundered some mercantile establishment?; at Canso, and in 1723 captured 17 vessels, taking a number of prisoner" whom they treated with great barbarity. In retaliation the English destroyed the chief Indian fort, at Kennebec, putting to death a large number of the savages. The straits of Canso were called by the French " Pas- sage de BVonsac." War was again declared by France against England. The French fleet at Louisburg captured several English vessels, and the Governor M. Duquesnel destroyed the English forts and settlements at Canso. In 1728 the English reorganised a government in Newfoundland, appointing Captam Osborne governor, courts were established, and efforts were made to con- ciliate the savages who had hitherto harassed the settlers. In 1745 the New England colonies sent 4,000 militiamen under 1745 Col. Pepperel against Acadia ; Admiral Warren also arrived from England with a iew ships of war, who captured a French ship of 64 guns, having on board 560 soldiers and a large quantity of supplies. After having been five times repulsed with a loss of 189 men Louisburg was compelled to surrender. In order to retrieve these losses and save Canada which was now threatened, France fitted out a powerful naval force with 3,000 troops under D'Anville, but when on its way near the coast of France a tem- pest arose which scattered the vessels insomuch, that only a small number arrived on the coast of Acadia, and those so disabled that they returned to France without firing a shot. To aid this fleet 600 Canadians had been sent from Quebec; 400 of them were 3 I' 34 sent to destroy Port Royal, but after a slight skirmish they aban- doned the enterprise and retired to Beaubasin. France des- patched another fleet of 38 sail, which on its passage was met by an English fleet, and in a hotly contested engagement defeated with great loss. n48 In 1748 peace was again proclaimed and by the treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle, Cape Breton again restored to France. The French under De la Come erected a fort at Beaubasin (now Cumberland,) and another at Bay Verte afterwards called Moncton. Many of the French from Nova Scotia entered these forts in consequence of their disaffection for the English, who threatened to dispatriate them for disloyalty. In 1749, there arrived at Chebucto, which now changed its name in honour of its patron, to Halifax, 3670 colonists. The Government of Acadia was vested in the Honorable Edward Cornwallis. Troubles again arose with regard to its boundaries, the French contending that it was bounded by the isthmus ; they established forts in New Bnmswick, and after a short siege two of them capitulated. The French then left Nova Scotia in large numbers for the Bay of Chaleurs. On the 10th of 1765 September 1755 the Acadians were all summoned to their respec- tive villages to hear the king's proclamation regarding their expatriation, and the confiscation of Iheir property by the English. They were sent in vessels to other countries, the principal part of them being scattered along the coast between Boston and Carolina. However justifiable this act may have appeared to its perpetrators of a century ago, to us of the present age it seems harsh and cruel in the extreme. After this, war was again declared between England and France. The latter had fortified Louisburg which in 1756 had 1,100 troops within its walls. The English captured a French frigate with 600 troops on board, and Lord Lowden arrived off" Louisburg with 90 vessels and 6,000 men in June, 1757 ; this force was joined by Admiral Holboum's fleet with 5,000 British soldiers. In the meantime a French fleet of 17 ships of the line and 3 frigates arrived at Louisburg under Admiral de la Motte. The English finding the fort strongly gar- risoned, retired, but receiving additional forces again appeared before Louisburg ; a violent storm however arose which dismasted 1 1 of their vessels, drove one ashore, and disabled the rest. Thus ended two formidable attempts to destroy Louisburg. On the 2nd June, 1758, Admiral Boscawen appeared before the fort with 24 ships of the line, 18 frigates and a number of trans- ports, having on board a large siege train and 14,000 troops under General Amherst. The French ignoiant of the power England was putting forth, had withdrawn part of their forces to reinforce Canada. The chief strength of the place lay in the diflUculty of the enemy's disembarking to attack it, and in the facility witn 85 met by ifeated )t' Aix- Prench rland,) [any of quence )atriate which , 3670 norable I to its [ by the after a 't Nova 10th of respec- ig their English. pal part Lon and >d to its Lt seems again fortified s. The [id, and d 6,000 bourn's ch fleet g under ly gar- ippeared Ismasted Thus tfore the If trans- )s under England jinforce [culty of ly witn which the entrance to the harbour could be barred. The French force including sailors was about 7,000 ; the English at least three times that number. The latter attemplocl a landing in three divisions, one under general Wolfe, the others under Lawrence and Whitmore. After much trouble and loss of life Wolfe at the head of 3,000 men got possession of some of the fortifications. Some heights were gained whence the English artillery ])layed upon the town with great effect, the fleet assisting will their guns. A French 74 gun ship was flred by an English shell, and two others consumed near it, two more being (captured. The defence of the place was spirited, but flnding tlie odds so heavily against them , with the garrison reduced to less than 1,000 men, the French caphulaled July 2nd.' The Englisl^ demolished the stronghold to prevent it again falling into the enemy's hands, and thus this fort which had withstood several sieges, was blotted out. In 1761 a treaty of peace was concluded with the Indians, and instead of Louis of France, George III of England was acknow- ledged as the great father of the tribe. In 1762 a French fleet arrived oft* Newfoundland, and took possesr^ion of St. Johns and other places, but were shortly after dispossessed by Lord Colville. Quebec had now fallen, and in 1763, by the treaty of Paris, Canada and the Lov/er Provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Bieton and Prince Edward Island, were placed under one government. The coast of Labrador was annexed to Newfoundland. This island had sulFered much during the continued outbreaks. Its population was now about 13,000. Captain Cooke had during the last few years b^en making surveys of the coast upon which the present maps are founded. In 1770 Prince Edward Island obtained a separate government. During the hostilities between the Mother Country and the old colonies Acadia again became the scene of conlliet. The mass of the people remained loyal, though the rebels induced some of the Indians to join them, who burnt several forts and destroyed some of the settlements. In 1779 the savages assembled in large numbers on the River St. John with a view of murdering the inhabitants, but were conciliated by presents. A similar attempt on the Miramichi was frustrated by the opportune arrival of a sloop of war. These were the last attempts at an Indian outbreak. In 1783, — the termination of the war, — the population of Nova Scotia was about 14,000, being 5,000 less than it was before the deporta- tion of the Acadians, which act was now seriously r'egretted. About 20,000 loyalists came from the old colonies and settled. At the close of the American war, the French and Americans were admitted to a participation in the fisheries of Newfoundland. France was allowed the privilege of fishing and drying fish on the shore from Cape St. John along the western coast to Cape Ray ; 3* 1762 1779 36 the Americans retained the right of fishing, bat the procosa of drying and curing had to be carried on intiie unsettled creeks and harbours of Nova Scotia, Magdalen islands and Labrador. 1784 Nova Scotia wa« divided in 1784, and New Brunswick and Cape Breton were each erected into a .separate Province, and from this period Ihe events of each form a separate division. NOVA SCOTIA. • . In 1785 a monthly line of |)ackets was established between England and Halifiix. In 1787 Nova Scotia was erected into an Episcopal diocese, In 1788 the House of Assembly impeached the Judges of 1 he Supreme Court lor improper administration of justice. In this year the Duke of Kent, liilhcr of Queen Victoria, ir.ade Halifax his residence for several years. This event with that of the protractted war with France which broken out in 1793, and the American war of 1812, when Halifax became the rendez- vous of Englisii licet, gave to the city a naval appearance, and materially aided its progress. In 1802 a Royal charter was granted to Kings College, Windsor. During the American war of 1812, N(A'a Seotiu organized her militia and appropriated a large part of her revenue to assist in defending the country. In 1819 Cape Breton was reannexed to this Province. In 1828 a large part of the coal mines of the Province were granted to the Duke of York by Royal Charter for 60 years. In 1839 angry discussions arose in the logishiture as to the constitution of the Executive Council, which resulted in the establishment of responsible government in 1848. In 18G6 she accepted the terms of Confe- deration and was admitted under the Union Act into the Dominion of Janada, 1st July, 1867. NEW BRUNSWICK. In 1784 the present limits of New Brunswick were divided from Nova Scotia and erected into u separate Province by a special constitutional charter, the administration over which was confined to Colonel Carleton. In 1785 the first general election took place, and in January 1786 the first legislative assembly was held at St. John. Fredericton formerly called St. Anne's was constituted its political capital. In ISOi Governor Carleton was removed to England having governed uc Province for nearly 20 years, daring which period it increased rapidly in population and importance. In 1825 a great fire originated near Miramichi, and spread over one third of the Province, resulting in the loss of many lives and great destruction of property, valued at £204,323. The legislature of Lower Canada voted £2,500 for the relief of the sufferers, and contributions to the extent of £35,383 were received firom Great 37 Britain, United Stales and neiqhboring colonieH. In 1839 dispute*, arose between New Brunnwick and the State of Maine as to their common boundary, when the latter made preparutionu to invade the Province New Brunswicii appropriated its whole revenue, and Nova Scotia £100,000 and 8,000 men in defence of the Pro* vince. Through the exertions of Sir John Hurvey, Gov(^mor of New Brunswick, actual hostilities wer^; avoided. TIh^ boundary matter was finally adjusted in 1842. In 1866 this Province was admitted into the Union under the Confe ion in the name of the British Crown and installed himself as t r,- jor, July 29, 1629. U»d^v During the revolution in England which drove James II. from the throne, the B'rench having espoused the Stuart cause, hostilities began between the colonists of the two nations. In 1690, at an expense of £15,000 a twofold expedition by land and by water, was undertaken by tlje English Colonists. The fleet destined to attack Quebec, sailed from Boston under the command of Sir Wm. Phipps, an American by birth, and reached Tadousac before De Frontenac was aware of their approach. On \\m 16th 42 October, the fleet appeared below Quebec, and Phipps in the name oi William and Mary summcied the garrison to surrender. The young oflUcer by whom this summons was conveyed on shore, was received by De Frontonac and his full staff" in the castle of St. Louis, and received from the Governor a most spirited refusal, with a declaralion that they acknowledged no king of England save James II. The envoy asked for an answer in writing to which De Fronlenac replied ; '' I am going to answer your master by the cannons mouth." No sooner had he returned to Phipps' vessel, than the fort opened tire on the fleet. A sharp action followed, in which the flag was shot away from Phipps' ship, and fell a piize to the Canadians, a party of whom, regardless of the fire from the ships, swam out into the river and rescued it from the stream. This flag hung for years in the church of the Recollets, till the building was destroyed by fire during the siege of 1760. On the 18tli 1500 English troops landed near the River St. Charles, but not without sustaining great loss from the constant fire kept up by the French from amongst the rocks and bushes. Four of the la -est vessels were anchored opposite the town, which bombarded tht < ^ lore to the alarm than injury of the inhabi- tants, but the fire a the batteries was directed with such effect as to compel them lO move up the river beyond Cape Diamond. A sharp skirmish took place on the 1 9th and on the 20th an action was fought, in which the French made a gallant stand, and com- pelled the English to retreat to Beauport, leaving their cannons and ammunition. Finding themselves completely worsted, they two days afterwards reembarked and returned to Boston. To add to their mishap they lost, through ignorance of the channel, eight vessels in descending the river. To celebrate this victory a medal was struck in France. 1759. In this year was opened the memorable campaign which ended in the surrender of Canada to Britain. The daring and chivalric Marquis de Montcalm being in command of the French troops, and General Wolfe in command of the English. Wolfe first attemoted a landing at Montmorency, where some French troops lay intrenched. Here he suffered so shaip a repulse that he despatched word to England, that he despaired of reducing Quebec that season. Afterwards he made the bold attempt to land just above the town. In this he fully succeeded, landed and scaled the heights on the night of September 12th, and on the morning of the 13th was fought the battle of the Plains, which decided the fate of Canada, and terminated the lives of both Montcalm and Wolfe. On the 18th. the city capitulated and General Murray assumed the command. 1760. In April of this year General Levis who succeeded !Montcalm, marched against Quebec, and after a furious contest of 43 two hours, defeated General Murray, close to the city, who over- powered by numbers was obliged to return to the city with the loss of 1000 men, and laid siege to it, but succor arriving to the British in the shape of troops under Admiral Swanton, his efforts proved abortive, and he was compelled to retire with precipitation to Montreal. 1775. The invasion of Canada by the troops of the American Congress, during the war of independence rendered this year remarkable in the annals of the Province. Quebec was again a point of contest between the contending parties, being attacked by the Federal forces under Generals Arnold and Montgomery. Their plan tliough bravely carried out, was rashly designed, and resulted in the defeat of the Americans and the death of Mont- gomery. THE SIEGE OV 1629. roops he aebec just aled ngof d the and urray jeded est of In the year 1628, Sir David Kertk, accompanied by Wm. de Caen, a traitor :o his country, penetrated as far as Tadousac with a powerful squadron, and thence summoned the Governor of Quebec to ar> immediate surrender, admonishing him that as famine reigned in Quebec, and no supplies could reach by sea, the entry to the St. Lawrence being blockaded by the English fleet, it would be impossible for him to hold out anj longer. Champlain who had founded the colony, had at that time the command of Quebec. Relying perhaps as much on a bold front as on the strength of the defences or the prowess of the garrison, he saved the settlement from Kertk's irresistible force by the spirited reply of himself and his companions. In order to disguise the nakedness of the land, he ostentatiously feasted those whom Kertk had sent to deliver his missive, although the inhabi- tants then had no resources whatever, and lived upon seven ounces of bread daily, served out from the Government stores. When the messengers returned to Kertk with these tidings, that officer mistnisting the reports he had previously heard of the state of Quebec, returned to the Gulf. Here meeting with vessels under Roquemont, laden with provisions lor the relief of Quebec, lie chased and easily captured them. This increased the sufferings of the garrison during the ensuing winter, the returns of the small patches of land under tillage having proved very scanty. Had Kerkt acted at once after destroying Roquemont's fleet, he might have obtained his object, for at that time there were not more than 50lbs. ot powder in the garrison. It is recorded that so great was the privation of the inhabitants of Quebec during the winter, no sooner had the snow disappeared from the ground, than num- bers of those whom want had not quite prostrated, went forth to liE ■ I: ^11 li •::; 44 the contiguous wilderness to search for roots to keep life in their bodies. In the midst of this distress, Champlain set an example of patience, assuring his people, tliat doubtless supplies would soon arrive from France. Spring however came and went, and the first months ot summer were being entered upon without relief. Every wood for leagues round the city having been ransacked for petty edibles, the suiferers had become utterly despondent, when all were roused into glad expectation on hearing that three inward bound vessels were near and had been signalled. Their joy however was short lived. They proved to be English ships of war commanded by Lewis and Thomas Kerkt, sent on by the Admiral their brother, who had remained at Tadousac. They sent under the protection of a white flag the following summons : — - ... (( "July 19th 1629. Sir, — Our brother having last year informed you that sooner or later he would take Quebec, he desires us to offer you his friendship and respects, as we also do on om* part ; and 1. nowing the wretched state of your garrison, we order you 1o surrender the fort and settlement of Quebec into our hands, offering you terms that you will consider reasonable, and which shall be granted on your surrender." To this Champlain replied as follows : " " Gentlemen, — It is true that owing to the want of succour and assistance from France, our distress is very great, and that we are incapable of resistance ; I therefore desire that you will not fire on the town, nor land your troops until the articles of capitu- lation can be drawn up." Articles of Capitulation proposed by Champlaix. be '• That Messieurs Kertk shall produce the King of England^s Commission, by virtue of which they summon the place to sur- render, as an evidence that war had been declared between France and England. " That they should also produce authority by which they were empowered by their brother David Kerkt, admiral of the fleet; " That a vessel should be furnished for transporting to France all the French, without excepting two Indian women ; " That the soldiers should march out with their arms and baggage; ' . r— . r " That the vessel to be provided to carry the garrison to France shall be well victualled, to b ■ p?id for in peltries ; , " That no violence or insult shall be offered to any person ; Ince ind Ince 45 " That the vessel to be provided shall be ready for departure three days afte • their arrival at Tadousac, and that they shall be transported." . . . . , ■ ' Answer of the Kerkts. " That they had not thi jmrnission from the King of England, but thtii their brother had it at Tadousac ; that they were empowered by their brothej to treat with Champlain ; *' That a vessel would be provided, and if not .sufficiently large, they would be put on board the ships of the French fleet, and from thence sent to France ; " That the Indian women could not be given up, for reasons to be explained when they met ; " That the officers and soldiers should march out with their arms, baggage and other effects." From the terms of capitulation proposed by Champlain, we may judge that France had, at that time, possessed very little perma- nent footing in the Country, and by stipulating for the removal of " all the French," he seems to have considered the province was virtually lost to France, and the fact of a single vessel only being asked for to transport them, reduces the number to a small com- pass, With Quebec, fell of course, the whole of Canada into the power of England. SIEGE OF 1690. Canada again in 1632 being restored to France, a dubious tran- quillity existed till 1690, when Quebec, for the second time, under command of the gallant Count de Frontenac, made a vigorous and honorable defence against the forces of Sir Wm. Phipps, Governor of Massachusetts. For some years previously, the French had vigorously availed themselves of their geographical position, to harass the colonies in New England and New York. Their possession of Acadia enabled France to command and cripple the commerce and fisheries of the Eastern colonies, which roused to a sense of thejr dangers, made great exertions to deliver themselves from their restless neigh- bours. — Having, in 1690, taken Port Royal in Acadia, they at- tempted the capture of Quebec, the centre of the French power in America. The immediate cause of this attempt was the invasion of New York by marauding parties who laid waste the country with fire and sword, and murdered in cold blood, the unresisting inhabitants of Schenectady. Provoked with these savage attacks, and with the terrors of further cruelties and encroachments, the English Colonists of America, resolved to carry the war into 46 i ! ijii 11 Canada. Having requested in vain, from tiio Mother Country, a supply of ships and ammunition, they resolved to bear the burden of the invasion, and free themselves, if possible, from further dan- gers. By means of commissioners assembled at New York, they despatched a force by land, under General Winthrop, which was completely unsuccessful, and a naval squadron under the com- mand of Governor Phipps, which appeared before Quebec, on the 16th October. Frontenac who had led the troops to repel the land attack, having ordered the Governors of Montreal and Three Rivers to follow him with all their disposable forces of regulars and militia, hastened to strengthen the defences of the city, con- sisting of rude embankments of timber and earth a few days before the arrival of the hostile squadron, and seems to have infused into his soldiers, his own heroic confidence of success. On the arrival of the fleet at Beauport, Sir Wm. Phipps concluded to send a summons on shore, of whicn, the following copy shows his haughty style : " To Count de Frontenac, Lieut. General and Governor for the French King at Canada, or in his absence^ to his deputy, or him or them in chief command. " The war between the two crowns of England and France, does not only sufficiently warrant, but the destruction made by the French and Indians, under your command and encouragement, upon the persons and estates of their Majesties' subjects of New England, without provocation on their part, hath put them under the necessity of this expedition for their security and satisfaction, and although the cruelties and barbarities used against them by the French and Indians, might upon the present occasions, prompt to a severe revenge, yet being desirous to avoid all inhumanity and unchristian-like actions, and to prevent the shetlding of blood as much as may be, I, Wm. Phipps, Knight, do hereby and in the name and in behalf of their most excellent Majesties, William and Mary, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, defenders of the Faith, and by order of their Majesties' said Government of the Massachusetts colony, in New England, demand a surrender of your forts and castles, and the things and other stores, u .mbezzled, with a seasonable delivery of all cap- tives, togethcx with a surrender of all your persons and estates to my disposal. " Upon the doing whereof, you may expect mercy from me, as a christian, according to what shall be found for their Majesties' service and the subjects security, and am resolved by the help of God, in whom I trust, by force of arms, to revenge all wrongs and injuries offered, and bring you under subjection to the Crown of England ; and when too late, make you wish you had accepted the favour tendered. ^.i ,^r Tuar . ^-:v-^.^-'X''-r:.s' i::'iUisM^ of -tf. 47 a tion. the and and, said and, and as a sties' Ipof and ■rn of pted ** Your answer positive in an hour — returned with your own trumpet, with the return of mine, is required — upon the peril that will ensue." Frontenac was a man of great pride, who resided in the castle of St, Louis, amidst all the splendour with which lie could pos- sibly surround himself. Being resolved to astonish the English officer who was sent on shore with the summons under flag of truce, he caused him to be met by a French Major, who placed a bandage over his eyes, and conducted him by a very circuitous route to the castle. Every delusion was practised to make him believe that he was in the midst of a numerous garrison. On arriving at the castle the bandage was removed and he found himself in the presence of the Governor General, the Intendant, the Bishop and a large staff of French officers in full uniform, who were clustered together in the middle of the hall. With the greatest self-pcssession the young officer presented the summons to surrender, to which Frontenac gave the well-known haughty reply, on being asked for an answer in writing — " I am going to answer your master by cannons mouth ; he shall be taught this is not the manner in which a person of my rank ought to be sum- moned." The bandage being replaced the officer was conducted with the same mysteries to his boat, and was no sooner on board the Admiral's vessel than the batteries began to play upon the fleet. During the engagement that ensued two captains, Paul Le Moyne de Maricourt, and De Lorimier, took charge of the batteries and pointed the cannon so accurately as hardly ever to miss. It was the former of these who shot down the flag of the admiral, which as soon as it fell was picked up by some of the forces who, one tradition affirms swam out, and another says went out in a canoe to pick it up, and "brought it ashore under the very beard of the English." This flag which was afterwards suspended to the ceiling of Quebec Cathedral as a trophy, remained there till that edifice was consumed in the siege of 1759. On the 18th Phipps attempted to capture Quebec on the land siae, by an attack on the River St. Charles, in which he sustained great loss from the constant fire kept up by the French from amongst the rocks and bushes. Four of his largest vessels then anchored opposite the town and commenced a furious bombard- ment, but the fire from the batteries was directed with such effect as to compel them to move up the river beyond Cape Diamond. A sharp skirmish took place on the 19th, and on the 20th an action was fought in which the French made a gallant stand and com- pelled the English to retreat to Beauport, leaving their cannon and ammunition behind. The following extract is from the journal of one of the besieged : " The danger was so evident that the bravest officers regarded the capture of Quebec as inevitable. M 48 Tn spite of all our fears we prepared different places for the reception of the wounded, because the combat had commei :ed with an air to make us believe our hospital would not be capable of containing those who might have need of our assistance ; but God spared the blood of the French, — there were few killed and fewer wounded. Quebec was badly fortified for a siege ; it con- tained very few arms, and no provisions, and the troops that had come from Montreal had consumed the little food that there was in the city. The nuns restricted themselves to a daily morsei of bread, and the loaves which they furnished to the soldiers were impatienlly devoured in the shape of dough — terror and distress reigned in the city, for everything diminished excepting hunger. The fruits and vegetables of our gardens were pillaged by the soldiers, they warmed themselves at our expense and burned our wood. Everything appeared sweet to us, provided we could be preserved from falling into the hands of those whom we considered as the enemies of God, as well as of ourselves." On the 22nd, perceiving the impractibility of attacking a city almost impregnable by nature, and swarming with zealous defenders, the expedition re-embarked and returned to Boston. All t'le English narratives of the siege ascribed the defeat to Sir William's procrastinating disposition, but Charlevoix asserts he was delayed by head winds and bad pilots. Had the English forces arrived three days sooner, they could not have failed to achieve an easy and almost bloodless conquest ; but during that period, time for defence was aflbrded, and M. de Calliere, Governor of Montreal, reinforced the garrison with his men, rendering the besieged numerically superior to the besiegers. But even in this apparently untoward circumstance Phipps might have discerned the gleams of certain victory, for the increased consumption of uipplies, originally scanty, would soon have enlisted on his side the powerful aid of famine. To add to his misfortune, seven or eight of his vessels were lost in the Gulf through the ignorance of the pilot in this retreat. SIEGE OF 1759, France having engaged in war with England in 1754, being now fully aware of the importance of Canada, sent out a chosen body of troops under the command of the gallant and experienced Montcalm, who obtained a series of successes over the British, culminating in the massacre of nearly 2000 English prisoners by the Indian allies of the French. This completely roused the indignation of the English, and led to those mighty preparations which finally overthrew the power of France in America. In 1759 the invasion of Canada by sea and land was decided on by 19 ,1! the British, the force destined fo proceed by sea to Quebec being under the connnund ol" General VVoH'e, and that by land under General Ainh(n*st, who j)ro(rc{(ling by wny of [.akc^Chiimphiin and the Iticheliiui, wa.s to reach the St. Lawreme and join the other army before Quebec. VV^olfe's iirmy arnountinij to about 8000 men, was conveyed to the vicinity of Quebec i)y a lleet of ve^neis of war and transports, under the command of Admind Saunders, and landed in two divisioi on the Island ol" Orleans on the 27th June. The army consisted of eight re<^iiuents, two battalions of Royal Americans, three companies of Rangers, Artillery, and a brigade of Engineers. The lleet that conveyed tliem consisted of twenty-two ships of the line, and as many frigates and armed vessels, one of the ships being ctonnnanded by Jervis, afterwards Earl St. Vincent, and anothcir i)y Cook, celebrated afterwards for circumnavigating the globe. - -: Montcalm in the meanwhile had made vigorous preparations for defending Quebec. lie had entrenched llu> western bank of the Montmon^ncy, and had thrown up redoubts between that river and tlie St. Charles. The stronghold on the promontory of Cape Diamond bristled with cannon ; above the city, steep banks ren- dered landing almost impossible. Of regular troops he only possessed six wasted battalions, but the Canadian Militia gave him the superiority in numbers, nnd for nine miles or more above the city, as far as Cap Rouge, every landing place was intrenched and protected. '! he French during a furious storm of wind sent down fire ships among the English shipping, but these; being towed by some British boats which rowed out to them were st(>ered clear of the fleet, and so did no harm. On the 29th .June, Wolfe who retained possession of the river ordered Monckton to Point Levi, where he constructed batteries of cannon and mortars, whence he bombarded the town furiously. By the discharge of red hot balls and shells fifty houses were set on (ire in one night, the lower town was demo- lished, and the upper one seriously injured. The citadel however was beyond their reach, and every avenui; from the river to the cliff was too strongly intrenched for an assault. No real progress however resulted from Wolfe's movements, and being eager for anything that would relieve him from what might be looked upon at home as inactivity, he reconnoitered the Montmorency, saw that the eastern bank was higher than the opposite one occupied by Montcalm, landed and encamped, but found no way of crossing the rapids and eddies of that river. Three miles higher up was a ford, but the opposite shore was steep and carefully intrenched. Finding any attempts useless in this quarter he re-embarked his men, and in company with Admiral Saunders personally exa- mined the shore above the city. Proceeding in a boat up to the ■X. Mi li ft? ;• (' 'i 60 ,|2 ^^1 St. Charles Kivor hu boliclcl every wlicre a natural fastne.ss vigi- lantly (Idrndod, intr<*nchm<*nts, cannon, boats and lloating batteries i^uarding i^very aeeess. On the 20th July, the French sent down another ral't of fire ships, which however the British fleet avoided, aH they had done belore. Wolfe then returned to Montmorency, delertnined on an enij^ageuient there at all hazards. Inniiediat(dy below the Falls of that river there is a ford at low water, which it was planned should be crossed by two brigades at the pr()j)er time of the tide, while Monckton's regiments should cross from Point Levi at slack tide. Sonic of the boi'ts however from thence grounded on a ledg(! of rocks, and while they were being got oil', the (>nemy k«'p1upan incessant fire of shot and shell. Nevertheless an attack was begun, several of the regiments which first got ashon;, dashed up to the inlrenchments and were repulsed in such English troops were going downward, had not occurred to him. He was unwill- ing to believe in the possibility of a landing having been ert'ected, for as far as a ))itched battle was concerned, it was his weak side. He might have taken shelter behind the walls of (Quebec, and it might have been found impossible even for Wolfe to have carried the works. It is besides doubtful that any benefit would have accrued to the English from such a landing so late in the year, had Montcalm clone nothing but abandon his intrenchments on the Montmorency and St. Charles, and have concentrated his whole strength in Quebec; but Montcalm did not do so. He at once prepared to attack Wolfe, and h( ped to be enabled to drive him into the river again befon; midday. It was with this latter view that he hastily crossed the valley of the St. Charles, and before ten in the forenoon, the two armies, one being composed of less than 5,000 men, stood opposite each other. The English were all regulars ; the French partly regulars, partly colonial corps, partly burghers of Quebec, and partly Indians. For nearly an hour the two : mies canonaded each other, Montcalm having the advantage of position, his army being posted in a crescent shape from what is now the St. Charles road. The French had three field pieces, and the English only one. Montcalm sent messages for De Vaudreuil and Bourgainville to come up ; but without waiting for their arrival, he at last led the French army impetuously to the attack. The French, broken by thcur precipitation and by the unevenness of the ground, fired irregularly by platoons, while the English, especially the 43rd and 47th where Monckton stood, received the shock with calmness ; and after having, at Wolfe's command, reserved their fire till the enemy was within forty yards, their line began a regular, rapid, and exact discharge of musketry. Montcalm rushed from point to point, cheering by his example, and encourjiging by his presence his men, many of whom, unaccustomed to military discipline, could with difficulty be kept together. He was wounded, and his second in com- 4* ,i 52 mand, DeSezzencrgues, an associate in glory at Ticor.Jcroga, had been killed. The Canadians at length, under a hot fire, in the open field, began to waver, which Wolfe perceiving, he placed himself at the head of the 28lh and the Louisbourg grenadiers, gave the word to charge, and the French fled before the British bayonet in wild disorder, ('olonel Guy Carleton was injured; Wolfe's Adjutant General IJarie had lost an eye ; Wolfe himself had been wounded in the wrist, and as he j^ushed forward with the grenadiers, received a second wound frusket ball in the gioin ; he, however, si ill press(.'d on, and just as the enemy were about to give way and the fortune of the day was decided, a third ball struck him in the breast and inflicted a mortal wound. His principal care was that he should not be seen to fall. " Sup- port me," said he to an ollicer near him, " let not my brave sol- diers see me fall." The charge still continued, when the officer on whose shoulder he leaned exclaimed : " They run." " Who runs," asked the dying hero with some emotion. The officer replied : " The enemy, sir, they give way every where." What.