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Un dee symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernlAre imege de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »> signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols y signifie "FIN". iMaps. plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too Isrge to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, ps many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rMuction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grond pour Atre reproduit en un ^.'iui clichA. 11 est film* ^ portir de Tengie stip'&rieur gauche, de gauche h droite. et de heut en has. en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammeit suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 fl > [[ ESSAY. NEW BRUNSWICK, AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS : WITH xllE BEST MEANS OP PROMOTING IMMIGRATION, AND DEVELOPING TJIE RESOURCES OF THE PROVIXCE. BT W. R. M. Bl RTIS i'\&^ SAINT JOHN, N. B. I'RI^'TED BT BARNES AND COMPANY, PRINCE WILLIAM STRKKT. weo. T 1 T PREFACE In December last, the Picsidontand Directors of the Saint John Mechanics' Institute proposed two prizes of Fifteen Guineas and Ten Guineas, respectively, for the best Essays upon the subject : *^ JVew Brunswick as a Hotnefor Emigrattts : with the best means of promoting Immigration, and developing the resources of tA§ Province^ The Essays were to be delivered on or before the first dav of March last ; and no less tlian eighteen were sent in as competitors for the prizes. It was determined that a committee of three gentlemen, uncon- nected with make our country and its resources more Nvidely knov.u aud nioro fnlly appreciated. Thev sincerelv trust that their endeavour3 to etTtct this desirable Mijcc't may not bo unproiluctive of good ror.ults. Saint Ji)hn, /i<;k', IbOO. • % t I . :*.i »WS4*,«-. ■■iir!.-ii!ira»(ji«**»i":s5t«i«--;-ft-'Mi MMH rtnditiou of the ur that ,.. > > 1 express I rcmlily, iiing" thti )ptcd by nd luoro desirublo I It 4 f KEW mUlKSWICK AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS: , V^ini THE BEST MEANS OF PUOMOTING IMMIGHATION, AKI) DEVELOPING THE REr;OUK('ES OF THE PROVINCE. It seems futing tluit attention should be directed, in tlie tirat part ot this Essay, to New Brunncich at^ it is. For altlioii/rli \\^ attractiveno&s as a home for tlie snperabnndant population of oilier countries, will, in fuinro, depend in a greater or IcoRcr deg-jee, upon the enterprise of its present inhabitants and tl)o snceess of their efforts to develope and improve its natural advantages and reponrces, our si:bjeel suggests tlje known natural ci^K-lnliiiefi of Xev; ]5rnnpv.'ick, aa a distinct and separate theme. Although much of the romance that once tittached to this country, and still lingers over the untamed interior ol the- continent, attracting tbiC bolder spirits of the human family- from the denser hives of industry to the Western Prairies, has passed away from us lor ever, it has left, Ifehind it tlio. comforting assuranc;^ of substantial poKsessions and the prospect ot future blur^^ings— far more ap})reciaole by tlio sober judgment than the tictiou3 pleasures tiiat tloat befortii the fancy of the Idealist and Inre him into lands where, i hough— • ,.j, ,^ " Smiles the earth nnd !^::)il? tlic wnlnv, 8mile the cloudless sky above iiiu" ^ ;„ It is not the less certain that — * There tho (iiniine and the fear Wear the heart and w.istc tho bodv." ■I ♦ 'if And that dismal sounds are often v^'afted back to the sor- rowing friends of the Immigrant — . , ■ " Cries of anped with eternal snow — " Mountains that like giants stand To sentinel enchanted land." And that we cannot boast of that prodigal sylvan develop- ment which distinguishes the land of the plantain and the palm tree; but we have brooks winding through dark ravines; rivers bounding through savage gorges or gliding f)eacefully through fertile meadows and happy homesteads ; akes set like crystals in the bosoms of our mountains, or cradled low down in the laps of our woodlands ; hills clothed to their sunmiits, and one while, dressed in sprightly green, at another decked in gorgeous livery ; an atmosphere fresh as the dew and fragrant as the flowers, and which, snuft'ed by the early riser, makes his every nerve to tingle with the sense of quickened life. We have skies glowing at sunset with golden glories, and at night studded with stars innumerable, twinkling in their azure depths, or lit up by flying lines of light,* like weird harp-strings trembling at the touch of unseen minstrels. Professor Johnston, the distinguished agricultural chemist who visited this Province in the year 1819, speaking of the contrast between the coast and the interior of the Province observes : " If the stranger penetrate beyond tli^ Atlantic * Aurora Borealis. T AB A HOMR FOR EMIGRANTS. Dauty- rratiHecl iiul — develop- unart of Canada, and on the west by the State of Maine, one of the United States of America. The tract of country comprehended within these limits is, consequently, about 200 statute miles in width and 230 in length, the leading features of which, or such of them at least, {IS may be supposed to possess an interest for intending emigrants, now demand our notice. CLIMATE. And first, with respect to Clmiate. Among considerations of importance to persons proposing to fix their residence in a new country, that of climate ought ever to occupy a fore- most place, so much does the happiness and well-being of the settler depend upon the healthiness of his adopted country. How often are the high hopes of the immigrant blighted by some fell disease which meets him at the very threshold of the promised land ! How often are the strong K NEW BiJUNSWICK, hearts of parents enfeebled bj'^ the premature death of thc:;o for whoso sakes they consented to quit liome and begin life anew ! How frequently a sudden shadow falls upon prospects of wife and children bereaved of husband and father, tlie melancholy story of thoasandji Ijft to struggle against the dangers and privations that beset the helpless and afflicted ill a strange land, bear fearful witness ! Among the advantages po3SOssed by New Brunswick, is a remarkably salubrious cliiniiio. No part of the Continent enjoys greater oxemplion from thooe fen-born plagues that make such sad havoc among the unacclimated denizens of other lands ('ontagions brought into the country in emigrant ships seldom assume a virulent aspect, or si)read beyond the port or inmicdiate ne)ii;hbourhood, where thev first make their appearance. Nowhere, therefore, can the ejnigrant expect greater immunity from the casualties to which Ihave lately adverted. Nowhere can he venture with greater coniidence in his pliysical ability to prosecute whatever plans he may have laid f )r bettering his condition in a new country, than to the shores of New Brunswick. Tiiat tlii3 is not exag^erarion, the experience of every resident, wliciher native of the country or not, v»'ho has taken pro]'>er care of his health, will bear me witness. But we are not dependent u})on what might be considered ■ 'udlced testimony on this point. Professor Johnston, wlio took every pains to inform liimf-olf on the subject, in page 1)S of his excellent Report on the Agricultural Capa- !>ilities! of New Brunswick, says : " In regard to the climate of New Brunswick, I feel myyolf compelled by all the evidence I have collected, unreservedly to adjiiit tJait it is an eoxvedingly ]iraUh/ climate. Every medical man 1 have met in the Broviuoe, I l;c^lieve without exception, and almost every other person I have conversed with, assured me of this: and the licalthv look- and nmnerous families of the natives of all classes coniirni these assurances." Moses II. Perley, Esq., Her Majesty's Commissioner for settling the Fishery Boundaries under the Treaty of Washington, w1k> for numy years held the office of Emigration Agent for New Brunswick, in a little work published in 1857, entitled *' A Hand Book of New Brunswick," at page 4, observes — " Altliough the winters of New Brunswick are severe (lees so however than those of 4 I ■''WBIW'fc'VHyMl AS A HOME FOB EMIGRANTS. 9 I of thc:;e egiii life •respects her, tlie linat the ufllicted onj^ the larkably 3 greater uich saci 3r lands nt ships the port \iQ their it exY)ect vo lately n lid e nee lie mav try, than of every v/ho has fss. But )ii3idered rdinston, ibject, in rai Capa- e cliinnte ' all the that it is an i have id almost od 1110 of ies of tlio si oner for Ireaty of office of ttle work of New winters of 1 those of •4 I Lower Canada), yet the climate is exeeedinr/hj healthy. Fev'er and ague are wholly unknown ; e})ideniics, even of a slight nature, are exceedingly rare, and the country is without an endemiG or disease •peculiar to itself T Another unquestionable attestation to the healthiness of our climate is furnished by the health statistics of the troops siationed in this Province. It will be seen by the following table, which I have compiled from the blue bo;)k presented by Her Majesty to the British Parliament in 1858, under the title of " Statis- tical Reports of the sickness, mortality nnd invaliding of the troops in the United Kingdom, the Mediterranean and British America, prepared from the records of the army, medical department and war office returns," that the Nova Scotia command (which comprehends iNova Scotia and New Brunswick), is the most healthy of all the military posts in the British possessions enumerated (and they are healthier than any of the other Colonies, Australia peiha])S excepted), and compares favourably with Greut Britain itself. Tabic Hh^jcing the com j^a rat ire sirJcncss amovfj the troop» statiGncd in Ureal ^iritain^ the Mediterranean^ the Bermudas, and New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia. The 7'ecord embracer a period of ten years from 1837 to 18-iG inclusive. Avcrnfjc number constantl^f sick and in Hospital fro;n 183*7 to 1846. Ratio per thousaud. (Dragoon Guanls 8^.4 United Kingdom } Foot (juanis 42.0 f liiliintrv 48.0 ((Whrallar 43.0 Moditcrraiican... -] Malta 43.0 ( Ionian Islands 44.0 Dcrmudas 55.8 Nova Scotia and New lirunswick 34.8 Canada 3y.0 The following table shows the relative rnortalay in eame et^itions, during the same period. Ratio per thougnnd : deaths. ! Dragoon Guards) .