IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^ |£0 12.0 1.1 l/^ft ^ liiL4 L25IILU |i6 6" Photograiiiic Sciences Corpcffation iP \ 4 ^, ;\ 23 WfST MAIN STRIH VtflBSTBR,N.Y. 14SM (71«)t7a-4S03 '^ ■ I CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIViH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical Microraproductions / institut Canadian da nnicroraproductions historiquas Technical and bibliographic Notas/Notas t«ichniquaa at bibliographiquas Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chaclcad balow. □ Colourad covars/ Couvartura da cculaur I I Covars damagad/ D Couvartura andommagAa Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastaurte at/ou pailiculAa I — I Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua □ Colourad maps/ Cartas giographiquas an coulaur n Colourad Ink (i.^othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou no noira) I I Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ D Pianchas rt/ou illustrations an coulaur Bound with othar material/ RaliA avac d'autras documents rri Tight binding may causa shadows or dis^vrtion n n along interior margin/ La re liura serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion la long da la marge intArieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within tha text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainas pages blanches ajouttes lors d'une restauration apparaissant dans la taxte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas M fiimAes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentairas.- L'Instltut a microfilm* la meilleur examplaira qu'il lui a it* poasibia da se procurer. Les ditaiis da cet exemplaira qui sont paut-Atre uniques du point de vua hibliographiqua. qui peuvent modifier une image raproduit^, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thoda normale de filmage sont indiqute ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur D v/ D v/ D Pages damaged/ Pages endommagAas Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pelliculAes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dAcoiories, tachetAes ou piquAas Pages detached/ Pages d^tachias Showthrough/ Transparence ry\ Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de I'impression Includes supplementarv material/ Comprand du material supplAmantaire Only edition available/ Saule Mition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have ba^in rafilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalament ou partiallement obscurcies par un fauillet d'errata, una pelure. etc., ont 6t6 filmAes A nouveau de fap on A obtanir la meilleure image possible. Th to Th po of fill Or ba th( 8i( ot fin sic or Th sh Til wl Ml dif an be rig re( mi Thia item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux da reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th« copy film«d h«r« h«« b««n r«produo«d thanks to tho gonorosity of: Library of tha Public Archives of Canada L'axamplaira fiimA fut raproduit grica A la g4n4rosit4 da: La blbliothiqua das Archives publiques du Canada The images appearing here are the beat quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract apecif ications. Lea images suivantes ont §t6 reproduites avac la plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at da la nettet* de rexemplaire filmA, et en conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmage. Original copiea in printed paper covera are filmed beginning with tho front cover and ending on the laat page with a printed or illuatrated imprea- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copiea are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illuatrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol ▼ (meaning "END"), whichever appiiaa. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimie sont fiimAs en commen9ant par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la darniAre page qui comporte una empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par la second plat, aaion le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiimAs en commen9ant par la pramlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impreaaion ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 J -I' fife ■ f V \.-*^ fX',:. » -, ■w • ■ i'' OP .«(• ■■r « * E p r C A T I O JX ■m / PART FIRBT. • . in, 'tis ' ThrlDus definition!! of the terih, Edoca*. TIO>. equalities ofmind, to the prdduetion of which hnucATioN should be directed. Tni^rruineiits and practical expedients of RbuCATION. Doraeiitic Instruction- Technirnl Education. Nationn) Free l3rhoois. Edwcation lu Calo»ies. The Soci.il Inflitences. The Fe! iodical Press. Political Education. BY WIL.LIA]»I LYOJT MACKENZIE, ^^ MEMBSR OF THE PARLIAMENT OF UPPER CANADA. * >! ■« %* "*.i HHL * » " The Ildiwatum of Nature, willumt any mare human care than is neceaaai^ to prenifrve fife, maices a perfect aarnge. Human education, joined to that of Nature, may 'uaiee a good ciiizen, a skilftiJ ortiznn, or a veil-bred man. But Reason and Refiecliou must super- add Aeir tvtary, in order toprodvee a Rousseau, a Bacon, or a Newton" — reio. m 'V 'if' ■•#' ; ^f t ¥orU: * >t;OL0N|AL ADVOCATE PRESP. ■m. 1830. .J* «. H i"~^" "'Ha ^-w. "^^ - •f • "■'^ W ■ t . <■' „ " # ? k # ■v» \ .#_ ;c#' )> f €: ,&* Jp ■. #■ ,, % i-> * * , ^' 'ftj'i t'/^'v ^ f# Ji^: # '^V '%/* ** *' % i-- J* '^.^^^ 4 : f ^ » ,> it •^ ■* » ■.. '#1 ,. ,> ' ' ''■ "■* - .> - •- ■ ♦•• < ^ » ■ r » /; 1 ^^ * ' ' ■>, * ^ *v, ^'''■, ¥ » 'V «<*. e ^ V 1 .- 4 %■ •** V- «!« ^ :* J.' '*' if ^^-r To 4- DAVID THORBURX, OF QUEENSTON, 'Wii THE FOLLOWING CATECIILS^VI IS KESPECTFU1.LY INSCRIBED BY His Most Obediext Servant, v». yy. L. 3IACKfi!7ZIE. fe *Sri r i * 4. ,^»i ■« ■■«*• , t ^^ W' • 'x'.y 'H ,f \ « •■*. wmmrwtBmmmmmm Vi^ ■ftif 'f** rV.. ■^, # %?-^ '% •r*. »< i:S • #^ ■/•■ 'i^ ■'i I W- ' f ?■ *;*; #■'" , •i^'i #>yg r . it Tip '** *fi ■•i' ^ ■t . i,.., *^^i '■•' .i. r * coivte:nt8. "a -I?' •• ^f *♦■■ Page. Preface ,. • • • . . • . vii Introduction ; what Education is ; Theory, 1 Custom; Pain; Pleasure, 2 Ideas ; Sensations, 3 Qualities of mind, to the produc> tion of which Education should be directed ; Intelligence,.... 4 Temperance ; Fortitude, 5 Happiness, C to 8 True Religion, 7 Instruments and practical expe- dients of Education ; Education of Nature, 9 Houses of Refuge, .......10 Capacity for improvement ...... 1 1 Nova-Scetia Schoolmasters, ....If? 'i ■ •■" ./ . i^K Pagi'. Origin and Education of several ^ distinguished schelars, ....... 13 Health ; Disease ; Strength,. ... 14 Beauty; Deformity; Aliment,.. 15 Taste ; Labour, 16 ' The Arts ; Labour; Exercise,.. IT* „ Rest and Sleep, 19 Domestic Education ; Paternal power, .....•.••••.• ..It) 1^ Commencement of Education ; ob- ject of ditto, 20 Improper impressions in Infancy ; Sensibility, 2f Foundation of a servile character ; ^^ do. of bigotry; the grand ob- ject of desire ; foundation of the maleficent character, ...•«.. .22 f Xi « vi. CONTENTS. Paox. ^ I J Technical Education ; Intelli- gence ; Intellectual powers, ,.23 \n Educated People ; Penn on Education; Attempt to reform Turkey, 24 Mechanics' and Apprentices' Li- brary in Sheffield ; Smith on General Education, 23 The King's wish ; Bible Doc- trines, .26 Brougham on Educating the Poor ; Education in the United States,27 Public Libraries ; Elementary Bool^s, 23 Self-taught Scholars, 2D-30 f^ A capacity for system, .30 Acquisition of Knowledge by those who labour ; Universities ; Col- leges ; Kenyon College, Gam- * bier, 31 Union of Scholastic establishments with a dominant Church, . .32-33 Paley on a union of Church and State ', Education in Spain and I'ACt. ii- Portugal, 3.^ Clerical Teachers ; Education iu France, .... 34 National Free Schools, s:-37 Education in Colonies, 36-37 A System of Education for tho Canada?, 38-39 Social Education ; Expediency ; : Bcattioon Private Education, .40 The social influences ; Locke on Equality, ..41 Early impressions, .42 Tho Public Periodical Press, 42-43 Foreign Travel, 43 Puli'.icul Education ; Smith on Go- vernment, 41 Stewart's Duty of a Statesman ; natural eflfects of good go- vernment ; Priestly on Liberty ; Clinton on Self Government, ,45 Natural effects of bad government; Science of Legislation ; Defini- tion of a Statesman. ^ 46 '^ 1». ■'',*", . / , ■♦*»'. Tack. s.-? tion iu • ■ • • >i'' ..3:-37 ..36-37 or the -.38-3L> iency ; : ation,.40 :kQ on 41 ....42 ss, 42-43 ....43 )n Go- ,...41 sman ; d go- berty ; lent, .45 irocnt; Jefini- f; rUEKACL. / To Mr. Joseph Hume (whoso active bcnovolenco, and unwearied exertions, to promote the happiness of liis fellow creatures, are known and appreciated both in Europe and America) the compiler is indebted for an Essay on Education, which lays down and explains principles of vital importance to the best interests of tho Canadas ; the perusal of which first suggested the design of this Catechism. In the part now published, reference has been had to tho works of Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith, Reid, Milton, Locke, Addison, Watts, Boyle, Simpson, Gillies, Paley, Bacon, Burnet, Pope, Milner, Hume, Bo- lingbroke, Priestly, Hartley, Mill, Adams, Newton, Jones, Cudworth, Burke, Humboldt, Cochrane, Crichton, Fairbanks, Blair, Johnson, Thomson, King, JeHerson, Clinton, Pcnn, Phillips, Mitchell, Gray, La- vater, Thomas Smith, Brougham, JefTre}', Brewster, Campbell, Gregory, Chacc, Cooper, Wolf, Beattie, &.c. ; and the sacred Scriptures have been frequently quoted as evidence in favour of a more general diiTusion of the blessings of education among mankind. In the first part, under the heads, Domestic, Technical, Social, and Political Instruction, it has been attempted to shew chiefly what the means are by which the human mind may be endowed with those qualities on which the generation of happiness depends. In the three remaining num- bers, it is intended to describe, and prove by analysis, the exercises which would be most conducive in forming those virtues, which arc included under the name of Intelligence, and to consider more fully those branches of moral education which operate upon the whole period of hu- man life, but more directly and powerfully after the youth is launched in- to the world under his own control. '> . .40 Yorkj March 12fA, 1830. r,„n" .,,. i„g ■■ 4 Hi Mi ! li 1' %^\ ■,f ^ •* 4t*' tf . years sienc 1 f eline Its pr amus "It lbrt,t wbicl "It ■■■*■ 4 howe come • <"• ■ \ *' only { JiMBItl • , -. . 5. - s (3) M • -. ... . ■- - - V. ourn L_ ii . « '«xpei M t 'I.I'' %f CATECI1I8]M[ OF EDUCATION* .■* SECTION I. INTRODVCTIOX. 1. What is Education? The best employ ntcnt of '>\\\jhc moaiw wiiirii run be iiiado use of by man, for renderinj; the human nunU to tlic {jreainst possible dejjreo the cause of Imman hapjiiness. (1)'," 2. Oil what d()«!.s Happiness depend ? Iliippiness depends upon tho Condition of the boiJu;iI iu the civilized parts of the wur!d is borit n mcinber of soino coinmuuity. which has iti (•cculiar laws, maimers, and iiiMltutious, to which reference must be had in training liiniwr the place he is to occujiv ; iitid hence the proper olij<^et of education, more strictly spciking, IS to develope the physical and meutal powers n' the individual iu such a manner as to ft liim for the business and duMci of Ufe in the particular c«>nimunity M which be btiongs.'* " If Education m«!ans any thing, in the seufn: in which we here take it, says a writer in the seventh number of thV Westminster Tleview, it is the process by which the mind of sian, possessed of power*, but uufurnisi.ed with ideas, is stored witlt knowledge, and enabled to apply this to the business of life." " The end of Education is to render tiie individual, as much as possible, an instrument of happiness, first to himself, and next to otiier beings." — MUl, (2) See tJte annatation» to the fourth Qventvm nf Section third. "One old m.ui, I have, myself, had the good fortune to know, who, after a lon^, an active, and an honourable life, hiiving begun to feel some of the usual effects of advaneeU years, has been able to find resources in nis own sagacity, against most of the ineonvc* •iences with which tbey are commonly attended; and wlio, by watching his gradual de- cline with the cool eye of an mdiifcrent observer, aud employmg his ingenuity to retard Its progress, has converted even the iufirmititiM of age into a touree of philosophical amusement." — Dugnld Steieart. " It ought, therefore, to b« the enre of those, who wish to pass the last hours with com* Ibrt, to lay up such a treasure of pleasing ideas as will suppotl the expensct Of that time« which is to depend wholly upon the fund already acquired. " In youth, nowever unhappy, w« solace ourselves with the hope of better fortune, and however viciaus, appease our consciences with intentions of repentance ; but the time comes at last, in wnich life has no more to promise, in which happiness can be drawn only flrom recollection, and virtue will be all that we can recollect with pleasure."~- JiMtfiy on Memory, (3) In so f;.r as Education is effectual and salutary, it is founded on those principles of our nature wbick have f irced themselves upon general observation, in consequence of the ' "ttcperienee of ages.— 2>«^a/J SievarVM PhUote^y tf Ote Human MinA CATECHISM or EDUCATION. I i ft f s 1 i I lill: 'It i'. I •First, to form those. foss upon any subject, put into that order and form in which it is most easy to draw from it goad practical rules. (4) 5. In what uoes the character of the human mind consist? In the sequeacM of its ideas, Hlv^ ^Ai"^ ir^- iJ ftk/?**; T/ ' 6. What are the grand instruments or powers, by the use of which, the purposes of education are to be attained? Custom; and Pain, and Pleasure 7. To what points is Custom to be directed ?- sequences which make the component parts of a good train of ideas ; and secondly, to join those sequences together, so as to constitute the trains. (:>) 8. Does every Operation of the senses imply jW^cn* or beliefs as well ns simple apprehension, notion, or imagination? Yes. (6) " r— - ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. (1) "Particular matter? '^f Tact are the audoubted foundations on which our ciyil apd na^ tarai knowlie^xeri^ bWU: tt e benefit the nnderstRndjng make* of them is, to drkw from them conclusions vmith may be •« standing ruies of knowwdfe, and consequently of praotice." What is the whole basiaess of Education, when systematically and judiciously conducted, tnit a praetieid applicirtitfB of .rule's deduced fVomour own eifperiments, or from those of bthers, on the most effectual modes of developing; and of cultivating the intellectual facul- ties and the, moral princiirfes l-^Dugald S^eaarl's PhUowphical Egsaj/s; Ptdim. Diuert. p. z)iv.> (5) *' Men's thoughts are much according tq their inclinatipn; their discourse and speeches according to their learuinjg and infused opinions ; hut tueir deeds are after, as they have lieen accustomed: ahd, therefore, ns Mnchiavel well noteth, (though in an ill-fkvoured instance,) there is no trusting to the force of nature, nor to the brii(very of words, except it be cdrrobo^ate by custom. His instance Is, that, for the achieving of a desperate con« npiracy, amanshi^ulj not rest upon tKti fierceneriqcipal magistrate of matt's life, let men by all meani endeavour to. obtain good customs. Certainly, custom is most perfect Wlien it beginneth in young years; this we call education, which is, in effect, but on early enstblii. So we tee, in languages the tone is moirie pliant to all expressions apd sounds, the jointi ar^ Sore supple to al) feats of activity and motions in youth, tiptin aft^rw^rds: for it is true, e late reaiVers cannot so well take up the ply, except it be in soipe minds that have not i'uffered themselves to fix, but have kept themselves open and prepiired to receive continual amendment, whieh is exceeding rare ; but if the ferae of cattom, simple and separate, be tf^eat, the force of eustom, copulate, and eonjoined, and eollegiatefi is far greater; for their example teaeheth, company eomforteth, emulation qaiek^ttAdi, glory Taiseth, so as in such places the force of 'custom is in its exahatiiiMi.*'— A. " What incredible and astonishing actwns dn find rope^^lancers snA tumbters bring their bodies to J"--^6eel«. ., • P ■ (6) In the contihiding chapter of Reid** "Enqciry intoth^ Min4, en the pripeiplc; of Common S^nse," he distinguishes the philosophy of mind into th« ol^ juiinM; Ua ^«t seeming to be purely analojdcal, the last bciiiflr >' idife derlVedlfirbra'redeetiM." Heplaces Dei Cartes at the head of the neie, becatise flkat philosopher, linlniog t«ss to a^ogical reasoning uppn the operations of the mind than Hisinwd^eeilsnrs, beMAbif kysjtemi^ resolution to admit not! ing but what wa^ abscn-tf'y 6«rtaiii aM •rBBtt'^ ■ |a ^f^f iMaimr tossed on an ocean ot scepticism, rested hii tbbC ino^ lil^ftrstfirai gi^aML' **tEiitMttowrJ£ that he dbuHed, thnt he deliberated. In a Wdrd,.'iU ^raH^ pfhU Sym AuhI, of Wbicfi he was conscious, must be real: and no delusion; and tliongh'all hiv oth^r n^nltt^s pbpula deceive him his cousciousneA^ could not." On this new system, attf^tnin eieireme, b Irailt modem scepticism. Des Cartes and Loeke, obserres Dr< R^id, Uke Hie mad to s<^ep- tieiim, witkput knowing the nnd of it ; bat tbey ftop rtiort f^ want of H|kt Bishop Ber- t is most -In the of which, ind Pain, brm those, leas; and trains. (3) beliefs as (6) siyil afid nti> w froiq them rf praotice." J conducted, rom thitse of BCtqal fhCttl- ^im. Diuert. nd Kpeeches td they have ill-fliToured irds, except iperate con> his resolute hot Machia- laftazar Ge- are nM int of the first igMippoItent^ •reastbin it protest, eiN r Irere deai| I and body: f all raeana it beginnetb 6tn. do we » joints ar^ 11* it {■ true, » that har^ . to receire nmjple and (iatVi Is far iMtb, gloiy I bring their ripdple; of IfVthflftMt Heplacea • wwogfcal 1, of trbicn J^M.^bQulci elefyemff b$ Dadtoao^p* iiflhop Btt" CATECRIBW or EDVCTATIOK. 3 9. Whence are all our trains of ideas ^i- — -They start frbiri a sensa^ tion, or some improssiom upon tht) external or internal nerves. (7) 10. Which are those sensations, or agjefre^ktes of sensations, which arc of the most frequent occurrence l^^^^ii^Those whi if.r . n. Is it not of the gredtesrt importanco that Ifcfleficial trains of ideas should commence fronnl those sensations?- — —It surely is. 12. Whicii are the aggregates of sensations of th* ntost frequemt oc- nn-rence ? ^Rising up in the morhihg, and going to bed at night ; also„ the commencement and termination of mealsi 13. Did not the practical sagacity of prices-, even in the rudest ages of the world, perceive the importance, fot giving' rdligiotra trains an as- condnncy in the mind, of uniirng them, by* eariy and steady custom, (8) with those perpetually recurring sensations? It did. The morning and evening prayers, and'the grace* before and after meals, hsve'some- thinir correspondent to tjiem in the religion of, perhatps, all nations. 