* said he, " do they rrm already ? Pray, one of you go to Colonel Burton antl tell him to march VVebi)'s regiment with all speed down to St. Charles River, to cut off the retreat of the fugitives from the bridge. Now God be praised, I die happy," and imme- diately xpired. Monckton had been shot through ihe lungs, and Wolfe being dead the command of the English army devolved upon 'I'ownsliend, brave but not sagacious, and who when De Bourgainville apj)eared in view, declined a contest with a fresh enemy. Montcalm, who would have turned such an incident to account, was no mon;. In allempling to rally a body of fugitive Canadians, in a copse near St. John's Gate, he was mortally wounded. Assured by his surgeon that he would survive for twelve hours, he called a council of war, and showed that within that time, all the French troops near at hand might be concentrated, and the attack renewed l)efure the thiglish were intrenched; and when DeR-amsay who commanded the garrison asked his advice about defending the city, he simply replied : " To your keeping I commend the honor of France. As for me I must pass the night with God, and prepare myself for death." Before he died he paid the victorious army this magnanimous compliment : " Since it was my misfortune to be discomfited and mortally wounded, it is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so brave and gene- rous an enemy. If I could surv.iiv(! this wound, I would engage to beat three times the number of such forces as I commanded this morning, with a third of British troops." The day of battle had scarcely passed, when DeVaudreuil who had no capacity for war, wrote to DcRamsay at Quebec, not to wait for an assault, but as soon as his provisions were exhausted, 53 W9 to hoist the white (lag of surrender. On the 17th September, De Ramsay capitulated on terms honourable to the French, who wer'3 not made prisoners, but conveyed home to their own country. General Murray then assumed command. The capture of Quebec may be said to have decided the fate of the French dominion in Canada. When Quebec fell, America rang with exultation, the hills glared with bonfirt's ; legislatures, the pulpits, the press echoed the general joy, provinces and fami- lies gave thanks 1o God. England too which had shared the des- pondency of Wolfe, triumphed at his victory and wept for his death. Admiral Saunders, with all the fleet except two ships, sailed for England on the 18th of October, Quebec being left to the care of General Murray with about 3,000 men. SIEGE OF 1760. Ivice ni r>a 1 (ht id ;e it it is Irene- ided 1 who lot to Isted, During the winter of 1759-60 Quebec was held by a handful of British troops, 3,000 miles from the mother country, and com- pletely cut ofllVom all prospect of aid or succour throughout the wint(;r months Reinforcements from England were out of the question, until the spring of 1700 burst the icy bonds of the St. Lawrence. Reinforcements from the then friendly provinces of Boston and New York were equally impossible, because of the dense forests, and the other impassable naUu-al barriers which extended south of the St. Lawrence from the Gulf to the great lakes. The French were still in considi.'rable strength throughout Canada, and their hearts were with King Louis and French con- nexion. All the other posts throughout Canada with the excep- tion of Quebec were held by French garrisons, Canadian militia, and Indian auxiliaries. In the month ot April the French army which had been collected in the neighbourhood of Montreal under the command of Che- valier de Levi, marched towards Quebec for the purpose of attacking and regaining it. He arrived on the 28th April with an army of 10,000 men within three miles of the ancient city, when Murray determined to make a sortie with all his troops, intending, if an occasion presenled itself, either to give battle, or else to fortify himself, should De Levis' force appear to be too considerable to resist in open field. Meanwhile De Levis who had ridden out with his stafloflicers tor-'connoitre the position, of the British, no sooner preceived this forward movement than he sent orders to his army *^ quicken its march towards the Plains of Abraham. Murray seeing only the French van resolved to attack it before the soldiers could take breath after their march ; but he had to deal with an adversary of mark, and cool tempera- ment withal. A most spirited contest ensued, and the fire was •t 11 54 heavy on both sides. The offensive movement intended by Murray by the road of S<.e. Foy failed, and the check he thus sustained enabled the French to attack him in their turn. De Levi by a brilliant mancEuvre took in flank the whole of Murray's army, while Colonel Poulardier attacked and trans- pierced the whole mass and put them to flight. D<; Levi pro- fiting by their disorder, charged the British right wjng, and completely routed it. Thus the whole French force advanced in pursuit of the beaten foe ; but an ill delivered order entrusted to an officer gave them lime to reach the city before their flight could he intercepted, hniving in their victors hands their whole artillery, ammunition, and the intrenching tools tluiy had brought with them, besides a portion of the wounded. Their loss was considerable, nearly 4,000 corpses strewing the ground on both sides. The balth? lasted, according to General Murray, one hour and three quarters. He acknowledged in his despatch to Pitt losing one-third of his men, and the French 2,500. Had the French been less fatigued than they were, and assailed the city without allowing the British tinie to recover themselves, it would probably again have fallen under the domination of its former masters, for such was the confusion, says Knox, that the British neglected to reman the ramparts, the sentinels were absent from their posts Avhen the fugitives entered the lower town, and even the city gates stood open for some time. But De Levis' triumph did not last long. On the evening of the battle he broke ground within 600 yards of the walls, and next day commenced to bombard the town, but without producing much effect. If General Murray was guilty of any rashness in leaving his fortified position to attack the enemy, he amply atoned for it by the vigor with which he placed Quebec in a state of defence, and held out till relief arrived. On the night of the 15th May, news was received of the approach of the English squadron under Admiral Swanton from Halifax, and De l^evi al)andoned the siege with great precipita- tion, leaving his wliole battering train, camp and camp furniture, intrenching tools, &c., behind him. He was pursued and several prisoners taken. The brave; garrison pent up amid a hostile popu- I ition, and worn down by service and sickness, welcomed the succour with that grateful joy which might be expected from men in their position. SIEGE OF 1775. The invasion of Canada by the troops of the American congress rendered the year 1775 remarkable in the annals of the P'-ovince. Canada supposed to be perfectly secure, had been left almost destitute of regular troops, nearly all of whom had been removed to 55 i-e, ral |>u- jhe len iss llo Boston. After the capitulation of St. Johns and Montreal, General Carleton, conceiving it of the utmost importance to reach Quebec, the only place capable of defence, passed through tiie Ame- rican force stationed at Sorcl, during the night in a canoe, with muffled paddles guided by Captain Bouchette of ihe Royal Navy, and arrived in Quebec on the 19th September, 1o the great joy of the garrison and loyal inhabitanis, who placed every coi:fidence in his well-known courage and ability. And fortunate for Quebec and Canada generally was it that he arrived at Quebec when he did ; for an expedition of a singular and daring character had been successfully prosecuted against thai fortress from the New England States, l:)y a route which was little known and generally considered impracticable. This expedition was headed by Colonel Arnold, who with two regimt-nts amounting to about 1,100 rnen left Boston in September, and })enetrating the wilderness by means of the Rivers Kennebec and Cliaudiere, reached Pointe Levi on the 9th November after the greatest privations and liardships. Fortuna- tely the small craft and canoes had been removed to the Quebec side of the river by order of the Conunander of the garrison previous to his arrival. Securing however 34 bark conoes from different points, he succeeded on the night of the loth in landing oOO men at Wolfe's cov(^ withoul discovery, though the Lizard and Ilinite.r^ ships of war, were watching his movem(mts. Without a moment's delay Arnold and liis gallant 500 clambered up the j^recipice wlicre Wolfe IG years before -hail conducted jiis army to the field of victory. Arnold in tlie morning paraded Itis troops upon the plains and challenged the Lieutenant Governor C'ramahe to .sur- render or come out and light him at once ; tiie reply was repealed discharges of cannon llirougli the embrasui* < in the walls, and the request to come in if he would. The gan du of Qtichec had no idea at first of Arnold's numbers, 'ui i hey were no sooner ascertained, than fi sortie was deterni, ' upon, and 150 men whom he had left at Pointe Levi having ( , •sse, in order to prevent the garrison e)btainini?' supplies from the covmfry. The command now devolved on General iMontGromerv, an-i ;iie two detachiu(mts marched immediately to the heights of Abraham, where they arrived on the 4th December. Th.e garrison of Que- bec amounted to 1,800 men, ;i!i full of zi;al in Ihe cause of their 56 king and r nil try, and well supplied with pvovisionr^ for eight months. Th(iy were under the innnediute comniand of Colonel Allan Macl(!an, of ihe 84th Regimeiil, composed ])rincipally of the gallant Fraser Highlanders, who had settled in Canada. The siege or rather the blockade was maintained during the whole month of December. The Americans were established in every house near the walls, more particularly in the sulmrb of St. Roch. During this period the inhabitants of the city bore arms, and cheerfully performed the duties of soldiers. General Montgomery despairing to reduce the place by a regular siege, resolved on a night attack, in the hoj)e of either taking the garrison by storm, or of finding it unprepared in some point. In this design he was encouraged by Arnold, whose local knowledge of Quebec was accurate, he having acquired it in frequent visits for the pur- pose of buying Canadian horses. This ])]an however soon became known to the garrison, and General Carleton made every prepara- tion to prevent surprise, and to defeat the assault of the enemy. At last, early in the morning of the 31st December, and during a violent snow storm, Montgomery at the head of the New York troops, advanced to the attack of the Lower Town from its western extremity, along a road between the base of Cape Diamond and the river. Arnold at the same time advanced from the General Hos- pital, by way of St. Charles street. The two parties Avcre to meet at the lower end of Mountain street, and when united, were to force the Prescott Gate. Two fei^it attacks in the meantime on the side towards the west, were to distract the attention of the garrison. When Montgomery at the head of 700 men had advanced a short distance, he came to a narrow delih", with a precipice towards the river on one side, and the scarped rock above him on the other. This plact; is known by the name of Pres-de-ville. Here all further iipproach to the Lower Town was intercepted, and commanded by a battery of three pounders. This fort was in the charge of a Captain of Canadian Militia. At clay-break some of the guard being at the look-out, discovered through the imper- fect light, a body of troops in full march from Wolfe's Cove upon the post, and the enemy was allowed to a|jproa(rh lumiolested within a small distance. They halted at alxnit iifty yards from the barrier, and as the guard remained perfectly still, it was pro- bably conclndod they were not on the alert. To ascertain this, an orticer was sent to approach (]uite near the barrier. After listtming a moment or two, he returned to the l)()dy, who instantly dashed iorward at a double quick. This the guard expected ; the artillerymen stood by with lighted matches, and the word being given at the critical moment [)y Captain Barnsfarm, the fire ofthegnnsand musketry was directed with deadly precision 57 against the advancing column. The consequence was a precipi- tate retreat -the enemy were scattered in every direction. The f'tiemy liaving retired, thirteen bodies were found in ihe snow. It was not at the time ascertained that the American general had been l^illed, but some hours afterwards, general Carleton having sent for a field otheer of Arnold's division who had previously been taken prisoner, lie pointed out Montgomery's body, at the same time pronouncing a glowing eulogiuin on his bravt-ry and worth. The bodies of two of his aides-de-camp were also recognized among the slain. The defeat of Montgomery's force was com- plete, and colonel (Campbell, his second in command, immediately relinquished the undertaking, and led back his men with the utmost jirecipitalion. In the meantime tlie attack by Arnold on the north-eastern side of the Lower Town was made with desperate resolution. Arnold 'ed his men by files along the River St. Charles, till he came to tt;e Sault-au-Matelot, where there was a liarrier with two guns monnted. JJe liimself took the command of the forlorn hope, and was leading the attack uj)on the !)arrier when he received a musket wound in the knee which disabled him, and he was carried back to the General Hospital. His troops however per- severed, made themselves masters of the barrier and pressed on through the narrow street to the attack on the second battery extending from the rock to the river. Here they met with a deter- mined resistance which it was impossible to overcome, General Carleton having ordered a sortie from Palace gate under Captain Laws in order to take them in the rear ; their rear guard having already surrendered, the division of Arnold demanded (juarter and were brought prisoners to the Upper Town. The contest continued for two hours, and the bravery of the assailants was indisputable. By the death of Montgomery the command ilevolved upon Arnold, who had received the rank of Brigadier General. The siege now rcfjumed its former character of blockade, without any event of imj)ortau{'e until the month of March, when the Americans received reinforcements lliat increased their numbers to nearly 2,000 men. In the beginning of April Arnold left to take com- mand at Montreal then in the hands of the yVmericans, and was relieved by General VVooster. The blockading army which had all the winter remained at three miles distance from the city, now approached nearer the ramj)arts, and re-opened tl:eir fire upon tlie fortifications, with no better success Ihan before. On the night of the 3rd May, they made an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the ships of war and vessels laid up in the Cul-de-Sac, by sending in a fire ship, with the intention of profiling by the eonfusion, and of making another attack upon the works by 58 escalade. A council of war was held by nencral Thomas who had succeeded Wooster on the 5th May, when as it was known that strong reinforcements wore on the way to the garrison from England, it was determi.ied to raise the siege at once and retire upon Montreal. In the course of the next forenoon they broke up iheir camp, and commenced a precipitate retreat. The same day three men of war with troops and supplies arrived in the harbour to the relief of General Carloton, who forthwith made a sortie and harassed the rear of the retreating enemy, but so rapid was their flight, that a few shots only were exchanged, when they abandoned their stores, artillery, scaling ladders, &c., leaving also their sick, of whom they had a great number, to the care of the British. Thus ended the last siege and blockade of Quebec. siectES of louisbourg, The treaty of Utrecht tore from tne hands of France the two portals of Canada, Newfoundland and Acadia, — thus laying that colony bare on its seaboard sides, and enabling any foreign power to hinder succours from reaching the province, and cut off Quebec entirely from access to the sea. It became necessary therefore that a new bulwark should be formed ; and as there still remained in French hands Cape Breton, the flag of France was unfurled on the shores of this insular possession hitherto ur;regarded, and the construction of fortifications was begun on a site in Capo Breton, afterwards known to fame as Louisbourg. The island was renamed I'Isle Royale, by which appellation it was known as long as French domination lasted in North America, and the seat of government fixed at English-Haven renamed " Louis- bourg," in honour of the king. The town was built on a tongue of land jutting into the sea, and was fully a mile long. As the great object was to make the place a maritime arsenal, a series of fortifications, intended to be impregnable, were commenced in 1720. Before they were finished, more than thirty millions livres or £1,500,000 sterling were expended upon them. They com- prised a stone rampart nearly 40 feet high, with embrasures for 148 guns, had several bastions, and strong outworks, and on the land side was a fosse fully eighty feet broad. SIEGE OF 1745. In a few months after the declaration of war between France and Britain, the American waters swarmed with French priva- teers. Several were equipped at Louisbourg, and took a number of prizes, before any vessels of war could arrive from Britain to protect their colonial shipping. Louisbourg became such a hornets nest in regard to New England, that it was resolved if possible to destroy it. For this purpose an expedition sailed from 60 Boston, and arrived at Canso, on the 5th April 1745. Colonel Pf'pperel, tlie coinmander of the expedition, having sent some fjihalloj)s to ascertain whether the coast was clear of ice, and the report being favorable, disembarked at Chapeau Rouge, on the 27tii. The garrison under M. Duchambois, consisting of 600 regulars, was taken couipleteiy by surprise, tlirough the prompti- tude of the invaders. Sir Peter Warren a.rived at liiis time from England with a few ships, anil more were to follow. His seamen assisted during foiu'lecn days in dragging a siege train of ord- nance, through marshy, ground, to the rear of Louisbourg, which they thought was too strongly defended on the seaward side to be confronted by the iicvA. Meanwhile the garrison, ill |)aid, and badly treated, were in a slate of revolt, but their military honour being appealed to, they prepared to defend the place. On the night of the 13tli May, some l)uildings filled with .naval stores having been (ired by Captain Vaughan, son of the Lieutenant Governor of New Hampshire, who had landed "with 400 men, caused the occupants of a fort in the vicinity, who thought them the van of a large attacking corps, to vacate it and take refuge in the town, leaving a battery to fall in his hands. At this juncture Admiral Warren captured a French vessel with 560 soldiers and supplies for the garrison on board, as she was about to land. The vessel was La Vigilante, a ship of 64 guns. Had this assistance; reached its destination, it is very doubtful if Peppcrel could have captured this, the strongest fortress in Ame- rica, and which was deemed impregnable. The besiegers with 100 men, then next tried to carry a battery on the Island of St. John, which protected the entry of the harbour, but were driven off leaving 60 dead and 1 16 of their wounded in the hands of the French. But as all hope of succour w^as gone by the blockade of the harbour, and its defenders were as discou- raged as they were malcontent before, Duchambois capitulated, and was allowed to march out with the honours of war. Accord- ing to the terms agreed on, the garrison and about 2,000 people, the entire population of Louisbourg, were embarked in British transports, and landed at Brest in France. In the following year a large force consisting of seven ships of the line, three frigates, two fire-ships, &c., with 400 soldiers left Rocheiort with the plan of retaking and dismantling Louisbourg, but a furious tempest dispersed the fleet, some vessels having to run for shelter to the Antilles, others driven back to France, some lost on Sable Island, the rest contrived to reach Chibouctou, the rendez-vous agreed on, wdiere an epidemic broke out among them, carrying off the marines and soldiers by hundreds. Out of 2,400 men, 1,100 died, and out of 200 sick sent to Europe in hope of recovery, but one survived the passage. 61 By the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, Acadia was again restored to France, and British hostages were sent to Versailles to give personal security for the restitution of Louisbourg. SIEGE OF 1757. War having heen declared again between France and England, Louisbourg, the sentinel of the Si. Lawrciice, was the first place it was delerniined by the British to attack ; and a conference of the governors of the northern colonies of America having been J held at Boston, to concert a plan of campaigning, the following I events took place. Tx)rd Louden set sail from N(!W York, with G,000 regulars, embarked in 90 ships, bt)und for Louisbourg. On reaching Halifax, July 9, his convoy was joined by Admiral Holbourn's fleet, on board of which were 5,000 more soldiers, all veterans. While still in port news came that Admirnl Dubois do la Motte had arrived at Louisbourg from Brest ; that he had now 17 ships of the line and 3 frigates under his orders ; and that the town had a garrison of 6,000 French regulars, 3,000 militiamen and 1,200 savages. Hearing this, Louden held a council of war, at which it was unanimously agreed, that the attempt to take Louisbourg had no chance of being successful, and ought to be abandoned. In consequence the troops were sent back to New York ; while Holbourn, with 15 ships, 4 frigates, and a fire ship, stood toward Louisbourg to reconnoitre, bearing the place, he was recognized ; and the French Admiral ^Yas preparing to meet him, when he turned helm and sailed back to Halifax. He returned towards Louisbourg in September, leaving there four ships more than before. La Motte now the weaker party, declined battle, in turn, pursuant to orders he had received, not to risk against odds a finer fleet than France had been fthle to equip any time since the year 1703. Shortly thereafter, a fearful tempest assailed the British fleet, and brought it to the brink of perdition. The Tilbury, a 60 gun ship, was cast ashore and half of her crew drowned ; 11 vessels were dismasted, and obliged to throw their ordnance into the sea. The other ships reached sundry ports of Britain in a dismantled state. SIEGE OF 1758. During the spring of this year, the British determined at all hazards to subdue Canada, and to wipe out their past disgraces by crushing at one blow the various strongholds. Their first blow fell upon Louisbourg. Admiral Boscawen sailed thither from Halifax, May 28, with 24 ships of the line, 18 frigates, and many transports, having troops on board, and a large siege train. June ^w^m 62 2, llio expe;(lition rcacluid Louisbourg, llie garrison of which con- ^^i9te(l of 2,100 regulars and (iOO militiamon, with 5 men of war and o frigates, moored in liie harbour, to aid in defending the place against a combinc^d force of 30,000 British soldiers and sailors. M. Drucourt, who had succec^ded to the Comte de Ray- mond as governor, n.'solved to make a stout defence, and not give in, even should no relief come, so long as ihe works were at all tenable by the small number of their defenders. The fortifications indeed had become; everywhere ruinous for want of re})aration. The rev General Wolfe with 100 men, scaled a rock at a point a little beyond, which had been thought inaccessible, and kept possession of it, despite all attempts to dis- lodge him. The governor leaving 300 men in the garrison, was present with 2,000 soldiers and some savages at the works. The British ignorant of the trap laid for them, began to disembark and Louisbourg would have been saved, had not French impetuosity caused their well-laid scheme to miscarry. Hardly had the van- guard landed, than a brisk fire of musketry opened on them, cau- sing them to retrace their steps. This had to be done by way of the rock where Wolfe had posted a detachment, as the ships had to withdraw from the range of the batteries. This rock was closely contested, till the British troops, braving at once the sea, and the firing from the French batteries, succeeded in seeing a point where they could disembark. The French being fairly ontfianked, one of their batteries was soon carried. At that instant it was ru- moured that General Whitemore had disembarked at Cape Blanc, and was about to pass between the 2,000 French soldiers at the h G3 )ne ru- |nc, the I cove and llie town ; into which the latter were I'orthwith recalled by the governor, leaving 200 men killed and ca|)tnred. The fall of Loiiisbourg thus b(M'ame only a ijuestion of lin:i(\ June 12th, (ieneral VVoUe with 300 men garrisoned tiit! Pharo 'oattery, the Royal battery, and other der^erted works, commanding the j)ort, town fortifications, ;md an island facing the place. The besiegers favored by the broken grormd, advanced their lines to within (iOO yards of the town walls ; heavy cannonading was carried on by both sidc^s, and the besi(>ged fearing thai the British fleet would enter the harbour, sank four vessels at the narrowest part of its entry. A constant fire was kept up from the ramparts, and the governor's wife;, Madame dc Drueourt immortalised her- self ])y ler heroism during the siege. The walls gradually crum- bled under the enemy's projectiles, yet the breaches were repaired constantly as far as possible. .July 21, a shell set lire to a 74 gun ship in the hiirbour; its powdiT magazine? blew up, and the fire spread to two more vessels which were also consumed. Only two French men of war remained afloat, and they linally were captured by the enemy who ent•> BATTLE-FIELDS. BATTLE OF QUEENSTON HEIGHTS. The American Government had a force of 6,300 men assembled on the Niagara frontier ; of this force 3,170 were at Lewiston un- der the command of General Van Rensselaer. To oppose this force Major General Brock had part of the 41st and 49th Regiments, a few companies of militia, and about 200 Indians, — in all 1,600 men ; but so dispersed in different posts at and between Fort Erie and Fort George, that only a small number was available at any one point. On the morning of the Uth October, 1812, the American forces were concentrated at Lewiston, with a view of making an attack upon Queenston, but througti the neglect or delay of the officer entrusted with preparing and leading the boats necessary, to the place of embarkation, tlie attack miscarried. Before daylight on the morning of the 13th a large division of Rensselaer's army num- bering between 1,300 and 1,400, embarked under cover of a bat- tery of two eighteen, and two six pound cannon. This movement being soon discovered, a brisk fire was opened upon them from the British shore by the troops, and from three batteries. The Americans commenced a cannonade to sweep the shore but with little effect. The first division effected their landing unobserved imder the heights a little above Queenston, and mounting the as- cent, attacked and carried an eighteen pounder and dislodged the light company of the 49th regiment. The enemy were in the meantime pushing over in boats, and notwithstanding the current and eddies, here rapid and numerous, and a tremendous discharge of artillery which shattered many of their boats, persevered with dauntless resolution, and effected a landing at the lower end of the village of Queenston, making an attack upon a position, which was defended with the most determined bravery by the two flank companies of the 49th regiment commanded by captains 5 66 Dennis and Williams aided by such of the York volunteer militia forces and Indians as could be collected in the vicinity,wilh a deter- mination verging upon desperation. The carnage became terrible. The attempts of the enemy tu effect a further passage was for some time successfully resisted, and se/eral boats were either dis- abled or sunk by the tire from the one-gun battery on the heights and that from the masked battery, about a mile below. Several boats w^ere, by the fire from this last battery so annoyed, that fal- ling before the landing place, they were compelled to drop down the river with the current, and recross to the American side. The British however Iieing overwhelmed by numbers were compelled to retire some distance into a hollow. No resistance could than he offered to the crossing from Lewiston, except by the battery from Vromont's Point, half a mile below, fron. which u steady and harassing fire was k pt up, which did considerable execution. General Brock, who was at Niagara, a short distance below, had for several day? expected t.xis invasion, and on the preceding evening he called his staff together.^ and gave to each the neces- sary instructions. Agreeable to his usual custom he rose before day-light, and hearing the cannonade awoke Major Glegg, and called for his horse " Alfred," which had been presented to him by Sir Jas. Craig. He tbon galloped eagerly from Fort George t ) the scene of action '"^liere he arrived in the grey of the morning with his j)rovincial aide-de-camp Lieut. Col. McDonnell, passing up the Iiill in front of the light cc^ipany, under a heavy fire of artillery and musketry from the American shore. On reaching tli-j eighteen pounder battery at the top of the hill, they dis- mounted and took a view of passing events, which at that mo- ment appeared highly favourable. But in a fev,* minutes a firing was heard which proceeded from a strong detachment of Ame- rican regulars under Captain Wool, who had succeeded in gain- ing the brow of the heights in rear of the battery, by a fisher- man's path up the rocks, which being reported is impassable, was not guarded. General Brock and his aide-de-camp had not even time to remount, but were obliged to retire preciDitately with the tv/elve men stationed in the battery, which was quickly occupied by the enemy. Captain Wool having sent forwardabout 150 regulars, and a detachment of 100 men, grenadiers of the 49th, pers'^nally directed and rallied by General Brock, advanced to meet them, and a charge was ordered which was promptly executed. As the Americans however gave wny, the General's (expectations were not realized. Captain Wool sent a reinforcement to his regulars, notwithstanding which, the whole was driven to the edge of the bank. Here occurred one of the turning points of the engagement ; some of the American officers had hoisted a white flag with an intention to surrender^ when Capt. Wool tore it off and reanimated 67 lars, ally liem, the vere ars, the lint ; an ated ri his dispiriled troops who agahi opened a heavy musketry fire, during which General Brock conspicuous from his height, liis cross, and the enlimsiasm with which he had urged on his little band was singled out by some marksmen and received a bullet in his right breast, which almost immediately terminated his exis- tence. He had but tiiat instant said " Push on the York Volun- " teers " and he lived only long enough to request that his fall might not be noticed, or prevent the advance of his brave troops, adding a wish which could not be distinctly understood that some token of remembrance should be transmitted to his sister. He tMed unmarried, and had just attained his 43rd year. The lifeless corpse was immediately conveyed into a house close by, where it remained until the afternoon unperceived by the enemy. In the meantime the light company supported by a party of the Yorkers attempted to dislodge the enemy from the heights. They formed and advanced to the charge, exposed to a smart fire, but find- ing the enemy posted beliind trees so that a charge could have little effect, they desisted, and separating posted tliemselvcsin like manner, and kept up a sharp fire for some t'me. JJeut, Col. Mc- Donnell who had joined them while forming for the charge, and was encouraging the men, received a ball in his back, as his horse which had been wounded was wheeling. He survived his wound but 20 hours in the most excruciating pain, yet his thoughts and words were constantly occupied with lamentations for his de- ceased r'ommander. The charge that he was leading when he fell, compelled the ♦^^ncmy to spike the 18 pounder in the battery. The Americans having now effected their landing with an over- whelming force, the British were obliged to give way and sus- pend the fight until the arrival of leinforceiru^nts, leaving the enemy in possession of the heights. About two o'clock in the afternoon General Sheafie, who had now assumed the command, arrived from Fort George with a reinforcement of 300 men of the 41st Regiment, two companies of militia, and two hundred and fifty Indians. Reinforcements having also arrived from Chippewa, the general collected his whole force, amounting to ujiwards of 800 men, and leaving two field pieces with about thirty men under Lieut. Hol- croft of the Royal Artillery, in front of Quecnston, as a check to prevent the enemy from occupying the village, proceeded by a cir- cuitous route to gain the rear of the heights upon which the enemy were posted. The Indians being more alert than the troops, first surmounted the hill and commenced the attack, but were repulsed and fell back upon the main body who formed with celerity and upon the word advanced to the charge, under Lieut. Mclntyre, under a heavy shower of musketry. The British set up a shout, accompanied with the warwhoop of the Indians, and after a volley 5* fp 68 advanced at tho double, resorti'jg to the bayonet, and drove in the American right. The main body now advanced under cover of the fire from the two field pieces and after a short conflict, main- tained on both sides with a courage truly heroic, forced the Ame- ricans over the first ridge of the heights 'o the road leading from Queenston to the Falls. The British regidars and militia, charged in rapid succession until they succeeded in turning the left flank of the enemy's cokimn, which rested on the summit of the hill. The Americans gave way and fled in all directions, some conceal- ing themselves in the bushes ; others who attempted to escape into the woods were driven back by the Indians; many cut off in their return to the main body, terrified by the sight of these exas- perated warriors, precipitated themselves wildly over the cliffs, and endeavoured to cling to the bushes which grew upon them ; some losing their ho'd were dashed frightfully on the rocks beneath and killed by the fall, while others who r(!uched the river were drowned in their attempts to swim aecross it. A terrible slangier ensued by the Indians, until a white flag was observed ascending the hill with offers of an imconditional surrender, which were accepted. BrigatliX LAKE EHIE. Sept. lOth 1813, the hostile fleets of England and the United States on Lake Erie met near the head of the Lake, and a sangui- nary battle ensued. The flotilla bearing the red cross of England consisted of six vessels, carrying 64 giuis, under command of the veteran Captain Barclay, wlu) had been des|)alchod to attack or blockade Commodore Perry. The latter with nine vessels carrying 54 guns was lying in the harbour of Eric (Pres(iu'ile) frotu \\ liich place he ct)uld not get out owing to the shallowness of the water. Taking advantage however of a temporary absence of the British, Perry contrived to sunnoiuit this dilliculty, and ascending the lake got between the British land force, and the vessels that were 70 II acting as their store ships. He had now to encounter Capt, Barclay sent to the rescue, the engagement taking place between Sandusky and Mald'ni. At first the wind was very light, and Perry advancing unsupported, liis ship being exposed to a heavy and disabling lire from the long guns of one or more of the British vessels, she was cri])pled before others of the American flotilla could come up, and he was obliged to abandon her. A breeze however, springing up, favourable to the Americans, the latter out-manceuvred their adversaries, contrived 1o overpower the British vessels in succession, and ca[)tured them all. The result of that important conflict, Avhich gave the Americans absolute mastery of Lake Erie, was made known to the world in the following laconic despatch : " We have met the enemy and they are ours. fi BAITLE OF CHATEAUGUAV. The battle of Chateauguay, some times called the Canadian ThermopyloD, is remarkable for having enabled, from the victory achieved there, the British forces to resume the offensive in Upper Canada. On the 21st .V-tober, 1813, General Hampton entered Lower Canada from Lake Champlain with an army of from 6,000 to 7,000 men, and drove in the outposts of the British on the Piper road, thirty miles above the church at Chateauguay. Col. DeSala- berry, a member of an old and distinguished Canadian family, who had served with the British army in various parts of the world, but had returned \o his country in its hour of peril, commanding the Voltigeurs, a corps which he had raised, proceeded forthwith to discover (Tcneral Ham])ton's whereabouts, and obstructed th<^ road he was most likely to take, by cutting down numerous trees. After several skirmishes the Americans not daring to hazard a general action in the woods, retired to a place called Four Corners. DeSnlaherry made an incursion into his camp at the head of 200 Voltigeurs and 150 Indian warriors, throwing the enemy into disorder without any loss on liis own side. Hampton being repulsed on the OdcUtown route, which he had taken, resolved to effect a junction with Wilkinson, his chief General, by taking the route; leading to Chateauguay. which the latter was approaching, b<'lieving the road to be open ; but access thereto was everywhere j)revented by a blockade of field works. DeSa- laberry then ascended the left bank of the river Chatenuguay, to reach the extremity of a wood where he knew there ^^'as an excel- lent position in a swamp intercepted by deep rivulets. On four of these he established lines of defence in succession. The fourth was about half a mile in the rear, and commanded a ford on the right shore, which was n very important point of defence, with a 71 xcel- foui" mrth I the itii ii view to the protection of the left bank. The whole of the day was laken up with fortifying this position, so as to force the enemy to cross a large space of settled country. Sir George Prevost was on the third line, at Caughnawaga, with troops and militia from the Montreal district DeSalaberry next destroyed all the bridges within four miles, and a formidable obstruction was formed on the road to the extent of a mile in advance of the first line of defence, which extended to the edge of the river. The four lines of defence were thus completely sheltered even from tlio fire of artillery. To this fortified position is mainly due the victory which succeeded. On the 24th, the American General having made a large opening on the road through the woods and swamps, within five miles of the Canadian encampment, advanced