^^ and Dragoons, ( Infantry of the lino 10.8 10 NEW BRUNSWICK, Ratio $ thousand : deathi f Gibraltar ...11.1 Malta 15.3 Mediterranean. . . -' loriinn Islands 15.5 I Corfu and Vido 15.8 I Zanto 19.6 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 13.1 It will be observed from the above table that the number of deaths in Nqw Brunswick and Nova 8cotia is very little greater than among the most favoured troops i.i Great Britain — the household troops, and much less than among the infantry stationed in the mother country, being as 13.1 to 16.8. The report, after stating that the troops sent to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had spent 4 of the preceding T years in the Mediterranean, and 3 in the West Indies (being more than half the pciiocl of foreign sei'vice required to entitle them to a free discharge or a pension), goes on to say : — " This system, however, led to a considerable increase in the average age of tlie force employed in British America within the last ten years, which, as mortality increases with advancing age, might be expected to affect the results in any comparison with the former period. Besides this, many of the regiments brought with them from the West Indies men labouring under chronic disease and constitutions deteriorated by tropical service, whose deaths occurring shortly after their arrival, have no doubt increased the average mortality of the Nova Scotia command beyond what could be fairly attributed to the climate. * * * " It also contributed to increase materially the sickness in these years, that, owing to the sudden demand for assist- ance, several regiments had to be landed at Halifax, from the West Indies, in the depth of winter, without any warm clothing having been provided to protect them against the inclemency of the season. * * ^c- * *' Under the influence of the climate of the command, the health of the troops from the West Indies appears gradually to have improved, as shown by the reduced mortality in each successive year of their service from 1830, which is the first that will admit of correct deductions from the returns." There is another point on which it is expedient to observe, before taking leave of this subject. i I AS A HOME FOB EMIOKANTS. 11 ousand: death* ..11.1 ..15.3 .15.5 .15.8 ..l'J.6 ..13.1 lie number very little 5 i.i Great lan amono; Hi? as 13.1 ops sent to 4 of the the West 2;n service pension), n crease in I America cases with results in this, many '"est Indies nstitutions occurring reased the d beyond le sickness for assist- ifax, from any warm gainst the mand, the gradually mortality , which is from the observ^e, I i It has been the general belief, owing, doubtless, to the number of deaths occasioned (may I not say) by criminal exposure to the weather, thin shoes, &c., that pulmonary complaints are more frequent here than elsewhere. Tiiat this is an errm\ will appear from the following table, taken from page 200 of the blue book. Gibraltar, Malta, Ionian Islands, Canada, Nova Scotia and \ Now Brunswick, J Bermudas, Mean Strength. 33.K51 21.172 26.201 82.940 26.806 11.222 Discharged for pulmonic diaeabtt. 170 97 112 429 124 56 Annual ratio per 1000 mean strength. 5.1 4.6 4.8 6.2 4.6 5.0 "Thus we find," says the Report, " that the number in- valided for pulmonic disease is almost precisely the same in Gibraltar, where the temperature ranges from 45** to 86*^*, as in Canada, where it ranges between 23^ below and 87*^ above zero ; and that in Malta, an island remarkable for its uniformity of temperature, the results are identical with those in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where the ther- mometer has been known to fall 52^ in twenty-four hours. * * * These results confirm in the most satisfactory manner our previous conclusions as to the comparatively limited influence exercised by severe and changeable climates, such as those of the American commands, in originating or aggravating pulmonic diseases." AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITIES. T shall nov proceed to a consideration of the agricultural capabilities of New Brunswick. In this respect too, I am happy to say that our country is as presentable as most others, and takes precedence of a great many which have enjoyed a better reputation, owing to causes which I have not time particularly to notice. Although the labour of preparing the land for the growth of food (clearing it of timber, stumping,Afcc,,) is undoubtedly greater than it is in some of the Western States and parts of Canada, the yield is as large if not larger ; the market value of our products is much greater, and the purchase money will go further in procuring groceries and other 12 NISW BRUNSWICK, coinforfs and necessaries whicli the land does not supply — au item of no mean signilicauce to tlie tiller of the soil. Tiie facilities possessed by the inhabitants of this Province for making a living, if not for acquiring wealth in other pursuits, have been so great, hitherto, as to lead to a neglect of agriculture and an under estimate of the value of our land; and as a consequence, we have been slow to appreciate our agricultural resources. 8oine idea may be formed, as well of the absolute capabil- ities of our soil as of its relative productiveno;5S, as compared with IS^ew York, Ohio and otlier grain-growing and agricul- tural States and Canada, from the following statistics taken fi'om Professor Johnston's Report. Affer stating the average yield of all tlie land in Great Britain oji which crops are grown, to be 25 bushels of wheat per imperial acre, the pains-taking writer makes a variety of tabular statements of tlie average yield of the land in this Province, from which I have made selections which will show not only that iS'ew Brunswick is superior to New I'ork and Oliio as an agricultural country, but that the prices of produce are greater in the home market. OUIO. NKW BRUNSWICK. Avernso proiluoe Price ^ Average i>ro(luce Price ^ '^ acre. quarti-r. iP acre. quarter. Lesser average. (Jrenter. Wheat, 151 bushels. 31s. Oil 17:} 11)11-12 GOs. 8d. Burley, 24 " 14s. Sd. 27 29 a4s. Od. Oats ;];JJ " 8.S. (kl. 83 84 16s. Od. llxo ir4 " IfiM. Od. 18 2I.V 38s. 8d. r5uck\vhoat,.2().i- " l-ts. -Id. 3S 83'}- 30s. Od. Indian Corn,41i " 10s. Sd. 80^ 4V^ 87r. 44. Potatoes Oi) " Is. lOJ-d. '(jroasb. 204 220 Is. lid. fl bush. Turnips — 889 420 Hay, l| tons. 23s. 9d. V ton. 1| tons. 20s. to 49s, The average produce per imperial acre in New York, Canada and New Brunswick, is given in the following table : — STATK OP' NEW YOUK. CANADA WEST. NEW BUTTNSWICK. Wheat, 14 bushels. 12J bushels. 20 bushels. Barley, 10 " 17i " 29 " Osvts, 20 *' 24ii- " 84 " Rvo 9^ " Mi '* 20^ " IJuokwheat,....14 " 20 J " 41 1 '* .' Potatoes, 90 " 84 •* 220 " Turnips, 88 •' — 401 " I ,..,. •^■^tyf'ir^i.^ -tur^r^^^^ «w»f fftimvtmm'Vfmmwmmi^^. t supply— e soil, s Province in other a neglect lue of our 1 slow to te capabil- cnnipared nd agiieul- stics taken 1 in Great Is of wheat i a variety and in tliia vhich will )r to New t that the K. Price ^ quuiler. GOs. Us. 16s. ass. 8d. Od. Od. 8d. 00.S. Od. 'i7s. 4d. ild. "tf/ bush. 20s. to 4:'.}^ lew York, following BIITJNSWICK. bushels. (I t4 AS A HOMK FOR EMIGRANTS. , 13 Thus you will perceive that the yield is much greater in Kew Brunswick than it is in New York, Ohio or Canada ; and after giving noine other figures Professor Johnston remarks: " In the capability of growing all the common crops on which man and beast maiidy depend, it would api)ear from a comparison of the above numlters that the whole Province of New Brunswick, taken together, exceeds even the favoured Genessec Valley and the southern shores of Lake Ontario." Tn another place (]>. 74) he says — " We seem therefore to be driven to a conchision that as a farming country New Brunswick, as a whole, is superior to New York as a whole ;'■ and in anotlier (p. 77) he remarks — " If New Brunswick exceeds New York in productiveness, it ought also to exceed all the States of New England.'' " There is another interesting point," observes the Pro- fes^eor, '• exhibited in the columns of table 1, which i^ deserving of special notice. This is the great weight per bushel the grain crops frequently attain. Wheat is said sometimes to rcfich the enormous weight of 70]i>s. per busliel, and oats of oOlbs a bushel ; but 62 to 60 for wheat are common, and -iOlbs. for oats." The general average v/eights for the whole Province are gl sen as follows : — Wlicat, 60 11 IS \hs. Buckwheat, ... .48 8-1 1 lbs. Barlev, oO '' Indian Corn, 50^ " ( jilts/. '38 " Potatoes Cn Rvc 52 ,V " Turnipp, (50 Carrots, «n »' I should not forget to mention that 70 bushels of buck- wlieat are sometimes raised to the acre, and a thousand busliels of potatoes, and that other vegetables, such as peas, beans, beets, parsnips, itc, are raised in equal abundance. Professor Johnston took some pains to ascertain the quality of the flour produced from the wheat of the Province, and on ])age 70 of his Report, he says: '* Having consulted Mr. n. D Wilmot, the Mayor of Saint John, who is practi- cally acquainted with the wheat of the Province growth, and with the absolute and comparative qualities of the flour nuiTUifactured both in the Province and in the United States, he informed nie that the result of a trial made with 14 NEW BRUNSWICK 1 a barrel of flour grown at Belmont, in the County of Snn- bnry, against a barrel of superfine Genessee flour was, that the Province manufactured flour went further and gave a considerable number more loaves than the Genessee flour did, both being baked at the same time and in the same way. Me since writes me that * the fact is notorious, that at the same price, the bakers take the home-made flour in preference,' and ho transmitted tiie following certificates from parfies well known in tiie City of Saint John." * [Here follow the certificates of John M'Lardy and Thomas Rankine, Jr.] Major Robinson, one of the Commissioners appointed by the liiitish Government to explore and survey the route of a Railway from Halifax to Quebec, in their report submitted to the Imperial Parliament in the year 1859, remarks : — " Of tiie climate, soil and capabihties of New^ Brunswick, it is impossible to speak too highly. There is not a country in the world so beautifully wooded and watered. * * * Its agricultural capabilities, climate, lbs., buckwheat 49lbs.'* The Ueport of same Society for 1859 gives 65lbs. as the average weight per bushel of fifteen sam])les exhibited. The barley weighed 541bs. and averaged 53|^lbs., white oats 48^lb8. and averaged 44^1b8. The Ueport for 1858 says — '* Samples of wheat averaged 65ll)s. per bushel, barley 54, and other grains in proportion ;" and speaking of buckwheat, it observts — "The grain saved is of a tiiie quality, weighed 60lbs. per bushel. I AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS. * 16 ity of Snn- 1* was, tliat md gave a lessee flour 1 the same )rious, that de flour in certificates in." ^^ ankine, Jr.] pointed by he route of ; submitted larks: — Brunswick, t a country * -» ■* iscribed in and other 3rvedly so, gricultural 3 of New ! Professor borate his gricultural )r the year LIS, and the n samples J weighed sed 5t>lbs., bs. as the exliibited. js., white ; averaged >portion ;" rain saved I take from the last mentioned Report, the following extract from a Canadian author (Morris) : — i .. " As to agricultural capabilities, New Brunswick, strange as the tale may seem, exceeds in wheat 14 wheat growing States of the Union, and in barley 24 out of 30 ; in oats, buckwheat and potatoes, 30 States and Territories ; and in I'ltter and hay, all the States." This report gives the value of the agricultural produce of New Brunswick for 1854, exclusive of farm stock, at two millions pounds. The Reports of the Restigouche Agricultural Society give the following as tlie weights of grains exhibited in th© years 185G and 1857, when prizes were awarded. 