14. Whit effect wilt be prodaced by sUilfulIy sekicting the trains of ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, keley starts aside and avoids it, but Hbine'BtoDt«;dir($<]tly into the gulf. Dr. Reid's theory Hie very nature ef ike pereeptfim. Sensation and memory, Rccordins to Doctor Reid, ar^ sioMiIe, original, and jierfectly distinct operations of the mind^ and nptli of them are original principles of belief. The unbelief of the aposfte'ThonnrM, as recorded in'the 2^b' ek'Apteir of Jonn's Goipel; aflbrds a happy illustration of this theory. Thomas aaw his Saviour's hand^; he rejv«mAered in lii»baiMl»th«fNrintof the naila; andhe felt the wound in his side; the Uiree distinct. opet^. ntions of his mind, therefore, of seeing, feelinK,. and remembering, severally implied judg« ment and he cried out, "My Lord and my .600." The compiler would beg leave '^ reipaflf in tbis place, tbiit while Hume in hU ireiuiae oJ'\ human nature, sets up a system of in^elity, and dtMopert th'^t the material worM^'^thlA, a|ld' ' 8paoe, are mere ideas, havipg no uisteneebutin our mmdfl, neid, in histl^eor^Vtiroi^^ssed- ly founf!ed upon.tlie principles ofcominon sense, indua^a judgment or beUej, along witfl idea, imagination, notion, or fifnpte appre^e^icm, thipa bre«iUng/down th«,ojifi'ier of the . sneptio, and enabling the philoabphier, on natural principles, ^^ look iip t^ and d^nbnd upon the wiitdom of his Creator, beUi;ving,.wiih Job^ that "tue Inspiration of the Almighty giv- cth" " andeirstauding/' (7) Dntfald Stewart,-in his essay on the inflhenee of Locki^upontbe systApnfof the Prencli Philosoplen, refert or daase* " thto mOst noted oplnlont'of modern viulosop^^s, with re- spect to the briain of hun^an knowledge" under four headt, [G»ay III. page;>.],l7, 18, 19,] coucluding witli the opinion or statement of Locke himself^ inaidlAediandJimitea,; the sub- ' stanee of whiol-. is, that ■** All our simple notions, or, in other words, all the primairy ele- "mentsof our knowledge, are eitBer p^septedto th^ininS ijnunediatelybjr we'pbwers of , "consciousness and of percep^ni or tb^v are graduaj^^'iinj^Iikd iq th^ exVniise of the "variottsfaculti^4fr^cn charaoterise theiviugMn nnaerstahdin^' Adti^railigto ws yiey "of the mhjetUrtfui aumMafofqur knowteige mflk un^iouit^^ylieadii'ii orWkdfk Hit Mln- " aatum, inasrauf^b as it is by imprea«iottS;/foin vnihoi/fi, , ^^at ^nsc^oiiiii'^ss U nrst kwak^n- "edandthedifforentiiMukieaof tbeunafirstandWput^ " When a man sees the liglit iof pooo*' the leepngs aiWa is called i^ ^mm^MMitf--iSAii impressioa-of light; wl|»n he'Sliuti^b)8ay«saqd'h^;afc|fliipg,T-th type or raiet of the'im- pre6sion,r^he i« not said to see tiie Ughti or to have tl\e impression oTugl^|(, ' bat to cMicme ' the light, or have an idea of it' These two,-'^mpret«toiw;aiid their correB|k)ndu!|nM^ -^are simple feeUngn, in the opinion of all philosophers. But there is one set of pnuo80>< phers who think tt«tthM«^&c. Btiti CddtiatioBt) ' ^8) Castium is a sMoad ttatbr^^'^Jlfideitf ilK^^ ' - «ii(' f m mmm mmt ws^ irledge (I) ireak beings Ood, will a« ihinea when l»einK never kwill never Mil." wied^e ami tter IS like >d hillit and beholds a lows, fruit-i UiAt i« not ement, and two indivi- norabletniit aiities, the steady in- the vicious i impostor, glories of other not: kEtaajf 09 • me to be dn in the "A R'tM iding,. ar^ . -ad. Vl'*hat effect J ore produced by an union of these qUtditieS ? -■, Th« one affords the materials upon which the other is to be exerted; knowledge, shewing what exists ; sagacity, converting it to the greatest use; knowledge, bringing within our ken what is capable^ and what k not capable of being used as means ; sagacity, seising and combining^ at the proper moment, whatever is fittest as means to each particular »-»d. (3) * 21. What is Temperance?- A perfect cdmtiiand OVeir a roan*s ap- petites and desires ; the power of restraining them whenever they lead in a hurtful direction; that possession' of himself which insures his judg- ment against the illusions of the passions, and enables him to pursue con- stantly what he deliberately approves. 22. Is Temperance indispensably requisite to enable mankind to pro^ ducc the greatest possible quantity of Happiness?— ——It is. 23. What is Fortitude? (4) The power of resisting Pain. 24. tn how fur are these two qualities, the inteliigenee which can al» ways choose the bust possible means, and the strength which overcomes the misguiding propensities, sufficient for the happiness of the human rare ? They appear to be sufficient for the happiness only of the iiidividual who possesses them» 23. What, then, are the qualities with which an individual ought to bo endowed, to make him produce the greatest possible quantity of ilapp^» ness to others?- A man can affect the happiness of others, either by abstaining from doing them harro^ or by doing them positive good^. To abstain from doing them harm, receives the name of Justice ; to do positive good receives that of Generosity;, 26. Do the four canjjinal' virtues of the ancients, Intelligence^ Tem» perance, Justice, and Gf^nerosity^ include all the qualities^ to the posses* «■ -. - . ■ ■. ; -T- -—^ ■— • -i — ^ U-J». « ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. used ill conjanctioil with the nounsj Wisdom, Prudence, and Disci^tibtti iti place of " Knowledge and Sa^tac'ty," as adopted in the text. The instances are numerous, but We have omy room for a few :— >" When Wisdom entereth into thine neart, and Ktuneledgn is pleasant unto thy soul^ DUeretion shall preserve thee, Underwtamiing shall keep thee : Hiippy is the man thtit findetb WUdom^ and the Man that i^etteth UmkrHanding^. . I . . . if^ngtn of days are in her right httnd : and in her left hand nches and hobolr. Her ways are ways of nleasantneis-, aid all her paths are peace. ...;.. I Wiiaom dwell with Prudemee, and find out knowledge of Witty inventibm." [See also dote 1. to question 1-. ou technical education.]^-The word SagaetUf, in the laAj^ges of niddem Eiirope, is borrowed ttom the vense of smelling; its metaplierical Use is aiulagDas to the Word tatte^ and various other expressions transferred to the mind firom the external senses^ It su|p* Sists immediately the ideas which it figttnltlvely expresses, and admits not of ii lite(«| terpretatioio, without some violenee to ordiH&ry phxaseoloKy. (3) *' Liberty, it will not be disputed, is still more dearly dependent on intelligence tbai» morality itself. Wnen the governors are ignorant, tbc][ are natpralljr tyrannical :— 4brce- is the obvious and onfailing resource of those who are ineapaUe of convincing^ and th» more unworthy any one is of the power with which he is invested, the more ncorously will he exercise that power. Bat it is in. toe iateOigenee of the peopie tlwnMelTes that the chief bulwark of their fireedom win be Ibund to eon^t, and all the principles of poli- tical ameUoration to originate."-s-£B«B awesiA •** «»■■ VTva weienea%«%» ^y» waa v» |raw.vv«s* a __-^_^ __ _^ ._ — , ^ _ in whatever the good or evil of the present life consists. This resisting power consists of two parts ; the power of resisting pleasure, and that of resisting pain; the It^it of whiA ha4 an approprittft name, and ia called f§f^!bi4*"f^Milf^ J CATBOniSM or BOtfCATlOff. I ' • W^ i ! «ion of which th« human mind should be trained "? (5) The dc%e\'f^ tion is iVir tio general. What is wanting is, that the incidents ol* human life should be skilfully classified ; both those on the occasion of which thcy who are the objects of the good acts are pointed out for the rtjceipt of them, and those on the occasion of which they who are to be the instru- ments are called upon for the performance. The science of Etliics, as well HS the science of Intellectuals, must be carried to perfection, before the best foundation is obtained for the science of Education. (6) '-■■^ ■" SECTION in. ■•^"- ■"'"' ■" ; ;^ ■■ JUappincM^ihe End to wJtkh Education is devoted. — Wherein it consists, not yet determined. 27. Wherein does human happiness consist? Althouffh happinesR has been often defined by the general terms, Blessedness, Content, nnd Good Fortune, and although it is the grand central point to which iill other enquiries converge, it yet remains a controverted undetermined question, implying that the simple ideas included under the term are not clearly and precisely known, and that this branch of philosophy is far from its highest point of perfection. 28. What are the speculations on this subject ?—— They may be divided into two great classes; that of those wiio trace tip all the ele- ments of happiness, as they do all those of intellect, to the simple sensations which, by their transformation into ideas, and afterwards into various com* binatiuns, compose, they think, nil the intellectual and moral phenomena of our i.ature ; another, that of those who affirm that there is something in human .happiness, and in the^man intellect, which soars high above this corporeal level ; that there are intellectual 'ak well as moral forms, the resplendant objects of biiman desire. These philosophers speak of eter- nal and imrautrtble truths ; truths which are altoirether independent of our limited experience ; which are truly universal ; which the mind recogniz- es withput the aid of the senses ; and which are the objects of pure intel- lect. They affirm, alsp, that 'liore is a notion of right and of wrong vhol- " ~ ~~ AiN?l0TATlONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. (5] '< Ovx Suvioar's i^reat rule, that we ihould lave mr neighbour a* our»elofi$, is such a fandanvental truth for the regolating bumoo Bocjy^ty, that, I thiob, by tbfut alone, one mght, without difficulty, deternkioe aU the casep and donbts in lopial . morality ."—Locire. I thinkL tha)t it would serve au excejl^ot and utefu) i^wimm^, if our Saviour's two com- mandments wcr« written in letters of gold, and huqg up m the sight of Judges aud Juries in every court-room in Upper Canada. (Q) "iBui education never can be systemalici^y directed, to. its proper objects, till we baV6 obtiaihed, hot only an accurate analysis of tbt; gan^ral prin«:ip|f>« of pur npjture, and an account of the most important laws which rrgulate their operation ; but an explnna- tipn of the ▼orious modlfteations and comtrinations of thea« principles, which produce that diversity of talents, genius, and character, w6 observe among men.'*-^DiigaUt ''Long befisrewe are capable of reflection, (says Dr. R^id,) the original perceptions tepA. notions of thie mind are s6 mixed, eotnpoanded, and deeompoandad, by habits, ars.to- ciatimi«, axGd aUtractlons, that it is extremetif raiese'ofVeasop,i bowTiiffipl^fafuUie? beg9ii tbwprk, a)«d how they brongbt forth aiid ripened all tbe^aripu,;* nptjopiip, onmions, and sentiments, which ^ejiad m ourselves when we come to be capaqle 9f reflection; this would be a treasure of Natural History^ which would probably give more light into the human facul- ties, than ail the systems of philosophers about them, since the beginning of the world.** of human w'hich tlicy rtreipt ol' the instni- £ lilies, as un, before ) • it consists^ happinesB »tent, and which all efcrniined m are not is far from may be 1 the ole- scnsations lous com- lenomona Jomething i^h above forms, tlie It of eter- snt of our rccogniz- ure intel- >ng v'hol- », ia auch a HloHe, one I two com- aud Juries :ts, till we iM-wre, and n explana- h produce erceptlons bits, R!$flo- iiapo6 its trst began Btioct and >f life and I to wprk, iittinentii, ould be a lan facul- e world.'* CATCCni8M OP EVOCATION. 7 \jf underived from human experience, and independent of the lav^s wiiich regulate, in this world, the happiness and misery of humf»n life, (l) ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTBATION:^. (1) Dugidd Stewart teNa m that "truth ia cterttal and imiuutable, and hna no depen- dence on our belief or disbelief of it." And in the 36bth page of the lat vol. of hia elemenifli of tfa^ philosophy of the human mind, we find ike following beautiful paaaage : — "When the greajteat.of modern phiioao|>herfl (Lord Oaeon, in his Ea^aya,) declarea, that 'he would rather believe all the fablea in tne Legend, and the Talniud, and the ^looran, than that thia univeraal frame ia without miudj' he haa expreaaed tlie nam» feeling, which, ill all ages and uatidns, haa led good meq, ujoaeouatonaed to rtoaaoning, tp an iraplicn faith in the creed of their iufancy; — a feeling which aiforda en eVidenee of the existence of the Deity, incomparably more atriking, than if, unmixed With (nrrbr aniduiidebaaed by anper- atition, this most important of all priociplea had commanded the iiniTeraiKl aakentof man- kind." , , " Whence ia it that Nature doea ilotliing in Vain * arid whence aris^tf'all tliat order ana beauty which we aee in the world 1 — How came the bodies of animaJa to be contrived with ao much art, and for what enda were their aeveral parta ? Wea the -eye contrived without akill in optica, and the hear t^ithout knowledge ef raunda,?" — Newton. " One great foundation of the Copemican aystem la the maxin,. tfuU Kat^e aeta by the timphnt melkotkf attd (hooiet ike mptt proper meant tp anif endi^tuoA. astronomers often, without thinkiugof it, lay thia siroiig foundation of piety aiid religion.:, The: aame thing is obaervable. in other parti^of philosophy : And thua all the «ciepc4> lead us-aUooat insen- sibly to acknowledge ajirnt great intelligent author; and their authority ia often ao much the greater, as they do nut directly profess that intention." — Hume't P^e&utftotu Diafoguee. " Two things may be in contact, without any feeling or perception ; there must tnere- fure be iu the percipieut, a power to teel, or to perceive. How this power is produced, and how it operatea, is quite beyond the reach of our knowledge. Aa little can wc know whether this power must be limited to things preaent, and in contact vitk ua. Neither can any man pretend to prove, that the Being who gave us the power to .pierceiye things prer preaent, may not give us the power to perceive things distiuit, to rcmeaiber things past, and. to conceive tlupgs that never (existed."— £istWof Scepiicisiti Olid Dogtbdtisiii, is contained in Wages 235, 6. 7, arid % ^tfan £diii. .R#y. Vol. xxii. . Gilbert Burnet, Qiahop of Salisbury, well k^own as the blstptiu) of his own timea, lived to a good old ag«, stu^mucli of the wM^^ ~tm Is g;e|ierUlt a«ik;ibwl«dged tb have been a man of great I'eairtiinlg. and aouridmbrafity. If is evident, Tromthe tiehorof bis writings, thatheimi^t have ^»iiife'stly enquired iiitb and carefully conakt^ii-ed the iihportnnt ques- tion— "Wherein corisiatii true Hapbiness?'' a^d tb« fpnoWiug dtdaiatioo delivered by himself; at this close of his eventful life, as the sum abd substance of all his ekperienco, BiteritB the^elbre a plaidt: <)traight. i acquaint* e£ myself with knowledge and learning, and that in a great variety. — This yielded not ha]>- piness — I cultivated friendship, but this also I have found was vanity nud vexation of spirit, though it be of the best aind noblest sort.— The sum is, vanity of vanities, all in % un- ity, besides fearing God, and keeping his commnndments." There is indeed one soienee incomparably above all th« rest, where it is not by corrup* tion narrowed into a trade or faction for mean or ill «iuls and secular interests ; I mean theology, which containing the knowledge of God and his creatures, our dnty to biiu and our fellow creatures, and a view of our present and future stat the honour and veneration of the Crc- ator, and the happmess of mankitiA.-^ Locke. No religion, ever appeared in the world whose natural tendtacy wait so much directed to promote the peace and hnpninett, of mankind as Christianity. — Bolingturoke, (a deist.) Wherever, (according to Milner,j there is repentance, faith, hope, ebafity, heavenly- mindedness—'there is true christiamty.— -Church History, p. 12. Aeoonding to the Epicttreans, bodily pleasure and pani are the sole ultimate nl»jects of desire and aversion. ..The Stoics placea the supreme good in rectitude of conduct, with- out any regard to the%teut The oldest and perhaps the best definition of vtrtue, was by the Pythagoreans : — Habi* tu^ huj.is decers. Good actions and a vbteous character, saith Stewart, constitute the perfection and happiness of our nature«^i0utlines of Moral Philosophy, p. 143. Pleasure, enjoyment,y^^e8t, even happine^K, are terms which, in their popular import, have a reference to seluuTThe^ have associations with sensuality and soraidness, from which no philosophical definition can purify them. Thev are used a tfiotuand timet in their vulgar sense, for once that they are employed bv tlie refined epicurean. — Rev. of De VAUemagne, par Mad. de Stael. Ed. Rev. Vol. 32,>. 233. (2) The following remarks concerning human happiness, and the improvement of the ■pecies, we have met with in the Edinburgh Review, Vo', 21. They contain the review- er's opimons, elicited in the course of an analysis of a work of Maidame de Stael upon Liternture, and lead to very different conclusions from those indulged in by the amiable au'1 highly gifted Dngald Stewart. " Allknowledge which admits of demonstratimi will advance, we have no doubt, and extend itself; and all processes will be improved, that do not interfere with the passions of human nature, or the apnarent interest of its ruling classes. But with regard to every thing depending on probable reasoning, or susceptible of debate, and espeahlly With re- f;ard to every thing touching morality and enjoyment, we really are not sangUue enough reckon on any considerable imjirovement ; and suspect that men will go on blonderhig in speculation, and transgressing in practice, pretty nearly as they do at preaent, to th« latest period of their history." **Some men find their chief happiness in relieving sorrow— "some in aympathising with mirth. Some, again, derive most of their enjoyment from the exercise or tneir reasoning faculties— others from that of their imagination ;— while a third sort attend to little but the gratification of their senses, and a fourth to that of their vanity. One delights iu cMWoa, and another in ralitude^— one tiiiuka of nothing but glory, ud anotiherof com-^ ording to Ity which the same, )f thinr^s ; lors, with tend upon depends lerfected ? th respect nipossihle jjniii«: ho ct of afTiiirs 'j imnidrsitd d wistsr led not imp- rexntion of I, ail is van- by corrup- its; I meaii to bill] Aiid shension of tfthe Crc- ch directed (a deist.) , lieavealy< B objects of luct, with- M :— Habi- ection and lar import, ness, from vd timet in 1. — Rev. of lent of the he review* Stael upon le amiable doubt, and le passions d to every ly with re- ne enough blundering But, to the lialng with reasoning I little but lelights iu erof eom-^ cAVECUISJlt Ofi l>UtC'ATIO.\. 9 31. Do the actions, called moral by nil men, ngreo in tLe quality of con- ducing^ to (he geneiul happinessi (3) They do. (4) 32. la there any h;ibiiu.d disposition towards vii ruous actions, which it is not conducive to the happiness of an indiv'Jual to entertain in such a de* 'j;reo as to render it impossible for him to prefer an act of vice for its sopa- late advanta;^'] — -^ 'No philosopher has ever yet ventured to point oOt such a disposition. (D) ■.■I',..t/^vv •!) - .< SECTION IV. Instruments J and practical Expedients 0/ Education. 33. AVh '.. are he niems at the disposal of mankind for endowins; ttitj tium;ii> mi id with the qualitictc on which the generation of happiness dc pends ? They are attempted to be enumerated in this work, under the heads Domestic, Technical, Social, and Political Instruction ; to which Doctor Reid correctly adds^ that " Reason and Reflection^ must supornd I their tutory, in order lo produce a Roussedu^ a Baton^ or a NeW'' ton.'' (1) 34. In what degree are the useful qualities of human nature under the powers of Education? (2)— —This is the subject of a famoiis controversy, ANNbT\iTIONS~AND'uZuSTRATl^^^^ ' fnrt ; — and so on, through al) the infinite variety of human tastes, temperaments, and hn* bits. Now, it is plain, that each of those persons should pursue a different road to the common object of happiness." " There are many men, it should always be recollected, to whom the happiness of others gives very little satisfaction, and their sutferings very little paiu,^^and who would rather eat a luxurious meal by themselves than scatter plenty and gratitude over tweutv fant> ishiug cottages. No enlightening 01 the understanding will make such men the mstru* ments of general happiness." (3t When this, and the following question, are considered together with the nnswerii to tne four preceding ones, the dimcnlty there is in reasoning concerning fuippinett, trithout having been able to define the simple ideas included under the term, will be ap- parent. Yet, so it i« ; education is considered as the means of promoting human bnppi- nc^<), altho' philosophers have hithert9, been unable to determine of what that happiness consir-ts. (4) To this question there can be but one answer.