at the head of 7,000 infantry and 400 horses, with twelve pieces of artillery, sending during the night Col. Purdy to take possession of the ford, but this officer lost, his way in the woods. The next day Hampton made an advance m person with 3,500 men towards the abaltis, leaving in reserve the remainder of his troops. DeSa- laberry advanced to the front, placing himself in the centre of the first line of defence, leaving the second in charge of Lieut. Col. McDonell, the same who had taken Ogdensbnrgh. At the head of Hampton's column of infantry was an oliicr (conspicuous for his tullncss, wiio hailed tlie Canndians in French : '*• Brave Cana- dians, surrender yourselves; we wish you no harm." The only reply was the discnarge of a musket levelled at him, followed by his fall. Firing then commenced smartly ou both sides, but badly directed by the Americans, and thv_n changing tactics, Hampton endeavored to force the Canadian d(ifences by vigorous charges with the sword and bayonet. They fired beUer afterwards ; but believing that the Canadians were advancing in large numbers, their ardour began to weaken. Purdy's column arrived at the ford during the engagement but was repulsed and thrown into disorder by DeSalaberry, who had directed his attention to that particular spot. The American commander seeing his plan dis- concerted by the defeat of that division, ordered a retreat, which lie efilscted with considerable loss. The combat lasted four hours in all. DeSalaberry slept on the field of battle, and on the follow- ing morning at day-break was joined by his brother Caj^t. DeRou- ville with his company of Voltigeurs. On the 28th he sent Capt. DuCharme to reconnoitre, who ascertained that the enemy had abandoned their camp and had returned to Plattsburg. Wilkinson who was at Cornwall hearing of the defeat of his colleague, retired to Salmon river and fortified iiimself. Great Britain com- memorated the victory by causing a gold medal to be struck ; DeSalaberry had the oidtjr of the Batii conferred upon him, and the Voltigeurs were presented with colours. It is related of a ilp Captain Langtin, of the Beauharnois Militia who were engaged, that he knelt down with liis men at the beginning of the action, said a short prayer in his own good way, and told tliem that " now they had done their duty to their God, he expected they would also do their duty to their King." Thus did the fortunate resist- ance of a few militia companies caused the retreat from our country of an army over 15,000 strong, and rendered abortive the best concerted plan as yet formed by the strategists of the United States, for the conquest of Canada. BATTLE OF CHli'PAWA. The campaign of 1814 was opened on die Niagara frontier by Genl. Brown of the American army, who crossed from Black Rock to Fort Eric July 3rd, with two divisions of his army, com- puted at not less than 5,000 men. After driving in a picket of the garrison of Fort Erie, which was in a defenceless state both from the nature of the fortifications and smallness of its garrison, under Major Buck of the King's Own, it was at once surrendered. They next day miirchcd to attack the intrenched camp of Genl. RiaJl at Chippawa, a short distance above the Falls of Niagara. The following is the substance of Genl. Riall's despatch to Genl. Drummond, detailing the battle : As soon as the landing of the enemy became known, orders were given for an immediate advance of five companif^s of the Royal Scots, under Genl. Gordon, to reinforce the garrison of that place, whence Col. Pearson had moved forward with the 100th regiment, some militia and Indians. On the 5tii dispositions were made for an attack at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. The Indian warriors were posted on the right flank, in the woods ; the troops moved in three columns, the King's regiment being in advance. The (memy had taken up his posi- tion, with his right resting on some buildings and orchards, close on the Niagara river, and strongly supported by his artillery; his left towards the woods, having a considerable number of riflemen and Indians in front of it. The enemy's ri/lenien and Indians at first checked their advance, but the light troops being brought to I heir support, they succeeded after a short contest, in destroying them in handsome style. The King's regiment was immediately moved up to tlie right, when the Royal Scots and 100th were directed to charge the enemy, and they advanced in the most gal- lant manner under a destructive fire, from which they suffered so severely, that they were obliged to be withdrawn, finding their further efforts against the superior numbers of the enemy would be unavailing. Col. Gordon and most of the officers of the 100th were woimded. A retreat was then ordered upon Chippawa, which was conducted with great order and regularity, not a single in ral- so lieir lid )th ra, rlo fi aimiiiinwiignu— 73 prisoner, except the wounded, falling into the hands of the enemy. The British forces then retired to Fort George, and Genl. Brown crossed the Chippawa and advanced to Queenston, where he remained without striking a blow, from the 8tli to the 23rd July, unless an occasional demonstration before Fort George, and the unprovoked conflagration of the village of St. David's. General Riall on l-^arning that Genl. Brown had retreated across the Chip- pawa, immediately pushed forward his forces to Lundy's Lane, having been reinforced by the 103rd regiment. In the battle of Chippawa the British forces did not number more than 1,500 in regular troops, exclusive of the militia and Indians, of which latter there were not above 300. The British loss in killed ami wounded was 515, that of the Americans 312. BArrLE (H^ LUNDY\S LANE. On the afternoon of the 251 h July 1814, while the American army was on their march from Fort George to Fort Erie, ascend- ing the west bank of the Niagara River, their rear-guard under the immediate command of General. Scott, was attacked l>y the advance guard of the British army under General Rial!. This brought on a general conflict of the most obstinate and deadly character, the liritish having been reinforced with 800 men under General Drummond who took the chief command. As soon as attacked. General Scott advanced with his division amounting to about 3,000 men, to the open ground facing the heights occupied by the main British army, where were j)lanted several heavy cannon, from which a fire was kept up to the latest moment, the artillerymen being bayoneted at the side of their pieces. Between eight and nine o'clock in the evening, on the arrival of reinforce- ments to both armies, the battle became general and raged for several hours, with alternate success on both sides, each army evincing the most determined bravery and resistance. " Nothing could be more terrible" says a reporter of the action, " nor yet more solemn, than that nocturnal combat. The desperate charges made by the troops were followed by a death-like silence, broken only by the groans of the dying and the monotonous noise of the great cataract." Colonel Miller (American) was ordered to advance and seize the artillery of the British, which he did at the point of the bayonet. General Riall who had been dangerously wounded, got among the enemy's cavalry in the darkness and disorder, when trying to get into the rear of his own army and was taken prisoner. Possession of the battlefield was contested till m'dnight, when 1,700 men being either killed or wounded, the conflicting armies, amounting altogether to about 6,000 strong, ceased the deadly conflict, and for a time the field was left unoccupied m> 1 74 except by tlie dead and wounded, the Americans retreating to their camp beyond the River Chippawa. The loss of men on both sides was considerable and almost equal ; about 1,500 in ail, killed and wounded. General Drummond received a severe wound in the neck, and Generals Brown and Scott on the Ameri- can aide were both severely wounded. Several hundreds of Americans were taken prisoners, although the British numbered but 2,800 in all. The tipper Canada militia manifested the most signal bravery. The chief command of the American army after the battle devolved upon General Ripley, who having made good his retreat, intrenched his men around Fort Erie. As soon as the British discovered that the Americans had reached their camp, they returned and occupied their former position. Thus ended one of the most bloody conflicts that occurred during that war ; and while each party boasted a victory, altogether too dearly bought, neither was disposed to renew the conflict. BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. In July and August 1814, a draft of four thousand men of Wel- lington's army arrived in Quebec from England. In a few days after landing, the greater part of them were transported to the Lake Champlain frontier. The command of the British flotilla on Lake Champlain was given to Captain Downie, and to com- plete its crews, many of the sailors were taken from the ships of Avar lying at Quebec. The close of the war in Europe having disengaged much of the military force there maintained by Bri- tain, the Americans were fain to change situations, adopting the defensive for the oflensive, and General Izard (American) having set out for Fort Erie, leaving only 1,500 men at Plattsburgh, this became an invitation to the British to hasten the attack on that place. For this purpose General Prevost crossed the frontier at Odelltown, took possession of Champlain village, and occupied an intrenched camp, previously quitted by the enemy on the River Chazy. Hence he marched in two columns upon Plattsburgh, sweeping everything before him. Col. Bayard had been sent on with infantry, and drove the Americans out of the north part of Plattsburgh, just as they were about to occupy some heights on the River Saranac crowned with batteries, redoubts and other field works. The British artillery being brought up, Commodore Macdonough in command of the American flotilla, which was anchored in front of the place, had to leave port, to keep his flag ship out of gun range of the British, and take to the open lake. The Britisli flotilla, wiiich following the movements of Prevost had now come up under command of Captain Downie, was tempted to attack the enemy's vessels, in sight of the army on I't I 75 shore. Unfortunately, the Captain's own frigate got loo near the land, and thus was exposed to the fire, not only of an American ship, but to that of two American batteries besides. At the very outset, Downie and several of his officers were killed, and the ship grounded, two untoward circumstances by which the Americans profited. Captain Pring, then look the command of the flotilla, but was obliged, after a combat of two hours, to strike his Hag, as did all the other Captains theirs in succession, their ves- sels being overmatched. Of the whole flotilla only seven gun shallops escaped. As soon as the Americans on shore, who meanwhile had becni too feebly assailed, and thus enabled to hold their own, perceived that the British had been beaten on the lake, they were naturally emboldened to make a stouter defence, and Sir George Prevosl, after dismantling his batteries, commanded an immediate retreat, in which the whole of his artillery, stores, baggage and military chest were captured and left behind. His land force was too weak to maintain a foothold, should it be gained, and the lake flottilla got up too hastily to co-operate, was unequal to what its crews had to cope with. HIECtE OF FOKJ^ ERIE. flag lake, evost was ly on General Drummond after the battle of Lundy's Lane followed up the enemy, and invested Fort Erie where they were entrenched. First, he cannonaded the works, and having ascertained on the 14th August, that the stone buildings were much injured, and the outside of the parapets and embrasures much shattered, he deter- mined to assault the place by a heavy column, directed to the iu- trenchment on the side of Snake Hill, and by two columns to advance from the Ijattery to assaub the fort and intrenchments on the other side, ov that nearest to the lake. Colonel Fischer who headed the first column advanced two hours before daylight, and got possession of the batteries opposed to him. Immediately after, the two other columns advanced to the attack, and after a sharj) struggle succeeded in penetrating through the embrasures of a semi-bastion, into l\w fort itself, which was in the centre of the Amv?rican intrenched camp, and capturing the guns, which they had actually turned against the enemy, who had taken refuge in the stone building, and were playing the guns therein against those of the bastion alreadv mentioned, when some ammunition which had been placed under the platform, caught fire from the firing of the guns in the rear, and a most tremendous explosion followed, by which almost all the troops that had entered the place were dreadfully mangled, scattering friends and foes equally alike. A panic instantly communicated to the troops, who could not be persuaded that the explosion was accidental, and the enemy at the T 7G same llino pushing forward and coimuencing a heavy fire of mu."mber, the Americans made a sortie, U|)on hearing of the victory gained by their flotilla on Lake Champlain. Taking advantage of a storm then raging, they fell on the British suddenly, destroyed their advance works, and took prisoners some hundreds of them ; but th(! tide having turned, tiii^ assailants were thrust back, losing about an equal number of ukui. Shortly afterwards illness l)reaking out in the Britisli cam|), and reinforcements for the beleaguered from PJattsburg having arrived, General " immond drew o(f liis forces and returned to Chij)pawa. CAPTURE OF FORT NIA(iARA. ■illlii This fort, commanding the entrance to the' Niagara river, and serving as a depot to the Am«>rican army, was of great importance to them during the war. It was very strongly built, including three stone towers at the west, south-west and south angles, in addition to a long stone barrack on the north face — the whole having Hat roofs mounted with cannon. It was ac(!ordingly deter- mined in December, 1814, to attf.'mpt its capture, and the attempt was made on the night of the lOthof that month, the force destined for the purj)ose being composed of the 100th regiment, the Ihink companies of the 41st, and some artillerymen under the command of Colonel Murray. Bateaux having been secretly conveyed overland from Burlington to a point about four miles up the British side of the river, the troops silently left their cantonments about ten o'clock at night, concealed their march under cover of the adjacent wood, embarked without noise, and landed nndiscovcred on the opposite side, whence they descended cautiously upon the fort. Youngston, a small hamlet about two miles from the fort, served as an outpost ? 77 ling in hole iter- ,pt |:ink land ;ton ihe ;ht, Iked fde, Ion, host to it, where hiy a detachinent of the garrison which it was necessa- ry to surprise without alarming the fort. For this purpose a cliosen body was sent in advance, who when arrived there, crept up stealthily to a window and peeped in. They saw a party of offi- cers at cards, and as one of them asked " What are trumps ?" '* Bayonets are trumps!" replied one of the British, breaking in the window, and entering with his comrades, while the remainder of the detachment surrounded th(^ house, ru>hed in, and bayoneted the wliole of of its inmates, that none; might escsipe to alarm the fort. Not a shot was fired on either side, for the American sentries fancying themselves secure from attack, had retired from their posts into the building, to shelter themselves from the cold, and thus had no time for resistance. Resuming their march, the assail- ants drew near the fort ; not a word was spoken, and the muskets were carried squarely that the bayonets might not clash. The *' forlorn hope " was commanded by Lieutenant Dawson, and led by Sergeant Spearman. It halted about twenty-five yards from the gate over which the sergeant, a tall stalwart man, strode, and strange to say found the wicket open. The sentry hearing some one approach, issued from his box, and asked " Who comes there ?" Spearman imitating the nasal twang of the Americans, replied, " I guess, Mr., I come from Youngston," quietly introduc- ing at the same time his shoulder through the half-opened wicket. The sentry, perc(.'iving by his accoutrements that he was an enemy ran inwards exclaiming " [he Brit" — l)ut befon; he could complete his sentence. Spearman's ])ayonet was in his side. The "forlorn hope' immediately followed, and the whole attacking force entered. Had the assailants becm discreetly silent, they might have efTected the capture without loss to themselves or the enemy ; but their blood being up, they uttered a terrific yell, which roused the sleeping garrison and occasioned some resistance. A cannon turned inwards, was fired by the Americans from the roof of the south-western tower. To prevent a repetition of this, Lieutenant Nolan, of the 100th, rushed into the tower, regardless of what foes he might find. Next morning his jjody was found, pierced by a bayonet wound and u musket ball. Some of his men had seen him plunge into the darkness and followed him ; and though too late to save him, took possession of the lower, slaying its defenders to a jnan. This resistance exasperated the British who rushed wildly about, bayonelting (!very American they met, and the carnage would have amounted to extermina- tion, had not the British ofiicers exerted themselves in the cause of mercy. In half an hour the fort was fully captured ; all wa> quiet, and the pantmg victors sought to drown iheir excitement in sleep. Thus fell Fort Niagara, with sucih unexpected facility, as gave rise to a report that treason had contributed to its capture, it 78 I'' bein^ currently asserted that its commander, Captain Leonard, had betrayed it, by giving to the British General on that part of the frontier the necessary information and instructions. Certain it is, that Leonard, on the night of the assault, had left the fort and slept at his farm, about four miles distant, and that next morning, he rode into the fort in apparent ignorance of its capture — an ignorance not easily reconcilable with the firing, especially of the cannon, on the preceding night. The British lost in the assault Lieutenant Nolan and five men killed, and two officers and three men wounded, while the Americans lost sixty-five men and two officers killed, and twelve men wounded. In the fort were found several pieces of ordnance, of which twenty-seven were mounted on the works, besides small arms, ammunition, clothing and commissariat stores in abundance. jnard, of the 1 it is, 1 slept ag, he >rance innon, tenant men fficers Bveral 3n the sariat GOVERNORS : FRENCH AND ENGLISH. I'll iUH FRENCH GOVERNORS. jAcqiTEs Cartier, the ciiscovorfM- of Canada, of light in evory sense, heads the list of the Fnr<^h Governors in Canada. On his second voyage, in braving li .; rigors of a Canadian winter, and shutting himstjlf up for %\y months, without means of escape, among the aborigines wi;o?e amicable feelings towards the French he had every reason to distrust, lie gave a signal example of the intrepidity of the mariners of his time. By his ascent of the river St. Lawrence in which he reached Sault St. Louis (now Lachine) he became the harbinger offiuccessive French explorations, such as those of the shores of Hudson's Bay, of the Mississippi valley, and onward to the higher slopes of the Rorky Mountains. On his return to Franco in 153G, he found his native land distracted with religious dissensions, and his presence and his projects unheeded and disregarded. In the year 1540, however, attention was again turned to colonizing Canada, and Cartier was entrusted with the command! of vessels TO convey colonists thither. Jean Frani^ois de la Rocque^ Sieur de Roberval, received the right and title to govern in the king's name all the countries newly discovered. Delays and disputes arising, Cartier set out without him, winter- ing in the country; the colonists on landing, cleaving spots of land for cultivation at what is now Quebec. In the spring following, the savages having manifested a very hostile spirit, he re-embark^d his colonists and set out for France, just about iIk; very time w a Roberval was leavingthere with three ships and about 200 colonists. The two governors met, some accounts state near Newfoimdland, others at a short distance from Quebec ; but the only fact we know for certaiii is that Roberval reached his destination in safety ; that he sent home two of his ships to inform the king of his arrival, and to request that provisions might be sent him next year. We know also that 50 of his men perished during the winter of Id42-S, and that he started In June following with 70 G 82 i rnen upon an expedition into the interior, hoping to be more for- tunate than Cartier, and reach that country which the savages spoke of as abounding in provisions and precious metals. This exploratory voyage, was less encouraging than that of Cartier, and all we learn is that before the expedition returned to Quebec, one of his vessels sank, and eight of his men were drowned. Instead of succor arriving from France, Cartier was sent out to rccal Robcrval and bring him back to France, where his pre- sence was needed. All whom lioberval took out with him, were, it seems, conducted back to France at the same lime by Cartier. War having broken out, Canada was lost lo the view of the rulers of France, but when the treaty of Cressy was signed, Roberval who had done the stat(! great service in the battle-field, recalled th(> Royal attention to his enterprise, and in 1549, he organized another expedition to Canada, which however he was destined never to reach, as he perished on the passage with all his followers, including a l)rother as distinguished as himself. This catastrophe caused tlie French projects of colonization here to be suspended for a time. For nearly fifty years France was convulsed with war, and paid no attention to their Canadian possessions. But in 1598, private traders having established a traffic in peltries recjuested protection from the king, and The Makquis uk la Roche, of Brittany, obtained a royal con- firmation of the charije of Lieutenant General or Viceroy of Canada, Acadia, iind the lands adjoining. He was authorized to impress in every port of France, all ships, with every master, mariner and sailor in them, he might think needful for his expe- ditions. And not only so, but having gained a footing in America, he was empowered to levy troops, to makt; war or peace, and to build towns, within the limit of his vicoroyalty ; to promulgate laws and to execute them ; to concede lands in feudal form and with feudal privileges ; lastly to regulate the colonial trade at discretion, lie brought out a considerable number of settlers, but was oliliged to draw them chiefly from the prisons of Paris. Fearing their desertion, he landed 40 of them on Sable Island, at the entrance of the gvdf of St. Lawrence. He then ])ass(!d on to Acadia, and returning thence was driven by a teiupest back to Franc(>, wIkmc he had scarcely set toot, when he was taken prisoner, and for five years was unable to apprise the king of the ])articulars of his voyage. He had embarked his entire fortune in the enterprise, and lost all of it that remained in sticeeeding misfortunes wliieh awaited him through its means. He had set his heart upon realizing a noble project, and it had signally failed. The chagrin which consumed his mind was yet stronger than his regret at the dilapidation of his finances, and both work- for- ttlers, Paris, ind, at (I on to jack to taken of tlic 'ortun(> ceding liad set ignally I longer work- 83 ing together consigned him to an early grave. He was censured by some of his contemporaries for imputed faults, but he could not rightly be blamed for the failure of plans which he had no fair opportunity of carrying out ; while in our day his memory must be held in respect for his enthusiasm. Chauvin, of Rouen, next in 1599 obtained a royal grant in his own favour of all the powers and privileges conceded to LaRoche. He liad been taken into partnership with Sieur de Ponlgrave of St. Malo, who held a monopoly of the fur trade both in Canada and Acadia. Armed with the royal authority lie sailed for Canada, and landed a dozen men at Tadousac, but in such forlorn plight that they would have died of hunger during the winter, had they not been succoured by the natives. He made two successful voyages to the same phuic, but in the course of a third voyage he was taken ill and died. But lillle is known of his administration, except that personal motives of traffic seem to have actuated his movements. His ;nanlle fell on the shoulders of Commander de Chastes, Governor of Dieppe, who was now invested (1603) with all the privileges granted to Chauvin. Trading interests were a secondary consideration with him, till Pontgrave showed him how needful the profits attending a mono- polising traffic would be found to defray the cost attending the work of colonization, and persuaded the Commander to join with him in forming a trading society, which Samuel Champlain, a distinguished naval officer, was invited to command. With three barks, each but of twelve or fifteen tons burden, Cliamplain set sail. Arrived in Canadian waters, he, accompanied by Pontgrave, ascended the St. Lawn-ence as far as Sault St. Louis, but found it impossible to pass the rapids, and so gave up the attempt they proposed of examining the interior of tlie country. Champlain returning to France showed a chart and relation of his voyage to the King, who promised his countenance to all future expeditions. Meanwhile de Chastes having died, his functions devolved upon Pierre de Gua, Sieur de Monts, Governor of Pons, and an attendant abor' court. To him in IG04 was accorded the mono- poly of the fur . ffic in all parts of America lying between Cape Raze in Newfoundland, up to the 50th degree of north latitude. De Monts was a Calvinist or Huguenot, and was allowed the free exercise of his religion for himself and friends, but on condition that lie should establish the Catholic religion among the natives, and attempt no part in proselytizing. He was a man of superior talents and much experience, and was distinguished as one ever zealous for the glory of his country. Four ships were manned 6 * 84 and victualled at his request in which several gentlemen volun- teers, some soldiers, and a number of skilled artisans embarked. Preferring Acadia to Canada, this expedition landed at Rossignol (now Liverpool). Scurvy however attacking his men during the winter he abandoned the settlement, and traversing the Bay of Fundy, he founded Port Royal, (now Annapolis) and himself returned to France in 1605. Here from complaints made against him, he was deprived of his commission for len years, but in 1607 received a renewal of his privileges for one year, sailing in 1608 with Champiaiii as his lieutenant for Tadousac, for the express purpose of making a settlement. The latter forthwith set about exploring the country, and made friendly terms with the Indians. De Monts was unable to obtain at the expiration of his year, a renewal of his monopoly of ihe peltry traffic, adverse interests proving more potent than his credit at court could over- come ; yet despite the competition of other parties, he was still hopeful of realizing enough to balance the outlay occasioned by the needs of the infant colony, and con/iding in his fortunes equipped two vessels which sailed for Quebec. The sudden death of the French King, and the change in the government of that country forced him to renounce his plans entirely. Champlain then by securing influence at court, obtained the appointment of Ch\rl,esde Bourbon, Count de Soissons, as Lieutenant Gene- ral of Canada. The letters bearing his appointment were dated October, 1612. He delegated to Champlain all the duties of hi» office and scarcely were the letters issued when De Soissons died. Champlain was again in difficulty, but he was promptly relieved from it by The Prince de Conde consenting to take up the functions of Governor, who deputed Champlain to act in his place. — In 1016, however, the Prince being, not only in disgrace, but in confine- ment for the share taken by him in the disturbances during the minority of Louis XHl., made an arrangement with The Duke de Montmorency, High Admiral of the fleet, for the purchase of his office of Vic(>roy, on payment of 11,000 crowns. — Champlain was confirmed by the new titular in all his functions, and Montmorency from his position, took a warm interest in the afi'airs of the colony, and in forwarding the objects of the colonists. During his tenure of oflfice, continual disputes were occurring respecting commercial matters, and numerous ineffec- tual attempts were made to degrade Champlain. Hitherto, the office of Viceroy had been little more than a name, but in 1625, the Duke wearied out by the troubles his titular governorship had called down upon hin., ceded his functions to his ?'epliew 85 )ns of 1G16, [ifine- iz the jet, for 111,000 lali his iterest )f the were leli'ec- |to, the 1625, up had Henry de Levy, Due de Vevtadour. This nobleman had entered a monkish order, intending to pass his days in relitjious exercises. He took charge as Viceroy of the affairs of Canada, solely with a view to the conversion of the heathen, without regard to the advancements of the country as a Colony of France. Missionary progress absorbed his whole attention, from first to last. During the first year of his sway, he sent out, at his own expense, five Jesuit priests. Champlain, meanwhile, was acting as secular governor, and continuing as such after the Due de Ven- tadour, at the instigation of Cardinal Richelieu, he ceded his rights and interests to the " Company of the Hundred Partners," when in 1628, Canada passed from a royal to a commercial regime. This Company was directly under the protection of Richelieu, and the French writers of the day speak of it very favorably. His plans were, however, frustrated l)y the breaking out of the war between France and England, in the same year, and from the ill-conditioned stale of Quebec, and famine staring its inhabitants in the face, Champlain was compelled to surrender the city, and with it the country and its governorship, to Louis Keukt, 1629. He installed himself as English Gover- nor, treated the citizens with kindness, and sup[)lied the pressing bodily wants of the people, whose ruler he had become. A majority of the colonists concluded to remain, but Champlain returned to France. — A treaty of peace between the two nations having been effec'sd, Kerkt in 1632, resigned Quebec again into the hands of the French, and Samuel Champlain, re-appointed Governor, took adminis- trative charge of the colony. Recollecting^ the many efll'orts hitherto made by France to defend Canada, he souglit to attach to her interest the native tribes, the Hurons more especially, to whom he sent missionaries to preach the gospel. — Immigration to the colony sensibly increased, and among the new comers, were niuny rural labourers and artisans of the more useful kinds, besides a number of persons of good family. — In 1635, the colony received a heavy blow in the death of Champlain, which took place on Christmas day. Champlain was born at Brouage ; his first calling was a mariner, and as such he distinguished himself in the service of Henry IV. of France. Endowed with s,M//id Judgment and quick j)erception, he conceive*! quickly, ami fol- lowed up his plans (all eminently practical) with a perseverance that no obstacles could discourage. Thirty years of untiring efforts to establish and, extend the French possessions in America, often under the most unpromising circumstances, prove the inflexible steadiness of the resolution he brought to his great 86 task — the exaltation of New France. And this he chiefly effected, not by military or naval force, — for he had little of either at com- mand, — but by equitable diplomacy and christianizing influences. He has been censured for waging war against the Iroquois, but it was not a war of his own making ; and he was always ready to listen to reasonable proposals for the cessation of hostilities. Charnplain has left us a relation of his voyages and expeditions, which gives valual)le notices on the geography and physical aspect of the countries lie visited. He was of a religious turn of mind, but like many of his compatriots, mistrusted the Jesuits. We are told he was of a comely visage, a noble and soldierly bearing, and a vigorous constitution. He crossed the Atlantic fully a score of times. His successor was M. DE Chateaufort, of whom we know littl(> more than his name. He was quickly replaced by M. UE MoNTMAGNY, 1635, Kuight of Malta, who resolved to follow out the system adoptetl by Charnplain. He contrived by a happy union of firmness with conciliation to mak<> his authority respected amt)ng all the tribes. The indefatigable e*xertions of the missionaries, and the results attending them at this time, threw a lustre on his administration, and gave him personally a certain celebrity throughout Europe. — He was recalled in 1647, and this occasioned great surprise in the colony; it was however, merely a necessary result of a general management just entered into by the com-t, (ov the Governor of the French islands in America, had refused to resign his governorship to a successor, and persisted in retaining his post, despite the royal orders. To provide against the recurrence of such an event, the Council of State determined, that all Governors of French dependencies should be changed every three years, and it was in consequence of this, that M, dc Montinagny was superseded by Loui-< D'Aii.LEBOusT in 1647, who had come ^o Canada pre- viously in command of colonists for the Island of Montreal, which settlement he for a short time governed. Afterwards, promoted io the command of Three Rivers, he gained great experience in tlie needs of the country, but he took the lead at a critical time. The war of the Iroquois against the Huron tribes broke out a se- cond time, the latter being dispersed, and the former tribe flushed with victory lording it over Canada, virtually blockading the French forts. In 1650, Mr. D'Ailleboust retired from office, and perhaps not the least of his official mortifications was that of being constraineil by the force of circumstances to look on, a passive spectator of the suft'ering among the contending tribes. After demitting his functions, he settled and died in the colony. 87 |la pre- which imoted Ince in time. t a se- llushed ig the ie, and being )assive After M. DfiLAUiJON arriv(!(l in 1651, as the succoissor of Mr. D'AiUc- boust. He was one of the ehief members of the. " Company of the Hundred Partners," and had always taken a heading part in its affairs, but he did not manifest the same activity or taet as a coh)nial administrator in chief. But alfairs were in a very dis- couraging state on his ariival. During his tenure of o(Iice,a body of coh)nists from Brittany, all picked men, alike fit for peace or war, reached Montreal. This reinforcement was of great utility; for the Indians had become so insolent that the cfdonists liad to till their ground, under cov(;r of arms, and to play the part of soldier and labourer at one and the same time. 'Vhv. news ol this arrival was a check to the inroads of the savages, and lead to a treaty of pcnice between them and the settlers. War having broken out between several of the tribes, souu; of the Hurons took refuge in Quebec, and when demanded by their victors, the Governor was weak enough to deliver them np to the delegates sent to flemand them. The news of this having reached France, gave great dis- satisfaction, and M. DeLau/.on was su|)ersedcd by an order from the French ministry. Viscount D'Argenson, appointed Governor of New France, landed in Quebec 1658. His first act was to re(]uest reinforce- ments of men, trained to war and industry, from Fran(;c, frankly expr(!ssing his l)eli(d that if succour were not accorded, Canada would be irretrievably lost. In addition to the cdvil troidiles, religious quarrels Ix'gan to manifest themselves, tdl in 1()G1, M. D'Argenson was induced from dist ase, misunderstanding, and a rvepugnance to dissension, to solicit a recal before his period of service had expired. He was succe(>ded by Baron D'Avau^iour in IGdl, who had gained gr(!at distinction in the wars of Hungary. He was of resolute temperament and un- bending character, and brought into the afiairs of Canada the rigidity that he hatl contracted in military service. I lis decisive ineasures saved Canada. He represented its defenceless state and natural beauty, to the Court of France, in such forcible language that it excited a deep interest there. An agent was despatched to Paris to lu'ge his request for troo[)s, and -JOO r''gulars were forthwith sent to Quebec. A conuriissioner was aj)pointe(l to repair to the colony and report upon it. but at the moment when salutary reforms and a happier future were in view, new dis.ven- sions arose between the Governor and i)i.