1856. Beat Wheat 66}tbs. Second Best 66} " Third •' 66}" Best Barley 571 " Second Best 57 " Third " 59^" Best Black Oats 45^ " Second '' 42J " Best Field Peas 69 '* Best Clover 63 " 1857. 66ilb8. 65i " 65J- " 59i" 68|" 58 " 42|" 43i " 67 " 65 " I The Report of the NorthumberlaTid Agricultural Society for 1854, at p. 12, says : " It has been asserted that not an instance can be adduced in this county of an industrious, prudent man, however poor at first, having prosecuted the business of farming, and that only during the last 2?^ or 30 years, without having succeeded well." The Repcr^ of the same Society for 1S50-7, at page 5, says — " On the fifth of an.acre of ground near his residence, the Hon. J. M. John- ston raised 72 barrels carrots, equal to 300 barrels per acre. At p. 14 — " Our most prosperous and thriving farmers, almost to a man, began to 8tu»np, clear, cultivate and stock their farms with very little or no capital." Our attention has been occupied altogetlier with a general view of the agricultural capabilities of the Province ; but it may prove interesting as well as instructive, to present a description of two farms in the County of Gloucester, for which the writer is indebted to the politeness of Francis 16 NKW BBUNSWICK, Ferguson, Esquire, wtio very kindly furnished tho informa- tion on request. The farms dcscril>ed, are severally owned by Messrs. Fer- mison, Itankin & Co., iJathurst, and Francis Ferguson, Esquire, Saint John. First — Village Farm contains 3.34 acres cleared land, well fenced, and without a stump, besides about 50 acres pasture land, partially cleared, but not lit for the plouj^h. The bulk of the land has been reclaimed from the wilder- ness within the last fourteen vears. The quantitv under crop in 1S59, was ItJO acres, from which were raised — 1G(3 tons Ilay, 300 bushels Wheat— weight. Gllhf!. 1,400 " ()i\ts, '* 38 " no " liarlcy, " 48 " 3,500 " Turnips. 2,100 " Potutoo,-., 240 " Carrots, 75 " Manj!;old Wurl/.cl. 17 Piys were killed, weighing 5,740tl)s. *8 head of (^attlo killed '" 4,740 " 4 Sheep and 8 lambs killed, weight unknown. Stock on flic Farm Jnnnnry ]8G(\ 12 Horses, old and voung, 40 head Horned Cattle, 27 Sheep, and ' 13 I'igs. 110 acres of Land now ploughed, ready for crop next sea^^on ; 30 of which were stumped last year, and ploughed in Ocotobor, 00 acres of the Land is clay soil ; 50 *' " black loam; 94 " light soil. Second — or Sotnerm't Vole Farm. Cofitainin^^ 200 acres cleared land, land well fenced, and witliout a stump, l)esides a quantity partially cleared, and capable of pasturing at least 50 head of cattle. A portion of tlie above has been long under cultivation, bntitis only within the last few years that an attempt has been made at systematic farming. Previous to that, very little stock was kej>t on it, and the greater part of the crop was removed and consumed elsewhere. * These cattle were all raised on the Farm ; hut in addition there liave bcco tis") cattle killed,' which were purchogedpoor and fattened on the farm. I ■?-"\'i*JBt-:ai»car''r>r-T=-' :ho infonna- Messrs. Var- 6 Ferguson, eared land, lit 50 acres tlie plough, the wilcler- mtity n ruler •aised — AB A HOME FOB EMIGRANTS. 1% n, kittle, next Bea.son ; ul ploughed in fenced, and -dearcd, and A portion )utit is only !en made at e stock was as removed there liave bcco furm. The quantity of land under crop in 1859, was about 1301 acres, from which were raised — > '■ "• ••••• ■ ' , . . \ , i .^ 150 Tons Hay, 80 Bushels Wheat— weight 62 Jltjs. per busli. about 2,000 " Oats, ♦' 89 " " ' ^ • •"■" .S,000 " Turnips, ...•..,.;,.,,,..•.■: .tl '. ■ti';.:''^i. 750 " Potatoes, . I- • •;;;(;•! ''o ;'.••• -jil'.i' 74 " Carrots. ■ . ' ' ,,. The quantity of heef, pork, and mutton killed, not given. The stock on the farm January ISCO, consisted of — A 7 Horses — old and young; ,, , 41 Head horned cattle; 26 Sheep and 5 pigs ; 73 acres ploughed last fall for crops next Kprii>g. . 'i ROADS-EDtUCATION. Any description of New Brunswick would be incomplete without some notice of its roads and schools — objects of no little interest to the intending emigrant. The improvement of the roads has even been an object of solicitude to the Legislature ; and large appropriations are every year made from the public revenues for th^ purpose of making and repairing the great roads and high- ways, which are among the best in America. The estimated expenditure for the past vear, 1859, was — for ojreat roads, £10,500 ; bye roads, £14,000. Total, £30,500. ^ A corresponding liberiility has been manifested in the cause of education ; and although our school system is by no means perfect, no part of the Province is without itsj common scliools, supported, in great part, at the j)ublid expense. The appropriation last year was £27,027, of which £3,027 was voted by the Legislature, the balance being authorized by statute. How easy and comfortable the condition of the immigrant of to-day, as compared with that of the first settlers of this Province — to whom be all honor for their energy, persever- ance and sterling worth — to whose stout hearts and strong hands we of this generation are indebted for the facilities of communication we now enjoy, and the means of education we now possess. Though deprived, as manj of them were, IS NEW BBUNBWIOK, by the stirring events of the Revolution, of the blessings of education, and obliged to perform the drudgery of pack- horses, by carrying their stores of various kinds, from the 8ca coasts to the settlements, on their shoulders, they have bequeathed to their posterity, in the two thousand* miles of highway, and innumerable bye ways, an enduring monument of their industry and good sense ; and in our colleges and schools an inheritance of which older countries might well be proud. PRICE OF LABOUR. Agricultural and other labour commands a high price in New Brunswick, and is in demand. Farm servants obtain as high wages as forty pounds a year, with board and lodging, and labourers in the cities get five shillings a day and upwards in the summer season. The circumstances of the labouring population may be judged of from the fact that in the Saving's Bank in the City of Saint John, the principal seaport of New Brunswick, there was on the 31st December, 1859, £90,417 2s. 6d., owned by 2,200 depo- sitors, the greater number of whom are day laborers; and l)etween £8,000 and £9,000 were deposited during the past year more than was drawn out : the amount in the Bank, 31st December, 1858, having been £78,438 7s. Id., which, with interest, amounted to £82,156 1^.4d., 3l8t December, 1859. The amount paid in during the year was £28,817 14s. TAXATION. Taxation is very light in this country, as compared with the United States and Canada. In one of the Parishes of the County of Saint tPohn, there is a grgat number of per- eons who do not pay over 3s. each, and 5d. or 6d. a head. In many of the Counties, the taxes are so small as to be hardly worth mentioning. EMPLOYMENT DURING THE WINTER— EFFECT OF FROST ON THE SOIL. Our long winters are supposed by some persons to de- tract from the general character of New Brunswick as an I '''The exact number in 1860, according to ofRcial data, is 2,201. AS A HOME FOR EMIGBANT8. 1» sssings of of pack- from the ley have ^ miles of lonument eges and ight well 1 price in its obtain oard and ]gs a day jtances of 1 the fact fohn, the I the 31st 200 depo- rers; and ^ the past bhe Bank, d., which, December, 8,817 14s. ared with arishes of Qr of per- [. a head, be hardly EFFECT ns to de- ick as an i 2,201. s agricultural country. But I think it will be conceded, after due consideration, that they arc, on the whole, rather ad- vantageous than otherwise. Tn any country, some portion of his time must necessarily be devoted by the husbandman to threshing, mending tools, going to mill, repairing houses and barns, fencing, getting fuel, and the like ; and, in this country, the fall and winter months are admirably adapted to most of these pur- poses. The swamps, lakes, and rivers being frozen over, and the ground covered with snow, the tiarmer can work with three-fold advantage in getting out frames, fencing materials, cordwood, and other things required for home use. It is also the best time to carry his produce to market — beef, pork, poultry, &c. ; and if he have any time to wpare. he may turn his woodland to further account, by getting out cordwood and timber. In fact, many of our small farmers look forward to the winter as the time when they can 7nake the most money. Then, again. Jack Frost is invaluable to the agriculturist, in killing weeds and pulverising the soil, thus saving him a great deal of hard labour with horses and oxen, in breaking up his ploughed fields and preparing them for seed. Thus, although the number of days during which labour may be expended on the fields, is smaller here than in Great Britain, much less labour is required in putting in the crop. Mr. Robert (rray, of York County, a Scotch settler, re- presented as being familiar with Scottish agriculture, bears the following testimony on this point, (p. Ill, Professor Johnston's Report) " The frost in winter leaves the land in u very friable state, and in better order for green crops than any number of ploughings done in winter could make it. On this account, I believe, a pair of horses could work as much land here under a given rotation, as they could in Scotland." I understand Mr. Gray to mean simply this — that no more land conld be got ready for a crop in Scotland than in New Brunswick, with the same help, notwithstanding the fall and spring in Scotland afford more time for dressing the land. At page 107, Professor Johnston observes — " The number of days during which rain impedes the operations of the British farmer, is notoriously very great. * * * But in New Brunswick the climate is more steady and 20 .