— fJd/n. Rev. Vol. 33. p. 23h (h) Till it he named, we (the Edinburgh Reviewers) must contend that the point wherv iiilerPiit iiniv*>rsiilly roini^ides with virtue, auci where public and private havpinetanrB identiftt-ft, ti* >|i>iunvered — uot indeed in single actions, but in those habitual afspositions from vvhiLh actiou*! il.)w. — lb. (1) " l^'h >ii the education which we receive from men, does not give scope to the edu< cation of iMt'ire, it is wrong directed : it tends to hurt otir faculties of perception, and to enervate both the body and mind. Nature hath her way of rearin|^ itaen, as she hath of curing their diseases. The art of medicine is to follow nature, to imitate and to ataist her in the cure of diseases ; and the art of education is to follow nature, and to assist and to Imitate her in her way of rearing men. The ancient inhabitants of the Baleares followed nature in the manner of teaching their children to be good archers, when they hong their dinner aloft by a thread, and left the yonnkers to bring it down by their skill in arehery. " The education of nature, without any more hiimon care than is necessary to presbr/0 life, makes a perfect ravage. Human education, joined to that of nature, may. make « good citizen, a skilAil artisan, or a well-bred man. But Reason and Reflection must su-) peradd thieir tutory, in order to produce a RousskaO, a BAcor, or'a Niwroir." " When Reaion is properly employed, she will confirm the documents of nature, which are always true and whowsome; she will distinguish in the documents of human educa- tion, the good from the bad, rejecting the I ^at wlUi modesty, and adherhig to the first with reverence. " Most men eontinne all their days to be just what nature and human education made them. Their manners, their opinions, their virtues, and their vices, are all got by habit, taaitation, and instruction; and Reason has little or no share in formhig them."-«-Jc«td.-< inquiry into the Human Mind, Cth Edition, pages 377-8.) (5) Somn good practical mle^ in anawer tothh InfM>rtant question* may be drawh \[ |i F io CATECHISM OP GbUCAttON. with rtamos of the f'ighcst authority on hoth sidbs of the quostidh« Al, llolvetius says, that if you tuko men who hriiig into the '^oxUi with thcfn the originril constituents of their nature, their mental and bodily frame in ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. from tbe followinff facts raiipccting HOUSES OF REFUGE, contained in the " fourth nnniinl report of the mnnager.o of the society for the reformation of juvenile delinqueiitu, ill the city and state of New Vorlc;"—and in " the lirtit niinual report of the House of Re- fiiKC of Philadelphia -/'—copies of which tbe compiler of this catechism obtained last May, from gentlemen connected with those institutions : " Since the etft. " Previously to the establishment of the House of Refuge, there were more than five hundred young persons annually committed, in tbe city of New-Vork either as eriininaU or vagrants; now tbe officers uf justice do not find half that number of these descriptions." *— I'ft. " Since the House of Refuge was opened, the number of children who have been brought to the bar of the criminal courts in New-York, has lesseni^d in the Proportion of four \o one." — Report of a ecimtnUtee of the Senate if the etate of JVetP- york, nfenxd to bg the Maiuigem of ike H, tf R. " To confine these youthful criminals in our loathsome nnd crowded prisons, where no^ or scarcely any, distinction can be made between the young and old. or between the more and less vicious, where little can be Ie.vrned but the ways of tbe wicked, and from whence they must be sent to encounter new wants, new temptations, and to commit new crimes, is to pursue a cKAirse, as little reooncileable with justice as humanity ; yet, till the House of Refuge was established there was no alternative. The unfortunate child, though hardly beyond the years of infaney, who badjcommitted the least ofience, was doomed to a con- finement, not only witliout hope of his reformation, but with almost a certainty that, wheu be was discharged, he would ajjain be obnoxious to punishment ; and that thus, a course would be pursued, every step in which, wonld lead to new and greater crimes." — Fouttit Annual Report. " We might feel a pride in the reflection, that our young country which has so lately as- sumed the rank of an independent nation, was the Jiifst to, adopt with any efficacy, the penitentiary system of ^irisoh discipline, aiid the first to attempt to prevent the tommis- siou of crimes, by seeking out the youthful and unprotected, who were in the way of temptation, and ny religious and moral instruction, by imparting to them useful know- ledge, and by giving theni industrious and orderly baoits, rescuing them from vice, and rendering them valuable members of society." — to. " Freiluetitly the younger persons who are received in the Hoiuie of Refuge are so totally devDid of moral Instruction, that they evince an entire want of a knowledge of right ahd Wrong. It has happened that When one has been qnestioned as to bis former Rottrne of lif(ft, and asked how he obtained means of subsistence, he has anawerMl, by begging and stealing ; with app&rently, as little consciousness that he Wfl) making a dis- graceful confession, as if he hiid eaid that he had found a support froa» some honest em- ployment." — ib. " In several instances reibirmed yontbs, after an abstnee; which tbey were' eonscions they had advautageoasly employed, have presented themselves to, greet thoM to whose care they were imlebtea, Witli nlial affection, and with fall hearts to express their gratir tude;"— fA. " Experience has already satisfied all those who have been engaged, in th« e$r0f of the establishment, of the importance of commencing the work of reformation and iQs.traotion at aa early age. Tbe nearer the approach to manhood, tbe less jiliant is the temper of the wayward-— the more itoluctant hre the ignorant to. receive infor|nKtio*,^9od|'u9 leM. willing are the vicious and depraved to relinqoisb their improper habits. WhiJie (ho law aiithorisesthe reception (tf all males onder the age of twbQtytOdC, and of ,fei|aa)asknl- luncu, (3) and may trucu the causes which make them to ditrei. (4) llo ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTKATIONS. Hut those who hnve r«i>cbod, wen iii ^tiiitb, it vigitur of iiitrllect, wliich hn< hern ex<*r- ;o th«! task of fur- gettiiig much thnt in evil, before they ure Httvd to acquire what Ik ^oud. tixiferiinire in vice t0O{ ex|K>9«rt to a reiaps'., even where Deeming reforiuation bus Iteen pruuuced; and componionsbiuit which have at one time givsn inducement or couutvnance tn vkious habitn, arn afwaya liable to be renewed.*' — Ut Annual Ueporl flo^JSj of tlie i'hiLuU/jthiu lioute irf tjsfuge, " The Rtute Qf the subjects, connidoring tlie nhnrtncnii of the time which mnny, atid even all have been in the Iniititution, i»i of the most citcDurHging kind. The buy!4 are aaix- crally attentive to their studieti nnd to their uork ; and tiicir general deportment is sufU as would, in any niluatioii, procure fur niimy t»f them, tiie Hpitellution of good btiyH. ."Soniu, who were the nioHt obstiniite und iutrartahle when tltey came among ua, are now among the most attentive and industrious. Their heh.iviotir, in many re<'.|)crt.s, has been com* mendabit), and what iaof great importance in any community, quarrelling, fighting, and most kinds of vicious conduct, seemH to be quite unpopular among them. U hen a boy lias committed a fault, there seem!* to be a kmd of general feelinu, that he de!■ • • • ^ '• * .^ " 'Tis Education forms the common mind : ^* old, he will toot depart from it." " Man," dbserves an enthusiastic disciple of Helfetius, '* is always and every where the crtoture of the circumstances by which he ^# Nirroyndedt Look at bim in Asia— in Europe— in ttiity region of the earth ! Borai 1 1 ii, CATE0HI81I or llDUtATIO?k I' iii • ii m dliOTi'cd a( Iiowcai'iyan age indelible ciiaructers may bo impressed ; flny) tiutt sumo of tito circumslliiicos over which man has u controul (fur ho speaks not of others), circumstances on which elFects of the greatest importancti depend, niiy bo traced beyond the birih. 3.'). \Vhat are the opinions of those who controvert the doctrine of Ilolvetius]— — They have contented themselves rather with rejecting tirm disproving; and, at bcst^ have supported their rejection only by some incidental reflection, or the indication of a discrepancy between his conclusions and theirs. Some perilons include in the term Education little more than ^hat is expressed by the term schooling ; commencing about six or seven years of age, and enditig at latest with the arrival of man- hood. " ; . ; >•> ■■ i , • 36. Has it not then boon proved that any difleronce exists between large bodies or nations, but that which Education crcatcsT-— — It Is rather assumed than proved. Large bodies or numbers of men are raised to a high degree of mental excellence, (5) and might, without doubt, be raised still higher. Other large bodies, or whole nations, have been found in so very low a mental state, as to be little above the brutes. All this vast difler- once or dist iDce is undoniably the cflect of Education. (6) Enough is as* ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. in Turkey he I'l \ fatalist nnd a Mahometan. In Siberia, a PotytheiH; in Spain, a Catho'v lie; in HollantI, a Protextant— nnd what the Nurse and Teacher make him in every qiiar-^ ier of the earth. What has he ever been but the passive iuntrument of bit education? Col. Knapp, in his late oration at x\ew York, at the mechanics' meeting, seems to tiace great stress on education as influencing human beings. " We abound (says the 'olonel) beyond all other people on the elobe, in a most useful, and absolutely, in a free government, tiie most iudispensible of lUl the classes of the political economist's unpro- ductive beings: 1 mean public teachers of elementary knowledge. The number of tbcuo h):ty be safely ^et down at three to every thousand persons in the community, 'these, de« Vote their whole time to the duties of inotruction. This calculation would make that clasa amount to thirty-six thuusnnd : and, in addition to these, there are many in the interior who devote sevenil months in the year to the labours of instruction, and to some other em* ploymeiit the rest of the time. 'I'hese hmtructors cluster into constellations in some parts of our country, and are sparingly found in other parts. They themselves are rapidly im- proving — ind of course their |i'ui>ils will improve ; thev are to be encouraged. It is of great iinpurtfnce that the seeds of knowledge sown in the youthful mind should be good, tuid thdt whatever springs up should be properly directed." (5) WbAt erected the little State of Athens into a powerful commonwealth, placing in bcr hand the sceptre of legislation, nnd wreathing round her brow the imperishable chop- let of literary fame ? Whut extended Rome, the haunt of a banditti, into universal em- pire? What animated ^pai-ta with that bi^h, unbendins, adamantine courage. Which eonquered natute herself, and has fixed her in the sight of future ages, a modelof public virtue, and a proverb of national independencre ? What, but those wise public institutions, which strengthened their minds with early apnlication, informed their infancy with the {Principles ofaction, and sent them into the world, too vigilant to be deceived by its calms, and too vigorous to be shaken by its whirlwinds." — PhiUipn. (6) In countries where a proper value is placed on education, the schoolmasters are al* ways exemplary men, and respected next to the narson of the parish or preachers of th* Aospel. But here (in Nova Scotia,] any thmg aoenfur a sehootnuuter, and so little pre- ference is given to men of correct habits and proper qualifications, that there are but few of this description, but what can employ themselves in more advantageous purauits.— These illiterate people are so void of discernment aqd so careless who ^ey aatrust with the tuition of their children, that they suppose any depraved wretek who caUt himaelf « Kchoolmaster will answer the purpose. And it is no uncommon thing in oikr ciMintfy towns to see a poor viUrrant, who has taught a school or pretended to do so, perhAns fiir two or three months in uie Winter, goto the public houses nnd there walloW and riot in drunken- ness until he haa spent the few shillings be has earned by teaching, and then travel on to the next village to seek further employ. What ran he more injurlout to the morills o^ youth than a disaipated ashooloiaster t When children see the mia who Ihey ought t A tirifccuwu 09 EuveAtio.t. >» iMrtiiiiteil to proTb tliut if EUucution does not perforui ttvory tiling, tberv. is h ir.« ■> ■ I ■ w ■ ■■■ ■ -iin I ■■ 11 I ■ !«■ ail I ■ ■ H. MM ■ .lai M ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. took up to for example, as»ocmtiu|| bimwif with the lowent coinpiiny, tippling in grojic !«hopit o( his education by Malkiug on to Oxford, and getting empluyedin the ftrst instance asftistant in the kitchen of Bxeter college, in which society he remained tUI he gradually made his way to a fellowship. The fatncr of Inigo Jones, the architect, was a cloth-worker. .Sir Edmund Saundvrit, chief justice of the court of King's Bench in the reign of Charles II., was originally an errand boy at the inna of the court. Liuneus, the founder of the science of botany, although the son of the ntorgyraanof a small village in Sweden, was for some time apprenticed to a shoemaker. The famous Ben Johnson worked for some time as a bricklayer or mason. Dr. Isaac 'Maddoz, who, in the reign of George II., became Bishop, first o( St. Asaph, and then o( Worcester, and who is well known liy his work in the defence of the Doctrme and Disci- pline of the Church of Knglaud, was in the first instance, placed bv his friends with a pastry-cook. The late Dr. Isaac Milner, dean of Carlisle and Lucasion professor of mathematics ^t Cambridge, was originallv a weaver — as was also Ins brother Joseph, the well-known author of a History of the Cnurch. Of the same profession was also, in his younger daya, the late Dr. Joseph White, professor of Arabic at Oxford. The celebra* ted John Hunter, one of the greatest anatomists that ever lived, scarcely received any education whatever until he waa twenty vearsold. — Library of Entertaining Knowledge. "The celebrated French Dramatist, Moliere, could only read and write very indiffer- ently when he waa fourteen years of age. It had been intended that he should fttUow the profesaioQ of hie (kther, who waa au upholsterer; but upon beiu^ taken on one occaaion, about the time we have mentio^d, by his uncle to tlie theatre, hia passion for literature was so much excited, that he woohl hear of nothing but going to college, to vhich he wu accordingly soon after aent. — ib. Vondel, nke many of the other literary men of Holland, had begun life as a eommereid man, and originallv kept a hoaier'a ahop at Amaterdam ; but he gave up the manasement of hia buaineaa to nia wife when he commenced hia career aa an author. He died in ex- treme old age, in 1<$79, after having occupied, during a great part of hia life, the very highest place in the literature of hia country. The French mathematician, Henry Pito^ waa the author of aeveral injj^nioua worka, aad partieularlv of a treatise on the manage* nent of vessels at sea. This book waa I -i— *-j •-_ ^t. «:. u /- .. —it^ text-book for the instruction of the nnyyi writer the honor of admission into the Kc, ;re]K bffpre he hegan to pay any ^ttentioo'to leanui^s»— t'^r w 1 J f 1.4 CATKCHISM OF mUCATfON^. 1^/ f I * i. tA the body. Thoso wlilch ;«re exforn.il to tlio body ; operate upon th» niial, by funt oporaiiri: upon fbf bo«ly. 38. Wiiicb of I bo first kind seem to bo the more roniarkablo ?— ^ Ho iltbincss or sickness, strength or weakness, beuuly or delbriuily, th& tonipennnent, the ;i(!e, the sex. 3'J. Of the serond sort wiiich seem to be the more remarkable ? ■ The ulimcnr, the biboiir, the air, tempcrutnrc, artion, rest. 40. Is licvdth fivounjble to lntellii»ence'{-— It is partly favorable, nod partly unfavorable ; it is f ivorublo, by allowing that time to be ^iven to study, which many kinds of sickness withdraw, and by admittin|g[ a more vigorous attention, which the pain and langour of sickness often impairs. It is unfavourable, by introducing that flow of pleasurable ideas which is called hi^h spirits, adverse to a certain pitch to the application of atten- tion; antunoed for the business of^mental ooltiirstioo, btftbiak hiiii' how often theeager student has triumphcd'Over a host of impedimenta, inucb more formic dable.in all probability than any by which he is surrounded. Want ofj leisure, want of in- structors, want of bookSf poverty, itf A«aAA,. imprisonment!, uneongenial or. diatracting occupations, the force of opposing example, the oiscouragement of frieadf or relations, the depressing cons^r^ion that the better part of life* waa already spei^, u)d gone,— • these have a^ separately or ii) variooa .combinations, exerted theur- iqflweM* either t» check the pwrauit or knowledge, or to prevent tb^very dosireof it fcona ^priikginffup. But they exerted this iaflMonce ia vain.- Herethei^iK.eBoug^both of encQiinigfiai^nt and of. direction for all."— Li^nfrf £Htertamimjf tCmtwhigt- It is not by any means Jn^nded, by the answer in the text, to deny the ff aeral appli- elation of the sacred proverbs which mlbrm us, that "a merry heart doeu g«. ^ like a medicine: but a broken spirit drieth op the bones." And that "a merry heart -milk ' UATBCllia&I OV Ui>L CATION. t.' iMkatk ^uwors liuvo been much dUtinKuitilicd fur jifroat numtnl (1)) exc.ilrnrr ; Jomo of ilio i^ruutQHt ornumontii uf human niituro h:ivo b(!un roin irk.iule iir gr«Ht budiiy wiiikness. MuHCulur Htrongth is ;ipl tu opuruto unfovour ably upon thu mortil uh well m thu intolloclual trtiins of thought. It di> miniiihcii that respect for oth^r luon, which is »o liucpssury to roftisit ihu impulses of passion ; it proHuati^ innumerable occiuiunH for plnyii>>: thn tyrant with impunity ; and fosters, therefore, all that train of iileus iu whicli the tyrannical vices are engendered. 43. In what way do Beauty and Deformity nfToct the happiness of the human race? ( 10)— —Illustrations will occur to every body, to ptftvn tliat their power is not inconsiderable; so little, however, h;is been done to as- certain the facts, and record them in the beat possible manner, tli;ii iiny thin<; which deserves the name of knowledge on the subject huitilv ex- ists. (II) 44. What are the trains of ideos and permanent tendencies impressed upon the human mind by moans of Food \ Aliment is good or evil, by quality and quantity. Bad quality, however, is seldom resorted to, except in consequence of deficient quantity, which latter operates unfavouiably in mcmy ways upon tlic moral temper of the mind. (12) As people arc rea- dy to sacrifice every thing for a sufficient quantity of food, (IS) the want of ANNOTATIONH AND ILLUSTRATIONS. (0) Upon lookiii|[ over a long listof men of learnina and geniui, I Mt a Rtrong di«-> position to eraso this peuteiv;«. The numlicr of hale, ■tout, robust, laughUsr-loviuK philosophers and jolly statcftrf^en, who furnish in their own persons a practical argument against the all but exclusive claim to mental excellence on the part of the feeble aouinfinn, is so great as to weaken my belief in on assertion, which has become almost proverbial. On this subject, professor Stewart makes the following observations : — "Itsometimefl, however, happens that, inconsequence of a peculiar disposition of mind, or of an inArm bodily constitution, a child, is led to seek amusement from hooka, and ta lose a relish for those recreations which are suited to his age. In such instance*, the or- dinary progress of the iutflUectual powers is prematurely quickened ; but that b«at of all eduqation w lost, which natare haa prepared both for the philosopher and the man of the world, amidst the active sport* and to* bazi|irdQus.ad«euture8 of childhood. It is from these alone, that we can arquirie, not only that force of character which is suited to the more 'arduous situations of liib, but that complete and prompt command of attention to thiaga external, without whicfi the highest endowment* of toe understanding, however they may fit a man fpr the "olitary speculation? of the closet, are but of little use in the practice of affairs, or for enabling him to profit by his personal experience. (10) Edtnnnd Burke on the Sublime and Beautiful, ind Dugold Stewart on the Beauti- ful and Sublime, have not, within my recollection, adverted to any circumstance bearing a dose resemblutce to the following fact, of which 1 have a personal knowledge : There is a child in this town (York) now nearly two and a half'year* of age, who. when- ever the followiug artlf** line* oC aniold Seottiw. Ballad tire sung to h«r, by her mother, (o tbeir own vofl.aod plaintive music, wUlimtoediataly begin to aob and lament bitterly : " Twa ewes nw' a« lammie, is a' my wee fl«e,k« ^ ) ' An' rU sell that lammie, out in that wee stock ; •> ' I'f ryw-. An' ni buy to you some garland thatV gay, iryou'H but ebne darling, au' sit oq mj plilid.