>iho|), which put the whole colony into commotion, and for the time bcdng cansed all else to be forgotten. During this governorship occurred the remarkable series of earth([uakcs alluded to elsewhere. The bishop anxious to defend his own cause lound it expedient to mm 88 III proceed to France, where he not only obtained a complete jus- tification for himself, but a royal order for the recall of M. D'A- vaugour in 1663. Though his administration was of short duration, it was remarkable for the changes effected in the colony. He did much by his energy and remonstrances, to induce the King to labour seriously for the advancement of Canada. His quarrel with M. Laval, the bishop, disclosed the grave inconveniences attending the absence of a judicial administration. Having no interest in the " Company of a Hundred Partners," M. D'Avau- goiir persuaded Louis XIV. to break it up and to resume posses- sion of territorial jurisdiction over the colony, which he had conceded ti> a trading association. The Chevalier DeSaffray-Mesv, ex-niajor of the citadel of Caen, having been appointed to succeed Baron D'Avaugour, left France early in 1663, and landed at Quebec in the spring of that year. He came charged with orders to inaugurale a new govern- mental system for the colony. Few, if any, of the Governors of Canada owed their elevation to such motives as those, which caused the choice to fall on M. de Mesy. His youth had been spcnit in dissipation, but a striking rcnuncialion of his evil course-, a strict observance of the external forms of religion, and above all his apparent humility recommended him to the favourable notice of the Canadian prelate (then in France) who urged his appointment, on the King. As h(^ was personally insolvent, the King ordercl him a considerable sum of money to pay his debts, and he forth- wilh set out with his episcopal patron, the latter not doubting thai he had in charge one of the besi of men, and a docile coadjutor for himself. Soon after his arrival however, divisions arose res- pecting the syndicate which finally brought about a fixed enmity between the Governor and the Bishop. The King had empowered these two to noiainate conjointly every year the members of the Council ; Imt M. de Mesy arbitrarily suspended a majority of the councillors, appointing others by his single authority. The Bishop in the meantime had become very unpopular, and the people thus sided with the Governor, while the clergy of course made common cause with their chief. Accusations against the Governor were sent to court, and through the intiueuce of th(^ Jesuits they were at once listened to, His Majesty being parti- cularly dissatisfied with M. de Mesy for having appealed to the inhabitants. His recall had already been agreed on, and he was succeeded bv The Marquis DE Tracy, who reached Canada in June 1665, filling the joint cliaracter of Viceroy and Lieutenant General. He brought out the wlioh* regiment of DeCarignan, whose officers ill 89 ^ioon becanio the chief seigneurs of the country. Militury protec- tion was thus artorded against the Indians, which l)rought about a treaty of peac*; that histcd eighteen y(!ars. DeTracy continued in authority only about a year and a half, carrying l)ack with liini to France th(? allection of the people. He maintained a state which liad never before been seen in Canada, his Ixuly-guard wearing the same uniform as the Garde Koyale of F^'ance. He always appcansd on state occasions with these guards, twenty- four in numlier, who preceded him, while four pages and live valets followed liiiri. Hefore riilmning home he phiced the country in a state of defence, and put the West India Company in pos- session of its reserved rights. Daniel be IIemi, Seigneur de Courcellks, who had be(.'n nominated to replace De Mesy, and who appointed l)e Tracy as viceroy in his place till he was able to assume commiind, being detained in France from personal causes, next assumed the office in 1667. During his administration little doubt wa.^; entertained as to the permanency of the colony. The inhabitani > began to extend their settlemimts, officers and sofdiers had liberal grants made to them, and a free trade was granted to the country gene- rally. During the governorship of M. de Courcelles, the small pox ravaged the Indian tribes, carrying off more than half of their number. The qualities of Dv Courcelles, were of a solid nature, his experience had b(>en extensive ; of a decided character he was firm in his deti minations, yet prudent in carrying them out ; he had, above all, a quality precious in an administrator, a forecast of corning difliculties, and a rare talent in avoiding or evading them. Having requested his recall, on his relLirn from a journey to Cataraqui, where he had fixed upon a spot for a fort near the .site of the present city of Kingston, he found his place supplied by Louis de Buade, Count de Frontena.c, who arrived in Canada in 1672. He was al^lc, active, enterprising, and ambi- tious, but proud, overbearing and subject to capricious jealousies, which som(!times obscured his brilliant talents. His plans for the aggrandisement of Canada were splendid and just, but he possessed a spirit which could not brook contradiction. Ever jealous of his power, his tendencies were despotic. He had received ample instructions befon; his departure from France, for his guidance in office. But he took the government into his own hands ; for having neglec*ed some of his orders, he imprisoned the intendant- general M. de Chesnau; he exiled the procurator-general; the governor of Montreal he put under arrest, and the Abbe de Sali- gnac, Fenelon, then superintending the Seminary of the Sulpicians at Montreal, he imprisoned for having preached against film. i:^. 90 Mis principal opponent was tlio Bislioj), who opposed the sale ot" spirits to tlie liulia'is, hut whi('li tin; Count consiflerod a necessity, to attaeli them to French interests. The matter was referred to the Court of France, and the traffic prohibited, though it is asserted that private corresp()n(h'nce intimated, the Governor was to use his own discretion. The final result was, the Governor General became more than ev<'r alienated from his intendant, who had espoused the sidi' of the Bishop, and the dissensions rose to such a j)itch that it became needful to recall not only the governor but his intendant. This occured in 1683. His departure was a triumph for the Laval party, l)ut it was destined to be the last. That the success of the Count had lastetl for ten years, was not so nmch due to his talents, but to the influence he possessed at court during all that time. He was a relation of Madame d(; Maintenon, and tl;(; Countess de Frontenac who had never set foot in Canada, passed lor one of the highest ornaments ol ITigli life in Paris, and tlius possessed unlimited influence. M. Lki"kbvuk UK LA li.vHRK, nouiiuatcd Govcrnt)r General, arrived from France during the summer of 1683. He was a marine ollicer, who had distinguished himself against the Finglish in the West Indies, from whom he look the Islands of Antigua and Montserrat. Soon after his appointment the Irocptois assumed a tone of dt'liauce, and made formidal)l(' ])re|)aralions for war. the cliief governmental He thereupon convoked a meeting of officers and spiritual authoriti(is, who drew up a detailed report of the state of aflairs for furtherance to France, urging' an immediate reinforcement of men. In reply to this, 200 soldiers were sent out, and La Barre finding that the Governor of the English Colonies (New York) was exciting the Iroquois against the French, led an expedition in person against tluMn. Receiving a deputation from the hostih^ tribes, he assumed a lofty tone, and concluded by saying that unless reparation were made for injuries already sustained at their hands with a promise to abstain from them for the future, war and the devastation of their country must ensue. His provisions however having failed through his tardiness, and disease having broken out amongst and thinned his troops, the Indians were shrewd enough to perceive that he was destitute of the means of executing his threats. A patched up peace having been agreed upon, most humiliating to the French, the troops were marched back. As soon as the news of this reached the French Court it was determined to recall LaBarre, and to withold his Majesty's ratification of this "shameful peace" as it was officially styled. He was superscMled by the Marquis de Dkno.wille, a Colonel of dragoons, who brought with him a detachment of 600 regular troops (1685). ,L:, 91 He was a brave officer, and a man ol" a rolij^ioiis turn ot' mind, indued with a lofty sense of lionour and polished in his manners. Directly after his arrival he set out for Catara(|ui (Kingston) 1o reconnoitre, l)ut soon deelared his con- viction that the irocjuois coidd never be eon;-iliaU'd, and that it was necessary either to extirpate them or to reduce them to a state of entire dependence. He proposed the erection of a strong fort at Niagara, capable of sheltering a garrison of tOO to jOO men. An instance ol' treachery stains tlu character of JJenonville. Having under various pretences assembled a number of the (chiefs at Fori Front(Miac, he put them in irons and sent them olf to France, to work in the galleys as " revolted sul)iects of the great monarch Louis XIV'.'' In return for this the Indians razed Fort Niagara to thi; ground, attacked F\)rt Fronteiiac and committed many depredations, plundering j)roperly and scalping the inha- bitants. The winter of lo88-9 passed in an unusiudly tranquil manner, and the summer was pretty well advanced when th<' Iroquois as a crowning act of revenge d(!vastatcd the Island of Montreal, laying it waste with fire, killing lOOU of the colonists, and carrying oft" 200 prisoners. On hearing of this Denonville lost his self possession altogether, ami it was judged necessary to place at the head of aflhirs an officer possessing energy of character and address in dealing with the natives. Denonville was plainly unequal to the occasion, and there; is little doubt that had he not been recalled by royal order, the colonists themselves would have set him aside. The latter season of hi: 'iiglorious administration took the name of " The year of the Massacre." The Governor appointed to supersede him was The Count de Frontenac, who undertoolc to resume his du- ties as Governor General of New France. He landed at Quebec on the 18th of October 1689, accompanied by De Callieres, and the captive chiefs whom Denonville had so injuslly seized. His return was hailed by all, and by none more than by the Jesuits, who had in fact for years been labouring for his recall. France at this time had to combat five European powers, and her colo- nists, who had no personal interest in the contest were yet expec- ted to aid in carrying it on, at least against their British neigh- bours. — The first blow was stru(!k in the Hudson Bay Territory, where two Engli^sh ^var vessels which had come to proclaim Wil- liam III. and take possession in his name, were captured. A mari- time expedition against New York was got up, and Frontenac visited Acadia, on his return from which he found the Iroquois had assumed an overbearing spirit, and were at the gates of Mortreal. With his wonted sagacity, he saw that it was only by daring action, Canada could be saved. If he could not capture ■ Ki I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ^•IIIIIM IIM ;• 8^ !!IM iiir ' ;.8 1 1.25 1.4 1 — 1.6 ^ 6" — ► m^ '* %*.>• ,A^%'*'> if .^ '^ ^ "^ ^ w op. Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ ^\* ^V' «^ N> ^ >i\. "^c^S ^^ o '^ ^^> % 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14SB0 (716)872-4503 A^ ({^< \ \ ill a province he could at least cause much disquiet to its people — the great point was to strike at once. Tiie English settlements were surprised and pillaged, and Schenectady was sacked and its inhabitants massacred ; and the horrors of Indian warfare were let loose upon the inhal)itants. This proceeding roused the ire of the British colonists and an attack was planned on Canada by land and inland navigation on the southern frontier, and by a fleet sent from Boston to attack Quebec. The latter was under the com- mand of Sir Wm. Phipp;*, and is described under the chapter Sieges of Quebec. The attack by land did not take place, owing to a want of concert between the parties, and Frontenac was thus enabled to concentrate all his strength and oppose the plans of the English with vigilance and success. In 1691 Frontenac dwelt much and often in his despatches to the French Cour', on the im- portance of the American fisheries, stating that he believed the English colonists coveted Canada not so much for its own sake as to make the possession of it, a stepping-stone towards securing their mastery over tlie Newfoundland and other fisheries in the northern waters. In 1692 by the unremitting vigour of his mea- sures he secured the defence of the colony so that the inhabitants could till their land, and the fur trade was renewed and carried on with considerable advantage. In 1694 the Iroquois made over- tures of peace, and in 1696 doubting their pacific intentions, he took more active measures, and marched all his forces out from Cataraqui being himself carried in the centre in an elbow chair, his age (76) preventing him from marching. Negociations were finally entered into and ratified by the treaty of peace signed at Ryswick 1697, when the English and French governors mutually entered into arrangements for maintaining harmony among the Indians. In 1698 Louis, Count de Frontenac died, in the 78th year of his age, upwards of twenty of wliich he had spent in Ca- nada. He preserved to the last the vigor of temperament he had in youth. What he did in the latter part of his career fihe most critical period of the colony's annals) to raise the country from its depression under the way of hit predecessor, endeared him to the Canadians. His great personal abilities secured him the confidence of his king, the respect of his officers, and the es- teem of the Indians. It was urged against him by his enemies! that he intermingled in the operations of traffic, which every high coloniil official ought to have eschewed. But it must be remem- bered he was the scion of an impoverished though illustrious house, and was sent out to Canada for the double purpose of secluding his penury from the the observation of his compeers, and enabling him to return among them with improved fortunes. He was buried in the RecoUet Church, at Quebec, which formerly stood nearthesite of the present English Cathedral. He was succeeded by 9« Le Chevalieh de Callieres, (1698) who was Well expe- rienced in the affairs of the colony, and liked by the soldiery for • his intrepridjty. His sound judgment, penetrating spirit and dis- interestedness of character, had long made him acceptable to the Canadians, and the savages pliant to his will. In 1700 he effected ■a. general pacification among the Indian tribes, which had scar- cely been concluded when war again broke out in Europe, and England conceived the bold idea of uniting within her territory the whole of North America. At this juncture the death of De Callieres, May 26, 1703, placed Canada, in a critical position, and endangered the French p(»wer in the Colony. The Marquis de Vaudreuil. succeeded him the same year, and for several years managed to preserve th(! colonists from being molested. In 1708 he carried varlike operations into the British frontier settlements though with little success, and was soon compelled to resume a defensive position. In 1711 a combined land and sea expedition against Canada took place, but the British fleet owing to tempestuous weather and ignorance of the coasts, was obliged to return to Boston, having lost eight vessels and 884 officers and men. In 1713 peace was restored between France and England by the treaty of Ulretcht, and in 1714 the Marquis de V^audreuil went to France, leaving those whom he could depend upon in charge of his office, and did not return till after the demise of Louis XIV, an event the news of which he was the first to announce as well as the accession of the child King Louis XV, and the formation of a regency. The Marquis now availed himself of the peace to strengthen the fortifications of Montreal and Quebec, to train the military, erect barracks, and strengthen all the means of defence, intimating that Quebec once taken, Canada were lost to France. During the remainder of his administration the colony prospered under his firm, vigilant and just government until his death in 1726, universally lamented. He was succeeded the same year by '■ The Marquis de Beauharnais, a commodore in the royal navy, in which he had gained distinction in by-gone years, and who had filled some important posts afterwards. His ambitioujs administration exsited greatly th(^ alarm of the English colonists of New York and England. He continued in power twenty years, and diligently employed himself in promoting the interests of the colony. He erected the important fort at Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, with several others, for the purpose of keeping the English within the Alleghany Mountains, and preventing their approach to the Lakes, the St. Lawrence, Mississippi and its tri- butaries. In 1734 M. de Beauharnais, believing that the frontier ■lit m m ml 'm 1 w m ! m iil nil (question might any day plnnge the colonists and American set- tlers into war, wrote a despatch in cipher, suggesting means to be taken to set the colony in a state of defence against invasion, but without efi'ect. He extended alliances between the French and the natives, and strengthened the forts at Chambly and Nia- gara. In 1745 war having broken out between England and France, the colonial dependencies of the two nations had perforce to go to war also. The American waters swarmed with French privateers, of which Louisbourg was the head-quarters. In 1745 a British naval and military Ibrce captured that place, and reduced Cape Breton, the re-capture of which was strongly urged by M. de Beauharnais, whose representations were this time listened to, and an expedition for the purpose got up, which, however, became a total faihu-e, the very elements conspiring to scatter and destroy the fleet. . The Marquis de t^a Jonquieric was appointed to succeed M. de Beauharnais in 1746, but was shortly after taken prisoner by the British oft' Cape Finisterre, together with two squadrons con- veying transports and merchant f*hips bound for the dependencies of France in America. CoxTNT DE DA Gadissoniere was nominated in 1747 to fill his place ; he arrived in Quebec in September, bringing news of an approaching peace. He was a distinguished marine officer, who al a later time became illustrious by a victory he gained over Admiral Byng. He was active and enlightened as acivilian, and spent in scientific studies such leisure as his public duties allowed. " He had a great heart and a beautiful mind seated in a mean body, for he was low in stature and deformed in persor." He governed Canada only two years, but he gave during that brief time a strong impulse to its administration^ and much good coun- sel to the French ministry. He turned his attention at the outset to the Frontier question, which after the treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, in 1748, became a leading topic. While engaged in giving soli- dity to the frontier barriers he was replaced by The Marquis de da Jonquiere in 1749, who, in virtue of his commission of 1746, as soon as he was liberated, sailed for Canada. Galissoniere communicated to him all the knowledge he had himself obtained of the state of the colonies, and confided to him every plan and intent he thought befitting for their safety and retention. He was one of the ablest naval officers of France, had an imposing air, but his mental acquirements, it is said, were not great. He tarnished his reputation by an inordinate love of wealth, and his avarice laid him open at last, after accumulating H il ii a large fortune, lo attacks which hastened his death. He accused the Jesuits of trafficking in furs, and in return soon felt their ven- geance. They accused him to the ministry of monopolizing (he fur traffic of the upper country, and of fa':ouritism in his appoint- ments of public officers. Being called upon to reply to the accu- sations preferred, he affected to ignore ihem, and finished by demanding his recall. Before that could arrive, his bodily powers severely affected by mental irritation, and impaired by age and the fatigues of an over-active career, seemed to give w&y at once, and he expired at Quebec May 17th, 1752, where his remains were deposited beside those of Frontenac and Vaudreuil, who 'ike iiim had died in gubernatorial harness. ; >, ^ w ' Baron de Longueuil administeied the province till the arrival of the new Governor the same year in the person of The Marquis DtjQuesne de Menneville. — He was a captain in the royal marine, and had been recommended by M. de Gallis- soniere. His instructions were to follow up the policy of his two immediate predecessors. War was now become imminent. The militia were called out and the disci))line which had slackened was re-established. Duquesne appears more openly than any other governor to have carried on the systemof encroaching on the British colonics, and the Fort at Pittsburgh bearing his name, was erected within the confines of Virginia. The reforms instituted by the governor raised a violent opposition to him, headed by the Intendant Bigot, who was in this as in many other cases, the evil genius of Canada. The treasury in France was at this time empty, and tiie cabinet begrudging the cost of retaining Canada as a French dependency, very few soldiers were sent out for its defence. At this crisis M. Duquesne asked to be recalled, and transferred to the marine service. His departure caused no regret, though he had been very heedful of al) the colony's wants ; but his haughty bearing made him unpopular. Before leaving he endeavoured to bind the Iroquois to French interest, but without effect, as they always sought to maintain their independent posi- tion between the French and British colonies. '•-:'.ii The Marquis de Vaudreuil de Cavagnal, Governor of Louisiana was promoted to the governorship of New France early in 1755. He was son of the former governor of that name. He was joyously greeted by the people on his arrival, who regarded him the more for being a compatriot, and remembering the plea- sant times of his fathers' sway, trusting they would return under the government of the son. His administration was auspiciously opened by the defeat of Braddo^k, but a damper was soon after it w»-^ thrown on it l)y the disaster of Crown Point. As winter came on death was in the land, and absohite famine imminent. The year's harvest had failed, while extraordinary snppli(>s were wanted to subsist the troops. The governor dcunanded of tlu' French minis- try, reinforcements, which arrived under the command of major general Montcalm in 175G, together with a large snpply of provi- sions. On landing he proceeded to Montreal t.) hold a conference with the governor, who had gone there to be nearer to the seat of war. Montcalm soon obtained a series of successes, but his victory was obtained by the massacre of 2,000 English prisoners by the Indian allies of the French, — a deed which completely roused the indignation of the English, and led to those mighty preparations which destroyed the power of Franc-e in America. Dissidences arose soon alter between Montcalm and the governor, an honest but weak minded man, who had l)eeu mystified by Bigot to such an extent as to be entirely at his disposal, and the battle of Carillon only increased the discord ; Montcalm writing to the French minis- try that the governor's acts had exposed him without the proper means of defence to the enemy's blows, whilst Vaudreuil demanded the recall ('f Montcalm under the pretext that the general had not the qualities needful for directing . Canadian war. In reply, conciliatory missives were addressed by the ministry in the king's name to both, strongly recommending union and concord ; Vau- dreuil received the grand cross of the order of St. Louis, and Montcalm was promoted to a lieutenant-generalship. Montcalm made vigorous preparations for defending Quebec and the cam- paign of 1759 was opened with a plan of combined operations by sea and land, and the siege of Quebec logc^tlier with the battle of the Plains of Abraham (see sieges and bjj^ttle fields) terminating in the death of Montcalm and the capture of Quebec, caused M. de Vaudreuil to remove the seat of government to Montreal, whither he himself retired. In 1760, the French under general Levis attempted the recapture of Quebec, but failing, Vaudreuil deter- mined to make his last stand on behalf of French dominion in Montreal, for which purpose he called in all his detatchments and concentrated his strength. But finding himself t-ntirely surrounded he called a council of war, at which it was decided that an ad- vantageous capitulation would be preferabl6 for the people and more honorable for the troops, than a resistance which could defer the entire reduction of the country only for a few days. The sur- render was then made and the capitulation signed September 8, 1660. When quitting the country M. de Vaudreuil paid this homage to its people in a letter to the ministry. " With these beau- tiful and vast countries, France loses 70,000 inhabitants of a rare quality — a race of people unequalled for their docility, bravery and loyalty." Vaudreuil, on his return to France, was thrown into 9T the Bastile, which affront he owed perhaps as much to the crimi- nating insinuations of Montcalm's partisanb, as to the more perfi- dious calumnic of Bigot. He had to govern Canada during the most thorny time of its history. He returned to France a poor man, after serving the king fifty-six years. To support his rank in Canada, lie was fi ; J to sell some plantations he had acquired while governor of Louisiana. He had even sacrificed like Mont- calm and De Levis his salary, in order to supply, towards the close of the war, what the state did not lurnish. Thus all his for- tune, as he said himself, consisted in hopes founded on the king's beneficence.. His defence was dignified; he repelled the insi- nuations of the really guilty, and disdained to attempt to justify him- self by accusing others. At length December 10th, 1763, De Vau- dreuil, was with five others, relieved from any accusation, and he died the next year less from old age than from vexation of spirit. cam- •nsby tie of lating .de Ihither Levis deter- lion in s and led ad- and defer sui- ter 8, this Ibeau- rare |avery into Lmdf < M .:--M ill ENGLISH GOVERNORS. FROM THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST. General Sir Jeffery Amherst was in reality the first governor general of Canada under British rule arriving in Quebec in 1760. He divided Canada into three departments corresponding to the old divisions, and put them under martial law, locating Gen. Murray at Quebec, Gen. Gage at Montreal, and Colonel Benton at Three Rivers. After giving final instructions to the three lieutenant governors respectively, he left Canada for New York, and thence went to England. In his place General Murray way appointed 1763. In obedience to his instructions he formed a new executive council, in which was vested along with himself, all executive, legislative, and judicial functions. If he was a stern, he was also an honourable and good hearted man ; he loved such Canadians as were docile under his sway, with the affection that a veteran bears to his faithfullest soldiers. He was trammelled however in his beneficent tendencies by a knot of resident functionaries. A crowd of adventurers had come in the train of the British soldiery, and we learn from Murray's own despatches that " broken down merchants, trades- men of bad repute, and blacklegs" made up the band of British Canadian residents. All the functionaries of government, as well as the judges moreover were to be of British race and professors of some Protestant faith. Murray disgusted with his charge thus expressed his sentiments : *' When it had been decided to recon- stitute civil government here, we were obliged to choose magistrates and select jurymen out of a community of some 400 or 500 traders, artisans and husbandmen, whose ignorance unfits them therefor, and causes them to be despised. It is not to be expected that such persons can help being intoxicated with the powers which have been unexpectedly put into their hands ; or that they will 7* I 'II 100 not hasten to manifest how skilful they are in exercising it. They cherish a vulgar hatred for ihe Canadian noblesse." From the sympathy lie showed for the Canadians, the leading British residents got up accusations against the Governor and council, which they transmitted to London ; and the Canada traders in London presented a petition lo the lioard of Trade and Plantations, against his administration. Matters were carried to such a length in opposition to Murray, that the home government was forced to recall him. A committee of the privy council, appointed to investigate the charges against him, absolved him entirely. Brigadier General Sir Guy Carlkton was Murray's successor in 1766. Being directed by ihe British government to form a commission of inquiry regarding the administration of justice in the colony, he proposed the adoption of a system more conformable to Canadian wishes, viz, — that English criminal procedure should supersede French, and that the old civil laws of the colony should be restored without any modification. In 1769 he sailed for England to be examined on the state of afi'airs in Canada, leaving M. Cramahe^ president of the Executive Council, as chief pro tern., of the colonial administration. Carleton's administration and his advice on matters proved so acceptable that he was made major general and created Knight of the Bath. He returned to Canada in 1774, and inaugurated a new constitution. He formed a legislative council of 23 members, of whom 8 were catholics. Scarcely however had he time to complete his arrangements, when his attention was drawn to the frontier by the outbreak of the American Revolution. Taking command of the troops in person he was finally superseded by General Burgoyne, and in 1777, again set about improving the civil administration which needed nume- rous ameliorations. A militia ordinance passed about this time gave universal dissatisfaction, cries on all sides rising against it. In 1778 Carleton returned to England carrying with him whatever sincere esteem the Canadians had for the government set over them. He was replaced the same year by General Haldimand, a Swiss by birth, who had long served in the British armies. He was a veteran soldier, severe in nature, imperious in manner, suited to lead battalions, but not for exer- cising civil functions. Set to rule a colony begirt with other colonies in a revolutionary state, he thought he should best dis- charge the trust reposed in him, by exercising inflexible rigour. His severities were aggravated by the successful progress of the United States against the British. A cry arising against the oppression of military service, he attributed it to the spirit of They iding and inada e and icd to iment •uncil, d him icessor orm a ;lice in rmable should should led for leaving ief pro slralion LS made rned to formed tholics. s, when of the person , again II nurae- lis time lainst it. hatever set over served nature, I'or exer- Ih other )est dis- rigour. Is of the Inst the spirit of lot revoh, causing hundreds to be arrested, culpable aiid innocent alike, upon mere suspicion of being seditiously minded. Accused parties were deprived not only of their liberty, but their fortunes were endangered. Detested by every one, he knew the fact, and solicited his recall two years before he left. Good intents how- ever are recognizable on his part, through natch of what he did, — his chief aim really being to preserve Canada as a British depen- dency. His administrative troubIc^• did not terminate with liis administration, which lasted six years. Several of those he had incarcerated followed him to England, and cited him before the British tribunals ; though the English ministry put the prosecutors off with evasions, and finally ceased to attend to their representa- tions. He left the administration of the Province to Lieutenant Goveknor Hamilton in 1785, who was replaced the next year by Colonel Hope ; the latter very soon afterwards had to give way to Sir Guy Carleton reappointed governor, after having been called to the peerage with the title of Lord Dorchester; he landed at Quebec in the month of October, 1785, invested with the title and functions of Governor General of all the British provinces in North America. On re- suming the reins of power he found the country much agitated on the question of constitutional government. In 1791 a Bill was passed in the Imperial Parliament "dividing Canada into two Provinces, under the names of Upper and Lower Canada, each section to have a separate elertive assembly." In 1792 Lord Dorchester having obtained leave to revisit England, transferred his functions for the time to Major General Alured Clarke, during whose adminis- tration the first conjoint legislature took place. In 1793 Lord Dorchester again resumed the governorship. European troubles which threatened to extend to America and the governor's popularity, were probably the moving causes for the British min- istry's engaging his lordship to take up the reins of the colonial government for the third time. His renewed presence was hailed by the Canadian population, but he was coldly received by the British sections, who found afterwards in the opening speech of the chambers, "expressions too favourable by far to Canadian repre- sentation in the legislature." He came charged with ampla instruc- tions for his guidance, and was empowered to nominate a new executive council, of nine members, four of whom were to be Canadians. At this time the public accounts were first published 10^ for the information of tho community. The annual revenue did not equal a third of tlie expenditure for the civil administration, the defi(;it being made up by tho home government ; the receipts were derived irom duties on wines, liquors, licenses, fines and confiscations. In eflect, it may b(; said, tliat taxation was then unknown in Canada. In 1795 ihe governor returned to England and was replaced by General Prescott in the same year. There is reason to believe that his mind had become a prey to groundless inquie- tudes. Those who had been witnesses of the American revolution and French anarchy, thought that almost any kind of convulsion in Britain or her colonies might follow upon two such events, the results of which had so completely ])elied their preconceptions. The governor issued orders to arrest all persons who should endeavour by seditions discourse or disloyal plotting, to break the king's peace. Although the seats of war were far distant, the policy of the tory government was to advert to danger, as if enemies were close to tlie frontiers ; this was intended to keep the people in fear of French republicanism. But an agitation manifested itself in the courcil on the subject of the crown lands, which the mtmbers had shamefully misappropriated. The governor sent despatches to London in which he characterized the management of these lands as a "fiscal nullity." He received in 1798 full instructions lo remedy the evil, while the step he had taken gave great umbrage to the Board. Tnence arose a division, first between the board itself and the Governor, and next between the Governor and the council. The members then treated him coldly. Prescott when he got into trouble with the chief functionaries, sought not popular support : he turned a* hostile front to the inhabitants, and whether through the unfavourable interpretation of his instructions, or for some other reason, he gave a bad recep- tion to the catholics, when they solicited the erection of new parishes. Neither the demands of the clergy, nor those of the people, nor even the applications of the assembly prevailed with him to reconsider his refusal. The people learned therefore with pleasure his recall. He was succeeded by Robert Shore Milnes, Esq., (shortly afterwards baroneted), who came to Quebec in 1799, as Lieutenant Governor. The years 1800-1805 were a season of calm for Canada, despite the war hotly raging between France and Britain, though several subjects excited discussion among the ultras. The usurped possession of the Jesuits estates, the obstacles raised to the creation of new parishes, and a desire among the British to tax the land, became subjects of debate. Sir Robert had no full reliance on the loyalty ■1^ [ 103 ^eted), years le war Ibjects lion of new fccame )yalty of the Canadians, and did not care to conceal his* distrust. The parliamentary contention begun, there was no lack of subjects for keeping it going. Sir R. Milnes, however, loft for Europe in 1806, leaving as his substitute, the oldest Executive councillor, Mr. Dunn. During iiis administration, liic first newspaper that dared to discuss in the colony, political questions, Le Canadien made its appearoncc The Americans at this time, were propo- fl'ating a report, that the Canadians only waited the appearance of the American flag among them, to rise in a body and join the American confed(3rulion. By way of contradicting it, Mr. Dunn in 1807, called up u fifth part of the colonial militia, and concur- rently the Bishop addressed a pastoral letter to all his flock urging loyalty. At this critical time Sir James Craig arrived as now Governor for Canada (1807.) He was a military officer of .some repute, but as an administrator, too narrow mind(^d and whimsical. He delighted in military pomp. Le Canadien having been pretty plain spoken as to measures adopted by him, the CJovernor determined to am^st its editor. This course was perhaps accelerated by the imsatisfactory state of the relations between America and England, which now seriously threatened to break out in hostilities. The military guard of Quebec was put on the alert, tlu.' sentinels doubled, and patrols promenaded the streets. The governor addressed the people in a long proclamation, shewing that he laboured imder vague appre- hensions, induced probably by the precarious state of his health, daily getting worse. This proclamation terminated with a request that the parish clergy woidd use their influence to discourage seditious tendencies ; the jjroelamation was accordingly read in all the parish churches on the following Sunday. In a despatch of his forwarded to London in 1810, he stated that " the British and French colonists did not hold any intercourse? ; that among the Canadian population, the name o^ Britain was held in con- tempt; that the Canadians were sunk in gross ignorance ; that they were drunken, saucy, and cowards in battle," " ?d that " the anti-British party were doing all thoy could sinct Napoleon's successes in Europe, to bring aboui the loss of Canada to Britain, and eventuate its reconquest by the French. He also proposed to abolish the constitution. The latter proposal Lord Liverpool the Colonial Secretary n^fnsed, but urged a reunion of the two Cana- das, and also spoke ol niaking Montreal the seat of government. These matters however were deferred as Britain being engaged in a coalition against Napoleon, was ujiwilling to have another war with America on her hands, and was anxious consequently to conciliate the Canadians, who, though she repudiated them in I- '-,<: Si w I ill,. <\ ii 1 * '. 