•NJ5W DKUKSWICK, equable. Rains do not so constantly fall ; and when they do desccjnd, the soils in most parts of tlie J'rovince are so porous as readily to allow thorn to pass through. Thus the out v^.oor o])(3ration9 of the farmer are hiss impeded by rain, and the disposal)le time he possesses, compared with that of the Ih'itirih farmer, is reallv not to be measured by the num- her of days at the disTA^sal of each." The average earliest sowing- jjciven by Professor Johnston, as gathered from data collected in the Province, is the 21st of April, and the latest early sowing 15th IVIay ; and the averaj^e latest ploughing, ITthiS'ovember, and the latest 1st December. Should it be objected that the length of time during which cattle require to be housed and fed militates against the interests of the agriculturalist, I would reply — that the greater quantity of manure which he is thereby enabled to secure, furnishes him with the means of raising heavier crops of turnips and other roots, for tlie sustentatiou of his stock. But supposing this not to be a full equivalent, it is at least questionable, whether the farmer does not obtain a higher })rice for his cattle, alive or dead, than he would if it cost him less to keep them. At all events, the farmer thrims as well, if not better, than most, if not all other classes (the best answer I should say to the objection), in spite' of tlie length of the winter ; and such a thing as a pauper is almost unknown in the rural districts of New Jjrunswick. Looked at closely, from any point of view, a North Anje- rican winter is far from being that disagreeable thing it is supposed to he,, when viewed from a distance. It is the sea- son best adapted for social enjoyment. In the day time, skating, sleigh riding, and other exhilarating out-door amusements employ the leisure horn's of those who can afford to indulge in such recreation ; and in the long winter evenings — in the cities especially — balls, concerts, lectures, readings, etc., divide the time, with books and other home- pleasures; and it is questionable, upon the whole, whether the marked difference between the seasons, by preventing monotony,, does not enhance rather than detract from the aggregate happiness. There are but few days in a New Brunswick winter, when it is too cold to be al>out one's ordinary business in the Mk ■ I litWU- ^1 ktmrnM-MniBmiBiiiiHimt AS A HOME FOR EMI0RANT3. 21 lion they [jc are so Thus the I by rain, til that ot the nuiii- Johnston, s tlio 21st and the latest 1st during )8 against -that the nab led to heavier iou of his Jent, it is obtain a would if le fanner all other ction), in liing as a of New ith Anie- liii]«>; it is 9 the sea- lay time, out-door who can ifj winter , lectures, er homer whether eventing Tom the k winter, iss in the open air. Persons who have experienced living in l*]rigland and on the Continent of Europe, have assured trie that they have suii'ered more from cold in the British Lies and in France, than they ever did on this side of the Athintic, owing, as they supposed, to the humidity of the atmosphere, suildeii changes of weather, the difl'eioiieo in tiio mode of linishing the houses, and the insulliclency of heating ap- paratus. After all, cold weather has little to do with per- sonal discomfort, if pet»plo have tiio means of guarding against it ; aiid tliere arc few persons in this country who cannot })roviMsisting in part of rich intervale lands, on the borders of streams winding through the forests of tlie north and west-, and other unsettled or thinly peopled parts of the country, diversified by every variety ot charming scenery, in moun- tain, lake, and river, and capable of supporting a popnhi- tiou of from four to six millions, Professor Johnston, who made a variety of calculations on the subject, is of the opinion, that "if New Brunswick possesses in its mineral resources an available supply of fossil fuel sufficient for its domestic wants, it might hope to sustain in comfort a population approaching to six millions." But that if its inhabitants should be obliged to preserve a portion of their woodlands for the necessary supply of fuel, its capabilities will be proportionably less. * Exact number said to be 17,347,855. ' • ' • ■ t 00,700 acres were taken up during the past year for actual set- tlement i I',. ' •' .:' ' . -.t ;. . ',:.er of other articles of merchandize, the principal of wlu'ch is lisli. The value of the exports in the year 1851: was £1,104,413. which, with the value of the ships built in that year, viz., 135 vessels of 9D,42() tons, worth that year £10 a ton, £994 MO, amounted to £2,008,073 sterling. According to tlie ollicial returns for the year 1858, made up by William Smith, Esq., Controller for the Port of Saint John (those of 185D are not yet made up), the value of the exports amounted to £810,779 sterling. To which must be AS A HOME FOB ElCIOBAliTb. 23 unswick forests, )le of its is in the Duntry in ch is cut Norway )le, elm, ess value ' timber. Province i58. 52 tons. 82 " 00 feet. 00 " 100 " 38 tons. 00 feet. lOO " 45 cords. 00 No. 47 '* 80 " 20 " 52 " ve, New ;handize, ,104,413, ear, viz., a ton, >8, made of Saint 10 of the must be added the value of the ships built during the year — 75 vessels, with a tonnage of 26,263, valued at £170,709 sterling. The number of vessels built in the Province in tiie year 1859 was 93, tonnage 38,330. Tlie whole nunober of vef^cels entered at ports in the Province in the year 1858 was as follows : — Vessels, 3146 ; tons, 573,473; crews, 21,468. It will appear from the above figures that there has been a considerable falling off in the exports since 1854. This is owing to the general prostration of commerce during the intervening years, but there is no doubt that the removal of the causes which have injuriously affected the trade of the world will soon restrre to this Province its wonted prosperity, of which there are already many promising indications. That our business is steadily reviving will appear, I think, from the following table of arrivals at the Port of iSaint John in the years 1858 and 1859 — the only indicia 1 have, as the returns of the Treasury Department which embrace the exports and imports, are not yet made np. Vessels entered at Port of St John in 1858, Ifiol. Tonnage, 306,7-3 " " 1859, 1786. " 4.3t»,8iJ(J The whole revenues of the Province in 1857, were £107,OG8 " " 1858, 130,183 16 11 According to the estimates laid before the 1 louse of Assembly, now in session, the revenue for the year 1 S50 is £193,381, being an increase of £57,041 over tliat of 1S5S FISHERIES. The fisheries next claim our attention, as being among the known resources of the country. Fish of finest quality and in endless quantity are to be found on our coasts and in our rivers, bays and lakes ; and all that is wanting to turn them to profitable account is labour. That our waters fairly teem with life ma v be j ndged of from the fact that eight or nine hundred sail of American fishing vessels annually pass into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which washes the eastern shore of this Province, whence fiiey return laden with the scaly products of the sea. That fishing has never been followed to any considerable extent by the inhabitants of New Brunswick may seem 24 NEW BBUNSWIOr J snrpri&ing to strangers, in view of the fact just enunciated ; but their neglect to take advantage of opportunities placed thus temptingly before them, is butproof of the prodigality of nature and the abundance of profitable employment within the confines of the Province. ; The principal fish taken in the Bay of Fundy and the mouths of the rivers emptying into it, are fialmon, cod, hake, herrings, haddock, pollock, shad and hal' but. It is estimated that the salmon and other fish (chiefly gaspereanx or alewives), taken in the harbour of Saint John alone, in the year 1857, were worth from thirty to forty thousand pounds. The fishing berths or right to fish on particular lots within the liarbour, for the present year, were sold for £2035 4s. 3d. Mackerel are the fish chiefly sought after by the American fishermen frequenting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but most of the varieties we have just enumerated with some others, besides the finest oysters and othei: shell fish, abound there. The value of the exports of fish from the Trovince in 1^5S was £51,004 sterling. Nor are these the only fields of labour. That the Pro- vince is rich in minerals has long been tlie opinion of many ; but the fact has been placed beyond a doubt by j^'ecent discoveries. Iron is known to exist in large quantities and of the finest quality in several parts of the country, which only requires time and favourable circumstances to become a source of wealth. Coal of a description unknown elsewhere has been found in ffreat abuiulance in the Countv of Albert, and is eusj-erlv sought after by the manufacturers of lubricating oil. MINERALS AND OTHER PRODUCTIONS OF THE EARTH. • Outcroppings of coal of different kinds and qualities have been met with, in many parts of the Province. Professor Johnston, in his Report, enumerated upwards of thirty varieties of coal, bitumen and shale, of various thicknesses, in the Counties of York, Albert, Westmorland, Kent, Northumberland, Gloucester, Restigouche and Saint John. t i! • It is worthy of remark that the Professor did not seem very sanguine with respect to the value of the known \l A3 A HOME FOB EMIGBANTS. mciated ; es placed •odigality ployrnent and the od, hake, 3sti mated reanx or ne, in the d ponnils. )ts within .35 4s. .3d. \mencan but most le other?, ind tliere. e ill li^58 the Pro- of many ; }y ];'ecent titles and y, which 3 become ■ ' ■ ■ . ^ sen found s eagerly oil. OF THE ties have • upwards ' various norland, Lud Saint not seem 5 known deposits, and rather discouraged the proposition to institute borings at the public expense, " till further information is obtained," although he remarks, (page 36) — "The dis- covery of a thick bed of bitumen at Frederick's Brook, in Albert County, is very interesting, and should reports not be exaggerated, will undoubtedly prove a source of protit." The bitumen on " Frederick's Brook" has turned out to be the most valuable description of coal in the known world, is easily worked, and from appearances, exhaustless. It commands fifteen dollars a ton at Hillsborough wharf. About sixty thousand pounds worth was taken out this year, and there is a constantly growing demand for it. The only pity is, that there our capitalists allowed this gold moun- tain (for it is almost as valuable) to pass into the hands of American citizens. To our indefatigable townsman, J. DeWolfSpurr,Esq., weare indebted for what little benefit the country derives from this one of its most valuable possessions. I make these remarks, because I intend to make use of the fact indicated as an argument in favour of a certain means of developing the resources of the country, when I come to that part of my sul)ject. Sixty thousand pounds added to our circulating medium every year, would form a handsome item. The yield of the mineral may amount to ten or twenty times that sum, before a great while ; and it is really melancholy to think that, for all the good it will do New Brunswick, it might almost as well be in Bunker's Hill, or at the bottom of the sea. Then, there is that shale, which was considered of no value when Pi'ofessor Johnston was among us. What of it ? .A mountain of it has recently been discovered in Albert Count}^ which, though having all the external appearance of common shale, possesses all the qualities of the best de- scription of gas coal. A. IC. Eaton, a distinguished coal chemist, of New York, speaking of a sample of this mineral, says — " It is most ex- cellent. I have examined many coals that yielded more cr.ido oil, but noriO that yielded products of such superior quality. A gross ton of coal, equal to the sample, will yield 80 gallons of crude product, of which j^er cent, is anion la water. -^ "The crude oil is very light; its specific gravity being 866, and loses only 20 per cent, in the process of refining. * 26 NBW BRUNSWICK, " Of the refined product, 20 per cent, is heavy oil, con- tain inaj parafline ; the balance is of the grade of burning oils, 820. " Tiie coal works easily at a low heat, and the lower the temperature of the retort, the better the quality of the pro- duct. There is left 68 per cent, of coke, of excellent quality. " The sample is true cannel coal, and cannot be called shale or schist, but from appearances, I judge that a bitu- minous schist may bs associated with it. " For purposes of oil manufacture, it is the best coal I have ever exainined^'' Til is coal is now the property of the Caledonia Mining Company. Another Company, under the ttle of " The Westmorland ami Albert Mining and Manufacturing Company," is about being <>rganized, for mining a mineral of similar description, of which, it is said, they have an unlimited supply. I liave seen many specimens of coal, a description of wliicli would ten23, so ex- aggerated an account of the country was published, that C'lrarles the First was induced to enter warmly into the scheme of colonization ; and, besides confirming the grant of I^ova Scotia, made to Sir William in 1621, founded the Order of Knights Banneret of Nova Scotia, with the view of encouraging the settlement of the 'country. It is not my purpose, neither would it subserve the ob- ject of this essay, to dwell upon the result of this scheme, or to trace the progress of settlement and discovery. It is enough to allude briefly to the inducements that existed or were held out at this early period, to emigrate to this country. ♦ The discoverer of the Bay of Fundy. 