*''^' •ti The first time hf r mother obsemed her agitation was about a year ago. wben she Was eighteen month* of age. (U) JBeattfy and DeformUy operate upon the inentnl tmmfc r«ther mediately than im- mediately. Tbe idea th^t^emiur conjuni^d* these favoo{;a)M« regvids* i* apt to introduce tbe well u^owli train*, denoted bythe terms, vanity, pri<)e- contemptuouBnesa— train* not very faTporablie to tibe virtaea. The idea that dgvn^^ is apt. to excite th«;ir upfavonra- ble regards,, is often obaervied to lead to acnteqeu and vigour of intellect, einplpyed aa inatraments of oroieetion, butito moroseneaa, an4 even muignity of temper.r-TJuK. (12) Dr. Crichton place* poor diet at the head of the list of causes which weaken at* tention, uid consequently debilitate tbe whole facultiea of the mind. (13) "This or that individ^ial may be aai extraordinary isdividual," "but a wretched and i; :l :it u If 1'f jid CATECaiSM OP EDUCATION. it implies the most dreadful poverty ; that state in which there is scarcely nny source of plcHSiiro, and in which almost every moment is subject ta pain. A huin.m beini;, almost constantly in pain, har'My visited hy a sin- gle pleasnire, and almost shut out from hope, loses by degrees, all sympa- thy with his fellow creatures; contracts even a jealousy of their pleasures, and at last a hatred ; and would like to see aft mankind as wretched as himself. The evil of insufficient food acts with an influence not less ma-f lignant upon the iotelloctual, than upon the moral part of the human mind. Food is the most important of all the stimulants appPied to tho livinc^ organs. If applied in less than a sufficient dej^ree, the irritability i diminished ui proportion. One of the first and best means of in- troducing iniellectual and moral excellence into the tirnds of tho prin- cipal portion of a people, is by providing for them a generous and animat'- ing diet. Nature hcrsolf forbids that you shall make a wise and virtuous people out of a starving one. A great part of our intellectual pleasures are ultimately deducihlc from those of taste. (14) Tho socia^f Measures seem in a particular manner to be derived from this source, since it has been customary in ail ages and nations, that we should enjoy the pK jsurcs of taste in conjunction with our relations, friends, and neighbours. Nau- seous tastes and painful impressions upon tho alimentary duct gi'.v .isi and strength to mental pains. The most common of these painful im- pressions arises from excess in eating and drinking. This excites and supports those uneasy states, which attend upon melancholy, fear, and sorrow. Theso states are introduced in a great degree during sleep, du- ring tho frightful dreams, agitations, and oppressions, that excess of diet occasions in the night. There ought to be a great reciprocal influence between ttie mind and aliaaentai'y duct, agreeably ta common observation. (15) ■,::.:,:• ^ , ^ .-:,;, 43. Under what ciccumstances arc unfavorable effects produced upon the mind of man by labour?-— —Labour may be injurious either by its quantity or by its quality y or by both. The labour in which the great, body of the people of a country are cmploye^f, has a tendency tc grow less and hess favourable as civilization and the arts proceed. (16) ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. excellent people were never yet aeeo on the fkoe of the earth." " A food diet ia a ne- cessary part of a ^ood education."-— Afi//. " Ana Esau said to Jacob, Feed me, I pray thee, with that s^e red pottage; for I am faint , And Jacob said. Sell ine this dav thy birthrirht. Aiid Csau said. Be- hold 1 am at the point to die: and what- profit shall ttis bi£tliri^tdo to meT And he sold his hirthnght unto Jncob. And Jacob gave Esau bread, and pottage of leutilr .•.— See Getueia, Chap. 25. Verte 09. Lttlu end. Mark Esau's conduct to Jacob^ twenty years after, when the hrotilers met in prosperous circumstances. At their meeting, Jacob offered his brother a very valuable present, which was at first declined, in the following ternu: I havet enough, my brother, Jieep that thou hast unto thye\[.—8er Chap. 33. "Physical calamities augment civil discord."~-/it According to Doctor Blair, tba chracteristical quality oftbe word iatte is said t^ coasift in '* a power of receiving pleasure from the beauties of nature and of art" It was not in this metapkorieal or figurative sense, however, in which it was understood by the anci«ats« who confined its use to that bodili/ sense in which it is made use of in the text. It is one of those borrowed word» which have heea transferred from the external •ensas to tiM mind. (15) HarUey. , (16) Adam Sauth. to put JciiiUal (llj jttdici pcara^ ^w #■ » ! cATEcmsM oi> k:ovcATiax. If is scarcely subject to id by n sin- all sympa- r pleiisures, ^relchod as not less ma-» the humnn pfiecl to tlm B irritability leans of in- of the prin- and animat- and virtuous pleasures are 3asures soeni it has been j pU isurcs of tours. Nau- net givo .'isc f painful im- [ excites and ly, fear, and ing sleep, du- jxcess of diet >cal influence n observation. oduced upon 1 either by its liich the great, [lency tc grow ' . (16) I ;ood diet is a ne- i tid pottage ; for I | m1 Elsav said. Be- ) meT And! tageof leutilr .*.— met in prosperoas valuable present, my brother, keep >rd;te«': 4[). What then is the middle point, at which the greatest good is obtain- «* ""ed with the smallest quantity of eviH This question contains a prohh'm ^ not yet solved; but enquiry may lead men to a juster cstim^ite of tho * piiys^cid circumstances which concur in fashioning the human mind. .' '50. What are the usual eflects produced upon the mind of man by ^ ojfercisc? A Moderate degree of exercise, ii necessary for the preser- .^ vatiun of health and sl.rengih; and is most beneficial to the sedentary and tlH3 studious, when tlie mind can be brought to take pleasure in the spe< cios of action in wtnch the body is engaged. Exercise, like labour, be* ; t-.(im ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. '»^kV (17) Without ini!:rlli)r«uce, (says Johnson,) man in dot social, he is onlf freKarious; and fittle iuteUigeiice will there l)«, where nil are constraiued lu daily labofir, and every tNiitti^ ' ux}u% viaxi njfoa t\in katui.—^tmritey Ut the HebrHet. 'MXijji; .v^xiv/m- >-,, (1^) TLe Ediiibnriirh revi«w«>n« were of opinion (in 1813), that "Arts are discovered'!' to pallUlJte the euciroachmeiits of arbitrary power; and a luxarious, patronizing, tkni v«9-^ Iciirtis monarchy is firmly cstablisheJ aiiiidst the adulations of a corrupt nation." ''* (!!•) "P has long ttcen ah established opinion (i(ays t>tt|;a1d Stewart) amon|ic the'nlQs^ judicious aud enli^tened philusophKrii, — that a* Ute dnire of bettering our eonditiOtt apJt pcnra cquidlyfrom a eanful review oft/ie motivet umiehiMiibuUlif influence our otrn conduti\ ^ •iitdfroma fhteraiturvejf of Uie hiittury t/ miir metieM, m%0 the uasT£R>spkiNQ of human induMtru, the labour of slaves never c;in be rojWiodtieVive at that of iVeemen.'*' *^ (iJP) A. variety of exercise* i»,neces8ary; to pre^rre,^ie aniinal 'frame iu yic^ur and \niaii%y!i-^J^Hg4Ud SteiearU , ♦ ^ "Thaltalffseaud mysterioiis eoQn0xioi[i->that •inyulai; au4-beautiful process of action an(i<< reas ^ ff t yhich exists betir^4^tJ|M ipind and tb« boc^, i|fM^ery #tu||uuKly exeuiplified m,.^ tho*^ ^aqrdars, whieb are iuc^deat,)^ iiten^y,nt^n,. if ho, fMusis^ their tjjne iasedeutar/ occupatior.s, and exer(^flin||[ theii; mipds to. a very extraordinary extent, are martyr* ta i^ tra'm.of obstinate 'maladies. '^it9 ought ahrays io tjt$ i|iee 4Jid wetl-a^ustcid balagi)«« ' between the op^ratS^s of tluji^h^ sukI th dera pretence of improvingtheir miuds and manners, is an insult to common senae. Itinayi indeed, be the way to train up enervated puppets, or short-lived prodigies of learning; but never to form healthy, well-informed, and MComplished men or women. Every ^••libg in* dividual must behold, with much heart-felt concern, poor, little puny creatures, of eight, tpn, '>r twelve years of age, exhibited by their silly parents as proficients in leambg, or at distinguished for their early proficiency in langnagev, elocution, music, drawing, or even some frivolous acquirement. The strength of the mind as well m of the body ie exhaast* ed, and the natural growth oi both is checked by such untimely exertions. We are far from discouraging the early introduction of youth into the sweet and even moralizing so* ciety ^ the Muses and the Graces; but we woald have them pay their court also to (he Goddess of Health, and spend a considerable portion of tli^ir time, during the above peH* , od at least, in innocent and enlivening sporta and gambols."— PAtfadr^pAia Journal of IlefOh, No. 6. (31) When we are in situations which are calculated to aiford employment to our inteU leetaol poirera^orte rouse and exercise the active principles of our nature, it is surpriaing how little sleep we require. Napoleon Bonaparte, as all his historians, except fioarrienne. Inform aa» rested only four or five hoars ; while a slave who works and playa but thinlu iiot,.wi9|Boiitinue to sleep from lune to-elfven hours. Childhood and Old Age usually re* quire the greatest quantity of rest «ad sleep; the mind of the former l>eing anfumisbed with ideM> and the mental faeultiea of the latter being on the decay. ^ !t bao beenremarked by the poefa (Uid wttaofall ages, that sermons, orstiOBi, discourses of doaversation, of an insipid and uniiitereatinf nature, strongly dispow people to sleep. Even a tolerable sermon on a Sunday, frUl prodaea tbat effect, if coached ia laiiguage not easi- ly understood ^ ~r the hearers, llie inbabi|9i|ta of great cities can sleep amid the din of ' Tebicles of every description; tiiemttlerhe^ds not the clapper of bis mUl; tbeahepberd- ' ' essrepoMs by the side of tile fii|mitafai; and tfce slumbers of the good people of Mait*' Chester and Stamford receive no iuterniptioii fiwm the eeaaeless din oT PHagara's ieataraet. Philosophers have deseribed a elili ^ iMnds'wilieli «pni|kosa ii» to sleep, as. eonslstliig wholly of sueb as ure fitted to witbdra*tbe atlbtttik H «« mlMl ftvni its own th«iuflf toMaod aacfytorise,' Uene,wl^idkoa!dbe rigbft^ '^' lb7 every iiidiTiii# J^^iMMNiri^ m'' catecuibm or edvgation. i«r^ RgmetP, Vol. 21. p. 15. "It is also matter of common observation, that children and persons of little reflnctioq^ who are chiefly occupied about sensilde objects, and whose mental activity Is, in a great measure, suspended, as soonar their perceptive powara ai» unemployed; find it extremely difficult to continue awake, when they are deprived of their usual engagements* The same thing has been remarked of savages, whoee time, like that of the lower animals, is almost completely divided between sleep and their bodily exertions."— ZHijraU Stewart.— (ClemeuU of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. p. 322. Vol. 1.) (22) Of Paternal Powxr. — " The law that was to govern Adam, was the same thnt was to govern all his posterity, the law of rtium The power that parents have over their chUoren, arises from the duty which Is loenmbent on them to take care of their otTspring, dur'mg the imperfect state of childhood. To inform the mind and gQvem the actions of their yet Ignorant nonage, till remtam shall take hs place, and 9tiMe thenof that trouble, is what Hm children want and the parents are bonod tp It Is on^ thing %o. owe honoar, respect, gratitude, and assistance; anotjber, to re^re an absolat^^bedieneq and submission."— XiieAe on Qovenmeitf. A\ mmm I m f ' " A**-. f^ c4'i7 of those words which are applicable only to the operations or alfections of the mind, and cannot theiefoie be referred to the things they are intended to sis^nify ; such as, for instance, the words which denote the faculty of memory or of imaginationl The mcnnin^ of man}' words, of which it is impossible to exhibit any sc>nsible proto- types, is gradually collected by a species of induction. The connexion in which an unknown term st:inds in relation to the other words combined with it in the s.ime sentence, often aflords a key for its explanation in that pririicul'ir instance; and, in proportion as such instHnces are muliiplied in the writini^s and conversation of men well acc}uainted with propriety of fipeech, the means are aflbrded of a progressive approximation towards its precise import. (23) 56. When ought Education to commence?— —As much ns possible, with ;he period of sensation itself. For the early sequences with which ice are accustomed form the primary habits ; and the primary habits are the fundamental character of the man. As soon as the infant^ or rather the enfhryo, begins to feely the character begins to be formtdy and the habits which are then contracted are the most pervading ami operatine through life. (24) 57. How can those early sequences be made to take place in the minds of infi|i*s, on which habits, conducive to inteIHgence, temperance, nnd benevolence, are founded? The pains and pleasures o^ theinfint, the deepest impressions which he rertiivcs, ought, from the first moriHtnt of sensation, to be made as much as possible to correspond to the real order of nature. Children ought to he made to see, and hear, and feel, and taste, in the ordfer of the most invariable and comprehensive sequences, ANNOTATIONS AN1) ILIAISTRATIONS. ■ '" f?3) There rnnnot R« a doubt, 1 apprehend, thrit it l« in some such way as thin, that (Children slowly and imperceptibly enter into the abstract and complex qotioqs annc^xcd lo nutaberleRS words in their muUior tongue, of which we Hhould find it difficuit oc impossible to convey the sense by formal AtAnitions. — Stewart't Phiiotopltieal E»pafg. The Reriewer of Mr. Stewarfa Essays [Edinburgh Review, Vol. 17, p. 192,J observes^ " that it is by a process, exactly aimlagous, that words of this description are taught to. the deaf nnd dumb, by the inatruttors who liave carried that l^umane and astonishing art to so high a degree of perfeetloD." (S4) " The most pssentiaJ objects of education are the two fullowuig : First, to cultivate iill the Tttrious principles of our nature, both speealative and active, in such a manner as t>> bring them to the greatest perfection of which they are miceptible ; and Secoadly, by wartvhing over the impressions and associations which tie miaid receives in early lile, te eecure it against tte inftuence of prevailing errors ; and, as fitf as possible, to engage its prepeMB«aions on the side of troth. It is only upon a philosophical analysis of the mind, that a syitfemntieAl planNetei be founded, for the ^ejeomplisliaieBt ^ eith^ 9f these pur- pi wm ■^' CATCciiisM or rni'CATioN, 21 in order that tlio Ideas wliich correspond to tlieir iitipro.sions, nnd follo\v the snnic order of succession, may be ;in exact tiiinscripi lioni nitiua., . nd alwa}'s load to just anticipations ot events. (2r>) r>8. What is the nior.\I procedure of parents? In {i^enernl it is diierf- fy the reverse; they strive to defeat the order of iu>!ure, in Jiccumuhitjnsc plensuresfor their children, and preveniiujj thenrrivnl of pains, wlien iho chihiren's own conduct would hive had very jlilTerent efl'ects. I>9. Are not very injudicious impressions often niiuio upon tiic minds of infimts, by the imprudent conduct of nurses, gnnrinioihers, • nd o>lier weak-minded or foolish people, to whoni iheir destiny is confuWd?— — Yes. The impressions fiom which itieas are copied are made to loli(»w ;ui order rcry differtnt from the vnlural one. ; wrong trains of iricns iire introduced. When ihose who are ;d)oui chihiien ' xpiess by iheir M'ords, or indicate by other sigfns, that terrific trains of i(le;»s nre ])iissing in tlieir jninds when tliey |;o into tlie dark ; tirrific trains, which luive nothing to do with the natural order of events, come up also in tl;e minds of the chil- flren in the dfuk, and often cxer) Have you not ofteii bclteld the inotlier with her h«be on her knoe, which she Tras foediiig with Rpoun mnat, uhilo her little daughter ut. her foot, n child ofMoine two or three yearn, wus watching every motion wi' her haiidM mid eye>i, nnd feeding with n )iu|> opoon ijer grent wooden Dolly ? Have you not ol»served that when the parent pave her tiabc the maternal breast, her little daughter would follow her example with the doll; nud )i<-ive you not aUo remarked that tlic moment maminn hud \\nX Master John to bed, little jMary would bejciii to put in requisition her baby's crndle; covering lier doll \\'\X\i its bed riothes, carefully adjusting its pillow; and all the while ehnunting a lulKihy as soft, a* xweet, and as earnestly anxious for its quiet repose, iis her mother had been on behalf of ber infant brotb'*r. "Hush, mommy! Hush Alison! l'oll>"sRslee|)." When parents behold such early developcments of the imitative powers of their otr^pring, it ought to admonish them to beware least they instil into their youthful lainds dan- gerous principles, or induce them to copy in aught a bad examj)le. Choofe that course of action, says I'uthagoras, which ih best, nud cu!>tom will socn ren- der it the must agreeable. To sensiiiiiity belongs the privilege of producing what is beautiful and good. From her spring all the atfections that sweeten life : — all the sublime exertions of genius ; — all life lofty virtues which shed a glory round human nature. Without prudence, society could not befireserved; without sensibility, it would not be worth preserving. — c»ee Ediu. \le\^ Vol. 4. p. 13. and Vol. 22. p. 2.». (26) To instruct youth in the languages, nnd in the sciences is comparatively of littJe limportaneey if we are inattentive to the habits they acquire; and are not careful in givingr, tu all their different faculties, and all their different principles of ad ion, a proper degree I of employment. Abstrtcting entirely from the culture of their moral powers, hon ez> [tensireand dilfieultis the business of conducting their intellectual improvement! To watch over tiie associations which they form in their tender years; to give them early ba- Ibtts of mental activity; to nwie their curiosity, and to direct it to proper objects; to ex- lercise their ingenuity and invention; to cultivate in their minds a tarn Ibr speculation, [and at the tame time preserve their attention alive to the objects around them ; tc awaken |the>r senaiUitlities to the beauties of nature, and to inspire theut with a relish for intellec- Itual en^oyraeat;— these fimn but a part of the business of education; and ^etthe execti- l^i ^ f^am V .