1 i 1 li if liij J' 1 1 1' 1 ! j !,»:; ili- :v' r." 104 peaceful times, might be made asefal auxiliaries in iier behalf if war supervened. In 1811, Sir James Craig set out for Europe. His bodily frame had long been affected by a dropsy which proved mortal ; he was tapped for it the second time shortly before he left. On his arrival in England he wrote to the Colonial Minister to excuse himself for returning home without leave. Lord L'ver- pool replied that t!'e state of his health excused his uninvited presence in Englnnd, and added that the Prince Regent warmly approved of his conduct as Governor c^ Canada. Sir George Prsvost, Governor of Nova Scotia, a veteran officer, of Swiss origin, was appointed as the next Governor. He was a wise and moderate man, who possessed good sensie, and used an impartiality in his dealings with all. On his arrival in Quebec, he sei al)out f aiming public perturbation, and inducing oblivion of the animosity prevaHing. He manifeslefl perfect con- fidence in the loyalty of the Canadians, and strove to prove upon all occasions that the accusations of treason brought'against them had made no impression on the British mind or his own. Soon a most lively sympathy sprang up between the governor and the people. The selection of such a man, and the royal instructions he was to follow out, were entirely due to the hostile attitude of Britain relatively to the United States. War between the two countries was now mnminent. Sir George Provost made a tour of observation through the district of Montreal, and along the frontier towards Lake Champlaiu. He examined the fortified posts, and noted the military positions on the right bank of the St. Lawrence. Everywhere he found the colonial population ani- , mated by the best spirit. The House authorized him to levy and equip 2,000 men, and in case of invasion or insurrection, to arm the whole militia of the country. When news arrived that v.'^ar was proclaimed, the towns and villager of Canada already resoimded with the clang o{ arms. The governor directed his regular troops to the frontiers, and confided the guardianship of Quc])ec, the key of the colony, to the city militia. After a series of battles. Sir George in person commanded an attack upoiri Plattsburgh, from which place however he was forced to retreat, losmg his sto'^es, artillery and bagia:ago. This, however, was his misfortune, not his fault, attributable to his over readiness in o^ v^ying to the letter the rash orders sent !iini from head quarters. Soon after in 1814, the treaty of Ghent ])ut an end lothc war, whereupon Sir George repaired to Quebec, and sunmioncd the Chambers to meet in January ensuing. The Assembly passed a resolution declaratory of its sentiments, that Sir George Prevost had ever distinguished himself by his energy, skill and sagacity, even under the most trying circumstances, adding as a solid token of the good-will of the House towards him, a j)ref5ent of £5,000 sterling, for the pur- chase of a table service of plate. He then purposed setting out for England, where his presence was required, to reply to certain accusations against him, for his conduct in the expedition against Plattsburgh, copies of four charges intended to be brought against him, having been transmitted to him from the Horse Guards. He did not live however to meet his accusers face to face, for the winter having set in with rigor, his constitution never strong, was seriously affectod by the fatigues and exposure attendant on his overland passage from Quel)ec, througn a snow obstructed wilder- ness to St. John, New Brunswick, where he embarked for Britain. He died 5th January, shortly after his arrival in London. The court martial appointed to judge him never met ; but the War Office publicly acknowledged the distinguished services he h?id rendered to the country, and the Prince Regent, as a kind of token of government contrition, accorded an honorable addition to the armorial bearings of the family. Generai. Drummond entered ollice, as a substitute pro tem.^ for a regularly appointed governor. Tiis first care was to fulfil the promises made of rewarding soldiers and militiamen, who had distinguished themselves in the late war. He wished to remunerate them with land grants, but there was no longer any disposable land for that purpose, and ihe department, from the abuses it had sustained, would not bear looking into. He turned his attention also to another public establishment, the postal department, which he found so filled with abuses that he demanded the dismissal of its director. Leaving for England in 1816, Major General Wilson officiated as Lieutenant Governor pro tern. Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, who had been formerly Governor of Nova Scotia, superseded Drummond the same year, 1816. A more skilful and prudent administrator than Drummond, he com- menced his official career by an act of beneficence which gained him the good-will of the public. Severe frosts taking place earlier than usual, ruined the crops in the district of Quebec, where the peo^»le were reduced to a state of want. The Governor hastened to send them means of subsistence, drawing some supplies from the King's stores, and purchasing more at his own risk of repay- ment. His office, however, proved very difficult, from the instruc- tions sent out from the Colonial Ollice for his guidance. In a general way his prudent polity greatly moderated the ardor of partisanship in the colony ; but he saw at a glance the (difficulties m ff 106 already existing, and which would be increased when the ques- tion of colonial finances came up. In 1818, he demanded his recall, on account of his failing health, and embarked for Europe shortly after the close of the session of that year. It is asserted that ht was disgusted with the task he undertook to perform as Governor of Canada. It is not easy 1o say what was his real idea of the governmental polity best litted for the colony. It is pro- bable that he was discontented Avith all the parties he found in it. He was a man of much good sense, and of elevated perceptions, but who aware of the influence which his principal subordinates Lad with the Colonial Office, did not venture to contend with them. He was succeeded by Thi-i Duke of Richmond, who had been governor of Ireland, and who was fain to pass from one vice-rci^al charge to another, to amend his fortune, which had been much impaired by extra- vagance. The high rank of ihis nobleman, the consequence that his name carried with it in Britain, inclined people to believe that his administration would be signalised by some important reforms, which might become a means for bringing to an end the divisions which were beginning to distract the country on the subject of its finances. He arrived at Quebec in 1818, accom- panied by his son-in-law. Sir Peregrine Maiiland, who had been selected as lieutenant governor for Upper Canada. The chief citizens of the capital hastened to otlbr tlieir respects to nis Ma- jesty's distinguished representative ; but this homage soon became less ardent, for such hopes of its object as those indicated above, quickly died away. Having himself squandered an immense patrimony, he was not the right sort of man to regulate public expenditure, and treated the matter of the public finances with the utmost disdain. On proroguing parliament he complimented one house, and censured the other. He wrote to the Colonial Se- cretary that the people were satisfied, and that perfect reliance might be placed upon them, should the Americans ever again in- vade the colony. He then made a tour in Upper Canada with a view of examining the different military positions which it might be proper to fortify, a subject v/hich ever occupied the attention of the home government. Its intent in 1816 was to have the ter- ritory between Lake Champlain and Montreal in a state of nature, as the intermediate forests might serve for a barrier against the Americans, and orders were given to prev(!nt the opening of roads in that direction, when the news reached England that settlements had been begun at Hemmingford. During his second tour in the Upper Province, he had p-oceeded as far as Richmond, since named after him, in the Ottawa district, where he was unfor- tunately bitten by a pet fox that was chained in the yard of a ■,U I 107 hotel — some accounts state that the fox merely licked his hand on which there was a slight scratch, from ihq effects of which hydro- phobia ensued, of which he died, after intense suffering, in a few hours, on the 20th August His remains were taken to Quebec, where they were deposited with much pomp in the English cathe- dral, September 4th, 1819. The Hon. Jas. Monk, senior councillor, and Sir Peregrine Maitland, governor of Upper Canada, temporarily administered the affairs of the colony. The Earl of Dalhousie, who had been governor of Nova Scotia, was nominated the next Governor of Canada, arriving in Quebec, June 18, 1820. A few days after his arrival he repaired to Upper Canada, which he had already gone through with the late Duke. He again visited it in the following year, under a pretext of examining the parts best adapted for fortifications, but with the aim in reality of sounding ])ublic opinion, and reporting its several tendencies in both provinces, all in view of bringing about their union. A new Parliament was assembled, which the government expected would provide for the civil list. Instead of so doing, they resolved to appropriate all the revenue of the Pro- vince, which had been previously secured to the Crown. How- ever popular Lord Dalhousie might have been in Xova Scotia, he was not so successful in Canada. Having estimated the amount necessary for the public service, in addition to the revenues vested in the crown, he solicited £22,000 as a permanent grant The Assembly however, pos: ively refused to grant more than an annual supply bill. It was, at last, settled and agreed, that two esti- mates should be presented, the first embracing the government expenses, to be paid by funds of which the Crown claimed the entire disposal, — the second to be employed for general objects, of which the members had the entire control. Soon after the ses- sion closed, the Governor left for Britain, leaving Sir F. Burton in charge. The Governor returned in 1835, and early in the fol- lowing year, he re-opened parliameiu, declaring that his senti- ments and those of the assembly were entirely in accord. But on the new assembly chosing M. J^apineau, he refused to approve of him, and they refused to elect another. The consequence was that all operations came to a dead-lock. The inhabitants of the Lower Province next petitioned the King, charging the Governor General with many arbitrary acts, of applying public money im- properly, of violence, prorogation and dissolution of the House of Assembly, of dismissing militia oflTicers for voting against his policy, &c. The whole was submitted to a committee of the House of Commons. After giving it serious attention, the latter I 111 il 108 \l} piade several enactments to secure to the FVench Canadians the peaceful enjoyment of their religion, laws and pr'vi leges, and expressed their sorrow that the abuses complained of should have been so long allowed to exist in the colony. They retained how- over the power of the Crown over the revenues of the Province. In order to pave the way for a better understanding between the governing and the governed, it was announced that an order of recall had been sent to the Earl, as he had been appointed com- mandant of the forces of India. Sir James Kkmpt, lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia replaced Lord Dalhousie. On calling a meeting of the Legislature, he formally accepted the election of M. Papineau, and made a con- ciliatory, mild and wise speech. Ho assented to a supply bill to carry on the public service, and he may be said to have eliected a satisfactory understanding between the Legislature and the Execu- tive Government. The representation of Lower Canada was in^ creased from fifty to eighty-four members. A general election took place agreeably to this act, and soon after Sir James Kempt returned to England, having solicited his recall. He probably foresaw coming difficulties. He was replaced by Lord Aylmer, who arrived at Quebec October 13th, 1830. With the same programme furnished to him as that of his predeces- sor, the new governor had yet greater opposition to encounter, for there was an augmented antagonism in the Assemby, the re-consti- tuted chamber of representatives being composed of 60 French Cana- dians, and only 24 members of British birth or descent. Conti- nued demands were made on the Home Government, protests entered against ihe introduction of English laws, and the interpo- sition of the British Parliament in colonial affairs. Lord Aylmer, who was a man of very sensitive temperament, was much affected by these renewed appeals. When the Assembly presented to him, for transmission to the King, one of their petitions, he protested on his own part a frank and open line of dealing, animadverting on dissimulation and underhand dealing as unworthy of the Govern- ment, urging the House to keep no other complaints in reserve. He expressed such sentiments of ingenuousness, that it left no doubt of his sincerity. In 1831, Lord Aylmer asked the Assembly to vote the remainder of the civil list, but the House rose without coming to a vote, which was tantamount to a rejection of his suit. In 1832 the Asiatic Cholera broke out with fearful malignity, in- ereased no doubt in its severity by rhe landing of 52,000 emigrants in that year. Lord Aylmer had strongly urged the peopling of the Eastern Townships and Valley of the Ottawa with British Emi- grants as the best way of settling the vexed question of the two 109 races in the colony — and the sudden influx of so many, bringing with them the germs of the disease then sweeping down its thousands in Europe, added fuel to the fire. Matters now began to come to a crisis. M. Papineau counselled the peo|)le to pur- chase no article from Britain, urged them to clothe themselves in Canadian manufactured stufis, and drink home made beverages only, and thus dry up those sources of public revenue which thd government needed. In 1836 Lord Ab«>rdeen wrote to Lord Aylmer that he approved of his conduct, but that taking into con- sideration the perturbed stale of the public mind in (Canada, and conceiving that there was small hope of words of peace and con- ciliation from the Governor's lips being favourably listened to, some confidential person would be sent out with the title of royal commissioner. This was soon after done in the person of The Earl of Gosfohd ; an Irish nobleman, who had gained some repute in his own country through being, although a Protestant, an opponent of the Orange parly. His firmness of character and his liberal opinions were much vaunted by his friends. Two persons were joined with him in the commission Sir Chas. Grey, and Sir James Gipps. But the discontent and opposition of the Lower Canada leaders grew more intense, and finally made a direct re- fusal to grant the supplies of Government. The Habitants were easily led on step by step by public meetings held in almost every parish where inflammatory speeches were made, and the tricolor flag displayed. The insurrection that ensued, known as the rebel- lion of '37, was soon put down by force of arms, and when matters had resumed their wonted quiet, Earl Gosford, who had long soli- cited it, was recalled. He received several valedictory addresses from the capital and neigbouring parishes, and left Quebec in February lb38, via the United States, visiting Philadelphia and Washington before embarking for Europe. The post was tempor- arily filled by Sir John Colborne. The Earl of Durham was next prevailed upon by the Bri- tish Government to take the office of Governor General. When nominated, he announced in the House of Lords that " while he would endeavour to make the supremacy of Britain to be respected in every part of the colony, he would patronize no section of the population especially, whether English, French or Canadian ; but that he would administer justice to all, and extend to all an equal protection." He arrived at Quebec 29th May, 1838, under a salute of artillery, and with his suite amid a double line of soldiers, ascended in state to the Castle of St. Louis, where he took the oath with all the accustomed formalities. The Earl, being very fond of luxury and show, and who had acted as ambassador at s 1 ,1 ll '' ¥ li ; j i! 1 1 i '^' : m 110 St. Petesbargh with great pomp in 1833, aspired to eclipse by a parade of vice-royalty all the splendour of preceding Governors of Canada. Two regiments of the Guards, with some hussars, had been sent out to await his arrival, and the parliament house was fitted up as a palace for him and his followers. One of his first acts was a general jail delivery of political offenders, and the issue of a proclamation allowing those who had fled out of the country to return to their homes, making exception however of the cases of fourscore individuals, whom he banished to Bermuda, there to be kept in strict surveillance, and to suffer the penalty of death if they returned to Canada without the permission of the Governor. This measure was greatly disapproved of in England. Lord Durham next made an extensive lour throughout the Province, and was everywhere received with marks of the greatest respect. He collected a great mass of information relative to Canada, which was afterwards printed and submitted to the British Parlia- ment. On his return while he was holding an assembly at Quebec of all the Governors, and deputies from every province of British America, to dsliberate on colonial matters, intelligence of the official disavowal of his policy with regard to the summary measures adopted by him towards the prisoners sent to Bermuda, decided him to resign his office, as, being of a very sensitive nature, it wounded him to the quick. At Quebec and Toronto addresses were voted by the British residents expressive of their regret at his departure and an address from Montreal strongly urged a Union of the Canadas. Li his reply to the address from Quebec he stated " that the government here is reduced to a state of exe- cutive nullity and is now administered by two or three peers from their seats in Parliament. My post is there where your interests are really decided upon. In parliament I can defend your rights, and declare your wants and wishes." The Earl embarked for Europe along with his family on the 1st day of November, 1838, leaving the direction of the affairs of the Colony again in the hands of Sir John Colborne, who had scarcely resumed office when the refugees from Canada in the United States, together with ame- rican sympathizers, organised an invasion of the country, in con- nexion with a pre-arranged rising of the people of both Canadas, and a renewal of the rebellion. Sir John who expected such an inroad immediately assembled the council, proclaimed martial law, arrested all suspected persons, and with a force of from 7000 to 8000 threw himself into the invaded region, which how- ever was evacuated before his arrival. The American authorities established an armed force on its northern and western frontier to repress any violation of his limits. Their interposition however was Ill not much needed, for the rebels receiving little encourageni(nt from the resident population, from their stinted supplies, and want of accord among themselves, gradually dispersed. The brief campaign ended, Sir John ('olbo.ne organized courts martial, for the trial of the most notable French Canadian prisoners. Thirteen of the number condemned, suflered on the scaflbld. Soon after- wards Sir John Colborne was appointed Governor General of both Canadas anu convoked his special council, February, 1839. A Bill was passed to continue the extraordinary powers which had been granted to Sir John Colborne during ihe insurrection, it being thought desirable rather to prevent, than to quell these in- surrectionary movements. The bill for the Union had been intro- duced into the British house, and passed its first and second rea- ding. The special council was continued and in the autumn of the same year the HoNBLE. Charles Poulett Thompson M. P., was sent as governor general, ostensibly with a view of bringing about a con- currence of all the Canadians in the views of the home govern- ment regarding our affairs. He arrived at Quebec in October, 1839, whence he set out almost immediately for Montreal, where he summoned the special council to meet him in November. The result ot ihjs was that all the members but three accepted the mi- nisterial project of uniting the Provinces, both of which were to be represented equally in the New Legislature, to agree to a suffi- cient civil list, and that the charge of the principal part of the debt of Upper Canada, was to fall on the United Province. The Union came into operation in 1840. A few months after, a ge- neral election took place, and the Governor who had now assumed the title of Lord Sydenham, addressed the House in a sound and conciliatory speech which was well received. He did not live however to see his measures carried into execution. He fell from his horse, and died in great torture and was buried at Kingston, by his own desire. He was succeeded by Sir Charles Bagot, 1841-2. The regret for the death of Lord Sydenham was universal throughout Canada. By his energy and wisdom he had rescued Canadian politics from the debase- ment of personalities and strife, and elevated them to the dignity of statesmanship. He had opened up new fields for provincial ambition, in the prosecution of comprehensive schemes of public improvements, public education, finance, trade and commerce. Under such circumstances, his successor Sir Charles Bagot arrived. The new governor had, however, many difficulties to contend with, e.° the smouldering embers of former strifes were frequently fanned into a flame, and many of the old party rivalries and passions \l'-^ H ^* r< (t; 112 fiercely aroiisiied. He neverllieless acted with great prudence, and called lo his councils the chief of the reform party, then in the ascendant in the legislature. His health having failed, however, he was compelled lo return to England, where he died shortly afterwards, aged 63. He was succeeded by Lord Metcalfe, 1842-5. He had already distinguished him- self as Governor in India and in Jamaica. His endeavour to mitigate what he felt to be the evil to the country of a mere party government, and appointments lo olfice, led to a difference be- tween himself and the members of his cabinet, and they resigned. They maintained that appointments to office under the Crown, should be made chieily with a view to strengthen the administra- tion, and upon the advice of ministers responsible to parliament. Sir Cl)arles Metcalfe on the other hand maintained that the patronage of the Crown should be dispensed according to merit, irrespective of party objects, and for the sole benefit of the country. Other points of difference arose between the Governor and his Cabinet, which widened the breach. On an appeal being made to the country, the policy of Sir Charles was sustained by a majority of the electors, and he was shortly afterwards raised to the peerage as Baron Metcalfe. A cancer in his face soon after- wards comjjelled him to resign his office and return to England, where after a painful illness he died, — being the third Governor in succession who fell a victim to disease while in ofl[ice. When ill health compelled him lo resign, , Generaj. Lord Cathcart, Commander of the Forces, assu- med the reins of government, till the arrival of The Earl of Elgin, in 1847. Shortly after his arrival, the famine and fever which had desolated Ireland, drove multitudes to seek a home in Canada ; these brought fever and death with them, and pestilence for a time stalked through the land. Mea- sures were promptly taken to provide for this calamity, and, in some degree, they mitigated the evil, but public attention was soon again directed to the political state of the country. Lord Elgin entered heartily into the discharge of his duties, exhi- biting a comprehensiveness of mind and singleness of pur- pose, which gave dignity to his administration, and divested the settlement of public questions of that petty bitterness and strife, which had hitherto entered into political discussions. A general election took place in 1848, giving a large preponderance of the Reform party in the now House of Assembly. Lord Elgin at once surrounded himself with the chiefs of that party, and mea- sures of the greatest importance to the country were passed by 113 the Legislature. One measure, however, produced a sudden ebullition of party violence, viz : an enquiry Into the losses sus- tained during the rebellion by individuals, either from military necessity, or from la\vlessne>>s in 1837-8. The measure passed both Houses, and was assented to in the Queen's name by Lord Elgin. No sooner had he doie so, than he was assailed in the streets of Montreal, the Houses of Parliament were fired, and they with their valual^h; library were almost totally destroyed. In consequence of ihis, Lord Elgin tendered his resignation, but the Queen declined to accept it, and raised him a step in the Peerage. The seat of government was removed to Toronto, and after a time the unfeigned respect of the great mass of the peoj)le towards Lord Elgin for the courage and ability he had displayed during an eventful crisis of history, returned. In 1853, the members of the House of Assembly were increased froui 'Ji to 130. In 1854, Lord Elgin left Canada, having first procured the passage of the Reciprocity Treatv with the United States. He was succeeded Sir Edmund Hfad, 185'!-60, who, although not equal to his predecessor as an able and r"/pular governor, was remarkable for the various public matters he became associated with. The Grand Trunk Railway was completed, the Victoria Bridge opened, a line of Ocean Steamers established, the decimal system of currency introduced, the 100th Regiment raised, tlie Statutes of Upper and Lower Canada consolidated, and the munificent subscription of $80,000 sent to the Patriotic (Crimea) Fund. The closing period of Sir Edmund's administration was rendered still more memorable by the visit to Canada of the Prince of Wales and suite in 1860. On the retirement of Sir Edmund Head, he was succeeded by Lord Viscount Monck. On his entering office, trade was greatly deranged, in consequence of the civil war raging in the United States, and the unwarraiitable seizure of the British steamer Trentj by a Federal admiral, came near involving the two coun- tries, and with them England, in a war. This gave a vast impetus to volunteering, and probably no country in the world holds such a good militia as Canada. In 1864, the feeling of antagonism in Parliament between Upper and Lower Canada came to a crisis, and the project of Confederation was set on foot, designed to embrace all the Provinces of North America, giving to each the management of its own local affairs ; this glorious scheme was carried into efTect by the Queen's proclamation, 1st July, 1867. 8 114 CANADIAN POLITICS IN ENGLAND. There have been six remarkable periods when the aHairs of Canada have engaged the attention of the British Parliament viz : 1774, after the conquest ; 1791, when the country was divided into two Provinces ; 1828, when the people of Lower Canada presented an siddress, signed by 87,000 persons, complain- ing of the partial distribution of patronage, the illegal application of the public money, and of the Trade Act of the Imperial Par- liament ; 1839, when the rebellion had secured Responsible Government ; 1849, when the British inhabitants, aroused to anger by Lord Elgin's sanction of the Rebellion Losses Bill, burned the Parliament Buildings, and made a demand for a peaceable separation from tlie Mother Country ; 1867, when the Confederation of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick took place, under the name of the Dominion of Canada. ! , ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. ^■ I 4. EARLY ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Canada, as a French possession was eminently a country of missions. These were undertaken at first by Franciscan Friars* who began their labours in 1615, four of ihem arriving in that year. The Recollets of the Province of Paris had been invited to Canada the year before by several parties, and especially the associated merchants, who feared th^' presence of the Jesuits in the colony. Tiiey visited the Ilurons, along with Champlain. In 1618, Pope Paul IV, accorded at the instance of the French ambas- sador, the charge of missions in Canada to thi^ Recollets of Paris. Several of these religious men lived and (li of French domination, to exclude them. They then in vain peti- tioned the Government 1o let them return. In 1669, however, though their services were desired by the people, sanctioned in an ordinance by the pope, and approved by the " Congregation for the propagation of the faith" in 1635 — those members of the Francis- can confraternity came forward, when public discontent at the tithing system was ripe, and offered to undertake the cure of souls without any ( 'orted remuneration for their services. This libe- rality did but augment the alien feeling of the secular clergy for those zealous men, whose general regards for laic interests in other respects, doubtless helped to discredit them in the eyes of the bishop and a majority of his clergy. Their advantageous ofler appears to have been flatly, perhaps contumeliously rejected, and what was worse, M. dc St. Vailier, afterwards bishop of Quebec, by way of ending a controversy that he had with the Recollets of Montreal, issued a presentment or mr.i.date against them, and put their church under an interdict. In 1681, Louis XIV, gave them the locality where was once tlu> Senechalsea of Quel)ec, facing tlie castle of St. Louis, for the site of a hospitium. The influence of the Jesuits was mistrusted by Chaiiiplain, who preferred the Franciscan order to that of St. Ignatius, ihe former having as he said " less (political) nmbition." The inllucnce they exerted with tlu^ fourl of France to supersede the Recollets, became of servicr to lite country ; for more than once, the French kings were about to renounce th(> colony, and v:\eh time abstained from so doing, chiefly through religious motives. It was at their urgent suggestion that M. de Maisonneuve laid the foundation of the settlem«Mit of Montreal, under tln^ name of V'rlle Marie, or Mariopolis. Its )uicleus v/as a school of morality, industry, and the subduing of savage natures. The ecclesiastical ceremonies attending its inauguration, formed as rich a display as the Cana- dian church's menns at the time could command. In 1638, the " Seminary of the Hurons" was founded or opened at Quebec by the .Jesuits ; Pere Le Jeune, observing on the occasion, that it had been leali/ed "despite th<» powers of hell, banded in full force against it." The Socielv of Jesus, or conlrateruitv of the Jt!suits, was found(Ml at the epoch of the Reformation, partly with a view of giving extension to religious proselytism, especially in the regions of Heathendom. And truly did ♦hey carry out their plan, for the Jesuit fathers bore aloft in sight of nmltitudes of their vmcivilized fellow men, the crucifix, tb.e emblem of their faith from the shores of Jypan to the furthest capes of America. Bancroft says, "The annals of missionary labors are inseparably connected with the origin of all the cstablishmenls in P'rcnch America. Not a cape was doubled, not u stream disco\ered, that a Jesuit did not show |?;r 119 the way." We read of Father Raimbauh, forming a design of penetrating the continent as far as China, evangelising all nations by the way ; of Pere Dolbeau and De Quen, exploring the head- waters of the Saguenay ; of Pere Charles Aibanel reaching the Hudson's Bay by the route of the rivers ; of Pere Druiliettes ascending the Chaudiere and descending the Kennebec, till he reached the Atlantic coast ; of Peres Brebeuf, Lalemant, Daniel and Jogues, reaching the upper extremity of Lake Huron ; of Pere Marquette, who formed the first settlement in Michigan, and in company with Joliet explored the Mississippi ; of Peres Mesnard and Ailouez who pcnctraied among the Otlawae on Lake Superior ; of Pere Hennepin who traced the downward course of tlu Illinois to its junction with the Mississippi ; and of numerous other zealous Jesuit fathers who transported the Cross over " the territory of the Sioux in the Mississippi valley, years before Elliott, the famous missionary of New England, had addressed a word to the savages located within six miles of Boston harbour." In the course of lime the Jesuits were first subordinated, and finally superseded by a regular establishment oi secular clergy in 1659. Canada as a province was in 1629, brought under the jurisdiction of the supreme court of Normandy in civil matters, and hence came to be considered as a dependency of the arch- bishopric of Rouen, the prelates of which see were allowed 1o exercise episcopal supervision in the province for many years ; their supremacy however having been contested, was finally given up. In 1626 M. de Queylus was accredited from Nor- mandy as Vicar General of Canada, and lounded the Seminary of St. Sulpicius of Montreal, a dependency of the famous college of the same name in Paris. The Didionnaire ties Dates however seems to indicate that the Montreal Seminary owes its origin to the founder of the company of Sulpicians in 1641, Jean Jacques Olier. " II crea " says that authority " au Canada et en France plusieurs seminaires des Sulpiciens." In 1647, the Snlpicians of Paris acquired by purchase all the proprietary rights of the first possessors of the island of Montreal. Subsequently the archbishop of Rouen sent letters to d'Argenson the Governor, ordering de Qik ylus to put himself under the orders of the Jesuits. M. de Queylus, layirg claim to having been invested with the direction of ecclesiastical affairs, refused to recognize the arch- bishoj) as his Metropolitan. The governor to settle matters quietly induced de Queylus to retire to Montreal, and wrote to Paris intimating his opinion that an episcopal see was wanted in Canada, to maintain peace in its church establishment. The Pope however had already suj^plied the want by anticipation ; for in 1657 he had constituted Canada ecclesiastically, a vicariat apostolical, with M. de Laval as its first head. De Queylus ;il 'I it 1 I •I jii |;i I' w, no refused to recognize the bishop as his spiritual superior, and in consequence of his maintaining his own opinions, a sealed writ was sent out by the Jiing, recalling him. This not having the desired effect, he was interdicted from exercising his clerical functions. Thu,§ all oppositions having been overcome, the Canadian Church establishment passed from the hands of the Jesuits, into those of the secular priesthood in 1669. After the conquest of Canada, the order of Jesuits was abolished in this country by a papal decree issued in 1773 ; it was not till this took place that the British Governm'^nl thought of appro- priating their estates, forgetting that the Jesuits were only the depositaries of that properly, since it had been given to them by the kings of France for educating the people and the instruction of the savages of New France. In the year 1776 the government transformed the Jesuits College into barracks for the garrison of Quebec. These good fathers had been obliged to discharge their pedagogues during the siege of 1759, and were not able to reopen the primary schools after the war was over. In 1778 the govern- ment took possession of the episcopal residence, granting in com- pensation, a yearly allowance of £150 to the bishop. FRENCH BISHOPS. The first bishop known to Canada was Fkancis de Laval, titular of Petroea, a scion of the illustrious house of Montmorency, was born at Laval, Maine, in France, 23rd March, 1622. Previous to his nomination, he was known as the Abbe de Montigny, and was at ^rst consecrated bishop of Petroea, in parlibus infide- lium^ by the pope's nuncio, and vested with a brief as vicar apostolic of Canada, before sailing thither. Quebec having been made an episcopal diocese, he was nominated its bishop suffragan of Rome, by a bull of Clement X, which was forwarded from the papal chancery in 167- . He had great talents and much activity, while to his high Lirlh he owod much of tiie influence he exercised in the civil as well as ecclesiastical affairs of the colony, making and unmaking its governors at will. He died at Quebec, 6th May, 1708. M. DE St. Valuer appointed in 1688, inslead of taking up his quarters in the seminary of Quebec as his predecessor had done, domiciled himself in the episcopal palace, and further desired to isolate the seminary by disconnecting it administratively, both from the cathedral chapter and the parish of Quebec. Open dis- sension ensued, and the seminarists prayed that he might be recalled to Paris ; this was acceded to. He returned to Canada, n c tl g n li SI cc hi ai in 1692 to be recalled again in 1694. At length the erection of 121 the bishopric of Quebec, and the reunion of the curacy with the seminary of the city were confirmed by Louis XIV, in the year 1697. He died December, 1725. M. DE MoRNAY, who was appointed coadjutor of the late Bishop in 1714, was nominated to succeed him. He was at the time in France and never returned to Canada, yet retaining his title and authority, he confirmed three grand vicars, elected by the chapter, who, along with the dean, governed the see in his name. He ranks, nominally, as third Bishop of New France. Thi^ episcopal interregnum continued practically for a series of years. In 1733 M. Herman Dosquet superseded M. de Mor- nay, and became by grace of Clement XII. fourth bishop. He came to Quebec in 1734, returned to France the same year, and there remained holding to his episcopal title till 1739, when he gave it up. M. PouRRAY DE l'Auberviere, appointed by Clcmer' XII. as the next bishop, died about the same time as that Pontiff, arriving at Quebec in 1740, while an epidvsmic was raging ; he caught the infection, and died before he could take up his functions. In the next year, M.Dubreufl de Pontbriant was nominated to succeed him by Beaedict XIV. In none of the Canadian epis- copal appointments or mutations does royal intervention seem to have been permitted or attempted. M. Dubreuil was the sixth and last bishop of Quebec, under the French Dominion. ■ IW^Tf- » "■ '*rar*«i ' p CITIES OF THE DOMINION. 