30 NEW BBUNSWICE, An extensive scheme of colonization was also prepared in France in 1627, of which Kichelieu, the Superintendent of Finance, and other distinguished persons, were the principal promoters. The whole of New France, which compre- hended this part of America within its limits, was con- veyed to a partnership, under the condition, among others, that they should send out in the next year, two or three hundred workmen, and that the French inhabitants should amount to 16,000 before the year 1643 ; that they should lodge, feed, and maintain them for three years, make an equal distribution of the lands among them, and furnish them with seeds to sow. The partnership had power to cast cannon, and make all sorts of arms, to erect fortifica- tions, grant lands, and annex such titles, honours, and rights, as the Kin^ should prescribe ; to appropriate all the fur and peltry, and to exercise all other trades within the limits of their jurisdiction, for the period of fifteen years. Two ships of war was likewise granted them, to be victualled by the company, with the power of appointing all the officers and soldiers. This plan was very liberal and well calculated to promote the speedy settlement of the country; but the company were unfortunate in the outset. Eighteen transports, with one hundred and thirty-five pieces of ordnance, destined for Port lioyal — now Annapolis Koyal — and Quebec, having been captured by Sir David Kirk, their efforts were feeble and indecisive, contrasting unfavourably with those of the English colonists of New England. It might prove interesting, but could be productive of no advantage to my present object, to trace up and philoso- phise upon the causes that have conduced, at difterent periods, to the peopling of the Province. It is sufficient to know, that they are no longer operative, or that they are overborne for the time, by counter influences ; and that we must offer new inducements, or else adopt a new mode of presenting them, if we desire to profit by the influx of physical wealth — the very best kind that is to be obtained. It behoves us then to consider whether anything, and what may be done, to accomplish such a purpose — not ultimately — for with the fuller development of our own great re- sources, and a freer and more familiar intercourse with our fellow-colonists will come a time when immigrants will flock prepared in rintendent of the jjrincipal ich compre- ts, was con- long others, vo or three taiits should they should make an and furnish id power to ect fortifica- , and rights, | the fur and the limits of . Two ships ailed by the officers and 1 to promote le company isports, with ee, destined id Quebec, efforts were 7 with those uctive of no md philoso- it different efficient to at they are nd that we w mode of 3 influx of I e obtained. :, and what • ultimately great re- 36 with our s will flock 4 I AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS. 81 uninvited to our shores, — hwt presently — now — before the good time comes, of which I have spoken in another place, and in which I am a firm believer. Mankind are very much alike in all countries. Those who are "well to do" are satisfied, as a general thing, to " let well alone ;" and those only who are less prosperous, and less able to win their way to wealth and fame, feel dis- posed to turn their backs on Fatherland. The consequence IS, that, in the most of cases, the prospect of meeting with sympathy, and of finding employment and a home^ will have much to do in directing the footsteps of the emigrant. Who is there among my readers, who, if he were about to seek his fortune in a distant countr}^ would not set out upon his journey with the lighter heart, if he knew that a friendly voice would greet him in his far-off home, or that there was one spot in all that land which he could call his own ? If there is such a being among them, I fear the plan I have to propose for promoting immigration, will have little to re- commend it in his sight. Heretofore, the most that has been done by the Legisla- ture or Government of this Province, has been to invite the working class of the United Kingdom to come to New Brunswick to seek a home, and whatever success or ac- ceptauce has attended the offer, it is manifest to every one, that it has ceased to influence, and that something more must be done, if immigration is necessary to our prosperity, and the fuller advancement of our resources. What shall it be? As I have elsewhere endeavoured to impress upon the reader, the most effectual mode of countervailing the attrac- tions for emigrants, possessed by other parts of the world, is to get up a name — to acquire a reputation-^noi a ftilse and illusory one, but a genuine character for thrift — such as may be gained by wise counsels and courageous enterprize ; but, in uie meanwhile, I can see no better :$vay than to re- verse the modus operandi on which we have been acting, ttud instead of asking emigrants to come to us for land, to take the land to them — in other words, to carry pictures of our farm-lands to the door steps of the British and other peasantry, with the keys of the possession, and invite them to enter in. To speak less metaphorically — I would have sectional plans prepared of such parts of the country 32 NEW BRUNSWICK, proposed for settlement from time to time, as are most proxi- mate to existing great roads, bye roads, or settlements — showing the rivers, lakes, roads, distances from settlements, and such other things as might be deemed advisable. I would have them colored, or otherwise marked, to denote the prevailing kinds of timber, and the geological character of the localities. I would have roads laid out, and lots laid otf, on the plans, of, say 100 acres each. I would have roads opened and turnpiked for a part of the way through the tract, and mark every alternate lot, as— 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 10, as offered for immediate settlement. ; ' . ,. 1 Road. 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 As I esteem an industrious man of incomparably more value* to the country than a hundred acres of land, I would consider an even exchange of a lot for a settler, a prime bargain for the Province ; and instead, therefore, of asking an equivalent in money or labour, I would give the lots to any persons who would take them, on the sole condition of their emigrating to the Province, and making a certain amount of improvement on them within a given time. Em- ployment could be given to such of the settlers as chose to avail themselves of it, in extending the roads ; by which means they would be enabled to procure such necessaries as they might need during the first year of occupation. I propose to send some person of good address and ability, and well versed in the resources, &c. of the Province, to England, in the capacity of Emigrant Agent,t with instruc- * In an article in Hunt's Commercial Magazine for July, 1856, the money, or commercial value of a man, uneducated, is estimated at $1000. t He should be accredited by the Secretary for the Colonies, in order that his authority may be the more readily established, if questioned in any part of Great Britain. w AS A UOME FOB EMIGRANTS. as ) moat proxi- Jttlements — settlements, dvisable. I d, to denote al character md lots laid would have ivay through , 5, 8, 9, 12, ( -.1 irably more nd, I would er, a prime e, of asking } the lots to condition of g a certain time. Erti- as chose to ; by which necessaries ipation. and ability, *rovince, to ith instruc- ly, 1856, the ited at $1000. nies, in order questioned in tions to proceed into the rural districts, fishinf? towns, and other parts of the United Kingdom in which he would be most likely to meet with persons having the means, and willingtoemigrate; and by mcansof lectures, advertisements, anenses of its management do not exceed the benefit derived from its settlement. I would supply the Agent with sectional maps, statistics of the resources of the Prcivince — such as are contained in Johnston's Report, Perley's Hand-book, Perley on the Fisheries, &c., for gratuitous distribution. An Act, in sometliing like the following form, might be passed, to give effect to the scheme : — Be it enacted, 'ucter for tlie exercise of his gifis in the way proposed, and enable him to make a respectable appeaiance. This plan would involve considerable outlay in the be- ginning ; but if it succeeded, the Province would be reim- bursed in a few years, at faithest, by the sale of the reserved lots, which, instead of being worth only two shillings and * It is evident that selections could not be made from one and the same block, both here and abroad. AS A HOME FOB EMIGRANTS. 