■a : ■«>■' iiAfkcmaM OF CDUCATinN-. i ^ ■ 1 J ' t :*i -v' Mii f 60. Wli:il is tlie most comauri io'ind uion of i servito character?—— • If ih(! exprcisi )ns, anil oilier si^iis of ihe idens of those who arc about chiitirci), iudicau! th;it triius, acconinaniod with desire and admiration, pass in ilioir minds when the I'ith and powerful ari.' n.tmed, tr.dns .iccoin- panied wkh aversion and contempt when (Ae trea^ an^^oor are spoken of, The foundation is laid o'l a chtracter stained widi scrviliiy uml Riuaimcss to ihose above, fiiid tyranny to ihose below them. (vl. Wlutisilie most common found uion of bigotry, and tht)»o inve- terate an; iptthieUoperscms ofp 11 licidar political or polemical creeds, which infuse so mnch bit erness into the cup of human life ? If indicaion is jjiven 'o children diat ideas of ;lisi(iisi, of hatred, and detestation, are pass- ing; in the niinds of those about them, when particular descriptions of men aie ;iirMit,dii of, as men of dineieni religions, countries, or parties in the same ounUy; a similar train soon becomes hnbitual in the minds of the children. iVl. Whit is the grand object of human desire? A command over thi! wills of other men. (iT) 6J. How is this comm.ind to be obtained ? Either by acts and qua- litio . which excite their love and admiration, or by those which excite their terror, til. By what means is a man fittee to whom the instruction of youth is commonly in- trusted.— I>u^a/d Stewart. Our tranquility is liable to be affected, by (1.) our temper, (2.) our imagwatum, (3.) onr j opinions, and (4.) aur habitt. ,^ Where the sympathies of the heart have not been encoaraged to expand, no cultiTation of the understandiug will have power to render the character eminently great or good.— j E. Hamilton. The happiness of every man depends more upon the state of his own mind, than up- 1 on any one external circumstance ■, nay, more than upon all external things put together. -'Blair. (i27) Stewart in his outlines of moral philosophy, enumontet the de$ires, as beiDf , 1. ofl Knowledge, or the principle of Curiosity ; 3. of Society; 3. of Esteem ; 4. of Power, er| ambitioa ; 5. De!>ire of Superiority, EmulatioD. (S8) Cicero spioke it as the highest commendation of Cato's-character, that he emKraC* >>d philosophy not Snr tha sake of ditputih^ Hke a pbilbsopher knt of tiving like one.^ wmm UATErnisM ep tOtCATlOX. :J3 amnnml ovet agination, (3.) our l^vtir the wills of other men, and the fe;irs and p tins of other men. ns rliu means; the foundiition is laid of ihu bud ch:irucror, — ihe had son, ;hu bad brother, the bad husband, the b-id father, the bad ncinJibunr, the i) d x\\,\r gistrate, the bad ciliven, — to sum up all in one word, the bad man. (29) 67. By what means is the maleficent character established and runfiini* cdl— — BosideH the impressions just recounted, if the trains of ideas which p'.uis in the minds of those by whom tiie child is surrounded, and which ho is made to conceive by means of their words, and otiier sit»ns, lead constantly from the idea of command over the wills of other men, as the grand object of desire, to the ideas of p.jin and terror as the means, the repetition of the copied trains increases the effect of the native iwt- pressiontf and establishes and confirms the inalcficeut character. Technical tlducation. 63. What is denoted bv TFXHNrcAt. EDtTCATiox?- -Technic'd Edu- cation chiefly consists in the communication of iNTELLionNtE. (30) 69. Is /yif«!//t^cnr;e equally attainable by nil? No. (31) It is ibso- I I ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. (29) Vet, tme it 1% tliatitU stillso contlucted a^ to form that asAoci.ition. The Hnid, while it yet hauKS at the breast, is often allowed to find out by ex|)ericnce, thnt cryiiij;, and the aanoyance which it giTen, is thnt by which chiefly it can command the to unite snieeptibiUty, relentiveness, and readioes*. But lii«a unioaisrare: andany.extraor^iiuiry improveinent that is bestowed ^ji^ one, of liese qua|it^s if generally purchased at |he expence of the others. — lb. p.SQ. (31) Ai w;e strive fcr an" equal degren of justice, nn. equal degrac of.tRQip^r^ne^, aij. , .^- t .). . ■4M ^' 4- -S4 CATECHISM O'J ei>ucat'i»n. Iiitolv norc«%nrv for tlio existonot? of the hum m raco, thut hibour alioiiM' bn porfo-iiit!'!, that fooil shoiihl hi» p'oducod, and orhtT things provided, which hiimati wolfaro roqiiin-s. A htrye prop<»niuii of iir^nkind in re- quired fir this iMhour. In reL'>ird to all this portion of mankind, ibnt hi- hrtiirs, ojily such a portion of linio can by them be L'ivon to the acquisition of in'c'llisrt' ncp, as cnn bo iihsfracted from labour. Time must bo e.xclu- .sivolv devoted to the accpiisition of iiitoIliwiMjco; and there are decjroes of coaimand over Iiii(»\vU"'"(' to which the whole period of human life is not iiio'-o than siirticient. There ire decrees, thereforr;, of infellis;cnco, whicU most be resorvnd to those who nre not obli(;ed to libom-. (32) *" '> .«') t ■ 70. Is JntrHitrence a de.si:'?i?))(' qu'ditv in the groat body of »hnpfople? (35t) Tnt'l I '^flv, i W'^ Heni<» ', th'«' ivti'V'^'jf'vvp w «s '« dpsir'^hle n-i M- ' ...\.S >r\i'7T\-N .;.s.> ii.i.i v 'itATloN:,. e'{.i;i] (letrree of venicltv in the puor us wr-11 as the rich, so uu'rht wu to strivj for an equal decree uf iiiti-lli;K;«'nci', if there wii«« not n |>rev«ntiiig cuiine. — Mill. It ii«, oa ull lituiils, Hckiif)wlvd(;e(l, that the beat hope of genuine pntriotiMin \» the com- plete iiifitrufitioa of the whuie populiitioit; ;ni(l thtit the best securities of \vi»e, virtuous, and patonml KOVentinents, are the cultivated faculties of the people, eimhlin;; ihenitodib- critnitiitte between law and oppression, liberty mid nunrcliy, prutertiou and despotism ^ iind, from the condition of mankind in other times and countries, to draw conipKrinous fu- vouriible to the happy condition of thejr own nvc and ccmutry : while it should never b« foriT'itteu, that u cuitivatHd mind finds that resource ia iiooks, aadin intellectual pursuits, whi^h coustitutus the best security of public and private morals. — Sir R. Phillipi, (Illus- trations of the IviterroKHtive .System, page '■>.'>.) (3'?) .Mr. Puna, the b,iuevolent fouuder of Pennsylvania, expresses hit opinion rcspeet' ing the education of his chddren, in the foUowiuu; terms; uiid perhaps some of our reu* ders will ;>ut the question to themseirm, whether Euy;taud would not be likely to derive more bciieiit at the present time, from the industry of 4,.)0<) proprietors of amall estates, yieldiai( jl^tJO Sterling ea:!i, yearly routui, with their fuiailie* brought up aa Mr. Peun proposed to rear his, than from the Dukes of nacclcugh and Northumberland, wIhm« iiuited ineomiis u aouat to the samo sum ns would that of the 4,.V)0 yeunien, and whose estates everilow with poor tenants and poor.sr mechanics, besidea many thousands uf paupers. This qujstio.i settled, (hey wilf '4nd no dilliculty in resolving whether or not ttie entail and primoxeniture system 'i» a violation of the laws of nirture and of uature'a God, aad rw/upyMetWy H source •jf'Ori'nB and misery. •' • t *' For tlieir learning be liberal ; spsre no cost; for, by such pafsiMony n\\ is lost that is saved; but lot it be tueful kiiowl«'l>r.j, s:i<>,t| as is oonsist.e:it witli truth and i^ndliuess. not ehurishins a vain conversation oridla muid ; but ingenuity mixed With industry is good fqr thdy and miaJ too. I recotn nend the useful part* of mathematieks, 'as buildinu h.iuses or ships, measuring, surveying, dialtidg, navigation, &c. but agtirniltnre is espe- cially in my eye— let my children he hnsbandmwn and housewi^Os^— 'tis liidustrious, heal- thy, honest, and of good example."— IV'i7Z////« Petm't letter tohU irifeand Chihlreti. •' A Country life and estate I like best for my children ; I' prefer a decent mansion of an hundred pbuuds per annum, before ten thousand pouhds in LiOodon, or such like phiice, hi a way of trsale."—/*. (33) Doctor Mitchsll lately gave a discfiurse or lecture nt the eitv of London Literary fustitutidn, bn the history of Turkey, the following extracts from which, as reporteil in a recent number of the London Jouroal, iUTo rd a powerful arjpiineut iQ favour of ou e ji^» . cated peo|>le :-^ " rielim Mt about a reformation, bat found h to be beyond his power to efilbst it. The Turks had ncve# Enjoyed the blessini^s of kuo«^Icdge, and wer^ ijipt to ha ig;ttidedl by it. />i*fa4ianr wia aiaart unkoowa in Turkey ; such a thing as a ac-.vspaper had never been seen t'ATBGHiail or KDUOATIOA. ^ ty in tilt great body of rhe people; (34) and as Intelligence u potyer,ftuch ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. * in tb« whole •Ktent of their douiQions. It wM in Tnin tu attempt to reason with aM who pOHesied in their mintl* no materialt for thinking. Further, every prejudice of their aoula waa excited to madneia to thinli that any attempt ahould be made to compel them to rtudy the arts of the laftdeit. With the tabre of the Janiitary they aaid tht empire had been gained, and with the aamc aabre it waa to be preaerred." "Let thoae men whoae principlea lead them to fear the effecta of the freedom of tht preaa, of political diacuaaion, and of the education of the people, contemplate the cosr dition of Turkey. There tbey have a atate of ihinga exactly auch aa they would deairt. Here ia their beau uUal, the idol of their delight But mark the reault The jggpt uaeAiI improTcmenta, the meannres abaolutely neceaaary for the preaervation of the Empire, were reaiated with fury by the prejudicca of the ignorant multitude : and no mode of oh^ ▼iating theae prejudicea waa in the power of the Government to uac. From thia example we may aee, then, thatreaann is a much safer inatrumont of Qovernmcnt than anperatitiob and ignorance." (34) Mt. Montgomsry, the poet, who wae formerly editor of the Sheffield Iria, giTca, in that paper of December 3<)th, 1814, as interestiug aecoaatef a meeting of the inhabitanta of Sheffield, which bad been held in the Town Hall, to determine reapecting the eatabliahT ment of a library for roecbauica and apprentieea. The itev. Thomaa Smith, on moving one of the reaolutiona, addreaaed the meeting, offering the fitllowing among many otbei> i|MBawerable reaaona in favour of general education: .^^ '* To enlighten the people," aaid the rev. orator, **ia in accordance— '' ^•^-''~oor ; and *he great Founder of it was a pqor man, ao poor, indeed, that he had not where to lay hia bead ; hia parenta Here ao pour, that he waa at hia birfll, wrapped in awaddling hands, ano laid in a manger. He was found in the form of a elave, indeed, aa well aa in fa. ness will be munfested by the degree in which it does thia. ** Now the hietory of hdinan society agrees with the clearest deductions of reaacm in shewteg, timf theae eada can only be aecored at all, and are aecored teconbmically and effeflCnallyi by the enlightening of the people. For the time and money and mental power wlii«ha>i^h«Qomc dangerous to the public, ace consumed ia the peaceful r*tre»tof %{ # fl M 15, t I • ¥>i' a: 2ii CATECniSM Off EOVCATIOX. _, N an qnavoidablo opinion in tlie breasts of tliose wlin think tiint liiq human ,f^^^_ I I . I I II .J - ■ ■ ■ - ■ I •* ■ — ■• — ' " ■ - ■ — ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, domettie qaiet, in the r«adinf of worki of inttnietion, in the culture of the mind, atid in the eqloyment of retired ploMurea. That leUure and money which lend the poor in dayi of relaxation to the ■ccnea of debnuehery, and cruelty, and crime, are employed in procuring, reading, and commnnieating the inrtruetion of good hooka. That ignorance, whigh makes the prey of artful demagogues, and a fuel for the con6agration. givex place to the reflection and the consideration of the enlightened citizen. That desperation which is the result of ignorance and vice, and leads men to treasons, stratagems, and spoils, is deatroyed by the reflection, order, and comfort introduced by knowledge among the peof^e. That pauperism, which turns the strength and physical power of a nation l^to a great herd of public pensioners, is succeeded by the foresight, economy, frugality, and independence of wisdom. That credulity, which makes the people the victims ot' political and religions quackery, gives place to an enlightened acquaintance with tbe ren* MBS and neeessary condition of human aflairs. The desperation and ferocity which so dtflen shake empires to their basis, in the Tiolenee, blood and burning of popular commo* tion, are exchanged for the enlightened, considerate, consistent, and irresistible demand of an iftelligent people for moderate reform, which no tyrant and no tyranny dare ven- tnre to resist." What beautiAil and emphatic language Mr. Gray has made use of In his admirable elegy qn a oouatry church yard, Qi favor of extending the blessings of Education, to the cottage of the humblest and lowliest of the human family ! And who is there that can read Robert Bums's "Cotters' Saturday Night," without feeling anxious that the benevolent wish of the king of Britain may be fulfilled ; that every British siAject, nay more, tha^ every inhabitant of this earth may be able to read the Bible ! [His Majesty ' hoped to see the day, when every poor«hild in his dominions should be able to read his Bible!'] •' Perhaps in thia neglected spot (saith Gray,) is laid Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire ; ..,.■..: ,1 Hands, that the rod of empire might have sway'd. Or wak'd to extacy the living lyre ; But knowledge to their eyes her ample pa^e. Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unre); ^ Chill prnurv reprees'd their noble rage, • '^ ' And froie the genial current of the soul. j^ Full many a eem of purest ray serene, The dark unnl hom'd caves of ocean bear : Full many a flower is bom to blush unseen, And waste its sweetncM on the desert air. Some village Hamjoden, that, with dauntleaa breask The little tyrant of his fields withstood: ^ Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest : Some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood. Th* aoplause of listening senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, And read their history in a natum'a eyes, Their lot forbade; nor circumscrib'd alone W-' *»«»■ growing virtues, but their crimes confin'd. Forbade to wade throu^ slaughter to a throne. And abut the gates of meray on mankind. Whaterer may have been the opinions of the old governments of Europe, in relation to i!u »"S'"" i^^'T «»«»«•« ""»»•«*«•, one thing ia eertain. namely ; that the doctrineu of the Bible are decidedly infavor of the diffiision of knowledge among allelasses. "Take fastbold of /MlnMfuNi-^et he> not go-keep her. for she ia thy ltfe."~#Ve.H|s, Chap. 4. .••?fls*« IS the principal thing; therefore, get W^Wsm: and with all tl^ygattlm, mtrii^ Air-. «/i' CAtffOHISM UF EDUCATIOiV. «7 ^tx ought to cdnsist of two classos.-^one that of the opprtisort^ onothw ihat of the oppressed. (35) But, if Education bo to communicato the art of happiness ; and if IntcUigonco consists of knowlodge and sagacity; (36) the question whether the {leople should be Educated, is the santw — — — ^ — —- — ' ■ - ■ ■ ' ■ ■ i 1 ' ' ' . ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. kinswomiui.—/A. Cbtp. vU. " I love thflm that love me, and thou that Mek me early thalt lind me."— Chap. tuI. " Porerty and ihame ihall be to him that refuwth InalruetwH."-*' Chap. xiii. " Folly is Joy to him that it destitute of Wiatbtn ; liut aman of understanding ^alketh uprightly."— Chap. xr. " Undentmnding is a well-npring of life to him that ball it."-^liap. xvi. Buy the truth and sell it not; also Wisdom, and tastruetian, aad Vuder- S//I.' iJMg."— Chap, xxiii. "Then 1 saw that Witdom excelleth fUlf, as far as Ught ex< ovlleth darkness."— £M(e«ja«^«, chap. ii. The eicellency of Khawtedgt is, X}^iliwiadtm Ki veth Ufs to them that have it."— A. chap. vii. The Prorerhs of Solomon are printed in Scotland, separate from the rest of the Scriptures, and used as an elementary uhool- book. We regret to have to atata that it is fast getting into disuse. Whatever degree of power is lodged in the hands of the people, that power will always bo merely nominal, in their hands, unless education make them acquainted with its nature and extent, ami the judicious application of it. We have known men, with estimable mo* ral characters, and held in high estimation, precluded fvom places of power on which they would have reflected honor, if they had been so fortunate as to have baea properly in- structed in their youth; and we have seen, too, worthless and uaprhioipled men elevated to high places which they disgraced, because those who put them there had not been sui'- fiuieutly instructed to place a proper value on the elective franchise. I have ever thought the prohibition of the means of improving our rational aature, to be: the worst species uf tyranny that the insolence and perversenesa of mankind ever dared to exercise. This goes to all men in all situations, to whom edoeation can be denied.— Lavater% A want of education, or avarice, begets a want of morality.— Pandas Cocktane. Vide Travels in Russia and Tartary. Even Milton and Locke, though both men of great benefoleace towards the larger fami- ly of mankind, and both men, whose sentiments were Demoeratieal, y«t Mem, in their writings on educatioB, to have had in view no education but that of thefeatfemoa. •' We well remember, when all attempts to edacate the lower classes were at once ch- inoured down by the real or pretended apprehensions, that such diucation would disturb (he order of society, and wonld only render the poor discontented aad impatient."— Lett's iVeeklg Meuenger, December, 1818. ** About e/tr<;H years ago, Mr. WhitbrCad hrqa^ud the snlijeet of the education of the ]ioor. His benevolcat views met with great Opposition. lie had strong pr^udicea to en- counter even in men of high charaeter and talents. It is melancholy, and even humiliating, to reflect, that Mr. Wyndham, himself the model of a finely educated man, should have stood forward as the active opponent of oatiottal educiAioa. He was followed by persons Ao, with the servile seal of imitators, ontstrlpped their master, and maintained, that it' you taught ploughmen and mechanics to read, they would thenceforward disdain to work." -^Brougkmm't Speech on the Edmatum of the Poor : BriUeh H. qf C. Jfof , 1818. (35) This doctrine has long been exploded in the United States of America; and the eon«em which is now felt in Great Britain and Inland ftff the education of tbe workmg classes, shews that the EnglUh have mad« a great step in knowledge, and in that genviup morality which avar Uttends it ' (36i) la ovary hamlet, hole, and comer of the States, there stands apuUie sohool, and these are inpported, not by the mUerable dolings of eleemosynary aid, but tha people are taxed that th« tree of knowledge laay be every whorw planted? Thara i« no w^atry u^ lie known wocM where the elementary branches of education ««e to mwfc aHended to> 5$ i'A'rsumfii oy tftOCATiaN* W I I : ■ ^ with the <)ttettioii whether they should he happy or roimrabie. ^37) 71. Have not the most beneficial effects often resulted, to indiriduali a$ well 4f to society, from the establishment of pnblic libraries for ap« prenticeii, mechanics, labourers, and others, who were not able out of their own monns to acquire a selecr assortment of useful hooks ; as also from parochinl and Sabbath«s«hool libraries f — -The establishmt •• i of institu- tions of this sort have, in general, been attended with the happiest con- sequences; the minds of the people have been enlightened, and their man- ners improved, by study and reflection. 