1 I! ::(; . , * - ml " ■) 5 her dis- are the various IJollege, e Hall, nume- s direct lailroad f impor- jleasing 1 streets 5 have a through is the r. It is he Pro- ally two ery and e North in Ber- sns was ad been original situated vith the which it uresque 785. It Fundy. at right iversity, al, built lurches. le same project- imercial 127 capital of N. B., and was incorporated by Royal Charter, A. D., 1786. The harbour is deep, capacious and accessible to the largest vessels at ail seasons ot" the year ; at high water it is one cf the handsomest, and at low water one of tht; most uninteresting on thench, the largest city in liritish America, is situated on an Island of the same nam*; formed by the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Riveis. In 1535, .lacqucs Carticr while surveying with delight the magnificent prosj)ect from the Mountain at the foot of which it is budl, gave it the name of Mount Royal, in honour of the King of France. At the time of Cartier's visit it contained about 60 Indian lodgments, which were encompassed by three separate rows of palisades one within ihe other. It had only one entrance guarded by stakes, as a means of defence against hostile tribes. Passing 230 years down the stream of time, we find Montreal in 1760, the date of British possession, a " well peopled town of an oblong form, surrounded by a wall flanked with 1 1 redoubts, which served instead of bastions : " this wall has long ceased to exist, except a small portion facing the front of what is called the Quebec-Gate Barracks. The city of to-day as seen from any approach, with the moun- tain in the background, together with its beautiful villas, its glittering roofs, spires and domes, most of the latter being covered with tin, and its lofty towers, present to the beholder a vast and picturesque panorama. Montreal is noted for its excellent quays which are built of limestone,and an esplanade or terrace surmount- ingthem, presenting a continuous display of masonry unequalled on the continent. The frontage of the city on the St. Lawrence ex- tends about 3 miles. The revetment wall abutting on the river protects the city from the damage which would otherwise ensue at the ice shove, or breaking up of the ice in the spring, which frequently is piled up mountains high along the wharves, crush- ing against the unyielding quay. From this cause ships never lie at Montreal during the winter. This city is the head of ocean navigation, and is the commencement of lake and river commu- nication. It is connected by Railroad with all the principal places in Canada, and the United States ; in general the principal streets run east and west parallel with the river, and are inter- cepted at right angles by secondary streets. The old French part of the city with its narrow streets is fast disappearing before the improvements of modern architecture. The old streets have been named after a variety of Saints, while those in the modem 9 130 |il!' portion an^ associaU'd with tlie (lifFerent Governors of the Province. The principal edilicfs ar(^ th«^ Cathi'ilral of Notn^-Dame with its two lofty towers and monster bell the Gros Bourdon, McGiii University, Bonsecours Market, Church of the Gesii, Anglican Cathedral, llotel-Dieu, St. Mary's Colh^ge, churclies of various denominations of which Trinity and St. James (Episc.) are per- haps the linesl, St. Patrick's Hall, Mechanic's Institute and the various Banks (lach of which is a model of architecture in itself, Molson's Bank, a new structure being perhaps the finest on the continent. Some of tin; large shops or stores are more Ukv palaces, and it would ))e invidious to single out any one for description. An aqueduct and reservoir from which a splendid view of the city is obtained, conveying water from near llie Lachin*' Rapids, were built at an expense of ,t 100,000, an] RIVERS. !'i The city of Three Rivers is situated at the mouth of the St. Maurice River, which here separates into three channels (hence the name of the city) and lies about midway bstween Quebec and Montreal. This city ranks third in the Province of Quebec, and carries on a very extensive trade in lumber ; the improvement of the St. Maurice River, by the Government, having given great advantage to the lumbermen in obtaining an easy access to market, The River St, Maurice and its tributaries, water a 131 ovince. with it8 McGill nglican various an; pur- 111(1 the in itself, st on the palaces, criplion. the city els, were the city )solutely • Bridge, g link of the St. le rate of re. The e always f Parlia- l at i'our IS, three nericans, glish, on anclsome :juartered d among d by the ands and , and is , cities of of the St. Is (hence ebec and ibec, and rement of ren great iccess to water a territory of over ;"iO,l)00 scjunre niiley, in one of the best limbered difHtri(!ts of tli(; Dominion. liJirgr (jiianiitics of sawn lutnbcr are munnlucturcd iit 'riirce Rivers, and shipped to (Quebec, lOngland, the West Indies, and the L iiited Slates. There are also foundries or forges as they are called in constant operation at this point, some of wliieh have turned out excellent railway ear wheels, and are ('(dehrated for their box stoves. The ir(»n used is principally bog-irf)n, and oni; of the foundries, known as the '" St. Maurice Forges " a lew irules back of the eily, has been in o|)eration lor over one huiulred years. They were established by the French in 1737 ; at the (;onrnor Siiucoe in 1793. It is connected by means of the Grand Trunk, (ireat Western, and IVorlhern Railways, and Steamboats, with all the leading cities of Canadfi and the neighboring Union. Owing to the flatness of its site, Toronto presents no striking asp(;ct nt a distance. It was for some years thr^ capital of Upper Canada, and is now the scat of the Local Legislature of ()ntario. The jiublic buildings of tlu> city are numerous, and many of (lieni racily handsome. First among which stands the Univ(n'sily, built in tl){! Xorman style of white stone brought from Ohio, — Triiiity College, buih of whjte brick with stone dressings in the pointed Knglish style, — the Normal School buildings, St. James' Cathedral, R. C. Cathedral, Osgoode Hall, containing the courts of law, the Provincial Lunatic; Asylum, Hospital, Exchang*?, Banks, various Churches, &c. Its markets ?ammm Mi <'i I \i 134 are excellent and will well compare with those of any English Town. The Cemeteries (St. James and the Necropolis) are very tastefully laid out, and the Park and College Avenue are as fine public grounds as any in Canada. Young as Toronto is in years, it has none of the historic associations that Quebec or Montreal possess. One great drawback its citizens have to contend with in regard to their public buildings is the absence of stone in the vicinity, thus compelling them to resort to brick, but the latter are of an elegant whiteness from the peculiar clay of which they are made. The streets of this as of '\1! the more recent western ci^'es are laid out at right angles and of a good width, two of them retaining the name of the street hmg after they have left the city, miles behind, viz ; Yonge street and Dundas street, stretching respectively northwards and westwards. Toronto is an Episcopal See. Its population is about 50,000. HAMILTON. The city of Hamilton is situated on Burlington Bay, at the western extremity of Lake Ontario. This Bay is 5 miles Ion'' and 2 wide, and navigable in all parts to within a lew yaM~ r' the shore, it was settled and laid out in 1813 by a person ol .ho name of Hamilton, when the camp on Burlington heights was the centre for military operations against the Americans. The city is backed by a lofty hill called "the Mountain," which is a pleasant resort of the citizens. An ample supply of freestone and limestone behintl the city allbrds the means ol erecting substantial buildings, both public and private ones being very elegant. Its streets are wide, and from the zeal its merchants have shewn to rival neighbouring cities, it has received the name of " the ambi- tious little city." Being the chief station of the Great Western Railway, it is a placi; of great trallic. In its vicinity is Dundrum Castle the handsom" mansion of the late Sir Allan McNab, which with other nnmerous villas give the environs a very elegant appearanee. The finest buildings in Hamilton are its hotels, and the city is seen to the best advantage looking from the Gore on King street. Its population is 22,998. LONDON. Although London ranks as a city, having grown from a wilder- ness since 1825, it is not to be compared with those already men- tioned either for l)uildings or associations. It is what may be styl(!(l a railroad city, the Grand Trunk, the Great Western and Port Stanley R. K. mi'eting there. The river, streets, britlge, &c. of this city have the same names as tlio.se of its great namesake the Metropolis of England. The English Church is one of the 'nglish re very as fine years, ontreal id with ; in the tter are ley are n ci^'es if ihem he city, etching )iscopal at the es lon*^ yafi*^ O' n ol *he hta 'v^/as s. The lich is a one and )stantial int. Its lewn to jifnbi- W^estern undrum McNab, elegant ■Is, and Gore on 135 few in this country possessing a peal of bells. The country surrounding London is rich in agricultural productions, furnishing a large trade in wheat and other staples. The public buildings are a credit to so young a city. It is an Episcopal See, being the seat of the Diocese of Huron. Its population is about 12,000. ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND. This city is the political and commercial capital of N«iwfound- land, end is the most easterly seaport of America. The entrance to the harbour is guarded by two rocky mountains, between which are " the narrows " through which ships of the largest class pass. SVithin the narrows is a deep and spacious basin, capable of hold- ing a national navy in safety. On each of the rocky heights over- looking the narrows, numerous batteries and fortifications are erected. The city is situated on an acclivity and is well laid out. The harbour is accessible at all times of th(? year. The business part of the town is built of brick and stone, and is supplied with water brought from Twenty Mile Pond distant 4| miles, and being 400 feet above the level of the city, gives valuable pressure for extinguishing fires. The Water-works were erect(;d at a cost of £80,000. St. John's has several times been partially destroyed by fire, the last occasion being in 1844 when the loss exceeded £1,000,000 currency. The principal edifices are Government House, Anglican and Roman Catholic Cathedrals, Catholic College and Convent, Lunatic Asylum, Banks, &c. The trade of the city principally consists in the exchange of fish and oil for the com- modities of other countries. A submarine cable places it in com- munication with continental America. wilder- ly men- may be ern and Ige, &c. »mesake e of the nir REMARKABLE CONFLAGRATIONS. ■^IWWppBI—iWWp^^p^ffp ifm^ip^mr^ If 'I ,1 "4 REMARKABLE CONFLAGRATIONS. QUKBEC. A Fire on 5tli August, 1682, reduced the city almost to ashes. On the 28th May, 1845, a large; portion of Quebec was devas- tated by a fire, which spread so rapidly and fiercely that all efforts to subdue it proved unavailing, and the; destruction only ceased when nothing more was left to destroy. One thousand three hun- dred and fifteen houses wen; consumed and their inmates turned out into the strcds in a slate of ih'stiuition. The day on which the fire broke out was scorchingly hot, with a high wind and clouds of dust rushing along the roads. A large tannery in St. Vallier street was the spot where the fire first broke out, and the roofs of the adjoining houses being covered with shingh?s, heated almost to tinder by the sun, were ([uickly in a blaze. The wind increasing carried the embers far and wide ; the houses on the cliff above caught ; below in the suburb of St. Roch several houses situated apart from one another, simultaneously began to burn — the narrow streets were filled with people rushing madly to and fro, removing articles of furniture ; fire engines were being hur- ried up along from place to ))lace ; carls rattled about loaded and unloaded; soldiers were tearing down houses, to arrest if possible the devouring element ; but still lifted up by the wind, the fire leaped into distant streets, and far away to leeward the red plague was seen bursting up through the wooden roofs. It was finally arrested by blowing up two houses in the Rni; Canotrie near Hope Gate, the whole of the populous suburb of St. Roch having been des- troyed. Next day many half consumed bodies lay about, and also the carcases of a great number of horses and cattle. On the same day in June, the same year, the cry of fire again rose. In a house near St. John's Gate, a contlagration had begun, which was not to be ended until the whole of St. John's Suburb met the fate which St. Roch had already experienced. The wea- 140 \' ther was slill hot, and simultaneously through the houses, or from the roofs the flames rose high into the air, sweeping up as far as the Toll-gate, on(! side of St. John St., and the whole of George and other streets to the Cime du Cap above St. Roch, then spreading slowly upwards towards St. Louis Suburb, by day-break in spite of the rcpeatcul blowing up of houses with gunpowder, scaree a vestige of the subiu'b rcMuained, i!xcept the chimneys of what were once houses. The very tombstones in the churchyards were defaced and the head-boards^ destroyed. In these two fires, 16,000 people were burned out ; £560,000 of properly destroyed, and upwards of forty human beings perished. A Relief committee was promptly formed — appeals were made to the world for aid, Av/iieh was promptly afforded, upwards of £100,000 being subscribed. In a short time the suburbs were rebuilt in a more substantial manner : l)riek and stone being used instead of wood. In June, 1846, the riding school attached to the Chateau St. Louis, which had been converted into a theatre, -.» as destroyed by fire during the exhibition of Hermin's Diorama. Just as the entertainment had concluded, the canvass took lire from one of the lamps used to illuminate it. The building was so densely crowded, and the confusion became so great, that between 45 and 50 persons of good standing in society perished in the flames. Black stifling smoke from the camphini^ rolled down the fatal stairs, and hid the victims for a moment, and drove away those courageously assisting outside. The Reverend Mr. O'Reilly, a Catholic j)ries1, in the conscientious discharge of his sacred office, stood in the doorway and prayed over them to the last. The great loss of life may be attributed to the doors oi)ening inwards. Among those who pesished were an aged couple named TardifF, who had never before been in a theatre, but who had been induced to visit it to see this panorama of religious views. Lieut. Hamilton of the 14th. and a young lady whom he was to have married in a few days also perished. They were both interred in one grave. S"r James Alexander who witnessed the conflagration, says : " The wooden lining of the walls quickly caught fire, also the sloping floor and the benches. Black and stifling smoke from the camphene rolled down the fatal stairs, and hid the victims for a moment, driving away those courageously assisting outside ; then it would roll back and disclose the organized countenances of those doomed to destruction. Once a stream of flame ran down from the top to the bottom of the stairs, and every head seemed on fire, the swollen tongues preventing utterance. Again another cloud of smoke, the roof falls in, and forty-five human beings ceased to exist." 141 FllJE OF 1866. beings On llic I4lli of October, I8G6, the city of Quebec was visited l)y a calamity iinparallellcd since 1815, and con- sidering the increase of ])Oj)ulati()n it is doubtful if the two fires of that year were more serious than this, which des- troyed about one half of St. Roch's, and th(.' whole of St. Sauveur and Boisseauville. The fire broke out in a house in St. Joseph street, imiiiedialely facing the western nugle of the Jacques Cartier M.'iv'ict Hall, and within the short space of twelve hours, it swept every thing before it, out to tlu; open country on the other side of St Sauveur, broadening as it went, till about the entire space from the hill to the St. Charles River was enveloped in (lames. A strong easterly vvi d prevailing, rendered it impos- sible to check the progress of the flames. Kvery eflbrt by pulling down or blowing up buildings was of no efict^t, for the flying embers carried {hv. fatal element forward, overhead, so as to render all such exertion useless. The imnumse body of ilame had the effect of increasing the strength of the wind, which shifted to various points of the compass. From this cause the lire did not advance in one line, but spread as it progressed, and over a space of about a mile and a half long, and at one point about the same breadth, there were only a few buildings that were not i)urned down. At the outbreak, water was not to be obtained, and for fully an hour, no supply was obtainable, the small wooden structures catching one after another like tinder, and thus propa- gating the conflagration. In addition to this the numerous out- houses, stables, and wood piles added fuel to the devouring element at very step. The church of the Congregation, as if by a miracle, although for two hours in the greatest danger, being surrounded on ail sides by flaming houses, remained unttjuched. Several times its massive stone walls were actually steaming with heat, but iortunately, as the buildings around gradually burnt out, the danger disappeared. The Church of St. Sauveur w^ithstood the attacks of the fire for a considerable time, but was forced at last to succumb, together with the new Presbytery of the Oblat Fathers, Friars' vSchool House, and Nunnery. The only buildings that remained untouched Ihrotighout the district ravaged, were the Congregation Church of St. Roch's, the General Hospital, some two or three isolated houses on the north side of Vallier street, and McCallum's Distillery. The number of houses destroyed was estimated at 2,500, and the total loss in real estate and household property burned or damaged, at between $2,500,000 and $3,000,000. The number of persons ren- dered houseless was over 18,000. Several lives were lost in the conflagration, and a number of persons more or less injured. U2 Liont. liaynes of the Royal Artillorv was badly burned by the prernaUin! explosion ()fachar^^stroyed much property and timber, with the governor's house, and about eighty private houses of Fredericton- Fires r;iged also at the same time in the northern parts of the Province, as far us the Hay de Chaleur. " It is impossible to tell how many lives were lost, as many of those who were in the woods among the lumbering parties, had no friends nor connections in the country to remark on their non- appearance. Five hundred have been computed as the least number that actually perished in the h'nmes. " The destruction of bears, foxes, tiger-cats, martens, hares, squirrels, and other wild animals, was very great. These, when sur))rised by such fires, are said to lose their usual sense of pre- servation, and blooming, as it were, either giddy or fascinated, often rush into the face of ixievital)le destruction : even the birds, except these of very strong wing, seldom escape. Some, particu- larly die i)artridg(', become stupified ; and the density of the smoke, the rapid velocity of the flame,?, and the violence of the winds, ertectually prevent the Hight of others." Is f I m FIRE IN MOyrREAL. 1765. On Saturday, the 18th May, 1765, a fire broke out in Montreal, in the house of one Livingston, a British inhabitant, and was oc- casioned by hot ashes being carried into the garret to make soap. The want of engine^■ and the prevalence of a very high wind were favourable to the spreading of the conflagration, which was only stopped at last by pulling down a part of the Hospital Lcs Soeurs in Notre Dame street, and some houses near it. The Hospital of the Grey Nuns was without the wall, and separated from it by a rivulet (now covered) ; yet, the wind was so strong and the flames so fierce, that several houses near it were destroyed. *' Scarce was the swoni well sheathed," it is artectingly remarked, "and the wadows tears dried up, when this conflagration hap- pened." In a few hours 108 iiouses were destroyed, and 215 families reduced to tlie greatest distress. An interesting pamphlet drawn up by a benevolent individual, was printed in London on this occasion, and circulated freely in behalf of the sufl'erers. A considerable sum was raised in England, and forwarded towards their relief. The first title of the pamphlet is, " The case of the Canadians at Montreal distressed byjire''^ ; and underneath it in a 147 n and red on erers : most Lme in operty 3vivate in the [•. lany ot" Bs, had sir non- Q least , hares, ', when of pre- :inated, ft birds, particu- y- of the ;e of the vignette, the portrait of George III, who contributed £500. The second title is, " Motives Jor a subscription toimrds the rdiefof the sufferers at Montreal^ in Canada, by a dreadful firey These motives are presented in a great variety of forms, and urged with much benevolent importunity. It appears from an account attested by His Excellency the Hon. James Murray, Governor ot the Pro- vince, that the loss amounted to more than one hundred and six- teen thousand pounds currency, equal to £87,580 sterling. It was computed that by this destructive fire one-fourth part of the city was consumed, and abont one-third part in value. The popula- tion of INTontreal at this period was about 7,000. KiRE IN M()NTKEAL, 1T6S. On the 11th April, 1768, a hrc broiie oiu in ihi' stabh* of one of the suflerers in the hite condagration ; it soon reached the adjoin- ing houses, and raged with incredible fury over that part of the town till five o'clock the next morning, when it j)artially subsided, but not until it had consumed 90 houses, two churches, and a large charity school. The suilisrevs lost nearly the whole of their effects either by the fire or l)y theft. Tlu; number thus reduced to poverty was v(3ry ;2:r(>at, many of them having been Inirnt out at the last fire. I- J RE IN MON'I'L'EAL, 1803. On Monday afternoon Gth June, 1803, a v.-ry destructive fire happened in Montreal. The fire broke out in the St. Lawrence suburbs, and some time after, thv, jaol was discovered to be on fire ; from thence the llames were communicated to the English Church and the College, all of which were consumed, together with a number of houses in the vicinity. The whole number of houses l)urnt in the town and suburbs, is stated at from thirty to thirty-five, and the loss of properly was estimated at £30,000. fn consequence of the ollice of the 3Iontreal Gazelfe having siilfered from the conflagration, tliat pajier could not be published, and the only public record of this fire is found in the Qftebcc Gazette. F\REii IN ^r(»XTREAi.. IS.Il'. On Sunday morning 6th June, a lire broke out at the corner of St. Feter and Lemoine streets,whieli spread widi wonderful ra])idity, destroying the old St. Andrews church, Customs Warehouse in St. Peter as well as that in St. (•'aul street, all the buildings on the north-east side of the Custom House Square, making a clean sweep thence to St. Joseph street, on thar Quei)ec, over 300 persons perishing. The sleamer, on ihe fire breaking out, was immediately headed towards the sliore, but the wnter being shallow she struck on a rock some 200 yards from it. For- tunately the Steamer " Xa])oleon," which \\ as at hand rescued 175 persons. From the lime the alarm was i^ixcu, it ' - stated, not two minutes elapsed before the v ' ijc \(ssel was a sheet of flame. The most heart rending sceU' urred, as soon as the alarm was raised, men and women juuij-aii; iveil)w;tr*5,00(), It has now falh'U into other hands, has added Marmora to its name, and ex|H!ets to do a consideraiile mineral Iraljle. Cost of road, .S9U0,00(), eapiial r(;dneed by Act ol Parliiimenl to ^100,000, now returned at $109,001). 00. H. Brockville and Ottawa liailwai). The IJrockville and Ottawa Railway, is almost exclusively a Jumhei- road, bringing down limber from the Ottawa country, and carrying up supj)lies for the lumberers. In both these ways, its trallie is considerable. Cost of road and equipment, $i2, 647,00 1.00. 9. Ottaira and Piescott Railway. This is a narrow guage line, so built to connect by ferry with \\w. American roads, but the disadvantages of its want of connection with the (irand Trunk, seem to hav(^ xnovv than connter-balancted this. The line was for a long lime in pecuniary dilliculties, and was lately bought by the Ebbw Vale Iron Company, which has spent a good deal of money, and is expending move in putting it in thorough order, and laying down steel rails. Cost oi road and equipment, $2,008,994.00. 10. Carillon and Grcnm/le Railway. This is a portage road, 13 miles long, connecting two long navigable reaches of the Ottawa River. It is closed diu'ing the winter. Cost $98,761. 11. Stanstead, SJieff'ord and Chanibhi Railway. This is a line built to connect certain portions of the Eastern Townships, with the Vermont Central liailroad, from which it leases its rolling stock. Cost 81,216,000.00. 12. St Lawrence and Inditstrie Railway. This is a strap rail- road from the St. LawM'enee to Joliette, closed in winter. Cost $54,100.00. 13. The New Brunswick and Canada Raih/xu/. This was buih to connect St. Andrews, an open seaport, w^ilh Quebec vid River du Loup, but i* has only reached Richmond near Wood- stock, less than one third of th'.^ distance. The people of St. Andrews argue that it should be brought into connection with the Intercolonial Railway, but it is too near the frontier for that pur- pose. Cost $2,750,000.00. 14. The European and North American Railway is so called, because it was intended to be a link in a chain of roads which should arrest travel from Europe at Halifax, or even at Sydney or St. John, Newfoundland, and pass it on to the American system [the ice 3, the 14 g down ' It has iUie, and of road, lUO, now lie and bringing supjjlies iderable. V giiag(? , hut the I Trunk, waj< for iiglit by deal of h order, lipmcnt, gc road, ^ (»f the ,701. IS a line s, with rolling rap rail- Cost nr- was bee vid Wood- L! of St. with the hat pur- 3 called, < which dney or system 150 at Portland or Boston. It however only runs from St. John, \. 13., to Point de Chene, near Shediae. It is a (Jlovernnient work, under the dir<'ction of a Board of Comiiiissioners. Cost of road and equipment, ^4,747,713. 15. The \()va Scotia Rai'lwai/, a Govermnent work, runs from Halifax to Windsor, with ii branch to Pictou. Cos '$4,332,588.00. VKTOIUA TrBULAH IMMDGE. The site of the Bridge; is at tlu^ lower end of a smalllake called the La Prairie Basin, which is situated about one; mile above tlu; entrance to the Lachine Canal, at the west end of Montreal Ifiu- bour. At this point the River St. I^awrcncc is from shore toshor<' 8,660 feet, or a mih; and three (piarters wide. The lake however which is extremely shallow is full of boulders, so much so, that excepting in the main channels, it is only navigable for vessels drawing from one foot six inches to twt) leet of water. The superstructure as designed by JNIr. Stephenson, consists of twenty-five tubes, or rather, as one continuous tube extends over two spans, of twelve double tubes, and the large central one over the channel. They are of the uniform width of sixteen feet thougli- oul, for the accommodation of a single line of Railway, but difiering in height as they approach the centre. Thus the depth Ox the tubes over the first two spans is eighteen feet six, the next two, nineteen feet, and so on, every coupled pair gaining an adtli- tional six inches, to the centre one, which is established at twenty- two feet in deptli, as the proper proportion obtaining for a beam 330 feet long. These side spans being all the same length, the increase in height does not arise from any requirement of addi- tional strength, but simply to prevent the appearance of too great a break being visible in the top line of the lubes, and by gradua- ting the dirt'erence in height Ijetween the ends and the centre, to give greater facilities for the roof reciuired in the protection of the tubes from moisture and consequent oxidation, and jjresenting at the same time a straight and continuous outline on the toj). The tubes, being detached, are not designed u))ou the principle of continuous beams, for practical reasons, including the circums- tance of the steep gradient on each side of the central span, and the great disturbance which would he caused by the accumulated expansion and contraction of such a continuous system of iron work, in a climate where the extremes of temperature are so widely apart. The arrangement introduced of coupling but two together with an intermediate space of eight inches between them and the neighboring tubes, divides this movement and retains it within certain specified limits. hi I n 160 A doiiblo tube covering two openings, ii^ securely bolted to the masonry of the pier in the centre, on which it has a solid bearing of sixteen feet by nineteen, and prov'detl with a free bearing on each of the two contiguous piers of sev(?n and a half feet, resting at (^ach end on fourteen expansion rollers six inches in diameter, and three feet in length, seven on each side of the tube, rejtained in place by a wrought iron frame, allowing the rollers to traverse on a planed cast iron bedplate seven and a half feet long, three and a half wide, and three inches thick, bolted to the masonry. A similar plate covers the rollers, and is secured to the bottom of tlie tube. The lube is thus free to expand or contract each way from the bearing pier in the centre. Creosoted tamarack timber, cov(U'ed with felt, is introduced between the iron and the stone, in every case, to give the junction of these hard materials a certi in amount of elasticity. The tube proper is composed entirely of wrought iron in the form of boiler plate, ranging from four sixteenths to twelve six- teenths of an inch in thickness, with the joints and r^ngles stiffened and strengthened by the addition of Tee and Angle irons. The secret of success in this mode of construction, lies in arranging those different thicknesses where the strains or weights call for additional strength or otherwise. Keelsons 10 inches in depth, are placed transversely at distances of 7 feet, and secured to the side fee bars by gussets, for the sup- port of the longitndinal timber:-, carrying the rails. The v/rought ron in a single tube 258 feet in length, including its bearings over the piers, weighs about a ton to the running foot, or 258 tons in all. The central tube, in consequence of its increased length, is somewhat different in its arrangement ; tne bottom and top being proportionately stronger, the first with an additional thickness of plates, and the last with longitudinal keelsons, taking the place of the ordinary longitudinal Tee bars, as existing on the side tubes. The side plates are tw^o and a half feet instead of three and half feet wide, with a proportionately larger number of side Tee bars. The whole tube is disconnected from the others, being bolted to pier No. 12, and resting on rollers on No. 13 pier. Windows are introduced into the sides of the tubes near the line of neutral axi-;, and serve to light up the inside, iron Ijrackets are placed on the pier;- where not occupied by the tubes, and slope back to the top of the lubes, but are entirely disconnected from it. They serve to give a finished appearance, and likewise prevent the snow and rain blowing in through the openings left for expansion and contraction. It v/as originally intended to cover the top of the tubes with a curved corrugated iron roof, to protect them from the weather. This desij^n was subsequently abandoned. to the learing ing on resting imeter, •tained [•averse J, throe asonry. [torn ot 3h wav otluced unction in the Ive six- tiftened 5. The ranging call for istances the sup- rought )earings 58 tons igth, is ) being ness ol" place tubes, nd half ee bars. ;)lted to icar the rackets es, and nnected ikewise ngs left to cover protect ndoned, 161 and the present sloping angular one snbsliluled, composed of grooved and longued boards, covcnid with llv^ be«;t rpiality of liu. 'riiis tin is not put on in the usual manner, but by an ingenious arrangement, each sheet is alhiwed to expand and contract at plea- sure, without the danger of chistmying the fastenings which attach it to the timber underneath, as in the ordinary method made use of, and thus insures its continual elliciency. A fool walk of 20 inches in width extends along the toji ot the roof, the whole length of the tidjes, for the convenie'nce of the employees connected wiiii the work ; ti trnck is ;dso provided for the painting travellers. The buttress of each pier, l\ in numbrs, to a separate pair of cables ; thongh of course, by means of trusses and other connections, any lo;id is mutually borne by all the cables. The cables are therefore four in number; aach (table is 10;^ inches in diam(!ter, and compos."d of 3,640 wires, about one tenth of an inch in diameter. These wires are mad(; up into seven strands of 520 wires each, which are bound round at intervals to keep tliem in their places. The strength of all the cables is calculated at 12,000 tons, each wire being able to bear 1,648 ll)s. without breaking. The total length of the top cables is 1,261 feet, and of the bottom cables 1,194 feet. The cables supporting the lower floor descend 10 feet lower tlian the top pair, the deflection from a straight line being 54 and 64 feet respectively. The suspenders are 624 in number, placed 5 feet apart. The structure is remarkably steady and free from vibration ; to secure which de ^irable object various means have been employed. The principal cause of the stiflhess of the bridge is the system of trussing adopted. On each side of the bridge the upper and lower floors are connected by wooden posts, arranged in pairs side by side, just sufficiently apart to allow the diagonal truss rods crossing between them. These truss rods are of wrought iron an inch in diameter, and extend at an angle of 45 degrees from the bottom of one pair of posts, to the top of the fourth pair from it. As the posts are 5 feet apart, like the suspenders, the pressure above any pair of posts is by these truss rods spread over a space of forty feet. The truss rods are screwed at the ends ; and thus if the 1imi)er should shrink at any time, all can be made right again by simply tightening the nuts on the truss rods, which braces all tight up together again. In short, the two floors, con- nectet by tlu; system of posts and trusses described, give much of the rig idity of a tubular bridge, with only perhaps a tenth of its weight. 1C3 There are also a numbov of diagonal wire stays extending from the top of each tower. These stays are 64 in number, and though they do not bear much of ihe weight of the bridge, Mr. Roebling believes them to guard it again;st vertical oscillation. A number of smaller stays are also attached to the under-side of the struc- ture, and anchored to the rocks below. The inclination of the upper cables also greatly guards the bridge against horizontal vibration. The centres of the towers are 39 feet apart ; but instead of hanging straight from tower to tower, the top cables are l^rought in the middle to within 13 feet of each other. The suspenders are also inclined inward ; and the whole arrangement, though it puts a very slight addilional strain upon the cables, tends greatly to maintain the steadiness of the structure. The construction of the masonry is one cause of the economy of the In-idge. Instead of a massive tower on each pier, as in most European examples, there are two towers, one for each pair of cables, so slender that they look like mere chimneys, yet abundantly sufficient for the purpose. The basement is a mass of masonry 60 feet by 20 feet, pierced by an arch 19 feet wide, which forms the entrance to the lower floor at each end. Above this are built two towers, each 60 feet above the arch, 15 feet square at the base, and 8 feet square at the top. By this light construction, without incurring any risk, much masonry and money is saved. This bridge is the connecting link between the Railways of (•anada, and the New York Central Railway, and so with the I'nited States. It .t til l-'i f PUBLIC BUILDINGS GREY NUNNERY.