39 le whole Parish le above ho 8anie« i liercof, e of five le holder iter upon Dated emigrant his selec- inserted >ns would and ; but g so, ar- Selections e present t. e Agent, *ie\ great 1 for that to furnish icution of >uld com- xercise of [> make a n the be- 1 be reini- i reserved lings and nd the same 4 sixpence or three sliillings per acre, would readily' command four or five times that amount in a short time after settUv ments were made around them ; and thougli they should not be worth so much, tiie public would profit indirectlji, even in a money point of mew^ by the increased revenues consequent upon the increased consumption of imported goods. Should our Railways be extended to Canada and the United States, tiiis plan might be modified, so far as res- pects the lurge tracts of wilderness land that would be opened up for settlement along the routes. But 1 think it would be highly injurious to the pu' lie interests to grant our lands to railway companies, by means of which the settlement of the country would be retarded instead of faci- litated : inasmuch as the object of such companies would be to make as much out of the land as possible. There could be no objection, however, to giving the land in large tracts to companies or private individuals, on the condition of their paying for the surveys, making the roads, and complying with the same terms, as to settlement of each hundred acre lot, as above provided. Indeed, regard has been had in this scheme, to men of wealth in England, some of whom might be induced to settle in this country by the tempting prospect of possessing large, and in time, valuable estates. Before quitting this subject, I would suggest the ex- pediency of giving particular attention to the introduction of professed fishermen into the country — men who are not only acquainted with the most approved modes of taking, but of preserving fisli. Independently of the fact tliat such of our population residing on the coasts and owning farms, are averse to fishing, experience has proved that the two avocations of farming and fishing cannot be combined, and while no instance can be adduced, in some of the northern and eastern sections of the Province, of a farmer who has devoted his whole time to farming, having failed, on the other hand, it is said that none have succeeded who have tried both fishing and farming at the same time. The habits of the one business are incompatible with the dili- gent and proper prosecution of the other. Now, if ever, is the time for us to take hold of this branch of business — fishing. The effect of the lleciprocity 36 NEW BEUNSWICK, Treaty, whicli admits British fish into the American markets free of duty, is to enable the colonial fishermen to compete snccessfully with the Americans ; and the consequence is said to be, that the business is ])assing into the nands of colonists. Whether New Brunswick is to have her share of tlie advantage, depends upon ourselves. PART III. We come now to .he tliird branch of our subject — " The hest means of developing the resources of the country.'''^ And first— it may be asked — what does the word " re- sources" mean ? In a limited sense, it may be taken to signify the ma- terial products of h country — whether animal, mineral, or vegetable — either in a raw state, or enhanced in value by the labour of its people. In a more extended sense, it may include with these, local advantages, with facilities for am- plification by artificial means, sucli as canals, railroads, and the like. Viewing it in this broader import, the range of vision extends over a wider field, and gives scope for in- dulgence in brighter visions of both the early and the later future of tliis fine Province. Next comes tlie question — what is meant by the phrase *' developing the resources ?'■ To my mind, the developing the resources of a country is not a single fact or attainment, but a successive and never-ending series of facts or achievements, reaching far into futurity — a constantly gathering and accumulating eapaoity, strengthening as it goes, in an increased ratio to its progress. Our sense of what may be done, is improved and en- larged by our acquaintance with what has been done. The art-triumphs of the last half century, instead of appearing to our minds as defining the reach of the human intellect, and the adaptation of the elements and materials of the earth to the purposes of human life — of social and moral pro- gress — creates a belief in the illimitable application of natural laws — in the still greater triumphs of human reason, and the still higher destiny of the human family. Each Hiiccessive attainment becomes, in turn, a stepping-stone AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS. ST larkets )mpete snce is mds of r share I-" The J) (( re- lie ma- )ral, or liie by it may for am- ds, and mge of for in- le later phrase jountry ve and ing tar ulating ratio to md en- 3. The iring to ct, and ) earth al pro- tiori of reason, Each g-stone from which the children of light may take a bolder flight into the regions of discovery. If this view is correct, it will be only possible dimly to surmise the means that may be employed at no distant day to accomplish the end we have in view. Nevertheless, there are some, applicable as well to the present as to the future, which are at our disposal, and which it is obviously our dutv and our interest to make available: and to same of these, 1 shall presently invite attention. I think I am warranted in affirming that whatever con- tributes to the social welfare of a countrv, will also tend to develope its material wealth. Thus, education^ while it civilizes and refines, enables men to employ their time and talents to the better advantage. Freedom^ while it ennobles the mind, releases it from corroding cares, and affords it greater scope for the exercise of its gifts ; and whether it8 faculties are trained in the higher regions of philosophy, or in the humbler province of mechanical construction, it will do its work the better for being free. We might observe, in the same way, how religion, mo- rality, and many other things, may be made subservient to the material prosperity of a country ; but enough has been said to show how comprehensive our subject is, and I will therefore confine m)^self to such causes as have a moi'e direct influence upon its mercantile interests. The idea of internal development is so intimately and indissolubly associated with the question of immigration, that it is hardly possible to ignore the latter in any scheme for the amplification of our material prosperity ; for upoii the success of our efforts to attmct hither a portion of the moving population of other countries, and to provide profit- able employment for them on their arrival, must depend, ill a great measure, our ability to compete with other parts of America for the prizes of successful industry. I will endea- vour, however, to present the remaining question in a dis-. tinct and separate form. Great and extraordinary exertions are being made by other parts of this continent to attract trade and population. and to distance each other in the struggle for commercial distinction. Not content with their several natural advan- tages, they are constantly devising new plans for the exten- sion of their trade and the augmentation of their influence. S8 NEW BRUNSWICK, which cannot fail to have an effect npon the condition of this Province. And we are hence called npon to exert onr host energies to prevent their operating to our detriment, if we may not happily turn them to our advantage. It is a law of nature, tliat larger bodies attract smaller ones. So larger cities .act like syphons on smaller commu- joities, often draining them of their best blood. Trade sets naturally towards the great centres of commerce. There is 11 sort of magnetic current always flowing towards places that have obtained a reputation for great business resources, which carries along with it every thing that comes within the sphere of its influence. If I were required to express this idea of absorption in an allegory, I could not do better than reverse the night vision of the Egyptian King, in which the lean kine are represented as devouring the fat and well favoured. It is the sleek and well fed that drive the starved and sickly from the commercial crib. Hence, every advantage or addition to its means, or its consequence that ib acquired by a state or city, not only increases its own power absolutely, but deteriorates the con- dition of neighbouring states, by attracting their capital, and enticing away their population ; so that — to use a nautical figure — the one that falls astern has not only the back water of its rival, but the natural resistance of the element to contend against. This is especially remarkable of the present age, in which facilities for the interchange of information are so numerous, and for travel so extensive, and in which the right to go •and come is so free and unfettered, as to place it in the power of almost all who choose to change their place of abode, if not to throw off their allegiance to the country tliat gave them birth. It is against influences such as these that we are to guard. It is this that necessitates effort to improve ourselves. We must do it in self defence. The world is ever moving — ever changing. Things, habits, ideas, expressions even, that are adapted to one period of time are out of place and incongru- ous in another. In fact, it seems as though there can be no •nch thing as perfect rest — that neither country nor indi- yidual can be stationary — that they must be moving for- ward, or else backward — that they part with a portion of 4heir vitality the moment they cease to advance. I scarcely AS A HOME FOB EMIOSANT8. 39 ition of :ert onr ment, if smaller commu- ade sets There is 3 places sources, within express o better Ning, ill ', the fat at drive s, or its lot only tlie con- ital, and nautical sk water iment to in which iinerous, ht to jo^o t in the place of country y guard. }s. We g — ever that are icongru- m be no lor indi- ing for- rtion of scarcely think it necessary to confirm this position by facts. The suggestion will be enough to set the mind off on a train of reflection that will conduct to a multitude ot proofs. I de- sire to impress it on the reader's mind, because it is the corner-stone of my argument — the base on which I rest my plea for self-help and exertion by the people of New Bruns- wick. Among the means of maintaining our ground, as well as improving our present condition, one of the foremost, in my opinion, is railimijs. They have become necessities of the age. They are as indispensable to any country that means to be "up with the times," as arteries are to the human body; without them they must languish and die — morally, commercially, politically. What has Boston done by means of her railroads? Drawn to herself a large share of the trade of New Yoik, which she could not have done in any other way. What has Port- land done? Entered into successful competition with Bos- ton, for the trade of the West. What is slie likely to do? Watch with a jealous eye every movement made by this Province towards railway communication with Canada, and strain every nerve to prevent its accomplishment. To say nothing of the inducements to construct these in- dispensable adjuncts to social advancement, were we free to choose in tiie matter, I submit tliat we have no altemiative-. Were there nothing to countervail such natural advantages, arising from geographical position, which we happen to possess, as respects other countries witli which it is desir- able.to maintain or improve our intercourse, we might, per- haps, content ourselves with jogging on in the way our fsiHiere did. Having, for example, a line liver communica- tU '\ in many places between the coast and the interior, we Sill 4^1 i hope to float our staples to the sea as usual, and to suppl;' the upper country, on both sides of the western bounciary, with fish and other necessaries. Lying contigu- ous to Canada, and having water communication "with that great and growing Province, we might hope, in time, to drive an extensive trade with our sister Colony. But our prospects in that direction are being blighted by the enter- prize of our American neighbors, who are cutting oft' our trade, not only with Canada, but with the people of our own interior. 