72. Is the scheme of libraries for the community, practicable and like- ly to be successful if attempted in the townships nnd villngos of Canada? ^33).i...4WiGxporience, both in Britain anil the United States, as well a^ m severul places in these colonies, has fully 4onionstrated its practicabi- lity. (39) ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATION8. Willi, then, what nsturally followi, is, eTery man gaina a knowledge of the CoBntitntion ■nder which he livet— every man ii a politician. It thus follewe that alnoet ererj Til- lage ha* its Public Prem; the meanest farmer takes his newspapers, for which payment, in cash is totnllj out of the question. The printer requires provisions, and he obtains alt torts in abundanee— 4h«s the light materials of the brain are exchanged for the more sub- stantial ones of the belly, and iaformatien from all quarters of the world comes home to •very man's door. Whatever is important to the Union is as well known in the cottage as in the capital. Thus there is no other community on earth where each man feels his imUviduat Mtihgth and eoiuefiunet as in the American States."— Amm Seolia Fmrlia- "Thare Is no eonntry te the world wher« the sciences of observation are making such rapid progress as in North America; and before another century is complete, those, sciences Which depend oo abstract reasoning, and which are fast declining in ourowneoun-" try, will in all probability, find a sanctuary in the New World. If, during eight centuries, England has prodaeed only one Newton, how unreasonable is it to expect tb«t America should have given birth to another in the first century of her political existence.— Bmoj* ter—Edmbm^gh Jmrnud of fldMw, Oct. 1829. (37) It has been orgad that men are found by daily experience, not to be happy, not to hr moral, in proportion tit thwir knowledge. It is a shallow objection. Long ago it was ob- served by Hume, that kiwwiadflejupd its accompaniments,, morality and happiness, may not be strictly coiyoinedin every Indlviuiial, but that they are infallibly so in every afS, and in every countf^.—JfiOL (38.) " Abev* all, books, and espaeially elementary books, have, in our days, beenmnl' tiplied to an extent, that puts them within the reaefa almost of the poorest student ; and bookt, after all,4srr,«i« leati to tht more mal m n t t i m d o ntam dim^ amiinregmrd to amdtwI^ecUao Ikey oirtfiieHo explam, Ae^Htomditro. He who can read, and is possessed of a good elementary treatise oa the sdtfntee he wishes to learn, hardly, in tmth, needs a master. With only thfs assistance, and sometimes with hardly thia, some of the greatest scholars and philosophers that ever appeared have fonaed themselves."— Lttrwry o/Enttrtaiiiiug Kiiatctfdfe. '•Every one has time enou|^ to get as mneh knowledge as is required an| expected ofhim ; and he that does not do that, is fai love with ignorance, and is aoeonn^M^ for it"'— ' ** Use legs and have legs." Nobody knows what stTenfth or parU he has oatil be has tried theSB. He that seU oat npon weak legs wUl not only go farther, b«t go straager, toe, fbla eoe who, with a vigorous eemtitation and firm limbs, ohly tits still.— I!k f?9.> "The praeCideMUty qTsneh « sebeme, (aoeordiag to the Rev. Tbonas Snilb, eT dkTECMlUM or BDOCATtOX. 20 73. Have not tho moit profound icholurn ; tho grentnAt philoflopliert ; the most ominent statritmon and divines, l>Hrn solf-tHuplit?— — InstnncoN abound in tho history of the latter nf^P!>, of individuals who, afior receiv- ing instruction, only in tlio elements of roadincf and writing;, and without tho aid of teachers, have overcome innumerable difficulties, and attained ANNOTATIUN8 AND ILLlJSTUATIONs! Sheflflid, formerly quoted) U aot natter of mere vUionary theory, but the mtiibHihed da- ta ofMund aad loag eiperleoee. For without patronage or count«n«Dr.e from the learn- ed or the grvat, or evanfrom ^ ack a meeting aa this, many of the towns and larger villa- ges in Scotland, have long bod such libraries established among thair poor. These are framed on the simple principles of economy and mutual accommodation, and are support- ed Ly a small contribution of a sixpence or a shilling a month. The wiser or more active members recommend books ftt>m their own knowledge, or crsuvcred in their labours, though often under tht- most unfavourable circ distances; nevertheless, most true it is, that every thing that is actually ku«. un has been found out and learned by some per- son or other, without an instructor. (40) 74. What is the degree of Intclligente attainable by the most nume- rous clpjs of mankind, namely those who labourto"-— There is aa actual loss, ever., in productive powers, even in good uconomy, and in the way of health and strength, if thti young of the human species are bound close to labour before tiicy are iifto'L'n or sixteen y6ars of age. (41) But if those years arc skil/uUi/ employed (42) in th6 acqulsit'on of knowledge, ANNOl ATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. (40.) To the unassisted ufforts of Arkwriglit, a barber. England owes the improve- ments ill cottoa inacliioory, tvUich has secured to ber the cottoa trade. " Who was Fer- guson 7 A simple peasant : a man who, wrapped in bis own plaid, passed the winter nights in comtcuipiatiug the Leavens, and who, by arranging his beads upon the cokl heath, at length completed a map of the 8;tar8. Wiio was Doctor ticrscbell, the discover- er of hu many iiuportant astronomical facts? A boy who played the pipe aud tabor in a forti^n regimental bond. Mlio was Watt [the inventor of the steam engine,]? A matht- maticdl iustrumeut maker. Who was Smeaton'? An attorney. Who was Urird'ey, whose cau& IS have givep Kuch an acctission of power to our commefce by the facilities oJ Internal communication T A uillwrighl." Nicholson, the celebrated editor of the philo- sophical jourual? A cabin boy. Uamuge, the bct>t maker of reflecting telescopes in the world? A Scots Cutler. (See Dr. Oliuthua (iregory's speech before the Deptfo.J Uc'^ Ohanies' lustitut*., 1325.) * ?:?»'>• . Originally, al! human knowledge was nothing more than the knowledge of a compara- tively small number of such simple facts, as those from which Galileo deducted the use c- the pendulum for the measurement of time, aud Newton the explanation of the system ct" f'e heavens. All the rest of our knowledge, aud these first rudiments of it also, a succes- sion of individuals have gradually discov.-:red in sef arate portions, lytheir oven e^orU, autL icitliout having any teacher to iiutrutt them, la other words, tvery thing that it actually known hat been found out aud learned hy come perton or other, teithout the aid of an inttruc- tbr. This is the first consideration for all those who aspire, in the present day, to be t*"?ir own instructors in any branch of science or literature. Furnished as society now is, i:i all its departments, with accommodations in aid of intellectual exertions, such as, in some respects, even the highest station and the greatest wealth in former times could not command, it may be safely asscrtod, that hardly any unasdisted student can have at pre- sent, ditficulties to encounter, equal tc those which h'lve been a thousand times ulreads> triumphantly overcome by others. — Library of Enlertaining Kuouledge. Read not to contradict aud confute, nor to believe and take for granted, bat to weigh aud consider. — Bacon. (41) Bvsidesthe knowledge or faculties, which all classes should f'jsness ia common- there are branches of knowledge and art, which they cannot all acqairfe, and in respect to w!>i(*h their education must undergo a corresponding variety. The apprenticeships, far example, which youths are accustomed to serve to thai useful urts. we regard as a branch of their education. — Mill. (42) A capacity for syste^t and for philosophical arrangemesf, unless it has been cate- fully cultivated in early life, is an acquisition which can scarcely e'f literary or christian instruction. This h a subject on which the people need in be meJ half v;ay. The motion for their Edu- cation will not be begun, or be made, in the first in5tan''je, by thcm^'elves. It must there-^ fore be made for them by others. A people sunk in i^ norance, will not energe from it by any voluntary or self originated act of their own. In proportion to their w.flt of knowledge, is their want of car* for it. It is as necessary to create hunger amongst tl^em, as it is to make the Rttovisioc They will not go in quest of scholr-.f^ihip. The article must be offered V* them ; and offered to them with such recommendations of a paym-^nt that i$ modarate, and a place that is nrttent and easily accessible, as may at least draw th^ir notice, and call forth their demand for it. • -, "*l --t ' .' •■,,'• (45) Were ! so tail to reach tlly of ao vast a demand. We must supply our own want:* or our Western country will refiemble the internal parts of Asiii and other despotic governments. Ignorance in the many, and art, cuiiuin);, and ambition in the few, will soon find n tomb fbr the Freedom of our Country. — We must furnish our own Tca-^hers, and blessed he God, on the plAlt we hare instituted, we have the :ucans to do it. Having reduced the expenses to i^ scale r'* t^heap- ness, scarcely exceeding that of the most, economical family in private life, we (ian com- mand any number ri Students w« are able to accommodate. Give us our buildings and we will supply your schools with teachers. Enable us to complete our huiMings acaord- ing to our original plan, and our young men graduated in this Seminary yearly, will ex- ceed two hundred. What reason then have we to pray for that help from our Government which has been extended to other institirtions with fur less claims for patronapre, on the grounds of extboil' ing to the poor the means of Literature. Will not Congress, crant v» that which does not enrich them, but which if granted to u.<, will make us rich iud<;ed— rich in means of doips good in the most osfieutiiu manner, by keeping the regions of the West from being over'' spread with Vandal Barbarism." "The good will of our President I know we hhv«, who in an audience he lately hflbrdeA freely told me he knew of no way in which the public lands eoukl be given more to the benefit of the country than to colleges of leariiing. Frnni this most favorable opinion, and from th \ sincular goodness of our cause we have little douht uf our complete success in applyinz to Congress the coming winter for a township of Land for the benefit of Ken* yoa Ojilege," (47.) The celebrated German Philosopher, Wolf, remarks, the aversion of the German Universities to all improvement, as a notorious far.t, derived from adequate motives: — " Nou adao impune turbare licet scholarium quietem, et ducentiV .s lucrosam et diseentibus jucundam." — (Wolfii Logiea, Dedic. p. 2. Adam Smith pronounces the British Universitin* to be " the sanctuaries where explod- e.d systems and obsolete prejudices find, shelter and protection." " It is melancholy to reflect on the manner in which this is carried on, in most, perhaps. I might say, in all the countries of Europe ; and that, in^nn age cf comparitive light and liberality, the intellectual and vierd characters of youth should continae to be formed on a plan devised by men, who were not only strangers to the business of the worlds hot who felt themselves interested in opposing the progress of useful knowledge. " For accomplishing a reformation in the plan of academical stud^. on rational and sys- tematical principles, it is necessary, in ihe nrst place, to consider therelatiOB in which the i^ifTerent branches of literiitBre, ana the different arts and !icieno«s stand to each otber,<(m{ to the. praetieal purpose* "flife : and secondly, to consider them in relation to the human mind, in order to determine tiie arrangement, best fitted for unfoltNng and matur'*^ its facnitie*."— jDtfg-aM »StefP/»tfi ,>;'• T iucation by rea- res. (47) or other isiastical - r* ■ :h we live, the age of nstructors, required 1 I tbit num- bete many I who hare 1 not fire in on icliooift aming, and I this case, wbeucii cai Htt "he "- ntii>i> Of^UiU le »uv Ay of ill reneinble many, and dom of our im we hare t <"*■ cheap- we . where tho prevailing opinions involve the greatest varietf oferroi'sand eorruptions, it is, I believe, a common idea with many respectable ard enlightened men, that in every countrj', it is most prudent to conduct the religious inttnietion of youth upon the plan which is prescribed by the nstloual establishmeut ; in Qrder that the<|pnpil, according to the vigor or feebleness of his mind, may either ^liake off, in ftiture life, the prejudices of the nurtcry, or die in the popular persuasion. This idea, I own, appears to me to be equally dangeiPuus. *' £t is an enlightened education clone, that, in most countries of Europe, can save tbe younft philosopher from that anxiety and despondence, which every inau of sensibility, who, ta bis childhood, has imbibed the popular opinions, must neee»Fnrily experitiice, when hz first begins to examine their fouudatAn -, and, what is of still gr^sater importanc<^, which can save him, daring lite, from that occuKionat sct-pticism, to vhich ull men arc i liable, whose systems lluctuate with the inoqttalitips of tl^eir spirits, and tho variatidtis of [the »tniosphere."-^r;.'^(T?!f Sie'vf'. .■I'i ani ^ I 34 CATECUISM OP EDVCATian. tagis la putting it in tiio power of tho youth to obtain all tko braocheil oi' their «duoation iu ono pla.'e. (31) „ 78. Hetvo the goyerniuen.t3 of Europe acted wisely in se^ccdng tho cterical body, almost cxcluiiivoly, to conduct the teclinical Education of their youth T — —They have not. Clergymen are, or ought lo be, tho fittest persons to instruct luinkind in the science of theology: and such of them as are acc(uaioted \vith Latin and Greek, may he allowed to teucU Latia and Greek, when and where tiiese languages are shewn to be tho proper objects of Education ; but until they prove themselves the most competent to teach jpoliUcs, rad faw, and economy, and sciences, and arts; ali that stydety#Mil9 and is about to demand; they ought not to b- entrusted with the civil eihication of youth. (52) ~! ANNOTATIONS AND JLLUSTRATIO.N:^. T" ' (31) Tl' .r0 does not Ki^pjear to be any iusuperabl« dilBciiUy in devisiog a plan for t|»e attaiumeot of all thb n^ -^ntagiss, without the evih wbieb have more or less adhered ^o all tlie eoUefiate ey^t. -eDts vbipb Europe has yet ejjjo7.ed.^ift7/. lathe Royal UaiTersity w. ranee, under l^ouin xviii. tbemioistry of publio wetkhip, and efeiueatiott, together with the office of grandmaster of the Univeriity, were coufioed to a »'mg\9 indtvidoal ; and the promineat influence, which, under Napoleon, was military bs^ come clerical. At the reocutcbango of ministry, this was among the abuses which called to# correction^ aadtbedepartmenlsof eccleuastical affairs, and of public instruction, were ^arated.~^«i«rt««M Qmati-erly Review, Sept. 1839. ii:'i>t , The North Ameriean Review admits, that " in the violtiplied disputes which have been awakened on all points of doctrine and disoiplinei vhurchneu have become «u ardent iu poiemiC4t, as to dimini^* iu no small degree, their usefulness when employed as teachers. Holding cxciuHive possession of colleges and schools of leaniiog, they have either di> rectly or indirectly excluded from i:hem those of tenets diifereut from their own.. To couuter-balattcv this influence, in countries where suilicient toleration existed, dillereut sects have each established their own seminaries, and these have become nurseries of dis- sension and controversy .'*-»^r^/« EduetUion, No xi. p. HO. No obstacle ought to be interposed to. prevent the endowment of schools andcollcges, by any sect whatsoever, provided they be cajeujuted to maintain the proper atandaid ot' liberal education ; but public patronage should be given to those alone that con be m- sorted to by the public without distinction of rank or sect. — Ibid, p. 150. (33i) The seventh number of the Westminster Keviiew, in an artiole entitled, The pre- 4etii aytteat «f Bdnmtion, has the foUewiag observations:— "lie who knowt best, will, oth* cr etrcumstances'betng the same, form the best teacher, as experience showi every day, as common sense would have taught us withoutit. " VVc ohoosu onr professors of medi- cuie from pbysieians, and place our sons intended for law under speciaNpleadert;; just as we bind an embryo Staltz appreatice to some hero of the needle. But we choose a cler- gfyman to give our sons education, that abstract and unintelligiUe thing called education i &n teacU » be tbo be most es, and tnot to an for t|»e s adhered irkbip, and ufiaed to a uiliUry h&- bich called cUuDtWMo k have been u ardent iu a teacb^rs. I «itber di- rowM. To d, diilereut eriea af di«- od colleges, •taodaid ui' t cau be ro- I, The pre- Mt,wtU.otb< every day, ire oC medi- an; j«»t »9 looee a der- educatioD 't ihad ■•<»• i«rcb«nt, afi- tkougb biai »ise-raoin«." tan eduoale* '^ Such i* the i a sehool, a >hde«poo, a )f goverainr, ,ry, er ft les" 79. U iiat efllscts miy be reasonably expected, from tl>^ q)eration of a fSdicious system of Natitnal Ffte Sckoob^ on the government mid gene- ral interests of a people among whom intelligence b already widely dif- fusc^I ; {ind who have, for many years^ enjoyed the blessings of the ropre- ROMtative syfttem of government, in their fullest extent t—~~ThobenriVriHl nflfects Rtiend>tn? such a system are incalculable. Additional stsbiHty ivould he giv^n to free institutions ; the sum of public and private happi- ness would be greatly increased ; the powef of the people extended ; crime diminished ; an inviolable respect for the lan^s maintained ; and a ronstitntional vigilance more increasingly exercised, against all encroach" mcnts upos. national or individual rights. (^3) ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. ' ^ ▼ery, rererend, for fbe BBb-preeeptor." " Twenty time* in a centurj' tbe wftrld wen- (iern at a "i«c1f-tau^if ' indhHdaal-^n Fergnrnm, a Rams, a Watt, or a Ghnntrey. Tt for- tiets that aN who are tanght, ore eqaoHy fseHttaagfat , uut Wrttihhifiter and Otlbrd reoeite tbe preixe, nod tbe indrndual nlone, wbo knows whence bin kaowladge eOMe, holds bii Iieace and maintaiiM the deccpCion."->We!«tBuntter Review, No. 7, aMicICi Prttent Sf^Um iif EdiuatioH. (53)— NATIONAL FREE SCHOOLS. A Tc jnphlet, entitled " Letters to Congress on National Free Sehools," hat been trmv* mlttei^ to us by tbt writer, with a req,uett that it aiay be repnbUehed in oar joaniaI.-> PhUadelftiian. ^y'^ <" » ,»^WI i.'-<*t J >: - ■ r' Tbe writer propoies «« treat on the following interesting topicc-^viz : ;' 1. 0% the importai re of National Free Scbooto to secure pemafteney and prosperUty to the Union. 9. On thr c^MtitutiMMl power of Congrees to estsUisb and patrotaize NMiobal Free •Schools. 3. On tlie competency of the rasourcee of the Croremoient Cbr the psrpoitf. -!. Proposed plan fin* establishing tneh schools. i'l. On the advantages offered by tbe pretaat coaditioD of the ooantry fi>r adoptidg the proposed meamre. C. On tbe probable effects of National Free Sdiooli on the Oovwrameot and gtoeral iotsrertfl of the UuiOA." On the first bead, the writer correctly renfarki that, the pdlicy of a good< Qo^eMnaeot Wu! not be limited to tbe pretiding of meane of soMstenoe, warl^ defence, or the ac ^-oisition oi wealth, but will exlend to those means esseatiail to \mptwt tb« ocUdMon of tbe people ae intsllectual and moral brings, eapabfeof bappiMBsandself-goveniMeutonly 'n {>ropurti;>B aa they are eBlichtcned and Tirtuotn. fai this cwMiCrf th« rig^t of swffrage ii a sovereign right, that knows no earthly sipertot. At its pleatiare \t tlees Hf» OIA etstt down. E'ind with ignoraace it may etoctfyranta fbr^mnefeM. and dins ftf the oppressien i^ich intelligence and virtitC Wiral^ spam wtShh disdain. The welfhre then, cif erery citizen deioaadji of his gmmtmait that arid WbidI is teost ersentiaF t» enabte hiiM to ■ ndcrstand and appreciate his rights, and to test tbe character and condiicf of these to- vhom be confides tbcdestHHcis of bis existeiMe." As applicable to tbia liead» be quotsa the fullowiHf passage from WOsbidigtDa'v Mestg^ge To Congress in 1790: " Nor am Iless persuaded that you win agrwe Wit)» M* ia opidiM^ thefe K» aotbing '^vliich.caa better deserve your patronage t&an th«,|)roniottoa of i«i«Me aild Itteialarer. } vQOwledge ia, ia avery country, ,tb« rtirest bsaie of paUie kapphie**. Ivi^ oriel ha whidk the ^neasiires of i^verBOMBtreeaiy* tlteij( ^iprtriitidDK so inniMdiately (Met th« senM^df the i-omaiunitT, as is ours, it is proportionably essential. To tlie security of a free constitu- I 86 CATECHISM OF CDUCATIOIf. 