-- (Moxtukai,.) Tills building was founded and endowed in 1692, upon the same plan as that which was then building in Qiii^bec ; it was started by several laymen citizens of Montreal, at the head of whom was M. Charron, a native of Normandy. The objects of this institution were to provide an asylum for lame, superannuated and infirm persons. Under the wise and prudent direction of M. Charron it prospered, but after his death his successor proved to be ill qualified for it, and the Freres ieavini?, it was committed to the care of a society of ladies, under the uperintendcnce of Madame Youville, in the month of August, 1747. The Freres had left the Hospital £2,000 in debt ; this debt Madame Youville under- took to discharge, and her zeal, industry and rigid economy soon surmounted her diificullies. Assisted by the generosity of the public A\ho came liberally forward to aid her and her sisters in their pious undertaking, instead of twelve poor and infirm old persons whom they had at first to support, the hospital was soon in a condition to extend its benefits to persons of all ages and stations of life. In the course of a short time no fewer than one hundred sick and wt)unded were receiving assistance and support from this institution. In the year 1755 a further extension was made in the plan of the hospital. One day in the preceding winter as Madame Youville was going into town on business connected with the institution, she observed an infant in the ice on the " Little River." It was hard frozen with a poignard sticking in its throat, and one of its little hands raised through the ice, as if in the attitude of demanding justice against the perpetrator of so atrocious a crime. Her benevolent feelings were greatly shocked at witnessing so horrible a spectacle ; and after consulting with her associates they came to the determination, notwithstanding the additional -ex-pense, of extending their charity and protection to '^M *j4 W. 'ft ! 5!. ill; 166 orphans and foundlings. In the year 1765 a fire happened in their premises which consumed the greater part of the building. By the fruits of their conlinued industry, aided by donations from the charitable, these ladies soon rebuilt the house upon a more exten- sive and commodious plan than before. A neat gateway has been erected in the wall in front of the chapel, bearing this inscription : Ilopital General dos Sa>nrs Giises Fonde on 175;} Mon peio ot ma mere m'ont abandonnr. maisle iSeigneur m'arecixeilli. I's. 2(). A few years after the fire Madame Youville puichaseii from her own private funds the small island of Clmt(^auguay, and after- wards the whole Seigniory was bought for the Institution. This however with other lands did not yield much revenue till recently. Grants from the legislature have enabled the Society to extend its bounty to a greater number of lunatics and foundlings. Of the scale on which this establishment is now conducted, some judg- ment may be formed from the fact that at least 160 individuals are resident in its walls, besides servants and attendants. THE BLACK XUNXERY.— CMoxTitKAL) 0\l rON'VlOXT UK I. A COXOllKGATIOX I)i; \OTI!T5-lU5Ii;. This was founded jjy Marguerite Bourgeois, who commenced the undertaking in the year 1659, with scmie young ladies she had brought from France. The front of the nunnery is in Notre Dame St., where it extends 234 feet, and itsdej)th along St. John Baptist St., is 433 ft. liesides the principal edifice for the residence of the member^ ;uid pupils, the nunnery contains a chapel, numerous detached buildings, and a large garden. The Congregation is composed of a Superior and sixty sisters. The object of the Institution is female instruction in its different branches, and the greater part of the members are employed in the work of tuition and training. From this establishment some of the sisters are sent as missionaries to different parts of the district, for the purpose of opening and conducting schools in parishes remote from the convent. The benevolent foundress of this institution was born at Troyes, in France, and was brought to this country in Sepr. 1653, by M. Maisonneuve, the Governor of the island of Montreal, who had been revisiting France. On her arrival she commenced those labours for the instruction of young females, both of Indian and French origin, which she continued with much success for many years and which amidst many difficulties enabled her to establish the Nunnery of the Congregation. Her design was 167 approved by the parish priest, and the Governor, who gave her the choice of any ground that was then unoccupied. She selected the spot on which the church of Bonsecours now stands, and hiid there the foundation of a chapel in 1658 ; but iho Abbe Quelus who had come out to establish the seminary of tlie Sulpicians, not being acquainted with her excellencies, and looking upon her design as an interference with his department and plaii, forbade her lo proceed. Yielding instant obedience lo him as her superior, she desisted, and returned to France for the purpose of obtaining ihe direction and authority of the Government. In this object she succeeded, and met also with much encouragement from the congregation to which she l)elonged, and other individuals, in France. In the following year she returned to Ville Marie, bringing with her, for instruction in her proposed Seminary, seve- ral young females who had been entrusted to her care. Finding the timber and other materials which she had collected for the Chapel of Bonsecours, either removed cr rendered useless, she sought for another spot on which to execute her design, now l)eeome more extensive from the encouragement she had received. An offer of som(^ out-houses near the place where the nunnery now stands, induced her to eonmience her establishmcjit there ; and in subsequent years other grants both of land and money, fresh arrivals of young females from France, the countenance of the authorities both there and in Canada, and lastly the issuing of Letters Patent I'rom the King, placed the institution upon a solid l)asis, and secured at once both its permanency and its extension. The benevolent foundress had the pleasure for many years, of witnessing its growing prosperity, and of contributing to that prosperity ])y her own unwearied exertions. At length, full of days and honours, she died on the 12th of January, 1700, in the HOth year of her age. The black dress worn by the sisters of the Congregation has given to the establishment the colloquial title of Hhick nunnery, while by many it is denominated the Congregationnl nunnery, from the fact of its being conducted by the sisters, for the benelii of the daughters of the congregation de Notrc-Danie. SR^nXARY nV ST. SUi;riCE.— OI-.ntim.ai..) This establishment is one of the oldest connected wiiK ihe Roman Catholic Church in Montreal. It was founded about the year 1657, by the Abbe Qnelus, who had recently arrived iVom France, with a commission from the St. Sulpicians of Pari^, to superintend the settlenient and cidtivation of the island and espe- cially to fovmd an institution on a |)lan simihu' to their own. The seminary is the dwelling-liouse of those meml>ers of the Sulpieiun family wiio are occupied in parochial duties. The houses ot this ■14 m 168 order in Franco are all Ecclesiastical Seminarie:^ ; so thai when some of the members came out to Montreal, the establishment here received the same name. The Seminary is a large and commodious building, adjoining the Parish Church, It occupies three sides of a square, 132 feet long by 90 deep, with spacious gardens and ground attached, extending 342 feel in Notre-Uame street, and 444 along St. Francois Xavier street. Connect(;d with it is a school for junior pupils, which is conchicted by Les Freres des Ecoles Chreliennes, and contains abo)it 300 children. The Seminary has also established a number of schools in dirtierent parts of the parish (or a similar purpose, CHURCH OF N(.)T11E-DAME DE BOi\SEC( »rRS.— (Moxri.io.vi..) The foundation of this Church was laid in 1G5S, by the cele- brated Sasur Marguerite Bourgeois, who intended 1o found here the Nunnery of the Con£i;re "Ration ; but meetins with same obsta- cles she visited France, whence sIk; returned the following year with several young persons to educate, and proceeded to establish the Nunnery where il now stands in Notre-Dame strcc^t. Some years afterwards she was induced ])y the following circumstance to undertake the eonii)letion of llie church. In her second visit to France in 1671, to obtain hitters jiatenl for her institulion, she was directed to the hovis(M)l' M, Pierre Clievrier. Baron de Faucamp, Prie>t, one of the tirsl proj)rie1ors of the Island of Montreal, then resident in Paris. Ife had in his possession a small image of the Virgin, reputed to be endowed with miraculous virtue, brought by some other priesis, also associates of the C(>m])any, from among the relies of their Chaleaii, where il had Jjeen preserved and honored fen- a1 least a century. It was desired that this image should be removed to Montreal, and a chapel built for its recep- tion. Thi-, Sceur Bourgeois imderlook 1o peribrm, and on her return, bringing with Ikm- the image, the inhal)itants of Montreal with great zeal entered into her design, ,V solemn procession was made on the 29th .June, 1G73, to lay the corner stone of the edifice, which was finished in 1G75, and mass performed on the day of Assumption. 7'his was the first church built of stnne in the Island of Montreal. In 1754 it was consumed by fire and not rebuilt till 1771, Avhen its re-erection was resumed. It continued to belong to ihe Sisters of the Congregation, till it was disposed of some years since, to ilie Fabricjue of the parish ; and is now used in eonneetion with the Roman Catholic establish- ment in that city. CATl [F.DKA L OF NOTJiE-T)A:\rE.— (MoN-ritK.vr..) This edifice is a chaste specimen of the perpendicular style of Gothic architecture in the middle ages. Of this class of buildings, 169 it has no superior on the continent of North America. The corner stone was laid on tlie 3rcl September, 1824, and it was solar com- pleted as to admit of being opened for pnblic worship on the 15th July, 1829, when high mass was j)erl'ormed by the Bishop of Tel- messe, and an oration delivered by the Revd. Mr. Qnibler. The solemnity was attended by Sir Jas. Kempt, administrator, the stafl", corporations and other public bodies. The length of tin* church is 255 feet G inches, and its breadth 134 feet (5 inches. There are six towers so arranged that each flank presents three, and the cast and west ends two each, those on the ])rincipal front are 220 feet high. The space between the front lowers is 73 feet by 120 in height, crowned with an embattled para})et ; the flanks and east towers are lloft.'clin height. There are five pul)Iic and three private entrances to the first Hoor, and four to the galleries, so that an audience of 10,000 person.-, the number lor which it is seated, may assemble and disperse in a few minutes, without any dis- agreeable pressur<'. The number of pews on the grountl floor is 504, in the first gallery 373, and in the second 368, total 1244. The eastern windo\y at the high ahar is 64 feci in height, and 32 in breadth. It is separated by shafts into five ct)mpartments. JESrrrs- CoLLECJE, (Quobec) This building was founded in December, 1035. The site was ihe same as that which the buildings now occupy, on the other side of the square in which the French Cathedral and Seminary were afterwards l)uilt. Their church, however, stood upon that part of Garden street which has sincf; acquired the name of the Haymarket. On the removal of the church, the street was widened to its present breadth. Behind the college and church, were tlie extensive grounds and garden l)clonging to the; order. In 1639, the Jesuit^.;' church served as the Paroisse of Quebec ; it is described as being then a handsome building ol wood, with an arched roof and gallery, and such appropriate decorations as gave it all the appearance of a church. In 1640, on the I4tli June, the College and Chmrh of the Jesuits was(Milircly destroyed by fire, and the fathers were accommodated by the Ilospifnlieres of the Hotel- Dieu, with the loan of their own house. The chapel of the Hotel- Dieu then became the Paroisse of Quebec, and tli(^ llospUaiierea went to reside at a house in th(; neighborhood. The establishment of the Jesuits at Sillery was commenced in 1637, under the auspices of Father Le Jcune. The Jesuits' College was afterwards rebuilt in ils present form, and must have been considered at the time a noble edifice. From this seat of piety and learning, issued those dauntless Missionaries who made the Gospel known over a space of six hundred leagues, and jireached the Christian faith from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi. 170 The property wliieli llic Jesuits aecpiiixul by purchase, by graiils iVoiu tlu; Kin«^, and by tlonations Iroin individuals, was very con- siderable. In the year 17(>4, the Order was abolished by the Kintij of France, and the members of the society became j)rivate indi- vidnals. Thi; last Jesuit, P'atlier Casot, died in 1(S00, when llie property of the Order fell to llis Britannic Majesty. It hii>r been stated that the church originally stood in the Hay- market, opposite! to Garden strc.'et. The College has long been appropriat(,'d by the Imperial Government as a barrack for a regiment of ini'anJiy, which is always quartered in the city. Until twenty years ago, the last surviving trees of th(! forest were to be seen in th(! angle in ihe rear of the barrack ofHce. They have since p(»rislied, and the s|)acious barrack yard now occupies the site, wh(>r<' the Jesuits once rejoiced in their umbrageous walks. '!<* .:^'l m m THE UOTEL-DlEV.—iquKmc.) On(; of the lirsl objects of liie Colony of Champlain after its restoration to the French in 1033, was the foundation of an Hotel- Dieu. In 1G36, the Duchess D'Aiguillon, niece to the famous Cardinal Ri(theli(Mi, resolved to found one at her own expense. Sh(! was, however, liberally assisted hor relative. By contract passed on the IGth April, 1G39, they j^.ive an annual rent of 1,500 livres, on a capital of 20,00i), as a commencement of their benevo- lent design. The donation was afterwards doubled in amount ; but the vevemu^s a])pear never to have been equal to i\\v. expenses inciu'red, and of late years the ])ecuniarv aid of the Legislature has been freiiuently bestowed upon this deserving comuumity. As soon as a portion of th(f first building which stood upon the site of the present IIolcl-Dieu was covered in, iIk; HospHaiUres took possession, iuvl personally aided the workmen in i-ompleting it by their manual laljour. Tlieir chapel ^^'as consecrated on the 16th March, 10 IG, an occasion of great joy to \\\v. little community, which consisted at this time of only live professed nuns, a chap- lain, four i)oarders, a female domestic, and seven lal)Ouiing men. The first hospital being built of wood, and only fourteen feet wide, was soon fomid too limitt'd for the accommodation of the numerous apj)licants. By great exertions they were enabled to build another, more conmiodious in dimension, and far more solid in construction. The new buildings, which c;onsisted of an hos- pital, now the female ward, a choir and a church, were finished in 1658, and the latter was consecrated by the Abbe de Quelus on the lOtli August. In 1G72, the wants of an increasing population rendered the augmentation of the Hotel-Dieu again necessary ; and under the 171 Hav- al patronai^o of tho Intendnnt, M. Talon, another ward and Iditional wini^ wore iindcrluken. In 169(j again, considerable liberal an ad( additions were made to the l)uildini^s, which, wid» subsequent improvements, gradually assnmi'd their present appearance. The present edifice is a substantial and capacious building, three stories high, standing between Palac(> and Ho|)e Gates. Every medical care and ilelicatc attendance is here gratuitously atl'orded to the alllicted poor, by the religious communily. The church is simple and plain, with a lew paintings, some oi which are said to be originals by eminent masters. THE URSULINE CON\'ENT.— ((Juehec.) This institution, as well as that of the Hotel-Uieu, owes itr? origin to the powerful representations of the Jesuits settled in New France. The first building was founded by Madame De La Peltrie, in 1641. It was built of wood, and stood within the ))re- sent possessions of the; conurnuiity, between the St. Lewis Garden, St. Anne and St. Ursule streets. In \6oO, the convent was destroyed by fire, an enemy which proved most destructive to the early establishments of Quebec. The fire broke out on the ;3()tli December, and was occasioned by some coals whi('li had been left by a sister employed in baking. The nuns made their escape, but the building was entirely consunicd. The convent was rebuilt, and again in 1686 on the Frte of St. Ursula, and during the j)erformance of high mass, the building eauglit fire, and was a second time l)urnetl to the ground. Every one took an interest in the reparation of the disaster. The rebuilding of it soon com- menced, and a small house was hastily constructed, in which the nuns passed the winter. The pres( nt convcmt, which with its garden and out-buildings, occujiies s(;v»'u acres of ground, is a plain but commodious edifice of stone, two stories high, forming a square of about 38 yards long by 40 deep. The rest of tlie site, Avith the exception of the court, is occupied by a productive garden, and surrounded by a stone a\ idl. Within the precincts of the convent lie buried the remains of the gallant Marquis he Montcalm, who was mortally wounded in the eventful battle of the Plains of Abraham, 13th September, 1759. A plain marble slab was placed in the Ursulinc Chapel to the memory of this brave soldier, by Lord Aylmer, The community of the Ursulines consists of a superior, forty-two professed nuns, and some novices. The chapel contains some fine paintings, among v^'hich is a Mater Dolorosa by Van Dyke. THE SEMINARY OF (JUEBEC. This highly useful establishment \v:is founded and endowed by M. de Laval, first Bishop of Canada, in the year 1663. It was m 172 1 intended :il lirsl eliielly as an Ecclt'siastical Institution, with a lew ycniig pupils, who wen; educs'ited here for the ministry. At the extinction ot" the Jesuits order however, it threw open its doors to the youth o( I he country t^enerally. Professorships were esta- blished, and all the ordinary brancdies of literature and science bei,'an to be taught. The buildings were twice burned to tiie ground, during the life of its venerable founder. Tlu; first fire took jjlace on the lotli Noveuiber 1701. Not discouraged, the Bishop deteruiincid iio means should be spared to rejjuild it. A strong representation was inach^ to Court, and a yearly jjension of 4000 livres was granted as an aid towards its ve-ostablislnnent. After four years labour had been bestowed upon it, it was again s«'t on lire by the carelessness of a workman. It was rebuilt, but was destined to be almost totally destroyed during the siege of M'jQ. Its tlisasters were even not yet complete, for it was once more partially consmned by fire in 17*/ 2, The prt!senl buildings including the Chapel, are divided into four wings, three and in some parts four stories higli. The funds of the Seminary hardly sullice for its support. The Chapel con- tains the l)est collection of paintings to be seen in the country, of the Frcmch school and by eminent masters. There is also a valuable library, smd a museum in connection with the Institution. bAVAl. IJNIVEHSITY. m This buildin.! so closely connected with the Seminary, is sub- •- trunnonts, I)csi(h's lossils, minerals, Indian curiosilics, &e., &<•. The classical course in supplemented hy the l"'aculties of I. aw, Medicine, ('hemistry, Philosophy and History. The examination.* take place at the close t)l" July. FKKNCir rATHEDUAi.. This edifice was built under the; auspices ol' Montseigneur du Laval, ilrst Hishoj) ol" Quebec, and consecrated under the title i*t" the Immaculale Conception in 1G6G. it occu|)ies the south side of the market square in the Upper Town, and iuuiiediately adjoin* the Seminary. It is distinij;uished rather lor its solidity and neat- ness, than lor splendour or regularity ol arcliilecture. 'I'lie aisles, considerably lower than the nave of the Church, and the lofty tower and spin* built without, and separated from it on the soutli side, remindiui'' the spectator somewhat ol" iIk; round towers of Ireland, d<'stroy all external symmetry, yet do not detract from the religious appearance of the pile. 'I'he Cathedral within is very lofty, with massive arches of stone dividing the nave from the aisles, above which is a gallery on each side running the whole length of the interior. It is described Ijv tol. Bouchette in his statistical work, as 2\i} feet in length, by 108 in breadth. It is able to contain a congregation of about 1,000 persons. At the east end are the Grand Altar and Choir, superbly decorated. There an; also four small chaj)els in the aisles, dedicated to dif- ferent saints. In a transverse gallery at the west end, is the organ. The Church suffered severely during the bombardment prior to the battle of the Plains, in 1759. In an old print extant it is re pre- sented as almost in ruins, having l)i;en set on lire by shells dis- charged from Point Levis. The consequence was, that th(,' line pictures and other ancient ornaments of the Cathedral were uuiti- lated or entirely destroyed. Those which are now seen u|)on the walls were jilaced there when the building was renovated, after the cession of the Province to Great Britain. Within the Choir is a marble tablet to the memory of Monseigneur Plessis, a former Bishop of Quebec. WOLFE A- M(JN'njAJ.MS MtLM'MENT. The memorial in honour of the two military chiefs who lell ai the head of the opposing ariuics, in that decisive battle which made these Provinces a portion of the British Empire, is as cons- picuous, as it is classical ornament of the city. It stands on the Avest side of Des Carrieres Street, leading from the Place D'Armes 174 to the glacis of Cape Diainond. In front is a broad walk, a public promenade, overlookinii- the (Jastle Gard(Hi, and commanding a fine view of the harbour. The obelisk has on the whole an alti- tude of 65 feet from the gronnd. The monument presents the following inseripti.^n on the Sarco])hagus, or Cenotaph of the heroes. On the front in ku-ge letters Mortoni. Mrtus. Communem. Famaiii. Historia. Momimoiitum. Posteritas. Dodit. On the rear is the following — ■ it J ■'4 'i' IIujusco Monumcriti in virorum illustrium menioriam, WOLFE ET MONTCALM Fuiidanientum P. C. Georgius Comes De Dalhousie : 111 soptentrionalis AmericR^ partibus Ad Eritanuos pertinentibus Suinuiam reium aduiinistrans : Opus per inullos anuos pni'termissum, Quid duel ogregio convenientuis ? Auctoritate promovens, exemplo stimulans, Mvmiliceutiri ibvens. A. S. MDCCCXXVII. Goorgio IV. Britanniarum rege. On the north side of the Sarcophagus looking to the country, is the simj)le word " Montcalm " in large characters ; and on the opposite side, that towards the River by whicli lie reached the scene of his glorious victory and death, is inscribed the name of " Wolfe." FORTIFICATIONS OF Ql^EBEC. The fortifications of this city from its natural position, and the strength with wliicti they are const rueted, have given Quebec the name of the " Gibralu'.r of America.-' The approach to the cita- del, which is nearly two hundred ice! higher than the ground on which Upper Town is situated, is by a winding road made through the acclivity of the Ghcis from St. Lewis Gate, and commanded cverj-where by the guns of the diilerent bastions. This leads into the outv.ard ditch of tht- ravelin, and thence into the principal ditch of the work, built on both sides with walls of solid masonry, 175 and extending aiong the whole circumference of the citadel on the land and city sides. The main entrance is ihronirh a massive gate of admirable construction, called Dulhousie Gale. Within are the main guardrooms for a detachment and an officer, who are relieved every day ; and in front is a spacious area used as a parade ground, or rather an enlargement of the ditch formed by tli(! retiring angles and face of the bastion. In ihe face of the latter arc loo|)-holes for the fire of musketry ; on the top are erabrasiiies for cannon. On the top of Dalhousie Bastion, is an extensive covered way or gravel walk, with embrasures for mounting cannon, commanding ever}" part of the ditch and glacis, and every avenue of apj)roach to the citadel. Within the latter are the various maga>;ines, store houses, and other buildings recpiired for the accommodation of a numerous garrison ; and tmmediat(dy oveihanging the pr(;cipice to the south, in a most pictiu'es(jue situation, stands a row ol build- ings, containing the mess rooms r >.> 1 barracks for the officers, ihcir stables and kitchens. The fortifications, whicii :ire continued round the whole of Upper Tovvn, consist of bastions connected by lofty curtains of solid masonry, and ramparts from 25 to 35 feet in iicight and about the same in thickn<^ss, bristling with heavy cannon, round towers, loop-holed walls, and massive gates recur- ring at certain distances. On th(! summit of the riimparls, from Cape Diamond to the Artillery barracks, is a broad covered way or walk, which passes over St, Johns and St. L(»vris Gate, where there is stationed a sergeant's guard. The St. John's gate has lately been rebuilt, and is the most beautiful of the five gates. The city being defended on its land side by its ramparts, is pro- tected on the other sides by a lofty wall and parapet, based on the did', and commencing near the RiverSt. Charles fit the artillery !)ar- racks. These form a very extensive range of buildings, the part within the gate being occupied by the military as barracks and mess room for otilcers, wliile that within the gate is used as magazines, store-houses, and offices for the ordnance department. Imme- diately adjoining the artilkMy b;uTacks, and connecting the works on the left with their continuation along the St. Charles, stands Palace Gate, having a guard hous(! attaches! on the right. Fr'>m Palace Gate, the fortifications are continued along tiie l)row pposing the invading enemy he fell in action, near the Heights, on the 13th October 1812, in the 43rd year of his age. lievered and lamented l)y the i)eople wliom he governed, and deplored by the sovereign to whose service his life had been devoted. This monument exceeds in height any monumental column known, with the exception of that on P^ish Street Hill, London, England, by Sir Cluistoplicr Wren, architect, in commemoration of the great fire of 1666, 2U2 feet in height, exceeding this by 12 feet. TORONTO UNIVERSITY. This Building, which is in the Norman style of architecture, forms three sides of a vast square ; the front of the mai i building Ijeing about 300 feet in h^ngth, with a large tower in the centre rising to an elevation of 120 feet. The east wing is 260 feet in 12 178 S m ]«!ngth and 38 in heiglit. The muterials used in the construction ol'this building arc white brick and Ohio freestone, with dressings of" Caen stone which is of the same colour ; the roof is of a bluish slate, and is embellished with rich ornaments in iron-work. The library of this University contains about 13,000 volumes : the museum possesses divers collections ; of these the ornithological numbers more than 1,000 specimens, nearly all Canadian ; the botanical, numbers 6,000 plants, and the mineralogical, about the same number of specimens. I'ARLIAMENT BUILDINCiS.— (Ottawa.) These buildings are located in the centre of the city of Ottawa, about a mile below the Chandiere Falls, on a prominent rocky point jutting out into the Ottawa River, at an elevation consi- derably higher iliaii the city and lands in the vicinity. On the eastern side they are ilanked by a deep ravine, in which are situated the combined locks of the Rideau Canal. Tlie north side is bold and precipitous. It was formerly known as Barrack Hill, and is a part of the ordnance lands conceded to the Province. The buildings are j)laced so as to form three sides of a quad- rangle, measuring from north to south 600 feet, from east to west 700 feet, and containing an area of over nine and a half acres. Tiie Parliament Building is on the north side of the square, upon which it has a frontage of 472 feet. Jt faces towards the south, and its extreme deptli at the centre is 370 feet. The Departmental Buildings form the east and west sides of the square ; they are of a rectangular shape having both quadrangle and southern fronts, the line of the last being 100 feet north of Wellington street. The Parliament Building is on the highest part of the ground. All the buildings are constructed in what may be termed the pointed Gothic style of architecture, and from the bold, broken outline they present, their numerous towers, high pitched, variegated slate roofs, pierced by dormers and surmounted by ornamental wrought iron cresting -md terminals, together with the quainlncss of the carved figures, combine to produce an im- posing i.nd picturesque effect. The outer facing of the walls is principally composed of a light coloured, compact sandstore, obtained from the township of Ne])can. The dressings, stairs, gablets, pinnacles, &c., are chiefly of a greyish coloured freestone from the State of Ohio, and the relieving arches over the door and window openings are of a reddish sandstone, from Potsdam in the northern part of New York State. The slates are generally of a dark colour, with bands of a lighter hue placed at intervals. — They were obtained in the state of Vermont. 179 The foundations and interior portions of the walls are of lime- stone, quarried in the vicinity. Tiie marble used in the buildings was principally obtained from Arnprior, and other places on the Ottawa River. The roof of the main or central tower has not yet been commenced ; it is proposed To be of wood, covered with tin or galvanized iron, octagonal in plan, and tapering to the deck on top which is 526 inches above tiie pinnacles at the angles, and about 208 feet above the level of the terrace. The cost of work is approximately estimated at -3185,000.00. The Library is capable of holding 300,000 volumes. The grounds in front will be laid out in terraces, with lawns and fountains, and when completed, the beauty of the situation and elegance of the bnildings will enable the capital to compare with any in the world. IS W' METEORIC PHENOMENA. :M } :. . s m ri w cl U] P< T m m of fa th se di m H IK Cl m gi th Pl w METEORIC PHENOMENA. PHENOMENA (.)F LAKE SUi'EKlOK. The sudden and singular changes ol' the weather on Lake Superior, during the summer, present one of the phen( nena of nature, which seems almost unaccountable. The sun frequently rises clear and cloudless, giving indications of continued sunshine, when suddenly, the sky becomes overcast with white fleecy clouds, scudding low, and giving oul a chilly atmosphere, not unfrequently attended with rain, — the clouds as suddenly disap- pear, and a pleasant afternoon usually follows, with light winds. This influence causes a fluctuation of several degrees in the ther- mometer, and seems to have an injiirioits eft'ect upon vegetation. On the 6th August, 1860, there occurred a remarkable pheno- menon, as witnessed on Grand Island Bay. During the forenoon of a pleasant summer for the distance of about the channel is deepest, and remained so for tin; space of an hour. Persons went out and cauglil fish in the pools formed by th(! rocky cavities. The return of the waters was sudden, and presented a sublime spectacle. Th(!y came down like an inmiense surge, roaring and foaming, and those who had incautiously wandered into the river bed, had barely time to escape being overwhelmed. On the 28lh of May, IHGl, a similar oscillation took place. Throughout the day, the waters continued to ebb and How at intervals of fifteen or twenty minutes, and the extreme variation between high and low wnter, was nearly three feet. These phe- nomena are accounted for by Prof, Mather, who look barometrical observations at Copper Harbour, during the pievah-nce of one of them, as follows : " Fluctuations in the barometer, accompanied the fluctuations in the water. The variation in the level of the water, may b(! eaus'jd by varied barometii(! pressure of th(i air on the water, either at the place of ol)servation, or !it some distant point. A local increased pressure of the atmosphere at the place of observation, would lower the Water level where there is a wide expanse of water, or a diminished pressure, would cause the water to rise above its usual level." !i,I 11 11 |i i; .1 t i'' m EARTJf(irAKES ( tF 1663. February oth, 1G63, a violent earthquake shock was ft- it in most regions of Canada, and in some parts of the New Nether- lands, and New England. Tlu; first shock was followed by others of a weaker kind in Canada, at intervals, till August or Septem- ber following. The damage done was small, being confined to the fall of a f(!W chimneys, and the disloc-ation of some rocks in the St. Lawrence, below Cape Tourmente. The Juurnnl des JesuiteSj thus desciibes it : " The Shrove days of this year were signalized among others by surprising and fearful earthquakings, which began half an hour before the close of the Scilnf of Monday, 5th February, day of the festival of our Holy Martyrs of Japan, namely near 5;} o'clock P. M., and (continued for the space of about two Miserere ; and again in the night, and afterwards during the days and nights following, at intervals, at one time strongly, at others weakly felt ; all which did harm to certain (thimneys, and caused other light loss and petty damage; but was of great benefit to souls." The Indians said that the ground heavings were caused by the souls of their ancestors, who had taken a fancy to return to earth. To prevent this, they fired their muskets in the air to scare them, as fearing, that should they succeed in the attempt, there would 185 not ho onougli ^ame in the country for both i^eneriitions, the pre- sent and tlic deparlcd. One account given ot" this remarkablt.' |)henomenon, slates as follows : the sliocks returned two or three- times a day, visiting both land and water, and spreading uni- versal alarm. The event was preceded by a great rushing noise^ heard throughout the whole extent of the country, which causecf the people to lly out of their liouses as if they had been on tire, when they saw the walls reeling backwards and forwards, and the stones moving as if detached from each other; the bells sounded, the roofs of the buildings b(>nt down, the; timbers cracked, and the earth trembled violently. Animals were to be seen Hying about in every direction, children were crying and screaming in the streets, and men and womcai horror-stricken and ignt)rant whither to lly for refuge, stood still, imnble to move ; some threw themselves on their knees in the snow, calling on tlu; Saints for aid, while others passed this dreadful night in j)ray(;r. The movement of the ground resembled the waves of tin; Ocean, anil the forest a|)peared as if there was a battle raging between the 'rees, so that the Indians declared in their ligurativ(> language, " that all the trees were dnmk." The ice which was upwards of six feet thick, was rent and thrown up in large pieces, and from the openings came thick clouds of smoke, or lountains of dust and sand. The springs were impregnated with sulphur, some streams were totally lost, some l)ecame yellow, others red, and the St. Lawrence appeareil entirely \^•'!ile, down as far as Tadousac. The phenomena, become repetitive, ;d)sorl)cd })ul)lic attention, and had the cHect of producing an oblivion of the dissidencies between the liiyh functionaries, civil and ecclesiastical. The exalted imaginations of visionaries were called intoactive play, and accounts of numerous apparitions of a terribly startling character, were rife. Prophecies of coming judgments, to be manifested in the land, were also abundant during those months of excitement. The lady superintendent of the H6tel-I)ieu of Quebec, and the celebrated " Mary of the Incarnation," (•hi(^f of the Ursuline Con- veiU in the same city, evinc(!d strange manifestations, in their own persons, of the spiritual delirium that possessed some devo- tional minds. The clergy meanwhile viewed with respectful reservt! these phenomena, not caring 1o commend or blame demon- strations born of feelings of genuine, if misapprehending, piety. At Tadousac the eft'ect of the earthquake was not less violent than in other places, and such a heavy shower of volcanic ashes fell in that neighbourhood, particularly in the river St Lawrence, that the waters were as violently agitated as during a tempest. Lower down the river, towards Point Alouettes an entire forest of ^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I.C I.I "2.2 lii ill u. 12.0 1.8 1 1.25 j 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► ..^^ V2 i9 >P^ '^ -^ o>% '/ ^j Photographic Sciences Corporation 'S*-"!* "^f^ k 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-45P3 m^ 4^ \' 186 •considerable extent was loosened from the main bank, and slid into the St. Lawrence. " The extent of the eanhquake was universal throughout the whole of New France, for it was felt from L'Isle Perce and Gaspe, which are situated at the mouth of the St. Lawrence to beyond Montreal, as also in New England, Acadia^ and other places more remote. As far as it has come to our knowledge, this earthquake extended more than 600 miles in length, and about 300 in breadth. Hence 180,000 square miles of land were convulsed in the same day, and at the same moment.