40 NEW BRUNSWICK But Canada, as it now is, is as aiothing to what it will become. It is the cradle of a race, that will spread over the millions of square miles — north and south — that now lie unoccupied between the converging frontiers of Anglican civilization, and which will soon be the seat of an empire, that will demand access to the ocean, and that by the rea- diest routes ; which will be — not by Montreal — but by Que- bec, whence the distance to the Atlantic is shortest through British territory. When that time comes — and come it must — New Brunswick, if not the \\\^\vf?ij par exeelle7iGe^ will be one of the great avenues to the interior of the Con- tinent, and on to the Pacific, for the peoples of the world. But as we shall have something more to say on this sub- ject by and by, we shall leave it for the present, and pass on to the subject of manufacturing. There is no cou "^r^' in the world possessing greater facili- ties for manufacturi rhan New Brunswick. The water power supplied by the rooks and small streams intersecting it in every direction, is almost inexhaustible, while coals, upon the cheapness of which factories worked by steam de- pend, in a great measure, for their success, exist, there is reason to believe, in many sections of the country, in endless abundance. We have iron of the richest quality, and wood without stint; and if we want more, what we require can be brought to our ports at all seasons of the year, as readily and cheaply as to any other country. All that is wanting is, an extensive market. Hence arises the important question — whether anything, and what may be done, to improve our condition in this respect ? As there is but little prospect of a radical change in the commercial policy of the United States,* our hopes must be directed, at least for the present, towards the Sister Pro- vinces, as fields for the consumption of our manufactures; but chiefly to that great country of which I have just spoken, and which is capable of almost unlimited expansion. The abolition of all customs duties between the colonies on the products of each, seems to be the necessary ^?'5^«^,6o8 1,618 ;icles for our n proved, as our favour. >ut one, per- •e alluded — pply of this necessities, ne.* ght be done nk the Go- ork of deve- rvey of the J reflection will he proposition. \ whole Province, and borings for minerals, the expense of which might be niet by the imposition of a small tax on the products of the different mines. Stringent provisions should also be made by the Legisla- ture for preventing the destruction of fish ; likewise, for the construction of sufficient fish- ways in all dams, for the passage of salmon up the rivers of the Province; and every means should be taken to enforce the observance of the laws made for these purposes. Had the recommendations to the same effect, that have been made by other writers .met with the respect to which their great importance and merit entitled them, I am persuaded the country would have been in a much better position than it is at this very hour.* Among the means of developing the resources of the country, we regard the encouragement of education as one of the most fitting and appropriate. JSot exactly that kind of education which fits us for refined society — not the lan- guages — not literature — not music and dancing, nor yet tiiese necessary accomplishments of crochet and slipper work, ere wliile so fashionable among our demoiselles. For, although, since there is such an endless relation of events to each other — such a multitudinous ramification of cause and effect, that it is impossible to say how far this or that kind of training may subserve this or that particular end— how far one class of society acts and re-acts on another, or to what extent refinement and civilization influence the ma- terial condition of a people, or vice versa ; and consequently to what extent learning and accomplishments of the highest kinds may affect the interests of the masses: it is instruc- tion in the elementary branches of education, with mathe- matics and the natural sciences, that I would have the State especially to encourage. Our youth need likewise to be made better acquainted with the history, geography, and productions of our own country. i\\ many, if not all the atlases used in our com- mon schools, it is almost impossible to discover New Bruns- wick without the aid of a microscope ; and although it is * Mr. Perley, in his valuable Report on the Fisheries, gives an account of five hundred barrels of herrings being taken in one place, at a single tide, for the solo purpose of manuring land ; and of a thousand barrels caught at one time, and left to rot (See p. 8 of lieport.) u NEW BRUNSWICK, not expedient to imitate the Americans in almost ignoring tlie existence and pretensions of every other people on the face of the earth (politic as it may be iji some respects), I would discard the American geographies, and supply our common schools witli a book more suitable to a British colony and a people who mean to be self-relying. That there exist in the bowels of the earth substances of various kinds, as yet undiscovered, or at least unappro- priated to the practical purposes of life, things that await only tlie vivifying rays of science to mould them into active a":ents of (rod's gracious purposes towards the creatures of liis providence, there can be no more doubt than that the world has yet many steps to take in the march of civilization. That tliese substances are variously distributed over the globe, is a reasonable presumption, and that some of them are peculiar to this Province, is a supposition that receives colour from discoveries that have recently been made in the department of mineralogy. How long these shall re- main hidden or unappropriated may depend upon the amount of energy and intelligence that may be brought to bear upon our educational system. To the uninitiated in the sublime mysteries of science, nature is unsocial and un- communicative ; and in return for her moroseness, he spurns many of her gifts, that would be priceless in the eyes of her high priests. Who shall say how many of these have been tossed aside as worthless by the lumberman or the field labourer, or when and bv whom they mav yet be turned to account? One thing is certain (and it is my pre- sent object to impress it on the reader), that the more widely information is diffused among the people, the more likely and the sooner will the uses and properties of what- ever we may happen to possess, be brought to light. I have already spoken of the substance found on Frede- rick's Brook. Let me now give a short historj'^ of it, for the purpose of illustrating this part of my subject. In the year 18+1 some small pieces of what was supposed to be coal were found in the bed of Frederick's Brook, in Albert County, in this Province. This occurred shortly after the land fever, so called, when, as many are aware, num- bers of persons visited this Province from the United States, for the purpose of speculating in water privileges. A per- son, named Foster Bryant, supposed to be an American I the I in t I and jthe Ineai fDuf Pg"i phei »i AS A HOME iOB EMIGJKANTS. 4S st Ignoring pie on the respects), I supply our ) a British bstances of it unappro- culator, liappening to be in the neighbourhood of Frc- ; derick's Brook at the time of the discovery mentioned, I applied to the Provincial Government for a license to search I for and open mines in the vicinity. Having obtained the supply our I requisite authority, Br^^ant instituted a strict search for the ' « HritiRh I (jeposit, but being unsuccessful, he abandoned the hope of I ever profiting by his license, and is supposed to have left I the country. ... I Nothing more was done in respect to the discoveiT until that await ^^q year iSoO. An old mill-dam having been carried away into active I jjj ^l^at year, leaving the brook comparatively diy, Peter jreaturea ot |and John Dulfy, residents in the neighborhood, followed up lan that the i^i^e stream, and disco\ered an outcropping of the mineral civihzation. ^near one of its banks. Bryant's license having expired, the id over the^jjug'yg now obtained a similar one, under w^ich they got me ot them |oyt ^ quantity of coal, as they supposed it to be, and brought hat receives j^ small cargo to Saint John ; but they met with little or no len made m I encouragement. The mineral made a great blaze when se shall re- | ignited, but soon burned out, and was in consequence con- i upon the I gjdered of little value as fuel. Several gentlemen — among 3 brought to nvhom wxre Edward Allison, Esquire, of this Citv, and iimtiatea m ^Alexander Wright, Esquire, of Salisbury, now purchased icial and un- jthe mining right, supposing the mineral would prove valu- ss, he spurns jable for gas purposes, but without having any idea that it B eyes of her jcould be applied to other uses. It was not till the year 1857, these have Jthat its adaptation for the manufacture of oil was discovered, rman or the jjp to this time, the proprietors would have sold their stock may yet be jat par. Some was sold at a discount of twenty-five per cent, it is my pre- | xhe affairs of the Company (Mr. Allison and his asso- it the more |ciates obtained an Act of incorporation in 1852) had been e, the more Itroublous from the beginning. No sooner did they com- ence working the mine, than Dr. Gesner, who held a lease from the owner of the soil, of four acres of land about the ine, instituted legal proceedings against them, on the plea hat their license did not confer the right to get out the nineral in question, it not being one of the substances re- ras supposed ierved to the Crown in the grant of the land.