80. What is the common consequence of entrusring tlie 'Oducation [schooling] of the youth of a colony to its government, or to persons p&tronized by such colony government ? •■ They are trained generally' ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS^ lioD it eontribatet in Twiout wayi. By conviBcing thow who entratted iritb the paMfe administration, that orery valaable end of govonuiMnt it beit anawwed hy tiie enlighten" cd confidence of the people, and by teaching the peo|rie thomaehroe to haow and to valua their own rights; to diaeem and prorida agaiait invationa of them; to dittingoish be- tween oppreuion and the necf imiy exercise of lawlhl authority; between bnrdena pro- ceedbg (h>m a disregard to their crmfantaiea, and those resulting from the iaevitaUe exi- gencies of society ; to diserlmliMtii the afrfrit of liberty from that of licentiontBess, cher* ishing the first, aroiding the last, tmi uniting a speedy, but temperate, vieilance against encroachments, with an inviolable respect to the laws. " Whether this desirable object irill be best prtjhoted by affording aids to seminaries of learning already established, by the institution of a national uniTersity, or by any other expedients, will be well worthy of a place in the delibarotions of the legislatsre." On the third branch of his subject he remarks : '* It is (Proposed that two or more millions of dollars be emtimtaUf appropriated, dur-' iug short periods of time, for the support or patronage of National Frek Schools, and io such mnnner that, in the event of war the appropriation may be suspended and applied 16 purposes of defence." He proposes to apportion this sum according to the ratio of representation, viz. $10,000 to each Congressional District, which he thinks would support annually twenty-five teach- tm of grauamar schools, or double that number for half a year. The appropriation of this sum by Government he supposes would " awaken a zeal in the cause of edocation not to be repressed." "Expenditures of government for purposes of education instead of exhausting, would replenish the national treasi'ry, by opening and bringing into use resources of wealth and prosperity yet eiUier entir;;!y or imperfectly known. It is intelligence that originate! and prosoeutetthe great pursuits which successfully employ the industry of millions." The following is a summary of the proposed plan : " Each Congressional District would be entitled to an equal sum, say ten thousand doUan, and each Kbool-district to a sum proportioned according to the estimate of population.— Or it might be apportioned among the towns, according to population, by the State, and, under certain restrictions, left to the disposition of the towns. In those Statek when com- mon schools are neglected and no efficient system is organized, an appropriation from the General Government would awaken new emulation in the cause of ednc;ation. Let a sys- (;em of free schools he required of each State and Territory, by the General Government, as a condition for receiving her quota, and it may be preaumod that not one State or Ter- ritory would long be delinquent. How many are the villages where the inhabitants would he formed and organized into school-districts, consisting of so many little republics— whose youth, growing up in ignorance, idleness, and vice, would tliien enjoy means of improve- Okent, both intellectual and moral, without which man is a degraded creature and a pest to society." The writer has considered the sCj'V'.!>. :'*M -I The writer next proceeds to point out the advantages of the system of National Fncc Schools on the people, the Government, and the general welfare of the Union, with which be concludes bis letters. He is of opinion that tlie fall of all Republics bai* been owing, not so much to the want of etrfMc as o( knowledge among the people— and points out the ncoessfty of his system, that this knowledge may be generally and properly d\[. " Let the people," he sayit, " 6e well educated, and whether virtuous or not, tliey will not submit to the condition of slaves. Give then tu the whole people the means to be eii' lightened, and you give fhem power to guard and perpetuai« their free goTrjrnment, and to provide various institutions conducive to their happiness. You give them facilities to procure subsistence, and present to them motives to sustain a character above the degra' dationsof vice. Tou open to them new sources of interest and pleasure, and save thenv ivom the vices w|iich sooflen debase tbe human character and bring upon society its heavi* est calamities. An Institution established by the General Government devoted no less to the cause of virtue than to science, must therefore unite in its support the patriot, as well as the philanthropist and the Christian. Give to the whole people the benefit of Free Schools, and you qualify ihem to enjoy in a higher degree the blessings of their free go-^ vemment. You qualify them to judge of the wisdom of laws enacted, and of all the mea- ^res of government. Ytfu qualify them to select with good judgment and discretion their public officers. You guard them against the artifices of political imposture and the ambitious designs of usurpers. "A system of National Free Schools, established and maintained by the General Gor vernment, would extend to every family in the United States a common vital element whose influence all could at once sefe and feel. Soon would it diffbse benefits, politico} and moral, which no other measure oPthis Government could impart. Soon would it at- tract effectually the hearts of the multitudes of eur citizens— who too often signify biy their elections that they feel but little interest in the General Government— to the great central power that in realHy deeply and vitally affects the prosperity ond welfare of all fclasses." We would recommend this subject to the attention of all classefl of the community. It is one of vital importance and deep interest to every American, and one which Congresis is called upon, by every motive which can influence enlightened statesmen, to take into oonsideratioo. The system which this writer reconomends would be productive of great advantage to the nation, andjs of vastly mott importance tlMu mc-half nf the siMqects of ^: V, p. t l- »?6 ^."V CATCCTIISW OF rfiCCATfOX. of wliJeli, '• tlie liberty of the press," and the intellijjenccof the nj:r, tiiev ANNOTATIONS AND IU.U8TRATlON«. leirislation wbieb comn beiure Cong res*. Thi« *yiit«m, with n N«tiontl Unirenity hmrtf d ut tlie Sent of QoTermnent, nt ita head, tvoald be the means of diffusing knowledge and The principles of virtue to erery comer of our widely extended country—of rendering thr bonds of union more indissoluble and permanent, and of conferring happiness nn thou- sands yot unborn. The rerenue from the public lands could not b« applied to a more use- fal or bencftcial object, and we siaeerely hope that more powerfbl Mlbrts than have hitb> ftrto bnen attempted will be made this session to reduce the plan, or somethinit likf it, topractice— which the writer of the pamphlet we liaTe been examining bat snggested." Although it has not as yet bees demonstrated by experiment, how much of that fo- IcIlijEence which is desirable for all, may be eommunieatcd to all, an idea of cdoeatioB btt occurred to that enH^htencd and indefatigable class of nnen, tlie Baptist Mlsaionaries in India, for the population, poar as well as ignorant, of those extensive and populous re- ;;ion.«, which might be pursued, even in the Canadas under due mndiiirnt ions, and as much l>nowif>dge conveyed to the youth of all clacscs at school, as the kiiowlrdfcc of the age, and t4ie njlott'^d period of scbooUog will admit. A small volume, entitled "Ilin^s relative la to Native Schools, together with an outline of an Institution ft^ their extension a£d mon- dgement," was printed at the Mission Press at Serampore, in 1316, a passage from which lias been copied into the Supplement to the Encyclopedia Dritannica, as a note to tlie ar- ticle Edueathn; and the plans therein contained are recommended to be pursued in Eng- iand. We republish the note, Cir the consideration of the legislatures aud people of these colonic*: *' It is true, than when these helps arc provided, nam-^ly, a correct system of orthogra- phy, a sketch of grammar, a simplified system of arithmetic, and nn extended vocabulary, little is done beyond laying the foundation. Still, however, this foundation must be lat(i. if any superstructure of knowledge and virtue be ntlempted relative to the inhabitants of Cfflioda. Yet, were the plan to stop here, something would have been done. A peasant-, or an artificer, thus rendered capable of writing as well as reading bis own language with propriety, and made acquainted with the principles of arithmetic, would be less liable to become a prey to fr.tud among his own countrynun; and for better able to claim for him- self that protection from oppression, which it is the desire of evary enlightened govcrrv meut to grant. But the chief advantage derivable from this plaB \%, its facilitating thr reception oi ideas which may enlarge and Mess the mind in a high degree." " 1. To thi^, then, might be added a concise, but perspicuousaceountoftbc solar syeteir. preceded by so much of the laws of motion, of attraction, and gravity, as might be neces- sary to render the solar system plain and intelligible. These ider.", however, should uo-^. be communicated in the form of a treatise, but in that of simple axiom»» delivered in shorv. and perspicuous sentences." "The conciseness ofthismetliod would allow of a rciiiltiluue of trullts and (oetr relative to astronomy, geography, and the principal phenomena of nature, being brong|it before youth within a very small compass." )4ai(' ?i!lii:«i.Ti«*?v i»p- - " 3. This abstract of -the solar system mi|^t be followed by a eompeadiomi view of gec- ^rnpliy on the same plan-~tbat of /Comprisiag every pavticular in codciae bat luorioovts sentences. In this part it would be proper to describe Europe particularly ; beoa«wa of its importaaee ia the present state of tbj« world ; and Britain might, with propriety M al- lowed to occupy 19 the compendiom, that pir#-«aiiaeDct aai0iig tit*MitioBa which the Gtillu'tratIis and ftict^ relatire in rrafurnl {^ilosd|ii^> In the present improved' sCaCe of kaowledgn, a t)l0tt.<erior order with an auqaenchable desire to luiow mAjT these thiitge ore so, aud thus urge them to tUuse stadieA, \tbicii iu Euruiio haJ 1%d tu the discovery of these iuiportuut facts." " 4. Tathis view of the solar system of the earth, and the various objeci^ it coutain*, micht, with kreat odvautage be added such a compendium oi history sod clirouotoKy iiiit- te lative both tobodv and mind, and to a future state ofexkiteace, by what may be termed u Compendium of Ethies and Morality." " These various compeudiums, alter being written from dictation, in the manner des- cribed iu the next section, might also famish matter fur ruadiug ; aud h hen it is considered that, inadditioat* the sketch ofgiammar, the voeabolary, and the system of aritlnnetic, they ioelude a view of the solar system, a synopsis of geography, acolleotiuu oi'i'acts re- lative to natural objects, an abstract of general history, and a compendium ofetbiusand morality, they will he found to furnish sufficient matter for readuig while you are at. school.'^ It WAS the o||>ioiDion of Ad.im Smith, founded upen much obsei^ation and experience ttmt all institutions for the education of those classes of the people who arc i.hle to pny for it, should be taken altogether out of the hands of ptiH*ic bodies, and left to the opera lion of that free competition which the interest of the parties^desiring to teach aud to be taught would naturally create. It may be remarked, however, that Dr. Smith's prin- cipal field of observation was in Europe. The North American Review, an advocate for the Greek atid Latin systcfm of Educa- tion, and an admirer of the French national plan for public iniitruction, in its review of that plan in a late number, offers the following comraeut upon tL o existing order of things in New England. "Such is the plan of the French public instruction, and such are its happy result^', whicli must in trutk be considered as the most important of the advantages that nation has derived fnna the revolutii;n. It must indeed be eonsidercd aanflbrdiog complete security that, on the om hand, the bloody scenes of anarefay wWoh diHgraced it, con never again be witnesMd;aAd,on the other, that the evils lind oppi^iwiion of the ancient resign can utiver- •gain be permitted to influence the &te of that goveiemeat. It 'a mortifying to bo obKged to oooAcsy that the fniblte eiiocation of oui^ own coantr}^ aflbrda acottpl^te contlrast in mtfiiy respects td that (rfPrOncc. The means of elementary ' iustmetion are to be suro faur more extensive, and more widely diflu ^cd, than iu that, or pcr- b»it befe our boQsteil advantngn cense. Th» instructwrs of haps in any other country; :i:jiVt ~ 1 * ^ i AifaoifisM or BDtfdAT:i>^. a juit and correct estimate of their own situation, and of tiie conduct uud character of tho government under which they live. (54) 8o€iM Bdueatiojt. 81. What ii the object of Social Education? To aflcortnin tho extent of tho influence thai the society in which an individual moves pro- duces upon his modo of thinking and acting; (1) the mode hi which that influence is brought about ; and hence, tho means of making it operate in a goodt ratlier than in an evit direction. 82. Whence springs tlie force of this influence? From two sources; tfie principle of imitation, (2) and the power of the society over our happiness or misery. » . - , , ' ■ . ■ 1,1 . I. I < ■ «' ■* ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONil. these primary aehools ore, at a geaeral rule, telected rather for the low price at which tliey will utrwt, than for their qualiSeationt, either literary or moral. They thereftre are drawn from thoee who are too feeble for tho labours of the field, and unlit for luc • cess in profissjiiooal life. Neither in them nor in the next order of schools, is there any general system of instruetion or beneficial supertataadenee, even within the limits ofa single state. The elementary educatioh of the middling and higher clas«es, is left .ilmost wholly to private competition for its regulation, without any saperintendenee. It is therefore often undertaken as a business by persons wholly unqualified, who make up for their deficiences in learning, by ekarlatanerie of all possible deseriptioos. (54) The learned professor, Stewart, seems to have been well awara of the existence of '1 he doctrine of EXPEDIENCY, a truly detestable principle, but one by which all the Co- lonial Governments I have yet become acquainted with, are ehiefly guided and directed. " Unless we admit (says Mr. Stewart) such duties as justice, veracity, and gratitude, to b« immediately and imperatively sanctioned by the authority of reason and of eooscienee, it follows as a necessary inference, that we are bound to violate them, whenever, by doing $0, we have a prospect of advancing any of u.e eeeential interests of society ; or (which a- mounts to the same thing) that a good end *« suflkient to sanctify whatever metuu may ap> pear to us to be necessary fpr its accomplishment. Even men of the souadnst and most ]icnetrating understandings might frequently be led to the preparation of enormities, V titey had no other light to guide them but what they derived from their own uncertain an* licipations of futurity. And when we consider how small the number of ^such men is, in comparison of those whose judgments are perverted by the pnyudiees of education and their own selfish passions, it is easy to see what a scene of onareby the world would be- come. Of this, indeed, we have too melancholy an experimental proof, in the history of those individuals who have in practice adopted the rule of general expedteney as their uhole code of morality ',--a rule which the most execrable leourgu of the human race have, in all ages, professed to follow, and of which they have uniformly availed themselves, as an apology fbr their deviations from the ordinary maxims of right and wrong^^ (1) A young man, kcft bv himself at home, is never well known, even by bis parents ; because he is never placed in those cirtfumstanees which alone are able eflbctually to rouse and intorest hi" posakMia, and consequently to make hie ehanieter appear. Hia parents, therefore, or tutors, never know his weaa side, nor what particular advices or cautions he stands most m need of; whereos, if he hod attended a public school, and mingled in tiie amusements and pursuits of his eooOls, kit tirtttea and Kit oicea lebtM have bceu dteetouing Otenuelcee etery Jay, and his teafiMrs vMmM have known what particular precepts and examples it woa most expedient to ioanlflate upon him. Compare thoso who have )»»A a public education with those who have h«W cmiealed at borne, and it will not be foun^, in fact, that the latter are, either in virtee or in talenti, superior to the iormer. I speak, madam, fVom observation of AwC, oa well oa from attending to the uature of the thiil^.— i/r. BeaUie to Mro. Ing li a A t er d ee m, 17fO. (2) It is very evident, that those trains which are most habitually passing in the minds ^X those in rtaiii tlio »ves pro- hich that perate i& sources ; over our :• at which y thereftire iftt for luc* », ia there a the limit* ••ea, is left ndence. It bu make up existence of I ell the Co- nd directed, itude, to b« Bfcienee, it ir, by doing r (which a- iM may ap- it aad most tnnitiea, M lertain an« men it, in cation and would be> history of as their ■man race lemseUes, is parents ; Bciualiy to ■r. liie dTices or liool, and ]iUi«e [particalar ire thoto .nd it will Irior to the ig to the I the minds extraor- 8. J. |5y what motives are wo inflifpliced ii) the society 19 wk\ch we irittvo 'J^-T-T-Bv tl^e intense desire which we f^ej, of the/dpotir^ii^ rtgafd$ pf mjinjciad ; (3) Whatever ar^ the trains of ihougbt, wha^ovor jp th^ (po^fse of aptjpn, whicii most strongly rjCpommend* Ms to ^h)^ favQuraihlft resvdp of tli^-se (^inong whom we live, tUcs? wo feel the strongest inotWe to cultivate :ui(l $lvip|ay ; and whatover tfaias of thought an4 Qpurpe pf actii^in eypiQpe us to thoir unfavourahle regard^, these we feel thf ati-Qogieft n)Qtiy«K )o ;»void. (4) 84. Wli^t arfi tbo ordinary pursi^itti of wealth and of powert whifh Hindle to such a height the ardour qf manVi^fd t-r-*-Not the mer^ Iqim v( Dating and of drink.ing, nor aU the physipai phieicU put together) whifih wnalth can puichnsc or pow^r contmand. With these every man if in the long run satisfied. It is the easy command, which those advantases })rociiro over the favourable regards of society, — it u this vfhich renders the dexire of wealth unbounded ^ and gittei it that irretistable injluence which it possesff.s in directing the humi^ mind. ^15. To what extent will the habits a.nd character which thp social in- fill ^ic^s tend to prqduce,engro9S tjie ipao ?— ^— rThat will no doubt depi?n^« to a certain dpgre^, upon the powers of the dpiiiestic ^qd tpcbmcal educa- tipp w-bic^h he has updergoi)«. We way conceive that c^rtaif xjtms inight, by tlie slfiilfijil eq^ployn^ent of the o«rly years, he rendered so habitual as to bo unQpjatiToUable by a»y habits which the subsequent period of life oouldjndiicc, and that these trains might be the decisive ones on which in^ tolJ^gept and moral conduct depends. (6) The ioflucnce of a vicious and 'w II I ", m\ ^f'lm wit' ANNOTATIQNS J^D lULU3TR4TIQiy9> ijiflp^ fre^uf Qcy fJIrrouglf 9?