*" f- EAKTHQUAKES IN THE SAGUENAY DISTRICT. In 1828, Capt. F. H. Baddely, R. E., was engaged by the Ca- nadian Government in exploring the Saguenay country, and in his Report, which was published at the time, he states that Malbaie or Murray Bay, on the St. Lawrence, 90 miles below Quebec, has long been remarkable for the frequency of its earth- quakes Shocks are most fn qucnt in January or February ; they occur about nine or ten times a year. " It is not" says Capt. Baddely '' perhaps generally known that there exists highly respectable evidence of a volcanic eruption having happened somewhere in ths rear of St. Paul's Bay, not far from Murray Bay. No one, Ave think, will feel disposed to doubt the fact after perusing the following account of it." " Tuesday, December 6, 1791. At St. Paul's Bay and at other neighbouring places, at about a quarter after ceven, a s;!vere earthquake was felt ; the whole night was disturbed by small ones, vepeated at intervals, and by a sudden m 196 I Rankin, in his uddrcss lo the electors of Kent, stronji^ly advocated the project. Afterwards in 185G, that gentU-man, when member for Essex, placed a motion on tlu; notict; papers of the House " to consider the suhjetM of a Union of the li. N. American Colonies, with a view to an address to Her Majesty to recommend the same to the consideration of the 'Imperial Parliament." The motion was coldly received, th(^ hiadcis on both sides of the House regarding it as visionary. In 1854 the question was discussed in the Nova Scotia Parliament, the Hon. Messrs. .lohnslou and Howe, the leaders of the rival parlies vicing with each olh(!r, their advocicy of a measure which in their opinion would i)e the means cf constituting a great nation, l)y cotnbining the elements of strength and wealth which all tlu^ isolated Provinces possess. In 1858 the Hon. A. T. Cialt revived the subject in the Canadian Parliament, and when in the summer of that ytMir, he became a member of the ministry, ht; insisted on its being made a cabinet question. At the close of that i^ession the Governor General Sir Edmund Head in his speech slated that he proposed " during the recess communicating with Her Maji^sty's Gov(!rnment inviting it to discuss with us the principles on which a bond of a federal charactfn* uniting ihe Provinees, may be practicable." This was followed by a despatch, signed by Hon. Messrr.. Cartier, Gait and Ross, addressed to the Imperial authorities, which pointed to a federal Union of the Provinces, as a solution of the grave diffi- <;ulties wl. "eh presented themselves in carrying on the Queen's Government in Canada. The defeat and subsequent resignation of the Derby-D'Israeli Ministry in England, prevented any decisive action at that time on the part of the Imperial authorities. \. resolution favorab'e to union was passed unanimously by the Nova Scotia Parliament in April 1861, and having been trans- mitted to the Colonial Office, was forwarded by the Duke of New- castle, Colonial Secretary, to the Governor General, and the Lieut. Governors of the several Provinces. His Grace, after stating that Her Majesty's Government was not prepared to announce any definite policy on a question which had been taken up by only one Province, expressed his own opinion in the follow- ing words : " that if the concurrence of all the Provinces to be united should propose a union, either partial or complete," the matter would be well weighed by the Imperial Parliament. ;, The Lieut. Governors of the several Provinces, then brought the subject before their respective Legislatures, at the commence- ment of their several sessions of 1864, for the purpose of appoint- ing delegates lo confer as to the practicability of establishing a Legislative Union between the Maritime Provinces. The discus- sion, which was conducted in a calm and dignified manner, and without reference to local party issues, elicited, especially in 197 (( to Prince Edward's^ Island, some consideral)le fccliny of digsiatisfjic- lion at tin.' proposal for a /egislritivc union ; still the I.c^isJatnn of tho Island on the 18th April, passed a r(!solntion, identical witn those passed by the Legislatures of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick, viz : " That His Excellency the Lieutcnat Governor be authorized to appoint delegates (not to ex<;eed five) to confer with delegates who may be appointed by tiic Governments of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, for the purpose of discussing the exfMHliency of a Union of the Three Provinces under one Govern- ment and Legislature." Delegates wen; accordingly appointed by the respective govern- ments of thos(! Province's, and it was arranged that on the 1st of September they should meet at Charlottetown. While events were thus progressing in the Maritime Provinces, Canadian statesmen were engaged in considering the feasibility of ('fleeting such changes in their constitution, a? woukl reconcile tin; con- flicting interests of the eastinn and w<'stcrn sections of the Pro- vince. Party government had b(;come well nigh impossible, and ministry after ministry had to retire from the seemingly hopeless attempt at carrying on the Government, when, on the defeat of the Tache-Macdonald ministry in Jiiiie, 18G 4, overtures were made by th(^ leaders of the Heform parly 1o the lion .lohn A. Mac- donald, with a view to tlw si.ttlemenl of llu' seciional difllculties by the adoption of a federative system, applying either to Canada or to all the BriHsh North American Provinces. These overtures were cordially received, and the result was the formation of a COD lit ion government, pledged to the introduction of the federal sysum. \iy a fortunate coincidence, within a month of tlu; for- mation of the coalition ministry in Canada, the Charlottetown conference; was arranged, and the Canadian Government hastened to ask permission to send Delegates. Their reeiuest .vas promptly complied with, and in accordance with previous arrancenientrr-, the Delegates met at Charlottetown on the 1st September, in which however Newfoundland was not represented. The Cana- dian Delegates, not having been authorized to consider the qnest'ion oi a Legislative. Union, were informally present. The proposal to unite the Ma .lime Provinces in a Jx'gislative Union was looked upon as infoiinally impracticable ; but the delegates were unanimously of opinion, tliat a union on a larger basis might be eflbcted, and for the ])urpose of considering the pos- sibility of a federal union and its necessary details, the Canadian Ministers proposed that a further conference should be held at Quebec, subject to the consent of the; Governments of the Maritime Provinces, and at such time as His Excellency the Governor General might name. This arrangement being agreed to, the Charlottetown Conference suspended its deliberations. 19S The Delegates to the Intercolonial Conference at Quebec met in the Parliament Buildings of that city, on Monday, 10th of October ; the whole of the members, thirty-three in number being present. There were seven Delegates from New Brunswick ; nve from Nova Scotia ; seven from Prince Edward Island ; two from Newfoundland, and twelve comprising the whole Canadian Ministry, representing Canada. The votes were '^ken, not by persons present, but by Provinces. After sitting some eighteen days in Quebec, the result of their deliberations was? the famous " Seventy-two Resolutions " which in accordance with the final resolution, where authenticated by the signatures of the Delegates, and were ordered to be submitted by each delegation to its own government ; the chairman submitting a copy to the Governor General for transmission to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. After a tour through Canada, during which the Delegates from the Maritime Provinces were feted in princely style, they separated ; each delegation being pledged to use every legitimate means to ensure the adoption of the scheme by their several legislatures, and by the Imperial Government. On the 3rd February, 1865. Sir E. P. Tache, in the Legislative Council, and Hon. John A. Macdonald, in the House of Assembly, in Canada, simultaneously movod " That on humble address be presented to He;- Majesty, praying that she may be graciously pleased to cause a measure to be submitted to the Imperial Par- liament for the purpose of uniting the Colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward island in one Government, with provisions based on certain reso- lutions which were adopted at a conference of Delegates from the said Colonies, held at the Ciiy of Quebec, on the lOlh of October, 1864." After a debate of over a fortnight's duration, the Resolu- tions were adopted in the Council by a vote of 45 to 15 ; and in the Assembly after a most exhaustive and exhausting five weeks debate, they wer(; agreed to by a vote of 91 to 33. After the close of the session, the Hon. Messrs. Brown, Cartier J. A. Macdonald and Gait proceeded to England, in order to confer with the Imperial authorities upon I lie subject of Confederation, and other matters connected therewith, of Colonial and national importance. The Imperial Government again renewed their assurances of their approval of the Confed'.iation scheme, and their desire to nromote its adoption by every legitin" ite means. In \ew Brunswick, the Quebec scheme was brought before the people at the general election in March, 1865, and a House of Assembly hostile to that scheme, was chosen. An anti-confedera- tion Ministry came into power and things looked ill for a speedy success of the Union cause. However after-events proved that the real sentiments of the people of New Brunswick upon the 199 subject had not been obtained, and that the elections had been carried in a great measure by side issues. A resolution was moved in the Legislative Council praying Her Majesty to cause a measure for the Union of ihe Colonies to be submitted to the Imperial Parliament. His Excellency's reply was highly favourable to the scheme, and in consequence the ministry resigned office in April : their resignation was accepted and a new ministry formed, which was composed chisfly of gentlemen who had taken an active part in forwarding the cause of confederation. A general election immediately followed, which resulted in the signal route of the Anti-confederates, and the triumph jf the friends of the Union. To Nova Scotia belongs the honour of having taken the initiatory steps which led to the adoption of the confeaeration scheme. In the session of 1861, when the Ministry of which the Hon. Jos. Howe was a member, held the reins of Government, a resolution had been passed, similar to the one above alluded to in New Brunswick which was de facto the means of bringing about the convention at Charlottetown. After the Quebec conference, the Government of Nova Scotia took no immediate steps for the further- ance of ihe confederation scheme. Deterred by the unfavorable re- sult of the elections in Nev? Brunswick, they did not in 1865 bring Jhe question before the Legislature at all. Early in 1866 howeverDr. Tupp» :r submitted a resolution to the Hotise that " the Lt. Gover- nor be authorized lo appoint Delegates to arrange with the Imperial Government a scheme of union." This was carried bv 31 to 19. In Newfoundland, the subject was brought before the Legis- lature by the Lieut. Governor, in his speech at the opening of the House in 1866, who expressed a desire that for the information of Her Majesty's Government they should consider the question and decide upon the terms, under which Newfoundland might with advantage join in the proposed union. But after several days' debate, t!ie House resolved that " whilst duly regardful of the momentous character of ihe subject and of the promise to His Excellency to give it attention, yet as no information has been received demanding its immediate reconsideration, this House does not deem it expedient to enter upon its discussion with a view to any decision thereon." Had the course which was shortly after taken by New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in appointing Delegates to confer with the Imperial Government been adopted somewhat sooner, or had the meetirg of the Legis- lature of Newfoundland taken place a few months later, so as to give the members an opportunity of knowing what was being done on the subject in the sister colonies, it is more than probable thai a similar course would have been adopted in Newfoundland. In Prince Edward Island the Legislature repudiated the action of its delegates at the Quebec Conference. The Hon. 200 HSi I Col. Gray, the late Premier of the Island, and one of the delegates, resigned his position in the cabinet on account of the opposition to Confederation, of which he was a warm advocate. During the summer of 1866, the Colonies, which had pro- nounced in favour of the scheme, made arrangements for the meeting of a Conference of Delegates from the several Provinces, to settle the details, and determine the precise terms of the Act giving effect to the Union of the Provinces of Canai»a, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, which should be submitted for adoption by the Imperial Parliament. The several Governments duly appointed delegates, who met, according to the appointment in London early in December, 1866, and immediately proceeded to business, during which session great statesmanlike qualities were displayed in the settlement of sectional difficulties, the unravelling of knolly points, and in the exercise of mutual for- bearance, zeal, and assiduity. Several members of tbe conference have since received the Blue ribbon of the Bath, ana its Chairman is now created Sir John A. Macdonald, K. C. B. The Imperial Parliament met on the 5th of February, 1867. On the 7th the Bill for the Confederation of the Provinces was introduced into the House of Lords, and was received with approbation by all parties. On the 19th it was read a second time, was passed throrgh a Committee of the Whole on the 22nd, and on the 26th was read a third tine. It was at once brought down to the House of Commons, and on the 28th was moved to a second reading. The motion, opposed only by John Bright, was agreed to without a divifion. It passed a Committee of the Whole on the 4th March, and was read a third time and passed the Hous(> of Commons on the 8th. On the 28ih of that month it received the Royal assent, and became one ot the laws of the Empire. The name chosen for the Provinces was the " Dominion or Canada," Upper Canada to be henceforth called " Ojntario," and Lower Canada, " Queiiec." The work of legislation being finally completed, Her Majesty was graciously pleased to issue Her Proclamation on the 22nd of May, declaring that the Domi- nion OF Canada should commence its existence on the 1st July, 1867, and appointing the members of the Senate. In thus briefly tracing the history of Confederation from the time that as a liny seed, it was foslened in the minds of men of far-seeing and statesmanlike views, until now when it has grown into a wide spreading tree, beneath who^re shelter rest the hopes of what promises to be a mighty nation, it is shown that it is not the hastily conceived and ill-digested scheme which its enemies would fain represent it, but that it is one of gradual growth, towards which for years our destiny has beer, drawing us, as peculiarly adapted to the necessities, and the genius of our people. » GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OF CANADA. 'J as • 4 r ', I ; t i 1 GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OF CANADA. The Provinces of Quebec and Ontario are traversed thoughout thair whole length by a mountainous region, dividing them ' to two basins, the Northern and Southern. These mountains, called the Laurentides, form the north shore of the St. Lawrence up to Quebec, where leaving the river they gradually run westward till they follow the line of the Ottawa, which they cross at the Lac des Chats. Thence taking a southerly direction, they reach the St. Lawrence near the outlet of Lake Ontario, and running thence to the north-west, reach th« south-eastern extremity of Lake Huron, of which lake they form the eastern shore, and quitting it at the 4Vth degree of latitude, gain Lake Superior, and extend in a north-west direction to the Arctic Sea. The rocks of this range are styled the Laurentiau, and are almost without exception, sedimentary and crystalline. They are the most ancient known on the American continent, and correspond to the oldest gneiss of Finland and Scandinavia. Crystalline limestones occupy an im- portant place in their formation, occurring in beds of from a few feet to 300 feet in thickness. They are rarely compact, more fre- quently coarse, and of various colours, white, reddish, bluish and grayish, ^mong the economic minerals of this formation, the ores of iron are the most important, and arc generally found asso- ciated with the limestones. The magnetic iron ore which supplies the forges of Marmora, is brought from Belmont, where the strata are arranged in the form of a basin, the iron ore predominating for a thickness of more than 100 feci. A few miles distant in Madoc, there exists a bed of magnetic iron ore 30 feet thick. At Hull, on the Ottawa, a bed of ore, 100 feet thick, is exposed by an undulation of the strata, forming a sort of dome, so that the ore is wrought there with great facility. The limestones of this range are often traversed by veins of calcareous spar and sulphate of baryta, containing lead or galena in disseminated masses, or in 204 ■y't II i f .1 veins from two to three inches thick. It is sometimes accom- panied with iron pyrites, and is slightly argentiferous, yielding about two ounces of silver to the ton of ore. Veins containing copper pyrites have been observed in several localities, but the quantity of metal is very inconsiderable ; cobalt and nickel also exist in small quantities. Graphite or plumbago (black lead) is very frequently dissem- inated in small plates, and also forms veins, some of great rich- ness, which are easily wrought, but being very crystalline and lamellar, cannot be sawn like that of Cumberland, so that it is not suited to the manufacture of pencils. It is, however, largely used in the manufacture of crucibles, &c. The sulphate of baryta, which is now very much employed in the fabrication of paints, is common in the Laurentian formation. The gangue of the lead veins, that is the substance which over and vmderlies the metal, often consists of this mineral. The crystalline limestone near Grenville, furnishes a great quantity of mica in large crystals, capable of being divided into very thin plates, having a length and breadth of from twelve to twenty inclies, and perfectly transparent. This locality is already wrought, and the mica is largely employed in the construction of stoves and lanterns. The Laurentian limestones furnish a white marble, which is often marked with bluish or grayish undulations, as for example, that of Arnprior ; or it is mixed with grains of green serpentine, as the marble which is wrought at Grenville. These limestones are fine-grained, but that of Lake Mazinaw may be compared to the marble of Carrara. Among the minerals in lliis formation having an economic value, we must not forget the phosphate of lime so precious for agriculture, which is often met with in these crystalline lime- stones. As stones capable of being employed for ihe pur|)oses of orna- ment, we may cite from this formation a kind of f(;lspar, remark- able for its beautiful reflections of blue, yellow and green, resembling the labradorite. In the township of Burgess, a red variety resembling the ruby, is found in small quantities, and the garnets of Grenville, transparent and ji a fine colour, constitute veritable gems. THE 1UTU0NL\X Ull CAlvIBRIAN SYSTEM. 1 The shores of Lakes Huron and Superior offer a series of sand- stones, limestones and conglomerates, interstratified with heavy beds of greenstone, resting upon the Laurentian forUiaticn. As these rocks underlie those of the Silurian syfitem, and have not as !s accom- 1, yielding n several le ; cobalt y dissen- reat rieh- lline and ) that it is ;r, largely ployed in br mat ion. Iiich over 3 a great ided into twelve to IS already riiction of , which is example, jrpentine, me stones pared to economic cious for ine lime- of orna- remark- d green, , a red , and the onstitute of sand- h heavy ion. As ^'e not as ■v, ■■' ■■'■- ''' - "■■ 205 , -■■■-■. yet afforded any fossils, they may probably be referred to the Cambrian system. They are covered by a considerable thickness of trap, upon which repose massive beds of red and white sand- stone, which sometimes becomes conglonierale, and contains pebbles of quartz and jasper. Beds of a reddish limestone are often interstratified with these sandstones, which are intersected Jind overlaid by a second eruption of greenstone of great thickness, and columnar in its structure. This formation, which accoidiiig to the observations of Sir Wm. Logan, has on Lake Superior a total tliickness of about 12,000 feet, is traversed by a vast number of trappean dykes. The formation of the metalliferous veins in this system is recent. The principal minerals are native copper and sulphate of baryta ; these veins are only metalliferous where they traverse the beds of greenstone. The most important localities of native copper arc tlu; islands near Nepigon Bay, Lake Superior. Upon the island of St. , Ignace, a vein has been traced from one end of the island to the other. This vein aflbrds, wherever it has been explored, native copper, often finely crystallized and associated wnii ^ray copper 'ore. Native copper has also been wrought on IV hipicoten islands, at Maimanse and at Mica Bay, on the easterii shore of the lake, where it is associated with gray copper and copper pyrites. Native silver, often well crystallized, accompanies the copper in all the localities indicated. The veins as yet examined on Lake Huron do not contain native copper, pyrites being the principal form in which it is found. This Huronian formation is known for a distance of about 150 leagues upon Lakes Superior and Huron, and everywhere offers metalliferous veins. This region will eventually become a source of great wealth to the Dominion. The coal formation of the neighboring State of ^)ichigan will then furnish the comlus- tible required for smelting the ore. THE PALiEOZOIC FOEMATiONS. On the north of Lake Huron a series of fossiliferous strata is found to repose horizontally upon the inclined strata of the Huro- nian formation, but further south, they rest directly upon those of the Laurentian system, throughout the whole of their outcrop in the valley of the St. Lawrence. These fossiliferous strata corres- pond to the oldest rocks of the kind in Europe, designated by Murchison as the Silurian system. To this succeeds the upper Silurian and the Devonian. These groups occupy the whole of the Canadian portion of that great basin bounded to the north by the Laurentian and Huronian systems. i 8 J^; : • I i i i ■* I 1 206 Sir Wm. Logan has shown that the basin thu."* indicated may be divided into two parts by an anliclinal axis, which following the valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, enters Canada near Missisquoi Bay ; and tluuicc, running north-west, reaches the St. Lawrence near Quebec. The western portion would then form a subordinate basin containing the Michigan and Illinois coal- fields, while the eastern portion would cmbra(!e the coalfields of New Brunswick and Massachusetts. The rocks of these two basins present remarkable diflcrcnccs in their physical and chemical conditions. We will first describe the Western Basin. Reposing on the Laurentian and Cambrian rocks is found a sandstone, the fossils of which are few in number, to which the Geologists of New York have given the iiamo of the Potsdam Sandstone. Upon this again reposes a formation known as the calciferous sandstone, divided into the Chazy, Birds-eye, Black River, and Trenton. At Montreal this group has a thickness of about 1,200 feet, and presents at its base massive grayish beds ; towards the upper part, the limestone becomes black and bitumi- nous. Towards the west these limestones are less abundant and the divisions not so well marked ; upcMi the Manitoulin islands," their total thickness does not exceed 300 feet. They are often very rich in fossils, which are sometimes silicified. In the western part of Canada, we find a red nrgillaceous sand- stone, known as tlie Medina sandstone, and regarded as the base of the upper Silurian system. At the western extremity of Lake Ontario, this sandstone has a thickness of 600 feet, but becomes thinner towards the west, and appears to be wanting in the Eastern basin. It is followed by a series of limestone and fossili- ferous shales of no great thickness, known as the Clinton group ; and overlaid by massive bedsof bituminous limestone, known as the Niagara limestone. This formation presents an elevated plateau at the Falls of Niagara, which following at a little distance the south-west shore of Lake Ontario, is prolonged to Cabot's Head upon Lake Huron, and thence to the Manitoulin islands. To this formation succeeds a formation of shales and limestones, known by the names of the Gypsiferous and Onondaga Salt group. These limestones form the summit of the upper Silurian system, which attains between the Lakes Erie and Ontario, a total thickness of about 1,100 feet. To these rocks succeed black bituminous shales known as the Hamilton group. This is the highest formation met w^ith in Western Canada. The fossiliferous limestones of Montreal and St. Dominique take a fine polish and are employed as marbles ; they exhibit white fossil forms, upon a gray or bluish gray ground. At Missisquoi Bay, and at Cornwall is found a fine black marble, which belongs to the Trenton limestone. St. Lin furnishes larare slabs of beau- 207 icated may h following jrs Canada 2st, reaches would then llinoiscoal- oalfields of two basins 1 chemical is found a which the e Potsdam )wn as the eye, Black lickness of yish beds ; nd bitumi- indant and in islands,* are often cous sand- is the base ty of Lake it becomes tig in the ind fossili- on group ; own as the d plateau stance tlie lot's Head To this , known 3. These m, which icknoss of 3US shales formation lique take ibit white fissisquoi h belongs 3 of beau- tiful reddish gray marble, filled with organic remains, especially with corals, which have a bright red colour. The Chazy lime- stone contains an argillaceous bed which is largely wrought on the Ottawa, and furnishes the hydraulic cement of Hull, which is much esteemed. At Quebec a black limestone belonging to the Hudson River group, yields also a very valuable cement. The Thorold cement so widely used is derived from ihe base of the Niagara limestone, while the gypsiferous formation at Cayuga, at Paris on the Grand River, and at Point Douglas on Lake Huron furnishes a cement which hardens very rapidly under water. The Chazy limestone in the vicinity of Marmora contains beds of superior lithographic stone in large quantities. The same stone may be traced at intervals as far as Lake Couchiching, a distance of about 75 I 'ague". c. -■ ;,, ■ ,;,' i.->? ,t/,>.^-. - v^.:.i;-fv*v-f:,j'' The gypsum quarries of the ujjper Silurian rocks are very important, and are found all along the outcrop of the gypsiferous formation. The principal quarries wrought are in Dumfries, Brantford, Oneida and Cayuga. The gypsum is chiefly employed in the country as a manure, or calcined as plaster of Paris. But apart from the domestic consumption, the townships of Oneida and Cayuga furnished last year 7,000 tons for exportation to the United States. The origin of gypsum is supposed to be due to certain springs containing free sulphuric acid, which, acting upon the carbonate of lime through which they came, have changed it into gypsum. The Hamilton shales are highly bituminous and furnish in many parts of Western Canada, springs of petroleum, as those upon the Thames, and at Enniskillen, where there are several superficial layers of asphalt, which appears to have been produced by the transformation of petroleum. The largest deposit of aophalt covers three acres, and there is another of half an acre, with a thickness in some parts, of two feet. This matter furnishes by distillation, among other products, a great quantity of naptha. We now come to The Eastern Basin, llie most recent forma- tion in which, is the lower portion of the Hudson River group, distinguished by the name of the Richelieu shales. Reposing on these shales we find a series of sedim mtary rocks which constitute the upper part of the Hudson River group, but which are entirely wanting in the Western basin, composed of massive grayish sandstone and schist of almost all colours. This series of rocks forms the heights of Point Levi and Quebec, where it has a thick- ness of 1,000 feet. To this succeed another series which Sir Wm. Logan named the Sillery group. This like the Quebec group is wanting in Western Canada. Upon the Quebec and Sillery groups, which form the northern shore of the peninsula of Gaspe, repose about 200 feet of fossilife- I I f 'i\ :. 208 rous limestones and shales which represent the upper Silurian system, and to these succeed 7,000 feet of Devonian sandstones. Upon the southern shore of Gaspe the upturned edges of these Devonian strata are overlaid by 3,000 feet of horizontal b(;ds of a sandstone, the mill-stone grit, which forms the base of the New Brunswick coal-field, but they are themselves destituteof coal. ''■ ; ' " - THE METAMOEPHIC ROCKS. The rocks of the Eastern basin have been disturbed by succes- sive foldings and dislocations, and form a series of parallel moun- tain ranges which belong to the Apallachian system, and traverse the province of Canada in a south-west direction. Some of these mountains attain a height of over 4,000 feet. The rocks of this mountainous region have been very much metamorphosed and rendered crystalline by chemical action, so that the fossils are for the greater part obliterated. The changes which the sedimentary strata have undergone are often very remarkable. The investi- gations of the Geological Society go to shew that during the changes which these sedimentary rocks have undergone, there has been no introduction of foreign materials, but that on the contrary all the minerals which are found in these crystalline strata, have been produced by the reactions and chemical combinations of the matters already existing in a state of mixture in the sediments. The crystalline strata of these rocks contain many metallic veins which traverse both the upper and lower silurian rocks, and these veins, together with the mineral contents of the metamorphic strata themselves, make this system very interesting in an economic point of view. A series of highly ferruginous slates of the Hudson River group, yield in the townships of Bolton and Brome, beds of iron ore, having a thickness of from six, to fifteen feet, and yield from 20 to 50 per cent of metallic iron. A remarkable locality of magnetic and titaniferous iron occurs in Vaudreuil and Beauce, where the two species intimately mixed, form a bed 50 feet thick in serpentine. The copper ores of this metamorphie region are found in veins which are generally concordant with the stratification, and are associated with the dolomites of the Quebec formation. The seigniories of Vaudreuil and St. George, in the valley of the Ch audi ere, present veins of quartz which traverse slates belong- ing to the base of the upper silurian limestone, and contain native gold in small quantities, with galena, arsenical sulphuret of iron, cubic and iron pyrites. The debris of these slates and of those of the Quebec formation, have furnished the auriferous sands which cover a large area on the south-east slrpes of the metamorphic belt. The gold, which sometimes occurs in masses weighing \ 209 ' Silurian ndstones. of these beds of a the New f (loal. y succes- lel i.noun- 1 traverse e of these is of this osed and lis are for limentary e inresti- iring the there has ! contrary rata, have 3ns of the pdiments. lie veins ind these hie strata economic ; Hudson ;, beds of ind yield ocality of Beauce, feet thick in veins and are valley of s belong- in native it of iron, those of is which imorphic (veighing several ounces, but more often in liie form of small scales and grains, contains from eleven to thirteen per cent of silver. It is not easy to say whut proportion of gold is contained in these sands, but experiments on a large scale have shown that the exploration cannot be jjursiicd with profit, with the j)resenl price of labour. Cobalt and nickel have been found, in traces only, in these rocks. Among the economic materials of this region, the roofing slates must not be forgotten. It is now only ten years since the geolo- gical commission first signalixed tlieir existence, and already large quantiti(JS of slates have Ijeen placed on the market, and quarries wrought. The quarries of Melbourne, Richmond and Kingsey, belong to the Hudson River group, but those of Westbury and Riviere de Loup, are near the base of the upper Silurian. These slates have a cleavage independently of thn stratification, and have shining surfaces. Silicious slates which serve as whetstones, are common in many localities in both of these for- mations. Steatite or soapstone which generally accompanies the serpen- tines of Lower Canada, is abundant in Bolton, Potton, Vaudreuil, Beauce and many other localities. The serpentines throughout their whohi extent furnish very beautiful dark green marble, often resembling the vert-antique : green serpentines of various shades are mingled with white and grayish limestones, giving rise to many varieties of thc'^e marbles, the finest of which are from Broughton and Oxford. Near Philipsburgh the Trenton limestones afford a fine white marble ; in their southern proLngation these limestones become more crystalline, and form the white marbles of Vermont, already celebrated. The upper Silurian limestones of Dudswell are grayish and yellowish, with veins and spots of black ; they still exhibit on their polished surfaces, the traces of fossils, and often form marbles of great beauty. The granites which traverse the Devonian system are very fine grained, of a grayish colour, and splitting with facility yield a superior building material ; that of Stanstead is the best known. Vaudreuil furnishes a bluish grey variety which is used by the country people for the fabrication of mill-stones. To the east of the great anticlinal axis which divides in two parts the palieozoic formations of Canada, are the mountains of Brome, ShefFord, and Yamaska ; these are great masses of an intrusive rock, often having the aspect oi granite, and containing generally a white felspar, and a little mica. The mountains of Monnoir, Belosil, Montarville, Montreal and Rigaud, to the west of the same axis, are also formed of intrusive rocks. Beloeil which is the most elevated, has a height of about 1,300 feet. 14 . '1 \ 210 'HE QUATEUNAUY, OR ALLUVIAL DErOSlTS. ! i m W(! havo already indicated llie existenee in Canada of the palfEOZoic roeks and the base of the earboniferons system, but with the exception of the post-tertiary deposits, the more recent formations are entirely wanting. The surface of Canada is formed of clays int(;rstrii1ified with sands and clays, and in many parts overlaid by diluvium. These stratified deposits contain the remains of a i^reat many species of marine animals, identical with those now inhabitin<( the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. The concretions found in a bed of clay near Ottawa, contain in great abundance the remains of the eapeling and other fish, and great numbers of exogenous leaves. The skeletons of the CuMaceaand of a species of Phoca have been found in the clays of Montreal, where beds filled with shells exist at a height of 500 feet above the present sea level. Similar stratified clays, but without fossils, have been remarked at an elevation of 1,200 feet. The detached bones of the Elephas primo-genius and of a species of deer have been found in a stratified gravel on the shores of Lake Ontario. In the valley of the St. Lawrence several terraces may be distinguished, marking the difierent limits of the sea during the deposition of these post-terliary strata. The clays of this series form the superficial soil of a great por- tion of the country ; they are often calcareous and constitute a soil remarkably fertile. The alluvium wlipoh is spread over but limited area^, has been transported from the north ; in the eastern part of the St. Lawnmce Valley it consists almost exclusively of the ruins of rocks of the Laurentian system, but in the south-west of Canada the debris of the palaeozoic formations are mingled with those of the crystalline rocks. Among the economic materials of the superficial deposits are clays for the fabrication of bricks and coarse pottery, which are wrought in a great number of places. In the vicinity of London, of Toronto, and Cobourg there are clays which yield white and yellow bricks that are much esteemed. Deposits of shell marl, very valuable as manure, occur often in beds of large extent. Bog iron ore is widely spread in Canada, and forms >uperficial deposits often of large extent. The forges of St. Maurice, near Three Rivers, have been supplied for nearly a century with bog ore of that neighbourhood, and a furnace for the smelting of the same ore has lately been established at Champlain in the same vicinity. It is worthy of remark that although the St. Maurice ore contains a considerable proportion of phosphate, it furnishes castings and malleable iron of an excellent quality. Considerable areas in the eastern part of Canada are covered with marshes which furnish abundance of peat, a combustible near 211 fast coming into use, and very important in a country where coal is wanting, and wiiere wood is already becoming scnrce and dear. . MINERAL SPRINGS. ;>. The mineral waters of Canada without exception issue from the unaltered palceozoic rocks, and offer from their number and their various composition a very interesting subject of investigation. They may be divided into two kinds — neutral and alkaline. Both of them contain bromides and iodides in small (luanlities, as well as bicarbonate of lime and magnesia, often in great abundance. Among those best known are St. Leon, Caxton, Plantagenet, Lanoraio, and Point du Jour, but others equally good are found at Nicolet, St. Genevieve and elsewhere. The quantities of bro- mides and iodides, and the salts of baryia and strontia contained in several of these springs, give them valuable medicinal proper- ties. The Springs best known, are those ot Varennes aud Cale-