^* The question l's Brook, in F shortly after aware. ties of what- light. id on Frede- ►ry of it, for »ct. ges. A per ,n American I num-i* * Since that time, an Act of the Legislature has been passed, which ;ives to the owners of land all that it contains, below as well as above he surface ; he grantee. nitea ^''*^^°» pie surface ; and all grants now convey all the mines and minerals to 46 NEW BRUNSWICK. to be determined by this— wliich proved to be a very pro- tracted law suit, being '* coal or no coal," the opinions of many scientific men of eminence were obtained on both sides — some pronouncing the article to be one thing, some another. Whether the true classification of the mineral has yet been determined, I am not advised ; but the tests to which it was submitted for that purpose, determined its uses and value ; although, I regret to say, by reason of the difficulties, uncertainties and expenses in which they became involved, the proprietors were eventually obliged to part with their whole interest in the mine. While' still struggling to retain their interest in it, they applied for assistance to several capitalists and wealthy merchants of Saint John, to whom they offered large in- ducements, either to lend them money or purchase stock, but without success ; and thus the whole of this valuable property, with tlie exception of a few shares, passed into the hands oif* persons residing in New York. The mineral yields one hundred gallons crude, or seventy six refined oil, to the ton. The seam is about sixteen feet broad at its widest part, and averages about eight feet — is worked longitudinally about one tliousand feet, and pro- duced about fifteen thousand tons in 1859. Each foot of sinking gives one hundred tons. This history is highly instructive. It enforces a great truth — that knowledge is power. . It teaches the importance of self-culture. Had our people been better acquainted with the natural sciences— had experimental philosophy been more thoroughly and generally taught; more espe- cially, had there been a public laboratory in the Province, it is quite possible that the properties of the minerals in ques- tion, would have been discovered at a much earlier date. What would have been the consequence ? W^hy, instead of enriching the subjects of a foreign power, the property ill the mine would have belonged to our own people. And that is not all ! The earlier the development of the trea- sure, the sooner would the Province have begun to profit by it ; and as every pound added to the capital of a country, adds to its capabilities, there is no saying of what value the product of this mine for six or eight yeai-s back, would have been to us. It might have given an impetus to the Proviuco hat would have been felt for long years to come. m< Fr trc alt pe Jio ilh ier bu 1 lig A the bn inol Bri 4. du( I wh \ the on€ oil, mi Till of Std cof m( th -?i; AS A HOME FOB EMI0RA17TS. 47 very pro- pinions of on both ing, some mineral the tests rmined its reason of hieh they ly obliged in it, they d wealthy large in- ^ lase stock, 8 valuable ied into the or seventy ixtecn feet ht feet— is , and pro- ich foot of I jes a great importance acquainted philosophy more espe- j'rovince, it raisin ques- lier date, hy, instead le property ople. And of the trea- un to profit t a country, at value the would bave l»e Province e. The history of the Dioptric light affords so remarkable an illustration of the manner in which ignorance and pre- judice sometimes stand in the way of great public improve- ments, that I cannot forbear introducing a brief notice of it. France availed herself of this light ten years before its in- troduction into any of the lighthouses of Great Britain, although Sir David Brewster had been, during all that {)eriod, pressing upon the Scottish commissioners for light- louses, the immense superiority of the French system of illumination, which consists of a complex apparatus of lenses and mirrors, by which every ray of light from the burner is gathered into a condensed and parallel beam of light, and transmitted to distances far outreaching that from the best parabolic reflectors. The lenses were placed in the Tourdela Corduan — a cele- brated lighthouse on the French coast, in 1822; and it was not till 1835 that the lighthouse at Inchkieth — the first British light tower in which the new system was intro- duced, was illuminated with the dioptric light ; soon after which, the Secretary of the Scottish Board reported that the lens-lights " are more than twice as intense as the old ones, and that there is a positive saving in the expense of oil, in the ratio of seventeen to twenty-four." Tlie writer of the article, in the North British lieview for November, to which I am indebted for my information, remaiks, that '* the hundreds of lives which were lost on the Scottish coast from the imperfections of its lighthouses during the ten years that the Engineer refused to listen to Sir D. Brewster's reconimendations of the lens apparatus, lie at the conscience door of the Engineer; and that during the following nine years, that the Scottish commissioners refused to surrender to science their ignorance and preju- dices, the souls of the men shipwrecked from the same cause, may yet rise up in judgment against tliem." There is yet another plea that 1 would urge for education. Tlie greater the necessities of a country, the greater its need of knowledge. The high rates of labour in the United States, as compared with other manufacturing nations, have compelled the Americans to tax their ingenuity to the ut- most in the invention of means of competing wiih them. Hence the sewing machines, reaping machines, and the thousand other inventions for the saving of labour. 48 NEW BRUNSWICK, Reason suggests to ns similar means of overcoming any disadvantages under which we may labour. The more widely diffused our educational advantages, and the better informed our labouring population, the more likely we are to succeed in any undertakings in which we may embark. Education is a means to the more equal distribution of the wealth of a country, and per consequence, of increasing its capacity. It is better, in my opinion, that a million of money should be distributed among fifty persons, than among five, because it would not only make the multitude more comfortable, but by getting into so many more hands, it would probably be the means of fostering new branches of business, and opening up new channels of trade. Civil and religious liberty is a means of promoting the material prosperity of a country, which is worthy of more than passing notice. As the absence of this essential to happiness, to — may I not say — individual development has induced many persons to seek new homes, and brave many perils in distant lands, it is to be supposed that the greater tolerance of opinion there is in any country inviting immi- gration, the more attractive it will appear, and the more likely it will be to secure an influx of population. > I have adopted the term individual development^ because I conceive that freedom has much to do with the develop- ment of the mind — the growth, expansion, and fruition of the human understanding. Some men may rise superior to restraint; they may grow in spite of oppression. Like the oak, they may become tough by reason of the storms that beat about their heads. They may carry themselves the more grandly under the load of evils that break the backs of other men, but they are the exeeption to the rule. Care and anxiety prevent the unfolding of the powers — mental and bodily — of the masses ; and society loses by the result. Give men to know that their lives, their liberty, and their property are safe, so long as they deal justly by their fellows, and that the more they do for themselves, the more they will be esteemed by the community in which they live, and they will attain a degree of prosperity in a few years, which would be only the growth of ages, under the shadow of despotic rule. While I speak of freedom, let me not be understood to mean that extreme personal irresponsibility, which arises to ri m Ing any |e more better wc are bbark. (ution of jreasing lillion of IS, than iltitude liands, ranches [ting the of more intial to ment has e many greater ig immi- :he more , because develop- uition of perior to L Like le storms 3mselves eak the ihe rule. owers — oses by liberty, , istly by j ves, the i I which j ity in a }, under jtood to 1 arises AS A II(»MK FOit KMIG RANTS. 41) I from — hIuiII I Bav — an excess of democracy ; but that whit'-h tlows from M'ise and equal laws, strictly and impartially adminiHtered. 'Jlie disorders that atHiet society in some (»!' the American States — I mean the rowdyism and crime that go unpunished, in but too many instances — are attributable to extravagant ideas of private and personal rights, and injudicious concessions to popular clamom*, such as that wliicli demanded an elective judiciary. Happily for this Province, while it is exempt from such disorders, it enjoys the blessings of rational liberty to a degree that leaves its people little, if anything, to ask oi* wish for. Let it be their endeavour to cultivate kindly feelings towards each other, and perpetuate those prin- ciples of equality that have made them w^hat they are, and render their present lot so enviable. Let them crusli the monster demagoguism, and they may some day witness the strange spectacle of American citizens seeking refuge in this Province from the misrule of the classes antipodal to those which drove their English ancestors from their homes."'* To sum up the advantages possessed by Xew Brunswick, It is within twenty days sail, and ten days steam travel, ot' the centres of European civilization. It is connected by steamboat and railway, with all the American States. It will, ere long,. be in immediate connexion by railway with Canada, and will, in all probability, form a part of the highway to the East. It possesses a climate and latent re- sources unsurpassed, as a whole, by those of any other country of equal extent. It enjoys as great a degree of rational liberty as any other place under the sun. Its school «y8tem is so liberal that instruction in the elementary branches of education is within the reach of the poorest settler. With equal, if not superior agricultural capa^ bilities and other resources with the inland States and Oanada, New Brunswick possesses advantages over those countries in her maritime position, which enables her to carry on trade with all the rest of the world. With these elements of greatness, and the immediate pros- pect of railway connexion with Canada (for who can snp- * The New York Ledger says that rowdyism is, at present, an estate .ofjhe realm of the Republic, because of the unanimity of purpose of 50 NEW BRUNSWICK, AS A HOME FOU EMIGKANT3. pose that Great Britain, all other prospects failing, will leave herself without a winter comnmnication with that ♦2;reat country which was won at so great a cost of men and money — a possession that is more than ever necessary to the maintenance of that great power and influence which have enahled her to adopt the proud title of mistress of the S('as\ a splendid ])rospect opens out before the inhabitants of Kew Brunswick. What an inviting field for immigration ! To the stranger of every rank and degree, the road to wealth and distinc- tion is as free as to the native of the soil. There are no favoured classes — no exclusive privileges — no absurd and depressing monopolies — no checKs nor hindrances to laud- able ambition — ^iio station unattainable by patient industry and honest worth. With nothing to cramp his energies or (•hide liis hopes and aspirations, the intelligent European who seeks this country for a home, may i'easonal)ly look forward to comfort, if not wealth and position, as the result uf a few vears of well directed effort. iug, will ritli that men and try to the lich have the sms), itants of stranger L distinc- e are nt> nrd and to laud- indnstrv ergies or European l)ly look he result