^r qmfi mi^i^, fupd mu«t, ^^Iff • ifhW* ^j^qrdiijiry lawflp ^H f^ to prfkv,fi)t V^m from pi^wjpg t^M fi^wM ffieol, ea«l!OM ifi » llR0p9rti9l»«l «ji{gre« the fltwi^niop of oi^r q»ta4'*T*'#>#* |3) " Nothing is more remArkabIs in human natiire^ than the intense 4^sire which we feel after the ^vourablc desires of man)iind!i" ** It if astonishing how great a piroportion of all the actions of mpn are directed to these fayourahle regards, an4 to np o^er object. The greatest princes, the n^ost despotic^ m.aate^s of hun^an destiny, wb4|9 as^c^ whf^t they aim af by tjheir lyars and conquests, woyjd omiwtr. ^f Vlfff^f «? f r^^ri* 9/r frv^)^ answere^^ pour (aire jfo^Ur d? m ! to 9^9,\|ljpy ? <»f ge SPW« iM» ^« f4ff^fi^9^ jpwti^i- •^{See Mflf ,eK5 i)if|]^c^^nt);/(i^p<^ngvjpig{AVII^|i|^^ b^T* an ift^itf^if^ i«fln«i^ crea1^n|f ^A!^, ^ i^ mvA^ ^ i9> ^¥^fl^ >»«i W** ^ phw^ef «ffnfi?ri>»Wf p tlj« t?W^ W WJ!m4 W|^ »W^«*— #W' (5) "To accustom ourseires, in any question proposed, toMMWBf M^finAo^^Wfli fW if lmtH?w." • " ?fflr 9*fmki '^ '^ l»t 4w».W«*»*v vMtaf «^: <*l«|« flWgw*^ 't?W^«i*i F«U i?iW«4 » ti»e iiiNl«ffMipi> (»« #i«w>* iP *♦ v»^ J*r»»|k tfcf i,aA \r ch they owe obedience."— ilAmi/t (^ Oirford,) (6) This theory is not new :— Solomon held out the same inducements, and promised the same reward several thousand years ago.— In his Proverbs we have, amon^ others, the following passages :— ' The Wise shall inherit Ohry: • I am UndentandtHg, 1 bsTe Strength. By me KingA reign, and Princes decree justice. By me Princes rule.' * Jtieket and Homtr are with me ; yea, durable Riehe$.' ' Seest thou a man diligent in his bosiness, he shall stand before kings, he shall not stand before mean men."— 4&e. 4tc. (7) We shall, hi this place, briefly notice the efl'ect produced upon mankind by that powerful and influential machine, the public periodical ptett. " What will be the particular eflbcts of this inventton, (the art of printing,) it is beyood the reach of human sagacity to conjecture ; but, in general, we may venture to predici with confidence, that, in every country, it will gradually operate to widen the circle of science and civflisation ; to diilrituU more tquallf, among all (ko membera of the comtntt. niijf, the aiioa$Uagwa of Oe polUietU unioH ; and to enlarge the basis of equitable govern ments, by increasing the number of those who understand their value, and are interested | to defend them. The science of legislation, too, with ail the other branches of know ledge which are connected with human improvement, may be expected to advance with rapidity ; and, in proportion as the opinions and institutions of men approach to truth j and justice, they will be secured against those revolutions to which human affairs haT« j Hlways been hitherto eubject." Newspapers inCanada,andtheU. States, are altogetherfireefvomthe stamp and advertise uent duties, and other troublesome and costly impositions and legal restrictions enforced np- 1 on the public prs«8 in Great Britain; consequently, a much greater quantity is circulated j aasongst the people on this continent, in proportion to their numbers. TheEdtoroftbil Edinbargh ScoUman, in a letter to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, states the nnmbe(cf| p^>ers, imblished in the courve of a year, in Britail^at 24,497,000 ; and estimates the resd-f ets atoBly eOD,OOD,.or about one-flftli of (he adult population ofthe island. Although bur [ ■ CATLCII18M OP EDUCATION*. 4.1 , thu HC* lon those hit gives, approves, in short, { object of operateti chnicaU it during the iteracting, impossible, that inllu- reeeiv* truth or ordinary, ia the prop! I lockofthUiii, : t>f Lodce." oral jaagin!>ot oMd oar duly it ■•*80W only tr ch they , and promised amoD^ others, tdemUmdimgx 1 Prineei rule.' a man diligent ean men» - uikind by that g,) it it beyood iture to predici en the circle of « t^ Hu eornmv^ uitable govern 1 are Intereited inchee of know to adTKBCe with troach to truth J an affaire hav«| &G. Is not that intimato acquaintance with the manners and customs of tVtiier nations, which may bo obtained by travel, csnentially necessary to compler«* the Education of that class of society who have wealth and time for tlie acquisition of tlie highest measure of intelligence ?——Tho ANNOTATIONS AND 1LLU8TRATIONH. [>ily unable to ateertain the quantity in ciroulntion la North America, by menus of the ' utampoflee, we can form an eitimate ■ufflciently near the truth, to enable the reader to form tome idea of the effect produced. There are, probably, not le»s than thirty-twomil- > Uoni of newipopen circulated, in the courie of a ynnr, in the British North American Co< loniei, and the Great Republic adjoining, among four millionn of adultt, of which it is tup* ^ posed that only one million of copies are distributed in the Protinces. There are about thirty news establishments in Canada; and (Vom fifteen to twenty presses find support nmong the people of Nova Scotia, New Briiutfwick, Newfoundland, Prince Edwanl'a Inland, Ste. At least two thousand news>sheets per week are imported into these Provln- rcs from the States ; nnd a very few individuals and news-moms are known to receive file4 of European Jonrnals, A weekly religious Oaiette, issued from the oflce of the Metho* (iist Episcopal conference, in the city of New York, is understood to hove upwards of twenty thousand subscribers; a circulation, perhaps, equalling, if not exceeding, that of all the periodicals of Colonial North America put together. As the nature of the Social Education depends almost entirrly upon the Political, that powerful engine the public newspaper press, exercipe^ an influence upon Society, (rrent beyond the dreams of the in- liividuals, generally speakins, of whom it is composes . nn influence, the only boundaries ti> which are to be found in the several degrees of confidence reposed by the reading pub- 1 ic, in the integrity and talents of its thousand conductors. Although, as Dr. Johnson some- where telU us, " the compilntion of papers is often left to narrow and mercenary minds, >iot qualified fur the taitk of ileligUtins; or instructing, and sometimes to profligate indivi •iuals. who abuse their power, by making the press a licentious vehicle of calumny and iletraction, directed, it may be, against the most virtuous of our citizens; yet, it unques* tionahly "has done, and is doing, grent and essential good." it is a cbeck upon govern- 'ncnts, judges, magistrates, ecclesiastics, and legislators ; a powerful means of preventing rrime, and instilling just and genvrous sentiments into the minds of the community. A faithful and laborious editor becomes, in proportion to his skill and talent, a public bene- I'nctor, and deservedly holds a high rank in the regards of society. And the compositors, "ontributors, nnd press-men, of the printing ofllcc, are, in their several stations, the assi«- tant teachers of a technical school, established upon a system perfectly original, yet fhr more effective than those of Dr. Bell, or Mr. Lancaster. Their primers and maiiuals aro included in the weekly or daily sheet carried round by the nens-raan, and (h^ir "self tnught" pupils are found in every rank nnd condition of civilized life. At newspapers Miay be made the means, however, of misleading a people, among whom education has made but small progress, nnd diverting tliem from pursuing their true interests, by plausP >)le misrepresentations of interexti'dmcn,* it is greatly to be desired that the benefits of what is called Technical Education, or Rchooling, were more widely diffuf>ed among tiro labouring classes in this country. An intelligent population are always sta eflicient check iipoli profligate, licentious, unfaithAil journalists, and cnn best appreciate, and will most willingly reward the intrepid guardians of that fair and beautiful inheritance, the unalien* able rights of mankind, ,..,■■,,,.. ' >■-■■ . .-1- •■■ ■ ' •■ ; * While the multitude continue imperfectly enlightened, they wiH be occasionally mis- led by the artifices ef demagogues; and even good men, intoxicated with ideas of theore- tical perfection, may be expected sometimes to sacrifice, unintentionally, the tranquility of their cotengiorarie^ to on over-ardent? zeal for the good of posterity. — Dvgafd Sttwart. *.-;• CAT£CU'43I OF £I>UCATlON. iHm m" effects of travelling, li enlarging and in enlightening the mind, aitf obvi- ous to our daily exper ence. The observation of men and munnersj ill! varioas countries, is c». .rely not the least useful part of education. (S) Political Education. 87. What is denoted by Political Ebbcai-ion T-^-^^Political Edi":a- tion consists in a right ttnderStaiiding of the science of Governitient, thi^ busiiaess of which is to increase to the utmost the pleasures, aitd diminish to the utmost the pains, wWch men derive from one another ; it ii art a- gent employed in forming the character of> man, and is like the key stohd of ^he arch ; the strength of the whole depends upon it. (9) 88. By what means is the direction given to the desires and passions of mbn?— — By those means through which the grand objects of desire may be attained. 89. On what do the means by which the grand objects of Jesire may be attained, depend ?—— Almost wholly upon the political machine; and such as is the direction given to the desires and passions of men, such is the character of the men. 90. What then are the natural effects of a beneficent system of govern- ment? (10) -When the political machine is snch, that the yrand objects ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. (8) The eAect < of foreigo travel have been often reuiarked. not only in rour^ing the curiosity of this traveller while abroad, but in correcting, after his return, whatever Iiabits of inattention he had contracted *o the institutions and manners amov^ vhich.he n 49 bred. — Dugald Steioart, Travel, saith Bacon, is, in the younger soii, a part of education ; iu iL? nlder, a part of experience. (d) We have seen that th.i strength of the Domestic- and the Technical educati: n de- pend* alotos^ entirely upon the Social. Now it is certain, that the nature of the Social depends almost eutirsly upon the Political ; and the mob., important part of the Physical (that #hich operates with greatest force upon the greatest number, the state of aliment anijl labour of the lower classes), is, iu the long run, determined by the.action of t.:; |>o- litical machine. The play, therefore, of the political machine acts immediately upon the mind, and with extraordinary pow<;r ; but this is not all ; it. also acts upon almost every £hiug else by which the character of the mind is apt to be formed. — See Supplement to Encyclopedia Brilannica, article Education ^ (10} In relation to this question we find the following early opinions of Dr. Smith, the author of The Enquiry concerning National Wealth, quoted by Du j^ald Stewart, where he endeavours to prove that final causes are a useful logical guide in politics as tending to simplify the theory of legislation. — '* Little else is requisite (says Dr. Smith) to carry a state to the highest degree of opulence from the lowest barbarism, but peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice, all the rest being brought about by the natural cotirae of things. All governments which thwart this natural course ; which force things int6 another channel ; or which endeavor to arrest the progress af society at a particular point, are unnatural ; and to support themselves are obliged to be oppressive and tyranni- ca'." — Biographical Memoirs of Smith, Rohertton, and Reid. -t.. Te the enMghtened Statesman, "is assigned the subliner office of setondiag the bene- volent intentions of Providence in the administration of human afiairs ; to diflbse at wide- ly and e«,*ially as possible, among his fellow-citizens, the advantages of the social union and, hj « careful study of the constitution of man, and of the circumstances in which he OAI'ECHISM Op EOVOAtlUN'. 4» ai'tf olJvi- (S) 1 Educa- lent, \h4 diminish t ii aH u- ^e}' stohd issions of isire may sire may line; and 1, such is r govern- id objects routing the I, whatever vhich. he Ider, apart lucati: n de- th« Social he Physical of aliment nof t .2 |K)- iately upou ipon almoHl Supplement Smith, the rart, where 8 tending to ) to carry a easy taxes, the natural force things a particular md tyranni- the bene- kiseaa wide- locial union in ^hich he of desire *».re seen to be the natural prizes t>\' great and virtuous conduct — of high services to miinkind, and oi" the T-iie'rous nn I amiable senti- ments from which great ende.ivours in the service of nnnklnd naturally proceed — it is natural to see diffused among mankind a g(Miorous ui.louV in the acquisition of all those admirable qualities which prepaie thorn fot admirable acrions ; groat intelligence, perfect sell'-cqinmand, and over-rul- inj5[ benevolence. (11) , ; »< . > W •> I »•<< s** ANNOTATIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. !• placed, to mcdify the political order, in such a manner as may allow free scope and oii eralioa'to those principles of intellectual and uiurnl improvem»^nt, wliiih nature bus im- planted in our species."— £/i;m<7Rf» of the Philotophy of ihe Human ittiud. Prof^tsoV Stewart, thus defines the duty of a statesman : " That every man i* a better Jvd^e of hU oun interest tlian an;/ hgislator can be for him ; and that this regard to private interest (or, in other words, this desire of bettering our conditira) may be safely >>u/;ted to as a principle of action universal among men in its op- eration;— a principle stronger, indeed, in some than in others, but constant in its liobituul influence upon all : — That, where the rights of individuals are completely protected by the magistrate, there is a strong tendency in biiman affairs, arising from what we lire apt to consider as the Seltish passions of our nature, to a progre!<8ive and rapid improvctnent in' thi; state of society :— That this tendency to improvement in human affairs is often so ve- ry powerful, as to correct the inconveniencies threatened by the errors of the statesman : — And that, therefore, the reasonable presumption is in favour of every measure ^(rhichis calc'lated to afford to its farther devolopement, a r cope still freer than what it at preseul enjoys; or, which amounts very nearly to the same thing, in favour of us great a liberty iv the employment o<' industry, of capital, and of ttlentf*, ai is consistent with the sceuri ty ot' property, and other rights of ourfellow-citi:.<:ns." (11) A sense of political and civil liberty, though there should he no great occasion to exert it in the course of a man's life, givex him c constant feeling of his own power and importance; and is the foundation of his indulging a free, bold, and miinly turn of think- ing' unrestiraiiied by toe niost distant idtsa of control, l^eing free from all fear, he haii the niost perfect enjoyment of himself and of all the bleesingd of life ; and his sentiments and enjoyments being raised, his very being is exalted and tue man makes nearer ap- proaches to superior natures. — Priently. ■ In one of hi< Messages to the Legislature of thA State of New-York, the late Go- vernor Clinton, (whose acquirements, and the use he made of them, did honor to Ireland, the country of his ancestors, and to New York State, ia which he was born and bred,) expressed himself as foUows : — " Man becomes degraded in proportion as he losc^ th-' right of self-government. Every effoH ought therefore to be made to fortify our free rustitutions ; and the great bulwark of security is to be found in education— the culture of the hrart and the head— the diffusion of knowledge, piety, and morality. A virtuous and enlightened man can never submit to de«;^adu'.ioa; and a virtuous and enlightened people will never breathe in the atmosphere of slavery. Upon education -ve must therefore rely for the purity, the preservation, and. the i^erpetuation of republican government. In this sacred cause we cannot exercise too much liberality. It is identified with our best iotcrcsts in this world, and with our besi destinies in the world to come. Much indeed has been done, and we have only to cast on r cyes over the :, government a league " > , , ,. " Becomes, a circlingjnuto of the great, " To rob by law ; rfligian mifA, a yoke ' ' - " To tame tlie stooping soul, a trick of state, " To mask their rapine and to share their prey>" Thomjo.v. (13.) '* There is a science of legislation, which the details of office, an4 the intrigues of popular assemblies, will never communicate ; a science, of which the principles must be sought for intheccostitution of human nature, and in the general laws which regulate the course of human affairs ; and which, if ever, in consequence of the progress of reason, phi> losophy should be enabled to assume that ascendant in the government of the world, which has hitherto been maintained by accident, combined with the passions and caprices of a few leading ivdividuals, may, perhaps, produce more perfect and happy forms of society, than have yet been realized in the history of mankind."— Z>t(^a/(j Stewart. " When theoretical knowledge anct practical skill are happily combined in the same per- son, the mtellectual power of man appears in its full perfection; and fits him equally to conduct, with a masterly hand, the details of ordinary business, and to contend success- luliy with the untried dilBcalties of new and hazardous situations. In conducting the for- n)er, mere experieuce may frequently be a sufficient guide, but experience and speculation must be combmed together to prepare us for the latter. »' Expert men," saysl^rd Bacon, ♦' can execute and judge ofparticulars one by one ; but the general councils, and the plftts, and the marshauiug of affairs, come best from those that are learned."— Jftid. M", •*fi' ,"fiti^t r.ND OF THE rmST PART, ^^^m ^:ti[f,s^ifM'^f;K:i.:-i^ -viKa'S'^f®' "If "H-. ♦> >. ■l,^liL-fi. » iA i, 5. .. . .u" * , -. *.. ** .V ■ •A»>* ... jj#4' -:i,^- «,t:!".n.v \ •■ : 5 '-7^.\ '.. %■ ■ .i.,'-i.,H3si.;.i.- ■■'A "^^'^ \-i .- ;•;• . ^.* "^ "'"■>* "• j«« it^ .Ik l' 4 ' ' ' , r4 1 ? % • ^'^, ! 1 * ^ i •> •<*■ 1 «. ' ..A ■' , .ti-e 5 ,>' I „. J, IV "• ■^ > V .. y ■'€ *Ji ',4©«, <■ jVv^'-i4.<« * ' 1^1 ;* 3?4ra'»?f®:- 1 OFFICE * of Till: COLOMlAIi ADVOCATE. YORK. UPPER CANADA. I'J Parchment Deeffs, 2s. (xl. rach, or 22s. 6d. per doz. Deeds and Memorials, (on paper) with or without Bar of Dower — Sin- gle Deeds Is. eaeh. — A Deed and Memorial Is Zd. — 12 Deeds and 3 2 Memorials, 10s.— 50 Deeds and 50 Memorials, sorted, 31s ^d. — 100 Deeds and 100 Memorials, GOs. — 12 Deeds, 7s. — 12 Memorials^ 3s. — 6 Deeds and 6 Memorials, 5s. — I Memorial^ 6d. Township Assessment Rollsj 7^d. each. Half Pay Officers* Affidavits, 3s 9d. ptr doz. Court of Requests' Summonses, Suhpanas, and Exettttionft. C>s. per quire, assorted to order. Custom House Reports for Schooners, 2$ 6d. per doz. Blank Notes of Hand, 5 s. per 104. Sunday School Tickets, Is. per doz. sheets. Blanks for Widows* pension;, ^s 9d. per doz. Apothecaries* Labels, Is '3d. per 100. Bank of Upper Canada Powers of Attorney, Ad. each. Catechism of Education, Is. each, — Ss. per doz. — 45s. per 100. Treatise on Horses, lOd. each, — 5s. per rfoz.— 32s 6d. per 10f>. Canadian Songster, 7^. each — 3s 9d. per doz. Murray** Primer or First Book for Children^ 6d. each ; 3s 6d. per doz. 0^ Books, Blanks, Cards, Handbills, Tracts, Pamphlets, Law Blanki^, Advertisements, Sunday School Tickets, Circulars, Notices, and Gvery other description of PRINTING, will be done, to order, in a work- manlike manner, and on reasonable terms^ March 8th, 1830. h ¥'^'